¥ g ieee | i f F \ 5 an, ie? ry Wa fen > | Oa te ein oe Taye sere — ter) i i i }: . - - ' sa ~ ; < ra me & ' p i } ‘ ; < i ] Pa 27 tg Ue dg. aR ae Prat A i THE ENGLISH FLORA, BY l , a, Cee SIR JAMES EDWARD SMITH, M.D.F.R.S. MEMBER OF THE ACADEMIES OF STOCKHOLM, UPSAL, TURIN, LISBON, PHILADELPHIA, NEW YORK, ETC. ETC.; THE IMPERIAL ACAD. NATURZ CURIOSORUM, AND THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AT PARIS; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF LONDON ; AND 3 PRESIDENT OF THE LINN/EAN SOCIETY. «« Thus spring the living herbs, profusely wild, O’er all the deep green earth ; With such a liberal hand has Nature flung Their seeds abroad.” Tuomson. PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, BROWN, anp GREEN, PATERNOSTER-ROW. 1824. PRINTED BY RICHARD TAYLOR, - ear tT weky § ater 4 Sates SHOE-LANE, LONDO ON. cect : vated a ge aot bee (One SALA ais ‘Tea Te al POR A PLE S TT aan « )ASbet GH a~ te TO SIR THOMAS GERY CULLUM, Barr., FELLOW OF THE ROYAL, ANTIQUARIAN, LINNZAN, AND HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES, WHOSE KNOWLEDGE AND LOVE OF NATURAL SCIENCE ENTITLE HIM TO THE RESPECT OF ALL WHO FOLLOW THE SAME PURSUIT, THIS WORK IS INSCRIBED, IN GRATEFUL AND AFFECTIONATE REMEMBRANCE, BY THE AUTHOR. Zi eer WALID TAA Lak ee MMMUn A, la eM iar eD ea Pu. tan ts ate Lt oo HOY AOR st ae sk Ga “et ayaie aaeny LA TU SOME A eS OP MP ROU AAAS PREFACE, | THE title of Flora, first used by Linders and Rup- pius, early in the eighteenth century, to designate an account of the native plants of some particular country, has become popular in the Linnean school of Botany, and is now universally adopted. Books bearing this title are almost innumerable, while their scope and their merits are equally various. Some are little more than catalogues of names; others are elaborate histories of the vegetable productions of particular districts, more or less extensive; and many are illustrated with figures of the several species, or at least of those requiring particular elucidation. The utility of such publications has been much con- troverted ; but it depends, like that of other works, on the excellence of their plan and execution. A ~mere list of the plants of any country, if accurate and complete, has its appropriate value; more espe- cially when it contains the discriminative charac- ters by which such plants may be ascertained. But a Flora may also be made a vehicle for the natural, medical, and economical history of a country, like the Flora Lapponica of Linnzus; though such ob- jects cannot with propriety enter into the plan of a Flora of any highly improved or well-known region. We now therefore expect, under this title, a work vi PREFACE. chiefly confined to botanical illustration and descrip- tion, with such remarks concerning the properties of any particular plants as may be new or important ; and possibly some philosophical views arising from the nature of the subject, tending to the general elucidation of botanical science. Such only are the pretensions of this English Flora, the particular aim and design of which, with respect to practical use, will hereafter be explained. . Before the author enters on this explanation, he proposes to take a general view of the works which have been published on the Botany of Great Britain ; in order that the student, who will meet with per- petual references to these books in the following pages, may previously become acquainted with them, and with the characters of their authors. He may thus learn which of them may be dispensed with, ‘in the prosecution of his own studies, and which are most likely to assist him, in any difficult or doubtful subject of inquiry. They will be noticed in a chronological order, to show the progress of Botany in this country, and how far each writer has been indebted to his predecessors. Some remarks of a similar nature, by the author of the present work, were laid before the Linnean Society, five- and-twenty years ago, and are printed in the fourth volume of its Transactions. ‘They were preparatory to the publication of his Latin Flora Britannica, and served as an introduction to a critical history of the genus Bromus, whose British species had previously been little understood. Phytologia Britannica, by William How, M.D., printed at London in 1650, without .the .author’s PREFACE. Vil name, claims attention as the first general catalogue of our native plants. This is a duodecimo volume of 133 pages. The species are disposed alphabeti- cally, and amount to about 1250, including several exotic plants in general cultivation, with numerous varieties of such as are truly wild. ‘The names of many are very erroneous, even among those most easily determined, and many are, doubtless, admit- ted on insufficient grounds. But, on the other hand, several rare and curious species are noticed, not without some entertaining and instructive remarks and anecdotes. The same author in 1655 edited Lobel’s J/lustrationes, a work not confined to British plants, and chiefly aimed at certain errors of Park- inson. Dr. How died in 1656, aged 37. His book was the foundation of the following. Pinar Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum, by Christopher Merrett, M.D., an octavo of 223 pages, of which 165 are allotted to the Vegetable Kingdom, appeared in 1667. The number of plants mentioned in this work is not much greater than in the preced- ing; for though several species or varieties are added, several are unaccountably omitted. Its plan and ar- rangement are the same. Ray, in one of his letters, ealls this publication “ Dr. Merrett’s blundering Pinaz ;” an expression which appears harsh, if we judge Merrett as an original author, because few naturalists, at the time he lived, could have been expected to succeed better in a first attempt. But when it is considered how much assistance he derived, not only from the above performance of Dr. How, but likewise from the local catalogues or Itineraries of Johnson, the Catalogue of Cambridge vill PREFACE. plants published in 1660 by Ray, as well as from various botanical friends, all which he very hand- somely acknowledges, we cannot but confess that his work might have been more abundant in matter, and more correct in execution. Dr. Merrett contri- buted little besides this publication to the advance- ment of natural history. He however became a Fellow of the Royal Society, when science was emi- _ nently requisite for the attainment of that honour, and died at the age of 81 in 1695. The above-mentioned works, whatever might be their value or their defects, were superseded in 1670 by the great Ray’s Catalogus Plantarum Anglie et Insularum adjacentium, an octavo of 358 pages ; of which a second edition, of only 311 pages, though enriched with about 46 additional plants, and nu- merous observations, as well as with two, not very important, plates, appeared in 1677. The arrange- ment of this work is alphabetical ; but with respect to accuracy, and abundance of descriptive, critical and medical remarks, it has greatly the advantage of the performances of How and Merrett. A small Fasciculus of new-discovered British plants, consisting of 27 pages, and intended as a supplement to this Catalogue, was published by Ray in 1688. This was succeeded in 1690 by the first edition of the Synopsis Methodica Stirpium Britannicarum of the same author, in which the plants of Britain were first classed in scientific order, according to a system of his own ; an explanation of which he had already given to the world in 1682, in a small oc- tavo volume. PREFACE. ix A second edition of Ray’s Synopsis, considerably enlarged, appeared in 1696, consisting of 346 pages. As this is the most accurate and most valuable work of its immortal author, the foundation of every sub- sequent English Flora, and scarcely equalled in any age or country for correctness of practical observa- tion, it cannot be too frequently studied by those who wish to trace the origin and progress of our in- digenous Botany ; to ascertain the aborigines of our Flora; to become acquainted with the persons who first cultivated this department of science, in En- gland, and with the principal scenes which they have now rendered classical; as well as with the manner in which their studies were conducted, in the closet or the field. It will be observed that nei- ther Ray nor any other writer, at this time, attempted uniformity of nomenclature, or any regular plan of definition. Each plant is mentioned under one or more descriptive appellations, taken from various books, being probably such as Ray himself judged most likely to give, collectively, a just idea of the species in question. Even Caspar Bauhin, who had published a universal synoptical work, as an in- dex to all the botanical knowledge then extant, is not quoted uniformly. His names are generally in- dicated, but they do not take the lead. New species are introduced under original definitions ; and in- deed there are few of the old ones which the author has not elucidated by some remark, wherever he found occasion. The pages, or figures, of preceding authors are not indicated by Ray. This was soon afterwards practised by Tournefort, and is now be- come indispensable. Ray appears to have examined x PREFACE. every plant he admitted into his Synopsis, and to have gathered most of them with his own hands. He studied and determined their synonyms, com- pared their descriptions, and, tracing their natural affinities and characters, by the parts of fructification as well as by the general habit, he disposed the whole in systematic order. He was rarely deceived in the observation of nature, and was only occasionally mis- led, by the imperfect figures or descriptions of pre- ceding writers. Above 100 species are added, in this edition, to the list of British plants. The third edition of Ray’s Synopsis was published in 1724, nineteen years after his death, by the cele- brated Dillenius, a German botanist, brought into England by William Sherard, formerly British Con- sul at Smyrna, who by his will founded the Botani- cal Professorship at Oxford, and appointed Dille- nius the first Professor. The editor modestly de- clined prefixing his own name to this book, as being a foreigner. In a letter to Dr. Richardson, printed in the Linnean Correspondence*, vol. 2. 130, he ac- knowledges his obligations to that gentleman and to Consul Sherard, as having principally contributed to the perfection of this publication ; and in the work itself he every where commemorates those who have given him particular assistance, especially with regard to the native stations of the rarer species. Twenty-four plates, drawn and engraved by. the editor, are added to this edition, which is the only ** A Selection of the Correspondence of Linnzus, and other natu- ralists, from the original manuscripts. By Sir J. E.Smith, M.D. F.R.S. P.L.S.,in two volumes, octavo, London, 1821, PREFACE. al one in general use, being always referred to by Lin- neeus, and quoted throughout by Hudson, and most subsequent writers upon British plants ; particularly in the Flora Britannica and English Botany, as well as in every page of the present work. Dillenius has, very properly, distinguished all his own additions to the Synopsis, by marking his new species with an asterisk, and inclosing his remarks between brackets. This ought to be kept in mind, for the perfect un- derstanding of the work; and yet we not unfre- quently find his observations, and even his figures, criticized, as coming from Ray. The changes made in the synonyms of this edition are unfortunately not marked ; and as they are often erroneous, those botanists who are studious of truth and precision must have recourse to the edition of 1696. Dille- nius has indeed added several plants on insufficient grounds, either as species or natives, some of them being under different denominations in the original work. Such mistakes, into which very able men may readily fall, have from time to time been cor- rected by following writers. The subject has now -passed thrice under the inspection of the author of the present English Flora, not altogether surely without advantage, and yet certainly without being brought to perfection. The third edition of Ray’s Synopsis was long the standard book of English botanists, and its nomen- clature, however imperfect, was in daily use. The system of this author, indeed, scarcely served for the technical examination of plants; nor was it often adverted to by those who, from long habit, preferred his names to the more concise ones of Linnzus. Xi PREFACE. But this was far from being the case with unshackled inquirers; and those who were led to the study of Botany by the facility of the Linnean system, could not proceed far without perceiving the superior sim- plicity and accuracy of nomenclature, as well as of definition, which pervaded all the works of the same author. A small party of ingenious and learned men at Norwich, as recorded in the seventh volume of the Linnean Society’s Transactions, p. 295, in correspondence with Mr. Hudson and his able friend Stillingfleet, entered, with awakened zeal and im- proved principles, upon the cultivation of this an- cient field of natural science. Several naturalists of distinguished ability, in and about the metropolis, pursued the same path. Mr. Lee of Hammersmith, at the suggestion and with the assistance of the ac- complished Lady Ann Monson, published, in’ 1760, his Introduction to Botany, in which the principles of the great Swedish teacher were first fully ex- plained to the English student. In the same year Dr. Hill put forth his Flora Britannica, illustrated by a reimpression of the plates of Dillenius, and five additional ones of his own. The classification and generic characters of Linneus are here adopted, but not his system of nomenclature, nor, with any re- gularity, his specific definitions. The body of the work is the third edition of Ray’s Synopsis, almost in its original form. We cannot help wondering that Hill did not take advantage of an inaugural disser- tation, published under the Presidency of Linnzus at Upsal, in 1754, bearing the title of Flora Anglica, in which the plants of the Synopsis, with a reference to its pages, are disposed according to the system PREFACE. xlil of Linnzus, under the names of his Species Planta- rum, the obscure ones being thrown into an appen- dix. This dissertation, however incomplete, was the first Linnean Flora of our country. It was doubtless consulted by Hudson, and his coadjutor Stillingfleet, in the far more perfect work of which I shall presently speak, and which became the uni- versal text-book of British botanists. Several attempts had been made, before the Lin- nzean system came into notice, to furnish the stu- dents of English plants with a systematic manual, in our native language ; and these, though now ob- solete, ought not to pass unnoticed. Professor Martyn the elder, in 1732, accommo- dated Tournefort’s History of plants growing about Paris, to the plants of Britain, in English, with many additions. Mr. John Wilson published at Newcastle, in 1744, a Synopsis of British plants in Mr. Ray’s method. The authors of these performances were practical botanists, though. their books rank but as compilations, and are now obsolete. . Petiver illus- trated Ray’s Synopsis with a set of seventy-two folio plates, having twelve figures in each, with English names. These, though rude, would have been highly valuable, had they, in every instance, been drawn from native specimens ; but being often copied from fo- reign books, whose figures, in several instances, were misapplied, even by Ray himself, the engravings of Petiver sometimes serve only to perpetuate error. They are however often cited with advantage when original, and will be found, in the sequel of this work, to throw light upon many a difficult question. The Flora Anglica, by Mr. William Hudson, F.R.S., XIV PREFACE. an apothecary in Panton-street, Haymarket, pub- lished in 1762, marks the establishment of Linnean principles of Botany in England, and their applica- tion to practical use. With this book in his hand, any one conversant with the Latin language, and with the first rudiments of systematic knowledge, _ might reduce a wild plant to its class, order, genus and species. By turning to the books indicated un- der each species, he would become acquainted with every thing relating. to its characters, history, or properties, and might confirm his own determination of the plants, by the figures and descriptions of for- mer writers. This is the use of a systematic arrange- ment, and therefore the more clear and easy it is the better. Hudson’s work became extremely popular, and rose in process of time to near twenty times its original price. A second edition appeared in 1778, in two volumes, with many additions, and various al- terations, especially among the Grasses, Mr. Hudson having pursued a train of experiments upon the dif- ferent species or varieties of this family by cultiva- tion. But his alterations are certainly not all for the better. His synonyms are often faulty, particularly those of foreign authors, from a practice, not thought reprehensible in his time, of transcribing them from other books, without examination. This is proved by various errors in the names or pages cited ; and Linnzus, in whom Hudson and others have chiefly confided, is more faulty in such matters than most writers; for he often left the transcription of his synonyms to his pupils, after having written his own names in the margins of the books to be quoted. The Rev. Mr. Lightfoot's Flora Scotica, in two PREFACE: XV volumes, written in English, with a few indifferent plates, was published the year before the second edi- tion of the Mora Anglica, and is a useful companion to that work. But if Hudson be censurable for blindly copying synonyms, what shall we say of Lightfoot? He translated entire descriptions from - foreign writers, without any indication of the sources from whence they were borrowed, and many of them are now known to belong to different plants from ours, so that the student is led into a labyrinth of error, from which he has no means of extricating himself, nor indeed of knowing when he is in the right path. The first edition of Hudson having become so very scarce, a Latin Mora Anglica, on a more compen- dious plan, was begun in 1774, by the present Sir _Thomas Gery Cullum, Bart. But this work was sup- pressed on the appearance of the second edition, and goes no further than the genus Daucus, a few copies only having been distributed gratuitously by the highly estimable author amongst his friends. An English work translated from the full generic, and essential specific, characters of Linnzeus, as far as regards British plants, exclusive of Grasses, Trees, and all the Cryptogamia, except Ferns, was published at Kendal in 1775, by Mr. James Jenkinson. This might serve to initiate young beginners, ignorant of Latin, into the Linnean mode of description. A far more complete and valuable work, in our native tongue, appeared in 1786, from the pen of the late William Withering, M.D., an eminent phy- sician at Birmingham, under the title of “ A Botani- cal Arrangement of all the Vegetables naturally xvl PREFACE. growing in Great Britain.” Of this a second edition, greatly improved, came forth in 1787, consisting, like the former, of two volumes. This edition is ren- dered peculiarly valuable by “ a new set of references to figures,” by Dr. Jonathan Stokes ; who performed, with great judgment and accuracy, the laborious task of examining almost every figure, throughout the whole botanical library, which was referrible to any British plant, and of disposing citations of the whole in order, according to their comparative ex- cellence. A third edition of Dr. Withering’s work, greatly enlarged in its plan and execution, making four volumes, appeared in 1796. In this the classes with separated flowers, and the Gynandria, are, ac- cording to the scheme of Thunberg and others, abo- lished ; an alteration which it would not become me to reject without giving my reasons, and these may be found in the Introduction to Botany, which the reader will of course peruse before he applies the. present work to practical use. This edition of Wither- ing, the last which its worthy author completed, is what I have always used, and the only one quoted in the ensuing pages. Two more editions with which I am not conversant, have been given to the world since his death. The work of Dr. Withering was the only book, at the time of its publication, which could effectually serve a mere English reader, in the present advanced state of botanical knowledge, for the determination of British Plants. Its language is liable to little exception. The references to figures have, in the third edition, been revised and corrected, but not I believe by their original author Dr. Stokes. Nume- PREFACE. XVll rous places of growth, of the less common plants, have been added, and several new species intro- duced. I know but of one essential fault in the original plan of this work, and that is much lessened in the third edition, the compilation of descriptions from foreign authors, which do not always belong to our plants. -Nevertheless, as Dr. Withering in- variably mentions the sources from whence he has borrowed, no reader can necessarily be misled. An English book, to the language of which I have always been partial, is the “ Outlines of the Natural History of Great Britain and Ireland, by John Berk- enhout, M.D.,” published in 1770, in three volumes, the second comprehending the Vegetable Kingdom. It is without synonyms, but the short characters are clear and expressive. This work, however, is super- seded by Withering’s. A second edition, under the title of a Synopsis, in two volumes, appeared in 1789. It is scarcely necessary to mention Stephen Rob- son’s British Flora, printed at York in 1777,with three plates; the Enchiridion Botanicum, a concise Latin work of a similar aim, published by Arthur Brough- ton, M.D., at London in 1782; or the “ Plates of the Indigenous Plants of Great Britain,” chiefly outlines and many of them diminished, given to the publick, at a very cheap rate, by Mr. John Walcot of Bath in 1778. The last publication was discon- tinued after tab. 168, and the two former have never been very popular. A great work, illustrative of British’ plants, but, as Mr. Dryander has observed, “ more splendid than useful,” in twelve quarto volumes, with numerous VOL. I. b XVill PREFACE. coloured plates, was printed, I know not precisely at what period, by John Earl of Bute, a nobleman greatly devoted to botanical studies, some of whose letters to the late Mr. Peter Collinson may be seen in the “ Linnzan Correspondence” above mentioned, vol. i.26—36. His Lordship’s book being intended for the use of his particular friends only, chiefly ladies, no more than twelve copies were printed, and it therefore can hardly be thought a just subject of criticism. Apelles remarked that an ordinary artist could more readily paint Helen rich than handsome ; so it is easier to make a rare book than a good one. Various partial, or local, Floras have at different times appeared in Britain, from the first promulga- tion of the Linnzan system to the present day. These it is not necessary to particularize here. They will be occasionally referred to in the body of the work, and their titles are given in the List of Authors at the end of this Preface. One great national work however, by its title of Flora Londinensis limited to the neighbourhood of the metropolis, must nevertheless here be noticed; for though not yet completed, it has admitted the vegetable productions of several remote parts of Britain. Its author, the late Mr. William Curtis, has been extensively known by his popular and very useful Botanical Magazine. But the [Mora Londinensis, a work of great practical observation and experience, ranks, as I have elsewhere ob- served*, “ independent of its excellent figures, next * Tr. of Linn. Soc. vol. iv. 280. PREFACE. X1X to Ray’s Synopsis, in original merit and authority upon English plants.” It is now continued, with great ability, by Professor Hooker of Glasgow. In the year 1790 the late Mr. James Sowerby, an eminent botanical draughtsman and a faithful ob- server of nature, requested my assistance in publish- ing coloured figures of British plants. I readily undertook the letter-press of this work, and it came out in monthly numbers, under the title of English Botany. My name at first did not appear; but finding the book a fit vehicle for original informa- tion and criticism, I publickly acknowledged it by a preface to the fourth volume in 1795, and the title- page of every succeeding volume declares its real author. This publication, from which the Fungi are excluded, has now extended to 36 volumes, and has been closed, for the present, by general indexes to the whole. It approaches nearer to a complete set of figures of the native plants, than ever appeared in this or any country. The plates amount to 2592, and it is but just to the memory of the excellent and lamented artist, to say, that they are, on the whole, the most expressive and accurate of their kind. In the account of each species, besides corrected cha- racters, synonyms and descriptions, I have frequently introduced whatever might recommend the study of plants, diffuse a charm over the more dry and techni- cal parts of the subject, improve our scientific lan- guage, or direct the contemplative mind to more important and exalted views of its Creator’s works. The English Botany has had an extensive sale, and I trust it has very widely promoted a love of plants, and a taste for correct and scientific botany. Some- b2 XX PREFACE. times I have doubted whether these ends have been so fully answered as its partial author might expect ; and whether the great facility with which atrivial and superficial knowledge of plants is now gained, by turning over books of coloured figures, may not be injurious to true science. The flippancy with which every body quotes “Sowerby,” whom they know merely as the delineator of these plates, without ad- verting to the information of the work, or the name of its author, leads me to the mortifying conclusion, that all I have done is of little avail, except to the pene- trating eyes of the scientific few, who stand less in need of such assistance. But with their approbation Iam conscious I ought to be content. The acquisition of the Linnean herbarium soon discovered to the botanists of England that many of our native plants had hitherto been mistaken, and that the nomenclature of our whole Flora stood in need of revision. Hence I was led to undertake a Latin Flora Britannica, of which two volumes were published in 1800, and a third in 1804. This last concludes with the JJusci, the rest of the crypto- gamic orders remaining as yet unfinished. The chief merit to which this work aspires is originality. The author has examined every thing for himself, copying nothing without investigation. Every ge- neric and specific character has been scrutinized, and, where necessary, corrected; and the descrip- tions are all made from wild British specimens. Any borrowed fact or information is invariably ac- knowledged. The Flora Britannica has been fa- vourably received, both at hom and abroad. It was reprinted, word for word, by Dr. Romer at PREFACE. XX1 Zurich, and a great German critic has been pleased to reckon it inferior only to the Flora Germanica of Schrader. The author cannot but wish so high a compliment were better deserved. The Compen- dium Flore Britannicé is an epitome of this work, containing the specific characters entire, with a few additional remarks. This has been reprinted, and accommodated to the German Flora, by Professor Hoffmann, at Gottingen ; and the late Mr. Galpine published an English translation, at Salisbury, in 1806. Dr. Hull of Manchester has furnished the English student with a British Flora in his native language, of which there are two editions. Notwithstanding all these publications upon Bri- tish Plants, the want of a more complete and au- thentic work in English, unexceptionable in phra- seology, has been generally felt and acknowledged ; insomuch that various applications have, from time to time, been made to me, for permission to translate the Flora Britannica, or to compile an English work from that and the English Botany ; for it has been observed by some persons that “a British Flora can in future be no more than a compilation.” Such projects, and such views of the subject, made me sensible of the necessity of my undertaking an English Flora ; and since this intention has been announced, the calls for its accomplishment have multiplied, so that I find myself under an obligation to make, at least, a beginning, by publishing two vo- lumes in the first place, and proceeding immediately with the remainder. Having now, for more than thirty years, had the XXil PREFACE. | botany of my native country perpetually under con- sideration in the progress of the English Botany and Flora Britannica; and this same subject having en- gaged the attention of numerous coadjutors, espe- cially among those members of the Linnzean Society who have contributed to enrich its Transactions ; I am aware of so great a progress in our general stock of knowledge, that a Flora of Britain, far from being necessarily a compilation, or a translation, must now be a new and original work. The books just men- tioned may, indeed, form the basis of such an un- dertaking ; but the science of Botany, through their means, has been progressive in an eminent degree, for twenty years past, and the accession of new-disco- vered species will be found no less considerable in that space of time, than the elucidation of those pre- viously known. Two natural orders of plants in parti- cular occur, in the present volumes, under entirely new points of view; the Linnean Calamaria, chiefly comprehended in the Zriandria Monogynia, and the Umbellate in Pentandria Digynia. The genera of the former had never been well defined, till Mr. Brown, in his Prodromus of the Flora of New Hol- land, undertook this difficult task. His labours have generally been my guide, and I have ventured to dif- fer from this great botanist chiefly in one particular. He admits, as an essential generic distinction, the absence or presence of certain bristles under the seed in the Calamaria. The observation of nature, in several instances, but especially in Scirpus cari- cinus and rufus, pp. 58, 59, has taught me, beyond a doubt, that such bristles ought to have no place in the generic characters, though they here distin- PREFACE. Xxlli guish two very difficult species. I have also been obliged to correct a few mistakes of my learned friend Dr. Schrader, and of other distinguished writers, concerning these plants, and their near allies the Grasses; all which I submit, with due deference, to the reconsideration of the parties con- cerned. In the order of Umbellate considerable indulgence may be requisite, as my performance is almost entirely novel. No reason has been given for taking the znflorescence and bracteas into consi- deration, for defining the genera of this tribe, ex- cept the supposed necessity of such a measure. Se- veral botanists have blamed Linnzus for this dere- liction of his own principles, and have run into a contrary error, by fixing on the seeds alone for ge- neric characters. The able Professor Sprengel has had recourse to the seeds, but he still adverts to the bracteas. Professor Hoffmann has adhered to the old principles, with many minute details. By a full investigation of all the organs of fructifica- tion, and by distinguishing the tumid bases of the styles from the floral receptacle, things hitherto confounded, I have characterized the Umbelliferous plants like the rest, by the parts of the flower and fruit alone. In doing this I have kept the exotic species in view, of which the Linnean collection, and those of many botanists of Switzerland, with the Greek herbarium of my lamented friend Pro- fessor Sibthorp, have furnished me with almost all that are known. The principles I have adopted prove amply sufficient, being no other than those by which Linneus was on the whole so successful, though he deserted them in the arrangement of the XXIV PREFACE, tribe in question. But what affords me most satis- faction is, that I am thus enabled to keep entire al- most all his own genera. He had in reality founded them by that penetrating insight into natural genera, for which he was so eminent; but he was always labouring, according to his ideas derived from the umbels, and involucrums as he called the bracteas, to make “ the genus give a character,” and this labour was often in vain. Parts that vary in the same individual species, and differ in those most closely related, can obviously never prove a safe foundation for generic distinctions. Yet prepossession often stands in the way of truth. It appears from the letters of Cusson, who devoted all his time to the study of this tribe, that he just began, towards the end of his labours, to think the floral receptacle, meaning principally the bases of the styles, had not been sufficiently attended to; but he had not reso- lution to begin his task anew. If what I have done should excite the attention of competent judges, I hope succeeding botanists will improve upon this attempt; for all who have looked at Umbelliferous plants, must be aware of the necessity of their better definition. When studied upon fixed principles, they will be found well worthy of attention, and not ss instructive or curious than more gaudy flowers. I must now particularly explain what I have had in view in the general plan and execution of the following work. The reader is requested to consider that the first object of this English Flora is botanical discrimina- tion; by which I mean, not only the furnishing English readers with means for the easy and accu- PREFACE, XXV rate determination of our species of native plants, but also to inculcate and exemplify principles ca- pable of more extensive application. I wish to lead young botanists to the study of genera and species, with their true grounds of distinction and definition. Those who may take the trouble accurately to follow me, will find I have given my whole attention to these objects. I have also, for the first time in a general British Flora, introduced the Natural Orders of our plants, and have under each genus subjoined a compendious view of its natural habit, characters and qualities, after the manner first attempted by Gouan, and carried to perfection in the Systema of DeCandolle, a prodigy of knowledge and labour, and the greatest work of practical Botany that this age, or perhaps any other, has produced. But I have offered no natural arrangement of the British plants. A Flora can afford but a broken and partial view of a Natural System, nor can such a system answer the first purpose of a Flora, which is to en- able unpractised students to investigate and deter- mine unknown plants. Those English botanists - who wish to become acquainted with the dependence of the natural orders on each other, as exemplified in the system of Jussieu, will find all they can de- sire in my Grammar of Botany, chiefly designed for that purpose. The Artificial System of Linneus, equally applicable to any Flora or catalogue of plants, is used in the present work; that any bo- tanist, by reducing a plant to its class and order, according to the perspicuous and easy rules of that system, may next compare it with the short essential characters of the genera, at the head of each class, XXV1 PREFACE. which genera are there artificially disposed accord- ing to those characters. Having determined the genus, he will then find it, amongst its allies, duly numbered, in the body of the work, where its full characters, with all needful observations, and re- ferences to figures of the fructification, are given; the natural order, according to Linneus, Jussieu, or others, being indicated. For the history of the natural order, and a view of the other genera be- longing to it, the student may then turn to the Gram- mar. Having become acquainted with what relates to the genus of his plant, he will next compare his specimen with all the specific characters under that genus, till he ascertains its species, and confirms his determination of its name by reading the particular description, and consulting as many of the synonyms, or authors quoted, as he may have within his reach ; thus finally becoming acquainted with all that is re- corded concerning the plant he has gathered. With respect to the last mode of inquiry, I would recommend a young botanist to be very sparing, till he has settled his mind, respecting the species before him, by its characters alone. Those who are employed in instructing others, will find an ad- vantage in keeping the attention of their pupils to characters and definitions. By this their powers of observation and discrimination will be strengthened. They will know why they apply such a name to each particular plant, and I know by experience that species thus investigated are never forgotten. The memory of the student may further be assisted by drying and preserving competent specimens, not mutilated fragments, of all his plants; which will PREFACE. XXVil gradually form a valuable memorial of his labours, and a storehouse of pleasing recollections and asso- ciations. I have long ago observed, that “a plant gathered in a celebrated or delightful spot, is, like the hair of a friend, more dear to memory than even a portrait; because it excites the imagination, with- out presuming to fill it;” nor do I find such senti- ments at all impaired by advancing age. In the language of the present work, freed from all exceptionable allusions, I have chiefly aimed at writing common sense in plain English. Hard words have never taught wisdom, nor does truth require them. The few unavoidable technical ex- pressions must be familiar to those who have read any introductory book, especially the Introduction to Botany and Grammar, or may be-readily under- stood bya reference to such publications. In doubtful cases I have taken Johnson’s Dictionary for autho- rity ; but wherever a pure English word could be found, I have preferred it, as well as English termi- nations and construction. Happy should I be to lend any assistance to the improvement and esta- blishment of our botanical language, or to remove from it the charges of inelegance and obscurity. Late writers have, from diffidence or inattention, not much furthered this object. I hope following ones will not overlook it, but concur with me where they find me in the right, and improve upon me where they see occasion ; altering nothing for the sake of alteration, either in characters or language; such emendations, however easy, being extremely incon- venient. It is scarcely necessary to remark that smooth, as opposed to all hairiness and roughness, XXVIli PREFACE. is preferable to glabrous, though the latter is near- er the Latin ; while even expresses a freedom from all inequality. The former answers exactly to the Latin glaber, the latter to levis. Heartshapedis full as intelligible as cordate; furrowed is surely pre- ferable to sulcate, and triangular to triquetrous. When, as in the last instance, a purely Latin word is become familiar English, it is certainly not the worse on that account. Uniform, universal, and many others, are now completely naturalized, and may justify wnlateral as a translation, now first at- tempted, of secundus; and which is at any rate better than secund. The Latin has furnished us with numerous words, in common use, beginning with od ; and therefore obovate may be admitted, as more commodious than inversely ovate, and by this time equally intelligible. Still I prefer the English construction of ovate-lanceolate to the half Latin ovato-lanceolate. According to these examples, the reader will judge of the rest. . He will find in my -introductory publications explanations of every use- ful or necessary term, perhaps of many more ; though in general those which pedantry and affectation have contrived, without necessity, are purposely omitted in those works, and I hope never used in the present volumes. The synonyms, or references to authors, given in the Flora Britannica, have here received consi- derable augmentation, as well as correction. Every one has been carefully revised ; and where the same specific names as mine are used, it has been thought best not to encumber these pages with citations of every provincial or local Flora throughout; though PREFACE. XX1X where our nomenclature differs, such difference is generally marked. Neither have I been desirous of assembling together every particular place of growth of the less common species. I have noted where the rarer ones are to be found, but principally when [ have verified the fact by my own examination, or by seeing specimens. Common reportis little to be trusted; and the English student, if desirous to know all that has been recorded upon this subject, may amply satisfy his curiosity with the Botanist's Guide of Turner and Dillwyn, a work whose sole object is to assist the travelling botanist in his in- quiries. Many readers may think a regular indica- tion of the Scottish plants desirable ; and therefore, though Lightfoot’s Flora Scoticais not quoted through- out, in my Latin work, I have here cited that of my friend Professor Hooker completely. The valuable Midland Flora of Mr. Purton, an assiduous and faithful observer, will be found worthy of frequent consultation. The general uniformity of our no- menclature and arrangement will render this work easy of access to the readers of mine, and in several placesI have pointed out my obligations to its worthy author. The room gained by omitting superfluous refe- rences has allowed of more copious citations of the old writers and their expressive cuts, as well as of many valuable modern synonyms. Old books have been too much neglected by new writers, though a student may derive great pleasure, and considerable infor- mation, by an introduction to them. I have consi- dered it as an imperative duty to examine every synonym herein adopted, marking as quotations, be- XXX PREFACE. tween inverted commas, the few which I could not consult. I cannot too often insist on the mischief of copying synonyms from other books. The value of synonyms consists entirely in their collector being answerable for their exactness; by which he enriches his own work with the accumulated treasures of the botanical library, as far as his readers think proper to follow up the pursuit. But if he blindly tran- scribes them, such surreptitious references are sure to be soon discovered, by the frequent errors of the press, respecting pages or figures, which occur in most books. Ata single discovery of this kind, all our respect and confidence vanish ; for we know not that every thing else of the same nature is not equally. fallacious; and an author who has appeared very learned and deeply read, proves a copyist of the very lowest rank, decked out with imposing but borrowed feathers. M.DeCandolle, that great practical as well as learned botanist, has not only examined cri- tically his immense store of synonyms, but has sub- joined a mark of admiration, whenever he has seen the original specimen of any author. He disposes his references chronologically, which, in a general system, has many advantages. I have followed no precise method in the arrangement of mine, except that the Linnean and other systematic ones stand first, as agreeing mostly with the names I have adopted ; and those which are most certain or impor- tant generally take the lead. I have taken great pains, from original authorities, to determine all those of Haller. The older writers are ranged ac- cording to the goodness of their figures, the value or certainty of their information, or perhaps accord- PREFACE. XXXI ing to the order in which I am in the habit of con- sulting them, which has arisen from long practice, those which I have found most useful naturally of- fering themselves first to my attention. By their be- ing generally in the same order, the reader will know where to look for each. Ray’s Synopsis is necessarily in an English Flora, regularly quoted throughout; as likewise is much of Gerarde’s Herbal by John- son ; and the noble wooden cuts of Matthiolus, pub- lished by Valgrisius at Venice. But the bulk of the old herbalists, whether English or foreign, have been used merely for occasional reference, when they seemed likely to be serviceable, or when their figures appeared peculiarly good. In the indexes I have spared neither time nor la- bour. An author may fail in judgment or know- ledge, and for this fallibility he is entitled to indul- gence; but an index requires nothing more than such a degree of care and attention as his readers have a right, on their part, to expect from him. If those who take my various publications for their botanical guides, have half the pleasure in using these books, that I have had in composing them, I need scarcely wish them more. Innocent amuse- ment, inducing a change of ideas, is wholesome for the mind, like air and exercise for the body. On this ground alone Botany may well be recommended; nor shall I repeat here those higher views of its im- portance as a science, which may be found in the preface to my Introduction, or in my pamphlets on the subject of the Cambridge Botanical Professor- ship. On those occasions it was necessary to ex- plain, to the uninformed, the aims and pretensions XXXII PREFACE. of the science about to be taught ; but in the present instance I must presume that those who look to my book for information, need no persuasion to the pur- suit itself, nor any recommendation of Botany, or of the study of Nature. Neither am I disposed to con- tend here for the superiority of these pursuits over others. A man who looks no further than the nar- row bounds of his own profession or science, is some- times inclined to depreciate those of other people, especially if any worldly advantage be concerned. Some studies seem to contract the mind ; but such ‘is not the character of natural science, which en- larges the understanding by a perpetual display of the power and wisdom of God, and encourages our best hopes by sure testimonies of his goodness. He who feeds the sparrows, and clothes the golden lily of the fields in a splendour beyond that of Solomon himself, invites us, his rational creatures, to confide in his promises of Eternal Life. The simplest blade of grass, and the grain of corn to which “he gives its own body,” are sufficient to convince us that our trust cannot be in vain. Let those who hope to in- herit these promises, and those who love science for its own sake, cherish the same benevolent disposi- tions. Envy and rivalship in one case are no less censurable, than bigotry and uncharitableness in the other. The former are as incompatible with the love of Nature, as the latter with the love of God; and they altogether unfit us for the enjoyment of happiness here or hereafter. NorwicuH, December 2, 1823, BOOKS QUOTED IN VOL. TI. Abbot.—Abbot, Charles, Flora Bedfordiensis. Bedford. 1798. octavo. Adans. Fam.—Adanson, Familles des Plantes. Paris. 1763. octavo. 2 volumes. 4it. Hort. Kew.—Aiton, William, Hortus Kewensis. London. 1789. octavo. 3 vol.—Ed. 2, by Witliam Townsend Aiton. London. 1810—1813. 5 vol. x Allion. Pedem.—Allioni, Charles, Flora Pedemontana. Turin. 1785. folio. 3 vols. Spec. — — Rariorum Pedemontii Stirpium Specimen pri- mum. Turin. 1755. quarto. Ambrosin. Phyt.—Ambrosini, Hyacinth, Phytologia. Bologna. 1666. olio. vee Spec.—Arduino, Peter, Animadversionum Botanicarum Specimen. Padua. 1759. quarto.—Specimen alterum. Venice. 1763. Barrel. Ic.—Barrelier, James, Plante per Galliam, Hispaniam, et Italiam observate, Iconibus eneis exhibite. Paris. 1714. folio. 3 vols. Bast. Opusc.—Baster, Job, Opuscula Subseciva. Harlem. 1759. quarto. 2 vols. Bauh. Hist.—Bauhin, John, Historia Plantarum Universalis. Yver- dun. 1650. folio. 3 vols. Bauh. Pin.—Bauhin, Caspar, Pinax Theatri Botanici. Basil. 1671, quarto. Prodr.— Prodromus Theatri Botanici. Basil. 1671. quarto. —— Theatr ————Theatri Botanici Liber Primus. Basil. 1658. folio. Beauv. Agr.—Beauvois, A.M.F.J. Palisot de, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie. Paris. 1812. octavo. Belleval Ic. Ined—Belleval, Peter Richier de, Icones Inedite. Unpublished Engravings, in the Linnean Library, by Belleval, Professor of Botany at Montpellier, early in the 17th century. Berk. Outl—Berkenhout, John, Outlines of the Natural History of Great Britain and Ireland; volume 2nd. London. 1770. octavo. 3 volumes. Bieberst—See Marsch. VOL. I. < XXXIV BOOKS QUOTED IN VOL. I. Bigelow Med. Bot.—Bigelow, Jacob, American Medical Botany. Boston. 1817—1821. quarto. 3 vols. Blair Bot. Ess.—Blair, Patrick, Botunick Essays, London, 1720. octavo. Bobart’s Herbarium.—Bobart, Jacob, the editor of Morison’s 3rd volume ; his Herbarium, preserved in the Sherardian Museum at Oxford. Bocc. Mus.—Boccone, Paul, Museo di Piante Rare. Venice. 1697. quarto. Sic.—Icones et Descriptiones Rariorum Plantarum Sicilie, Melite, Gallie, et Italie. Oxford. 1674. quarto. Boehm. Lips.—Boehmer, George Rudolph, Flora Lipsie Indigena. Leipsic. 1750. octavo. Boerh. Ind. Alt.—Boerhaave, Hermann, Index Alter Plantarum, que in Horto Academico Lugduno-Batavo aluntur. Leyden. 1727. quarto. 2 volumes. Borckh. in Roem. Archiv—Borckhausen, in Roemer’s Archiv. fiir die Botanik.—Quoted from Brown’s Prodromus. Bot. Guide-—-Turner, Dawson, and Dillwyn, Lewis Weston, the Botanist’s Guide through England and Wales. London. 1805. octavo. 2 vols. Brit. Mus. H. Sicc.—————Hortus Siccus in the British Museum, collected by various persons. Br. Pr.—Brown, Robert, Prodromus Flore Nove Hollandie et Insule Van-Diemen. London. 1810. octavo, vol. 1st. — Terr. Austr ————— General Remarks on the Botany of Terra Australis. London. 1814. quarto. Browne Jam.—Browne, Patrick, Civil and Natural History of Ja- maica. London. 1756. folio. Brunf. Herb.—Brunfels, Otho, Herbarum Vive Eicones. Strasburgh. 1532. folio. Buddle’s Herbarium.—Buddle, Adam, Herbarium of English Plants ; in the British Museum. Bull. Fr.—Bulliard, Herbier de la France. Paris. 1786, &c. folio, unfinished. Buxb. Cent.—Buxbaum, J. C. Plantarum minis cognitarum Cen- turia 1—5. Petersburgh. 1728—1740. quarto. Camer. Epit—Camerarius, Joachim, De Plantis Epitome. Frank- fort. 1586. quarto. Cavan. Ic—Cavanilles, Anthony Joseph, Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum. Madrid. 1791—1801. folio. 6 vols. Clus. Cur, Post.—Clusius, Charles, Cure Posteriores, Antwerp. 1611. folio. — Hist. folio. Pann.———— Rariorum aliquot Stirpium, per Pannoniam, Austriam, et vicinas quasdam Provincias observatarum, Histo- ria. Antwerp. 1583. octavo. —Rariorum Plantarum Historia. Antwerp. 1601. BOOKS QUOTED IN VOL. Tf. XXXV Column. Ecphr.—Columna, Fabius, Miniis cognitarum, &c. Stir- pium Ecphrasis. Rome. 1616. quario. —— Phytob———Phytobasanos, Naples. 1592. quarto.— Edit. 2 was published at Florence. 1744. quarto. Comp.—Smith, James Edward, Compendium Flore Britannice. Ed. 3. London. 1818. duodecimo. ; Cord. Hist—Cordus, Valerius, Historia Stirpium. Cologn. 1561. olio. Cullum.—Cullum, Sir Thomas Gery, Bart., Flore Anglice Speci- men, imperfectum et ineditum, anno 1774 inchoatum. octavo. Ends at Daucus Carota. Cupan. Panph.—Cupani, Francis, Panphyton Siculum. Palermo. 1713. quarto, vol. 1st.—Ed. 2. published by Gervasi, before 1719, 168 plates, without title or date, unfinished. Curt. Brit. Gr—Curtis, William, Practical Observations on the British Grasses. Ed. 2. London. 1790. octavo. Lond.—_—Flora Londinensis. London. 1777, &c. folio. fase. 6. - Mag. — Botanical Magazine. London. 1787, &c. oc- tavo.vol.1—14. Continued by Dr. John Sims, vol. 15—50, &c. Dalech, Hist. Anon. (Dalechamps, James,) Historia Generalis Plan- tarum, in libros 18, per certas classes artificiosé digesta. Lyons. 1587. folio. 2 vols. Aindhgcast Davies Welsh Botanol.—Davies, Hugh, Welsh Botanology ; part the first. London. 1813. octavo. DeCand. Fr.—De Candolle, Augustus Pyramus, (and Lamarck, ) Flore Francoise. Ed. 3. Paris, 1805—1815. octavo. 4 vols. Icones Plantarum Galli@ Rariorum. Paris. 1808. = Te— quarto. Ord.—— Esquisse d'une Serie lineaire, et par consequent artificielle, pour la disposition des familles naturelles du regne végétal. In Théorie Elémentaire de la Botanique, p. 213— 220. Paris. 1813. octavo Syst.—— Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale. Paris. 1818. vol. 1. 1821. vol, 2. octavo. Deering Nott.—Deering, Charles, 4 Catalogue of Plants, &c. more especially about Nottingham. Nottingham. 1738. octavo. Desfont. Atlant.—Desfontaines, René, Flora Atlantica. Paris. 1798. quarto. 2 vols. Dicks. Crypt.—Dickson, James, Fasciculus Plantarum Cryptoga- micarum Britannie. London. 1785. quarto. Fasc. 2. 1790. Fasc. 3. 1793. Fasc. 4. 1801. Dr. Pl———-A Collection of Dried Plants, named on the authority of the Linnean Herbarium and other original col- lections. London. 1789—1791. folio. 4 fascic. — H. Sice— Hortus Siccus Britannicus, being a Collec- tion of Dried British Plunts, named &c. as the preceding. London. 1793—1802..folio. 18 fascic. c2 XXXvl BOOKS QUOTED IN VOL. I. Dill, Elth——Dillenius, John James, Hortus Elthamensis. London. 1732. folio. 2 vols. —— Gen.————Nova Plantarum Genera. In an Appendix to the following. Giss.— Catalogus Plantarum sponte circa Gissam nas- centium. Frankfort. 1719. octavo. Dod. Pempt—Dodoneus, Rembert, Stirpium Historie Pemptades Sex. Antwerp. 1616. folio. Don H. Br.—Don, George, Herbarium Britannicum, consisting of Fasciculi of Dried British Plants. Edinburgh. 1804, 1805. folio. fasc. \—9. Rare Pl.—Don, David, Descriptions of several Rare Plants of Scotland, in the Wernerian Transactions, v. 3. Dreves Bilderb.—Dreves, Frederick, Botanisches Bilderbuch. Leip- sic. 1794, &c. quarto. fasc. 1—9. Dreves & Hayne.—The same, and Hayne, Frederick Gottlieb, Choix de Plantes d’ Europe. Leipsic. 1802. fasc. 1—4. ~ Dryand. Bibl. Banks.—Dryander, Jonas, Catalogus Bibliothece Historico-naturalis Josephi Banks, &c. London. 1798—1800. octavo. 5 volumes. Duham. Arb.—Duhamel du Morceau, Traité des Arbres et Ar- bustes qui se cultivent en France en pleine terre. Paris. 1755. quarto. 2 vols. : Dunal Solan.—Dunal, Michael Félix, Histoire naturelle, médicale et économique des Solanum, et des Genres qui ont été confondus avec eux. Paris. 1813. quarto. Ehrh. 4rb.—Ehrhart, Frederick, Decades Arborum, Fruticum, et Suffruticum Linn@i, quos in usum Dendrophilorum collegit et exsiccavit. Hannover. 1789. folio. 12 decades. See their con- tents in the author’s Beitrige, vol. 5. Beitr.—————-Beitriige zur Naturkunde, &c. Hannover. 1787—1792. octavo. 7 vol. Calam.— Decades Calamariarum, Graminum et Tri- petaloidearum Linn. Hannover. 1790. folio. 12 decades. See Beitrage, vol. 6. 80. — Herb.— —Decades Herbarum Linn. Hannover. 1789. folio. 12 decades, See Beitr. vol. 5. 175. —-— Phytoph—— Phyiophylacium Ehrhartianum, continens plantas quas in locis earum natalibus collegit et exsiccavit. Hannover. 1780. folio. 10 decades. See Beitr. vol. 4. 145. — Pl. Exsice.— Plante Exsiccate —A collection of Dried Plants, published subsequently to all the foregoing, but which was not, I believe, continued to any extent. ——— Pl. Of.————— Plante Officinales, quas in usum Studioso- rum Medicine, Chirurgie et Pharmaceutices collegit et exsic- cavit. Hannover. 1785, &c. folio. 60 decades. See their con- tents, indicated by marginal figures, in the author’s Beitrage above mentioned, vol. 7.37—70. BOOKS QUOTED IN VOL, I. XXXVil Engl. Bot.—Smith, James Edward, English Botany; the figures by James Sowerby. London. 1790—1814. 8vo. 36 volumes. Engl. Gard. Cat.—A Catalogue of the Trees, Shrubs, Plants and Flowers, both exotic and domestic, which are propagated for sale in the Gardens near London. By a Society of Gardeners. London. 1730. folio, with 21 coloured plates. Fl. Br.—Smith, James Edward, Flora Britannica. London. 1800— 1804. octavo. 3 volumes. Fl. Dan.—Oeder, George Christian, Flora Danica. Copenhagen. 1766, &c. folio. tab. \—1568, &c. Fl. Grec.—Smith, James Edward, Flora Greca Sibthorpiana. London. 1806, &c. folio. 3 volumes, &c. Forst. Tonbr.—Forster, Thomas Furley, Flora Tonbrigensis, or a Catalogue of Plants growing wild in the neighbourhood of Ton- bridge Wells. London. 1816. octavo. Fuchs. Hist.—Fuchsius, Leonard, De Historia Stirpium Commen- tarii Insignes. Basil. 1542. folio. — Ic.— Plantarum et Stirpium Icones. Lyons. 1595. octavo. Gertn.—Gertner, Joseph, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum. Stutgard. 1788, 1792. quarto. 2 volumes. Garid. Prov.—Garidel, Histoire des Plantes qui naissent aux envi- rons d’ Aix, et dans plusieurs autres endroits de la Provence, Aix. 1715. folio. Ger. Em.—Gerarde, John, Herbail, or General Historie of Plantes, enlarged and amended by T. Johnson. London. 1636. folio. Gesn. Ic. Pict. Fasc—Gesner, Conrad, Historie Plantarum Fasci- culus Primus, quem edidit et illustravit D. Casimirus Christo- phorus Schmidel. Nuremberg. 1759. folio. Gmel. Sib—Gmelin, John George, Flora Sibirica. Petersburgh. 1747—1769. quarto. 4 volumes. Gmel. Syst—Gmelin, John Frederick, Caroli a Linné Systema Nature,-vol. 2. Leipsic. 1791. octavo. Gouan Hort.—Gouan, Antony, Hortus Regius Monspeliensis. Lyons. 1762. octavo. Grammar.—Smith, James Edward, 4 Grammar of Botany, illus- trative of Artificial as well as Natural Classification, with an explanation of Jussieu’s System. London. 1821. octavo. Graves Br. Gr.—Graves, George, 4A Monograph on the British Grasses. London. 1822. octavo. n. 1, &c. Grisl. Virid—Grisley, Gabriel, Viridarium Lusitanicum. Verona, after the Lisbon edition of 1661. octavo. Guett. Obs.—Guettard, Observations sur les Plantes, Paris. 1747. duodecimo. 2 volumes. Hanke.—Henke, Thaddeus, Observationes Botanice. In Jacquin's Collectanea. vol. 2. p. 1—96. See Jacquin. Sudet. J have not seen. Hall. Enum.—Haller, Albert von, Enumeratio Methodica Stirpium Helvetia Indigenarum. Gottingen. 1742. folio. XXXVIII BOOKS QUOTED IN VOL. 1. Hall. Hist—Haller, Albert von, Historia Stirpium Indigenarum Helvetia. Berne. 1768. folio. 3 volumes. Nomencl.——— Nomenclator ex Historia Plantarum Indi- genarum Helvetie excerptus. Berne. 1769. octavo. Hedw. Theor.—Hedwig, John, Theoria Generationis et Fructifica- tionis Plantarum Cryptogamicarum. Petersburgh. 1784. quarto. Herm. Parad.—Hermann, Paul, Paradisus Batavus. Leyden. 1698. uarto. Hoffin Germ.—Hoffmann, George Francis, Deutschlands Flora, oder Botanisches Taschenbuch. For the year 1791. Erlangen. 1791. duodecimo. | The same for the year 1800. Hoffmans. et Link Lusit —Hofimansegg et Link, Flora Lusitanica. Berlin. 1806, &c. folio. fasc. 1\—10. Hook. Lond.—Hooker, William Jackson, Flora Londinensis. Lon- don, no date. folio. tab. 1\—144, &c. —— Scot. Flora Scotica, in 2 parts. London. 1821. octavo. Hopkirk, Glott—Hopkirk, Thomas, Flora Glotiiana, a Catalogue of the Indigenous Plants on the banks of the river Clyde, and in the neighbourhood of the City of Glasgow. Glasgow, 1813. octavo. Host Gram.—Host, Nicholas Thomas, Icones et Descriptiones Graminum Austriacorum. Vienna. 1801—1809. folio. 4 vols. How Phyt.—How, William, Phytologia Britannica. London. 1650. octavo. Without the author’s name. Huds.—Hudson, William, Flora Anglica. Ed. 2. London. 1778. octavo. 2 volumes.—Ed. 1. London. 1762.1 volume. Hull—Haull, John, British Flora. Ed. 2. Manchester. 1808. octavo. volume Ist. Jacob Faversh—Jacob, Edward, Plante Favershamienses, a Cata- logue of the more perfect Plants growing spontaneously about Faversham in the County of Kent. London. 1777. octavo. Jacq. Austr—Jacquin, Nicholas Joseph von, Flore dAustriace, sive Plantarum Selectarum in Austria Archiducatu sponte crescen- tium Icones, ad vivum colorate, et descriptionibus ac syno- nymis illustrate. Vienna. 1773—1778. folio. 5 volumes. Coll. — Collectanea, ad Botanicam, Chemiam et Histo- riam Naturalem spectantia. Vienna. 1786—1796. quarto. 5 volumes. —— Ic. Rar.— Teones Plantarum Rariorum. Vienna. 1781 —1786. folio. 3 volumes. —— Mise-————— Miscellanea Austriaca, ad Botanicam, Che- miam, et Historiam Naturalem spectantia, cum figuris partim coloratis. Vienna. 1778, 1781. quarto. 2 volumes. é —— Obs.————_Observationum Botanicarum, Iconibus illustra- tarum, Partes 1—4. Vienna. 1764—1771. folio. Juss.—Jussieu, Anton. Laurent. de, Genera Plantarum secundum Ordines Naturales disposita. Paris. 1789. octavo. —— Ann. du Mus.————Various Dissertations by the same, BOOKS QUOTED IN VOL. I. XXXIX in the Annales du Museum d@’ Histoire Naturelle. Paris. 1802— 1813. quarto. 20 volumes. Knapp.—Knapp, John Leonard, Gramina Britannica, or Repre- sentations, with descriptions and remarks upon the British Grasses. London. 1804. quarto. Kunth Nov. Gen. et Sp.—Kunth, Charles Sigismund, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum, quas in peregrinatione ad plagam equi- noctialem orbis novi collegerunt, descripserunt, partim adum- braverunt, Amatus Bonpland et Alexander de Humboldt. Paris. 1815, &c. quarto. vol. 1—4, &c. Lam.—Lamarck, Chevalier de, Illustration des Genres. Paris. 1791, &c. quarto. tab. 1—900. Leers.—Leers, John Daniel, Flora Herbornensis. Herborn. 1775. octavo. Lehm. Asperif—Lehman, John George Christopher, Plante e Fa- milid Asperifoliarum nucifere. Berlin. 1818. quarto. 2 vols. Leyss.—Leysser, Frederick William von, in the Memoirs of the Society of Naturalists at Halle. Dessau & Leipsic. 1783, &c. actavo. vol. 1, &e. L’ Herit. Corn.—L’ Heritier, Charles Louis, Cornus, Specimen Bo- tanicum. Paris. 1788. folio. Lightf—Lightfoot, John, Flora Scotica. London. 1777. octavo. » 2 vols. Lind. Alsat-—Lindern, Francis Balthasar von, Hortus Alsaticus. Strasburgh. 1747. octavo. Linn. Am. Acad.—Linneus, or von Linné, Charles, Amenitates Academice. Stockholm & Leipsic. 1749—1769. octavo. 7 volumes. Fl. Lapp. Flora Lapponica. Ed.1. Amsterdam..1737. octavo. Ed. 2. curd J. E. Smith. London. 1792. octavo. Fl. Suec. —————Flora Suecica. Ed. 2. Stockholm. 1755. octavo. Gen. ————— Genera Plantarum. Ed. 6. Stockholm. 1764. octavo. Hort. Cliff— Hortus Cliffortianus. Amsterdam. 1737. olio. es W. Goth_—————Wiistgéta-Resa. Stockholm. 1747. oc- tavo. Mant.— ——— -Mantissa Plantarum. Stockholm. 1767. oc- tavo. Mant. Pl.altera. Stockholm. 1771. octavo. Mat. Med.————— Materia Medica. Stockholm. 1749. octavo. Sp. Pl..—————Species Plantarum. Ed. 2. Stockholm. 1762. octavo. 2 volumes. Ed. 1. Stockholm. 1753. 2 volumes. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. Systema Nature. Ed. 12. Stock- holm. 1766.3 volumes. Vol. 2, Vegetable Kingdom. Syst. Veg. ed. 13. Systema Vegetabilium. Ed. 13. Curd J. A. Murray. Gottingen. 1774. octavo.—Ed. 14. Got- tingen. 1784. octavo. xl BOOKS QUOTED IN VOL. I. Linn. Suppl—Linné, Charles von, junior, Supplementum Planta- rum. Brunswick. 1781. octavo. Lob. Advers. Nov.—Lobel, Matthias de, Stirpium Adversaria Nova. London. 1605. folio. Ic. Icones Stirpium. Antwerp. 1591. oblong quarto. 2 volumes. —— Illustr. — Stirpium Illustrationes. London. 1655. quarto. Loefl. It. Hisp—Loefling, Peter, Iter Hispanicum, published by Linneus. Stockholm. 1758. octavo. Loes. Pruss.—Loesel, John, Flora Prussica. Koeningsberg. 1703. uarto. Mestos Hort. Monsp.—Magnol, Peter, Hortus Regius Monspe- liensis. Montpellier. 1697. octavo. Monsp. — Botanicum Monspeliense. Montpellier. 1688. octavo. Maratti Plant.—Maratti, John Francis, Plantarum Romulee et Saturnia Specifice Note. Rome. 1772. duodecimo. Marsch. Taur.-Cauc.—Marschall 4 Bieberstein, L. B. Frederick, Flora Taurico-Caucasica. Charkof. 1808. octavo. 2 volumes. Mart. Rust.—Martyn, Thomas, Flora Rustica. London. 1791, &c. octavo, 4 volumes, 144 plates. Matth. Valgr—Matthiolus, Peter Andrew, Commentarii in Sex Libros Pedacit Dioscoridis ; apud Valgrisium. Venice. 1583. folio. 2 volumes. Mentz. Pugill—Mentzelius, Christian, -Pugillus Rariorum Planta- rum; at the end of his Index Nominum Plantarum universalis. Berlin. 1682. folio. Merr. Pin.—Merrett, Christopher, Pinax Rerum Naturalium Bri- tannicarum. London. 1667. octavo. Mich. Gen.—Micheli, Peter Antony, Nova Plantarum Genera. Florence. 1729. large quarto. Mill. Ic.—Miller, Philip, Figures of Plants, adapted to the Gar- dener’s Dictionary. London. 1755, &c. folio. 2 vols. Mill. Illustr.—Miller, John, Illustration of the Sexual System of Linneus. London. 1777. folio. Mench, Meth.—Meench, Conrad, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici et Agri Marburgensis, a staminum situ describendi. Marburgh. 1794. octavo. Mont. Prodr.—Monti, Joseph, Catalogi Stirpium Agri Bononiensis Prodromus, Gramina et hujusmodi affinia complectens. Bo- logna. 1719. large octavo. Moris.—Morison, Robert, Historia Plantarum Universalis. Oxford. 1680—1699. folio. vol. 2nd and 3rd only published. Muhlenb. Gram.—Muhlenberg, Henry, Descriptio uberior Grami- num et Plantarum Calamariarum Americe Septentrionalis in- digenarum et cicurum. Philadelphia. 1817. octavo. Nutt. Gen, Amer —Nuttall, Thomas, The Genera of North Ame- ? BOOKS QUOTED IN VOL. I. xli rican Plants, and a Catalogue of the Species, to the year 1817. Philadelphia. 1818. octavo. 2 volumes. Pall. Ross.—Pallas, Peter Simon, Flora Rossica. Petersburgh. 1784—1788. folio. 1 vol. in 2 parts. Park. Parad.—Parkinson, John, Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Ter- restris. London. 1656. folio. — Theatr. — Theatrum Botanicum, the Theater of Plants, or an Herball of a large extent. London. 1640. folio. Pass. Ic-—Passeus Crispus, jun., Hortus Floridus, in quo ra- riorum et minis vulgarium florum Icones ad vivam ve- ramque formam accuratissimé delineate. Arnhelm. 1614. ob- long quarto. Pers. Syn.—Persoon, Christian Henry, Synopsis Plantarum. Paris. 1805, 1807. duodecimo. 2 volumes. Petiv. Conc. Gram.—Petiver, James, Graminum, Muscorum, &c., Britannicorum Concordia. London. 1717. folio, 12 pages; in the 2d volume of his works. H. Brit——-Herbarii_ Britannici Clarissimi D. Raii Catalogus cum Iconibus. London. 1767. folio. tab. 72; in the 2d volume of his works, ed. 2. Pluk. Almag.—Plukenet, Leonard, Almagestum Botanicum. Lon- don. 1696. quarto. Amalth. Amaltheum Botanicum. London. 1705. fo- lio. tab. 351—454. — Phyt. ———— Phytographia. London. 1691. quarto. tab. \— 350. Poit, et Turp. Par.—Poiteau et Turpin, Flore Parisienne. Paris: 1808. folio. unfinished. Pollich.—Pollich, John Adam, Historia Plantarum in Palatinatu Electorali sponte nascentium. Manheim. 1776. octavo. 3 volumes. Pon. Bald.—Pona, John, Monte Baldo descritto. Venice. 1617. quarto. Ponted. Anthol.—Pontedera, Julius, Anthologia, sive de Floris Naturd. Padua. 1720. quarto. Comp.———Compendium Tabularum Botanicarum. Pa- dua. 1718. quarto. Pourret Act. Tolos.—Pourret, Extrait de la Chloris Narbonensis. Mem. de l’ Academie de Toulouse, vol. 3. 297—334. Pursh.—Pursh, Frederick, Flora Americe Septentrionalis. London. 1814. octavo. 2 volumes. Purton.—Purton, Thomas, 4A Midland Flora, or Botanical De- scription of British Plants in the Midland Counties. Stratford- upon-Avon. 1817. octavo. 2 volumes. Appendix to the same. London. 1821. octavo. 2 volumes. Raiit Hist—Ray, John, Historia Plantarum. London. 1686— 1704. folio. 3 volumes. Indic. Pl. Dub.—Indiculus Plantarum Dubiarum, subjoined by Dillenius to his edition of Ray’s Synopsis. xii BOOKS QUOTED IN VOL. I. Raii Syn.—Synopsis Methodica Stirpium Britannicarum. London, 1724. octavo. ed.3. Published by Dillenius, who added the plates, but without his name. The most popular edition, — —— Syn. ed. 2—The same work, edition 2d..London. 1696. oc- tavo. The most accurate edition. Redout. Liliac.—Redouté, P. J., Les Liliacées. Paris. 1802, &c. folio. 8 volumes. Rees’s Cycl.—Rees, Abraham, The Cyclopedia. London. 1802— 1819. quarto. 39 volumes. Reichenb. Amen.—Reichenbach, H. G. L., Amenitates. Nurem- berg? Quoted by Dr. Panzer; see p. 250. Relh._—Relhan, Richard, Flora Cantabrigiensis. Ed. 2. Cambridge. 1802. octavo. Rel. Rudb. See Rudb. ) Renealm. Spec.—Renealm, Paul, Specimen Historie Plantarum. Paris. 1611. quarto. Retz. Obs —Retzius, Andrew John, Observationes Botanica. Leipsic. 1779—1781. folio. 6 fase. —— Prodr.———Flore Scandinavie Prodromus. Leipsic. 1795. octavo. Riv. Monop. Irr—Rivinus, Augustus Quirinus, Ordo Plantarum que sunt Flore Irregulari Monopetalo. Leipsic. 1690. folio. Pentap. Irr. Ordo Pl. que sunt Flore Irregulari-Pen- tapetalo. Leipsic. 1699. folio. — Tetrap. Irr.———— Ordo Pl. que sunt Flore Irregulari Te- trapetalo. Leipsic. 1691. folio. Robson Tr. of L. Soc-—Robson, Edward, Description of the Ribes spicatum. Tr. of Linn. Soc.v.3. London. 1797. Rem. et Schultes Syst. Veg—Roemer, J.J. and Schultes, J. A. Caroli a Linné, Systema Vegetabilium. Stuttgard. 1817, &c. octavo. vol. 1—b, &c. Rose, Elem.—Rose, Hugh, The Elements of Botany. London. 1775. octavo. Roth Beitr.—Roth, Albert William, Beytrige zur Botanik. Bre- men. 1782 octavo. Catal.—_———-Catalecta Botanica. Leipsic. 1797. octavo. fase. 1. Germ. Tentamen Flore Germanice, Leipsic. 1788, &c. octavo. 3 volumes. : Royen, Van, Prodr.—Van Royen, Adrian, Flore Leydensis Pro- dromus. Leyden. 1740. octavo. Rudb. Act. Suec.—Rudbeck, Olaus junior, Index Plantarum pre- cipuarum quas in Itinere Laponico, anno 1695, observavit. In Act. Liter. Suecia@. Upsal. 1720. quarto. —-— Elys——Rudbeck Olaus, pater et filius, Campi Elysi, Liber secundus. Upsal. 1701. folio. Scarcely ten copies of this magnificent work are extant. : —-— Rel. —Reliquice Rudbeckiane, sive Camporum Ely- BOOKS QUOTED IN VOL. 1. xiii seorum Libri Primi, que supersunt, adjectis nominibus. Lin- neanis, curd J. E, Smith. London. 1789. folio. Rupp. Jen. ——Ruppius, Henry Bernard, Flora Jenensis. Frankfort and Leipsic. 1718. octavo. ed. Hall. — 1745. octavo. Salish. Prodr.—Salisbury, Richard Antony, Prodromus Stirpium. in Horto Chapel Allerton vigentium. London. 1796. octavo. Scheuchz. Agr.—Scheuchzer, John, Agrostographia. Zurich: 1719. quarto. Prodr.— 1708. folio. Scheuchz. It-—Scheuchzer, John James, Itinera per Helvetie Alpinas Regiones facta. Leyden. 1723. quarto. 2 volumes. Tt. ed. Lond.—lItinera alpina tria. London. 1708. quarto. Schmid. Ic.—Schmidel, Casimir Christopher, Icones Plantarum et Analyses Partium. Nuremberg. 1762, &c. folio. Schrad. Asperif.—Schrader, Henry Adolphus, de Asperifoliis Lin- nei Commentatio. Gottingen. 1820. quarto. Germ.— Flora Germanica. Gottingen. 1806. octavo. volume 1st. Journ. ————_Journal fiir die Botanik. Gottingen. 1802, &c. octavo. vol. 1, &c. 2d edition, by Albert Haller. Jena. Agrostographie Helvetice Prodromus. Spicil——¥_Spicilegium Flore Germanice. Hannover. 1794. octavo. Verbase.—————— Monographia Generis Verbasci. Gottin- gen. 1813. quarto. Schreb. Gen.—Schreber, John Christian Daniel von, Caroli a Linné Genera Plantarum. Frankfort. 1789. octavo. 2 volumes. Gram.————— Beschreibung der Griiser. Leipsic. 1769. folio. 2 volumes. Lips ————Spicilegium Flore Lipsice. Leipsic. 1771. octavo. Spicil. See the foregoing. Schulz Stargard.—Schulz, C. Fr., Prodromi Flore Stargardiensis Supplementum. Vienna? 1819. octavo. Scop. Carn.—Scopoli, John Antony, Flora Carniolica. Ed. 2. Vienna. 1772. octavo. 2 volumes. __ Segu. Veron —Seguier, John Francis, Plante Veronenses. Verona. 1745. octavo. 2 volumes. Supplementum. 1754. 1 volume. Sherard’s Herb.—Sherard, William, his Herbarium at Oxford. Sibb. Scot.—Sibbald, Sir Robert, Scotia Illustrata. Edinburgh. 1684. folio. Sibth—Sibthorp, John, Flora Oxoniensis. Oxford. 1794. octavo. See also Fl. Grec. r Sims and Kon. Ann.—Sims, John, and Konig, Charles, Annals of Botany. London. 1805, 1806. octavo. 2 volumes. xliv BOOKS QUOTED IN VOL. I. Sincl.—Sinclair, George, Hortus Gramineus Woburnensis. London. 1816. folio. Illustrated with dried specimens. Sm. Pl. Ic_—Smith, James Edward, Plantarum Icones hactenus inedite. London. 1789, 1790, 1791. folio. 3 fasc. See also Comp., Engl. Bot., Fl. Br., Fl. Grec. Sibth., Fl. Lapp. Linn., Grammar, Rees’s Cycl., Rel. Rudb., and Tr. of L. Soc. Stilling fl.—Stillingfleet, Benjamin, Miscellaneous Tracts, relating to Natural History, Husbandry and Physick. Ed.3. London. 1775. octavo. Stockh. Trans.—Transactions of the Royal Society of Stockholm, in Swedish. Stockholm. 1739—1820, &c. octavo. Numerous volumes. Swartz Ind. Occ.—Swartz, Olof, Flora Indie Occidentalis. Er- langen. 1797. octavo. 3 volumes. in Stockh. Trans. See Stockh. Sym. Syn.—Symons, Jelinger, Synopsis Plantarum Insulis Britan- nicis Indigenarum. London. 1798. octavo. Teesdale.—Teesdale, Robert, Plante Eboracenses ; in Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 2. 103—125 ; and v. 5. 36—95. Till. Pis—Tilli, Michael Angelo, Catalogus Plantarum Horti Pi- sani. Florence. 1723. folio. Tillands Ic.—Tillands, Elias, Icones Nove in usum select, et Ca- talogo Plantarum promiscué appense. Abo. 1683. octavo. Tourn.—Tournefort, Joseph Pitton, Institutiones Rei Herbarie. Paris. 1719. quarto. 2 volumes. Tozzetti Obs.—Tozzetti, Octavian Targioni, Observationum Botani- carum Decades 3,4 & 5. Florence, no date. quarto. Tr. of Linn. Soc-—Transactions of the Linnean Society. London. 1791—1823. vol. 1—14. quarto. Trag. Hist.—Tragus, Jerome, De Stirpium Nomenclaturis, &c. Strasburgh. 1552. quarto. Vahl. Enum.—Vahl, Martin, Enumeratio Plantarum. Copenhagen. 1804, 1805. octavo. 2 volumes, ending with Triandria Mono- gynia, Vaill. Mem. de l'Ac. des Sc.—Vaillant, Sebastian, Memoires de lV’ Acad. des Sciences. German edition. Breslaw. 1754. octavo. Par.————Botanicon Parisiense. Leyden and Amsterdam. 1727. folio. Vallisn. Op.—Vallisneri, Antony, Opere Fisico-Mediche. Venice. 1733. folio. 3 volumes. _Venten. Ch.—Ventenat, E. P., Choix de Plantes, dont la plupart sont cultivées dans le Jardin de Cels. Paris. 1803. folio. Villars Dauph.—Villars, Histoire des Plantes de Dauphiné. Gre- noble. 1786. octavo. 3 volumes. Wade Pl. Rar. Hib.—Wade, Walter, Plante Rariores in Hibernia invente. Dublin. 1804. octavo. Wahlenb. Lapp.—Wahlenberg, George, Flora Lapponica. Berlin. 1812. octavo. BOOKS QUOTED IN VOL. I. xly Web. Gott—Weber, George Henry, Spicilegium Flore Gottin- gensis. Gotha. 1778. octavo. Weigel Obs.—Weigel, Christian Ehrenfried, Observationes Bo- tanice. Gryphiswald. 1772. quarto. Wern. Trans.—Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society. Edinburgh. 1811, &c. octavo. 3 volumes. Wiggers Holsat.—Wiggers, Frederick Henry, Primitia Flore Hol- satice. Kiel. 1780. octavo. Willd. Berl. Baumz.—Willdenow, Charles Lewis, Berlinische Baumzucht. Berlin. 1796. octavo. — Berol.— Flore Berolinensis Prodromus. Berlin. 1787. octavo. —— Sp. Pl.—_———-Caroli @ Linné Species Plantarum. Berlin. 1797—1810. octavo. 5 volumes. Willem. Stell—Willemet, Monographie pour servir a I Histoire Naturelle et Botanique de la Famille des Plantes Etoilées. Strasburgh. 1791. octavo. Winch Guide-—Winch, Nathaniel John, The Botanist’s Guide through the Counties of Northumberland and Durham. New- castle. 1805, 1807. octavo. 2 volumes. With.—Withering, William, dn Arrangement of British Plants. Ed. 3d. Birmingham. 1796. octavo. 4 volumes. Woodv.— Woodville, William, Medical Botany. London. 1790. quarto. 3 volumes ; with a supplement, 1794. 1 volume. Wulf. in Jacq. Coll—Wulfen, Francis Xavier, Plante Rariores Carinthiace. See Jacq, Coll. and Misc. Austr. Zan. Ist.—Zanoni, James, Istoria Botanica. Bologna. 1675, folio. oO ae 5 waaor i asroag mNOOE Se, Dede pee ratio AANWA dead se Vahey ee Aiea ntasiiesiecaheall pine Pena ont ae eee "hove ; ‘ible att teint itisn ea ~ ae Gre seal tern ar sloth even a } cen adbg- at | ; ; nae eee sion ; 2 ig ENGLISH FLORA. Class I MONANDRIA. Stamen 1. Order I. MONOGYNIA. —Pistil 1. * Seed one. 1. SALICORNIA. Calyx tumid, undivided. Corolla none. Stam. 1 or 2. Seed invested with the calyx. . HIPPURIS. Cail. a slight border. Cor. none. Seed inferior, naked. Stzgma 1. 3. ZOSTERA. Fi. aggregate. Spadix flat, many-flow- ered. Drupa. Nut with one kernel. Stigmas 2. See Valeriana 1. Alchemilla 3. ** Seeds several. 4 CHARA. Berry with many seeds. Style none. See Salix occasionally. bo Order II. DIGYNIA. Pistils 2. 5. CALLITRICHE. Cal. none. Petals 2, inferior. Seeds 4, naked, compressed. Some flowers separated. VOL. I. B MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 1. SALICORNIA. Jointed-glasswort. Linn. Gen. 5. Juss. 86. Fl. Br. 2. Br. Pr. 410. Tourn, t. 485. Lamarck t. 4. Nat. Ord. Holeracee. Linn. 12. Atriplices. Juss. 29. Che- nopodee. Br. Pr. 405. See Grammar 91. Cal. inferior, of one leaf, undivided, succulent, tumid, un- equal, permanent. Cor. none. Filam. 1 or 2, promi- nent. Anh. two-lobed, erect. Germen ovate, beneath the stam. Style short and thick. Szigma in two or more segments. Seed ovate, imbedded in the calyx, with a membranous tunic. Branched, jointed, succulent, smooth, leafless. £7. in joint- ed, terminal spikes, aggregate, inconspicuous. Anth. large, yellow. Stigmas acute, various. 1. S. herbacea. Common Jointed-glasswort. Marsh Sampire. Stem herbaceous, erect; joints compressed, notched; inter- stices inversely conical. Spikes tapering upward. S. herbacea, Linn. Sp. Pl. 5. Willd. v. 1.23. Vahl Enum. v.1.9. Fl. Br.2.var.1. Fl. Dan. t. 308. Hook. Scot. 1. S. europea a. Huds. 1. S.annua. Engl. Bot. v. 6. t.415. Bast. Opusc. v. 2. 105. ¢. 10. Salicornia, Raii Syn. 136. S. sive Kali geniculatum. Ger, Em. 535.f. Lob. Ic. v. 1.395.f. On muddy sea shores, overflowed by the tide, frequent. Annual. August, September. Root fibrous, small. Stem bushy, green, a foot high, with opposite branches, tapering at their base, more or less subdivided, espe- cially the first pair; abounding in salt juice ; woody centre very tough. Spikes of numerous short joints, each joint crowned with about three sessile flowers at each side. Stam.1. Stigm. 2 or 3. Often pickled, as a substitute for the very different, strongly aro- matic, Rock Sampire, Crithmum maritimum. 2. S. procumbens. Procumbent Jointed-glasswort. Stem herbaceous, procumbent; interstices inversely conical; branches simple. Spikes tapering upward. Stamens two. S. procumbens. Comp. 1. Engl. Bot. v.35. t, 2475. S. herbacea. Ehrh. Beitr.v.7.178. MONANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Hippuris. 3 Common in salt marshes, that are frequently inundated. Annual. August. A span long, branched from the base ; interstices obtusely qua- drangular. Stam. always 2, one earlier than the other. Stigma with many irregular notches. 3. S. radicans. Creeping Jointed-glasswort. Stem woody; procumbent and taking root at the base. Joints compressed, notched; interstices somewhat cylin- drical. Spikes oblong. Stamens two. S. radicans. Comp. 1. Engl. Bot. v. 24. t.1691. Hook. Scot. 1. S. herbacea 6. Fl. Br. 2. S. europea 8. Huds. 1. S. erecta, foliis brevibus, cupressiformis. Dill. in Raii Syn. 137. Woody jointed glasswort. Petiv. H. Br. t.9. f. 4. On muddy sea shores. At Holme, Norfolk. Rev. Dr. Sutton. On the Sussex coast. Mr. Borrer. Near Montrose. Mr. D. Don, Perennial. September. Lower part of the stem woody, slender, throwing out fibrous roots ; upper erect, 6 or 8 inches high, with opposite, crossing branches, sometimes purplish, whose interstices are contracted just below the summit, and more slender than either of the foregoing. Spikes tumid, with short joints. Stam. always 2. Stigma in 2 or 3 deép segments. 4. 8. fruticosa. Shrubby Jointed-glasswort. Stem woody, ascending; joints and interstices cylindrical. Spikes nearly sessile, cylindrical, obtuse. S. fruticosa. Linn. Sp. Pl. 5. Willd.v.1.24. Vahl Enum. v. 1.11. Fl. Br... 3. S europea y. Huds. 1. Kali. Camer. Epit. 246. f. K. geniculatum perenne fruticosius procumbens. Raii Syn. 136. On the sea shore, very rare. At Weymouth. Mr. Yalden, in Mr. Lightfoot’s herbarium. In Shepey island. Sir Hans Sloane. Isle of Grain, in the Thames. Dillenius. Herb. Sherard. Stem woody, with numerous branches, more slender and cylindri- cal throughout. Spikes small, short, and dense. Stigm. 2 only, deciduous. Style permanent, elongated after flowering. Possi- bly a variety of the last ; though nobody, as yet, really knows any thing at all decisive of this question. 2. HIPPURIS. Mare’s-tail. Linn. Gen. 5. Juss. 18, Fl, Br. 4. Lam. t.5. Gaertn. t. 84. B@2 A MONANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Zostera. Nat. Ord. Inundate. Linn. 15. Naiades. Juss. 6. Akin to Haloragee. Br. Terr. Austr. 17. Very doubtful. « Most akin to Myriophyllum, and Callitriche.” Br. Cal.a border, scarcely discernible, crowning the oval germen. Cor. none. Filam. superior, produced as the anther ripens. Anth. of 2 round lobes; at first sessile. Style awl-shaped. Stigma simple, acute. Seed oval. Aquatic herbs. Stem simple, hollow. Leaves whorled. £7. axillary, sessile, naked. ' 1. H. vulgaris. Common Mare’s-tail. Leaves linear, many in each whorl. H. vulgaris. Linn. Sp. Pl. 6. Willd. v. 1,26. Vahl Enum. v. 1.13. Fl, Br. 4. Engl. Bot. v.11. t. 763. Curt. Lond. fasc. 4. t. 1. Hook. Scot.2. Fl. Dan. t. 87. Bull. Fr.t.365. Poit. et Turp. Pare Wt. Limnopeuce. Raii Syn. 136. L.n. 1572. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 264. Cauda equina foemina. Ger. Em. 1114. f. Polygonum foemina. Camer. Epit. 689. f. Equisetum palustre, linariz scoparie folio. Bauh, Pin. 15. Prodr. 24. Dill. in Rati Syn. 136. In ditches, pools, and the borders of slow streams. Perennial. May, June. Root creeping. Stem a foot, or more, above the water, round, juicy, polished, reddish, with many whorls of spreading, linear, entire, smooth, single-ribbed leaves. Fl. small. Anth. red be- fore it bursts. The lower leaves, deep under water, are long, thick-set, pellucid, and pale; the herb in winter bearing no other. In this state it is noticed by Dillenius as a remarkable variety. 3. ZOSTERA. Grass-wrack. Linn. Gen. 472. Juss, 24. Fl. Br.7. Sm. in Rees’s Cycl. v.39, Lan. t.737. Gerin. t. 19. Nat. Ord. Piperite. Linn. 2. Aroidee. Juss.'7. Fluviales of Richard. Hook. Scot. 192. Cal. none, except an oblong sheath, formed of the base of the leaf, splitting lengthwise. Cor. none. Spadiz linear, covered in front with many naked flowers. -Anther cylin- drical, tapering at each end, sessile, attached laterally, of 1 cell. Pollen mixed with branched fibres. Germen shaped and attached like the anther, and parallel to it. MONANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Zostera. 5 Style terminal, curved outwards, cylindrical. Stzgm. 2, thread-shaped, acute, curved. Drupa cylindrical, pointed, somewhat juicy. Nut 1, oval, striated. Kernel of the same shape, with 2 flattish, partially combined, cotyledons. Embryo central, cylindrical, curved. adicle inferior, (that is, opposite to the scar of the seed). See Prof. Hooker’s dissections in Fl. Lond. new series ¢. 35. The two cotyledons seem to me to confirm the propriety of removing this genus from the Aroidee ; for this plant is surely as truly dicotyledonous as Cyamus. See Geertner t. 19, Nelumbo. Root creeping. Herb smooth, long and slender, floating under water. Stem roundish, branched, leafy ; decumbent at the base, with tufts of fibrous radicles from each knot or joint. Leaves alternate, linear, flat, very long; their sheaths containing the spadix, and at length torn longi- tudinally, to let out the seeds. Professor Hooker, following Schreber and Willdenow, re- moves this genus to Monoecia, because he observes the number of anthers and pistils not always to correspond; the former being sometimes about twice the most numerous. This may arise from occasional suppression of some pistzls, often incident to plants of a simple structure, and indeed to all plants when the source of nourishment is weakened. I have found these two organs regularly corresponding in number, and placed respectively right and left alter- nately, asin Engl. Bot., which is a strong indication of each anther and pistil making naturally one flower, and for this reason 1 persist in my original opinion, which has been adopted by Vahl. 1. Z. marina. Common Grass-wrack. Leaves entire, obscurely three-ribbed. Stem slightly com- pressed. Z.marina. Linn. Sp. Pl.1374. It. W. Goth. 166. t. 4. Willd. v.4.179. Vahl Enum. v. 1.14. Fl. Br. 7. Engl. Bot. v. 7. t.467. Hook. Lond. t.35. Scot.259. Fl. Dan. t. 15. Alga. Raii Syn. 52, 53; the whole genus. In creeks and ditches of salt water, or about the mouths of rivers. Perennial. August, September. Variable in size. Leaves long, flaccid, obtuse, of a light green, bleaching very white on the shore. Spadix green, about 2 inches long, with 8 or 10 anthers, and as many pistils, closely applied to its flat surface. The plant is used for package; in poor countries for thatching, or bedding. 6 MONANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Chara. 4, CHARA. Chara. Linn. Gen.567. Juss.18. Fl. Br.4. Lam.t.742. Gertn. t. 84. Nat. Ord. Inundate. Linn. 15. Naiades. Juss. 66. Cha- raceeé. Hook. Scot. p. 2. 108. Cal. none. Cor. none. Anth. lateral, sessile, globose, tes- sellated, splitting into several portions. Pollen mixed with spiral fibres.” Hook. Germ. ovate, spirally striated. Style none. Stigma? 5-toothed. Berry with many spherical seeds. Aquatic herbs, smooth or prickly, with a cylindrical, sub- divided, stem, and whorled, cylindrical, simple or com- pound, flowering branches; no real leaves. Fl. simple, naked, the anther and pistil mostly together, rarely on separate plants; so that the genus is not monoecious, though, in one or two instances, occasionally dioecious. The real nature of the fructification, or mode of impreg- nation, is very obscure. 1. C. vulgaris. Common Chara. Striated, without prickles. _Whorled branches tapering, with internal partitions. Bracteas four together. C. vulgaris. Linn. Sp. Pl. 1624. Willd. v. 4. 183. Fl, Br. 5. Engl. Bot. v. 5. t.336. Hook. Scot. p.2.109. Hedw. Theor. t, 32, 33. C. vulgaris foetida. Vaill. Mem. del’ Ac. des Sc. for 1719. 17. t.3. fl. Raii Syn. 132. C.n. 1681. Hall. Hist. v.3. 4. Equisetum foetidum, sub aqua repens. Bauh, Pin. 16. Prodr. 25.f. Theatr. 251. f. Ger. Em. 1115. G. Equiseti foetidi, sub aquis repentis, secunda species. Preston in Raii Hist. v. 3. 104. In muddy stagnant ditches, common. Annual? July. Root fixed in the mud. Herb reaching near the surface, but always completely immersed. Main branches alternate ; subordinate ones whorled, 6 or 8 in a whorl, taper-pointed, an inch long, or more, jointed internally with transverse partitions, and, towards the top of the stem, beset, on their upper side, with rows of erect, minute, awl-shaped bracteas, 4 together, in whose centre stands the pale, sessile, ovate, bluntly 5-toothed germen ; and close to it, but at the outside of the bracteas, the sessile, pale reddish, slimy anther. Whole plant nauseously fetid, usually incrusted with earth, if any happens to be chemically dissolved in the water. G. appears to be the same species, not incrusted. MONANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Chara. 7 2. C. hispida. Prickly Chara. Furrowed. Whorled branches tapering, with internal par- titions. Bracteas whorled. Prickles on the stem bristly, deflexed. C. hispida, Linn. Sp. Pl, 1624, Willd. v.4. 185. Fl. Br. 5. Engl. Bot.v. 7. t.463. Hook. Scot. p.2. 109. Fl. Dan. t. 154. C.n. 1682. Hall. Hist. v.3. 4. C. major, caulibus spinosis. Vall. Mem. de I’ Ac. des Sc. for 1719. 18. ¢.3.f.3. Rati Syn. 132. f. C. major subcinerea fragilis. Vaill. ibid. 18. Raii Syn. 132. C. tomentosa. Huds.398. Sibth. 2. C.n. 1683. Hall. Hist. v. 3. 4. Equisetum majus subcinereum, aquis immersum. Moris. v. 3. 621. sect. 15.1.4. f.9. In ditches, pools, and clay-pits. Annual. July, August. Differs from the last chiefly in its prickly stem, and more numerous bracteas, which form whorls round the branches. It is often, in like manner, incrusted. £§, in Bobart’s herbarium at Oxford, bears prickles under the upper flowering-branches only, but has no other distinctive mark ; nor is it C. tomentosa of Linneus. 3. C. flexilis. Smooth Chara. Smooth, transparent, without prickles. Whorled branches cylindrical, blunt, with a minute point, no internal parti- tions; some cloven. Bracteas none. C. flexilis. Linn. Sp. Pl. 1624. Willd. v. 4. 187. Fl. Br. 6. Engl. Bot. v. 15. t. 1070. Hook. Scot. p.2. 109. C.n. 1684. Hall. Hist. v. 3. 4. C. translucens minor flexilis. Vaill. Mem. del’ Ac. des Sc. for 1719. 18.4.3.f. 9. Dill. in Rati Syn. 133. C. inermis pellucida. Schmid. Ic. 53. t. 14. In ditches, ponds, and rivers. First observed by Buddle, in ponds at Henley, 4 miles north of Ipswich. Found since by Mr. D. Turner, near Yarmouth ; the Rev. E. Williams, in Berrington pool, Shropshire ; and the Rev. Dr. ‘Abbot, in the river at Bedford. “Annual. April—August. Slender, quite smooth, naked, green and pellucid. Whorled branches either undivided, forked, or three-cleft. Anth. at the forks of these branches, chiefly the upper ones, naked, solitary, dull red, with numerous minute cracks. Germ. either adjoining to the anther, sometimes in pairs ; or in similar situations on a separate plant. 8 MONANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Chara. 4. C. translucens. Great Transparent Chara. Smooth, transparent, without prickles. Whorled branches simple, cylindrical, obtuse, with a small point, and trans- verse internal partitions; fertile ones axillary, compound, partly forked. Bracteas none. C. translucens. Engl. Bot. v. 26. t. 1855. Comp. 2. Hook. Scot. . 2.109. @/ Gausineéns major flexilis. Vaill. Mem. de l'Ac. des Sc. for L719:18,0.8. f-8: In pools, rare. Near Shrewsbury. Rev. E. Williams. At Browston, Suffolk. Pro- fessor Hooker. Found by Mv. Arnott, and Mr. D. Don, in various parts of Scotland. Hook. Scot. Annual. June, July. This is our largest species. Root creeping, of many branching slender fibres, with small knots. Whorled branches near two inches long, barren, all simple, spreading widely, furnished here and there with transverse, often oblique, internal partitions : fertile ones axillary, compound, tumid, ultimately forked, with a dotted anther, and one germen, occasionally two, at the division, without any proper bracteas, 5. C. nidifica. Proliferous Chara. Smootk, transparent, without prickles. Whorled branches simple, elongated, without internal partitions; fertile ones axillary, compound. Bracteas unequal. C. nidifica. Fl. Dan. t. 761. Engl. Bot. v. 24. t. 1703. Comp. 2. In salt-water ditches. At Shoreham harbour, Sussex, and near Cley, Norfolk. Mr. Borrer. Annual. August—October. Firmer, and rather stouter, than C. fezilis, but much more slender than the last, and more divaricated than either. The axillary branches, which bear fructification, and rather numerously sur- round the main stem, within the long slender whorled branches, being themselves whorled and subdivided, cause the bushy or proliferous aspect, which at first sight marks this species. Three or four small, unequal, cylindrical bracteas accompany each flower, as in C. vulgaris and hispida. The anther is often stalked, especially, as it seems, when the plant is occasionally dioecious. 6. C. gracilis. Slender Shining Chara. Smooth, transparent, shining, without prickles. Whorled branches acute, repeatedly forked; often fertile, as well as the axillary compound ones. Bracteas none. MONANDRIA—DIGYNIA. Callitriche. 9 C. gracilis. Engl. Bot. v. 30. t. 2140. Comp. 2. C.n. 1684 6. Hall. Hist. v. 3, 4. C. minor, caulibus et foliis tenuissimis. Vaill. Mem. de Ac. des Sc. for 1719. 18.2.6. Dill. in Rati Syn. 133. Equisetum minus, sub aqua repens, ad genicula polyspermon. Sher. in Raii Syn. ed. 2. 43. In ponds and boggy pools, rare. In fish-ponds in Jersey. Sherard. St. Leonard’s forest, Sussex. Mr. Borrer. Annual. September. Much smaller, as well as more delicate and compound, than any of the foregoing ; when dry, glittering and glassy, almost colour- less. Whorled branches very rarely simple; mostly forked or subdivided repeatedly, bearing the flowers in their forks. Anth. and germ. usually together, without bracteas. This species and C. flexilis first taught me to consider Chara as having no real leaves ; what preceding writers have termed so, being in no re- spect different from the branches, in structure or economy, as they often bear the flowers. In Ray’s Historia, v. 3. 104, the present species is confounded with the naked state of C. vulgaris ; and Dillenius, in his edition of the Synopsis, has fallen into the same error, MONANDRIA DIGYNIA. 5. CALLITRICHE. Water-starwort.. Linn. Gen.6. Juss.19. Fl. Br.8. Lam.t.5. Gaertn. t. 68. Nat. Ord. IJnundate. Linn. Nazades. Juss. 6. Halora- gee. Br. Terr. Austr. 17. Akin, doubtless, to Myriophyllum, and to the exotic genus Serpicula ; but there are too many anomalies and excep- tions in the character, to allow us decidedly to refer Cal- litriche to any established Order. The above affinity will hardly induce me to give up the reputed corolla of this genus, though inferior. Cal. none. Petals 2, oblong, incurved, acute, opposite, equal. Filam. capillary, gradually elongated. Anth. terminal, two-lobed. Germ. superior, four-lobed. Styles 2, capillary, 10 MONANDRIA—DIGYNIA. Callitriche. spreading, with acute stigmas. Seeds 4, naked, roundish, compressed, with a dilated margin. Inundated or floating herbs. Leaves opposite, simple, en- tire. F/. minute, axillary, white, often separated. 1. C. verna. Vernal Water-starwort. Leaves triple-ribbed; the uppermost crowded, obovate. Margin of the seeds obtuse. C.verna. Linn. Sp. Pl. 6. Willd. v. 1.28. Wahlenb. Lapp. 2. Fl. Dan. t. 129. Tozzetti Obs. 7. t. 4. f. 18—22. C. aquatica. Huds. 439. Fl. Br. 8. Engl. Bot. v.11. t. 722. Hook, Lond, t. 127. Scot. 259. Stellaria. Raii Syn. 289. Dill. Giss. app. 119. t. 6. S.n. 553. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 238. S. aquatica. Lob. Ic. v. 1. 792. f. Alsine aquis innatans, foliis longiusculis. Bawh. Hist. v.3.777.2.f. Water Star-wort, Pet. H. Br. t. 6.f.3. 6. C. aquatica 6. Fl. Br.9. Huds. 439. Callitriche Plinti. Column. Ecphr. v. 1. 315. t. 316. Stellaria minor et repens. Raii Syn. 289. S.n.554. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 238. In ditches, ponds, and slow streams, every where. Annual. April, May. Root of very long slender fibres. Stem thread-shaped, branched, leafy. Lower leaves distant, spatulate, or lanceolate ; upper- — most stalked, crowded into a starry form, floating on the surface, elliptical or obovate, with 3 ribs, channelled beneath, and united above the base. Fi. axillary, solitary, sessile, usually separated ; one barren ; the other in the bosom of the opposite leaf fertile ; in other parts of the stem 2 barren or 2 fertile ones are neigh- bours. Yellow anthers conspicuous above the floating leaves. Fruit of 4 little, flat, thin, vertical, almost orbicular seeds. Dr. Targioni Tozzetti has always found the stam. and pist. in sepa- rate flowers. 2. C. autumnalis. Autumnai Water-starwort. Leaves linear, abrupt, single-ribbed, uniform. Margin of the seeds membranous. C.autumnalis. Linn. Sp. Pl.6. Willd.v.1.29. Wahlenb. Lapp.2. C. aquatica y. Fl. Br.9. Engl. Bot. v. 11.722. Huds. 440. C. foliis oppositis oblongis, fructibus quadrifariam dehiscentibus. Gmel. Sib. v. 3.13. t. 1. f. 2. Stellaria aquatica, foliis longis tenuissimis. Ravi Syn, 290. 8.n.555. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 238. Lenticula palustris angustifolia, folio in apice dissecto. Loes, Pruss. 140, ¢, 38. MONANDRIA—DIGYNIA. = Callitriche. 11 Long Water Star-wort. Pet. H. Br.t.6.f.4; copied from Loesel. In clear pools and lakes, Near London. Petiver, whose specimens were seen by Ray. In Clunie loch, Scotland. Mr. Arthur Bruce. Annual. June—October. The very accurate Dr. Wahlenberg’s remarks, and specimens from my late worthy correspondent Mr. Bruce, prove the distinctness of this species. The leaves are more membranous and much more minutely cellular, of a rich, deep, permanent green ; the uppermost, according to Loesel, crowded and floating, but all linear. FI. according to Linn., united, not separated. Outer edges of the seeds very thin and membranous. Mr. Bruce’s plant grew a foot below the surface. Class 1. DIANDRIA. Stamens 2. Order I. MONOGYNIA. Pistil 1. * Flowers inferior, monopetalous, regular. 6. LIGUSTRUM. Corolla 4-cleft. Berry with 4 seeds. 7. FRAXINUS. Cor. none, or deeply 4-cleft. Capsule compressed, with 1 or 2 seeds. Some flowers without stamens. ** Fl, inferior, monopet., irregular, with seed-vessels. 9. VERONICA. Cor. wheel-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Caps. of 2 cells. 10. PINGUICULA. Cor. ringent, spurred. Caps. of 1 cell. Cal. 5-cleft. i 11. UTRICULARIA. Cor. ringent, spurred. Caps. of 1 cell. Cal. of 2 leaves. *** Fl. inf. monopet., irreg., with naked seeds. 13. LYCOPUS. Cor. nearly equal. Stamens distant, simple. Seeds abrupt. 14, SALVIA. Cor. ringent. Stam. with a lateral stalk. **** Fl, superior. 8. CIRCAAA. Cor. of 2 petals: Cal. in 2 segments. Caps. of 2 cells. Seeds solitary. **%*** FY, apetalous, or with 4 petals. 12. LEMNA. Cor. none. Cal. of 1 leaf. Caps. with 1 seed. 15. CLADIUM. Cor. none. Glumes chaffy, sheathing ; the outer ones empty. Drupa, without bristles at the base. Pet.0. Salicornia 2, 3. Fraxinus 1. Schanus 4. Carex. Pet.4. Lepidium 2. Senebiera 2. Order IT. DIGYNIA. Piastils 2. 16. ANTHOXANTHUM. (Cal. glume of 2 valves, 1-flowered. Cor. glume of 2 valves, awned. Seed 1. See Hierocle, n. 41. S 13 DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 6. LIGUSTRUM. Privet. Linn. Gen.9. Juss. 106. Fl. Br. 12. Tourn. t.367. Lam. t. 7. Gerin. t. 92. Nat. Ord. Sepiarie. Linn. 44. Jasminee. Juss. 37. Oleine. Br. Pr. 522. See Grammar 97. N. 7 the same. Cal. inferior, tubular, with 4 upright teeth. Cor. of 1 petal, funnel-shaped, longer than the calyx; limb with 4 deep, ovate, spreading segments; valvular in the bud. Stam. opposite, alternate with the segments, in the mouth of the tube. Germ. superior, oval. Style short. Stigma thick, cloven. Berry of 2 cells. Seeds 2 in each cell, convex externally, angular at the inner margin. Shrubby. Branches opposite, round. Leaves opposite, simple, entire. Panizcles terminal, with opposite stalks. Fi. white. Next akin to Lilac. 1. L. vulgare. Common Privet, Print, or Prim-print. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, with a small point. L. vulgare. Linn. Sp. Pl.10. Willd.v.1.41. Vahl Enum. v.1.35. Fl. Br. 12. Engl. Bot. v.11. t.764. Curt. Lond. fasc. 5. t.1. Hook. Scot.3. Bull. Fr. t. 295. Poit. & Turp. Par. 5. t. 4. L. n. 530. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 230. Ligustrum. Rati Syn. 465. Mill. Ic. 108. t. 162. f.2. Matth. Valgr. v. 1.154. f. Camer. Epit. 89. f. Fuchs. Hist. 480. f. Ger. Em. 1394. f. In rather moist thickets and hedges, on a gravelly or chalky soil. Shrub. May, June. 6 or 8 feet high, smooth, bitter. Branches straight, filled with pith ; wood hard. Buds axillary, ovate, of a few opposite scales. Leaves on short stalks, imitating myrtle, but of a duller hue ; almost evergreen in mild seasons, and not injured by smoke. Panicles many-flowered, dense, thrice-compound. Flowers strongly scented, white ; brown before they fall. Berries glo- bular, nauseous and very bitter, black ; varying to yellow. Useful for cut hedges in gardens. 7. FRAXINUS. Ash. Linn. Gen.550. Juss.105. Fl. Br.12. Tourn. t.343. Lam. t.858. Gaertn, t. 49. Nat. Ord. See 2. 6. 144 DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Fraxinus. Cal. either none, or in 4 deep segments. Cor. none, or in 4 deep, linear, long segments. Filam. short, between the segments, opposite. Anthers large, with 4 furrows. Ger- men superior, ovate, of 2 cells, with rudiments of 2 pendu- lous seeds. Style short. Stigma cloven. Capsule lanceo- late, flat, not bursting, often of but one cell, with a solitary, lanceolate, compressed seed, covered with rusty glittering powder. Arboreous. Branches opposite, compressed at the upper part. Buds ovate, valvular. Leaves opposite, pinnate, smooth, deciduous. Panicles lateral and terminal, with opposite stalks. #7. pale. Capsules pendulous, brown. Calyx and Corolla wanting in our species, as well as the stamens in some flowers; one tree bearing the greatest number of perfect stamens, another of perfect piséz/s. The exotic genus Chionanthus differs in the fruit from this, as Privet from Lilac. 1. F. excelsior. Common Ash. Leaflets serrated. Flowers without calyx or corolla. F. excelsior. Linn. Sp. Pl.1509. Willd. v.4.1099. Vahl Enum. v. 1.53. Fl. Br. 13. Engl. Bot. v. 24. t.1692. Hook. Scot. 3. Fl. Dan. t.969. F.n. 528. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 228. Fraxinus. Raii Syn.469. Camer, Epit.64.f. Ger. Em. 1472. f. In woods and hedges ; especially on hills in limestone countries. Tree. April, May. One of our tallest, most graceful trees, with a smooth grey bark, ’ and large, coal-black, rather downy buds. Wood tough, whitish. Leaves stalked, of 5 or 6 pair, with an odd one, of ovate-lan- ceolate, acute, nearly sessile, opposite leaflets, whose main rib is fringed beneath; their common stalk channelled and bordered. Panicles from lateral buds, below the leaf-buds, drooping, many- flowered. Flowers small, brown, consisting only of a pistil, with (generally) one short siamen at each side. Very rarely there are flowers with stamens only. Capsules with a flat leaf-like termination, an inch long, and generally of 2 cells, with an ob- long seed in each, glittering with rusty meal, like an almond, but bitter and nauseous. The Weeping Ash, a variety with drooping branches, is propa- gated by grafting only. 2. F. heterophylla. Simple-leaved Ash. Leaves both simple and compound, with tooth-like serra- tures. DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. = Circeea. 15 F, heterophylla. Vahl Enum. v.1. 53. Comp.3. Engl. Bot, v.35. t.2476. F. simplicifolia. Willd. v.4. 1098. Berl. Baumz. 121. t.3. f.3. F, excelsior, var.2. With.57.—var.3. Hull ed. 2. 308. In woods rare. Tree. April, May. Leaves for the most part simple, 4 or 5 inches long, strongly but unequally serrated, on long footstalks. A few other leaves are said to be three-lobed, or ternate ; or even pinnate of 5 leaflets. Seed elliptical, shorter than in F. excelsior ; of which, neverthe- less, I suspect this to be a mere variety, 8. CIRCA. Enchanter’s-nightshade. ‘Linn. Gen. 11. Juss.319. Fl. Brit.13. Tourn. t.155. Lam. t.16. Gerin. t.24. Nat. Ord. Calycantheme. Linn. 17. Onagre. Juss. 88. Cal. superior ; tubular at the base; limb in 2 large, ovate, deflexed, deciduous segments. Petals 2, inversely heart- shaped, equal, borne by the calyx, alternate therewith. Filam. opposite to the calyx, and as long, swelling up- wards. Anth. roundish. Germen roundish, rough. Style thread-shaped. Stigma dilated, notched. Caps. obovate, rough, of two cells. Seeds 1 in each cell, obovate, flat on the inside. Herbaceous. Root creeping. Leaves opposite, stalked, in- dented, undivided. F/. racemose, white or reddish. Fruzt a bur. 1. C. dutetiana. Common Enchanter’s-nightshade. Stem erect. Leaves ovate, slightly toothed, opaque and downy. C. lutetiana. Linn. Sp. Pl. 12. Willd. v. 1. 53. Vahl Enum. v.1.301. Fl. Br. 13. Engl. Bot. v.15. ¢t.1056. Curt. Lond. fase.3. t.3. Hook. Scot.4. Fl. Dan. t.210. Raii Syn. 289. Ger. Em. 351. f. Lob. Ic. v. 1. 266. f. Lam. f.1. Bull. Fr. 1.297. Poit.& Turp. Par. 10. t.7. C.n. 813. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 362. In moist shady places, hedge bottoms, churchyards, orchards, &c. Perennial. June, July. Root tenaciously creeping. Stem 18 or 20 inches high, round, downy, leafy. Leaves of a darkish dull green, waved, with short teeth, 1 rib, and many veins. Clusters one or more, of many small scentless flowers. Cal. brownish-green. Pet. white, or reddish. Fruit reflexed, clothed with hooked bristles. 16 DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. | Veronica. Used formerly in incantations and philters, apparently instead of the Mandrake, Atropa Mandragora, Fl. Grec. t. 232; and at least equally vain, if less dangerous. 2. C. alpina. Mountain Enchanter’s-nightshade. Stem ascending. Leaves heart-shaped, serrated, shining. Calyx membranous. C.alpina. Linn. Sp. Pl.12. Fl. Lapp. ed.2.5. Willd. v. 1.53. Vahl Enum.v. 1.301. Fl. Br. 14. Engl. Bot. v. 15. t. 1057. Hook. Scot. 4. Lam.f.2. Ehrh. Herb.111. Beitr. v. 5. 179. Fl. Dan. t. 1321. C.n. 814. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 362. C. minima. Column. Ecphr. v. 2.79. t. 80. C. alpina omnium minima. Ambrosin. Phyt. 162. f. Solanifolia Circea alpina. Bauh. Pin. 168. Moris, v. 2, 617. sect. 5. t. 34, last figure. B. Fl. Br.14. Willd. v.1,54. Vahl Enum. v. 1.301. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 14. C. alpina. Fl. Dan. t. 256. C. intermedia. Ehrh. Herb.101. Beitr. v. 4. 42. In moist, shady, stony places, in Westmoreland, Cumberland, and Lancashire, as well as in Scotland. By the sides of the High- land lakes frequent. Dr. Hooker. (§ On the north shore of Loch Tay. Mr. M‘Ritchie. Near Leeds. Rev. W. Wood. In shady groves by the river at Matlock bath, Derbyshire. Perennial. July, August. Essentially and, as Haller well observes, permanently distinct from the foregoing ; of more humble growth, with heart-shaped, strongly serrated, shining leaves, and more plentiful clusters of flowers, whose calyx is more membranous, and, as well as the petals, redder. The stem is often as downy as in lutetiana, and the leaves are mostly fringed.—The variety 6 is as tall as the lutetiana; its pubescence, though often copious, very minute ; but the shining leaves, and their sharp serratures, as well as the structure and hue of the fowers, accord best with C. alpina. 9. VERONICA. Speedwell. Linn. Gen. 12. Juss.99. Fl. Br.15. Sm. in Rees’s Cycl. v.37. Br. Pr. 434. Tourn. t.60. Lam.t.13. Ge@rin.t. 54. Nat. Ord. Personate. Linn. 40. Pediculares. Juss. 35. Scrophularine. Br. Pr. 433. Cal. inferior, in 4, rarely 5, deep, oblong, more or less un- equal segments, permanent. Cor. wheel-shaped, deci- duous; tube various in length; limb in 4 deep, unequal, DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Veronica. 17 undivided lobes, the lower one smallest, upper broadest. filam. spreading, tapering downwards. —Anth. oblong. Germen compressed. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens, declining. Svzgma small, notched. Caps. v va- rious in shape, ovate, elliptical, or inversely heart-shaped, compressed, of 2 cells, and 4 valves, more or less easily separable. Seeds numerous, roundish, compressed, or peltate, or umbilicated. Herbaceous, or somewhat shr ubby. oot annual or per- ennial. Stem branched. Leaves opposite, rarely whorled, simple, indented, sometimes pinnatifid; never really com- pound; floral ones alternate. lowers alternate, mostly blue; rarely flesh-coloured, or white; the lower segment palest; upper darkest ; dark lines ‘radiating from the mouth. Calyx various, affording the best specific cha- racters. A genus not very nearly akin to any other, except Wulfenia. Qualities insignificant. * Clusters or spikes terminal. Root perennial. 1. V. spieata. Spiked Speedwell. Spike terminal. Leaves bluntly serrated about the middle only; their base tapering into a footstalk: radical ones obovate. Stem ascending, quite simple. V. spicata. Linn. Sp. Pl.14. Willd. v.1.56. Vahl Enum. v. 1. 60. Fl. Br. 15. Engl. Bot. v.1. t.2. Schrad. Germ. v.1. 15. Fl. Dan. t.52. V.n. 542. Hall. Hist. v.1. 234. V. spicata recta minor. Bauh. Hist. v.3.p. 2.282. f. Rait Syn. 279. V. spicata minor. Vaill. Par, 200. t.33.f.4. V. recta minima. Clus. Hist. v. 1.347. f. Ger. Em. 627. f. Lob. Ie. v.1. 472. f- In high dry chalky pastures, especially on Newmarket heath, and about Bury St. Edmund's. Perennial. Jul y—Sept. Root somewhat creeping. Herb from 4 to 8 inches high, minutely hairy; hairs often in lines on the stem. 1 have never seen it branched. Leaves oblong, opposite ; the lowest stalked ; upper- most, sometimes all, linear and entire. Flowers on very short, if any, partial stalks, deep blue, numerous. Bracteas linear, downy like the calyx. Cor. bearded at the mouth, as in V. hy- brida. 2. V. hybrida. Welsh Speedwell. Spikes terminal. Leaves elliptical, obtuse, unequally and bluntly serrated : lowermost ovate, stalked. Stem nearly upright, not perfectly simple. VOL. I, & 18 DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Veronica. V. hybrida. Linn. Sp. Pl.14, Willd.v.1.57. Vahl Enum. v.t. 60. Fl. Br.16. Engl. Bot.v.10. t.673. Schrad.Germ.v. 1.17. V. spicata, Poit. & Turp. Par. 19. t.19 ? V. spicata cambrobritannica, bugule subhirsuto folio. Razi Syn. 278. t.11. V. mas recta latifolia, spicd cerulea. Barrel. Ic. t. 682. according to Schrader. At the sides of mountains, very rare. Gathered on Craig Breiddin, or Brythen, Montgomeryshire, by Mr. Bowman, in 1817; where Mr. Lhwyd discovered it in Ray's time. On Humphrey head, a steep rock near Cartmel Wells, Lancashire. Mr. Crowe and Mr. Woodward; also Rev. Mr. Bingley. Perennial. July, August. Larger and rather more hairy, especially about the calyx, than the preceding, having usually 1 or 2 lateral spikes, or rudiments of them. The lower leaves are nearly ovate, being abrupt at the base, towards the footstalks. All the leaves are of a broader, rather elliptical, figure; their serratures stronger, more copious and general, and their hue a more grassy green. These twa species are certainly very near akin, but Professor Schrader, one of the greatest Europzan botanists, keeps them distinct. 3. V. fruticulosa. Flesh-coloured Shrubby Speed- well. Cluster terminal, elongated, many-flowered. Leaves ellip- tic-lanceolate. Stems erect; shrubby below. Capsule ovate, with four lanceolate valves. V. fruticulosa. Linn. Sp. Pl. 15. Mant. 316. Willd. v. 1. 61. Vahl Enum. v.1. 62. Fl. Br. 18. Engl. Bot. v. 15. t. 1028. Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. v.4. 229. t.5. Hook. Scot.5. Don H. Br. 202. V. frutescens. Scop. Carn. v..1. 19 ; excluding Morison’s syn. V.n.545. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 235. t. 16.f.1. On the mountains of Scotland, in moist places. Gathered on Ben Cruachan, Argylshire, by the Rev. Dr. Walker, from whose original plant, cultivated in his garden, I have specimens. Mr. R. Brown, whose accuracy is also beyond ali doubt or “ supposition," told me he found this plant on Ben Lawers. [trust no further confirmation is requisite to establish it as a native. Perennial. July. Root strong and woody. Stems branched, entangled and shrubby at their base; the flowering branches erect, about 6 inches high, round, slightly downy, leafy, mostly simple. Leaves distantly notched or serrated, rather pale, downy at their edges and veins ; sometimes quite entire. Cluster usually solitary, minutely downy, DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Veronica. 19 rather spiked than corymbose. Flowers pale pink, or flesh- coloured, veined, on partial stalks which are much lengthened, and the calyx enlarged, after flowering. Caps. rather elliptical and abrupt, longer than the calyx, soon splitting into 4 acute valves, Seeds flattish, smooth. The plant is by no means hairy, but rather downy, as is very exactly expressed in Engl. Bot. 4. V. savatilis. Blue Rock Speedwell. Cluster terminal, corymbose, of few flowers. Leaves ellip- tical. Stems spreading; shrubby below. Capsule ovate, with four lanceolate valves. V. saxatilis. Linn. Suppl. 83. Willd.v.1.62. Vahl Enum. v.1. 63. Fl. Br.17. Engl. Bot. v.15. t.1027. Dicks. Crypt. fasc. 2. 29. Bauh. Hist. v.3. 284. Scop. Carn. v.1. 11. Wahlenb. Lapp. 6. Schrad. Germ. v.1.24. Hook. Scot. 5. V. fruticulosa. Fil. Dan. t. 342. V.n.545 8. Hall. Hist. v. 1.236. V. alpina, con foglia di Serpillo. Pon. Bald. 181. f. V. alpina frutescens. Bauh. Pin. 247, according to Burser’s Herb. seen by Wahlenberg. Moris. v.2. 318. sect. 3. t.22. f.5. V. tertia fruticans. Clus. Hist. v.1.347.f. V. fruticans serpillifolia. Ger. Em. 628. f. On rocks and stony ground, on the mountains of Scotland. Found on Ben Lawers by Mr. Dickson and others ; on Mael Greadha in Breadalbane, by Mr. Borrer. Perennial. July. Of more humble and spreading growth than the last. Leaves smaller, serrated about their middle, dull green. Flowers from 3 to 6 only, in each corymbose, not spiked, cluster ; their stalks finely downy, twice or thrice as long as the bracteas. Cor. large, beautiful, of a fine blue, pink at the mouth, Caps. much like the last. V. nummularia of Gouan, and pygmea of Schrank, are perhaps, as Schrader observes, unjustly referred to this species. 5. V. alpina. Alpine Speedwell. Cluster terminal, dense, corymbose. Leaves ovate, smoothish, somewhat serrated. Calyx fringed. Stem ascending, simple. V. alpina. Linn. Sp. Pl. 15. Fl. Lapp. ed.2.7.t.9. f.4. Willd. v. 1.63. Vahl Enum. v.1. 64. Fl. Br. 18. Engl. Bot. v. 7. t.484. Fl. Dan. t.16. Schrad. Germ. v.1. 25. Wahlenb. Lapp. 7. Hook. Scot. 4. V. pumila. Allion. Pedem, v. 1. 75. t.22.f.5. ’ V. caule simplici, floribus congestis terminato, foliis ovato-acutis dentatis. Allion. Spec. 19. t. fs f-3. c * 20 DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Veronica. V.n.544. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 235. t. 15. f. 2. V. alpina, bellidis folio minor. Bauh. Pin. 247. Wahlenb. ex Herb. Burser. Teucrium sextum, pumilum. Clus. Hist. v.1. 350. On the margins of rivulets on the highest mountains of Scotland, first observed by Mr. Dickson. Perennial. July, August. ‘ . Root creeping, with long fibres. Stem about 4 inches high, simple, except at the very bottom. Leaves sometimes entire, sometimes deeply serrated. White jointed hairs are scattered, more or less, over the herbage. Flowers about 6 to 10, small, bright blue. Cal. obovate, strongly fringed. Caps. obovate, emarginate, crowned with the short permanent style and capitate stigma. 6. V. serpyllifolia. Smooth Speedwell. Paul’s Betony. Cluster terminal, somewhat spiked. Leaves ovate, slightly crenate, three-ribbed, smooth. Capsule inversely heart- shaped, shorter than the style. V. serpyllifolia. Linn. Sp. Pl. 15. Willd. v.1. 64. Vahl Enum. v. 1.65. Fl. Br. 19. Engl. Bot. v.15. t.1075. Curt. Lond. fase. 1. t.3. Hook. Scot. 4. Fl. Dan. t.492. Schrad. Germ. v. 1.21. Wahlenb. Lapp. 5. V. pratensis minor. Raii Syn. 279. V. minor. Ger. Em. 627. f. V. minor serpyllifolia. Lob. Ic. v. 1. 472. f. V. minima repens. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 99. f. 1. 8. V. humifusa. Dicks. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 2. 288. V. alpina, Lightf. 72,1138. His description, taken from Linn. Fl. Lapp., belongs to the real alpina. In meadows and pastures frequent. 8. On the highest mountains of Scotland, under wet shady rocks. Dickson. On the Cheviot hills, Northumberland. Mr. Winch. Perennial. May, June. Stems more or less procumbent ; in 6 quite prostrate. Herb of a pale shining green, a little succulent ; smooth in wet situations ; in dry ones all over hairy. Leaves on short footstalks. Clusters solitary, erect ; leafy at their base ; bracteated above. Fl. pale blue, or white, with dark-blue streaks ; sometimes flesh-colour- ed. Cal. obovate, equal. Caps. inversely heart-shaped. Flower- stalks and bracteas most frequently downy. f is scarcely even a lasting variety. ** Clusters or spikes lateral. Root perennial. 7... V. Beccabunga.. Brooklime. Clusters lateral. Leayes elliptical, flat. Stem creeping. . DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Veronica. 21 Y. Beccabunga. Linn. Sp. Pl. 16. Willd. v.1. 64. Vahl Enum. v.1. 69. Fl. Br. 20. Engl. Bot. v.10. t. 655. Curt. Lond. fase. 2. t.3. Woodv. t.7. Hook. Scot. 6. Fl. Dan. t.511. V. aquatica rotundifolia, Becabunga dicta, minor. Raii Syn. 280. Beccabunga. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 100. f. 1. Anagallis, seu Becabunga. Ger. Em. 620. f. Sium. Fuchs. Hist. 725. f. In clear ditches and rivulets. Perennial. June, July. Herb deep green, smooth, shining, juicy. Stems round, procum- bent or floating, branched, with long, simple, fibrous roots. Leaves obtuse, ribbed, variously and bluntly serrated. Fl. dull blue, numerous, in long, axillary, stalked clusters. Bracteas ' linear. Cal. ovate. Caps. roundish, tumid, cloven. Beccabunga comes from the German Bach-pungen, bach meaning a rivulet ; in Yorkshire and Norfolk a beck. ; 8. V. Adnagallis. Water Speedwell. Long-leaved Brooklime. Clusters lateral, opposite. Leaves lanceolate, serrated. Stem erect. V. Anagallis. Linn. Sp. Pl. 16. Willd. v.1.65. Vahl Enum. v. 1. 69. Fl. Br. 20. Engl. Bot. v.11. t. 781. Curt. Lond, fase. 5.t.2. Hook. Scot. 6. Fl. Dan. t. 903. V. aquatica longifolia media. Rati Syn. 281. Anagallis aquatica major. Ger. Em. 620. f. In ditches, and muddy watery places, Perennial. July. , Akin to the last, but larger, upright, with long, acute, more ser- rated, rather paler, leaves. Clusters long, acute. Cal. acute. Fi, light blue ; sometimes flesh-coloured. Rovt creeping. Whole plant smooth. 9. V. scutellata. Narrow-leaved Marsh Speedwell. Clusters lateral, alternate; fruit-stalks reflexed. Leaves linear, slightly indented. V. scutellata, Linn. Sp. Pl. 16. Willd. v.1.65. Vahl Enum. 70. Fl. Br.21. Engl. Bot. v. 11. t. 782. Curt. Lond. fase. 5. t. 3. Hook. Scot.5. Fl. Dan. t..209. Pott. & Turp. Par. 15. t, 13. V. aquatica angustifolia minor. Raii Syn. 280. V. palustris angustifolia. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 96. f. 1. Anagallis aquatica quarta. Lob. Ic. v.1.467.f. Ger. Em. 621. f. GB. V. parmularia. Poit. & Turp. Par. 16. t.14. Fl. Dan. t. 1561, In watery, spongy bogs, chiefly on a sandy soil. Perennial. July, August. 22 DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Veronica. A lax, spreading, slender plant, generally smooth, but, like V. ser- pyllifolia, becoming hairy, and even hoary, in dry or barren ground. Fl. pale flesh-coloured, streaked with dark blue, on slender stalks, more and more divaricated after flowering. Cal, acute. Caps. didymous. 10. V. officinalis. Male, or Common, Speedwell. Clusters lateral; partial stalks shorter than their bracteas. Leaves elliptical, serrated, roughish. Stem procumbent. Stigma capitate. V. officinalis. Linn. Sp. Pl. 14. Willd. v.1. 59. Vahl Enum. v.1.74. Fl. Br. 16. Engl. Bot. v.11. ¢.765. Curt. Lond. fasc. 3. t.1. Woodv. suppl. t.219. Hook. Scot.6. Fl. Dan. t.248. Bull. Fr. t. 293. Poit. & Turp. Par. 12. ¢.8.. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 93. V. mas, supina et vulgatissima. Raii Syn. 281. V. vera et major. Ger. Em. 626. f. V. mas. Fuchs. Hist. 166. f. B. V. Allionii. Hook. Scot. 7, excluding the syn. About dry sandy banks, barren heaths, woods, and mountainous pastures, common. B. On various mountains in Scotland and Ireland. Messrs. Mackay, G. Don, Templeton, &c. . Perennial. May, June. Stems prostrate, creeping, 6—18 inches long, round. Whole plant more or less rough with spreading, short, jointed hairs. Leaves blunt or pointed, singie-ribbed, on short stalks, rather rigid. Clusters pointed, much longer than the leaves, erect. Cal. elliptical, narrow, nearly equal, hairy. Cor. light blue, with dark streaks. Stigma always capitate. Caps. inversely heart-shaped, rather abrupt, veiny. Seeds pale, smooth, disk-like. 6 has nearly smooth stems, leaves and calyx, with hairy flower- stalks, but appears to be a mere variety. The stigma is capitate. The real V. Allionii, as I have often in vain represented, is a totally distinct exotic species, with perfectly smooth, thick, rigid leaves ; blunt, dense, long-stalked clusters, of nearly ses- sile, deep-blue flowers, characterized essentially by a simple, abrupt, not capitate, stigma. V. officinalis is recommended as a sort of medicinal tea, and Simon Paulli, an old Danish botanist, contended it was the identical tea of China. The flavour is astringent and bitter, by no means agreeable ; perhaps most resembling common black tea. 11. V. hirsuta. Little Hairy Speedwell. Clusters lateral; partial stalks shorter than their bracteas. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, somewhat serrated, slightly hairy. Stems ascending. Capsule abrupt, undivided. DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Veronica. 23 V. hirsuta. Hopkirk Glott.9. Hook. Scot. 6. V. setigera. “ D. Don Rare Pl. of Scot. 4.” In dry heathy places in Carrick, Ayrshire. Mr. James Smith. Perennial. June. A very diminutive species, well marked by its abrupt, undivided, not heart-shaped, capsule. The plant is 2 or 3 inches high, hairy, looking like a starved specimen of V. officinalis ; but I have seen it remain unaltered by culture. The leaves are stalked, small and narrow. Fi. pale blue, very distant in the lower part of each cluster. Stigma capitate. 12. V. Chamedrys. Germander Speedwell. Wild Germander. Clusters lateral. Leaves ovate, sessile, rugged, deeply ser- rated.. Stem diffuse, with a hairy line at each side. Calyx four-cleft, lanceolate. ; V. Chamedrys. Linn. Sp. Pl.17. Willd. v.1.69. Vahl Enum. v1. 77. Fl. Br. 22. Engl. Bot. 0.9. ¢.623. Curt. Lond. fase. 1. 1.2. Hook.Scot.7. Mart. Rust. t.66. Fl. Dan. t.448. Poit. & Turp. Par. 13. t. 9. V. Chamedrys sylvestris dicta. Raii Syn. 281. V. pratensis latifolia. Riv. Monop. Irr, t. 94. Chamedrys. Brunf. Herb. v. 1. 125. f. Ch. sylvestris. Ger. Em. 657. f. In groves, meadows, pastures and hedges, common. Perennial. May, June. Herbage light green, paler than most of the genus when dried. Stem simple, ascending obliquely, remarkable for its opposite hairy lines. Leaves strongly veined, most hairy about the mar- gin; rarely somewhat stalked. Clusters rising above the stem, acute, their stalks hairy all round. Fl. numerous, transient, but very beautiful, bright blue, with dark streaks, and a white centre ; their outside pale and flesh-coloured. Caps. small, inversely heart-shaped. The flowers expand in fine weather only. Some take this for the German “ Forget me not.’’ It vies in beauty with the true one, Myosotis palustris. 13. V. montana. Mountain Germander Speedwell. Mountain Madwort. Clusters lateral, lax, of few flowers. Leaves ovate, stalked, serrated. Stem diffuse, hairy all round. V. montana. Linn. Sp. Pl. 17. Suppl. 83. Willd. v. 1.68. Vahl Enum. v.1. 78. Fl. Br. 21. Engl. Bot. v.11. t.766. Curt. Lond. fasc. 4. t.2. Hook. Scot.6. Jacq. Austr. t. 109. Fl. Dan, t. 1201. Hoffm. Germ. ann.1791. t..1. Pott. & Turp. Par, 14. ¢. 10. 24 DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Veronica. V. chamedryoides, foliis pediculis oblongis insidentibus. Rai Syn. 281. V. procumbens. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 93. Alyssum Dioscoridis montanum. Column. Ecphr. v. 1. 286. ¢. 288. In woods, chiefly on a moist calcareous soil, but not very common. Perennial. May, June. Columna first described, and admirably figured, this species ; the great Sherard first detected it in England, in Charlton-wood, Kent ; and Curtis has elucidated it beyond all future doubt. A foolish story is told of its changing to V. Chameedrys, which out of regard to a most excellent botanist, whose own specimens are before me, ought not to have appeared in print. No two species can be more distinct. The universal hairiness of the stem ; stalked, thinner, and more shining, leaves ; and smaller paler flowers, are sufficient marks ; but the compressed, dilated capsules, formed as it were of two orbicular cells, and thrice as large as the foregoing, are decisive. #** Flowers axillary, solitary. Root annual. 14. V. agrestis. Procumbent Field Speedwell. Ger- mander Chickweed. Flowers solitary. Leaves ovate, deeply serrated, shorter than the flower-stalks. Stems procumbent. Segments of the calyx ovate. Seeds cupped. V. agrestis. Linn. Sp. Pl. 18. Willd. v.1. 72. Vahl Enum. v. 1.80. Fl. Br. 23. Engl. Bot, v. 11. t.783. Curt. Lond. fase. 1, t.1, Hook. Scot.7. Fl. Dan. t, 449. V. folio chamedryos. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 99. f. 2. Alsine foliis trissaginis. Ger. Em. 616./f. A. media. Fuchs. Hist. 22, f. A common weed in all cultivated ground. Annual. April—September. Root small. Stem hairy on two opposite sides, branched at the base only, spreading on the ground in every direction, flaccid. Leaves on short stalks ; the upper ones, or rather all which bear flowers, alternate. Herbage all rough, and more or less hairy. Fl. small, bright blue ; their stalks long, recurved after flower- ing. Gal. fringed, now and then irregularly toothed ; dilated much as the fruit advances. Caps. of 2 round, tumid lobes, rough. Seeds about 6 in each cell, hemispherical, rugged; con- cave and peltate beneath. 15. V. arvensis. Wall Speedwell. Speedwell Chick- weed. Tlowers solitary, nearly sessile. Leaves ovate, deeply ser- DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Veronica. 25 rated; the floral ones lanceolate, entire. Stem erect. Seeds flat. V. arvensis. Linn. Sp. Pl. 18. Willd. v.1.73. Vahl Enum. v. 1. 80. Fl. Br. 24. Engl. Bot. v. 1). t. 734. Curt. Lond, fase. 2. t.2. Hook. Scot.7. Fl. Dan. t.515. Alsine foliis veronicee. Ger. Em. 613. /f. Alyssum. Column. Phytob. ¢. 28. ed. 2. 21. t.8. On walls, banks, and dry gravelly or sandy ground, common. Annual. May. ae slender, rough, pale green, about 6 inches high; usually branched at the base. Floral leaves diminished almost to brac- teas, not all invariably, though generally, alternate. Fl. small, light blue; white in the centre. Cal. lanceolate. Caps. in- versely heart- shaped, compressed, fringed. Seeds several, ellip- tical, flat, with a central dimple at one side, convex on the other. This is quite a spring plant, of no note or utility. 16. V. hederifolia. vy-leaved Speedwell. Small Henbit. Winter-weed, in Norfolk. Flowers solitary. Leaves heart-shaped, flat, five-lobed. Segments of the calyx heart-shaped, acute. Seeds cupped, wrinkled, V. hederifolia. Linn. Sp. Pl. 19. Willd. v.1.73. Vahl Enum. v. 1. 82. Fl. Br. 24. Engl. Bot. v. 11. t. 784. Curt. Lond. fase. 2.t.1. Hook. Scot.7. Fl. Dan. t. 428. Poit. & Turp. Par. 23. t. 26. V. flosculis singularibus, hederule folio, Morsus gallinz minor - dicta, Raii Syn. 280. V. folio hedere. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 99. f.3. Alsine hederacea. Ger. Em. 616. f. A. quartum genus. Fuchs. Ic. 13. f. In cultivated and waste ground every where. Annual, April, May. Like V. agrestis, procumbent with many stems, which are likewise hairy on two opposite sides. Seeds 2 in each cell, hemispheri- cal and peltate, but more wrinkled. Leaves somewhat hairy, stalked ; their middle lobe largest. FU. light purplish blue, streaked. Caps. tumid. 17. V. ériphyllos. Blunt-fingered Speedwell. Up- right Chickweed. Flowers solitary. Upper leaves in deep, finger-like, obtuse segments. Flower-stalks longer than the calyx. Seeds flat. 26 DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Veronica. V. triphyllos. Linn. Sp, Pl.19. Willd. v. 1. 74. Vahl Enum. v- 1.83. Fl. Br.25. Engl. Bot.v.1.t.26. Fl. Gree. v. 1.8. t. 10. Curt. Lond. fasc. 6. t.2. Fl. Dan. t. 627. Schrad. Germ. v. 1. 44. V.n.551. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 237. V. folio rute. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 96. f. 3. V. flosculis singularibus, foliis laeiniatis, erecta. Raii Syn. 280. Alsine recta. Ger. Em. 612... In sandy fields, but very rarely. Chiefly on the sandy confines of Norfolk and Suffolk ; first found by Thomas Willisel, in Ray’s time. Mr. Tofield is said to have met with it near Rossington, Yorkshire. Annual. April. Root tapering. Stem 3 or 4 inches high, erect, with spreading branches, chiefly from the lower part. Herbage finely downy or hoary, a little viscid. Lower leaves opposite, undivided, or pal- mate ; upper alternate, in 3 or 5 deepsegments. Fl. of adeep rich blue, in nearly equal segments. Cal. bluntish. Caps. in- versely heart-shaped, compressed, hairy. Style scarcely project- ing beyond the lobes. Seeds numerous, obovate, flat, umbili- cated at one side. 18. V. verna. Vernal Speedwell. Flowers solitary. Leaves pinnatifid; uppermost lanceolate, undivided. Flower-stalks shorter than the calyx. Stem erect. V. verna. Linn. Sp. Pl.19. Syst. Veg. ed. 14.60. Willd. v. I. 75. Vahl Enum. v. 1.83. Fl. Br.26. Engl. Bot. v. 1. t. 25. Rose Elem. app. 444. t. 2. f.1. Fl. Dan. t. 252. Poit. & Turp. Par. 21, t.22. Schrad. Germ. v.1.45. Schreb. Lips. 11. V. n. 552. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 237. V. Bellardi. Willd. v. 1.76. Allion. Pedem. v. 1.77. t. 85. f. 1. V. succulenta. Ibid. 78. t. 22. f. 4. V. montana. Riv. Monop. Irr. t.96. f.3. In fields of the most barren sand. About Thetford, Bury, &c. first found by Sir John Cullum, Bart. Annual. April. Most like V. arvensis in habit and colour, but much smaller. The leaves are deeply divided, in a pinnatifid manner, with a central or terminal lobe larger than the rest ; several of the floral ones are three-cleft ; most of the upper ones lanceolate and undivided. In a starved state few or none of the leaves are divided, and it becomes V. Bellardi. ‘ V. succulenta is the identical verna in its proper state. The stem is simple or branched, from 1 to 4 inches high; unequally downy, as in V. arvensis. Fl. small, light blue, with darker DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Pinguicula. 27 streaks. Caps. inversely heart-shaped, broad, compressed, finely downy all over, as well as fringed. Seeds obovate, flat, very thin ; corrugated minutely at one side. 10. PINGUICULA. Butterwort. Linn. Gen.13. Juss. 98. Fl. Br.26. Sm. in Rees's Cycl. v. 27. Tourn. t.74. Lam. t.14. Gertn. t.112. Nat. Ord. Corydales. Linn. 24. Lysimachie. Juss. 34. Lentibularie. Br. Pr. 429. m.11 the same. [The Lentibularia, separated as an Order from Primulacee, . see Grammar 96, are thus characterized by Mr. Brown, Prodr. 429. Calyx divided, permanent. Corolla monopetalous, inferior, irregular, with a spur and 2 lips. Stam. 2, concealed within the corolla, and attached to its lower part. An- thers simple, sometimes contracted in the middle. Ger- men of 1 cell. Style 1, very short. Stigma with 2 lips. Capsule of 1 cell, with a large central receptacle. Seeds numerous, small, destitute of albumen; embryo sometimes undivided (or monocotyledonous). Herbs growing in water, or in marshy situations. Leaves radical, either undivided, or compound, resembling roozs, and bearing small bladdery appendages. Flower-stalks radical, with or without small scales, resembling stipulas (rather bracteas); sometimes furnished with whorled bladders; for the most part they are unbranched, and either single-flowered, or bearing many flowers in a spike or cluster. Each flower is accompanied by a single bractea, rarely wanting.” According to Richard, the embryo is monocotyledonous throughout this whole Order; and Mr. Brown has found it so m Utricularia, but in Pinguicula he observed 2 very certain cotyledons. Here therefore is an exception to one of those distinctions, generally presumed most ab- solute ; nor is it a solitary instance. Although the difference between a regular and an irregular flower is by no means sufficient, in general, to constitute a separate Natural Order, (see Lurid@ in Pentandria Mo- nogynia); yet in the present case that difference is con- firmed by so many additional circumstances, that few Orders can be better defined, or more obvious, than that of the Lentibularia.] - 28 DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Pinguicula. PINGUICULA. Cal. small, ringent, permanent; upper lip erect, 3-cleft ; lower reflexed, divided. Cor. ringent, more or less equally 5-cleft in the border; with a spur from the base behind. Stam. cylindrical, their anthers clapped close to the stigma. Germen globose. Style very short. Stigma unequally 2-lipped. Caps. of 2 valves at the top. Seeds numerous, cylindrical, on a central unconnected recep- tacle. Herbaceous, perennial, without stems. Leaves numerous, undivided, entire, involute, mostly glutinous. FV. several, drooping, blue, purplish, or white with some yellow, on simple, naked, radical stalks, 1. P. lusttanica. Pale Butterwort. Nectary obtuse, shorter than the nearly regular petal. Flower-stalk hairy. Capsule globose. P. lusitanica. Linn. Sp. Pl. 25. Willd. v. 1.109. Vahl Enum. v.1.192. Fl. Br.26. Engl. Bot. v.3. ¢.145. Hook. Scot. 8. P. villosa. Huds. 8. Lightf. Scot.77.t.6; excluding synonyms. P. flore minore carneo. Rait Syn, *281. Viola palustris, Pinguicula dicta, lusitanica. Grisl. Virid. 84. On the borders of bogs in Dorsetshire, Hampshire, Devonshire and Cornwall, as well as in Ireland, the west of Scotland and its islands. Most plentiful in Sutherland, according to Professor Hooker, on the wet moors adjoining Cape Wrath. Perennial. June, July. Root fleshy. Leaves pale green, semipellucid, with numerous red veins. Flower-stalks 3 or 4 inches high, clothed, especially in their lower part, with viscid hairs. Fl. pale lilac; the throat yellow streaked with red; spur yellow. ‘‘ Leaves permanent in winter.”” Mr. Drummond. 2. P. vulgaris. Common Butterwort. Yorkshire Sanicle. Nectary cylindrical, acute, as long as the very irregular pe- tal. Segments of the calyx oblong. Capsule ovate. ; P. vulgaris. Linn. Sp. Pl. 25. Willd. v.1. 110. Vahl Enum, v.1.191. Fl. Br. 27. Engl. Bot.v.1.t.70. Fl. Dan. t.93. Poit. & Turp. Par. 27. t.29. Hook. Lond. t.104. Scot. 8. P. Gesneri. Bauh. Hist. v. 3.546. f. Raii Syn. *281. P. sive Sanicula Eboracensis. Ger. Em. 788. f. On bogs, and moist heaths, especially in the North, as well as in Noriolk. : Perennial. May, June. DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Uiricularia. 29 Larger than the foregoing. Leaves thicker, more glutinous, not veiny. Tube and spur pale purple ; limb deep blue, its 5 sex- ments very unequal, all entire. Stigma with a spur behind ; broad in front, covering the anthers. The viscid exudation of the leaves is reputed to be good for the sore dugs of cows ; whence the Yorkshire name. 3. P. grandiflora. Large-flowered Butterwort. Nectary cylindrical, acute, as long as the nearly regular, five-clett, veiny petal. *Segments of the calyx ovate, ob- tuse. Capsule ovate. P. grandiflora. Willd. v.1.110. Vahl Enum. v.1.191. “ De Cand. Fr. v. 1. 250. v.3. 575.” Lam. f.2. Hook. Lond. t. 128. P. flore amplo purpureo, cum calcare longissimo. Raii Hist. v.1. 752. Tourn. Inst. 167. On bogs in the south of Ireland. In marshy ground, in the western part of the county of Cork. Mr. Drummond. Perennial. May. Still larger than P. vulgaris, and abundantly distinct ; the leaves nearly twice as large, more veiny and yellower. Stalks 6—9 inches high, more viscid and stronger. Cal. blunter. Cor. nearly of the colour of the last, but twice as larye, finely reticu- lated all’over with dark blue veins, and much less unequally lobed. ‘The leaves are deciduous in winter.” Mr. Drummond. ll. UTRICULARIA. — Bladderwort,; or Hooded Milfoil. Linn. Gen. 14. Juss. 98. Fl. Br. 28. Sm. in Rees’s Cycl. v. 37. Lam. t. 14. Nat. Ord. see 7. 10. Calyx-leaves two, small, ovate, equal, permanent. Cor. rin- gent; upper lip obtuse, erect; lower larger, with a pro- minent, heart-shaped palate; spur single or double. Stam. short, with small, cohering anthers. Germen glo- bose. Style capillary, the length of the calyx. Stigma 2-lipped. Caps. globose, of 1 cell. Seeds numerous, small, on a large, globular, central receptacle. Aquatic herbs, floating, in all our species, by means of blad- ders attached to their stems or leaves, which latter are finely divided. 1. raised on a central stalk, above the water; in ours racemose, yellow. New Holland abounds - with simple-leaved, fixed species, whose flowers, as well as those of many tropical Utricularia, are most generally blue. 30 DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Utricularia. 1. U. vulgaris. Greater Bladderwort. Spur conical. Stalk straight. Cluster somewhat corym- bose. Upper lip of the corolla the length of the palate, reflexed at the sides. U. vulgaris. Linn. Sp. Pl. 26. Willd. v. 1.112. Vahl Enum. v. 1.198. Fl. Br. 28. Engl. Bot. v. 4. t. 253. Hook. Scot. 8. Fl. Dan. t. 138. Poit. & Turp. Par. 29. t. 30. U. vulgaris major. Linn. Suec. 9. Ehrh. Herb. n. 81. Lentibularia. Raii Syn. *286. Riv: Monop. Irr. t.79. In ditches and deep standing pools, Perennial. June, July. The crown of the root sends out 5 or 6, simple or alternately branched, leafy shoots, about a foot long. Leaves alternate, triply pinnatifid, almost capillary, bearing numerous crested bladders, which float the plant at the flowering season, by means of air formed within them. ‘This air, according to Mr. Hayne, gives place subsequently to water, and the plant sinks, to ripen its seed at the bottom. Fi. 6 or 8, large, yellow, with an orange-striped palate, and purplish stalks as well as calyx. a U. intermedia. Intermediate Bladderwort. Spur conical. Stalk two- or three-flowered. Upper lip of the corolla flat, twice as long as the palate. Leaves with deep, forked, flat segments. Bladders separate from the leaves. U. intermedia. Hayne in Schrad. Journ. for 1800.18. ¢.5. Vahl Enum. v.1.198. Comp.5. Engl. Bot. v.35. t, 2489. Hook. Scot.9. Schrad, Germ. v.1.55. “ Dreves et Hayne Ic. t.17.” Fl. Dan. t. 1261. U. vulgaris minor. Linn. Suec. 9. Ehrh. Herb. n. 91. Beitr. o. 5. 178. Millefolium aquaticum, flore luteo galericulato. Lob. Ic. v.1.791.f. M. palustre galericulatum. Ger. Em. 828. /f. In ditches, in Ireland and Scotland. Near Dublin. Dr. Scott. Bantry. Miss Hutchins, Found by Mr. D. Don, ina ditch by the side of Rescalin lake, 4 miles east of Forfar. Hooker. Perennial. July. Smaller than the former ; propagating itself by dense green ter- minal buds, as expressed in the old wooden cuts. Leaves re- peatedly forked, linear, acute, fringed. F?. yellow, half the size of U. vulgaris ; upper lip, and palate, streaked with red. Blad- ders on branched stalks, not on the leaves. DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Lemna. 31 3. U. minor. Lesser Bladderwort. Spur short, obtuse, keeled, deflexed. Cluster of few flowers. Corolla gaping ; palate nearly flat ; lips undivided. U. minor. Linn. Sp. Pl. 26. Willd. v.1.112. Vahl Enum. v.1. 199. Fl. Br. 28. Engl. Bot.v.4.t.254. Hook. Scot.9. Fl. Dan. t.128. Schmid. Ic. 79. t.21. f.1—11. Schrad. Germ. v.1.56. Ehrh. Herb. n.62. Beitr. v. 5.177. Lentibularia minor. Raii Syn. *286. Millefolium palustre, galericulatum, minus. Pluk. Phyt. t.99. f.6. very bad. Aparine aquis innatans Terevisana, foliis Percepier, capreolis do- nata. Bocce. Mus. 23. t.4, no flowers. In ditches; on spongy bogs, but rare. Perennial. July. Still smaller than the last. Bladders more numerous, many of them, if not all, attached to the leaves. Fl. about half as large as U. intermedia, pale yellow, streaked ; palate not closing the mouth, 12. LEMNA. Duck-weed. Linn. Gen. 478. Fl. Br. 956. Lam. t. 747. Sm. in Rees's Cycl. v. 20. Hook. Lond. t. 119. Lenticula. Juss. 19. Mich. Gen. 15. t.11. Dill. Gen. 118. t. 6. Nat. Ord. Miscellanea. Linn. 54. Naiades. Juss. 6. Near Hydrocharidee. Br. Pr. 344. Aroidee; sect. 2, Pistia~ cee. Richard. Hook. Scot. 191. Cal. of 1 leaf, membranous, torn, evanescent. Cor. none. Stam. lateral, thread-shaped, longer than the calyx, un- equal; each anther a pair of globes, splitting at the top. Germ. superior, ovate, keeled at one side next the stam. Style columnar, shorter than the stamens. St7gma ob- tuse. Caps. not valvular, of 1 cell. Seed 1, oval, trans- verse. An aquatic genus, now well explained by Prof. Hooker, who, like Mr. Brown, considers it as a reduced or sim- plified Aroidea, next akin to Pistia. Herb floating, consisting of a simple, flattish, highly vascu- lar, smooth, sometimes laterally proliferous, frond *, with * T submit to the use of this term, as necessary in this instance and a very few others, though the plants are not cryptogamic, See frons in Introd. to Botany, and Grammar. 52 DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Lemna. a central roof, of one or more pendulous, simple fibres, each tipped with a cylindrical cap. F. rare, from a mar- ginal cleft; duds (gemma) most frequently supply their place. 1. L. ¢risulea. Ivy-leaved Duck-weed. Fronds stalked, elliptic-lanceolate, proliferous. L. trisulca. Linn. Sp. Pl.1376. Willd. v. 4. 193.. Fl. Br. 956. Engl. Bot. v. 13. t.926. Hook. Lond. t.119; Scot. 10. Fi. Dan. t. 1086. Hydrophace n. 1901. Hall. Hist. v. 3. 69. Lenticularia ramosa monorrhiza, foliis oblongis, pediculis longio- ribus donatis. Mich. Gen. 16. t.11.f. 5. Lenticula aquatica trisulca. Bauh. Hist. v.3.777.f. Raii Syn. 129. Hederula aquatica. Lob. Ic. v. 2.36. f. Ger. Em. 830. f. In clear still waters, very common. Annual. June. Fronds about half an inch long, acute; pale green, often waved or toothed, proliferous laterally, so as to become repeatedly com- pound, spreading at right angles. FJ. minute, white, with yel- low anthers. Several flowers want the piséil, none the stamens, which latter are both at one side of the germen. ‘* Seed very hard. Embryo simple, horizontal, (or rather transverse,) in a whitish, fleshy albumen.” Hooker, whose figure and description are worthy of their excellent author. 2. L. minor. Lesser Duck-weed. Fronds obovate, flattish above and beneath. Roots solitary. L. minor. Linn. Sp. Pl. 1376. Willd. v. 4.194. Fl. Br. 957. Engl. Bot. v.16. 4.1095. Hook. Lond. t.120. Scot. 11. Fl. Dan. ¢. 1087. ; Hydrophace n. 1900. Hail. Hist. v.3. 69. Lenticula palustris vulgaris. Vaill. Par. 114. t. 20. f.3. Lenticularia media, et minor. Mich. Gen. 16. t. 11. f.2, 3. Lens palustris. Raii Syn. 129.t. 4. f. 1. Camer. Epit. 852. f. Ger. Em. 829. f. Vallisn. Op. v. 2. 88. t. 14, 15. In ponds and ditches every where. Annual. June, July. Fronds 2 or 3 lines long, floating in broad dense masses, some- what aggregate, or proliferous. 7. much like the last; very rare. 3. L. gtbba. Gibbous Duck-weed. Fronds obovate ; slightly conyex above; hemispherical be- neath. Roots solitary. *e DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Lycopts. 35 -L. gibba. Linn. Sp. Pl. 1377. Willd. v. 4. 194. Fl. Br.-957. Engl. Bot. v. 18. t. 1233. Hook. Scot.11. Fl. Dan. t. 1088. Hydrophace n. 1898. Hall. Hist. v. 3. 68. Lenticula palustris major, infernt magis conyexa, fructu poly- spermo. Mich. Gen. 15. t. 11. f. 1. In ponds and ditches, but not common. Annual. June, July. Mr. Borrer. Larger than the last ; extremely convex, vascular, and coarsely reticulated, at the under side. Cal. scarcely visible, or soon disappearing. 4. L. polyrrhiza. Greater Duck-weed. Fronds roundish-obovate ; convex beneath. Roots clus- tered. L, polyrrhiza. Linn. Sp. Pl.1377. Willd. v.4.195. Fl. Br. 958. Engl. Bot. v.35. t.2458. Hook. Scot.11. Wiggers Holsat. 66. Fl. Dan. t. 1089. Hydrophace n. 1899. Hall. Hist. v. 3. 68. Lenticula palustris major. Dill. in Raii Syn. 129. t. 4. f.2. Vaill. Par. 114. t. 20. f. 2. Lenticularia major polyrrhiza, inferné atro-purpurea, Mich. Gen. 16.¢.11.f.1. Very common in ditches and standing pools. Annual. Fl. not observed in Britain. Much larger than either of the 2 last, broadly obovate; obscurely striated, or ribbed, and of a fine green, above ; rather convex, and purple, beneath. Root of many fibres, from near the base, or point of union, of the aggregate fronds. The rare little work of Wiggers records a young German named Graver, as having found the flowers, situated where the fronds overlay each other, in July and August. The seed proved larger and flatter than in L. gibba. 13. LYCOPUS. Gipsy-wort. Linn. Gen. Pl. 15. Juss.111. Fl. Br. 29. Tourn. t.89. Lam. t.18. Nat. Ord. Verticillate. Linn. 42. Labiate. Juss. 89. n. 14 the same. Cal. tubular, divided half way into 5 acute segments, per- manent. Cor. tubular, 4-cleft, obtuse; upper segment rather the broadest. Stam. simple, rather prominent, di- stant, spreading upwards. Anth. small, of 2 pointed lobes. Germ. 4-cleft. Style the length of the stam. conical at the base. Stigma cloven. Seeds 4, obovate, quadrangu- lar, obtuse, in the bottom of the calyz. Herbaceous, perennial, inodorous, roughish. Stem-square. VOL, I, - D 34 DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. | Salvia. Leaves opposite, strongly serrated or pinnatifid. _ FZ. ax- illary, whorled, small, pale. Comes nearest to Mentha. 1. L. europeus. Common Gipsy-wort. Water Horehound. Leaves deeply serrated. L, europeus. Linn. Sp. Pl. 30. Willd, v.1. 120. Vahl Enum, v.1. 210. Fl. Br. 29, Engl. Bot. v.16.t.1105. Curt. Lond. fase. 3. t.2. Hook. Scot.9. Poit.et Turp. Par.31. t.32. Fl, Dan, t.1081. L. palustris glaber. Raii Syn. 236. Pseudo-marrubium palustre. Riv. Monop. Irr. t.22. Marrubium aquaticum. Ger.Em.700.f. Lob, Ic, v.1.524.f. On the banks of clear ditches, pools and rivers, on a sandy or gravelly soil, frequent. Perennial. July, Aug. Root creeping. Stem 2 feet high. Leaves numerous, on short stalks, oblong, acute, coarsely serrated, often deeply pinnatifid. Fl. white, with purple dots. 14. SALVIA. Sage, or Clary. Linn. Gen. 17. Juss. 111. Fl. Br. 30. Tourn. t. 83. Lam. t. 20. Gertn. t. 66. Nat. Ord. see 2. 13. Cal. tubular, ribbed, unequally 2-lipped, permanent. Cor. tube dilated upwards, compressed; upper lip concave ; lower broad, 3-lobed, the middle lobe largest, cloven. Stam. with 2 divaricated branches, one only bearing a perfect, oblong, single-celled anther. Germ. 4-cleft. Style curved with the stamens, usually longer. Stigma forked. Seeds 4, oval, in the bottom of the dry con- verging calyx. Aromatic or bitter. Stem square. Leaves various, notched or serrated, wrinkled; in ours undivided, stalked. FZ. in whorled spikes; mostly purplish. 1. S. pratensis. Meadow Clary. Leaves oblong, crenate; heart-shaped at the base: upper- most clasping the stem. Bracteas very small. Summit of the corolla glutinous. S. pratensis. Linn. Sp. Pl. 35. Willd. v.1.135. Vahl Enum. v.1. 262. Fl. Br.30. Engl. Bot. v.3.t.153. Bull. Fr. t.357. Sclarea pratensis, foliis serratis, flore ceruleo. Dill.in Rati Syn.237. Horminum pratense. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 36. H. sylvestre. Fuchs. Hist. 569. f. H. sylvestre Fuchsii. Ger, Em. 769. f. ; DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Cladium. 35 In dry meadows, and about hedges, very uncommon. Near Cobham in Kent. Mr. Jacob Rayer. Perennial. July. Three feet high, erect, not very aromatic. Lower leaves on long stalks, deep green. Fl. in numerous whorls, large and hand- some, of a fine purplish blue, with ovate, acute, entire bracteas. 2. S. verbenaca. Wild English Clary. Leaves serrated, sinuated, smoothish. Corolla much more contracted than the calyx. S. verbenaca. Linn. Sp. Pl. 35. Willd. v. 1. 137. Vahl Enwn. v.1. 255. Fl. Br. 31. Engl. Bot. v.3. t.154. Curt. Lond. fase. 6. ¢.1. Hook. Scot. 10. Horminum sylvestre, lavandule flore. Raii Syn. 237. H. sylvestre. Ger. Em. 771. f. In meadows, pastures and waste ground, by way sides, on a gra- velly or chalky soil, not uncommon. Rare in Scotland and the north of England. Perennial. June—Oct. A foot or 18 inches high, more or less decumbent, aromatic. Leaves greyish green, the radical ones stalked, depressed, doubly cre- nate. Fl. small, violet blue. Bracteas as long as the calyx. Seeds black, smooth ; covered, when laid in water, with a fine dense’ mucilage ; hence they serve to envelop and remove any injurious body from under the eyelids. 15. CLADIUM. Twig-rush. Browne Jam. 114. Brown Pr. 236. Hook. Scot. 3. Nat. Ord. Calamarie. Linn. 3. Cyperoidee. Juss. 9. Cyperacee. DeCand. 134. Br. Pr. 212. Spikes imbricated in every direction, with sheathing, con- cave, chaffy glumes, mostly empty, one or two of the up- permost only being perfect and single-flowered. Cor. none. Stam. linear, longer than their glume, (in some foreign species said to be more than 2.) Anh. linear, erect. Germ. superior, ovate, without any bristles or scales at the base. Style capillary, the length of the sta- mens, deciduous, but without a joint at the bottom. Stigm. 2, 3, or 4, slender, acute, downy. Drupa ovate, polished, brittle, of 1 cell. Nut bony, ovate, acute. A genus of hard, harsh, rushy, often prickly-edged plants, whose stems, whether round or triangular, are more or less clothed with alternate sheathing leaves, or scales. Spikes numerous, brown, or blackish, aggregate, gene- rally panicled. p 2 36 DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Cladium. 1. C. Mariseus. Prickly Twig-rush. Panicle repeatedly compound, leafy. Spikes capitate. Stem round, smooth, leafy. Leaves prickly at the margin and keel. C. Mariscus. Br. Pr. 236. Hook. Scot. 11. C. germanicum. Schrad. Germ. v.1. 75. t. 5. f.7.** Schoenus Mariscus. Linn. Sp. Pl.62. Willd. v.1.259. Vahl Enum. v.1.221. Fl. Br.43. Engl. Bot.v.14.t.950. Host Gram. v.3. 37. t.53. Mariscus n. 1343. Hall. Hist. v.2. 179. Cyperus longus inodorus sylvestris. Raii Syn.426. Ger. Em. 29. f. Lob. Ic. v. 1. 76. f. Pseudo-cyperus palustris, foliis et carina serratis. Scheuchz. Agr, 375. t.8. f.7—I11. In fens and boggy places ; sometimes near the sea; but not com- mon. Very rare in Scotland. Perennial. July, Aug. Root long and creeping. Stem 3 or 4 feet high, erect, polished, ' jointed ; angular at the top. Leaves keeled, taper-pointed ; _ serratures very neat and sharp. Panicle erect, with many com- pound, corymbose, bracteated, angular, furrowed branches. Spikes mostly two-flowered, rusty brown. Drupa pointed, ofa shining brown; mealy within. Nué hard and thick, brown, unpolished, with 3 slight angles. Kernel solitary, roughish. The genus Mariscus of Haller is only the Linnean Schenus under anothername. Mariscus of Vahl is a different genus, established by him, and retained by Mr. Brown, who first determined Sche- nus Cladium of Solander, Swartz and Vahl to be the same species as our Cladium Mariscus. Schrader is of a different opinion, and amongst other differences, which may be accounted for, asserts that the fruit is surrounded by bristles. Swartz says there are bristles at the sides of the inner glume, which sur- rounds the germen; and Dr. Browne before him had recorded the existence of 2 such, arising from the back of the corolla, towards its base. All the difficulty is removed by an examina- tion in the Linnean herbarium, of Dr. Browne’s own Jamaica specimen, which, being in an early state of flowering, and each spike more or less perfectly 2-flowered, the second or later fower is not opened ; and its stigma, not yet put forth, constitutes these supposed bristles. I find the same thing in the English Cladium Mariscus, and no doubt remains of their being one *- species. Whether the second flower, or any rudiment of it, be always present or not, there is only one drupa perfected in each spike of the English plant, with something like an abortive flower now and then attached to it at one side. My Jamaica specimen has no fruit formed ; but by Dr. Browne’s description it ap- pears that one flower only proves perfect, or fertile. c DIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 16. ANTHOXANTHUM. Vernal-grass. Linn. Gen. 18. Juss. 29. Fl. Br. 31. Lam. t. 23. Nat. Ord. Gramina. Linn.4. Graminee. Juss.10. Br. Pr. 168. See next’class. Cal. single-flowered, of 2 ovate, pointed, concave valves ; the inner largest. Cor. of 2 equal valves, shorter than the cal. awned at the back; the longer awn jointed. Nect. 2 ovate, thin, minute scales, clasping the base of the ger- men. Stam. protruding, capillary. Anth. oblong, forked at each end. Germ. superior, oblong. Styles short. Stigmas erect, long, downy. Seed 1, roundish, acute at each end, naked, unconnected with the glumes. True grasses. Stem jointed. Panicle dense, compound. ‘1. A. odoratum. Sweet-scented Vernal-grass. Panicle spiked, ovate-oblong. Flowers lenger than their awns, on short partial stalks. A. odoratum. Linn. Sp. Pl. 40. Willd. v.1. 156. Vahl Enum. v.1. 310. Fl. Br. 31. Engl. Bot.v.9. t.647. Curt. Lond. fusc.1. t.4. Hook. Scot.11. Mart. Rust. t.23. Stillingfl. t.1. Schreb. Gram. 49.4.5. Leers6.t,.2.f.1. Poit. et Turp. Par. t.39. Sincl. 7. Gramen vernum, spica brevi laxa. Raii Syn. 398. In meadows and pastures very common. Perennial. May, June. Root fibrous. Stems slender, rigid, smooth, a foot high, with 1 or 2 joints, tasting like lavender. Leaves flat, bright green, a little hairy ; each with a white, membranous, sheathing stipula. Fl. generally closed, brownish ; turning yellow with age. In drying the plant exhales the odour of Woodruff, and is the chief cause of the fragrance of new hay. For a new and very curious view of the flowers of this genus, given by Mr. Brown, see Hierochloe, Gen. 41. Class III. TRIANDRIA. Stamens 3. 21, 22. 23. 25. 24. 28. Order I. MONOGYNIA. Pistil 1. * Flowers superior. . VALERIANA. Cor. 5-cleft; protuberant at the base. Seed 1, with a feathery radiating crown. . FEDIA. Cor. 5-cleft; protuberant at the base. Caps. crowned with the toothed calyx, without valves, of 1—8 fertile cells. Seeds solitary. . CROCUS. Cor. in 6 deep equal segments; tube longer than the limb. S¢igmas folded. . TRICHONEMA. Cor. in 6 deep equal segments ; tube shorter than the limb. 2lam. downy. Stzgm. very slender, deeply divided. IRIS. Cor. in 6 deep unequal segments, alternately reflexed. Stigm. 2-lipped, like petals. ** Fl, inferior, chaffy. Seed 1. SCHCENUS. Cor.none. Spike of very few flowers. Glumes 2-ranked, with many smaller, empty, exter- nal ones. Style simple at the base, deciduous. RHYNCHOSPORA. Cor.none. Spike of very few flowers. Gl. imbricated all round, with many smaller, empty, external ones. Seed beaked with the dilated, hardened, permanent base of the style. SCIRPUS. Cor. none. Gi. imbricated all round, uniform, concave, expanded. Szyle simple at the base, deciduous, . ELEOCHARIS. Cor. none. Gl. imbricated all round, uniform, expanded. Seed crowned and arti- culated with the dilated hardened base of the style. . ERIOPHORUM. Cor. none. Gil. imbricated all round, uniform, expanded. Seed subtended by nu- merous very long hairs. CYPERUS. Cor. none. Gl. imbricated, 2-ranked, uniform, compressed. Style simple at the base, deci- duous. Seed naked at the base. NARDUS. Cor. of 2 valves. Cail. none. Juncus 4,5, 16. 39 Order IT. DIGYNIA. — Pistils 2. True 31. 32. 30. 29, 33. 34, 35. 36. 49. 53. 55. 37. Grasses, Gramina. * Flowers dispersed. Cal. of 2 or 3 valves, with a so- hitary floret. ALOPECURUS. Cal. of 2 valves. Cor. of 1 valve; simple at the summit; awned at the base. Styles com- bined. KNAPPIA, Cal. of 2 valves. Cor. of 2 unequal, very hairy, awnless valves. PHLEUM. Cal. of 2 close, parallel, pointed valves, concealing the cor. of 2 awnless valves. Seed loose. PHALARIS. Cal. of 2 close, parallel valves, con- cealing the double cor. of 3 or 4 valves; 2 innermost downy, subsequently hardened, investing the seed. POLYPOGON. Cal. of 2 valves, awned at the sum- mit, concealing the cor. of 2 valves; the outermost with a terminal awn. Seed loose. MILIUM. Cal. of 2 tumid, close valves, inclosing the cor. of 2 valves. Sced coated with the hardened corolla. AGROSTIS. Cal. of 2 acute valves, shorter than the cor. which is membranous, tufted with hairs at the base, unchanged. Seed loose. CYNODON. Cal. of 2 lanceolate, acute, spreading, equal valves, shorter than the cor. of 2 compressed, very unequal valves. Seed coated with the hardened coroila. SPARTINA. Cal. of 2 lanceolate, compressed, clasp- ing valves. Cor. of 2 compressed, rather unequal, lanceolate valves. Nect. none. Seed loose. Styles combined. STIPA. Cal. of 2 lax, pointed, awnless valves. Cor. with a terminal spiral awn, jointed at the base. LAGURUS. Cail. of 2 fringed valves, with terminal, feathery awns. Outer valve of the cor. with 3 awns. DIGITARIA. Cal. of 2 or 3 very unequal, close- pressed, awnless valves. Cor. of 2 unequal, depressed, awnless valves. Seed coated with the hardened corolla. Arundo 2,3,4,5. Melica 1. 39. 40. 38. 41. A3. A7. 45. 4A. 46. 48. bil AO ** Fl. dispersed. Cal. of 2 valves, containing 2 or 3 florets. AIRA. © Florets 2, without any intermediate rudiment. Seed loose. Cor. unchanged. é MELICA. Florets 1 or 2, with the rudiments of 1 or 2 intermediate ones. Seed coated with the hard- ened corolla. HOLCUS. One floret barren. Cor. awned. Seed coated with the hardened corolla. Cal. keeled. PANICUM. One floret neuter. Cor. of the perfect one awnless. Seed coated with the hardened corolla. Cal. ribbed. HIEROCLE. Florets 3; central one perfect, with 2 stamens ;~lateral ones barren, with 3. Cor. perma- nently membranous. Seed loose. Styles distinct. SESLERIA. Florets 2 or 3, all perfect. Onter valve of the cor. toothed; inner cloven, Sed loose. Siyles combined, **%* Fl. dispersed. Cal. containing many florets. BRIZA. Cor. awnless, tumid, expanded, concave, without a keel. Seed depressed, united to the corolla. POA. Cor. awnless, compressed, keeled, ovate, acute. _ Seed loose, elliptic-oblong. GLYCERIA. Cor. awnless, cylindrical, furrowed, ribbed, abrupt, not keeled. Seed loose, cylindric-ob- long. TRIODIA. Cor. orbicular, expanded, obscurely ribbed, deeply cloven, with an intermediate point; both valves concave. Seed loose, depressed. DACTYLIS.. Cor. awned at the summit, lanceolate, keeled, compressed; inner valve folded, 2-ribbed. Seed loose, oblong. Cal. compressed, taper-pointed, unequal. FESTUCA. Cor. awned at the summit, or pointed, kee'ed, nearly cylindrical, concave; inner valve flat, 2-ribbed, downy at the ribs. Seed loose, oblong. Cal. concaye, acute, very unequal. _ Al 50. CYNOSURUS. Cor. awned, at the summit, lanceolate, keeled, concave; inner valve flat, 2-ribbed. Seed loose, elliptic-oblong. Cal. awned, equal. Spikelets in pairs; 1 entirely neuter. 52. BROMUS. Cor. awned at the back, cloven, concave; inner valve flat, 2-ribbed, bristly at the ribs. Seed elliptic-oblong, united to the inner valve. 54, AVENA. Cor. awned at the back, cloven, nearly cylindrical ; inner valve flat, ovate. Seed elliptic-ob- long, united to the hard outer valve. 56. ARUNDO. Cor. surrounded with long permanent hairs. Florefs 1 or many. ***E Fl. aggregate, on a jointed, or toothed, common stalk, with lateral excavations. 57. LOLIUM. Cai. of 1 principal valve, opposite to the stalk, fixed, many-flowered. 58. ROTTBOLLIA. Cai. of 2 parallel, sometimes com- bined, valves, opposite to the stalk, imperfectly 2- flowered. 61. TRITICUM. Cal. of 2 transverse opposite valves, solitary, many-flowered. 59. ELYMUS. Cal. of 2 parallel valves, aggregate, with _ 2 or more florets. 60. HORDEUM. Cai. of 2 parallel valves, aggregate, ternate, with 1 floret. Central flower only perfect. Order ITI. TRIGYNIA. Pistils 3. 62. MONTIA. Cal. of 2 leaves. Cor. monopetalous. Caps. with 3 valves, and 3 seeds. 64. POLYCARPON. Cal. of 5 leaves. Petals 5, nearly entire. Caps. with 3 valves, and many seeds. 63. HOLOSTEUM. Cal. of 5 leaves. Pet. 5, jagged. Caps. with 6 teeth, and many seeds. Tile /. Sielana 2. A2 TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. * Flowers superior. 17. VALERIANA. Valerian. Linn. Gen. 22. Juss.195. Fl. Br. 37. Tourn. t.52. Lam. t. 24. f-1,2. Gerin. t. 86. Nat. Ord. Aggregate. Linn. 48. Dipsaceea. Juss. 56. Valerianee. DeCand. 64. Juss. Ann. du Mus. n. 18 the same. Cal. a slight border, subsequently expanding into a crown for the seed. Cor. of 1 tubular petal, with a protuberance or spur on one side at the base, containing honey; limb in 5 obtuse, rather unequal, segments. Flam. 3, or fewer, awl-shaped, erect, borne by the corolla, and as long as the limb. Anth. oblong. Germ. inferior, elliptic-oblong, of 1 cell. Stylethread-shaped, the length of thestamens. Stigma mostly simple. Seed ovate-oblong, compressed, with 3 ribs at one side, and one at the other, crowned with many, spreading, feathery rays, gradually unrolled. Perennial herbs, with aromatic or fetid roots. Stem round. Leaves opposite, simple, pinnatifid, or pinnate, smooth. fl. corymbose, spiked, terminal, reddish. The seed is truly naked, having only a membranous film besides its outer skin, or testa. 1. V. rubra. Red Valerian. Flowers with one stamen, and a long spur. Leaves ovate- lanceolate, nearly entire. V. rubra. Linn. Sp. Pl. 44. Willd. v. 1.175. Vahl Enum. v.2. 1, Fl. Br. 37. Engl. Bot. v.22. t. 1531. Hook. Scot. 14. Don H. Br. 76. Lam. f.2._ Dod. Pempt. 351. f. V. rubra Dodonei. Ger. Em. 678. f. V.n.213 a. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 93. V. marina. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 3. f. 2. V. marina latifolia major. Moris. v. 3. 102. sect. 7. t. 14. f. 15. Phu peregrinum. Camer. Epit. 24. f. On chalk cliffs and old walls. In the chalk-pits of Kent, certainly wild. Perennial. June—Sept. : One to two feet high, leafy, very smooth, and rather glaucous. Lower leaves somewhat stalked, lanceolate, entire ; upper ses- sile, more ovate, occasionally toothed at the broadest part. FI. of an elegant rose-colour, scentless, numerous, erect, in a dense corymbose head, of forked, unilateral spikes. TRIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Valeriana. 43 2. V. dioica. Small Marsh Valerian. Flowers with three stamens, dioecious. Stem-leaves pinna- tifid; radical ones ovate. V. dioica. Linn. Sp. Pl. 44. Willd. v.1.176. Vahl Enum. v.2. 2. Fl. Br. 37. Engl. Bot. v. 9. t.628. Curt. Lond. fasc. 4. t.3. Hook. Scot. 15. Fl. Dan. t.687. Bull. Fr. t.311. Poit. & Turp. Par. t. 41. V.n.208. Hall. Hist. v. i. 90. V. sylvestris minor, & V. sylvestris, seu palustris, minor altera. Rai Syn. 200. V. minor. Ger. Em. 1075. f. V. minor, et V. flore exiguo. Riv. Monop. Irr. t.2. Phu minimum. Matth. Valgr. v.1. 38. f. Camer. Epit. 23. f. In moist boggy meadows frequent. Perennial. June. Root creeping. Stem simple, 6 or 8 inches high ; the fertile plant most robust. Leaves and their segments mostly entire ; occa- sionally serrated. Fl. flesh-coloured. Spur very short and blunt. Seed-crown red, less feathery. Stam. and pist. sometimes in the same flower, but scarcely both perfect. 3. V. officinalis. Great Wild Valerian. Stamensthree. Leaves all pinnate; leaflets lanceolate, nearly uniform. V. officinalis. Linn. Sp. Pl. 45. Willd. v.1.177. Vahl Enum. v. 2.6. Fl. Br. 38. Engl. Bot. v. 10. t. 698. Curt. Lond. fase. 6. t.3. Hook. Scot. 15. Woodv. t.96. Fl. Dan. t. 570. V.n. 210. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 91. V. sylvestris major. Raii Syn. 200. Ger. Em. 1075. f. Valeriana. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 1. Phu. Column. Phytob. 113. t. 114. Ph. parvum. Matth. Valgr. v. 1. 37. f. Ph. minus. Camer. Epit.22. f. Ph. germanicum. Fuchs. Hist. 857. f. @. Valeriana sylvestris major montana. Bauh. Pin. 164. Dill. in Raii Syn. 200. V. foliis angustioribus. Riv. Monop. Irr. t.2. f. 1. In marshes, and about the banks of pools and rivers. 8. In dry mountainous woods and pastures. Perennial. June. Root tuberous, somewhat creeping, fetid; in 8 more aromatic, and preferred for medical use. Stem about 4 feet high, furrowed. Leaflets coarsely serrated ; those of the radical leaves broadest, approaching to ovate ; but there is no remarkably large termi- nal leaflet; those of the stem in 6 are very narrow, and often Ad TRIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Fedia. entire. Fl. numerous, blush-coloured, or white, in large corym- bose panicles. This, as a medicinal plant, is but a substitute for the real Gov, or Phu, of Dioscorides, V. Dioscoridis. Sm. Fl. Grec. Sibth. t. 33, which Dr, Sibthorp ascertained in his Greek tour. 4. V. pyrenaica. Heart-leaved Valerian. Stamens three. Stem-leaves heart-shaped, serrated, stalked; the uppermost pinnate. V. pyrenaica. Linn. Sp. Pl. 46. Willd. v. 1.179. Vahl Enum. v. 1. 11. Don H. Br. 77. Engl. Bot. v. 23. t. 1591. Hook. Scot. 15. V. canadensis. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 4. V. maxima, cacaliz folio. Pluk. Phyt. t.232. f.1. In various woods in Scotland, particularly about Edinburgh and Glasgow. G. Don, and T. Brown, M.D. Perennial. July. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, furrowed. Leaves ail marine serrated ; the lower ones simple ; upper accompanied with | or 2 puir of small lanceolate leaflets. Footstalks of the uppermost leaves, as well as their ribs and margins, often downy. Fi. light rose-coloured, numerous, with ashort spur. The scent of the root, and pro- bably its qualities, agree with the last. 18. GRE Corn-sallad. Vahl Enum. v. 2.18. Sm. in Rees’s Cycl. v.14. Hook. Scot. 12. Gaertn. t. ae Valerianella. Tourn. t. 52. Valeriane species. Linn. Gen. 22. Nat. Ord. see 7. 17. Cal. of 3 or 4 variously-shaped teeth, subsequently enlarged, and crowning the capsule. Cor. of 1 tubular petal, with a short blunt spur at one side; limb in 5 obtuse, rather unequal, segments. %lam. 3, sometimes more, borne by the tube, rather shorter than the limb. _Anth. roundish. Germ. inferior, of 3 cells, roundish. Style thread-shaped. Stigma notched. Caps. coriaceous or membranous, va- rious in shape, not bursting, crowned with the permanent calyx, usually of 2 abortive cells, and 1 fertile. Seeds solitary, ovate, smooth, with a simple skin. Annual! herbs, about a span high, with a fibrous root, forked leafy stem, and opposite, mostly simple and smooth, leaves. Fl. small, blueish, purplish, red, or yellow. Fruit very various. TRIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. — Fedia. AD 1. F. ofttoria. Common Corn-sallad, or Lamb’s Lettuce. Leaves linear-tongue-shaped, blunt. Flowers capitate. Cap- sule inflated, two-lobed. F. olitoria. Vahl Enum. v.2.19. Hook. Scot.15. Schrad. Germ. v.1.95. Valeriana olitoria. Willd. v. 1. 182. V. Locusta. Linn. Sp. Pl. 47, a. Fl. Br.39. Engl. Bot. v.12. t.811. Curt. Lond. fasc. 5. t.4. Mart. Rust. t. 24. Valerianella arvensis precox humilis, semine compresso. Raii Syn. 201. Moris. sect. 7. t. 16. f. 36. V.n.214. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 94. Lactuca agnina. Ger. Em. 310. f. 1, 2. Locusta major, et minor. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 6. In corn-fields, and light cultivated ground. Annual. Nat. Ord. Corydales. Linn. 24. Berberides. Juss. 78. Ber- beridee. DeCand. 36. See Grammar 154 ;—also Berbe- ris, n. 200. Cal. inferior, of 4 small, ovate, concave, spreading leaves, deciduous. Cor. of 4 ovate, equal, concave, spreading petals, opposite to the calyx. Nectaries 4, one lying upon each petal, and nearly as long, pouch-like, obtuse, equal, attached underneath to the receptacle, by one side of the orifice. lam. awl-shaped, erect, close to the style. Anth. of 2 oblong-oval, parallel cells, attached longitudinally to the inner side of the f/ament, below its summit, each cell opening by a valve, which bursts from the bottom and rolls back. Germ. superior, elliptic-oblong, with a furrow at the back. Style oblique, roundish, the length of the stam. Stigma simple. Pod oblong, pointed, of 1 cell and 2 valves. Seeds numerous, unilateral, oblong. Root perennial, creeping. Stem annual, succulent; with scales at the base. Leaves compound, heart-shaped, with bristly serratures. Cluster terminal, simple or compound. 2290 TETRANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Cornus. 1. E. alpinum. Alpine Barrenwort. Radical leaves none; stem-leaf twice ternate. E. alpinum. Linn. Sp. P1.171. Willd. v. 1. 660. DeCand. Syst. v. 2.28. Fl. Br. 187. Engl. Bot. v. 7. t. 438. Fl. Grec. v. 2.39. t. 150. Cullum 60. With. 199. Hook. Scot.55. Hopkirk Glott. 25. Epimedium. Dod. Pempt.599.f. Ger. Em.480.f. Lind. Alsat. 136. t. 6. In mountain thickets, rare. In Bingley woods, Yorkshire. Dr. Richardson. On Carrock Fell, Cumberland. Mr. Thomas Hutton. Skiddaw. Mr. E. Robson. About the ruins of Mugdock castle, near Glasgow. Mr. Hopkirk. At Hunter’s Tryste, near Edinburgh. Dr. Hastings. Hooker. Perennial. May. Root slender, thread-shaped. Stems solitary, simple, a foot high, pellucid and tender, each bearing one most elegant and delicate, twice or thrice ternate, leaf, whose fringed veiny leaflets, 14 or 2 inches long, hang perpendicularly, and increase in size after the flowers ave past. From the point of insertion of their common footstalk, at the top of the stem, springs a branching cluster of very handsome and singular drooping flowers, whose dark-red petals are contrasted with the pale lemon-ccloured nectaries, which are full of honey, and altogether peculiar. The French school deny them their proper appellation, because it was in- vented by Linnzus, and he sometimes extended the term too far; but this is no objection to its just application, asin this in- s‘ance, the Orchis tribe, and others innumerable. Another species, E. pinnatum, from Persia, is described by Pro- fessor DeCandolle. 76. CORNUS. Cornel. Linn. Gen. 59. Juss. 214. Fl. Br. 187. Tourn. t. 410. Lam. t. 74. Garin. t. 26. Nat. Ord. Stellatea. Linn. 47. Caprifolia. Juss. 58. Cal. superior, of 4 minute, deciduous teeth. Cor. of 4 ob- long, acute, flat, equal petals, broad at the base. Filam. awl-shaped, erect, longer than the pet. and alternate there- with. Anth. roundish, incumbent. Germ. roundish, com- pressed, inferior. Style thread-shaped, as long as the cor. Stigma obtuse. Drupa roundish, naked and pitted at the summit. Nut oblong, or somewhat heart-shaped, of 2 cells, with 1 kernel in each. Shrubby or herbaceous; furnished rarely in the former case, but always in the latter, with a large white zmvolucrum, of 4 leaves, under each wmbel ; the cymose species have none. Leaves simple, entire; opposite, except in one in- TETRANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Cornus. 221 stance. Stzpulas none. FJ. numerous, cymose or umbel- late, white or yellow in the shrubby kinds; dark purple in the herbaceous ones. Fruit red and eatable; or black or white, and nauseous, bitter, or insipid. 1. C. sanguinea. Wild Cornel-tree. Dog-wood. Branches straight. Leaves green on both sides. Cymes naked, flat. C. sanguinea. Linn. Sp. Pl. 171. Willd. v. 1.662. Fl. Br. 188. Engl. Bot. v. 4. t. 249. Hook. Scot.55. L’Herit. Corn. n.5. Fl. Dan. t. 481. Willem. Stell. 93. C. n. 816. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 363. C. femina. Raii Syn. 460. Ger. Em. 1467. f. Virga sanguinea, Matth. Valgr. v. 1.236. f. Camer. Epit. 159. ft In hedges and thickets, especially on a chalk or limestone soil, common. Shrub. June. A bush 4 or 5 feet high, with many opposite, straight, round, smooth branches, of a dark red when full grown. Leaves oppo- site, stalked, ovate, acute, smooth and green, not silky, on both sides, 2 or 3 inches long, with many transverse ribs ; they turn entirely red, more or less deep, before they fall. Cymes termi- nal, of numerous, greenish-white flowers, unpleasantly scented. Petals revolute at the sides, inserted, with the stamens, into a glandular ring, crowning the germen. Fruit dark purple, very bitter, like every other part of the plant. Matthiolus records that an oil is obtained from these berries by pressure, after they have first been boiled, which is used for lamps in the country near Trent. 2. C. Suecica. Dwarf Cornel. Herbaceous. Umbel between two branches, stalked, with an involucrum. Ribs of the leaves but slightly combined. C. Suecica. Linn. Sp. Pl.171. Fl. Lapp. ed. 2.38.¢.5.f.3. Willd. v. 1.660. Fl. Br. 188. Engl. Bot.v.5.t.310. Hook. Scot. 55. Don H. Br.82, Willem. Stell. 96. CC. herbacea. Huds.71. Pall. Ross. v. 1.52; excluding the variety. C. pumila herbacea, Chamepericlymenum dicta. Dill. Elth. 108. t.91. Chamepericlymenum. Rati Syn.261. Ger. Em. 1296. f. Park. Theatr. 1461. f. Clus. Hist. v. 1. 60. f. In moist alpine pastures. On the Cheviot hills of Northumberland, abundantly. Ray. In the Highlands of Scotland, frequent in boggy spots about rivu- lets. Lightfoot. In the Hole of Horcum, near Scarborough. _Mr. Tavis. 992 TETRANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. | Parietaria. Perennial. June, July. . Root creeping, branched, slender. Stems herbaceous, 4—6 inches high, erect, leafy, with 2 short branches, subsequently extended, between which stands the solitary little wnbel of dark purple flowers, subtended by 4 unequal, white involucral leaves, tinged with red, and finally turning green. Drupared, sweetish. Nut nearly globular, pointed. 77. PARIETARIA. Wall-pellitory. Linn. Gen. 544. Juss. 404. Fl. Br. 189. Tourn. t. 289. Lam. t. 853. Gerin. t. 119. Nat. Ord. Scabride. Linn. 53. Urtice. Juss. 98. Involucrum various, 1- or 3-flowered, regular or irregular. Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, in 4 deep segments, permanent ; enlarged and hardened after flowering, except in flowers that want stamens. Cor. none. Flam. recurved, linear, wrinkled, elastic when disturbed. Anth. of 2 distant round lobes. Germ. ovate. Style cylindrical, erect. Stigma tufted. Seed ovate, flattened, polished, invested with the enlarged calyx. Roughish, branched, leafy herds, with alternate, stalked, perhaps always entire, Jeaves. Fl. small, reddish, various in the different species, some wanting the style, others the stamens. 1. P. officenaks. Common Wall-pellitory. Leaves lanceolate-ovate, without lateral ribs at the base. In- volucrum three-flowered, with seven ovate segments. Stem ascending. P, officinalis. Linn. Sp. Pl. 1492. Willd. v. 4.953. Fl. Br. 189. Engl. Bot.v. 13. t. 879. Curt. Lond. fasc. 4. t. 63. Hook. Scot. 56. Bull. Fr. t. 199. Fl. Dan. t. 521. P.n. 1612. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 285. Parietaria. Raii Syn.158. Ger. Em. 331.f. Brunf. Herb. v.2.19. ue Helxine. Matth. Valgr. v. 2.457. f. Camer. Epit. 849. f. Lob. Ic. v. 1. 258. f. On old walls and rubbish, in sheltered places. Perennial. June—September. Root rather woody. Stems annual, branched, quadrangular, hairy, reddish, succulent, very impatient of frost; clothed with nume- rous, alternate, stalked, elliptic-lanceolate, acute leaves, of a dull green, a little hairy; paler beneath. Fl. numerous, axillary, small, Involucrum stalked, in 7 deep, equal, hairy segments, containing 3 flowers, of which the lateral ones are perfect, and TETRANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Alchemilla. 223 fertile, their red calyx becoming greatly elongated as the seed ripens ; the intermediate one has no stamens, but a fertile pistil, whose calyx, though likewise investing its own seed, remains but little altered. The whole plant is mucilaginous, and has been used in medicine as an emollient. hea Jimonocre. [ec vot. IN, W. 2 Gra 78. ALCHEMILLA. Ladies Mantle. Linn. Gen. 64. Juss. 337. Fl. Br. 189. Tourn. t. 289. Lam. t. 86. Gertn. t. 73. Nat. Ord. Senticosa. Linn. 35. Rosaceae. Juss. 92. See n. 743; also Grammar 171. Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, tubular, permanent ; the limb spread- ing, in 8 segments; 4 outer alternate ones smallest. Cor. none. am. from the mouth of the calyx, opposite to the smaller segments, awl-shaped, short. Anth. roundish, minute. Germ. in the bottom of the calyx, generally soli- tary. Style from the base of the germen, thread-shaped, about the length of the stamens. Stiem. capitate. Seed 1, occasionally 2, elliptical, compressed, naked, except the closed permanent calyx. Herbaceous, with alternate, stalked, lobed or fingered, downy or silky, toothed or serrated, leaves. Stipulas in pairs, large, cut. #7. terminal or axillary, small, yellowish green. The species are all astringent, and somewhat mu- cilaginous. _1, A. vulgaris. Common Ladies Mantle. Leaves lobed, plaited. A. vulgaris. Linn. Sp. Pl. 178. Willd.v.1.698. Fl. Br. 189. Engl. Bot.v.9.t.597. Abbot 36. t.1. Hook. Scot. 56. Purt. v. 1. 102. t. 1. Ehrh. Pl. Off. 281. A. n. 1566. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 262. Alchimilla. Raii Syn. 158. Ger. Em. 949. f. Stellaria. Matth. Valgr. v. 2.519. f. Camer. Epit. 908. f. Pes leonis. Fuchs. Hist. 612. f. Brunf. Herb. v. 2. 53. f. 6. Alchemilla minor. Huds. ed.1.59. A. alpina pubescens minor. Pluk. Phyt. t. 240. f. 2. In dry, rather mountainous, pastures. Perennial. June— August. ~ Root woody, with long fibres. Stems from 4 to 8 inches high, more or less procumbent, alternately branched, round, hairy, leafy, terminating in numerous little corymbose clusters, of green flowers, on smooth, almost capillary, stalks. Radical leaves nu- 294 TETRANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Alchemilla. merous, on long footstalks, large, roundish kidney-shaped, bluntly lobed, plaited, serrated ; of a fine green above; most hairy beneath ; Stem-leaves of the same form, but a great deal smaller, alternate, on short stalks, with a pair of large notched stipulas to each. B is a dwarf, more hairy, variety, growing in barren exposed situa- tions, 2. A. alpina. Alpine Ladies Mantle. Leaves fingered, serrated ; silky at the back. A. alpina. Linn. Sp. P1.179. Willd. v. 1. 698. Fl. Br. 190. Engi. Bot. v. 4. t.244. Hook. Scot.56. Dicks. H. Sice. fase. 15.2. Fi. Dan. t. 49. A. n. 1567. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 262. A. alpina pentaphyllos. Raii Syn. 158. A, perennis incana argentea, seu sericea, satinum provecans. Moris. v. 2.195. sect. 2. t. 20. f. 3. A. argentea montana pentaphyllea. Barrel. Ic. t. 756. Pentaphyllum petrosum, Heptaphyllum Clusii. Ger. Em. 988. f. Stellaria argentea. Camer. Epit.909.f. > On alpine rocks, especially in a micaceous soil. In Cumberland, Westmoreland, North Wales, and the Highlands of Scotland, abundantly. Perennial. July. Rather smaller than the last, and essentially different, not only in the silvery pubescence of the stalks, flowers, and backs of the leaves, but in the latter being separated to the base into 5 or 7 obovate lobes, closely serrated towards the extremity. Nothing can be more beautiful than the silvery splendour of their under sides, especially in exposed and barren spots, when the leaves are agitated by the wind. No figure can do them justice. The upper surface is smooth and naked, of a fine green. 3. A. arvensis. Field Ladies Mantle. Parsley Piert. Leaves fiat, three-lobed, cut. A. arvensis. Fl. Br. 190. Engl. Bot. v.15. t.1011. Hook. Scot. 56. A. Aphanes. Leers 54. Sibth. 61. Aboot 36. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 1. 699. A.n. 1569. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 263. A. annua minima hirsuta, foliis inferné albicantibus. Moris. v. 2. 195. sect. 2. t. 20. f. 4. A. minima montana. Column. Ecphr. 145. t. 146. Aphanes arvensis. Linn. Sp. Pl.179. Huds.72. With. 4. Hull 37. Relh. 69. Purt. v. 1. 48. Fl. Dan. t. 973. Percipier anglorum. Ger. Em. 1594. f. Raii Syn. 159. TETRANDRIA—DIGYNIA. Buffonia. 295 In sandy or gravelly fields, especially when fallow, as well as on heathy banks. Annual. May—October, Root small, fibrous. Stems numerous, about a finger’s length, spreading or prostrate, round, leafy, hardly subdivided. Leaves alternate, variously cut, on short stalks, with large deeply cut stipulas. . Fl. green, in axillary, hairy tufts, still shorter than the footstalks. The whole plant is more or less hairy, and in fla- vour and scent approaches its natural ally, Burnet. Like most other plants which have obtained an empirical reputation for calculous complaints, it is astringent, and perhaps slightly mu- cilaginous. The stamens, generally 4, are often solitary. In other respects it is altogether an Alchemilla; and, like 4. vulgaris, has often 2 pistils. TETRANDRIA DIGYNIA. 79. BUFFONIA. Buffonia. Linn. Gen. 65. Juss. 300. Fl. Br.191. Lam. t.87. Gertn. t.129, Nat. Ord. Caryophyllee. Linn.22. Juss.82. N.63 the same. Cal. inferior, of 4 upright, awl-shaped, keeled, equal leaves, membranous at their edges. Cor. of 4 elliptic-oblong, undivided, equal, upright petals, shorter than the calyx. Filam.aw\-shaped, smooth, shorter than the petals. Anth. roundish, of 2 cells. Germ. superior, obovate, compressed. Styles 2, short and distant, erect. St7gmas capitate. Caps. oval, compressed, of one cell, and 2 valves. Seeds 2, large, oval, compressed, tuberculated, inserted into the base of the capsule. Habit of an Arenaria, with awl-shaped /eaves. Nearly smooth in every part. Only 1 species. 1. B. tenuzfolia. Slender Buffonia. B. tenuifolia. With. 205. Fl. Br.191. Engl. Bot. v. 19. #. 1312. Bufonia. Linn. Sp. Pl.179. Willd. v.1.700,. Huds. 72, Hull 38. VOL, I, Q 296 TETRANDRIA—TETRAGYNIA. Ilex. Alsine polygonoides tenuifolia, flosculis ad longitudinem caulis velut in spicam dispositis nostra. Raii Syn. 346. Pluk. Almag.22. Phyt. t.75. f.3. Brit. Mus. H. Sicc. v. 95. fol. 35. Herniaria angustissimo gramineo folio, erecta. Magnol Hort. Monsp. 97. t. 15. Polygonum angustissimo gramineo folio, erectum. Magnol Monsp. 211. On the sea coast, very rare. Found by Plukenet about Boston, Lincolnshire. Pluk. Almag. On Hounslow heath, by Mr. Doody. Dill. in Ray’s Synopsis. No other botanist has met with this plant on Hounslow heath; and the late Sir Joseph Banks, who often examined the coast near Boston, was persuaded that Buplewrum tenuissimum had been mistaken for the Buffonia. Yet Plukenet and Dillenius cer- tainly knew the latter perfectly, and the original specimen in the British Museum is right. Annual. June. Root slender, fibrous. Stem smooth, round, alternately branched, a span high. Leaves awl-shaped, 3-ribbed, smooth, combined by their broad sheathing bases, which are minutely fringed. Fi. small, white, solitary, erect, on terminal or axillary roughish stalks. Leaves of the calyx each with 3 close ribs, and broad membranous margins. Sauvages named this genus after his great countryman Buffon, who had indeed very slender pretensions to a botanical honour ; a circumstance supposed to have been indicated by Linneus in the specific name, tenwifolia, TETRANDRIA TETRAGYNIA. 80. ILEX. Holly. Linn. Gen. 67. Juss.379. Fl. Br. 192. Lam. t. 89. Aquifolium. Tourn. t.371. Duham. Arb. v. 1.59. Nat. Ord. Dumose. Linn. 43. Rhamni. Juss. 95. See Grammar 182. Cal. inferior, small, of 1 leaf, with 4 small teeth, permanent. Cor. wheel-shaped, in 4 deep, elliptical, spreading, con- TETRANDRIA—TETRAGYNIA. Ilex. 297 cave, segments; or of 4 pefals, cohering by their broad bases ; much larger than the calyx. Flam. awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla, and alternate with its divisions. Anth. small, two-lobed. Germ. roundish. Styles none. Stigmas 4, obtuse, permanent. Berry globular, of 4 cells. Seeds solitary in each cell, oblong, pointed, angular at the inside, rounded externally. Sometimes the flowers are 5-cleft; and the germen is often wanting in some that are 4-cleft. Shrubs or trees, with generally alternate, sometimes ever- green and prickly-edged, leaves. Flowers axillary or ter- minal, on compound stalks. Berries not eatable. 1. I. Agquifolium. Common Holly. Leaves ovate, acute, spinous and wavy. Flowers axillary, somewhat cymose. I. Aquifolium. Linn. Sp. Pl.181. Willd. v. 1.707. Fl. Br. 192. Engl. Bot. v.7.t. 496. Hook. Scot.57. Fl. Dan. t.508. Ehrh. Arb. 2). Agrifolium. Ger. Em. 1338. f. Raii Syn. 466. Aquifolium. Matth. Valgr. v. 1. 146. f. Camer. Epit. 84. f. Mill. Ic. 31. t. 46. A. n. 667. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 297. 8. Agrifolium baccis luteis nondum descriptum. How Phyt. 3. Raii Syn. 466. In hedges and bushy places, upon dry hills. Tree. May. ; A handsome evergreen tree, of slow growth, with a smooth grey bark, which, abounding with mucilage, makes bird-lime, by ma- ceration in water. The wood is hard, andclose-grained. Leaves alternate, stalked, rigid, shining, wavy, with spinous divaricated lobes ; the upper ones on old trees, entire, with only a terminal prickle. F/. copious, white, tinged externally with purple ; the earlier ones least perfect. Berries scarlet ; casually yellow. Numerous variegated varieties are kept in gardens, and one whose leaves are prickly on the disk. The tree bears clipping well, but is not so fashionable for cut hedges as formerly. The branches, laden with berries, are stuck about rustic kitchens and churches at Christmas, and remain till Candlemas day. In Norfolk the Misseltoe accompanies them, and sometimes the Euonymus. The Druids are said to have introduced this custom for the accommodation of certain sylvan spirits, of a chilly con- stitution, while the oaks were leafless. Agreeable associations, connected with returning seasons, keep up such practices long after their original meaning is forgotten. Q2 998 TETRANDRIA—TETRAGYNIA. Potamogeton. 81. POTAMOGETON. Pond-weed. Linn. Gen. 67. Juss. 19. Fl. Br. 193. Br. Pr. 343. Tourn. t. 103. Lam. t. 89. Gertn. t. 84. Nat. Ord. Jnundate. Linn. 15. Naiades. Juss.6. Alisma- cee. DeCand. 116. Br. Pr. 342. N. 82 the same. Cal. none. Cor. inferior, of 4 roundish, obtuse, concave, equal, incurved petals, with claws about their own length, deciduous. Flam. flat, very short, often more than 4. Anth. exterior, oblong, 2-lobed. Germens 4, superior, ovate, acute, gibbous. Styles generally none. Stzgm. ob- tuse, permanent. Seeds 4, naked, roundish ; tumid at the back; compressed or angular at the inner margin. ‘ Em- bryo curved,” almost double. Garin. Br. Aquatic, floating or immersed, herhs, of a highly vascular texture, whose evaporation, by their whole surface, is ex- tremely copious and rapid. Stem branched. Leaves alter- nate, or opposite, stalked or sessile, simple, undivided, entire, rather membranous, smooth, with parallel longitu- dinal ribs. Flowers spiked, greenish, raised above the water; the seeds ripened at the bottom. Four of our species are found in New Holland. 1. P. natans. Broad-leaved Pond-weed. Upper leaves oblong-ovate, stalked, floating, coriaceous ; lower ones linear, membranous, sessile. P. natans. Linn. Sp. Pl. 182. Willd. v. 1.712. Fl. Br. 193. Engl. Bot. v. 26. t. 1822. Hook. Scot.57. Mill. Illustr. t.11, Fl. Dan. t. 1025. Br. Prodr. 343. P. n. 843. Hall. Hist. v. 1.375. P. rotundifolium. Raii Syn. 148. Bauh. Pin. 193. P. latifolium. Ger. Em. 821. f. Potamogeton. Matth. Valgr. v. 2.481. f. Camer. Epit. 873. f. Fuchs. Hist.651. f. Trag. Hist. 688. f. In pools, ditches, and slow rivers. Perennial. July. Roots creeping extensively in the mud. Stem round, much branch- ed, several feet in length. Lowermost leaves alternate, linear, acute, very narrow, sessile, membranous ; uppermost floating, partly opposite, leathery, smooth, deep green, 2 or 3 inches long, elliptical, often heart-shaped, with about 7 main ribs, and some intermediate ones ; involute in the bud. Footstalks various in length, semicylindrical, very vascular. Stipulas intrafoliaceous, large, lanceolate, acute, concave, pale and membranous. Spikes simple, raised an inch or two above the water, each on a long, TETRANDRIA—TETRAGYNIA. Potamogeton. 229 thick, axillary stalk, suddenly contracted at the bottom of the spike. Fl. a little distant, quite sessile, rather numerous, ver- tical, olive green, with yellow anthers, and plenty of whitish pollen. Except as manure, I know of no use for this, or any of the genus. rege heterophyllum. Various-leaved Pond-weed. Upper leaves elliptical, stalked, floating, slightly coriaceous; lower ones lanceolate, membranous, sessile. Flowerstalks swelling upward. P.heterophyllum. Schreb. Lips.21. Willd. Sp. Pl.v.1.713. Hoffm. Germ. for 1800.81. Fl. Br.1390. Engl. Bot. v. 18. t. 1285. Hook. Scot. 57. Hopk. Glott.27. Fl. Dan. t. 1263. P. palustre. Teesdale Tr. of Linn. Soc. v.5. 43. Relh. 64. P. gramineum. Lightf. 123. Fl. Dan. t. 222; without the floating leaves. P. forte species, foliis tenuibus et pellucidis, lapathi minoris forma. Dill. in Raii Syn. 150? P. folio angusto pellucido feré gramineo. Raii Syn. 148. ? P. n. 850. Hall. Hist. v. 1.377; excluding the reference to Ray. In pools and ditches. Near Beverley, Yorkshire. Mr. Teesdale. Berrington pool, Shrop- shire. Rev. E. Williams. Cambridgeshire. Relh. & Rev. J. Hem- sted. At Old Buckenham, Norfolk. Mr. D. Turner. In Bar- dowie loch, Clydesdale. Hopkirk. Angusshire. Mr. G. Don. Perennial. Ju!y— September. Smaller than the last. Floating leaves thinner, generally more * pointed, scarcely heart-shaped, seldom 2 inches long; the sub- mersed ones excessively numerous, lanceolate, tapering at each end, not linear ; their length 13 or 2 inches ; breadth at most half an inch ; with 3 or 5 principal ribs. Stipulas blunter and shorter than the former. Flower-stalks swelling upwards, or club- shaped, often crowded at the tops of the branches. Spikes dense, about an inch long, the stalks contracted suddenly below them. 3. P. perfoliatum. Perfoliate Pond-weed. Leaves heart-shaped, clasping the stem, uniform, all sub- mersed. P. perfoliatum. Linn. Sp. Pl. 182. Willd. v. 1.713. Fl. Br. 194. Engl. Bot. v. 3. t. 168. Hook. Scot. 58. Fl. Dan. t. 196. Raii Syn. 149. Br. Prodr. 343. P. n. $45. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 376. P. tertia. Dod. Pempt. 582. f. Ger. Em. 822. f. Bauh. Hist. v. 3, 770. f. P. rotundifolium alterum. Loes, Pruss. 205. t. 63. In ponds and rivers, very common, 230 TETRANDRIA—TETRAGYNIA. Potamogeton. Perennial. July, August. Whole plant immersed in the water, except the spikes, which con- sist of a few brown flowers, with copious white pollen. Their stalks are rather tumid in the upper part. Leaves all sessile, 14 or 2 inches long, uniform, olive-coloured, pellucid like oiled paper, as Haller remarks ; harsh to the touch, but brittle ; their ribs reddish. Seeds compressed, shining. Stipulas tight and close. Haller esteems Loesel’s plant a distinct species, and it is his own n. 844. Dillenius has introduced it into Ray’s Synopsis, next to P. perfoliatum. The leaves are said by Haller to be firm (dura) like those of the first ; but he had seen only a dry specimen col- lected near Berne, without, flowers, and the plant was never ob- served afterwards. 4. P. densum. Close-leaved Pond-weed. Leaves ovate, pointed, opposite, crowded. Stem forked. Spike of four flowers. P. densum. Linn. Sp. Pl. 182. Willd.v. 1.714. Fl. Br.194. Engl. Bot. v.6. t.397. Hook. Scot. 58, Fl. Dan. t. 1264. P. n. 849. Hall. Hist. v. 1.376. P. seu Fontalis media lucens. Bauh. Hist. v.3.769.f. Rai Syn. 149. Tribulus aquaticus minor 2. Clus. Hist. v. 2.252. T. aquat. minor, muscatellz floribus. Goodyer in Ger. Em. 823 ; but the figure is P. crispum. In ditches, ponds and slow streams, not uncommon. Perennial. June. Smaller than the last, and of a much brighter green. All the leaves are under water, somewhat recurved, an inch or inch and half long, very near together. Flowerstalks solitary, from the forks of the stem, each bearing a small quadrangular head of 4 green flowers, well compared, by Clusius and Goodyer, to the flowers of Adoxa Moschatellina. This head is just out of the water du- ring impregnation ; after which, by the increase of the branches, it sinks, and ripens seed, whilst other flowers come forth above. The deeper the water, the larger is the whole plant. 5. P. fluitans. Long-leaved Floating Pond-weed. Lower leaves lanceolate, pointed and membranous, with distinct ribs; upper elliptic-oblong, stalked, coriaceous, obtuse, floating. P. fluitans. Roth Germ.v.1.72.v. 2. p. l. 202. Willd. Sp. Pl.v.1. 713. Fl. Br.1391. Engl. Bot. v.18. ¢. 1286. Hook. Scot, 57. Fl. Dan. t. 1450? P.n.847. Hall. Hist. v. 1.376; evel. the syn. of Linneus. Fontinalis lucens major. Bauh. Hist. v.35, 769. f. TETRANDRIA—TETRAGYNIA. Potamogeton. 231 In ponds, ditches, and slow streams. In ditches, in marshy ground near Beverley, Yorkshire. Mr. Tees- dale. Lilleshall mill-pool, Shropshire. Rev. E. Williams. In the river at Scole, Norfolk. Mr. Woodward and Mr. D. Turner. Perennial. July, August. As large as the first species, with which it agrees in having the upper leaves floating, and corsiderably coriaceous; but it is really more akin to /ucens, from which Haller had much diffi- culty to distinguish our plant. He speaks of it as very com- mon in Switzerland, and 1 have many specimens from the late Mr. Davall. J. Bauhin’s figure agrees far better with this than with the following, to which his synonym has always been re- ferred. The stem is 5 or 6 feet long. Whole plant nearly im- mersed, a few of the uppermost leaves only being more or less floating, during the flowering season at least. These are firm and coriaceous, though less so than in P. natans, elliptic-oblong, bluntish ; tapering at the base into foot-stalks, extremely various in length. Stipulas sheathing. Flower-stalks axillary, solitary, from various parts of the stem, slightly swelling upwards. Spikes above an inch long, cylindrical, dense. The lower leaves are sessile, occasionally somewhat stalked, lanceolate, mostly acute. The ribs of all the eaves are distinct and separate from the very bottom, by which this species essentially differs from the follow- ing. All parts of the plant, especially the upper leaves, and flowers, are tinged with a reddish hue, permanent in dried spe- cimens, and resembling P. coloratum, Fl. Dan. t. 1449, what- ever that may be. 6. P. ducens. Shining Pond-weed. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, pointed, membranous, stalked, repeatedly triple-ribbed, all submersed. Spike dense, many-flowered. P. lucens. Linn. Sp. Pl. 183. Willd.v.}.714. Fl. Br. 194. Engl. Bot. v. 6. t.376. Hook. Scot.58. Fl. Dan. t.195. P. n. 846. Hall. Hist. v. 1.376; excel. the syn. of Linneus. P. aquis immersum, folio pellucido, lato, oblongo, acuto. Raii Syn, 148. P. longis acutis foliis. Ger. Em. 822. f. P. altera. Dod. Pempt. 582. f. P. alterum nostras, longis et obtusis splendentibus foliis, minutis- simé crenatis. Pluk. Amalth.177? Dill. in Raii Syn. 150? Lapathum fluitans, longo serrato folio. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 988. f. Long Pond-weed. Petiv. H. Brit. t.5. f.9. In ditches, ponds, lakes, and slow streams, chiefly on a clay soil, frequent. Perennial. June, July. Rather larger than the last, floating entirely under water, except the flowers. Stem not much branched. Leaves about 4 inches 932 TETRANDRIA—TETRAGYNIA. Potamogeton. long, all nearly alike, more or less acute, tipped with a small point; their colour olive green, now and then reddish in the upper ones ; their base usually tapering into the footstalk, some- times rounded; their margins more or less undulated, becoming plaited when pressed, and the edge is rough, or very finely cre- nate, but this last character varies. What is most characteristic is the strong network, formed by the numerous transverse veins, connecting the 5 or 7 longitudinal ribs ; and especially the union of the side ribs to the middle one, a considerable way above the base of the leaf. The flowerstalk swells towards the top. Spike 2 inches long, of very numerous, crowded, green flowers. Petiver’s figure is justly commended by Haller; but the latter quotes P. serratum of Linneus very erroneously. Plukenet’s definition, of which Dillenius could make nothing, answers very well to some of my specimens. 7. P. lanceolatum. lanceolate Pond-weed. Leaves lanceolate, membranous, flat, entire; contracted at the base; with chain-like reticulations near the ribs. Spikes ovate, dense, of few flowers. P. lanceolatum. Engl. Bot. v.28. t.1985. Comp. 27. Davies Welsh Botanol. 18. Hook. Scot. 58. P.setaceum. Linn. Sp. Pl. 184? Huds. 76? Fl. Br. 198? P. racemosum angustifolium. Bauh. Prodr. 101 ? In Anglesey and Scotland. In the rivulet between Bodafon and Lligwy, Anglesea. Rev. H. Davies. Found by Mr. G. Don in the Loch of Linthothen, An- gusshire ; and by Mr. Maughan in a mill-pool by the bridge at Bervie, Kincardineshire. Hooker. Perennial. July, August. The whole plant, not a quarter the size of the preceding, floats under water, the flowers always excepted, and is of a brownish olive-colour. Leaves sessile, alternate except under each flower- stalk, hardly 2 inches long, bluntish, even, entire, distinguished by several series of beautiful, oblong, chain-like reticulations, close to each side of the main rib. These unfortunately are not expressed in Engl. Bot. Stipulas narrow, lanceolate, acute. Flower-stalks solitary, from the bosom of one stipula of the op- posite leaves, shorter than the leaves, rather stout, each bearing a small, short, dense spike, of 8—12 little brownish flowers. This species certainly answers to the definition of the hitherto un- determined P. setacewn of Linneus and of Hudson; but nothing can be absolutely affirmed on this subject, nor does the name well agree. Some may be inclined to refer to P. lanceolatum, the No. 16 of Dill. in Rati Syn. 150, quoted above under hete- rophyllum. Ihave only conjectures to offer, which some au- TETRANDRIA—TETRAGYNIA. Potamogeton. 233 thentic specimens, if they exist at Oxford, or elsewhere, may confirm or refute, 8. P. crispum. Curled Pond-weed. Fresh-water Caltrops. Leaves lanceolate, waved, serrated, alternate; the upper ones opposite. lowers in loose spikes. P. crispum. Linn. Sp. Pl. 182. Willd.v.1.714. Fl. Br. 195. Engl. Bot. v.15. t.1012. Curt. Lond. fase. 5. t. 15. Hook. Scot. 58. Fl. Dan. t.927. Br. Prodr. 343. P.n. 848. Hall. Hist. v. 1.376. P. seu Fontinalis crispa. Raii Syn.149. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. 770. f. Tribulus aquaticus minor, quercis floribus. Ger. Em. 824. f. Pusillum Fontilapathum. Lod. Ic. v. 1. 286. f. 6. Potamogeton serratum. Huds. 75; excl. perhaps all the syn. Tribulus aquaticus minor. Clus. Pann. 713. f. 714 & 715. Hist. v. 2. 252 f. ' T. aquat. minor, muscatelle floribus. Ger. Em. 824. f. not descrip- tion. In ditches, ponds, and rivulets, frequent. Perennial. June, July. Whole plant under water, bright green. Leaves sessile, or nearly so, 2 inches long, bluntish, elegantly crisped at the edges, and more or less undulated ; furnished with slight reticulations next the rib, far less remarkable than the last. The lower leaves are usually alternate ; upper ones often opposite. Fl. yellowish green, with elongated reddish styles, in short loose spikes. Hud- son’s P. serratum is acknowledged by himself to be too near crispum, of which it is doubtless a variety with more of the /eaves opposite, and all perhaps less undulated ; as in Clusius’s figure, annexed by Johnson, in Gerarde, to a description belonging to f. densum. 9. P. compressum. Flat-stalked Pond-weed. Leaves linear, obtuse, with a very slight point; two lateral ribs meeting just below the extremity. Stem compressed. P.compressum. Linn, Sp. Pl. 183. Willd. v.1.715. Fl. Br. 199. Engl. Bot. v.6. t.418. Hook. Scot.58. Fl. Dan. t. 203. P. caule compresso, folio graminis canini. Rati Syn.149. Dill. Giss. 112. In ditches and slow streams. Perennial. June, July. Stem wavy, alternately branched, much compressed throughout its whole length, though rounded at the edges. Leaves sessile, al- ternate, except a pair or two of the uppermost, perfectly linear, in which this species differs from all the preceding ; they are 2 934 TETRANDRIA—TETRAGYNIA. Potamogeton. or 3 inches long, and 1-8th of an inch broad, rounded at the end, with a minute, often scarcely perceptible, point. The mid- rib becomes cellular, or vascular, in the upper leaves, as if com- posed of oblong reticulations, in some degree resembling P. lan- ceolatum. Whether this appearance be owing to air-vessels, produced in the flowering season, to render the plant buoyant, we can but conjecture. At each side are 2 equidistant, parallel, very fine ribs, of which the inner pair only are continued till they form an arch just below the termination of the leaf. Stipulas pale, partly cloven, embracing the stem. Flowers brownish, 4 or more in each small loose spike, just rising out of the water, terminal till the branch rises above them. 10. P. cuspidatum. Pointed-leaved Pond-weed. Leaves linear, with an oblique taper point; three principal ribs, and numerous intermediate ones, all distinct. Stem compressed. P. cuspidatum. Schrad. Germ. v. 2. P. compressum. Teesdale Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 2.106. Don H. Br. 204. : P. gramineum latifolium. Loes. Pruss. 206. é. 66 ; excellent. In ponds and rivulets. In arivulet at Hovingham, Yorkshire. Mr. Robert Teesdale. In the lake of Rescobie, and also in the lake of Forfar. Mr. G. Don. Larger than the last, with which it has, in England, always been confounded. Professor Schrader has communicated it to me as the P. cuspidatum of his Fl. Germ., the 2d vol. of which, if pub- lished, has not yet reached us, and I have sought out such cha- racters as my specimens afford. The principal one is indicated in the name. The leaves are not rounded at the end, but taper off rather suddenly and obliquely, into a terminal point, formed _ of the substance of the leaf. There are, moreover, only 2 lateral ribs, | at each side, half way between the mid-rib and the mar- gin. These are often very inconspicuous ; but there are nume- rous intermediate ribs, all over the leaf, which do not occur in P. compressum. Both the lateral as well as all the intermediate ribs keep distinct, and vanish just below the extremity of the leaf. These characters, though not the intermediate ribs, are clearly expressed in Loesel’s figure, which has hitherto been quoted for P. compressum, as has likewise Haller’s n. 851. But his character of the lanceolate leaves long ago caused the accu- rate Mr. Davall to suspect an error in that reference. This cha- racter indeed agrees admirably with specimens in the Linnean herbarium, of a plant erroneously taken for compressum, but which I am told the late Professor Willdenow has somewhere named complanatum. Its flower-stalks are near a foot long ; leaves 5-ribbed, 1-3d of an inch broad, tapering at each end. This is very possibly Haller’s 7. 851. TETRANDRIA—TETRAGYNIA. Potamogeton. 235 11. P. gramineum. Grassy Pond-weed. Leaves linear, tapering downward, with solitary, very slen- der, lateral ribs. Stem round, forked. Flower-stalks from the forks, scarcely longer than the spikes. P. gramineum. Linn. Sp. Pl. 184. Willd. v.1.716. Fl. Br. 196. Engl. Bot. v. 32. t. 2253. Teesdale Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 2. 106. Br. Prodr.343. P. gramineum latiusculum, foliis et ramificationibus densissimé Stipatis. Dill. in Raii Syn. 149. t.4. f.3. In ponds and ditches. In ditches near Deptford. Buddle. Near Norwich. Mr. Rose. In the ponds at Castle Howard, and near Beverley, Yorkshire. Mr. Teesdale. Perennial. July. Herb submersed. Stem slender, thread-shaped, wavy, much branch- ed, forked in the upper part. Leaves grassy, alternate, except at the forks, crowded, spreading, 3 inches long, of a fine green, linear, though gradually contracted toward the base, bkuntish, with an occasional small short point. Their mid-rib is dere or less accompanied by very narrow, oblong, parallel reticufitions ; side ribs solitary, nearer to the margin than to the mid-rib, ex- tremely fine, and sometimes scarcely discernible, vanishing at a greater or less distance below the point. There are no inter- mediate ribs. Stipulas pale, usually convoluted, so as to be nar- rower than their leaves. Stalks from the forks of the stem, per- haps without exception ; the remark to the contrary, in some instances, being founded on a specimen of P. cuspidatum, mis- taken by Linneus. Spikes ovate, dense, generally quite as long as their stalks, just raised above the water. Seeds almost globu- lar, with an oblique point. The ribs of the leaves in this and the two preceding species will always clearly ascertain them. They have indeed puzzled bota- nists who have seen them only superficially, or not at all; but they are not the less distinct on that account. 12. P. pustllum. Small Pond-weed. Leaves linear, spreading at the base, opposite or alternate, with solitary, very slender, lateral ribs. Stem round. Flower-stalks axillary, mostly lateral, many times longer than their spikes. P. pusillum. Linn, Sp. Pl. 184. Willd.v. 1.717. Fl. Br.197. Engl. Bot. v.3.t.215. Hook. Scot.59. Ehrh, Herb. 112, Fl. Dan. t.1451. P.n.852. Hall. Hist. v. 1.377. P, pusillum, gramineo folio, caule tereti. Raii Syn. 150. Vaill. Par. 164, t. 32. f. 4. 236 TETRANDRIA—TETRAGYNIA. Potamogeton. P. gramineum tenuifolium. Loes. Pruss. 206. t. 67. Narrow Grass Pond-weed. Petiv. H. Brit. t.5. f. 11. In ponds and ditches, especially on a clay soi], not uncommon. Perennial. July. Much smaller than any of the foregoing. Stem slender, round, more or less branched, from 1 to 2 feet long, altogether sub- mersed, the flowers only appearing above-water. Leaves 13 or 2 inches long, scarcely a line in breadth, opposite under every flower-stalk, otherwise alternate, rather acute ; their mid-rib slightly accompanied by oblong reticulations ; lateral ribs to- wards the margins, solitary, very slender, and often hardly visi- ble ; if continued far enough, joining the mid-rib, at some di- stance below the point, and not quite both together. Stipulas sheathing, broader than the leaves. Flower-stalks lateral, axil- lary ; the uppermost sometimes surmounted by a pair of branches; all much longer than the small, ovate spike, which consists of but few flowers, becoming a little distant as the fruit advances. Seeds ovate, obliquely beaked. A perfectly clear and well-known species, though Willdenow has misquoted Haller, and Haller the Fl. Dan. A variety somewhat larger than common, but not otherwise different, was found by Mr. Teesdale, near Beverley, which I have from Switzerland for compressum, and it is also marked Haller’s n. 851 ; a combina- tion of errors, for which the accurate Mr. Davyall is not respon- sible, for he had studied this genus correctly. 13. P. pectinatum. Fennel-leaved Pond-weed. Leaves bristle-shaped, single-ribbed, parallel, thickly set in two ranks; sheathing at the base. Spikes interrupted. P. pectinatum. Linn. Sp. Pl. 183. Willd. v.1.715. Fl. Br. 197. Engl. Bot. v. 5. t.323. Hook. Scot.59. Ehrh. Herb. 123. P. marinum. Linn. Sp. Pl. 184, Willd. v.1.716. Huds.76. Fl. Dan, t. 186, P.n. 853. Hall. Hist. v. 1.377. , P. millefolium, seu foliis gramineis, ramosum. Raii Syn. 150. P. maritimum, grandiusculis capitulis, capillaceo folio, nostras. Pluk. Almag. 305. ¢. 216. f.5. Dill. in Ratt Syn. 150. P. pusillum fluitans. Bocce, Sic. 42. t. 20. f. 5. P. ramosum foliis gramineis. Vaill. Par. 164. t.32. f. 5. Millefolium tenuifolium. Ger. Em. 828. f. In rivers, ditches and ponds, whether of fresh or salt water. Perennial. July. Root tuberous, with creeping scyons. Stems very much branched, various in length, leafy, zigzag. Leaves alternate, two-ranked, slender, tapering, acute, their solitary rib connected by trans- verse alternate veins with the margins ; clasping the stem with their elongated sheathing base, which appears to be lined with TETRANDRIA—TETRAGYNIA. Ruppia. 237 the stipula, whose cloven summit rises a little above the sheath, as in grasses. Spikes few, solitary, each from one of the upper- most forks of the branches, on a longish stalk, cylindrical, with considerable interruptions, rising just above the surface, seldom produced but in still waters. Fl. 2 or 3 together, dull green. Seeds scarcely more than 1 or 2 from each flower, gibbous. Few plants vary more in the size of its herbage, which is most considerable in rapid streams, where the flowers seldom appear. Dillenius says the leaves are most slender, and the heads of flowers largest, in salt-water ditches ; but this is disproved by observation in England, and by Swiss specimens, all from fresh water, as various as any; so that P. marinum cannot be marked even as a variety. 82. RUPPIA. Ruppia. Linn. Gen.68. Juss.19. Fl. Br. 198. Lam. t.90. Gaertn, t. 84. Buccaferrea. Mich. Gen. t.35. Nat. Ord. see 7. 81. Cal. and Cor. none. Anth. 4, sessile, irregularly quadran- gular, depressed, bursting by a horizontal transverse fis- sure. Germens 4, occasionally 5, turbinate, at length stalked. Styles none. Stigmas obtuse, depressed in the centre. Seeds 4, naked, ovate, obliquely pointed, convex at one side, bluntly keeled at the other, each elevated on a stalk, 4 or 5 times its own length. Habit of Potamogeton, from which it differs in the want of a corolla, in the posture as well as shape of the anthers, and in the stalked seeds. But Linneus surely errs in using the term spadix here, for what the former genus shows to be a flower-stalk. Impregnation in Ruppia takes place within the sheath of the leaf, and the seeds are subse- quently raised above the water to ripen; just the reverse of Potamogeton. 1. R. maritima. Sea Ruppia. Tassel Pond-weed. R, maritima. Linn. Sp. Pl. 184. Willd. v. 1.717. Fl. Br. 198. Engl. Bot. v. 2. t. 136. Hook. Lond. t.50. Scot.59. Lightf.124. t.8.f.1. Dicks. H. Sice. fase. 17.9. Potamogiton maritimum, gramineis longioribus foliis, fructu feré umbellato. Raii Syn. 134. t. 6. f.1. P. maritimum pusillum alterum. Pluk. Phyt. t.248. f.4. Fucus ferulaceus. Ger. Em. 1573. f. Tassel Pond-weed. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 6. f. 1. Buccaferrea maritima, foliis acutissimis ; etiam foliis minus acutis. Mich, Gen. 72, t,35, 258 TETRANDRIA—TETRAGYNIA. | Sagina. In salt-water ditches. Perennial? August, September. Herb submersed. Roots fibrous, in tufts, from several of the lower joints of the long, slender, round, much branched, leafy stem. Leaves alternate, linear, extremely narrow, more or less acute, channelled, single-ribbed from about the middle upward, entire ; dotted with brown or purple towards the edges ; clasping the stem with their sheathing, somewhat dilated, base. Spikes usually 2-flowered, on short, solitary, axillary sta/ks. Fl. alternate, ver- tical, as distinct on their common stalk as those of any Potamo- geton, and inclosed within the sheath of the neighbouring leaf, as it appears, till impregnation is accomplished ; my account in Engl. Bot. being, in this particular, incorrect. Professor Hooker has rightly explained the process. After flowering, the flower- sialk, often spiral, is greatly lengthened, rising to the surface of the water, and carrying with it the 4 impregnated germens, each raised on its own long and firm stalk, produced likewise after the anthers are fallen. Each germen becomes an ovate, pointed seed, the size of Millet, with a hard shell, that does not burst. Dr. Hooker has admirably illustrated the history of this curious plant, and has named the parts of the seed so as, surely, to leave no room for any improvement. The germination of the plant, when properly investigated, must show which is the real plumula. 83. SAGINA. Pearl-wort. Linn. Gen. 68. Juss.300. Fl. Br. 199. Lam. t. 90. Ge@rtn. t. 129. Nat. Ord. Caryophyllee. Linn. 22. Juss. 82. Cal. inferior, of 4 ovate, concave, equal, widely spreading, bluntish, permanent leaves. Petals 4, ovate, obtuse, en- tire, shorter than the calyx, alternate with its leaves, spreading ; sometimes wanting. lam. thread-shaped, ascending, shorter than the cal. and opposite to it. Anth. of 2 roundish lobes. Germ. superior, ovate. Styles ter- minal, short, rather spreading. Stigmas obtuse, downy. Caps. ovate, of 1 cell, and 4 ovate, separate, equal valves. Seeds numerous, minute, rough, attached, each on its own stalk, to a central cylindrical receptacle. Small, generally smooth, herbs, with opposite, narrow, en- tire leaves, and axillary, solitary, stalked, small, greenish or white flowers. 1. S. procumbens. Procumbent Pearl-wort. Stems procumbent, smooth. Leaves minutely pointed. Petals half as long as the calyx. TETRANDRIA—TETRAGYNIA. Sagina. 239 S. procumbens. Linn. Sp. Pl. 185. Willd. v.1.718. Fl. Br. 199. Engl. Bot. v.13. t. 880. Curt. Lond. fase, 3. t.12. Hook, Scot.59. Arduin. Spec, 2. 23. t. 8. f. 2. Alsine n. 861. Hall. dist, v. 1. 382. A. pusilla graminea, flore tetrapetalo. Tourn. Inst. 243. Segu. Veron. v.1. 421. t.5.f. 3. Alsinella muscoso flore repens. Dill. Giss. 81. Raii Syn. 345. In sandy ground, or the walks and beds of neglected gardens, as well as on shady walls, and gravelly banks, every where. Perennial. May—August. Root fibrous. Stems 2—4 inches long, spreading on the ground in every direction, leafy, round, taking root at their lower joints, and if not disturbed, remaining through the winter, as Mr. Curtis first remarked. Leaves in like manner evergreen, combined by their membranous bases, three-ribbed, linear, about half an inch long, smooth in every part, obtuse, with a very minute bristly point. Flower-stalks longer than the leaves,smooth. Fl. droop- ing, with white roundish petals. Seeds extremely minute. The late Rev. H. Davies gathered on a green near Beaumaris, in July 1817, a very pretty variety, with rose-like double flowers, of from 27 to 32 petals. This has found its way into some curious gardens. A different synonym of Tournefort is quoted in the Prodr. Fl. Grec. which nevertheless is correct, though the above ought also to have been noticed. 2. S. maritima. Sea Pearl-wort. Stems nearly upright, divaricated, smooth. Leaves obtuse, without bristles. Petals none. S. maritima. Don H. Br. 155. Engl. Bot. v.31. t. 2195. Comp. 28. Hook, Scot. 60. Lond. t.115. On the sea coast of Scotland, as well as of England and Ireland, also on the Highland mountains, On the coast near Aberdeen, and on the summit of Ben Nevis. Mr. G. Don. At Bally-castle, near the Giant’s causeway, Ire- land. Mr. R. Brown. On Hartle-pier, Durham. Mr. Winch. In salt marshes at Southwold, Suffolk, abundantly. Professor Hooker. Annual. May—August. Root tapering, fibrous below. Stems numerous, 2 or 3 inches high, spreading at the bottom, but otherwise erect, branched, leafy, round, smooth, often purplish. Leaves scarcely half the length of the former species, but broader in proportion, thick and blunt, often tipped with a minute point, but no bristle; com- bined by their membranous bases, and sometimes fringed there- abouts. Flower-stalks slender, erect, smooth, usually an inch long. Calyx-leaves broadly ovate, obtuse, with a white mem- 240 TETRANDRIA—TETRAGYNIA. Meenchia. branous edge. Petals abortive, or entirely wanting. Capsule rather longer than the calyx. Mr. Don found sometimes 8 stamens. Professor Hooker says the petals are entirely wanting, nor can I find any. The edges of the calyx are occasionally violet-coloured. 3. S. qpetala. Annual Small-flowered Pearl-wort. Stems nearly upright, hairy. Leaves bristle-pointed, fringed. Petals obsolete, or wanting. S. apetala. Linn. Mant.2. 559. Willd. Sp. Pl.v. 1.719. Fl. Br. 199. Engl. Bot. v.13. t. 881. Curt. Lond. fase. 5. t. 14. Dicks. H. Sicc. fasc. 3.6. Hook. Scot. 60, Don H. Br.156. Arduin. Spec. 2,22. t.8.f.1; bad. Saxifraga anglica alsinefolia annua. Raii Syn. 349. In dry, sandy, barren ground ; on walls and waste places ; very common. Annual.—May, June. The whole plant is more slender than either of the foregoing. Siems numerous, partly reclining but not taking root, more or less hairy, or rough with prominent scattered points. Leaves shaped like those of S. procumbens, but fringed at the edges, each tipped with a very distinct bristle ; and they are not unfrequently hairy all over. Flower-stalks long and slender, and likewise ‘hairy. Flowers not perhaps so truly apetalous as the last, though often perfectly so. The petals, if present, are white, not half the length of the calyx, either entire or notched. Caps. pale, about twice as long as the calyx. Seeds bordered with a black line ; but this, as in Spergula and Arenaria, is variable. 84. MGQ2NCHIA. Meenchia. Ehrh. Beitr. fasc. 2.177. Hook. Scot. 48. Nat. Ord. see n. 83. Cal. inferior, of 4 elliptic-lanceolate, concave, equal, con- verging, pointed, membranous-edged, permanent leaves. Pet. 4, lanceolate, undivided, entire, upright, shorter than the calyx, withering. Filam. thread-shaped, ascending, shorter than the petals. Anth. of 2 roundish lobes. Germ. superior, ovate. Styles terminal, very short, spreading. Stzgm. obtuse, downy. Caps. the length of the calyx, cylindrical, slightly ovate, of 1 cell, and 1 valve, mem- branous, opening at the summit with 8, occasionally 10, equal, shallow, acute teeth. Seeds numerous, kidney- shaped, rough, attached, each on its own stalk, to a cen- tral cylindrical receptacle, half the length of the capsule. TETRANDRIA—TETRAGYNIA. Tillea. 241 Herbaceous, smooth, erect, with the habit and fruit of a Cerastium, or Holosteum. 1. M. erecta. Upright Meenchia. M. glauca. Pers. Syn.v.1.153. Hook. Scot. 60. M. Quaternella, Ehrh. Phyt.82. Beitr.v. 2.178. Sagina erecta. Linn. Sp. Pl. 185. Willd. v.1.719. Fl. Br. 200. Engl. Bot.v.9.t. 609. Curt. Lond. fasc. 2.t.12. Dicks. H. Sicc. fasc. 6.6. Dryand. Bibl. Banks. v. 3.244. Huds.73. With. 216. Alsinella foliis caryophylleis. Raii Syn. 344. t.15. f. 4. Alsine verna glabra. Vaill. Par. 6. t.3.f. 2. Chamelinum gramineo, seu acuto, folio. Barrel. Ic. t. 1165, In pastures and heathy ground, on a barren gravelly soil. Annual. May. Root small, fibrous. Whole herb glaucous and very smooth. Stems several, erect, 3 or 4 inches high, round, leafy. Leaves opposite, sessile, linear-lanceolate, entire, single-ribbed. Flowers erect, solitary, on long terminal stalks, conspicuous for the shining white of their petals and the edges of their calyx-leaves. Caps. of a light shining brown. An elegant_little plant, certainly misplaced in Sagina, as its habit and the structure of the capsule evince. The uncertainty of its genus is hinted, in Fl. Brit.and Engl. Bot. ; though I had not then seen Ehrhart’s work, to consider his characters. The ori- ginal specific name erecta ought not to be changed. We may be thankful to get rid of Quaternelia. 85. TILLAA. Tillea. Linn. Gen. 68. Juss.307. Mich. Gen. t.20. Fl. Br. 201. Lam. t.90. Gerin. t. 112. Nat. Ord. Succulente. Linn. 13. Sempervive. Juss. 83. Cal. in 3 or 4 deep, spreading, large, ovate, succulent seg- ments, inferior. Pet. 3 or 4, ovate or lanceolate, acute, flat, thin, rather smaller than the calyx, and alternate with its divisions. Nect. none. Slam. 3 or 4, simple, awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla, ereet. Anth. roundish, of 2 cells. Germens 3 or 4, ovate, superior. Styles ter- minal, very short. Stzgmas obtuse. Caps. 3 or 4, oblong, pointed, recurved, bursting lengthwise at their upper edge, each of 1 cell, and 2 valves. Seeds ovate, 2 in each cap- sule. Small, succulent,’annual herbs, with numerous branches, op- posite sessile Jeaves, and generally axillary flowers. ‘This genus differs from Crassula in the want of nectariferous. scales, as well as in number of the several parts. . VOL. I. R 249 TETRANDRIA—TETRAGYNIA. = Radiola. 1. 'T. muscosa. Mossy Tilleza. Stems procumbent. Flowers sessile, mostly three-cleft. T. muscosa. Linn. Sp. Pl. 186. Willd. v. 1.721. Fl. Br. 201. Engl. Bot. v.2. t.116. Rose’s Elem. append. 448. t. 2. f. 2. T. muscosa annua perfoliata, flore albo. Mich. Gen. 22. t. 20. Sempervivum omnium minimum, repens, muscosum, polygoni facie. Bocc. Mus. v. 2.36. t. 22. ; Polygonum muscosum minimum. Bocce. Sic. 56. t. 29. Crassula foliis sessilibus connatis, floribus aggregatis in foliorum alis. Guett. Obs. v. 2. 97. On the most barren sandy heaths. : Frequent in Norfolk and Suffolk. A troublesome weed on the - gravel walks at Holkham, Annual. May, June. Root fibrous, small. Stems at first erect, but soon becoming pro- cumbent, an inch or two iy length, round, leafy. Leaves oppo- site, very succulent, reddish, smooth, oval, obtuse, combined at the base. Fi. axillary, solitary, often accompanied by a pair of smaller leaves. Cal. pointed. Petals narrow, pointed, white with a tinge of red. The whole plant is smooth, so small and depressed that it only becomes remarkable by the ample reddish patches, which it forms over the most dreary sands. The flowers are naturally 3-cleft, and of course triandrous; but they are sometimes 4-cleft in strong plants, and Gertner says 5-cleft. Still the want of nectaries keeps them generically distinct from. the chiefly African genus Crassula. « 86. RADIOLA. Flax-seed. Gmel. Syst. v. 2.289. Fl. Br. 201. Dill. Gen. 126. t. 7. Linocarpum. Mich. Gen, t.21. Nat. Ord. Gruinales. Linn. 14. Akin to Caryophyllee. _Juss. 82. See 7.180. Linee. DeCand. 15.—lIt still re- mains very doubtful to what Order this genus and Linum are nearest akin. Cal. inferior, of one leaf, in 4 principal segments, each of which is deeply and acutely 3-cleft, permanent. Petals 4, obovate, undivided, spreading, the length of the calyx, and alternate with its principal segments. Filam. 4, awl- shaped, the length of the petals, without any intermediate imperfect filaments. Anth. roundish, of 2 lobes. Germ. superior, roundish, 4-lobed. S/yles 4, terminal, capillary, very short, permanent. Stigm. capitate, obtuse. Caps. roundish, somewhat pointed, with 8 furrows, 8 valves, with inflexed edges, cohéring slightly in pairs, and 8 cells. Seeds solitary, ovate, compressed, polished. TETRANDRIA—TETRAGYNIA. Radiola, 243 Small, herbaceous. Séem repeatedly forked. Leaves oppo- site, entire. #/. from the forks and summits of the stem, stalked. We know but one species, referred by Linneeus to Linum, from which it differs in structure, as well as in number and habit. 1. R. millegrana. Thyme-leaved Flax-seed. R. millegrana. Fl. Br. 202. Engl. Bot. v. 13. t. 893. Hook. Scot. 60: R. linoides. Gmel. Syst. v. 2. 289. R. vulgaris serpyllifolia. Dill. in Raii Syn: 345. t. 15. f.3. Jacob Faversh. 92. Linum Radiola. Linn. Sp. Pl. 402. - Syst. Nat. ed. 12. v. 2,225, Willd. v. 1.1542. Huds. 134. Dicks. H. Sicc. fase.10.7. Fl. Dan. t.178. L. n. 840. Hall. Hist. v. 1.374. ; Linocarpum serpylli folio, multicaule et multiflorum. Mich. Gen. 23. t. 21. Millegrana minima. Raii Syn. ed.2.207. Ger. Em. 569. f: Chamelinum vulgare. Vaill. Par. 33. t. 4. f. 6. In wet sandy ground. Annual. July, dugust. Root fibrous, small. Herbsmtooth. Stem 1—2 inches high, erect, repeatedly forked, leafy, many-flowered, moderately spreading, and somewhat corymbose. Leaves sessile, small, ovate, 3-ribbed. Fi. stalked, solitary, from the forks of the stem, as well as its ultimate branches, white, very minute. Caps. light brown, ra- ther depressed. ClassV. PENTANDRIA. Stamens5. ~ 96. 91. 88. 92. 93. 95. 89. 94. 87. 90. 102. Order I. MONOGYNIA. © Pistil 1. * Flowers monopetalous, inferior, with 2 or & naked seeds. Asperifolize. ECHIUM. Throat of the corolla dilated, naked ; limb irregular. Stigma deeply cloven. PULMONARIA. Cor. naked in the throat, funnel- shaped. Calyx prismatic, 5-cleft at the margin. LITHOSPERMUM. Cor. naked in the throat, funnel-shaped. Cal. in 5 deep segments. SYMPHYTUM. Cor. closed with awl-shaped con- verging valves; limb bell-shaped. BORAGO. Cor. closed with awl-shaped or notched valves ; limb wheel-shaped. LYCOPSIS. Cor. closed with concave obtuse valves, funnel-shaped, with a doubly bent tube. Seeds con- cave at the base. ANCHUSA. Cor. closed with concave obtuse valves, funnel-shaped ; tube straight, tumid below. Seeds concave at the base. ASPERUGO. Cor. closed with concave obtuse valves, salver-shaped. Cal. of the fruit compressed, with jagged parallel lobes. MYOSOTIS. Cor. half closed with rounded valves, salver-shaped; lobes obtuse. Seeds perforated at the base, borne by the calyx. CYNOGLOSSUM. Cor. half closed with rounded valves, funnel-shaped. Seeds depressed, imperforate, borne by a central column. ** Fl. monopetalous, inferior, with numerous covered seeds. ANAGALLIS. Caps. of 1 cell, bursting all round. Cor. wheel-shaped. Stam. hairy. a 101. 98. 97. 100. 99. 117. 113. 114. 112. 104. 105. 103. 127. 116. 115. 118 108 245 LYSIMACHIA. Caps. of 1 cell, with 10 valves. Cor. wheel-shaped. CYCLAMEN. Caps. of 1 cell, pulpy within. Cor. wheel-shaped, reflexed. Sézgma simple. PRIMULA. Caps. of 1 cell, opening with 10 teeth. Cor. salver-shaped; tube cylindrical; throat open. Stigma globular. HOTTONIA. Caps. of 1 cell, with 5 teeth. Cor. salver-shaped. Stam. from the margin of the tube. . Stigma globular. Cal. in 5 deep segments. MENYANTHES. Caps. of 1 cell. Cor. hairy. Stigma divided. ERYTHRAA. Caps. of 2 incomplete cells. Cor. salver-shaped. Anth. finally spiral. DATURA. Caps. of 2 cells, and 4 valves. Cor, funnel-shaped. Cal. deciduous. HYOSCYAMUS. Caps. of 2 cells, with a lid, Cor. funnel-shaped. Stzgma capitate. VERBASCUM. Caps. of 2 cells. Cor. wheel-shaped, irregular. Stigma obtuse. Stam. declining. CONVOLVULUS. Caps. of 2 or 3 cells, with 2 seeds in each. Cor. bell-shaped, plaited. Stzgmas 2. POLEMONIUM. Caps. of 3 cells. Cor. deeply 5-cleft ; tube closed by 5 valves. Stam. between the valves, opposite to the segments. AZALEA. Caps. of 5 cells. Cor. bell-shaped. Stam. from the receptacle. Anth. with 2 pores. Stigma capitate. VINCA. Follicles 2, erect. Cor. salver-shaped, ob- lique. Seeds simple. SOLANUM. Berry of 2 cells. Cor. wheel-shaped. Anth. with 2 pores. ATROPA. Berry of 2 cells. Cor. bell-shaped. Stam. distant, incurved. Anth. heart-shaped. *** Fl. monopetalous, superior. SAMOLUS. Caps. of 1 cell, with 5 recurved valves. Cor. funnel-shaped, 5-cleft, with intermediate scales. JASIONE. Caps. half 2-celled, opening at the top. Cor. wheel-shaped, in 5 deep segments. Stzgma club- shaped. Anth. combined at the base. 246 107. PHYTEUMA. Caps. of 2 or 3 cells, bursting late- rally. Cor. wheel-shaped, in 5 deep segments. Stzgma 2- or 3-cleft. 109. LOBELIA. Caps. of 2 or 3 cells, Cor. irregular, split lengthwise. Stigma capitate, hairy. 106. CAMPANULA. Caps, of 2 or 3 cells, with torn fissures at the base. Cor. bell-shaped. Stigma 2- or 3-cleft, revolute. 119. LONICERA. Berry of 1 or more cells, with many seeds, (or. irregular. Rubia |. ***% Fl, of 5, or 4, petals, inferior, 120. RHAMNUS. Berry of several cells, Cal. funnel shaped, bearing the petals. 121. EUONYMUS. Caps. of 4 or 5 cells. Seeds with a fleshy tunic. Cal. flat, 110. IMPATIENS. Caps, of 5 cells, and 5 elastic valves, Cal. of 2 leaves. Cor. irregular, 111. VIOLA, Caps. of 1 cell, and 3 valves. Cal. of & ‘leaves, extended at the base. Cor. irregular, spurred, See Pl, of 5 petals, superior, 122. RIBES, Berry with many seeds, — Cal, bearing the petals. Style divided, 123. HEDERA. Berry with 3—5 seeds. Cal, surrounding the germen. Style simple. Pet. broadest at the base, FEEXE® Petals wanting, 125. GLAUX. Caps. superior, with 5 seeds. Cal. coloured, of 1 leaf. 124. ILLECEBRUM. Caps. superior, with 1 seed. Cal, cartilaginous, of 5 leaves. 126. THESIUM. Drupa inferior, dry. Cal. coriaceous, < 5-cleft, bearing the stamens, ; Order IIT. DIGYNIA. Pistils 2. See be- ginning of Vol. II. 247 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNLA. 87. MYOSOTIS. Scorpion-grass. Linn. Gen.73. Juss. 131. Fl. Br.212. Dill. Gen. 99. t.3. Lam. t. 91. Gertn. t. 68.- Nat. Ord. Asperifolie. Linn. 41. Boraginee. Juss. 42. Nine following genera,the same. See Grammar 102. [Professor Schrader, in a small treatise on the Asperifolia, gives their natural characters as follows : Root simple or branched, perpendicular, sometimes oblique, very rarely creeping. Stem herbaceous, rarely shrubby; branches alternate, axillary. Leaves for the most part alternate, eftire, sometimes wavy, or broadly toothed, more or less bristly, like the rest of the herb ; their bristles proceeding each from a small prominence finally be- coming callous; very rarely seated on a tubercle. Flowers alternate, with or without bracteas, mostly forming a uni- lateral cluster, at first spirally revolute, afterwards elon- gated; the partial stalks enlarged as the seeds ripen. Bracteas, if present, solitary, generally lateral, more or less leafy, permanent. Calyx, except in Cerinthe, of 1 leaf, more or less deeply 5-cleft, very seldom merely 5-toothed; the segments or teeth generally a little unequal ; perma- nent, enlarged after flowering, and in some instances altered in shape. Corolla inferior, of 1 petal, 5-cleft, the segments mostly equal; the mouth either completely, or imperfectly, closed with convex hollow valves; or beset with swellings, or plaits, or dense hairs; or entirely naked and pervious. Stamens from the interior part of the tube, seldom from the mouth, alternate with the segments of the limb, and equal to them in number; anthers of 2 _ cells, distinct, very seldom attached to each other. Ger- mens 4, very rarely (in Cerinthe) 2 only, distinct, seated on a fleshy or glandular receptacle, subsequently enlarged, and supporting the ripe frazt. Style 1, from the disk be- tween the germens, permanent; and terminating in a generally undivided stigma. Fruit as many close capsules (achenia) as there are germens, various in substance, each furnished, in some instances, with an umbilical depression, from which proceeds the s¢rophzolum, or crest, hardly oc- curring but where that depression exists, and which is whitish and fleshy, occupying the whole cavity; but be- 218 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Myosotis. ’ comes contracted and wrinkled as the fruit ripens, so as to render the depression more visible. Seed solitary in each capsule, with a single skin, and no albumen; embryo inverted ; cotyledons 2, slightly convex ; radicle superior. Receptacle mostly unaltered, and flat ; in some convex ; in some conical; in others columnar, or pyramidal; marked with scars, or little hollows, where the capsules are attached. Schrad. Asperif. 17. I rather, after the example of Linnzus, consider these sup- posed achenia as naked seeds ; nor is there any advantage in denominating them, after Gaertner and some other writers, 2s, which in that case would merely mean hard seeds. The kernel within having but a single skzn, mem- brana; and the near relationship of this Order to the Verticillate of Ray and Linneeus, the Labiate of Jussieu, being acknowledged, analogy, though often a treacherous guide, must lead us to consider the second covering as the outer skin, testa, in one case as well as the other. In the Verticillate there can be no question about the mat- ter, if naked seeds be ever allowed to exist; and to deny this is merely a dispute of words. In the Asperzfolza, the outer skin is often indeed elaborately constructed; and sometimes downy, or prickly; but such characters are not more appropriate or essential to a seed-vessel than to a seed. The seeds of Cerinthe, which at first sight seem a difficulty less easy to be surmounted, are merely confluent, or combined laterally, in pairs, like the nuts of Messer- schmidia, which last are the seeds of a drupa, the only ge- nuine nuts, of which a Walnut is the type. ] Myosortis. Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, oblong, erect, divided half way down, or more, into 5 acute equal segments, permanent. Cor. of one petal, salver-shaped; tube cylindrical; limb ascend- ing, or horizontal, in 5, rather deep, obtuse, often notched, equal segments; mouth half closed with 5 little, rounded, notched, convex, slightly prominent valves. Filam. very short, in the throat. Anthers small, oblong, concealed by the valves. Germens 4, roundish, inserted into the base of the calyx. Style thread-shaped, central, erect, the length of the tube. Stigma obtuse. Seeds 4, ovate, rather compressed, pointed, smooth, in the bottom of the somewhat enlarged, closed calyx, each with a small hollow at its point of insertion. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Myosotis. 249 Herbaceous; hairy or bristly. Leaves scattered, undivided, entire, single-ribbed. Clusters terminal, many-flowered ; revolute in the bud. Cor. bright blue, or yellowish; red before expansion. Seeds various; highly polished in all our species. * Roots perennial, or perhaps biennial. 1. M. palustris. Great Water Scorpion-grass. Seeds smooth. Leaves and calyx roughish with close bristles. Clusters leafless. Calyx funnel-shaped, with short broad. spreading teeth. Limb of the corolla horizontal, longer than the tube. Root creeping. M. palustris. Roth Germ. v. 1. 87. v.2, p. 1.221. Comp. 33. Engl. Bot. v. 28. t.1973. With. 225. Hull 46. Relh. ed. 1.76. Sibih. 68. Abbot 40. Hook. Scot. 67. Lehm. Asperif. 88. M. scorpioides palustris. Ger. Em, 337.f. Linn. Sp. Pl. 188. Fl. Br. 2129. Huds. 78, Curt. Lond. fasc. 3, t. 13, faii Syn. 229. Ehrh. Herb. 21. M. scorpioides. Willd. Sp. Pl. v.1.746. Wahlenb. Lapp. 54. Scorpiurus n. 591 a. Hall. Hist. v. 1.261 S. palustris perennis, viridioribus foliis, Moris. v.3. 451. sect. 11. t.31.f. 4. - Echium scorpioides palustre. Bawh. Pin. 254. Anagallis aquatica. Pass. Ic. p. ult. f. 49. Cynoglossa minor. Brunf. Herb. v. 1. 176. f. In clear rivulets and ditches, common, Perennial. June—August. Roots very long, creeping, blackish, with numerous tufts of strong fibres. Herb bright green, rather succulent, from 6 to 12 or 18 inches high. Stems ascending obliquely, round, branching, leafy, either nearly smooth, or clothed with, more or less spreading, bristly hairs. Leaves sessile, nearly uniform, elliptic-oblong, _ bluntish, 14 or 2 inches long, clothed on both sides with small close-pressed bristles, which scarcely render them rough to the sight or the touch. Clusters many-flowered, 2 or 3 together, on a terminal leafless stalk, or elongation of each branch; each general and partial stalk, as well as both sides of the calyx, being clothed with erect, or close-pressed, short, straight, simple, rigid, pale, uniform, bristly hairs. Partial stalks at first crowded into a dense revolute spike, which unrolls gradually, and, after flower- ing, is greatly elongated, the stalks spreading almost horizcntally as the seeds ripen, forming a very lax straight cluster. Calyx about half the length of each partial stalk, after the flower is past ; bell-shaped at the base; the limb divided half way down into 5 bread, triangular, rather expanding, segments. Tube of the corolla about as long as the calyx, whitish; limb longer, 250 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. | Myosotis. horizontal, of a-beautiful enamelled sky blue, with white elevated ribs at the base of each rounded, scarcely notched, segment; the valves of the mouth yellow. The flower-buds are of a fine pink. Style the length of the tube. Stigma capitate, umbilicated. Seeds ovate, compressed, obtuse, blackish, highly polished, somewhat bordered. This most elegant plant, the Forget-me-not, or emblem of affec- tion, among the Germans, is the most distinct, and best known, example of its genus, though too long confounded with other common species. The perennial creeping roots, shining green herbage, and enamelled blossoms, are all strikingly characteristic. Linnzus records its being hurtful to sheep ; which, like a similar report of Hydrocotyle vulgaris, may have arisen from those ani- _ mals suffering from frequenting the wet situations of these plants. 2. M. cespitosa. Tufted Water Scorpion-grass. Seeds smooth. Leaves and calyx besprinkled with erect bristles. Clusters leafy at the base. Calyx funnel-shaped, with broad spreading teeth. Limb of the corolla the length of the tube. Root fibrous. M. cespitosa. ‘ Schulz Stargard. suppl. 2. Reichenbach Amen. 1, 26.” according to Dr. Panzer of Nuremberg. In watery places. Near Tunbridge ; and at Binfield, Berks. Mr. -T. F. Forster. Perennial, or biennial. May, June. ; Root fibrous, or slightly creeping. Stems numerous, a foot high; crowded, erect, much branched, leafyand many- flowered. Whole herb of a weaker, paler, more lax habit than the foregoing, having ulways a leaf or two at the base of each cluster. The flowers 'are smaller, paler, and far less conspicuous. Calyx rather more deeply 5-cleft, with fewer, more dispersed and lax, bristles. Seeds like the last. The plant remains unchanged by cultiva- tion, and is doubtless a very distinct species. ; 3. M. wtermedia. ‘Trailing Hairy Scorpion-grass. Seeds smooth. Leaves hairy. Clusters leafless. ‘Tube of the calyx clothed with hooked bristles; segments with straight upright hairs. Root creeping. Stems decumbent. M. intermedia. “ Link, Reichenbach Amen. 1.22.’ Dr, Panzer. M. scorpioides. Fl. Dan. t.583, largest figure. In dry shady places. _ In a small wood at Edgefield, near Holt, Norfolk, in a perfectly dry situation. Rev, R. B. Francis. On hedge banks near Nor- wich, towards Keswick. Mr, J. Backhouse. Perennial, April, May. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Myosotis. 251 Root long and creeping. Herb of a dull green, copiously clothed with lax spreading hairs, sometimes minutely callous at their origin, Stems several, very hairy, leafy, more or less branched, from 4 to 10 inches high ; procumbent at the lower part. Leaves oblong ; the lowermost often obovate, and tapering at the base. Clusters in pairs or solitary, on terminal, leafless, upright stalks. Hairs on the general and partial stalks erect, but not close- pressed. Partial stalks when in fruit longer than the calyx, spreading not quite horizontally. Calya bell-shaped in the lower half, and plentifully clothed with spreading, partly brownish; hooked bristles ; in the upper half deeply 5-cleft, the lanceolate converging segments covered with straight, erect, silvery hairs. Cor. bright blue, almost equal in size and beauty to that of M. palustris. Seeds oval, brown, highly polished, 4. M. sylvatica. Upright Wood Scorpion-grass. Seeds smooth. Leaves hairy. Clusters with a leaf at the base. Tube of the calyx clothed with hooked bristles; segments with straight upright hairs. Root fibrous. Stems erect. M. sylvatica. Lehm. Asperif. 85. Hook, Scot. 66. M. scorpioides syivatica, Ehrh, Herb. 31, M. scorpioides y. Fl. Br. 212, M. scorpioides latifolia hirsuta, Merr. Pin, 82, Dill. in Raii Syn. 229. t. 9.f. 2, Scorpiurus n, 591 6. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 262, In woods and dry shady places, frequent, Perennial, June, July. Root fibrous, branching at the summit. Stems one or more, erect, 12 or 18 inches high, branched at the upper part, leafy, angular, clothed with soft spreading hairs. Leaves oblong, obtuse, clothed and fringed with similar hairs, slightly callous at their base ; the lowermost obovate, each tapering into a footstalk. Clusters terminal, mostly solitary, very long and straight when in fruit, each with a sessile, ovate, acute leaf, at the base of its stalk. Partial stalks moderately spreading, somewhat longer than the calyx, and clothed, like the common stalks, with short, upright or incurved, hairs. Tube of the calyx bell-shaped, densely clothed with fine, spreading, hooked bristles ; limb longer than the tube, in 5 deep, unequal, lanceolate segments, rough with erect, straight, brownish-tipped hairs. Corolla bright blue ; limb horizontal, in 5 obovate, flat segments, longer than the pale tube. The flowers vary a little in size, and yield in beauty to those of M. palustris. Tab. 583 of the Flora Danicu is, as Dr. Lehmann observes, not a good figure of this species, being un- questionably, I think, drawn from the preceding, which escaped his notice, Dillenius’s figure, in Ray's Synopsis, is a good re- 252 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Myosotis. presentation of M. sylvatica, which, as Merrett remarks, is very common in woods in Kent. 5. M. alpestris. Rock Scorpion-grass. Seeds smooth. Leaves hairy, radical ones but half the length of their footstalks. Clusters forked at the base, leafless. Calyx deeply five-cleft, clothed with upright hairs; the lowermost incurved. Root fibrous, tufted. M. alpestris. Lehm. Asperif. 86. Hook. Scot. 66. M. alpina. Don H. Br. 205. M. rupicola. Engl. Bot. v.36. ¢.2559. Comp. 33. Lycopsis montana ceerulea. Barrel. Ic. t. 404. On the mountains of Scotland. ; Plentiful on the summit of Ben Lawers, and other lofty Highland mountains. Mr. G. Don, Mr. J. Mackay, &c. Perennial. July, August. Root fibrous, or slightly creeping, blackish. Stems several, from 8 to 5 inches high, erect, simple, roundish, leafy, clothed with spreading hairs. - Leaves ovate-oblong ; the upper ones rather pointed ; radical ones elliptical, on linear smooth footstalks, twice or thrice their own length, Clusters either terminal, in pairs, on a leafless stalk, with a solitary flower at the fork, or axillary and solitary ; all dense and revolute when in flower, subsequently elongated ; their stalks all clothed with erect or close short silky hairs. Calyx in 5 deep, unequal, linear-lanceo- late segments, covered with similar upright hairs, those on the very short tube only being slightly curved. Flowers blue, full as large and ornamental as in M. palustris, pale pink in the bud, their horizontal limb much longer than the very short tube; valves white. I have this from M. Villars as his alpine variety of M. scorpioides. Haller, by his reference to Barrelier, seems to confound it with the palustris, from which none can be more distinct. ** Roots annual. 6. M. arvensis. Field Scorpion-grass. Seeds smooth. Leaves hairy. Clusters stalked, with one remote axillary flower. Calyx half-five-cleft, clothed with. spreading hairs; those of the tube hooked. Root fibrous. M. arvensis. Roth Germ. v. 2. p. 1.222. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 1.747. With. 225. Sibth.68. Abbot 40. Hook. Scot.67. Engl. Bot. v. 36. t. 2558. Comp: 33. Lehm. Asperif. 90. t M. scorpioides arvensis. Linn. Sp. Pl. 188. Fl. Br. 212 a. Huds. 78. Relh. 75. Ehrh. Herb, 41. Beitr.v.5.176. Bull. Fr. t.355, incorrect. : M. scorpioides hirsuta. Raii Syn. 229. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Myosotis. 253 Scorpiurus n. 590, Hall. Hist. v. 1.261. In dry sandy fields and open places, common, Annual. June—August. Root fibrous, generally simple at the crown, always annual. Stem from 3 to 8 inches high, erect, branched and spreading from the base, roundish, slender, leafy, clothed with partly spreading hairs. Leaves covered with similar hairs ; the lowermost stalked, obovate ; the rest sessile, more or less obtuse. Clusters many- flowered ; at first small, dense, and revolute; but very much elongated, and quite erect, when in/fruit ; almost always distin- guished, as Mr. Borrer first remarked, by having one distant drooping flower-stalk situated in the bosom of the uppermost leaf. Sometimes there are more solitary flowers, or a small cluster or two, so situated. Partial stalks, when in fruit, spread- ing, covered with close hairs, and much longer than the calyz ; of which the tube is bell-shaped, clothed with spreading or de- flexed, hooked, bristly hairs ; the segments lanceolate, as long as the tube, their hairs. erect. Corolla with a white tube, as long as the limb, which is small, bright blue, scarcely reddish in the bud ; its valves sunk in the tube. Seeds ovate, obtuse, keeled, of ashining brown. The smaller flowers, and annual root, d:- stinguish this species from all the foregoing. The wooden cuts of old authors do not precisely represent it, the artists probably having M. sylvatica and intermedia in view at the same time, though they distinguished M. palustris. 7. M. versicolor. Yellow and blue Scorpion-grass. Seeds smooth. Leaves hairy. Clusters on long, naked stalks. Calyx longer than the partial stalks; hairs of its tube hooked. Root fibrous. M. versicolor. “ Pers. Syn.v. 1.156." Lehm. Asperif. 93. Engl. Bot. v. 36. 2558. t. 480. f. 1. Comp.33. Hook. Scot. 67. . arvensis B. Roth Germ. v.2.p.1. 223. Willd. Sp. Pl.v.1.747. . scorpioides 6. Fl. Br. 212. Huds.78. Relh. 75. . scorpioides y. Linn. Sp. Pl. 189. . scorpioides collina. Ehrh, Herb. 51. Beitr. v.5.177. . scorpioides hirta minor. Raii Syn. 229. Echium Scorpioides minus, flosculis luteis. Bawh. Prodr. 119. Pin. 254. ' Anchusa lutea. Cav. Ic. v.1. 50. t. 69. f.1; all the synonymswrong. Alsine myosctis avouyAives. Belleval Ic. Ined. t. 1. Small Scorpion-grass. Pet. H. Brit. t. 29. f. 11. In dry sandy fields and pastures, or on walls, as well as in moist meadows. Annual. dpril—June. Root fibrous, simple at the crown, dark chesnut-coloured. Stem as in the last, but rather more erect, usually 3 or 4 inches high, but in wet grassy places from 6 to 12, as Mr. Borrer and Dr. sss 954 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Lithospermum. Lehmann have observed. Leaves rather narrower than in M. ar- vensis. Clusters elevated, either single or in pairs, on long, terminal, leafless stalks, unattended by a solitary distant flower. Partial stalks, even when in fruit, not half the length of the calyx, which resembles that of the foregoing, but its hairs are shorter, and less deflexed. Corolla small; limb shorter than the tube, blue in the lower half of each cluster, yellow in the upper; and Dr. Lehmann has determined these colours to be immutable in the several flowers. In some instances the flowers are by him said to be larger, and all yellow, in others all blue ; the stigma in the former being somewhat capitate, in the latter slightly cloven. These last particulars have not been noticed in England. They seem to indicate a specific difference. Ca- vanilles may possibly have taken part of his description from M. apula of Linneus, whose synonyms he has applied to our plant, copying them, as appears by his erroneous reference to Lobel, without looking at the books, a practice which cannot be too much reprobated. 88. LITHOSPERMUM. Gromwell. Linn. Gen. 74. Juss. 130. Fl. Br.213. Tourn. t.55. Lam. t.9}. Gerin. t.67. Nat. Ord. see 7. 87. Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, oblong, in 5 deep, lanceolate, acute, equal, nearly upright, keeled segments, permanent. Cor. of 1 petal, funnel-shaped ; tube cylindrical, as long as the calyx, or longer, open at the mouth; limb divided half way down into 5 equal, obtuse, upright segments. Flam. very short, inserted into some part of the tube. Anth. ob- long, concealed within the tube. Germens 4, inserted into the base of the calyx. Style thread-shaped, shorter than the tube. Stigma obtuse, notched. Seeds 4, ovate, pointed, hard, either even or wrinkled, in the bottom of the mode- rately spreading calyx. eal Herbaceous; minutely rough, or bristly. Leaves alternate, or partly opposite, undivided, entire, with one principal rib, and often transverse lateral ones. Clusters or spikes leafy, many-flowered; revolute in the bud. Cor. whitish, yellow, or purplish. Seeds grey, in some highly polished, in others opaque and wrinkled. 1. Li officinale. Common Gromwell. Grey Mill. Grey Millet. ; Seeds even. Corolla not much longer than the calyx. Leaves lanceolate, rather acute, with lateral transverse ribs. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Lithospermum. 255 L. officinale. Linn. Sp. Pl.189. Willd. v.).751. Fl. Br, 213. Engl. Bot. v. 2. t. 134. Hook. Scot. 68. Schrad. Asperif. 24.f. 6. L.n.595. Hall. Hist. v, 1. 263. . L. seu Milium Solis. Raii Syn. 228. L. minus. Maith. Valgr. v.2.269.f. Camer. Epit. 659. f. Ger. Em, 609. f. In dry gravelly or chalky situations, amongst rubbish and ruins. Perennial. May. Root tapering, strong, whitish. Whole herb rough with minute, close, callous bristles. Stem annual, near 2 feet high, branched, round, leafy. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, greyish green, nume- rous, sessile, alternate ; paler and softer beneath. Clusters axil- lary and terminal, leafy, revolute, dense, finally elongated into straight, leafy branches, their leaves often broader than those on the main stem. Cor. of a pale buff-colour, with a protuberance at the base of each segment. Stam. minute, in the middle of the tube. Seeds grey, witha kind of porcelain polish, and a stony hardness, whence they have been falsely reported to con- tain calcareous earth, eflervescing with acids, and to cure the stone, I know not how. There are seldom more than 2 seeds perfected in each flower. 2. L. arvense: Corn Gromwell. Bastard Alkanet. Seeds wrinkled. Corolla not much longer than the calyx. Leaves obtuse, without lateral ribs. L. arvense. Linn. Sp. Pl. 190. Willd.v.1.751. Fl. Br. 213, Engl. Bot. v. 2. t. 123. Hook. Scot. 68. Fl. Dan. t. 456. L. sylvestre. Camer. Epit. 660. f. Heliotropium n. 594. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 263. Buglossum arvense annuum, Lithospermi folio, Raii Syn. 227. Echioides flore albo. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 9. Anchusa degener, facie Milii Solis. Ger. Em. 610. f. In corn-fields and waste ground. Annual.. May, June. Root tapering, with a bright red bark, which communicates its colour to oily substances, as well as to paper, linen, and pale faces. Stem a foot high, generally branched and spreading, often decumbent. Leaves of a brighter green, and rather more hairy, than in the former, without transverse veins or ribs. Spikes ter- minal, leafy, at length much elongated. Cor. white, with swell- ings at the base of the limb. Seeds brown, polished, curiously wrinkled and pitted, usually all perfected. Willdenow says he has seen a variety with blue flowers. 3. L. purpuro-ceruleum. Creeping, or Purple, Grom- well. Seeds even. Corolla much longer than the calyx. Leaves 256 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Lithospermum. lanceolate, acute, without lateral ribs. Barren stems prostrate. L. purpuro-ceruleum. Linn. Sp. Pl.190, Willd. v. 1.754. Fl. Br.214. Engl. Bot. v.2.t.117. Hook. Lond. t.12. Jacq. Austr. t.14. Ehrh. Herb. 22. L. n. 596. Hall. Hist. v. 1.264. L. majus Dodonzi, flore purpureo, semine Anchuse. Raii Syn.229. L. majus. Dod. Pempt. 83. f. Ger. Em. 609. f. L. repens. Clus. Pannon. 684. f. Anchusa repens, lithospermi facie, floribus ceruleis, secundim folia prorumpentibus. Pluk. Phyt. t. 76. f. 2. ‘In thickets on a chalky soil, but rare. On the top of a bushy hill, on the north side of Denbigh, Wales ; and near Taunton, Somersetshire. Ray. Near Greenhithe, Kent. John Latham, M.D. Found in“Darent wood, Kent, by the late Mr. Curtis ; at Marychurch, Devonshire, by the Rev. Aaron Neck ; and near Caswell bay, Glamorganshire, by Mr. J. Tur- ner. Hooker. Root woody, blackish, branching and tufted. Stems several, round, minuteiy bristly, leafy ; some procumbent, simple, 12 or 18 inches long, taking root at the extremity, and bearing no flowers ; others erect, a foot high, simple below, corymbose and many- flowered at the top. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, taper-pointed, contracted at the base into a short footstalk ; clothed on both sides with short close hairs, accompanied on the upper with many callous warts ; the under side palest. Spikes 2 or 3, ter- minal, leafy, erect. Calyx narrow, bristly. Cor. full twice as long ; externally reddish ; limb expanded, of a violet blue on the upper side, with 5 pale swellings at its base, which do not close the tube, in whose upper part the sfamens are situated. Seeds ovate, hard, of a silvery white, highly polished, slightly rugged, rarely perfected. Haller quotes Plukenet inaccurately, and is copied by others. 4. L. maritimum. Sea Gromwell. Seeds keeled, even. Leaves ovate, glaucous, besprinkled with callous points. Stems all procumbent. L. maritimum. “ Lehm. Asperif. 291.” Hook. Scot. 68. Pulmonaria maritima. Linn. Sp. Pl.195. Willd. v.1.770. Fi. Br. 218. Engl. Bot. v. 6. t.368. Curt. Lond. fasc. 6. t, 18. Lightf. 134. t. 7. Don H. Br. 206. Fl. Dan. t.25. Echium marinum. Raii Syn. 228. Sibb. Scot. part 2.55. t.12. Cerinthe maritima procumbens, foliis et floribus ceruleis. Dill. Elth. 75. t. 65. C. foliis ovatis petiolatis. Linn. Hort. Cliff. 48. Cynoglossum procumbens glaucophyllon maritimum nostras flori- bus purpuro-ceruleis, semine levi. Pluk. Phyt. t. 172. f.3. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Anchusa. 257 Buglossum sive Borrago dulcis mellita Lancastriensis. Lob. Il- lustr, 121. B. dulce ex insulis Lancastriez. Park. Theatr. 765. On the sea shore, among sand or loose stones. In many parts of the coasts of Scotland and the north of England. Perennial. July, August. Root fleshy, tapering. Whole herb remarkable for its beautiful glaucous hue ; though the late Mr. J. Mackay met with speci- mens of a grass green, on the coast of Inverness. Stems seve- ral, entirely procumbent, a foot or more in length, alternately branched, leafy, smooth. Leaves rather fleshy, ovate, with a re- curved point, a solitary midrib, and a few obsolete transverse veins ; the base contracted into a broad footstalk ; both sides more or less besprinkled with callous points, but, like every other part of the plant, destitute of hairs or bristles. Flowers in terminal leafy clusters, with some solitary axillary ones here and there. Segments of the calyx deep and broad. Cor. twice as long, fine purple ; the limb but little expanded, with 5 swell- ings at its base, slightly overtopped by the stamens. Stigma capitate, small. Seeds large, ovate, pointed, keeled, closely converging, even, but not highly polished. By the synonyms it appears how differently botanists have, at all times, thought concerning the genus of this plant, whose beauty all have joined in celebrating. That itis a very bad Pulmonaria [ have long ago pointed out in Engl. Bot. The habit agrees with Cerinthe, but not the flowers or seeds. Dr. Lehmann and Pro- fessor Hooker have, well enough, removed it to Lithospermum. When fresh, the leaves have a flavour resembling oysters, far from agreeable. The herb turns blackish in drying, which Dil- lenius says may be prevented by immersion for a night in fresh water. 89. ANCHUSA. Alkanet. Linn. Gen. 74. Juss.131. Fl. Br. 214. Lam. t. 92. Buglossum. Tourn. ¢.53. Gertn. t. 67. Nat. Ord. see 7. 87. ‘Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, oblong, cylindrical, in 5, more or less deep, acute segments, permanent. Cor, of 1 petal, funnel-shaped ; tube straight, cylindrical, tumid in the lower part, as long as the calyx; limb more or less spreading, in 5 rather deep, obtuse, equal segments ; mouth closed with 5 erect, obtuse, vaulted, hairy, con- verging valves. Filam. in the throat, very short, alternate with the valves. Anth. oblong, concealed by the valves. Germ. 4, attached to the base of the calyx. Style cylin- drical, shorter than the tube. Stigma cloven. Seeds 4, VOL. I, Ss 258 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Anchusa. roundish, or obtuse, wrinkled, each hollowed out at the base, so as to form a border to the scar, and all concealed in the enlarged calyx. tah Herbaceous, hairy or bristly, mostly perennial, or biennial. Leaves alternate, seldom stalked, acute, single-ribbed, often marked with callous points. Clusters many-flowered, revolute, bracteated or leafy. Cor. fine blue or purple, with light-coloured valves. 1. A. officinalis, Common Alkanet. Spikes imbricated, unilateral. Bracteas ovate, as long as the calyx. Leaves lanceolate. A. officinalis. Linn. Sp. Pl. 191. Willd. v. 1.756. Fi. Br. 214; excluding the last 5 synonyms. Engl. Bot. v. 10. t. 662, Fl. Dan. t.572. Lehm. Asperif.246. Schrad. Asperif. 23. f. 1. Ehrh. Pl. Of. 181. A.n. 59. Linn. Mat. Med. 20. A. tinctoria. Woodv, t. 92. Buglossum n. 599. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 265 ; comprehending, as it seems, A. paniculata, Fl. Grec. t. 163. Buglossa. Brunf. Herb. v. 1. 112. f. B. major. Trag. Hist. 233. f. In waste ground near the sea. On the links near Hartley pans, Northumberland. Rev, Thomas Butt. Perennial. June, July. Root long, tapering, blackish, without any dyeing quality. Herb all over rough with small bristly hairs, often proceeding from callous warts. Stem 1} or 2 feet high, erect, angular, leafy, somewhat branched ; panicled above. Leaves lanceolate, long and narrow ; the radical ones stalked ; the rest sessile, slightly ovate at the base. Spikes generally in pairs, stalked, revolute, with ovate, or ovate-lanceolate bracteas. Segments of the calyx varying in depth, as Dr. Lehmann justly remarks. Cor. red at first, then deep purple, with hairy blueish valves. Seeds ovate, acute, brown, unequally wrinkled. This has been reckoned one of the four cordial flowers, and as such has come into medical use, along with Borage ; but virtues of this kind attributed to either are truly nonsensical. Both plants are mucilaginous, but the Mallow tribe is more so. Dr. Wither- ing confounds the history of this Anchusa with that of the true red Alkanet-root, J. tinctoria, Fl. Gree. t. 166, valuable for the beautiful colour it gives to oily substances, and which Linnzus confounds with his own Lithospermum tinctorium. 2. A. sempervirens. Evergreen Alkanet. Flower-stalks axillary, each bearing two dense spikes, with PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Cynoglossum. 259 an intermediate flower, and two principal ovate bracteas. Leaves ovate. A. sempervirens. Linn. Sp. Pl.192. Willd.v.1.759. Fl. Br.215. Engl. Bot. v.1. t. 45. Hook, Lond. t. 94. Scot. 68. Lehm. Asperif. 236. Buglossum latifolium semper virens. Bauh. Pin, 256. Dill. in Raii Syn, 227. B. semper virens. Lob. Ic. 575. f. B. folio borraginis hispanicum. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p.2.577. f. good. Borago semper virens. Ger. Em. 797. f. In waste ground, among ruins, and by road sides. Neur Horns-place, near Rochester. J. Sherard. About Norwich in several places, as well as at Haddiscoe, Norfolk. At Wal- pole by Halesworth, Suffolk ; and in several parts of the south of Scotland. Hooker. At Inverary. Rev. W. Wood. On the ruins of Maes-glas monastery, Flintshire. Rev. VW. Bingley. Near Birmingham, Worcester, and Sidmouth. Withering. In several places near Settle, Yorkshire. Dr. Windsor. Perennial. May, June. Root thick, mucilaginous ; externally black. Herb rough with ra- ther rigid hairs. Stems 18 inches high, round, leafy, annual. Radical leaves stalked, a span long, lasting through the winter ; the rest sessile ; all ovate, broad, with transverse veins. Par- tial bracteas lanceolate. Flowers more salver-shaped than most of the genus ; the tube but half as long as the limb, which is of a most brilliant sky-blue ; the valves white and downy. The Jflower-buds are reddish. Seeds ovate, brown, compressed, with elevated wrinkles. Lehmann remarks that the cavity, or perfo- ration, at the base of each seed is closed with a scale. 90. CYNOGLOSSUM. Hound’s-tongue. Linn. Gen. 75. Juss.131. Fl. Br.216. Tourn. t.57.. Lam. t. 92. Gaertn. t. 67. ; Nat. Ord. see 2. 87. Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, oblong, slightly acute seg- ments, permanent. Cor. of 1 petal, funnel-shaped, scarcely longer than the calyx; tube cylindrical, shorter than the limb, which is divided half way down into 5 rounded seg- ments; mouth about half closed with as many convex, horizontal valves. Flam. in the throat, lower than the valves and alternate with them. Anth. roundish. Germens 4, depressed, horizontal. Style central, awl-shaped, almost as long as the tube, permanent. Stzgma small, notched. Seeds 4, depressed, roundish, imperforate at the base, more or less rough with hooked prickles, sometimes bor- s2 260 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Cynoglossum. dered, all attached horizontally to a central columnar re- ‘ceptacle, formed of the hardened, permanent, angular style. fhe seldom perennial. Herb downy, hairy or warty, often fetid. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, acute; the lower ones stalked, often rounded at the extremity. Clusters numerous, stalked, bracteated or naked. i. dull crimson, purple, or blueish. Seeds a kind of bur. 1. C. officinale. Common Hound’s-tongue. Stamens shorter than the corolla. Stem-leaves broadly lanceolate, downy, sessile. Flowers without bracteas. C. officinale. Linn. Sp. Pl.192. Willd.v.1.760. Fl. Br. 216. Engl. Bot.v. 13.t.921. Curt. Lond. fasc. 4.t.16. Woodv. suppl. t. 216. Hook. Scot. 69. Lehm. Asperif. 152. ‘ Fl. Dan. t. 1147.” C.n. 587. Hall. Hist.v. 1.260. Cynoglossum. Raii Syn. 226. Brunf. Herb, v. 1.175. f. C. majus vulgare. Bauh. Pin. 257. Ger. Em. 804. f. C. vulgare. Matth. Valgr. v. 2.531, 532. f. Camer. Epit.917. f._ In waste ground, and by road sides, common. Biennial. June, July. Root fleshy, tapering. Whole herb of a dull green, downy and very soft, exhaling when touched a pungent and nauseous scent, like that of mice, or, as same say, the urine of dogs. Stem 2 feet high, branched, leafy, furrowed, hairy. Leaves with a strong mid-rib, and several lateral veins ; those on the stem wavy, broad at the base ; radical ones larger, a span long, tapering at each end. Clusters terminal, panicled, without partial bracteas. Calyx downy. Cor. and its valves dullcrimson. Seeds obovate, very rough. | This plant is esteemed narcotic, and dangerous for internal use. 2. C. sylvaticum. Green-leaved Hound’s-tongue. Stamens shorter than the corolla. Leaves lanceolate, some- what spatulate; the upper ones clasping the stem; all smooth and shining above; hairy and warty beneath. Flowers without bracteas. C. sylvaticum. Henke in Jacq. Coll. v.2.77. Fl. Br.216. Engl. Bot. v.23. t. 1642. With. 228. Sibth. 70. Hook. Scot.69. Lehm. Asperif.157. : C. officinale y. Linn. Sp. Pl. 193. C. officinale B. Willd. v. 1. 760. Huds. 80. C.n. 588. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 260. Cynoglossa folio virente. Raii Syn. 226. C. media altera, virente folio, rubro flore, montana, frigidarum re- gionum, Column. Ecphr. 176, t. 175, excellent. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Pulmonaria. 961 By road sides and hedges, in shady situations, rare. In several parts of Essex, W orcestershire, Kent, and Surrey. Ray, Dillenius. In Oxfordshire. Sibth. Near Norwich. “Andrew Caldwell, Esq. Found by Mr. G. Don, in the Carse of Gowrie, Scotland. Hooker. Biennial. June. Undoubtedly distinct from the common species, in its bright shining green colour, and want of downy softness, besides having scarcely any scent. The leaves are smooth on the upper side, except from the prominence of the callous warts of the under surface when pressed ; the latter being rough to the touch, and more or less hairy. Flowers at first opening reddish ; subse- quently of a dull blue. The Stem-leaves haye a few short paral- lel lateral ribs at the base. 91. PULMONARIA. Lungwort. Linn. Gen. 75. Juss. 130. Fl. Br.217. Tourn. t.55. Lam. t. 93. Nat. Ord. see 7. 87. Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, tubular, prismatic, with 5 angles ; the border in 5 equal segments. Cor. of 1 petal, funnel- shaped ; tube cylindrical, as long as the calyx; limb in 5 rounded, moderately spreading, segments; mouth naked _ and open. iam. in the throat, very short. Anth. oval, erect, converging. Germ. 4, roundish, downy. Style thread-shaped, shorter than the calyx. Stigma small, bluntish, notched. Seeds 4, almost globular, even and polished, hairy, attached to the base of the enlarged, bell- shaped calyx. Herbaceous, hairy, of humble growth. F/. of a violet blue, - crowded, erect. 1. P. oficinalis. Common Lungwort. Leaves ovate. P. officinalis. Linn. Sp. Pl. 194. Willd. v. 1.768. Fl. Br. 217. Engl. Bot.v.2. t. 118, excluding the radical leaves, Woodv. suppl. t. 212. With.228. Abbot 42. Hook. Scot. 69. Don H. Br. 157. Fl. Dan. t. 482." P.n. 597. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 264. P. maculosa. Ger. Em. 808. f. Lob. Ic. 586. f. P. altera. Matth. Valgr.v.2. 387. f. Camer. Epit. 784. f. In woods and thickets, but rare. In Cliff wood, 6 miles west of Darlington, Durham. Mr. E. Robson. Between Thurleigh and Milton-Ernys, Bedfordshire, Rev. Dr. Abbot. Common in Exbury wood, Hampshire. Mr. Rudge. Perennial. May. 262 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Symphytum. Root fibrous. Stems 9 to 12 inches high, simple, erect, leafy, hairy Leaves ovate, hairy, scarcely warty; paler beneath; mostly — speckled with white on the upper side, whence they have been thought to resemble the human lungs, and were therefore sup- posed good for coughs : the lower ones stand on long, bordered footstalks. Clusters terminal, corymbose, erect, with a bractea or two at the lower part. Fl. of a violet blue; reddish in the bud. Seeds brown, or blackish, downy. 2. P. angustifolia. Narrow-leaved Lungwort. Leaves lanceolate. P. angustifolia. Linn. Sp. Pl. 194, Willd. v. 1. 768. Comp. 34. Engl. Bot. v. 23. t. 1628. With. 228. Fl. Dan. t. 483. Park. Parad. 248. t. 251. f. 2. P.n. 598. Hall. Hist. v. 1, 265. P. angustifolia, rubente ceruleo flore. Bauh. Pin. 260. P, angustifolia ceruleo flore. Clus. Pannon. 673. f. 674. Bauh. Hist. v.3.596.f. Ger. Em. 808. f. 3. P. foliis Echii. Ger. Em. 808. f. 2. Raii Syn. 226. P, alpina, angusto folio. Bocc. Mus. 110. t.86. In woods and thickets, rare. In a wood by Holbury house, in the New Forest, Hampshire. Mr. Goodyer ; Ger. Em. Among the ruins of the monastery of Maes-glas, or Green-field, Flintshire, from whence it was sent by Mr. R, H. Waring of Leeswood. Mr. E. Robson. Ina wood be- tween Newport and Ride, in the Isle of Wight, Mr. Turner and Mr. Borrer. Perennial. May, June, About twice as tall as the former, from which it differs in the lan- ceolate shape of its leaves, especially the radical ones, which are a span in length, tapering at each end, seldom spotted. The limb of the corolla is shorter, with rounder segments. Calyc, when in fruit, bell-shaped, and much dilated in width, without prominent angles, its stalk bent downwards, which seems not to be the case with P. officinalis. Seeds large, black, downy. These are the only species of real Pulmonaria hitherto discovered, whatever may become of the rest, some of which, as our mari- tima, and the suffruticosa of Italy, have the calyx of a Lithosper- mum. 92. SYMPHYTUM. Comfrey. Linn. Gen. 76. Juss. 131. Fl, Br.218. Tourn. t.56. Lam. t.93. Gertn. t. 67. Nat. Ord. see 7. 87. Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, acute, straight segments, permanent. Cor. of 1 petal, bell-shaped; tube about as PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Symphytum. 263 long as the limb, which has 5 shallow, spreading, acute, marginal segments; mouth closed with 5 lanceolate, fringed, converging valves, shorter than the limb. Filam. short, in the throat, alternate with the valves. _Anth. arrow-shaped, acute, concealed by the valves. Germ. 4, abrupt. Style slightly club-shaped, as long as the corolla, Stigma simple. Seeds 4, ovate, tumid, converging, at- tached to the base of the enlarged calyx. Herbaceous, perennial, hairy or bristly. Leaves ovate, pointed, veiny. Clusters large, revolute, forked. FU. of various colours, spreading or drooping. Roots fleshy, abounding in mucilage. , 1. S. officinale. Common Comfrey. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, decurrent, finely hairy. S. officinale. Linn. Sp. Pl. 195. Willd. v.1.770. Fl. Br. 218, Engl. Bot. v.12.t.817. Curt. Lond. fase. 4. t.18. Woodv. suppl. t. 215. Hook. Scot. 69. Fl. Dan. t. 664. Schrad. Asperif. 25. f. 8. S.n. 600. Hull. Hist. v. 1. 266. S. magnum. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. 593. f. Rati Syn. 230. S.majus. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 310. f. Camer. Epit. 700. f. Consolida major. Ger. Em. 806. f. G. Symphytum patens. Sibth.70. In watery meadows, about the banks of rivers and ditches. Perennial. May, June. Root externally black, oblong, fieshy, yielding much pure insipid mucilage, which renders it useful in coughs, and all internal irritations. Stems 3 feet high, hairy, winged with the decurrent bases of the taper-pointed, wavy, rough-edged leaves. Clusters hairy, stalked, in pairs, revolute. Cal. more or less spreading in the buff-coloured, as well as purple, variety ; which last is Dr. Sibthorp’s S. patens, and Haller describes its flower shorter than the other; but I have not been able to find a specific difference. 2. S. tuberosum. Tuberous-rooted Comfrey. Leaves ovate, slightly decurrent, rather harsh; upper ones opposite. S. tuberosum. Linn. Sp. Pl. 195. Willd. v.1.771. Fl. Br. 219. Engl. Bot. v.21. t. 1502. Lightf. 1091. Hook. Scot. 69. Don H. Br. 133. Jacq. Obs. fasc. 3. 12. t.63. Austr. t.225. Ger. Em. 806.f. Bauh. Hist. v. 3.594. f. S. radice tuberosa. Camer. Epit. 701. f- In moist shady places in the north. i , Opposite to the new well at the water of Leith, but more plentifully 264 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Borago. in Dr. Robertson’s walks at North Marchiston, near Edin- burgh, first observed by Mr. Yalden. Lightfoot. In several other places in the south of Scotland, according to Mr. Hopkirk, Mr. Maughan, &c. Hooker. In Durham. Mr. Robson. Perennial. July. Root knobbed and branched, externally whitish. Herb of much humbler stature than the last, with a simple, scarcely winged, stem, and more ovate, rather harsher, leaves. Flowers fewer, drooping, yellowish white, tinged with green ; their valves finely toothed at the edges. 93. BORAGO. Borage. Linn. Gen. 77. Juss. 131. Fl. Br.219. Tourn. t. 53. Lam. ¢.94. Nat. Ord. see 7. 87. Cal. in 5 deep, moderately spreading, segments, permanent. Cor. of 1 petal, wheel-shaped; tube of various lengths ; limb in 5 deep, flat or twisted segments, widely spreading; mouth bordered with 5 short, obtuse, notched valves, or with awl-shaped ones, or with both, in which case the latter bear the stamens at the inner side. Flam. awl- shaped, various in length, converging. Anth. arrow- shaped, or oblong and notched. Germ, 4. Style cylin- drical. Stigma capitate. Seeds 4, ovate, converging, rug- ged or tuberculated, attached to the base of the closed calyx. Herbaceous, rough with prickly hairs, or bristles. Flowers numerous, panicled, handsome, blue or white. Dr. Leh- . mann has, with the greatest propriety, separated from this enus three tropical Linnzean species, (which have a naked throat, and their seeds attached to a winged cen- tral column,) by the name of Trichodesma. 1. B. oficinals. Common Borage. Limb of the corolla flat, much longer than the tube; mouth with a double row of valves; the innermost awl-shaped, bearing the stamens, B, officinalis. Linn. Sp. Pl. 197. Willd. v.1.776. Fl. Br. 219. Engl. Bot.v. 1,t.36. Hook. Scot. 70, Lehm, Asperif. 201, B. n. 607. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 269. B. hortensis. Ger. Em. 797. f. Rati Syn. 228. Borago. Brunf. Herb. v.1. 113. f. : Buglossum, sive Borrago. Matth. Valgr. v.2. 527. f. Camer. Epit. 914. f. Buglossa urbana. Cord, Hist. 109. 2.f. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Asperugo. 965 In waste or cultivated ground, and by road sides, frequent ; yet generally thought not indigenous. Biennial. June, July. Root tapering, mucilaginous, as well as the herbage, which is clothed all over ‘vith very pungent bristles. S¢em branched, 14 or 2 feet high, round, spreading, leafy. Leaves alternate, ovate, wavy, and more or less toothed ; the lower ones broadest, and stalked. Flowers numerous, in terminal drooping bunches, very beautiful. Corolla an inch broad, of a most brilliant blue ;_ pink in the bud. Valves and anthers prominent, blackish. Seeds wrinkled and warty, of alight shining brown. The whole plant has an odour approaching to Cucumber and Burnet, which gives a flavour to a cool tankard ; but its supposed exhilarating qua- lities, which caused Borage to be reckoned one of the four cor- _ dial flowers, along with Alkanet, Roses, and Violets, may justly be doubted. 94. ASPERUGO. Madwort. Einn: Gen.77. Juss. 131. Fl. Br. 220. Tourn. t.54. Lam. t. 94. Schrad. Asperif. f. 9. Nat. Ord. see 2. 87. Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, divided half way into 5 small, nearly equal, segments, permanent; subsequently enlarged, com- pressed, forming two erect, parallel, unequally sinuated and toothed, veiny lobes. Cor. of 1 petal, funnel-shaped; tube cylindrical, very short; limb longer, in 5 rounded spreading segments ; mouth nearly closed by 5 convex, obtuse valves, converging horizontally. Flam. very short, in the throat, alternate with the valves, and concealed by them. Anth. small, roundish, of 2 lobes. Germ. 4, com- pressed. Style erect, the length of the tube. Stigma blunt. Seeds 4, obovate, tuberculated, compressed, imperforate at the base, attached laterally in pairs to a central column, formed of the lower part of the style. Herbaceous, prostrate, rough with minute, rigid, depressed bristles. Floral leaves opposite. Fi. axillary, blue. 1. A. procumbens. German Madwort. Calyx of the fruit flat. A. procumbens. Linn. Sp. Pl.198. Willd. v.1.778. Fl. Br. 220. Engl. Bot.v.10. t.661. Fl. Grec.v. 2.65.t.177. Hook. Scot.70. Don H. Br.158. Fl. Dan. t.552. Lehm. Asperif. 208, Schrad. Asperif. 26. f. 9. A. n. 606. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 269. A. vulgaris. Raii Syn. 228. 266 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Lycopsis. A. spuria. Dod. Pempt. 356. f. Alysson germanicum echioides. Lob. Ic.803.f. Dalech.Hist.1143.f. Aparine major Plinii. Ger. Em. 1122. f. Borrago minor sylvestris xaproyyvorres. Column. Ecphr, 181.t.183. Cynoglossa topiaria forte Plinii. Bawh. Hist. v. 3. 601.f. The same cut is put in the preceding page, for C. folio virente ! German Madwort. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 29. f. 12. In rich waste ground, but rare. Near Newmarket ; by Boxley, in Sussex ; and in the Holy island. Ray. At Wangford, near Brandon. Mr, F. Eagle. Near Pur- fleet, Essex, found by Mr. Alchorne. Huds. About the church at Newmarket. Relhan. At Dunbar. Lightfoot, Hooker. Annual. June, July. y Root small, tapering. Stems prostrate, square, leafy, a foot or two in length, their angles beset with reflexed prickles. Leaves 2,3, or 4 together, dark green, elliptic-lanceolate, bordered with direct prickles, and rough with depressed bristly hairs, so that the plant sticks to the hands or clothes like Galium Aparine. Flowers small, axillary, solitary, on short stalks ; limb of a fine deep blue; valves white or reddish. Cal. when in fruit de- flexed, much enlarged. Seeds whitish, finely granulated. Co- lumna’s Greek appellation compares the enlarged calyx, aptly enough, to a Goose's foot. This appears to be the only genuine species of 4sperugo,so that the specific character is superfluous. 95. LYCOPSIS. Bugloss. Linn. Gen. 78. Juss.131. Fl. Br. 220. Lam. t.92. Geritn, t.67. Echivides. Dill. Gen. 100. ¢. 3. Nat. Ord. see 7. 87. Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, oblong, acute, erect, or somewhat spreading, segments, permanent. Cor. of 1 petal, funnel-shaped; tube cylindrical, curved to one side just above the base, and recurved towards the summit ; limb in 5 rather deep, rounded segments, sometimes ob- lique, and slightly irregular; mouth closed with 5 rounded, convex, hairy, converging valves. Fi/am. very small, within the tube at its uppermost curvature. Anth. oblong, in- cumbent. Germ. 4. Style thread-shaped, half the length ofthe tube. Stigma obtuse, notched. Seeds 4, ovate, angu- lar, with a bordered scar, attached to the base.of the en- larged swelling calyx. Herbaceous, bristly and warty. Leaves for the most part sessile, alternate, often wavy, or slightly sinuated. Clus- ters terminal, solitary, or in pairs, somewhat bracteated. Fl. bright blue, or purplish. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Echium. 267 Dr. Lehmann has reduced this genus to Anchusa, with which it agrees in the bordered scar of the seed; but the curvature of the tube affords a remarkable and constant character, and I concur with Professor Hooker in keep- ing them distinct, notwithstanding the above eminent au- thority. 1. L. arvensis. Small Bugloss. Leaves lanceolate, wavy, somewhat toothed, very bristly. Stalks of the flowers and fruit erect. Limb of the corolla slightly unequal. L. arvensis. Linn. Sp. Pl. 199. Willd. v.1.780. Fl. Br. 221. Engl. Bot. v. 14. ¢.958. Curt. Lond. fasc. 5. t.17. Hook, Scot. 70. Fl. Dan. t.435. Ehrh. Pl. Off. 382. L. n. 605. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 268. Anchusa arvensis, Lehm. Asperif. 225. Bireberst. Taur.-Caucas. v. 1.123. Buglossa sylvestris minor. Raii Syn. 227. Ger. Em. 799. f. Echion. Fuchs. Hist. 268. t. 269. Echioides. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 7. In fields, waste ground, and on dry banks, common. Annual. June. Root small, tapering, whitish. Whole herb very bristly and prickly. Stem erect, branched, slightly angular, leafy, 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves light green, single-ribbed ; the lower ones bluntest, and tapering down into footstalks ; the rest sessile, or clasping the stem. Clusters in pairs, forked, revolute; erect, displaying their enlarged bristly bracteas, when in fruit. Partial stalks shorter than the calyx, erect, especially in fruit. Cal. very bristly. Cor. bright blue ; tube and valves white ; limb a little regular and inclining. Seeds hard, grey, ovate, pointed, wrinkled and granulated. 96. ECHIUM. Viper’s-bugloss. Linn. Gen. 78. Juss.130. Fl, Br. 221. Tourn. t.54. Lam. t. 94. Garin. t. 67. Nat. Ord. see 7. 87. Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, awl-shaped, upright seg- - ments, permanent. Cor. of 1 petal, bell-shaped ; tube very short; limb erect, gradually dilated upward, its margin in 5, more or less unequal, broad, rather spread- ing segments, of which the 2 uppermost are longest, the lower one smallest and most reflexed; mouth open and naked. Filam. awl-shaped, ‘unequal, declining, as long as the corolla, or longer, inserted into the tube. Anth. 568 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Echium. roundish, incumbent. Germ. 4, rounded. Style declining, the length of the stamens, often hairy. Stigma deeply cloven, “acute. Seeds 4, wrinkled or rough, obliquely pointed, attached to the base of the hardened, slightly enlarged, calyx. Herbaceous or shrubby, either bristly, or merely warty; in some instances hairy, or silky. eaves oblong. Spikes in pairs, many-flowered ; either terminal and solitary, or lateral and collected into long leafy clusters. Corolla blue, red, or white; generally larg ge and handsome. 1. E. valgare. Commen Viper’s-bugloss. Stem bristly and warty. Stem-leaves lanceolate, bristly, single-ribbed. Spikes lateral, deflexed, hairy. E. vulgare. Linn. Sp. Pl.200. Willd.v. 1.787. Fl. Br. 222. Engl. Bot. v.3. t.181. Mart. Rust. t. 136. Hook. Scot.70. Fl. Dan. t. 445. Rati Syn. 227. Ger. Em. 802. f. Bauh. Pin. 254. Clus. Hist. v. 2. 143. f. Ehrh. Pl. Off. 392. Echium. Riv. Monop. Irr. t.7. Matth. Valgr. v. 2.345. f. Camer. Epit. 737. f. E. n. 603. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 268. E. sive Buglossum sylvestre. Lob. Ic. 579. f. Buglossa sylvestris. Brunf. Herb. v. 1.111. f. 6. Huds. 83. Fl. Br. 222. E. alterum, sive Lycopsis anglica, Merr. Pin. 35. Dill.in Rai Syn. 228. E. violaceum. With. 233 ? possibly of Linneus. Echii altera species. Dod. Pempt. 631. S . Lycopsis. Rawi Syn. 227. L. altera anglica. Lob. Ic. 579. f. L. anglica. Ger. Em. 802. f. In fields and waste ground, especially on a sandy or ee. soil ; as well as on old walls, and rubbish. Biennial. June, July. Whole herb very rough with prickly bristles arising from callous Beats intermixed with smaller hairs. Stems one or more, | 2 feet high, erect or spreading, simple, round, leafy. Leaves ates lanceolate, single-ribbed, entire, dull green, tapering at the base ; the lowest stalked, Clusters terminal, leafy, com- posed of numerous, axillary, stalked pairs of coe reflexed, hairy spikes, each of numerous, crowded, large, beautiful flowers ; pink in the bud, then blue or purple, occasionally white. As the seeds ripen, each spike becomes a spreading lax cluster, like the figures indicated under our variety £, all which seem to re- present either the E. vulgare at an advanced period, or ina dwarf and starved state. Yet some of these figures having been PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Primula. 269 adopted by Linneus (through C. Bauhin) for his FE. italicum, and he having thence been led to mark that species as a native of England, it has been received into all our Floras, and pub- lished by Mr. Dickson in his Hort. Sicc. fase, 14.18, and also in Engl. Bot. v. 29. t. 1081, from garden specimens, for the Lycopsis of Ray, found plentifully, as he reports, in Jersey. The Jersey plant however, as far as I have been able to learn, has blue flowers ; whereas E. italicum is always white. Ray cites the - figure of Dodonzus, which is from the very same block with Lobel’s and Gerarde’s, as a good representation of his plant. Our E. vulgare may frequently be found very nearly answering to this figure, nor have I ever been able to detect a second species in England, whatever may be found in Jersey ; on which subject some authentic information, by means of specimens or seeds, is very desirable. Possibly E. plantaginenm, Fl. Grec. t. 179, having lateral ribs to its leaves, like the above wooden cut, may be the plant of Ray and Dodoneus. 97. PRIMULA. Primrose, and Cowslip. Linn. Gen. 80. Juss.96. Fl. Br. 222. Tourn. t.47. Lam. t. 98. Gertn. t.50. Nat. Ord. Precie. Linn. 21. Lysimachie. Juss. 34. Primit- lacee. Br. Pr. 427. N. 98 the same, also 100—102. See Grammar, 95. [ There appears little reason for Ventenat’s change of the original name of this order to Primulacee. Mr. Brown, who adopts the latter, adds the following characters to those of Jussieu, given in the Grammar. Calyx in 5, rarely 4, segments, regular, permanent. Corolla regular; limb in 5, rarely 4, divisions. Stigma capitate. Capsule with parallel, not imbricated or inflexed, valves. Seeds peltate, furnished with albumen, in which is lodged the embryo, parallel to the scar; radicle indeterminate in direction. Herbs, with mostly opposite, sometimes whorl- ed, sometimes scattered, Jeaves. See the characters of the Lentibularie, an order separated from this, p. 27. ] PRIMULA. Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, tubular,with 5 angles and 5 teeth, regu- lar, erect, permanent. Cor. of 1 petal, salver-shaped; tube cylindrical, as long as the calyx, or longer; limb spreading, in 5, rather deep, inversely heart-shaped, obtuse segments; throat concave, hemispherical, pervious. £%/am. in the throat, very short, opposite to the segments of the limb. Anth. pointed, erect, converging, not prominent. Germ, globular. Style thread-shaped, the length of the calyx. 270 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Primula. Stigma globular. Caps. cylindrical, as long as the calyx which invests it closely, of 1 cell, opening with ten acute parallel teeth. Seeds numerous, roundish, covering a cen- tral, ovate-oblong, unconnected receptacle. Herbaceous, stemless, perennial. eaves simple, mostly toothed ; tapering at the base, or stalked. FZower-stalks umbellate, bracteated. Cor. yellow, red, or purplish. 1. P. weulgaris. Common Primrose. Leaves obovate-oblong, toothed, wrinkled. Stalks single- flowered. Limb of the corolla flat. P. vulgaris. Huds. 83. Fl. Br.222, Engl. Bot.v.1.t.4. Hook. Scot. 71. . veris y, acaulis. Linn. Sp. Pl. 205. Fl. Dan. t. 194. - . veris vulgaris. Rati Syn. 284. . veris minor. Ger. Em. 781. f. . elatior 6, acaulis. Willd. v.1. 801. . acaulis. Jacq. Misc. v.1. 158. Curt. Lond. fase. 6. t. 16. n. 608. Hall. Hist. v.1. 270. . sylvarum. Lob. Ic. 568. f. Alisma sylvarum. Column. Phyt. 21. f. 6. Primula elatior. Hook. Lond. t.9. In groves, thickets, hedges and waste grassy places, abundantly. Perennial. April, May. Root somewhat fleshy, with long fibres. Leaves numerous, radi- cal, oboyvate-oblong, unequally toothed, soft and somewhat downy, reticulated with veins ; tapering gradually downward into broad short footstalks. Fl. numerous, large, sulphur- coloured, with a darker radiating spot in the middle ; their scent agreeable, though slight. Sometimes the flower-stalks form an umbel, being elevated on a common stalk, as tall as the leaves, a few remaining single from the root ; but this variety, my 8, is distinct from P. elatior. I have such a specimen from the Rev. Mr. Relhan. There is always an awl-shaped bractea at the base of each particular stalk, whether radical or umbellate. There are cultivated varieties, white, purplish, or brown, single or double, of which the double sulphur-coloured is peculiarly elegant. a Na Ha-Ha Ha Ba- lan) 2. P. elatior. Oxlip Primrose. Leaves toothed, wrinkled, contracted towards the middle. Stalk many-flowered. Limb of the corolla flat. P. elatior. With.234. Fl. Br.223. Engi. Bot. v. 8. t.513. Cul- lum 73. Hook. Scot.71. Willd. Sp, Pl.v.1. 801. Jacq. Misc. v. 1, 158. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Primula. 271 P. veris 6, elatior. Linn. Sp. Pl. 204, Fl. Dan. n. 433. t.434. P. veris altera. Camer. Epit. 884. f. P. vulgaris 6. Huds. 84. P. n. 609. Hall. Hist. v.1. 271. P. pratensis inodorata lutea. Raii Syn. 284. _Herba Paralysis. Camer. Epit. 404. f. 2. Brunf. Herb. v. 1.97. f. In woods, thickets, or pastures, rare. Perennial. 4pril. r Leaves contracted, or sinuated, about the middle, in which respect this species differs from the preceding, and more agrees with the following. The flowers are sweet-scented, all umbellate, smaller, with a less expanded limb, than in the former, or its varieties ; but larger, paler coloured, and less cup-shaped, than in the Cow- slip. It has often been supposed a mule between these two most common species ; and having often, perhaps, been confounded with the umbellate variety of the Primrose, its history and true nature have become the more obscure. 3. P. verts. Common Cowslip. Paigle. Leaves toothed, wrinkled, contracted towards the middle. Stalk many-flowered. Limb of the corolla concave. P. veris. Linn. Sp. Pl. 204. Willd. v.1. 800. Huds. 84. Fl. Br. 223. _ Engl. Bot. v.1. t.5. Hook. Scot. 71. Camer. Epit. 883. f. P. veris officinalis. Fl. Dan. n. 434. t. 433. Bull. Fr. t.171. P. veris major. Rati Syn. 284. Ger. Em. 780. f. P. officinalis. Jacq. Misc. v. 1.159. With. 234. Curt. Lond. fasc. 6. #. 15. P.n. 610. Hall. Hist. v. 1.271. Herba Paralysis. Brunf. Herb. v. 1.96. f. In meadows and pastures, chiefly on a clay, or chalky, soil. Perennial. April, May. Leaves hoary, more finely downy and soft than in either of the foregoing, contracted in the middle, so as frequently to become heart-shaped, as it were, with winged footstalks ; their margin wavy, as well as toothed. Flowers numerous, in one or more umbels, with small partial bracteas, on downy common stalks much taller than the leaves. Cal. downy. Limb of the corolla much smaller than the last, concave, or cup-shaped ; of a deeper yellow on the upper side, with 5 orange spots, or freckles, in which Shakspear has supposed their sweet odour to reside. These flowers make a pleasant soporific wine, resembling that of Elder-flowers, or the Muscat wines of the south of France. A dark-fiowered variety, called the Black Cowslip, has been sent from Bedfordshire, by the late Rev. Dr. Abbot, with the calyx divided to the base ; and from Northumberland, by Mr. Winch, with the same part unaltered. 272 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Primula. 4. P. farinosa. Bird’s-eye Primrose. Leaves toothed, even; powdery beneath. Limb of the co- rolla flat; mouth with a notched border. Stigma undivided. P. farinosa. Linn. Sp. P1.205. Willd.v. 1.802. Fl. Br. 224. Engl. Bot.v.1.t.6. Curt. Lond. fasc.6.t. 14. Hook. Scot.71. Lond. t. 133. f.6—9. Fl. Dan. t. 125. P. veris flore rubro. Ger. Em. 783. f. Clus. Pann. 340. f. Verbasculum umbellatum alpinum minus. Raii Syn. 285. Aretia n. 623. Hall. Hist. v. 1.275. In wet pastures and by rivulets, on mountains in the north of En- gland, as well as in Scotland. Perennial. June, July. Half the size of the last ; distinguished by the white mealiness of the flower-stalks and backs of the leaves, whose upper sides are green, smooth, and even ; as well as by the beautiful rose-co- loured flowers, whose mouth is surrounded with a notched yellow glandular border, which caused Haller to make this plant an Aretia, such glands forming one of the chief characters of that ~ genus. They are however more remarkable and converging in its genuine species. 5. P. scotica. Scottish Primrose. Leaves finely toothed, even; powdery on both sides. Limb of the corolla flat; mouth with a notched border. Stigma five-cleft. P. scotica. Hook. Lond. t. 133. P. stricta. Fl. Dan. t. 1385? In the north of Scotland ; the soil or situation not recorded. Found by Mr. Gibb of Inverness, on Holborn Head, near Thurso in Caithness, abundantly, also in the way from Thurso to Dun- beath. Hooker. Perennial. July. Akin to P. farinosa, but the mealiness is said to be yellower, ex- isting, more or less, on both surfaces of the leaves. Limb of the corolla violet ; its mouth not more glandular than my specimens of the last. But the calyx is rather more tumid, and the 5- notched stigma, accompanied by a furrowed style, appears to con- stitute a sound specific character. The stamens being situated a little lower in the tube is of no consequence. The variable- ness of that circumstance is well known to cultivators of the Polyanthus. Whether this be the P. stricta of Fl. Dan., can only be ascertained by specimens, which I have not seen of either. It is much to be wished that specific names, taken from particular countries, perpetually introduced by gardeners, were not sanctioned by superior authorities. It will be fortunate if stricta, the older name, should prove to belong to this species. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Cyclamen. 273 98. CYCLAMEN. Cyclamen. Sow-bread. Linn. Gen. 82. Juss. 97. Fl. Br. 224. Tourn. t.68. Lam. t.100. Nat. Ord. see 2. 97. Cal. inferior, divided half way into 5 ovate segments, per- manent, Cor. of 1 petal, wheel-shaped; tube nearly glo- bular, twice as long as the calyx, deflexed; limb many times longer than the tube, reflexed upwards, in 5 deep, lanceolate, oblique, equal segments; mouth open, naked, prominent at the circumference. Filam. very short, in the tube. Anth. straight, acute, converging, in the mouth of the corolla. Germen roundish. Style cylindrical, straight, rather longer than the tips of the anthers. Stzgma simple. Caps. globose, of 1 cell, opening at the top with 5 parallel teeth, the inside lined with pulp. Seeds numerous, some- what ovate, angular, covering a central, roundish-ovate, _ stalked, unconnected receptacle. Herbaceous, stemless, perennial, smooth. oot orbicular, depressed, intensely bitter and nauseous. Leaves varie- gated. Flower-stalks simple, spiral after flowering; some- times glandular, as well as the foot-stalks. Cor. more or less purplish, elegant. *1. C. hederifolium. Ivy-leaved Cyclamen. Leaves heart-shaped, angular, finely toothed; their ribs and footstalks roughish. C. hederifolium. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 1.810. Ait. Hort. Kew.v.1.311. Curt. Mag. t. 1001? Comp. 35. C. europeum. Fl. Br. 224. Engl. Bot. v. 8. t.548. C. hedere folio. Buuh. Pin. 308. Ger. Em. 884. f. In groves and thickets rare, scarcely indigenous. On a bank at Bramfield, Suffolk, on a wet clay soil. Mr. D. E. Davy. Perennial. April. Root globular, brown, sending out many branched fibres. Leaves beautifully variegated with dark and glaucous green ; their un- der side paler, purplish, with slightly glandular ribs. Foot-stalks round, more glandular ; tapering and wavy at the base. Flowers pendulous, on naked wavy stalks, taller than the leaves. Cor. white, or flesh-coloured ; purplish about the mouth. As the fruit advances, the flower-stalks curl spirally, and bury it in the earth. A very acrid plant, especially the root, whose acrimony is not much perceived at the first tasting, but soon becomes in- tolerable. VOL, I, T 274 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Menyanthes. 99. MENYANTHES. Buckbean. Linn. Gen. 82. Juss.98. Fl. Br.225. Tourn. t.15. Lam. t. 100. Gerin. t. 114. Nymphoides. Tourn. t. 67. Villarsia. Venten. Choix 9. Br. Pr. 456. Nat. Ord. doubtful; akin to Gentiane. Juss. 46. Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, slightly spreading, seg- ments, permanent. Cor. of 1 petal, funnel-shaped ; tube short, somewhat dilated upward; limb divided beyond the middle, into 5 spreading or recurved, more or less pointed, segments, bearded on the disk, at the base, or at the margin. Flam. awl-shaped, short, attached to the tube, alternate with the segments of the limb. Anth. cloven at the base, erect. Germ. conical. Style cylindrical, about equal to the stamens. Sézgma lobed or notched. Caps. ovate, surrounded at the lower part by the calyx, of 1 cell, and 2, more or less separable, valves. Seeds nume- rous, attached to the margins of each valve. Villarsia is kept distinct from the original Menyanthes, by Mr. Brown, after the example of 'Tournefort, Wiggers, Ventenat, and others, chiefly because of its corolla haying to each segment a bordered fringed margin; while the base of the limb, not the middle of the disk, is hairy, or bearded. The /eaves moreover are simple, not ternate. But as this able botanist is doubtful of the natural order of both his genera, which renders their limitation the more precarious; and differs from Wiggers in believing they belong to one and the same order; I greatly scruple to divide them. They are herbaceous, perennial, smooth, aquatic or bog, plants, very vascular, with stalked deaves and flowers. Leaves ternate, and flowers clustered, white or reddish, densely shaggy, in Menyanthes. Leaves simple, undivided, and ff. axillary, or clustered, mostly yellow, with a darker, elevated, naked disk, in Villarsia. 1. M. ¢rifoliata. Common Buckbean, or Bog-bean. Marsh Trefoil. Leaves ternate. Disk of the corolla densely shaggy. M. trifoliata. Linn. Sp. Pl. 208. Willd. v. 1.811. Fl. Br. 225. Engl. Bot. v.7. t.495. Curt. Lond. fase. 4. t.17. Woodv. Med. Bot. t.2. Hook. Scot.71. Fl. Dan, t.541. Bull, Fr. t.131, Bigelow Med. Bot. Amer, t. 46. i PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Menyanthes. 275 M. n. 633. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 280. M. palustre triphyllum, latifolium et angustifolium. Raii Syn. 285. M. palustre. Dalech. Hist. 1020. 2 fig. Trifolium paludosum. Ger. Em. 1194, f. In watery meadows, pools, ditches, and spongy boggy ground, fre- quent. ; Perennial. June, July. Root black, creeping, with long stout fibres. Stems ascending, round. leafy. Footstalks round, stout ; sheathing and dilated at the base. Leaflets equal, obovate, wavy, each with a thick mid- rib. Clusters stalked, each opposite to a leaf, many-flowered, erect, partly whorled. Bracteas ovate, 1 to each partial stalk. Calyx obtuse. Cor. flesh-coloured ; its filamentous clothing white ; all together very elegant. Anthers yellow. Fruit rarely seen. The whole herb is very bitter, and a powerful sudorific. An infusion of the leaves is a popular remedy for the rheumatism ; and has been recommended in gout, scurvy, ague, dropsy, &c. In small doses it is tonic. 2. M. nympheoides. Fringed Buckbean. Fringed Water-lily. Leaves heart-shaped, wavy at the edges, floating. Corolla fringed. M. nympheoides. Linn. Sp. Pl. 207. Willd.v.1.810,. Fl. Br. 226. Engl. Bot. v. 4. t.217. Fl. Dan. t.339. Villarsia nympheoides. Venten. Ch. 9. Waldschmidia nympheoides. Wigg. Holsat. 20. Nymphea lutea minor, flore fimbriato. Rati Syn. 368. In ponds, and the marginal recesses of large rivers, rare. In several parts of the Thames. At Ankerwyck, near Windsor. Bishop of Carlisle. Near Walton bridge. Earl of Darémouth. In the lake at Castle Howard, Yorkshire, brought thither from near York, by Mr. Teesdale. Sir T. G. Cullum, Bart. Perennial, July, August. Root long and stringy. Stems several feet long, round, branching, floating by means of their roundish-heart-shaped, very smooth leaves, which are mottled above, purplish beneath; involute in the bud, as in Nymphea and Nuphar. Fi. axillary, on simple ageregate stalks, without bracteas. Cor. 14 inch wide, spread- ing, yellow, with a darker radiating disk. Germen with 5 pur- plish glands at the base. Stigma 5-cleft, notched, deciduous. Caps. ovate, compressed. ' I presume to correct the erroneous construction of the specific name, as Tournefort, who has led every body else to write nym- phoides, certainly did not mean to compare the plant to a nymph, but to its fellow-creature the Nymphea., 9° iy a 276 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Hottonia. 100. HOTTONIA. Featherfoil, or Water- violet. Linn. Gen. 82; Juss.95. Fl. Br. 226. Lam. t. 100. Nat. Ord. Precie. Linn. 21. Lysimachia. Juss. 34. Primu- lacee. Br. Pr. 427. Two following genera the same. Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, linear, rather spreading segments. Cor. of 1 petal, salver-shaped; tube cylindri- cal, open, about as long as the calyx; limb flat, in 5 deep, ovate-oblong, notched, equal segments. Flam. awl- shaped, short, from the margin of the tube, each opposite to a segment of the limb. Anth. incumbent, oblong. Germen globular, pointed. Style short, cylindrical. Stigma globose, undivided. Caps. globose, pointed, of 1 cell, with 5 valves, subtended by the permanent calyx. Seeds nu- merous, roundish, covering the large, globular, central, unconnected receptacle. Herbaceous, aquatic. Leaves many-cleft, immersed, smooth. Fil. elegant, numerous, in whorled clusters, raised above the water. The stamens, as well as segments of. the flower, are occasionally 6, 7, or 8. 1. H. palustris. Water Featherfoil. Common Water- violet. Stalks solitary, many-flowered; partial stalks whorled. H. palustris. Linn. Sp. Pl.208. Willd.v.1.812. Fl. Br. 226. Engl. Bot. v. 6. t. 364. Curt. Lond. fase. 1. t.11. Fl. Dan. t. 487. Ehrh. Herb. 83. ° H. n. 632. Hall. Hist. v. 1.279. Hottonia. Boerh. Ind. Alt.v. 1.206. Raii Syn. 285. Ponted. An- thol. 272. peor iars alterum. Matth. Valgr. v. 2.511. f. Camer. Epit. Viola palustris. Ger, Em. 826. In clear ditches and ponds, on a gravelly soil. Perennial. Juie. Herbage smooth, entirely under water. Root creeping. Stems trailing, round, leafy. Leaves crowded, 3 or 4 inches long, bright green, deeply pinnatifid, with linear segments. Stalks central, solitary, naked below, rising high above the water, with numerous whorls of elegant pink, or deep rose-coloured, Jlowers, of the shape, and nearly the size, of a Primrose, making a very handsome appearance. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. = Lysimachia. 277 101. LYSIMACHIA. Loosestrife. Linn. Gen. 83. Juss.95. Fl. Br. 227. Tourn. t.59. Lam. t.101. Gertn. t. 50. Nat. Ord. see 7. 100. Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, spreading, acute segments, permanent. Cor. of 1 petal, wheel-shaped ; tube none ; limb widely expanded, in 5 deep, ovate-oblong segments. Filam. aw\-shaped, inserted into the base of the corolla, opposite to each segment. Anth. oblong, notched at each end. Germen roundish. Style thread-shaped, the length of the stamens. Stigma obtuse. Caps. globular, pointed, of 1 cell, and 10 valves, sometimes cohering in pairs. Seeds numerous, angular, covering a large, central, orbi- cular, unconnected, pitted receptacle. The stamens are, in some instances, connected at their origin. LL. Linum-stellatum, see Fl. Grec. t. 189, has really ten valves to the capsule, though combined in pairs, as in our IL. nemorum. ‘The corolla of the former indeed is Jess deeply 5-cleft than it ought, as Linnzus remarks, and’ has really a short tube. The whole genus is herbaceous, perennial, less frequently annual. eaves simple, undivided, entire; opposite or whorled ; scarcely ever alternate. FU. scentless, terminal and aggregate, or axillary and solitary, rarely axillary and ageregate. Cor. yellow; in a few white, or flesh-coloured. * Stalks many-flowered. |. L. vulgaris. Great Yellow Loosestrife. Clusters panicled, terminal. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute. L. vulgaris. Linn. Sp. Pl. 209. Willd. v. 1.816. Fl. Br. 227. Engl. Bot. v.11. t.761. Curt. Lond. fase.5. t.19. Hook. Scot.72. Fl. Dan. t. 689. Bull. Fr. t.347. L. n. 630. Hall. Hist. v. 1.278. L. lutea. Raii Syn. 282. Ger. Em. 474. f. Lysimachia. Matth. Valgr.v. 2.298. f. Camer. Epit. 686. f. In watery shady places, and reedy margins of rivers. Perennial. July. Root creeping. Stems 3 or 4 feet high, erect, leafy, with 4 or more angles, according as the leaves are 2 or more together ; simple, except at the top, where each terminates in a copious panicle of handsome yellow flowers, whose corymbose clusters are partly axillary, partly terminal ; their talks awl-shaped bracteas, and 278 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Lysimachia. pointed, fringed calyx, all more or less downy. Leaves on short stalks, 2, 3, or 4 together, 2 or 3 inches long, varying in breadth, single-ribbed, veiny ; often downy beneath. Fl. an inch broad. Stam.combined, smooth. Caps. rarely perfected. 2. L. thyrsifiora. "Tufted Loosestrife. Clusters lateral, axillary, stalked. L. thyrsiflora. Linn. Sp. Pl. 209. Willd. v.1.818. Fl. Br. 228. Engl. Bot. v.3.t.176. Dicks. H. Sicc. fasc. 18.7. Hook. Scot. 72, Fl. Dan. t.517. L.n. 631. Hall. Hist. v. 1.279. L. lutea, flore globoso. Raii Syn. 283. Ger, Em,475. f. How Phyt.71. L. lutea. Clus. Hist. v, 2. 53. both fig. Lysimachium aquatile. Dod. Pempt. 607. f. In watery places, very rare in England. In the East Riding of Yorkshire ; Mr. Dodsworth. Ray. By King’s Langley, Hertfordshire. How. In Anglesea; Mr. Lhwyd. Dil- lenius. By the side of Loch Lomond ; in a bog at Forfar; and very plentifully in the borders of a lake, 4 miles east of Forfar. Mr. J. Mackay. Ina marsh beyond Possil, North Britain ; Mr. Hopkirk ; and by the lakes of Rescabie and Balgawen, Angus- shire, frequent ; Mr. David Don. Hooker. Perennial. July. Roots creeping, with whorled fibres. Stem 1—2 feet high, round, quite simple, erect, leafy, slightly woolly. Leaves numerous, opposite, sessile, smooth, lanceolate. Fl. small, yellow, in dense, slightly branched, stalked, solitary, ovate, opposite, axillary, downy clusters, about the middle part of the stem. Cor. dotted with red, perfectly wheel-shaped, with solitary minute teeth be- tween the segments. Stam. smooth, slender, as long as the co- rolla, or longer. Capsules rarely seen. ** Stalks single-flowered, 3. L. nemorum. Wood Loosestrife. Yellow Pim- pernel. Leaves ovate, acute. Flowers solitary. Stem procumbent, Stamens smooth. L. nemorum. Linn. Sp. Pl.211, Willd. v.1.820. Fl. Br. 228. Engl. Bot, v.8.t.527. Curt. Lond. fasc, 5. t.18. Hook. Scot, 72. Fl. Dan. t.174, Ehrh, Phyt. 33. L. n. 628. Hail. Hist. v.1. 278. Anagallis lutea. Raii Syn. 282. Ger. Em. 618. f, A. flavo flore. Clus, Hist. v. 2. 182. f. In moist woods, and shady, rather watery, places. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Anagallis. 279 Perennial. May—September. Stems creeping at the base, decumbent, often pendent from banks and rocks, branched, 12 or 18 inches long, leafy, square, smooth, red and pellucid. Leaves opposite, stalked, veiny, of a bright shining green, rather succulent. Fl. of a golden yellow, about half the size of L. vulgaris, each on a simple, slender, twisting, axillary, solitary stalk, about the length of the adjoining leaf. Cal. awl-shaped. Cor. divided beyond the middle, fringed with minute glandular hairs. Stam. yellow, quite smooth. Caps. globular, of 10 narrow valves, connected in pairs, One of our most elegant, though not uncommon, plants. 4. L. Nummularia. Creeping Loosestrife. Money-~ wort, or Herb 'Twopence. Leaves somewhat heart-shaped. Flowers solitary. Stem prostrate, creeping. Stamens glandular. L. Nummularia, Linn. Sp. Pl.211. Willd. v. 1.821. Fl. Br. 229. Engl. Bot. v. 8. t.528. Curt. Lond. fase. 3.t.14. Hook, Scot. 72. Fl, Dan. t. 493. L. n. 629. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 278. Nummularia. Raii Syn. 283. Ger. Em. 630.f. Camer. Epit.755. f. In wet meadows, boggy pastures, and the borders. of rivulets. Perennial. June, July. t Herb smooth, of a pale green. Stems quite prostrate, creeping, compressed, with 4 prominent angles, a foot or 2 in length, scarcely branched. Leaves on short stalks, roundish-heart-shaped, wavy, with a small point. Flower-stalks angular, axillary, the length of the leaves. Fl. rather larger than the last, pale le- mon-coloured. Cal. ovate, or heart-shaped. Cor. clothed with glandular hairs, as are likewise the whitish stamens. Caps. sel- dom perfected, the plant increasing much by the roots. 102. ANAGALLIS. Pimpernel. Linn. Gen. 83. Juss.95. Fl. Br. 229. Tourn. t.59. Lam. t.101. Gerin. t. 50. Nat. Ord. see 7. 100. Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, spreading, acute, keeled segments, permanent. Cor. of 1 petal, wheel-shaped ; tube none; limb nearly flat, in 5 deep, roundish-ovate segments, contracted at their base. Filam. erect, slender, shorter than the corolla, clothed, in the middle part more especially, with prominent glandular hairs. Anth. heart- shaped. Germ. globose. Style thread-shaped. — Stigma capitate; or sometimes simple. Caps. globular, of 1 cell, 2980 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Anagallis. thin and pellucid, splitting horizontally into 2 hemisphe- rical valves. Seeds numerous, angular, abrupt, covering a large, central, orbicular, pitted, unconnected receptacle. Herbaceous, or slightly shrubby, annual or perennial, smooth, except the corolla and stamens. Leaves mostly opposite, often dotted, as are also the stems. FI. elegant ; scarlet, blue, or pink; on simple axillary stalks. 1. A. arvensis. Common Scarlet Pimpernel. Leaves ovate; dotted beneath. Stem procumbent. Corolla minutely notched. A. arvensis. Linn. Sp. Pl.211. Willd. v. 1.822, B. Fl. Br. 230. Engl. Bot. v. 8. t.529. Curt. Lond. fase. 1. t. 12. Hook. Scot.72. Fl. Dan. t. 88. A. n. 625. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 276. A. flore pheeniceo. Rati Syn. 282. A. mas. Ger. Em. 617. f. Matth. Valgr. v. 1. 569. f. Camer. Epit. 394. f. Brunf. Herb. v. 1. 238. f. B.A. pheenicea, foliis amplioribus, ex adverso quaternis. Pluk. Alm. 29. Rai Syn. 282, In fields and gardens, common. Annual. June— August. Root small. Stem branched from the lower part, often dotted with purple, more or less procumbent, square. Leaves sessile ; in @ four together ; ovate, many-ribbed ; dotted with purple at the back. Flower-stalks angular, longer than the leaves, twisted and recurved after flowering. Segments of the calyx lanceolate, pointed, keeled, membranous at the edges. Cor. bright scarlet, with a violet-coloured mouth ; its edges finely crenate, or mi- nutely fringed with glands. Stam. purple, hairy; dilated and smooth at the base. Anth. yellow, heart-shaped. Style purple, permanent. Stigma capitate. Caps. pale and transparent, the size of a pea, separating all round, the valves marked with some indication of longitudinal separations, which seldom take ee Seeds roughish, abrupt externally, each with a central ot. The beautiful flowers close at the approach of rain, as farmers and shepherds in general well know. They are very rarely found of a brilliant white. 2. A. carulea. Blue Pimpernel. Leaves ovate, or somewhat lanceolate; dotted beneath. Stem erect. Corolla strongly notched. A. cerulea. Schreb. Lips. 5. Abbot 46. Engl. Bot. v. 26. t, 1823. Comp. 36. Hook. Scot. 72. Fl. Dan. t. 1570. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Anagallis. 9281 A. arvensis. Willd. Sp. Pl.v. 1.821, a. Fl. Br. 230, y. Huds. 87,08. A. n. 626. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 277? A. femina. Raii Syn. 282. Ger. Em.617.f. Matth. Valgr.v.1. 570. f. Camer. Epit. 395. f, very good. In corn-fields, rare. Between Stockwell and Camberwell. Huds. In Worcestershire. Nash. Bedfordshire. Abbot. Devonshire, and near Bath - Mr. Martyn. With. At Great Saxham, Suffolk. Rev. G. R. Leathes. At Tharston, near Long Stratton, Norfolk. Rev. Mr. Burroughs. About North Luffenham, near Stamford. G. Ainslie, Esq. About Glasgow, and other places in the south of Scot- land. Hooker. Annual. July. Very like the last in every part, except the corolla being smaller, of a most vivid blue, paler beneath, its margin strongly, acutely, and unequally notched, as the cut of Camerarius very well ex- presses. The stem in that cut is, moreover, erect, which Mr. Leathes thinks essential to this species. I have not in- variably observed it to be so. There is certainly no difference in the calyx, Whether a species or variety, the Blue Pimper- nel is reported to be constantly propagated by seed. 3. A. tenella. Bog Pimpernel. Leaves roundish, somewhat pointed, stalked. Stem creeping. Stigma acute. . A. tenella. Linn. Syst. Veg. ed.14. 196. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 1.823. Fl. Br. 230. Engl. Bot. v. 8. t.530. Curt. Lond. fase. 3. t. 15. Cullum 76. Hook. Scot. 73. Don H. Br. 54. Lysimachia tenella. Linn. Sp. Pl. 211. Huds. 87. Dicks: H. Sicc. fase. 2. 12. Nummularia minor, flore purpurascente. Bauh. Prodr. 136. f. Pin. 310. Raii Syn. 283. Ger. Em. 630. f. Moris. v. 2. 567. sect. 5. t. 26. f. 2. N. rubra. Bauh, Hist. v. 3.371. f. i On wet, spongy, mossy bogs, not uncommon. Perennial. July, August. Root and stems creeping. Whole plant smooth, except the sta- mens, depressed, branched, with small, roundish-ovate leaves, finely dotted underneath. Flowers erect, rose-coloured, on slen- der stalks much longer than the leaves, and becoming twisted when in fruit. Stam. clothed with white, jointed, woolly fila- ments. -Anth. roundish, yellow. Stigma simple, rather acute. Caps. smaller than the last, but otherwise precisely similar, as well as the seeds, with which parts Linneus was unacquainted when he referred this species to Lysimachia. It yields to none of our wild plants in elegance ; and being scarcely known on 2982 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Azalea. the continent, except in the south, is a welcome present to Ger- man, Swiss and Swedish botanists. The corolla is rather funnel-shaped, as in Centunculus, and the herbage most like a Lysimachia; but the essential characters are clear. 103. AZALEA. Azalea. Linn. Gen. 85. Juss.158. Fl. Br.231. Lam. t.110.f.1. Garin. t. 63. Nat. Ord. Bicornes. Linn. 18. Rhododendra. Juss. 50. Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, acute, upright segments, coloured, permanent. Cor. of 1 petal, bell-shaped, di- vided half way into 5 nearly equal segments, whose mar- ins are inflexed. Filam. inserted into the receptacle, thread-shaped, unconnected. Anth. roundish, opening by 2 terminal pores. Germ. globular, with 5 longitudinal furrows. Style cylindrical, erect, the length of the germen, permanent. S¢igma capitate, umbilicated. Caps. roundish, with 5 deep furrows, umbilicated, crowned with the style, of 5 cells, and 5 convex, acute, cloven-pointed valves, whose inflexed edges form the double partitions. Seeds numerous, roundish, dotted, attached to an unconnected, tapering, central column. Geertner found but 2, or more commonly 3, cells to the capsule, never 5. I have found 4 or 5. That the American Azalee of the gardens must constitute a distinct genus, has long been thought. But whatever shall be determined concerning them, the plant before us is the identical Azalea, on which this genus was founded, and which alone, except perhaps A. lapponica, answers to the generic description of its author, Shrubby, depressed, evergreen. Leaves smooth, convex, entire. 4. red, on simple, aggregate, terminal stalks. 1. A. procumbens. ‘Trailing Azalea. Branches spreading and reclining. Leaves opposite, revo- lute, very smooth. A. procumbens. Linn. Sp. Pl. 205. Fl. Lapp. ed.2. 60. t.6. f. 2. Willd. v. 1.832. Fl. Br.231. Engl. Bot. v.13. t.865. Hook. Scot.73. Don H. Br. 134. Fl. Dan.t.9. Pall. Ross. v.1. p. 2. 52. te AOi fies A. n. 666. Hall. Hist. v.1.296. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Convolvulus. 283 Chamerhododendros ferruginea supina, thymi folio, alpina. Boce. Mus. 64, t.53. Chamecistus serpyllifolius. Ger. Em. 1284. f. Ch, septimus. Clus. Hist. v.1.75.f. Anonymos altera, Clus. Pann. 57. f. 58. A. fruticosa, foliis erica bacciferee Matthioli. Bauh. Hist. v. 1.527 f. On alpine moors. - On the heathy summits of most of the mountains of Scotland. Shrub. July. . Stems dwarfish, woody, rigid, round, buried in moss, with nume- rous, alternate, leafy branches, each 2 or 3 inches long, depressed, spreading in all directions. Leaves opposite, small, elliptical, obtuse, revolute, shining, on short, broad, fringed, footstalks. Flowers smali, rose-coloured, on simple, smooth, red, terminal, aggregate stalks, each stalk with a convex bractea at its base. Coat of the capsule spongy, with a deciduous cuticle. The an- thers consist of 2 cells, each cell opening by a rather wide pore, with a blunt border; nor have [ ever found them bursting longi- tudinally, as described by an eminent French writer, which is an extremely rare character in this natural order, if not absolutely inconsistent therewith. See Hooker 230. 104. CONVOLVULUS. Bindweed. Linn. Gen. 86. Juss. 133. Fl. Br. 232. Tourn. t.57. Lam. t. 104. Gerin. t. 134. Br. Pr. 482. Calystegia. Br. Pr. 483. Nat. Ord. Campanacee. Linn. 29. Convolvuli. Juss. 43. Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, small, in 5 rather deep, ovate, imbri- cated, converging, permanent segments. Cor. of 1 petal, large, bell-shaped, regular, spreading, with 5 prominent plaits, and as many very shallow lobes. Nect. a gland under the germen. Flam. from the base of the corolla, and half its length, awl-shaped, converging. Anth. ter- minal, erect, arrow-shaped. Germ. roundish. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens. Stigmas 2, spread- ing, oblong. Caps. invested with the calyx, roundish, either valvular, or bursting irregularly, of 1, 2, or 3, more or less complete, cells, with a central, unconnected, angular receptacle, whose angles are opposite to each su- ture. Seeds large, roundish, 2 in each cell, attached to the base of the receptacle. Linneeus observes there are few genera in which one part or other of the fructification does not evade a strict limitation of character. Such is the case with the seed-vessel in the very natural genus Convolvulus. 284 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Convolvulus. The plants have a milky juice. Stem leafy, herbaceous, rarely woody, generally twining, from right to left, or procumbent. eaves alternate, simple, stalked, without stipulas. Fl. axillary or terminal, on bracteated stalks ; their colours various. Ours have all axillary, reddish or white, flowers, and their roots are perennial, creeping ex- tensively. 1. C. arvensis. Small Bindweed. Leaves arrow-shaped, acute at each end. Stalks mostly single-flowered. Bracteas minute, remote from the flower. C. arvensis. Linn. Sp. Pl. 218. Willd. v. 1.844. Fl. Br. 232. Engl. Bot. v. 5. t.312. Curt. Lond. fase. 2. t.13. Mart. Rust. t.89. Hook. Scot. 73. Fl. Dan. t.459. Bull. Fr. t. 269. C.n. 664. Hall. Hist. v. 1.295. C. minor vulgaris. Rati Syn. 275. Smilax lenis minor. Ger. Em. 861. f. Helxine cissampelos. Matth. Valgr. v. 2.359. f. Camer. Epit. 753. f. Fuchs. Hist. 258. f. f. Convolvulus arvensis minimus. Raii Syn. 276. C. angustissimo folio nostras, cum auriculis.’ Pluk. Phyt. t.24.f.3. y. C. flore minimo, ad unguem feré secto. Dill. in Raii Syn. 276. In hedges, fields and gardens, very common ; an almost uncon- querable weed, especially on a gravelly soil. Perennial. June, July. Root creeping, branching, extending to a great depth. Stems nu- merous, angular, twining or prostrate, leafy, slightly downy, not much branched. eaves various in breadth, entire, smooth, on channelled downy footstalks, not one fourth of their own length. Flower-stalks as long as the leaves, sometimes divided, angular, swelling upward, bearing 2 minute, downy, lanceolate bracteas about their middle. Fv. fragrant like Heliotrope, but fainter, very beautiful, of every shade of pink, with paler or yellowish plaits, and stains of crimson in the lower part ; sometimes they are nearly white. They close before rain. Anth. red, or white. © Stigmas linear, downy, almost equal in length to the style. I have never seen the capsule or seeds. 2. C. sepium. Great Bindweed. Leaves arrow-shaped, abrupt at the posterior lobes. Stalks square, single-flowered. Bracteas heart-shaped, close to the flower. C. sepium. Linn. Sp. Pl.218. Willd. v.1.844. Fl. Br. 233. Engl. Bot. v.5. t.313. Curt. Lond. fase. 1. t.13. Mart. Rust. t. 88. Hook. Scot.74. Fl. Dan. t. 458. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Convolvulus. 285 C. n. 663. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 295. C. major. Rati Syn. 275. Bauh. Hist. v.2. 154. f. Calystegia sepium. Br. Pr. 483. Ee ae sive levis, major. Ger. Em. 861. f. Dod. Pempt. 392. f. - S. levis. Fuchs. Hist. 720.f. Matth. Valgr. v. 2.552. f. Camer. Epit. 932. f. In moist hedges, osier holts, and thickets. Perennial. July, August. Rovis long, creeping extensively, rather fleshy. Stems twining, several feet long, leafy, angular, smooth, slightly branched. Leaves nearly vertical, on smooth stalks ; pointed at the end; variously lopped at the base, which the wooden cuts of old au- thors, except Dodoneus and Gerarde, do not express. FU. soli- ‘tary, large, pure white for the most part ; occasionally of an uniform flesh-colour, or rose-colour. Stam. and Pist. white. Stigmas short and blunt. The large bracteas inclose the calyz, which is one of the characters of Mr. Brown’s Calystegia, as its name implies. I have not seen the fruit. The root has been used as a purgative, being near akin to the acrid and violent Scammony. 3. C. Soldanella. Sea Bindweed. Leaves kidney-shaped, somewhat angular. Stalks single- flowered, their angles membranous. Stems procumbent. C. Soldanella. Linn. Sp. Pl. 226. Willd.v. 1.876. Fl. Br. 233. Engl. Bot. v. 5. t. 314. C. maritimus, Soldanella dictus. Raii Syn. 276. Soldanella marina. Ger. Em. 838. f. Brassica marina. Cord. Hist. 205.2. f. Maith. Valgr.v. 1.427.f. Camer. Epit. 253. f. B. marina, sive Soldanella. Bauh. Hist.v.2.166.f. Dalech. Hist. ~ 526. f. On the sandy sea shore. Perennial. June, July. Root extensively creeping. Herb smooth, rather succulent. Stems lax, procumbent, spreading in a circular form, slightly branched, angular, often purplish, 1 to 2 feet long. Leaves on longish stalks, heart- or kidney-shaped, more or less pointed, entire, or sometimes angular. Fl. very large in proportion, and remarka- bly handsome, on long, solitary, angular stalks swelling upward, their 4 angles bordered and purplish. Bracteas ovate, close to the calyx, but rather shorter. Cor. as large as the last, of a de- licate purplish pink, with pale yellow plaits. Stigmas short, awl- shaped. Caps. roundish, somewhat lobed. Seeds large. The flowers expand in the sun-shine only, and are of short duration. 286 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Polemonium. 105. POLEMONIUM. _Jacob’s Ladder. Linn. Gen.87. Juss. 136. Fl. Br.234. Tourn. t. 61. Lam. t. 106. Gertn. t. 62. Nat. Ord. Campanacee. Linn. 29. Polemonia. Juss. 44. Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, cup-shaped, divided half way into 5 broad, rather acute, segments, permanent. Cor. of 1 petal, wheel-shaped; tube very short, closed at the top by 5 con- vex, downy valves; limb large, dilated, spreading, slightly concave, in 5 deep, roundish-ovate, obtuse, equal segments. Filam. aw\-shaped, inclining, shorter than the corolla, in- serted into the tube, between the valves, and opposite to each segment of the limb. Anth. terminal, erect, oblong; roundish after bursting. Germ. ovate, acute. Style cy- lindrical, the length of the stamens, Stigma in 3 acute, revolute segments. Caps. ovate, with 3 blunt angles, in- vested with the calyx, of 3 cells, and 3 valves, separating at the top; partitions contrary to the valves. Seeds nu- merous, oblong, triangular, attached to the innermost angle of each cell. Herbaceous, with mostly pinnate /eaves, and terminal, pa- nicled, blue or purplish, flowers. 1. P. cearuleum. Blue Jacob’s Ladder. Greek Va- lerian. Leaves pinnate. Flowers erect. Root fibrous. P. ceruleum. Linn. Sp. Pl. 230. Willd. v. 1.886. Fl. Br. 234. Engl. Bot. v.1.t.14. Hook. Scot.74. Fl. Dan. t. 255. P.n. 665. Hall. Hist. v. 1.296. P. vulgare ceruleum. Raii Syn. 288. Valeriana greca. Dod. Pempt.351.f.352. Ger. Em.1076.f. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. 212. f. In bushy places, in the north of England, and south of Scotland, but rare. At Malham Cove, in Craven, Yorkshire ; also in other parts of that neighbourhood, first found by Dr. Martin Lister ; and sub- sequently by Dr. Richardson. Raii Syn. At the Lover’s Leap, Buxton. Rev. Mr. Wood. Near Bakewell, Derbyshire; Mr. Whately; and in Gordale, Yorkshire; Mr. Gough. Withering. Two miles east of Queen’s Ferry, on the coast ; Mr. Maughan ; in Arnistone woods ; Mr. Arnott; Delvine woods ; Mr. Mur- ray. Hooker. Perennial. June. Root fibrous, not creeping. Herb nearly smooth, 14 or 2 feet high. Stem angular, leafy, hollow, often reddish, unbranched; pa- PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Campanula. 287 nicled at the top. Leaves alternate, of many elliptic-lanceolate, entire leaflets, with an odd one of nearly equal size. Fl. rather drooping, numerous, blue, occasionally white. Stalks and calyx a little downy. A common ornament of rustic gardens, of no particular qualities, notwithstanding its name of Valerian, de- rived perhaps from the leaves, which resemble those of some Valeriane, It is not known to be a Greek plant, nor does Dios- corides appear to have mentioned it. 106. CAMPANULA. Bell-flower. Linn. Gen. 88. Juss, 164. Fl. Br.234. Tourn. t.37. Lam. t. 123. Gertn. t. 31. Nat. Ord. Campanacee. Linn. 29. Campanulacee. Juss. 52. Three following genera the same. See Grammar 117. Cal. superior of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, acute, rather spreading segments; in some with intermediate, reflexed, tumid lobes; permanent. Cor. of 1 petal, bell-shaped, more or less expanded, withering; impervious at the base, com- _ bined with the calyx, and furnished at the lower part with 5 acute, converging valves, concealing the summit of the germen; limb in 5 broad, spreading, regular segments. Filam. from the point of each valve, capillary, short, re- tractile. Anth. longer than their filaments, linear, com- pressed, spreading. Germ. inferior, angular. Style thread- shaped, downy, longer than the stamens. Stigma in 2 or 3 oblong, revolute segments. Caps. roundish, obovate, or prismatic, angular and ribbed, of 3 cells, rarely 2 only, bursting by 3 torn lateral openings, between the ribs; or sometimes valvular at the summit. Seeds nume- rous, small, polished. Milky herbs; seldom shrubby. eaves almost always al- ternate; simple, or rarely compound; smooth or rough. Fi. variously situated, mostly blue, inodorous. The séze, partly very hairy, receives the pollen before it reaches the stigma, and retains it long. 1. C. rotundifolia. Round-leaved Bell-flower. Radical leaves heart- or kidney-shaped, serrated; stem-leaves linear, entire. C. rotundifolia, Linn. Sp. Pl. 232. Willd. v.1.892. Fl. Br. 235. Engl. Bot. v. 13. t. 866. Curt. Lond. fasc. 4. t.21. Hook. Scot. 74. Fl. Dan. t. 855. Ger. Em. 452. f. Raii Syn. 277 ; exclud- ing the reference to J. Bauhin. C.n, 701. Hall. Hist. v. 1.310; excluding Oeder’s syn. 988 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Campanula. C. minor rotundifolia vulgaris. Bauh. Pin. 93. C. minor alpina, rotundioribus imis foliis. Clus. Hist. v.2.173, as to the figure, which is Gerarde’s. C. sylvestris minima. Dod. Pempt. 167 ; the same figure. On heaths, walls, banks, and about the borders of fields, common. Perennial. July, August. Root somewhat creeping, rather woody. Herb smooth, dark green. Stems more or less crowded, upright, round, sometimes a little dewny, about aspan high, slightly, if at all, branched, each termi- nating in a loose cluster of a few drooping, blue flowers, on long, slender, tremulous stalks, with an awl-shaped bractea to each. The radical eaves are numerous, heart-shaped, with a blunt point, and 4 or 5 bluntish serratures at each side; their footstalks thrice as long as the leaves, linear and very narrow ; some of these leaves are often kidney-shaped ; others ovate, or lanceo- late, and entire. They all usually wither very soon, so that the plant, when in flower, is found with stem-leaves only, which are long, ligear, acute, entire and very narrow, tapering at the base into short footstalks. Segments of the calyx linear-awl-shaped, entire, spreading. Cor. thrice as long, twisted in decay. Cap- sule roundish. Sometimes, though rarely, the flowers are white. On mountain rocks this species may perhaps assume a more humble stature, with fewer flowers ; nor are such variations unusual with it in barren ground. One of them was originally taken for C. uniflora of Linnzus, a very different plant, by Mr. Hudson ; and probably by Ray for C. alpina rotundifolia minor, of Bauh. Prodr,34. This latter is really C. parva Anguillare Cantabrica, Bauh. Hist. v. 2.796; and there is a good figure in each of these places. It is C.n.702 of Haller; C. ¢.189 of Fl. Dan.; and C. pumila of Dr. Sims in Curt, Mag. t.512 ; being C. cespitosa of Villars, and of Scopoli, as well as pusilla of Henke in Jacq. Coll v.2.79. In our gardens it is usually white, and grows luxuriantly under a frame, or in the open border ; being doubt- less a constant and very distinct species, characterized by the numerous serrated, obovate or lanceolate, stem-leaves ; to say nothing of its smaller size, and brighter green hue. I have no authority for believing that. this C. cespitosa, for so it should be called, has ever been seen wild in Britain. In the Fl. Brit. I re- lied on former authors, who have every one of them committed some error in the synonyms, which the detail here given will enable the reader to trace. 2. C. patula. Spreading Bell-flower. Radical leaves obovate, or elliptic-lanceolate; the rest linear- lanceolate ; all even, crenate and roughish. » Stem with several fringed angles. Panicle spreading. Calyx minutely toothed. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Campanula. 289 C. patula. Linn. Sp. Pl. 232. Willd.v. 1. 896. Fl. Br. 235. Engl. Bot. v. 1. ¢.42, Hook. Lond. t.51. Fl. Dan, t.373,. Purton v. 3.342. C. n. 698. Hall. Hist.v. 1.309. C. esculentz facie, ramis et floribus patulis. Dill. Elth. 68. t.58. C. minor alba, sive purpurea. Ger. Em. 452. f.? In pastures, borders of fields, and hedges, rare. On the outside of Buddon wood, Leicestershire. Mr. Woodward. In many parts of Worcestershire and Staffordshire. Withering. Near Holt, Norfolk. Rev. R. B. Francis. At Cobham, Surry. Engl. Bot. In several parts of that county and Kent. Mr. Graves. In many places about Alcester. Purton. Biennial. July, dugust. Root small, tapering, white. Stem erect, 2 feet high, leafy, having about 5 angles, fringed with short deflexed hairs ; panicled and spreading at the summit. Radical leaves stalked, spreading, obovate, elliptical, or oblong, obtuse, bluntly crenate, roughish, or fringed ; turning yellow, and withering when the flowers ap- pear ; the stem-leaves are alternate, sessile, lanceolate or linear, acute, less crenate, and rather smoother. F1. of a fine blue, larger than the preceding, more tapering at the lower part ; the limb ribbed, gradually spreading. Segments of the calyx awl-shaped, with one or more livid teeth on each side, towards the base. The herbage, though bitter and milky, is often eaten by cattle. 3. C. Rapunculus. Rampion Bell-flower. _ Leaves wavy, crenate, ay oe radical ones elliptic-lan- ceolate. Stem angular; hairy below. Panicle compact. Calyx entire. C. Rapunculus. Linn. Sp. Pl. 232. Willd.v. 1.896. Fl. Br. 236. Engl. Bot. v. 4. t.283. Hook. Lond. t.80, Fl. Dan. t. 855. C.n. 699. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 310. Rapunculus. Camer. Epit. 221. f.bad. Matth. Vailgr. v. 1. 397. f. much worse ; like a Linum. R. esculentus. Bauh. Pin. 92. Raii Syn. 277. Rapuntium parvum, Ger. Em. 453. f. Rapum sylvestre. Fuchs. Hist. 214. f. Fe. 122. Raponeoli. Brunf. Herb. v. 2. 84. f. On banks, and about the borders of fields, not common. About Old Buckenham castle, Norfolk. Mr. Pitchford. In many parts of Kent and Surry, as well as in other places, on a gravelly soil ; having formerly perhaps escaped from gardens. Biennial, July, August. : a) Root spindle-shaped, white, milky, sweet, with a bitterish pun- gency ; when cultivated, milder. It was formerly eaten raw, or variously dressed. Stem a yard high, leafy, angular, more or VOL. I. u 290 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Campanula, less rough all over its lower part. Leaves longer, broader, and more uniform, than in the last species ; the,lower ones taper- ing into footstalks. Panicle long, cylindrical, of a regular series of shortish, unequal, aggregate or subdivided, smooth, bracteated stalks. Cal. slender, almost entirely without teeth. Cor. light blue, swelling in the lower part. 4. C. persicifolia. Peach-leaved Bell-flower. Leaves smooth, slightly serrated; radical ones obovate; those of the stem linear-lanceolate, sessile, remote. Stem round, very smooth, with few flowers. C. persicifolia. Linn. Sp. Pl. 232. Fl. Suec. ed. 2.66. Willd. v.1. 897. Don H. Br.180. Hook. Scot.74. Fl. Dan. t.1087. Bull. Fr. t.367. Fl. Grec. v.3. 4. t. 205. Ger. Em. 451. f. Lob. Ic. 327. f. Scop. Carn. ed..2.v.1. 149. C. n. 697. Hall. Hist. v. 1.307. C. persice folio. Clus. Hist. v.2.171. f. C. media. Dod. Pempt. 166. f. Phyteuma. Maith. Valgr. v, 2. 533. f. bad. In woods in Scotland. Near Cullen. Don. Perennial. July. Root somewhat creeping. Stems 1} or 2 feet high, erect, simple, round, pale, very smooth, more or less leafy. Leaves long and narrow, with very shallow serratures, especially the uppermost, which are acute, and nearly entire. Fl. very large, above an inch wide, of a fine blue, erect. Germen often hairy, as Scopoli re- marks ; but this character is not invariable. Segments of the calyx long, lanceolate, entire, very smooth and even. Haller erroneously applies to this species Linnzus’s remark of the toothed calyx in C. patula. The flowers are often solitary in wild specimens. In gardens, where they are generally double, and often of a brilliant white, there are always several on each stem. This plant being a native of most parts of the continent, from Sweden to Greece, may well be found also in Scotland, and I concur with Professor Hooker in admitting it. Mr. G. Don’s specimens have a perfectly wild aspect. 5. C. latifolia. Giant Bell-flower. Leaves roughish, ovate-lanceolate. Stem unbranched, round. Stalks single-flowered. Fruit drooping. C. latifolia. Linn. Sp. Pl. 233. Willd. v.1.900. Fl. Br. 236. Engl. Bot. 5. t.302. Hook. Sce:t. 75. Fl. Dan. t. 85. C.n. 691. Hall. Hist. v. 1.307. : C, maxima, foliis latissimis. Bauh. Pin. 94. Raii Syn. 276. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Campanula. 291 C. pulchra. Bauh. Hist. v. 2.807. f. Trachelium majus Belgarum, sive giganteum. Ger. Em. 448. f. In moist woods and thickets, by the sides of rivulets. Not unfrequent in Scotland, and the north of England ; more rare in the south. In Forehoe wood near Kimberley, Norfolk. Mr. Rose. In Suffolk, on a clay soil. Mr. Woodward. Near Dunstable. Rev. Dr. dbbot. In shady woods at Matlock bath, Derbyshire. Perennial. July, August. Root rather fleshy, very milky, as well as the whole herb. Séeit erect, 3 or 4 feet high, quite simple, leafy, round, with several slightly prominent ribs, roughish with fine hairs. Leaves nu- merous, alternate, on short stalks, ovate, pointed, doubly and bluntly serrated, veiny, finely hairy, 3 or 4 inches long; the uppermost lanceolate. Panicle terminal, but slightly branched, leafy; the upper leaves diminishing to linear, mostly entire, bracteas. Fl. erect, large, deep blue; in gardens sometimes white, with a purple eye. Calyx lanceolate, pointed, entire, or partly serrated. Caps. pendulous, hemispherical, smooth. It varies with a spreading panicle and smoother leaves. + 6. C. rapunculoides. Creeping Bell-flower. Leaves roughish; radical ones heart-shaped, crenate, stalk- ed; uppermost sessile, lanceolate. Flowers drooping, uni- lateral, in a terminal, bracteated, upright cluster. Calyx reflexed. C. rapunculoides. Linn. Sp. Pl. 234. Willd. v.1.901. Fl. Br. 237° Engl. Bot. v. 20. t. 1369. Hook, Scot. 75. Fl. Dan. t. 1327- Don H. Br. 55. C. Trachelium. Bull. Fr. t.319. C. n. 692. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 307. C. repens, flore minore ceruleo. Bauh. Hist v. 2. 806. f. bad. C. hortensis, Rapunculi radice repente. Moris. v. 2. 460. sect. 5. t.3. f.32. In woods and fields, but rare. In some woods in Oxfordshire, amongst yew trees. Buddle’s her- barium. At Blair in Scotland. Dr. Skrimshire. In corn-fields 2 miles north-west from Kirkcaldy, where it is considered as a troublesome weed ; Mr. Chalders. Hooker. Perennial. July, August. Root creeping widely. Stems 18 inches or 2 feet high, erect, leafy, slightly angular, roughish with minute deflexed hairs, simple, ex- cept some small rudiments of branches rarely protruded. Leaves veiny, rugged, scarcely roughish to the touch, bluntly and un- equally serrated, of a rather deep shining green ; radical ones very like those of Violets, heart-shaped, on long stalks ; upper ones sessile, deflexed, ovate, or lanceolate ; gradually diminish- u 2 292 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Campanula. | ing to the lanceolate, or linear, bracteas, of the long, straight, simple, many-flowered, terminal cluster. Fl. on very short stalks, bright purplish blue, hairy, half the size of the last, droop- ing all to one side. Cal. recurved, rough-edged, entire, not ser- rated. Caps.roundish, with 3 prominent angles, opening by 3 large intermediate pores near its base. 7. C. Trachelium. Nettle-leaved Bell-flower. Stem angular. Leaves lanceolate, partly heart-shaped, sharp- ly serrated, bristly as well as the calyx. Stalks axillary, with few flowers. C Trachelium. Linn. Sp. Pl. 235. Willd. v.1.903. Fl. Br. 238. Engl. Bot.v. 1. t.12. Hook. Lond. t.109. Scot,75. Fl. Dan. t. 1026. C n. 690. Hail. Hist. v. |. 307. C, valgatior, foliis urticee, vel major et asperior. Bauh. Pin. 94. Raii Syn. 276. C. Cervicaria dicta. Fuchs. Hist. 431. t.432. Trachelium majus. Ger. Em. 448. f. Uvularia major. Trag. Hist. 926. t. 927. Cervicaria major. Dod. Pempt. 164. f. In groves, thickets, and hedges, frequent. Perennial. July. Root thick, and rather woody. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, simple, straight, leafy, with several slightly winged and roughish angles. Leaves harsh, coarsely and unequally serrated, taper-pointed, ribbed ; the lowest large, on long stalks, heart-shaped, much resembling the Common Perennial Nettle ; the upper ones on shorter stalks, and more lanceolate, or ovate. Fl. on shortish, simple or divided, stalks, from the bosoms of many of the upper- most leaves, large, deep blue, sometimes white. Cal. simply 5- cleft, generally bristly at the base and margin. Cor. perfectly bell-shaped, more or less fringed. ‘The bristles of the leaves are often as pungent as those of a Nettle, though not venomous. The name Trachelium, from tpaynaos, the neck, alludes to the re- puted virtues of this plant in disorders of the throat, to which the other appellations of old authors allude. A decoction of the herb, which is bitter and somewhat acrid, was used as a gargle. 8. C. glomerata. Clustered Bell-flower. Stem angular, simple. Flowers sessile, most of them in a terminal head. Leaves ovate, crenate. C. glomerata. Linn. Sp. Pl. 235. Willd. v.1.903. Fl. Br. 238. Engl. Bot. v. 2.t.90. Hook. Scot. 75. C. n. 685. Hall. Hist. v. 1.305. C. pratensis, flore conglomerato. Bauh. Pin. 94. Raii Syn. 277. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Campanula. 293 Trachelium minus. Ger. Em. 449. f. T. alpinum, floribus conglomeratis. Herm. Parad. 235. t. 235. Rapunculus calyculatus. Barrel. Ic. t.523. f. 3. Gentiana collina. With. 282. t.11.f.8. From the author. In dry open chalky pastures. Perennial. July, August. Root rather woody, with long fibres. Stem from 1 to 18 inches high, never branched unless injured, erect, straight, angular, hoary with short deflexed hairs. Radical and lower stem-leaves oblong-heart-shaped, on long stalks; upper ones more acute, ovate, sessile, clasping the stem; all crenate, hoary all over with short close hairs; paler at the back. Fl. of a purplish, deep, but rich, blue, most of them in a dense terminal head, subtended by 2 broad, concave, pointed, hoary bracteas ; a few occasionally, solitary or in pairs, sessile from the bosoms of the upper leaves. Cal. simply 5-cleft, hoary. Cor. rather cylindri- cal, hairy, about one third the size of the last. In a cultivated state the herbage becomes over luxuriant, and less _ hoary; the flowers paler, more numerous, but far less handsome. Such is the case with many of the true chalk-country plants. ele oe hybrida. Corn Bell-flower. Stem often branched from the base, straight. Leaves oblong, crenate, wavy. Corolla widely spreading, shorter. than the calyx. Capsule prismatic. C. hybrida. Linn. Sp. Pl. 239. Willd. v.1.913. Fl. Br. 239. Iingl. Bot. v. 6. #.375. C.n. 704. Hall. Hist. v.1.311. C. arvensis erecta. Raii Syn. 278. Moris. v. 2.457. sect. 9. t. 2. f. 22. Speculum Veneris minus. Ger. Em. 439. f. Onobrychis altera Belgarum et Dodonei. Lob. Ic. 418. f. In dry or chalky corn-fields. Annual. August. Root small, tapering. Herb barely a span high, pale greyish green, rough with prominent, rigid, minute hairs, especially the stem, and the undulating margins of the oval sessile leaves. Fl. few, terminal, solitary, sessile. Segments of the calyx lanceolate, spreading, rough. Cor. scarcely half their length, almost wheel- shaped, with 5 plaits, deep blue, with a pale centre. Germen much lengthened after impregnation, becoming a long triangu- lar, downy capsule, opening towards the summit by 3 lateral pores. > 10. C. hederacea. Ivy-leaved Bell-flower. Stem flaccid, much branched, procumbent. Leaves stalked, smooth, heart-shaped, with angular lobes. 294 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Phyteuma. C. hederacea. Linn. Sp. Pl. 240. Willd. v.1.916. Fl. Br. 239. Engl. Bot. v.2.t.73. Hook. Scot.75. Lond. t.93. Dicks. Dr. Pl.56. H. Sicc. fasc. 10. 9. Fl. Dan. t. 330. bad. C. Cymbalarie foliis. Rait Syn. 277. Ger. Em. 452. f. Bauh. Prodr. 34. Moris. v. 2. 456. sect. 5. t.2. f. 18. Pluk. Phyt. t. 23. f. 1. C. folio hederaceo. Bawh. Hist. v. 2.797. f. In watery shady places, not general. Abundant in Cornwall, and many parts of the west of England, as well as about Sheffield, Yorkshire. Ray. In Bagley wood, near Oxford. Lawson. In Wales; Dr. Richardson. Dill. In Sus- sex abundant. Hudson, Dickson, and Borrer. On a bog near High-Beech, Epping forest. Mr. E. Forster. On Hartlebury Common, Worcestershire. Rev. T. Butt. In the County of Cork, Ireland. Mr. J.T. Mackay. In several parts of the low- lands of Scotland, and in the Scilly islands, Hooker. Perennial. June—August. A delicate little smooth plant, whose long, trailing, entangled, variously branched séems creep very far. Leaves about 3 an inch wide, rarely a little hairy, scattered, on longish slender stalks, heart-shaped, -with 5 acute principal angles, and a few smaller intermediate ones. F/. terminal, solitary, on long slender stalks, more or less drooping, short-lived, light blue. Segments of the calyx awl-shaped, entire, permanent, the capsule opening at the summit, between them, with 3 valves, though even dried specimens have indications of lateral pores, which do not open. Seeds numerous, minute. 107. PHYTEUMA. Rampion. Linn. Gen. 89. Juss. 165. Fl. Br. 240. Lam. t.124. Garin. t.30. Rapunculus. Tourn. t. 38. . Nat. Ord. see 7. 106. Cal. superior, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, acute, rather spreading segments, permanent. Cor. of 1 petal, wheel-shaped, in 5 deep, linear, acute, recurved segments. Filam. thread- shaped, dilated at the base, scarcely attached to the co- rolla, much shorter than its segments. Anth. oblong. Germ. inferior, angular. Style cylindrical, curved, longer than the stamens. Stigma in 2 or 3 spreading segments. Caps. roundish, of 2 or 3 cells, with strong ribs, between which it bursts by three irregular openings. Seeds nume- rous, small, obovate. Herbaceous, mostly perennial, milky, . generally nearly smooth. FJ. blue, numerous, spiked or capitate. Leaves PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Jasione. 295 simple, crenate or entire; in some almost grassy. Most of the oriental species bear scattered flowers ; and one, Ph. pinnatum, see £1. Grac. t. 220, has compound leaves. 1. Ph. orbiculare. Heuedteaded Rampion. Flowers in a roundish head. Leaves crenate; radical ones heart-shaped, or elliptic-lanceolate. Ph. orbiculare. Linn. Sp. Pl. 242. Willd. v. 1.921. Fl. Br. 240. Engl. Bot. v. 2. t.142. Hook. Lond. t.55. Jacq. Austr. t. 437. Rapunculus n. 681. Hall. Hist. v.1. 304. R. corniculatus. Riv. Monop. Irr, t.109.f. 1. R. corniculatus montanus. Raii Syn. 278. Ger. Em. 455. f. R. corniculatus, folio oblongo, spica orbiculari. Moris. v. 2. 463. sect. 5. t.5. f. 47. R. corniculatus ceruleus minor. Parrel. Ic. t.525. Rapuntium montanum rarius,-corniculatum. Column. Ecphr. 223. t. 224. In pastures, and by road sides, on a chalky soil, but rare. On the downs of Sussex and Hampshire, in many places. Ray. In several parts of Surrey and Kent. Hudson, Hooker. Plentiful near Leatherhead. Perennial. August. Root long and woody, divided at the crown. Herb milky, not acrid. Stems solitary, simple, leafy, somewhat angular, smooth, a foot high, or more. Leaves smooth, crenate, with a midrib and many reticulated veins ; the earliest radical ones heart- shaped; the next, like those on the lower part of the stem, el- liptic-lanceolate ; all on long stalks : those on the upper part ovate or lanceolate, sessile, fringed at the base. Fl. of an in- tensely brilliant deep blue, numerous, inodorous, sessile, forming a round head, accompanied by several close, ovate-lanceolate, leafy bracteas. As the 3-celled capsules ripen, the head be- comes oval, and the parts of the flower, after lasting long in a faded state, are finally, as Professor Hooker observes, deciduous, except the fringed calyx. The figures of Morison and Bar- relier are copied from that of Columna. 108. JASIONE. Sheep’s-bit. Linn. Gen. 455. Juss. 166. Fl. Br. 241. Lam. t. 724. Gertn. t. 30. Nat. Ord. see 7. 106. Cal. superior, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, acute segments, perma- nent. Cor. wheel-shaped, in 5 deep, lanceolate, equal, straight, moderately spreading segments, Filam. awl- shaped, short. Anth. oblong; combined at the base. 296 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Lobelia. Germ. roundish, inferior. Style cylindrical, erect, longer than the stamens. Stigma cloven; in some flowers club- shaped and only slightly notched. . Caps. bladdery, round- ish, with 5 angles, imperfectly 2-celled, opening by a round pore at the top; the partitions perpendicular, opposite, not completely meeting. Seeds numerous, elliptic-oblong, very minute, covering a globular, stalked, unconnected _ receptacle, in the bottom of the capsule. The central flowers having often a club-shaped stigma, are abortive, while their anthers are the most perfect. Herbaceous, with simple eaves, and aggregate blue flowers. Only one certain species. See Curt. Mag. t. 2198. 1. J. montana. Common Sheep’s-bit. Sheep’s Sca- bious. J. montana. Linn. Sp. Pl. 1317. Willd. v. 1. 888. Fl. Br. 241. Engl. Bot. v. 13. t. 882. Curt. Lond. fasc. 4. t. 58. Hook. Scot.76, Fl. Dan. t.319. Rapunculus n. 678. Hall. Hist. o. 1.303. R. Scabiose capitulo ceruleo. Bauh. Pin. 92. Raii Syn. 278. Rapuntium alterum leptophyllon capitatum. Column. Ecphr. 226. t. 227. Scabiosa minima hirsuta. Ger. Em. 723. f. S. media. Lob. Ic. 536. f. In dry sandy fields, and heathy ground, plentiful. Annual. June, July. Root tapering, rather woody, said to be occasionally perennial in the south of Europe ; see Willdenow. Herb rough with short. rigid hairs. Stems several, a span high, simple or branched, roundish, leafy. Leaves sessile, oblong, bluntish, wavy, entire or unequally serrated, gradually smaller from the root upwards, alternate. Fl. small, in round, solitary, terminal tufts, on short partial stalks, each tuft surrounded by several ovate bracteas, analogous to those of Phytewma, which Linneus esteemed a ge- neral calyx, misled by the idea of a compound flower, suggested probably by the combined anthers. Corolla light blue. Stigma purplish. This plant is closely related to Phytewma; but the partitions of the capsule, and its terminal entire orifice, added to the combined. anthers, afford perhaps good marks of generic distinction. 109. LOBELIA. Lobelia, Linn. Gen. Pl. 456. Juss, 165. Fl. Br.242. Lam. t.724. Rapuntium. Tourn.t.51. Garin. ¢. 30. Nat. Ord. see 7. 106. PENTANDRIA~—MONOGYNIA. Lobelia. 297 Cal. superior, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, small, nearly regular, per- manent segments, surrounding the summit of the germen. Cor. of 1 petal, irregular; tube cylindrical, longer than the calyx, split along the upper side; limb in 5 deep, lan- ceolate segments; the 2 uppermost small, most reflexed, and most deeply separated, constituting the upper lip; the rest more spreading, generally larger, forming the under lip. Filam. awl-shaped, the length of the tube, combined at the top. Anthers united into a cylinder, more or less curved at the extremity, separating after a while at the base into 5 parts. Germen pointed, inferior. Style cylindrical, as long as the stamens. Stigma. capi- tate, hairy. Caps. elliptical, angular, of 2 or 3 cells and _ as many valves, bursting at the top, within the circum- ference of the calyx; partitions ccntrary to the valves. Seeds numerous, minute, covering the conical recep- tacle. Herbaceous or shrubby, milky, acrid. Leaves simple, un- divided. J. racemose or solitary, various in colour, in- odorous. Pubescence various. 1. L. Dortmanna. Water Lobelia. Leaves linear, entire, of two longitudinal cells. Stem nearly naked. L. Dortmanna. Linn. Sp. Pl. 1318. Willd.v.1.938. Fl. Br. 242. Engl. Bot.v.2.¢.140. Lightf.505. t.21. Hook. Scot.76. Fi. Dan. t. 39. Dortmanna lacustris, floribus sparsis pendulis. Rudb. Act. Suec. ann. 1720. 97. t. 2. Gladiolus palustris. Bauh. Pin.41. Rudb. Elys.v. 2. 17. f.7. G. lacustris Dertmanni. Clus. Cur. Post. 40. f. Raii Syn. #287. G. lacustris. Ger. Em. 105. f. In the lakes of Wales, Scotland, Ireland, and the north of England. Abundant in those of North Wales and Scotland. Richardson, Lightfoot. In most of the lakes, with clear gravelly bottoms, in Westmoreland and Cumberland. Perennial, July. Root of many long, simple, whitish fibres. Herb smooth, immersed in water like the Hottonia. Leaves numerous, 2 inches long, mostly radical, obtuse, recurved, tumid, divided internally, by a longitudinal partition, into 2 cells. Stem solitary, erect, round, hollow, slightly leafy, terminating in a simple cluster of light blue, drooping, alternate flowers, raised several inches above the water. Bracteas small, solitary, at the base of each partial stalk. Cor. bearded at the mouth, as are the anthers at their tips. Cap- 298 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA._ Impatiens. sule elliptic-oblong, with 5 angles, crowned, a little below the summit, with the upright calyz. 2. L. urens. Acrid Lobelia. Stem nearly upright. Lower leaves obovate, slightly toothed ; upper lanceolate, serrated. Clusters terminal. L. urens. Linn. Sp. Pl. 13821. Willd.v.1.946. Fl. Br. 243. Engl. Bot. v.14. t.953. Curt. Lond. fusc. 6. t. 63. Dicks. H. Sice. fasc. 16.9. Bull. Fr. t. 9. Rapunculus galeatus blesensis, seu soloniensis, flore violaceo mi- nore. Moris. v, 2.467. sect.5. t.5. f.56. Rapuntium urens soloniense. Bocce. Sic. 21. t. 11.f.3. Draba flore ceruleo galeato. Bauh. Pin. 110. Prodr, 53. On bushy heaths in Devonshire. On Shute Common, between Axminster and Honiton. Mr New- berry. On the slope of Kilmington hill, two miles from Axmin- ster; Lord Webb Seymour. Curtis. Near Ottery St. Mary. Miss Burgess. Perennial. August, September. Root fibrous. Stem a foot or more in height, branched, leafy, an- gular, roughish, not hairy. Leaves alternate, oblong, with shal- low, irregular, tooth-like serratures, nearly smooth ; the lower- most stalked. Clusters erect, long, simple, lax, with short, roughish partial stalks, and linear-lanceolate bracteas. Calyx and germen rough. Corolla light purplish blue, downy, with a pale ribbed tube not an inch in length. Anthers incurved, downy externally, blackish. Caps. of 2 cells. The whole herb is milky, fetid, and very acrid. 110. IMPATIENS. Balsam. Linn, Gen. 458. Fl. Br.243. Riv. Tetrap. Irr. t.121. Lam. t. 725. Balsamina. Juss. 270. Tourn. t.235. Riv. Tetrap. Irr. t. 120. Gerin. t.113. : Nat. Ord. Corydales. Linn. 24. Akin to Gerania. Juss. 73. Perhaps allied in some points to Corchorus. Cal. inferior, small, of 2 roundish, pointed, concave, lateral, rather unequal, coloured, deciduous leaves. Cor. of 5 unequal petals, ringent; upper one roundish, flat, erect, slightly 3-cleft, pointed in the middle, constituting the upper lip; lower pair very large, reflexed, dilated out- wards, obtuse, irregular, constituting the lower lip; inter- mediate pair opposite, at the base of the upper lip, some- times united to the lower petals, sometimes wanting. Nec- tary of 1 leaf, tubular, oblique at the mouth, whose upper edge is attached to the receptacle, tapering at the base PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Impatiens. 299 into a curved spur. lam. from the receptacle, very short, incurved, narrower towards the base. Anth. com- bined at the base. Germ. superior, of 5 cells, ovate, pointed. Style none. Stigma simple, shorter than the anthers. Caps. ovate-oblong, of 5 cells, and 5 linear valves, separating elastically, and curyed spirally inwards. Seeds several, oval, attached to a membranous-bordered central column. =~ Annual herbs, with a branched, very succulent, leafy stem. Leaves undivided, serrated. FV. axillary, stalked, pendu- lous, red or yellow, inodorous, very ornamental. 1. I. Nok-me-tangere. Yellow Balsam. Touch me not. Stalks solitary, many-flowered. Leaves ovate. Joints of the stem swelling. I. Noli-me-tangere. Linn. Sp. Pl. 1329. Willd. v.1.1176. Fl. Br.243. Engl. Bot.v.14. t.937. Hook. Scot.76. Fl. Dan. t. 582, Impatiens. Riv. Tetrap. Irr. t. 121. I.n. 557. Hall. Hist.v. 1.239. I. herba. Dod. Pempt. 699. f. Balsamine lutea, sive Noli me tangere. Raii Syn. 316. Balsamina lutea polonica. Barrel. Ic. t. 1197. Noli me tangere, Balsamita altera, Column. Ecphr. 149. t. 150. Persicaria siliquosa. Ger. Em. 446. f, In watery shady places in the North, but rarely. In several parts of Westmoreland ; also in Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Wales. Ray. On the banks of Wynandermere, in little brooks, and watery places, near Rydall hall, plentifully. Aunual. July, August. Root fleshy, with numerous, entangled, horizontal fibres. Herb smooth. Stem erect, pellucid, 12 or 18 inches high, very juicy, Leaves alternate, stalked, ovate or elliptical, sharply serrated ; the lowermost serratures crowded and elongated. Stipulas none. Fi. large and handsome, yellow, spotted internally with red, 4 or 5 together, on branching axillary stalks. Caps. succulent ; when nearly ripe elastic, bursting asunder with the slightest touch, and scattering its seeds. In a dry garden the corolla is often abortive. The leaves wither very soon after gathering ; but I cannot find that they hang down in a flaccid state during the night, as Villars reports, whatever may be the case after a day of southern sunshine, as he saw them in Dauphiny. Dodo- nzus speaks of this as a plant of pernicious qualities : and Ray says it is dangerously diuretic. 300 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Viola. lll. VIOLA. Violet. Linn. Gen. 457. Juss.294. Fl. Br.244. Sm.in Rees’s Cycl. v. 37. Tourn. t. 236. Lam. t.725. Gerin. t.112. : Nat. Ord. Campanacee. Linn. 24. Allied to Cisti. Juss. 80. Violacea. Venten. Malmais. 27. Decand. 17. [Ventenat declares, after Jussieu, that Vola is the type of a natural order, presumed to exist, but of which no other genus is known. It were better to say it cannot be referred to any known order; for though it possesses here and there a character of several different orders, it is hardly allied, on the whole to any one.] Cal. inferior, permanent, of 5 ovate-oblong, erect, equal, acute leaves, inserted above their obtuse base; 2 of them subtending the uppermost petal; one each of the lateral petals; and one the 2 lowermost. Cor. irregular, of 5 un- equal petals; the uppermost solitary, broadest, most ob- tuse, slightly cloven, directed downward (the position of the flower being reversed), terminating at the base in a horn-shaped blunt nectary, projecting betwixt the calyx- leaves; 2 lateral petals opposite, equal, obtuse, straight ; 2 lowermost (turned upward) equal, larger. Filam. very small, 2 of which, adjoining the odd petal, have 2 com- bined spurs, which enter the nectary. -Anth. broad, con- verging, scarcely connected, obtuse, each terminating in a membranous point. Germ. superior, roundish. Style thread-shaped, projecting beyond the anthers. Stigma oblique, pointed or concave. Caps. ovate, triangular, ob- tuse, of 1 cell and 3 rigid, finally reflexed, valves. Seeds several in each cell, ovate, polished, attached to the linear central receptacle of each valve. The stigma of V. odorata, and its allies, is a simple hooked point; in V. ¢ricolor, and others of the Pansy tribe, it is a hollow knob, perforated at the summit, and gaping oc- casionally. The flower is reversed, or inverted, in all the Europzean species; in most of the Indian ones erect. The species are numerous, almost entirely herbaceous, and of humble stature. Stem trailing, or erect, or wanting. Leaves stalked, simple, mostly alternate; in some instances deeply divided ; in all crenate, or serrated. Stipulas in pairs, various and remarkable. F/. on simple stalls, va- riously coloured; very often streaked in a radiant man- ner, like Veronica. One species especially is highly fra- grant, and gives its name to a peculiar deep purplish-blue PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Viola. 301 colour, as well as to a delicious scent, resembling its own, in the root of Iris florentina, and a few cryptogamic vege- tables. 1. V. herta. Hairy Violet. Stem none. Leaves heart-shaped, rough with hairs, as well as their footstalks. Calyx-leaves obtuse. Lateral petals with a hairy central line. V. hirta. Linn. Sp. Pl. 1324. Willd. v.1.1162. Fl. Br. 244. Engl. Bot v.13. t.894. Curt. Lond. fase. 1. t.64. Hook. Scot. 76. Fl. Dan. t. 618. V.n. 559. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 240. V. martia major hirsuta inodora. Moris. v. 2. 475. sect. 5. t.35.f. 4. Raii Syn. 365. . V. fol. Trachelii, serotina hirsuta, radice lignosa. Merr. Pin. 125. Viola. Brunf. Herb.v. 1.137.f.3. V. inodora. Riv. Pentap. Irr. t. 119. f. 2. In groves and thickets, on a chalky or limestone soil. In Oxfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex and Kent. Rati Syn. At _ Marham, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe. Near Bury, Suffolk. Mr. Wood- ward, On St. Vincent’s rocks, Bristol. Mr. Dyer. Perennial. April. Root rather woody, cylindrical. Stem none, except a few short, simple, horizontal runners, forming leafy tufts, but not taking root. Leaves oblong-heart-shaped, veiny, crenate, of a light hoary green, clothed on both sides with short hairs. Footstalks longer than the leaves, erect, rough with copious, prominent, horizontal hairs. Stipulas lanceolate, chiefly radical, more or less toothed, pale green. Flower-stalks taller than the leaves, erect, smooth, with a pair of lanceolate, smooth bracteas, below their middle. Fl. solitary, drooping, obliquely reversed, of a light greyish blue, streaked with black, scentless. Lateral petals marked, just above the claw, with a hairy line. Cal. smooth. Stamens flat. -Anth. each tipped with a flat, orange-coloured membrane, converging, but not united. Capsule rounded, hairy, with several round seeds. 2. V. odorata. Sweet Violet. Stem none. Scyons creeping. Leaves heart-shaped, nearly smooth, as well as their footstalks. Calyx-leaves obtuse. Lateral petals with a hairy central line. V. odorata. Linn. Sp. Pl. 1324. Willd. v. 1.1163. Fl. Br. 245, Engl. Bot. v. 9.t.619. Curt. Lond. fase. 1. t.63. Hook. Scot.77. Fl. Dan. t.309. Bull. Fr. t. 169. Renealm. Spec. 141. t, 140, simpler. Ehrh. Pl. Off. 158. V. n. 558. Hall. Hist. v. 1.240. 302 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Viola. Viola. Brunf. Herb. v. 1.137. f.1,2. Riv. Pentap. Irr. t. 119. f. 1. V. martia purpurea. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. 542. f. Rati Syn. 364. V. nigra, sive purpurea. Ger. Em.850. f. V. purpurea. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 522. f. Camer. Epit. 910. f. 6. V. martia alba. Raii Syn. 364. V. flore albo. Ger. Em. 850. /f. In woods, hedges and pastures, frequent. Perennial. March, April. Root rather woody. Stem none, but the long, trailing, leafy scyoris spread very far, throwing out abundance of fibrous radicles. Leaves of ‘a darker green, and more rounded heart-like figure than the preceding, veiny and somewhat wrinkled, but smooth above, though slightly downy underneath. Footstalks nearly smooth. Stipulas lanceolate, with taper-pointed teeth. Flower- stalks taller than the leaves, with a pair of narrow bracteas above their middle, smooth. Flower drooping, deep purplish blue ; pale and streaked in the mouth; with orange-tipped, uncon- nected anthers ; its scent well known, and universally accepta- ble, though sometimes causing headache. The, flowers in 6 are white, with a blueishspur. A double variety, highly fragrant, is cultivated in gardens. | Mr. Curtis has observed the later flowers, of this and V. hirta, to be often destitute of petals, which is the case with several foreign species. 3. V. palustris. Marsh Violet. Stem none. Leaves kidney-shaped, smooth. Root creeping. Lateral petals with a hairy central line. V. palustris. Linn. Sp. Pl. 1324. Willd. v. 1.1163. Fl. Br. 246. Engl. Bot. v.7. t.444. Curt. Lond. fuse. 3.t.58. Abbot 190.t.3. Hook. Scot.77. V. n. 560. Hall. Hist.v.1.241 ; excluding the reference to Boccone and Allioni. V. palustris rotundifolia glabra, Moris. v. 2.475. sect. 5. ¢.35. f. 5. Rau Syn. 364. 6. V. rubra striata eboracensis. Rai: Syn. 365. V. palustris. Fl. Dan. t. 83. In mossy bogs, or on sandy turfy heaths, chiefly, though not ex- clusively, in the northern and mountainous counties. Perennial. April. Smaller than the last, with creeping roots, but no scyons, and in every part smooth. Leaves delicate, roundish-kidney-shaped, generally pointless ; their marginal notches extremely shallow ; their under sides often purplish. Stipulas radical, ovate, mem- branous, nearly entire. Flower-stalks square, with a pair of lanceolate bracteas about the middle. Fl. drooping, imodorous, PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Viola. 303 very pale blue, with purple streaks ; or white, in 6, with redder lines ; the spur very short, and rounded. Anth. orange-coloured, bordered, distinct. Stigma hollow, tumid at the upper side. 4. V. canina. Dog's Violet. Stem at length ascending, channelled. Leaves oblong- heart-shaped. Calyx acute. Stipulas serrated. Bracteas awl-shaped, entire. V. canina. Linn. Sp. Pl. 1324. Willd. v. 1.1164. Fl. Br. 246. Engl. Bot.v.9. t.620. Curt. Lond. fase. 2. t. 61. Hook. Scot.77. Fl. Dan. t. 1453. V.n. 563. Hall. Hist. v. 1.242. V.n. 562. Hall. Nomencel. 52. V. martia inodora sylvestris. Raii Syn. 364. V. inodora major. Riv. Pentap. Irr. t. 119. f. 4. V. canina sylvestris. Ger. Em. 851. f. B. V. canina, flore albo. Merr. Pin. 125. Dill. in Raii Syn. 364. y. V. alpina. Huds. ed. 1.379. V. martia alpina, folio tenello circinato. Raii Syn. 366. In groves, thickets, hedges, and heathy ground, the most common species. Perennial. April—August. Root rather woody. Stem at first none, or very short, but soon rising to several inches in height, rather obliquely, being leafy, angular, and smooth. Leaves heart-shaped, more or less elon- gated into a point, nearly smooth, crenate. Footstalks slightly dilated upwards. Stipulas rather deeply toothed, or fringed. Flower-stalks square, erect ; the earliest ones radical; the rest axillary, solitary. Bracteas towards the upper part, narrow, en- tire. Fl. nodding, inodorous, blue, with purple lines in the mouth, and a greenish white, abrupt spur; they are far less handsome than V’. odorata, more resembling V. hirta. Calyc- leaves linear-lanceolate. Anth. ovange-tipped, scarcely coher- ing. Caps. oblong ; its valves compressed. The white variety is not frequent. The alpine one, y, is a very uncertain plant, of which I know nothing but from the authors quoted. 5. V. lactea. Cream-coloured Violet. Stem ascending, round. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Stipulas jagged. Bracteas lanceolate, somewhat serrated. V. lactea. Fl. Br. 247. R. Cycl.n.27. Engl. Bot. v.7. t.445. Hook. Scot. 77. Sym, Syn. 61. Ait. H. Kew. ed.2. v. 2. 46. Forst. Tonbr. 29. ’ V. canina var. 3. With. 262. V. Ruppii. Allion. Pedem, v,2.99. t. 26. f. 6. 304 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. | Viola. V. n. 562. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 241. V. flore albo. Riv. Pentap. Irr. t. 120. f. 1. V. palustris angustis persice foliis mucronatis et serratis, nondum descripta. Rupp. Gen. ed. Hall. 289. V. caule erecto, foliis ovato-lanceolatis serratis. Boehm. Lips. 190. On mountainous boggy heaths. On the sides of the bogs on Waterdown forest, near Tunbridge. Mr. T. F. Forster. At Pendarvis, Cornwall; Mr. Stackhouse. With. In hilly pastures near Peebles, North Britain; Mr. Maughan. Hooker. Perennial. May. Much smaller than the last, and quite smooth. Stems creeping at the base, then ascending, 2 or 3 inches high, round, or very slightly angular in some parts, leafy. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, bluntish, finely crenate ; the lowermost sometimes very small, ovate, or even heart-shaped. Footstalks dilated, or bordered, towards the upper part, generally longer than the leaves. Sti- pulas deeply toothed, cut, or often pinnatifid. Flower-stalks much like canina. Flower smaller.. Calyx-leaves long, linear. Petals milk-white, or of a very pale blue, with purplish streaks. Anth. tipped with a yellow membrane, distinct. Pistil as in ca- nina. ‘The bracteas are usually broader than in that species, and more or less serrated, but this character seems variable. So many botanists have distinguished this plant, and it is so little changed by culture, except perhaps, as Boehmer says, in size, that [ cannot but retain it as a species, notwithstanding many occasional scruples. 6. V. flavicornis. Dwarf Yellow-spurred Violet. Stem ascending, woody, somewhat angular, much branched. Leaves heart-shaped, coriaceous, smooth and even. Sti- pulas and bracteas fringed. Calyx-leaves lanceolate. V. caninay. Fl. Br. 247. V. canine varietas minor. Dill. in Raii Syn. 364. t. 24. f. 1. In pastures, and on banks, in a gravelly soil. About Mitcham, Surrey. Dubois. About Norwich. Mr. Crowe. Perennial. May, June. Root of many long fibres. Stem an inch or 2 high, partly decum- bent, but not creeping, much branched, curved and twisted, per- fectly shrubby, and lasting many years. Leaves alternate, firm, rigid, very even and smooth, heart-shaped, obtuse, minutely cre- nate, scarcely half an inch long, on linear footstalks about the same length. Stipulas deeply serrated, or fringed with glan- dular teeth, Flower-stalks 14 or 2 inches long, erect, bearing towards the top a pair of minute, linear, finely fringed bracteas. Fi, half the size of V. canina, of a rather deeper blue, with a PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Viola. 505 short, blunt, yellowish spur. Calyx-leaves lanceolate, pointed. Capsule shorter and rounder than in canina. ‘This little plant, long ago communicated by the late Mr. Crowe, is not uncommon, though usually neglected as a variety of the VY. canina, It has remained unchanged, and of the same hum- ble stature, perfectly shrubby, for above 12 years, in a common garden ; and seems entitled to rank as a species, under the sy- nonym of Dillenius, though his figure by no means represents the true nature of the stem, nor does it exhibit any of the parts most material for specific discrimination. I have already ad- verted to this Violet in Rees’s Cyclopedia under the canina, n. 26. 7. V. dricolor. Pansy Violet. Heart’s-ease. Stem angular, diffuse, divided. Leaves oblong, deeply crenate. Stipulas lyrate, pinnatifid. Bracteas obsolete. ¥V. tricolor. Lian. Sp. Pl. 1326. Willd. v. 1.1168. Fl. Br. 248. Engl. Bot. v.18. t. 1287. Curt. Lond. fasc. 1. t.65. Woodv. suppl. t. 252. Hook. Scot.77. Fl. Dan. t.623. Rati Syn. 365. Ger. Em. 854. f. Riv. Pentap. Irr. t. 122. Renealm. Spec. 144. t, 140. Ehrh. Pl. Off. 278. V. n. 568. Hall. Hist. v.1. 244. Herba Trinitatis. Fuchs. Hist. 802. t. 803. Jacea, sive Flos Trinitatis. Matth. Valgr.v. 2.524. Ff. Camer. Epit. 912. f. Gaiden Panic Pel AV Braves eps: 6. Viola arvensis. Sibth.84. Sym. Syn. 61. V.n. 569. Hall. Hist. v. 1.244. V. bicolor arvensis. Raii Syn.366. V. bicolor. Riv. Pentap. Irr. t. 122. Ehrh. Pl. Off.359. V. tricolor petrzea. Ger, Em. 854. f. Jacea altera. Matth. Valgr. v. 2.525. f. Camer. Epit. 913. f. Corn Pansie. Pet. H. Brit. t. 37. f. 9. In cultivated fields. Annual, May—September. Root fibrous, small. Stems 1 or more, weak, decumbent, a span long, scarcely branched, except at the very bottom, leafy, angu- lar, often zigzag, downy chiefly on one side. Leaves alternate, stalked, ovate-oblong, deeply crenate, ribbed, a little downy ; the lower ones often heart-shaped, especially in the variety 6. Stipulas all deeply pinnatifid, with narrow tongue-shaped, or linear, segments; the terminal one very large, ovate, or elliptic- oblong, crenate. Flower-stalks axillary, solitary, longer than the leaves, firm, with a pair of minute close bracteas near the sum- mit. Calyx-leaves lanceolate, acute, smooth or downy, mostly fringed, especially at the base, where they are much and un- equally dilated. Petals very variable in size and colour, gene- VOL. I. x 306 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Viola. rally longer than the calyx ; the odd one broadest and yellow ; lateral ones pale blueish; 2 upper ones (the flower being always reversed,) purple ; all more or less marked with black radiating streaks. In 6 they are all shorter than the calyx, the odd one only being yellow, the rest whitish ; but there is no permanent spe- cific difference. 8. V. lutea. Yellow Mountain Violet, or Yellow ~ Pansy. Stem triangular, unbranched. Leaves ovate-oblong, crenate, fringed. Stipulas lobed, palmate. Bracteas minute, scarce- ly toothed. Spur the length of the calyx. V. lutea. Huds. ed.1.331. Fl. Br. 248. Engl. Bot. v.11. t.721. With. 263. Hook. Scot. 77. V. grandiflora. Huds: ed. 2.380. Lightf.508. V.n. 566 6. Hall. Hist. v. 1.243. ; V. montana lutea grandiflora nostras. Raii Syn. 365. V. flore luteo majore. Riv. Pentap. Irr. t.121. Great Yellow Pansie. Pet. H. Brit. t.37.f.10. In moist mountainous pastures. Very common in the mountainous parts of Wales, and the north of England, as well as in Scotland. Perennial. May— September. Root fibrous, slender. Stem 3 or 4 inches high, simple, leafy, tri- angular, a little downy at one side ; tapering, weak, and de- cumbent at the base, where it is sometimes, though very rarely, divided. Leaves ulternate, stalked, ovate, strongly crenate, a little hairy, especially at the edges; the lowermost small, round- ed, or heart-shaped. Stipulas large, deeply palmate, or fingered ; their middle segments largest. Flower-stalks one or two on each plant, axillary, solitary, rising much above the top of the stem. Bracteas towards the upper part of each stalk, alternate, small, oblong, obtuse, occasionally with 2 small teeth at their base. Fl. larger than the last, with which the calyx nearly agrees, but the corolla is generally yellow, with blackish, branched, radiating lines ; the lateral petals palest ; the 2 upper ones sometimes purple. When all are purple, as sometimes happens, Professor Hooker says this is V. amena of authors. The anthers are di- stinct, with a small orange-coloured appendage. Style with a double curvature. Stigma club-shaped, hollow, hairy at the sides, marked underneath with a dark purple line. All the pe- tals are densely bearded round the mouth of the flower. Great confusion has existed between this very distinct species and the Linnean V. grandiflora, whose flowers are twice as large, and the spur twice as long as the posterior lobes of the calyz ; whereas in V’. lutea those parts are of the same length ; see Rees’s Cycl. n. 67. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Verbascum. 307 112. VERBASCUM. Mullein. Linn. Gen. 97. Juss.124, Fl. Br.249. Tourn.t.61. Lam. t.117. Gerin, t.55. Blattaria. Tourn. t. 61, K. Nat. Ord. Lurid. Linn. 28. Solanee. Juss. 41. Four fol- lowing genera the same. See Grammar 101. [The Solanee of Jussieu are better defined than heretofore, as well as better contrasted with that author’s Scrophula- ria, by Mr. Brown, Prodr. 443, as follows. Calyx in 5, rarely only 4, divisions, permanent. Corolla monopetalous, inferior, deciduous ; the limb in 5, rarely 4, segments, regular, or a little unequal; in the most genuine of the tribe, plaited in the bud; in the more doubtful ones, imbricated. Stam. attached to the corolla, as many as the segments of its limb, and alternate there- with ; one of them sometimes abortive. Germen single, of 2 or 4 cells, with many seeds. Style 1. Stigma obtuse, rarely lobed. Fruit with 2 or 4 cells; either a capsule, with a parallel and double. partition ; or a berry whose receptacles are united to the partition. Seeds numerous, sessile; with a fleshy albumen ; embryo internal, more or less curved, often out of the centre; radicle directed to- wards the scar. Leaves undivided, or lobed. Partial flower-stalks without bracteas. For the rest see Grammar. These plants are distinguished from the Scrophularie of Jussieu and Brown, (many of which are comprehended by Linneus under his Luride,) by having a curved or spiral embryo, and a corolla plaited in the bud, the flowers being, almost without exception, regular, with as many stamens as there are segments. ‘ Hence,” as Mr. Brown observes, “the genera whose corolla is not plaited, and whose embryo is straight, should either be excluded, or should be placed, with such as have an imbricated corolla, a slightly curved embryo, and 2 long, with 2 shorter, stamens, in a separate section, the foundation of a new order.” ] VERBASCUM. Cal. infericr, of 1 leaf, small, in 5 deep, erect, acute, nearly equal, segments, permanent. Cor. of 1 petal, wheel- shaped, unequal; tube very short; limb spreading, in 5 deep, rounded segments. Flam. 5, awl-shaped, unequal, distant, declining, woolly, shorter than the corolla, in- x 308 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Verbascum. serted into its base. Anth. compressed, erect, more or less kidney-shaped, bursting along the upper edge, im- perfectly 2-celled. Germen superior, roundish. Style thread-shaped, slightly swelling upwards, declining, rather longer than the stamens. St7gma obtuse. Caps. ovate, slightly compressed, or (in Blattaria of Tournefort) nearly globular, of 2 cells and 2 valves,,opening at the upper part, the valyes sometimes splitting half way down; par- tition double, from the inflexed parallel margins of the valves, but often incomplete. Recept. ovate or globular, central, connected at each side, in an early state, with the valves. Seeds numerous, minute, angular, dotted, covering the receptacle. Herbaceous, usually biennial, more or less woolly, or mealy, mucilaginous, narcotic. Stem mostly solitary. Leaves simple; either undivided, or pinnatifid ; all radical the first year ; subsequently all cauline, alternate, sometimes decurrent, simply or doubly crenate, or toothed, rarely entire. 7. very numerous, panicled or spiked, aggregate, yellow; rarely white, brownish, or purple. Bracteas ovate, or lanceolate, pointed, of 2 orders, external and internal. Whole genus perhaps Europzean. Species extremely va- riable, subject to cross impregnation. The Blattaria of Tournefort is smooth, except fine glandu- lar hairs on the stalks, 1. V. Thapsus. Great Mullein. High Taper. Leaves decurrent, crenate, woolly on both sides. Stem simple. Cluster dense. Flowers almost sessile. _ V. Thapsus. Linn. Sp. Pl.252. Willd.v.1.1001. Fl. Br, 249. Engl. Bot.v. 8. t.549. Woodv. Med. Bot. t.125. Hook. Scot.78. Schrad. Verbasc.17. Fl. Dan. t. 631. V.n. 581. Hall. Hist. v. 1.256. V. mas latifolium luteum. Raii Syn. 287. Moris, v.2.485. n. 1. sect. 5. t.9.f.1. V. aut Phlomos vulgaris mas. Lob. Ic. 561. f. V. candidum mas. Fuchs. Hist. 845. t. 846. : V. primum. Matth. Valgr. v. 2.487. f. Dalech. Hist. 1298. f. Ca- mer. Epit. 878. f. V. latius. Dod. Pempt. 143. f. Tapsus barbatus. Ger. Em. 773. f. B. Var. 2. Thapso-nigrum. With. 248. On banks, and waste ground, on a chalky or gravelly soil. Biennial. July, August. Root spindle-shaped, Stem erect, straight, 3 or 4 feet high, very PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Verbascum. 309 seldom branched, (though so represented in the figure of Came- rarius, commended by Haller), leafy, woolly, slightly angular, winged. Leaves alternate, decurrent, ovate-oblong, minutely crenate, very densely covered on both sides with white, branch- ed, entangled, woolly hairs, the lowermost largest, and stalked. Cluster terminal, cylindrical, dense, many-flowered. FU. nearly, but not quite, sessile, large, of a golden yellow, with red sta- mens, and a green stigma. Outer bracteas ovate-lanceolate, pointed, alternate, often smooth on the upper side ; inner ag- gregate, smaller, very woolly. f is described with a branched stem, the upper leaves only decur- rent, and the hairs of the stamens purple. The late Mr. E. Rob- son traced its origin to the pollen of V. nigrum impregnating V. Thapsus. Mr. D. Turner found a variety answering to this description, at Barton, near Swaffham, Norfolk. 2. V. Lychnitis. White Mullein. Leaves wedge-shaped-oblong ; stripped of down on their upper side. Stem angular, panicled. V. Lychnitis. Linn. Sp. Pl. 253. Willd. v. 1.1003 8. Fl. Br. 250. Engl. Bot.v.1. t.58. Hook. Scot.78. Fl. Dan. t.586. Matth. Valgr. v. 2.491. f. Ger. Em.775. f. V. n. 583 8. Hail. Hist. v. 1.257. V. flore albo parvo. Bauh. Hist. v.3. 857. f. Raii Syn. 287. V. candidum foemina. Fuchs. Hist. 847. f. 6. V. Thapsi. Linn. Sp. Pl. 1669. V. Thapsoides. Willd.v. 1.1001. Huds.90. With. 249. Sym. Syn. ' 56. Schrad. Verbasc. 25. t.5.f.2. ‘ Hoffmanns. et Link Lusit. v. 1.214.” V. angustifolium ramosum, flore aureo, folio crassiore. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. 860; according to Linneus. In pastures, by road sides, and other waste places, on a chalky soil. Plentiful in Kent. At Kinver, Staffordshire ; according to Dr. Stokes. In several parts of the south of Scotland. Hooker. f. In Kent. Huds. Biennial. July, August. ' Stem erect, a yard high, straight, angular, woolly, leafy ; panicled at the top. Leaves elliptic-oblong, contracted at each end, finely crenate, reticulated with veins ; white with a soft downy wool- liness beneath ; dark green, and almost entirely naked, above ; the lowermost stalked ; upper ones smaller, sessile, not decur- rent, generally numerous. Branches of the panicle racemose, many-flowered. Fl. stalked, collected into small woolly tufts. Outer bracteas lanceolate ; inner very small, Cal. woolly. Cor. 310 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Verbascum. much smaller than the foregoing, cream-coloured, yellow at the mouth ; externally mealy. Filaments yellowish, hairy. Anth. orange-coloured, uniform. The mule variety 6 I have never seen wild; nor is there any au- thentic specimen in the Linnean herbarium. Mr. Griffith of Denbighshire has favoured me with specimens artificially pro- cured, from V. Lychnitis by the pollen of V. Thapsus, which an- swer to the description of Linneus, except that he mentions ‘© a purplish beard upon the filaments, though less so than in V. Lychnitis.” To explain this, we must recollect that he con- founded with the Lychnitis our V. pulverulentum, whose stamens are scarlet, for which colour he often uses the word purpureus. Professor Link has sent from Portugal specimens, which agree with Mr. Griffith’s, as his V. Thapsoides. But the corolla of both is yellow ; beard of the filaments white. Their upper leaves are somewhat decurrent. The species of Verbascum are extremely obscure, and so, of course, are their intermixed varieties. 8. V. pulverulentum. Yellow Hoary Mullein. Nor- folk Mullein. Leaves ovate-oblong, obscurely serrated, clothed on both sides with mealy deciduous wool. Stem round, panicled. V. pulverulentum. Villars Dauph. v. 2.490. Fl. Br. 251. Engl. Bot. v.7.t.487. Hook, Scot.78. V. Lychnitis «. Willd. Sp. Pl.v.1.1003. With. 249. V. Lychnitis 8. Huds. 90. ; V.n. 583, a. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 257. V. pulverulentum, flore luteo parvo. Bauh. Hist. v.3.856. f. 857. 6. V. nigro-pulverulentum. Fl. Br. 251. Rees’s Cycl. By road sides, and in the borders of fields, on a gravelly or chalky soil, chiefly in Norfolk and Suffolk. About Norwich and Bury; also at Wollerton, near Nottingham. Ray. Abundant for 2 or 3 miles round Norwich, in fallow fields, and on banks, hillocks, and waste ground. f. At Hellesdon near Norwich, and in various parts of Norfolk oc- casionally, Biennial. July. The whole herb is clothed with a white, mealy, somewhat unctu- ous, woolliness, easily rubbed off. Stem from 3 to 5 feet high, erect, round, leafy, copiously panicled, tapering upward, forming a stately pyramid of innumerable golden flowers, with scarlet stamens, bearded with pale-yellow, or white hairs. Leaves above a foot in length ; elliptic-oblong, with many transverse ribs and reticulated veins ; the radical ones somewhat stalked; upper ones ovate, pointed, sessile, gradually smaller. Bracteas linear- lanceolate. Flowers stalked, disposed as in the last species, but larger, and always bright yellow. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Verbascum. 311 6 from its characters rather seems to be produced by the pollen of this plant falling upon /’. nigrum, of which latter therefore it ought, perhaps, to be deemed a variety. But the habit most agrees with the pulverulentum, though the stem and branches are more angular, and tinged with purple. Leaves less woolly, and more strongly crenate. Hairs of the stamens violet-coloured. Radical leaves considerably stalked. Root generally, if not al- ways, perennial. If the stem of V7. pulverulentum be smartly struck, 3 or 4 times, with a stick, all the flowers then open will, in a few minutes, throw off their corolla, the calyx closing round the germen, so that after 8 or 10 minutes none will remain on the plant. This curious instance of irritability was first pointed out to me by Don Joseph Correa de Serra, late Portuguese ambassador to the United States, whose scientific knowledge, and philosophical views of every subject, have long procured him universal respect, and at length the notice and confidence of his sovereign. 4. V. nigrum. Dark, or Black, Mullein. Leaves oblong-heart-shaped, stalked, waved and crenate, slightly downy. Cluster mostly solitary. V. nigrum. Linn. Sp. Pl. 253. Willd. v. 1. 1004. Fl. Br. 261, Engl. Bot. v.1.t.59. Hook. Lond. fasc. 2.t. 103. Scot.78. Fl. Dan. t.1088. Ger. Em.775.f. Trag. Hist. 218. f. Renealm. Spec. 107. t. 106. V.n. 584. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 257. V. tertium. Matth. Valgr. v. 2.489. f. Camer. Epit. 880. f. V. nigrum, flore parvo, apicibus purpureis. Bauh. Hist. v.3.857.f. Raii Syn. 288. On banks, and by way sides, in shady lanes, on a gravelly or chalky soil. Perennial. July, August. Stem simple, erect, 2 or 3 feet high, leafy, angular, brown or pur- plish, terminating in rarely more than one long, upright, cylin- drical, spiked cluster, of bright yellow, aggregate flowers, smaller than the last ; the filaments densely clothed with violet-coloured hairs. Leaves heart-shaped, veiny, waved and crenate, of a fine deep green, somewhat downy, but not hoary, all stalked, except some. of the small upper ones ; the radical ones a foot long, and their stalks nearly as much. In Switzerland the flowers are occasionally white. Seeds of such a variety, sent to England, produced plants with a large copper- coloured corolla, in the garden of the late Lady Amelia Hume. 5. V. virgatum. Large-flowered Primrose-leaved Mullein. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, toothed, sessile; radical ones downy, 312 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Verbascum. somewhat lyrate. Stem branched. Flowers aggregate, partly sessile. V. virgatum. With.250. Fl. Br.252. Engl. Bot. v. 8. t. 550. Blattaria flore amplo. Ger. Em. 778. f. B. magno flore. Bauh. Hist.v.3.859.f. Lod. Ic. 564. f. In fields and by way sides, rare. Found plentifully in a field near Wrexham, by Mrs. Nash; from whose garden at Bevere, near Worcester, it is presumed to have established itself in several parts of that neighbourhood, as men- tioned by Dr. Stokes and Dr. Withering. Rev. Mr. Baker. Biennial. August. Root thick, branched. Whole plant green, not hoary, though clothed more or less with prominent, short, often forked, glan- dular hairs. Stem 5 or 6 feet high, branched from the bottom, leafy, stout, solid, round, slightly angular, and winged from the partially decurrent leaves. Radical leaves resembling those of a Primrose, but larger, more or less lyrate, always clothed with the glandular hairs above described ; those of the stem oblong- lanceolate, sessile, doubly toothed, often nearly smooth ; the upper ones heart-shaped, taper-pointed, more simply toothed, clasping the stem, and partly decurrent. Fl. axillary, usually several together, partly stalked; the uppermost solitary, espe- cially on weak plants, the leaves which accompany them being diminished to slender-pointed bracteas. Culyx hairy and viscid. Cor. large, bright yellow. Stamens yellow, bearded in the middle with purple. Capsule globular. 6. V. Blattaria. Moth Mullein. Leaves oaping the stem, oblong, smooth, serrated; radical ones sinuated. Clusters panicled, simple. Flower-stalks longer than the bracteas. V. Blattaria. Linn. Sp. Pl. 254. Willd. v. 1.1005. Fil. Br. 253. Engl. Bot. v. 6. ¢. 393. V.n. 585. Ball. Hist. v. 1. 258. Blattaria. Matth. Valgr. v. 2.495. f. Camer. Epit. 885. f. Trag. Mist. 925. f. Fuchs. Hist. 182. t. 183. B. lutea. Ditl. in Raii Syn. 288. B. Plinii. Ger, Em.776.f. Lob. Ic. 564.f. Merr. Pin. 16. B. flore luteo. Ger. Em. 778. f. On banks, in a gravelly soil, but rare. Between Deptford and Greenwich. Merrett. In a lane between Mitcham Common and Carshalton, and near Horn’s Place, by Rochester ; J. Sherard. Dill. On a bank 3 miles from Ro- chester, near the river Medway. Mr. Jacob Rayer. Not un- common in Devonshire and Cornwall. Annual. July. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Datura. 313 Root tapering, whitish. Stem 3 or 4 feet high, erect, leafy, smooth, solid, roundish, with several slight angles; simple below ; branched at the summit in an alternate manner; each branch terminating in a long, upright, simple cluster, of numerous handsome yellow flowers. Leaves dark green, shining, smooth, veiny, with unequal teeth, or serratures; radical ones a span long, bluntish, sinuated, somewhat lyrate, tapering at the base into a short stalk ; the rest sessile, alternate, or partly opposite, acute, spreading ; broad and heart-shaped at the base, clasping the stem. Flower-stalks solitary, simple, each with a solitary, ovate, pointed bractea, shorter than itself, especially in the upper part of each cluster. Segments of the calyx lanceolate, recurved, clothed, like the stalks, with small glandular hairs. Cor. streaked with purple at the base ; stained with brown at the back, Stam. very unequal, bearded with purple hairs. Caps. globose, with a furrow at each side. Whole herb fetid and acrid. There is a white- flowered variety in gardens, mentioned by C. Bauhin. 113. DATURA. Thorn-apple. Linn. Gen. 98. Juss. 125. Fl. Br.253. Lam. t. 113. Stramonium. Tourn. t.43, 44. Gerin.t. 132. Nat. Ord. see 7. 112. Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, oblong, tubular, swelling, with 5 angles and 5 teeth, separating by a horizontal fissure all round, near the base, leaving a circular, reflexed, perma- nent portion underneath the germen. Cor. of 1 petal, funnel-shaped, regular; tube cylindrical, rather longer than the calyx; limb moderately spreading, with 5 plaits, 5 angles, and 5 shallow, pointed, equal lobes. Filam. equal, awl-shaped, as long as the tube, to which they are united for about half their length. Anth. heart-shaped- oblong, erect, compressed, obtuse. Germ. ovate, of 4 cells. Style central, thread-shaped, straight, erect, the length of the stamens. Stigma thick, obtuse, of 2 oblique lobes, united above. Caps. roundish-ovate, often prickly, subtended by the permanent base of the calyx, of 2 half divided cells, and 4 valves; receptacles 2 to each cell, columnar, vertical, spongy, dotted, each attached, by a lateral process, to the principal transverse partition. Seeds kidney-shaped, dotted, very numerous, covering the receptacles. Herbaceous, or shrubby. Stem round, branched. Leaves scattered, stalked, pliable, simple, either entire or toothed. 314 PENTFANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Hyoscyamus. Fi. Jateral, or, with some of the leaves, from the forks of the stem, solitary, stalked, large, fragrant, white, or purplish. Caps. beset with spines, or tubercles, cr smooth, occa- sionally in the same species. *1, D. Stramonium. Common Thorn-apple. Fruit spinous, ovate, erect. Leaves ovate, smooth, sinuated. D. Stramonium. Linn. Sp. Pl. 255. Willd. v. 1.1008. Fl. Br. 254. Engl. Bot. v.18. t. 1288. Curt. Lond. fasc. 6. t.17. Woodv. Med. Bot. ¢t. 124. Fl. Dan. t.436. Bull. Fr. t. 13. Stramonium n. 586. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 258. S. spinosum. Ger. Em. 348. f. Solanum pomo spinoso oblongo, flore calathoide, Stramonium vulgo dictum. Raii Syn. 266. S. Manicum Dioscoridis. Column. Phytob. 46. t. 47. ed. 2.37. t.12. Tatula. Camer. Epit. 176.f. In waste ground, and on dunghills ; supposed to be the outcast of gardens. By the road side beyond Brook, Norfolk, in the way to Bungay ; observed for many years, apparently wild. About London not uncommon. Annual. July. A bushy, smooth, fetid herb, 2 or 3 feet high, of a narcotic quality, and greatly in repute as a remedy for the asthma, being smoked like tobacco. Stem much branched, forked, spreading, leafy. Leaves from the forks of the stem, large, unequal at the base, variously and acutely sinuated and toothed, single-ribbed, veiny, of adull green. Fi. axillary, erect, white, sweet-scented, espe- cially at night, about 3 inches long. Fruit as big as a walnut in its outer coat, very prickly. Seeds black. The mention of this plant is interposed in Ray’s Synopsis, ed. 2, 150, between several paragraphs which relate altogether to the Atropa Belladonna ; an error which Dillenius has perpetuated in his edition, 266. 114. HYOSCYAMUS. | Henbane. Linn. Gen. 98. Juss. 124. Fl. Br. 254. Tourn. t. 42. Lam. t. 117. Gerin. t. 76. Nat. Ord. see 7. 112. Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, tubular, swelling below; limb in 5 acute segments; permanent. Cor. of 1 petal, funnel- shaped, irregular; tube cylindrical, short; limb rather spreading, divided half way into 5 obtuse, rounded seg- PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Hyoscyamus. 315 ments, one broader than the rest. Jam. from some part of the tube, awl-shaped, inclining, somewhat unequal in length. Anth. heart-shaped, incumbent. Germ. round- ish, Style thread-shaped, reclining, the length of the longer stamens. Stigma capitate. Caps. ovate, filling the body of the calyx, obtuse, marked with a longitudinal furrow at each side, of 2 cells, opening transversely by a convex lid; receptacles oblong, convex, attached to the perpendicular partition. Seeds numerous, obovate, curved, dotted, covering the receptacles. Downy, fetid, narcotic herbs, occasionally somewhat shrubby. Stem round, branched. Leaves alternate, si- nuated or angular. 7. axillary, solitary, yellow or whitish, variegated with purple. 1. H. zger. Common Henbane. Leaves sinuated, clasping the stem. Flowers sessile. H. niger. Linn. Sp. Pl. 257. Willd.v. 1.1010. Fl. Br. 254. Engl. Bot. v. 9. t.591. Woodv. Med. Bot. t. 52. Sims in Curt. Mag. t. 2394. Hook. Scot. 78. Ger. Em. 353. f. Dreves Bilderb. t. 47. Bull. Fr.t. 93. Fl. Dan. t. 1452. H. n. 580. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 254. H. vulgaris. Raii Syn. 274. Hyoscyamus. Brunf. Herb. v. 1.224. f. Trag. Hist. 132. t. 133. Matth. Valgr.v. 2.410. f. Camer. Epit.807.f. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 102. H. flavus. Fuchs. Hist. 833. f- On waste ground, banks, and commons, especially in a dry chalky soil. Annual. July. Root spindle-shaped. Stem bushy. Leaves sessile, soft and pliant, sharply lobed, downy and viscid, exhaling a powerful and op- pressive odour, like all the rest of the plant. Fl. numerous from the bosoms of the crowded upper leaves, almost entirely sessile, of an elegant straw-colour, pencilled with dark-purple veins. A variety without these veins, mentioned by several writers, was found at Fincham in Norfolk, by the Rev. R. Forby, with an in- termediate kind, very faintly veiny. The capsules and seeds of Henbane, smoked like tobacco, are a rustic remedy for the tooth- ache; but convulsions and temporary insanity are said to be sometimes the consequences of their use. The seeds, abounding with oil, may safely be eaten raw, at least in small quantities ; and an extract of the herb, very cautiously administered, is re- commended by some physicians as an opiate. 316 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Atropa. 115. ATROPA. Dwale. Linn. Gen. 99. Juss. 125. Fl. Br. 255. Lam. t.114. Gerin. t. 131. Belladonna. Tourn. t. 13. Nat. Ord. see 7. 112. Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, acute, somewhat unequal segments, permanent. Cor. of 1 petal, bell-shaped ; tube very short; limb tumid, ovate, longer than the calyx, with 5 shallow, nearly equal, spreading marginal seg- ments. Filam. from the tube, awl-shaped, nearly as long as the limb, spreading and curved in their upper part. Anth. deflexed, heart-shaped, 4-lobed, tumid. Germ. ovate, with a nectariferous gland underneath. Style thread- shaped, reclining, as long as the corolla. Stigma capitate, ascending. Berry subtended by the enlarged calyx, glo- bular, with 2 lateral furrows, of 2 cells; receptacles fleshy, 1 in each cell, attached to the transverse partition. Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped. Herbaceous or shrubby, smooth or downy, of a narcotic and dangerous quality. Leaves stalked, simple, mostly undivided. FV. lateral; solitary or aggregate. 1. A. Belladonna. Common Dwale. Deadly Night- shade. Stem herbaceous. Leaves ovate, undivided. Flowers solitary. A. Belladonna. Linn. Sp. Pl. 260. Willd. v.1. 1017. Fl. Br. 255. Engl. Bot. v. 9. t.592. Curt. Lond. fasc. 5. t. 16. Woodv. Med. Bot. t.1. Hook. Scot. 78. Jacq. Austr. t. 309. Bull. Fr. t. 29. Belladonna, Raii Syn. 265. Mill. Ic. t.62. B.n. 579. Hall. Hist.v.1.251. Solanum lethale. Ger. Em 340. _/f. S. majus, sive Herba Belladonna. Matth. Valgr.v.2.419.f. Ca- mer, Epit.817.f. In hedges and waste ground, on a calcareous soil ; frequently about antient ruins. Perennial. June. Root fleshy, creeping. Whole plant fetid when bruised, of a dark and lurid aspect, indicative of its deadly narcotic quality. Stems herbaceous, annual, three feet high, round, branched, leafy, slightly downy. Leaves lateral, mostly 2 together of unequal size, ovate, acute, entire, smooth. Fl. imperfectly axillary, so- litary, stalked, drooping, dark dull purple in the border, paler downwards, about an inch long. Berry of a shining violet black, the size of a small cherry, sweetish, and not nauseous, so that children have often been tempted to eat it, to their own de- PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Solanum. 317 struction. Only half one of these fruits is said to have proved fatal, producing a deadly stupor. To make the patients swallow vinegar, and to keep them from sleeping, may avert the fatal consequences. Emetics do not take effect. The leaves applied externally, as well as taken in powder, or infusion, have been recommended to cure cancers ; but their use in any way occa- sions dreadful uneasiness, horrors and swoonings, so that few practitioners can persevere long in prescribing so distressing and ambiguous a remedy. 116. SOLANUM. Nightshade. Linn. Gen. 100. Juss.126. Fl. Br. 256. Dunal. Solan.115. Tourn. t.62. Lam. t.115. Gertn. t.131. Nat. Ord. see . 112. Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, in 5, more or less deep, acute seg- ments, permanent. Cor. of 1 petal, wheel-shaped ; tube very short; limb much longer, reflexed, plaited, in 5 acute, equal, rather deep, segments. Flam. short, awl- shaped. Anth. much longer, oblong, angular, converging, sometimes unequal, opening by two termial pores. Germ. roundish. Style thread-shaped, projecting beyond the anthers, deciduous. Stigma obtuse, simple or notched. Berry roundish or ovate, smooth, with a terminal scar ; of 2, occasionally more, cells, with a fleshy receptacle to each, connected with the partition. Seeds numerous, roundish, compressed, imbedded in pulp; sometimes minutely dotted. A numerous, principally tropical, genus of shrubs or herbs, more or less narcotic, though in some cases rendered eatable by cookery. Stem leafy, in some exotic species prickly. Leaves alternate, stalked, rarely decurrent, mostly simple, often variously lobed; in some compound. FV. variously disposed, solitary or aggregate, drooping, in- odorous. Anth. yellow, prominent. Cor. generally pur- plish, or white. Lyycopersicum seems well distinguished as a genus by M. Dunal, after the example of 'Tourne- fort and others. 1. 8. Dulcamara. Woody Nightshade. Bitter-sweet. Stem shrubby, zigzag, without thorns. Upper leaves hastate. Clusters cymose. S. Dulcamara. Linn. Sp. Pl. 264. Willd. v. 1. 1028. Fl. Br. 256. Engl. Bot. v. 8.t. 365, Curt. Lond. fasc. 1. t. 14. Woodv. Med. 318 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Solanum. Bot. t.33. Hook. Scot.79. Fl. Dan, t. 607. Bull. Fr, t. 23. Dunal 140. S. n. 575. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 248. S. lignosum, seu Dulcamara. Raii Syn. 265. Amara dulcis. Ger. Em. 350. f. Vitis sylvestris. Matth. Valgr.v. 2. 619. f. Camer. Epit. 986. f. B. Solanum lignosum, seu Dulcamara marina. Raii Syn, 265. In hedges and thickets, especially in watery situations. f. On the southern coast. Ray. Shrub. June, July. Root woody. Stem shrubby, twining, branched, rising, when sup- ported, to the height of many feet. Leaves acute, generally smooth ; in variety 6 hairy ; the lower ones ovate, or heart- shaped ; upper more or less perfectly halberd-shaped ; all en- tire at the margin. Clusters either opposite to the leaves or terminal, drooping, spreading, smooth, alternately subdivided, and resembling cymes, though not really such. Bracteas minute. Fi. elegant, purple with 2 round green spots at the base of each segment. They are reported to vary occasionally to white or flesh-colour, the spots being also sometimes white. Berries oval, scarlet, juicy, bitter and poisonous. The root and young branches, in the form of a decoction, much diluted with milk, have been recommended in scrophulous or glandular obstructions. The leaves are not unfrequently found variegated. 2. S. ntgrum. Common, or Garden, Nightshade. Stem herbaceous, without thorns. Leaves ovate, bluntly toothed, or wavy. Umbels lateral, drooping. S. nigrum. Linn. Sp. Pl. 266. Willd. v.1. 1035. Fl.Br. 256. Engl. Bot. v.8. t.566. Curt. Lond. fasc. 2. t.14. Woodv. Med. Bot. t. 226. Hook. Scot. 79. Fl. Dan. t.460. Bull. Fr. t.67. Du- nal 152. S. n. 576. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 249. S. vulgare. Raii Syn. 265. S. hortense. Ger. Em. 339.f. Maith. Valg.v. 2.415. f. Camer. Epit. 812. f. Fuchs. Hist. 686. f. Brunf. Herb. v. 2. 29. Se Common in waste, as well as cultivated, ground, and on dunghills. Annual ; occasionally perennial. June—September. Root fibrous. Herb fetid, narcotic, bushy, with numerous, angular, or winged, leafy branches. Leaves undivided ; lengthened out at the base, smooth. Umbels from the intermediate spaces be- tween the leaves, solitary, stalked, simple, downy. Fl. white, with a musky scent. Berries globular, black ; sometimes, as it is reported, yellow. A grain or two of the dried leaf has some- times been given to promote various secretions, possibly by ex- citing a great, and rather dangerous, agitation in the viscera. Many exotic varieties of this Solanum are mentioned by authors, which perhaps may be entitled to rank as species. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Erythraea. 319 117. ERYTHRAA. Centaury. Renealm. Spec. 77. “ Borckh, in Roem. Archiv. v. 1.28." Br, Pr. 451. Hook. Scot. 62. Chironia. Curt. Lond. fasc. 4.22. Fl. Br. 257. Fl. Gree. v. 3.31. Centaurium minus. Tourn. t. 48. , Nat. Ord. Rotacee. Linn. 20. Gentiane. Juss. 46. See n. 134, 135. Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, erect, acute, awl-shaped- segments, sometimes united below by a membranous border, permanent. Cor. of 1 petal, salver-shaped ; tube nearly cylindrical, slender, longer than the calyx; limb in 5 deep, ovate or lanceolate, equal, spreading segments, about half the length of the tube, withering. Flam. thread-shaped, equal, inserted into the tube, alternate with the segments of the limb, and much shorter. Anth. ob- long, incumbent, twisting spirally as the pollen ripens. Germen elliptic-oblong, or nearly linear, compressed. Style terminal, cylindrical, prominent, on a level with the stamens, straight, and generally erect. Stigmas 2, round- ish, spreading till after impregnation. -Caps. elliptic-ob- long, nearly linear, acute at each;end, compressed, im- perfectly 2-celled, of 2 valves with inflexed margins. Seeds numerous, roundish, in 4 rows, placed alternately on the inflexed margins of the valves. Herbaceous, annual, almost perfectly smooth, very bitter. Stem erect, square, either simple or very much branched, in the same species. Leaves opposite, sessile, ribbed, un- divided, entire. Jnflor. simple, spiked, forked, or corym- bose. #. rose-coloured, or yellow. A very natural genus, well distinguished from Chironia by the above characters; particularly the long tube and short limb; straight style; 2 stigmas; and almost linear capsule, destitute of a separate partition, or receptacle. The annual root and whole habit differ also from Chz- ronia, which is shrubby. The name Erythrea, alluding to the red colour of most of the flowers, is justly retained for its priority of date, and fortunately is unexceptionable. Chironia however, alluding to the botanical Centaur, would more properly. have belonged to the Centaurium minus, the type of our present Erythrea; though from the first appropriated to an African genus, from which it can by no means be removed. 320 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Erythreea. 1. E. Centaurium. Common Centaury. Stem nearly simple. Panicle forked, corymbose. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Calyx half the length of the tube ; its segments partly combined by a membrane. E. Centaurium. “ Pers. Syn.v.1.283.’ Hook. Scot.79. E. vulg6 Centaurium minus. Renealm. Spec.77..t.76. Chironia Centaurium. Curt. Lond. fasc. 4. t.22. With. 255. Fil. Br.257. Engl. Bot. v.6.t.417. Woodv. Med. Bot. t. 157. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 1. 1068. Gentiana Centaurium. Linn. Sp. Pl. 332. Huds. 102. Bull. Fr. t. 253. Fl. Dan. t.617. 2 G. n. 648. Hail. Hist. v. 1. 288. Centaurium minus. Bauh. Pin. 278. Raii Syn. 286. Tillands Ic. t.29. Trag. Hist. 139. t. 140. Camer. Epit.426. f. Fuchs. Hist. 387. f. C. parvum. Ger. Em.547. f. Matth. Valgr. v.2.19.f. In dry gravelly pastures. Annual. July, August. Root small, tapering. Stem about a foot high, leafy, sometimes branched at the upper part, and, when very luxuriant, from the base also. Radical leaves obovate, numerous, depressed ; the rest acute, ovate, or-elliptic-lanceolate ; all three-ribbed, bright green. Fl. nearly sessile, from the forks and terminations of a corymbose, more or less dense, repeatedly subdivided, leafy or bracteated, panicle. Bracteas opposite, awl-shaped. Cal. slender, partly membranous, sometimes more than half as long as the pale greenish tube of the corolla, whose limb is of a most ex- quisite and brilliant pink, rarely white ; expanded only in sun- shine, and closing as soon as gathered. Anth. yellow, spiral, with 3 convolutions, after bursting. Style rather oblique, if not curved or deflexed. Caps. slender, brown, invested closely with the permanent dilated tube of the corolla. A celebrated stomachic and tonic, now left to rustic practitioners. 2. E. littoralis. Dwarf Tufted Centaury. Stem simple, straight. Leaves linear-oboyate ; obscurely three-ribbed. Flowers densely corymbose, nearly sessile. Calyx as long as the tube ; its segments combined below. E. littoralis. Hook. Scot. 80. Chironia littoralis. Turn. and Dillw. Guide, 469. Winch, v. 2. pref. 3. Ch. pulchella. Don H. Brit. 7. fp. Ch. Centaurium; variety Ist. Fl. Br. 1393. On the sandy sea coasts of Scotland, Northumberland, Lancashire, and Wales, PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Erythrea. 321 On the coast of Elgin. Mr. Brodie of Brodie. Guillon Links ; Mr. Maughan; shores of the Moray Frith; Mr. D. Don. Hooker. Gn the Links, south of Bamborough castle, and on Holy Island, abundantly. Winch. On the Welch coast. Mrs. Dowson. £. On the sandy sea shore to the north of Liverpool. Dr. Bostock and Mr. Shepherd. Annual. June, July. Stems generally about 2 inches high, stout, simple and solitary ; sometimes, especially in the variety 8, there are several together from the crown of the root ; from 3 to 5 or 6 inches in height, and somewhat forked at the top, like the first species. Leaves all linear-obovate, obtuse, often roughish at the edges, with an obscure marginal rib at each side, not extending so far as the mid-rib ; radical ones very little larger or broader than the rest, which are variously disposed, mostly crowded about the top and bottom of the stem, and an inch long. All the leaves indeed seem liable to vary in breadth, and when they become almost elliptical, there are 2 additional ribs. Fi. rather larger and hand- somer than the foregoing, for the most part sessile, and crowded into a dense head, or a partly forked, compact, corymbose pa- nicle, which last is most usual in 6. Segments of the calyx more or less combined above the base, their edges somewhat, but not uniformly, membranous; they are often minutely downy, some- times 3-ribbed. As the capsule swells, the tube of the corolla becomes longer than the calyx ; but never till the flower fades. The style is perfectly straight and upright. The variety 6 is the Swedish plant mentioned in Engl. Bot. v. 7. at the bottom of page 498. 3. E. datefolia. Broad-leaved Tufted Centaury. Stem three-cleft at the top. Flowers in dense forked tufts. Calyx as long as the tube. Segments of the corolla lan- ceolate. Lower leaves broadly elliptical, with five or seven ribs. Chironia Centaurium ; variety 2nd. Fl. Br. 1393. On the sea shore of Lancashire. In sandy ground near the sea, to the north of Liverpool. Dr. Bos- tock and Mr. Shepherd. 1803. Annual, July. Root with many long fibres. Stem solitary, erect, scarcely 3 inches high, leafy ; simple below; divided at the top into 3 principal branches, each terminated by a very compact, round, densely forked, tuft, or head, of flowers, which are but half the size of E. Centaurium, the segments of their coroila being lanceolate, and much narrower than in either that species or the last. There is new and then a smaller tuft, or two, situated lower down. ‘Phe leaves, especially the lower ones, ave very different VOU. 1, Y 322 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Erythreea. from the last species, as well as from E. Centawrium, being some- times almost orbicular, with 7 ribs in their lower part; more generally broadly elliptical, and obtuse, with 5 ribs. The calyx is as long as the tube, or longer ; its segments broad and mem- branous below ; tapering at the upper part. Anih. spiral when old. Style erect, cloven, with 2 large stigmas. The broad many-ribbed leaves, and small tufted flowers, sufficiently distinguish this species at first sight. I have not seen living specimens. 4. E. pulchella. Dwarf Branched Centaury. Stem forked, variously branched, or simple, winged. Flowers solitary, stalked. Calyx above half as long as the tube. Segments of the corolla lanceolate. Leaves ovate. E. pulchella. Hook. Scot. 79. Chironia pulchella. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 1.1067. With. 255. Fi. Br. 258. Engl. Bot. v. 7. t. 458. Ch. ramosissima. Ehrh. Herb. 124. Gentiana pulchella. Swartz in Stockholm Trans. for 1783. 85. t.3.f. 8,9. G. Cease B. Linn. Sp. Pl.333. Willd. v. 1.1068. With.255. Centaurium minus palustre ramosissimum, flore purpureo. Vail. Paris. 32. t.6. f. 1. In sandy ground, chiefly near the sea. , Near Gorlestone, Suffolk. Mr. Stone. On the downs at Port Owen, on the north coast of Cornwall. Mr. Watt. Braunton Burrows, Devonshire. Bishop of Carlisle. Hinton moor, Cam- bridgeshire. Rev. Mr. Relhun. On the Denes at Lowestoft, Suffolk. Annual. August, September. Root tapering. Stem solitary, erect, from 1 to 2 or 3 inches high, sometimes more, varying extremely in luxuriance, being na- turally much branched in a forked corymbose manner ; but ina starved state, as Dr. Swartz met with it, quite simple and single- flowered ; in every form it is leafy, and square, with mem- branous, more or less dilated, angles. Leaves ovate, bluntish, with 3 or 5 slender ribs; the upper ones more lanceolate ; lowest obovate, or round. Fil. stalked, from each fork, as well as from each termination, of the stem, erect, slender. Cal. above half as long as the tube even in an advanced state; at an early period full as long, with slender awl-shaped segments, combined by a membranous base. Cor. witha paleslender tube ; the limb of a full pink, as delicate -and narrow as in the last, much less ovate than in the two former species. The anthers are less spiral than in any of them, making scarcely one turn. Style a little oblique, with large spreading stigmas. Caps. long, tumid, in- vested with the corolla, as in other species. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Samolus. 323 118. SAMOLUS. Brook-weed. Linn. Gen. 89. Juss.97. Fl. Br. 259. Br. Pr. 428. Tourn. t. 60. Lam.t. 101. Gerin. t. 30. Nat. Ord. Precig. Linn. 21. Akin to Lysimachia. Juss. 34. Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf; tube hemispherical, closely investing the lower half of the germen; margin in 5 deep, triangu- lar, equal, permanent segments. Cor. of 1 petal, funnel- shaped; tube wide, as long as the calyx; limb spreading, in 5 deep, obtuse segments, with 5 small, intermediate, converging scales at their base. Flam. from the middle of the tube, opposite to the segments of the limb, awl- shaped, short. Anth. sheltered by the scales of the corolla, roundish, 2-lobed. Germ. superior, invested with the tube of the calyx, nearly globular. Style erect, short, co- lumnar. Stigma capitate. Caps. globular, of 1 cell ; its lower half closely invested with the tube of the calyx; upper opening with 5 recurved valves. Seeds numerous, small, angular, attached to the globose, central, uncon- nected receptacle. Herbaceous. Leaves alternate, undivided; tapering at the base into footstalks. #7. terminal, racemose, bracteated, white. This genus has marks of considerable affinity to Moniza, if n. 62, and therefore to Jussieu’s 86th order, Portulacee. The apparently half inferior situation of the germen has caused some doubts in the minds of the ablest botanists, whether it could be referred to the Lystmachia, now termed Primulacee. But that part is surely to be reckoned superior; nor, were it otherwise, is such a difference always essential; witness Vaccinium and Erica. See Grammar 112, 214, 216. S. Valerandi. Common Brook-weed. Water Pimpernel. Leaves obovate, obtuse. Clusters corymbose, many-flowered. Bracteas solitary, in the middle of each partial stalk. S. Valerandi. Linn. Sp. Pl. 243. Willd. v.1.927. Fl. Br. 259. Engl. Bot. v.10. ¢.703. Br. Pr.428. Curt. Lond. fase. 4. t. 20. Hook. Scot. 80. Fl. Dan. t. 198. Raii Syn, 283. Bauh. Hist. v.3. 780. f. Ehrh. Phyt.92. S.n.707. Hall. Hist. v. 1.312. — , Anagallis aquatica rotundifolia. Ger, Em. 620. f. y 2 324 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. | Lonicera. A. aquatica tertia. Lob. Ic. 467. f. Veronica aquatica, folio subrotundo non ¢crenato. Moris. v. 2.323. sect. 3. t. 24. f- 26. Planta heteroclita, &c. Moris. v. 2.324. Alsine aquatica perennis, foliis becabunge. Moris. ibid. sect. 3. t. 24. f. 28. In clear watery places, on a gravelly soil. Found also in New South Wales, according to Mr. Brown ; as well asin Africa and North America. Perennial. July. Root fibrous, white. Herb smooth, slightly succulent, pale green. Stem erect, round, leafy, a foot high, more or less, terminating in one or more corymbose, alternate, upright clusters, of small, white, scentless flowers. Bracteas solitary, at a slight bend in the middle of each partial stalk, lanceolate, acute, deciduous. Leaves an inch or 2 long, entire ; the upper ones nearly sessile. Capsules erect, each embraced by the pale tube of the calyx, and encompassed by its withered segments. Seeds black, turbinate, angular, abrupt. No particular qualities are attributed to this plant. 119. LONICERA. Honeysuckle. Linn: Gen. 93. Fl. Br. 260. Lam. t. 150. Caprifolium. Juss. 212. Tourn. t.378. Garin. t. 27. Xylosteon. Juss. 212. Tourn. t.379. Nat. Ord. Aggregate. Linn. 48. Caprifolia. Juss. 58. See Grammar 129. Cal. superior, small, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep segments. Cor. of 1 petal, tubular ; tube oblong, swelling at one side; limb in 5 deep revolute segments, one of them more deeply separated than the rest. /ilam. awl-shaped, inserted into the upper part of the tube, and about equal to the limb. Anth. incumbent, oblong. Germ. roundish, inferior. Style thread-shaped, reclining, about the length of the corolla. Stigma bluntly capitate. Berry roundish with a concave scar, of 1 or more cells, sometimes double and confluent. Seeds several, roundish, compressed. Caprifolium, which includes the original Periclymenum, though not that of Tournefort, has the limb of the corolla very unequally divided. The flowers are whorled, or capitate, bracteated. Berries solitary and distinct. Stem twining. Xylosteon, or rather Xylosteum, has a more deeply divided, but not more regular, corolla, the tube being very short. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Lonicera. 325 Fl. in pairs, bracteated. Berries single-celled, distinct. Stem erect. The branches, as well as leaves, of both are opposite; the latter simple, undivided, except casually; in some partly confluent and perfoliate. £7. often fragrant. Frazt not eatable. With the other Linnzan sections, whether entitled to rank as distinct genera or not, we have no concern in an En- glish Flora. I cannot account for the words “ stylis in- divisis” in the original specific character of L. cerulea, which apply, as Mr. Brown observes, to the whole genus. The germens of each pair of flowers are indeed perfectly united, or “undivided,” in this species; so that, as Lin- nzeus expresses it in his manuscript, “there are 2 flowers to the same germen ;” and perhaps he wrote originally * baccis coadunato-globosis, stylis divisis.” 1. L. Caprifolium. Pale Perfoliate Honeysuckle. Flowers ringent, whorled, terminal. Leaves deciduous; the uppermost confluent and perfoliate. L. Caprifolium. Linn. Sp. Pl. 246. Willd. v. 1.982. Fl. Br. 260. Engl. Bot. v. 12. t.799. Hook. Scot.80. Jacq. Austr. t. 357. Ehrh. Pl. Exsicc. 141. Caprifolium italicum perfoliatum precox. Engl. Gard. Cat. 14. t.5. C. italicum. Dod. Pempt. 411. f. Periclymenum. Matth. Valgr. v. 2.321. f. Camer. Epit.713. f. P. italicum. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 123. P. perfoliatum. Ger. Em. 891. f. In woods and thickets, but rare. In a wood near Elsfield, Oxfordshire, plentifully. Rev. T. Butt. . In Chalk-pit Close, Hinton, Cambridgeshire, certainly wild ; also in another coppice in the same parish. Rev. R. Relhan. In several woods in the south of Scotland, Hooker. Shrub. May, June. Stem woody, round, smooth, somewhat branched, twining from left to right, and climbing, where it meets with support, to a consi- derable height. Buds axillary, opposite, solitary, acute, glaucous. Leaves obovate, entire, smooth, glaucous beneath; the lower ones distinct, and somewhat stalked ; 2 or 3 of the upper pairs united ; the uppermost of all forming a concave cup. Fl. in one or more axillary whorls, 6 in each whorl ; the uppermost term1- nal, with a central bud; highly fragrant, 2 inches long, yel- lowish, with a blush-coloured tube. Cal. slightly toothed. Berries elliptical, of a tawny orange, each crowned with the al- most entire calyx. 526 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Lonicera. 2. L. Peritclymenum. Common Honeysuckle, or Woodbine. Heads of flowers ovate, imbricated, terminal. Leaves all separate, deciduous. Jlowers ringent. L. Periclymenum. Linn. Sp. Pl. 247. Willd. v. 1.984. Fl. Br. 260. Engl. Bot. v. 12. t. 800. Curt. Lond. fase. 1. t.15. Hook. Scot. 80. Fl. Dan. t.908. Ehrh. Pl. Off. 432. Caprifolium n. 673. Hall. Hist. v. 1.301. C. germanicum. Raii Syn. 458. Dod. Pempt.411.f. Engl. Gard. Cat. t. 5. Periclymenum. Ger. Em. 891. f. Fuchs. Hist. 645. t. 646. P. germanicum. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 122. P. hortense. Gesn. Ic. Pict. fasc. 1.38. t. 7. f. 49. @. Caprifolium non perfoliatum, foliis sinuosis et variegatis. Tourn. Inst. 608. Dill. in Raii Syn. 458. Periclymenum foliis quercinis. Merr. Pin. 92. In hedges, groves and thickets, common. 8. In a wood near Kimberley, Norfolk. Mr. Woodward. Shrub. June, July, to October. Stem twining and climbing, as in the foregoing, with opposite branches. Leaves of a darker green, all distinct, sometimes downy ; glaucous beneath; by the sea side occasionally more glaucous, and rather succulent ; in variety 6 sinuated, like those of an oak, and variegated. Heads of flowers all terminal, ovate, most fragrant in an evening. Cal. distinctly 5-toothed. Cor. externally deep red ; or in the earlier-flowering varieties all over buff-coloured ; in the maritime plant smaller, and greenish. Berries nearly globular, deep red, bitter and nauseous; often roughish ; accompanied by permanent bracteas. A favourite plant in gardens and shrubberies. The true Woodbine of poets, though likewise the “‘ Twisted Eglantine’” of Milton. Notwithstanding Curtis’s imperfect quotation, Shakspear is guiltless of this blunder. He says ** So doth the woodbine, the sweet honeysuckle, Gently entwist the maple.” 3. L. Xylosteum. Upright Fly Honeysuckle. Stalks two-flowered. Berries distinct. Leaves entire, downy. L. Xylosteum. Linn. Sp. Pl. 248. Willd. v. 1. 986. Comp. 39. Engl. Bot. v.13. t.916. Fl. Grec. v.3.18. t.223. Berk, Outl. ed. 1. v.2.60. With. 247. Fl. Dan, t. 808. Caprifolium n. 677. Hall. Hist. v. 1.302. Chamecerasus dumetorum, fructu gemino rubro. Bauwh. Pin. 451. Duham. Arb. v.1. 153. t.59. Periclymenum rectum germanicum. Ger. Em. 1294. f. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Rilamnus, 327 P. rectum sylvestre. Gesn. Ic. Pict. fasc. 1. 36. t. 14. f. 47. Xylosteum. Dod. Pempt. 412. f. Riv. Monop. Irr. t.120. In thickets and rocky places. In the fissures of rocks, under the Roman wall near Shewing- Sheels, or rather Sewenshele, Northumberland. Wallis. Plen- tifully, and certainly wild, in a coppice called the Hacketts, to the east of Houghton bridge, 4 miles from Arundel, Sussex. Mr. Borrer. Shrub. July. Stem erect, bushy, 4 or 5 feet high, with numerous, round branches ; the young ones leafy and downy. Leaves deciduous, stalked, ovate, acute, dull green, soft and flexible. FU. small, cream- coloured, or reddish, scentless, in pairs, on axillary simple stalks. Bracteas hairy, double ; the 2 outermost lanceolate, spreading ; inner a small concave scale under each germen. Cal. in 5 ob- tuse lobes. Cor. downy. Berries scarlet, oval, distinct, of 1 cell, with about 6 seeds in each. A shrub of little beauty, and no known utility, though common in plantations ; where I have never seen any ripe fruit. 120. RHAMNUS. Buckthorn. Linn. Gen. 105. Juss.380. Fl. Br. 261. Tourn. t.366. Lam. t. 128. Garin. t. 106. Frangula. Tourn. ¢.383. Nat. Ord. Dumose. Linn. 43. Rhamni. Juss.95. N.121 the same. Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, fannel-shaped ; coloured internally ; limb in 5, sometimes only 4, acute, equal, spreading seg- ments. Petals as many as the segments of the calyx, alter- nate with them, small, converging, sometimes imperfect, or wanting. Z%/am. in the mouth of the calyx, opposite to each petal, awl-shaped, short. , Anth. roundish, two- lobed, small. Germ. superior, roundish, seated on a glan- dular disk. ‘Style short, cylindrical, rarely divided. Stigma in 2, 3, or 4 lobes. Berry nearly globular, of 2, 3, or 4 cells. Seeds solitary in each cell, rounded externally, flattened at the inner side. The flowers are often more or less dicecious. Stem shrubby. Leaves stalked, simple and undivided. S¢z- pulas small, deciduous. 7. small, on aggregate stalks, yellowish. Berries blueish-black, purgative. 1. R. catharticus. Common Buckthorn. Thorns terminal. Flowers four-cleft, dicecious. Leaves ovate, serrated. Stem erect. Berry with four seeds. 328 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Rhamnus. R. catharticus. Linn. Sp. Pl. 279. Willd. v.1. 1092. Fl. Br. 261. Engl. Bot. v. 23. t.1629. Hook. Scot.80. Woodv. Med. Bot. t.114. Fl. Dan. t.850. Raii Syn.466. Bauh. Pin.478. Dalech. Hist. 145. f.146. Ehrh. Pl. Off. 200. : R. n. 824. Hall. Hist. v. 1.366. R. solutivus. Dod. Pempt. 756. f. Ger. Em. 1337. f. 1,2. Cervispina. Cord. Hist. 175. f. Spina infectoria. Matth. Valgr. v. 1. 143. f. Camer. Epit. 82. f. Lob. Ic. v. 2. 181. f. In hedges, groves and thickets. Shrub. May. Fruit in September. Branches alternate, or nearly opposite, spreading, straight, round, smooth, hard and rigid, each terminating in a strong thorn, af- ter the first year. Leaves deciduous, bright green, smooth, ribbed; the young ones downy ; the earlier ones in tufts from the flowering buds ; the rest opposite, on the young branches. Footstalks downy. Stipulas linear. Fl. yellowish-green, on the last year’s branches, numerous ; the fertile ones with narrow petals, rudiments of stamens, and a deeply 4-cleft style ; barren ones with an abortive germen, and broader petals. Berries glo- bular, blueish black, nauseous, violently purgative, with 4 cells, and as many seeds ; by which last character they are easily known, by druggists, from the fruit of the following, which is supposed to be less active. ‘The unripe berries dye yellow. 2. R. Frangula. Alder Buckthorn. Berry-bearing Alder. Thorns none. Flowers all perfect. Style simple. Leaves entire, smooth. Berry with two seeds. R. Frangula. Linn. Sp. P1280. Willd. v. 1.1098. Fl. Br. 262. Engl. Bot.v. 4. t. 250. Hook. Scot.81. Fl. Dan, t. 278. R.n. 821. Hall. Hist. v. 1.365. Frangula. Dod. Pempt. 784. f. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 609. f. Camer. Epit. 978. f. Duham. Arb. v. 1. 245, t. 100. Dalech. Hist. 200. f. Raii Syn. 465. Alnus nigra, sive Frangula. Ger. Em. 1470. f. Dalech. Hist. 97.f. In woods and thickets. Rather rare in Scotland. Shrub. May. Fruit in July. Stem 3 or 4 feet high, with numerous, alternate, leafy, round, smooth, blackish branches. Leaves alternate, (not opposite,) elliptical, or roundish, pointed, entire, deep green, ‘with many parallel transverse ribs. Footstalks downy, as well as the minute Stipulas. Fl. whitish, five-cleft, on simple, aggregate, axillary, smooth stalks. Anthers purple. Style very short. Stigma ca- pitate, cloven. Berries dark purple, each with 2 large seeds. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Ribes. 329 121. EUONYMUS. Spindle-tree. Linn. Gen. 107. Juss. 377. Fl. Br.262. Tourn. t.388. Lam. t.131. Garin. t. 113. Nat. Ord. see 7. 120. Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, flat, in 5 deep, rounded, concave, permanent segments. Pet. 5, oblong, flat, spreading, longer than the calyx. Filam. awl-shaped, straight, distant, attached to the germen as well as to the recep- tacle. Anth. 2-lobed. Germ. superior, depressed, pointed. Style short, simple. Stigma obtuse. Caps. succulent, co- loured, with 5 sides, 5 prominent angles, 5 cells, and 5 coriaceous valves having central partitions. Seeds solitary, ovate; each enveloped inasucculent, folded, coloured tunic. Shrubs with opposite branches, hard wood, and opposite, stalk- ed, simple, smooth, deciduous leaves. Fi. on forked axillary stalks; often 4-cleft. #7/am. in some instances very short. 1. E. ewropeus. Common Spindle-tree, or Prickwood. Flowers mostly four-cleft. Petals acute. Branches smooth and even. E. europeus. Linn. Sp. Pl. 286. Willd. v. 1.1130. Fl. Br. 262. Engl. Bot. v. 6. t.362. Hook. Scot.81. Bull. Fr. ¢. 135. E. vulgaris. Raii Syn. 468. Scop. Carn. v. 1.167. Ehrh. Arb. 3. E. n. 829. Hall. Hist. v. 1.370. Euonymus. Matth. Valgr. v.1.173. f. Camer. Epit. 102. f. Dod. Pempt. 783. f. E. Theophrasti. Ger. Em. 1468. f. Carpinus Theophrasti. Trag. Hist. 982. t. 983. In hedges and thickets. Shrub, or small tree. May. Fetid in every part when bruised, and esteemed poisonous, whence arose, by antiphrasis, the generic name, signifying in Greek of good repute. Branchesangular when young ; afterwards round, with a green, smooth, not warty, bark. Leaves ovate, pointed, finely serrated, about 2 inches long. Stipulas awl-shaped, very small, soon falling off. Fl. fetid, small, greenish white ; the first only 5-cleft. Caps. ofa fine rose-colour, occasionally white. Tunics of the seeds always orange-coloured, elegantly contrast- . ing with the red, or white, valves. The very hard fine-grained wood is preferred for spindles, and for skewers, 122. RIBES. Currant and Gooseberry. Linn. Gen. 111. Juss.310. Fl. Br. 263. Lam. t, 146. Grossularia, Tourn. ¢. 409. Garin, t. 28. 830 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Ribes. Nat. Ord. Pomacea. Linn. 36. Cacti. Juss. 85. Grossularia. DeCand. 55. Cal. superior, of 1 leaf, tumid; the border in 5 deep, spread- ing, somewhat coloured, withering segments. Pet. 5, small, obtuse, erect, from the rim of the calyx. Flam. short, awl-shaped, erect, from the rim of the calyx, opposite to each segment. Anth. incumbent, compressed, of 2 distant lobes, bursting at the edges. Germ. roundish, inferior. Style cloven. Stigmas obtuse. Berry globular, umbilicated, of 1 cell, with 2 lateral, opposite, longitudinal receptacles, very juicy. Seeds numerous, roundish, slightly compressed, or angular, each coated with mucilaginous pulp. Stem shrubby; in the Gooseberry tribe prickly. Leaves alternate, stalked, lobed, notched, deciduous. £7. greenish; clustered in the Currants; in most of the Gcoseberries simply stalked. Fruit wholesome, variously coloured. * Without prickles. Currants. 1. R. rubrum. Common Currant. No prickles. Clusters smooth, pendulous. Flowers but slightly concave. Petals inversely heart-shaped. R. rubrum. Linn. Sp. Pl. 290. Willd. v.1. 1153. Fl. Br. 263. Engl. Bot. v.18. t. 1289. Hook. Scot.81. Woodv. Med. Bot. t.74. Fl. Dan. t.967. R. acidum. Ehrh. Pl, Off. 232. Arb. 81. R. vulgaris, fructu rubro. Rait Syn.456. Ger. Em. 1593. f. Matth. Valgr. v. 1. 152. f. Camer. Epit. 88. f. R. vulgaris acidus ruber. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 97. f. R. hortense. Trag. Hist. 994. f. 995. B. R. vulgaris fructu dulci. Rati Syn. 456. y. R. fructu parvo. Merr. Pin. 104. Dill. in Raii Syn. 456. In mountainous woods, especially about the banks of rivers, in the north of England, and in Scotland. Undoubtedly wild on the banks of the Tees. Mr. E. Robson. In the isle of Isla, amongst brush wood, on the bank of the sound. Lightf. In Culross woods, Scotland. Mr. Maughan. Frequent in hedges and thickets, by accident. Shrub. May. Stem bushy, erect, smooth, with a deciduous cuticle. Leaves al- ternate, on long fringed stalks, 5-lobed, doubly serrated, veiny ; most downy beneath. Clusters simple, stalked, always pendu- lous. Bracteas ovate, solitary under each partial stalk ; often with a pair of smaller ones near the flower. Cal. cup-shaped, almost flat. Pet. yellowish, obtuse, or slightly cloven. Berries globular, smooth, red and shining, each crowned with the wi- PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Ribes. 331 thered flower; in gardens either red, white, or flesh-coloured ; various in degree of acidity. One of the most wholesome and grateful of fruits, especially if tempered with sugar. 1 have not seen the small-berried variety y. Haller has “ stipule brevissime,” meaning bractee ; and by mistake, in his Nomenclator, has “ foliis,’ instead of floribus, ‘‘ planius- culis,”” which error Willdenow copies. Hence it appears that the latter used the Nomenclator instead of the original Historia. 2. R. petreum. Rock Currant. No prickles. Clusters somewhat hairy; in flower upright ; in fruit pendulous. Flowers slightly concave. Petals bluntish. Bracteas shorter than the flower-stalks. Stem erect. R, petreum. Wulfen in Jacq. Misc. v. 2.36. Jacq. Ic. Rar. v. 1. * t.49. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 1.1153. Fl. Br.265. Engl. Bot. v, 10. t.705. Hoek. Scot.81. Don H. Br. 159. R.n. 818. Hall. Hist. v. 1.364; including the cultivated R. ru- brum. In the mountainous woods of Durham and Scotland. Near Eggleston, Durham. Rev. Mr. Harriman. Near Conscliffe in the same county. Mr. E. Robson. In Scots Wood Dean, North- umberland. Mr. Winch. Shrub. May, June. Stem bushy. Leaves like the preceding, but more downy beneath, particularly about the veins. The clusters of greenish yellow, often reddish, flowers, at first erect, become pendulous when in fruit. Pet. generally less blunt and abrupt than in R. rubrum. Bracteas short, recurved, fringed. Berries globose, bright red, acid. This species, abundant in Switzerland, is certainly what Haller in- tended under his n. 818, though he supposed the cultivated Currants to be the same. He quotes R. flore rubente of John Bauhin, Hist. v. 2.98, who gives no figure. Mr. Davall thought this the only wild Swiss Currant, except alpinum and nigrum. Jacquin’s figure is erroneously drawn by Wulfen, with long awl- shaped bracteas, quite different from his own specimens. 3. R. spicatum. Acid Mountain Currant. No prickles. Spikes upright. Flowers nearly sessile. Petals oblong. Bracteas shorter than the flowers. R. spicatum. Robson in Tr. of Linn. Soc. v.3. 240. t.21. With. 265. Fl. Br. 264. Engl. Bot. v. 18. t. 1290. In woods in the north of England. : Near Richmond, Yorkshire, and between Piersbridge and Gain- ford, Durham. Mr. E. Robson. At present extinct in the place 332 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. — Ribes. last mentioned, according to Mr. Robson himself. Winch Bot. Guide, v. 1. 23. Shrub. May. This has the habit of the two foregoing species, but differs from both in the extreme shortness of the partial flower-stalks, ren- dering the inflorescence a spike, rather than a cluster, which, moreover, is erect both in flower and fruit. If these characters be not constant, the present species probably belongs to R. pe- treum; which seems scarcely credible. 4. R. alpinum. Tasteless Mountain Currant. No prickles. Clusters upright, both in flower and fruit. Bracteas longer than the flowers. Leaves polished at the back. Stem erect. Berries smooth. R. alpinum. Linn. Sp. Pl. 291. Willd.v.1.1154. Fl. Br. 264. Engl. Bot. v. 10. ¢. 704. Hook. Scot.51. Jacq. Austr. t.47. Fi. Dan. t.968. Ehrh. Arb. 51. R.n. 817. Hail. Hist. v. 1.363. R. alpinus dulcis. Bauh. Hist. v. 2.98. f. bad. Raii Syn. 456. In woods in the north of England ; also in Scotland, but rare. Abundant near Bradford, Yorkshire. Dr. Richardson. Near Ripon. Mr. W. Brunton. \n Durham, Mr. E. Robson. Shrub. May. Branches more upright than in R. rubrum. Leaves smaller, three- lobed, remarkably shining beneath. Clusters erect, dense, with long, narrow, brown bracteas, and short partial stalks. Fl. small, greenish, observed by several botanists to be sometimes dice- cious. Berries of a fine deep scarlet, mucilaginous and insipid. 5. R. megrum. Black Currant. No prickles. Clusters hairy, pendulous, with a separate flower-stalk at the base of each. Flowers oblong. R, nigrum. Linn. Sp. Pl.291. Willd. v. 1.1156. Fl. Br. 265. Engl. Bot. v. 18. t. 1291. Hook. Scot.82. Woodv. Med. Bot. t.75. Fi. Dan. t.556. Ehrh. Arb. 91. Lob. Ic. v. 2.202. f. Same cut as Gerarde’s, hereafter quoted. R.n. 819. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 364. R. nigrum vulgo dictum, folio olente. Bauh. Hist. v. 2.98. f. 99. Rati Syn. 456. R, n. 3. Ger. Em. 1593 ; to which belongs his fig. 2, copied by Do- donzus from John Bauhin, and erroneously given by Gerarde for the White Currant. The solitary flower, faithfully repre- sented at the base of some of the clusters, indicates the present species. Ribesium fructu nigro. Dod. Pempt. 749. f. good. In sandy swamps and thickets, about the banks of rivers. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Ribes. 3533 In Cambridgeshire, Bedfordshire, Warwickshire, Cumberland and Essex. Ray. In Costesy island, near Norwich. Mr. Rose. Be- tween Norwich and Yarmouth, by the river, in several places ; as also in Scotland. Shrub. May. Stem lower, and more spreading, than R. rubrum. Leaves larger and softer, glandular, with a strong Savine-like scent, when rubbed. Fi. green, in drooping hairy clusters, remarkable for a separate stalk at the base, whose fruit is earlier and larger than the rest. Cal. tubular-bell-shaped, with reflexed segments. Pet. ovate. Berries large, globose, black, gratefully subacid, with some of the flavour of the leaves. They are esteemed very useful in sore throats of any sort; and by some writers are reckoned powerfully diuretic ; but according to Dr. Woodville this wants confirmation. Dr. Withering observed the petals to change occasionally into stamens ; the only instance upon record of such a metamorphosis. ** Branches prickly. Gooseberries. 6. R. Grossularia. Common Gooseberry. Prickles one, two or three under each bud. Branches otherwise smooth, spreading. Stalks single-flowered. Bracteas close together. Segments of the calyx reflexed, shorter than the tube. R. Grossularia. Linn. Sp. Pl. 291. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 1.1158. Fl. Br. 266. Engl. Bot. v.18. t. 1292. Hook. Scot. 82. Ehrh. Arb. La): R. Uva crispa. Fl. Dan. t.546. R. n. 820. Hall. Hist. v. 1.364. Davall.. B.R. Uvacrispa. Linn. Sp. Pl. 292. Willd. v.1.1158. Fl. Br. 266. Engl. Bot. v. 29. t.2057. Cullum 88, Schmid. Ic.5. t.1. Ehrh. Arb.22. Pl. Off. 452. Uva crispa. Fuchs. Hist. 187. f. Dod. Pempt.748.f. Ger. Em. 1324. f. U. spina. Matth. Valgr. v.1.151.f. Camer. Epit.87. f. In hedges, thickets, waste ground, and on old buildings, frequent ; though supposed generally, in the south of England at least, to have escaped from gardens. In woods and hedges about Darlington plentiful. Mr. E. Robson. Apparently indigenous in Hamilton woods, Scotland. Mr. Hov- kirk. ; Shrub. April. Stem bushy, spreading, with 1, 2, or 3, straight, sharp, strong, divaricated, awl-shaped prickles under each bud, but no bristles or prickles on the intermediate spaces. Leaves smaller, rounder, more smooth and shining, than in Common Currants, each 334 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Hedera. three-lobed, and variously cut, a little hairy, of a pleasant green while young. Footstalks hairy. Fl. green, or pale flesh-coloured, bell-shaped, on simple drooping stalks, thickened upwards, mostly 2 together, from the same bud as the leaves and future branches. Bracteas small, ovate, fringed, in pairs, rarely 3, a little below each flower ; sometimes united into a tube at the base, which Linneus thought a mark of the Smooth-fruited Gooseberry, my #, but it is not at all constant. Segments of the calyx reflexed, often coloured. Pet. ovate. Germen gene- rally hairy. Style often scarcely cloven, sometimes double. Berry elliptic-oblong, or nearly globular, green or yellowish, rough with scattered hairs; in 6 smooth ; but Mr. Robson found this not a permanent specific character. Cultivated varieties are of- ten red or blackish. The Gooseberry is well known as a most wholesome fruit, chiefly confined to cold or temperate climates, neglected in Switzerland, and with difficulty raised in Italy. R. reclinatum of Linneus seems a mere variety with long deflexed branches, not uycommon. 123. HEDERA. Ivy. Linn. Gen.111. Juss.214. Fl. Br.267. Tourn.t.384. Lam.i.145. Gaertn. t. 26. Nat. Ord. Hederacee. Linn. 46. Aralie. Juss. 59. Cal. minute, of 5 teeth, surrounding the germen. Pet. 5, alternate with the calyx, oblong, widely spreading; broad- est at the base. Zilam. awl-shaped, erect, the length of the petals, and inserted alternately with them. Anth. in- cumbent, cloven at the base. Germen turbinate, sur- rounded with the annular receptacle of the flower. Style very short, furrowed. Stigma simple. Berry globular, of 1 cell. Seeds from $3 to 5, oblong, vertical, convex ex- ternally, angular at the inner edge. Climbing evergreen shrubs, with scattered, smooth, stalked leaves. Fl. in terminal bracteated umbels, or heads, pale or greenish. Style sometimes cloven, or aggregate. ‘The character of Jussieu’s 59th order should be so modelled as to admit this genus, which he refers to his 58th, Capri- JSolia. ‘1. H. Helix. Common Ivy. Leaves some ovate, some lobed. H. Helix. Linn. Sp. Pl. 292. Willd.v.1.1179. Fl. Br.267. Engl. Bot. v. 18. t=. 1267. Curt. Lond. fase. 1,t. 16. Hook, Scot. 82. Fl. Dan. t.1027. Bull. Fr. t. 133, H. n. 826. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 358. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. TIllecebrum. 335 . communis, major et minor. Rati Syn. 459. . corymbosa and H. Helix. Ger. Em. 857.f. . arborea and H. Helix. Matth. Valgr. v. 1.572, 573.f. ' . and H. Helix, sive minor. Camer. Epit. 398, 399. f. In woods and hedges, and on old buildings. Shrub. October. Stem branched, either trailing on the ground, and bearing 5-lobed, white-veined leaves, but no flowers ; or climbing, flattened, and attached by dense tufted fibres, which serve for support, not nourishment; the flowering branches loosely spreading, round, bearing ovate, undivided leaves. Umbels aggregate, green, many-flowered, their stalks clothed with starry pubescence, and accompanied at the base by several small bracteas. Petals re- flexed. Berry the size of a currant, smooth, black ; internally whitish and mealy, with seldom more than 5 seeds. The whole plant is somewhat aromatic; and a very fragrant resin exudes from the old stems when bruised. cote 124. ILLECEBRUM. Knot-grass. Linn. Gen. 114. Fl. Br. 267. Fl. Gr.v. 3.39. Br. Pr. 416, obs. Paronychia. Tourn. ¢.288. Juss. 89. Lam. é. 180. Nat. Ord. Holeracee. Linn. 12. Amaranthi. Juss. 30. Iilecebree. Br. Pr. 413, obs. Cal. inferior, 5-angled, of 5 coloured, cartilaginous, perma- nent leaves, with distant spreading points. Cor. none. Filam. capillary, shorter than the calyx, with 5 interme- diate scales or bristles seldom wanting. Anth. simple, of 2 cells. Germen superior, ovate, acute. Style short. Stigma obtuse. Caps. roundish, pointed at each end, of 1 cell, with 5, more or less distinct, valves. Seed solitary, oval, pointed at each end, filling the capsule. Stem herbaceous, with numerous, opposite, undivided, en- tire Jeaves, and opposite membranous séipulas. Fil. axil- lary, either whorled, or crowded into terminal leafy heads. 1. I. veréicellatum. Whorled Knot-grass. Flowers whorled, without bracteas. Stems procumbent. I. verticillatum. Linn. Sp. Pl. 298. Willd.v. 1.1205. Fl. Br. 268. Engl. Bot. v.13. t.895. Dicks. Dr. Pl.57. H. Sicc. fase. 12. 13. Fl, Dan. t. 335. Corrigiola. Raii Syn. 160. Polygala repens. Ger. Em.563. f. Lob. Ic, 416.f. Dalech. Hist. 489. f. Poenvie serpyllifolia palustris. Vaill. Par. 157. t.15. f.7. 336 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Glaux. In marshy boggy ground, in Cornwall and Devonshire. In Devonshire not uncommon. With. About Pensans. F. Borone. Perennial. July. Root creeping. Herb smooth, branched, procumbent. Leaves small, ovate, acute, or sometimes spatulate, scarcely stalked, rather fleshy. Stipulas intrafoliaceous, small, white, jagged. Fl. small, aggregate, axillary, white or reddish. Calyx-leaves abrupt, with long, twisted, terminal bristles; concave at the inner side. Scales between the stamens lanceolate, reddish, pointed, alternate with the calyx, resembling petals. Filam. very short. Stigma notched. Caps. of 5 distinct valves. 125. GLAUX. Sea-milkwort. Linn. Gen.114. Juss. 333. Fl. Br. 268. Tourn. t.60. Lam. t. 141. Nat. Ord. Calycantheme. Linn. 17. Salicarie. Juss. 91. Supposed by recent authors, see Hook. Scot. 212, to be allied to Samolus, p. 323, and therefore to the Primulacee, see p. 269; but their characters and habits are essentially different. Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, coloured, bell-shaped, in 5 deep, spreading, obtuse, recurved segments, permanent. Cor. none. Filam. awl-shaped, erect, not longer than the calyx. Anth. roundish. Germ. superior, ovate. Style cylindrical, as long as the stamens. Stigma capitate. Caps. globose, pointed, of 1 cell and 5 valves. Seeds 5, roundish, attached to a very large, globular, central, pitted receptacle. Herbaceous. Leaves opposite, simple, undivided. £7. axillary. In its calyx this genus is akin to Polygonum, in its fruit to Jussieu’s Lysimachie ; but cannot well be referred to any natural order yet defined. 1. G. maritima. Common Sea-milkwort. Black Saltwort. : G. maritima. Linn. Sp. Pl. 301. Willd. v.1.1210. Fl. Br. 268. Engl. Bot. v. 1. t.18. Hook. Scot. 82. Rati Syn. 285. Fl. Dan. t. 548. Ehrh. Phyt. 83. Polygonum maritimum longits radicatum nostras. Raii Syn. ed.2. 69. ed.3. 161. Pluk. Phyt. t. 53. f. 3. Newton’s Knotgrass. Pet. d. Brit. t. 10. f.6. Alsine bifolia, fructu Coriandri, radice geniculata. Les. Pruss. 13.2.3; Herniaria glabra 6. Huds. 108 In muddy salt-marshes abundantly. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Thesium. 337 Perennial. June, July. Root of many long, thick, zigzag fibres. Stem erect, 3 or 4 inches high, branched, round, smooth, densely clothed with elliptic-- oblong, convex, entire, smooth leaves, pale underneath, saltish to the taste. ootstalks very short, or scarcely any. Stipulas none, Ft. axillary, solitary, nearly sessile, flesh-coloured. 126. THESIUM. Bastard-toadflax. Linn. Gen.114. Juss. 75. Fl. Br. 269. Lam. t.142. Gerin. t. 86. Nat. Ord. Veprecule. Linn. 31. Eleagni. Juss. '75. Santa- lacee. Br. Pr. 350. Cal. superior, of 1 leaf, internally coloured, divided half way down into 5 spreading segments, with intermediate notches; ultimately closed, coriaceous, permanent. Cor. none. lam. short, awl-shaped, erect, inserted into the base of each segment of the calyx, in the centre. Anth. roundish. Germ. inferior, roundish, ribbed. Style cylindri- cal, as long as the stamens. Stzgmacloven. Drupa oblong, angular, dry, coriaceous, crowned by the inflexed calyx. Nut roundish. Mr. Brown describes a small tuft of hairs at the outside of each stamen. Herbaceous, or shrubby, smooth, rigid, with scattered, nar- row leaves. Fl. clustered, or panicled, bracteated, small, whitish, or yellowish. 1. T. Linophylium. Flax-leaved Bastard-toadflax. Cluster branched. Bracteas three together. Leaves linear- lanceolate. Tube of the calyx very short. T. linophyllum. Linn. Sp. Pl.301. Willd. v. 1.1211. Fl. Br. 269. Engl. Bot. v.4. t.247. Dicks. H. Sicc. fasc. 11. 5. T. pratense. Ehrh, Herb. 12. Linaria montana, flosculis albicantibus. Bauh. Pin. 213. L. adulterina. Raii Syn. 202. Sesamoides procumbens nostras montanum, linarie folio, floribus albicantibus. Moris. v.3. 601. sect. 15. t. 1. f.3. In high open chalky pastures. : In Cambridgeshire frequent ; also in Suffolk, on the west side of Bury ; and in Dorsetshire. Found, by the Rev. R. Forby, on Limekiln hill, near Shouldham, Norfolk. Perennial. July. ; Root woody, yellowish. Stems widely spreading, angular, leafy, aspan or more in length. Leaves turned to one side, rough- edged, light green, an inch long at most. Clusters terminal, VOL. I. z 338 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Vinca. many-flowered, erect, generally branched or subdivided. Partial stalks alternate, erect, single-flowered, with 3 unequal, spread- ing, lanceolate bracteas under the flower. Cal. with a very short tube, and a broadish, white, sharply toothed border, irregularly notched between the segments. The varieties of Willdenow seem distinct species; especially T. montanum, Ehrh. Herb. 2, a much larger, more upright, herb, with compound, more slender, panicles ; which is Haller’s n. 1573, and likewise Gerarde’s plant, Ger. Em. 555, taken by Ray for the English species. 127. VINCA. Periwinkle. Linn. Gen.115. Juss.144. Fl. Br. 269. Lam.t.172. Gerin.t.117. Pervinca. Tourn. t. 45. : Nat. Ord. Contorte. Linn. 30. Apocinee. Juss. 47. See Grammar 108. Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, upright, acute, permanent segments. Cor. of 1 petal, salver-shaped; tube longer than the calyx, cylindrical in the lower part, dilated and marked with 5 lines above, 5-sided at the mouth; limb horizontal, in 5 deep, oblique, abrupt segments, attached to the summit of the tube. Filam. from the middle of the tube, short, doubly curved. Anth. membranous, obtuse, erect, incurved, bearing pollen at each lateral margin. Germens 2, superior, roundish, accompanied by 2 lateral roundish glands. Style 1, common to both germens, cy- lindrical, shorter than the tube. Stigma 1, capitate, seated on a flat orbicular disk. Follicles 2, cylindrical, acute, erect, bursting along one side. Seeds several, oblong, cy- lindrical, furrowed, without wings. Stems trailing or reclining, perennial, somewhat shrubby. Leaves opposite, ovate, entire; in our species evergreen. Fl. axillary, handsome, inodorous. 1. V. menor. Lesser Periwinkle. Stems procumbent. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, smooth-edged. Flowers stalked. Segments of the calyx lanceolate. V. minor. Linn. Sp. Pl. 304. Willd. v. 1.1232. Fl. Br. 270. Engl. Bot. v. 13. t.917. Curt. Lond. fase. 3. t.16. Hook. Scot. 82. Ehrh. Arb. 102. V. pervinca. Brunf. Herb. v.1. 178. f. V. pervinca minor. Raii Syn. 268. Ger. Em. 894. f. Pervinea. Trag. Hist. 394. f. P.n. 572. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 246. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. Vinca. 339 Clematis. Camer. Epit. 694. f. C. daphnoides. Dod. Pempt. 405. f. Lob. Ic. 635. f. In bushy places, and about hedges and banks, but rare. By Honingham church, Norfolk, on a bank facing the south, plen- tifully ; also in several lanes in that parish, undoubtedly wild. Mr, Crowe. Abundant at Raleigh, Essex. Rev. R. B. Franc i Near Rippon, Yorkshire. Rev. James Dalton. Perennial. May. Root creeping. Herb very smooth. Stems round, trailing; the flowering branches simple, leafy, erect. Leaves dark shining green, on short stalks, opposite, without stipulas. Fi. solitary, an inch wide, of a fine violet blue. Fruit scarcely seen in En- gland. There is a white-flowered variety in gardens, having va- riegated leaves ; and another with double, more purple flowers, well figured and described in Camer. Epit. 695. 2. V. major. Greater Periwinkle. Stems ascending. Leaves ovate, fringed. Flowers stalked. Segments of the calyx bristle-shaped, elongated. V. major. Linn. Sp. Pl. 304. Willd. v. 1. 1233. Fl. Br. 270. Engl. Bot.v.8.t.514. Curt. Lond. fase. 4. t.19. Hook. Scot. 82. Ehrh. Arb. 112. Pervinea n. 573. Hall. Hist. v. 1.246. P. vulgaris latifolia, flore ceruleo. Garid. Prov. t. 81. Clematis. Matth. Valgr. v.2. 305. f. C. daphnoides major. Bauh. Pin. 302. Raii Syn. 268. Ger. Em. 894. f. Dod. Pempt. 406. f. C. sive Pervinca major. Lob. Ic. 636. f. In thickets and groves, especially on a wet soil. Perennial. May. Nearly twice as large, in every part, as the former. Stems branched, ascending while in flower; afterwards procumbent, and taking root near the extremity. Leaves fringed with short rigid hairs. Fl. of a lighter blue. Cal. very narrow, mostly fringed with coarse hairs. Follicles unequal, filled with several large whitish seeds, one above another. ERRATA IN VOL..I. . 26. 1. 8—read Ger. I'm. 612. f. 49. l. 7 from the bottom, read Calamarie. 56.1, 21—read equiseti. 60. 1. 3 from the bottom, for f read y. 75. 1. 9—remove the f to the line immediately above- 188. after line 5, insert A. verna. Dalech. Hist. 1234. f. 198. 1. 5—for Hist. read Herb. 225—last line, read Bufonia tenuifolia. INDEX OF THE NATURAL ORDERS IN VOL I. ———_ AGGREGAT# page 42,44, 192- | Ensate .......... page 46- a 197, 324) Fluviales .............. Alismacez? ...6.....0.-. 228 | Gentiane ...... 211, 274, ea Wgnaranthi . 6 5.60 3 eo 335 | Gentianee ............ 21 _ oS er oe SESh Geramide. .... 2,4. /chec scot ots 298 / APTI TE eee eae rene 334 | Gramina ...... 37, 39, 71-186 J\TOTG CES ee 4, 31 | Graminee ........ 37, 71-186 Mspertolia ........ 247-269 | Grossularie ............ 330 ONS eS AW RSMMIeSe 8. . Loa 6 242 Berberidee ............ ONG) Adaleragers, ioc k es os - 4,9 Berberides ............ 219 | Hederacee ............ 334 IBOTNES 07, < cys. 5.5 o)s acscce 3c 252 | Holeracee............ 2, 335 Boraginee ........ 247-269 | Hydrocharidee ........ 31 It eee ee 330 | Illecebree.............. 335 @alamatiz,......... 35, 49-70 | Inundate.... 4, 6, 9, 228, 237 ‘Calycantheme........ TS. Gotan enigma es ok 46-49 Campanaceez.... 283-298, 300 Jasmine yf... Sees ke 13 Campanulacee ...... De IO | eames. Teas aie cs 33, 34 Saoriiolia........... 220, 324 | Lentibularie .......... 27, 29 Caryophyllee .. 187-169, 225, LETTER eat ary abate se at et 242 238, 2405 Gam | Laatides bss: 27, S07-318 MUSNAGCIO ce, ss ice t os nie 6 | Lysimachiz .. 27, 29, 216, 269, Bmenopodes........,..; 2 276-252, 323 SY eee 300 | Miscellanee ............ 31 Metric, 2... st nt 338 | Naiades .. 4, 6, 9, 31, 228, 237 Convolvuli ............ I3Su Olena so cucts atest akc tale 13 Corydales ....27, 29, 219, ae Onagreh enorme as sieks tates 15 Cyperacez ............ Pediculares 7) ...:...734% 16 Cyperoidee ........ 35, ee Personatx Petts sheen 16 Dipsacee ....42, 44, 192-197 | Piperite .:............ 4 Dumose........ 226, 397-399" |: Pistiacess ..... 2k Sou 31 Si ee S57..\ Plantagines ..... o.. wee 213 342 Plantagines Polemonia Pomacez Portulacee INDEX OF NATURAL ORDERS. aptere ee page 213 | Seabride .....:.... ei t Oet eae 286 | Scrophularinz hor th iM eet as 330 | Sempervive esac tae 186 | Senticose Precie 269-273, 276-252, 323 | Sepiarie Primulacee 269-273, 276-282 | Solanex Rhamni........ 226, 327-329 | Stellate Rhododendra Rosacez Rotacez Rubiaceze .. Salicariz 211, 216, 319 | Valerianee . 196-201 | Vepreculz Reb ctyece ah wee ae 346 | Verticillate th SRT Nee 337 | Violaceze ee re ec ee ee ee sd ads BRA eee 982 Succulentz. cael Tene kana ir 217, 223 | Urtice Pinte a egeges 2 (=e) ' (ois) «ee INDEX OF THE LATIN OR ITALIAN NAMES IN VOLS I. The synonyms, as well as the names of plants incidentally mentioned, are in Italics, those of lhe genera in capitals. i a aE page 49 | A. pumila ....6...... page 9 Baers. ee ELAR AO) |: SS noni deckless < sxc, SAS 87 4igilops bromoides ...... 163 | = rupestris..c on. 91, 94 CRCUPLALAS LO REA 176 | — setacea, <..6.0.. 050% 91 major, caule et foliis — Spica venti.......... 89 arundinaceis, locustis gla- == stolonifera........... 3% 92, 93 brioribus et angustioribus, SS SETGEG sy. aisle 0 e SENOS 90 é fuseo xerampelints .... 156 | — sylvatica ...... 820084 93 —— quibusdam, aristis re- = tenutfolia .... . ewaysbyie 90 curvis, seu Avena pilosa 163 | — tenuis .............:5 92 a ee Q2T | —= trearestata, 50 ots.siae\e's 85 AGROSTIS ...... $9, 88-94 | — ventricosa .......... 87 os, Sill) See eer 3} — omens, atesewe . sukon. 90 — alpina ........ 5 91, 94 | — vulgaris ............ 91 SS ROTISEOLE TS DNS Ls Ae 93 | — vulgaris ..0.. 222 22s. 92 SEPOUSETAUS. A. wo RS 87 | ATRA oo maicewe. 40, 100-107 pescanitia s. 2isti0....0Rlien 901} 4S. alpina? cusewrecrt 2G), 103 — CANINA 2.1... ee 9) (92 | = aquatica sssssteh one 101 —capillaris .......... 92,93 | — aquatica .....sccn002s. 118 — coarctata ......--.... 94 | —cerulea ............ 113 — fascicularis ........-- 90 | — cespitosa............ 102 SemIspIda!.._......:...... HDB). 91 | — canescens ......035. 105 SSMUINCATIS Hs A.:..04 Aristo. 95 | — caryophyllea ........ 106 SERUOTAIES, .... . He. 86: | *=Scristatas..)...< . ewer? 101 — MINIMA Pye 0 eee 84 )\|°— flexwiosaisiyluc omnes 104, —— WMEADUES NIL. Hho ede 93 | —levigata ............ 103 — palustris... 02.0405 93'1| Sfmontana<—..z....... ee 104 BERR TMRCE Pe TS wense a, «+ EM 85 | — precox ............ 105 = polymorpha BE 92, 93 | — scabro-setacea ........ 104 344 Aira setacea age 104. ALCHEMILLA 191, 223-295 AO eB SoS ie oid 9 widen 224 — Aphanes ............ DIA — arvensis ............ 294. — MINOr 1... eee eee 993 —Sivulparis......05...) 2.0% 223 PAAR OR 1 ies Sica 5 Alisma sylvarum ........ 270 Alnus nigra, sive Frangula 328 ALOPECURUS .. 39,.79-83 PRESS | fe yi 0 ES 80 —SralpiiM: 2. 5). Va ees 80 —altera maxima anglica, WOIUOOKE 2k ee es 85 eT ONES |. 23a i io 85 —— bulbosus, 22-3) 022.254. $l — bulbosus............ 75, 82 == Hulvus72 ter ee 83 — geniculatus.......... 82 — geniculatus .......... 83 FS BERUINE ow sis 82 OE 167 — maxima anglica ...... 85 — monspeliensis ........ 85 — myosuroides,......... 81 SS - DOGLUS. 65 ss 100s, 80 SE PANICCUS oe vw ev ON 82 — pratensis............ 79 — ventricosus .......... 87 sine eta one 188, 239 aquatica perennis, foliis becabunge............ 324 —— aguis innatans, foliis longiusculis .......... - 10 —— bifolia, fructu corian- dri, radice geniculata 336 Solits trissaginis .... 24 — VeEronice...... 95 —— hederacea.......... 95 Ss media, «|... Ne 94 —— myosotis anthomelinos 253 palustris minima, flos- culis albis, fructu corian- @ra exiguo>:.....-... .PLate parva palustris tricoc- cos, portulace aquatice Similas. 003k. BROMO polygonoides tenuifo- hia, flosculis ad longttudi- INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. nem caulis velut in spicam disposilis nostra.... page 226 Alsine pusilla graminea, flore detrapetalo . 0, os cie cee 239 guarium genus...... 25 MOC... vars & 26 SH SIWCNNE Lio serctomeeee 188 seas Labraen nies 241 Alsineformis paludosa tri- carpos, flosculis albis ina- CRS ILS. .o. osc Alsinella foliis caryophyllets 241 muscoso flore repens 239 Alysson germanicum echiot- UESS. et es oe 266 Alyssa: 3 5. Re 25 Amara dulcis .....:...- 318 Anagallidastrum exiguum, Joitis lanceolatis alternis, lore albo fugact et via CONSPICUO . 21.6... we 217 ANAGALLIS . . 244, 279-282 Anagallis... . Pekow Yom ral A. aquatica. .-.. . aveeiaee 24.9 — rotundifolia 323 — ——Tterlla .......... 324 — arvensis ............ 2&0. — arvensis .......0. 20 281 —cxrulea ............ 280 — flavo flore... 6.0... ee 278 —feemina ............ 281 ee BiPea No... BA 278 ee IAS inet e eR ee 280 — paludosa minima, foliis rotundis alternatis...... Q\7 — pumila .... 0.6... eee Q7 — tenella 281 ee rs ANCHUSA .. ..244, 257-259 —— arvensis .......... 267 —— degener, facie Milit SONS 2.2 occ 1s 2 255 OT) eS 253 —— officinalis..,....... 258 paniculata ........ 258 —— repens, lithospermi fa- cie, floribus ceruleis, se- cundim folia prorumpen- tibus INDEX OF LATIN Anchusa tinctoria ... “page 258 Anonymos altera ........ 283 Sruticosa, foliis erice —— baccifere Matthioli .. 283 ANTHOXANTHUM 12, 37 ASodoratum... ........ .< 37 Anthyllis alsinefolia polygo- notides major =| See marina incana alsine- Cees seo en ewe Sele 199, 210 —— aquis innatans Terevi- sana, foliis Percepier, ca- ry preolis donata ........ 31 coriandri semine .... 205 —— foliis brevioribus et se- mine leviore .......... 25 major Plinit........ 2c6 MUENIMa. ATL EAH 209 minor saxatilis, verru- coso semineé .......... 2°5 palustris minor pari- siensis, Jlore GOO is 202 semine coriandri sac- BHR IEe Se -wcvgiy ates 205 semine levi ........ 205 a SS re 295 —— vulgaris, semine minori 206 epee QVVENSIS . . navavece « QI Aquifolium ........ 226, 227 MEG EPL 8 NO EAS 272 ARUNDO...... 41, 168-172 AP TOTO eee 113 PAMPATEMATIA) -y.ihie\encadnrd Dae 171 SS MITENATEA . sss whsresbivechs 177 — Calamagrostis ........ i — Calamagrostis ........ 169 BEMIGONOT NEMS. -) a¥ gdoarave os 74 — epigejos es «See 169 PePOPIP CIOS 8b ON 170 ss — atc eS eee ae 171 LT 168 — Phragmites .......... 168 SS Ce 171 EN UMILCLORIO I. ssa Shu. 165 —WUIDATES wees cea 168 ASPERUGO .. 244, 265, 266 A. procumbens.......... 265 Uo hc 266 NAMES. Asperugo vulgaris .... page 265 ASPERULA .. 199, 197, 198 REO NE os Cases 198 Aweynanchiea «os. 198 — flore carneo, acuto folio 197 — odorata .....22..05. 197 AMROPA. ....... 24553165317 As Belladonna .. ... .....« 316 AVENA ........ 41, 162-167 Avena. .89, 90,102, 104, 105- Sse cee aero 108, 155 1 a ire Ore 164 = OTOMOLLES s,s, <<, sastay Bee: 165 SSCL TUTOT PR 2r5¢. veers 168 See ACORN occ ais SRE 162 — flavescens............ 166 See OPL GSMO: hd) =, ae ee a 109 ca re 163 = planiculmis eek: 165 — pratensis ............ 164 —pubescens .......... 164 — sesquitertia ........4.. 164 = Strigosare oo. 6... a kpee 163 AZALEA-S..... 94.5, 282, 283 A. procumbens.......... 282 PBONSOMINA. 0055. « octecries 298 B. lutea polonica ........ 299 — —— sive Noli-me-tan- BETO PRIN. Berens 299. Beccabunga 8 ny alpen eee 21 Belladonna Oe Oe ee 316 (re. ee 307 B. floreamplo .......... 312 — ——luteo .......... 312 CRW Sy 8 Sl pala 312 =——magno flore ... .. cess 312 == Pina FEM. saa 312 BORAGO .... 244, 264, 265 WRQTEOOUN S56. 5 12 alpriens 264 B. hortensis CLES Aes 264. — minor sylvestris ...... 266 — offcinalis............ QriAs — SeEmpervirens..... 06... 259 Brassica marina ........ 285 BRIA ree ei 40, 132-134 |) ot a eT 133 SNL IN rm. oa tv 168 ——PIMed ae Ps 2 oka 133 SNOT PIES aie ae 132 346 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. BROMUS .. page 41, 150-161 Bilagrestis s/h 3. Pod TSS 157 —aarvensis .......+0.... 156 — arvensis ............ 154 AS POL Ca Ue Ns 158 —TENiatus 2: 65 es 262 SBM 160 — cristatus ............ 184 —diandrus ............ 160 — erectuS........0..... 157 —sipanreus PS Oe 144 — elomeratus ae ae 134 “Sprachis? 252222 8 149 — grandiflorus reg’: 159 —synandrus® ss). POM 160 — hirsutus -.: 2542.5 .00. 158 — hordeaceus .......... 153 Stnermis ©? 2. esses v BPOM 159 — littoreus 2. ....3...0%. 148 — madritensis .......... 160 —mollis .............. 153 — montanus............ 158 — multiflorus ...... 152, 156 — muralis.....2.. 22028. 165 — nemoralis............ 15 ——SAETEOT OSES ne eee 158 SREP EIS *.*2. Cay ees ned ie — pinnatus ........ 149, 150 — polymorphus...... 151, 153 IT ULERSES utes ee 154 —racemosus .......... 154 ——"TaMOSUS 0. eek 158 — secalinus ..... iu, ae 151 — spiculi-tenuata...... o ‘IS — squatrosus .......... 155 —sterilis oe eT, -. 159 — sylvaticus.... 22.0.5: 149 ST TUS «tt oe ees 144 — velutinus ............ 152 — versicolor 6 oe ee 156 — verticillatus .:........ 156 ——vitiosus 8) 1% sere emma 45 | Buccaferrea maritima .... 237 BUFFONIA .. 191, 225, 226 B: tenuifolia 5. 22) 9 2) 295 Bufonia tenuifolia........ 225 Protoss sss os ee 258 Jas ear. % 28 ens eee 258 > SHLUEHIFES tre ra. 2 eee 26% zs MiMOre: . ks ens 267 Buglossa urbana .... page 264 Buglossum.......... 257, 258 B. arvense annuum litho- spermi folio ....++..-. 255 — dulce, ex insulis Lancas- BLO oe oc nce 257 — folio borraginis hispani- CHO Ns (eRe coe as anata 259 — latifolium semper virens 259 — semper virens ....+... 259 — sive Borrago .....-:. 264 — —— ” dulcis mellita Lancastriensis ........ 257 Calamagrostis arenaria.... 171 —— epigejos 2 ae 170 lanceolata CLES § 169, 170 minor, glumis ruffis et viridibus CALLITRICHE .... 1, 9-11 aquatica Ee Wee 10 autumnalis ........ 10 verna ook, She eae 10 Cali lystegia +, SOY DR ee 283 —— sepium 985 Cameraria arvensis et minor 187 CAMPANULA 246, 287-294 C. alpina rotundifolia minor 288 — arvensis erecta ........ 293 — cespitosa =) SS } SYNZ88 — Cervicaria dicta ...... 292 — cymbalaria foliis ...... 294 —- esculente facie, ramis et Jloribus patulis ........ 289 — folio hederaceo........ 294 + \glomérata > 2. ae 292 —hederacea .......... 293 — hortensis, Rapunculi ra- dice repente -< +2 7 eee 291 —hybrida ............ 293 — latifolia: .....:5 003% 290 — maxima, foliis latissimis 290 — media -: 2 e0ec8. ee 29% — minor alba sive purpurea 289 ———— alpina, rotundiorts bus imis foltis.........- 2°8 rotundifolia vulga- TIPO STE 288 a ‘esp Anguillare Canta- wried S352 SDEk ST ae .. 288 1 Oe ee OC * See INDEX OF LATIN Campanula patula .. page “= persicifolia. . ./cholins! — pratensis, flore conglome- BOUOR S65 SA 5 30's AEMEEEE — pulchra.. oo: eee ee: = Puma Peover... SURE OUI OPO, Oe —rapunculoides........ —Rapunculus........ — Eee Jjlore minore ce- ruleo uniflora... en — vulgatior, foliis urtice, vel major et asperior .... Caprifolium........ 324, germanicum ........ — italicum, &. ...... — non perfoliatum, folits stnuosis et variegatis .. Carduus fullonum.... 0... Carex arenaria......... uliginosa Aus Carpinus Theophrasti .... Caryoph yllus arvensis glaber TOMUMUUS, 2 oc oon s Grown thse holosteus arvensis... . Cauda equina fiemina .... vulpis monspelliensium Cenchrus capitatus........ Centaurium minus .. palustre ramosis- stmum, flore purpureo .. palustre luteum mini- mum nostras Paroum soe EgTo Mos CENTUNCULUS 190, 216, Centunculus C. minimus a Cerastium umbellatum -... Ceres . FOS e U6 woos C. maritima procumbens, fo- lits et floribus carulcts . . Cervicaria major ....+... Cervispina...... E Chetospora ove eines ~ ABLG303 288 290 292 291 288 288 291 289 NAMES. Chamecerasus dumetorum, Sructu gemino rubro page 326 Chamecistus serpyllifolius,. 283 —— septimus .......... 283 Chamedrys ........ TOY’ Ys Chamelinum gramineo, seu Hirulo, Solio. . ii55/s YEN 284 gidarum regionum...... 260 — arvensis minimus...... 284 | — minor ......0..0000- 249 — flore minimo ad unguem — topiaria forte Plinit. . 266 _ f FORC ORGS 2. Tae BS 284 | CYNOGLOSSUM.. DA, 959- SS NG OR Wins 5 5s ooo one BN 285.) 320 ow. cae he 261 — maritimus, Soldanelladic Cynoglossum........+++- 260 UUSicciahe eA es one BHT 276 | C. majus oulgare smisiiidbpeee 260 — minor vulgaris ........ 984 | — oflicinale.......... .. 260 > SOpwUM ssi. 05.005 SEEK 284 | — officinale ........-... 260 — Soldanella .......... 285 | — procumbens glaucophyl- Corchorus ...- 2506 she 298 on maritimum nostras, Cornu cervinum ........ 216 | floribus purpuro-ceruleis, CORNUS...... 160, 220-222 semine l@vi ..e..eeees 256 —— feemind............ 221 | — sylvaticum .......... 260 —— herbacea .......... 221 | — vulgare... 2.0.06 ees 2€0 —— pumila herbacea, Cha- CYNOSURUS. . 41, 136-138 meepericlymenum dicta .. 221 CY ULEUS. B%2\a ene Bavt 114 sanguinea 221 cristatus ...pitavaes 137 Suecica,, Sansese 221 echinatus.......... 137 Coronopus ...... 213, 215, 216 elegansinn dat, ee 128 COLLATION re ate ae w 300 0:0 he 335 a 85 Crassula foliis sessilibus con- @YPERUS = ...:x 38, 53, 54 natis, floribus ageregatis Cr lactcularisy20 WEFNUSA a x ho 48 compressa nigricante . 54: flore ei oats: le AT | Se nigricans: nee o)0\ni0s Nine 51 Chiciata Fndovehihen tO 199 | = oda ratus, radice oa 53 CYCL AMEN . Fee 245, 273 | DACTYLIS.... 40, 134, 135 C. europaums S209. 2%. 273 | D. cynosuroides. . <.'. . Ree 135 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Dactylis glomerata .. page 134 SE NSEIROLON So Sore kh seen SII 135 Danthonia: ... : .. sete 132 DATURA .... 245, 313, 314 D. Stramonium ........ 314 DIGITARIA...... £9, 96, 97 Distaria, weve eso4 o0k 94 D. “sanguinalis Tien sre ONE 96 —stolonifera —.... 2200) 95 DIPSACUS.... 190, 192-194 DR FAGAN 192 — fullonum ............ 192 —Sfulloniim wan Sd 193 — minor, sive Virga pas- LOTS LS . evo Silene ack 193 Seep MGS. 2 gig sens sncn’ 193 PUN PUTEUSIN tances so) sel 193 SS SALOUS ee oe ca edie’ 192 sylvestris’... 2. i 193 — capitulo minore .. 192 Dortmanna lacustris, flori- bus sparsis pendulis .... 297 Draba flore ceruleo galea- COPE EINE: o ebeer, 298 Echioides .......... 266;. 7 lore albo 5... 255 LEED a fk 26 ECHIUM...... 244, 267-269 CH UTUONRO amie 3 Sementet 268 altera species ...... 268 alterum, sive Lycopsis 17 Ls 268 -—. 2talicum +s ee++2%22 IGO marinum pecoeveccce 256 —— plantaginewm +++++- 269 scorpioides minus, flos- culis luteis +++ +eeeees + 953 palustre ++++++ 249 wiolaceum++srseeere 268 vulgare eevccesees B68 ELEOCHARIS..-..88, sath E. acicularis..--... . 64. — multicaulis ..... ately 6 — palustris -+++++-eeees 63 ELYMUS --..--.- 41, 176-178 Elymus wee meee wees cree 177 E. arenarius ++ +-+-++e++e 177 — ALENATIUS vee reeeeveee 185 SOO CONINUS. 0 ees ea evlala sce 184 S49 Elymus europeus:-- nage 178 — geniculatus +-.....-- 177 EPIMEDIUM.-199, 219, 220 Epimedium secereceeene 220 E.valphvam gts asireatae. 220 DIN NALUNDN A Sts Lele 220 Esquisetum feetidum, sub Aqua repens ......00.. 6 majus subcinereum, a- guis immersum ........ vi minus sub aqua repens, ad genicula pol, yspermon 9 palustre, Boe 1 SCO= parte folio | 2h ewes 4. ERIOPHORUM .. 38, 65-70 Ei lalpinime rs “ina curteds 67 — angustifolium ........ 69 — angustifolium ........ 68 — cespitosum .......%% o 66 —capitatum .......... 66 PP PPRACI Cora inser ses 0a 69 — latifolium .......... 67 —polystachion ........ 67 — polystachion .. 0.0.04. 69 — pubescens .......... 68 — Scheuchzert .. 2. 5.020% 66 — triquetrum wo... see 69 —vaginatum .......... 66 —Vanllanti esa ge ....68e 69 ERYTHREEA .. 245, 319-322 — Centaurium,......... $20 latifolia: Slee eee $21 —wittoralis:< ae AAS 320 — pulchella,........... 322 EUONYMUS...... 246, $29 PUORYMUS HOPS. can sR $29 Hr europeua’. y. o 0< «eran 329 — Theophrasti.......... 329 — vulgaris ..... 66.66 oe 329 EXACUM .... 190, 211, 212 I hlifornie: eyes seqview 212 BEDIAd< se:nivaws 38, 44, 45 Ridentata,s...o< Vyas 45 = olitonia, -.i. 205 eenet 45 FESTUCA....... 40, 138-150 PB ESTUCE schon s Bow whe 4 101, 154 F. arundinacea ........-- 148 — avenacea hirsuta, pani- culis minis sparsis...... 153 ‘ 550 Fest. aven. spicis habitioribus glumis glabris .... page spicis strigosioribus, e glumis glabris compactzs — —-- sterilis elatior, seu Bromos Dioscoridis .... steril. elat. spices aristatis in gyrum con- LOTERS ROI. BH ster. humallima, spt- ca unam partem spectante — ster. paniculis con- Jfertis erectioribus, aristis brevioribus.........-.. — ster. pediculis bre- vtoribus et spicis erectts . . ster. spicis erectis. . — bromoides — c@sia — Pe COINDTACUE con. vivave fe AL eCidui ees eX AERO — decumbens — dumetorum — duriuscula — duriuscula ;..... SNE LAtOL {. uscd a SRS VIVE Blatt Or secre —elatior, paniculis minus sparsis, Licustis oblongis strigosis aristatis purpu- reis splendentibus ...... — elongata — fluitans .. 26-4. 00. 116, — gigantea ......0 000 0! Se lab rays. 3s UIT PRR re OUAULE 5 sowie RILIM SS eraciliss . -.... ari — graminea, effusa juba .. glumis glabris.... — — gl, hirsutis ...... — = pacuis 0 o. A — heterophylla .......... ~= Joliaeéas, sen. o>. . eee — madritensis .......... — Myurus — NEMOrUM 26.60.00 — ovina — ovina cd 141 139 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. festuca pinnata...... page 150 — pinnata.... 6)... aloe 149 — pratensis ...........- 147 SL wepens LLG. 2.5.0 ALE 142 =fubra’.!)... eres 141 Sehr dk REE 139 — spicis habitioribus, glumis uncanis | 2 S22 Biekege 152 — sylvatica .......... ond 49 — sylvatica ...........- 146 — tenuifolia .........6+: 139 SER TIAOrG « mii se . 144 — uniglumis,........... 143 — vivipara'«;... . see ee 140 Fontalis media lucens 230 Fontilapathum pusillum 233 Fontinalis lucens major. ... 230 Frangulas\y 222. 22: 3297, 328 FRAXEINUS [20s 12, 13-15 Fraxinust sin ose ae 1A F. excelsior$? ch sei 14 — excelsior 2.0026. ee 15 —heterophylla ........ 14 — simplicifolia.......... 15 Fucus ferulaceus ........ 237 GALIUM .... 190, 199-210 Galva Rie 6 dk eR 208 G. album linifolium ...... 204 — alb.supinum multicaule.. 206 —anglicum............ 2.9 — Aparine ............ 210 e“yaristatum)....50c. aoe 203 — austriacum ...... 203, 207 =) béreale;.o.-2. Seenie: 209 22> cmeréam (ois 263 = Cruciata ae 199 — cruciatum ........;. 169 — diffusum .........44- 253 — drvaricatum .......--. 269 — erectum -.. 2.0.5 0.0%- 202 — foliis pluribus lanceolatis pedunculis in summo caule floriferis. : . : . aR 204 — fol senis et novenis sub- asperis spinuld terminatis 206 — glancum .. 62... 6000s 207 — harcynicum .......045 201 — litigiosum ...... 0... 209 = luteum, Wh s0 ss ee 208 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Galium Matrisylva .. page 198 — Mollugo 2C8 = montanum........ 200, 20 — | LUMP eres S2GaVek 2 (163 198 = Oblagaume satsiaiccs 20's 206 — PRldeteriaielscawicirwis 199 SOPArsstense <2... os hd 209 ... she ticle 159 104 131 166 154 164 163 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Gramen caninum mariti- mum, spicd foliaced page nodosum ....., —— mon repens ela- tius, spicd aristata...... paniculatum molle —— —— repens vulgatius —— — supinum ...... —— —— sup. minus .... — capillaceum, locustellis pennatis non aristatis Crista. —— cyperoides miliaceum —— panicula sparsa majus themum —E Ssh ae) 6 ae pices) 9 ie calls. © palustre leucan- Ce er rs Las | ald aaa —— spicdsimplici com- pressd distichd ........ dactiloides, radice re« pente Dactylon, folio arun- dinaceo, majus et minus. . fol. latiore .... radice repente, sive officinarum........ —— Dioscoridis ........ exile durius, Norvegi- cum aut Danicum...... duriusculum, in muris et aridis proveniens duriusc. mariti- mum, foliolis circumvolu- tas, veluti junceis, brevibus —— festuceum majus, locus- tis crassis lanuginosis, ari- stis recurvis longissimis. . —— myurum, minori spicd heteromalld ...... —— filiceum rigidiusculum jp gum Spicatum ...... —— foliis junceis oblongis, radice albd............ Soliolis junceis brevibus majus, radice nigra .. VOL, I. 16 Is ee wens a6) 6's, os —_— 182 109 184: 108 183 93 93 139 137 62 61 52 61 59 353 Gramen foliol. junc. brev. MOU goa aise. » page 139 geniculatum 8 lumis variis........ Pag, ees —— hordeaceum 2 mis pumilum .......... 181 —— minus et vulgare 179 —— —— montanum, spicd strigosiori brevius aristatd 178 ——— er eecee mariti- mone UE CEUTTE ee Na BN a 105 —— clavatum mini- LTT ON OE OR ek EE 56 leucanthemum.. 52 —— juncoides lanatum al- terum danicum ........ 66 —— loliaceum, angustiore folio et spicd .......... 173 -— angust. fol. et SPATULA, — sseess dave 173 —— —— alpinum spic. ex- at, rarioribus locustis 154 —— ——corniculatum.... 150 —— —— cornic. latifolium, spicis teretiusculis angustis CART 2 ane eae 149 —_—— exile durius,... 185 —— —--- fluviatile spica longissimd divisd ...... 117 —— foliolis brevibus junceis minus.......... 139 —— —— locustis longis ari- ES f17, 7 SE Se ek GO aE 157 —— —— maritimum biun- CHAE”, tigen 185 marit, scorpioides DRCTATHE® © seia\e muntih 176 — marit. spicis gra- cilibus articulatis recurvis 176 multiplici spicatd DOMME ay. 2 Nery Deen Vs 173 murorum durius- culum, spicd erecta rigidad 120 paniculd multi- plict et spicatd ........ paniculatum radice repente &c., aristis longioribus donatum.......... —_—— —— —_— 188 354 Gramen loliaceum, spica di visd pratense majus page spicd lata e plu- rimis spicis duplict versu densé dispositis, constante spica longiore .. spicis brevibus et latioribus compressis ... . tenulssimum, un- ciale aut biunciale...... luzule accedens gla- brum, in palustribus pro- veniens, paniculatum ... . manne esculentum pru-~ tenicumte Se ee cue Marie Borussorum. . maruimum panicults asperis cristatis ........ spicd loliaced, fo- liis pungentibus, nostras. . miliaceum aristatum PLOLLE AER SEAT AONE em, locustis minimis, paniculé feré arundinacea majus, glumis aristatis, spadiceis et pal- (ae ep ea Maen Fah, maj. panicula spadiced; also paniculd vi- RIAU os. ee, ee —— maritimum molle pratense molle . . segelale majus . . sylvestre, glumis ODLORGES. Cos Gee oe: vulgare ...... ————=— NINN ee album..... iy anglo-britanni- —_—_— ——————es — —_—— —_ cum alustre, paniculd spadicea delicatd, tenutfo- lium, semine exiguo ro- tundo.... paniculis elegan- LISSTMISs.- ous SRS spica brevi habi- tiore nostrum.......... minus duriusculum .. eee eee ee ee ee 148 ] 1 73 74 173 ] 1 84 06 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Gramen montanum avena- ceum, locustis muticis tu- mentibus, pilosum .. page —— —— miliaceum minus, radice repente... ...sinnee — muiorum, spica longis- CVE EE a a myosuroides majus, spicd longiore, aristis rec- tis - minus, spica bre- vlore, aristis recurvis.... nodosum ...... myurum, spica molla candicante villosd ...... nemorosum, paniculis albis, capillaceo folio .... nodosum, avenaced pa- NECA re cS cee aE Spica parva .... palustre paniculatum altissimum ........ eames aniceum serotinum, spica laxd pyramidali a —— —— spicd aspera... . spica aspera las CLONE. ons, «arcane eas —— —— spicd divisd.... spicd simplici as- PETE tole oleh skal ema —— —— spic. simpl. levi — panict effigie, spicd SEMPUCT ss aks ce paniculd multiplict ma- GUS oe oes | ee —— paniculatum angustifo- lium alpinum, locustis ra- rioribus et angustioribus, non aristatis .........- —— —— angustif. monta- num, paniculd densd, lo- custis parvis muticis .... —— —— aquaticum latifo- lium aguaticum milia- autumnale, pani- culd ampliore, e viridi ni- QTUOMIE . a so fe = ae 15] 93 143 81 81 dl S 104 10) 116 120 128 116 102 113 . INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Gramen paniculatum bro- moides minus, paniculis aristatis, unam partem spectantibus ......page elatius, spicis longis muticis squamosis. . — locustis parvis purpuro-argenteis majus CU POTENNC i wsisiee sss - marit. vulgatissimum minimum molle nemorosum lati- Jolium glabrum, paniculd nutante, non aristald.... nemor, latiore fo- ho, glabrum, paniculd nu- tante, non aristatd...... palustre preal- tum exile, paniculd arundi- naced , purpuro-argen- teum, locustis parvis, an- UUM 3 SORE NH 6S MR radice vepente, culmo compresso........ sparteum alpi- num, paniculd angustd, spadiceo-viridi, proliferum supinum, ad infi- ma culmorum genicula fo- liorum capillarium fasci- culis donatum...... —— parvum marinum, spi- cd loliacea —— —— montanum, spicd crassiore purpuro-ceeruled brevi —— precox, spicdlaxd CANESCENLE 0... ve is'e sess phalaroides majus ace - rosum, nutante spicad.... —— pratense cristatum — _ —— minimum album —— MINUS. 0.0.0 a minus, seu vulga- YESSEMIUIM «6,0. <. 2\s\ si sieve or —— paniculd duriore laxa, unam partem spec- MARLO Me eyeie Ache. ove heksusVes 80 ° 142 147 104 118 1C6 146 148 169 16 121 140 99 176 114 1C6 155 137 127 126 141 Gramen pratense panicula- tum majus ........ page panic. maj. an- gustiore folio ...... 6.5. paniculatum me- MOM ENS. BE. + 121, —— —— paniculatum mi- TUS YAS SS 5 ME bs panic. molle.... —— —— serotinum, pani- cula longa purpurascente —— pumilum hirsutum, spi- ca purpureo-argented molli repens, cum paniculd graminis manne ...... —— secalinum.......... et Secale sylvestre — —— majus sylvaticum maritimum glau- cifolium, spicis brevioribus palustre et mari- ee —_——, Lime DA e —— —— pratense elatius —— vulgatissimum vi- QTUTEIS DE, SNE ER —— segetale Seve cae —— segetum altissimum, pa- niculd sparsd.......... eae paniculd arundi- nacea —— serotinum arvense, pa- niculd contracta pyrami- capil. folio minus juncifolium .... longa et spicata paniculd loli utriculis, fes- tuc@ee potius, majus...... —— —— montanum, spicd foliaced gramineé, majus CL MENUS HS o5 create oo Seeete —— —— spicatum, foliis mucronatis longioribus, vel spied secalind.........: —— spicd brize majus.... —— —— cristata, subhir- sutum 2aQZ 157 140 171 150 101 356 Gramen spicd triticea com- pactd, aristis longiori- Gubsess: RRMA! ORME. 2 page trit. repens vul- gare, caninum dictum .. —— trit. rep. vulgare, cum spicd aristatad ...... —— spicatum, folio aspero sazatile glabrum perenne, spica cylindracea rufescente longd, locustis acutis cilii instar pilosis . . secalinum mariti- mum, glaucifolium, spicis brevioribus .......... secal. marit. maxt- mum, spicé longiore .... —— secal. minus .... —— —— spica cylindraceé, tenuissima, longiore ... tomentosum, lon- gissimis aristis donatum. . sylvaticum glabrum, panicula recurva ...... paniculd miliaced —— — —-— SPI SE oes Oe aa —— tomentosum pratense, paniculd Hi ee he —— tremutum .......... _—— MUIUS” oc. sa: OTE —— —— minus §c....... —— —— vulgare minus §c. ——triticum palustre hu- milius spicd muticd bre- viore Ocha at nee —— typhinum majus, seu TURUNEN ON —— —— maritimum minus —— ——- minus ........ —— —— phalaroides, pilo- s& spicd, aquaticum bulbo- SUNDAY «i LADIES ee —— typhoides alpinum, spi- cd brevi densa et veluti vil- los€=eie BRAS —— —— alp. spica graci- liori delicata et villosa .. 184 183 183 134 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Gramen — maximum, spied longissimd.... page 75 —— —— medium, sive vul- patisstmum, i. oP eee 75 —— vernum, radice ascalo- NICE HNP ea ee ae 123 —— spica brevi laxa 37 —— xerampelinum, miliaced pertenut ramosaque sparsa panicdla 2297 SS, 123 Grossilaria ee £99 HEDERA .... 246, $34, $35 Hi arboreare. OO BS. 835 — communis, major et minor 335 —— CorymbOsa? “ORT Dee. 335 "Heli xia aan 834 — Helix, sive minor,...... $35 Hederula aquatica........ 32 Heliotropium,........... 5 Helawne 30.0. 2 ee 292 Hepatica altera.......... 98 Herniaria angustisstmo gra- mineo folio, erecta...... 226 stabpa ks aee “Aaao Herba paralysis.......... 271 —— TINS ee: ee 305 HIEROCLE ....40, 1C9-111 H. borealis ............ 110 HIPPURIS .......52 1, 3, 4 H, vulgaris yy Sor eee. 4: HOLCUS.....: - 40, 167-109 oleus 0 eae 109, 110 H. avenaceus .......... 108 —lborealts . 3... ote 110 — lanatus.............. 107 — mollis. 9. 2 a 108 —lodoratus, 2.8.2 ee 110 HOLOSTEUM .. 41, 187, 188 H. palustre repens, foliis ca- pitulis et seminibus psyllii 56 — que Alsine verna glabra, Jfloribus umbellatis — umbellatum.......... 187 HORDEUM ....41, 178-18) Hordeum ............ oie Wis, Hi. geniculatum .......... 181 —marinum ............ 181 — maritimum ,......... 18) — maritimum INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Hordeum murinum .. page 179 —NUFINUM 02 Fe HAS 180 — NOdOSUM: 2... cee vibe 180 pratense: vs ss ele = - 180 — rigidum ........+... 181 — secalinium PEGs ik: pois AE 180 — SpUuriUM ....0... 20s 17 —sylvaticum .......... 178 Horminum pratense ...... 24 syloestre . oe oe HO. 34, 35 HOTTONIA. . se 94.5, 276 ID SLORED Wi 88. FERAL 276 Fi.tpalustris. ..........%. 276 Hydrophace .......... 32, 33 HYOSCYAMUS. ae 314, 315 Hyoscyamus ....... 315 Pan paius. SORES 35 SISER 2 i RS 315 — vulgaris ..........4. B15 Wacea altera. 6. scss oes S05 sive Flos Trinitatis .. 305 JASIONE...... 945, 295, 296 Jamontana...5.3 . 222 296 TNBEEXS © seo PK 191, 226, 227 EeAguifolium . 5.0.0.4. 227 ILLECEBRUM 246, 335, 336 I. verticillatum .......... 325 e-IMPATIENS .. 246, 298, 299 LG aE ee 299 ME MICR OG: «3051. SYA ANOS 299 — Noli-me-tangere ...... 299 Bp See ters. o2 CHINO ID 88, 48, 49 I. feetidissima .......... 49 — palustris lutea ........ 49 — Pseud-acorus ........ 48 — sylvestris quam Xyrim vo- PRUE TA tly cad Sci Ve 49 Tschemon vulgare ........ 96 Isolepis fluitans.......... 56 RELACER YS BIER YON 58 Juncelli omnium minim, ca- pitulis equiseti ........ 65 Juncellus clavatus minimus 65 c ‘yperordes, capitulo sim- (ae a I 2s 63 == SS omnium minimus . 53 Junco affinis, capitulo ae 5 rato nigricante ........ 51 ©9 Or “i Juncus acutus maritimus, caule triangulo ..+.page 60 —— —— marit. caule tri- guetro maximo. molli, et procertor nostras ...... 60 =: marit. caule trie quetro rigido, mucrone pungenté ......40+. 60 alpinus bombycinus.. 67 ope lanugi- NOSO® LB Te seein 66 _—_— capit. tomentoso FOLIO. AE. BVA 66 —— —— cum caudaé lepo- THC Wes Oe a ae ee 66 aquaticus medius caule Caringion. eS 60 capitatus, lithospermt SEMING 0. 2/4 LEP EM 5L equiseti capitulis .... 63 levis minor, pi glomerata nigricante . 51 lithospermi semine.. 51 —— maritimus, capitulis ro- LUNGS). Fo 25425500 57 maximus seu Scirpus.. 5ST minor, capitulis equt- SCH 0. 0 eS 63 —-— parous montanus, cum parvis capitulis Lutes 55 sive Scirpus medius . 57 Txia Bulbocodium........ 48 Kali geniculatum a. O genic. perenne frutico- Situs procumbens Raa yep 3 3 KNAPPIA........ 39, 83-85 Mimerontidean: 420s) <". 84: Labrum Veneris ........ 192 Lactuca agninad.:...:.... 45 LAGURUS .... 39, 167, 168 Ehovatuse a SF. STs 167 Lapathum fluitans, longo ser- rato folto s2i:c66600ee 231 BEMNA sé cccccc.% 12, 31-33 Epgibbay Lee ie vies 32 Sehminor Te he tales tee 32 — polyrrhiza .......... 33: SS .trisulecay: ss: ha. oes $2 358 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Lens palustris ...... page 32 Lentibularia ........44.. 30 I. minor ..... StScie oeoere 31 Teenage oo ns aaa tes 31 ZL. aquatica trisulca ...... 32 L. palustris angustifolia, fo- lio in apice dissecto .... 10 — MAO: sais 9 .< o.0.»,0 «0 eSerayelede 298 Locusta major, et minor .. 45 LOLIUM,...-:.> 41, 172-17 Ev album, a sce soe 174 — arvensSe........-+600- 174 — bromoides.....-..+0+5 144 = perenne accnsxe ame es 178 — TUbTUm.....-cececess 173 — temulentum.......... 174 —temulentum .......... 175 S=WONUC <<. oa. cate SERA 173 — verum Gesnerl ........ 175 LONICERA ... . 246, 324-327 L: Caprifolinm:...,. 20m 325 — Periclymenum,....... 326 — Xylosteum .......... 326 LYCOPSIS .... 244, 266, 267 Eyoopet -jathas ay 3 Ee 268 L.altera anglica ........ 268 —anglica .....:..-..008 268 —ar¥rvensis .........006 267 — montana cerulea ...... 252 LYCOPUS ........ 12, 33, 34 Laeurapeus >. eS — palustr isglaber........ 34 LYSIMACHIA. . 245, 277-279 Egsimachia 2, .<..55 < ofebdare 233 =< SCHACEUM: ... «0 sajdamisiee 232 — seu Fontalis media lucens 230 =a Or FIG .saccheh Biet eee 229 PRIMULA .... 245, 269-272 PP RACAUUS™ &iivicin swe eee 270 362 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Primula elatior...... page 270 | Rapunculus corniculat. mon- —élatior occ l ees: 270 TORUS \ "og a eho page 295 — acaulis.......... 270 | —esculentus ........ ee, LOD —farinosa ............ 272 | — galeatus blesensis, seu so- —officmalis 2225555262. 271 loniensis, flore violaceo mi- — pratensis inodorata lutea 271 LAU SEED Se a etree ds .. 298 = scotica,: : =: , S293. 272 | — scabiose capitulo ceruleo 296° > StrBhh POL, ROPES P: 272 | Rapuntium alterum lepto- — sylvarum ....00..--0- 270 phyllon capitatum ...... 296 ~SVerS scs522 508s ME 271. | —— montanum rarius, cor- — veris acaulis;:........ 270 niculatum .......+-+0 295 — a os 271 parvum: ©. So eee 289 _— Jlore rubro .....- 272 urens soloniense .... 298 — major PREVA e 271 | RHAMNUS.... 246, 327, 328 — MimMor oe See. 270 | R.catharticus .......... 327 _— officinalis........ 27i | — Frangula............ 323 — vulgaris ........ 27O- |): == solutinis® .< . <.3.4. Oe 328 —_ vulgaris ........ 270 | RHYNCHOSPORA 838, 51-53 — vulgaris... ..6.-..0.-- 27) Realba (3. 2:1), eae 52 Pseudoacorum ........0 49: |) alba 22 3.3 Pee 52 Pseudocyperus palustris, fo- CALs Shee ee ee py agri 4 liis et carind serratis.... 36 | RIBES ........ 246, 329-334 PseudOrie. ok. ee 4 |) Reacidum \ . ook 330 Pseudomarrubium palustre 34 | —alpinum ............ 332 PULMONARIA .....¢44, 261 | — alpinus dulcis ........ 32 -262 | — flore rubente.......... 331 P. alpina, angusto folio... 262 | — fructuparvo......0..- 330 — 5 ae resddacsosce ses 261 | — Grossularia .......... 323 — angustifolia .......... 262 | —hortense ...........- 330 — angustifolia ceruleo flore 262 | —nigrum.............. 332 : — rubente ceruleo fl. 262 | — vulgo dictum, folio aa — foliis Echit .......... 262 hens a ee eee 332 — maculosa. .......6.... 26F | =“petreunr . 0S 20s 331 1 — maritima ........ 255, 262 | —-reclinatum .......... 334 ; — officinalis ..........-. Q96Y |} —rubrum.:.::... 2.2.34 330 ’ — suffruticosa ........-. 232 | — spicatum ............ 334 Quaternella .. 2 ........ 241 | — Uvacrispa ........6. 333 RADIOLA .... 191, 242, 243 | — vulgaris acidus ruber .. 330 Relinoides ... 0 eecvee es 2 243 | — —— fructu dulci...... 330 —millegrana .......... 243 | —————rubro...... 330 — vulgaris serpyllifolia .. 243.| Ribesium fructu nigro .... 332 Raponeolt .........4.-.. 289).|° Ramale 2 62 Se ae 47 Rapum sylvestre .......: 289 | ROTTBOLLIA. . 41, 175, 176 Rapunculus. .... 289, 295, 295 | R: fltformas oo eae 176 : R.calyculatus .......... 293 | — incurvata.....:...... 175 — corniculatus .......... 295 | Rubeola arvensis cvrulea re- = ceruleus minor .. 295 PETES P Pay (LOCUS a 197 — —— folio oblongo, spicé — vulgaris quadrifolia levis, Or bicubehte cen anc. VEY 295 floribus purpurantibus .. 198 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. RUBIA... . page 199, 210, 211 363 Scabiosa columbaria’ page 195 1 a) 211 | — major communior, flore SS CYMANChICE o5.aetskiuls 198 VACUO as Sin sewers 195 —— erecta quadrifolia.... 209 | — VUIQATIS ..e0.0. 195 —— levis linifolia, floribus SS MEU: see sacle «os 296 ES ee 204 | — minima hirsuta....... . 296 —— peresrina.......:..: AAG | Sor on 5 cae 196 pratensis levis, acuto — sive columbaria 196 Pie... 8G ssoub, s -- 209 | — WUlPATIS .evesise 196 silvestre aspera...... 211 | — radice succisa, flore glo- sylvestris 1.056. .4 5. 208 BORG a wap ainsss\olinte FUSCHS, os wns 5'e s SE 52 SAGINA...... 191, 238-240 | — Mariscus ............ 36 Besapetala .. 2... .'. desis 240 | — nigricans ............ 5L FCT ECLEM ON wt USN Blea. Q4l | — ruftts.. cece cece wees ey — maritima ............ 239 | Sciypoides :.:..... vente 57 —procumbens ......... 238 | SCIRPUS ........ 38, 54-62 SALICORNIA ...... dp2,o°| Sébpus .. oss ke weet 52 Memcormia. SS... De 2 | Siacteuderis<. axes saath: 64 0 CT a Se 2 | —= dustealisien . wseneax < te 58 — erecta, foliis brevibus, cus — Beothryon .......... 55 Pressiformis 2. eos. oes8 > | =—cespitosus . 2... ees 55 SUV ODUE, |... w a's \ea's's 5 2, 3 | — campestris.......-.005 55 — fruticosa ............ 3 | —caricinus ............ 58 — herbacea ............ DN = CAFES INS adele 2 ee 58 —herbacea ............ 2,3 | — carinatus ............ 60 —procumbens ........ 2 | — caule aphyllo, spica imbri- SSIRAGICADS . 2... oo. SOR 3 cata subrotundd, glumis ob- — sive Kali geniculatum.. 2 TEE IGA ob D R 64 2 0 i2, 34, 35 | — eguisett capitulis crassi- S- pratensis 2. csc. kee. 34 oribus et habitioribus, pu- —verbenaca .......... £5 milus et multicaulis .... 64 SAMOLUS.... 245, 323, 324 | — equiseti capitulo majori.. 63 se Valerandi 22°... 2.9% .. 323 | —eq capit. minort ...... 56 SANGUISORBA 191, 217-219 | — fluitans.............. 56 ES nT re 218 | — foliaceus humilis ...... 58 _ Jlore spadiceo .... 218 | —glaucus ............ 57 MACE ss oe wm oe 219 | — globiferus ............ 58 — Officinalis,........... 218 | — Holoscheenus ........ 57 Saniculas Eboracensis .... Q28 | —Jacustris ............ 56 Saxifraga anglica alsinefolia — lacustris .... 0.6.20. 57, 60 LC Ni on asia, «: 2) 5) See Wake als 240 | — maritimus............ 61 SCABIOSA .... 190, 194-196 | — marit. capitulis rotundi- Scabiosa...... pts 195 oribus glomeratis ...... 57 BRPPUVOOSIS, <<... «20.0.5 GaSe 195 | — minimus, capit. equisett.. 65 864 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Scirpus minim. spicd breviore, sguamosd, spadiced.. page 55 — montanus, capitulo bre- OTIS sins 2 SS 55 — multicaulis .......... 64 — multic. equisett capitulis MINOTIOUS ...eveee eee 64 — palustris .......... 63, 64 — palust. humilior ...... 57 — pauciflorus .......... 55 — PpUNZENS....... eee eees 60 — FOMAWUS 0, 0s aanets eee 58 =Srutusee (i620. GeO 59 m= SCLACEUS ck eve en et 58 — sylvaticus............ 62 — triqueter ........ eR 60. — tuberosus .........-.. 61 Sclarea pratensis, foliis ser- ratis, flore ceruleo...... 34 Scorpiurus .....4. 249, 251, 253 palustris perennis, viri- dioribus folits.......... 249 Sempervivum omnium mini- mum, repens, muscosum, polygont.facié.......-.. 242 Serpicula Sesamoides procumbens no- stras montanum, linarie folio, floribus albicanti- Bus SOR a 337 SESLERIA .... 40, 114, 115 S. cerulea ............ 114 SHERARDIA.. 190, 196, 197 Sherardiga® see 197 S.arvensis ............ 196 Sisyrinchium Lheophrasti.. 48 SAT SAMAR Teh Sea 1 S. lenis, sive levis, major .. 285 Solanifolia Circea alpina.. 16 SOLANUM....245, 317, 318 S. Dulcamara .......... 317 == hlovtense\). Ae 318 — lethale .........3.... 316 — lignosum seu Dulcamara 318 — majus, sive Herba Bella- donna Solanum pomo spinoso ob- longo, flore calathoide, Stramonium vulgd dict. p. 314 — vulgare... ..-. eee sees 318 Soldanella marina........ 285 BORERUM oo ins Kenora ae 107 SPARTINA ....39, 125, 136 S. strittat. 23959) Sees 135 Spartum Austriacum .... 161 - Essexianum, spica ge- mind claus4 .........- 135 herba 4 Batavicum .. 177 — nostras parvum ...... 70 Speculum Veneris minus .. 293 Sphatula feetida...,.... 49 Spina infectoria .....+... $28 Stellari@ 6b. oe vw ok 10, 223 Siaguatica. .... .. sae. ule 10 — aq. foliis longis tenuissi- TRUSS: Hava ne usiaete SOTO 10 — argented, ... ese 224: — minor et repens........ 10 STIPA | oo... vo ne SAE EGe S. Pennata.... .cecein- ee 161 Stramonium ........ 313, 314 SPUROSUMD.. 0 «0d eievolelee 314 SUuClisd i selec. CPS 194. —— sive Morsus Dia- GOONS oo 5 he EE 194. SYMPHYTUM.. 244, 262-264 S. magnum . <3). Aso 263 SVIRATUS.. . ajax soi aa onnv'= eee 263 — officinale ............ 263 — PALEMS ©. ewe ee veree 263 — radice tuberosd........ 263 — tuberosum .......... 263. Synanchica ae. 0 +. Ss \ ogee 198 Syntherisma ..... Cte 96 plabram ) GRICE 97 WULLATE cia Shane. 5 vias 96 Tapsus barbatus ........ 308 IRGEUIOR. tcc oranovoieuctaie ee 314 Teucrium sextum pumilum.. 20 THESIUM .... 246, 337, 328 T. linophyllum.......... 337 — montanum ......04.. 338 — pratense 2.2... ¢.0. 0s 337 TILLEA ....:...191, 241, 242 T. muscosa .:.......... IAD eS a PO A a ee Re INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Tillea muscosa annua per- Joliata, flore albo .. page 242 Trachelium alpinum, flori- bus congiomeratis ...... 293 LLY Ni eS ete i 292 majus Belgarum, sive giganteum............ 291 MURUS 035 oe I 293 Tribulus aquaticus minor .. 233 secundus 23°) — muscatel- le floribus........ 230, 233 Trichodium .........2.. 89 caninum ........7: 90 TRICHONEMA .. 38, 47, 48 T. Bulbocodium ........ 48 Trifolium paludosum . 275 PRIODFA:.2:... 49, 131, 132 T. decumbens .......... 132 TRITICUM .... 41, 181-186 Writicum. ss 149, 150, 177 Te canmum .. 0... 184 ——cristatum: 2... ... 0): 184 —imbricatum .......... 185 SST 311 A a 182 MIOCENE: es) we es te 183 —loliaceum............ 185 — pectinaitum .....:.... 185 — prostratum .......... 185 SRE DEMS i. ic.5 ss wie ae tia'ese 182 — unilaterale .......... 185 UTRICULARIA.. 12, 29-31 U. intermedia .......... 39 S——ANMMAOL f°." se, $l Savaleatis: -..°. . CAP. Tee 30 — vulgaris minor ........ 30 ine Crise) Joo eis ence 333 Uvularia oy aM RS 292 Valantia Aparine........ 205 ChUCTRG: Sie tt ee 199 VALERIANA .... 38, 42-44 mmrertand 2. oS ON, 43 V. canadensis .......... 4:4: == WECLLCE ae ar ane: 45 === GOTCHA 43 — Dioscoridis .......... 44 e—flore exiguo .......... ‘3 — foliis angustioribus .... 43 | 365 Valeriana greca .... page 286 mm PEOCUSTE Oe ee 45 —- olttoria: +...) 2... 45 ——" MATING... eee 42 — —— latifolia major.. 42 — maxima, cacalie folio .. 44 =n INOUE See eee 43 — officinalis............ 43 — olitoria.............. 45 — pyreniaica “0. 9S) 22; 44 A eS 0) cs Wem pm a ara 42 — sylvestris 0.0...) 8: 43 Valerianella .......... 44, 45 Verbasculum umbellatum al- pine Minus 2 tek eek 272 VERBASCUM. . 245, 307-313 V. angustifolium ramosum, Jjlore aureo, folio crassiore 309 — Blattaria .... 29S. oc: 312 — candidum feemina....,. 39 oe TGS eat tener ne 308 — flore albo parvo ...... 309 cares HETY PALS) Or) =. RRM 308 — Lychnitis............ 309 — mas latifolium luteum .. 3°8 — nigro-pulverulentum 310 oom IMUM ace 0 (cee es 311 — nigr. flore parvo, apici- bus purpureis.......... 311 SU RUONTUME = 0.8132, eee 3L8 — pulverulentum ...... 310 SS ILCTELING,.2 oa ae 306 — martia alba .......... 302 a inodora sylvestris 303 — major hirsuta in- CLOTOT 5 ae ee 301 — purpurea........ 302 — montana lutea grandt- EpOva NOSITRS oo. ee 3C6 — nigra sive purpurea.... 302 — odorata ............ 301 —— palustris’... Sega 302 — palustris >. 3. «seth ome 276 — angustis persic@ fo- OS, a ne ee ee lits mucronatis et serralis nondum descripta ,. page INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 367 Viola palustris Pinguicula dicta, lusitanica — purpurea .... — rubra striata Eboracensis — Ruppii...... —tricolor .... rotundifolia glabra eee ee we sige) (@,imy wis dete Oets Orta a 304 28 £02 32 302 303 305 305 Virga pastoris ...... page 193 SANQUINEA,......... 22) Vitis sylvestris 2... 2... 318 Waldschmidia nympheoides 275 Xylosteum .......... 324, 327 PUR se). . ceotet as tinea 49 ZiZQNIA worcenccccscccce 174 BOS VERA. 60500 onsen ders 5 HG AYYAT UN Given. o0s'0 sun.avolevsehete INDEX OF THE ENGLISH NAMES IN VOL. I. —<>—_ Atorr,berry-bearing, page 328 Alkanet 3) 202 o 257-259 = ABTA EAE ets ce 255 AMISSGEG) ys ccareccetlete cos 188,189 Bae] UN rete 4 peat Pale 13-15 WAN AV ERE sie fedor oie oe) aneite s 282 Balsamiiirae coe: 298, 299 Bramley iin a, < 178-181 Barrenwort.......... 219, 220 Bastard-toadflax ........ 337 Beak-rush ............ 51, 52 Beardserass) |. iisiven )... Seo. Fs 262-264 Cordserassi (i... > 5. eee 135 Corn-sallad.. 4.2.0.2. 44, 45 Cornel. vahice. Ease G20-229 Cotton-grass .......... 65-69 Couch-grassiesy Jct nae 182 Cowslipies.oitee Lae 269-27 | Cranes 24) hie 5. aoe 46, 47 Carrané ...'5, eR 229-335 Cyclamen: . .. 2. °° oR 273 Cyperus. i. 005 de 53, 54, 62 Cyperus-grass, Millet, .... 62 Darnel 172-175 INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES. Deadly-nightshade .. page 5i6 DEvilissbit &. 2 vee eS. 194 Dog’s-tail-grass .... Dog’s-tooth-grass ...... 94, 95 Bmeewaad Ol Po, 221 Duck:weed:..::..:.::. 31-33 MIME. . S324. cn OE 316 Enchanter’s nightshade. . 15, 16 Peatherfoil .. 22002 30 276 Feather-grass .......... 161 Fescue-grass........ 138-150 Finger-grass .......... 96 Flax-seed .......... 242, 243 Flower-de-luce.......... 48 Fox-tail-grass_ ........ 79-83 Galingale, English, ...... 53 Gentianella.......... 211, 212 Germander chickweed.... 24 ir Poe Re eS a 23 Gladwyn, stinking, ...... 49 Glasswort, jointed, ...... 2, 3 Gooseberry, ......... 329, 333 Goose.grass ........ 205, 210 Grass, Barley, ...... 179-181 Beard, (2°20 50.. 85, 86 Bent, 2.2.05. 7% 88-94 —— Brome,........ 150-160 Canary,::....5... 73, 74 Cat’s-tail; . 2.2... 75-78 Cock’s-foot,........ 134 Cord,. ... 294 2 9% 135 Cotton, ....... 7: 65-69 —— Couch, .......... 182 —— Darnel,........ 172-175 Dog’s-tail, .... 136-138 — Dog's-tooth,...... 94-95 Feather, .......... 161 Fescue,........ 138-150 Finger, = 200) 2P) 2! 96 Fox-tail, ........ 79-83 Goose, ........ 205-210 —— Hair, .......... 100-106 1 175 Haré’s-tail, ........ 167 Pitath,......:..0. S786 RE ee a 109-111 369 Grass, Lyme,.... page 176-178 aS a ike ae one 70 — Meadow, ...... 120-130 peer e VUGIICS © ocpectctss ohare 111-113 wee Niileg, coe c so eae 86-88 NOOR; sss ee 114 Oat, eet 162-166 Panick, ........ 97-100 Quaking, ...... 132, 133 eee EGGS ys ss 5) 173 Scorpion,...... 247-253 Ss abe booens 107-109 — Squirrel-tail, ...... 180 sae IS WEEE Sc ean 115-120 4—. Timothy,.. .22..5+: 75 Wernal, .. oF) 8% 37 Wheat,........ 181-186 Grass-wrack, Grasses, natural order of, 70- 186 Grey Mill, or Millet, .... 254 Gromwell .......... 254-257. Gypsy-wort ............ 33 Flair-grass ...... 2.0% 100-106 Hard«grass 2.205... Sn; 175 Hare’s-tail-grass ........ 167 Tlawer wa... '.). 2s + elude 162 Eleart's-Case .. . . . . «)dfusss}s 205 Heath-grass............ 131 Henbane .......... 314, 315 Henbit, small, ..\.....%... 25 Herb Twopence ........ 279 Baeh Taper sos.» ili 308 oe ee eae eg 226, 227 Holy-grass .......... 109-111 Honey-suckle........ 324-327 Horehound, water, ...... 34 Hound’s-tongue,..... 259-261 datos ladder 5 isc acces 286 Jointed-glasswort........ 2,3 BRIS oo eee ra ce cee AEE 48, 49 BUY on ates oe omeiee 334 Knappia, early, ........ 84: aot geass z SE Bick « 335 Ladies Mantle ...... 223-225 ZB 370 Lettuce, lamb’s,...... page 45 Mabeliayo ie ersre. cae 296-298 Loosestrife...... 00% 277-279 Lanrigwort:.... ook .3% 261, 262 Lyme-grass ........ 177, 178 Madwort...... 0)... te 265 mountain,.......... 23 Madder, field, .......... 196 Madder, wild, .......... Q11 Mantle, ladies, ...... 292-925 Miate'stiaih: 0.000... a2 4 Marram. . 2.) Aint. law aur 171 MaAt-erass: ... .. ... kei 70 Mat-weed,sea,.......... 171 Meadow-grass ...... 120-120 Melic-grass ........ 111-113 Milfoil, hooded, ...... 29-31 Milkwort, sea, .......... 336 Mallet-grass 2505... 86-88 Meenchia .......... 2A0, 241 Moneywort ......... Sow. 279 Moor-grass ............ 114 Mouse-ear Scorpion-grass 247— 253 MPG <2, ae. 307-313 Nightshade. . .,......317, 318 deadig.g {2.0520 316 —— enchanter’s, ...... 15, 16 Oat, bristle- pointed, . 163 Oat-grass.......... 162-166 Oarwwildss 52 hea wee 162 ROR cee as a ale Semte 270 WPA 2 set ae aT Panick-grass.......... 97-100 EAUAY cee ne ee 305, 306 Parsley Piert™ .. 65.22. 224. Pearlwort (>: 232... 238-240 Pellitory, wall,.......... 2929 Periwinkle ..........338, 339 Panpertel, 320 5 Poe 279-28 1 ——=— Dastard; "a... dose Q17 —— water, .....0.. 004, 323 —— yellow,............ 278 Plantain ...... 213-216 INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMEs. Pond-weed .... page 228-23 ———— tassel, . ..50.-..c eke 237 PBrickwood ..). -iints ligt 329 Brimrose.. . scape 269-272 Print, or Prim print,...... 13 BPrives 35. ... sec eee 13 Quaking-grass ...... 132, 133 Rampion ... 3.23.90 294, 295 bell-flower ........ 289 Reeds. 3.3202 eee 168-172 Roast-beef plant ........ 49 Ruppia: ..: 23). 5. eee 23 Rush Beak, >....:..0. he 51, 52 Bog, 53: segieee 49-51 = DU). . eee ee 56 ee ONODS 0). ces eee ee 54-62 Cetton, g...22 ~....65-69 —— Spike, ...-: .jep 62-65 —— Twig, .......... 35, 36 Sauron: . ©... «:i¢eS ee 46 BABS... =. » « Sosmicn ae 34, 35 Sallad)corn;...... .cemr 44, 45 Saltwort, black, 336 Sampire, marsh, ........ 2 Sanicle, Yorkshire, ...... 28 mcabious. 0... 2. . ody 194-196 sheep's, .. . .Snmall- 256 - Scorpion-grass ...... 247-253 Sea-milkwort .......... 326 Sheep’s-bit .......... 295, 296 Shepherd’s staff ...... oa I Sherardia .. >... -c2ctseee 196 Salt-erass’ |. . 2.2. Hag 107-109 Sow-bread:.. ..;.. : -jomesek 273 specawell .. |. tira.5 age 16-26 Spike-rush |...) .cuet 62-65 Spindle-tree . .. . .csdinwt 529 Squinancy-wort ........ 198 Star of the earth ........ 216 Starwort, water, ........ 9-11 Sweet-grass ... 115-120 So te) Na ee a 192, 193 Thorn-apple ........ 313, 314 Dillea,... 6. oe. cid el Bae INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES. S71 Timothy-grass.... 2... page 75 | Viper’s bugloss .. page 267-269 Toad flax, bastard, ...... 337 Tipuchime not... .....2.: 299 .; Wall-pellitory ........... 222 Drefansmarsh,... 1. ..°.’. 274 | Water-lily, fringed, ...... 275 Weehonema ...;...... 47,48 | Water-starwort.......... 9-11 COeS 1 i re 35, 36 | Water-violet......:..... 276 Whey Bepner nel. ne 179 MOREE Se ad 42-44 | Wheat ................ 181 Monee w ne ynrak SOG.) Wheat-erass: i.\...,..% 181-186 Mermalerass., :. os... Srey Wwmnter-weedls ose 0 rae 25 Bet ns... vas 300=3C6,| Woodbine... 7. 5 osc 326 VEE) ae ee Re or 276: |, Wood raf 225... 42. 197, 198 END OF VOL. Tf. LONDON: PRINTED BY RICHARD TAYLOR, SHOE-LANE. ro) ALERE FAecastatas ‘ .