THE ENGLISH FLORA, BY SIR JAMES EDWARD SMITH, M.D. F.R.S. MEMBER OF THE ACADEMIES OF STOCKHOLxM, UPSAL, TURIN, LISBON, PHILADELPHIA, NEW YORK, ETC. ETC.; THE IMPERIAL ACAD. NATUR-ffi CURIOSORUM, AND THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AT PARIS,* HONORARY MEMBER OF THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF LONDON; AND PRESIDENT OF THE LINN^AN SOCIETY. Mentharum valde ferax est Anglia nostra, nam praeter species de novo hlc additas, quatuor alias peculiaribus nominibus recensentur a Merreto in Pin. et plures proeter has turn a D. Buddie turn a D. Rand observatae sunt. Sed cum de iis nobis nondum satis constet, ulteriori eas observationi relinquere ne- cesse habuimus. DiU, apud Raii Syn. ed. 3. 232. VOL. IIL LONDON: nilNTED FOR LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, BROWN and GREEN, VATERNOSTLR-ROW. 1825. V.2 i'RINTEn BY RICHARD TATLOR, SriOE-LANE, LONDON. BOOKS QUOTED IN VOL. III., IN ADDITION TO THOSE IN VOL. I. AND II. Bartholin, Act. Hafn. — Bartholin, Thomas, Acta Medica et Phi- losophica Hafniensia. Copenhagen. 1673 — 1680. vol. 1 — 5. quarto. Berg. Mat. Med. — Bergius, Peter Jonas, Materia Medica e Regno Vegetabili. Stockholm. 1778. octavo. 2 volumes. Bertolon. Am. Ital. — Bertoloni, Antony, Ama^nitates Italicce. Bo- logna. 1819. quarto. Bigelow, Boston Flora. — Bigelow, Jacob, Florula Bostoniensis. Boston, N. England. 1814. octavo. Bivona-Bernardi, Cent. — Bivona-Bernardi, Antony, Sicularum Plantarum Centuria Prima, et Secunda. Palermo. 1806. quarto. Blackstone. — Blackstone, J., Fasciculus Plantarum circa Harejield sponte nascentium. London. 1737. octavo. Brugnon, Mem. de VAcad. de Turin. — Brugnon, M., Observations et experiences sur la qualite v^n^neuse et m^me meurtriere de la Renoncule des champs. In Mem. de VAc. de Turin, v. 4. Tu- rin. 1788, 1789. quarto. Burm. Ger. — Burmann, Nicholas Laurence, Specimen Botanicum de Geraniis. Leijden. M^*'^. quarto. Caii Opusc. — Caii, Johannis, Britanni, De Canibus Britannicis, de Rariorum AnimaUum et Stirpium Historia, et de Libris Pro- priis. London. 1570. octavo. Cavan. Diss. — Cavanilles, Antony Joseph, Monadelphice Classis Dissertationes Decem. Madrid. 1790. quarto. Camp. ed. 4. — Smith, James Edward, Compendium Florce Britan- nica^. ed. 4. London. 1825. duodecimo. Danti d'Isnard. — Danti d'Isnard, Beschrcihung der Sterndistcl. In Mem. de VAcad. des Sc. See Vaillant, among books quoted in vol. 1 . DeCand. Prodr. — DeCandolle, Augustus Pyramus, Prodromus Systcmatis Naturalis Regni regetabilis. Paris. 1824. octaro, vol. \st. Dickenson, in Shaw's Staffordshire. — Dickenson, Rev. Samuel, in Shaw's Historv of Staftbrdsliire. a2 iv BOOKS QUOTED IN VOL. III. Diosc. Ic. — Dioscoridis, Icones. — Engravings of Plants, after the drawings of a celebrated antient manuscript in the Imperial Library at Vienna, executed under the inspection of Professor von Jacquin, who sent a set of the impressions to Linnseus, and gave or lent another to the late Dr. J. Sibthorp. The copper plates having been subsequently destroyed by a fire, no other copies exist. Forst. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 8.— Forster, Thomas Furley, Account of a new British Species of Caltlia. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 8. Lon- don. 1807. FrcelichinUst. Annal. v. 1. 24.— Frcelich, J. A., Differentia speci- Jica Sonchi alpini australis et S. canadensis. Ust. Annal. v. 1. See Ust. Gerard, Gallopr. — Gerard, Louis, Flora G alio -provincialis. Paris. 1761. octavo. Gouan, Fl. Monsp. — Gouan, Antony, Flora Monspeliaca. Lyons. 1765. octavo. Grev. Edin. — Greville, Robert Kaye, Flora Edinensis. Edinburgh. 1 824. octavo. Hall. Enum. Rar. — Haller, Albert von, Enumeratio Stirpium qu(B in Helvetia rariores proveniunt. octavo. Without title or date, unpublished, very rare. Herb. Cliff. — Clifford, George, his Herbarium, answering to the Hortus CUffortianus. Now a part of the Banksian Collection. Hosack in Amer. et Phil. Register. — Hosack, David, Information concerning the Canada Thistle, in a communication from S. L. Mitchill, Memb. of the Legislative Assembly of New York. Amer. Med, et P/iilos. Register, v. \. 1814. New-York, oc- tavo. Host, Syn. — Host, Nicholas Thomas, Synopsis Plantarum in Au' stria, Provinciisque adjacentibus, sponte crescentium. Vienna. 1797 . octavo. Hull, ed. 1.— Hull, John, British Flora. Manchester.\799. octavo. Isnard. See Danti d'Isnard. Lam. Frang. — Lamarck, Chev. de, Flore Frangoise. Paris. 1 778. octavo. 3 volumes. Le Monnier, Obs. — Monnier, M. le. Observations d'Histoire Na- turelle, faites dans les Provinces Meridionales de la France. 1739. quarto. UHerit. Geraniol. — L'Heritier, Charles Louis, Geraniologia. Plates only published. Paris. \7S7. folio. Linn. Hort. Ups. — Linnaeus, or von Linn^, Charles, Hortus Upsa- liensis. Stockholm. 1748. octavo. — Hyper. Diss. Acad.de Hijperico. Ups. ]776. quarto. It. Scan. Skanska Resa. Stockholm. 1751. octavo. Lyons Ease. — Lyons, Israel, Fasciculus Plantarum circa Cantabri- giam. London. 1763. octavo, Mich. Hort. Florent.—MicheW, Peter Antony, Catalogus Planta- rum Horti Ccesarii Florentini. Florence. \7 48. folio. BOOKS (QUOTED IN VOL. III. V Petiv. Cent. — Petiver^ James, Musei Petiveriani Centuria Prima, London. 1695. octavo. Pharmac. Lond. — Pharmacopceia Collegii Regalis Medicorum Lon- dinensis. London, duodecimo, various editions. Pluk. Mant. — Plukenet, Leonard, Almagesti Botanici Mantissa, London. 1700. quarto. Pulten. Dorset. — Pulteney, Richard, Catalogues of the Birds, Shells, and some of the more rare Plants, of Dorsetshire. LoU' don. 1799. folio. Raii Sijllog. — Ray, John, Stirpiwn Europcearum extra Britannias nascentium Sylloge. London. 1694. octavo. — Syn, ed. 1 . ' Synopsis Methodica Stirpium Britannia carum. London. 1 690. octavo. Robert, Ic. — Robert, N., Diverses Fleurs dhsinees et gravees d'apres le Naturel. Paris, quarto, tab. 31. Salisb. Ic. — Salisbury, Richard Antony, Icones Stirpium Rariorum. London. 17 9 \. folio. in Ann. of Bot. Description of the Natural Order of Nymphceece. Sims and Kon. Ann. v. 2. 69 — 7Q. Sav. Etrusc. — Savi, Cajetan, Botanicon Etruscum. Pisa. 1808. octavo. 2 volumes. Schkuhr Handb. — Schkuhr, Christian, Botanisches Handbuch. Wittenberg. 1/91 — 1803. octavo. 3 volumes. Schreb. Unilab. — Schreber, John Christian Daniel von, Flantarum Verticillatarum Unilabiatarum Genera et Species. Leipsic. 1774. quarto. Waidt. — Schreber, Daniel Godfrey, Beschreibung des Waidtes. Halle. 1752. quarto. Scop. Insubr. — Scopoli, John Antony, Delicice Florce et Faunoe In- subriccB. Pavia. 1786 — \7SQ. folio. 3 volumes. Seringne, Aeon. — Seringue, Nichohis Charles, Esquisse d'une Mo- nographie du Genre Aconitum. Geneva. 1825. quarto. Shiercliff, Bristol Guide.— ShiercWf^, E., The Bristol and Hot-well Guide. Bristol. 1793. octavo. Sincl. ed. 2. London. 1824. octavo, with plates. See Sincl. in vol. 1 . Sm. Tour on the Continent. — Smith, James Edward, A Sketch of a Tour on the Continent, in the years 1786 and 1787. London. 1793. octavo. 3 volumes. Ed. 2. London. 1807. 3 volumes. Sole, Menth. — Sole, William, Mentha; Britanniccc. Bath. 1798. folio. Sutton, Tr. of Linn. Soc. — Sutton, Charles, A Description of Five British Species ofOrobanche. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 4. London. 1798. Svensk /io^— Palmstruch, J.W., Svensk Botanik. Stockholm.\S02, &c. octavo. Tabern. Ic. — Tabcrniemontanus, Jacob Theodore, Eiconcs Plan- tarum. Frankfurt. l.">9(), ohloiig quarto. ' Kr09. P. rornutum. Cord. Hist. 1.31./ Matth. Valgr. v. 2 40/./ P. cornutum, flore luteo. Ger. Em. 367. f. On the sandy sea coast. Biennial. July, August. Root spindle-shaped. Plant very glaucous. Stems spreading, 2 or 3 feet long, round, branched, leafy, smooth. Radical leaves numerous, stalked, a span long, pinnatifid, lyrate, lobed, cut, hairy, lasting through the winter ; stem-leaves sessile, less rough, short, broad, lobed, and cut, clasping the stem with their heart- shaped base. Flower-stalks]nterd\ and terminal, smooth, scarcely so long as the calyx, which is rough with short hairs, falling off as the flower opens. Petals 1 \ inch long, of a golden yellow, certainly answering rather to the latin word Jlavus than to lu- teus, but the latter appellation has been most generally adopted. Pud nearly a foot long, curved, roughish with minute tubercles, never hairy, rarely quite smooth. The.spongy substance of the partition is united with the lateral receptacles, by which indeed it is formed, and this union is )>ermanent. The surface of the seeds, in every species, is curiously cellular. POLYANDRIA-MONOGYNIA. Glaucium. 7 2. G. phceniceum. Scarlet Horned-poppy. Stem hairy. Stem-leaves pinnatifid, cut. Pod rough with upright bristles. G. phoeniceum . GcFrtn. v. 2. 165. t. 1 15. Fl. Br. 564. Engl. Bot, V. 20. t. 1433. Fl. Grcec. t. 489. Willd. Enum. 562. G. corniculatum. Curt. Lond.fasc. 6. f.32. DeCayid. Syst. i;.2.96. G. hirsutum, flora phaniceo. Toiirn. Inst. 2.54. Chelidonium corniculatum. Linn. Sp. PI. 724. Willd. v. 2. 1 143. Papaver corniculatum phoeniceum, folio hirsuto. Bauh.Hist v. 3. p. 2. 399./ P. corniculatum, flore phoeniceo. Lob. Adv. 109. Ohs. 141./. P. cornutum, phoeniceo flore. Clus. Hist. v. 2. 91./ Lob. Ic. 27]. f. P. cornutum, flore rubro. Ger. Em. 367./ In sandy fields, or on the sea coast, a very rare, or perhaps doubt- ful, native. In Portland island. Label. Sent from Norfolk by Mr. Stillingfleet. Hudson. No person has found it since. Annual. June, July. Root tapering. Herb rsiihev less glaucous, and more upright, than the preceding. Stem clothed with spreading hairs. Leaves all oblong, hairy, deeply and unequally pinnatifid and cut -, the upper ones clasping the stem. Flower-stalks hairy, shorter than the calyx, which is very hairy. Petals smaller and narrower than in G. luteum, of a rich scarlet, with an oblong black spot at the base. Pod clothed with numerous, rigid, silky, close-pressed, or upright, bristles. Its structure is perfectly well represented by Gaertner, with the spongy partition, closely united with the marginal receptacles. Corniculatum, as a specific name, is applicable to the whole genus, serving originally to distinguish it from Papaver. 3. G. violaceurn, Violet Horned-poppy. Leaves doubly pinnatifid, linear, smooth. Stem smooth. Pod of three valves and three cells, with membranous partitions. G. violaceum. Juss. Gen. 236. Fl. Br. 565. FL. Grcec. t. 490. Relh. 204 IVilld. Enum. 562. G. flore violacro. Tourn. Inst. 254. Chelidonium hybridum. Linn. Sp. PI. 724. mild, v 2. 1143. Enfrl. Bot. V. 3. t. 201. Papaver corniculatum violaceum. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. 399./. Lob. Ic. 272. f. Dod. Pempt. 449./ Kaii Syn. 309. P. cornutum, flore violaceo. Ger. Em. 367. f. Moris, v. 2. 274. sect. 3. t. 14./ 3. RoLMiieria hybridu. DcCand. Sysr. r. 2. 02. In rorn fields rare. 8 POLYANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Papavei, Between S\Vaff ham and Burwell, Cambridgeshire. Rmj. In other parts of that county. Rev. Mi. Hemsted. About 4 miles from Aylsham towards Cromer^ Norfolk. Mr. Hugh Rose. Annual. May, June. Root slender. Stem erect, branched, leafy, a foot high, round, even, and generally quite smooth ; rarely somewhat hairy. . Leaves dark green, nearly smooth, twice or thrice pinnatifid, with linear, opposite or alternate, bluntish, bristle-pointed segments; the lower ones stalked ; upper sessile. Fl. on long, lateral, ax- illary, or terminal simple stalks, of a brilliant violet blue, very splendid, but extremely fugacious, somewhat larger than the last. Pod 2 or 3 inches long, cylindrical, more or less clothed with scattered, ascending, bristly prickles, separating when ripe into 3 flattish valves, sometimes 4, as in Morison's figure, with as many intermediate linear receptacles of the seeds, each united internally with a membranous, undulated or corrugated, pitted partition. These partitions meet in the centre, dividing the pod into complete cells, though there is no central column. Seeds like the other species, but smaller, attached by small stalks to the receptacles, and nestling, in a double row, in the hollows of the partitions. Medicus, a writer best known as the " iniquissimus censor'' of Lin- naeus and his disciples, has in Usteri's Annalen der Botanick, v. 3. 9 — 19, (in the 2 1st page of which he is stigmatized with the above designation,) divided the Linnsean Chclidonium, establish- ing Glancium of Tournefort, and proposing another genus, founded on 6'. violaceum, by the name of Ra;meria, after a late German botanist. This genus is admitted by the able Prof. De- Candolle, whence it becomes an object of attention ; for Medi- cus and his writings have in general not been found worthy of much regard. My learned friend chiefly depends on the fol- lowing characters to distinguish Rcemeria, ^' a capsule of 3 or 4 valves, and a single cell, the receptacles, though cellular, or pitted, not being combined together." But he describes one species with only two valves, which abrogates the former cha- racter; and the cellular extension of the receptacles, though not spongy, is otherwise exactly analogous to the partitions of the bivalve species, constituting, in fact, real and complete parti- tions, meeting, though not combined, in the centre of the fruit; and they identify the partitions of the bivalve species, which Jus- sieu was led, by the analogy of this natural order, to doubt. Linnaeus has remarked that there are few genera in which some part or other of the fructification does not occasionally form an exception to the generic character ; and this is no less true of natural orders. 265. PAPAVER. Poppy. Linn, Gen. 263. Juss. 236. FL Br. 565. Tourn. t. 1 19, 120. Lam. tAh\, Goer In, ^ CO. POLYANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Papaver. 9 Nat. Ord. see n, 263, CaL inferior, of 2 ovate, concave, obtuse, equal, deciduous leaves. Pet. 4, roundish, crumpled, spreading, large; narrowest at the base ; 2 opposite ones smallest. Filam, very numerous, capillary, much shorter than the corolla. yinth, terminal, erect, somewhat stalked, oblong, obtuse, compressed. Germ, roundish or oblong, large. Style none. Stigma peltate, radiated, downy, permanent. Caps, ovate, or obovate-oblong, coriaceous, large, of one cell, incompletely separated into a greater or less num- ber of marginal cells, answering to the number of rays in die stigma, between which the capsule bursts by as many valvular openings, under the stigma^ which is more or less elevated by the incomplete partitions. Seeds kid- ney-shaped, numerous, minute, dotted, attached to the partitions. Annual or perennial herbs, with a fetid, milky, narcotic, juice. Stems round. Leaves pinnatifid and cut. Stalks lateral or terminal, long, single-flowered. Fl. large, va- rious in colour, mostly scarlet or yellow, rarely wliite or purplish; drooping in the bud, fugacious. Capsule bristly or smooth. * Capsules bristly. 1. P. Jujhridum. Round-rough-headed Poppy. Capsule nearly globular, furrowed, brisdy. Calyx hairy. Stem leafy, many-flowered. Leaves doubly pinnatifid. P. hybridum. Linn. Sp. PL 725. mild. v.2. \]44. FLBt.dGd. Engl. Bot. v.\.t. 43. BeCand. Syst. v. 2. 73. P. laciniato folio, capitulo hispido rotundiore. Rail Sijn. 308. Argemone capitulo torulo. Ger. Em. 373. f. A. capitulo breviore hispido. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. 396./. A. capitulo torulis canulato. Lob. Ic. 276. f. A. minor, capituli.s brevioribus. Dalech. Hist. 440./. In sandy or chalky fields, but rare. At Wells, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe. Nearly half a mile out of St. Bene- dict's gates, Norwich. Mr. Pitchford. About Durliam. Mr. Robson. At Darent, near Dartford. Mr. Lewin. Annual. July. Roof small and ta])ering. Herb 12 or 18 inches high, rough with minute bristles. Leaves deep green, with numerous, decurrcnt, narrow, linear-lanceolate, obscurely revolute segments, each tipped with a bristle. /•'/. rather small, deep scarlet or crimson, short-lived •, often violet at the biuse. Pollen bright blue. Stig- itnt witli from .") to 8 rays, a little raised above the capsule, even 10 POLYANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Papaver. in its early state. Caps, the size of a filberd, furrowed length- wise, thickly beset vvith rigid, ascending, tawny bristles. A permanent sjDecies, no more hybrid than any other of its genus. 2. P. Argernone. Long-rough -headed Poppy. Capsule club-shaped, ribbed, bristly. Calyx slightly hairy. Stem leafy, many-flowered. Leaves doubly pinnatifid. P. Argemone. hum. Sp PL 725. Willd.v. 2. 1 144. Fl. Br. 566. Engl. Bot. V.9. t. 643. Curt. Lond.fasc. 5. t.38. Hook. Scot. 168. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 74. Fl. Dan. t. 867. P. n. 1061. Hall. Nomend 95. Hist. v. 2. 15 ; n. 1063, by mistake. P. laciniato folio, capitulo hispido longiore. Raii Syn. 308. Argemone capitulo longiore. Bauh. Pin. 172. Lob. /c. 276./. Ger. Em. 373./. Dalech. Hist. 440./ /3. Papaver maritimum. With. 486. In corn-fields and their borders, on gravelly or sandy ground. /3. In sandy ground near the sea. IVith. Near Beverley, Yorkshire. Mr. R. Teesdale. Annual June, July. Herbage resembling the preceding, but the bristles on the stem are less closely pressed, and the segments of the leaves somewhat broader. Pet. pale scarlet, black at the base, soon falling ; often jagged. .Siam^ns dilated upwards. Rays of the s%wrt ge- nerally 5, rarely 6, sometimes but 4 . Caps, narrow, bristly, swell- ing upwards, with angles, or ribs, in number answering to the rays, the intermediate spaces even, not furrowed ; bristles most numerous towards the top. The flowers are sometimes double. /5 is a trivial variety, bearing one flower only, as often happens with starved maritime plants. ** Capsules smooth. 3. P. duhium. Long-smooth-headed Poppy. Capsule smooth, oblong, angular. Stem many-flowered, hairy. Bristles on the flower-stalks close-pressed. Leaves doubly pinnatifid. P. dubium. Linn. Sp. PI. 726. Willd. v. 2. 1 146. Fl. Br. 567. Engl. Bot. V. 9. t. 644. Curt. Lond.fasc. 5. t. 37. Hook. Scot. 1 68. DeCand. Sijst. v. 2. 75. Fl. Dan. t. 902. P. Roeas. Dickenson in Shaw's Staffordshire, t*. 1. 1 10, from the author. P. n. 1063. Hall. Nomencl.95. Hist. v. 2. 15; n. 1065. P. laciniato folio, capitulo longiore glabro. Raii Syn. 309. Argemone capitulo longiore glabro. Moris, v. 2. 279. sect. 3. t. 14./. 11. In cultivated fields, especially on a light soil. POLYANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Papaver. 1 1 Annual. June, July. Of a stouter more luxuriant habit than the foregoing, with broader leaves. Stem clothed with spreading hairs • Jlower -stalks with close-pressed bristles. Petals broader than they are long, of a light scarlet, the margin mostly crenate. Stain, linear. Pollen yellow. Stigma of from 6 to 8 rays. Caps, oblong, swelling upwards, abrupt, with as many ribbed angles as there are rays, perfectly smooth, and somewhat glaucous. Jacquin, in Fl. Austr. t. 25, has published a white-flowered variety, bearing a dark purple spot on the base of each petal. This has not been «jbserved in Britain ; nor have I seen any variation in the hue of the flowers, which are always known from our other red Poppies by their paleness. 4. P. Rhoeas. Common Red Poppy, Corn Rose. Capsule smooth, nearly globular. Stigma many-rayed. Stem many-flowered, rough, like the flower-stalks, with spreading bristles. Leaves pinnatifid, cut. P. Rhoeas. Linn. Sp. PL 726. Willd. v. 2. 1 146. FL Br. 567. Engl. Bot. V. 9. t. 645. Curt. Lond.fasc. 3. t. 32. Woodv. t. 186. Hook. ScoL 168. Lob. Ic.27^.f. Ger. Em.37\ f. De- Cand. Syst. v. 2 76. FL Dan. f. 1580. P. n. 1064. HalL NomencL 95. Hist. v. 2. \6. P. laciniato folio, capitulo brevioreglabro,annuum, Rhceas dictum. Raii Si/u. 308. P. erraticum. Matt/i. Valgr. v. 2. 404 /. Camer. Epit. 802./. P erraticum primum. Fiichs. Hist. oio./. Argemone. Trag. Hist. 120. f. In corn-fields, a troublesome weed. Annual. June, July. In habit like the last, but the segments of the leaves arc broader, and less numerous. Stem, as well as Jiower-stalks, clothed all over with tawny hairs spreading horizontally. Calyx rough with similar, but more upright hairs. Pet. large, undulated, of a deep rich scarlet, sometimes black at the base. Stigma oi \i) or 12 rays. Caps, ovate, abrupt, short, quite smooth and even. Beautiful varieties of this species, with semidouble flowers, varie- gated with rose-colour and white, are easily cultivated for orna- ment, but liable to degenerate in luxuriance. Its medical qua- lities are mildly narcotic. 5. P. sonufiferunt. White Poppy. Cap»sule nearly globular, smooth as well as the calyx and stem. Leaves notched, clasping the stem, glaucous. P. somniferum. Linn. Sp. PL 726. mild. v. 2. \ \ 47. FL Br. r.rtS. Etiiil. Hot, r.30. /.21 15. H'ondv. t. 185. Hook. Scot, His. DrCand. v. 2. S). IhilL Fr. t. '^7 . 12 POLYANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Papaver. P. n. 1065. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 16. P. sylvestre. Rail Syn. 308. Ger. Em. 370. f. P. sativum. Matth. Falgr. v.2. 40o.f. Cam er. Epit. 803. f. Da- lech. Hist. 170S./. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. 390. f. On sandy ground in the fens. On the banks of all the fen ditches, where the soil is sandy, in the parish of Hockwold cum Wilton, Norfolk, certainly wild. Rev. Mr. White. By the Roman road from Cambridge to Ely. Rev. Archdeacon Pierson. In newly trenched ground, by road sides, &c, about Delvine house, near Coupar, Angusshire. Miss Wat- son. The latter, however, can scarcely be supposed a^vild station for a plant so universal in gardens, nor is it published as such on this authority, but on the former. Annual. July. The whole herb is glaucous, and generally smooth, though the Jiower-stalks now and then bear several rigid, spreading, bristly hairs. Stem 3 or 4 feet high, erect, branched, leafy. Leaves broad, wavy, lobed and bluntly notched, clasping the stem with their heart-shaped base. Ft. 3 inches broad, blueish white, with a broad violet spot at the base of each petal. Such are all the wild specimens I have seen. In gardens double varieties, of every shade of purple, scarlet, crimson, and even green, mixed with white, are common, though nothing can be more liable to change. Germen, as well as capsule, nearly globular, often fur- rowed. Stigma of 8, 10, or more rays, with a broad, thin, de- flexed margin. Seeds oily, sweet, and eatable. The milky juice, when dried, becomes Opium, which, as Haller well observes, is far more potent and dangerous in hot countries than in our cooler climates. The capsules boiled afford a gently narcotic infusion, and used to be kept in the shops j but the foreign Opium is more certain, and more manageable, in proper hands, such as alone ought to direct its use. 6. P. cambricuin. Yellow Poppy. Capsule smooth, oblong, beaked. Stem many-flowered, nearly smooth. Leaves stalked, pinnate, cut. P. cambricum. Linn. Sp. PL 727. Willd v. 2. 1 147. Ft. Br. 568. Engl. Bof. v.l.t. 66. Hook.yScot. 168. P. luteum perenne, laciniato folio, cambrobritannicum. RaiiSijn. 309. P. cambricum perenne, flore sulphureo. Dill. Elth.v. 2. 300. t. 223. P. erraticum, pyrenaicum, flore flavo. Bauh. Pin. 171. Prodr. 92. Robert. Ic. t. W. Argemone cambrobritannica lutea, capite longiore glabro, &c. Moris. V. 2. 279. sect. 3. t. 14./. 12. Meconopsis cambrica. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 87. In moist rocky shady situations, in Wales and Westmoreland. In various parts of North Wales. Ra/j. About Kendal, West- POLYANDRIA-^MONOGYNIA. Nymphaea. 13 moreland, plentifully. Hudson. In shady lanes near Kirkby Lonsdale. Perennial. June. Herbage tender, brittle, of a light, slightly glaucous, green ; its juice lemon- coloured. Stem a foot high, mostly besprinkled with nearly upright hairs, leafy, branched. Leaves stalked, pin- nate ; leaflets nearly ovate, acute, cut, lobed, or pinnatifid, smooth, somewhat decurrent j most glaucous underneath. Fl. of a most elegant full lemon-colour, deliciously fragrant like Cras- sula coccinea and odoratissima , or Mesembryanthemum noctifto- rum ; smaller than P. Rhceas ; each on a very long, minutely hairy stalk. Cal. hairy. Caps, elliptic-oblong, of 4 or 5 cells, with as many ribs, or receptacles, which elevate the convex, 4- or 5 -rayed, stigma, and, before the capsule bursts by interme- diate valves at the top, have the appearance of a short style. By this character the present species has been separated from Pa- paver, by some able botanists, but I think on insufficient grounds, whatever may be the true nature of certain American plants as- sociated with it, which I have not sufficiently investigated. Ex- cept the elongation just described, this capsule has much of the structure of Argemone mexicana, see Gaertner, t. 60, which has but slight traces of the dilated receptacles, or imperfect par- titions, of Papaver. 266. NYMPH.EA. White Water-lily. Linn. Gen. 264. Juss. 68. Fl. Br. 569. Prodr. FL Grcec. v. 1. 360. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 49. Gcertn. t. 19, alba. Castalia. Salisb. in Ann. of Bot. v. 2. 7 1 . Nat. Orel. Rhceadece, Linn. 27. Hydrocharides. Juss. 22. Nymph(Bece. Salisb. Ni/mphceacece, DeCand. 35, See Grammar 138, 199, 208. CaL inferior, of 4 large, coriaceous, oblong, permanent leaves, coloured on the upper side. Pet. numerous, ob- long, placed in several rows upon the base of the germen. Nect. globose, in the centre of the stigma. Filam. very nu- merous, flat, placed on the germen above the petals ; the outermost gradually dilated. Anth. linear, of 2 parallel cells, closely attached, in their whole length, to the inner surface of the upper part of each filament. Germ, superior, sessile, globose. Style none. Stigma orbicular, sessile, of numerous rays, pointed and separate at the extremity, permanent. Berry coriaceous, scarred, of as many cells as there are rays; at length internally gelatinous and pul})y. Seeds numerous in each cell, roundish. Large, smooth, aquatic, perennial herbs. Ste?n none. Leaves floating, on long foot-stalks, heart-shaped or pel- tate, entire or toothed. Ft. on long simple stalks, large, 14 POLYANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Nuphar. white, red, or blue, closing, and sinking more or less below the surface of the water, at night. 1. N. alba. Great White Water-lily. Leaves heart-shaped, entire ; even beneath. Petals ellip- tic-oblong. Rays of the stigma sixteen, recurved. Root horizontal. N. alba. Linn. Sp. PL 729. mild.v.2. \\52. Fl.Br.570. Comp. ed. 4. 94. Engl. Bot.v. 3. t. 160. Hook. Lond. t. 140. Scot. 1 69. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 56. Rail Syn. 368. Fl. Dan. t. 602. Ger.Em. 8 19./. Maitli. Falgr. v. 2. 245./. Camer.Epit. 634./. Brunf.Herb.v. 1.37./ Lob. Ic, 595./. Ehrh. PL Of.45b. N. n. 1067. HalL Hist. v. 2. 20. N. Candida. Fuchs. Hist. 535./ In clear pools and slow rivers. Perennial. July. Root tuberous, horizontal, sending down numerous long, stout ra- dicles, which are fibrous at the extremity. Leaves floating, a span wide, oval-heartshaped, with nearly parallel or close lobes at the base, entire, smooth, their radiating veins underneath not prominent, in which it differs from the American N. odorata. Footstalks and Jiower-stalks cylindrical. Flowers 4 or 5 inches wide, white, with yellow stamens and pistil, the upper surface of the calyx-leaves white, often tinged with pale red, altogether very beautiful, though destitute of scent. They expand in sun- shine, and the middle of the day only, closing towards evening, when they recline on the surface of the water, or sink beneath it. The berry gradually decays at the bottom of the water, scat- tering its seeds in the mud. Every part of the herb is highly vascular, perspiring rapidly, and, though so succulent, drying very soon. It is perhaps the most magnificent of our native flowers. The sinking of the flowers under water at night having been doubted, or at least denied, I have been careful to verify it in this species. The same circumstance is recorded of the Egyptian N. Lotus, horn the most remote antiquity. The stimulus of light, which indeed acts evidently on many other blossoms and leaves, ex}Dands and raises, with peculiar force, these splen- did white flowers, that the pollen may reach the stigma unin- jured ; and when that stimulus ceases to act, they close again, drooping by their own weight, to a certain depth. The still more ponderous fruit finally sinks to the bottom. 267. NUPHAR. Yellow Water-lily. Prodr. Fl GrcBc. v. 1 . 361 . Comp. ed. 4. 94. Dryand. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. v. 3.295. DeCand. SysL v. 2. 59. Under Nymphsea, in Linn. Gen. 264. Jnss. 6vS. FL Br. 569. Gcertn. t. \9, lutea. POLYANDRI A^MONOGYXT A. Nuphai . 1 j Nat. Ord. see w. 266. Cal. inferior, of 5 or 6 large, coriaceous, concave, coloured, permanent leaves. Pet. numerous, oblong, much smaller than the calyx; furrowed and honey-bearing at the back; proceeding, like the stamens, from the receptacle. Filam. very numerous, unconnected with the germen, linear, re- curved. Anth. linear, of 2 parallel cells, closely attached to the inner surface of the upper part of each filament. Genu, superior, nearly sessile, ovate, with an elongation at the summit. Style none. Stigma sessile, orbicular, convex, entire or notched, with many central radiating clefts. Berry coriaceous, smooth, ovate, pointed, of as many cells as there are rays, finally pulpy within. Seeds numerous, smooth, ovate, in several rows in each cell. Habit like Nymphcea^ but the flowers are smaller, and al- ways yellow, essentially different in structure from that genus. Our White Water-lily being clearly the original Nv^^aiu, Nymphcea, of Dioscorides, I have retained the name of Nou^up, Nnphar, given by him, for the Yellow W^ater- lily, which the modern Greeks, who make a cordial of its flowers, after the example of their forefathers, have but little corrupted, and which the Turks have perverted into Pu/er. 1. N. liitea. Common Yellow Water-lily. Calyx of five leaves. Border of the stigma entire. Foot- stalks two-edged. Lobes of the leaves meeting each other. N. lutea. Prodr. Fl. Grcec. v. I. 361. Comp. ed. 4. 94. Hook. Loud. t. 141. Scot. 169. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 60. Nvmphrea lutea. Linn. Sp. PL 729. mild. n. 2. 1151. FL Br. '.569. Euirl BoLv.:^. t.\r>9. Rnii Sijn. SGS. FL Dan.i. GOli. Ger. Km.Hl9.f. Fnchs fList. ,536. /'. iMatth. f'ulgr. v. 2. 246./. Cumer. Epit. iV^h.J. Loh. Ic. :>94^ f. Ekrh. El. Off'. 44.5. N. n. 1066. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 2^. N. altera. Brunf. Herb. v. 1 . 40./. 36. In rivers and pools frequent. Perennial. July. Whole plant rather smaller than Nymphcea alba. Footstalks two- edged, flattened on the upper surfiice. Leaves entirely smooth and even, rounded at the end, and generally at the lobes, which meet and lap over each other. Flower-stalks nearly or quite cylindrical. H. about 2 inches wide, cu|)ped, all over ot'a gulden yellow, with the scent of brandy or ratafia, whence they are 16 POLYAXDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Tilia. called Brandy-bottles in Norfolk. They perhaps communicate this flavour by infusion to the cooling liquors, or Sherbets, so much used in the Levant. The seed-vessel, a coated beiTtj, w^hen ripe, bursts irregularly, as Prof. Hooker well observes, not dissolving avi'ay into a mass of pulp like the Nymphcea. Linnaeus once considered these plants as monocotyledonous, but he afterwards corrected that ill-founded opinion, and the question is set at rest by Prof. Hooker's complete figures. Yet they indu- bitably belong to M. Richard's class of Endorrhizce, having an internal radicle 3 and they afford in fact one, among many instances, of this ingenious physiologist's two great classes, En- dorrhizce and ExorrhizcB, not corresponding uniformly with the Monocotyledones and Dicotyledones of other botanists, as it is much to be wished they could have done. All these difficulties however, in able hands, must gradually lead to truth. 2. N. pumila. Least Yellow Water-lily. Calyx of five leaves. Border of the stigma toothed. Foot- stalks two-edfjed. Lobes of the leaves rather distant. N. pumila. Hoffm. Germ, for 1800. 241. Wahlenh. Lapp. 151. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 61 , Hook. Lond. t. 165. N. minima. Etigl. Bot. v. 32. t. 2292. N. lutea |3, pumila, '* Timm in Mug.fiirNat. Mecklenb. v 2. 256." N. lutea /3, minima, Willd. Sp. PL v. 2. 1 15 1 j from the author. N. Kalmiana. Hook. Scot. 169, but not of other writers. In the highland lakes of Scotland. In the lake at the foot of Ben Cruachan. Mr. Borrer. In several other Scottish lakes. Hooker. Perennial. July. Much smaller than the preceding. Footstalks less convex beneath, and more concave above. Leaves about 3 inches long, shining at the back 5 their lobes not close together. Fl. lemon-coloured, tinged with green, scarcely 1^ inch wide, and essentially distin- guished by the green sharply notched border of the stigma, Timm is no authority for the above name, as he confounded this most distinct species with lutea ; but I gladly concur with the writers who have adopted that given by Hoffmann, which, though I overlooked it, is prior to mine. Priority in nomencla- ture is a just claim ; but neither that, nor any authority, should be allowed in favour of an unscientific, erroneous, or illiterate appellation, whether specific or generic. I have in general si- lently rejected such, avoiding controversy, and leaving the de- cision to those who may hereafter care about the matter. 268. TILIA. Lime-tree. Linn. Gen. 267. Juss. 292. Fl.Br.57]. Sm. in Rees's Cycl, V. 35. Tourn. t. 38 1 . Lam. t. 467. Gcertn. t. 1 13. POLYANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Tilia. 17 Nat. Ord. Colwnniferce. Linn. 37. Tiliacece. Juss. 79. Cat, inferior, in 5 deep, valvular, concave, coloured, rather coriaceous, equal segments, about the size of the corolla, deciduous. Pet. 5, obovate, obtuse, alternate with the ca- lyx, somewhat notched at the summit ; in some species bearing a small scale, or nectary.^ on the inner side at the base. Filam. numerous, 30 or more, thread-shaped, the length of the petals. AntJi. of 2 nearly orbicular lobes, bursting outwards. Germ, superior, roundish. Style columnar, erect, scarcely so long as the stamens, decidu- ous. Stigma with 5 obtuse angles. Caps, roundish, more or less angular, bursting tardily at the base, of 5 cells, sel- dom all perfect ; partitions opposite to the angles. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell of the germen, but many prove abor- tive, and the ripe capsule has often but 1 cell, with a so- litary iT^^^/, which is globular and smooth; the embryo, according to Doody and Ga^rtner, large, heart-shaped and lobed. Handsome trees, with spreading, alternate, branches; alter- nate, stalked, heart-shaped, acute, serrated, deciduous leaves^ hairy at the origin of their veins ; panicled, yel- lowish, fragrant floxvos, with an oblong entire bractca imited to the common stalk. Capsule with or without angles, mostly downy. Qualities mucilaginous. Bark internally fibrous and tough. ] . T. eiiropcra. Common Smooth Lime-tree. Lin- den-tree. Nectaries none. Leaves twice the length of the footstalks, quite smooth, except a woolly tuft at the origin of each vein beneath. Cymes many-flowered. Capsule coriaceous, downy. T. europsea. Linn. Sp.Pl.733. Herb. Linn. n. 1 . Jf'ill,!. v. 2. 1 Ifil. Fl. Br.:)7\,cc. E7igl.Bot.v.9.ed.4.f.6\0. Comp.94. Lurhtf. 280. " Svensk. Bot. t. -10." llort. Knc. ed. 2. v. 3. 299, a. ' T. intermedia. DeCund. Prodr. v. l.;')!.'}. T. fcKminu. (icr. Km. 1-183./. T. ffi'mina, folio niajorc. Ihinh. Pin. [26. T. vulgaris pliitypliyllos, Paii S^/n. \73; hut notofJ. BunJiin. In woods and hedges, or upon grassy declivitie.-.. Tree. .//////. A tall and handsome, hardy tur, witli smooth, round, l)ro\vn. lealS'. s))reading hranrlics, green while tender. Lf(irt:-< 3 or 4 inches broad, and ratiier more in length, luidivided ; unes. with 3 very '^liglit ])artilions. 26 POLYANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Cistus. Mr. Lightfoot in his herbarium has noted the depressions on the backs of the leaves, wiiich, with other marks, clearly determine this as a species, though it has never been found but in Surrey. 5. C. Helianthejmnn. Common Dwarf Cistus. Shrubby, procumbent, with fringed stipulas. Leaves el- liptic-oblong; white and downy beneath. Calyx-ribs bristly ; its outer leaves lanceolate, fringed. C. Helianthemum. Linn. Sp. PI. 744. Willd.v.2. 1209. FL Br. 575. Engl. Bot.v. 19. 1. 1321. Curt. Lond.fasc. 5. ^.36. Hook. Scot. 170. Fl. Dan. t. \0l. C. n. 1033. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 3. Helianthemum vulgare. Raii Si/n. 34\. H. anglicum luteum vel album. Ger. Em. 1282./. Chamaecistus vulgaris, flore luteo. Loes. Pruss. 43. t. 8. Flos solis, seu Panaces chironium. Matth. Valgr. v. 2.103. f. Panax chironium, sive Flos solis. Camer. Epit. 501./. Hyssopus campestris. Trag. Hist. 221 ./. In hilly pastures, on a chalky or gravelly soil. Shrub. Juli/, August. Of a more dwarf habit than the last. Root woody, bearing many procumbent, or slightly ascending, round, downy, simple, leafy stems, each terminating in a simple downy cluster, of bright yellow^ou;er5, expanding in sunshine only, when their stamens if touched spread slowly, and lie down upon the petals. Brac- teas lanceolate, smooth, fringed, one at the base of each flower- stalk. These partial stalks are slender, hoary, various in direc- tion, more reflexed as the fruit advances. Calyx smooth, or scarcely at all downy, between the strong bristly ribs of its 3 larger reddish leaves ; the 2 outer leaves ten times smaller, spreading, lanceolate, mostly acute, green, smooth on both sides, their edges fringed with numerous bristly hairs. Germen glo- bose, downy. Capsule with very narrow receptacles, or imper- fect partitions. The leaves of this species vary in breadth, and are more or less revolute j green above, besprinkled with a few hairs ; densely downy, white, and hairy beneath. Their usual form is linear-oblong, somewhat elliptical. Stipulas lan- ceolate, acute, fringed, green on both sides, longer than the footstalks. Ray says the flowers are very rarely white ; they are sometimes double in gardens. This is a variable species, but less so than authors make it. Few plants are more difficult to define than the smaller kinds of Cistus. The roseus and mutahilis of Jacquin surely differ from this, and numerous species of the south of Eu- rope, and the Alps, require to be studied and compared by a skil- ful and patient observer. POLYANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. Cistiis. ^7 6. C. tomentosus , Downy- cupped Cistus. Shrubby, procumbent, with hoary stipulas. Leaves ellip- lic-oblong; snow-v/hite, with starry down, beneath. Ca- lyx all over hoary, with hairy ribs; its outer leaves obtuse, C. tomentosus, Scop. Cam. ed. 2. v. 1. 376. t. 24. Engl. Bot, r.31. t. 2208. Comp. ed. 4. 95. C, Helianthemum. Ehrh. Arb. 12G ? On the mountains of Scotland. Mr. G.Don. Shrub. July. A larger ph^nt than the foregoing, with broader leaves, and the Jiowcrs are conspicuous for their size as well as brilliancy. The more pure white, and starry down, of the backs of the leaves, the hoariness of the stipulas, and of every part of the calyx, in Mr. Don's original specimen, are remarkable 3 and the obovate obtuse form of the 2 outer calyx-leaves, which are hoary all over, and less fringed than in C. Helianthemum, should seem a good specific character. Ehrhart's specimen is weak, and less downy, as if it had been drawn up by the neighbourhood of other plants. His stipulas moreover are green and fringed. The leaves on young lateral shoots are peculiarly rounded. When cultivated together, the difference between these two plants is striking. What such great practical observers as Sco- poli, G. Don, and our most acute," justly lamented, Dickson have asserted, I would not hastily reject ; nor can I, with my worthy friend Prof. Hooker, think C. tomentosus " not even a well-marked variety." It merits at least some examination in its native places of growth. In gardens it bears the name of C. canus ; but the real canus has no stipulas. 7. C. po/i/oHus. White Mountain Cistus. Shrubby, procumbent, widi somewhat hairy stipulas. Pu- bescence starry. Leaves oblong, revolutc, white and downy beneath. Calyx slightly hairy ; its outer leaves fringed. C. polifolius. Linn. Sp. PI. 74o. IVilld. v. 2. 121 1 . Fl. Br. '^6. Engl. Bot. v.\9.t.\322. C. humilis alpinus durior, polii nostratis folio candicante. Pluk. Almag.\07. Plnjt.t.2-3.f.6. Helianthemum montanum, polii folio incano, flore candido. Dill, Ellli. 17'). t. Mf)./. 172. rhameecistus montanus, polii folio, Raii Syn.3V2. Hill. Fl. Br. 274. t. 27. f. 2 ; very bad. On stony hills, near the sea, very rare. On lirent downs, Somersetshire. Plukcnct. Plentifully on the top and about the middle of the hill, on Jjrent downs. Dill, in Linn. Corrcsp. v. 2. 132. At Babbicombc, near Newton Abbot, Devonshire. Rev. Aaron Neck. 58 POLYANDRIA— PENTAGYNIA. Paeonia. Shrub. June, July. In size and habit like C. Helianthemum, but essentially distinct, though not known in any other part of the world than the places above specified. The stems are hoary with fine, close-pressed hairs. Leaves always revolute ; convex and green on the up- ])er side, covered with starry hairs, not entangled v/ith each other 5 white and densely downy, with similar but entangled hairs, beneath ; the mid-rib very prominent. Stipulas linear- lanceolate, rather acute than blunt, most hairy at the margin, not at all downy. Cal. membranous, with red ribs bearing a very few hairs here and there, the intermediate spaces quite smooth and naked 3 the 2 outer leaves linear, channelled, fringed. Pet. white, sometimes crenate ; their claws yellow. Caps, with 3 slight ))artitions. Linnaeus has very incautiously confounded this and C. marifolius in his Mantissa 2. 145, under the name of C. anglicus. C. apen- ninus more nearly resembles our polifolius ; but differs in its simple pubescence, and hoary calyx without hairs on the ribs. POLYANDRIA PEMAGYNIA, 270. P.EONIA. Piony. Linn. Gen. 273. Juss. 234. Tourn. t. 146. Lam. t. 481. Gartn. t. (55. Nat. Orel. MuUisiliqii^e. Linn. 26. Ranunculacede. Juss. 61. Cal. inferior, of 5 roundish, concave, reflexed, unequal, per- manent leaves. Pet. 5, roundish, concave, spreading, contracted at the base, larger than the calyx. Filam, very numerous, capillary, much shorter than the corolla. Anth. terminal, erect, oblong, quadrangular, of 4 cells. Germ, from 2 to 4, 5, or more, sessile, ovate, downy. Sii/les none. Stigmas oblong, curved, compressed, ob- tuse, coloured. Cajmdes {follicles) as many as the ger- mens, ovate-oblong, spreading widely, coriaceous, burst- ing along the inner side. Seeds numerous, oval, polish- ed, ranged along the edges of the follicle. Mostly herbaceous, with fleshy perennial roots. Leaves alternate, once or twice ternate, entire or cut. Fl. soli- tary, large, stalked, crimson or white, often double. Ger- mens usually multiplied by culture. Abortive seeds co- loured. POLYANDRIA— PENTAGYNIA. Delphinium. 29 1. P. corallina. Entire-leaved Piony. Leaves twice ternate ; leaflets ovate, undivided, smooth. Follicles downy, recurved. P.corallina. Retz.OhsJasc.Z.ZA. fVilld. Sp.PLv. 2. ]22]. Engl. Bot. V. 22. t. 1513. Comp.ed.4.9D. Ait. H. Kew, ed.2. v.3. 3\o. DeCand. Stjst.v. 1.388. P. officinalis /3. Linn. Sp. PL 747. Mill. Illustr.t.47 . P. mas. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 26.5./. Camer. Epit. 657./. Dod. Pempt. 194./. Ger. Em. 980 / Lol). Ic. 684./. 685./. Pseonia. Pabnberg Sert.386.f. On islands in the river Severn. Abundantly in the rocky clefts of the Steep Holmes, in the Severn. Mr. F. B Wright. On a rabbit-warren about 2 miles from Graves- end, according to Gerarde^ but no other person has found it there. Perennial. May, June. Boot fleshy, knobbed. Herb smooth, about 2 feet high. Stems simple, round, leafy, polished, reddish. Leaves twice ternate j leaflets elliptical, undivided, of a dark shining green. The up- permost leaf is sometimes ternate only, or simple ; rarely pin- nate, as in Engl. Bot. and Miller, Fl. about 4 inches broad, crimson, with yellow anthers. Germens 2, 3, or 4, white with purple stigmas. Seed-vessels internally reddish and polished. Seeds black and shining^ the inters^persed abortive ones angular, scarlet. A very handsome plant, far less common in gardens than P. oji- cinalis, the fcemina of old authors, and scarcely ever seen dou- ble, as the latter usually is. 271. DELPHINIUM. Larkspur. Linn. Gen. 274. Juss. 234. FLBr.D77. Tourn.t. 241. Lam. t.482. Gartnt.65. Nat. Ord. see 7i. 270. Cat. none. Pet. 5, inferior, unequal, ranged in a circle, spreading ; the upper one extended behind into a long, tubulnr, straight, bluntish spur; the rest ovate-oblong, with claws, various in various species. Nectary divided, ot'l or 2 sessile k'aves,j)laced in front within the row of ])etals, on the upper .side, extended behind in the form of a tube, contained in the spur of the upj)ernu)st })etal. Filam. numerous, awl-shaped, dilated at the base, nuich shorter than the corolla, directed upwartls. Anth. round- ish, small, erect. Germ, superior, 3 or 1, or 5, ovate, each terminating in a stijle shorter than the stamens. 30 POLYANDRIA— PENTAGYNIA. Delphinium. Stigmas simple, reflexed. Caps, [follicles) as many as the germ ens, ovate-oblong, or somewhat cylindrical, of 1 valve, bursting at the inner side. Seeds numerous, an- gular, rough, at the edges of the capsule. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves much divided, for the most part stalked. Ft. in clusters, blue or violet, varying to red or white, with bracteated partial stalks. 1. D. Consol'ida. Field Larkspur. Capsule solitary. Nectary of a single leaf. Stem subdi- vided, spreading. D. Consolida. Linn. Sp. PL 748. Willd. v. 2. \22Q. FLBr.577. Engl. Bot. V. 26. t. 1839. DeCand. Sijst. v. 1 . 343. Fl. Dan. t. 683. D. n. 1203. Hall. Hist. V. 2.95. D. segetum, flore caeruleo. Dill. in Raii Syn. 273. D. elatius, simplici flore. Clus. Hist. v. 2. 206./. Delphinium. Riv. Pentap. Irr. t. 124. f. 1. Consolida regia. Trag. Hist.5Q9. f. Fuchs. Jc. 239./. C. regalis. Brunf. Herb. t;. 1 . 84. / 83. Camer. Epit. 521. f. C. regalis sativa. Ger. Em. 1082./ I, 2. Chamaemelum eranthemon. Fuchs. Hist 27./. In sandy or chalky corn-fields. Plentifully in Swaffham field, Cambridgeshire. Sherard. In se- veral parts of that county. Relhan. Between Blackheath and Eltham. Dillenius. About Feltwell, near Brandon. Mr. Fran- cis Smith. Near Bury St. Edmund's. Bishop of Carlisle. Annual. June, July. Root simple, slender. Herb finely downy all over, particularly the stem and capsule, so that I am unable to separate the D. pu- bescens of DeCandolle from our plant, though, being a native of Greece and other mild climates, it is more luxuriant, as will ap- pear by Fl. Gra'C. t. 504 when published. The stem in ours is 1 8 inches or 2 feet high, erect, leafy, with alternate spreading branches. Leaves sessile, in many deep divisions, which are three-cleft and subdivided, with narrow, linear, acute segments. Stipulas none. Clusters terminal, lax, of but fewfowers, whose petals are, in front, of a most vivid and lasting blue ; the back of each flower, as well as the nectarij, being pale purplish, or flesh-coloured. These colours however vary much in gardens, where this species is called the Branching Larkspur, and attains the height of 3 or 4 feet. Bracteas at the base, and in the mid- dle, of each partial stalk, simple or divided. Germen and cap- sule solitary, with a short permanent 5^2//e. >S'eerf.9 angular, black, very rough. POLYANDRIA— PENTAGYNIA. Aconiium. 31 272. ACONITUM. Wolf's-bane. Linn. Gen. 274. Juss. 234. Tourn. f. 239, 240. Lam. t. 482. Gcertn. t. Go. DeCand. Syst. t'. 1 . 364. Nat. Orel, see 7i. 270. Cal. none. Pei. 5, inferior, unequal, 4- of them in pairs, opposite ; the -upper one hooded, or tubular, inverted, the. convex or hind part being uppermost, the deflexed point recurved ; 2 lateral ones roundish, opposite, con- verging ; 2 lowermost oblong, deflexed. Nectaries 2, within the hollow of the uppermost petal, on long awl- shaped stalks, tubular, drooping, oblique at the orifice, recurved at the honey-bag behind. Filam. numerous, broad at the base, awl-shaped, short, directed towards the upper petal, some of the innermost often dilated and abor- tive. Anth. roundish, small, erect. Germans superior, 3, 4, or 5, oblong. Styles terminal, awl-shaped, spread- ing. Stigmas simple, acute. Caps. \follicles\ as many as' the germens, straight, ovate-oblong, of 1 valve, burst- ing at the inner side. Seeds numerous, angular, rugged, at the edges of the capsule. Perennial herbs, of a very dangerous quality, highly nar- cotic and acrid. Roots fleshy. Stems erect, or twining. Leaves fingered and cut. Clusters terminal, many-flow- ered, bracteated. Fl. dark blue, whitish, or pale yellow. The nectaries are full of honey. 1. A. Napellus. Common Wolfs-bane, or Monk's- hood. Upper petal arched at the back ; lateral ones hairy at the inner side. Germens three, smooth. Leaves deeply five-cleft, cut, with linear .segments, furrowed above. A. NapeHu.s. Linn. Sp. PL 751. HWd. v. 2. 1235. fVoodv t. 6. Purt. V 3 17, note. Seringue Aeon. 152. t. 15./. 41, 42, 50. A. vulgare. DiCand. Syst.v. 1.371. A. n 1197. il'iU Ilisf'r. 2.90. Napellus. Dod. Pnnpt. 442./. N. vervi.s CceruUnis. Ger. Em. 972./. Lob. Ic. 679./ p:i.sen hiitlin. Trng. Hist. 21S./ Lycoctonum sativum tricarpuni. Cord. Hist. 1 15. same/. In watery l)laccs, a doubtful native. By the side of tlie river Tcmc, Herefordshire ; and .still more abun- dantly on the banl.^ of a brook, rnnninu; into tiiat river, to all 39 POLYANDRIA— PENTAGYNIA. Aqiiilegia. appearance truly wild. Rev. Edward Mliitehead, Fellow of Corpus Christi college, Oxford. 1819. Perennial. June, July. Boot tapering. Stem erect, simple, leafy, clothed with minute close hairs, and terminating in a solitary, simple, upright cluster of large dark-hXueJlowers, without scent. Leaves alternate, on short stalks, divided to the base into 5 lobes, cut into numerous, linear, acute, somewhat revolute segments ; nearly smooth on both sides ; paler beneath 5 marked on the upper side with a furrow along the course of the mid-rib. Our plant is certainly the original Napellus, from which Prof. DeCandolle has sepa- rated several formerly-supposed varieties, having broader leaves, but of w hich he very candidly expresses his doubts, whether they are good species. At any rate I would here retain the old well- known specific name, though Linnaeus, who made no distinc- tion between these plants, has in his herbarium for Napellus the A. neuhergense of DeCandolle, which moreover is figured, under his inspection, in the Stockholm Transactions for 1739, t. 2, as A. Napellus, and given as such by Ehrhart in his PI. Of. 87. A. paniculatum of DeCandolle, which is what Storck happened to make use of, and to publish, for Napellus, and which is Hal- ler's 71. 1 198, belongs to A. Cammarum of Linnaeus. 273. AQUILEGIA. Columbine. Linn. Gen. 275. Juss. 234. Fl. Br. 578. Tourn. t. 2 12. Lam. t.ASS. Gcerln. t. US. Nat. Ord. see n. 270. Cat. none. Pet. 5, inferior, ovate, mostly pointed, nearly flat, equal, spreading. Ned 5, equal, alternate with the petals, each of them tubular, gradually dilated upwards, oblique at the mouth, the outer margin ascending, the inner attached to the receptacle ; their lower portion ex- tended into a long tapering spur, obtuse at the extremity. Filam. numerous, 30 to 40, awl-shaped, erect; the outer ones shortest; innermost abortive, dilated and corrugated, closely enfolding the germens. Anth. terminal, heart- shaped, erect. Germ. 5, superior, ovate-oblong, tapering into awl-shaped upright styles, with simple stigmas. Caps, (follicles) 5, cylindrical, pointed, parallel, straight, of 1 valve, bursting at the inner side downwards. Seeds nume- rous, ovate, smooth, keeled, at the edges of the capsule. Perennial herbs, with fibrous roots. Leaves once or twice ternate, bluntly lobed and cut ; the lower ones on long stalks. Fl. terminal, drooping, blue, purplish, scarlet, partly yellow, or green, the former colours varying to POLYANDRIA— PENTAGYNIA. Stratiotes. 3.'i pink or white ; their structure in gardens variously trans- formed or multiplied. Qualities slightly acrid, astrin- gent, or bitter, scarcely dangerous, except perhaps in the seeds. 1. A. vulgaris. Common Columbine. Nectaries about the length of the petals ; their spurs in- curved. Leaves and stem smooth. Capsules hairy. A. vulgaris. Linn. Sp. PI. 752. Willd. v. 2. 1245. FL Br. 578. Engl. Boi.v.5. t. 297. Hook. Scot. 170. DeCand. Syst.v. 1.334. Fl.Dan.t.695. A. n. 1195. Hall. Hist. V. 2.89. A. flore simplici. Raii Syn. 2/3. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. 484./. A. caerulea. Ger.Em. 1093./, Aquilegia. Fuchs. Hist. 1 02./ Dorst. Bot 30, 2./. Aquilina. Matth. Valgr.v. ] . b77.f. Camer. Epit. 404./. Isopyrum Dioscoridis. Column. Phytob. I . ^, 1 . j3. Aquilegia alpina. Hiids. 235 ; excluding the synonyms. In meadows, pastures and thickets. /S. In more mountainous situations. At Matlock bath, Derby- shire. Root tuberous. Herbage smooth and naked. Stem erect, 2 or 3 feet high, somewhat leafy, round, generally branched, and bear- ing several flowers. Radical leaves on long stalks, twice ter- nate j leaflets broadly wedge-shaped, bluntly lobed and cut, glaucous beneath ; those on the stem more simple, and nearly sessile. Fl. pendulous, bright purple, on purplish, somewhat downy, stalks. Pet. pointed. Ned. much incurved at the end of the spur. Germ, and caps, hairy. Dr. Hooker misquotes E7igl. Bot., as the iniier stamens are there represented as im- perfect. /3. Has scarcely more than onejlower on each stem, and the necta- ries are rather less curved. The whole planl is less luxuriant and more elegant. A. alpina of Linnaeus bears h\ue flowers twice the .size of the vulgaris. Double varieties of our Common Co- lumbine, with white, ])ink, or dark crimson flowers, are frequent in gardens, and there is one whose nectaries are obliterated, and the petals greatly multiplied, usually rose-coloured. 274. STRATIOTES. Water-soldier. Linn. Gen. 277. Juss. 67. Ft. Br. 579. Lam. t. 489. Gcertn. t. 14. Nat. Ord. Palmer. Linn. 1. Ilydrocharidcs, Juss. 22. Dc- Ca7id.\l5, Cal. superior, of 1 leaf, tubular, erect, the border in 3 deep, deciduous segments. Pet. 3, alternate with the calyx, VOL. TII. D 34 POLYANDRIA-PENTAGYNIA. Stratiotes, and twice as long, obovate, concave, slightly spreading. Filam. about 20 or fewer, shorter than the segments of the calyx, and proceeding from its tube. Anth, vertical, awl-shaped. Gej^m. inferior, elliptical, obtusely triangu- lar. Sti/les 6, deeply cloven, full as long as the stamens. Stigmas simple. Berry coated, oval, with 6 or more cells, and as many angles, tapering at each end. Seeds numerous, obovate, in 2 rows. Aquatic herbs, with radical, ribbed, simple, serrated or en- tire leaves, and white Jlowers, on radical stalks. Each Jlower is accompanied by a permanent sheath, or hractea, of a single leaf, variously divided, which is not wanted to strengthen the generic character, and indeed does not be- long to the parts of fructification. There are some In- dian species with fewer stamens than ours, which is the type of the genus. 1. S. aloides. Water Aloe, or Water-soldier. Leaves sword-shaped, channelled, with a prominent rib, and sharp marginal prickles. S. aloides. Lm7i. Sp. Pl.75i. mild. v. 4.820. Fl.Br.579. Engl. Bot. V. 6. ^.379. Hook. Scot. 171 . Mill. Illustr. t. 50. Fl. Dan. t.ZZI. S. foliis aloes, semine longo. Rail Syn. 290. S. aquaticus. Dalech. Hist. 1061./. Militaris aizoides. Ger. Em. 825./. Lob. Ic. 375./ Aloe sive Aizoon palustre. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. 778./ . Water Aloe. Pet. H. Brit. t.7\.f.b. In deep fen ditches and pools. Plentiful in the isle of Ely, and in the marshy parts of Lincoln- shire and Norfolk. Also, according to Withering,' in Cheshire and Yorkshire. Perennial. July. A stoloniferous, smooth, floating herb, witli numerous radical leaves, and a solitary C2x\ixd\ Jiower-stalk, no stem. The parent plant sinks to the bottom after flowering, and sends out long simple runners, each terminating in a leaf-bud, or young plant, which first takes root in the mud, by several long fibres, and in the following summer rises to the surface of the water, blossoms, and then again subsides to ripen its seeds, and throw out fresh runners, each tuft of leaves flowering but once. The leaves are a span long or more, acute, highly vascular, fringed with very shai-p saw-like teeth. Flowers white, large and handsome, the stalk firm, stout, two-edged, much shorter than the leaves. The anthers are occasionally imperfect in one flower, the stigmas in another, whence some curious but superficial observers have POLYANDRIA— POLYGYXIA. Anemone. 35 thought ihtjlowers dioecious ; but such casual imperfection in those parts is frequent in plants that increase much by root. The Stratiotes fills our ditches in summer, with a close phalanx of sword-like leaves, wlience its name, from s-py.rog, an army, m Dioscorides, whose description cannot be mistaken, though Dr. Sibthorp did not notice this plant in Greece, any more than the Sagittaria, which some commentators have mistaken for it. See Matt/i. Valgr. v. 2. 482, 483. POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA, 275. ANEMONE. Anemone. Lin7i.Gen.279. Juss.232. Fl. Br. dSO. Tourn.t.l47. La7n.i.496. Gcertn. t. 74. DeCand. Sijst. v. \. 188. Pulsatilla. Tourn.t. 148. Seeds with feathery tails. Anemonoides. Dill. Gen. 107.^4. Seeds simply pointed. Petals 6. Anemone-ranunculus. Ibid. t. 4. Seeds simply pointed. Petals 5. Nat. Ord. Mult i sill qiuE, Linn. 26. Ranunculacece, Juss. 61. See n. 270—273. Cal. none. Pet. from 5 to 15, inferior, regular, in one or more rows, imbricated in the bud, elliptical or oblong, deciduous. Filam. numerous, capillary, much shorter than the corolla. Anth. terminal, of 2 round lobes, burst- ing laterally. Germ, superior, numerous, collected into a round or oblong head. Styles tapering, short. Stigmas simple, bluutish. Seeds numerous, pointed, tipped with the permanent styles, which in some species become fea- thery tails. Herbs with tuberous roots. Stem none. Leaves stiilked, more or less divided or compound. Fl. solitary or ag- gregate, scentless, on radical stalks, with a leaty involu- cnwi, or bractea, more or less remote from the flower. Corolla blue, purplish, red, white, or yellow, very va- riable. 1. A. Pulsatilla. Pasque-flower Anemone. Flower soliUiry, nearly upright. Involucrum in dt^^p li- i> 2 36 POLYANDRIA—POLYGYNIA. Anemone. near segments. Petals six, erect. Seeds with feathery tails. Leaves doubly pinnate, cut, with linear lobes. A.Pulsatilla. Linn. Sp. PL 7 59. Willd.v.2.\274. Fl. Br. 580. Engl. Bot. V.]. t.5\. Hook. Lond. t. 44, according to the letter- press. Relh. ed. 1 . 208. t. 3. DeCand. Syst. «. 1 . 19 1 . Fl. Dan. t.\53. Bull. Fr.t. 49. Ehrh.Pl.Of. \35. A. pratensis. Sibth.l69. With.49S. A. n. 1146. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 6\. Pulsatilla. Matth. Valgr. v. 1.568./. Camer. EpiL392.f. Dad, Pempt. 433./. I. P. folio crassiore, et majore flore. Raii Syn, 260. Bauh. Pin. 1 77 . P. vulgaris. Ger. Em. 385 ./. Lob. Ic. 28 1 ./. In high open chalky pastures. Perennial. April, May. Root rather woody, sweet according to Haller, though the herb itself is highly acrid, and blisters the skin. Leaves doubly pin- nate, the leaflets deeply pinnatifid, with very narrow, nearly linear, acute, channelled, hairy segments. Stalk solitary, 4 or 5 inches high, round, hairy. Involucrum in many deep linear segments, all united at the base. Flower of a dull violet blue, externally silky. Pet. near 1^ inch long, moderately spreading, but straight, not recurved as in the true A. pratensis, Herba venti of Tragus, 413, whose flower moreover is but half the size of this, and more drooping. The seeds, with their long, featheiy, purplish tails, spreading in every direction, form a round head, and are finally blown away by the wind. Gerarde expressly informs us that he himself was "^ moved to name" this the Pasque-flower, or Easter-flower, because of the time of its ap- pearance. There is therefore no occasion to seek an explanation of this name in the reported use of the flowers, for colouring the Paschal eggs of the catholicks, or the Scotch j especially as these flowers are said to yield a green, not a purple dye. See Hooker, as above. 2. A. nemorosa. Wood Anemone. Flower solitary. Petals six, elliptical. Seeds pointed, with- out tails. Involucrum of three ternate or quinate, stalked, lobed and cut, leaves. A. nemorosa. Linn. Sp. PI. 762. Willd.v.2. 1281. Fl. Br. 581. Engl. Bot.v. 5.t. 355. Curt. Lond.fasc. 2. t. 38. Hook. Scot. 171 . DeCand. Sijst.v. 1.203. Fl. Dan. t. 549. Bull.Fr.t.3. Ehrh. PI. Of. 145. A. n. 1 154. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 64. A. nemorum alba. Raii Syn. 259. Ger. Em. 383./. A. quinta. Dod. Pempt. 435./. Ranunculi quarta species, lactea. Fuchs. Hist. 161 . /. POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA. Anemone. 37 Ranunculus nemorosus. Lob. Ic. 673./. Herba sylvestris, ignoti nominis. Brunf. Herb, v, 2. 80./. In groves, thickets, and heathy ground, abundantly. Perennial. April. Root tuberous, horizontal, nearly cylindrical. Leaves on long foot- stalks, ternate or quinate, mostly three-cleft, always irregularly cut j the margin and ribs slightly hairy. Involucrum of 3 simi- lar leaves, with shorter stalks, above half way up the Jiower- stalk, which is simple and a little hairy. Flower rather droop- ing, always solitary. Pet. white, often purplish at the back, each above half an inch long. Germens downy. Seeds beaked with the style almost their own length. The numerous s^amews, changing, as in several of the foreign kinds, into small lanceolate petals, make a pretty double^oit-er, more lasting than the single one, and sometimes preserved in coun- try gardens. It requires a very pure air. Goats only can feed with safety on this acrid plant j to sheep it is dangerous, and horses and cows leave it untouched. 3. A. apennina. Blue Mountain Anemone. Flower solitary. Petals numerous, lanceolate. Seeds point- ed, without tails. Involucrum of three ternate, stalked, deeply cut leaves. A. apennina. Linn. Sp. PI. 762. Willd. v. 2. 1 282. Fl. Br. 581 . Engl. But. V. 15. <. 1062. Curt. Lond.fasc. 6. t.3o. DeCand. Syst.v. 1.202. A. secunda. Dod.Pempt. 434./. A. geranifolia. Ger. Em. 377./ Bauh. Hist. v. 3. 405./. Raii Hist. v. 1.625. A. tuberosa geranifolia. Lob. /c. 280./. A. hortensis tenuifolia, simplici flore prima. Clus. Hist. 254./ Rinunculus nemorosus, flore purpuro-caeruleo. Dill, in Raii Syn. 259. R. nemorosus flore caeruleo, duplex, Apennini montis. Mentz. Pu- gill. t. 8. In groves in the central part of England, but rare. In W'imbleton woods, (wliere it slill grows) ; Mr. Rand. Near Harrow J Mr. DulJois j near Luton Hoe, Bedfordshire ; Mr.T. Knowlton. Dillenius. Near Berkhumstead, Herts j Mr. Good- all. IVUhering. It supplies the place of tlie last sj)ecies in every grove and thicket of Italy, though not found in Switzerland ; and may be truly wild in tlie situations above mentioned, which are analogous to those where ii abounds. There is only a bare suj)i)()siti()n of its luiving escaped from gardens, though Ray says tlie Dutch gardeners obtained the roots from Italy. Perennial. April. Root tuberous, roundish. Habit like the last, but with rather 38 POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA. Clematis. broader, richer, and more hairy foliage. Flower very elegant, bright blue. Pet. about 1 2 to 16, spreading, lanceolate, blunt- ish. Stalk above the leafy involucrum silky. The wooden cuts above indicated are truly excellent. 4. A. ranunculoides. Yellow Wood Anemone. Flowers solitary, or in pairs. Petals five, elliptical. Seeds pointed, without tails. Involucrum of three, somewhat stalked, deeply cut, leaves. A. ranunculoides. Linn. Sp. PL 762. Willd. v. 2. 1282. FLBr.oS2. Engl. Bot. v.2\.t. 1484. Huds. 237. DeCand. Syst.v. 1. 206. FL Dan. t.] 40. A. n. 1153. Hall.Hist.v.2.64. A. nemorum lutea. Gvr. Em. 383./. Raii Hist. v. 1 . 625. Ranunculus sylvestris luteus. Trag. Hist. 95./. with Showers. R. nemorosus luteus. Bauh. Pin. 178. Lob. Ic. 674./. Ranunculi tertia species. Cord. Hist. 120, with the cut of Tragus. R. quarta species lutea. Fuchs. Hist. 1 62./. In groves, very rare. Near King's Langley, Herts; and Wrotham, Kent. Hudson. Near Abbot's Langley. Mr. G. Anderson. Perennial. April. Root and herbage much like A. nemorosa, but the radical leaves are few, often quinate. Involucral leaves 3, nearly sessile, ternate, or quinate. Fl. 1 or 2, I have never seen more, on hairy par- tial stalks. Pet. elliptical, obtuse, always bright yellow, and na- turally 5, though the cut of Gerarde and Lobel has 6, which some- times happens to the wild plant, as A. nemorosa has occasion- ally 7. Seeds few, hairy, roundish, beaked. This having never, as far as can be learned from old writers, been a garden plant in England, cannot safely be asserted to have escaped from gardens. I have wild specimens from the excellent author of the Flora Anglica, and from the late Mr. G. Ander- son ; two men whose accuracy and judgment are as unimpeach- able as their honesty. 276. CLEMATIS. Traveller's Joy. Linn.Gen.280. Juss.232. Fl. Br.58S. Lam.t.497. Gcertn,t.74. DeCand. Syst.v. 1. 131. Clematitis. Tourn. t. 150. Nat. Ord. see 7i. 270—273, and 275—282. CaL none. Pet. from 4 to 8, inferior, regular, oblong, in the bud either valvular, or folded in at the edges. Filam, numerous, swelling upward. Anth. terminal, of 2 oblong lobes, bursting laterally. Germ, superior, sessile, ovate, collected into a round head. Styles terminal, much longer POLYANDRIA—POLYGYNIA. Clematis. 39 than the germens. Stigmas simple. Seeds numerous, ovate, compressed, placed on a capitate receptacle^ and tipped with the permanent styles, becoming, generally feathery, tails. Roots fibrous. Stems shrubby and climbing ; rarely herba- ceous or erect. Leaves oj^posite, for the most part re- peatedly compound, with iwin'mg footstalks. Fl. panicled, terminal or axillary, rarely solitary, sometimes brac- teated ; cream-coloured, white, yellowish, or purple; in some species fragrant. Notwithstanding the utmost dissimilarity of habit, the most attentive botanists have found great difficulty in esta- blishing a clear generic distinction between this genus and Anemone. I acknowledge myself obliged to the ex- cellent M. DeCandoUe for pointing out the difference of their aestivation ; see Grammai^ 22. 1. C. Vitalba. Common Traveller's Joy. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets heart-shaped, partly cut. Foot- stalks twining, permanent. Panicles forked, not longer than the leaves. C. Vitalba. Lhm. Sp.PL766. Willd. v. 2. 1292. Fl. Br. 583. Engl. Bot.v.9.t.6\2. Curt.Lond.fasc. 4. t.37 . Hook.ScotA7\. DeCand. Syst. v. 1. 139. Jacq. Austr. t. 308. Bull. Fr. t. 89. Ehrh.Pl. Of. 346. C. n. 1142. Hall. Hist. V. 2.^9. C. latifolia, sen Atrugene quibusdam. Rail Syn. 258, Bauh. Hist. r. 2. 125./,/. C. altera. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 306./ C. tertia. Camer.Epit.697 .f. Viorna. Ger. Em. 886. / Lob. Ic. 626./. Vitis nigra. Furhs. Hist. 97. f. Ic.bS.f. Vitalba. Dod. Pempt. 404./ In hedges, especially on a calcareous Jjoil. Shrub. July. Stems woody, angular, climbing to a great extent, or pendulous from broken preci])i(:es or old walls, branched, entangled, sup- ported on other shrubs by their permanent, hardened, twining footstalks. i.erttTi- deciduous ; their leti/lcts r>, sUAkvd, heart- shaped, pointed, finely hairy, either quite entire, unequally cut, or coarsely serrated. Panidis axillary and terminal, forked, many-flowered, downy. Fl. white, with a sweet almond-like scent. Pet. 4, most downy at the out.side. Seeds with long, wavy, feather)' and silky tails, forming beautiful tufts, conspicu- ous in wet weather. They retain their vegetative principle for many years, if kept dry. 40 POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA. Thalictrum. 277. THALICTRUM. Meadow-rue. Linn. Gen. 280. Juss. 232. Fl. Br. 583. Tourn. t. \43. Lam. t. 497. Gcertn. t. 74. DeCand. Syst. v. 1. 168. Nat. Ord. See n. 270—273, and 275—282. Cal. none. Pet. 4 or 5, inferior, roundish, obtuse, concave, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Filain. numerous, ca- pillary, somewhat thickened at the upper part, various in length. Anth. terminal, oblong, drooping, bursting at the edges. Germ, several, superior, ovate, striated. Styles none. Stigmas oblique, ovate, tumid, downy. Seeds as many as the germens, ovate, furrowed, or winged, without any terminal appendage. Perennial herbs, somewhat fetid and acrid. Roots fibrous, or partly fleshy, often yellow. Leaves, except in one In- dian species, repeatedly compound, generally very smooth; leaflets lobed, or notched, variable. Fl. panicled, droop- ing or erect, whitish, or pale yellow, not splendid. The stamens and pistils vary with respect to number in some species, and the former are singularly dilated in T.peta- loideum, of which stami^ieum proves, by the Linnsean her- barium, to be scarcely a variety. Some American ones are dioecious. A few have 5 petals. 1 . T. alpmutn. Alpine Meadow-rue. Stem perfectly simple and almost naked, with a simple ter- minal cluster. T. alpinum. Linn. Sp. PI. 767. Willd.v. 2. 1295. Fl. Br. 584. Engl. Bot. V.4. t. 262. Lightf. 286. 1. 13./. I. Dicks. H. Sice. fasc. 1 8. 6. Hook. Scot. 171. Wi72ch Guide, v. 1 . 52. Fl. Dan. t.W. DeCand. Syst. v.\. 175. T. minimum montanum atro-rubens, foliis splendentibus. Raii Syn. 204. Boerh. Ind. Alt. v.\.44.t.\. T. montanum minimum prsecox, foliis splendentibus. Moris. v.3.325.sect9.t.20.f. 14. In elevated moist alpine pastures. On most of the highest mountains in Wales and Scotland. Sent from Durham by the Rev. Mr. Harriman. Mr. Winch mentions it as growing " near Caldron Snout, by the path leading from thence to Widdv Bank/' in that county : as also upon Cronkley Fell. Perennial. June. Root of a few long cylindrical fibres. Herb quite smooth, from 3 to 6 inches high. Leaves chiefly radical, on long, slender, up- right/oo^s^a/A-6\ twice ternate, and somewhat pinnate, their little POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA. Thalictruni, 41 wedge-shaped veiny leaflets convex, dark green, and shining above j glaucous and concave beneath. Stipulas oblong, mem- branous, united to the base of the footstalks at each side. Fl. drooping when fully expanded. Bracteas small, solitary under each partial stalk. Pet. 4, whitish, acute. Stam, 8 or 10, ca- pillary. Anth. oblong, tawny. Germ, seldom more than 4. Seeds smooth, and nearly even. Haller under his n. 1 140, T.fcetidiim, mentions this as a probable variety of that species, found in Switzerland. But if he had seen our plant, he could never have confounded it with any variety of foetidum; nor did the Swiss botanists, with whom I have com- municated, ever meet with the alplnum. 2. T. 7?iimis, Lesser Meadow-rue. Leaves doubly pinnate ; leaflets ternate, three-cleft, glau- cous on both sides. Flowers panicled, pendulous. Stem zigzag. Stipulas rounded. T. minus. Linn. Sp. PL 769. mild. v. 2. 1297. Fl. Br. ^84. Engl. Bot. v.\. t. \\. Rail Syn. 203. Ger. Em. 1251./ Hook. Scot. 172. DcCand. Syst. v. 1 . 178. Dod. Pempt. 58./. Fl. Dan. t. 732. Jacq. Austr. ^ 4 1 9. T. n. 1139. Hall. Hist. V. 2.^7. T. Cordi tenuifolium. Loh. lev. 2. 56./. /3. T. montanum minus, foliis latioribus. Raii Syn. 204. In chalky pastures, especially such as are rather mountainous ; or in shell sand on the sea coast. Perennial. Ju7ie, July. Root creeping. Stem from 4 to 12 inches high, branched, leafy, glaucous, smooth, somewhat angular, more or less zigzag in the lower part, often remarkably so. Lea ica- doubly pinnate, then ter- nate ; leaflets various in figure and size ; broadly heart-shaped, as in variety /3, or wedge-shaped as in Engl. Bot.; glaucous on both sides, smooth, notched or lobed in the fore part. Footstalks an- gular, smooth ; the common one short, broad, channelled above, strongly furrowed beneath. Stipulas interior, simple, clasping the stem, short, broad, rounded, glaucous, purplish, jagged or fringed at the edge. Panicles compound, spreading, accompa- nied at the base by a few ternate, or slightly pinnate, leaves. Bractcas few, small, lanceolate. FL drooping, or pendulous, on slender stalks. Pet. 4, pale j)urple, with white edges. Seeds furrowed. Such is our British plant. The Swedish specimens of Linnieus are much larger, like those of \'illars from Daui)liiny ; but both an- swer to the above characters, especially in the .stipulas. I have not seen the ripe seeds, whicli, according to DeC'andoUe, are acute at both ends. 42 POLYANDRIA—POLYGYNIA. Thalictrum. 3. T. majus. Greater Meadow-rue. Leaves triply pinnate ; leaflets ternate, lobed, glaucous be- neath. Branches of the panicle aggregate, somewhat um- bellate. Flowers drooping. Stipulas crescent-shaped, notched. T. majus. Crantz, Austr.fasc. 2. 80. Jacq. Austr. t. 420. Murr. Syst.Veg. Linn. €dA4. 513. WillcLSp.PLv.2A297. F/.JBr.585. Engl. Bot.v.9.t.6]l. DeCand. Syst. v.\.]79. Ger. Em.i2o\ .f. T. magnum. Doc?. Pempt. 58./. Ruta pratensis herbariorum. Lob. Ic. v. 2. 56./. On bushy hills in the north of England. At Baydales, near Darlington j also on the margin of Ulswater, Cumberland. Mr. Robson. Perennial. June, July. Twice or thrice the size of the last. Lea/lets of a dark shining green on the upper side j glaucous beneath only ; the larger ones often an inch broad. Stein 3 feet high, or more, purplish, angular in the upper part. Lower branches of thepanide 2 or 3 together ; uppermost either umbellate or alternate. Fl. on long stalks, drooping. Pet. 4, purplish green. Anth. yellow, quite pendulous. Seeds obliquely elliptical, furrowed. The wooden cut of the old authors above quoted, the same in all, certainly belongs to this species, and not to the following. The character of the panicle, and its difference from T. minus, are there well expressed, nor can these species be confounded. 4. li.flavum. Common Meadow-rue. Stem erect, furrowed, leafy. Leaves doubly pinnate ; part- ly three-lobed. Panicle compound, close, corymbose. Flowers and stamens erect. T. flavum. Linn. Sp. PL 770. mild. v.2. 1300. Fl. Br. 585. EngL Bot. V. 6. ^.367- Hook. Scot. 1/2. DeCand. Syst. v. \. 182. Fl. Dan. t. 939. Ehrh. PL Of. 356. T. nigricans. Jacq. Austr. t.42l. DeCand. Syst. v. 1 . 1 82. T. n. 11 38. HalL HisU v. 2. 57 ,• excL the syn. of Dodonceus. T. seu Thalictrum majus. Raii Syn. 203 ; but not of Gerarde. T. nigrius, caule et semine striato. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. 436. f. jS. T. majus, foliis rugosis trifidis. Moris. v. 3. 324. sect. 9. t 20. f. 3. In wet meadows, and about the banks of rivers and ditches, com- mon. Perennial. June, July. Root fibrous, yellow. Stem 3 or 4 feet high, erect, straight, branch- ed, leafy, hollow, deeply furrowed and angular, smooth. Leaves doubly pinnate ; ultimately ternate, with general and partial membranous rounded stipulas } leaflets smooth, veiny j deep grassy POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA. Adonis. 43 green, or slightly glaucous, above ; paler beneath ; their breadth various, as is common in this genus ; the upper ones sometimes linear, v>hich characterizes T. nigricans of Jacquin ; sometimes narrow, but more universally three- cleft, which is the variety /3 j the broader ones are rounded, or heart-shaped, at the base. Panicle dense, of innumerable upright^ouer*, the copious yel- low anthers being likewise erect. Pet. 4, cream-coloured. Seeds 6 or 8, very deeply furrowed. An acrid herb, raising blisters on the skin ; but cattle frequently feed upon it, as on the Crowfoot tribe, mixed with grass. 278. ADONIS. Pheasant's-eye. Linn. Gen. 281. Juss. 232. FL Br.bSG. Dill. Gen. 109. t. 4. Lain. t. 498. Gcertn. t. 74. DeCand. Sijst. v. 1 . 220. Nat. Ord. see 7i, 270—273, and 275—282. Cal. inferior, of 5, converging, obtuse, concave, somewhat coloured, deciduous leaves. Pet. 5 to 15, oblong, obtuse, shining, with simple claws, destitute of nectaries. Filam. numerous, awl-shaped, very short. Antk. terminal, in- flexed, of 2 round lobes. Getm. superior, very nume- rous, in a round head, incurved. Sti/les none. Stigmas acute, spreading. Seeds numerous, gibbous, angular, acute, without any appendage. Recept. cylindrical. Herbs, annual or perennial. Leaves on the stem, in very numerous narrow segments. Fl. solitary, at the end of each branch, scarlet or yellow, very brilliant. 1. A. aiUinnnalis. Corn Pheasant's-eye, or Adonis- flower. Petals about eight, inversely heart-shaped. Fruit ovate. Stem branched. A. autumnalis. Linn. Sp. PL77\. mild. v. 2. \304. FLBr.5S6, Emrl. Hot. V. 5. 1. 308. lyUh. 503. Curt. Lond.fasc. 2. t. 37. Wade Dnbl. 147. Hook. Scot. 1 72. A. jestivalis. With. r>03. A. n. I 158 f3. //<:///. Uist. r. 2. 66 j by Swiss specimens ,• syn. much confused. Adonis. Camer. Epit. 647./ Pet. II Brit. t. 39./. 8. Flos Adonis. Rail Syn. 25 1 . Clus. Hist. v. 1 . 336./ Lob. Ic. 283./ F. Adonis, florc rubro. Park Parad. 293. t. 291./ 5. Ger. Em. 3H7.f. In corn-fields, but not common. About London. Iliids. and Curtis. Near Denver sluice, Norfolk. Mrs. Plcstou:. (iloucistershire. Miss Lysons About Dublin. Dr. Wade. Occasionally about (ilasgow. Mr. Ilopkirk. Annual. Mav — Oct. 44 POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA, Ranunculus. Root tapering. Stem erect, branched, often bushy, round, striated, leafy, rarely a little downy. Leaves dark green, alternate, ses- sile, triply and copiously pinnatifid, with linear, acute, smooth segments. Fl. of a deep shining crimson, with a black spot near the claw of each petal, and dark-violet anthers. Seeds corrugated, composing an oblong-ovate head, not an inch long. The petals vary in number from 6 to 10, but are inversely heart- shaped, scarcely longer than the calyx, which is usually smooth. A. aestivalis of Linnaeus, under which the miniata, and perhaps Jlammea, of Jacquin, FL Austr. t. 354,355, maybe ranged, is a very distinct species, known by its mostly 5, narrow, scarlet petals; long and slender spike of 5eec?5,- and less bushy habit. This has never been found in England ; for specimens sent by my late worthy friend Dr. Withering show his cestivalis to be but a starved and paler autumnalis. 279. RANUNCULUS. Crowfoot. Linn. Gen. 281 . Juss. 233. Fl. Br. 587. Sm. in Rees's Cycl.v. 29. rowrn. L 149, A- -C, G—L. Lam.t.49S. GcBrtn.t.7A. De- Cand.Syst.v. \.2S\. Ficaria. Dill. Gen. 108. t. 5 . Huds. 244. Juss. 233. DeCand. Syst.v. 1.304. Nat. Orel, see ?i. 270—273, and 275—282. CaL inferior, of 5, rarely few^er, ovate, concave, somewhat coloured, deciduous leaves. Pet, 5, rarely 8 or 10, ob- tuse, polished, with short broad claws. Nect. a pore to- wards the base of each petal, in several instances covered by a scale. Filam, numerous, rarely but 5, not half the length of the petals. Anth. roundish, linear, or heart- shaped, terminal, erect, of 2 cells, bursting at the outer edges. Germ, superior, numerous, collected into a head. Styles none. Stigmas small, reflexed. Seeds numerous, ovate, compressed, either smooth, striated, tuberculated, or prickly, each tipped with a point, or hook. Herbs, mostly perennial, either hairy or smooth. Roots fibrous, tuberous, or granulated. Stems round. Leaves extremely various. Fl, yellow, or white, very rarely pur- plish, on terminal, axillary, or lateral stalks, almost en- tirely scentless. In R. auricomus the corolla is often wanting, the calyx becoming dilated and coloured. In Ficaria, reckoned a distinct genus by some authors, the calyx-leaves are usually but 3, though often 5, and the petals about 8. The nectaries make it a Raymnculus, ac- cording to Linnaeus, who had well considered the matter, jmd would not divide so natural a genus, especially for POLYANDRIA-POLYGYNIA. Ranunculus. 45 the sake of a solitary species. This whole natural order evinces the importance of its various and very curious nectaries^ in characterizing the genera. Species of Ra- nunculus are found all over the world. They amount to 140 in DeCandoUe, whose account of them is the last and best. Their qualities are hot and acrid. * Leaves simple. 1 . R. Flammula. Lesser Spear-wort Crowfoot. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, bluntish, stalked. Stem reclining. Root fibrous. Seeds smooth. R. Flammula. Linn. Sp. PL 772. Willd. v. 2. 1307. Fl. Br. 587. Engl. Bot.v.6. t.387. Curt.Lond.fasc.6. t.37. Hook. Scot. \7 4. DeCand. Sijst. v. 1 . 247. Fl. Dan. t. 575. Dod. Pempt 432 f. Bull. Fr. t. 15. Ehrh. PL Of. 366. ' R. n. 1182. Hall. Hist. v. 2.78. R. flammeus minor. Raii Syn. 250. Ger. Em. 961. f. R. longifolius, aliis Flammula. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. 848./. R. species duodecima. Cord. Hist. 121, 2./. (5. R. flammeus serratus. Ger. Em. 962. f. R. Flammula, folio serrato. Dod. Pempt. 432. f. R. aquatilis angustifolius serratus. Lob. Ic. 670./. y. R. flammeus, latiori plantaginis folio, marginibus pilosis, ex Hi- bernia. Pluk. Almag. 312. Dill, in Raii Syn. 251. $. R. reptans. Linn. Sp. PL 773. Willd. v. 2. 1307. DeCand. Syst. ?;. 1.248. Lightf.289.f. in title. Dicks. H. Sice. fasc. 6.10. FL Dan.t. 108. R. n. 1183. HalLHist.v.2.79. R. repens, gramineis foliis, e singulis geniculis radices agens. Amm. Ruth. 80. t. 13./. 1. In watery places, common. S. On the margins of alpine lakes. Perennial. June — September. Roots of many long simple fibres, partly from the lower joints of the stem. Herb generally smooth ; except the variety y, whose leaves are said to be hairy at the edges. This I have never met with. .S7em more or less reclining, partly, or entirely, decum- bent, from 6 to 18 inches long, branched, leafy, hollow; De- CandoUe says ''solid;" it is often hairy in the ui)per part. Leaves on channelled clasping footstalks, alternate, lanceolate, varying greatly in breadth, sometimes ovate, sometimes in $ partly linear ; in (3 remarkably serrated, but the least observa- tion proves this a mere variety, and most authors have had doubts concerning S. I cannot esteem it a species. /•'/. opjxisite to the leaves, as well as terminal, on round stalks, without hnicfrns. Pet. of a golden yellow, Ncct. minute. Seeds small, smooth at 46 POLYANDRIA—POLYGYNIA. Ranunculus. the sides. Calyx often slightly hairy. The whole plant is highly acrid, blistering the skin. Dr. Withering recommends the dis- tilled water as an instantaneous emetic, in cases of poison. He does not mention the dose. 2. R. Lingua. Great Spear-wort Crowfoot. Leaves lanceolate, pointed, nearly sessile, somewhat ser- rated. Stem erect, many-flowered. Root fibrous. Seeds smooth. R. Lingua. Linn.^p PZ.773. fri/M.r.2. 1308. K.Br. 588. Engl. Bot. V.2. t. 100. Hook. Scot. 173. Lond. t.\7\*. DeCand.Syst. r. 1.246. Fl.Dan.t.753. R. n. 1181. HalLmst.v.2.78. R. flammeus major. Rail Sjjn. 250. Ger. Em. 961./. R. longo folio maximus. Lingua Flinii. Bank. Hist. v. 3. 849./. R. longifolius. Lingua Plinii dictus, foliis serratis. Ambros. Phyt. 459./ In marshes, reedy pools and ditches, but not common. In the isle of Ely, Norfolk, and several parts of the north of Eng- land ; also in Duddingston loch, near Edinburgh. Perennial. July. Twice the size of R. Flamrmda, and more silky, with close-pressed hairs, in every part of the herbage. The leaves are more gene- rally, but not so evidently, serrated. Cat. hairy. Pet. bright yel- low. Ned. covered by a small scale. Seeds minutely dotted, but not rough. 3. 1^, grajiiineus. Grassy Crowfoot. Leaves linear-lanceolate, many-ribbed, entire. Stem erect, very smooth, wdth few flowers. Root tuberous. R. gramineus. Linn. Sp. PL 773. Willd.v. 2. 1309. mth. 505. Fl. Br. 588. Engl. Bot. 7;.33. t. 2306. Curt. Mag. 1. 164. De- Cand. Syst. v. 1 . 245. Bull. Fr. t. 1 23. R. pumilus, gramineis foliis. Lob.Ic.67\.f. Bauh.Hist.v.S.SoO.f. In dry alpine pastures in Wales. Brought from North Wales by Mr. Pritchard. Withering. Perennial. May, June. Root tuberous, with several thick fleshy fibres, and crowned with the thready remains of old leaves. Stem about a foot high, round, smooth, erect, bearing from 1 to 3 or 4 bright-yellow, rather large, flowers, and a few small sessile leaves. Most of the leaves are radical, on short sheathing stalks, grassy, linear, acute, glaucous, numerously ribbed. Cal. quite smooth, spreading, not deflexed. Nect. a tubular scale. Botanists have confounded with this several synonyms belonging to R. pyreiicBus of Lmnxus , and those of Bauhin and Dalechamp in FL Brit, must be ex- punged. The error is corrected in Rees's Cycl. at n. 7 and 8. POLYANDRIA-^POLYGYNIA. Ranunculus. 47 4. R. Fiearia. Pilewort Crowfoot. Lesser Celandine, Leaves heart-shaped, angular, stalked, smooth. Petals nu- merous, elliptic-oblong. R. Fiearia. Linn. Sp.Pl.77A. Willd.v.2.\3\2. Fl. Br. 589, Engl. Bot. v.9.t. 584. Curt. Land. fasc. 2. t. 39. Mart. Rust, t.2 1 , FTook.Scot.\74. Fl.Dan.t. 499. Bull.Fr.t.43. Ehrh.Fl.Of.376. Fiearia. Brunf. Herb. t\ 1 . 2 1 5 ./. F. n. 1160. Hall, Hist. V. 2.67. F. verna, Huds. 244. F. ranunculoides. Roth Gerrn. v. \. 241. v. 2. p.]. 622. DeCand, Syst.v. 1.304. Chelidonium minus. Raii Syn. 246. Ger. Eni.8\6.f. Trag. Hist. 1 13./. Fuchs. Hist. 867./ Matth. Valgr. v. \,57S.f. Corner. Epit. 403./ Dalech. Hist. 1048./ Cord. Hist. 121,2./ In meadows, bushy places, and about hedge banks, every where. Perennial. April. Root fibrous, accompanied with many fleshy, oblong, annual knobs. Herb smooth, of a bright shining green, rather succulent. Steins either erect or recumbent, from 3 to 10 inches long, branched, leafy. Leaves alternate, stalked, heart-shaped, angular or wavy at the margin, sometimes spotted with black. Footstallcs longer than the leaves ; dilated, membranous and sheathing at the base. Fl. terminal, solitary, on long stalks. Cal. of 3, rarely more, roundish, concave leaves. Pet. elliptic-oblong, generally 9, often 8 or 10, of a golden yellow, as if varnished ; turning white by the action of light. Nect. a small hollow in the base of each petal, closed with a scale. Those who retain Fiearia as a genus, should observe that Hud- son's name verna, published in 1762, is prior to ranunculoides, and in every respect more eligible ; the latter being a barbarous jumble of Latin and Greek, such as too often disgraces our sci- ence. It ought to have been ranunculinus. ** Leaves lobed^ or cut. 5. R. aurico7mis. Wood Crowfoot. Goldilocks. Radical leaves kidney-shaped, deeply three-cleft, notched ; stem-leaves divided to the base into linear segments. Stem many llowered. Calyx coloured. R. auricomus. Linn. Sp. PL 775. IVilld. v. 2. 13 14. Fl. Br. .590. F.niyl.Bot.v.9.t.624^. Curt. Lond. fasc.2. t.4\ . Hook. Scot. \7 4. DeCand. Sifst. v. 1 . 266 . Ft. Dan. t. 665 . Ger. Em. 954. /*.. R. n. 1 1 77. ^Hall. Hist. v. 2. 76. K. nemorosus dulcis, secundus Tragi. Raii Syn. 248. R. (lukis. se\i pratensis Traf;. Ili.st. 97./ R. prima species sylvestris. Fuchs. Hist. 156./ Dalech. Hist.\029.f. 48 POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA. Ranunculus. R. rotundifolius vernus sylvaticus. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. 84 1 ./. R. pratensis erectus dulcis. Bauh. Pin. 1 79. Moris, v. 2. 439. 1 28. /15. In dry groves, bushy and shady places, not uncommon. Mr. Cur- tis justly remarks that it rarely occurs in marshy ground. Perennial. April, May. Root fibrous. Stem about a foot high, erect, branched, leafy, round, the upper part often slig'htly downy. Leaves seldom quite smooth; often finely downy ; radical ones on long stalks, round- ed or kidney-shaped, crenate, some of them 3-lobed, or 5-lobed, cut 3 those on the stem sessile, in deeper and narrower seg- ments J uppermost in 3 or more linear, quite entire, lobes. Fl. terminal, stalked, solitary, of a bright golden yellow, of which the pale, hairy, never reflexed, calyx often partakes. Some- times the part last mentioned is dilated and coloured, assuming the aspect of petals, which in that case are wanting. Nect. a naked pore. This species, having no acrimony, has been termed dulcis, or Sweet Wood Crowfoot. The great and constant diversity of form in the leaves, especially the narrow linear shape of the upper ones, distinguish it readily. 6. R. scekraius. Water Crowfoot. Celery-leaved Crowfoot. Stem erect, hollow, much branched. Leaves smooth ; lower ones palmate ; upper fingered. Fruit oblong. Seeds very numerous, minute. R. sceleratus. Linn. Sp. PL 776. Willd. v. 2. 13] 5. Fl.Br.590. Engl. Bat. vAO.t.eSl. Curt.Lond.fasc.2.t.42. Hook. Scot. \7 4, DeCand.Syst.v.\.268. Fl. Dan. t. 571. BullFr.t.47. Ehrh. PI. Of. 386. R. n. 1 175. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 74. R. palustris. Raii Syn. 249. Cord. Hist. 119, 2./. R. palustris rotundifolius. Ger. Em. 962. f. R. palustris, flore minimo. Bauk. Hist. v. 3. 846./. R. secunda species. Fuchs. Hist. 159./. R. primus. Camer. Epit. 380. f. Apium aquaticum. Trag. Hist. 93./. Common in watery places. Annual. June — August. Root fibrous. Herb very acrid, juicy, various in luxuriance, from 6 inches to 2 feet high, of a pale shining green, very smooth, ex- cept occasionally the Jlower-stalks and upper part of the stem, which are now and then hairy. Ste)n thick, round, hollow, re- peatedly branched, leafy. Lower leaves stalked, rounded, bluntly lobed and cut ; upper sessile, with deeper and narrower seg- ments i uppermost of all, accompanying the flowers, lanceolate. POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA. Ranunculus. 49 undivided. FL small, pale yellow, numerous, on solitary stalks, either terminal, axillary, or opposite to the leaves. Cal. hairy, reflexed. Pet. orbicular. Ncct. somewhat tubular. Fruit cylin- drical, obtuse, various in length, composed of numerous small seeds. The bruised herb is said to raise a blister, leaving a sore which is not easily healed, and by which strolling beggars some- times excite compassion. 7. R. alpestris, Alpine White Crowfoot. Leaves very smooth ; radical ones somewhat heart-shaped, obtuse, in three deep lobed segments ; those of the stem lanceolate, entire. Flower mostly solitary. Calyx smooth. R. alpestris. Lhm. Sp. PL 778. IVilkLv. 2. 1322. Engl. Bot.v.M. t. 2390. Comp. ed. 4. 97. Tr. of Linn. Soc.v. 10.343. Ait. Hart. Kew. ed. 2. v. 3. 356. Hook. Scot. 1 73. DeCand. Si/st. v. I. 239. Jacq. Auslr. t 110. R. n. 11G7. Hall. Hist. V. 2.7 \. R. montani prima species. Clus. Pann. 3G4, 365./,/. Hist. v. 1. 234.// R. montanus, flore minore, et flore majore. Ger. Em. 964.// R. minimus alpinus albus. Bcnth. Hist. v. 3. 845 j 2 lower/. R. alpinus humilis albus, folio subrotundo. Segu.Feron.v. I. 489. /.12./I. By the sides of alpine rills in Scotland, rare. In moist places, about two or three rocks, on the Clova mountains of Angusshire, rarely flowering. Mr. G. Don. Perennial. May. Root with many long fibres. Herb very smooth in every part. Stem from 2 to 5' inches high, erect, almost invariably simple and single-flowered, naked, except one or two linear, bluntish, up- right, entire leaves towards tlie middle. Radical leaves several, on channelled stalks, roundish-heart-shnped, or kidney-shaped, more or less deeply divided into 3 principal unccpial lobes, which are again lobcd and cut, elegantly veiny. Fl. erect, of a brilliant white. Cal. reflexed, smooth, pale, bordered with wliite. Haller says this is one of the most acrid of its tribe, blistering the skin ; and yet alpine hunters chew it by way of refreshment, as removing fatigue, and preventing giddiness. 8. II. bidbosjis. Bulbous Crowfoot. Butter-cups. Calyx reflexed. Flower-stalks furrowed. Stem uj)right, nriany-flowered. Leaves compound. Hoot bulbous. Seeds smooth. R. bulbosus. Lum. Sp. PL 77^. IFiUd. r. 2. 1324. 77. Rr. 591 . EngL Bof.v.H. ^515. Cnt. Lmd.fasc \. /.3H. Hook. Scot. \7b. vol.. III. y 50 POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA, Ranunculus. Mart. Rust. t. 28. Mill. Illustr. t.5l. Rail Syn. 247. Ger. Em. 953./. Lob.Ic.667.f. DeCand. Sijst. v. 1.295. Bull. Fr.t. 27. R. tuberosus. Dod. Pempt. 431./. R. tuberosus major. Bauh. Hist. v.3.4\7.f. R. tertia species. Fuchs. Hist. 160./. Crus galli. Brunf. Herb. 145./ In pastures, meadows, grass-plats, and waste ground every where. Perennial. May. Root a solid roundish bulb, fibrous underneath, proliferous at the top. Stems one or more, erect, a foot high, round, hairy, leafy, hollow J alternately branched in the upper part ; simple and without offsets or runners below. Lower leaves on dilated, channelled, hairy stalks, compound in a ternate manner, as well as deeply three-cleft and cut, varying much in degree of hairi- ness ; upper ones alternate, sessile, more simple, with narrower segments. Ft. terminal, solitary, on simple, furrowed, hairy, upright stalks. Calyx-leaves ovate, concave, hairy, thin at the base, turned back close to the stalk soon after they expand. Pet. roundish with a terminal notch, concave, of a full golden yellow. Neat, covered by a heart-shaped scale. Seeds compressed, smooth at the sides. This species is acrid, though commonly eaten, along with other herbage, by domestic cattle. It increases plentifully by seed, and is of slow growth, though of long duration. A double variety, figured by the old herbalists, is sometimes seen in gardens. 9. R. hirsutus. Pale Hairy Crowfoot. Calyx reflexed, pointed. Stem upright, many-flowered, hairy. Leaves ternate. Root fibrous. Seeds tubercu- lated. R. hirsutus. Curt. Lond.fasc. 2. t. 40. Fl. Br. 592. Camp. ed.4. 97. Engl. Bot. v.2\.t. 1504. Hook. Scot. 175. R. Philonotis. Ehrh.Herb.U6. Beitr. v. 2. 145. Willd.v.2.n24. Retz. Obs.fasc. 6.31. DeCand. Syst. v. 1 . 297. R. bulbosus /3. Huds. 241. R. rectus, foliis pallidioribus hirsutis. Bauh. Hist. v. 3.417. f. Raii Syn. 247. Pale Upright Crowfoot. Pet. H. Brit. t. 38./ 5. /3. Ranunculus parvulus. Linn. Mant. 79. Fl. Br. 593. R. parviflorus. Gouan Fl. Monsp.270 j frorn the author, but not of Linn. R. arvensisparvus/oliotrifido. Bauh.Pin.\79. Magnol Monsp.2\7 . Moris. V. 2. 439. sect. 4. t. 28./ 20. R. minimus saxatilis hirsutus. Bauh. Prodr.96. Pin. 182. R. minimus apulus. Column. Ecphr. 314. i. 316./. 1. In moist meadows, and waste or cultivated ground that is liable to be overflowed, frequent . POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA. ilanunculus. 51 Annual. June — October. Root of many simple fibres. Herb very variable in luxuriance, of a paler hue than most of this genus, and clothed with fine, silky, spreading hairs. Lower leaves on long stalks, ternate, lobed and cut ; upper sessile, with 3, or more, narrower seg- ments. Flower-stalks hairy, furrowed. Cal. pointed, finally reflexed close to the stalk, and clothed with hairs glandular at their base. Pet. of a golden yellow. Nect. covered with a scale. Seeds compressed, bordered, rough on both sides, especially towards the margin, with an irregular double or triple row of small sharp ])rominences, first observed by Mr. E. Forster. These clearly distinguish it from our other common Crowfoots, with which it has been confounded ; and likewise prove the R. par- vulus of Linnaeus and FL Br, to be but a starved variety of the same species. 10. R. repens. Creeping Crowfoot. Calyx spreading. Flower-stalks furrowed. Scyoiis creep- ing. Leaves compound, cut ; the uppermost entire. R. repens. Linn. Sp, Pl.779. Willd. v. 2.] 325. FT. Br. 592. Engl. Bot.v. 8. <. 516. Curt. Lond. fasc. 4. t. 38. Mart. Rust. t. 29. Hook. Scot. 175. DeCand. Sijst. v. 1. 285. Fl. Dan. L 795. Bull.Fr. t.77. R.n. 1173. Hall.Hist.v.2.73. R, pratensis repens. Raii Syn. 247 » R. pratensis etiamque hortensis. Ger. Em. 951. f. R. pratensis repens hirsutus. Bauh. Pin, 179. Moris, v. 2. 439. sect. 4. t.2S./. 18. Creeping and Thames Crowfoot, Pet. H. Brit. t. 38./. 7, 8. In meadows, moist pastures, and shady waste places in towns, neglected gardens, &c., very common. Perennial. June — August. Root slightly tuberous, with stout fibres ; sending forth from its crown long prostrate runners, which take root at every joint. Stems erector ascending, round, hairy, leafy, branching. Leaves dark green, hairy, twice ternate ; the ui)per ones with wedge- shaped, cut leaflets ; uppermost of all in 3 deep, lanceolate, acute, entire lobes. Radical leaves often marked with a black spot. Fl. bright yellow, like those of R. bulhosus, hirsutus, and others, but the hairy cali/v is spreading, not reflexed. Pet. notched. Nect. covered with a notched scale. Seeds not gene- rally perfected. A double variety is sometimes seen in gardens. 11. 11. acris. Upright Meadow Crowfoot. Calyx spreading. FlowcM'-stalks round and even. Leaves in three deep lohed and cut segments ; those of the up- permost linear and entire. Stem erect, covered with close hairs. E 2 52 POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA. Ranunculus. n.acYis. Linn.Sp.Pl.779. mild.v.2.]326. Fl. Br. 593. Engl. Bot. V, 10. t. 652. Curt. Lond.fasc. \.t. 39. Mart. Rust. t. 30. Woodv. suppl. t. 246. Hook. Scot. 1 74. DeCand. Syst. v. 1 . 277 Bull. Fr. t. 1 09. Curt. Mag. t. 215, double Ji. R. n.ll69. HalLHist.v.2.72. R. piatensis erectus acris. Bauh. Pin. 178. Rail Syn. 248. R. luteus. Trag. Hist. 94. f. R. octavus. Cord. Hist. 1 20, 2./,/. R. hortensis secunda. Dod. Pempt. 426. f. R. pratensis, surrectis cauliculis. Lob. Ic. 665. f. Chrysanthemum. Fuchs. Hist. 879. f. Pes corvinus. Brunf, Herb. t;. 1 . 1 43, 1 44./, /. Upright Meadow Crowfoot. Pet. H. Brit. t. 38./. 3. In meadows and pastures very common ; even on the loftiest mountains. Perennial. June, .July. Root somewhat tuberous, with many long simple fibres. Stem 2 feet high, erect, round, hollow, leafy, clothed with close- pressed hairs, or bristles ; branched above, and many-flowered. Radical leaves on long upright hairy footstalks, in 3 or 5 deep lobes, which are variously subdivided and cut, more or less hairy ; stem-leaves nearly sessile, with fewer and narrower seg^ ments ; uppermost much smaller, in 3 linear entire lobes 3 or sometimes simple and linear. FL bright yellow, on round even stalks, covered with close hairs, and not furrowed. Cal. hairy, spreading, deciduous. Nect. covered by a scale. Seeds lenti- cular, smooth, with a small, slightly curved, point. The small variety, with scarcely more than a solitary /oit-er, found on the Highland mountains, and brought by Mr. D.Turner from wet rocks near the summit of Snowdon, is not the montanus of Willdenow, but becomes, with one year's culture in a gar- den, precisely our common acris. It has remained so with me above 20 years. The double-flowered variety is common in gardens, and not inelegant. The synonym of Gerarde, quoted in Fl. Br. belongs to R. p:)hjanthemos, a foreign species, with furrowed^oM;er-s^a/A:A-, and more finely divided leaves, of which the wooden cuts, in old books, are, as Prof. DeCandoUe well observes, hard to distinguish from those of the acris. 12. R. arvensis. Corn Crowfoot. Seeds very prickly at the sides. Leaves once or twice deeply three-cleft, with linear-lanceolate segments. Stem erect, much branched, many-flow^ered. R. arvensis. Linn. Sp. PL 780. M^illd. v. 2. 1329. FL Br. 594. EngL BoL v. 2. t.]35. Curt. Lond.fasc. 6. t. 36. Mart. Rust. t. 56. Hook. Scot. 175. DeCand. Syst. v. 1 . 297. FL Dan. t.2\9. Brugnon Mem. de VAcad. de Turin, v. 4. 108. /. 3. Cord. Hist. 120. f. R n. 1176. " Hall. Hist. V. 2. 75. POLYANDRIA—POLYGYNIA. Ranunculus. 53 H. arvorum. Raii Siin.2A8. Ger. Em. 951./. Loh. Ic. 665./. R. hortensis simplicis, prima species. Fuchs. Hist. 157./. Dalech. Hist. 1030. f. Corn Crowfoot. Fet. H. Brit. t. 38./ 1 0. In corn-fields, not uncommon. Annual. June. Root fibrous. Herb of a pale shining green, nearly, but not quite, smooth. Stem erect, in a favourable soil much branched, round, leafy. Leaves alternate, the upper ones partly opposite, all once or twice divided in a three-fold manner, with linear-lanceo- late, bluntish, mostly entire, rather fleshy segments, Fl. small, lemon-coloured, solitary, on simple stalks opposite to the leaves. Cat. spreading, narrow, hairy. Fet. obovate. Seeds large, each with an upright awl-shaped point, their flat sides densely armed with numerous, sharp, prominent prickles. \'ery acrid and dangerous to cattle, though they are said to eat it greedily. M. Brugnon, who has given a particular account of its qualities, relates that 3 ounces of the juice killed a dog in 4 minutes. Several sheep were killed by feeding on this herb near Turin, which first led to an investigation of the matter. Cholic, with inflammation of the stomach, were the symptoms, which were best removed by pouring vinegar down the animals' throats. Hence, like most vegetable poisons, this Crowfoot seems to act on the nerves, and yet black spots were found in the sheep's stomachs. 13. ^. parvi/lor?is, Sinall-flowered Crowfoot. Seeds armed at the sides with hooked prickles. Leaves simple, hairy, sharply cut; upper ones three-lobed. Stem prostrate. R. parviflorus. Linn. Sp. PI. 780. Willd. v. 2. 1329. F/. Br. 594. E7igLBot.v.2.t.\20. DeCand.S7jst.v. 1.300. Fl.Dan. t.l2\S. R. hirsutus annuus, flore minimo. Raii Syn. 248. t. 12. f. 1. Pluk. Almag.3\\. Fhjt. t. :ui.f. 1. R. arvensis annuus hirsutus, flore omnium minimo lutco. Moris. V.2. 440. sect. 4. t.2S. f.2\. Rays Hairy Crowfoot. >e/. H. Brit. t. 38. f. 9. In gravelly fields, and under hedges. In several places about London. Ray. On Malvern hill, Worces- tershire ; Mr. IJallard ; and in the south-west j)art of England. IFith. Near Norwich. Mr. Fitchford. On hedge banks out of St. Stephen's and St. Giles's gates, Norwich. Annual. i^Iay, June. Root fibrous. Hcrh pale green, more or les<> hairy. Stems pros- trate, round, hollow, branched, leafy, about a span long. Leaves stalked, roundish-heart -sliaped. acutely notciied j the uj)per ones threc-lobcd j u|)pernu)st of all in decj) lanceolate entire 54 POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA. Ranunculus. segments. Fl. opposite to the leaves, solitary, stalked, small, yellow, with narrow obovate petals, one or more of which are often wanting, or imperfect. Seeds lenticular, with a broad, compressed, curved point ; their sides densely covered with small, hooked, prominent prickles. 14. R. hederaceus. Ivy Crowfoot. Seeds wrinkled. Leaves roundish-kidney-shaped, with three or five lobes, entire, smooth. Stem creeping. R. hederaceus. Linn. Sp. P1.78L Willd. v. 2. 133\, H.Br.595. Engl Bot. V. 28. t. 2003. Curt. Lond.fasc. 4. t. 39. Hook. Scot. 173. DeCand. Sijst. v. 1 . 233. FL Dan. ^ 321. Dalech. Hist. 1031./. Bauh.Hist.v.3.774.f. R. aquatilis hederaceus albus. Raii Syn. 249. Ivy Crowfoot. Pet. H. Brit. t. 38./. 12. In shallow rivulets, ditches, and pools. Perennial. May — August. A little, smooth, branching, creeping or floating herb, sending down radicles from each joint of its hollow leafy stem. Leaves stalked, opposite or alternate, with 3 or 5 shallow lobes j their colour dark green, often with a black spot on the disk. Fl. small, with narrow white petals, and from 5 to 10 or 12 stamens. Seeds tumid, with minute transverse wrinkles. 15. R. aquatiUs. White Floating Crowfoot. Seeds wrinkled. Leaves in capillary segments under water ; above somewhat peltate, lobed, bluntly notched. R. aquatilis. Linn. Sp.Pl 781. Willd. v. 2. 1332. Fl. Br. 596. Engl.Bot.v.2.t.\0\. Hook. Scot. \7 3. Ger. Em. 829. f. Raii Sijn. 249. DeCand. Syst.v. I. 234. Dod. Pempt. 587. f. R. n. 1 1 63. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 69. R. aquatilis albus. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. 773. f. R. aquatilis albus, lato et foeniculi folio. Barrel. Ic. t.565. R. aquaticus, hepaticse facie. Lob. Ic. v. 2. 35./. R. heterophyllus. Wiggers Holsat. 42. Sibth.l75. Abbot 123. Purt.v. 1.263. Water Crowfoot with various leaves. Pet. H. Brit. t.39.f. 1. /3. Ranunculus aquatilis omnino tenuifolius. Raii Syn. 249. Bauh. Hist. V. 3. 773./. R. aquatilis. Wig g. Holsat. 42. Sibth.l75. R. trichophyllon aquaticus medio luteus. Column. Ecphr. 315. ^.316. R. aquaticus albus foeniculi folio. Barrel. Ic. t.566. R. n. 1162. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 69. R. pantothrix. Brot. Lusit. v. 2. 375. DeCand. Syst. v. 1 . 235, a. Millefolium, sive Maratriphyllon, flore et semine Ranunculi aqua- tic), hepaticge facie, Ger. Em. 827 .J. POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA. Ranunculus. 55 Fine Water Crowfoot. Pet. H. Brit. t. 39./. 2. y. Ranunculus aquaticus albus, circinatis tenuissime divisis foliis, floribus ex alls longis pediculis innixis. Rail Syn. 249. Pluk. Almag.3i\. Phyt. t. 55. f.2. R. circinatus. Sibth.l75. R. pantothrix /3. DeCand. Syst.v. 1. 236. R. n. 1 1 62 /3. Hall. Hist, v 2. 69. Fine trimmed Water Crowfoot. Pet. H Brit. t. 39./. 3. $. Ranunculo, sive Polyanthemo aquatili albo affine, Millefolium Maratriphyllon fluitans. Bauh. Hist. v. 3.774./. Raii Syn. 250. Fl. Dan. t. 376. Ranunculus fluviatilis. Wigg. Holsat. 42. Sibth. 176. Abbot 123. Willd.v.2. 1333. R. pantothrix y.. DeCand. Syst. v. 1 . 236. R. n. 1161. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 68. Fennel Water Crowfoot. Pet. H. Brit. t. 39./. 4. Foeniculus aquaticus, Dalech.Hist. 1023./ In ditches and ponds every where. $ in rivers. Perennial. May, June. The natural state of this species is when it mantles the surface of still pools or ditches with its lobed floating leaves, and abun- dance of white^owers, yellow in the middle, the branched sterns throwing out long fibrous roots from their lower joints, and the leaves which are under water being repeatedly divided, in a threefold manner, into narrow, linear, acute segments. The Jlowers are solitary, on long stalks, opposite to the leaves. Cal. smooth, deciduous. Pet. obovate, twice as long as the calyx, with a tubular nectary in the middle of the yellow claw. Seeds numerous, in a round head, obovate, transversely wrinkled j more or less hairy, or minutely bristly, especially in the varie- ties. /3 has all the leaves cut as above mentioned, and im- mersed in the water 3 but any person who throws it out into a shallow puddle, early in the summer, will soon, I believe, see broad leaves produced, y, from whatever cause, bears smaller, neater, rounded, very finely cut leaves. ^, floating in a strong or rapid stream, has all its leaves dissected and lengthened out by the water, and can but rarely flower. I agree with Prof. Hooker that the hairiness of the seeds is no constant mark ; for after having long ago thought it such, I have been obliged to give up that point. See Rees's Cyclopcedia. I cannot but won- der at those otherwise able botanists, who seeing these varieties produced under their eyes, with the evident cause of each con- tinually acting, can consider them as species. R.Jluvia tills of Dr. Bigelow in his Boston Flora, 139, is indeed a totally different species, of much larger dimensions, with all the leaves finely and coj)iou?-.ly subdivided, bright ycllow//oit'tTA-, and minutely wrinkled seeds, terminating in compressed upright beaks, as long as them.^elves. 56 POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA, Troliius, 280. TROLLIUS. Globe-flower. Linn.Gen.2S2. Juss.233. FLBr.597. Lam. t. 499. Gccrtn. ^.118. DeCand.Si/st.v.].3\l. Nat. Ord. see ?i. 279. Cat. none. Pet. several, inferior, uncertain in number, from 5 to 1 5, roundish, concave, converging, deciduous. Nect, from 5 to 10, or more, shorter than the petals, linear^ flattened, incurved, with a single lip ; their base some- what tubular. Filam. numerous, bristle-shaped, shorter than the corolla. Anth. terminal, linear, erect. Ger-m.. superior, numerous, sessile, columnar. Styles none. Stig- mas pointed, spreading, shorter than the stamens. Cajis. {follicles^) as many as the germens, cylindrical, pointed,, recurved, collected into a round head. Seeds several, at the edges of the capsule, ovate, smooth, somewhat trian- gular. Smooth, perennial, upright herhSi natives of the colder parts of Europe and America. Leaves deeply divided and cut, alternate. Fl. terminal, solitary, more or less globular, large and handsome, yellow or orange-coloured. 1. T. europmis. Mountain Globe-flower. Petals about fifteen, converging into a globe. Nectaries from five to ten, the length of the stamens. T. europseus. Linn Sp.Pl.7S2. WiUd.v.2.\S33. H. Br. 597. Engl. Bot. v.\.t.2%. Hook. Scot. 1 75. DeCand. Syst. r. 1 . 3 12, Fl. Dan.t. 133. T. n. 1189. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 83. Ranunculus globosus. Raii Syn. 272. Ger. Em. 955./. R. flore globoso. Dod. Pempt. 430. f. Dalech. Hist. \ 033./. Bauh. Hist. t;.3. 419 / Robert Ic. t.27 . R. glomerato flore. Clus. Hist. v. 1.237./ R. sextus. Camer. Epit.3S5./ Globe Crowfoot. Pet. H. Brit. t. 43./ 2. In shady, mountainous, rather moist situations. Not rare in Westmoreland, Cumberland, Durham, Wales, and the lowlands of Scotland. B/'1^tfT^ ^ ^^7?e'oyr Perennial, May, June. Root fibrous, tufted. Stem 1^ or 2 feet high, round, hollow, leafy j, branched at the top. Leaves in many deep, spreading, pinna- tifid, cut lobes -, the radical ones on long stalks. Fl. globose, bright yellow, the nectaries of the same hue as the petals, scarcely half so long. Capsules nearly cylindrical, with shining black seeds. POLYANDRIA—POLYGYNIA. Helleborus. 57 The country people of Westmoreland, Scotland and Sweden con- sider this as a sort of festival flower, going in parties to gather it, for the decoration of their doors and apartments, as well as their persons. The qualities of this genus are slightly acrid, far less so than the foregoing or following, to both which it is botanically allied. 281. HELLEBORUS. Hellebore. Linn. Gen.282. Juss.233. Fl. Br. 598. Toum. t.\4i. Lam. t.499. Gccrtn. t. 65. DeCand. Syst. r. 1 . 315. Nat. Ord. see 7^. 279. Cal. none. Fet. 5, inferior, roundish, obtuse, concave, per- manent. Nect. more numerous, much shorter, in a circle within the })etals, deciduous, each of one leaf, tubular ; narrower in the lower part ; with 2 upright, obtuse, un- equal lips at the orifice. Filam. very numerous, awl- shaped. Anth. terminal, erect, roundish, of 2 cells, burst- ing at the edges. Germ, superior, several, from 3 to 10, ovate, compressed, erect. Sfj/lcs awl-sha})ed. Stigmas terminal, roundish. Caps, {follicles) ovate, compressed, coriaceous, keeled, beaked with the styles, opening at the rounded inner margin. Seeds several, oval, at the edges of the capsule, attached, in 2 rows, to a linear, double- notched, deciduous receptacle. Fetid, rigid, coriaceous, nearly smooth, perennial kerbs, of a dangerously cathartic quality, especially the roots. Leaves palmate, or pedate, or ternate, serrated ; radical ones on long stalks. Stem leafy, branched ; in some wanting. FL greenish ; or whitish, turning green in decay. 1 . H. viridis. Green Hellebore. Stem many-flowered, leafy. Leaves digitate. Petals sprcad- in;;rr//> nearly flat, ascending; tube cyluulrical, incurved. Stam, not longer than the throat. 289. LAMIUM. Corolla toothed at each side of the throat. 290. GALEOPSIS. Lo-isoer lip of the corolla with a pair of hollow prominences at the base in front. 291. GALEOBDOLON. Loiver lip in 3 acute, undivided segments. 293. STAC 1 1 VS. Loxijcr //> with reflexed lateral lobes. Stam. finally spreading outwards at each side. 28.'). XEPETA. /.oiver //^Munnerously notched ; throat bordered and reflexed at rach side. 29i. HAELOTA. (^V//y.r with 10 I'ui-rows. Upper lip o{ the cor. vaulted, shag. 293. ^E\RRLTUL'M. CV//. with 10 hniows. Upper lip of the cor. straight, linear, cloven. 28(i. VElUUsXA. O//. with 1 of the 3 teeth ahi iipt. C(,i. nearly equal, eurvcd. Stani. in the tube. 62 ** Cali/x 2'lipped. 301. SCUTELLARIA. Cal. when in fruit closed by a dorsal lid. 299. THYMUS. Cal. closed with dense converging hairs. 300. MELITTIS. CaL open, wider than the tube of the corolla. Upper lip of the co7\ nearly flat. Anth. con- verging cross-wise in pairs. 297. CLINOPODIUM. CaL many-ribbed. Involucrum of numerous taper leaves under the flowers. 298. ORIGANUM. C«/. without ribs. /ww/. of nume- rous dilated, flat leaves, 1 to each Jlower, collected into a spurious catkin. 302. PRUNELLA. Filaments forked, 1 of the points bearing the anther. Order 11. ANGIOSPERMIA. Seeds in a capsule^ generally numerous. * Calyx A^'cleft. 307. LATHR^A. Caps, of 1 cell. K gland under the germen. 303. BARTSIA. C«p5. of 2 cells. .S^^^s angular. 304-. RHINANTHUS. Caps, of 2 cells. Seeds compress- ed, imbricated, 306. MELAMPYRUM. Caps, oi 2 ceWs. fe^5 in pairs, tumid, smooth. 305. EUPHRASIA. Caps, of 2 cells. Seeds striated. Anth. spinous. ** Calyx B-cleft. 314. LIMOSELLA. Caps, imperfectly 2-celled. Cor. bell- shaped, nearly equal. 310. SCROPHULARIA. Ca;?5. of 2 cells. Cor. reversed; tube inflated ; limb rounded, much shorter. 313. SIBTHORPIA. Caps, of 2 cells, with transverse partitions. Cor. nearly wheel-shaped. Stam. con- verging laterally in pairs. 311. DIGITALIS. Caps, of 2 cells. Cor. bell-shaped, tumid underneath. Stam. bent. DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. 65 309. ANTIRRHINUM. Caps, of 2 cells, bursting un- equally at the summit. Cor. closed with a palate ; prominent or spurred at the base behind. 308. PEDICULARIS. Caps, of ^i cells. Seeds pointed. Cot\ ringent ; upper lip compressed. 312. LINN^EA. i?^rrz/ dry, of S cells in the germen. Cor. bell-shaped. Cal. double ; innermost superior. *** Calyx of 2 leaves, 315. OROBANCHE. Calyx4eaves\^teY2L\. A gland \xx\(\ev the germen. Caps, of 1 cell, with 4 receptacles. DIDYNA MIA GYMNOSPERMIA . A natural order, consisting entirely of the J^erticiUatce of Ray, and of Linnaeus, 42; theZ/fif^/^/^rof Jussieu, 39. See Grammar 99. A few genera, comprised in Jussieu's first section, are excluded from the present class and order of the artificial system, as having only 2 stamens, and are referred therefore to the second class, Diandria. Of these the only British genera are Li/copus and Salvia. See vol. i. 33—35. The following are the characters of the VcrlicillatiC, a de- nomination needlessly changed for LahiatiC. Flo'^rrs all complete, as well as perfect, having a cali/.v and corolla, with stamens and pistil, in every individual. Calyx inferior, simple, of one leaf, erect, tubular, often tu- mid at the base, on the upper or lower side, permanent ; orifice more or less deej)ly diviiled into 5 unequal, often pointed, s|)reading segments. Corolla of 1 petal, erect, tubular, and contain inijr honey, at the base, without any })articular apparatus of a nectan/ ; //;«^ almost invariably ringeiU, or lipped ; upper lip c\\\\qy upright, or vaulted, rarely very short, or deeply divided ; lo\i)rr'\u 3 divisions, the middle one almost always broadest. Stamens {•; fhnucnfsWnvnw from the tul)e of the corolla, at 64 DIDYNAMIA—GYMNOSPERMIA. Ajiiga. the upper side, the 2 intermediate ones being shortest, and all of them parallel, rarely longer than the corolla, their upper half usually incurved. Anthers oblong, at- tached by the back, converging in pairs, generally shel- tered by the upper lip, but sometimes quite exposed. Germen superior, ^-lobed ; style solitary, central, thread- shaped, situated between the stamens, and curved in the same direction, being of an intermediate length between the longer and shorter ones ; stigma usually cloven and divaricated, sometimes undivided, or slightly notched. Seeds 4, lodged in the bottom of the calyx, which is their only covering, and serves instead of a seed-vessel. Each seed has a double integument, a testa and a membrana^ both of them very thin, generally smooth. See observa- tions on the Asperifolice, vol. i. 248. All the plants of the Didynamia Gymnospermia are herba- ceous, or slightly shrubby, never arborescent. Their stems are quadrangular, branched, and leafy. Leaves op- posite, entire or serrated, in a few instances much di- vided. Flowers stalked, axillary, either solitary, or in dense tufts constituting whorls ; their colour reddish, pur- plish, blue, white, or yellow. Qualities aromatic, or bit- ter, in every instance harmless. The Jiowers are rarely so fragrant as the herbage, though sometimes exhaling a slight odour, peculiar to themselves. Round pellucid spots, in the leaves or calyx more especially, are the seat of an aromatic essential oil. The pubescence of the herb- age, in many species, exudes a similar, or more viscid, or a bitter secretion. In growing parts, attacked by in- sects for the lodgment of their eggs, these secretions are changed to acid or astringent ones. 283. AJUGA. Bngle. Linn. Gen. 287. Fl. Br. 604. Lam. /. 50 1 . Bugula. Tourn. t. 98. Juss. 1 1 2. Chamaepitys. Tourn. t. 98. Cat, divided about half way down into 5, nearly equal seg- ments, permanent. Cor.' ringent; tube sometimes inflated at the base, not quite straight ; upj^er lip very short, erect, abrupt, notched ; lower hirge, spreacUng, 3-lobed ; the central lobe either undivided or inversely heart-shaped ; lateral ones small. Filcnn. longer than the upper hp, short- er than the lower, incun^ed. Germen superior, of 4 round lobes. Style incurved. Stigma in 2 acute, spreading seg- DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. Ajiiga. 65 ments. Seeds 4-, rugged, oblong, rounded, in the bottom of the unaltered calyx. Herbaceous, mostly perennial; either with undivided leaves, aggregate blue Jloxioers, and scarcely any aromatic qua- lity ; or with frequently divided leaves, solitary, yellow /lowers, a strong scent, and sometimes annual root. * Bugiila. Fl. wkorled, blue. 1. A. reptans. Common Bugle. Almost smooth, with a solitary stem, and creeping scyons. Lower lip of the corolla four-cleft. A. reptans. Linn. Sp. PI. 785. mild. v. 3. 10. Fl. Br. 604. Engl. Bot. V. 7. t. 489. Curt. Lond. fasc. 2. t. 43. Hook. Scot. 1 79- Fl. Dan. t. 925. Bull. Fr. t. 3 15. Eiirh. PL Of 155. Bugula. Rail Sijn. 245. Ger. Em. 63 1 ./. Dod. Pempt. 135. /'. Riv.Monop. Jrr. t.76. f.\. B. n. 282. Hall. Hist. v.\. 123. Consolida media, Brunf. Herb. v. 1 . 95./. Fuchs. Hist. 391./. Matth. Valgr. u. 2. 3 II ./ Camer. Epit. 702. f. In woods and moist pastures, common. Perennial. May. Root rather woody, with long fibres. Steju solitary, simple, up- right, leafy, a span high, ])urplish, the angles sharp, often hairy. Scyons long and slender, leafy, wanting in the wooden cut of Gerarde and Dodonaeus, which is copied after that of Matthio- lus. Leaves obovate, with shallow serraturcs, veiny ; the lower ones tapering into footstalks ; upper sessile, diminished, slightly coloured, bearing several whorls, of blue and white, sometimes entirely white, 9,ctni\e^^ flowers. Segments of the calyx hairy, as well as the outside of the corolla, the middle lobe of whose lower lip is cloven. The roots are slightly astringent, but the herb has little taste or smell, and still less of any healing or vulnerary property. The white varietv abounds in tlie isle of Wight • and a flesh-colour- ed one has sometimes been observed. In dry mountainous si- tuations the plant acquires a considerable degree of hairiness. 2. A. alpina.^^ Alpine Bugle. Leaves almost smooth, irregularly toothed ; uppermost entire. Scyons none. Wlu)rls not crowded, of many flowers. A. alpina. Liim. Mant. HO. irdld. Sp. PL v. 3. 9. FL Br. €05. EngL Bot. V. 7. t.477. Hook. Scot. 179. A. pyramidalis. Huds.2AS. VOL. III. F 66 DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. Ajuga. A. genevensis. With. 516. SchoUer Barb. 125. Bugula caerulea alpina. Pink. Almag. 73. ^ 1 8./. 3. Baii Syn. 245. On mountains, rare. In Carnarvonshire. Rmj. On the summit of a mountain, near Castleton, Derbyshire. Mr. D. Turner. In the county of Dur- ham. Mr. Robsoji. On the mountains of Aberdeenshire, not uncommon. Mr. David Don. Perennial. July. This has no creeping scyons. The leaves are scarcely more hairy than in the last, very coarsely and unequally toothed ; many of the upper ones, and frequently all the floral leaves, ovate, and quite entire ; the uppermost of all only slightly tinged with a violet colour ; the radical leaves stalked and oblong, not much larger than the rest. Fl. 10 or 12, sometimes more, in each whorl. Cal. chiefly hairy about the teeth. Cor. pale blue, with darker streaks ; middle segment of the lower lip undivided, more or less acute, and various in breadth. I suspect that it is often notched, or inversely heart-shaped, in which case the plant becomes A. genevensis of Linnaeus and others ; and in this state it is A. pyramidalis of Ehrhart's Herb n. 156. and of Bul- liard, /. 361. It is then also Bugula n. 283 of Haller, excluding his variety rubrifolia ; and B. montana of Rivinus, t. 76. f. 2. Plukenet's figure in like manner has the middle lobe notched. 3. K. pyramidalis. Pyramidal Bugle. Hairy. Whorls crowded into a pyramidal form, many- flowered. Radical leaves very large, obovate, crenate, obtuse. Upper lip of the corolla deeply cloven. A. pyramidalis. Linn. Sp. PI. 785. Willd. v. 3. 8. Lightf. 302. Engl. Bot. V. 18. t. 1270. Comp. ed. 4. 100. Hook. Scot 179. Fi.Dan.t.Xm. Bugula n. 283 /3, rubrifolia. Hall. Hist. v.\.\ 24. In the Highlands of Scotland, in dry pastures. Found in Scotland by the Rev. Dr. Burgess. Lightfoot. On Ben Nevis, and in other places. Dr. Hope. On Tor Aichaltie, Ross- shire, Mr. W. Gibb. Perennial. June. Of a more dense and pyramidal habit, as well as much more uni- formly and copiously hairy than the last. Stem 4 or 5 inches high, without runners. Radical leaves numerous, stalked, obo- vate, 2 or 3 inches long, and half as broad, with numerous, shallow, rounded notches ; Jloral ones, or bracteas much smaller, pale purple. Teeth of the calyx very hairy, longer than its tube. Cor. light blueish purple, with dark streaks ; upper lip in 2 deep acute lobes, by which this most distinct species is clearly mark- ed. Seeds finely reticulated. DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. Teucrium. 67 ** Chamcepitys, Fl. solitary, yellow. 4. A. Chammpitys. Ground Pine. Yellow Bugle. Stem diffuse, branched. Leaves in three deep, linear, en- tire segments. Flowers axillary, solitary, shorter than the leaves. A. Chamcepitys. Fl. Br. 605. Engl. Bot. v. 2. t. 77. With. 5 1 7. Schreb. Unilab. 24. Willd. Sp. PL v. 3. 10. A. sive Chamaepitys. Matth. Valgr.v. 2. 29 1 ./. Camer. Epit. 679. f. Lob. Ic. 382./. Bugula n. 284. Hall. Hist. v. 1 . 124. Teucrium Chamaepitys. Linn. Sp. PL 787. Huds.2A7. Relh. 220. Dicks. Dr. PL 9. Fl. Dan. t. 733. Ehrh. PL Of. 1 65. Chamaepitys. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 14./. 1. Ch. vulgaris, Raii Sijn. 244. Ch. mas. Ger. Em. 525./. In sandy or gravelly fields, not general. About the borders of Triplow heath, Cambridgeshire ; and in se- veral parts of Kent. Ray. At Purfleet, Fissex. Mr. J. Raijer, and Mr. E. Forster. Annual. April, May. Root small, tapering. Herb hairy, glutinous, aromatic and bitter. Stems several, spreading and recumbent, purplish, most hairy on two opposite sides. Leaves crowded, in 3 deep narrow lobes, somewhat revolute. FL on very short stalks, opposite, soli- tary in the bosoms of the leaves. Cal. nearly regular. Cor. yellow 3 the upper lip very short, slightly notched j lower with 2 acute lateral lobes, and a large central one, which is inversely heart-shaped, spotted with red. Seeds wrinkled and dotted. Tournefort and Haller speak of a variety with rose-coloured flowers. The reasons and history of the transfer of this plant from Teucrium to Ajuga are given at length in Engl. Bot. 284. TEUCRIUM. Germander. Linn. Gen. 287. Juss.\\2. Fl. Br.606. Tourn.f. 9S. Lam.t.50\. ChanitEdrys. Tourn. t. 07. Cal. somewhat bell-shaped, a little unequal, tumid on one side at the base, the limb in .5 deep, acute segments. Cor. ringent ; labc cylindrical, short, curved upwards; uj)j)rr lip ap))arL'ntly wanting, being divick-d to the very base into 2 distant, ovate-oblong, ascending, lateral lobes; lower spreading, in 3 lobes, tlie lateral ones resembling those of the upper lip, central one larger, flat orconcavcj undivided or cloven. Filam. much longer than the up- K 2 68 DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. Teucriuni. per lip, ascending, incurved. Germ, superior, 4-cleft. Style incurved. Stigma in 2 acute, .spreading segments. Seeds 4, oblong, rounded, w^rinkled, in the bottom of the permanent calyx. Herbaceous or shrubby, bitter and aromatic, downy or hairy, with entire or serrated, rarely many-cleft, Z^«t;e5. Fl. axillary, whorled, or capitate ; red or yellowish in our species ; sometimes blue, or white, in the numerous foreign ones. 1. T. Scorodonia, Wood Germander. Wood Sage. Leaves heart-shaped, hairy, serrated, stalked. Clusters ag- gregate, unilateral. Stem erect. T. Scorodonia. Linn. Sp. PL 789. WUld.v.3.24. Fl. Br. 606. Engl. Bot.v. 22. t. 1543. Curt. Lond.fasc. 5. t. 40. Hook. Scot. 180. Fl. Dan. t. 485. Bull. Fr.t. 301. Ehrh.Pl. 0^\ 406. Chameedrys n. 287. Hall. Hist. v.\.] 26. Scorodonia. Cord. Hist. 91,1./. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 1 2. S. seu Salvia agrestis. Rail Syn. 245. Ger. Em. 662./. Scordium alterum Plinii. Lob. Ic. 497./. Salvia sylvestris. Trag.Hist. \5. / Flowers reversed. In woods, and heathy bushy places, on a sandy soil, abundantly. Perennial. July. Root creeping. Stem 18 inches or 2 feet high, leafy, hairy, acutely quadrangular. Leaves deep green, wrinkled, copiously serrated, hairy. Clusters numerous, terminal and axillary, erect. FL unilateral, with a small, ovate, acute bractea at the base of each partial stalk. Cor. pale yellow j middle lobe concave, hairy. Stam. purple. The whole plant is glutinous, and bitter, with an agreeable aromatic scent, much resembling that of Hops, for which it is said to be no bad substitute in making beer. 2. T. Scordium. Water Germander. Leaves oblong, sessile, downy, with tooth-like serratures. Flowers axillarj^, stalked, in pairs. Stem procumbent. T. Scordium. Linn. Sp. PL 790. mild. v. 3. 27. FL Br. 606. E}igLBotv. 12. t. 828. Woodv.t57. Schreb.Unilab.37. FL Dan. t. 593. Bull'. Fr.t. 205. Chamaedrys n. 288. HalL Hist v. 1. 126. Scordium. RaiiSyn.246. Ger. Em. 66\./ Riv. Monop. Irr. t\\. Fuchs. Hist. 776./. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 1 96./. Camer. Epit. 588./ Lob. Ic 497./ In low wet meadows, rare. Plentiful in the isle of Ely. Ray. In several places about Cam- DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. Teucrium. 69 bridge. Relhan. On the banks of the Isis near High-bridge, and on Enesham Common, Oxfordshire. Sibthorp. Perennial. July, August. Herb downy, very bitter, with a strong garlick-like odour. Root creeping. Stems branched, recumbent, or prostrate. Leaves about an inch long, bluntish, hoary, coarsely serrated, all ses- sile. FL 2, sometimes more, from the bosom of each leaf, on short stalks. CaL with short, broad, nearly equal teeth. Cor. of a pale dull purple ; its middle lobe rounded, flattish, with 2 spots. Seeds light brown, wrinkled, filling the tube of the calyx. The Scordlum has been considered as antipestilential and tonic ; at least such was its reputation amongst antient writers and physicians 3 but modern practice rejects its use. 3. T. Chamadrys. Wall Germander. Leaves somewhat ovate, stalked, deeply crenate or cut. Flowers axillary, three together, stalked. Stem round- ish, hairy. T. Cham^drys. Linn. Sp. PL 790. Willd. v. 3. 28. FI. Br. 607. Engl. Bot.v. 10. t. 680. Woodv. suppl. t. 243. Hook. Scot. 180. Schreb. Unilab. 32. Chameedrvs. Tuurn. Inst. t. 97. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 10./. 2. Cord. Hist. 126./. Ch. n. 286. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 125. Ch. vulgaris. Clus. Hist. v. 1.351. / Ch. vulgaris seu sativa. Raii Syn. 231. Ch. vera mas. Fuchs. Hist. 869./ Ch. major latifolia. Ger» Em. 656./ Trissago sive Chamaedrys. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 173./ Comer. Epit.567.f. On old ruined buildings, and stony banks. About the borders of fields, far enough from any building, and yet a doubtful native. Ray. On the ruins of Winchelsea castle, plentifully. Slicrard. Upon a bank at Friar Goose near Gates- head, Durham. Mr. Winch. On the city wall of Norwich, be- tween Magdalen and St. Austin's gates. Perennial. July. i Root creeping. Stems nearly erect, branched, bushy, leafy, hairy, with rounded angles. Lwici even, dark ^reen ; tapering, fringed, and entire at ll»e base ; variously and deeply notched in the rest of their circumference. Fl. crimson 3 central lobe rounded, a little concave ; lateral ones and tube hairy, ^\'h(»le herb very bitter, scarcely aromatic, formerly used to remove obstructed secretions, to promote expectoration, perspiration, &c. 70 DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. Nepeta. 2S5. NEPETA. Cat-mint. Linn.Gen.2S9. Jiiss. 113. Fl.Br.60S. Lam. t. 502. Cataria. Tourn. t. 95. CaL tubular, cylindrical, with 5 acute, rather unequal, di- rect, marginal teeth. Cor. ringent ; tube cylindrical, slender, incurved, dilated at the throat, which is border- ed, at each side, with a narrow, reflexed lobe ; upper lip erect, roundish, slightly cloven ; lo^soer rounded, concave, large, undivided, numerously notched. Filam. awl- shaped, near together, covered by the upper lip. A7ith, incumbent. Genn. superior, small, 4-cleft. Sify^? thread- shaped, of the length and situation of the stamens. Stig- ma cloven, acute. Seeds 4, nearly ovate, even, in the bottom of the dry permanent calyx. The lateral lobes of the lower lip are transferred to the margin of the tube. Perennial, upright, finely downy, herbs ; rarely hairy, or nearly smooth ; with a strong aromatic scent. Leaves undivided, serrated. Fl. very numerous, in copious, dense, crowded whorls. Cor. white, reddish, or blue, often spotted. N. multifida but ill agrees with the cha- racter or habit of the rest. 1.. N. cataria. Common Cat-mint, or Nep. Whorls stalked, crowded into spikes. Leaves finely downy, heart-shapedj stalked, with tooth-like serratures. N. cataria. Linn. Sp. PI. 796. Willd. v. 3. 49. Fl. Br, 608. Engl Bot. V. 2. t. 137. Hook. Scot. 180. Fl. Dan. t. 580. Bull. Fr. t.2S7. Nepeta. Riv. Monop. Irr. t.52. N. major vulgaris. Raii Syn. 237. Cataria n. 246 . Hall. Hist. v. 1 . 108. C. herba. DocL Pempt. 99. f. Mentha felina, seu Cattaria. Ger. Em.6S2.f. Herba Gattaria. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 79./. Camer. Epit. 484./. On banks and by road sides, principally in a chalky or gravelly soil. Perennial. July. Root tapering, with many fibres. Herbage hoary, very soft and downy, exhaling a strong, pungent, aromatic smell, approaching to that of Mentha Pulegium, and peculiarly grateful to Cats. Stems 2 or 3 feet high, upright, branched. Leaves coarsely ser- rated, paler beneath. FL very numerous, white j lower Up DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. Verbena. 7 1 flesh-coloured, dotted with crimson. Whorls compound, stalked. Cal. furrowed. Seeds smooth. 286. VERBENA. Vervain. Linn. Gen. 14. Juss. 109. FLBr. 608. Tourn. t. 94. LamJ. 17. Gcertn. t.QQ. Cal. tubular, angular, with 5 marginal teeth, one of them rather shorter than the rest. Cor. unequal ; tube cylin- drical, twice as long as the calyx, straight and slender in the lower half, dilated and curved in the upper part ; limb spreading, in 5 deep, rounded, somewhat unequal segments. Filam. 4, in some species but 2, slender, very short, incurved, within the tube of the corolla. AntJi. incumbent, each of 2 round lobes. Germ, superior, qua- drangular. Style slender, the length of the tube. Stig?na obtuse. Seeds 2 or 4, oblong, angular and roughish, en- closed in one thin, membranous, evanescent pellicle. Most of the species having 4 stamens, 2 long and 2 short, this genus is more commodiously placed here than in Diandria, where Linnaeus introduces it. The covering of the seeds is a real pellicle, not a pericarp, which is evinced by the whole structure of the genus, and its evi- dent affinity to the rest of the Didijnamia Gijmnospermia, not at all to the Afigiospermia. This jjellicle is similar to that of Chenopodium, see vol. ii. 9 ; and Grammar 26. Herbaceous, rarely shrubby. Z/e«u^5 either undivided, cut, or laciniated ; sometimes 3 in a whorl. Fl. spiked, nu- merous, small, blue or purplish. 1. V. officinalis. Common Vervain. Stamens four. Spikes slender, panicled. Leaves deeply cut. Stem mostly solitar}-. V. officinalis. Linn. Sp. PL 29. mild. r. 1 . 1 20. /•/. Br. 609. Engl. But. V. W. t. 767. Curt. Lond.fasv. 1. ^ 41. IVoodv. suppl. t. 21 8. Hook. Scot. 1 90. Drcves Bilderb. t. 4.") . Fl. Dan. t. 628. iloff'm. Germ, for 1 79 1 . 9. /. 2. Bull. Fr. t. 2 1 .".. V. n.*2I9. Hall. Hist. V. 1.96. Verbena. Dorstcn. Bot. 292. f. Ric. Monop. Irr. t. 56. \ . vulgaris. Bail Sijn. 236. V. communis. Gcr. Km. 718./. V. ma.scula. Brnnf. Herb. r. I . I 19./. Verbenaca. Matth. Falgr. v. 2.:VJ9.f. Camcr. Epit.797.j'. By road sides, and in drv waste ground, or pastures, abotit vil- 'lages. Terennial. .Jnhi. 72 DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. Mentha. Root woody, somewhat creeping. Stem ascending, 1-^ foot high, leafy, roughish with minute prickles or bristles. Leaves also Toughish, not downy ; variously jagged, or pinnatifid, tapering at the base into short broad/oo^s^a//cs. Spikes several, opposite and terminal, stalked, slender, acute, much lengthened out after flowering, and all together composing a sort of panicle. Fl. small, blueish, inodorous. Seeds obtuse, dotted with minute hol- lows, their pellicle obliterated before they ripen. This herb has scarcely any aromatic or other sensible quality. The root, worn about the neck with a string, is an old superstitious remedy, or charm, for the King's Evil. 287. MENTHA. Mint. Linn. Gen. 29 1. JussMS. F/. Br. 609. Tourn.L89. Lam.t.503. Cal, tubular, erect, with 5 nearly equal marginal teeth, per- manent. Cor. straight, funnel-shaped, a little longer than the calyx ; limb in 4 deep, slightly spreading, nearly equal segments, the upper one rather the broadest, with a slight notch. Filam. from the throat of the corolla, aw4-shaped, straight, distant, longer or shorter than the limb ; 2 uppermost rather the longest. Anth. of 2 round lobes. Germ, superior, 4-lobed. Style thread-shaped, erect, generally longer than the corolla. Stigma promi- nent, in 2 sharp, spreading, equal segments. Seeds 4, small, in the bottom of the calyx, rarely perfected. Roots perennial, creeping widely. Stems ascending, or erect, branched, leafy, acutely quadrangular. Leaves stalked, mostly ovate, serrated, undivided, without stipulas. Fl, numerous, light purple, in stalked, very dense, whorls, often crowded into leafless heads or spikes. All the herb- age is more or less hairy, but variable in that respect ; rarely woolly, or finely downy ; full of pellucid dots, lodging a copious essential oil, which is pungently aro- matic, cordial and stimulant. The species are extremely variable in general habit, and have long been the oppro- brium of British botanists, our country being peculiarly rich in Mints, as Dillenius long ago observed. Rail Syn, ed. o. 235. The situation and direction of the hairs of the calyx were first pointed out, by the writer of the pre- sent Flora, after a careful investigation of every known species and variety, living or dried, as affording, in dif- ficult cases, the only certain specific distinctions ; and these prove invariable, though even the inflorescence is, in some species, inconstant. See Observations on the British Species q/' Mentha, Trans. ofLi?m. Soc, v .5. 171 — 217. DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. Mentha. 73 1. M. sylveslris. Horse Mint. Spikes shaggy, scarcely interrupted. Leaves acute, with deep-toothed serratures ; chiefly downy beneath. Brac- teas awl-shaped. Calyx all over hairy. M. sylvestris. Sm. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 5. 1 79. FL Br. 609. EngL Bot. V. 10. t. 686. Hull 171. PMr^ r.3. 53. a. Leaves lanceolate, acute. M. sylvestris. Linn. Sp. PI. 804. Willd. v. 3. 74. Huds. 250, a. Hull eel. 1 . 1 25. Roth. Germ. v. 2. ;>. 2. 5. M. sylvestris, longiore folio. Bauh. Pin. 227. M. sJDicata |3, longifolia. Linn. Sp. PL ed. 1. 576. M. n. 1. Linn. Hort. Ciif. 306. Herb. Clif. M. longifolia. Huds. ed. 1. 221 j from the author. M. villosa prima. Sole Menth. 3. /. 1. M. n. 227. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 99. Menthastrum. Dod. Pempt. 96. f. Ger. Em. 684./. M. spicatum, folio longiore candicante. Raii Syn. 234. Bauh. Hist. V. 3. p. 2.221./. /S. Leaves ovate, acute. Mentha sylvestris. FL Dan. t. 48 1. M. villosa. Huds. 250} M. villosa secunda. Sole Menth. 5. t.2. Menthastrurn. Riv. Monop. Irr. t.5\.f\ : Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 74. f. Camer. Epit. 479. f. Fuchs. HisL 292. f y. Leaves shorter. Spikes more obtuse. Mentha candicans, foliis spicis et odore vulgari sativge similis. Doodij in Raii Syn. ed. 2. 341 . In BobarVs herbarium at Oxford. S. Leaves elliptical, broad and obtuse. M. rotundifolia. Sole Menth. 9. t. 4. M. nemorosa. Willd. Sp. PL v. 3. 75. M. alopecuroides. Hulled. 1. 126. M. sylvestris, rotundiore folio. Bauh. Pin. 227 . Seen by Haller, in Bauhins herbarium. M. hortensis secunda. Fuchs. Hist. 289./ M. altera. Dod. Pempt. 95. f Menthastrum sylvestre, foliis latis. Best. Hort. Eyst. test. ord. 7 . t.3.f2. In waste ground, especially in watery places. a and /3 are not uncommon, y was found plentifully in Kent, by Hand and Buddie. Z is frequent in Norfolk. Perennial. Jn^ust, Scplcmbrr. Whole herb of a hoary or greyish green, clothed with fine soft downy iiairs, and exhaling a strong peculiar scent. Stems erect, 2 or 3 feet liigh, ratlier i)luntly (piadrangular, branched, leafy, tlieir pubescence |)()inting downwards. Iauvis nearly or quite sessile, from I i to'Ji inches long, spreading, strongly and sharply 74 DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. Mentha, serrated, acute, veiny, varying from an ovate-lanceolate to an ovate, or almost orbicular, figure 5 their upper surface hoary j under shaggy with dense, soft, white hairs. Spikes several, ter- minal, erect, generally acute, forming a sort of panicle, each composed of numerous, dense, crowded, bracteated whorls, of small, pale purple^oi^er^. Bracteas linear-lanceolate, spread- ing, the outer pair largest. Flower-stalks covered with short reflexed hairs ; calyx with erect ones. All the varieties, especially a and $, sometimes acquire a sweet, very agreeable, scent 5 but I have not met with any such in British specimens. Haller's 71. 228 is one of these fragrant va- rieties, various in the breadth of its leaves. It is M. gratissima of Wiggers, Roth, Hoffmann, and Willdenov/. The comparative length of the stamens, by which Linnaeus and others have at- tempted to distinguish Menthce, is but an uncertain criterion. If the plant increases much by root, the stamens are shorter and less perfect, and the seeds do not ripen. 2. M. rotund^folia. Round-leaved Mint. Spikes interrupted, somewhat hairy. Leaves elliptical, ob- tuse, wrinkled, sharply crenate ; shaggy beneath. Brac- teas lanceolate. M. rotundifolia. Linn. Sp. PL 805. Willd. v.3.77. Sm.Tr. of Linn. Soc.v.5.]82. Fl.Br.6ll. Engl. Bot.v.7.t. 446. Hull I?]. M. crispa. Linn. Sp. PL ed. 3.576. M. sylvestrise Sole Menth. 7. t.o. M. n. 226. HalL Hist. v. 1. 99. Menthastrum anglicum. Riv. Monop. Irr.t. 5\.f. 2. M- folio rugosorotundiore, spontaneum,flore spicato, odore gravi. Raii Syn. 234. Herb. Buddie. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. 219./. Sisymbrium hortense. Matth. Valgr. v. 1. 440./. /3. M.niveum anglicum. Ger. Em.684.f. Lob.Ic.blO.f. Dalech. Hist. 674. f. M. spicatum, folio crispo rotundiore, colore partim albo, partim cinereo vel virente. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. 219./ M, cinereum vel niveum anglicum, variegatis foliis. Best. Hart. Eyst. cBst. ord. 7 - t. 3./. 2. In wet places amongst rubbish, or about the borders of ditches, moats and ponds, but rare. By the river side at Lydbrook, near Ross, Herefordshire ; also at Falkburn Hall, Essex. Ray. Near Hally in Kent. Doody. On the edge of an old moat at Shingham, Norfolk. Rev. R. Forhy. Near Chepstow, Monmouthshire. Perennial. August, September. Essentially different from every state of the preceding, with some of the round-leaved varieties of which it has often been con- founded. The colour of the whole herb is a grass green, though DIDYNAMIA--GYMNOSPERMIA. Mentha. 75 the under sides of the leaves are shaggy, not hoary ; the veins fringed with close hairs. The leaves moreover are universally wrinkled or blistered, sessile, always roundish-heart-shaped, or elliptical, from 1 to 2 inches long, with shallow, unequal notches or serratures. The whole hiflorescence is smaller in proportion. Bracteas broader, and more ovate. Calyx hairy, much shorter and wider, almost bell-shaped. Stam. always long and prominent. The whole plant is viscid, and its peculiar acrid smell, which Haller thought highly grateful, can never fail to distinguish this species, after having been dried for 30 years, «r more. /3 is a garden variety, strikingly variegated with white, retaining its oriuinal scent. 3. M. viridis. Spear Mint. Spikes interrupted. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, acute, naked. Bracteas bristle-shaped, somewliat hairy as well as the teeth of the calyx. Flower-stalks very smooth. M. viridis. Linn. Sp. PL 804. mild. v. 3. 76. Sm. Tr. of Linn, Soc. V. 5. 185. Fl. Br. 6\2. Engl. Bot. v. 34. t. 2424. Woodv. t. 170. Sole Menth. W.t. 5. Hidl 171. M. spicata a, viridis. Linn. Sp. Pl.ed. 1. 576. M. n.229. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 100. Mentha. Camer. Epit.477. f' good. M. romana. Ger. Em. 680./. M. romana officinarum, sive praestantior angustifolia. Lob. Ic. 507. f Herb. Buddie. Moris, v. 3. 3G7. sect. \\. t. 6 f.\. M. hortensis tertia. Fiichs. Hist. 290./'. /3. M. angustifolia spicata. How Phijt. 74. Raii Syn. ed. I. 79. M. angustifolia spicata glabra, folio rugosiore, odore graviore. Raii Syn. ed. 2. 1 23. ed. 3. 233. Herb. Sherard. M. spicata nostras, cardiacae sativae forma et odore semula, folio rugosiore. Pluk. Mant. 129. M, spicata, folio longiore acuto glabro nigriori. Bank. Hist.v 2. p. 2. 220./. y. M. spicata angustifolia glabra, spicii latiorc. Dill, in Raii Syn. 233. Herb. Sherard, from Mr. Dale. M. sylvestris, longioribus, nigrioribus, et minds incanis foliis. Bauh. Pin. 227. Sherard. Menthastrum campense. Dalech. Hist. 673./. $. Mentha spicata glabra, latiore folio. I)Ul. in Raii Syn. 234. Herb. Sherard, from Mr. Dale. In marshy ])laces. a. Near Exmouth, Devonshire, and on the banks of the Thames, Hudson. On a common between (ilastonbury and \V*ells 3 in a meadow 4 miles from Hath ; and in various phices by the side of the .-\v"M l.rtv\<«>n Huth ai'.d K'-Nton Sn/r. 76 DIDYNAMIA—GYMNOSPERMIA. Mentha. /8. By the river at Booking, Essex. Dale. By the Medway near Maidstone, Kent. Plukenet. At Babergh near Norwich. Mr. Pitchford. Near Acle church, Norfolk, towards the south. Mr. D. Turner. y. In a meadow at Bocking, Essex. Dale, Dillenius. $. In a meadow by Marwood bridge, between Mersey island and Colchester. Dill. Perennial. August. Stems 2 or 3 feet high, erect, branched, acutely angular, smooth, often purplish. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, acute, serrated, smooth 3 sometimes a little hairy beneath, especially in the 3 latter varieties, in all which also they are shorter and broader, with a less agreeable scent, than in a, the true garden Spear - Mint, or Mackarel Mint. Spikes panicled, elongated, acute j almost all the whorLs a little distant from each other, with narrow or bristle-shaped bracteas, which are seldom quite smooth even in a, and in the varieties are more or less hairy, as well as broader. Flower-stalks always, in every variety, perfectly smooth, round and polished. Cal. narrow-bell-shaped, fur- rowed, with 1 0 ribs, besprinkled, like the foliage, with resinous dots, and always quite smooth, except the teeth, which though generally smooth or naked in the primary variety, in all the others are variously hairy. The separate flower in Engl. Bot. t. 2424 shows this in the variety /3, to which also the leaf be- longs. Cor. light purple, smooth, generally longer than the stamens. Style prominent. The whole inflorescence, bracteas and calyx often acquire a dark purplish hue. The whole herb is gratefully aromatic, warm and pungent ; the flavour of the varieties less agreeable. The perfectly smooth and xidked Jiower-stalks, in all the varieties, are essentially charac- teristic of this species. I suspect M. crispa of Linnaeus, Ehrh. PL Off. 206, known in gar- dens only, may be a variety of M. viridis. 4. M. piperita. Pepper Mint. Spikes blunt, interrupted below. Leaves stalked, somewhat ovate, smoothish. Calyx very smooth at the base. M. piperita. Sm. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 5. 189. H. Br. 613. a. Leaves ovate- lanceolate. Spikes elongated. M. piperita. Engl. Bot. v. \0. t. 687. Huds.25]. With. 523, var.2. Woodv. ^.169. Hull 1 72. Pharmac. Lond. Ehrh. PI. Off. 216. M. piperita officinalis. Sole Menth. \5. t.7' M. officinalis. Hull ed. 1. 127. M. aquatica nigricans, fervido sapore. Herb. Buddie. Eales' Pepper Mint. Pet. H. Brit. t.Sl.f.lO. /S. Leaves ovate. Spikes shorter and blunter, almost capitate. M. piperita. Hull ed. 1 . 127. mild. Sp. PL v. 3. 79. DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. Mentha. 77 M. piperita vulgaris. Sole Menth. 19. t. 8. M. spicis brevioribus et habitioribus, foliis Menthae fuscae, sapore fervido piperis. Raii Syn. ed. 2. 124. ecL 3. 234. 1. 10./. 2. M. fervida nigricans, breviore folio et spica. Herb. Sherard. M. aquatica sive Sisymbrium. Baiih. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. 223./. y. Leaves ovate, slightly heart-shaped. Spikes more acute. M. piperita svlvestris. Sole Menth. 53. t. 24. M. hircina. Hulled. 1. 127. In watery places. a. In Hertfordshire, Dr. Eales ; Raij. In a swampy place on Lansdown, near Bath, called the wells ; also by the side of the Avon, in Newton mead. Mr. Sole. At Hauxton, Cambridge- shire. Rev. R. Relhan. In a mountain rivulet in Bonsall dale, near Matlock bath, Derbyshire, 1790. /3. In Essex. Dale. By Wandsworth river. Herb. Sherard. About Bath, and between Wells and Glastonbury ; also in Chiltern bottom, Wilts. Mr. Sole. y. At Lyncomb Spa, and various other wet places about Bath. Mr. Sole. At the soulh-west corner of Saham meer, near Wat- ton, Norfolk. Perennial. August, September. Stems nearly erect, branched, roughish with recurved hairs, and generally 2 or 3 feet, in y 4 feet, high. Leaves all stalked, dark green, ovate, acute, varying in breadth, sharply serrated ; smoothish above ; paler and more hairy beneath ; never downy nor shaggy like M. sijlvesiri'i. Spikes bluntish ; interrupted and leafy in their lower part ; in (5 short, dense and obtuse, com- monly with one very distant whorl; in y acute, witli 2 or more .such. Brncteas lanceolate, fringed. Flower-stalks eitl-.er per- fectly smooth, or in their upper part only a little hairy. Cal slender, furrowed, covered with pellucid dots, quite smooth in its lower half, but the dark-purple teeth, and in y the upper part of the tube, are more or less densely hairy. Cor, purplish. Stam. in all my specimens short ; style long. The warm cam])hor-like scent and flavour of this species, suc- ceeded by a coolness, aie familiar to every body, and the essen- tial oil, or distilled water, of Pejiper Mint enters into various cordial or medical preparations. The variety y is less agreeable than the others. Enj;land has always been known as the coun- try of the true M. jnperita. \\'hat supplies its ))lace in the north of Europe, is merely a variety of M. hirsuta having a similar odour; and this is wwwqA piperita \x\ tiie Linnivan herbarium. Mr. Sole justly criticises the ligure in Ray's Synopsis, as having the leaves of the true piperita with tlie iujlorcscenrc of hirsuta ; or rather perhaps of j)ip(rila 3. Hut he was not aware of all the figures of that 3d edition having been drawn and engraved by the hand of Dillenius, long after the time of Ray. The styles in 78 DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. Mentha. both figures of this t. 1 0, look like stamens, if they can be thought like any thing. Mr. Sole copies both Hudson's erroneous re- ferences to Petiver, without correction. 6. M. citrata, Bergamot Mint. Spikes capitate, very blunt. Leaves stalked, heart-shaped, naked on both sides. Calyx and flower-stalks perfectly smooth. M. citrata. Ehrh. Beitr. v, 7. 150. Willd. Sp. PL v. 3. 79. M. odorata. Sole Menth. 2\.t.9. Sm. Tr. of Linn. Soc. t). 5. 1 92. Fl. Br. 615. Etigl Bot. v. 15. t. 1025. Hull 172. ed. 1. 127. Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. v. 2. 388. M. rubra. Mill. Diet. ed. 8. n. 9 ; with a wrong description. M. rotundifolia rubra, aurantii odore. Moris, v. 3. 361). sect. 11. t. 6.f. 3, the smooth one. In watery places, rare. Very common by the sides of rivers and brooks in Cheshire ; espe- cially about Aston -house ; Mrs. Walmsley ; also in a small brook or ditch near Capel-Carey, between Llanrost and Llan- berris. North Wales. Mr. Sole. Near Bedford. Rev, Dr. Abbot. Perennial. August, September. Whole herb smooth in every part, often red or purple, with a powerful, very fragrant scent, like the Bergamot Orange, or the herbage of Monarda didyma, on which account it is often preserved in gardens. The stems, about 2 feet high, are bushy, copiously branched, and spreading. Leaves broadly heart- shaped, an inch, or inch and half long, serrated, with many parallel transverse veins. Fl. in round, blunt, terminal heads, with a stalked axillary w;/iorZ or two, at some distance beneath. Bracteas bristle-shaped, always quite smooth, as well as the round Jlower-stalks. Cal. cylindrical, ribbed, covered with resi- nous dots, but always destitute of all hairiness. Cor. reddish purple. Stam. short, within the tube. The name of Ehrhart, which I had not observed when writing the Fl. Brit., has not only a prior claim to what I have there adopted, but is so much more appropriate, that I cannot but prefer it, in justice to its author. 6. M. hivsiUa. Hairy Mint. Flowers capitate or whorled. Leaves stalked, ovate. Calyx clothed with erect hairs. FloAver-stalks with recurved ones. M. hirsuta. Sm. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 5. 193. Fl. Br. 616. Hull 172. Relk.227. Hook. Scot. \8{). Lond.t.\66. DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. Mentha. 79 M. sativa. Tr. of Linn. Soc. t;. 5. 1 99. a. M. hirsuta. Linn. Mant. 81. WillcL Sp. PL v. 3. 78. Engl. BoLv.7.t.447. With.522. Huds.ed. 1.223. Hull ed. I. 127. Abbot 127. M. n. 4. Linn. Hort. Cliff. 306. M. aquatica. Huds. 252 a and (3. Hull ed. \. 127. S ibth \S2 Abbot 127. M. aquatica major. Sole Menth. 25. t.W. M. aquatica minor. Sole Menth. 23. t. 10. M. n. 22.5, a. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 99. M. aquatica, sive Sisymbrium. How Phyt. 74. Merr. Pin. 76. Hail Syn. 233. Ger. Em. 684./. M. aquatica, sive Sisymbrium hirsutius. Baiih. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. 224./. M. rotundifolia palustris. Moris, sect. 1 1. t.7.f. 6. M. palustris spicata. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 49. Common Water Mint. Pet. H. Brit. t.3\.f. 6. Sisymbrium hirsutum. Raii Syn. 233. S. hirsutum, folio angustiore et acutiore, minimi ramosum j D. Hand. Herb. Buddie. S. sylvestre, Matth. Valgr. v. 1. 441./. Camer. Epit.263.f. Da- lech. Hist. 677. f. Origanum vulgare. Fl. Dan. t. 638 ! /S. Mentha Sisymbrium dicta hirsuta, glomerulis ac foliis minori- bus ac rotundioribus. Dill, in Raii Syn. 233. t. 10./ 1. M. n. 225, /3. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 99. y. M, piperita. Linn. Sp. PI. 805. Herd. Linn. Berg. Mat. Med. 516. 8. M. palustris. Sole Menth. 13. t. 6. M. aquatica. Mill. Diet. ed. 8. /?. 5. M. aquatica, folio oblongoviridiglabro, saporis fervidissimi. Herb. Buddie and Herb. Bobart. Menthastri aquatici genus hirsutum, spica latiore. Bauh. Hist. V. 3. p. 2. 222./ Raii Syn. 234. Menthastrum minus spicatum Lobelii. Daltch. Hist. 674. f. How Phyt. 7 4. M. minus. Ger. Em. 68."). /. Calamintha tertia Dioscoridis, menthastrifolia aquatica hirsuta. Lob. Ic. 5 1 0. / Dill, in Herb. SJierard. E. Mentha paludosa. Sole Menth. 49. t. 22. ^. Flowers all whorl ed. M. sativa. Linn. Sp. PL 805, cxcl. the synonin)is. Hnds. 253. Engl. not.v.7.t. 448. M. verticillata. Linn. Syst. NaL ed. 10. v. 2. 1099, A. Herb. Linn. Hnds. ed. 1 . 222. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 48./. 1 ; hairiness wanting. M. rivalis 3, y and $, not a. Sole Menth. 45. M. verticillatcB varietas, hirsutie foHorum discrepans. Raii Syn. ed 2. 124, undrr n. 6. rd.3. 232. Hrrh. Hobart. 80 DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. Mentha. M. crispa verticillata. Bauh. Pin. 227. M. sisymbiise facie et odore, hirsutaet verticillata; D. Rand. Herb. Buddie. M. altera. Camer. Epit. 478./. Menta. Fuchs. Hist. 288. f. Calamenthae arvensi verticillatae similis, sed multo elatior. Herb. Buddie. Cross Whirl Mint. Pet. H. Brit. f. 3 1 ./. 8 ? Yj. Mentha aquatlca verticillata glabra, rotundiore folio. Dill, in Herb. Sherard. ^. M. verticillata minima, odore fragrantissimo. Herb. Buddie. Confounded under M. aquatica exigua, by Dill, in Raii Syn. 232, n. 2, with wrong synonyms. See Tr. of L. Soc. v. 5, y. In watery places every where. a. The most common of all our Mints. /3. In the parish of East Borne, Sussex, in the road to Pevensey, observed by Mr. Manningham. Dillenius. A common variety. y. A native of England, according to the Banksian herbarium. L Near Bocking. Dale. In Somersetshire. Mr. Sole. On the south-west shore of Saham meer, Norfolk. £. In Holt fen, at Streatham near Ely ; also in a rivulet by the side of Audry causeway, near Haddenham, isle of Ely. Mr. Sole. ^. About rivulets on the side of Shotover hill near Oxford ; Mr. Tilleman Bobart. Herb. Bobart. On the banks of the Lea, near Hackney. Mr. E. Forster. At Saham and Ashill, Norfolk ; also 1 1 miles from Norwich, on the Hingham road, and in many other places. rj. In a, ditch on the left hand of Chalk's green, going from Brain- tree to Leez-house. Dillen. Ms. ^. Found by Mr. Buddie and Mr. F. Dale, sen. by the side of the New river, near the upper end of Stoke Newington. Herb. She- rard. On Skoulton Common, near Hingham, Norfolk, but with only the usual smell of this species. Perennial. August, September. The roots creep to a great extent. Herb very variable, more or less hairy ; very seldom almost smooth, except the^ower-stalks and calyx ; but a smooth plant removed to a garden became as hairy as any of the varieties, in the following year. The scent also varies from a fetid, marshy, though pungently aromatic, odour, which is usual in the whole species, to the camphorated flavour of true Pepper Mint, n. 4, for which our variety y serves in the north of Europe. Some varieties acquire a sweet scent, like Basil, but that is transient. I have specimens gathered in 1 743, which still retain the fine odour of Frankincense Thyme. Stems generally erect, and mostly branched, clothed with rather short hairs, curved downwards. Leaves stalked, ovate, serrated, hairy, from an inch to 1 J inch long, rarely more or less^ except DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. Mentha. 81 in variety §. They vary but little in shape ; but often acquire a dark purplish hue. F/. ofa light blueish purple, numerous and crowded ; in a_, /S and y capitate, with one or more pair of stalked axillary whorls below the head j in $ the head becomes a spike, with several whorls, more or less remote ; in s the whole spike is whorled, and somewhat leafy ; in the rest all the Jlowers are whorled and axillary. Bracteas lanceolate, hairy. Flower- stalks densely covered, for the most part, but especially at the summit, with recurved, sometimes close-pressed, white hairs. Cal. tubular, furrowed, mostly purplish, besprinkled with resi- nous dots, and clothed with hairs, various in length, all con- stantly curved in a contrary direction from those of the stalks. Cor, hairy externally. Stam. various in length. The lower whorls are usually stalked. Botanists have been very unwilling to believe the curious change of a capitate Mint to a whorled one ; but this alteration may often be traced in the same ditch. Some copy me for this fact, without adverting to its author or seeming conscious of its hav- ing ever been disputed. I have received dried as well as living specimens, from the late Mr. Sole, of all his varieties, of this and other species, and have cultivated them in a dry garden, as well as in a very wet one. I have observed all the difficult ones, year after year, in their wild situations, and have no doubt that all these varieties of M. hirsuta especially, constitute but one species. Occasional examinations, during the course of 25 years, have not only confirmed this opinion, but have also ascer- tained the truth of the essential characters derived from the pu- bescence of the cahjx nndjlower- stalks, as being decisive with- out any exception. I regret that my friend Mr, Sole took great offence at my not following all his names and errors ; but I hope I have never corrected them unhandsomely, nor do I mean to undervalue his book, whicli is a valuable record of the several varieties of this difficult genus, though no guide at all as to the limits or names of the species. Professor Hooker, in the most flattering terms, confirms my account of this Mint j but the hairs on tlie flower-stidks, in his otherwise excellent plate, are not enough deflexed. 7. M. acAit'ifolia . Fragrant Sharp-leaved Mint. Flowers whorled. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taperinrr at each end. Calyx hairy all over. Hairs of tlie flower- stalks spreading. M. acutifolia. .S'm. 7V. of Linn. Soc. v. 5. 203. Fl. Br. 619. Em^l. But. i.-M.t.'l\\:>. Hull 173. M. verticillata. ^Flll. Diet. cd. S. n. 17. From h's own hciharitim. M. verticillata aromatica, folio longiore et acutiore, Rand Ms. M. aquatica verticillata, odoris grati. Herb. Buddie. About the banks of rivers, rare. VOL. m. o 82 DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. Mentha. On the banks of the Medway, Kent. Rand. Between Rochester and Chatham. Miller. Perennial. September? Herb hairy all over, exhaling, when rubbed, the sweet scent of P>ankincense Thyme. *S/e/7i erect, 2 feet high, apparently un- branched, leafy, all its hairs closely reflexed, various in length. Leaves on rather short stalks, spreading, 1 to 2 inches long, ovate-lanceolate, narrower than in the foregoing, sharply and unequally serrated, acute, as well as entire, at each end. Whorls dense, sessile, many-flowered, axillary, accompanying every pair of leaves, and concealing the footstalks. Bracteas linear- lanceolate, or awl-shaped. Flower-stalks thickly covered with hairs of various lengths, spreading horizontally, or now and then slightly recurved. Cal. tubular, clothed in every part, but most densely at the base, with ascendmg hairs. Cor. hairy at the outside, as well as in the throat ; its colour, according to Buddie, nearly red. Stam. shorter than the corolla. Style much longer. Very closely related to the last species. How far it is distinct can be determined by the discovery, and sufficient examination, of fresh specimens only. 8. M. rudra. Tall Red Mint. Flowers whorled. Leaves ovate. Stem upright, zigzag. Flower-stalks, and lower part of the calyx, very smooth ; teeth hairy. M. rubra. Sm. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 5. 205. FL Br. 620. Engl. Bat. V. 20. t. 1413. Hull 173. Hook. Scot. 180 ? M. sativa. Sole Menth. 47. t. 21; calyx very erroneous. M. verticillata. Rail Syn. 232 j but not of Rivinus. M. crispa. Besl. Hort. Eyst. cest. ord. 7. t. 5./. 1. M. rotundiore folio glabro, pulegii flore. Moris, v. 3. 369. sec^ 1 1 . t.7.f2. Herb. Bobart. M. crispa verticillata, folio rotundiore. Raii Syn. ed. 2. 1 24. Herb. Buddie, and Herb. Sherard. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. 215./. M. prima, Dod.Pempt.Qo.f M. sativa rubra. Ger. Em. 680. f M. cruciata. Lob. Ic. 507. f. Menta. Brunf. Herb. v. 2. 76. f About wet hedges and thickets, and the reedy banks of rivers or ditches. By the river Lea near the ferry house. Herb. Sherard. Peckham fields. Dillenius. In North Wales, and Shropshire. Mr. Sole. By the road side between Edmonton and Enfield ; also near Walthamstow. Mr. E. Forster. Under a wet hedge in the road from Wattonto Saham church, Norfolk. Perennial. September. The whole herb is usually almost smooth, though in dry situations liable to become minutely hairy, when the hairs on the stem are DIDYNAMIA—GYMNOSPERMIA. Mentha. 83 recurved. Its scent is that of most of this genus, especially M. viridis; but I have a Shropshire specimen from the Rev. E. Williams, smelling like M. arvensis hereafter described. The stem is from 4 to 6 feet high, erect, though more or less wavy, supporting itself on bushes, and never quite straight j with few and short branches ; leafy, variously tinged with deep red, mostly smooth and shining. Leaves stalked, broadly ovate, strongly serrated, of a deep shining green ; paler beneath, copiously be- sprinkled with resinous dots ; the upper ones small and short, occasionally crisped ; all either quite smooth, or bearing a few minute hairs on the ribs and veins, some such being scattered over the upper surface. Whorls numerous, stalked, of many large reddinhjlowers. Bracteas linear, fringed, at least towards the point ; innermost bristle-shaped. Flower-stalks round, of a shining red or purple, invariably smooth, as is also the lower part of the tubular calijx, though its teeth are always hairy, or fringed, and the upper part of the tube is occasionally hairy, its whole surface bearing resinous dots. Cor. large, quite smooth, partly in like manner dotted. Stam. various in length on the same specimen. Our earlier British botanists confounded this with the Linnsean M. sativa, or verticillata, see M. hirsuta ^, p. 79, under the appel- lation of C. Bauhin's M. cr'ispa verticillata, hwi on attentive con- sideration of his synonyms, I think the latter writer iiad not our rubra in contemplation. This is however the plant of Ray, and probably of J. Bauhin. It is by far the tallest and handsomest of our Mints, and cannot be confounded with any other. 9. M. gentiVis. Busby Red Mint. Flowers whorled. Leaves ovate. Stem much branched, spreading. Flower-stalks, and base of the bell-shaped calyx, nearly smooth. M.gentilis. Li?m. S/j. Pi. SOo. mild. Sp. PL v. 3. SO "! Sm. Tr. of Linyi.Soc.v. 5.208. Fl.Br. 62]. Engl. Bot. v. 30. t.2\\8. Hull 173. Hook. Scot. 181 ? M. rubra. Sole Menth. 4 1 . M 8. M. n.224. Hall. Hist. v. 1.98. /3. M. rivalis a. Sole Menth. 45. /. 20. y. M. variegata. Sole Menth. 43. t. 19. M. arvensis verticillata versicolor. Moris. sect. \\.t.7.f.b. Herb. Buddie. M. crispa verticillata. Hcrh. Cliffort. In watery waste places, rare, a. In pools and brooks between Mole and Llanroost, NorthWales. Mr. Sola. Shropshire. Rev. E. iVilliams. Near Holt, Norfolk. Prof. Hooker and Mr. Borrer. o 2 84 DlDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. Mentha. /3. In Lock's brook,, between Weston and Twiverton, Somerset- shire. Mr. Sole. y. About towns, but scarcely to be found truly wild. Perennial. August. The whole herb is of a lighter green than the last, all over more or less minutely hairy, and, when planted in a dry situation, pleasantly scented ; in wet ground it has the ordinary smell of Mint. Stem erect, bushy, with numerous spreading branches, leafy, 12 or 18 inches, in (S near 3 feet, highj when not quite smooth, the hairs are recurved, as usual. Leaves stalked, uni- formly ovate, not much pointed, serrated, dotted, scarcely paler beneath ; the upper surface besprinkled with fine small hairs ; rib and veins of the under side beset with rather stronger ones 5 in (3 the leaves are longer and more elliptical ; in y prettily va- riegated with yellow, and more fragrant. Whorls nearly sessile, except occasionally from cultivation in y. Bracteas lanceolate, hairy, varying in size. Flower-stalks round, purplish, for the most part very smooth j but in y, especially when cultivated in very dry gi'ound, they sometimes bear a few deflexed hairs. CaL shorter, and more spreading or bell-shaped, than in M. rubra, rough with ascending hairs about the teeth, and more or less of the tube, the base of which is naked and smooth. Cor. pale pur- ple. Stam. seldom so long as the limb. The figures of this species and of M. rubra in Engl. Bot. both very characteristic, sufficiently show how distinct they are ; and if the calyx be attended to, nobody can confound them. I therefore quote P7. Scotica with doubt, the worthy author appearing un- acquainted with my plants. 10. M. gracilis. Narrow-leaved Mint. Flowers whorled. Leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile. Stem upright, much branched. Flower-stalks, and base of the calyx, quite smooth. M. gracilis. Sm.Tr.of Linn. Soc.v.b. 210. Fl.Br.622. Hull]73. Sole Menth. 37.tA6. M. gentilis. Engl. Bot. v. 7. t. 449. With. 524. M. rubra. Huds. 252. M. fusca, sive vulgaris. Raii Syn. ed. 2. 123. ed. 3. 232. Herb. Buddie. M. verticillata glabra, odore Menthse sativae, (that is viridis) . Herb. Sherard. M. verticillata, folio angustiore. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 48./. 2. Balsamita officinarum. Best. Hort. Eyst. cesi. ord. 7. t. 3.f. 3. /3. M. pratensis. Sole Menth. 39. t. 17. Hull ed. 1 . 129. * y. M. gentilis. Sole Menth. 35. 1. 15. DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. Mentha. 85 M. hortensis verticillata, Ocymi odore. Moris, v. 3. 369. sect. 11. L7.f.\. Herb. Buddie. M. verticillata minor, acuta, non crispa, odore Ocymi. Bauh. Hist. V. 3./). 2. 216./. 217. M. cardiaca. Ger. Em. 6S0.f. Red Mint. Fet. H. Brit. t.3l.f.7. In watery places, or moist meadows. At Bocking and Stoke Newington. Sherard's herbarium. Near Walthamstow. Mr. B. M. Forster. Near Bradford,Wilts. Mr. Sole. At Saham and Oxborough, Norfolk. |S. In the New Forest, Hants. Mr. Sole. y. Frequent in ditches and waste places, near towns and villages, but scarcely wild. Mr. Sole. Perennial. August, September. Herbage of a grass green, clothed more or less with short scattered hairs. Stems erect, tufted, leafy, reddish, about 18 inches high, roughish here and there, with minute, recurved, rigid hairs j most branched about midway from the ground. Leaves nearly sessile, uniform, lanceolate, acute, serrated ; contracted at the base, full of small pellucid dots, slightly hairy, and nearly of the same hue, on both sides ; in |3 they are directed downwards. Whorls many-flowered, sessile, rarely stalked. Bracteas lanceo- late, hairy, or fringed. Flower-stalks all perfectly and inva- riably smooth, round, commonly purple. Cal. tubular, but short, and rather bell-shaped, covered with prominent resinous dots, purplish ; the base and lower half quite smooth j teeth and uj)per part clothed with upright white hairs, various in quantity and length. Cor. light purple, bearded at the tip. Stam. short. This species, in its ordinary state, smells like M. viridis, n. 3 ; /3 like M. piperita, but not so pungently or agreeably; while y has the delightful fragrance of Ocymum, Sweet Basil. The leaves accompanying the whorls, in this last variety, are very much smaller than the rest. 11. M. arvensis. Corn Mint. Flowers whorlcd. Leaves ovate. Stem much branched, dif- fuse. Calyx bell-shaped, covered all over with horizontal hairs. M. arvensis. Linn. Sp. PL 806. mild. v. 3. 80. Sm. Tr. of Linn. Soc. V. ,5.213. Fl. Br. 623. Engl. Bot. v. 30. /.2l 19. Hull 1/3. Sole Mcnih. 29. t. 12. Hook. Scot. 181 . K. l^an. t. 512. Ehrh. PI. Of. 4\G. M. n.T). Linn.Hort.riif.M?. Ihrb.Ciiff. M. verticillata hortensis, odore Ocymi ; C. B. Pin. Herb. Cliff, but not of Bauhin. M. n. 223. Hall. Hist. v.\.9Q) excluding the reference to Rivi- 86 DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. Mentha. M. aquatica. Raii Syn. ed. 1. 78. M. seu Calamintha aquatica. Raii Syn, ed. 2. 1 23. ed. 3. 232. M. arvensis humilior verticillata hirsuta. Moris, v. 3. 369. sect. 1 1 . t.7.f.5. Calamintha aquatica. How Phyt. 18. Merr. Pin. 18. Ger. Em. 684./. Matth.Valgr.v.2.78.f. Camer. Epit. 483. f. Water Whirl Mint. PeL H. Brit. t.3\.f.5. /3. Mentha arvensis major, verticillis et floribus amplis, foliis latio- ribus, staminibus corolla longioribus, odore grato. Sole Menth. 29, y. y. M. praecox. Sole Menth. 3\.t. 13. Hull ed. 1. 128. $. M. gentilis. Mill. Diet. ed. 8. n. 15. From the author's herb. M. verticillata, rotundiore folio, odore Ocymi. S. Dale Ms. M. verticillata glabra, foliis ex rotunditate acuminatis j Buddie. In his own, as well as Bohart's, herhanum. M. arvensis verticillata, folio rotundiore, odore aromatico j Vernon. Raii Syn. ed.2.\23. ed.3.232. In sandy corn-fields frequent, especially v^here water has stagnated. j3. In moist meadows. Mr. Sole. y. On the banks of rivers. Mr. Sole. 8. On the right hand of the road from Docking to Gossfield, Essex. Dale. Found by Mr. Wigmores at Shelford, Cambridgeshire. Ray. In Prestwick Car, Northumberland. Mr. Winch. Perennial. June — September. Root creeping extensively. Herb of a pale hoary green, more or less hairy, with a strong unpleasant odour, like cheese covered with blue mould, Haller calls it detestable. Stem generally weighed down with its numerous branches ; in y more upright. Leaves stalked, ovate, or somewhat elliptical, bluntish, variously serrated, tolerably even, not wrinkled or rugged. Whorls of numerous, nearly sessile flowers. Flower-stalks simple, round, purplish at the upper part, often quite smooth, sometimes va- riously hairy, the hairs scattered, slightly reflexed, always most abund'ant near the top, or crowded under the calyx, as is common in this genus. Bracteas lanceolate, small ; hairy be- neath. Calyx ^\\on, bell-shaped, slightly furrowed, covered w'ith resinous dots, and with longish, horizontally spreading, hairs. Cor. pale blueish purple, externally hairy. Stam. prominent in general, but not invariably; in y and ^ short. The peculiarly short bell-shaped calyx, with its horizontal hairs, clearly distinguish this species from all the foregoing. j3 is a larger more upright variety, with a sweetish smell, y, the prcecox of Sole, is also erect, with elliptical leaves, more shining and less evidently hairy ; ^ has the odour of Sweet Basil, which Mr. S. Dale's old original specimens still retain. In shape and characters it nearly agrees with the common kind. Jacquin's M. austriaca, Fl. Austr. t. 430, looks like a starved plant of Mr. Sole's prcecox, my y, but nothing certain can be made out from DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. Mentha. 87 the figure. M. lapponica, Wahlenb. Lapp. 161. t. 10, comes very near to prcecox. 12. M. agrestis. Rugged Field Mint. Flowers whorled. Leaves somewhat heart-shaped, strongly serrated, rugose. Stem erect. Calyx bell-shaped, covered all over with horizontal hairs. M. agrestis. Sole Menth. 33. t. 14. Comp. ed. 4. 101 . Engl. Bot, t'.SO. ^2120. M. arvensis e. Sm. Tr. of Linn, Soc, v. 5.213, 216. FL Br. 624. In corn-fields and neglected gardens. About the Mendip hills, Shepton-xMallet, and Frome, Somersetshire, abundantly. Mr. Sole. Very common in Sussex. Mr. Borrer. Perennial. August, September. Whether this be a distinct species or not, I will not dare to assert, nor do I know any person competent to decide the question. It has remained unchanged in my garden for 25 years, though almost naturalized, and frequently removed. It is a larger more hairy plant than M. arvensis, of a darker green, with an upright copiously branched stem, whose hairs are deflexed. Leaves ovate-heart-shaped, rugged, or somewhat plaited, coarsely ser- rated. Iiiflorescence,Jiower- stalks and calyx, as well as corolla, not materially different from the last, of which, if I were guided solely by my own principles, founded on the calyx and^oit-er- stalks, 1 should make it a variety. 13. M. Pulegiwn. Penny-royal. Flowers whorled. Leaves ovate. Stem prostrate. Flower- stalks and calyx all over downy; teeth fringed. M. Pulegium. Lin7i. Sp. PI.S07. Willd. v. 3. 82. Sm. Tr. of Linn. Soc.v. 5.216. FL Br. 624. Engl. Bot. v. 15. f. 1026. Hook. Scot. 181. Woodv. t.\7\. Sole Menth. 5\.t. 23. M. n.221. Hall. Hist. v.\. 97. Pulegium. Raii Syn. 235. How Phqt. 99. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. 256./. Fuchs. Hist. 198./. Briuif. Herb. v. 1. 227./. Matth. Valgr. V. 2. 65./ Camer. Epit. 471./ Riv.Monop. Irr. t.23. P. regium. Ger. Etn. 67\'J. Merr. Pin. 99. On wet commons, and about the margins of small brooks. Perennial. September. Much smaller than ai»y of the foregoing .species, with a strong, acrid, very peculiar smell, resembling Thymus Nepefa. The steins are somewhat procumbent, or quite prostrate, downy, bluntlv quadrangular, throwing out radicles here and there. Leaves scarcely iuilf an inch long, often much less, stalked, de- flexed, ovate, obtuse, with a few shallow unequal scrratures, 88 DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. Glechoma. full of pellucid dots, and a little hairy chiefly beneath. Whorls sessile, numerous, many-flowered, large in proportion to the foliage. Brae teas none. Flower-stalks puripWsh, doihed entirely with very short, dense, hoary pubescence. Cal. tubular, slender, nearly cylindrical, besprinkled with resinous dots, strongly rib- bed and furrowed, covered with very short, dense, prominent hairs ; the teeth unequal, sharp-pointed, fringed ; mouth closed with converging white hairs, as in Thymus. Cor. exernally hairy, light purple, occasionally white, exactly answering to the cha- racter of Mentha^ as well as the stamens. Penny-royal is a popular remedy for many obstructions, as well as for debility of the internal organs, being powerfully stimulant and tonic, but less grateful than Pepper Mint. 288. GLECHOMA. Ground-ivy. Linn, Gen. 291 . Juss. 113. Fl Br. 625. Lam. t.505. Cal, tubular, cylindrical, striated, permanent, with 5 point- ed, unequal, marginal teeth. Cor. ringent ; tube slender, compressed ; upper lip erect, obtuse, cloven half way down ; lower larger, in 3 spreading obtuse segments, the middle one broadest, cloven. Filam. under the upper lip. Anth. of each pair converging in the form of a cross. Germ, superior, small, four-cleft. Sti/le thread-shaped, curved under the upper lip. Stigma in 2 acute divisions. Seeds 4, ovate, in the bottom of the permanent calyx. A small genus, of perennial, downy, somewhat aromatic, herbs; with heart-shaped, crenate, or serrated, leaves, and axillary ^0W£?r5. 1. G. kederacea. Common Ground-ivy, Gill, or Ale- hoof. Leaves kidney-heart-shaped, crenate. G. hederacea. Linn. Sp. PI. 807. mild. v. 3. 85. Fl. Br.625. Engl Bot. V. 12. t. 853. Curt. Lond.fasc. 2. t. 44. Mart. Rust. t.6\. Woodv. t. 28. Hook. Scot. 181. FL Dan. t. 789. Bull. Fr. t.24]. Chamseclema n. 245. Hall. Hist.v.] . \07. Ch. vulgare. Vaill. Par. 33. t. 6.f. 4, 5, 6. Calamintha humilior, folio rotundiore. Rail Syn. 243. Hederaterrestris. Brunf.Herb.v.].\67.f. Ger.Em.8bQ.f. Matth. Falgr, V. 1 . 574./. Camer. Epit. 400, 401 ./, /. Riv. Monop. Irr.t.67.f.\,2. Chamsecissos. Trag,Hist.799.f. Fuchs. Hist. 876./. In dry shady places, by road sides and about hedge banks^ com- mon. DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. Lamium. 89 Perennial. April, May. Herb downy, with an agreeable fragrance. Roots creeping, with long leafy runners. Stems leafy, more or less ascending, un- branched, their hairs bent downwards. Leaves stalked, about an inch wide, bluntly crenate, veiny ; paler beneath, with abun- dance of small resinous dots, yielding an aromatic oil. FLhlae, with a white palate, about 6 in each whorl. Few perennial herbs vary so much in size j and hence authors have formerly made several species. The extremes may be seen in the plates of Rivinus and Vaillant. 289. LAMIUM. Dead-nettle. Linn. Gen. 292. Juss. 113. Fl. Br. 626. Sm. in Rees's Cycl.v. 20. Tourn.t.85, Lam. t. 506. Cal, tubular, dilated upwards, with 5 nearly equal, awned teeth, permanent. Cor. ringent ; tube cylindrical, short ; limb gaping ; throat inflated, compressed, gibbous, bor- dered at each side with one or more little reflexed teeth ; upper lip vaulted, roundish, obtuse, undivided or cloven ; lower shorter, inversely heart-shaped, notched, more or less reflexed. Filam. awl-shaped, covered by the upper lip. Anth. incumbent, oblong, bivalve, hairy. Genu, superior, four-cleft. Sti/le thread-shaped, of the length and situation of the stamens. Stigma in 2 acute spread- ing segments. Seeds 4, level-topped, short, triangular, convex at one side, abrupt at each end, in the bottom of the open-mouthed calyx. Perennial, or annual, European herbs, of which 20 species are described in the Cijclopcedia. Leaves heart-shaped, mostly serrated and downy. FL scentless, numerous, large, whorled, red, purplish, or white ; never yellow. 1. L. album. White Dead-nettle, or Archangel. Leaves heart-shaped, pointed, strongly serrated, hairy. Flowers about twenty in a whorl. Tube of the calyx shorter than its teeth. lj)per lip of the corolla notched; lateral teeth solitary, lanceolate. L. album. Lmn. Sp. Pl.mO. mild. v. 3. 88. H. Br. (VIC). Kufrl. But. V. W. I. 7GH. Curt. Land. fuse. 2. t. 45. Mart. Rust. t. 26. Hook. Scot. 181. Elirh. PL Off\ IQa. Fl. Dan. t. :>9 1. Bull. Fr. t.2\3. Rail Syn. 240. Ger. Em.702.f. L. n. 271. Hall. Hist.v. 1. 118. L. IMinii. Malfh. laifrr. r.2.473../: L. sive Archangelic-i, Horc albo. Lub. /c.520./. 90 DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. Lamium. Galeopsis. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 62. f. 1. In waste ground, the borders of fields, and by road sides, common. Perennial. May, June ; also September. Roof, creeping. Stems erect, 12 or 18 inches high, roughish with short deflexed hairs. Leaves deep green, unspotted, strongly serrated, stalked, veiny, hairy. Fl. large, white, rarely tinged with a blush-colour, hairy 3 lip cream-coloured. Anih. black. The herbage is scarcely eaten by cattle, and has a slightly fetid scent. The flowers abound with honey. 2. L. maculatwn. Spotted Dead-nettle. Leaves heart-shaped, pointed,^ strongly serrated, hairy. Flowers about ten in a whorl. Tube of the calyx curved, as long as its teeth. Upper lip of the corolla notched; lateral teeth solitary, bristle-shaped. L. maculatum. Linn. Sp. PI. 809. Willd. v.'S. 87. Cotnp. ed. 4. 102. Engl.Bot.v.36.t.2o50. Cyclop.n.5. Hook. Scot. \^\. Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. v. 3.393. Ehrh. PL Off. 426. Bauh. Pin. 231. L. n. 270. Hall. Hist. v. 1.118. L. purpureum foetidum, folio parvo, acuminato, flore majore. Pluk. Almag. 204. Phyt. t. 198./. 1. Urtica mortua alia divaricata, et guttatim dispersa. Column. EcpLr. 191. On banks in warm situations, rare ; perhaps a naturalized plant. In a lane nearRedland Court, not-far from Bristol. Mrs. Vaughan. Once found at Bayswater, near London. In woods in Scot- land, but rare. Mr. G. Don. Perennial. April. Habit like the preceding, from which however this species is truly distinct. The leaves are marked, either with a white central line, or with scattered white spots. FL crimson ; the lip beau- tifully speckled ; their lateral teeth slender. Cal. very unlike that of L. album ; the tube more slender and curved, as long as the teeth, which are also recurved and narrow, mostly purplish. Authors have greatly confounded the synonyms of this Lamium. Haller took it for the Icevigatum, and Pallas, more unaccount- ably, for the purpureum, of Linnseus. Rivinus did not distin- guish it, as a species, from album. As to blunders in compiling, quoting and copying, they are peculiarly numerous throughout its whole history. The editor of J. Bauhin's Hist., v. 3. 322, has actually given for this plant an old figure of the Almond, from Dorstenius, p. 24. Ours is the plant of Haller and Rivinus, the leaves being only slightly dotted. It scarcely seems specifically distinct from that with a white line. DIDYNAMIA-GYMNOSPERMIA. Lamium. 91 3. L. pjirpureum. Red Dead-nettle, or Archangel. Leaves heart-shaped, bluntish, unequally crenate, stalked; the upper ones crowded. Stem leafless in the middle. Calyx-teeth lanceolate. Tube of the corolla closed, near the bottom, with hairs. L. purpureum. Linn. Sp. PL 809. mild. v. 3. 88. Fl. Br. 627. Engl. Bot.v. W.t. 769. Curt. Lond.fasc. 1. t. 42. Mart. Rust. t.2b. Hook. Scot. \S2. FL Dan. t. 523. Ehrh. PLOf.436. L. n. 272. HalLHist.v. 1.118. L. rubrum. Rail Syn. 240. Ger.Em.TOS.f. Urtica non mordax, vulajaris foetens purpurea. Lob. Ic. 520./. Galeopsis purpurea. Dalech. Hist. 1248./. G. minor. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 62/. 2. /3. Lamium rubrum, foliis per ambitum nee serratis nee crenatis. Prof. Marty n Ms. In waste as well as cultivated ground every where. /3. Near Sudbury. Mr. Joseph Andrews. Annual. May. Root fibrous, slender, very tough. Whole plant but half the size of the first species. Stems weak, curved and reclining at the bottom, with a few short leafy branches ; then erect, rough- edged ; naked in the middle ; densely leafy at the top. Leaves stalked, deflexed, broadly heart-shaped, not pointed, unequally crenate, hairy, veiny, unpleasantly scented. FL many in each whorl, purplish-red, with 2 short teeth at each side, and a deeper-coloured spotted lip 3 the tube lined, just above its base, with a dense circle of hairs, first noticed by Mr. J. D. Sowerby, and delineated in Engl. Bot. 1. 1 933, at the bottom. Pollen the colour of red lead. )3 has the margins of the leaves quite entire ; but it seems a mere variety, and is certainly distinct from my L. ocyjni folium, R. Cy- clop, n. 14,'an American species, naturalized in Chelsea garden. 4. L. incisuin. Cut-leaved Dead-nettle, or Archangel. Leaves heart-shaped, dilated, stalked, irregularly cut; the upper ones crowded. Stem leafless in the middle. Tube of the corolla internally naked ; marginal teeth dilated, combined. L. incisum. U'llld. Sp. PL v. 3 89. Engl. Bot. v. 27. t. 1933. Comp. ed. 4. 1 02. Hook. Scot. 1 82. L. di.ssectum. Ji'ith.:>27. Hull \:V2. Si/w. ]:\(k L. purpureum ^. /'/. Br. 027. //»(/.v. 2,'»:). Rrlh. 231. L. rui)rum minus, foliis profunde incisis. Raii Syn. 240. Pluk. Almag.2()\. Phyt.t. \].J\3. Ballot e crispa major. Dalech. Hist. 1 253. f. 92 DIDYNAMIA—GYMNOSPERMIA. Galeopsis. Red Cut-leaved Archangel. Pet, H. Brit. t. 33./. 3. In cultivated or waste ground, with the preceding, but far less common. Frequent about Saxmundham, Suffolk. Annual. May. Like the last in habit, but rather smaller j the leaves deeply and irregularly cut. Corolla of a brighter red ; the bottom of the tube pervious and naked ; the marginal teeth broad, prominent and confluent. I conceive it to be, by these characters, which I have often verified, a truly distinct species, related to the fore- going, as well as to the following, but not a mule variety, as it ripens plenty of seeds. 5. L. amplexicaule. Great Henbit. Henbit Dead- nettle. Floral leaves sessile, kidney-shaped, obtuse, deeply crenate, partly lobed, clasping the stem. Teeth of the calyx li- near-awl-shaped, as long as its tube. L. amplexicaule. Xiww. % PZ.809. Willd.v.Z.^^. FLBr.627. Engl.Bot.vAl.t,770. Curt.Lond.fasc.2.t.46. Hook. Scot. 182. Fl. Dan. t.752. L. n.273. Hall. Hist. v.\.\\9. L. folio caulem ambiente, majus et minus. Raii Syn. 240. Galeopsis folio caulem ambiente, major et minor. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 63. Alsine Hederula altera. Ger. Em. 616./. Morsus Gallinag, folio hederulae, alter. Lob. Ic. 463. f. Ballote crlspa. Dalech. Hist. 1253. f. In sandy fields. Annual. February — June. Habit similar to the two last. Stems reclining, nearly smooth. Lower leaves stalked, heart-shaped, strongly crenate j upper sessile, surrounding the stem, broadly and deeply crenate, or lobed J all somewhat hairy. Fl. numerous, in sessile axillary whorls. Cal. very hairy, with long taper teeth. Cor. with a long slender tube 5 upper lip downy, of a beautiful crimson j lower paler, spotted ; lateral teeth simple and broad. Seeds dotted with white. The early^owers have an abortive corolla^ which never expands ; but their seeds are fertile. 290. GALEOPSIS. Hemp-nettle. Linn. Gen.292. Jmss. 1 14. Fl.Br.628. Lam. t. 506. Tetrahit. Dill. Gen. 103. ^.3, 4 E. Cal. tubular, with 5 spreading, spinous-tipped teeth, as long as the tube, permanent. Cor. ringent ; tube slender DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. Galeopsis. 93 at the base, dilated upwards into a wide throat, longer than the calyx, marked in front, at the base of the lower lip, with 2 prominences, hollow underneath ; upper lip roundish, vaulted, serrated at the extremity; lower in 3 deep lobes ; the lateral ones roun(Hsh ; the central one largest, cloven and notched. Filam. awl-shaped, covered by the upper lip. Antli. roundish, bivalve. Germ. superior, 4-lobed. Style thread-shaped, of the length and situation of the stamens. Stigma in 2 acute, spread- ing segments. Seeds 4, triangular, convex at the sum- mit, in the bottom of the rigid, spinous, open-mouthed calyx. Annual, hairy or finely downy, not aromatic, herbs, with branched u\-)Y\^t stems, serrated, ovate, or lanceolate, stalked leaves, and large, handsome, parti-coloured^otu^r^, numerously whorled. 1. G. Ladanum, Red Hemp-nettle. Stem not swelled below the joints. Leaves lanceolate, some- what serrated, hairy. Upper lip of the corolla slightly notched. G. Ladanum. Linn. Sp. PL 810. IVilld. i?. 3.91. FL Br. 628. Engl. Bot. V. 13 t. 884. Hook. Scot. 182. G. angustifolia. Ehrh. Herb. 137 ; the narrow-leaved variety. G. n.266. Hall. Hist. v.\.\\7. Sideritis arvensis rubra. Raii Sijn. 242. Ladanum segetum. Dalech. Hist. 443./. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 24. f. 1 . L. segetum, tiore rubro. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. 839./. Narrow Iron Wort. Pet. H. Brit. t. 33./. 11. /3. Calyx very hairy. Stem thickened upwards. With.52S; var. 2. In dry gravelly or chalky corn-fields, or on limestone rubbish. Annual. August, September. Root tvvisted, or zigzag, with many fibres. Stem a foot hii^h, erect, with several opposite brandies crossing each other in pairs, leafy, red, roughish with deflexed hairs, the interstices of an even tliick- ness tlnoughout. Leaves spreading, lanceolate, or somewhat ovate, hairy, distantly serrated ; sometimes partly entire, and almost linear ; furrowed on the upper side along the veins, which are prominent beneath. Fl. in dense whorls, the termi- nal whorl largest. ('«/. bell-shaped, variously hairy, often visc-id. Cor. rose-coloured, variegated with crimson and white j upper lip slightly crenate. The terminal /^ou'cr has sometimes 4 regular segments, wiih equal stamens, according to the He v. R. Forby. This species is remarkably variable in the foliage, anil in ti\e hniri- 94 DIDYNAMIA—GYMNOSPERMIA. Galeopsis. ness of the calyx. I can form no conclusive opinion of the sup- posed variety 3, vv^hich I have never seen. 2. G. villosa. Downy Hemp-nettle. Stem not swelled below the joints. Leaves ovate-lanceo- late, serrated, very soft and downy. Upper lip of the corolla deeply notched. G. villosa. Buds. 256. P/. Br. 629 . Engl. Bot. v. 33. t. 2353. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 10. 15. G. grandiflora. Willd. Sp. PL ?;. 3. 9 1 . fVith. 528. G. latifolia. Ehrh. Herh. \47. G. n. 267. Hall.Hist.v.\A\7. Betonica hirta. Huds. ed. 1. 220 ; not of Linnaeus. Sideritis arvensis latifolia hirsuta lutea. Rail Syn. 242. Ladanum segetum, folio latiore. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 24. f. 2. Yellow Iron Wort. Pet. H. Brit. t.33.f. 10. 13. Cannabis spuria, flore albo magno, staminibus luteis. Merr, Pin. 19. In sandy corn-fields, not common. Frequent in Yorkshire and Lancashire ; near Newark, Notting- hamshire 5 and about Bangor in Wales. Hudson, from whom I have a wild specimen. Annual. July, August. Larger and paler than the foregoing. Leaves ovate, all equally and regularly serrated, furrowed, clothed with a soft, velvet- like downiness, especially beneath, which distinguishes this species from every other. Cal. densely shaggy. Cor. large, of an elegant pale sulphur-colour, with a yellow palate, and blueish upper lip, which is cloven, and sharply notched. /3 seems but a slight variety. 3. G. Tetrahit. Common Hemp-nettle. Stem bristly ; swelled below the joints. Corolla twice the length of the calyx ; upper lip nearly straight. G. Tetrahit. Linn. Sp. PL 810. Willd. v. 3. 92. Fl. Br. 629. Engl. Bot. V. 3. t. 207. Hook. Scot.] S2. Fl. Dan. t. 1271. G. n. 268. Hall. Hist. y. 1. 1 17. Lamium cannabino folio vulgare. Rail Syn. 240. Cannabis spuria. Ger. Em. 709. f. Riv. Monop. Irr. t.Si. Urtica iners quarta. Dod. Pempt. 153./. In cultivated ground frequent. Annual. July, August. Stem 14- or 2 feet high, leafy, rough with copious, deflexed, very sharp, prickly bristles ; branches opposite, spreading widely } spaces between the joints, particularly the lower ones, much DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. Galeopsis. 95 swelled upwards. Leaves ovate, large, dark green, acute, coarsely serrated, closely hairy on both sides, strongly scented when bruised, but not aromatic. Ft. numerous, in many dense whorls. Cal. with long sharp teeth, and a bristly tube. Cor. about twice the length of the calyx ; tube slender, white ; upper lip nearly straight, but slightly convex, purple, crenate, not cloven ; lower about equally 3-lobed, variegated with white and purple, with dark lines in the middle. T\ie flowers vary somewhat in size and colour, being occasionally quite white. The terminal one of all is now and then regular, with 4 equal stamens, first observed in 1788, at Matlock, as re- corded in Linn. Fl. Lapp. ed. 2. 201 . 4. G. versicolor. Large-flowered Hemp- nettle. Bee Nettle. Stem bristly ; swelled below the joints. Corolla thrice the length of the calyx ; upper lip tumid ; middle lobe of the lower heart-shaped. G. versicolor. Curt. Lond.fasc. 6. t. 38. Fl. Br. 630. Engl. Bot. V. 10. t. 667. Hook. Scot. 182. Winch Guide v. 1.56. Purton v.3.565. G. cannabina. mild. Sp. PI. v. 3. 93. Pollich v. 2. 148. Fl. Dan. t. 929. G. Tetrahit /3. Linn. Sp. P/. 810. Light/. 310. Huds. $. 257. G. n. 269. Hall. Hist. V.]. 117. Lamium cannabino folio, flore amplo luteo, labio purpureo. Rail Syn.24\. L. cannabinum aculeatum, flore specioso luteo, labiis purpureis. Pluk. Alniag. 204. Phijt. t.4\.J.4; bad. Cannabis spuria, flore majore. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 32. C. spuria angustifolia, variegato flore. Barrel. Ic. t. 1 158. /3. Lamium cannabinum, floribusalbis, verticillis purpurascentibus. Rail Syn. 24\. y. Cannabis spuria, flore albo magno eleganti. Merr. Pin.lO. Dill, in Rail Syn. 240. In sandy corn-fields. Not rare in the north of England or in Norfolk. 1 have observed it also at Moftat and near Edinburgh ; as Sir T. G. Cullum did very abundantly at (irotna green. Annual. Juhj, August. Like the last in general habit, but with paler and broader leaves. Fl. much larger, yellow, with red or orange marks on the pa- late, the 2 protuberances in front mucii more considerable j the middle segment of the k)wer lip inversely heart-shaped, |)urple, bordered with white ; uj)j)er lip broad, co erect, ovate, concave, notched ; lower 3-lobed, obtuse, the cen- tral lobe largest, cloven. Filarn. awl-shaped, directed towards the upper lip, which extends a httle beyond them. Anth. oblong, of 2 spreading valves. Germ, small, 4-lobed. Style thread-shaped, of the length and situa- tion of die stamens. Stigma cloven, slender. Seeds 4, ovate, in the bottom of the somewhat hardened calyx. Herbaceous, downy, fetid. Leaves ovate or heart-shaped, serrated, or lobed. Fl. numerous, purplish, or white, in dense, stalked, bracteated iv/iorls. Some of the foreign species are doubtful as to their generic character. 1. B. nigra. Stinking Black Horehound. Leaves ovate, undivided, serrated. Calyx funnel-shaped, . abru})t, w^ith short spreading teeth. B. nigra. Linn. Sp. PL ed. 1. 582. Fl. Dr. 635. Engl. Bat. v. 1. f.4G. nuds.260. mt/i.533. Relh.234. Sibth.\S7. Mbot 131. Hook. Scot. 184. Bull. Fr. ^397. Mentha aquaticn. Fl. Dan. t. 073 ! Ballotte. naiiS,jn.2\A. Ballote. Fucks. Uist.\:)\.f. Math, f'algr. v.2. ]^0.f. Tourn. Inst. 18.*). t. 8;'). Trti//. Par. 20. Marrubium nigrum. Ger. Em.70\. j. M. vulgare. C7//.s. Hist. v. 2.34./. Stinking Horehound. Pet. //. Brit. t. 32./. 4. /3. Balluta all).!. Linn. S/,. PI. ed. 2. S\4. Fl. Suec.20C}. B. nigra (o. Ilnds. 2(i0. With. 533. Relh. 235. B. flore albo. Tvmn. Inst. IS.->. raill. Par. 20. Ballote. Camer. Fpit. 572./ About hedges and waste places common. 102 DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. Marrubium. /3. Near Hammersmith. Mr. Woodward. At Stafford. Dr. Stokes. At Weston-supra-mare, Somersetshire. Mr. Lightfoofs herba- riinii. Between Norwich and Hellesdon. Perennial. July, August. Whole herb finely hairy or downy, of a greyish green, with a pe- culiar puno:ent and disagreeable scent. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, erect, branched, leafy, clothed with recurved hairs. Leaves stalked, an inch or more in length, ovate, or slightly heart- shaped, strongly and nearly equally serrated. Whorls all axillary, many-flowered, stalked, compound, bracteated, often accom- panied by small leaves. Bracteas bristle-shaped, shorter than the calyx, fringed. Cal. cylindrical, hairy, with 10 furrows and as many ribs j the upper part dilated and funnel-shaped, with 5 very short, abrupt, veiny, marginal lobes or teeth, each tipped with a small spreading bristly point. Cor. dull purple, in (5 white ; upper lip cloven, vaulted, externally clothed with white hairs, more or less converging into a pointed tuft ; lower 3- lobed, marked with white veins, the central lobe inversely heart- shaped . Our plant is the original B. tiigra of Linnseus, and of most authors j though this great botanist, in the 2d edition of his Sp. PL, as well as in the Flora Suecica, has confounded with it another species, indigenous likewise to Sweden, but distinguished by the elongated, lanceolate, tapering shape of its calyx- teeth, and the more unequal serratures of its leaves. This latter is given as B. nigra in Ehrhart's PL Off. 456, and is certainly the Marru- biastrum of Rivinus, Monop. Irr. t. 65./. 1 . It appears moreover to be the Balloten. 259 of Haller, who, under his white variety, remarks that the calyx is not abrupt. I have met with no traces of this species in Britain, the error of Linneeus having caused some inaccuracy in the account given in Engl. Bot. 295. MARRUBIUM. White Horehound. Linn. Gen. 294. Juss. 1 1 4. FL Br. 636. Tourn. t.9\. Lam. L 508. CaL tubular, funnel-shaped, with 10 furrows, permanent and finally hardened; limb spreading, regular, with 10, in some species but 5, narrow teeth. Cor. ringent; tube cyhndrical ; throat elongated, tubular ; limb spreading^ ; upper lip erect, linear, in 2 acute lobes ; lower broadest, reflexed, in 3 deep lobes, the lateral ones acute, the mid- dle one largest and cloven. Filam. much shorter than the corolla, sheltered under the upper lip. Aiith. small, oblong. Germ, rounded, 4^-lobed. Style thread- shaped, as long as the stamens. Stigma cloven, acute. Seeds 4, elliptic-oblong, in the bottom of the hardened calyx, which is contracted at the orifice. DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA. Leonurus. 103 Herbaceous, branched ; downy, or somewhat woolly ; aro- matic or bitter. Leaves stalked, veiny, bluntly serrated, undivided. Fl. numerous, white or purplish, in dense axillary Xiohorls. 1. M. vidgare. Common White Horehound. Calyx-teeth ten, bristle-shaped, hocfked backwards. Leaves roundish-ovate, unequally serrated. M. vulgare. Linn, Sp. PL 816: mild. t;. 3. 1 1 1 . FL Br. 636. Engl Bot.v.Q.t.'WO. lVoodv.t.97. Hook. Scot. 184. FLDan. /. 1036. BulLFr. t. \6d. M.n. 258. Hall. Hist. V. 1.113. M. album. Raii Syn. 239. -Rif. Monop. Irr. t. 66. f. 1 . Marrubium, Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 182. f. Camer. Epit.D73.f. Fuchs. HisL 590./. Brunf. Herb. v. \. 159./. In dry waste ground, by road sides, and on commons. Perennial. July. Stem bushy, branching from the bottom, bluntly quadrangular, leafy, clothed with fine woolly pubescence. Leaves on longish stalks, except the upper ones, which are nearly sessile ; their shape and size, as well as the degree of their woolliness, va- rious ; their surfaces wrinkled and veiny. Fl. white, in dense convex whorls. Calyx-teeth rigid, recurved at the point, all spreading J the 5 alternate ones smallest 3 orifice of the tube hairy. The whole herb has a white or hoary aspect, and a very bitter, not unpleasantly aromatic, flavour. Its extract is a popular remedy for coughs and asthmatic com])laints. Clusius, Gerarde and Lobel give, for this plant, a figure with a vaulted corolla, which has been too incautiously copied and quoted. 296. LEONURUS. Motherwort. Linn. den. 295. Juss. 1 11. FL Br. 637. Lam. t. 509. Tourn. t 87. Cardiaca. Tourn. t. 87. Ccd. funnel-shaped, with 5 })rominent angles, and 5 sharp spreading teeth, permanent. Cor. ringent ; not above twice the length of the calyx ; tube short, cylindrical, narrow; throat longish, but little dilated; limb spread- ing; upper lip longest, concave, ])rotul)erant, rounded and undivided at the summit, shaggy; lower reflexed, in 3 deep, lanceolate, undivided, smooth, nearly equal lobes. Filam. much shorter than the corolla, sheltered under the upper lip. Aiif/i. roundish-oblong, attached l)v the back, incumbent, clothed in an early state with lOlDIDYNAMlA— GYMNOSPERMIA.Clinopodiuni. minute, globular, solid, shining granulations, and soon bursting in front into 2 cells. Gerin. 4-lobed, abrupt. Style thread-sliaped, incurved. Stigma of two acute spreading segments. Seeds 4-, quadrangular, abrupt, hairy, in the tube of the slightly hardened, strongly vein- ed calyx. Herbaceous, erect, smooth or somewhat downy, rather bitter than aromatic, with numerous, stalked, lobed or cut leaves, and very copious whorls of shaggy purplish Jlowers. ]. L. Cardiaca. Common Motherwort. Upper leaves lanceolate, either three-lobed or undivided. L. Cardiaca. Liun.Sp PL 817. mild. v. 3. 114. Fl. Br. 637. Engl Bot. V. A. t. 286. Hook. Scot. 184. Fl. Dan. t. 727. Bull. Fr.t.273. Ehrh.Pl.Of.347. Cardiaca. Rail Syn. 239. Ger. Em.705. f. Dorsten. Bot. 65.f. Fuchs. Hist. 395./. Matth. Valgr.v. 2. 472./. Camer. EjAt. 864 f. Riv. Monop Irr. t.20.J. 1. C. n.274. Hall. Hist. v.\.\]9. Galeopsis urticis similis. Brunf. Herb. v. I. 155./ 158. About hedges, on a gravelly or calcareous soil. In Selsey island, Sussex ; and between Tickhill, Yorkshire, and Worksop. Hudson. Monmouthshire. Lighifoot in his herbarium. In a lane near Combe wood, Surrey. Mr. Sowerby. In several parts of Norfolk and Suffolk, as about Norwich, Bungay, and at Cove near Beccles. Perennial. July, August. Herb bitter, with a pungent disagreeable smell. Stems 2 or 3 feet high, wand -like, minutely downy, acutely quadrangular, with intermediate channels, purplish, beset with very numerous pairs of long-stalked, dark green, somewhat downy leaves ; the low- ermost broadest, and deeply jagged ; upper ones acutely three- lobed ; those about the summit lanceolate and undivided. Whorls numerous, axillary, many-flov,'ered. Calyx rigid and pungent. Cor. purplish • the upper lip clothed with dense, white, shaggy, upright hairs ; lower deeper coloured, variegated, smooth, in 3 nearly equal, entire lobes. The reputed tonic powers of this herb, or its use in palpitations of the heart, or in tliat disease of the stomach called heart- burn, are now little regarded. Yet hence originated its old ap- pellation of Cardiaca. 297. CLINOPODIUM. Wild Basil. Linn. Gen. 296. Jiiss. 1 15. Fl. Br. 638. Tourn. t. 52. Lnm. t.bW. DIDYXAMIA-GYMNOSPERMIA.Clinopc(Iiuni.]05 Involucrum of numerous taper leaves, under the flowers, nearly equal to the calyx in length, permanent. Cal. tu- bular, many-ribbed, slightly curved, two-lipped ; upper lip broadest, ascending, in 3 deep acute equal segments; low^er longest, incurved, in 2 deep slender segments ; throat closed with converging hairs. Cor. ringent; tube cylindricnl, rather short ; throat longer and wider; up- per hp erect, concave, obtuse, slightly cloven ; lower in 3 deep segments, the middle one very broad, notched. Filam. all directed to the upper lip, cyKndrical, converg- ing, shorter than the corolla. Anfh. two-lobed, each pair meeting so as to Ibrm a cross. Germ, four-lobed, small. Style thread-shaped, equal to the stamens. *S7/^- ma in 2 pointed lobes. Seeds 4, ovate, in the bottom of the closed tumid calyx. Slightly aromatic herbs, with undivided leaves^ and com- pound, stalked, hairy, axillary and terminal xschorh of hght-purplish y?otirr5. This genus is distinguished from Thymus merely by the concavity of the upper lip of the corolla^ which is very slight, and by the presence of anjnvoliicrum^ which is not really a part of the fructification. As the species are few, they might perhaps be referred to Thymus. 1. C. viflgare. Common ^Vild Basil. Whorls bristly. Involucral leaves awl-shaped. Flower- stalks branched. Leaves obscurely serrated. C. vulgare. Linn. Sp. PL 82 I . M'ilUL r. 3. 1 3 1 . Fl. Br. 63S. En^l. But. V. 20. t.\AO\. Hook. Scot. 1 84. Fl. Dan. t. 930. Matlli. ralgr.v.2. \G9.f. C. n.23'J. Ilall.iUst.v. 1. 104. V,. origano simile. Bauh. Fin. 22 \. Rdii Si/n.239. (Jlino])Ociium. L'ann'r. Fj)it. JG'o.f. Riv. Monop. Irr. (. 13./. I. Acynos, (jfr. Fui. f)7i>.f. Acinos. Loh. Ir. .')04./. In bushy places, about hedges, niul by road sides, on a gravellv or chalky soil. Perennial. An\. Nat. Ord. see //. .'JO.'J. C'r//. tul)ular, (•yiindrical, rll)l)r(l, prrmanont : the margin 122 DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA. Euphrasia. in 4 deep, equal, pointed teeth. Co7\ ringent, open ; tube the length of the calyx, cylindrical ; throat short, some- what wider ; limb variable in size ; its upper lip slightly concave, with several notches ; lower spreading, in 3 deep, more or less unec^ual, obtuse, cloven, or inversely heart- shaped, lobes. Filam. thread-shaped, directed towards the upper lip. Antk. mcumbent, large, of 2 roundish lobes pointed at their base, the points of the lower an- thers elongated into straight bristly spines, of unequal lengths. Germ, ovate. St2/le thread-shaped, as long as the stamens. Stigma obtuse, undivided. Caps, oblong, obtuse, compressed, of 2 cells and 2 membranous valves. Seeds several, minute, elliptic-oblong, compressed, nu- merously furrowed longitudinally at each side. Branched herbs of humble growth, smooth or downy, not aromatic. Leaves opposite, sessile, either ovate and ser- rated, or linear and entire. Fl. in leafy spikes, nume- rous, either variegated or yellow. 1. E. officinalis. Common Eye-bright. Leaves ovate, furrowed, sharply toothed. E. officinalis. Lmw.%P/. 841. mZW.f.3. 193. FLBr.650. Engl. Bot. V. 20. f. 141 6. Curt. Lond.fasc. 5. t. 42. Woodv. suppl. t. 220. Hook. Scot. 1 86. Bull. Fr. t. 233. E. n. 303. Hall. Hist. v. \. 133. Euphrasia. Rail Syn. *2S4. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 90. f. \. Fuchs. Hist.246.f. Ic.\37.f. Trag. Hist.32S.f. Ger. Em.663.f. Lob. Ic. 496./. Euphragia. Matth. Valgr.v.2.369.f. Carrier. Epit.767.f. On heaths, and in mountainous pastures, abundantly. Annual. July — September. An elegant little plant, varying in height from one inch to 4 or 5, with a square, downy, leafy stem, either simple or branched. Leaves i or | an inch long, almost entirely opposite, ovate or heart-shaped, downy, strongly ribbed and furrowed, with sharp tooth-like serratures. Fl. axillary, solitary, very abundant, in- odorous, but remarkable for their brilliant variegated aspect, on which account, it seems, the plant became celebrated as good for weak eyes. The corolla varies much in size as well as co- lour, being commonly white, with deep purple streaks, and a yellowish palate j the anthers violet. On the mountains of Scotland there is a more slender variety, with smaller but more richly tinted blossoms ; on the Alps a dwarf, large-flowered, more purple variety is common. The seeds are few, somewhat angular, thin at the edges, strongly striated, or furrowed, at the sides. DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA. Melampyrum. 123 306. MELAiMPYRUM. Cow-wheat. Linn. Gen. 305. Juss. 101 . Fl. Br. 651. Toiirn. t. 78. Lam. t.DlS. Gccrtn.t.DS. Nat. Ord. see the 3 preceding genera. Cat. tiihular, permanent ; the border in 4 deep, straight, unequal, rather long and narrow segments. Co?', rin- gent, moderately gaping ; tube oblong, curved ; throat a little dilated, compressed; upper lip vaulted, com- pressed, notched, with a narrow, reflexed border at each side ; lower flattish, slightly plaited, with 2 protu- berances on the palate, direct, as long as the upper, di- vided half way into 3 nearly equal, obtuse segments. Fi- ■ lain, from the throat, awl-shaped, shortish, incurved, meeting under the upper lip. Anth. converging, oblong, each of 2 oblong pointed lobes. Germ, ovate, pointed. Style thread-shaped, inclosed in the corolla. Stigma de- flexed, obtuse. Caps, oblong, obliquely pointed, rather compressed, bat tumid; its upper edge convex; lower straight ; of 2 cells and 2 valves, bursting at the upper margin ; the partitions transverse, narrow. Seeds 2 in each cell, smooth, ovate-oblong, tumid, obtuse, attached, by a short, thick, spongy stalk, to the base of the parti- tions. Branched, sjireading, annual, nearly smooth /lerbs, 12 or 18 inches high, with bluntly (quadrangular ste?}is ; opposite, entire leaves ; and handsome bracteated spi/i-es of yellow and purple Jloivers ; the bracteas pointed, elegantly tooth- ed, and variously coloured. The seeds are, without doubt, naturally 2 in each cell, and resemble grains of wheat. All the s})ecies turn black in drying. Tiiis genus and its nearest allies are admirably distinguish- ed by their seeds, and to make a natural order of 3/<7r/w- jpyracecc on account of any peculiarity in tha fruit or seed, which is only indicative of a generic distinction, appears to me not judicious. 1. W. crisfatinn. Crested Cow-wheat. Spikes (juadrangular. Hracteas heart-sha})e(l, closely im- bricated, finely toothed. M. cristutum. Linn. Sp. Fl. 842. fVi/hl. v. li. I 97. /•/. Ih: 65 1 . Engl. Bot. V. 1 . /. 4 1. Riv. Monnp. Irr. t. S 1 ./. 2. M. n. ;ni. Hall. Hist. V. 1. I.'UJ. M. cristatum, flore albo et pur])urco. Raii Syn. *2H6. Bdiih. Hist. V. 3. p. 2. 1 10../: Moris, v. .'3. 429. sect. \].f. 23./. 2. 124 DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA. Melampyrum. M. angustifolium cristatum, spica quadrata, floribus ex luteo pal- lescentibus, nostras. Phik. Almag. 245. Phijt. ^ 99./. 2. Crested Cow-wheat. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 36. f. 10. In woods and thickets ; sometimes in corn-fields. Plentiful in Cambridgeshire and Bedfordshire. Huds. In Maple- bush lane, Gressenhall, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe. Abundantly in Ripton wood Huntingdonshire. Mr. Woodward. Annual. July. Stein leafy, with wide-spreading branches, roughish to the touch. Leaves long and narrow, almost linear, rough-edged, U or 2 inches in length. Spikes solitary, terminal, with close, pecti- nated, purplish bracteas, each tipped with a green leafy point. FL rather small, not quite closed, variegated with cream-colour and light purple ; the palate yellow. Cal. with lanceolate teeth, none of them longer than the tube, all minutely fringed, as are likewise the teeth of the bracteas. Anth. of a dark dull purple. Caps, crescent-shaped, thin, compressed, with 2 large seeds in each cell. 2. M. arvense. Purple Cow- wheat. Spikes conical. Bracteas lax, lanceolate, pinnatifid. Calyx- teeth longer than the tube. Corolla closed. M. arvense. Linn. Sp. PL 842. Willd. v. 3. 198. Fl. Br. 652. Engl. Bot. v.\.t.53. Hook. Lond. t. 63. Dicks. Dr. PL 74. FL Dan. t.9\\. Riv. Monop. Irr. L 80. M. n. 310. HalLHist.v.\.\36. M. purpurascente coma. Bauh. Pin. 234. DHL in Raii Syn.*286. Moris. V. 3. 428. sect. W.t. 23. f. 1 . M. multis, sive Triticum vaccinum. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. 439./. M. caeruleum. Ger. Em. 90. /. Triticum vaccinum. Trag. Hist. 663. f. Dalech.Hist.4\9.f. Braun Fleyschbliim. Brunf. Herb.v.2. 54./. Parietaria sylvestris tertia. Cliis. Hist. v. 2. 45./. In corn-fields on alight soil. Near Lycham, Norfolk. Sherard. In the common field at Sporle in the same county, especially among wheat. Rev. Mr. Edwards, and Rev. J. S. Watts. At Swardeston and Keswick. Mr. Crowe; also at Costesy and Bixley ; all near Norwich. Annual. July. Stem 1-1- or 2 feet high, purplish, acutely quadrangular j the branches more upright than in the foregoing. Leaves lanceolate, rough- edged, a little downy on both sides ; one or two of the upper pairs sometimes pinnatifid at the base. Spikes \orig, many- flowered, ^rac^eas loosely spreading, deeply pectinated or pin- natifid ; the upper ones entirely, and the lower partially, co- loured of a delicate purplish rose-colour. FL large, about as long as the bracteas, without scent. Segments of the calyx pe- DIDYNAMIA-ANGIOSPERMIA. Melarnpyrum. 125 culiarly long and linear, coloured like the bracteas. Cor. closed, yellow ; the lips variegated with rose-colour and purple. Seeds 2 in each cell, though often bv abortion solitary ; hence "h.e ac- curate John Bauhin describes 2 or 3 in itix'ih capsule. They re- semble grains of wheat in shape and colour. This is one of our most beautiful wild plants. It will grow from fresh seed in a dry garden, and is well worthy of cultivation. The late Mr. Watts observed, that whenever the field at Sporle was cropped with wheat, but not otherwise, this Melarnpyrum might be found in abundance. At Costesy it is more constant, not only in the fields, but, as Dr. Hooker remarks, "on the dry banks which border them." M. harbatum of Willdenow seems well distinguished by its gaping yellow^ou^er^, indepen- dent of the green bracteas. 3. M. pratense. Common Yellow Cow-wheat. Flowers axillary, in partly distant pairs, turned to one side. Corolla closed ; lip direct. Upper floral leaves toothed at the base. M. pratense. Linn. Sp. PI 843. Willd. v. 3.1 99. FL Br. 652. Engl.Bot.v.2.t. 113. With.bAD. Lightf.324. Hook. Scot. \87. M. sylvaticum. Huds.270. Wade Dubl. 168. Riv. Monop. Irr. t.Sl.f. 1. M. n.308. Hall. Hist. V. 1. 135. M. sylvaticum flore luteo, sive Satureia lutea sylvestris. Rail Syn. *286. Bauh Hist. v. 3. p. 2. U\. M, luteum latifolium. Bauh. Pin. 234 j not 243, as in Willdenow, copied from LinncBus. Parietaria sylvestris sccunda. Clus. Hist. v. 2.44./. Crataeogonon. Lob Ic.36.f. C. album. Ger. Em. 91. Common Cow-wheat. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 36./. 9. /S. Melampyrum latifolium, flore albo, labio inferiore duabus ma- culis luteis distincto. Tourn. Par. 492. Dill, in Raii Si/n. *286. M. pratense. Huds. 270. Fre(juent in woods and bushy places, especially on a clay or loamy soil. /3. In the wood by Dr. Richardson's house at North Bierley, York- shire. DUlenius. Annual Jnli/, Aui^ust. Stem smooth, with several wide-sj)reading branches, so as to be frequently almost dei umbent. Leaves bright green, lanceolate, taper-pointed, smooth, or roughish at th^ edges only, entire, except those ihat accompany the flowers, which are more or less toothed at the base, and sometimes dee|)ly pinnatifid, with •very narrow segments, partaking much of tlie bracteas of the last species, and like them occasionally coloured ; but they arc 126 DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA. Lathrsea. not so much crowded into a spike. Fl. axillary, solitary, oppo- site, turned in pairs to one side. Cal. bell-shaped, with teeth of its own length. Cor. pale at the base 3 deep yellow towards the summit, with a purple spot at each side of the mouth, which is closed, not gaping, the lower lip prominent and straight, not deflexed ; palate elevated, orange-coloured. Caps, with a curved point. Seeds 2 in each cell. Cows are reported to be fond of this plant, and Linnaeus says the best and yellowest butter is made where it abounds. ^ is given but as a variety by Dillenius himself, and Vaillant was of the same opinion. It seems to differ only in having paler flowers. 4. M. sylvaticunu Wood Cow- wheat. Flowers axillary, in distant pairs, turned to one side. Co- rolla gaping ; lip deflexed. Leaves nearly all entire. M. sylvaticum. Linn. Sp. PL 843. Willd. v. 3. 1 99 FL Br. 653. EngLBotv.l2.tS04. Lightf. 32^. Hook. Scot.] S7. Fl. Dan. t.\45. M.n.307. HalLHist.v.X.Ub. In alpine woods, especially in forests of fir. By the road side going from Taymouth to the hermitage, July, 1 775. Mr. Lightfoot, in his herbarium. At Wick Clifts ; Mr. Swayne. With. Near Middleton in Teesdale, Durham. Rev. Mr. Harris man and Mr. E. Robson. Not uncommon in Scotland. Hooker. Annual, July, August. This agrees with the last in general habit, but is rather smaller, especially the Jlowers. The stem is roughish. Leaves broader, less apt to turn black in drying, all of them generally quite en- tire, as well as equidistant, each pair from the bottom of the branch u))wards, being accompanied by a pair o( Jiowers, less decidedly turned to one side, and by no means crowded into spikes. Segments of the calyx lanceolate, longer than the tube. Cor. half the size of the preceding, deep yellow, with some orange or red spots about the mouth, which is open, not closed ; the lower lip pointing downwards ; upper elevated. Capsule less pointed -, the valves reticulated with prominent veins. Seeds sometimes solitary in each cell, but mostly in pairs. 307. LATHRiEA. Tooth-wort. Linn.Gen.305. Juss. 102. FLBr.654. Lam. 1.551. Gcjertn.t. 52. Clandestina. Tourn. t. 424. Nat. Ord. see w. 303 — 306. Orobanchece of Richard. Hook. Scot. 222. CaL bell-shaped ; border in 4 deep, upright, nearly equal, permanent segments. Cor. ringent ; tube as long as the calyx, or longer ; limb tumid ; upper lip vaulted, acute, DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA. Lathrsea. 127 cloven or entire ; lower smaller, spreading, obtuse. Nect, a notched, depressed, fleshy gland, proceeding from the receptacle^ at the lower side of the germen. Filam. awl- shaped, shorter than the corolla, concealed by its upper lip. Anth. converging, obtuse, their lobes pointed be- neath. Germ, roundish, compressed. Style cylindrical, scarcely the length of the corolla. Stigma abrupt, notched, deflexed. Caps, roundish, obtuse, with a point, of one cell and two membranous elastic valves, invested with the enlarged inflated calyx. Seeds numerous, roundish, rough, attached to a spongy, longitudinal, double recep- tacle^ in the centre of each valve. Perennial, succulent, parasitical, \)^\Y\({ herbs, partly subter- raneous, growing either immersed in crumbling vegetable mould, or among decayed leaves, at the roots of trees. Leaves thick, loosely imbricated, whitish, entire. Fl. ax- illary, either corymbose, or forming a leafy cluster, always above ground, purplish, or white, erect or drooping. 1. L. Scpiamaria. Greater Tooth-wort. Flowering branches erect, simple. Flowers axillary, uni- lateral, pendulous ; lower lip in three lobes; upper cloven. L. Squamaria. Linn. Sp. PL 844. M'illd. v. 3. 201. FL Br. 654. EngL Dot. V. 1. t. oO. Dicks. H. Sice. fasc. 10. 13. Hook. Scot. 187. FLDan.t.\36. Squamaria. Riv. Monop. Trr. t. 89./. 2. S. n.297. HalLIIist.v.lA'SO. Anblatum. Cord. Hist. 89. 2. /. A. Cordi, sive Aphyllon. Raii Si/n. ^ 288. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 783./. Dlmi taria. Mattli . Valgr. y . 2 . 3 1 3 . /. D. major, Oimer. Epit. 705./ D. major Matthioli. Ger. Eni. 1585./ Blackstone 23. Orobanche radice dentata major et minor. Rudb. Elys. r. 2. 230. /■7,S. O. radice squammata, foliis rotundis, flore pendente et suaveru- bente Funboinsis. Ibid. 234. f. 17. O. radice dentata, altius radicata, foliis et floribus albo-purpurois. Mentz. FugilL t.'S. Moris, v. 3.503. sect. 12. t. ]C). f.\\ ■ see alsof.W.' In dry shady places, mostly at the roots of hazels or elms. In several ])arls of Kent. Rai/, Dickson. In a shadv lane near Harefield, Middlesex, j)lentifully. Uhickstonv. Westmoreland. Huds. At Kxlon. near Stamford. Fjirl of (iainsboroiigh. In Newburgh woods, Yorkshire. Rev. Arciidcacon Fcirson. Under high rocks behind Saxton's bath house, Matlock. Rev. //'. /'. Drake. In St. Catharine's wood, Dublin. JFttde PL Rar. Hib. 4S. ..J 128 DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA. Pedicularis. Perennial. Jpril. Lower part of the stem immersed in loose earth, or dead leaves, branched, spreading, densely leafy, round, smooth, whitish ; flow- ering branches terminal, solitary, erect, 4 or 5 inches high, round, a little hairy, purplish, unbianched, leafy, many-flowered. Leare5 ovate, thick, juicy, entire, smooth, cream-coloured; closely imbricated on the lower part of the stem ; more loosely on the flowering branches. Fl. axillary, solitary, stalked, drooping, rather longer than the leaves. 'Cal. of the hue and texture of the leaves 5 hairy at the base; segments smooth, incurved, the 2 uppermost largest. Cor. of a pale dull purple, with a white tube, about as long as the limb ; upper lip deeply cloven. Anth. large, hairy. Caps, large, thin, crowned by the withered style, and invested with the permanent calyx. The analogy of the preceding genus helps us to understand the herbage of this singular plant, and proves what is usually taken for roots to be a partly subterraneous ste7n. The real root is, I believe, fibrous and parasitical. The Jloral leaves agree with the rest, as in Melampyrum sylvaticum. L. Clandestina has also ax- \\[2iXY flowers, from a subterraneous herbage. 308. PEDICULARIS. Louse-wort, or Red Rattle. Linn. Gen. 307. Juss. 101. FL Br. 655. Tourn. t. 77. f. A, D, E, H— L. Lam. t.b\7. Gcertn. t. 53. Nat. Ord. see ji. 303—306. Cal. with a roundish-ovate, tumid, but somewhat compressed, tube; the border in 5, sometimes only 2, unequal, leafy, more or less defined, jagged segments. Cor. ringent ; tube oblong, unequal; upper lip "narrowest, erect, vaulted, compressed, notched ; lower dilated, flat, in 3 deep obtuse lobes, the central one narrowest. Nect. a gland under the germen. Filam. thread-shaped, concealed by the upper lip. Afith. incumbent, 2-lobed, acute at the lower part, compressed. Germ, ovate. Sti/le thread-shaped, longer than the stamens. Stigma simple, deflexed. Caps, oblong, or ovate, pointed, oblique, of 2 cells and 2 valves, bursting at the summit, the partitions from the centre of each valve. Seeds few, angular, pointed, attached to a roundish receptacle, at the base between the partitions. A numerous and handsome, chiefly alpine, genus, of which we have only two species in Britain. The whole are in general perennial, herbaceous, erect, or ascending, with variously pinnatifid or pinnate, rather bluntly toothed, leaves, and red, purple, or partly yellow, elegantjlowers. They are mostly of an acrid quality, not acceptable to DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA. Pedicularis. 129 domestic cattle, and turn black in drying. Sheep are said to become scabby after feeding for a short time on P. sylvatica^ whence the name seems to have originated. Goats eat the various species, as they do, generally the most acrid plants. 1. V, palustris. Marsh Louse*wort. Tall Red Rattle. Stem solitar}', branched. Calyx ovate, hairy, ribbed, in two unequally notched lobes. P. pnlustris. Linn. Sp. PI. 845. fVilld. v. 3. 202. FL Br. 655. Engl. Bot. V. e. t. 399. Hook. Scot. 187. Bull. Fr. 1. 129. P. n. 320. Hall. Hist. V. 1. 139. P. palustr'iK rubra elatior. Rail Sijn. *284. Pedicularis. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 92./. 1, Tall Red Rattle. Peliv. H. Brit. t. 36./. 3. In marshes and bogfgy meadows. Perennial r June, July. Root small, by some said to be annual. Stern solitary, erect, 12 or 15 inches high, leafy, angular, a little downy, with many la- teral, spreading, opposite branches. Leaves partly opposite, partly scattered, stalked, smooth, bright green, doubly pinna- tifid ; the segments obtuse, bluntly notched, various in breadth. Fl. axillary, op])Osite, solitary, nearly sessile, of an elegant crim- son, darker in the upper li]), without scent ; lower lip minutely - fringed. Cal. with 2 principal lobes, variously notched. 2. P. syhatica. Pasture Lonse-vvort. Dwarf Red Rattle. Stems several, spreading, simple. Calyx oblong, angular, smooth, in five unequal notched segments. P. sylvatica. Linn. Sp. PI. S45. mild. v. 3. 203. Fl. Br. 656. Eriirl. Bot. V. 6. t. 400. Hook. Scot. 188. Fl. Dan. t. 225. P. n.321. Hall. Hist.v. 1. 139. P. pratensis rubra vulgaris. Raii Si/n. *284. P. pratensis purpurea. Bauh. Pin. 163. P. minor. Riv. Monop. Jrr. t. 92. f. 2. Pedicularis. Gcr. Em. 1 07 1 ./. Lob. Ic 748./. Fistularia. Doth Pempt. 556. f. Common Red Rattle. Petiv. H. Brit. /. 36./ 4. In moist, heathy, rather mountainous, pastures, frequent. Perennial. June, July. Of a more humble stature than the preceding, with several, spread- ing or recumbent, unbranched .s7em.s, from a large, fleshy, ta- pering, subdivided root, which Mr. Purton marks annual, as Ray does that of both our species. The present has no appear- ance of being so Ij'oi'ps alternate, doubly pinnatifid and notch- vor,. rii. '^ ISO DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA. Antirrhinum. ed J radical ones ovate, undivided, crenate, recurved. Fl. of a more uniform rose-colour than the last ; the lobes of their lower lip not fringed, Cal. more oblong and tubular, with 4 larger angles, and as many intermediate smaller ones ; the margin un- equally cut into 5 notched segments. Unquestionably a most distinct species, though Willdenow expresses some doubts on the subject. The Marquis of Stafford found one regular salver-shaped Jlower, with 6 segments, and as many stamens, 4 of them long, and 2 short, on a wild specimen, near his castle of Dunrobin in Su- therland, North Britain, in 1808. See Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 10. 227. Dr. Hooker and Mr. Borrer met with a similar flower, in the same neighbourhood, the following season. 309. ANTIRRHINUM. Toadflax, or Snap- dragon. Linn. Gen. 309. Juss. 120. Fl. Br. 656. Tourn. t, 7b. Lam. t. 531. G(Ertn. t.bZ. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 144. Linaria. Tourn. t. 76. Juss.\20. Desfont.Atlant.v.2.37. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. ed. 2. u. 4. 10. Nat. Ord. Personated. Linn. 40. Scrophularice, Juss. 40. Cdl. in 5 deep, oblong, permanent segments ; the two lower ones rather the most distant from each other. Cor. rin- gent; tube oblong; either tumid, or elongated into a spur of various lengths, at the base, which is the nectary ; upper lip cloven, reflexed at the sides; lower obtuse, three-lobed, with an elevated palate, closing the mouth, and hollow underneath. Filam. concealed under the upper lip; sometimes accompanied by a fifth abortive, stamen. Anth. converging. Germ, roundish, or ovate. Style thread-shaped, equal to the stamens. Stigma ob- tuse. Caps, roundish, or oval, obtuse, of 2 cells, bursting variousl^fc and irregularly at the summit. Seeds numerous, roundish^ or angular, or winged, attached to an oblong cylindrical receptacle^ in the middle of the partition. A numerous genus of annual or perennial herbs ; with round stems; simple, mostly entire, narrow and smooth, leaves; axillary or clustered, particoloured, chiefly blue or yellow, flowers^ rarely whitish or reddish, the nectary of which is in some a shallow pouch, in others a spur, differing greatly in length in different species. The capsule of those whose nectary is a pouch only, opens with 3 pores instead of 2, on which Mr. Brown founds a generic dis- tinction for the original Antirrhinum of Tournefort. But the opening of the capsule in the Linaria of these DIDYXAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA. Ai.tinliinum. l.'il authors is so variously valvular, or so irregularly jaggeJ, as to show that part to be indeterminate, or unfit to give a character, in this genus ; the length of the spurs, be- ing, moreover, but comparative. I therefore concur with those who do not separate Linaria^ there being no dis- tinction of habit to depend upon, and the name, formed out of Linum, being inadmissible. * Leaves dilated. Stems Jlaccid. *1. A. Cymhalar'ia, Ivy-leaved Snapdragon. Leaves heart-shaped, five-lobed, alternate, smooth. Stems procumbent. A. Cymbalaria. Linn. Sp. PL 85 1 . M'illd. v 3. 232. Fl. Br. C)')6. Engl. Bot. V. 7. t. 502. Curt. Land. fasc. 1 . f. 45. Hook. Scot. 188. BuU.Fr.t.305. FL Dan. t. \220. A. n.339. Hall. Hist. V. \.\46. Linaria hederaceo folio glabro, seu Cvmbalaria vulgaris. Tourn. Inst. 169. Dm. in Raii Syn. *282. ' L. Cymbalaria. Alt. H. Keiv. ed. 2. v. 4. 10. Cymbalaria. Matth Falgr. v.2. 4(i8.f. Corner. Epif. 860./. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. S6.f. 2. Bauh. Pin. 306. C. italica. Ger.Eni.320.f. Lob. Ic. 615 f. Umbilicus \'eneris Officinarum. Lonic. Krenterh. 95./. 1 . On old walls, having been introduced from Italy. On walls bordering the Thames, having escaped, as Dillenius thought, from Chelsea garden. It is become no less common about Oxford and Cambridge, and within a iiiw years at Nor- wich. 'B-ri^y^'^' Perennial. Mmj — yovemher. Root fibrous. Stems trailing or |)endulo\is, very much branched, round, smooth, leafy, hanging from old walls in rich, dense, flowery festoons. Leaves alternate, stalked, ivy-like, of a deep shining green, often tinged with violet, and, like every other part of the plant, (piite smooth. Fl. solitary, on longuxillary stalks, not large, but very elegant, variegated with violet and blue ; their palate yellow j spur short, though pointed. Caps, roundish, much and irregularly torn iit tin- toj),to let out the black wrinkled .vee^Av. 2. K spuriu?n. Round-leaved Fliielliii, or Snapdragon. Leaves ovate, downy, chiefly alternate. Stems procum- bent, hairy. A. spurium. Lmn. Sp. PI S5 I . If'ilM v. 3. 23.i. Ft. Br 657. Fngl. Bot. V. 10. f. 691. Curt. Loud. f'asc.'S. t.'S7. Fl.Dan. ^913. A. Elatine. Bull. F. t.2\h. A. n. 3 11. Hall, list r. I. 117. 1S2 DIDYNAMIA- ANGIOSPERMIA. Antirrhinum. Linaria Elatine dicta, folio subrotundo. Rati Syn. *282. L. spuria. Ait. H. Kew. ed.2.v. 4. 11. Elatine. Riv. Monop. Irr. t.86.f.\. DHL Gen. 116. t. 6. Veronica foemina. Fuchs. Hist. 167. f. Ger.Em.625.f. Matih. Falgr. V. 2. bb.f. Camer. Epit. 462./. In corn-fields, but rare. About London rare. Curtis. Frequent in Suffolk. Mr. Woodward. Hampshire. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. At Seething, Norfolk. Mrs. Rett. At Binham. Mr. Crowe. In Shepey island. Mr. Sowerby. In Warwickshire and Worcestershire. Mr. Piirton, Annual. July — September. The whole herb is downy, or finely hairy. Root fibrous, small. Stems spreading and procumbent, branched, leafy. Leaves on short stalks, ovate, either blunt or acute, entire, except an oc- casional notch or two, mostly alternate, a few of the lowermost only being opposite. FI. on slender, simple, axillary stalks. Cal. with ovate segments, enlarged after flowering, downy. Cor. with a recurved spur, the length of its tube, and of the same pale greenish hue • upper lip short, violet ; lovver yellow, with an orange palate. Abortive stamen minute, shapeless, in the arch of the upper lip. Dillenius, after Rivinus, very rightly ob- serves that the capsule opens by an oblique deciduous segment over each cell, by which they characterize their genus Elatine; but which is only one of those slight differences, that confirm a too much neglected maxim of Linnaeus, " there are few genera in which some part or other of the fructification is not subject to aberration." I have specimens, found by the late Sir John Cullum, having some regular flowers with 5 spurs, and others partly so, with only 2. Sometimes, Hudson says, there are 3 or 4. See A. Linariahere- after. 3. A. Elatine. Sharp-pointed FUiellin, or Snapdragon. Leaves chiefly halberd-shaped, alternate ; lowermost ovate, opposite. Stems procumbent, hairy. A. Elatine. Linn. Sp. Pl.SJ). Willd. v.3.234. Fl.Br.658. Engl. Bot. V. 1 0. t. 692. Curt. Lond.fasc. \.t.46. Fl. Dan. t.426. Ehrh.Herh. 128. A.n. 340. Hall. Hist. v.\.\46. Linaria Elatine dicta, folio acuminato. Raii Syn. *282. L. Elatine. Ait. H. Kew. ed. 2 . -y. 4. 1 1 . Elatine. Motth. Valgr.v.2.?,60.f. Camer. Epit. 754. f. E. altera. Ger.Em.625.f. E. foemina, folio anguloso. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. 372./. In corn-fields after harvest, on a gravelly or chalky soil. Annual. July — September. Like the' last in general habit and charactere, except being more DIDYNAMIA-ANGIOSPERMIA. Antirrhinum. 133 slender, with halberd-shaped, usually smaller, leaves. The ^/lowers also are smaller and less conspicuous, with similar but paler colours. They have moreover an abortive s/r/me^, and are occasionally regularly five-cleft. The capsule is like the last. Seeds much wrinkled. ** Leaves ?iar rower. Stems upright. 4. A. repens. Creeping Pale-blue Toadflax. Leaves linear, glaucous, scattered ; partly whorled. Stem panicled. Calyx smooth, the length of the spur. A. repens. L/«?i. % P?. 854. ^i/W.y.3.240. FLBr.GnS. Engl. Bot. V. \S.t.\ 253. Hook. Scot, 1 88. D'cks. Dr. PL 75. H. Sice. fasc. 17.18. A. monspessulanum. Linn. Sp. PI. 854. ff'illd.v.3.240. With. 550. Linaria odorata Monspessulana. Rail Syn.* 282. Bauh. Hist. V. 3. p. 2. 459./. L. CcErulea, foliis brevioribus et angustioribus. Rail Syn. *282. L. angustifolia, flore cinereo striato. Dill. Elth. 198. t. \G3.f. 197. L. minor repens etinodora. failLPar. 1 18. L. repens. Jit. H. Kew. ed. 2. i\4. 13. Biueish Sweet Toadflax. Pet. H. Brit. t. 35. f. 0. On chalky banks, or on rocks near the sea, but rare. Near Penryn, Cornwall. Ray. F. Borone. Abundantly by the road- side between Llandovery and Trecastle, South Wales. Rev. T. Butt. In an old slate quarry, near Bandon, County of Cork. Mr. J. T. Mackay. On the chalk hill going down to Henley- u))on-Thamcs, where ii was observed in the time of Dillenius, ])lentifully. Perennial. July — Sej)teniber. Root whitish, creeping extensively. Herb smooth and glaucous. .Stems numerous, erect, round, branched and ])anicled, leafy. Leaves linear, or somewhat lanceolate, entire, an inch long, or more, erect, often 4 or 5 in a whorl, but as frequently oi)po.sitc, or scattered ; the ui)per ones mostly alternate. Fl. numerous, in ]janicle(l upright clusters^ with a small leafy bravtea under each partial stalk. They are certainly sweet-scented, as Vaillant asserts, though he uses the definition of Tournefort, which savs otherwise. Cat. with smooth lanceolate segments. Spur coni- cal, very pale grey, as well as the lower Up; palate yellow; u})pcrlip and tube striped with blue. Caps, globose, opening by several lanceolate equal valves. Sveds angular, rugged, black. A. monspessulanum and A. repens of Linnaeus being the very same plant, the latter name is retained as by far the most eligible ; nor can I perceive how any doubt could arise respecting John Bauhin's synonym, nor how Hay came to describe so distinct a species twice over, Linnieus wits led into the same error by him and Dilleniub , and the latter, by saying he had gathered 134 DIDYNAMIA- ANGIOSPERMIA. Antirrhinum. A. arvense, a very different plant, " wild," though he does not say in Britain, caused Mr. Hudson to introduce that also into his Flora. According to Dr. Hooker, Mr. Hopkirk has observed some regular Jiowers in A. repens. The whole genus is more or less subject to this metamorphosis ; see the next species. A fasciculated stem is also frequent in the upright perennial kinds. 5. A. Lmaria. Common Yellow Toadflax. Leaves linear-lanceolate, crowded. Stem erect. Spikes terminal. Flowers imbricated. Calyx smooth, shorter than the spur. A. Linaria. Linn. Sp. PI. 858. Willd. v. 3, 253. FL Br. 660. Engl. Bot V. 10. t. 658. Curt.Lond.fascA.t. 47. Mart. Rust. t. 93. Woodv. suppl. t.22\. Hook. Scot. 188. FL Dan. t. 982. Bull. Fr.t.26l. A. n.336. Hall. Hist. V. ].14d. Linaria. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 82. f. 1 . L. lutea vulgaris. Rail Sijn. *281 . Ger. Em. 550./. L. vulgaris. Ait. H. Kew. ed. 2. t\ 3. 1 7. Osyris. Fuchs. Hist. 545./. Ic. 310. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 550. Camer. Epit. 930./ /3. Peloria. Linn. Am. Acad. v. 1 . 55. /. 3. Engl. Bot, v. 4. t. 260- Curt. Lond.fasc. 6. f. 41. In hedges and the borders of fields, on a gravelly soil, frequent. /3 occurs occasionally, increasing for a time by roots, but is not perpetuated by seed. Perennial. June, July. Root creeping, somewhat woody. Herb smooth, bright green, scarcely at all glaucous. Stems 2 feet high, densely clothed, with irregularly set, narrow, acute leaves, and terminating in a close upright spike of rich yellow, inodorous, bracteatedj^0M;er5; the pflZrtie downy and orange-coloured ; the spur of each as long as the tube, pointing perpendicularly downwards, and 5 times the length of the calyx. Each cell of the ovate capsule opens with 4 or 5 lanceolate valves. T curious'variety p, with a five-cleft, regular, five-spurred co- rolla, and -five equal stamens, made a great noise in Sweden, when first discovered, and narrowly escaped being exalted, by Linnaeus, into anew genus. It has however been found on the same plant withjlowers that are naturally formed, see Engl. Bot, t. 658, and proves in a garden a very changeable and transient variety. The same alteration has been observed in several other species. DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA. Antirrhinum. 135 6. A. 7mnus. Least Snapdragon. Leaves lanceolate, obtuse, downy, mostly alternate. Stem much branched, spreading. Calyx longer than the spur. A. minus. Linn. Sp. PL 852. mild. v. 3. 251. R. Br. 660. Engl. Bot. V. 28. t. 2014. Curt. Lond.fasc. 5. t.4\. Hook. Scot 188. Fl. Dan. t. 502. A. n. 335. Hall. Hist. r. 1. 145. A. minimum repens. Ger. Em. 549. f. A. tertium. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 539. /. Camer. Epit. 922. f. A. alterum minimum. Lob. Ic.406.f. Linaria Antirrhinum dictum. Raii Syn. *283. L. arvensis minima. Riv. Monop. Irr. t.85.J. 2. L. minor. Ait. H. Kew. ed. 2. v. 4. 16. In sandy fields. Annual. June — August. Root fibrous. Herb erect, much branched, all over downy and viscid, from 4 to 10 or 12 inches high. Zeaues linear-lanceolate, obtuse, tapering at the base into a footstalk, alternate, except occasionally a few of the lowermost. Fl. on long, solitary, axillary stalks, small and inconspicuous ; the tube, upper lip, and very short spur purplish ; loicer lip white, with a yeWow palate. Caps. ovate, oblique, each cell opening by 3 or 4 short blunt teeth. Seeds ovate, strongly furrowed, with compressed, prominent, in- termediate ribs. The wooden cuts of this species, in the old authors, greatly excel the engraving of Rivinus, which is not accurate in the flowers. *** Corolla without a pyomi?ie?il spur. * 7. A. majus. Great Snapdragon. Corolla with a rounded prominence at the base. Flowers in a dense cluster. Leaves lanceolate. Segments of the calyx ovate, obtuse. A. majus. Linn. Sp. PI .'^59. Jf'illd.v. 3.256. FL Br. 661. Engl. Bot. V. 2. t. 129. Hook. Scot. 189. Bull. Fr. t. 277. A. n. 333. Hall. Hist. V. I. 144. Antirrliinum. Riv. Monop. Irr. L 82. f.\. Dod. Pempt.\S2.f. Lob. Ic. 404./. A. purpureum sive album. Ger. Em. 549./. A. primum et secundum. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 537, 538./,/. Ca- mer. Epit. 920,921. f,f. On old Wtdls, and chalk cliffs, but supposed not to be indigenous. Perennial. Juhj, August. Stem branched, leafy, more or less downy and viscid, of a shrubby habit, but generally destroyed by the winter's cold, ns is often the root itself. Leaves opposite or alternate on the same plant, 136 DIDYNAMIA—ANGIOSPERMIA. Antirrhinum. somewhat stalked, lanceolate, acute, recurved, entire, smooth ; dark green on the upper side 3 paler beneath. Fl. large and showy, rose-coloured or white, with a large, yellow, downy pa- late white in front. They form dense clusters, beset with ovate bracteas. Cat. downy and viscid, in 5 ovate, concave, unequal segments. Cor. near H inch long, with a short round pouch at the base on the lower side. Caps, ovate, of 2 oblique cells ; the lowermost, or larger, protuberant at the base, opening at the top by 2 large pores, each bordered with 3 broad, short, spread- ing valves ; the upper cell with a single orifice, crowned with a three-cleft valve. Seeds hhck, much wrinkled. The whole cap- sule has been compared to the skull of a calf 3 but the old name, Calf's-snout, rather applies to the mouth of the corolla. A fine deep crimson variety is common in gardens, and another with a white tube and crimson lips, but these run into each other on the same root. A rude figure of this Antirrhinum, but which cannot be mistaken, exists in the famous Vienna manuscript of Dioscorides, under the name of Kuvox£^aA*oy, or Dog's-head, and is engTaved in Diosc. Ic. t. 103. 8. A. Orontium, Lesser Snapdragon. Corolla scarcely tumid at the base. Flowers loosely spiked. Calyx finger-shaped, longer than the corolla. A. Orontium. Linn. Sp. PL 860. inilcl v. 3. 258. Fl. Br. 662. Engl. Bot. V. 1 7. ^. 1 155. Curt. Lond.fasc.A. t. 45. A.n.334. Hall.Hist.v.\.\AA. A. angustifolium sylvestre. Rail Syn. * 283. Bauh.Hist.v.3.p.2. 464./. A. minus. Ger.Em.D49.f. A. minimum. Lob. Ic. 405./. A. arvense. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 82./. 2. A. quartum. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 540./ Camer. Epit. 923. f. In dry sandy, gravelly, or chalky, fields. Annual. July, August. Whole herb slightly hairy, more or less branched, about a foot high, with a wavy leafy stem. Leaves lanceolate, somewhat stalked, alternate, except a few of the lowermost. Fl. axillary, nearly sessile, composing loose leafy spikes. Cal. in 5 deep li- near segments, just equal in length to the opening corolla, but soon extended much beyond it. Cor. of a purplish rose-colour, with a yellow palate ; the tube occasionally var^ang to white. Caps, ovate, with 3 pores, each opening by a lid. When nearly ripe it resembles the face of a Monkey, or Bat. Seeds bordered and furrowed. DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA. Scrophularia. 137 310. SCROPHULARIA. Figwort. Linfi. Gen. 3\2. Juss.WO. Ft. Br. 662. Tourn.t.74. Lam. t. 533. Gar In. t. 53. Nat. Orel, see ??. 309. CaL with 5 rounded, rather unequal, marginal segments, much shorter than the corolla. Co7\ tubular, unequal, reversed ; tube ovate, or globular, large, inflated ; limb very small, in 5 deep segments ; the upper one, (turned downward,) short, slightly notched, reflexed, 2 lateral ones spreading, 2 lower ones, (turned upward,) largest, half combined, erect, often accompanied by a small inte- rior lobe. Filam. declined towards the reversed upper hp, linear, shorter than the corolla. Anth. terminal, abrupt, of 2 valves. Germ, ovate. Style the length of the stamens. Stigma simple. Caps, ovate or globular, pointed, of 2 cells and 2 valves, the partitions double, from the inflexed margins of the valves. Seeds numerous, small, angular, attached to a globose central receptacle. Fetid herhs^ smooth or downy, sometimes shrubby, some- times only biennial, or annual. Stem tall, erect, more or less acutely quadrangular, leafy, panicled. Leaves oppo- site, serrated, simple, or variously pinnatifid, or pinnate. Fl. numerous, usually with dark-coloured lips; sometimes altogether yellow. 1. S. nodosa. Knotty-rooted Figwort. Leaves heart-shaped, acute ; three-ribbed at the base. Stem sharp-edged. Root tuberous. S. nodosa, l.inn. Sp. PI. 863. mild. v. 3. 2/0. Fl. Br. 663. Engl. Bot. V. 22. t. 1544. Hook. Scot. 18D. Gunn. Norveg. v. 2. 87, n. 732. t. 4. /'. I — 3 ; not correct. S. n. 326. Jlall.Ilist.v. 1. 111. S. major. Raii Syn. *263. Gcr. Km. 7\6.f. Bruuf. Herb, v 1 215.,/: 213. Scrophularia. Mattli. I'algr. v. 2. i7\. f. Ccvucr. Epit. S66. f. Ric.Munop.Irr.t. 107./. I. S. minor. 7^r. Monnp. Irr. append./. Galeopsis. Fucks. I list. 193./. 194. Brown Figwort. Petiv. II. lirit. /.35./. 9. /3. Scrophularia major, caulibus foliis ct florihus viridihus. Boharl in Hall Sijn.*2H3. In hedges, woods and thiiKcts. Perennial. .Juh/. Herbage nearly or (pule sinootli, filid like ICldcr, when bruised. 138 DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA. Scrophularia. Root whitish, tuberous, beset with fleshy knobs. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, nearly simple, leafy, acutely quadrangular, smooth. Leaves stalked, ovate-oblong, acute, sharply and unequally ser- rated j heart-shaped at the base, where they are cut away, as it were, to the 2 small lateral ribs. Flower-stalks axillary and ter- minal, forked, angular, glandular, forming a panicled, leafy cluster. Bracteas lanceolate. H. a little drooping. Ca^ smooth. Cor. of a dull green, with a livid purple lip. Caps, ovate-oblong. Pj found by Bobart at Cumner, near Oxford, should seem to be a paler-flowered variety, in consequence perhaps of a more shady situation. S. nodosa, having been taken for the Galeopsis of Dioscorides, which is really S. peregrina, and though celebrated for its use in scrofulous disorders, has no tuberous root, it may not be correct to suppose this sort of root first recommended our plant to me- dical use, or was the origin of the generic name. If however such were the case, it would not be without example in the his- tory of medicine, 2. S. aquatica. Water Figwort. Water Betony. Leaves heart-shaped, bluntish, on decurrent footstalks. Stem winged. Root fibrous. S.aquatica. Linn, Sp. PL 864. Willd.v.3.270. FLBrM3. Engl. Bat. V. \2. t. 854. Curt. Lond.fasc. 5. t. 44. Hook. Scot. 189. Fl. Dan. t. 507. Ehrh. PL Off. 156. S. n. 325. Hall HisLv. I. 141. S. aquatica major. Rail Syn.*283. S. caule alato. Riv. Monop. Irr. append./. S. fcemina. Camer. Epit. 867. f. Betonica aquatica. Ger. Em.7l5.f. In watery places, the margins of pools and rivers, and wet mea- dows. Very rare in Scotland. Perennial. July. Root entirely fibrous. Herb quite smooth, fetid, of a deep shining green. Stem taller than the last, straight, leafy, nearly simple, winged in some degree at the 4 angles. Leaves copiously and finely serrated, veiny, ovate-oblong ; heart-shaped at the base, and running down the edges of the footstalks ^ their lateral ribs not reaching to the margin of the leaf. Chister of many forked branches, bearing numerous ^ower^, whose tube is green, the limb of a dark blood-red, more conspicuous than in S. nodosa Capsule globular. 3. S. Scorodoma. Balm-leaved Figwort. Leaves heart-shaped, doubly serrated ; downy beneath. Cluster leafv. DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA. Scrophularia. 139 S. Scorodonia. Linn. Sp. PL 864. Willd. v. 3.271. Fl. Br. 664. Engl. Bot. v.3\. t. 2209. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 15.9. S. Scordii folio. Grisl. Lusit. 7o. S. Scorodoniae foliis. Moris, v. 2. 482. sect. 5. t.35. Pluk. Al- r)iag. 338. Plujt. t. .59./. 5. Raii Syn.*2S3. Sage Figvvort. Pctiv. H. Brit. i. 35./ 1 1 . On the banks of rivulets in the south, very rare. Between the port and St. Hilary, Jersey. SherarcL About St. Ives, Cornwall, plentifully, near the seashore. Mr. E. Lhwijd; and Huds. Perennial. July, August. Stems about a yard high, leafy, branched, bluntly quadrangular, clothed with minute, soft, spreading hairs. Leaves downy in like manner underneath, stalked, heart-shaped and 3-ribbed at the base, veiny, doubly serrated ; the serratures and points of those which accompany the flowers most acute. FL on axillary, forked, downy stalks, composing a long leafy cluster. Tube of the corolla pale ; lower lip (turned uppermost) dull purple, the interior lobe greenish. Caps, ovate, smooth. Calyx downy. Grisley speaks of this plant as '' an efficacious remedy for ulcers /' probably such as are scrofulous. 4. S. vernalis. Yellow Figvvort. Leaves heart-shaped, doubly serrated, downy. Flower- stalks axillary, solitary, forked, leafy. Corolla without an interior lobe. 5. vernalis. Li;m. % P/.864. HVld. v. 3. 274. FLBr.664. Engl Bot. V. 8. t. 567. Hook. Scot. ]S9. Lond.t.70. FLDan.t.4\\. S. n.327. HaU.Uist.v. \. 141. S. flore luteo. Bauh. Prodr. 1 1 2. / Ger. Em. 7 1 7. / Riv. Monop. lrr.t.\07.f.2. S. montana maxima latifolia, flore luteo. Barrel. Ic. t. 273. Lamium Pannonicum aliud. Clus. Pann.. 59-1./ 595. Hist. v. 2. 38./ In thickets, and under hedges, but rare. Near Bury St. Edmund's. Sir T. G. Cullum, Bart. In Surrey. Huds. About Ncwburgh, Yorkshire. Rev. Archdeacon Peirson. In a lane about two miles south of Stifkey, Norfolk, on the right hand side. Dr. Hooker. It is also said to grow in Berk- shire, Kssex, and several i)arts of Wales ; yet neither Dillenius nor Ray takes notice of this species. Biennial. April, May. Root tuberous, scaly. Herb downy, of a light pleasant green. Stem hollow, about 2 feet high, with I or 5 slightly winged an- gles. Leaves in the latter case 3 together ; otherwise oj)posite ; the uppermost alternate ; all stalked, broadly heart-shaped, acute, sharply and doubly serrated, veiny. 7-7. light yellow, on 140 DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA. Digitalis. axillary, repeatedly forked, stalks, accompanied at each fork by small serrated leaves, or hracteas. Cal. hairy. Cor. ovate, tu- mid ; contracted at the mouth, with a very small 5-lobed limb, wanting the interior lobe. The stamens all spring from the base of the corolla, as Dr. Hooker observes. Caps, ovate, acute, with numerous minute seeds. This plant is less allied to other Scrophulari^, in general resem- blance, than to the Peruvian genus Calceolaria, to several spe- cies of which, see Sm. PL Ic. t. 2, 3, 4, it bears, in various points, a great affinity. 311. DIGITALIS. Foxglove. Lmn.Gew. 313. Juss.\20. FLBr.GGo. Tourn.t.7S. Lam.L525. Gcertn.t. 53. Nat. Ord. Luridce, Linn. 28. Scrophularice. Juss. 40. Cal. in 5 deep, acute or rounded, segments, permanent, much shorter than the corolla; the upper one narrower than the rest. Cor. bell-shaped ; tube large, cylindrical and contracted at the base, dilated and tumid upwards ; limb small, in 4 unequal segments, the upper one re- curved, slightly cloven, lower one largest, Filam. awl- shaped, from the tube of the corolla towards the base, bent, declining. Antlu deeply cloven, acute. Germ, ovate, pointed. Style thread-shaped, as long as the sta- mens. Stigma cloven, acute. Caps, ovate, pointed, the length of the calyx, of 2 cells, and 2 cloven valves, whose inflexed margins form a double partition at each side. Seeds very numerous, small, oblong, angular, attached to a central oblong partition, in each ceil. Some foreign species have an elongated lower lip. A very handsome genus, of large, herbaceous, rarely shrub- by, plants, biennial or perennial, with simple, undivided, downy or smooth, serrated or entire, alternate leaves. FL numerous, very ornamental, purplish, yellow, or tawny, in long, simple, bracteated clusters or spikes. Qualities powerfully emetic and sedative ; under proper manage- ment useful. 1. Y>. purpurea. Purple Foxglove. Segments of the calyx ovate, acute. Corolla obtuse ; its upper lobe scarcely cloven. Leaves downy. D. purpurea. Linn. Sp, PL 866. Willd. v. 3. 283. FL Br. 663. EngL BoL t\ 1 9. ^. I 297. Curt. Land. fasc. 1 . L 48. M'oodv. t. 24. Raii Syn."^ 283. Ger. Em. 700. f.^ Fuchs. HisL893.f. FL DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA. Linnsea. 141 Dan. t. 74. Bull. Fr. t.2\. Dreves Bilderb. f. 46. Dalech. Hist. 831./,/. Dod.Pempt. \69.f. D. n.330. Hall. Hist. V. L 143. Digitalis. Riv. Monop. Irr.t. 104. Campanula sylvestris, sen Digitalis. Trag. Hist. 889. j. In pastures, and about hedges or banks, on a gravelly or sandy soil } but not in Norfolk or Suffolk, though so abundant in most counties. Biennial. June, July. Root of numerous long and slender fibres. Stem upright, wand- like, leafy, mostly simple, roundish, with several slight angles, downy, 3 or 4 feet high. Leaves alternate, ovate- or elliptic-ob- long, crenate, downy, rugged and veiny, of a dull green -, taper- ing at the base into v^nn^ed footstallis ; radical ones largest. Cluster terminal, erect, simple, of numerous, sometimes 60, large, pendulous, scentless, crimson ^flowers ; elegantly marked with eye-like spots, as well as hairy, within. A variety with pure wKiteJloivers, dotted in like manner, but with shades of cream-colour or pearl, is kept in gardens, and remains tolerably constant from seed, the only means of propagation in this instance. The English name appears to have been derived from Digitalis Fuchsii ; for that writer is tlie acknowledged author of the Latin one, alluding to the fingers of a glove, which the flowers re- semble. Yet F(i ■ cj. j'ojTf, as I am told, occurs in Lye's Saxon Dictionary, as the appellation of our plant ; which indeed is so conspicuous and handsome, that we can hardly suppose our an- cestors left it nameless. The Rev. Hugh Davics records several Welch names for the Foxglove, and mentions having seen it perfectly white by the road side at I'enmynydd, and elsewhere. fVelrh Botanologij 61. The virtues of this herb, as a remedy for dropsy, are recorded bv Dr. U'ithering and others, and it is now still more celebrated for lowering the pulse in pulmonary inflammation. 'M'l. LINN.EA. Linna^a. Linn. Gen. 319. Juss. 211. 17. Br. C)C^C). Lam. I. .■>36. Jf'ahlcnb. La)>p. t. 9. Nat. Old. A diminutive, quite smooth. Leaves lanceolate, bluntisii, erect or sjircading, an inch long; on footsiallis twice that length, sheatliing at the base. FL on shortish, crowded, axillary stalks, about half an inch long, or more, recurved after the blossoms are j)ast. (.'or. white or fiesh-coloiued. Caps, hardly bigger than iiuistard-seed. 14G DIDYNAMIA—ANGIOSPERMIA. Orobanche- 315. OROBANCHE. Broom-rape. Linn.Gen.32l. Jim.lOl. Fl.Br.668. Tourn.t.Sl. Lam.i.551. Nat. Ord. Personate, Linn. 40. Pediculares. Juss. 35. Scro- phulariiice. Br. Prodr. 433. OrobanchecB of Richard. Hook. Scot. 222. CaL of 2 lateral, opposite, acute, coloured, undivided or cloven, permanent leaves. Cor, ringent, withering ; tube ovate, curved, finally membranous ; upper lip concave, notched, more or less dilated and spreading at the mar- gin ; lower reflexed, in 3, somewhat unequal, wavy lobes. l^ect, a gland under the germen. Filam. from the base of the corolla, almost as long as the tube, awl-shaped, flattened and somewhat dilated downward, variously and partially downy and glandular. Anth. incumbent, of 2 lobes, rounded at the top and pointed at the lower ends, each opening by a longitudinal cleft in front. Germ. ovate-oblong. Style terminal, cylindrical, incurved, as long as the stamens. Stigma large, deflexed, of 2 or 3 distinct globular lobes. Caps, ovate, pointed, of 1 cell and 2 valves, with 2 longitudinal receptacles proceeding from the middle part of each valve. Seeds very nume- rous, minute, wrinkled, covering the receptacles. Leafless scaly herbs, simple or branched, for the most part, if not always, parasitical ; their whole surface minutely downy, or mealy, brownish, dull purple, or red. Ft. more coloured, but withering, and turning brown, before the corolla falls. The roots are small, fibrous, generally attached to those of Broom, Furze, Clover, or other pa- pilionaceous plants ; some of them to Hemp. * Bracteas solitary. 1. O. major. Greater Broom-rape. Stem simple. Corolla inflated ; upper lip slightly notched ; lower with acute, nearly equal segments. Stamens quite smooth below. Style downy. O^major. Lmn.Sp.Fl%S2. Willdv.3.347. FL Br. 669. Engl. hot. V. 6. t.42\. Sutton Tr. of Linn. Soc. r. 4. 1 75. Curt. Lond. fasc. 4. t. 44. Hook. Scot. \90. O. major, Garyophyllum olens. Raii Syn. ■*288 -, but not that of Bauhin. O. altera Matthioli. Dalech. Hist.4S5.f Rapum genistge, sive Orobanche. Ger. Em. 1311? DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA. Orobanche. 147 In bushy places on a barren gravelly soil, growing on the roots of Broom or Furze. Perennial, June, July. iioo^ of a few fibres. Stem about a foot high, erect, dusky, un- branched, angular, hollow, fleshy, clothed, like every other part, with short, rough, glandular pubescence, and beset with scattered, lanceolate, upright scales, in the place of leaves ; the base tu- mid, ovate, clothed with smaller, more abundant scales. Spike terminal, simple, rather dense, of from 15 to about 20 flowers, of a dull purplish brown, without any scent, and after awhile turning entirely brown, dry and membranous. Bracteas soli- tary under each flower, lanceolate, acute, rusty and downy. Calyx-leaves deeply cloven. Upper lip oi the corolla large, sometimes slightly cloven, often entire and rather pointed ; lower in 3 acute, nearly equal, wavy, sometimes crenate lobes. Filam. dilated and channelled, as well as perfectly smooth, in their !ower half J glandular and downy at the summit. Anth. smooth, brown. Germ, downy all over, as well as the style. Stigma of 2 large, distant, globular, yellow lobes. Haller's n. 295 appears, by his description of the smell, and by Swiss specimens, to be the real O. major, garyophyllum olens of Bauhin's Pinax 87 ; O. caryophyllacea, Sm. Tr. of Linn. Soc, V. 4. 1G9 j though part of Haller's account applies rather to our minor, especially with regard to its being a troublesome weed. This O. caryophyllacea has been confounded by most former bo- tanists with our major, as likewise with elatior. Its stamens are hairy internally at the base. Style somewhat downy. 2. O. elatior. Tall Broom-rape. Stem simple. Corolla fiinnel-sliaped; lower lip with acute, nearly equal segments. Stamens downy. Style smooth. O. elatior. Sutton Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 4. 1 78. t. 1 7. U'illd. v. 3. 349. Ft. Br. 660. Engl. BoL v. 8. t. 568. Fl. Dan. t, 1338, good. O. major. Siblh. 191. Prof IVilliams. Orobanche. Matth. Valgr. v. 1 . 189./. In clover fields, thickets, and bushy hilly places, on a gravelly soil, not uncommon ; but never on the roots of Broom or Furze. Rev. Dr. Sutton. Perennial. July, August. Taller, and of a more yellowish hue than tlie former, v:\i\\ flowers of a lighter purj)le, more wavy in their margins j their upj)er lip lobed. They are commonly three times more numerous in the spike than in that species, and of a smaller size. But their clear- est and most essential diflerence, first remarked by Dr. Sutton, consists in the sfamevs being downy in their lower half, within - side, and smooth at the top ; while the gcrmcn and style are all over perfectlv smooth. The stamen.^ proceed from a higher psirt of the tube than in O. innjor. J 48 DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA. Orobanche. 3. O. minor. Lesser Broom-rape. Stem simple. Corolla nearly cylindrical ; lower lip with curled segments, the middle one largest and lobed. Sta- mens fringed. Style smooth. O. minor. ¥L Br. 670. Engl. Bot.v.6. U422. Sutton Tr. of Linn. Soc.v.4.\79. Willd.v.S.SDO. Fl. Dan. t. \2\9. O. major. Loefl. It.]5\. Herb. Linn. Bull. Fr. t. 3^9} O. flore minore. Dill, in Rail Syn.* 288. Baiih. Hist.v.2.7S\.f. In clover fields abundantly. Very frequent in Norfolk. Mr. Rayer observed it in Kent, and the Bishop of Carlisle near Crickhowel, Brecknockshire. Annual ? July, August. Of much more humble growth than the last, and smaller m every part, with fewer Jiowers than O. major. The whole plant is ge- nerally of a light, but dingy, purplish hue, though occasionally of a uniform pale vellovv j always turning brown and dry, like the others, in decay. Stem often wavy. Calyx-leavesMneo^udiXXy lobed, sometimes undivided. Cor. not at all tumid ; upper lip unequally notched, not cloven, except from age or accident. Stam. thickly fringed in their lower part. Germ, and style smooth. Stigm. purple. 4. O. rubra. Red Fragrant Broom-rape. Stem simple. Corolla somewhat tumid ; upper lip cloven ; lower in three nearly equal segments. Stamens fringed at the base. Style partially hairy. Calyx-leaves lanceo- late, undivided. O. rubra. Engl. Bot. v. 25. t. 1786. Comp. ed. 4. 107. Hook. Lond. . 109. ^.105.t5. Gccrtn. ^ 141. Carrichtera. DeCand. Sjjst. v. 2. 64 1 . Cat. erect, equal at the base, deciduous; leaves oblong, acute. Pet. obovate, undivided ; their claws as long as the calvx. Filam. awl-shaped, 1- of them longer than the cafyx, in one instance combined in })airs. ///////. somewhat heart-sha})ed, bluntish. Germ, ovate. Style vertical, dilated, elliptical, leafy, longer than the germeii, permanent. Stigma obtuse. Pouch ovate, terminated by the hardened style ; valves concave ; partition membra- nous, continued into the style. Seeds few in each cell, globose, pendulous ; cotyledons folded together, accuin- bent. Species few, one herbaceous, two >hrul)by. Leaves various. Fl. vcllowish, erect. 156 TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA. Subularia. 1 . V. annua. Annual Cress-rocket. Leaves doubly pinnatifid. Pouches deflexed. V. annua. Linn. Sp. PL S9 5. Willcl v. 3. 422. FL Br. 675. Engl. Bot.v. 21. t. 1442. Nasturtium sylvestre, Erucse affine. Bauh. Pin. 105. Raii Syn. 304. Moris. V. 2. S0\. sect. 3. t. 19./ 8. N. sylvestre valentinum. Cliis. Hist. v. 2. 130./. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 920./ N. sylvestre Clusii. Dalech. Hist. 657./ Eruca nasturtio cognata tenuifolia. Ger. Em, 247 ./. Lob. Ic. 205. f. Valencia Cress. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 50./ 5. In sandy fields, but very rarely. Found by Mr. Lawson, on Salisbury plain, not far from Stonehenge. Rmj. I have never heard of its being met with since. Annual. June. Root small, tapering. Stem erect, bushy, rough with deflexed bristles, leafy, about a span high. Leaves scattered, doubly pin- natifid, with linear, bluntish, decurrent segments. Fl rather small, pale yellow, with purplish veins. Pouch ribbed, bristly, surmounted by the oval, curved, smooth, ribbed, rigid Style. Seeds 4 in each cell j M. DeCandolle remarks that they become covered with a glutinous exudation, on being immersed in warm water. The expanded cotyledons, remaining for some time on the stem, are inversely heart-shaped,* flat, quite smooth and even. 317. SUBULARIA. Awl-wort. Linn. Gen.332. Juss. 240. H.Br. 676. Br.in Ait.H.Kew.v.4. 91. DeCand.Syst.v.2.697. Draba/ 3. Lam. t. 556. Cal. erect, equal at the base, deciduous ; leaves oval, con- cave, uniform. Pet. obovate, entire, spreading; their claws shorter than the calyx. Filam. simple. Anth. of 2 round lobes. Germ, ovate, compressed. Style none. Stigma flat, quite sessile. Pouch elliptic-oblong, com- pressed transversely, entire, tipped with the stigma, of 2 cells; valves deeply concave, boat-like, but not keeled; partition membranous, elliptical, parallel to the valves, but crossing the narrowest diameter of the pouch. Seeds ovate, 4- or more in each cell ; cotyledons linear, incum- bent. Only one species, a small aquatic herb. TETRADYNAMIA-SILICULOSA. Draba. 157 1 . S. aquatica. Water Awl-wort. S. aquatica. Unn.Sp. Fl.%^^. Willd. v. 3.423, Fl.Br.676. Engl Bot.v. W.t. 732. Hook. Scot. 196. Lond. t. 135. Dicks. H. Sice, fuse. D. 9. FLDan.t.3D. S. erecta, junci foliis acutis moUibus. Rail Syn.307. Graminifolia aquatica, thlaspeos capitulis rotundis, septo medio si- licLilam dirimente. Flak. Almag. 180. Fhyt. t. 188./. 5. Gramen junceum hibernicum minus, thlaspios capitulis Sherardi. Moris.v.3.220.iiect.8.t.\0.f.29. Irish Rush Cress. Fetiv. H. Brit. t. 48. f. S. On the sandy or gravelly bottoms of alpine lakes, under water. In Lough Neagh, Ireland. Sherard. Lough Carran, Scotland. Dr. Hope. In several other Scottish lakes. Hooker. Also in many of the Welsh lakes. Huds. Mr. Griffith, and Rev W. Bingley. Annual. July. /ioo^ of numerous, long, white, simple fibres. *S7em none. Herb quite smooth. Leaves several, awl-shaped, spreading, an inch or two in length. Fl. few, white, minute, in a simple, stalked, radical, zigzag cluster. Fouches erect. Their partition is er- roneously described in Fl. Br. and Engl. Bot. as " contrary to the valves" ; whereas it is contrary to the greatest diameter of the seed-vessel. Dr. Hooker confirms our account of the flowers being always se- veral feet under water, where he observed them to be constantly expanded, so that the impregnation actually takes place in that element. The follen has not been examined. By the excellent plate of this author, so great in botanical dissections, it appears that the radicle is not closely applied to the cotyledons, but they together form a curve, whose two extremities are distant from each other. This I presume is expressed by cotyledones bicrnrcs in Mr. Brown's generic definition. .M8. DRABA. Whitlow-grass. Linn. Gen. 333. Jnss. 240. Fl. Br. 677. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. v.4.9\. DcCand Syst. v. 2. 33 1 . Lam. t. 550./. 1 , 2. Gcertn. t.\4\. Ero|)hilu. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 350. CV//. ecpuil at the base, somewhat .spreading, cleciiliious ; leaves ovate, concave. Pet, either cloven, notched or en- tire, s})reading, with short claws. Filam. siini)le. .//////. of 2 roundish h)bcs. (irr/n. ovate. Sfijlr very short, or none. S(i. verna. Common Whitlow-grass. Stalks radical, naked. Petals deeply cloven. Leaves lan- ceolate, somewhat notched, hairy. D. verna. Linn. Sp. PL 896. Willd. v. 3. 426, Fl. Br. 677. Engl Bot. V. 9. t. 586. Curt. Lond.fasc. l.t.49. Hook. Scot. 1 96. FLDan.t.983. D. n. 496. Hall. Hist. V. 1.215. Erophila vulgaris. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 356. Paronvchia vulgaris. Rail Syn. 292. Ger. Em. 624./. Dod. Pempt. 112./. P. alsinefolia. Lob. Ic. 469. f. Dalech.Hist. 1214./. Whitlow Cress. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 48./. 6. /3. Notched Whitlow Cress. /. 7. On walls, banks, and dry waste ground, abundantly. Annual. March, April. Boot fibrous, of considerable length. Stem none. Leaves several, forming a star close to the ground, oblong-lanceolate, entire, or in /3 notched, clothed with simple as well as forked hairs. Flower- stalks one or more, radical, round, wavy, smooth, leafless, each bearing a corymbose cluster of several inodorous -whitejlowers. Pet. cloven half way down. Pouch smooth, veiny. 2. D. aizoides. Yellow Alpine Whitlow-grass. Stalks solitary, naked. Petals slightly notched, twice the length of the calyx. Leaves lanceolate, rigid, keeled, fringed. D. aizoides. Linn.Mant. 9\. Willd. v. 3.424. Fl. Br. 1400. Comp. ed.4.l09. Engl. Bot. v.\8.t.\27l. Jacq.Austr. t.\92. De- Cand. Syst. V. 2. 333. Don H. Brit.fasc. 8. 1 86 ; cultiv. speci- mens. D. n. 498. HalLHist.v.\.2\5. Sedum petrseum. Ger. Em. 5 1 4./ S. petrseum montanum. Lob. Jc. 381./ S. alpinum sextum. Clus. Pann. 49 \.f. Hist. v. 2. 62./. Bursa pastoris alpina rosea lutea, kc. Moris, v. 2. 306. sect. 3. t. 20. /9. TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA. Draba. 159 On walls and rocks in South Wales. Near Wormshead, 1 6 miles west of Swansea, where it was disco- vered, in 1795, by John Lucas, Esq. Engl. Bot. About Pen- nard castle, near Swansea, abundantly, in inaccessible spots. W. Turton, M.D. Perennial. March, April. Stems tufted, repeatedly branched in a determinate manner, the leafy branches of the present year bearing each a solitary, ter- minal, naked stalk, with a few bright yellow corymbose_^oM'er5. Leaves very numerous, closely imbricated, linear-lanceolate, rigid, of a shining green, keeled, fringed with white bristly hairs. Prof. DeCandolle esteems the plant figured in Curt. Mag. t. 170, to be a distinct species, of a more lax growth, with shorter sta- mens. This is doubtless D. ciliaris of the Linnaean herbarium, and Mantissadl, but I should think its differences owing to cul- tivation. See a figure and description in Gerard Galloprov. 344. t. 13./. 1 . The keel of the leaves is but seldom, if ever, fringed. 3. D. /ih'/a. Simple-haired Whitlow-grass. Stalk nearly leafless. Petals undivided. Pouch elliptic-ob- long. Leaves lanceolate, slightly toothed, fringed with simple hairs. D. hirta. Linn. Sp. PL 897. Willd. v. 3. 430. Fl. Br. 677. Engl. Bot. V. 19. t. 1338. Don H. Brit.fasc. 8. 185. D. stellata. Dicks. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 2. 288. Crypt.fasc. 2. 29. fVith.iJCjD. Hull 143 ; but not of Jacquin. D. pyrenaica. Fl, Dan. t. 143j not of Linnoeus. D. rupestris. Br. in Jit. H. Kew. v. 4. 9 1 . DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 344. Hook. Scot. 196. On rocks in the Highlands of Scotland. Upon Ben Lawers. Mr. Dickson. On rocks near the summit. Mr. G. Don. Perennial. May, June. Root slender, somewhat creeping, subdivided at the crown, bearing several tufts of copious, spreading, lanceolate, bluntish, tlat, decp-grccn leaves; tapering at tiie base^ a little wavy, or sligluly notched, at the margin, fringed with constantly simple bristly hairs, such as are scattered, more or less sparingly, over both surfaces, where a few forked, not stellated, ones are occasionally intermixed. Stalk solitary, sligluly cur\ ed or wavy, 2 or 3 inclies higii, round, simj)ly hairy, either ([uite leafless, or bearing, near the bottom, and sometimes under the lowermost flower, a soli- tary leaf, like tlie radical ones, though smaller, and by no means dilated, ovate, or strongly serrated. /•'/. small, white, densely corymbose. Cal. somewhat hairy. Fcf. obovate, with a shallow notch, erect, twice as long as the calyx. Pouches in a long, un- equal, or interrupted, upriglit cluster, witii hairy partial stalks, about lialf their own length; their form elliptic-oblongratlierthan 160 TETRADYNAMIA—SILICULOSA. Draba. lanceolate, compressed but not flat, tipped with the very short thick style and capitate stigma ; their valves usually rough with minute, forked, spreading, rigid, white hairs ; but they are some- times quite smooth and naked, as in one of the Linnaean, and some of our Scottish specimens. After a careful re-examination, 1 cannot but confirm the descrip- tions and synonyms of Fl. Br. and Engl. Bot. The figure in the latter work is correct, if not luxuriant. No wonder Dr. Wahlen- berg could not find in it the characters of his D. hirta, that be- ing^as I presume, a different species, characterized by one, two, or three ovate, strongly toothed or serrated leaves on its stalk, or stem. 1 have such from Lapland, gathered by Dr. Swartz. The pouches and stalks are, as in the real D. hirta, either mi- nutely hairy or smooth. I must leave Dr. Hooker's hirta for future examination, as he refers to Jacquin's hirta, Fl. Justr. t. 432, a totally different species, which is Haller's n. 497, well known in Switzerland, but not in Britain. Bauhin's Bursa pas- toris alpina hirsuta, Prodr. 51./, agrees in the stem-leaves with Swartz's and Wahlenberg's plant, but the description of its soft and hoary radical foliage answers better to Jacquin's. 4. D. incana. Twisted-podded Whitlow-grass. Stem-leaves numerous, hoary, like the stem, with close starry pubescence. Pouch elliptic-oblong, obliqjie or twisted, longer than the hairy partial stalks. D. incana. Linn. Sp. PL 897. Fl. Suec. ed. 2. 224. mild. V. 3. 430. Fl. Br. 430. Engl. Bot. v. 6. t. 388. Hook. Scot. 197. Don H. Brit.fasc. 8. 187. Wahlenh. Lapp. 176. FL Ban. 1. 130. Ehrh. PhyL 7b, D. contorta. Ehrh. Beitr. v. 7. 155. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 348. Lunaria contorta major. Raii Syn. 291. Leucojum, sive Lunaria, vasculo sublorgo intorto. Pluk. Almag. 215. PhyLt.42.f.\. Wreathed Cress. Petiv. H. Brit. i. 48./. 3. /3. Paronychise similis sed major, perennis alpina repens. Raii Syn. ed.2. 165. erf. 3. 292. Small Wreath Cress. Petiv. H. BriL t. 48./ 4. On alpine limestone rocks. On the summits of the mountains of Wales, Westmoreland, and Scotland. Upon the top of Ingleborough, Yorkshire. Mr. Wood- ward. Upon Ben Lawers, Loch-na-gair, and Cairn-gorm. Mr. G. Don. On heaths, on the east coast of Sutherland, near Wilk-house inn. Dr. Hooker and Mr. Borrer. Biennial. May, June. Root long, tapering, with numerous capillary radicles. Herb all over hoary, with minute, starry, crowded and close-pressed hairs, very variable in stature and luxuriance, like most biennial or an- nual plants, according to the moisture or nourishment it re- ceives. Stem from 2 to 12 inches high in a wild state, 2 feet TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA. Draba. Uil when cultivated, simple or somewhat branched, copiously leafy, its starry pubescence accompanied by, or sometimes in the lower part changed for, fine long simple hairs. Radical leaves elliptic- lanceolate, forming in the first season a dense rose-like tuft j those of the stem, the following year, very numerous, scattered, sessile, ovate, ribbed, variously toothed or cut, seldom, except in starved plants, quite entire. Fl. numerous, white. CaL hairy. Pet. inversely heart-shaped, twice the length of the calyx, with taper claws. Pc^vUd] Jiower-stalks very hairy, scarcely half the length of the pouch, which is about half an inch long, elliptic- lanceolate, or oblong, more or less oblique, uneven, or twisted half round, flat not tumid, the edges thick, the summit crowned with the extremely short thick style, and depressed capitate sligma. The surface of the pouch in British specimens I find to be always smooth. Ehrhart's specimens of his D. incana, or Hularges, Fhytoph. 75, arc not in fruit, but one of the germens carefully examined, proved only slightly and partially hairy, and could not possibly have produced a hoary pouch. \Vt this sy- nonym is applied by Ehrhart to his own D. confusa, whose pouch shouhl be downy, while DeCandolle refers it, by my specimens, to his D. contorta, my incana. From all that 1 have seen, a.s well as from the analogy of the preceding species, 1 am satisfied that the smoothness or roughness of the fruit att'ordsbut atriviaJ distinction, and DeCandolle seems of the same opinion. Tlie figure in Engl. Bot. taken from a wild seedling, made to blossom in a garden, is therefore over luxuriant ; but being very faith- ful in every particular, does not deserve to be stigmatized as -bad." 5. D. m?/ralh\ Speedwell-leaved Whitlow-grass. Stein branched. Leaves heart-sliaped, toothed, hairy. Pouch elliptical, obtuse, flat, shorter than the partial stalks. D. muralis. Linn. Sp. Fl. S97. mild. v. 3. '\29. FLBr.679. Engl. Bot. V. i:i. t. (J 1 2. lloo/c. Scot. 197. Lond. t. 64. Scop. Insnbr. fasc.2. t. If). DeCand. Syst. c. 2.3.V2. Don. II. Brit. /i/AC. 8. 188. D. n.409. Hall. Hist.v. 1.2 If). D. minima muralis discoidcs. Odumn. Kcphr. v. I. 27 1. /. 272. Bursa pastoris major, loculo oblongo. Bauh. Pin. 108. Pradr. 50./. linii Sim. 292. Moris, v. 2. [Wb.sect. 3. t. 20. f. .">. Speedwell Cress. Pctir. II. Brit. t. 4H. f. C). Nlyagroides subrotundis serratisque foliis, flore a!bo. Barrel. Ic. t.SlG. On the shady sides of limestone mountains, or on walls, but rare. In several jjtirts of Craven. Yorkshire. liaif. AboiU Malham Cove. Dr. Richardson and others. At Old Malton, on walls. Uev. Arch- dcacon Peirson. (Jn the \Vard(jn Hills, Bedfordshire. Rev. Dr. Aijbot. On drv banks at Emborough, Somersetshire. Mr. Sole. vol.. III. .M 162 TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA. Alyssum. Naturalized on the walls of Chelsea garden, as likewise about the botanic garden Edinburgh. Annual. April, Mmj. Very unlike all our other species. Root tapering. Stem erect, al- nately branched, unless very weak, from the base, from 6 to 1 8 inches high, leafy, rough with minute starry hairs. Radical leaves several, depressed, obovate, tapering at the base -, those of the stem scattered, sessile, heart-shaped ; all strongly ser- rated or toothed, and clothed with short, either simple, forked or stellated, hairs. Ft. very numerous, small, white, in a little dense corymbose tuft, soon lengthened out into an extremely long cluster of spreading pouches, whose stalks are either smooth or hairy, Cal., as Dr. Hooker observes, generally smooth ; but occasionally hairy as in Engl. Bat. Pet. obovate, entire. Style scarcely any. Stigma blunt, very small. Pouch about half the length of its stalk, elliptical, obtuse, flat, even and smooth, with 6 or 8 seeds in each cell, which, as DeCandolle remarks, are twice as numerous in D. nemoralis, the pouches of which are finely downy, on longer and smooth stalks, and the /ear es ovate- oblong. 319. ALYSSUM. Alyssum. Linn. Gen. 335. Juss. 240. Fl. Br. 659. Br. in Jit. H. Kew. v. 4. 93. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 30 1 . Lam. t.6o9. Citertn. t.\4\. Cal. equal at the base, cup-shaped, deciduous ; leaves ovate, concave, uniform. Pet. obovate, entire, or slightly notch- ed, flat, spreading, with short claws. Filam. about the length of the calyx, often furnished with a lateral tooth, or notch. Aiith. of 2 roundish lobes. Germ, orbicular, or elliptical, compressed. Style short. Stigma simple, small. Pouch orbicular, oval, or obovate, laterally com- pressed, tipped with the style, of 2 cells ; valves flattish, or tumid chiefly in the middle ; partition membranous, of the same shape and breadth. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, oval, compressed, rarely bordered ; cotyledons accum- bent. Small herbaceous or shrubby plants, downy, or hoary, with simple or starry pubescence, usually much branched and leafy. Leaves undivided, mostly narrow and entire. Fl. white or yellow. 1. K. maritimiim . Sweet Alyssum. Stem somewhat woody, much branched, spreading. Leaves lanceolate, acute, entire, hoary with close hairs. Stamens simple. Seeds solitary. TETHADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA. Camelina. 16^ A. maritimum. H'illd. v. 3. 4.")9. Engl, Bot. v, 25, t. 1 729. Br. in H. Kew. V.4.9D. DeCand. Sijst. v. 2. 3 1 8. A, minimum. Linn. Sp. PL 908. Herb. Linn. A. halimifolium. Curt. Mag. t.\0\. Clypeola maritima. Linn. Sp. Pl.9iO. Mcint.2.426. Thlaspi Alyssum dictum maritimum. Bauh. Pin. 1 07. Moris, v. 2. 291. sect. 3. t. \6.f. 1, T. maritimum. Dalech. Hist. 1393./. T. linifolium minus cineritium, flore albo. Barrel. Ic. t. 908./ 1. good. T. narbonense Lobelii. Ger. Em. 267./ On banks and clift's near the sea- Near Aberdeen. Prof. IV. Duncan. At Budleigh-Salterton, De- vonshire. Dr. Hooker, Not wild in the latter place. Rev. J, Jervis. Perennial. August, September. Stem much branched from the base, recumbent, leafy, though woodv not very durable ; and in gardens, where this phxnt is cultivated for the sake of its honey-scentedy/o?rer5, it is gene- rally treated as an annual. The, herbage is hoary, or rather glaucous, with close-pressed silvery hairs. Leaves linear-lan- ceolate, tapering at the base, Fl. very abundant, in dense, tufted, or corymbose, clusters, much elongated when in fruit. Pet. roundish, of a brilliant white ; but in fiiding their claws, like the stamens, assume a violet hue. Poucfi orbicular, smooth and polished, a little tumid, with one seed in each cell. 320. CAMELINA. Gold of Pleasure. Crantz Austr.fasc. 1.17. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. v. 4. 93. Ctmip.ed. 4. 108. DeCand. SysLv. 2.514. Cal, equal at the base, oblong, deciduous ; leave.s elliptic- oblong, uniform, moderately spreading. Pet. obovate- oblong, undivided, their claws rather shorter than the spreading border. Filam. thread-sha})ed, sim))le. Anth. oblong-heart-shaped, (rrrm. roundish. Sfi/lc cylindri- cal, erect. Sfii^nia simple, obtuse. Pouch obovate, ob- tuse, rarely globular, tumid, of 2 cells ; valves concave, confluent with the permanent style ; partition membra- nous, Scp(h numerous in each cell, oblong, compressed, not bordered ; cotyledons incumbent, U})right, mostly branched, herbs, with oblong leaves., clasp- ing the 5/<'W, 77. yellow, in corymbose clusters. I^our/ies erect, on long partial .stalks. The incumbent cotyledons oblige us to se])arate the present genus from Ali/ssinu. The name i)f Mi/a^n/m^ as Prof. DeCandoile remarks, pro- perly brlongs to this genus ; but that is now a})])ropriateidi in Attica. 2. L. rudcralc. Narrow-leaved Pepperwort. SUimens two. Petals none. Leaves smooth ; lower ones pinnatifid, toothed ; upper linear, entire. Pouch notched. 166 TETRADYNAMIA— SILICUL08A. Lepidium. L. ruderale. Linn. Sp. PL 900. M'illd. v. 3. 440, Fl. Br. 682, Engl. Bot. v. 23. 1. 1595, Hook. Scot. 194. FL Dan. L 184. DeCand. Syst. i\ 2. 540. Nasturtium n. 508. HalL Hist. v. 1 . 220, N. sylvestre, Osyridis folio. Rail Si/n. 303. Thlaspi minus. Ger. Em. 262./. T. angustifolium. Fuchs.HisL^Ql ./. lc.\7^.f. nalech.Hist.662.f. Thlaspidii genus. Trag. Hist. 83./. Narrow Wild Cress. Petiv. H. Br it t.oO.f.l. In waste ground, especially near the sea_, in a muddy or calcareous soil. At Yarmouth, Cley, and Lynn, Norfolk, plentifully. At Truro, Cornwall, and Maiden, Essex. Ray. Below Bristol. Withering. By the side of the Severn above Worcester. Dr. Stokes. Annual. June. Root tapering. Herb glaucous, smooth, fetid and pungent when bruised. Stem from 6 to 12 inches high, solitary, erect, leafy, with many wide-spreading branches. Lower leaves pinnatifid, which the figures of the old authors, except Petiver, do not ex- hibit ; their segments are linear, partly toothed, especially at the fore side ; upper leaves undivided, entire. FL minute, in dense corymbs, which when in seed become very long, rather crowded, clusters. I have never met with any petals, nor more than 2 stamens j but Dr. Withering, like Scopoli and Gouan, has often seen complete Jfowers, and sometimes 4 stamens. Pouch roundish, with a notch containing the very short, thick, perma- nent style. 3. h. campestre. Common Mithridate Pepperwort. Pouch scaly, notched ; bordered at the summit. Style very short. Stem-leaves arrow-shaped, toothed. L. campestre. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. v. 4. 88. Comp. ed. 4. 110. De- Cand. Syst. V. 2. 535. Hook. Scot. 1 95. Thlaspi campestre. Linn. Sp. PL 902. mild. v. 3. 444. FLBr.6S4. EngL Bot. V. 20. t. 1385. Curt. Lond.fasc. 5.t.45. T. vulgatius. Raii Syn.305. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 921. upper/. T. latifolium. Fuchs. HisL 306./. Ic. 1 74./ Nasturtium n. 509. HalL Hist. v. 1. 220. Common Cow Cress. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 50. / 7. ^. Thlaspi Vaccaiise folio glabrum. RaiiSyn. 305. T. vulgatissimam. Ger. Em. 262./. T. primum. Matth. Valgr. i?. 1 . 5 1 8. / Camer. EpiL 336. /. Da- lech. Hist. 662./ Smooth Cow Cress. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 50./. 8. y. Thlaspi hirlum. Hids,2S\, In cultivated fields. TETRADYNAMIA— 8ILICULOSA. Lepidium. 167 /S. Near Warrington. Mr. D. Turner. y. Near Bath. Mr. Haviland. Annual. July. Root tapering. Herb more or less downy, and of a hoary or glau- cous green ; the pubescence short, shuple, and prominent. Stem erect, leafy, about a foot high ; branched in the upper part, ex- cept in weak specimens. Lowest leaves obovate, soon wither- ing ; the rest sessile, arrow-shaped, acute at both ends, wavy and toothed in the most common and downy variety ; in /3 nearly smooth, and more entire. Fl. numerous, small, white, their co- rymbs soon lengthened out into long clusters of upright, round- ish-oblong pouches, whose flat border, very narrow at the sides, is much dilated, and cloven, at the upper edge, the style being about equal in length to the lobes. The surface at both sides of the pouch is covered with minute depressed scales, which mark this species well, and are sometimes, in y, accompanied by a few hairs, when it becomes Thlaspi hirtum of Hudson, but not of Linnaeus. I have always found the seeds solitary in each cell. For the cotyledons being incumbent, not accumbent as in Thlaspi, 1 rely on Mr. Brown. 4. L. hirtum. Hairy Mithridate Pepperwort. Pouch often hairy, not scaly, bordered at the summit. Style prominent. Stem-leaves arrovi^-shaped, slightly toothed. L. hirtum. Comp. ed. 4.110. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 536. Thlaspi hirtum. Linn. Sp. PL 90\. mild. v. 3, 444. FLBr.684. Engl. Bot. V. 2G. /. 1 803. Hook. Scot. 1 95. T. Vaccariae incano folio perenne. Raii Syn. ed. 2. 175. ed. 3.305. T. villosum, capsulis hirsutis. Bauh. Pin. 106. Prodr. 47. f. Mo- ris. v.2.297. sect. 3. t. 18./. 27, copied from Bauhin. T. villosum. Matth. ed. Bauh. 430./. T. capsulis hirsutis. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 922./. Chabr. Sciagr. 291./, copied from J. Bauhin. Hoary Cress. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 50./ 1 0. In fields on hilly ground. In mountainous situations in Wales, and elsewhere. Ray. In Perthshire, near the seat of the Earl of Kinnoul. Mr. Miller, and Mr. J. Mackay, By the river Earn, Perthshire, and the Esk, between Brichen and Montrose, Angusshire. Mr. G. Don. At BrowKton, Suffolk, Rev. G.R. Lcathes. Perennial. June. Root woody and perennial, as Ray indicates. Stems several, simple or branched, leafy, always finely hairy, as well as the /<'(/r65, which resemble those of the last, but the obovate radical ones are more numerous and permanent, on longs!ender/oo/67a//f5. Inflores- cence like the preceding, but the petals are larger. Pouch often hairy at the sides, but the dilated terminal cloven border .seems to be always smooth, as arc, very frequently, the sides also, being' 168 TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA. Hutcliinsia. moreover entirely destitute of the minute concave scales, so cha- racteristic of L. campestrc. 'J'he style is full twice as long as the lobes of the border. Seech solitary. Cotyledons incumbent, as I have found them on examination, and as there is no room to doubt their being in L. campestre, so that the more obvious character of the solitary seeds is thus confirmed, and the true genus of these plants perfectly established. Ray well knew this species, and the old figures, of which those of the two Bauhins only are original, answer perfectly to our plant, though Hudson's Thlaspi hirtum is but a variety of campestre. 322. HUTCHINSTA. Hutchinsia. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. v. 4. 82. Comp. ed. 4. 1 07. DeCand, Syst. v. 2, 384. Cal. equal at the base, with spreading, elliptical, concave, equal leaves, deciduous. Pet. obovate, undivided. Filam, simple. Anth. roundish. Germ, oval, compressed. Style various. Stigma obtuse. Pouch elliptic-oblong, trans- versely compressed, nearly entire, of 2 cells ; valves keel- shaped, not bordered; partition narrow, crossing the greater diameter of the pouch. Seeds 2, or more, in each cell, pendulous, ovate ; cotyledons accumbent. Herbs various in habit, perennial, or annual. Leaves undi- vided, pinnatifid, or pinnate, smooth, a little succulent. Fl. white or reddish, never yellow. 1. Yi. petrcea. Rock Hutchinsia. Leaves pinnate, entire. Petals scarcely equal to the calyx. Stigma sessile. Seeds two in each cell. H. petraea. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. v. 4, 82. Comp. ed. 4. 110. De- Cand. Syst. v. 2. 389. Hook. Loud. ^.31. Lepidium petrseum. Linn. Sp. PI. 899. M'illd. v. 3. 434. Fl. Br. 68 1 . Engl. Bot. r. 2. 1 1 1 . Jacq. Austr. t.lSl. L. Linnsei. Crantz Austr. fasc. 1.7. t.2.f.4.b. Nasturtium n. 515. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 222. N. petrseum annuum nostras. Pluk. Almag. 262. Phyt. t. 206./. 4. N. pumilum vernum. Bauh. Pin. 105. Moris, v. 2. 301. sect. 3. t.\9.f.6. Nasturtiolum montanum annuum tenuissim^ divisum. Rail Syn. 304. Cardamine pusilla saxatilis montana discoides. Colu mn. Ecphr. v. 1 . 274. ^.273. Fine Cress. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 50./. 4. On limestone rocks, and walls, in the south of Britain. On the rocks about Goram'schair^near Bristol. Richard Kay le, and TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA. Teesdaiia. 169 J. Sherard. On St. Vincent's rocks, Bristol. Huds., and Dr. John Ford, where it still grows. Also at Uphill, Somersetshire. Tluda. On a limestone wall 2 miles from Pembroke. Mr. Adams. Jn various other parts of Wales, and of the mountainous lime- stone district of Yorkshire. Dr. Hooker. Annual. March, April. Root fibrous, annual rather than biennial. Stems one or more, 2 or 3 inches high, erect, leafy, branched, spreading, smooth, or finely downy. Leaves elegantly pinnate, of numerous pairs of elliptic-oblong, entire, smootli leaflets, with a terminal one of the same size, their common stalk channelled and bordered, so that the whole mny be denominated a deeply pinnatifid leaf. Fl. white, very minute, corymbose. Pet. narrow. Pouches in longish clusters, spreading, oval, compressed, at first entire, tipped with the sessile stigma, but as they advance to maturity the point of each valve becomes slightly elongated or dilated, making a small notch to contain the somewhat elevated stigma. Seeds 2 in each cell, one above the other. I beg leave to repeat that this plant has the pouch of a Lepidium, according to the original idea of that genus, being " emarginate and many-seeded"3 but the cotyledons being accumbent, not incumbent, oblige us to take advantage of the seeds not being solitary, as in Lepidium better defined, to separate it, along with others whose seeds are still more numerous, as a distinct, though not very natural, genus. See Hooker and DeCandoUe. The name commemorates the late Miss Hutchins, a very distin- guished botanist, whose discoveries in the neighbourhood of Belfast have often been celebrated,, and whose premature death is deplored by all who knew her. 323. TEESDALIA. Teesdaiia. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. v. 4. 83. Comp. ed. 1. 1 08. Tr. of Linn. Soc. r. I 1 . 283. DeCand. Si/st. v. 2. 39 1 . Cal. e(jiial at the base, with spreading, ovate, concave, nearly equal, deciduous leaves. Prf. obovate, undivided, spreading, either ecjual, or unequal, the 2 outermost in the latter case nnich the largest. Filam. cylindrical, sometimes but 4-, shorter than the coi'olla, incurved, each bearing an ovate, ))etal-like scale, at tiie inner side, just above the base. Aiith. of 2 round, distinct, converging lobes. Germ, roundisli, 2-lobed, rather compressed. Stigma globular, sessile. Pouch transversely compressed, roundisli, concave on one side ; bordered at the ^unnnil and cloven ; of 2 cells, and 2 boat- like valves, with dilated keels; partition lanceolate, narrow, contrary to the greater tliameter ol the pouch. .SVrr/.v 2 in each cell. 170 TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA. ThlaspL roundish, compressed ; cotyledons, according to DeCan- dolle, accumbent, nearly orbicular. Annual herbs, of humble growth, with numerous, pinnati- fid, radical leaves, and several simple stalks, of which the central one only is quite leafless. FL small, white, in simple corymbose tufts, becoming long clusters oi pouches, 1. a. nudicaidis. Naked-stalked, or Irregular, Tees- dalia. Petals unequal. T. nudicaulis. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. v. 4. 83. Comp. ed.4.ll0. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v.W. 286. Hook. Scot. 1 94. T. Iberis. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 392. Iberis nudicaulis. Linn. Sp. PL 907. PVilld. v. 3. 458. Fl.Br.692. Engl. Bot. V. 5. t. 327. Curt. Lond.fasc. 6. t. 42. Dicks. H. Sice. /asc. 1.10. Fl. Dan. t. 323. I. n.521. Hall. Hist. V. I. 224. Nasturtium petraeum. Raii Syn. 303. Bursa pastoria minima. Ger. Em. 276./. Lob. Ic. 221./. Shepherd's Cress. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 50./. 2. In dry barren gravelly fields. About London, Norwich and Bury. Ray, and Eizgl.JBot. InWor- cestershire and Cumberland. Withering. Near Sheffield. Mr. J. Salt, In cornfields near Easingwold, Yorkshire. Rev. Arch- deacon Peirson. In several parts of the lowlands of Scotland. Hooker. Abundant in Anglesea. Rev. H. Davies. Annual. May. Root slender, tapering. Leaves numerous, spreading on the ground, partly undivided, but mostly pinnatifidin a lyrate man- ner, often downy at the edges, otherwise smooth. Stems se- veral, slightly leafy, erect or spreading, the central one quite straight and always naked. Fl. in little white corymbs. Two outer petals thrice the size of the others. Stam. always 6, re* markable for their large white scales, first observed in this spe- cies by the late Mr. Sowerby. Teesdalia is named after the late Mr. Robert Teesdale, F.L.S., formerly gardener to the Earl of Carlisle at Castle Howard, an excellent British botanist, who died atTurnham Green, Dec. 25, 1804. T, regularise the only species known besides, is Lepi- dium nudicaule of Linnaeus, exactly like our plant in habit, but distinguished by having equal petals, and often only 4 stamens. 324. THLASPL Shepherd's Purse. Mithridate Mustard. Linn. Gen. 334. Juss. 241 . Fl. Br. 683. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 373. Tourn.t. lOl.F — L. Dill.Gen.t. 6. Lam. t. 557. Gccrtn.t. \4\. TETRADYNAMIA—SILICULOSA. Thlaspi. 171 Bursa Pastoris. Tourn. t. 103. Capsella. DeCand. Sijst. v. 2. 383. Cal. equal at the base, witli ovate, concave, moderately spreading, deciduous leaves. Pet. obovate, equal, undi- vided, sometimes slightly notched ; their claws short and broad. i'V/r/zw. simple, slender. Anth. heart-shaped, acute. Germ, roundish, compressed, notched. Sl;i/le short. Stig- ma obtuse. Pouch transversely compressed, roundish or inversely heart-shaped, crowned between its lobes with the style, of 2 cells ; valves strongly keeled, mosdy bor- dered ; partition elliptic-lanceolate, crossing the greater diameter of the pouch. Seeds several in each cell, ovate; cotvledons accumbent. Perennial or annual herbs, for the most part smooth, with undivided, rarely pinnatifid, leaves. Ft. white. Pouches variously shaped and bordered. 1. T. arvense. Mithridate Mustard, or Penny Cress. Pouch orbicular, nearly flat, shorter than its stalk. Leaves smooth, oblong, toothed. Stem erect. T. arvense. Linn, Sp. PL 901. mild. v. 3. 442. FL Br. 683. Engl Bot. V. 24. t. 1659. Curt. Lond. fasc. 6. f. 43. Hook. Scot. 1 93. DeCand. Sifst. v. 2. 375. FL Dan. t. 793. T. Dioscoridis. Rail Sijn. 305. Gcr. Em. 262. f. T. secundum. iVatth, Valgr. r. 1.519. / Camcr. EpiL 337. /. Dalech. H}st.6&2.f. T. cum siliquis latis. Bauli. Hist. v. 2. 923./. Nasturtium n. 5 11 . Hall. Hist. v. 1 . 220. Penny Cress. Pctiv. H. Brit. t. 50./. 9. In cultivated or waste ground, but not common. In Essex, Suffolk, and Staffordsliire. Raij. Oxfordshire. Bishop of Carlisle. In waste ground on the north-east side of Norwich. Mr. Rose. Near the sea at the south end of Lowestoft, Suffolk. Annual. June, July. Root small and tapering. Htrh deep shmmg green, tjuite smooth, erect, 8 to 12 inches higii, branched, leaty. Uadieal leaves obo- vate 'obtuse ; those of the stem oblong, acute, arrow-shajied and clasping at the base ; all toothed, or wavy. FL small, white, densely corvmbose. Vourlies very large, erect, in long clusters, orbicular, with a deep notch at the top, the broad borders of their valves rising high above the stifle. Seeds striated, black, acrid, with a strong garlic flavour, which occasioned them to be used formerly as an ingredient in the Mitluidate C'ontection, an elaborate hodge-podge, now laid aside. The name ot Penny Cress alludes to the form and size of tiie seed-vessels, resembling a silver penny. 172 TETRADYNAMIA-SILICULOSA. Thlaspi. 2. T. perfoliatum. Perfoliate Shepherd's Purse. Pouch inversely heart-shaped. Stem-leaves heart-shaped, rather sharp at the base, clasping the branched stem. Style very short. T. perfoliatum. Linn. Sp. PL 902. JVilld. v. 3. 446. Fl. Br. 685. Engl Bot. V. 33. t. 2354. Hook. Land. t. 46. DeCand. Syst. v.2.378. Jacq.Austr.t.337. T. alpestre. Huds. 282. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 6. 5. T. arvense perfoliatum minus. Raii Sijn. ed. 2. J 76. T. arvense perfoliatum majus. Bauh. Pin. 106. Moris, v. 2. 294. sect. 3. t. \7.f. 15 i also minus. f.]6. T. perfoliatum minus. Bauh. Pin. 1 06. Raii Syn. ed. 3. 305. T. alterum mitius rotundifolium. Bursas pastoris fructu. Column. Ecphr.v. J. 278. t. 276./. 2. T. cordatum minus, flore albo, insipidum. Barrel. Ic. ^ 815. T. tertium pumilum. Clus. Hist. v. 2. 131./. T. minus Clusii. Ger. Em. 268./ T. rotundifolium. Ger. Em. 266./ good. Nasturtium n. 5 10. Hall. Hist. v. 1 . 220. Small Thorow Cress. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 50. f. 12. In limestone pastures, rare. Abundant among the stone-pits about Burford, Oxfordshire. Bo- bart and Sibth. I believe it has not been found In any other part^ of Britain. The north-country stations introduced into Ray's Synopsis by Dillenius, certainly belong to T. alpestre. Annual. April, May. Root fibrous. Herb glaucous, smooth. Stem branched from the very bottom, spreading, leafy. Leaves slightly toothed ; radical ones stalked, ovate, obtuse ; the rest sessile, arrow-shaped, clasping the stem, either rounded or acute at the base. Fl. densely corymbose, small, white. Cal. often purplish, with white membranous edges. Pouches on horizontal stalks, in not very long clusters, the keels of their valves much dilated and rounded at the upper part, rising high above the very short style. Seeds numerous in each cell, oval, yellowish. Morison's/ ] 6, and T. tertium pumilum of Clusius, copied in Ger. Em. clearly belong to this, as they faithfully express the short- ness of the style. I have starved specimens very nearly answer- mg to those figures. The great Ray was aware that authors had here made two species out of one. 3. T. alpestre. Alpine Shepherd's Purse. Stem-leaves arrow-shaped. Stems simple. Style promi- nent beyond the margin of the obovate abrupt pouch. T. alpestre. Linn. Sp. PL 903. M'illd.v.3.447. FLBr.OSG. EngL Bot. v.2.t.S\. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 380. TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA. Thlaspi. 17J T. montanum. Huds. 282. With. 674. Curt. Cat. in Ft. Lond. v. 1 . 71.85. T. foliis Globularice. Bauh. Hist. v. 2.926. f. RadSijn.ed.2 175. erf. .3.305. T. montanum secundum. Clus. Hist. v. 2. 131./. T. albi supini varietas. Ger. Em. 268./. 2. Lepidium n. 519. Hall. Hist. v. 1.223. Woad Cress. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 50./. 1 1 . In mountainous pastures in the north of England, among limestone rocks and lead mines. About Settle and Malham, Yorkshire. Bay. At Matlock bath, Derbyshire. Perennial. June, July. Boot much branched at the crown, running deep into the ground, but not creeping. Herb smooth and glaucous. Stems several, a span high, leafy, all simple, unless eaten down early by cattle, in which case they branch from the base, any small lateral shoot, as in Engl. But., being extremely rare. Leaves scarcely, if at all, toothed ; the radical ones in dense tufts, stalked, ovate or obovate, obtuse, a iittle wavy ; those of the stem numerous, sessile, arrow shaped, mostly acute at each end. Ft. white, small, but the petals vary in size, and are slightly notched. Jnih. pur- plish, as is likewise the calyx. Pouch obovate and obtuse, seldom so much heart-shaped as in Engl.Bot., nor do its bordered lobes ever reach half the length of the slender prominent style. Seeds Tawny, 3 or 4 in each cell. The attentive reader will find my synonyms of this and the last, as well as of Lepidium campestre and U'lrtum, a little at variance with those of the learned and accurate Prof. DeCandoUe -, and in deference to such authority I have revised them ; but this ex- amination has confirmed their original application. The descrip- tion and figure in Engl. Bat. will not, I think, be found to dis- agree with each other 3 see Hooker under T. pcrfoliatum. 4. T. Bursa pastoris. Common Shepherd's Purse. Hairy. Pouch inversely heart-shaped, somewhat triangu- lar. Radical leaves pinnatifid. T. Hursa pastoris. Linn. Sp. PL 903. Willd. v. 3. A\7. /'?. Br. 687. Engl. Hot. V. 21. /. MS."). Curt. Lond. fasc. I. / 50. Hook. Scot. 19 4. Bull. Er. /.223. El. Dan. t. 729. eXao-TTi, ( riilasi)i). Diosc. Ic. 77 . Na.sturtiu!n n. 5 N. Hall. Hist. v. 1 . 22 1 . Capsella Hursa pastoris. DcCand. Sysl. v. 2. 383. Bursa pastoris. Dnrstcn. Botan. 54. 2./. Matth. J'algr. v. 1 .521 ./. Camcr. Epit. 3 10./ Ban Syn. 3i)6. Uer. Em. 276./. Pastoria Bursa. Enchs. Hist. fill. /". Sheaperds Purse. Peliv. H. Bnt. I. 49./ 4—7. 174 TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA. Cochlearia. In waste, as well as cultivated ground, and by way sides, every where. Annual, March — November. Root tapering, whitish, with a peculiar smoke-like scent. Herb very variable in Ir.xuriance, rough with prominent hairs. Stem branched, leafy, erect or spreading, from 6 to 12 inches high. Radical leaves several, more or less deeply pinnatifid, toothed or notched, their terminal lobe usually triangular and acute ; stem-leaves oblong, acute, toothed, clasping the stem with their arrow-shaped base. Fl. small, corymbose, often tinged with purplish brown. Pet. entire. Pouches smooth, on long spread- ing stalks, forming a long cluster, each nearly triangular, a little tumid, abrupt with a broad shallow sinus at the extremity, in which the very short style is situated, but the lobes are scarcely, if at all, dilated or wing-ed, though in some measure com])ressed at the margin j partition narrow. Seeds about 5, or more, in each cell. Prof. DeCandoUe remarks that this herb is much less acrid than the rest of its order, and rather glutinous to the taste. Small birds eat the seeds and flowers. The want of a dilated border to the pouch has induced that eminent botanist, and a few others, to separate the present species from Thlaspi. But surely the difference, which 1 have long ago noted, is very slight and dubious. 1 rather concur with Mr. Brown injiot making it of generic importance • and at any rate the name of Thlaspi belongs irrefragably to this identical plant, having been given by Dioscorides, Pliny, and every succeeding writer, though CsCsS- alpinus, book 8, chapter 74 and 76, (not book 2,) mentions Capsella as one of the synonyms in Dioscorides, of which I find no traces. The word indeed is bad Latin, synonymous with capsula. The Common Shepherd's Purse occurs in almost every part of the globe. To the various and distant countries mentioned by De- CandoUe, I can add Nepaul, from whence Dr. Wallich has sent specimens. Their pouches however are much broader and shorter than those from the Isle de Bourbon, but there are, in both in- stances, 8 or 10 seeds in each cell. 325. COCHLEARIA. Scurvy-grass. Linn. Gen. 334. Juss. 240. Fl. Br. GSS. DeCaml St/st. v. 2. 358. Tourn. t. 101. Lam.t. 558. Cal. equal at the base, with ovate, concave, spreading, de- ciduous leaves. Pet, obovate, undivided, spreading, twice the length of the calyx, with short claws. Filam. awl-shaped, simple, incurved, the length of the calyx. Anth. roundish. Germ, roundish. Style very short, per- manent. Stigma obtuse. Poitch globose, ovate, or ellip- TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA. Cochlearia. 175 deal, turgid, rugged, veiny, tijoped with tlie style, of 2 cells; valves concave, rather thick, not bordered, scarcely keeled ; partition orbicular or elliptical, membranous, generally as wide as the valves. Seeds several in each cell, roundish ; cotyledons flat, accumbent. Annual or perennial herbs, celebrated as antiscorbutic, mostly smooth, and rather succulent, with branched spreading stems; and simple leaves, the radical ones stalked and most entire. Fl. white, or pale purplish, never yellow. 1. C. officinalis. Common Scurvy-grass. Radical leaves roundish ; those on the stem oblong and somewhat sinuated. Pouch globose. C. officinalis. Linn. Sp. Pl.^0^. irUlcL v. 3. 44S. FL Br. 6SS. Engl. Bof. V. 8. ^.551. Woociv. t. 29. Hook. Scot. 1 9b. Land, t. 1 48. DeCand. Sijst. v. 2. 364. Fl. Dan. t. 135. Cochlearia. Bail Syn. 302. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 942. / Camer. Epit. 27 1 . /. Dod. Pempt. 594. /. C. rotundifolia. Ger. Em. 401 ./. Garden Scurvy-grass. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 49./. I. Nasturtium n. 503. Hall. Hist. u. 1. 218. ^. Cochlearia minor rotundifolia nostras. Raii Syn. 303. y. C. groenlandica Hlllt. 5/3 ; but not of Linnceus. C. rotundifolia. Dill, in Raii Syn. 302. On the sea coast, in stony or muddy situations, abundantly ; some- times, especially the varieties, in watery spots on the Welsh or Scottish mountains. Annual. May. A smooth, sleek and shining herb, varying much in luxuriance, and somewhat in the shape of its foliage. .S7em angular, nnich branched, usually a foot high ; in mountain specimens only 2 or 3 inches. Lon-cr Icavrs on long stalks, roundish-heart-shaped, waw ; npper sessile, smaller and more oblong, sinuated, or deeply toothed, clasping the stem. FL pure white, in nume- rous (.-orvmbose tufts, Ponchcs nearly globular, obscurely veiny, tipped \vith the short sti/lc; partition broadly ovate, /S, sent by the late Rev. II. Davies from Beaumaris, has long stalks to many of the strni-lcarrs, which are also more heart- shaped than in the common kind. Tiie /loners arc small and white. Punches but slightly veiny. 2. C. grornlfindicff. (irccnluiid Scurvy-grass. Leaves kidiuy-sliaped, fleshy, entire; u})permost oblong. Poucli triobose. 176 TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA. Cochlearia. C. groenlandica Linn. Sp. PL 904. mild. v. 3. 449. Comp. ed.4. 110. Engl. Bot. V. 34. t. 2403. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. \0.344, De- Cand.Syst.v.2.366. C. minima, erecta etrepens, insulse Aalholmianee. Williusin Bar- tholin's Act. HafnicB,v.3. 143./ 144. On the Highland mountains of Scotland. On the mountains of Clova, Angusshire, and at Loch-ne-gare. Mr. G. Don. Annual. August. Root with numerous fibres. Herb much smaller than any variety of the last that I have seen. Radical leaves on long stalks, very fleshy, convex at the back, roundish-kidney-shaped, quite en- tire ; those of the stems few, more oblong, partly stalked, either ovate, with a tooth at each side, or ovate-oblong, entire, seldom quite sessile. Fl. numerous, one cluster sessile at the root, the rest terminating the very short stems. Cal. purplish. Pet. thrice the size of the foregoing, white, tinged with purple. I have seen but a half-ripe pouch, which resembles C officinalis. Linnaeus and DeCandoUe have made this a distinct species. I do not venture to assert that it is so, but the late accurate Mr. Don was of that opinion, and rightly determined it to be theLinnaean plant. The great size and beauty of the Jiowers are remarkable. Dr. Richardson and Dillenius found our supposed variety y of C. officinalis, which some have taken for the grcenland,ica, to remain unaltered from seed in their gardens ; and this report has in- duced me to suspect their plant to have been really the grcen- landica, though they would hardly have omitted to notice the large flowers. Culture, under accurate observation, may settle the whole difficulty; for opinion here is not sufficient. 3. C. cmglica. English Scurvy-grass. Radical leaves ovate, entire ; those on the stem sessile, lan- ceolate and toothed. Pouch elliptical, strongly reticu- lated with veins. C. anglica. Linn. SpPt. 903. Willd.v. 3. 449. Fl.Br.6S8. Engl. Bot. V. 8. t. 552. Hook. Scot. 195. DeCatid. Syst. v. 2. 364. FL Dan. t. 329. C. folio sinuato. Bauh. Pin. 110. Raii Syn. 303. C. britannica. Dod. Pempt. 594. /. Ger. Em. 401 . /. Dalcch. Hist. 1320./. Lob. Obs. \o7.f. C. britannica seu anglica. Lob. Ic. 294./ Sea Scurvy-grass. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 49. f. 2. On the muddy sea shore, and about the mouths of large rivers, in many places. Annual. May. Root tapering. Herb variable in stature, and in the number, as well as division, of its usually numerous stems, which are partly TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA. Cochlearia. 177 prostrate j but its general size is scarcely half that of the Com- mon Scurvy-grass. The stem-leaves are narrower, often almost entire ; radical ones much smaller in proportion to the rest, ovate, entire, rarely wavy, or slightly toothed. Fl. white or faintly tinged with purple, often very little different from the first species, though frequently larger. The pouches afford a striking and essential distinction, being twice as large, ellipti- cal, no\ globose, strongly marked with abundance of prominent reticulated veins, and tipped with a much more elongated style. Seeds large, oval, 4 or .3 in each cell. 4. C. danica. Danish Scurvy-grass. Leaves all triangular and stalked. Pouch elliptical, reti- culated with veins. C. danica. Linn.Sp.PL90Z. H'illd. v. 3. 449. Fl.Br.6Sd. Engl. Bot. V. 10. t. G9G. Hook. Scot. 196. DeCand. Sysi. v. 2. 366. FL Dan.t. 100. C. marina, folio anguloso parvo. Rail Sjn. 303. C. Aremorica. Barrel. Ic. t. 1305./. 1. Thlaspi hederaceum. Lob.Ic.6\5.f. Ger. Eni.27\ ./. Bauh. Hist. V. 2. 933./. Dalech. Hist. 1420./ Ivy Scurvy-grass. Petiv. H Brit. t. 49./ 3. On the sea coast, in a mudily soil, but rare. In Walney island, Lancashire ; Mr. Lawson. Rai/. Anglesea. Mr. Lhwyd and the Rev. H. Davies. At Wells, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe. On several parts of the south coast, from Portland island to the Land's end. Mr. D. Turner and Mr. Sowcrby. Annual. May, June. Smaller than the^ist. Stems several, 3 or 4 inches long, spread- ing, or prostrilte, seldom divided, leafy throughout. Leaves all on longer of shorter footstalks, uniform, three-lobed, entire • heart-s'haped at the base ; resembling Ivy, or Anemone Hepalica, in miniature. Fl. small, i)ure white. Pouches in rather lax, but shortish, clusters, elliptical, most like those of C. anglica, though smaller, and less strongly veined, with a shorter style. Seeds 6 in each cell. Certainly quite distinct from the last, and unrhanoed by cultiva- tion, except becoming somewhat branched from luxuriance, but the foliage never alters. I have not seen DcCandolle's variety (o, found by Dr. Hooker on the (iiant's C^auseway, whose radi- cal /rr/rr.v are described as kidney-shaped, those on the stem very few, and all undivided. Hy the description it should seem rather to belong to C. anLiUcu, in a starved stale. 5. C. Armornna. Ilorse-radi.'.li. Radical leaves oblonjr, crenate ; those of the stem lanceo^ late, either cut «>r entire. VOL. IN. ^' 178 TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA. Senebiera. C. Armoracia. Linn. Sp. PL 904. Willd. v. 3.451. FLBr.690. Engl. Bot. V. 33. t. 2323. TVoodv. t. 150. Hook. Scot. 196. DeCand. Syst. v.2. 360. Nasturtium n". 504. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 218. Raphanus rusticanus. Raii Syn.30\. Ger. Em. 24\ .f. Matth. Valgr. z). 1 . 40 1 . /. Camer. Epit. 225 . /. Moris, v. 2. 237. sect. 3. t. 7.f. 2. R. sylvestris. Fuchs. Hist. 660. f. Ic. 379. f. Broad Horse-radish. Petiv. H Brit. t. 49./. 11. /3. Jagged Horse-radish. Ibid.f. 12. In watery mountainous places. About Alnwick, and elsewhere in Northumberland. Ray. In se- veral parts of Craven, Yorkshire. Dr. Lister. Common in waste ground, about orchards and farm yards, from the refuse of gar- dens. Perennial. May. The long, cylindrical, white, highly pungent roots, well known for their use, on many occasions, at table, run deep into the ground, and are extremely difficult of extirpation. The stems are 2 feet high, erect, branched, spreading, bearing scattered, sessile, lan- ceolate leaves, which are serrated, jagged, or deeply and nar- rowly pinnatifid. Radical leaves very large, on long stalks, up- right, oblong, obtuse, crenate, veiny, occasionally pinnatifid, a foot or more in length. Fl. numerous, white, in numerous co- rymbs, which soon become clusters of long-stalked, roundish-el- liptical, compressed, notched pouches, most of which prove abor- tive. The partition is very narrow. Style short. Stigma large, capitate. All the herbage is smooth, of a dark green. 326. SENEBIERA. Wart-cress. DeCand. Syst.v.2. 521. Comp. ed. 4. 108. Coronopus. G^ertn. t. 142. Fl. Br. 690. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. V. 4. 76. Lam. t. 558. Cal. equal at the base, vwth ovate, concave, spreading, deci- duous leaves. Pet. obovate, or ovate, undivided, sometimes wanting. Filam. awl-shaped, simple, about the length of the calyx, 2 or 4 of them occasionally deficient. Anth. roundish, 2-lobed. Germ, roundish, or 2-lobed, com- pressed. Style very s\iQYt. Stigma ohiuse. Pouch roxindish, transversely compressed, more or less distinctly 2-lobed, 2-celled, not bursting, tipped with the style; valves glo- bose, or rounded and somewhat crested, rugged, each lodging a solitary, pendulous, roundish seed; cotyledons mcumbent, oblong, folded or channelled. Annual or biennial, nearly smooth, diffuse or prostrate herbs. Leaves either undivided, or variously and deeply TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA. Sencbiera. 179 piiiiiatifid and cut. Fl. small, white, in clusters opposite to the leaves. There has been much controversy respecting the Coronopus of antient authors, some taking it for Cochlearia Corono- pus of Linnaeus, others for his Plantago Coronopus, others for Mi/osurus, or for Achillea Plannica, while that of Pliny seems by his description very different from all these, as well as from what Dioscorides intended. Dr. Sibthorp, the professed object of whose journey was to determine the old Greek names, fixed upon Lotus ornitho- piodioides as the true KopMvo7rou§ ; though in his journal, printed by the Rev. R. Walpole, Travels in the East, 102, he speaks oi Cochlearia Coj'onopus as the plant of Dioscorides, still called >coupouvo7ro5< in the isle of Fanno, and eaten as a pot herb. It seems to me that the name in question was applied by the antients to various plants, whose roots were crowned with radiating depressed leaves. In this obscurity, where nothing can really be ascertained, though I had originally followed Gaertner, I now cannot but agree with my friend DeCandolle, in preferring the name by which he has commemorated a most eminent physiological botanist, the Rev. M. Sene- bier of Geneva. Of his merits there can be no doubt, nor can the characters of this genus, as distinct from every other of its tribe, ever come in question. 1. S. Coro/iopus. Common Wart-cress. Swine's-cress. Pouch undivided, crested with little sharp points. Style prominent. Leaves pinnatifid, subdivided. S. Coronopus. DeCaud. Syst. v. 2. 52.5. Conip. ed.i. 111. Coronopus Ruellii. Gcertn. v. 2. 293. t. 142./. 5. Fl. Br. GOO. Engl. Bot. V. 24. f. HiCO. Hook. Scot. 193. Ger. Em. 427./. Ihdecli. Hist. G70. / Battli. Hist. v. 2. 919./. C. repens Ruellii. Lob. Ic. 438./ C. n. 502. Hall. Hist. V. 1.217. Cochlearici Coronopus. Linn. Sp. PL 904. Jf'Uld. v. :^.AJO. Mart. Rust. t. 92. Fl. Dan. t. 202. Niisturtium supinum, capsuliij verrucosis. Kaii Sijn. 304. Ambrosia. M(tttli. Vnlgr. v. 2. 204./ A. nimpt'stris repens. Bauli. Fin. 138. Rscudanihrosia. Camcr. Epit. 59(3./, good. Wart- or Swine's-crcss. Fetiv. H. Brit. t. 50./ 6. Common in waste pjround, and by way sides. Annual. June — Stptcinbvr. Root tapering. Sltuis spreading quite tiat on the ground, branched, 180 TETRADYNAMIA-SILICUL08A. Iberis. leafy, smooth like every other part. Leaves somewhat glaucous, deeply pinnatifid ; their fore sides mostly subdivided in a similar manner. FL opposite to the leaves, white, small, densely co- rymbose. Pouches in dense clusters, much shorter than the leaves, kidney-shaped, elegantly notched and furrowed, but with no terminal cleft. Si7jle prominent, though short, thick and pyramidal. Each cell is thick and leathery, never splitting into valves, and contains one ovate seed, whose co^?//ef/o?2s are rather oblong and channelled than linear. The whole plant is nauseously acrid and fetid, and must require much boiling to render it eatable. 2. S. didyma. Lesser Wart-cress. Pouch cloven, of two round wrinkled lobes. Style scarcely discernible. Leaves pinnatifid, partly notched. S. didyma. Com'p e^Z. 4. 1 1 1. Sam Etrusc. v. 2. 183. Willd. Eyium. 668. S. pinnatifida. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 523. Coronopus didyma. FL Br. 69 1 . Br. in Jit. H. Kew. v. 4. 76. Lepidium didymum. Linn. Mant. 92. Dicks. Dr. PL W. With. 567. Engl. Bot. V. 4. t. 248. L. anglicum. Huds. 280. In waste ground, near the sea, at the south-west extremity of Britain. About Exeter. Mr. Newbery. At Truro and Penryn, Cornwall. Huds. At Dale, near Milford Haven. Mr. Adams. Annual. July. Root fibrous, small. Stems procumbent, a foot or more in length, branched, leafy, finely hairy. Leaves smooth, flat, deeply pin- natifid, their lobes cut in a similar manner, especially at the fore side. Clusters generally opposite to the leaves, and often exceeding them in length, slender, of numerous, small, white Jlowers, having only 2 or 4 stamens, scarcely ever more. Pouch of 2 very distinct, round, turgid, wrinkled lobes, with the stigma almost sessile, in the deep cleft between them. The original specific name, given by Linnaeus, and so very appro- priate, appears preferable to pinnatijida, which does not distin- guish the present species from the foregoing. 327. IBERIS. Candy-tuft. Linn.Gen.335. Juss. 240. Fl.Br.692. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 393. Lam. t. 557. Gartn. t. \4\. Cal, equal at the base, with ovate, concave, equal, spread- ing, deciduous leaves. Pet. obovate, undivided, spread- ing, with short claws, unequal ; the 2 outermost largest, equal to each other. Filam. about the length of the calyx, TETRADYNAMIA-SILICULOSA. Isatis. 181 awl-shaped, distinct, simple. Ant k. roundish. Germ.almost orbicular, notched at the summit, compressed. Stijle very short. Stigma obtuse. Pouch ovate, transversely com- pressed, bordered, of 2 cells, cloven at the top* into 2 acute lobes, between which stands the permanent, some- what elongated, stijle ; valves 2, distinct, boat-shaped, each with a dilated pointed keel; partition elliptical, mem- branous, as w^ide as the valves. Seeds solitary in each cell, pendulous, ovate ; cotyledons ovate, flat, accumbent. Herbaceous, or in some degi'ee shrubby. Leaves rather fleshy, undivided or pinnatifid, entire or toothed. FL white, or purplish, never yellow ; the outer ones in each corymbose head or cluster most irregular, somewhat ra- diant. Pouches erect, or inflexed, racemose. DeCandolie has 25 species. 1. I. amara. Bitter Candy-tuft. Stem herbaceous. Leaves lanceolate, acute, partly notched. Flowers in oblong clusters. o I. amara. Linn. Sp. PL 906. TVilld.v.3.456. Fl.Br. 692. Engl. Bot.v. 1. t.52. DeCand.Syst.v. 2.398. I. n. 520. Hall. Hist. v. 1 . 223. Thlaspi amarum. Ger. Em. 263./; bad. T. umbellatum arvense amarum. Bauh. Hist. v. 2.92b. f. T. umbellatum arvense, iberidis folio. Moris, v. 2. 295. sect. 3. 1. 17. /. 1 8 J copied from Gerarde. Thlaspidium foliis nasturtii. Riv. Tetrap. Irr. t. 112. In chalky fields, but rare. About Henley and other places in Oxfordshire. Huds. About VVallingford, Berkshire, plentifully, and undoubtedly wild. Annual. Jnbj. Whole plant smooth, of a nauseous bitter flavour. Root small, tapering". Stems diffuse, branched, leafy. Leaves lanceolate and entire, or dilated and wedge-shaped, with several tooth-like notclies. Corymlis soon lengthened out into clusters of hand- some brilliant-white floiccrs, vvhicli have procured it a place, among hardy annuals, in some gardens. 3-:8. ISATIS. Woad. Linn. Gen. 3iA. Juss. 2\2. El. Br. 693. DeCand. Syst.v. 2.564. Tourn.t. \00. Lam.t.bbA. Gccrtn. t. \42. Cat. ecjual at the base, coloured ; leaves ovate, concave, spreading, deciduous. Pet. obovate, entire, equal, taper- ing at the base into short claws. Filam. thread-shaped, spreading, simple, as long as the calyx. Anth. roundish. 182 TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA. Isatis. Germ, roundish, compressed. Style none. Stigma capi- tate, sessile. Pouch oblong, obtuse, compressed, of 1 cell and 2 valves, their keels flat and bordered. ^S^-^t? solitary, ovate-oblong, pendulous at the top of the cell ; cotyledons flattish, incumbent. Annucil or biennial, tall, upright, rather glaucous herbs, with a branched corymbose stem. Lower leaves stalked ; upper sessile, clasping and arrow-shaped ; all generally, but not always, very smooth. Clusters many-flowered, compound; sometimes accompanied, on their main stalks, with diminished leaves, but destitute of true bracteas. Fl. yellow. DeCandoUe enumerates 17 species, all yielding, by mace- ration, more or less of a blue sediment, similar to indigo, and like that substance useful for dyeing. 1. I. tinctoria. Dyer's Woad. Radical leaves copiously crenate ; those of the stem entire. Pouch abrupt, smooth, thrice as long as broad. I. tinctoria. Linn. Sp.Pl.92,Q. mild. v. 3. 420. Fl.Br.693. Engl. Bot. V. 2. t. 97. Mart. Rust. t.4\. DeCand. Sysf. v. 2. 569. I. n. 523. Hall. Hist. v.\. 224. I. sylvestris. Fuchs. Hist. 332. f. Matth. Falgr.v. \. 5S2.f. Camer. Epit.4]0.f. Dalech. Liigd. 499. f. Schreh. Waidt, 9. t. 1—3. Glastum sativum. Rail Syn. 307. G. sylvestre. Ger. Em. 491 ./. In cultivated fields, and about their borders, but rare. At New Barnes near Ely. Relhan. Near Durham. Mr.E.Rohsoiu Biennial. July. Root tapering. Stem about 2 feet high, wand-like, slightly glau- cous, leafy, panicled at the top. Radical leaves numerous, obo- vate, crenate and wavy, smooth, except an occasional marginal fringe ; the rest sessile, arrow-shaped, entire, smooth, clasping the stem. Panicle of many compound racemose branches, beset with diminished lanceolate leaves, like bracteas, all of a yellow hue as well as the stalks. Fl. numerous, small, bright yellow. Pouches on capillary stalks, pendulous, wedge-shaped, obtuse, tipped with the stigma, quite smooth, blackish, a little shining, finally bursting in the middle, where the seed is lodged. As the antient Britons are reported to have painted their bodies with the blue colour obtained from this plant, and still used in dyeing, the Woad is most probably an original production of our island -, though what occurs now and then, about cultivated fields, is supposed to have escaped from the crops occasionally raised, chiefly in the middle part of England. The naturalized plants are less perfectly smooth, and far less luxuriant, than the cultivated ones. TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA Cakile. 183 329. CAKILE. Sea Rocket. Tourn. t. 483. Gcerin. t.\4\. Br. in Ait. H. Kew.v 4.7\. De- Cand.SysLv.2.427. Lam. t. 554. Cal. nearly close and erect ; leaves obovate-oblong, decidu- ous, two opposite ones protuberant at the base. Pet. obovate, obtuse, spreading ; claws as long as the border, equal to the calyx. Filam. awl-shaped, simple. Anth. oblong, cloven at the base. Germ, oblong. Style none. Stigma obtuse, sessile. Pouch of 2 joints, angular, com- pressed ; the lower somewhat turbinate, abrupt, often abortive; upper oblong, with a tapering point, tipped with the stigma, deciduous ; each of 1 cell, not bursting. Seeds solitary in each cell, elliptical ; in the lower one, if present, pendulous ; in the upper, erect ; cotyledons li- near, accumbent. Smooth, juicy, branching, annual herbs, natives of the sandy sea coast in Europe and America. Leaves pinnatifid or toothed. Fl. corymbose, purplish, white, or yellow^, for I cannot but concur with Mr. Brown in uniting the Ra- pistrum of DeCandolle with this genus. 1. C. maritima. Purple Sea Rocket. Joints of the pouch two-edged; the upper one arrow-shaped. Leaves fleshy, pinnatifid, obtuse. C. maritima. Willd. tj. 3. 4 1 6. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. r. 4. 7 1 . De- Cand. Syst. v. 2. 428. Comp. ed. 4. J 11. Scop. Cam. ed. 2. V. 2. 35. Hook. Lond. t. 1 60. C. Serapionis, Gcertn. v. 2. 287. i. 141. /. 12. Lob. Ic. 223. f. Dalech. Hist.] 395. f. C. quibusdam, aliis Eruca marina, et Raphanus marinus. Baiih. Hist. V. 2. 867./. 8G8. Raii Syn. 307. Bunias Cakile, Linn. Sp. PL 936. Fl. Br. 694. Engl. Bot. v. 4. ^231. Dicks. Dr. PL 77. R.Dan.t.l\68. Eruca marina. Ger. Em. 248. f. E. maritima anglica, siliqua fungosa torosa rotundfl, foliis crassis latioribus. Moris, v. 2. 231 . sect 3. t. 7./. 20. Sea Rocket. Pet. H. Brit. t. 46./. 6. On the sandy sea coast frequent. Annual. June — September. Root small. Herb smooth, fleshy, bushy, a foot high, or more, much branched, and s|)reading in every direction, the stem and branches remarkably twisted and zigzag, never straight. Leaves scattered, thick, fleshy, with a saltish bitter taste, a little glau- cous, variously pinnatifid, scarcely stalked ; each of their seg- ]Si TETRADYNAMIA— SILICUL08A. Crambe. ments obtuse, with a minute glandular point. Fl. rather large and handsome, of a bright lilac-colour, densely corymbose. Pouches an inch long, in clusters, their lower joint generally abortive ; they are erect, with 4 sharp edges, but so compressed as to be sword-shaped at the upper part, and when ripe the upper joint falls off, without bursting. The contrary direction of their seeds, when both perfect, affords a striking generic cha- racter. 330. CRAMBE. Kale. Linn. Gen. 344. Jiiss. 242. Fl. Br. 695. DeCand. Syst.v. 2. 650. Tourn. t. 100. Lam. t. .5.53, Gcertn. t. 142. Cal. spreading, nearly equal at the base; leaves elliptic- oblonfr, concave, deciduous. Pet. equal, each with a s})reading, rounded, obtuse border, rather longer than its claw. Filam. awl-shaped, 4 longest generally each with a sharp lateral tooth. Aiith. elliptic-oblong, erect. Germ, ovate-oblong. Style scarcely any. Stigma obtuse. Pouch succulent, finally leathery, of 2 joints, each of 1 cell, not bursting; the lowermost abortive, assuming the form of a stalk ; the upper globular, deciduous. Sejed solitary, globose, pendulous from the extremity of a long, curved, capillary stalk, springing from the bottom of the cell ; co- tyledons roundish, convex, fleshy, folded, accumbent; not, as in DeCandolle's general table, incumbent. Herbaceous, or somewhat shrubby. Leaves rather succu- lent, toothed, or pinnatifid, in some lyrate, either smooth or hairy. Fl. vrhite, in clustered panicles. 1. C. mar'ithna. Sea Kale. Longer filaments toothed. Leaves roundish, sinuated, wavy, toothed, glaucous, very smooth as well as the stem. C. maritima. Linn. Sp. PL 937. mild. v. 3. 418. Fl. Br. 695. Engl. Bot. V. 13. t. 924. Hook. Scot. 1 93. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 651. Fl.Dan.f.3\6. C. maritima, Brassicse folio. Raii Syn. 307. Brassica marina anglica. Ger. Em. 315. f. B. monospermos anglica. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 830. Sea Cole. Turn. Herb, part 1. 89. Sea Grape Colewort. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 48./. 12, On the sandy sea coast. Perennial. May, June. Root large and fleshy, much divided at the crown. Herb very glaucous, smooth, rather succulent. Stems several, from 1 to TETRADYNAMIA—SILIQUOSA. Dentaria. 185 2 feet high, branched, spreading, leafy. Leaves stalked, spread- ing ordeflexed, large, undulated and toothed, of a leathery tex- ture ; the lowermost somewhat lyrate ; the rest roundish, acute. Clusters terminal, collected into dense panicles. Fl. large, white. Pouches smooth, the size of Black Currants. This is now becom.e a frequent culinary herb. Its young shoots, which are very hardy, are earlier than Asparagus, and nearly as good. They are best raised under tall earthen pots perforated at the top, but succeed tolerably if covered up with clean sand. TETRADYNAMIA SIIJQUOSA. 331. DENTARIA. Coralwort. Linn. Gen. 337. Juss. 239. Fl Br. 696. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 271. Tourn. t. 110. Lam. t. 562. Cal. equal at the base, erect ; leaves ovate-oblong, con- verging lengthwise, obtuse, deciduous. Pet. obovate, obtuse, horizontal, with erect claws shorter than the ca- lyx. Filam. awl-shaped, simple, distinct. Anth. arrow- shaped, erect. Germ, oblong. Sfi/le short and thick. Stigma obtuse, scarcely notched. Pod sessile, lanceo- late, compressed laterally, tapering upwards ; valves flat, without ribs, narrower than the partition, bursting elas- tically iVom the base, and mostly revolute. Seeds ovate, not bordered, inserted alternately in a single row ; their stalks dilated and winged; cotyledons accumbent, rather thick. Smooth, upright, unbranched herhs^ with fleshy, horizontal, scaly or toothed roots. Leaves mostly alternate, palmate or pinnate. Ft. large and handsome, jiurplish, or whitish. We are nnich obligeil to Prof. DeCandolle, for finding a character in the lanceolate pod^ and dilated slalhs of the seeds, by which this genus may be kept separate fVom Cardamifie, the habit, magnitude, beauty, and peculiar kind oi^ root, nuu'king it so distinctly. Some of the spe- cies are among the finest alpine plants, at least of this natural order. 186 TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA. Cardamine. 1. D. bidhifera, Bulbiferous Coralwort. Lower leaves pinnated ; upper simple, with axillary bulbs. Dentaria bulbifera. Linn. Sp. PL 912. Willd. v. 3. 479. Fl. Br. 696. Engl Bot. v, 5. t. 309. Blacks. Harefield, 23. Fnrst. Tonhr. 77. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 278. Fl, Dan. f. 36 J . Ger. Em. 984./ Lob. Ic. 687./. D. n. 470. Hall. Hist. v. 1 . 204. D. quavta baccifera. Clus. Hist. v. 2. 121./ D. seu Coralloides Cordi. Gesn. Ic. Pict.fasc. \.3.t. 2./ 3. Cardamine bulbifera. Br.in Jit. H. Kew.v A. lOl. Hook. Scot. ]9S. Coralloidis alia species. Cord. Hist. 151, 2./ In moist umbrageous places, rare. Near Mayfield, Sussex. Parkinson. In the Old Park Wood, near Harefield, Middlesex, abundantly. Blackstone. In woods be- tween Beconsfield and Wickham, plentifully. Huds. On the north sides of the High Rocks, Tonbridge \A''ells, and elsewhere in that neighbourhood. Forster. Perennial. April, May. Root whitish, toothed, creeping horizontally, branched and sub- divided. Stems from the terminal buds of the preceding year, solitary, erect, leafy, from 1|- to 2 feet high. Leaves alternate, bright'green ; several of the lowermost pinnatje, of 5 leaflets ; others ternate ; upper ones simple ; all lanceolate, acute, va- riously serrated, accompanied for the most part with ovate, dark purple, scaly, axillary bulbs, by which the plant is propagated. Fl. purple, corymbose, large and handsome, inodorous, hardly ever perfecting' pods or seed, the bulbs furnishing an ample in- crease. 332. CARDAMINE. Ladies'-smock. Linn. Gen. 338: Juss. 239. Fl.Br.696. DeCand. Syst. v. 2 245, Tourn. t, 109. Lam. t. 562. Gcertn. t. 143. CaL a little unequal at the base ; leaves ovate-oblong, ob- tuse, slightly spreading, deciduous, 2 of them protube- rant, in some degree, below their insertion. Pet. obo- vate, rather upright, undivided, tapering at the base into short claws. Filam. awl-shaped, simple, the 2 shortest with a gland at the base, next the calyx. Anth. small, oblong-heart-shaped, acute, recurved. Germ, linear, slender. Style scarcely any. Stigma obtuse, entire. Pod sessile, erect, linear, compressed laterally ; valves flat, without ribs, scarcely narrower than the bordered partition, bursting elastically from the base, and mostly revolute. Seeds ovate, not bordered, inserted alternately in a single row ; their stalks simple, short and slender ; cotyledons accumbent. TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA. Cardamine. 187 Herbs of more humble stature than the last genus, of va- rious duration and magnitude, generally smooth. Leaves either undivided, cut, lobed, or pinnated. Roots fibrous, or somewhat toothed. Fl. either small and white, some- times wanting the petals and shorter stamens ,- or pale rose-coloured and larger. Species numerous, natives of various countries, generally preferring watery situations. * Leaves sijnple. 1. C. bcUklifoHa, Daisy-leaved Ladies'-sinock. Leaves sim})le, ovate, slightly wavy, entire ; the radical ones much shorter than their footstalks. Style short, conical. C. bellidifolia. Linu. Sp. PL 913. Fl. Lapp, eel 2. 222. t. 9./. 2. miUl. V. 3. 481 . fVith. 577. Fl. Br. 697. En^l. Bot. v. 33. t. 2355. Hook. Scot. 199. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 249. Fl. Dan. t.20. Jacq. Misc.v.].]4S.t.\7.f.2. Jllion. Pedem.v. \.260. t. 18./. 3. C. n.476a. Hall. Hist. v. 1.207. In moist, grassy, lofty, alpine pastures. Gathered wild in Scotland by Mr. Milne. Withering. No person besides seems to have met with it. Perennial. August. Root rather woody, divided at the crown. Herb 2 or 3 inches high, unbranched, erect, bright green, smooth. Leaves some- times a litde wavy or angular, the uppermost nearly sessile. Fl. few, corymbose. 'Cal. purplish. Pet. white, erect. Pods hardly an inch long, crowned with the capitate stigma, on a short thick style. ** Leaves jnnnatc, 2. C. impatiois. ImpatieiU Ladies'-sniock. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, mostly cut. Stipulas fringed. C. impatiens. Linn. Sp. P/. 914 U'dld. v. 3. 485. Fl. Br. G97. /•:«-/. Bot. V. 2. t. 80. Hook. Scot. 1 98. DeCand. Syst. v. 2.261. Ehrh. Herb. 87. Fl. Dan. t 1339. C n. 471. Hall. Hist. V. 1.205. C. impatiens, vulgo Sium minus impatiens. Raii Syn. 299. Sium minus imj)atiens. (itr. Em 260. /'. S. minimum. Alpin. 7vro/.332. /. 33 1 . Sisvmbrii Cardamines si)ccies qu.tdam insipida. Bau/i. Hist. v. 2. 886./. Nasturtium minimum annuum, flore albo. Moris, v. 2. 221. sect. 3. /.4./1. Impatient Cress. Pefir. H. Rrit. (. \7.J. /• 188 TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA. Cardamine. In shady, rather moist, rocky situations, in the north of England y rare in Scotland. Under the rocks by the river side at Matlock bath, Derbyshire 3 and in various parts of Westmoreland and Cumberland. Annual. Mar/, June. Root small, tapering. Herb erect, slender, pale green, smooth in every part, except the stipidas. Stem H or 2 feet high, gene- rally a little branched, leafy, angular, hollow, often zigzag. Leaves of numerous opposite lanceolate hajiets, with an odd one J all equal, more or less notched, rarely entire ; paler be- neath. Stipidas lanceolate, acute, deflexed, clasping the stem, all finely fringed, and surely, (notwithstanding the theory of my learned friend DeCandolle, who thinks them merely segments of a pinnatifid leaf,) as evidently stipulas as in any plant what- ever. Fl. numerous, extremely small, while, occasionally desti- tute of petals. Pods erect, very slender, composing long clus- ters, and discharging their seeds with a crackling noise, and great force, on the slightest touch or concussion, by means of the revolute valves. The whole plant is disagreeably bitterish and pungent, by no means, as John Bauhin terms it, insipid. 3. C. hirsuta. Hairy Ladies'-smock. Leaves pinnate, without stipulas; leaflets stalked, roundish- oblong, notched. C. hirsuta. Limu Sp. PI. 915. WiUd. v. 3. 486. FL Br. 698. EngLBot.v. 7. t. 492. Curt. Lond.fascA.t.iS. Hook. Scot. \99. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 259. Scop. Cam. v.2.2\.t. 38. C. flexuosa. With.DjS. C. parviflora. Lightf. 1 104. IVith. ed. 2. 686. C. impatiens. Fl. Dan. t. 735. C. impatiens altera hirsutior. Ran Syn. 300. C. n. 472. Hall. Hist. V. 1.205. C. quarta. Dalech. Hist. 659./. Sisymbrium aquaticum alterum. Camer. Epit. 270. f. Hairy Cress. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 47. f. 4. In waste or cultivated ground, especially in moist shady places, very frequent. Annual. March — June. Root of many white fibres. Herb variable in size and luxuriance, deep green, more or less hairy, rarely quite smooth. Stem from S to 12 inches, or more, in height, erect, usually furnished with lateral branches of various lengths, leafy, angular, often zigzag, hollow in the centre, clothed with fine, prominent, scattered hairs. Leaves alternate, all pinnate, on short stalks, without stipulas ; leajlets stalked, sometimes alternate, all for the most part somewhat hairy J those of the radical leaves roundish, or heart-shaped, coarsely notched 3 those of the lower or middle part of the stem more oblong : the upper ones linear-obovate. TETRADVNAMIA— 8ILIQUOSA. Caidainine. J89 or quite linear, obtuse, generally entire, but in this respect, as well as in length, they vary. FL small, white, corymbose. Two shorter stamens often wanting. Pods in long clusters, erect, slender, smooth, or occasionally hairy, their valves undulated by the projection of the seeds ; stigma almost sessile. Whatever the C sylvatka, umbrosa and pr/rr^ora of other authors may be, the Linnsean parv'iflora is clearly a distinct species, with all its leajiets oblong and nearly entire, the stem bushy ; the pods shorter, with a more evident style. This plant is well re- presented in Gmelin's Fl. Sibirica, v. 3. i. 64. I know nothing like it in Britain. We have most assuredly only one species as above described, nor have I any other from Switzerland, Haller's n. 472 /3, confused in his Nomcndator with n. 473, being truly a variety, and by no means the genuine parviflora. I have his 472 in various states from the Rev. Mr. DuCros, who remarks that ^ou^'er*; with 4, 5, or G stamens grow on the same plant. To account for the strange error in Fl. Dan., where this species is named C. impatiens, we must recollect that after Oeder gave up the publication of that work, the editors merely named the plants from a view of the drawings, in too hasty and superficial a man- ner, calling Mentha liirsuta Origanum vulgare; Cardamine ama- ra, t. 148, (which Haller quotes i. 48,) C. hirsuta ; the true hir- suta, not adverting to its obvious want of stipulas, C. impatiens ; nor are these all the errors of a similar kind that might be pointed out j see Raphanus Raphanistrum. It is now in much better hands. 4. C. pratensis. Meadow Ladies'-smock. Cuckoo- flower. Leaves pinnate, without stipulas ; Jeaflets of the radical ones rounclish and toothed; those of the stem-leaves lanceo- late, entire. Petals with a tooth upon the claw. C. pratensis. Linn. Sp. PL 91.'). U'llld. v. 3. 487. Fl. Br. GOO. En^l. But. v.W. t. 776. Curt. Land. fuse. 3. t. 40. Mart. Rust. t. 95. IVoodv. t. 30. Hook. Scot. 198. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 256. Fl. Dan. t. 1039. Ehrh. PL Of.4\7. C. n. 473. Hall.Ilist.v. 1.206. Cardamine. Rad Syn. 299. Ger. Em. 259./. Gauchbliim. Brunf. Herb. v. 1 . 218./ Nasturtium pratense. Trag. Hist. 83. f. N. pratense, magno flore. Bauh. Pin. 104. Moris. v. 2. 223. sect 3. I. 4./. 7, bad. N. agreste. Fuchs. Hisl.'.Vl^t.f. N. aquaticum simplici tloro, et (lore pleno. Bed. H ,rt. Eyst. vcrn. ord. \. t.3. Hibfris. Fudis. Ic. 185. /". Sisymbrium atpiaticum alterum. M>itth. Ealgr. v. 1. -143./; flow- ers altogether erroneous ; copied in DaUch. Hist. G'yS.J. 2. 190 TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA. Cardamine. S. cardamine tertia Dodonaei, Dalech. Hist. 659. /; copied in Bauh.Hist.v.2.SS9.f. 1. Flos Cuculi. Dod. Pempt. 592./; not good ; copied in Dalech. Hist. 6o9./. 3 ; and reprinted in Ger. Em. 259./. 2. Common in meadows and moist pastures. Perennial. April, May. Root tuberous, somewhat toothed in the mannerof the genus Den- taria, to which the affinity of this species is remarkable, see Fl. Br. and Engl. Bat., and with which therefore the accurate Mr. Brown has united the whole genus ; see Dentaria. Herb variable in luxuriance ; generally smooth, of a shining green ; now and then a little hairy. Stem about a foot high, or more, round, leafy, simple. Radical leaves several, on long stalks, each of one or more pairs of roundish,, or heart-shaped, wavy, angular, or toothed leaflets, sometimes viviparous, the terminal one largest -, stem-leaves of more numerous^ and much narrower, leci/lets, which are in general linear, entire, and smooth. Fl. corymbose, nu- merous, large and handsome, either light ])urple, flesh-coloured, or white ; sometimes more or less double. The petals are re- markable for a tooth, or notch, on the claw, noticed in Haller, but not from his own observation. Pods not often perfected. Style more prominent than in some other species. The Jiowers, recent or dried, have been reported tQcure Epilepsy, but unhappily do not deserve such credit. They are agreeably pungent, and may be eaten with other herbs in a salad. They come with the Cuckoo, whence one of their English, as well as Latin, names ; and they cover the meadows as with linen bleach- ing, which is supposed to be the origin of the other, now ex- tended to the whole genus. They are associated with pleasant ideas of spring, and join with the White Saxifrage, the Cowslip, Primrose, and Hare-bell, lo compose many a rustic nosegay. 5. C. amara. Bitter Ladies'-smock. Leaves pinnate, without stipulas ; leaflets of the lowermost roundish ; of the rest toothed or angular. Stem creeping at the base. Style obliquely elongated. C. amara. Linn. Sp. PI. 9X5. mild.v. 3. 488. Fl.Br.699. Engl. Bot. V. 14. t. 1000. Curt. Lond.fasc. 3. t. 39. Hook. Scot. 1 98. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 255. ViUars Dauph. v. 3. 362. ^.39. C. n. 4/4. Hall. Hist. V. 1.206. C. flore majore elatior. Raii Syn. 299. Sisymbrium Cardamine, sive Nasturtium aquaticum, flore majore, elatius. Bauh. Hist. v. 2.88b. f. Nasturtium aquaticum majus et amarum. Bauh. Pin. 104. Prodr. 45. f. Moris. V. 2.224. Bitter Cress. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 47. f. 1 . In watery places, by the sides of rivers and brooks, but not common. TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQU08A. Nasturtium. 191 About London in several places. Huds. and Curtis. Between Kew and Mortlake. Bishop of Carlisle. Near Rippon. Mr. IV. Brun- ton. In King-street meadows, Norwich. Perennial. April, May. Root toothed, somewhat creeping. Stems I to 2 feet high, leafy, a little zigzag, more or less hairy, their lower part creeping, with several radicles, and sometimes a few slender scions. Leaf- lets all dilated ; those of the upper leaves oblong or elliptical, deeply and unequally wavy or notched 3 those of the radical ones more rounded, obtuse and entire. Fl. the size of the last, but always white or cream-coloured, with violet anthers. Mr. Curtis first pointed out the essential mark of this species, in the slender, obliquely elongated, style, and minute stigma, which seem to be deciduous, still leaving the pod with a sharp straight point. C hirsuta of Fl. Dan. t. 148, which is any thing rather than real hirsuta, is suspected by DeCandolle to be a variety of umara, and so it seems to me. C. amara, before it flowers, greatly resembles Water Cresses, but the taste is bitter and nauseous. Nasturtium aquaticum of the Hortus Eystettensis, with its double variety, evidently belongs not to this, but to C. pratensis. 333. NASTURTIUM. Cress. Br. in Ait. II. Kew. v. 4. 109. DeCand. Syst. v. 2.] 87. Camp. ed. 4. 108. Radicula. Dill. Gen. 121. /. 6. Cal. equal at the base ; leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, spread- ing, somewhat coloured, deciduous. Pet. obovate, spread- ing, undivided, tapering into short claws ; occasionally wanting. Filam. awl-shaped, simple ; the 2 shortest each with a gland at the base withinside. AutJi. incumbent, somewhat heart-sha}:)ed. Crcnn. cylindrical. Style erect, short, cylindrical. Sfij^nia obtuse, notched. Pod nearly cylindrical, rather turgid, shortish; valves concave, with- out ribs or keel. Seeds roundish, flattened, without a border, irregularly disposed, on slender stalks; cotyle- dons accuiid)ent. Branching hirhs., almost invariably smooth, thiowing out numerous radicles, and cither altogether a(piatic, or at least growing in wet ground. Stem roundish, with slight irregular angles. Leaves pinnate, or pinnatifid. /'/. co- rymbose, numerous, white or yellow. Pods ascending, on tile long, horizontal, partial stalks of nunH'rt)us long clusters. Mr. Brown has happily separated this genus from S/'sym- 192 TP:TRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA. Nasturtium. brwm, with which its various species have long been thought, by the most experienced botanists, to disagree, as much as they agree among themselves. The accum- bent cotyledons decide the question ; and the short, thick, turgid pods afford a ready and obvious character. The name is Latin, and, according to Phn}^, belonged to some stimulating plant, pungent to the nostrils. The only objection to its present adaptation is, that it has been applied so variously by botanists to many other herbs ; but it well suits our first, or best-known, species. 1. N. officinale. Common Water Cress. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets roundish-heart-shaped, wavy. N. officinale. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. ?;. 4. ] 1 0. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 188. Comp. ed. 4. 112. Hook. Scot. 201 . Nasturtium. Dorsten. Botan. 197, 2./. N. aquaticura. Trag. Hist. 82./. Dod. Pempt. 592. f. N. aquaticum su|3inum. Bauh. Pin. 1 04. Moris, v, 2. 223. sect. 3. ^.4./. 8. N. aquaticum, sive Cratevse Sium. Ger. Em. 257./. Sisymbrium Nasturtium. Linn. Sp. Pl.9\6. MVld. v. 3.489. Ft. Br. 700. Engl. Bot. v. 12. t. 855. Curt. Lond.jaac 6. t. 44. M'oodv. i. 48. Fl. Dan. t. 690. Bull. Fr. t. 302. S. n. 482. Hall. Hist. V. 1.209. S. Cardamine. Fuchs. Hist. 723./. Ic. 419./ S. Cardamine, seu Nasturtium aquaticum. Raii Syn. 300. Bauh. Hist. V. 2. 884./ S. aquaticum. Matth. Valgr. v. 1 . 442./ Camer. Epit. 269./ Water Cress. Petiv. H. Brit. t.Al.f. 2. |S. Nasturtium aquaticum, foliis minoribus, preecocius. Raii Syn. 301. ed. 2. 172. Early Water Cress. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 47. f. 3. y. Nasturtium aquaticum, pinnulis paucioribus. Dill in Raii Syn. 301. In clear springs, rivulets and ponds, very common and abundant. Perennial. June, July. Roots of many crowded, long, simple, white fibres. Stems spread- ing, for the most part floating, leafy, branched, round with se- veral angles, mostly smooth, but occasionally, when out of the water, a little downy or hairy ; they vary considerably in length. Leaves smooth, deep shining green, pinnate, or somewhat ly- rate, the terminal leaflet being largest ; all wavy rather than toothed. Siipulas none. FL white, or slightly purple, with a ' purplish calyx. Pods barely an inch long, tumid and undulated at the sides, smooth, curved upwards, each on a horizontal stalk, variable in length. The two varieties are of no moment. TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQU08A. Nasturtium. 193 Water Cresses are well known for their agreeable warmth and fla.- vour, in the form of a salad, and are esteemed a wholesome stomachic. I should have preferred the old established Latin name N. aquaticum ; but would not, without necessity, dissent from the two great authorities who have established the present genus. 2. N. sylvestre. Creeping Yellow Cress. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, deeply serrated or cut. Root creeping. N. sylvestre. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. -v. 4.110. DeCamL Syst. v. 2. 1 90. Comp. ed. 4. 112. Hook. Scot. 20 1 . Sisymbrium sylvestre. Linn. Sp. PL 9 1 6. IVilid. v. 3. 489. Fl. Br.70\. Engl. Bof. V. S3, t. 232 \. Curt. Lond.fasc.3. f. 41. S. n.48:). Hall. Hist. V. I. 2\0. Brachiolobos sylvestris. Allion. Pedem. v. 1. 278. t. 56. f. 2. Eruca sylvestris. Fuchs. Hist. 263. f. E. aquatica. Raii Syn. 297. Ger. Em. 248./. E. quibusdam sylvestris repens, flosculo purpureo (rather parvo) luteo. Bank Hist.v.2.S66.f. E. sylvestris sen palustris minor procumbens et repens luteo par- voque flore. Moris, u. 2. 231. sect. 3. t.S.f. 17. Raphanus minimus repens luteus, foliis tenuiter divisis. Moris, v. 2. 23(3. sect. 3. /. 7 . f. 1. Water Rocket. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 40./. ."). In gravelly wet meadows, about the margins of rivers and ditches. In Tothill fields, and other low watery situations in the vicinity of the Thames. Hudson and Curtis. On Bungay Common, Suf- folk. Mr. IVoodward. Below Leeds. Bev. Mr. Wood. Near Worcester. Dr. Stokes. Frequent in Bedfordshire. Rrv. Dr. Abbot. Perennial. June — September. Root creeping extensively. Stems erect, though wavy or zigzag, a foot or more in height, leafy, angular and furrowed, roughish with minute points. Leaves 'pmmxie ; the upper ones pinnati- fid ; the lower stalked ; leaflets or segments of all elliptic-lan- ceolate, or oblong, smooth, unequally serrated, or variously jag- ged, often decurrent. Clusters terminal, ])anicled, much length- ened out after flowering, and becoming zigzag. Fl. numerous, small, of a golden yellow, the cilijx partaking of the same co- lour. Pods very sparingly jx-rfected. 3. N. tcrrcstrc. Annual Yellow Cress. Leaves pinnatifid, une(|ually toothed. Hoot taperincr, Pe- tals '>c:n(v1v so loni^- as the ciilyx. Pod cuivcil. VOJ.. III. *J im TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA. Nasturtium. N. terrestre. Br. in Jit. H. Kew. v. 4.110. Comp. ed. 4.112. Hook. Sco^.201. N. palustre. DeCand. Syst. i;. 2. 1 9 1 . Sisymbrium terrestre. Fl. Br. 70\. Engl. Bot.v.25. t. 1747. Curt. Lond.fasc. 5. t. 49. Wahlenb. Lapp. 179. S palustre. Follich v. 2. 230. Willd. Sp. PL v. 3. 490. S. islandicura. FL Dan. t.409. S. amphibium a. Huds.296. Light/. 352. S. amphibium [5. Linn. Suec. ed. 2. 232. FL Dan. t.93\. Radicula n . 487. HalL Hist. i?. 1 . 2 1 1 . R. sylvestris sive palustris. Batih. Hist. v. 2. 866. f. S67 ; hut not of Ray. Raphanus aquaticus, foliis in profundas lacinias divisis. Bauh Pin. 97. Prodr. 38./. DHL in Rati Syn. 30 1 . Moris, v. 2. 237. sect. 3. t. 7.f. 3. Small Jagged Water Radish. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 49./. 9. About the banks of ditches, and in damp but not very watery mea- dows. Plentiful about London. Curtis. On Bungay Common, Suffolk. Mr. Woodward. Bedfordshire, but rare. Abbot. Oxfordshire, Sibth. Isle of Ely. BisJiop of Carlisle. In the meadows below Norwich, and in various other places. Annual. June — September. Root simple, spindle-shaped, small. Herb erect or recumbent, about a foot high, sometimes not more than 3 or 4 inches, smooth, bright green. Stem leafy, smooth, furrowed, generally branch- ed. Leaves lyrate, deeply pinnatifid, partially and unequally toothed or serrated. /'/. very small, of a paler hue than the last, Cal. but slightly coloured. Pet. shorter than the calyx, often . notciied. Pods ascending, of a short, thick, somewhat curved, obtuse figure, each on a horizontal stalk, about its own length, and all together composing long aggregate clusters. Style per- manent, thick and short, with a peltate stigma. Mr, Curtis, from his own observations, well determined this spe- cies, though he did not attempt to settle its synonyms, which were^ in his time, singularly confused, and that con.fusion has since been augmented. Neither Linnsus nor Hudson under- stood the present plant, however distinct it appears to us. Cur- tis's name is at least as good as palustre, and indeed more cor- rect ; SO that though the latter may be of a prior date, I have not thought it worth adopting. Haller was one of the few bo- tanists, who knew this species well, and his synonyms are justly applied. The annual, not creeping, root, and the copious, short, tliick pads, at once distinguish it from the foregoing, as well as from the following-. TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA. Sisymbrium. 195 4. N. amplubimii. Amphibious Yellow Cress. Great Water Radish. Leaves oblong, pinnatifid, or serrated. Roots fibrous. Pe- tals longer tlian the calyx. Pod elliptical. N. amphibium. Br, hi Alt. H. Kew. v. 4. 110. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 19G. Comp.ed. 4. 1 12. Hook. Scot. 20\. Sisymbrium amphibium. Limi. Sp. PI. 9 1 7. Willd. v.3. A9\. Ft. Br.702. Engl.Bot.v.26.t.lS40. Ft. Dan. t. 984. 5. (not Nasturtium) palustre repens latifolium majus. Mich. Hort. Ear (Hit. 89. Radicula n. 486. Hull. Hist. r. 1 . 2 11 . R. sylvestris seu palustris. Rail Sijii. SOI ; but not of J. Bauhin. Raphanus aquaticus. Ger. Em. 240. f. R. aquaticus alter. Bauh. Prodr.'SS.f, good. R. syUestris officinarum aquaticus Lob. /c. 319./. Broad Water Radish. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 49./. 8. (3 Raphanus acjuaticus. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 867./. (ireat Jagged Water Radish. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 49. f. 10; copied from Bauhin. In rivers, ditches, and places about tlieir banks, not constantly overflowed, frequent. Perennial. June — August. Roots long and stringy, perpendicular, not creeping, but throwing out numerous fibres, such as proceed from the lower parts of the trailing or floating, wide-spreading, leafy, striated, not much branching, stem. Leaves generally smooth, but occasionally downy when growing in dry situations ; the lowermost on long stalks, deeply pectinated underwater, otherwise elliptic-lanceo- late, cut, or serrated ; upper ones ses^^ile, or clasping, oblong, pectinated, serrated, or nearly entire, all varying greatly accord- ing to the depth of the water, or strength'cf the current ; on such plants as grow entirely out of the water, the leaves are smalliM-, broader, and merely serrated. Fl. small, bright yellow, plentiful, in aggregate clusters. Pet. always longer than the calijx. Pods usually small and abortive, roundish, tipped with the 5/y'e often as long as themselves. This plant is noticed by the celebrated M. Chateiiubriand, in his account of England, for its wonderful powers of increase by root. He observed it in the river near Heccles, where he long resided as an emigrant, and his rather florid description has excited wonder and curiosity in ma.iy, who daily, perhaps, pass over, without regard, several noUss interesting works of their Creator. Some of .M. DeCandolle's references belong to the foregoing. y^. SlSYxVJHHIUM. lU'dgc-iiiustard. linn. Gen. [\?>S. Juss. 239. Fl.Br.700. Comp.ed. A. liJS. Br. in Ait. H. Kf'ir. V. 1. I I I . IhCind. Sus\ v. 2. 4o8. 196 TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA. Sisymbrium. Erysimum. Tourn. t. 111. Cal. nearly equal at the base, somewhat spreading ; leaves oblong, concave, slightly coloured, deciduous. Pet. obo- vate-oblong, obtuse, undivided, flat ; claws nearly the length of the calyx. Filam. thread-shaped, simple, dis- tinct, erect. Anth, oblong-heart-shaped, a little spread- ing. Germ, linear, slender, sessile. Style very short. Stigma capitate, notched, permanent. Pod linear, round- ish, or slightly angular ; valves linear, concave, wavy ; partition narrow, membranous. Seeds ranged alternately, forming a single row, numerous, small, ovate, or oblong, not bordered ; cotyledons flat, incumbent, sometimes (according to Mr. Brown) obliquely. Annual or perennial herbs, very various in foliage. Fl. yel- low or whitish, mostly small. Pods erect, in very iong clusters. Flavour pungent, not fetid. 1. S. officinale. Common Hedge-mustard. Pods pressed close to the main stalk, awl-shaped, downy. Leaves runcinate, hairy. Stem rough with reflexed bristles. S. officinale. Scop. Cam. ed. 2. v. 2. 26. Br. in Ait/H. Kew. v. 4. 111. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 459. Comp. ed. 4. 1 12. Hook. Scot. 202. Erysimum officinale. Linn. Sp. PL 922. Willd. v. 3. 509. Fl. Br. 706. Engl. Bot. v.W.t. 735. Curt. Lond. fasc. 5. t. 50. Woodv. suppl. t. 244. Fl. Dan. t. 560. Bull. Fr. t. 259. E. n. 478. Hall. Hist. v. 1 . 208. E. Dioscoridis Lobelii. Ger. Em. 254./. E. vulgave. Bauh. Pin. 1 00. Moris, v. 2. 21 8. sect. 3. t. 3./. 1 . Eruca hirsuta, siliqua cauli adpressa. Erysimum dicta. Rail Syn. 298. Verbena foemina. Trag. Hist. 102./; but not of Brunfelsius. V. recta sive mas. Fuchs. Hist. 592./ Irio sive Erysimum Dioscoridis. Lob. Ic. 206. f. Dod. Penmt 7\A.f. ^' Hedge Mustard. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 46. f. 3. In waste ground^ by road sides, and on banks, common. It springs up wherever houses have been burnt, as Haller records. Annual. June, July. Herb of a dull green, minutely hairy, or downy. Stem solitary, 2 feet high, erect, with numerous horizontal branches, leafy, round, clothed with fine deflexed bristles. Leaves lyrate, their lobes runcinate, unequally toothed ; the upper ones narrowest. Fl. pale yellow, small, in little corymbose heads, soon becoming very long straight close clusters, of erect, tapering pods, finelv TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA. Sisymbrium. 197 downy, rather more than half an inch long, on very short stalks. Seeds not numerous, about 6 in each cell. An infusion of this herb, or of its seeds, is reputed to be good for the asthma, hoarseness, or any debility of the throat or vocal organs ; as also to promote expectoration. But it is out of use, and probably Common White Mustard may, for any purpose, be preferable. 2. S. Irio. Broad Hedge-mustard. London Rocket. Leaves runcinate, toothed, smooth as well as the stem. Pods erect. S. Irio. Linn. Sp. PL 921. Willd. v. 3. ^03. FLBr.JOo. Engl. Bot.v. 23. t.]63\. Curt.Lond.fasc.5. f. 48. DeCand. Syst. V. 2. 467. Jac(]. Austr. t. 322. Erysimum latifolium neapolitanum. RaiiSyn.29S. E. latifolium majus glabrum. Bauh. Pin. 101. Moris, v. 2.218. sect. 3. t.3.f.3. Irio Isevis Apulus, Erucse folio. Column. Ecphr. v. 1. 264. t. 265. Broad Hedge Mustard. Petiv. H. Brit. t.46.f.4. In waste ground, or on banks and heaps of rubbish, chiefly about London. About Chelsea, Battersea, and the whole neighbourhood of Lon- don. Ray, Curtis. At Faulkbourn, Essex, and on the walls of Berwick-upon-Tweed. Ray. It covered the ground in the spring after the great fire of London. Haller records the same tendency in the preceding species. Annual. July, August. Herb about 2 feet high, light green, with a hot flavour of Mustard, and generally, as Curtis observes, entirely smooth. The upper part of the stem however is occasionally downy, and the calyx- hairy. Stem erect, branched, round and quite even, leafy. Leaves pinnatifid, runcinate, acute, toothed chiefly at the fore- most, or upper, edges j the upper ones lanceolate, with an arrow-shaped base. Fl. yellow, small for the size of the plant. Pods 2 inches long, slender, nearly erect, rugged when ripe. Seeds very abundant. 3. S. Sophia. Fine-leaved Hedge-mustard, or Flix- weed. Leaves doubly pinnatifid, a little hairy. Petals smaller than the calyx. S. Sophia. Linn. Sp. PI. 920. irUld. v. 3. 500. /7. Br. 704. Engl. Bat. V. 14. /. 963. Mart. Rust. t. b7 . Hook. Scot. 202. De- Cand. Syst. V. 2. 474. El. Dan. t. 528. Bull. Ft. t. 27 1 . S. n. 484. Ilalillist. v. 1. 210. Erysimum Sophia dictum. Raii Syn. 298. Sophia Chirurgorum. GV. £m. 1 068. /'. Lob. lc.73S.f. 19S TETRADYNAMIA-^SILIQUOSA. Barlxirea. Seriphiiim germanicum. Trag. Hist. 338./. Bauli. Hist. v. 2. 886./. S. Absinthium. Fuchs. Hist. 2./ Descurea. Guett. Obs. v. 2. 1 64. About rubbish, dry banks, waste ground, and dunghiUs, very fre- quent. Annual. July — September. Root small and tapering. Whole plant of a slender delicate struc- ture, about 2 feet high. Stem branched, bushy, erect, a little downy. Leaves doubly and very deeply pinnatifid, with fine, downy or hairy, linear-lanceolate, entire segments. Fl. small, greenish yellow, their petals concealed by the calyx. Pods very numerous, erect, somewhat curved, slender, about an inch long, rugged, or beaded, from the projection of the numerous minute seeds, and composing long erect clusters, with spreading partial stalks. Sophia Chirurgormn, " the Wisdom of Surgeons," would not be evinced by any reliance on this herb for the cure of fractured limbs 5 nor are its antidysenteric virtues, to which its old En- glish name alludes, better ascertained. 335. BARBAREA. Winter-cress. Br. in Ait. H.Kew.v. 4.109. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 205. Comp.ed.4. 108. Cal. nearly equal at the base, erect ; leaves oblong, con- cave, somewhat coloured, deciduous. Pet. obovate, ob- tuse, undivided, flat; claws nearly the length of the calyx. Filam. awl-shaped, simple, distinct, erect, with a gland at each side between the 2 shorter ones and the pistil. Germ, oblong, quadrangular. Sti/le short, cylindrical. Stigma obtuse, simple. Poc? linear, with 4 angles, slightly compressed ; valves concave, keeled, even and straight ; partition membranous, thick-edged. Seeds ranged alter- nately, in a single row, ovate, flattish, not bordered ; co- tyledons flat, accumbent. Upright, smooth, dark green, perennial or biennial hejbs. Stems rather angular. Lowe?' leaves lyrate ; upper pin- natifid or toothed. Fl. yellow. Pods erect, rather stout, in long clusters. 1. B. vulgaris. Bitter Winter^cress. Yellow Rocket. Lower leaves lyrate, the terminal lobe roundish ; upper obovate, toothed. B. vulgaris. Br. in Jit. H. Kew. v. 4. 109. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 206. Conip. erf. 4. 1 1 2. Hook. Scot. 200, ^ TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA. Barbaiea. 199 Barbarea. Dod. Pempt. / 1 2./ Ger. Em. 243. f. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. SGS.f. 869. vSanctse Barbarae herba. Trag. Hist \0\ ./. Fuchs.Hisf.746.f, Erysimum Barbarea. Linn. Sp. PI. 922. JVillJ. v. 3. 509, Ft. Br. 706. Engl. Bot. v. 7. t. 443. Fl. Dan. t. 985. Ehrh. PL Of. 427. E. n. 479. Hall. Hist. V. 1.208. Winter Cress, Petiv. H. Brit. ^ 46./. J . Common in rather moist waste ground, about hedges^ or in marshy meadows. Perennial. Maij — August. Root tapering, somewhat woody. Stern about 2 feet high, simple or branched, leafy, stout, angular and furrow< cheirantkoides. Worm-seed Treacle-mustard. Leaves lanceolate, obscurely toothed, roughish with close forked brisdes. Pods erect, on horizontal stalks. Stig- ma almost sessile. E. cheiranthoides. Linn, Sp, PL 923. mild. v. 3. oil. Fl. Br. TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA. Erysimum. '201 708. Engl. Bot. V. 14, t, 942. Huds. 287. Hook. Scot. 202. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 498. Jacq. Austr. t. 23. Fl. Dan. t.73], bad, and t. 923, better. Ehrh. Herb. 97. E.n. 477. Hall. Hist. V. 1.207. Cheiranthus erysimoides. Huds. 287. Myagro affinis planta^ siliquis longis. Rail Syn. 298. Bauh. Hist ?;. 2. 894./. Camelina. Ger. Eni.273.f. C. Myagrum alteram, thlaspi effigie. Lob. Ic. 22b. f. Treacle Worm-seed. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 45./. 2. In turnip fields, gardens^ osier-holts, and hedges, not uncommon. Annual. July. Root small, tapering. Stem erect, branched, angular, leafv, from 1 to 24- feet high, rough with small, closely deflexed, 'mostly simple bristles. Leaves of a dull green, sessile, except a few of the lower ones, lanceolate, variable in breadth, as well as in the number of their distant and shallow teeth, all clothed with very minute, crowded, close, forked bristles, such as are found also, still more minute, on the pods and their stalks. Fl. numerous small, yellow, with a whitish calyx. Pet. terminated by a shal- low notch. PodshiW an inch long; their valves internally downy, which is remarkable. Their seeds are bitter, and have been used for destroying intestinal worms in children ; being also one of the ingredients of the nauseous Venice Treacle. 2. E. AUiaria. Garlick Treacle-nuistard. Jack by the hedge ; or Sauce alone. Leaves heart-shaped, broadly toothed, stalked. E. Alliaria. Linn. Sp. PI. 922. TVilld. v. 3. 510. Fl. Br. 708. Engl. Bot. V. 12. t. 796. Curt. Loud. fasc. 2. t. 48. fVoodv. suppl. t. 24.5. Hook. Scot. 202. Fl. Dan. t. 935. Bull. Fr t 338 E. n. 480. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 208. Hesperis allium redolens. Raii Syn. 293. Moris, v. 2.252 sect 3 MO./. G. Alliaria. Trag. Hist.SG.f. Fuchs. Hist. \0{.f. Dod. Pcmpt.6S6.f. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 197. f. Camer. Epit. 589./ Ger. Em 79 1 f Dalech.Hist.9\\.fJ. Lob. Ic.b'M)./. A. officinalis. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 489. Jack by the hedge. Petiv. H. Brit. t.Ab.f. 1. Common under hedges and in shady lanes. Annual. May. Whole herb smooth, of a decj) shininggrcen, exhaling when bruised a strong and nauseous scent of garlick, which seems the natural flavour of its tri!)e, condensed or augmented, we will not say improved. Yet the country people eat the young leaves with bread and butter. The seeds arc said to be stronger than any other part. The stem is about a foot high, somewhat branched. 202 TETRADYNAMIA-SILIQUOSA. Cheiranthus. Leaves stalked, broadly heart-slmped, acute, veiny, with many prntriinent broad teeth. Fl. plentiful, white, not unornamental to liedge banks in the spring. Cal. whitish, not quite closed. , Pods erect, smooth, on spreading stalks. 3. E orientale. Hare's-ear Treacle mustard. Leaves elliptic-heart-shaped, obtuse, clasping the" stem ; ra- dical ones obovate ; all smooth, glaucous, undivided, en- tire. Yj. orientale. Br. hi Alt. H. Kew. v. 4. 11/. Comp. ed. 4. 113. E. perfoliatum. DeCand. Syst. xi. 2. 508. Brassica orientalis. Linn. Sp. PL 931. fVilld. v. 3. 54.5. Fl. Br. 717. Engl. Bot. v. 26. t. 1 804. PoUich v. 2. 247. Jacq. Aiistr. t.282. B. campestris perfoliata, flore albo. Bauh. Pin. 1J2. Dill, in Rail Syn. 293. Moris, r. 2. 2 1 0. sect. ,3. t 2./. 19. B. campestris prima. Clus. Hist. v. 2. 127. f. Dalech. Hist. 525. f. Eruca n, 457. Hall. Hist. d. 1. 199. Perfoliata siliqiiosa. Ger.Em.DSG.f. Bauh. Hist. v. 2.835. f. . White Thorow Colevvort, Petiv. H. Brit. t. Ab.f. 5. In fields and on cliffs near the sea. In Essex, but rare. Petiver. Near Harwich, on the cliffs, as also at Bawdsey, near Orford, Suffolk. Dale. In fiel5s near God- stone and Marshfield, Sussex. Hiids. Annual. June. Root smallj tapering. Herb glaucous, very smooth in every part, even the radical leaves. Stem from 1 to 2 feet high, seldom branched, bearing several clasping, not perfoliate, leaves; the radical ones obovate, recurved ; all quite entire and a little fleshy. Fl. rather few, in a lax corymbose cluster, cream-co- loured. Pet. but little spreading. Pods 2\ or 3 inches long, exactly square, upright, though not quite straight, Reicharci quotes under this Erysimum perfoliatum, Crautz Austr, {fasc. 1 .) 27, and he is copied by Willdenow and DeCandolle ; but I find no such name any wiiere in Cran z; and as the leaves are not perfoliate, orientale, adopted by Linnceus from Tourne- fort, though not a good name, does not require to be changed. Brassica austriaca of Jacq. Austr. t. 283, which I had suspected might be the same species, is judged by Prof. DeCandolle to be different, having smaller more y^Wow flowers, and elevated ribs or veins on the valves of the pod. We have it not in England. 337. CHEIRANTHUS. Wall-flower. Linn. Gen. 339. Juss. 238. JF7. Br. 709. Comp. ed. 4. 1 08. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. zj. 4. 11 8. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 1 78. Lam. t. 564./. 1 . Leucojum. Tourn.t.l07. TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA. Cheiraiilhus. 205 Cal. converging, compressed ; leaves oblong, concave, erect, deciduous, 2 opposite ones protuberant at the base. Pet, obovate, spreading, entire or slightly notched; claws erect, the length of the calyx. Filam. awl-shaped, pa- rallel, simple, distinct, each of the 2 outermost, or short- est, embraced at the bottom by a nectariferous gland. Anth. erect, oblong-arrow-sha|3ed, acute, of 2 linear lobes. Germ, linear, compressed, a little tumid at each side, the length of the stamens. Style sliort, nearly cylindrical. Stigma either of 2 thick spreading lobes, or capitate and slightly notched, permanent. Pod linear, compressed, two-edged, rather convex at the sides, mostly with an elevated, longitudinal, central line ; valves straight ; par- tition membranous. Seeds ranged alternately, in a single row, ovate, compressed, slightly bordered at the summit, and often at one side also ; cotyledons accumbent. Biennial or perennial, herbaceous or somewhat shrubby. Stem branched, leafy, round, or slightly angular. Leaves lanceolate, entire or toothed. Pubescence close, simple, or divaricated, or somewhat starry. FL handsome, fra- grant, yellow, purplish, or white, often particoloured, or changeable. Ch. tenuifolms of DeCandolle has a slight border at the top of the seed only. 1. Ch.fniiiculosus. Wild Wall-flower. Leaves lanceolate, acute ; most hoary beneath, with simple close hairs. Stem shrubby. Branches angular. Style prominent. Ch. fruticulosus. Linn. Mant. 94. Willd. Sp. PL v. 3. o 16. FL Br. 709. EfigL Bot. v. 27. t. 1934. Comp. ed. 4. 1 13. Hook. Scot. 202. Galp. Comp. 50. Davies Welsh BotanoL fi4. Ch. Cheiri. Huds. 287. With. 580. Belh. 260. Sihth. 202. Abbot 144. Hook. Lond. t. 147 } DeCand. Si/sL v. 2. 180, var. /x. Leucojum n. 443. HcdL Hist. v. 1. 193j from Mr. Davall and others. L. luteum, vulgo Cheiri, floie simplici. Raii Syn. 20 1 . Bauh. Hist. t\ 2. 572. /. rcj)rinted in Chabr. h\ 27^. f. 4. L. lutcum minus fruticans. BarrcL Ic. t. 1228. y'whi petraea lutca. Tabtrn. Kraulcrb. 6SS.f. On old walls. Shrub. ApriL May. Stem shrubby, erect, bushy, branched in a determinate manner ; • branches angular, leafy, hoary with close, bristly, sih-ery hairs, chiefly directed downward, like those on both sides of the leaves; though some i)oint the contrary way. on the Icavvs as well as 20i TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA. Matthiola. pods, being perfectly distinct, as it seems to me, from the others, nor is there any forked or starry pubescence to be found. Leaves crowded, stalked, lanceolate, acute, almost invariably entire j the lowermost, if any, slightly serrated ; all deep green, with more or less of a minute silvery hoariness, especially at the back. Fl. corymbose, sweet-scented ; their petals always of a uniform bright golden yellow, not stained with brown or blood-red as in the garden Ch. Cheiri, though the calyx is purplish. Pods race- mose, erect, l^or 2 inches long, covered with close hairs chiefly, if not altogether, pointing upwards ; each valve marked with an elevated central line, often vanishing about half way up, and hardly discernible at all in Mr. Davall's Swiss specimens ; though very strong in some French ones, with shorter broader pods, which most accord with Dr. Hooker's, the style excepted. Stijle, in all the specimens I have seen, about a line in length in the flower, rather more on the ripe pod, stout, angular, a little bristly, crowned with the cloven stigma, whose lobes are finally brought close together. The seeds are flat, with a narrow, mem- branous, deciduous border at one side, as well as at the summit, of each. The late Mr. Crowe, whose remarks were always worthy of atten- tion, and to whom we owe so much for his unrivalled discrimi- nation of Willows, observed that the petals of our wild Cheiran- thus merely become recurved as they advance towards decay, and do not hang loosely flaccid, like those of the true Ch. Cheiri, or Blood Wall-flower of the gardens. There is indeed a culti- vated double variety of Ch.fruticulosus, always with plain yellow Jiowers, and though more luxuriant than the wild plant, still unlike the Ch. Cheiri. Dr. Hooker appears to me quite cor- rect in his Fl. Scot., except a slip of the pen, leaves for petals ; but I quote his Fl. Lond. and its luminous dissections, with he- sitation, on account of the strongly-ribbed valves of the short pods, and the almost total want of a style, such as I have never seen in any Wall-flower. Ch. Cheiri and its supposed varieties enumerated by DeCandolle, require more correct examination than they have, as yet, received. I do not presume to give a decisive opinion concerning them, but merely describe what I have seen, depending with implicit confidence on my friend Hooker for the accuracy of his representations. Viola lutea, Fuchs. Hist. 458, f, comes nearest to his plate and description. 338. MATTHIOLA. Stock. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. t\ 4. 1 1 9. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 1 62. Comp. ed 4 108. ' ' Cal. converging, a little compressed ; leaves linear-oblong, concave, erect, deciduous, 2 opposite ones protuberant at the base. Pet, obovate, spreading, entire, or with a broad TETR ADYNAMIA— 81 LIQUOS A. Matthiola. 205 sliallow notch ; claws erect, the length of the calyx. Fi- lam. awl-shaped, simple, distmct ; 2 outermost much the shortest, embraced at the bottom by a nectariferous gland. ^??//z. oblong-arrow-shaped, nearly erect, of 2 linear lobes. Germ, oblong, rather compressed, shorter than the sta- mens. Style short and thick, or more frequently want- inof. Stis^ma of 2 converging lobes, either thickened or protuberant at the back, permanent. Pod linear, com- pressed, or nearly cylindrical, convex or keeled at one or both sides ; valves straight ; partition membranous. Seeds ranged alternately in a single row, orbicular, com- pressed, generally encompassed by a membranous bor- der ; cotyledons flat, accumbent. Herbaceous or shrubby, almost always hoary, with starry pubescence, occasionally intermixed with stalked glands. Leaves oblong, undivided, toothed, or sinuated. Fl. fragrant, especially in an evening, their colours purple, white, greenish, or brownish. Mr. Brown remarks that when the lobes of the stigma are thickened at the back, the cotyledons are incumbent. Prof. DeCandolle on the contrary declares that he never met with incumbent co- tyledons in any species examined by him. In our native ones they are certainly accumbent. — I beg leave to ob- serve that the name of the botanist here commemorated is Matthiolus, not Mathiolus. 1, M. incana. Hoary Shrubby Stock. Stem shrubby, upright, branched. Leaves lanceolate, ob- tuse, entire, hoary. Pods without glands. M. incana. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. v. 4. 1 19. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 163. Camp, ed. 4. 113. Cheiranlhus incanus, Linn. Sp. PL 924. Willd. v. 3. .VJO. Engl. Bot. V. 27. I. 1935. Mill. Illustr. t. bb. Leucojum incanum majus. Moris, v. 2. 240. sect. 3. t. S.f. 1. L. ))ur|)ureum. Matth. falgr. v. 2. 228./. Comer. Epit. 619./. Ger.Em.AbH.f. Dalech. Hist.m2.f. Viola matronalis purpurea. Euclis. Hist. 315./. On maritime cliffs in the south of England. Upon rocky clifls to the east of Hastings, Sussex. Mr. D. Turner and Mr. IV. Borrer. Shrub. May, June. Root much branched downwards -, simple at the crown. Stem erect, bushy, round, leafy, hoary, about 2 feet high. Leaves scat- tered, 2 inches or more in length, covered on both sides with dense, starry, hoarv pubescence, single-ribbed, entire, thick and 206 TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA. Matthiola. leathery ; rounded at the extremity ; each tapering at the base into a short footstalk. Fl. corymbose, large, light puii)le, fra- grant, often double ; their claws pale and greenish. Pod 2 or 2} inches long, crowned with the sessile stigma subtended at each side by a small point ; the valves frequently dissimilar, one being- more keeled than the other. Seeds most convex at one side, light brown, surrounded entirely by a white filmy border ; cotyledons accumbent, as may be seen without taking off the skin. I believe this species is naturally perennial ; though in gardens, remote from the sea, it is seldom more than biennial, and in- deed often perishes the first winter, without flowering. 2. M. sinuata. Great Sea Stock. Stem herbaceous, spreading. Leaves downy, glandular, obtuse, sinuated ; those of the branches undivided. Pods rough with prominent glands. M. sinuata. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. v. 4. 120. DeCand. Sijst.v. 2. 167. Camp. ed. 4. 113. Cheiranthus sinuatus. Linn. Sp. PI. 92G. mild. v. 3. 524. Fl. Br. 710. Engl. Bot. v. 1 . t. 4C2. Huds. 288. Davies IVehh Bo- tanol. 64. Ch. tricuspidatus. Huds. cd. 1. 250. Leucojum marinum majus. Raii Sijn.29\ . L. marinum purpureum Lobelii. Ger. Em. 460./. L. maritimum magnum latifolium. Bank. Hist. v. 2. 875./. 876. Chabr. rc.279.f.4. On the sandy sea coasts of Wales and Cornwall, tfilji^^f^^^^ In many parts of Wales ; also on the coast of Cornwall. Ra//. Near Pembroke. Mr. Adams. Near Abermeney j Llwyd ; with- in a mile of Llanddwyn ; Brewer's Ms.; Rev. H. Davies. Biennial. August. Root long and tapering. Whole herb clothed with densely intri- cate starry down, intermixed with short glandular rigid prickles, v.'hich abound most on the pods. Stem branched, widely spread- ing, 2 feet high, round, leafy, Lov.er leaves most sinuated j upper undivided and entire. Fl. the size of the foregoing, but of a more dingy hue ; not fragrant by dav, but in the evening very highly scented, with a kind of aromatic pungency, render- ing this species well v/orthy of a place in gardens. Stigma ses- sile, bluntly protuberant at each side. Pods 3 or 4 inches long, convex at each side, all over hoary and glandular. Seeds with a membranous border. The taste of the whole herb is alkaline and bitterish. Petiver has by mistake copied, for this, the ex- cellent wooden cut of Matthiola tricu^jjidata, Cheiranthus tricus- pidatus of Linnaeus, published in the Hortus Medicus of Came- rarius,/. 24. His error might perhaps raifdead Mr. Hudson in t'ne first e(hti()n of Fl. AuQiica. TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA. Hesperis. 207 339. HESPERIS. Dame's-violet. Linn. Gen. 340. Juss. 238. FL Br.7\\. Camp. ed. 4. 108. Br. biAiLH.Kew.v.A. 122. DeCaml. Sijst.v. 2.446. Tourn. l. 108. Lam. t. 5G4./. 1. Cal. closely converging ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, overlaying each other at the upper part, separating first at the bottom, deciduous ; 2 opposite ones protuberant at the base. Pet. obovate, obtuse, or slightly notched, obliquely spreading; claws linear, channelled, erect, the length of the calyx. Filam, thread-shaped, erect, simple, unconnected ; the 2 shorter with a gland at their ba;ie in- ternally. Anth. linear, recurved. Genu, quadrangular, linear, the length of the calyx. S/i/le scarcely any. Stig- 77ia nearly sessile, of 2 closely converging, erect, simple, obtuse, downy lobes, permanent, unchanged. Pod li- near, more or less accurately quadrangular, .s^triated, pro- tuberant from the seeds ; valves linear, undulated, acute, the length of the meujbranous ]:)artition. Seeds in a*sin- . gle row, pendulous, oblong, obscureU' triangular, not bor- dered ; cotyledons fiat, incumbent. Herbaceous, with fibrous roots. Stein round, erect or spread- ing, dow-ny or smooth. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, tooth- ed, finely hairy, rarely entire ; in some sinuated, or run- cinate. Puhesceiiee gQuen\\\y scnitcved luid sim})le ; partly forked and glandular. /''/. corymbose, purplish, white, or brownish ; powerfully scented, for the most part, in an evening. Pods long and slender. I. H. inatronalis. Common Dame's-violet. Partial flower-stalks the length of the Cidyx. Leaves ovate- lanceolate, toothed. Stem u})right, slightly branched. Pods smooth, irregularly tumid, C(}uilaleral, ne;nly erect. H. matronalis. Linn. Sp. PI. 927. mild. v. 3. .•■)31 . Br. in Jit. //. Kew. V.4.] 22. DeCand. Sjjsf. v. 2. 4.")(). Hook. Scot. 202. H.inodora. Linn. Sp. PL 927. lVilld.v.3.:)3l.Huds.2HH. With. .-)S(i. FL Br. 711. Comp. ed. 4.113. EngL Bot. v.W. t. '/W 1 . /•/. Dan. t. 924. Jacq. Auatr. /.347. II. n. 448. nalLnisf.r.\.\<)?. H. sylveslris inodora. Dill, in Hair Sun. 2!)3. Bupj). Jen. ed. IlalL 7H.t.\. 11. |)iiniionica inodora. lianli. I list. v. 2. H7'(^.f. U. terliu. Clus. Hint. v. 1. 29/./ 11. altera pannonica, inodora sylvcstris. (Jlus. runn:X\U.J'.'SM^. 208 TETRADYNAMIA--SILIQUOSA. Hesperis. Viola matronalis. Dod. PemptA6\.f. Ger. Em. 462. f. Lob. Ic. 323./. V. purpurea. Fuchs. Hist. 459./. In hilly pastures, especially near rivulets, but rare. On the banks of the rivulets about Dale-head, Cumberland, and Grassmere, Westmoreland ; Mr. Nicolson. Dillenius. About Falmouth. Withering. Near Cheltenham, on Cotswould ridge. General Hardwicke. From which neighbourhood it was sent by the late Earl of Dartmouth, to Mr. Sowerby. See Engl. Bot. Near the old castle of Airly, Angus-shire. Mr. J. Mackay and Mr. G. Don. Perennial. May, June. Root tufted, of many long fibres. Stems erect, 2 or 3 feet high, slightly branched, leafy, round, solid, clothed, more or less co- piously, with very short, deflexed, simple or forked, minute hairs. Leaves scattered, ovate-lanceolate, or slightly heart- shaped, taper-pointed, veiny, single-ribbed, bordered with nu- merous, unequal, prominent, obtuse, somewhat glandular teeth ; all nearly or quite sessile, except some of the lowermost. Fl. terminal, corymbose, numerous, rather large and handsome, pale purple, or white, perpetually varying from seed in this re- spect 5 by day they have little or no smell, except in rainy wea- ther, but'in an evening they are highly and delightfully fragrant. Cal tinged with purple, rough with coarse spreading hairs, es- pecially in the upper part ; seldom quite naked. Pet. abrupt, wavy, notched, sometimes having a small terminal tooth. Pod 2 inches long, ascendmg, or erect, a little curved, acute, of a slender cylindrical form, usually quite smooth, with 4 simple, not bordered, angles, whose somewhat striated interstices are equal, except the very irregular swellings and undulations caused by the numerous' seeds, which are elliptical, concave at one side, destitute of a border. Few British plants have been enveloped in more uncertainty than this, owing to the epithet inodora, which, as botanists generally hunt by daylight, was found applicable to our wild Hesperis ; while the well-known rich nocturnal fragrance of the garden plant, dedicated in its name, for ihat very reason, to the even- ing star, was supposed to render the latter specifically distinct. This opinion was confirmed in the mind of Linnaeus by a speci- men from Jacquin, marked Hesperis tertia Clusii, in which the lower teeth of the rather softer leaves ?iXQ peculiarly dilated, as in Jacquin's plate above indicated. Hence Linnaeus, giving credit to the w^ant of scent, plumed himself on establishing a specific difference. But the characters he gives have all long been found illusive, and Mr. Brown has justly, in my opinion, united these two Linnaean species, without marking either as even a variety. We therefore retain the original, and least exceptionable, spe- cific name. TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA. Arabis. 209 It is said that //. matronaUs, originally brought by Europaean set- tlers to the United States of America, loses its scent the second season, and is obliged to be renewed by fresh seeds from Eu- rope. See the remark under JEthusa, v. 2. ^b. 340. ARABIS. Wall-cress, or Rock-cress. Linn. Gen. ZA\. Juss.238. FLBr.7\l. Comp. ed. 4. 108. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. v. 4. 104. DeCand. Sijst. v. 2. 213. Lam. ^.563. /• 1—3. Cal. erect ; leaves ovate-oblong, converging, deciduous ; 2 opposite ones rather the largest, somewhat protuberant at the base. Pet. obovate-oblong, undivided, a little spreading, tapering at the base into broadish claws, hardly so long as the calyx. Filam. thread-shaped, erect, sim- ple, unconnected, usually with 4 glands at their base ex- ternally. Antli. roundish-heart-shaped, incumbent. Germ, linear, about the length of the stamens. Style very short, or none. Stigma obtuse, simple. Pod linear, compress- ed, crowned with the permanent stigma ; valves almost flat, ribbed, or veiny, slightly undulated from the protu- berance of the seeds, quite as long as the linear mem- branous partition. Seeds in a single row, pendulous, oval or orbicular, compressed, with or without a border ; co- tyledons flat, accumbent. Annual or perennial, leafy, upright herbs. Leaves simple ; entire or toothed ; the radical ones numerous, in a rose- like tuft, mostly stalked ; those of the stem alternate, ses- sile, or clas})ing, and smaller. Pubescence simple or forked. Fl. in corymbose clusters, white, seldom reddish. Puds in very long clusters. Species numerous, chiefly natives of the northern hemisphere. 1. A. thaliaiia. Common Wall-cress. Leaves hairy, more or less toothed ; radical ones stalked, oblong. Stamens not much shorter than the petals. Stem branched. Pods pointing upwards. A.thallana. Linu. Sp. PLO'29. mild.v.?,.:^^:^. Fl.Br.7\l. En-l. Bot. V. 13.^901. Curt. Loud. fuse. 2. /. 49. Hook. Scot. 1 99. DeCand. Si/st. v. 2. 22G. PoUick v. 2. 243. /. 4. FL Dan. t. 1 l()(i. A. n.4.V2, a. JJall. Jlist. v.\ . 197. Filosella sirupuita. Thai, llcrnjn. 81./. 7./. D. Turritis vulgaris ramosa. Tourn. Inst. 22 1. Raii Sijn. 294. Lind. Alsat.M.t.l. Bursa jjastoris, sive Pilosella siliquosa. Bauli. IlUt.v. 2. 870./. vol.. III. P 210 TETRADYNAMIA-SILIQUOSA. Arabls, Draba siliquosa similis planta praecox annua. Moris, v. 2. 235, sect. 3. t.7.f.D. Aizoon Telephium. Dalech. Hist. 1131./. Thale Cress. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 48./. 1 . /3. Turritis minor foliosa. Raii Syn. 294. Brassica spuria minima^ caule magis folioso hirsutior. Raii Syn. ed.\.24\.ed.2. 166. B. spuria exilis, non laciniata, caule magis folioso hirsutior, foliis subrotundis. Pluk. Phyt. t. 80./ 2. Broad Thale Cress. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 48./ 2. On walls, dry banks, cottage roofs, and dry sandy ground, every where. Annual. April. Root tapering, fibrous. Herb varying greatly in luxuriance, up- right, simple or branched, hairy, light green, from 3 to 12 inches high. Leaves various in shape and size, lanceolate, ovate, or obovate, entire or unequally notched, their pubescence short, mostly forked 3 radical ones close to the ground, numerous, stalked ; the rest smaller, few, and scattered, sometimes linear- lanceolate. Fl. small, white, corymbose, on slender stalks. Cal. generally a little bristly in the upper part. Pet. twice as long, nearly upright. Glands minute, and inconstant, curved, but scarcely protruding between the calyx-leaves. Pods ascend- ing, on spreading stalks, slender, somewhat curved, smooth, hardly an inch long. Plukenet's and Petiver's figures of the variety /S are very dissimilar, but specimens may be found answering to either, nor are any of the varieties at all constant. The whole plant has a warm pun- gent flavour, like the rest of its class. 2. A. stricta, Bristol Rock-cress. Leaves toothed, obtuse, bristly ; radical ones somewhat ly- rate. Stems hairy. Petals nearly erect. Calyx smooth. A. stricta. Huds.292. Fl.Br.7l2. Engl. Bot.v.9.t. 6\4. Velley PI. Marit. t.5. Shierclif, Bristol Guide, 83 . / Hook. Lond. t. 4 . DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 224. Willd. Sp. PI. v. 3. 539. A. hispida. Ait. H. Kew. ed. ].v.2. 400 ,• not of Linnaeus. A. n. 453. Hall. Hist. V.]. 197. Noviencl. 42. Turritis Raii. Villars Dauph. v. 3. 326. t. 38. Hesperis alpina minor, flore albo, siliquis longis. Raii Syllog. 296. I have it from Mount Sal^ve. Cardamine pumila, bellidis folio, alpina. Raii Syn. ed. 2. 1 72. ed. 3. 300? but not of Gerarde, whose wooden cut, copied by Pe- tiver, H. Brit. t. 47. f. 9, really belongs to Arahis pumila of Jac- quin, A. nutans, WilkL v. 3. 537. On limestone rocks in the south-west part of England. On St. Vincent's rocks near Bristol. Huds. Velley. On the south TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA. Arabis. 211 side of the Avon, about a mile below the hot-wells, but sparingly. Mr. W. Claijfield and Mr. Dyer. I have also seen it on the tine turf just below the hot- wells. Perennial. May. Root simply tufted, very long, tapering and fibrous, not creeping, certainly perennial. Stems for the most pnrt several, erect, or ascending, from 3 to 6 inches high, round, leafy ; the central one usually branched ; all rough in the lower part with mostly simple, spreading or deflexed, bristly hairs. Radical leaves nu- merous, obtuse, dark green, purplish underneath, deeply toothed or sinuated in a lyrate manner, rough with simple, rarely forked, rigid hairs ; stem-leaves scattered, smaller, and more entire, coarsely and sparingly fringed. Fl. few, corymbose, erect, cream-coloured, rather large, their petals upright. Cal. smooth, reddish, scarcely if at all spreading. Pods slender, erect, straight, smooth, slightly corrugated, on short smooth stalks, of which some of the lowermost are accompanied by small linear leaves, looking like hracteas, but not properly such. 3. A. liispida. Alpine Rock- cress. Radical leaves lyrate or hastate, smooth or bristly, tufted ; stem-leaves lanceolate, entire, scattered, mostly smooth. Petals spreading. Root branched at the crown. . A. hispida. Linn. Suppl. 298. IVilld. Sp.Pl.v.'S.b38. Fl.Br.7\3, Comp. ed. 4.113. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. v. 4. 1 OG. Hook. Scot. 199. A. petraea, a, /3, y. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 229, 230. A. thaliana. Crantz Austr.fasc. 1 . 41 . ^ 3./. 2. A. crantziana. Ehrh. Herb. 78. Willd. Sp. PL v. 3. 535. Sisymbrium arenosum. Linn. Fl. Suec. ed. 2. 233 ; 7iot of Sp. PI. Cardamine petreea. Huds. 293. fVith. 577. Lightf. 347. t. 15. /. 2. Jacq. Enum. 120 ; from the author. Host Syn.367. C. petraea cambrica, nasturtii facie. Dill. Elth. 70. t.Q\.f. 71. C. hastulata. Engl. Bot. v. 7. t. 469. Fl. Dan. t. 14G2. Nasturtium petrseum Johnsoni. Raii Syn. ed. 2. 174. ed.3. 300. Pliik. Almag. 26 1 . Phyt. t.\0\.J.3; very bad. Welsh Rock Cress. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 50. f. 3. On lofty alpine rocks of Whales and Scotland, in moist places. First observed in various ])arts of North Wales, by ^Ir. Lhwyd, before 1090, Ray. Gathered in Scotland, by Mr. Lindesav, in 1728. Perennial. July. Root tapering, running deep into llie ground, subdivided and tufted at the crown, not at all creeping. Slon one, or more, 3 or 4 inches higli, erect or ascendinf:j,sim])Ie orsligluly l)ranched, round, leafy, frequently quite smootli, sometimes rougli towards the base, with simple si)readinc^ hairs. Radical Imves numerous, about half an incli long, composing several lax tufts, slightly suc- culent, deep green, sometimes nearly or quite smooth, but most I' J 212 TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA. Arabis. frequently rough, especially on the upper side, with short, spread- ing, cloven or 3-forked bristly hairs ; their outline more or less perfectly lyrate, sometimes merely hastate, rarely only obovate and slightly pinnatifid, always tapering at the base into a slender footstalk, longer than the leaf. Stem-leaves scattered, lanceo- late, or elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, mostly quite entire and smooth, sometimes hairy j the lower ones having now and then a lateral notch, and more or less of ?i footstalk. Ft. in terminal, solitary, erect, lax, corymbose, veiy smooth clusters, much elon- gated, and somewhat wavy, after flowering. Cal. smooth, slightly spreading, membranous at the margin. Pet. twice as long, pale purple, or white, with a horizontal, obovate, entire border. Pods spreading, smooth, linear, tipped with the capi- tate, somewhat elevated, stigma ; their valves separating at the top and bottom, slightly recurved at each end, but not revolute j in Ehrhart's specimen they have a slender, not very prominent keel, which may also be perceived in some of my British ones, though not so far advanced. Seeds disposed in a simple row. The suggestions of my learned friend DeCandolle have induced me to be very particular in my description, and to examine carefully how far the real Linnsean Cardamine peircea differs from our plant. In the y?ower5 and podi- 1 can find no discriminating character, but the leaves of that Cardamine, to which Linnaeus has misapplied synonyms of our Arabis, are truly, as he defines them, " oblong and toothed," at least the radical ones 3 being rather linear-lan- ceolate, or partly obovate, with numerous, regular, equal, blunt, prominent teeth, and by no means approaching to a lyrate, much less a hastate, form ; the stem-leaves are linear and entire ; every part of the plant is perfectly smooth, and seems of a lighter green. Such is the original Swedish specimen, above 6 inches high, with which f,386 of F/. Dan., though not particularly good, appears to agree tolerably well. 1 have another wild Swedish specimen of a smaller size, about 3 inches high, of which all the leaves are obovate and nearly entire. The plate of Dillenius in Hort. Elth. is excellent. That of Loesel, Fl. Pruss. t. 13, represents the true Sisymbrium arenosum. The leaves in Crantz's figure, as well as in Ehrhart's specimen, are not so deeply sinuated as in my numerous British ones, but their notches are not like the teeth of Cardamine petrcea. 4. A. ciliata. Fringed Rock-cress. Leaves somewhat toothed, smooth on both sides, distantly fringed and bearded ; radical ones obovate? Stem simple. A. ciliata. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. v.AA 07. Comp. S. 4. 113. Hook. Scot. 200. DeCand. Sijst. v 2. 225. Turritis ciliata. Willd. Sp. PL v. 3. 544. Schleich. Cat. 59. T. alpina. Linn. Sijst. Veg. ed. 13. 502. TVilld. Sp. PL v, 3.545. Sm. in Rees's CycL v. 36. n. 9. EngL BoL v. 25. 1. 1746. T. hirsutse varietas. Linn, Fl. Suec. ed..2. 236. TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA. Arabis. 213 Tourrete cilice. Reynier Mem. de la Suisse, vA. 171. On cliffs near the sea, but rare. By the sea side at Rinville, Cunnamara, in the west of Ireland. Mr. J. T. Mackay. Biennial. July, August. Root simple, tapering. Stem generally solitary, from 2 to 4 inches, and when cultivated near a foot in height, erect, quite simple, leafy, round, smooth. Radical leaves several, in one simple tuft, various in size, obovate, often reddish ; tapering at the base 3 those of the stem alternate, sessile, or half-clasping, ellip- tic-oblong ; all somewhat glaucous, quite smooth on both sides, more or less evidently toothed, fringed with sim])le or forked, scattered, spreading, bristly hairs ; some of which are often crowded into a small tuft or beard at the tips of the leaves, whilst others form a more regular fringe upon the taper bases, or foot- stalks, of the radical ones. Fl. in a simple, terminal, upright, smooth, corymbose cluster. Cal. tawny, with a white edge. Pet. twice its length, pure white, almost erect. Pods upright, slender, each tipped with the simple, obtuse stigma, supi)orted by a very short, conical style ,• their valves undulated, striated,, and slightly keeled, 5. A. hirsuta. Hairy Wall-cress. Leaves toothed and bristly. Stem rough, with simple spreading hairs. Pods quite erect, with slightly keeled valves. A. hirsuta. Br.in Ait.H.Kew.v.A.\07 . Comp.edA.WA. Hook. Scot. 200. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 223. Scop. Cam. v. 2. 30. Turritis hirsuta. Linn. Sp. PI. 930. Tfllld. v. 3. 543. Fl. Br. 716. Engl. Bot. V. 9. t. 587. Jacq. Coll. v. 1. 70. 7c. Rar. t. 126. FL Dan. t. 1040. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 9. 8. T. n.456. Hall. Hist. v.\.\9S. T. muralis minor. Raii Syn. 294, Erysimum minimum annuum hirsutum. Moris.v. 2. 219. sect. 3 t 3 Erysimo similis hirsuta non laciniata alba. Bauh. Pin. 1 01. Prodr. 42. f. Barbanua muralis. Bauh. Hist. v. 2.869. Daisy Tower Mustard. Pctiv. H. Brit. t.47.f 1 2. On old walls, stony banks, or rocks. In tlie north and west of England. Ray. Sussex. Doody. In Swi- tham bottom' near Croydon. Huds. On the walls of Lakenham church-yard, tnear Norwich. Mr. Crowe. Near Bury. Mr. Mat- thew. Upon* rocks in Scotland. Dickson. Frequent on dry rocks in Scotland. Hooker. Perennial. May. Root btrong and woody. Stems several, about a foot high, uj)- ^U TETRADYNAMIA-SILIQUOSA. Arabis. rights leafy, clothed with thick-set, spreading, or jDartly deflexed hairs j branched, and less hairy, at the top. Leaves bluntish, variously toothed, more or less rough with short, bristly, simple or forked, prominent hairs ; the radical ones largest, obovate, tapering at the base ; stem-leaves numerous, sessile, ovate-ob- long. Fl. small, white. Cal. smooth, purplish. Pet. mode- rately spreading. Stigma sessile. Poc/s forming very long, close, smooth clusters, erect, slender, smooth ; valves with a slight keel half way up, undulated from the alternate projection of the seeds, which are in a single row, not a double one like Turritis. This last character, confirmed by a similitude of habit, is admi- rably chosen by Mr. Brown to define the genus Arahis, in con- tradistinction to Turritis, whose much more numerous seeds are disposed in double rows. 6. A. Turrita, Tower Wall-cress. Leaves toothed, clasping the stem. Flower-stalks the length of the calyx, each with a leafy bractea. Pods linear, flat, thick-edged, recurved in one direction. A. Turrita. Linn. Sp. PI 930. Willd.v. 3.541. Fl. Br.7U. Engl. Bot.v.3.t.\7S. Sibth. 205. Hook. Lond.t. 176. Scot.200. Jacq. Enum. 1 1 8. Austr. t.W. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 23^. A. umbrosa. Craniz Austr. fasc. \.A3; not41,as in Jacq., nor 39, as in DeCand. after Willdenow, nor t. 3.f. 2, as in the latter. Leucojum n.444. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 193 5 but not Fl. Dan. t. 62. Turrita major Plateau. Clus. Hist. v. 2. 126. f. Turritis major, Ger. Em. 272. f. Hesperidi alpinse muriariaeve similis surrecta et magna. Bauh. Hist. V. 2. 881. f. Brassica sylvestris, albido flore, nutante siliqua. Bocc. Mus, 81. t. 72. Barrel. Ic. t. 353. Great Tower Mustard. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 47./. 1 1 . On old walls, very rare. On the walls of Trinity and St. John's colleges, Cambridge. Prof. Martyn. On Magdalen college walls, Oxford. Sibth. On the castle of Cliesh, Kinross-shire ; Mr. Arnott. Hook. Biennial. May. Root tapering, simple. Herb light green, more or less densely downy all over with fine, short, soft, starry hairs. Stem a foot or more in height, simple, erect, leafy. Leaves obovate, broad, toothed, rather acute, but not pointed 3 the radical ones taper- ing downward into footstalks ; the rest heart-shaped at the base, clasping the stem ; the uppermost gradually diminished into ob- long bracteas, each accompanying one of the shortjloicer-stalks. Cluster corymbose, nearly or quite simple. Fl. pale sulphur- coloured. Pet. with a spreading border. Glands 2 at the inside of the shorter stamens, and 2 at the outside of the longer. Style TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA. Turritis. 215 very short, with a small, not dilated, stigma. Pods very long, flat, striated, thickened at the edges, curved downwards as they ripen, chiefly towards one side j their valves slightly undulated, not at all keeled. All the difficulty about the genus of this plant, mentioned in Eiigl. Bot. is now happily removed on Mr. Brown's principles. Its glands indeed ''are those of a Brassica,'" but the flat accumbent cotyledons, and simple row of seeds, settle the point. The habit confirms the generic characters, which are altogether those of an Arabis. A. pendula, confounded by Haller with this species, is perfectly distinct. 341. TURRITIS. Tower-mustard. Linn. Gen. 341. Jtiss. 23S. Fl.Br.llo. Comp. ecZ. 4. 108. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. v. 4. 108. DeCand. Syst. i?. 2. 211. Gcertn. t. 143. Arabis. Lam. t. 563. /. 4. Cat, erect; leaves oblong, converging, deciduous; 2 opposite ones very slightly protuberant at the basei Pei. obovate- oblong, undivided, erect, not twice the length of the ca- lyx. Filam, thread-shaped, simple, erect, unconnected. Anth, oblong, incumbent. Germ, linear, the length of the petals. Style very short. Stigma obtuse, simple. Pod linear, compressed, very long and slender, crowned with the permanent stigma; valves straight, flat, each with a prominent keel, and quite as long as the linear membra- nous partition. Seeds very numerous, disposed in a double row in each cell, crowded, obliquely pendulous, ovate, compressed, slightly bordered; cotyledons flat, accumbent. Upright lierhs^ partly rough, nearly agreeing in habit with the last genus ; nor could any satisfactory mark of dis- tinction between Arabis and Turritis be discovered, till Mr. Brown adverted to the double rows of seeds in the latter, which afford a very peculiar character. Some of his species are thrown out by M. DeCandolle, but they do not concern the Flora of Britain. 1. T. glabra. Smooth Tower-mustard. Radical leaves toothed, rough ; the rest entire, clasping the stem, smooth. T. glabra. Li«». .S/?. 7V. 930. Willd.v.3.:^42. Fl.nr.7\:K EnoL Bot. v.W.t. 111. Curt. Loud. fuse. 4. t. 41. Hook. Scot. 2(H). DeCand. Syst. r . 2. 2 1 1 . FL Dan. t. S09. Ehrh. Ikrb. I 11). T. n.4r)r>. Hall, llist.v. 1. 11)8. Turritis. Ihui S,j,i. 203. Gcr. Em. '171. f. L<>h. It. 220, /'. 216 TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA. Brassica. Turrita vulgatior. Clits. Hist. v. 2. 126./. Sinapi album. Dalech. Hist. 1168./. Brassica silvestris foliis circa radicem cichoraceis asperis^ caulibus autem adhserentibus planis seu glabris. Moris, v. 2. 210. sect. 3. t. 2. f. 22. Tower Mustard. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 47. f. 10. On banks and by road sides, in a dry gravelly soil. In many parts of Norfolk, as well as other counties. Rare in Scotland. Annual. May, June. Root tapering. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, erect, wand-like, simple, smooth, except at the bottom, round, leafy. Radical leaves nu- merous, spreading, toothed, or sinuated, so as to be almost ly- rate, rough on both sides with rigid, forked or simple, hairs j stem-leaves numerous, upright, oblong-arrow-shaped, entire, glaucous, quite smooth, clasping the stem, but not perfoliate as some writers have denominated them. Fl. numerous, closely corymbose, pale sulphur-coloured. Pods very long and slender, smooth and even, erect, close to the stem, on short stalks. Seeds about 60 in each cell, very small. 342. BRASSICA. Cabbage, Turnip, &c. Linn. Gen. 342. Juss. 23S. Fl.Br.7\7. Comp. ed. i. 108. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. v. 4. 123. DeCand. Stjst. v. 2. 582. Tourn. 1. 106. Lam. t. 565. Gcertn. t. 143. Rapa. Tourn. t. 113. Cal. equally protuberant at the base ; leaves oblong, con- cave, converging in their lower part, spreading in the upper, deciduous. Pet. obovate, spreading, undivided; their claws erect, channelled. Filam. awl-shaped, simple, erect. Anth. oblong, nearly erect, a little recurved. Glands 4 ; 2 at the inside of the shorter filaments, 2 at the outside of the longer. Genii, cylindrical, the length of the longest stamens. St7/le tapering, making a beak to the pod. S^z^w a capitate, entire. PocZ nearly cylindrical, beaked, of 2 concave valves, and 2 longitudinal cells, besides 1 in the beak, which is often barren. Seeds in a single row, nearly globular, with one or more occasion- ally in the beak ; cotyledons folded, incumbent, their dou- bled edges meeting the radicle. A numerous genus, for the most part biennial ; the ste???, or body of the 7^oot, occasionally very fleshy. Leaves some- what succulent, smooth or rough ; the radical ones mostly stalked, lyrate, or pinnatifid ; upper more simple or entire, clasping at the base. Fl. in long clusters, vellow, rarely white. TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA. Brassica. 217 1. B. Napus. Rape, or Cole-seed. Root spindle-shaped. Leaves smooth ; upper ones lanceo- late, heart-shaped at their base, clasping the stem ; lower ones lyrate, toothed. B. Napus. Lfwn.,S/).P/.931. mihLv.3.547. FLBr.7\9. Engl, Bot. V. 30. ^. 2146. Mart. Bust. t. 103. Hook. Scot. 203. De- Cand. Syst. v. 2. 592. B. sylvestris. Dod. Pempt. 626./. ? Ger. Em. 316./. ? Napus sylvestris. Bauh. Pin.dD. Bnuh. Hist. v. 2. 843. f. Moris. V. 2. 214. sect. 3. t. 2./ 2 ; but not of Ray. N. Bunias sylvestris, Fiichs. Hist, \77.f. Bunias sylvestris. Lob. Ic. 200. f. Ger. Em. 235./ Rapum sylvestre non bulbosum. Lob. Adv. 66 ? Raii Syn. 295, obs. ? /3. Napus. Trag. Hist. 730. f. MattJi. Valgr. v. \. 398. f. Camer. Epit. 222. f. Dod. Pempt. G74.f. N.sativus. Dalech.Hist.6A4.f. Moris.v.2.2\A. sect.3.t.2.f.\. N. Bunias sativus. Fucks. Hist. 176. f. Bunias. Ger. Em. 235. f. Lob. Ic. 200. f. In corn fields, waste ground, and on ditch banks. Biennial. May. Root spindle-shaped, more or less tumid under the crown, and in the variety /3 considerably large and fleshy, either white or yel- lowish, more used in French cookery than with us. Stem erect, branched, spreading, leafy, striated, Ij or 2 feet high. Leaves all smooth, most glaucous beneath ; radical ones lyrate, usually disappearing before the plant blossoms ; those of the stem nu- merous, the uppermost lanceolate and entire, lower ones gra- dually broader, blunter, and more toothed, as they approach the root, but all clasping, dilated and rounded at their insertion. Fl. bright yellov,', smaller than in the following species. Cal. somewhat coloured ; the upi)er half spreading. Pods on slender spreading stalks, at lengtli often deflexed, round, with a beaded appearance from the projection of the seeds; the beak angular, barren. Cultivated in England chiefly for the sake of the abundant ex- pressed oil of the seeds, the cake which remains serving for ma- nure. 2. B. Rapa. Common Turnip. Root stem-like, flesliy, orbicular, depressed. Radical leaves lyrate, rough; those of the stem smooth; the uppermost entire. B. Rapa. Linn.Sp.PL93\. IfWd. v.3. ■>A8. Fl.Br.720. Enql. Bot.v.3\.t.2\76. Mart. Rust. t. 49,50. Hook. Scot. 203. Dc rand. Si/st. r. 2. 590. 218 TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA. Brassica. Rapa sativa rotunda. Bauh. Pin. 89. Raii Sijn. 294. Moris, v. 2. 213. ser^. 3. t.2.f.\. Rapum. Trag. Hist. 72S.f. Dod. Pempt. 673./. Camer. Epit. 218./. R. sativum. Fuchs. Hist. 212. f. R. rotundum. Matth. Valgr. v. 1 . 394./ R. majus. Ger. Em. 232./ Round Turnep. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 45. f. 7. /3. Rapa sativa oblonga, seu foemina. Bauh. Pin. 90. Raii Syn. 294. Moris. V. 2. 213. sect. 3. t. 2.f. 2. Rapum longum. Matth. Valgr. v. 1. 395./ Camer. Epit. 219./ R. radice oblonga. Ger. Em. 232. f. Long Turnep. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 45. f. 8. In cultivated fields and their borders, more or less completely na- turalized. Biennial. Jpril. Root orbicular, mostly depressed, in /3 oblong j always succulent, white, or tinged with purple, varying greatly in size according to the soil j tapering and fibrous at the base. Stem erect, 2 feet high, branched, leafy, round, very smooth. Radical leaves abun- dant the first season, withering as the stem arises, lyrate, jagged, large, dark green, veiny, rough with small sharp bristly hairs 5 those on the lower part of the stem more simpje, smoother, clasping at the base 5 upper ones small, glaucous, quite smooth and entire. Fl. yellow, larger than the preceding, in numerous corymbose tufts. Cal. spreading considerably in the upper part, though not at the base. Pet. rounded. Pod cylindrical, veiny, smooth, with a tapering barren beak. The Swedish Turnip, not wild in Britain, is surely a distinct spe- cies from this and the following, as Mr. Knight has proved it to be from B. oleracea. Both these turnips are well known for their agricultural uses, and are acceptable at table, if not grown in a rank or manured soil. 3. B. campestris. Common Wild Navew. Root tapering. Radical leaves lyrate, rough ; stem-leaves smooth, clasping, oblong, partly pinnatifid ; ail somewhat glaucous. B. campestris. Linn. Sp. PZ.931. mild.v.3. 546. Fl. Br. 718. Engl. Bot. V. 32. t. 2234. Hook. Scot. 203. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 588. A. Scholl. Barb. 153. Napus sylvestris. Raii Syn. ed. 2. 167. ed. 3. 295 3 but not of Bauhin or Morison. Wild Navew. Petiv. H. Brit. tA5.f.9; copied from Lobel's cut of B. Napus. In corn fields and about the banks of ditches. Ray. Abundant by the sides of rivers, marsh ditches, &c. Mr. E.Forster. TETRADYNAMIA—SILIQUOSA. Brassica. 219 Annual. June, July. Root tapering. Stem erect, 2 feet high, leafy, branched, glaucous ; rough in the lower part with small, bulbous, spreading bristles ; smooth upwards. Radical leaves lyrate, toothed and jagged, rather glaucous, rough all over with minute bristly hairs ; those of the stem oblong, clasping at the base, the uppermost heart- shaped, pointed, glaucous and entire. Fl. yellow, corymbose, al- most as large as those of the Turnip. Cal. spreading, except at the bottom. Pods on longish stalks, ascending, light brown, smooth, U inch long, nearly cylindrical ; valves keeled, ribbed, veiny 3 beak one-third of an inch in length, barren, tapering, furrowed, tipped with the blunt permanent stigma. Seeds brown, globose. Most botanists, both British and foreign, have found a difficulty in distinguishing this plant from B. Napus, and the confusion of their synonyms is inextricable. B. campestris is perhaps the most certainly wild of all our three species now described, nor can there be a doubt concerning it, if the plate in Engl. Bat. and the above description be attended to. Hudson mistook for this a yellow variety of our Erysimum orientale, which is figured for it in Fl. Dan. t. 550. The synonyms of Fuchsius and J. Bauhin^ cited with doubt in Fl. Br., possibly belong to B. Napus. 4. B. oleracea. Sea Cabbage. Root stem -like, cylindrical, fleshy. Leaves glaucous, waved, lobed, partly lyrate, all perfectly smooth. Pod without a beak. B. oleracea. Linn. Sp. PL 932 a. fVilld. v. 3. 548. Fl. Br. 720. Engl. Bat. v. 9. t. 637. Hook. Scot. 203. Freeman Ic. t. 4, 5. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 17. 14. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 583 A. B. maritima arborea, seu procerior^ ramosa. Raii Syn. 293. Mo- ris. V. 2. 20s. n.\D. Sea Colewort. Petiv. II. Brit. ^ 45./. 6 j but with a wrong figure, probably belonging to B. Napus; originating with Fuchsius, Hist. 415, and copied by Dodonaeus, Gerarde, Morison and others, under the name of Brassica sylvestris. On cliffs near the sea. On Dover cliffs, and in similar j)laces. Ray. On the Welsh and Cornish coasts. Hudson. At Staitlis, Yorkshire, abundantly. Mr. E. Rohson. At King's Cove, Devonshire. Mr. Sowerby. Biennial. May, June. Root raised above the ground in the form of ixston, a f(X)t or more in height, cylindrical, leafy about the toj), scarred below. Leaves glaucous, rather fleshy, very smootli ; tlie lower ones large, ly* rate, waved and sinuated 3 uj)])er obloni', obtuse, unchvided, toothed, or nearly entire. 77. in longisli corymbose clusters, bright lemon-ccjloured, larger than any of the preceding s])ecies. ('ahix-l/. 708./. Ger. Eni.2H\.f. Matth. Valgr. v. 1 . 484./ Cawcr. Epil. 307."/ E. sativa. Fuchs. Ilist.2C)2./. E. teniiifoli.i perennis, ilore lutco. liauh. Hist. v. 2. 861. /"". Wall Uocki't. P,:lir. H. lirit. t. 46./. 8. On old walls, and hca[)rs c)f rubbish. 2^4 TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA. Sinapis. About London, Westminster, Windsor^ Chester, Bristol, Yarmouth^ and other old towns. Perennial. June — October. Root tapering-, rather woody. Herb for the most part entirely smooth, and more or less glaucous all over, fetid when bruised. Stem bushy, erect, H or 2 feet high, with numerous round leafy branches, occasionally besprinkled wnth a few hairs. Leaves scattered, a little fleshy, of a glaucous green, very smooth, irre- gularly lobed and cut : the lower ones stalked, once or twice pinnatifid ; uppermost lanceolate, undivided, and sessile j the margins of all entire, or sparingly notched. Fl. large and hand- some, but unpleasantly scented, light lemon-coloured. Cal. spreading considerably from the very base, but not horizontally, the tips mostly hairy. Pods an inch or more in length, linear, smooth, compressed, erect, on spreading stalks almost as long ; valves undulated, slightly keeled, veiny ; beak none, except the rather short, tapering, angular, furrowed stijle, not so tumid at the base as even the last, and destitute of any cell, or rudiment of a seed. Seeds in the proper cells of the pod numerous, round, disposed so as to form two, more or less complete, rows in each cell. On this last character Prof. DeCandolle principally founds his genus Diplofaxis and its name. The want of a distinct seed-bearing beak to the pod, in some instances, is likewise noted. But the foregoing species, a genuine Sinapis, has scarcely more of a beak than any of them. The learned author candidly allows also that the double row of seeds is by no means constant, or without exception ; and indeed their arrangement is at all times far less decided than in Turritis, where there can be no question about the matter. 5. S. muralis. Sand Mustard. Pods ascending, on spreading stalks, linear, compressed, slightly beaked. Seeds two-ranked. Leaves sinuated. Stem roughish with reflexed brisdes. S. muralis. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. v.A.\ 28. Comp, ed.A.Ub. Diplotaxis muralis. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 634. Sisymbrium murale. Linn. Sp. PI. 918. fVilld. v. 3. 496. Engl. Bot.v. 16. t. 1090. Fl.Br.UOl. Dicks. Dr. PI. \2. S. Erucastrum.. Goiian lllustr. 42. t. 20. Eruca viminea, iberidis folio, luteo flore. Barrel. Ic. ^ 131. E. minimo flore monspeliensis. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 862./, not descr. E. minima monspessulana, flore luteo, siliqua unciam longa. Chabr.Sciagr.276.f. E. monspeliensis, flore minimo luteo. Moris, v. 2. 229. n, 8. sect. 3. ^.5./. 9. In sandy barren ground near the sea. TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA. Raphanus. 225 Common throughout the isle of Thanet, particularly about Rams- gate. Mr. Dillwyn. Below Bristol. Mr. E. Forner. Annual. August, September. Root tapering, small. Stem branching from the bottom, about a span high, spreading, leafy in the lower part, clothed all over with reflexed bristly hairs. Leaves usually quite smooth, of a lightish green, not glaucous, varying much in form, either broadly lanceolate inclining to obovate, or imperfectly lyrate ; deeply serrated, or unequally sinuated 3 always acute, not rounded, at the extremity, and tapering at the base into afoot- stalk. Ft. lemon-coloured, smaller and paler than the last, in dense abrupt corymbose clusters, greatly elongated after flower- ing. Cal. moderately spreading from the bottom, a little hairy. Pet. obovate, somewhat spreading. Pods on distant spreading stalks of various lengths, much like those of S. tenuifolia, but less decidedly erect, and the seer/s less accurately double-ranked. Style and stigma as in that species. The calyx in both spreads less than the character of a Sinapis requires. I have Gouan's plant from himself. It is not constant enough in the deeper di- visions of its leaves to be marked as a variety. 344. RAPHANUS. Radish. Linn. Gen. 343. Juss. 238. Fl. Br. 723. Comp. ed. 4. 109. Br, in Ait. H. Kew. v. 4. 129. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 662. Lam. t. 566. Raphanistrum. Tourn. t. 115. Gcertn. t. 143. Cal. erect ; leaves oblong, parallel, converging, deciduous ; 2 of them slightly prominent at the base. Pet. obovate, or inversely heart-shaped, spreading; claws linear, erect. Filam. awl-shaped, simple, erect. Anth. oblong, a little spreading. Glands^; 2 at the inside of the shorter fila- ments ; 2 at the outside of the longer. Germ, cylindrical, tapering. Style awl-shaped. Stigma capitate, small, en- tire. Pod oblong, imperfectly cylindrical, tapering up- ward, irregularly tumid, as if more or less jointed, coria- ceous, not bursthig, of 2 incomplete cells, the membra- nous partition often obliterated. Seeds pendulous, glo- bose, forming a single row ; cotyledons folded, incum- bent, their doubled edges meeting the radicle. Upright, branched, s})rea(ling, smooth or bristly herbs; their lower leaves lyrate. FL large, yellow, white, or pur})lisli, often veiny. Pods internally spongy, very va- riable as to their jointed ap})earance, in the same species ; so that even Prof. DeCandolle preserves the Linna?au genus entire, in opjwsition to the opinion of Tournefbrt and Gaertner, who founded their i^ewws Rapharii strum on the more decidedly jointed pods^ breaking transversely, VOL. IN. Q 226 TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQU08A. Raphanus. in some instances, when ripe. To this both our species belong. 1. 'R. Rapkanistrum, Wild Radish. Jointed Char- lock. Pods jointed, striated, of one cell. Leaves lyrate. R. Raphanistrum. Linn. Sp. PL 935. Amcen. Acad. v. 6. 448. /.451. Willd.v.^.bQQ. Fl. Br. 723. Engl. Bot.v. [2. t.S56, Curt. Lond.fasc. 4. t. 46. Mart. Rust. t.7\. Hook. Scot. 204. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 666. R. n.468. Hall. Hist.v. 1.203. R. sylvestris. Ger. Em. 240. f. Raphanistrum siliqua articulata glabra, majore et minore. Rail Syn.296. Moris.v.2.265.sect.3.t. 13./ 1, 2. Rapistrum flore albo striate. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 851./. R. flore luteo, siliqua glabra articulata. Raii Syn, 296. White Charlock. Petiv. H Brit. t. 46. f. 10. Sinapis arvensis. Fl. Dan. t. 678 ! In corn fields, a troublesome weed. Annual. June^ July. Root tapering, slender. Herb rough with minute bristles. Stem 1| or 2 feet high, glaucous, branched, leafy ; i|s bristles pro- miilent and pungent. Leaves simply lyrate, bluntly toothed, their terminal lobe rounded ; upper ones oblong, or lanceolate, acute, undivided, coarsely serrated. Fl. corymbose, numerous, larger than in most of our common cruciform plants, either straw-coloured, fading to white, or white from the beginning, strongly veined with purple. Cal. a little spreading at the tips only, generally bristly. Pods in long clusters, upright, knobbed or apparently jointed, smooth, striated lengthwise when ripe, terminating- in the long, permanent, awl-shaped style, tipped with the small stigma. The germen is divided into 2 cells, but the partition is obliterated, and confounded in one spongy mass as the pod ripens. Seeds large, globular, solitary in each joint. The plate in Fl. Dan. could here have been named from a most slight inspection only j see Cardamine hirsuta. 2. R. maritimus. Sea Radish. Pods jointed, deeply furrowed, of one cell. Radical leaves interruptedly lyrate, serrated. R. maritimus. Engl. Bot. v. 23. 1. 1643. Comp.ed.4. 115. Br. in Ait. H.Kew.v. 4.129. n.3. Hook. Scot. 204. DeCand. Syst. v. 2, 6m. R. Raphanistrum y. Fl. Br. 723. R. maritimus, flore luteo, siliquis articulatis, secundum longitudi- nem eminent^r striatis. Raii Syn. 296. By the sea-side. Mr. Stonestreet. TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA. Raphanus. 227 In the isle of Bute and other places. Rev. Dr. Walker, in the year 1753. On the beach 3 miles from the Mull of Galloway. Mr. J. Mackaij. In various parts of the coast of Ayrshire, Galloway, &c ', Mr. G. Don. Hooker. On rocks near Beachy Head, Sus- sex. Mr. D. Turner and Mr. Borrer. Biennial. May, June. Root large and succulent, sometimes, according to Dr. Walker, lasting three years, and preferable to Horse Radish for the table. Herb larger than the foregoing. Stems 3 or 4 feet high, rough chiefly at the base. Radical, and lower stem-leaves, large, in- terruptedly pinnate, more abundantly serrated than in R. Ra- phanistrum; upper ones stalked, simple and undivided, serrated like the rest. Fl. more yellow, and less veiny, than in that species. Pods more strongly and broadly furrowed, as well as jointed, destitute of roughness. The synonyms of Morison and Petiver, in Fl. Br., are very inapplicable to this species, with respect to the root as well as leaves, and I have therefore omitted them here. Cattle were observed by Dr. Walker to be very fond of the herbage. Class XVI. MONADELPHIA. Filaments combined; in one set. Order I. PENTANDRIA, Stamens 5. 34^5. ERODIUM. Sfi/le 1. i^rmV beaked, of 5 aggregate capsules, each tipped with a spiral awn, bearded on the inside. Lysimachia 1. Linwn, Geranium 8. Order IL DECANDRIA. Stamens 10. 346. GERANIUM. Style I. Fruit beaked, o^ 5 aggre- gate capsules, each tipped with a recurved naked awn, Oxalis, Spartium, Genista, Anthyllis, Ulex, Ononis, Order III, POLYANDRIA, Stamens nu- merous, 349. LAVATERA. Styles numerous. Outer Calyx 3- lobed. Capsules whorled, single-seeded. 348. MALVA. Styles numerous. Outer Cal. of 3 leaves. Caps, whorled, single-seeded. 347. ALTHiEA. Styles numerous. Outer Cal, in 9 seg- ments. Caps, whorled, single-seeded. 229 MONADELPHIA PENTANDRIA, 345. ERODIUM. Stork's-bill. VHerit. Geraniol. unpuhl. Ait. H. Kew. ed. 1 u. 2. 414. ed. 2. V. 4. 154. FL Br. 727. Comp. ed. 4. 1 15. Sm. in Rees's Cycl. V. 13. DeCand. Prodr. v 1. 644. Geranium. LirDi.Gen.SoO. Juss.268. Lam. t. 573. f. 2. Gcertn. t. 79 ; moschatum. Nat. Ord. Gniinales. Linn. 14'. Geraiiia. Juss. 73. Gera- niacecB. DeCand. 46. N. 346 the same. Cat. inferior, of 5 ovate, glandular-pointed, concave, perma- nent leaves, equal and uniform at the base. Pet. 5, obo- vate, spreading, rather longer than the calyx, generally somewhat irregular. Islect. 5 glands, alternate with the petals. Fllam. 10, awl-shaped, united by their base into a cup ; 5 of them perfect, nearly as long as the petals ; the alternate 5 shorter and abortive. Anth. 5, on the longer filaments only, oblong, versatile. Germ, superior, roundish, with 5 furrows. Stifle awl-shaped, erect, longer than the stamens, permanent. Stigmas 5, oblong, re- flexed. Caps. 5, aggregate, membranous, obovate, ver- tical, separating at their inner margin, sharp-pointed at the base, each tipped at the summit with a long, linear, flat, upright, pointed, converging, rigid fltt'w, hairy at the inside, and at length spirally twisted, adhering by its point to the top of the style ; the hairs spreading. Seeds 1 or 2, vertical, ovate-oblong. Herbaceous, or somewhat shrubby, odorous, recumbent. Leaves generally opposite, stalked, simple or pinnate, cut. Stipidas membranous. Fl. mostly umbellate, reddish. Cat. and stalks more or less glutinous. 1. E. c'laitariuvi. Hemlock Stork's -bill. Stems procumbent, hairy. Stalks many-flowered. Leaves pinnate; leaflets sessile, pinnatifid, cut. Stamens simple. E. cicutarium. Fl. Br. 727. Engl. Bot. v. 25.t.\ 768. Willd. v. 3. 629. Sihth. 211. Hook. Scot. 205. DeCand. Prodr. v. 1 . 646. Geranium cicutarium. Linn. Sp. PL 95 1 . Huds. 300. Curt. Lond. fasc. 1 . <. 5 I . Fl. Dan. t. 9S6. Ehr/i. PL Of 447. G. n. 914. Uall.Ulst.v. 1.406. G. cicutse folio inodorum. Raii Syn. '3j7. Ger. Em. 945./. G. foetens. Riv. Pcntap. Irr. /. 1 15. 230 MONADELPHIA-PENTANDRIA. Erodiura. G. primum. Fuchs. Hist. 204. f. G. tertiura, Matth. Valgr. v. 2.209. f. Herba Roperti. Brunf. Herb. u. 2. 37./. Myrrhida Plinii^ &c. Lob. Ic. 659./. /3. Geranium inodorum album. Rail Syn. 357. y. G. pimpinellse folio. Dill, in Raii Syn. 358. Giss. 173. G. robertianum. Riv. Pentap. Irr. i. 114. Erodium pimpinellae folium. Sibtli. 211. In waste ground frequent. j6. In barren sandy places, chiefly near the sea. y. Near Hackney. Dillenius. About Oxford. Sibth. On sandy ground near the sea j or on a chalky soil. Annual. June — September. Root tap-shaped, whitish. Herb somewhat hairy and viscid, dis- agreeably scented, more or less. Stems procumbent, round, or a little angular, hairy, mostly branched, leafy, various in number and length. Leaves alternate towards the root -, upper ones often opposite ; leaflets deeply pinnatifid, acutely and va- riously cut. Stipules opposite, ovate, acute, thin and pellucid. Fl. in stalked umbels, opposite to. the alternate leaves, otherwise axillary. Bracteas under the partial stalks, membranous, jagged. Pet. rose-coloured, with 3 dark lines at the base j in a nearly regular j in /3 white -, in y 2 or 3 of them marked each with a green depression, towards the claw, but this circumstance is extremely variable. Filam. all simple. Caps, single-seeded, bristly with reflexed hairs. 2. E. moschatum. Musky Stork's -bill. Stems depressed, hairy. Stalks many-flowered. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets nearly sessile, elliptical, unequally cut. Perfect stamens toothed at the base. E.moschatum. Fl.Br.728. Engl. Bot. v. \3.t. 902. Willd.Sp.Pl V. 3. 631. DeCand. Prodr. v. 1 . 647. Geranium moschatum. Linn. Sp. PL 951. Huds. 300. Jacq. Hort, Find, v.l.t. 55. Cavan. Diss. 227. t. 94./ 1 . Riv. Pentap. Irr. t.\\2. Ger.Em.94\.f. RaiiSyu.358. Bauh. Hist. v. 3.479, f. G. n. 945. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 407. G. tertium Plinii, Acus muscata. Dalech. Hist. 1277./. In mountainous pastures. Between Bristol and St. Vincent's rocks. Ray. Very common in Craven, Yorkshire. Dr. Lister. On Shotover hill, near Oxford. Bishop of Carlisle. On Ampthill warren, Bedfordshire. Rev. Dr. Abbot. In the mountainous pastures of Yorkshire and West- moreland, more certainly wild perhaps than elsewhere, having long been cultivated in gardens for its scent. MONADELPHIA— PENTANDRIA. Erodium. 231 Annual. June, July. Nearly akin to the foregoing, but differing in its larger paler leaf- lets, much less deeply cut j and in the powerful musky fragrance, as well as greater viscidity, of the whole herb. The stipulas are large, rounded and wavy, very thin and membranous. Bracteas similar, but smaller. Pet. rose-coloured, unspotted, smaller than the last, all nearly equal. Mr. Sowerby observed the abor- tive filaments to be peculiarly broad ; and the perfect ones to have a tooth at each side near the base. This last mark would greatly strengthen the specific character, if it should prove con- stant, which in these organs, so various, if not mutable, in this natural order, cannot absolutely be relied on, unless confirmed by experience. 3. E. rnaritimum. Sea Stork's-bill. Stems depressed, hairy. Stalks barely three -flowered. Leaves simple, heart-shaped, cut, crenate, rough. E. maritimum. H. Br. 728. Engl. Bot.v. 9. t. 646. Willd. Sp. PL V.3. 639. DeCand. Prodr.v.l. 64S. Geranium maritimum. Linn. Sp. PI. 95 1 . Huds. 30 1 . Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc.U.W. Cavan. Diss. 2\8.tS8.f.i. G. pusillum supinum maritimum, Althaeae aut Betonicae folio no- stras. Raii Syn.SoG. Pluk. Almag. 169. Phyt. <.31./.4. G. minimum procumbens, foliis betonicae. Moris, v. 2. 5 1 2. sect. 5 . t.2,b.n.8. On the sandy or gravelly sea coasts of Cornwall, Wales, Sussex, &c. Perennial. May — September. Stems spreading close to the ground, from 3 to 9 inches in length, branched, leafy, hairy. Leaves half an inch long, on stalks of va- rious proportions, roundish, heart-shaped, slightly lobed, and variously notched, rough on both sides with minute close hairs. Stipulas purplish. Fl. 1 or 2, rarely 3, on each stalk. Pet. pale red, very minute, and often partly wanting. Caps, bristly 3 their awns but partially hairy at the lower part. The herb has a strong scent. '2m MOSADELPHIA DECANDRIyi. 346. GERANIUM. Crane's-bill. Linyu Gen. 350. Juss. 268. Fl.Br.729. DeCand.Prodr.v.\.639. Tourti. t. 142. f. A— O. Lam. t. 573./. 1 . Gcertyi. t. 79 ; pra- tense, Nat. Ord. see ti. 34^5. Cal. inferior, of 5 ovate, glandular-pointed, concave, per- manent leaves, equal and uniform at the base. PeL 5, inversely heart-shaped, spreading, much larger than the calyx, all equal and regular. Nect. 5 glands, alternate with the petals. Filam. 10, awl-shaped, united at their base, spreading at the summit ; 5 alternate ones longer than the rest, shorter than the corolla. Anth. oblong, versatile, very rarely wanting on the 5 shorter filaments. Germ, superior, roundish, with 5 furrows. Style awl- shaped, erect, longer than the stamens, permanent. Stig- mas 5, oblong, reflexed. Caps. 5, aggregate, membra- nous, nearly globular, separating at their ipner margin, each tipped at the summit with a long, linear, flat, up- right, pointed, converging, rigid awn^ almost perfectly smooth and naked, at length recurved or revolute, adhe- ring by its point to the top of the style. Seeds solitary, roundish-kidney-shaped. Herbaceous, scarcely at all shrubby. Branches and stalks tumid at the base. Leaves mostly opposite, stalked, lobed in a palmate manner, and cut. Stipulas membranous. Fl. 1 or 2 on a stalk, either axillary, or opposite to the upper alternate leaves, red, purplish, or blue, generally handsome, without scent. 1. G. phman. Dusky Crane's-bill. Stalks two-flowered, panicled, erect. Calyx slightly point- ed. Capsules keeled ; hairy below ; wrinkled at the sum- mit. Stamens hairy. G. phseum. Linn. Sp. PL 953. TVilld. v, 3. 699. FL Br. 729. EngL BoL v. 5. t. 322. Hook. Scot. 206. DeCand. Prodr. v. I. 641 a. FL Dan. L 987. Cavan. Diss. 2]0. L 89./ 2. G. n. 934. HalLHisLv. 1.414. G. montanum fuscum. DHL in Raii Syn. 361. G. batrachioides pullo flore. Ger. Em. 942, f. MONADELPHIA—DECANDRIA. Geranium. 255 G. primum, pullo flore. Clus. Hist. v. 2. 99./. Pann. 415./. 416. G. phso, sive pullo, flore Clusii. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. 477./ G. phseum, seu fuscum^ petalis reflexis. Moris, v. 2. 515. sect. 5. t. 16./ 18. In mountainous thickets, rare. Found by Mr. Drayton, apothecary, of Maidstone, at Tovell, in the valley by the old fulling-mill. Dill. About Clapham and Ingle- ton, Yorkshire. Huds. In Lancashire, Cambridgeshire, and Bedfordshire. Engl. Bot. On a bank at Ash Bocking, Suffolk. Mrs. Cobbold. About Newburgh, Yorkshire. Rev. Archdeacon Peirson. Most truly wild perhaps in the mountainous parts of Yorkshire, and Lancashire. Perennial. May, June. Root thick, somewhat woody. Stem erect, round, hairy, leafy, ly or 2 feet high, panicled at the top, many-flowered. Leaves palmate, many-lobed, sharply and unequally cut, strongly vein- ed, rather downy than hairy ; their ))rincipal lobes often stained witli brown at each side near the base ; lower ones stalked ; up- permost nearly sessile, opposite to the inferior flower-stalks. Stipulas lanceolate, brown, hairy. Stalks hairy, cloven, bear- ing two nearly upright^oiter^', with small, brown, opposite brae- teas, in pairs under each partial stalk. Cal. hairy, fringed, but slightly pointed. Pet. wavy, with more or less of a terminal point, dark chocolate-coloured ; greenish white at the base. Lower part of each stamen fringed with long hairs. Capsules ra- ther obovate, keeled at the outside, hairy in their lower half, transversely wrinkled in the upper. G.fuscuni of Linnaeus, Mantissa 97, differs in having simple sin- gle-flowered stalks, in pairs, distinct from the veiy base. Other- wise I find no difference. We have it not in Britain. Linnaeus who cultivated it observed the leaves to be more rigid. 2. G. 7wdosujn. Knotty Crane*s-bill. Stalks two-flowered. Leaves opposite, five- or three-lobed, pointed, serrated. Capsules even, downy all over. G. nodosum. Linn. Sp. PL 953. IVilld. r. 3. 70 1 . Fl. Br. 730. Engl. Bot. V. IG. <. 1091. DeCand. Prodr. v. 1. 640. Cavan. Diss. 208. t. 80. / 1 . Bauh. Pin. 318. Moris, v. 2. 516. sect. 5. /. 16./22. G. quintum nodosum Plateau. Raii Si/n. 3()1. Clus. Hist. v. 2. 101./ Ger. Eni.9\7.f. G. magnum, folio trifido. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. 478./ Knotty Cranes bill. fV7ir. //. Brit. t. Gj.f. 4. In mountainous thickets, very rare. Wild in the mountainous j)arts of Cumbcrlanil, according to Mr. Archergen, who brought it to Bobart. Ra'j. Confirmed by 234 MONADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Geranium. Mr. Woodward. Withering. Between Hatfield and Welwyn, Herts. Rev. Dr. Abbot. Perennial. May — August, Root slightly tuberous, rather creeping. Stems angular, about 18 inches high, erect, but weak, red, shining and swelled, both above and below each joint. Leaves all opposite, dark green, shining, minutely and sparingly hairy, mostly in 3 deep, point- ed, cut and serrated lobes, the lower ones in 5 lobes, and with longer stalks. Fl. purple, rather large, not numerous, on downy partial stalks in pairs. Cal. with a long slender red point, and 3 downy ribs, to each leaf. Caps, elliptic-oblong, quite even, without keels, finely downy, or minutely hairy, all over 3 their awns somewhat downy, but not beset with long prominent hairs as in Er odium. 3. G. sylvaticu7n. Wood Crane's-bill. Stalks two-flowered, somewhat corymbose. Leaves about seven-lobed, cut and serrated. Capsules hairy all over. Stamens awl-shaped, fringed. G. sylvaticum. Linn. Sp, PL 954. Willd. v. 3. 703. Fl. Br. 73 J . Engl. Bot. v.l.t. 121. Hook. Scot. 206. DeCand. Prodr. v. 1 . 641. G. palustre ? Rose's Elem. append. 44\.t. 1 . G. n. 932. Hall. Hist. v. 1 . 403. G. batrachoides montanum nostras. Rail Syn.36\. G. batrachioides alterum. Ger. Em. 942. f. Mountain Crow Crane's-bill. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 65./. 8. In woods, thickets, and pastures, chiefly in the north of England and south of Scotland. At Spixworth, Norfolk. Mr. Humphrey. Near Lynn. Mr. Crowe. Perennial. June, July. Root rather woody. Stems 2 or 3 feet high, erect, roundish, rough with small deflexed hairs, much branched, leafy. Leaves sWghtly palmate, with 5 or 7 deep lobes, coarsely cut and serrated, veiny, finely hairy on both sides j the lowermost on long footstalks. Fl. larger than either of the preceding, an inch or more in breadth, of a fine light purple, with crimson veins. Cal. like the last, but more hairy. Pet. entire, or slightly notched, hairy at the claw. Stam. all nearly equal, awl-shaped, membranous at the edges, fringed more than half way up. Caps, ovate, keeled, even, not wrinkled, most hairy about the keel, marked at each side, towards the top, with a brown rib. Seeds dotted. I have been sparing of synonyms, because of several foreign spe- cies, nearly related to this, and occasionally confounded with it. Cavanilles professes never to have seen G. sylvaticum. His G. batrachioides. Diss. 211. t. 85./. 2, is more like pratense in the form of its leaves, and in having large hluejlowers. Nothing MONADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Geranium. 235 is better known or defined than our sylvaticurrij nor could Mn. Rose, my first botanical precej^tor, have suspected it, even at the time he w^rote, to have been the palustre, had he ever seen a specimen of the latter, or its figure in the Horius Elthamensis, which I know he had not. 4. G, pratense. Blue Meadow Crane's-bill. Stalks two-flowered. Leaves in about seven deep segments, sharply pinnalifid and serrated. Capsules hairy all over. Stamens smooth, much dilated at the base. G. pratense. Linn. Sp. PL 954. PVilld. v. 3. 705. Fl. Br. 732. Engl. Bot. V. 6. t. 404. Curt. Loud. fasc. 4. t. 49. Dicks. H. Sice. fasc. \6. IS. Hook. Scot. 206. DeCand. Prodr.v. \. 641. Cavan. Diss. 210. t. 87./. 1 . Ehi'h. PI. Off. 457. G. n. 931. Halt. Hist. V. 1.403. G. batrachoides. Raii Syn.360. Ger. Em.942.f. Bauh. Hist. v,3.p.2.475.f. DalecLHist. 1279./. G. quintum. Fuchs. Hist. 208. f. Ic. 1 18./. G. quartum. Matth. Valgr. i?. 2. 2 1 0. /. Camer. Epit. 602. f. Crow Crane's-bill. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 65./ 7. In rich, rather moist, pastures and thickets, especially in the hilly parts of England ; also at Battersea, Harrow, and other places not far from London. Perennial. June, July. Larger in every part than the last, especially the ^oi^ers, which are of a fine blue, not purple, and are often irregularly striped or blotched with white, sometimes entirely white ; and they have been found double, near Athol house, Scotland, by the late Lady Charlotte Murray. The leaves are much more deeply divided than those of G. sylvaticum, their lobes more regularly and acutely pinnatifid. The stamens differ materially, being longer and more slender, as well as quite smooth, but espe- cially in being greatly dilated into a triangular figure at the base. Caps, even, hairy all over. Seeds dotted. 5. G. rohcrl'ianiuii. Stinking Crane's-bill. Herb Robert. Stalks two-flowered. Leaves somewhat pedate, pinnatifid, five-angled. Calyx with ten angles. Capsules wrinkled, simply keeled. G. robertianum. Linn. Sp.Pl.Tzib. mild. v.3.7\4. H. Br. 732. Engl. Bot. V. 21./. 1 48r.. ( 'urt. Loud. fasc. 1 . /. 52. Hook. Scot. 207. DeCand. Prodr. v. 1 . 64 L (amin. J)L'is. 215. /. 86./. L FL Dan. t. G94. Bull. Fr. t. 20 1 . Ii.35S. Ger. Em. 939./ Dod. Pcmpf. 62. f. Bauh. Hist. v. o. p'.2. 180. f. G. n. 943. HalLHisf.v. 1.406. ^36 MONADELPmA— DECANDRIA. Geranium. G. tertium. Fuchs. Hist. 206. /. Ic. 116./. G. quintum. Matth. Valgr. u. 2. 21 1 ./. Camer. Epit. 603./. Herba Roberti. Dalech. Hist. 1278./. Herb Robert. Petiv. H. Brit. t.65.f.5. j3. Geranium lucidum saxatile, foliis Geranii robertiani. RaiiSyn. 358. Shining Herb Robert. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 65. f. 6. In waste ground, on walls, banks, and under hedges, common. (3. Near the sea. In Dorsetshire. Sherard. Selsey island, Sus- sex. Dillenzus. A weed in Chelsea garden. Annual. May — October. Root tapering. Stems several, spreading in every direction, and partly recumbent, round, leafy, branched, red, brittle and suc- culent, a little hairy, chiefly at one side. Leaves opposite, on long stalks, ternate, cut in a pedate manner, their outline un- equally five-angled, their surface shining, more or less hairy j in (S they are still more shining, as well as more fleshy. Stalks lateral and terminal, each bearing two bright cvimsion Jlowers, occasionally white, smaller than any of the preceding. Cal. brownish, hairy, with 10 angles when closed. Pet. obovate, entire. Stam. awl-shaped, smooth. Caps, obovate, downy, simply keeled, curiously marked, at the outer edge, with ele- vated interbranching wrinkles. Seeds perfectly smooth and even. This herb has a strong disagreeably pungent smell. Bugs are said to avoid it. In autumn it assumes a deep red hue. 6. G. lucidum. Shining Crane's-bill. Stalks two-flowered. Leaves five-lobed, rounded. Calyx pyramidal, transversely wrinkled. Capsules wrinkled, triply keeled. G. lucidum. Linn. Sp. PL 955. Wind.v.3.709. Fl.Br.733. Engl. Bot. V. 2. t, 75. Hook. Scot. 207. Lond. t. 32. DeCand. Prodr. v.\,644. Fl.Dan.t.2\8. Cavan. Diss. 214. t. 80. f. 2. Bauh. Hist.v. 3. p. 2. 48). f. G. n. 942. Hall. Hist. v.\. 406. G. saxatile. Raii Syn.36\. Thai. Harcyn. 44. t.5; excellent. Ger. Em. 938. descr. n. 3. G. alterum montanum saxatile rotundifolium. Column. Ecphr. 138. ^.137. Shining Crane's-bill. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 64. f. 1 2. On walls, cottage roofs, and moist rocks, chiefly in the moun- tainous parts of Great Britain. About Bury, Suff"olk. Mr. Woodward. Between Mortlake and Kew. Hudson. Perfectly naturalized at Lakenham, near Nor- wich, by the late Mr. Crowe. Annual. May-^August. MONADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Geranium. 937 Root very small and slender. Herb shining, succulent, turning bright red when exposed to the light, quite smooth except a few variable scattered hairs on the foliage. Stems spreading in every direction, much branched, leafy, brittle. Leaves much smaller, and less divided, than in the last, roundish-kidney- shaped, on long stalks, 5-lobed, rather bluntly notched, Fl. small, bright rose-coloured. Cal. pyramidal when closed, with 5 angles, smooth, some of its leaves strongly wrinkled trans- versely, and all strongly keeled. Pet. narrow, entire. Caps. oblong, somewhat compressed, reticulated at the sides, hairy at the summit, triply keeled at the back, the lateral keels formed by the union of the reticulations, which also make 3, sometimes 4 or 5, intermediate furrows. Seeds oval, very smooth. Haller says of this species tota planta amat rubescere. 7. G. mol/e. Common Dove's-foot Crane's-bill. Stalks two-flowered, alternate, opposite to the leaves, which are rounded, many-lobed, notched, and downy. Cap- sules numerously wrinkled, smooth. Seeds without dots. C^molle. Linn. Sp. PL 935. Willd.v. 3. 7 10. Fl. Br. 734. Engl. Bat. V.]]. t. 77S. Curt. Lond.fasc. 2. t. 50. Hook. Scot. 207. DeCand. Prodr. v. 1 , G43. Fl. Dan. t. 679. Cavan. Diss. 203. ^.83./. 3. Ehrh. Herb. 129. G, n, 939, Hall. Hist. V. 1.405. G. columbinum. Raii Syn. 359. Ger. Em. 938. G, columbinum villosum, petalis bifidis. Vaill. Par. 79. t. 15. f.3. G, secundum. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 208. f. Camer. Epit. 600./. Dove Crane's-bill, Petiv. H. Brit, t, 64./. 1—3. In cultivated and waste ground, meadows, pastures, and by way sides, every where. Annual. April — August. Root tapering. Herb of a light hoary green, downy all over with fine soft hairs, its size and luxuriance extremely variable'. Stems several, spreading, or decumbent, leafy, slightly branched, red- dish, hairy, usually about a foot long, sometimes hardly 3 inches. Leaves rounded rather than kidney-shaped, in many not very deep lobes, all their segments rather broad and wedge-shaped than linear; radical ones numerous, on Ions; footstalks ; the rest alternate, more deeply cut, on shorter stalks. Flower-stalks solitary, alternate, opposite to the leaves, widely spreading. Fl. rather small, light reddish purple, with cloven petals. Stam. all perfect. Cal. hairy. Caps, roundish, curiously puckered or wrinkled, in many transverse curved lines, but not hairy. Seeds oval, perfectly smooth and even, not dotted. The wrinkled capsules, to which Linnaeus has incorrectly applied the expression " arillis Urcibus," and which Cavanilles over- looked, arc well described by Curtis. They constitute the most essential ditiercncc between this species, in all its wide varia- 238 MONADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Geranium. tions of magnitude, and several of the following, with which it has long been habitually confounded. Linnaeus in writing his Species Plantarum certainly did not distinguish G. molle from what he afterwards named, not happily, pyrenaicum, whose cap- sules are even, though hairy. 8. G, pusilluni. Small-flowered Crane's-bill. Stalks two-flowered. Leaves kidney-shaped, palmate, cut, downy. Capsules keeled, even, clothed with erect hairs. Seeds without dots. Anthers only five. G. pusillum. Linn. Sp. PL 957. mild. v. 3. 713. Fl. Br. 734. Engl. Bot. V. 6. t. 385. Huds. ed. 1. 266. Dicks. Dr. PI. 78. Hook. Scot. 207. DeCand. Prodr. v. 1 . 643. Cavan. Diss. 202. f.SS.f.l. Ehrh. Herb. \30. G. molle /3. Huds. ed. 2. 303. G. parviflorum. Curt. Lojid.fasc. 6. 1 36. Sibth. 213. Abbot 151 . G. malvoefolium. Scop. Cam. v. 2. 37. fVith. 603. G. n. 940. Hctll. Hist. V. I. 405. G. columbinum majus, flore minore cseruleo. Raii Syn. 358. Hist. v.2.\0d9. Faill.Par.79.t.\5.f.\. G. alterum. Fuchs. Hist. 205 ./. /c. 11 5 ; same Jig. diminished. Small-flowered Dove Crane's-bill. Petiv. H. Brit. 64. /. 4. /3. Fl.Br.735. DeCa7id.Prodr.v.l.643. G. humile. Cavan. Diss. 202. t. 83. /. 2. G. pusillum, Burm. Ger. 27. G. columbinum humile, flore caeruleo minimo. Dill, in Raii Syn. 359. t. 16./. 2. In gravelly fields and waste ground, very common . Annual. June — September. Root tapering. Habit and pubescence much like the last species, but the whole plant in general is smaller, especially the Jlowers, which have but 5 perfect stamens, and their blueish petals scarcely extend beyond the calyx. The leaves are mostly opposite, more deeply lobed, each lobe oblong-wedge-shaped, and pretty re- gularly 3-cleft. But the clear and certain specific difference rests on the capsules, which are keeled, and quite even, not wrinkled as in G. molle, neither are they smooth as in that, but covered with close-pressed, or upright, short hairs. The seeds are, like those of the molle, quite smooth ; not dotted as in G. rotundifolium. For the accurate discrimination of these 3 species and the pyre- naicum, about which all botanists had been uncertain, I am, like Mr. Curtis, indebted to my late friend Mr. Davall. They can never more be mistaken. The variety /3, examined in the Sherardian herbarium at Oxford, differs merely in being much smaller than usual. Indeed few plants vary more in size than the present. MONADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Geranium. 239 9. (j . pyrenaicum. Perennial Dove's-foot Crane's-bill. Stalks two-flowered. Petals twice the length of the calyx. Leaves kidney-shaped, lobed. Capsules keeled, even, somewhat downy. Seeds without dots. G. pyrenaicum. Linn, Mant. 97 and 257. M'UlcL Sp.PL v. 3. 708. FL Br. 735. Engl. Bot. v. 6. t. 405. Huds. 302. Curt. Lond.fasc. 3. f. 42. Light/. 367. Hook. Scot. 206. DeCand. Prodr. v. \. 643. Burm. Ger. 27. Cavan. Diss. 203. t. 79./. 2. G. perenne. Huds. ed. 1. 265. G. n. 12. Ger. Gallopr. 434. t. 1 6./. 2. G. columbinum perenne pyrenaicum maximum. Tourn. Inst, 268. Herb. Tourn. In meadows and pastures. By the river between Bingley and Keighley, Yorkshire j also near Enfield, and about Brompton, Chelsea, and elsewhere near London. Huds. About Edinburgh. Dr. Parsons and others. At East Winch and West Bilney, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe. Near Oxford, iit the back of St. John's college. Mr. Woodward. Perennial. June, July. Root tuberous, perennial. Stems 2 or 3 feet high, upright, leafy, branched, clothed with spreading, or somewhat defiexed, fine, soft hairs. Leaves deep green, finely hairy, rather soft to the touch J the lower ones on very long stalks, kidney-shaped, 2 or 3 inches wide, lobed more or less deeply, the segments notched, rounded and bluntish ; upper ones opposite, on shorter stalks, with fewer, deeper, more spreading lobes. Stipulas broad, hairy, jagged at the points. FL light purple, much larger than those of G. molle. Cal. pointed, downy and somewhat fringed, scarcely half the length of the petals, which are inversely heart-shaped, with short very hairy claws. Stam. all perfect, but the 5 outer ones, as Mr. Curtis remarks, soon drop their anthers, whence they have been supposed originally imperfect. Caps, keeled, even, minutely downy all over when young, but subsequently becoming smoother. Seeds with a perfectly even surface. The ^ow;er6- are sometimes white. Linnceus confounded this with his molle originally, and it is also the large-flowered 7nulle of Mr. Curtis, found about Chelsea hospital. His figures of both are excellent, and he lias correctly described their capsules, though he did not contrast them in the specific characters, for which these parts alone are all-sufficient. In one of the Linnaean sj)ccimens I find a wrinkle or-two at each side of the keel, of some of the capsules, not of all, nor do these by any means resemble the copiously wrinkled capsules of G. molle. 240 MONADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Geranium. 10. G.rotundifolium, Soft Round-leaved Crane's-bill. Stalks two-flowered. Petals entire. Leaves kidney-shaped, cut, downy. Capsules even, hairy. Seeds reticulated. G.rotundifolium. Linn. Sp. PI. 9^7. lVilld.v.3.7\2. FL Br.736. Engl. Bot. V. 3. t. lo7. Light f. 1 1 06. Hook. Scot. 207 ? De- Cand. Prodr. v. 1. 643. Cavan. Diss. 214. t, 93./. 2. Ehrh. Herb. 139. G. malvaceum a. Burm. Ger. 24. G.n. 941. Hall. Hist.v.]. 405. Large-flowered Dove Crane's-bill. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 64. f. 5. In waste ground and barren pastures, as also on walls and banks, but not very common. About Bath, Bristol and London. Huds. At Hackney and Isling- ton, and at Church Bramton, Northamptonshire. Mr. E. Forster. Common in Suffolk. Mr. Woodward. Near North Marchiston, the seat of Principal Robertson. Dr. Hope. Annual. June, July. Whole herb peculiarly soft, like velvet, with a considerable de- gree of viscidity, noticed by Haller. In general appearance it most resembles the usual state of G. molle ; but all the leaves, even the uppermost, are opposite. This character has led me to transfer to the molle some synonyms of old authqrs, applied in Fl.Br., on the authority of C. Bauhin and others, to the present species ; for the alternate leaves in their figures, not to men- tion other characters, when carefully examined, agree better with that far more common plant than with this. The Jiowers of G. rotundifolium have a viscid cahjx, and narrow, undivided, light crimson petals. Caps, turgid, thin, slightly keeled, clothed with prominent hairs -, the surface quite even, never wrinkled ; the awns are, in like manner, hairy externally. Seeds oval, not so properly dotted, as entirely covered with a curious net-work of fine, regular, prominent wrinkles ; which obviously and de- cidedly distinguish this from every species with which it could be confounded ; especially from molle and pusillum, under all their different aspects. No ambiguity attends this character. DeCandolle has understood and adopted it ; Willdenow omits it, and Cavanilles says the /rwi^ ^nA seeds oi G.rotundifolium are the same as those of the luciduni; for indeed he paid no proper attention to those important parts. Lightfoot does not advert to the seeds of the rotundifolium ; but I have specimens from himself correctly named. We now readily discriminate these plants, which Haller found so difficult, and Linnaeus so little understood. No part of our whole Flora is more free from obscurity ; nor are the foreign species of Geranium and its allies less capable of clear illustration on the same principles. MONADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Geranium. 241 11. G. dissectum. Jagged-leaved Crane's-bill. Stalks two- flowered. Petals cloven. Leaves in five deep laciniated segments. Capsules hairy. Seeds reticulated. G. dissectum. Linn. Sp.PI. 956. Willclv.3.7\2. FL Br. 737. Engl. Bot. v.W. t. 753. Curt. Lond.fasc. 6. t. 45. Hook. Scot. 208. DeCand. Prodr. v. 1 . 643. FL Dan. t. 936. Cavan. Diss. 199. ^ 78./. 2. G. n. 937. Hall. Hist. v. 1 . 405. G. columbinum majus, dissectis foliis. Ger. Em. 938. Raii Sijn. ed. 2. 218. ed. 3. 359 j omitting the synonyms, introduced by Dil- lenius. G. columbinum majus, foliis imis longis, usque ad pediculum di- visis. Moris, v. 2.511. sect. 5. t. 15./. 3 j very bad. Vaill. Far. 79. f. 15./ 2; excellent. Jagged Dove Crane's-bill. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 64./ 6. (3. G. columbinum maximum, foliis dissectis. Raii Syn. ed. 2.219. ed. 3.360. Plot's Jagged Crane's-bill. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 64./ 7. In barren gravelly waste ground, hedges, and fallow fields, fre- quent. Annual. May, June. Stems weak and straggling, 12 or 18 inches long, branched, leafy, somewhat angular", covered with short deflexed hairs. Leaves firmer in substance than those of the 4 preceding, and divided very nearly to the bottom into 5 or 7 principal segments, each of which is also cut into 3 or more, jagged or entire, narrow lobes 3 all clothed with short, scattered, rather close hairs, most abundant on the ribs beneath. Footstalks of the lower leaves very long ; of the upper shorter than the leaves ; all rough with reflexed hairs. FL pale crimson, rather small, on short, axillary, cloven stalks. Cal. strongly pointed. Pet. inversely heart-shaped, hairy at the claw. Anth. blue. Caps, wrinkled transversely in some degree, but less remarkably than those of G. molle, and clothed with ])rominent hairs. Seeds oval, rather larger than the last, and in like manner covered with beautiful more prominent reticulations. The whole habit, leaves and pe- tals of the two species are abundantly different. /3 is hardly a variety. 12. G. columbinum. Long-stalked Crane's-bill. Stalks two-flowcrcd, tliricc as long as the leaves, which are in five, very deep, laciniated segmrnts. Ca})sules quite even and smooth. Seeds reticulated. G. columbinum. Linn. Sp.PL9b{\. mild. v. 3.7 W. 11. Br. 737. Ent^l. Bot. V. 4. t. 259. Hook. Scot. 208. DeCand. Prodr. v. 1 . G43. Cavan. Diss. 200. /. 82./ 1 . FL Dan. t. 1222. vol.. m. K 242 MONADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Geranium. G. n. 938. Hall Hist. v.]AOd. G, columbinum, dissectis foliis, pediculis florum longissimis. Rail Syn. ed. 2. 218. ed. 3. 359. Vaill Far. 79. 1. 15./. 4. G. columbinum annuum minus, folio tenuius laciniato, flore pedi- culo longissimo insistente. Moris, v. 2. 512. sect. 5. t. 15./. 5 j verv bad. G. quartum. Fuchs. Hist. 207. f. Ic.\\7.f. G. gruinale^ folio tenuiter diviso. Banh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2.474./; copied from Fuchsius. Gruinalis. Dalech. Hist. 1 2/8. /; from the same. Bobart's long cut Crane's-bill. Fetiv. H. Brit. t. 64. f. 8. In fields, or on dry banks, on a gravelly or limestone soil, spa- ringly, in various parts of Britain. Annual. J line , July. . - Root tapering. Whole herb slender, mostly procumbent, bright green, clothed with small, rigid, close, bristly hairs ; those of the stem and stalks pointing downwards, the rest upwards. Leaves divided to the very base into 5 pinnatifid or cut, lobes, with linear, acute, rough segments, not at all soft or downy. Flower-stalks axillary, slender, cloven about the middle, spread- ing, thrice as long as the adjoining leaves and their footstalks, Bracteas aggregate at the bases and forks of the flower-stalks, awl-shaped, red. Fl. of a blueish rose-colour, larger than the last. Cal. pyramidal, rough, strongly awned. Pet. sometimes slightly notched, sometimes pointed. Anth. blue. Caps, keeled, peculiarly smooth and even. Awns scarcely rough. Seeds finely reticulated. Dillenius, in his edition of Ray's Synopsis, has applied the above synonyms of Fuchsius and J, Bauhin to G. dissectum, commend- ing that of Fuchsius ; but the slightest inspection will detect his error. Ray's own synonyms, always the most correct, must be sought in his 2d edition. 13. G. sanguineu7n. Bloody Crane's-bill. Stalks single-flow^ered. Leaves roundish, in five or seven, deeply separated, three-cleft lobes. Capsules even ; bristly at the summit. Seeds minutely wrinkled. G. sanguineum. Linn. Sp. PL 958. Willd. v. 3. 697. Fl. Br. 738. Engl. Bot. V. 4. f. 272. Hook. Scot. 206. Lond. 1. 155, excellent. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 16.19. DeCand. Prodr. v. 1 . 639. " Fl. Dan. t. 1 107." Bull. Fr. t. 12. Cavan. Diss. 195. t. 76. f. 1. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. 478. f G. n. 930. Hall. Hist. v. 1 . 402. G. hsematodes. RaiiSijn.360. Clus. Pan. 4\9.f. 42\. Hist.v.2. 102. f Dalech. Hist. \27 9. f G. columbinum erectum, tenuiiis laciniatum, flore magno. Loes. Pruss. 103. t. 18. MONADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Geranium. 243 G. sanguinarium, Ger. Em.9Ai).f. G. sextum. Fuc lis. Hist. 209. f. Sanaruinaria radix. Trag. Hist. 343./. Bloody Crane's-bill. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 64. f. 9. /3. Geranium hsematodes, foliis majoribus, pallidioribus^ et altius incisis. Raii Sijn. ed.2.2\9. ed.3. 360. Jagged Bloody Crane's-bill. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 64. f. 10. y. Geranium hsematodes Lancastrense, flore eleganter striato. Raii Syn. eel. 2. 219. ed. 3. 360. Dill. Elth. 1 63. /. 136. G. lancastriense. mth. 600. Hull ed. 1. 1.52. G. prostratum. Cavan. Diss. 196. t. 76. f. 3. Striped Bloody Crane's-bill. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 64. f. 1 1 . In bushy, stony, rather hilly situations, or upon limestone rocks. y. On the sandy coast of the isle of Walney, Lancashire. Perennial. July — September. Root stout and woody, knotty, of a dark reddish brown, and an as- tringent quality, creeping,' as Dr. Hooker observes, considera- bly. Stems several, lax and spreading, li or 2 feet long, often prostrate, as in /3, or pendulous in craggy situations 3 round, branched, leafy ; the hairy pubescence horizontally prominent. Xeat-es opposite, stalked,' dark green, roughish, deeply lobed and cut ; their outline somewhat orbicular. Stijntlas short and broad, hairy. Flower-stalks very long, solitary and single-flow- ered, though with a joint, and pair of small bracteas, above the middle. Fl. large, above an inch broad, of a fine crimson or blood-colour ; in /3 flesh-coloured, with purple veins. Cal. awned, generally .5 -ribbed. Pet. inversely heart-shaped. Caps. keeled, even, a little downy, and crowned with several white bristles. Seeds rather kidney-shaped, dark brown, not smooth, but all over very curiously and minutely wrinkled and dotted, as described in Fl. Br. ; sometimes 2 in each capsule. The late Mr. Davall sent from Switzerland a variety with 2 flow- ers on each stalk, which Haller says is not rare. W^e have no tidings of any such in Britain. The maritime varieties with white flowers, so frequent m some of this genus, as well as in Erodium, seem to account for the pale hue of our variety p. This is not always prostrate, and though constant in colour when cultivated, p'rescnts no good specific distinction. 244 MONADELPHIA rOLYANDBU. 347. ALTHiEA. Marsh-mallow. Linn. Gen. 353. Jiiss.272. Fl.Br.739. DeCand. Prodr. v. \. 436. Lam.t.bSX. Gcsrtn.t. 136. Nat. Ord. CoUimniferce. Linn. 37. Malvacece, Juss. 74. Two following genera the same. Cal. double, permanent ; outer smallest, of 1 leaf, in about 9 narrow deep segments ; inriei^ of 1 leaf; divided half way down into 5 broader segments. Pet. 5, inversely heart-shaped, abrupt, rather oblique, flat, attached by their broad claws to the bottom of the tube of the sta- mens. Filam. numerous, capillary, united below into a tube ; separate in the upper part, both at the summit and sides. Anth, somewhat kidney-shaped. Germ, or- bicular, depressed. Style cylindrical, as long as the tube of the filaments. Stigmas about 20, bristle-shaped, nearly the length of the style. Capsules as many as the stigmas, compressed, ranged in a circle ronnd the columnar r^- ceptacle^ each of 2 valves and 1 cell, finally deciduous. Seeds solitary, kidney-shaped, compressed. Upright her^bs, either finely downy, or hairy, with lobed, usually palmate, toothed, stalked, alternate leaves. Sti- pulas in pairs. Fl. stalked, aggregate, axillary and ter- minal, reddish. Alcea, the Hollyhock, is united to this genus, perhaps just- ly, by Schreber, Jussieu, DeCandolle and others, as dif- fering chiefly in the fewer segments of its exterior calyx. 1. A. officinalis. Common Marsh-mallow. Leaves simple, very soft and downy, slightly five-lobed. A. officinalis. Unn. Sp. Fl. 966. M^illd. v. 3. 770. Fl. Br. 739. Engl.Bot.v.3.t.\47. JVoodv.t. 53. Hook. Scot. 20S. DeCand. Prodr. V. 1 . 436. Fl. Dan. t. 530. Cavan. Diss. 93. t. 30./. 2. Bull. Fr. t. 373. A.n. 1074. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 23. A. vulgaris. Raii Syn. 252. A. Ibiscus. Ger. Em. 933. f. Althaea. Fuchs. Hist. \5.f. Ic. 7.f. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 276./. Camer. Epit. 667. f. Dalcch. Hist. 590. f. /3. A. vulgari similis^ folio retiiso brevi. Raii St/u. 252. MONADELPHIA— POLYANDRIA. Malva. 245 In marshes^ especially towards the sea^ abundantly. Perennial. July — September. Root tap-shaped, rather woody. Herb of a hoary green, peculiarly soft and downy, with fine starry pubescence. Stems several, about a yard high, simple, round, leafy, tough and pliant. Leaves ovate or heart-shaped at the base, various in breadth, ■ plaited, 5 -ribbed, unequally serrated, soft and pliable, more or less deeply divided into 5 acute lobes. FL in very short, dense, axillary panicles, rarely solitary, of a delicate uniform blush- colour, not inelegant. Outer calyx, with 8, 9, 10 or 12 divi- sions. The whole plant, especially the root, yields in decoction a plen- tiful tasteless colourless mucilage, very salutaiy in cases of in- ternal irritation. 348. MALVA. Mallow. Lm«.Ge«. 354. J?m. 272. R Br. 740. DeCand.Prodr. vAA'dO. Tourn. t. 24. Lam. t. 582. Gcertn. t. 13G. Nat. Orel, see ii. 347. Cal. double, permanent; outer smallest, of 3 ovate acute leaves ; iimer of 1 leaf, divided half way down into 5 broader segments. Pet. 5, inversely heart-shaped, abrupt, rather oblique, fiat, their claws attached to the tube of the stamens. Filam. numerous, capillary, united below into a tube ; separate at the summit. Aiith. kidney- shaped. Germ, orbicular, depressed. Sti/Ie cylindrical. Stigmas numerous, about the same length, bristle-shaped. Caps, as many as the stigmas, compressed, ranged in a circle round the columnar receptacle, each of 2 valves and 1 cell, finally deciduous. Seeds kidney-shaped, so- litary ; rarely 2 or 3. Herbaceous or shrubby, downy or hairy. Leaves simple, mostly plaited and lobed. Fl. purplish, or white ; in several exotic species yellow; all axillary or terminal, generally stalked and aggregate. Quahties mucilaginous. Fibres of the bark tough. 1. M. sf//vcslris. Common Mallow. Stem upright, herbaceous. Leaves with seven acute lobes. Footstalks and flower-stalks hairy. M. sylvestrie. Linn. Sp. PI. 969. IViWl v. 3. 7^7. Fl. Br. 740. Fnfrl. But. V. \ 0. /. 07 1 . Curt. Lonil.fasc. 2. t. 5 1 . U'oodv. t. 54. Hook. Scot. 2()H. (irr. Em. 930./. JhCaud. Prodr. v. 1 . 432. Cavan. Diss. 7H. t. 20./. 2. Fl. Dan. t. 1 223. Bull. Fr. t. 225. /:/.r/j. /7.0//:34H. 2^6 MONADELPHIA— POLYANDRIA. Malva. M. n. 1069. Hall Hist. V. 2. 22, M. vulgaris. Rail Sijn. 25 1 . M. equina. Brunf. Herb. v. 2. 71- f. M. sylvestris elatior. Fuchs. Hist. 509./. Ic. 29 1 ./. Malva. Matth. Valgr. i;. 1 . 413./. Camer. Epit. 238./ About hedges, road sides, and in cultivated as well as waste ground, common. Perennial. May — August. Root tapering, branching, whitish. Stem much branched and widely spreading, 1| to 3 feet high ; in a barren soil recumbent. Leaves deep green, soft and downy, serrated, plaited 3 the up- permost with fewer, but deeper, more acute, lobes, than the lower ones. Fl. numerous, of a shining purple, veiny, on sim- ple, aggregate, hairy, axillary stalks. Pollen whitish, large. External part of the capsules reticulated. Mucilaginous and emollient like the Marsh-mallow. 2. M. rotundifolia. Dwarf Mallow. Stems prostrate. Leaves roundish-heart-shaped, bluntly five-lobed. Stalks when in fruit bent downwards. M. rotundifolia. Linn. Sp. PI. 9^9. Willd.v.3.7S6. Fl.Br.74]. Engl. Bot. V. 16. t.] 092. Curt. Lond.fasc. 3. t. 43. Hook. Scot. 208. DeCand. Prodr. v. 1 . 432. Fl. Dan. t. 72 1 . Cavan. Diss. 79.t.26.f.3. Bull.Fr.t.Ul. M. n. 1070. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 22. M. sylvestris minor. Raii Syn. 25 1 . M. sylvestris pumila. Ger. Em. 930.f. Fuchs. Hist. 50S.f. Ic. 290./. Dod. Pempt. 653./ Malva. Brunf. Herb. v. 2. 70./. /3. M. pusilla. Engl. Bot. V. 4. t. 241. With. 6\2. M. parviflora. Huds. 307 ; not of Linn. M. minor, flore parvo cseruleo. Dill, in Raii Syn. 25 1 . In waste ground, and by way sides in towns or villages, frequent. (3. Near Hithe in Kent. Sherard, and Hudson. Annual. June — September. Root tapering. Whole plant smaller than the last, and quite pros- trate, with numerous stems, scarcely branched. Leaves on long stalks, with 5, often 7, shallow lobes. F/.pale lilac-coloured, se- veral together, on axillary hairy stalks. Pet. usually above twice the length of the calyx, but in /3 they are only as long as that part, pale, and very inconspicuous. Caps, reticulated at the back, in both varieties, as in M. sylvestris. M. microcarpa, DeCand. n. 37, sent by M. Thouin from the Paris garden, has prostrate stems, and ap))ears to me but a slight va- riety of rotundifolia, with rather fimcdlerjlowers than usual. MONADELPHIA— POLYANDRIA. Malva. L^47 3. M. moschata. Musk Mallow. Radical leaves kidney-shaped, cut ; the rest in five deep, pinnatifid, jagged segments. Calyx hairy ; its outer leaves linear-lanceolate. M. moschata. Linn. Sp. PL 97 1 . mild. v. 3. 790. Ft. Br. 7-12. Engl. Bot.v. W. t. 754. Cart. Lond.fasc. 4. t. TjO. Sims in Curt. Mag. V. 49. t. 2298. Hook. Scot. 209. DeCand. Prodr. v. 1. 432. Fl. Dan. t. 90.3. Cavan. Diss. 7(j. t. 18./. 1. M. n. 1072. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 23. M. montana, sive Alcea rotundifolia laciniata. Column. Ecphr. 148. t. 147. Alcea tenuifolia crispa. Bauh. Hist.v.2.\0%7 .f. Dill, in Rati Sy7i.2D3. A. vulgaris. Rail Syn. ed. 2. 139. ed 3. 252. All the synonyms, in both places, wrong. A. folio rotundo laciniato. Bauh. Pin. 316. Moris, v. 2.527. sect.j. t.\s.j:4. In the grassy borders of fields, and by way sides, on a gravelly soil. Perennial. July, August. Root tough and woody. Herb bright green, more or less rough with spreading, simple, not starry, hairs, unaccompanied by any short, dense, woolly pubescence, and exhaling a musky odour, especially in hot weather, or when drawn lightly through the hand. Stems about 2 feet high, leafy, round, but little branched. Radical leaves on long stalks, smaller, rounder, and less deeply lobed than the upper ones, soon withering away j stem-leaves divided to the very base into 5 pinnatifid lobes, all whose segments are linear, acute, channelled, and frequently undulated, usually in some degree hairy, seldom quite smooth. Fl. on long, axillary, simple stalks, rose-coloured, large and handsome. Cal. paler than the foliage, coarsely hairy or bristly ; its 3 outer leaves linear-lanceolate. Pe/. wedge-shaped, slightly cloven, jagged. Caps, clothed with dense silky hairs. The white-flowered variety, figured by Dr. Sims, is kept for cu- riosity in gardens. It di'lVers in no other resi)cct from the, more beautiful, wild plant. The musky scent undoubtedly proceeds from the herbage, as described in Fl. Br. and Fugt. Bot., not from the flowers. We scarcely ever find our great countryman, Kay, in an error, but in this instance he mistook the plant of the Bauhins, whose Alcea vulgaris Is Malva Alcea of LinniFUs, Fhrh. PI. Off. 118, figured in Millers Iconcs, t.\7, and in Pctiv. //. Brii. t.39.f. 12. Miller indeed, like Hudson, has erred in making both these plants tiutives of England, and many authors have either taken them for the same, or ccaifounded tiuir synonyms. M. Ahca may be eleailv known bv the broader and more flat segments of it^ 248 MONADELPHIA— POLYANDRIA. Lavatera. leaves ; somewhat starry, depressed pubescence, which is very dense and matted upon the calyx; but most essentially by the outer leaves of this part being ovate. The stems too are taller, and tlie plant has no smell of musk, 349. LAVATERA. Tree-mallow. Linn. Gen. 354. Juss. 272. Fl. Br. 742. DeCand. Prodr. v. 1. 438. Dill. Gen. 155. t. 10. Lam. i. 582. Gcertn. 1. 136. Nat. Ord. see n, 347. Cal. double, permanent ; outer largest, of 1 leaf, in 3 broad, deep, spreading segments ; iniie?' of 1 leaf, divided half way down into 5 more upright and acute lobes. Pet, 5, inversely heart-shaped, abrupt, flat, spreading, attached by their contracted claws to the tube of the stamens. Filam. numerous, capillary, united below into a cylin- drical tube ; separate in the upper part, both at the sum- mit and sides. AntJu kidney-shaped. Germ, orbicular, depressed. Style cylindrical, with a conical permanent base. Stigmas rather numerous, 7 — 14, bristle-shaped, as long as the style. Caps, as many as the stigmas, com- pressed, either tumid, or concave and wrinkled, at the back, ranged in a circle round the colunniar receptacle, which in some species is greatly dilated ; each of 2 valves and 1 cell, finally deciduous. Seeds solitary, kidney- shaped. Mostly arborescent, soft and densely downy ; the pubes- cence in some instances starry. Leaves lobed, serrated, stalked. Fl. axillary, stalked, red or whitish. 1 . L. arbor ea. Sea Tree -mallow. Stem arboreous. Leaves downy, plaited, with seven an- gles. Stalks axillary, aggregate, single-flowered. L. arborea. Linn. Sp. PL 972. Willd. v. 3. 793. Fl. Br. 742. Engl.Bot.v.26.t.\84\. Hook. Scot. 209. DeCand. Prodr. v. I. 439. Cavan. Diss.86 and 282. t. 139./. 2. Malva arborea marina nostras. Merr. Pin. 75. M. maritima arborea nostras, Moris, v. 2. 523. Sibb. Scot, part 2. 37. On maritime rocks, but rare. At Hurst castle, over against the isle of Wight ; in Portland island j on Caldy island, in Carmarthen bay ; and on the Basse island, Scotland. Ratj. On Inch-Garvy, and Mykrie-Inch, in the Frith of Forth. Sihbald. In Cornwall and Devonshire. /M/io;/. Pem- brokeshire. Mr. Adams. MONADELPHIA— POLYANDRIA. Lavatera. 249 Biennial. July — October. Root much branched, running deep into the ground. Stem from 6 to 10 feet high, upright, strait, thick, scarred j simple be- low J branching into a leafy head ; the branches besprinkled with fine, deflexed, compound, bristly hairs. Leaves of a grey- ish green, pliant, soft and downy, alternate, on long footstalks ; their margin in 7 shallow crenate lobes. Fl. much like those of the common Malva sylvestris, in general appearance, but darker towards the middle, and the woolly calyx very different in structure, as described in the generic character. Caps. 7 or 8, reticulated, smooth. This Lavatera, if allowed to scatter its seeds in a garden, will spring up for many successive years, and the young plants will now and then survive one or more mild winters 3 but having once blossomed it perishes. Class XVn. DIADELPHIA. Filaments combined; in two sets. Order /. HEXANDRIA. Stamens 6. 350. FUMARI A. Cal. of 2 leaves. Co?-, ringent, promi- nent, and bearing honey, at the base. 'Eiichjilamcnt with three anthers. Order II. OCTANDRLi. Stamens 8. 351 . POLYG AL A. Two segments of the cahja: like wings. Standard of the corolla cylindrical. Caps, of 2 cells and 2 valves. Seeds solitary, crestecL . Order III. DECANDRIA. Stamens 10. * Stam, all connected at the base, the tube mostly split along its upper side* 352. SPARTIUM. Filaiyi, all forming a simple tube. Stigma lateral, linear, hairy. Legume flat. 353. GENISTA. Filam. upwards in 2 sets. Stig7n. ter- minal, somewhat capitate. Legume turgid. Pistil depressing the keel. Standard reflexed. 354'. ULEX. Cal. of 2 leaves, nearly as long as the le- gume. 356. ANTHYLLIS. Cal. inflated, including the legume. 355. ONONIS. Cal. in 5 deep segments. Legume rhom- boid, sessile. Standard striated. ** Stigma, or style, domiy ; *witho2it the character of the former section. 3BS, OROBUS. Style linear, nearly cylindrical. Stigma along the upper side, downy. 251 liDua 357. PI SUM. %/^ triaiigukr. Stigma along iheinom neiit upper angle, downy. 359. LATHYRI ' S. Sftjlc flattened vertically. Si ^ along the dilated upper half of the style, downy. 360. VICIA. St7/le bearded in fi'ont, below the stigma, 361. ERVUM. Stigma capitate, all over downy. *** Legume more or less jieifectli/ 2-celled ; \i:ithotd the former characters. 365. ASTRAGALUS. Legume tumid, of 2 longitudinal cells. *### Legume with scarcely ino7'e than 1 seed; without the former characters, 366. TRIFOLIUM. Legume hardly longer than the calyx, widi 1 seed, rarely more, deciduous, not bursting. ###*# Legume either jointed^ or spiral; without the former characters. 364'. HEDYSARUM. Z^^^oz^m^ofl or more, compressed, close, single-seeded joints. Keel very obtuse. 362. ORNITHOPUS. Legume somewhat cyhndrical, curved, of many close, single-seeded joints. Keel rounded. 363. HIPPOCREPIS. Z.t'07//«6' compressed, partly mem- branous, incurved, with many curved joints ; one suture widi several notches. 368. MEDICAGO. Z.^/rw;«^ spiral, compressed, somewhat membranous. Pistil pressing the heel downwards. ##*##* Le"ume of \ cell, with numerous seeds ; without the former characters. 367. LOTUS. Legume cylindrical, spongy within. Wings converging at their upper edges. Filam. partly di- lated. '252 DIADELPHIA HEXANDRIA. 350. FUMARIA, Fumitory. Lmn.Gen.362. Juss.237. Fl.Br.748. DeCand. Syst. v.2. \3\. Tourn.t.237. Lam. t. 597. Gcvrtn. t. Wo. Coiydalis. DeCand. Syst, v. 2. 1 13. Capnoides. Gcertn. t.\\5. Nat. Orel. Cor-ydales, Linn. 24, Pajpaveracecc, Juss. 62. Ftimariacece, DeCand. Syst. 10. Col. inferior, of 2 opposite, erect, acute, small, membra- nous, deciduous leaves. Cor» oblong, tubular, ringent, with a prominent palate, closing the mouth : pet, 4, more or less combined ; upper lip flat, obtuse, notched, re- flexed ; its base prominent, obtuse, constituting the nee- tary ; lower lip like the upper, sometimes with a similar prominent nectary, sometimes only keeled, at the base ; 2 interior petgis alternate with the 2 lips, linear-oblong, slightly connected by their callous tips. Filam, 2, awl- shaped, flat, shorter than the corolla, 1 within each lip. Anth, roundish, 3 terminating each filament. Germ, su- perior, roundish or oblong, compressed, pointed. Style terminal, short. Stigma compressed, of 2 flat lobes. Pod roundish or oblong, of 1 cell, with 1 or many po- lished, crested seeds. M. DeCandolle remarks that each prominence, at the base of the corolla, contains a nectariferous gland ; and that each of the lateral anthers has but one cell, there being therefore only 8 cells, or, properly speaking, 4 anthers in all. But it is easier to understand them as 2 double- celled, and 4 single-celled, anthers. The plants are herbaceous, smooth, brittle, with annual or perennial roots, in the latter case sometimes tuberous. Stems simple or branched, mostly angular. Leaves stalk- ed, variously compound. FL clustered, with partial hracteas. Cor. purple, red, yellow, or white, often partly green. Seed-vessels very various, insomuch that many botanists, in former times as well as in our days, have subdivided the genus by its fruit, and the Linnaean Fu- maria makes a whole natural order of M. DeCandolle. Linnaeus considered this as a genus in which one part of the fructification wanders, or is itregular, of which there doubtless are many instances ; but the present is an ex- DIADELPHIA— HEXA^U:)IIIA. Fumaria. 2.53 treme case of that kind, the fruit being so unportant a part, and so very different in some of the species. * Pod 'With manxj seeds. Ncctarij single, Corydahs. DeCand. 1. F. solida. Solid Bulbous Fumitory. Stem mostly simple, erect. Leaves twice ternate. Bracteas palmate, longer than each flower-stalk. F. solida. Linn. Ms. in Sp. PL 983. Fl. Br. 748. Engl. Bot. v.2\. #.1471. Curt. Mag. t. 23 1 . Ehrh. Beilr. v. 6. 146. F. bulbosa ^ and y. Linn. Sp. PL 983. F. intermedia. JVith. 620. L 29. F. Halleii. Willd. Sp. PL v. 3. 863. FL Dan. t. 1 224. F. n.349. HalLHist.v. 1. 151. F. bulbosa, radice non cava^ major. Bauh. Pin. 144. F. tuberosa minor, radice non cava. Moris, r. 2 . 26 1 . sect. 3. /. 12. F. bulbosa, radice solida, calcari et folio cristato. Bauh. Hist v. 3. p. 1.205./. Corydalis bulbosa. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 1 1 9. Radix cava minor. Ger. Em. 1091 ./. Dod. Pempt. 327. f. Capnos fabaceu radice. Dalech. Hist. 1294./. Park. Parad. 279. Fabacea radice Capnos altera. Lob. Obs. 439. f. In groves and thickets, but sparingly ; perhaps a doubtful native. About Kendal, and in other parts of Westmoreland ; also at IVrry Hall, near Birmingham, inthering. At Wickham, Hampshire. Rev. T. Gamier. Perennial. Jpril, May. Root orbicular, depressed, of several flcj^hy coats, but not hollow. Stem solitary, erect, a little zigzag, angular, leafy, almost always simple, a span high, with a lanceolate sheath or two near the bottom. Leaves 2 or 3, scattered, on channelled footstalks, twice ternate, notched, glaucous. Cluster terminal, solitary, erect, of from 10 to 15 variegated, purplish, inodorous /towers, each witii a long, ascending, blunt spur, and a slight })ale jiro- minence at the ojjposite side. Bracteas wedge-shaped, palmate, five-cleft, glaucous, solitary at the base of each partial stalk, which they exceed a little in length. Cat. very minute, rounded. Pod short', bursting at the base. Seeds several. 2. F. li/fca. Wllow Finnitory. Pods nearly cylindrical, shorter than their stalks. Stem an- gular, erect. Hracteas minute. Spur short, rounded. F. lutea. Li/i/t. 3^/;/^2.258. ffiltd. Sp. PL v.3.Hl]:,. Fl lir. 7 49. EngL Bot. r.9./.5S8. Bauh. Pin. 143. MUl. Ic.9\ . t.\30.l'. I. 254 DIADELPHIA-^HEXANDRIA. Funiaria. Mill, lllusir. t. 60. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. ed. 2. v. 4. 240. Ger. Em. ] 088. f. F. n. 347. Hall. Hist. V. 1.150. F. capnoides. With. 620. F. corydalis. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 503./. Camer. Epit. 892./. F. lutea montana. Lob. Obs. 438./. Ic. 758./ Dalech. Hist. 1293. f. Moris. V. 2.260. sect. 3. t.\2.f. 4; bad. F. tingitana, radice fibrosa, perennis, &c. Pluk. Almag. 162. Phyt. t. 90. f. 2. Pseudo-Fumaria, flore luteo. Riv. Tetrap. Irr. t. 74. f. Capnoides lutea. G(£rin. v. 2. 163. 1. 1 1.5. Corydalis capnoides /3. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 126. On old walls ; perhaps naturalized. Near Castleton, Derbyshire, far from any garden ; Mr. Howard, on the authority of Mr. Robson. With. Near Fountain's Hall, by Fountain's Abbey, Yorkshire. Mr. W. Brunton,jun. Perennial. May. Root of numerous fibres. Stem erect, a foot high, and, like the footstalks, triangular, brittle, juicy, reddish and shining. Leaves thrice ternate, of a bright, rather glaucous, green ; leaflets wedge- shaped, with rounded lobes. Ft. in a solitary, terminal, upright cluster, scentless, lemon-coloured, with deep-yellow lips. Brac- teas very small, ovate or awl-shaped, serrated,, acute, much shorter than ihejlower-stalks. Calyx-leaves ovate, or lanceolate, with blunt points, membranous, soon deciduous. Spur of the corolla rounded, incurved, very much shorter than the stalk, as is likewise the rather compressed and quadrangular pod. Linnaeus at first confounded this with his F. capnoides, but subse- quently took great pains to distinguish the lutea and its syno- nyms. The true capnoides, preserved in his herbarium from the Upsal garden, and apparently not known to the learned Prof. DeCandoUe, is certainly distinct, having large, leafy, deeply cut, stalked bracteas, pidev powers, an awl-shaped spur as long as the rest of the corolla, pods twice or thrice as long as the Jlower- stalks, and according to Linnaeus, who cultivated it, an annual root, which Willdenow confirms j but the latter misapplies Hal- ler's synonym. 3. F. davicidata. White Climbing Fumitory. Pods lanceolate, undulated. Stem climbing. Footstalks ending in branched tendrils. F. claviculata. Linn. Sp. PL 985. Willd. v. 3. 869. Fl. Br. 752. Engl. Bot. V. 2. t. 103. Hook. Scot. 211. Ft. Dan. t. 340. F. alba latifolia. Raii Syn. 335. F. alba latifolia claviculata. Ger. Em. 1088./ F. claviculis donata. Bavh. Pin. 143. Moris, v. 2. 260. sect. 3. M2./.3. DIADELPHIA—HEXANDRIA. Fumaria. 255 Capnos alba latifolia. Loh. Obs. 438. f. Ic. 7o8./. Dalech. IJisf. 1295./. Corydalis claviculata. DeCand. Sij^t. v. 2. 128. Grev. Ed'm. 153. In bushy, shady, rather hilly situations, on a gravelly, stony, or sandy soil. Annual. JunCj, July. Root slender. Stems one or more, delicate and tender, flattened on one side, branched, leafy, from 1 to 3 or 4 feet high, climbing upon other plants, by means of branched tendrils terminating X\\^\x footstalks. Leare.s pinnate J then pedate or ternatej leaf- lets elliptical, entire, glaucous ; paler beneath. Clusters oppo- site to each leaf, stalked, rather dense, of several elegant vvhite flowers, variegated with blue or grey, each on a short partial stalk, scarcely so long as its accompanying small bractea. Cal. toothed. Spur rounded, very short. Pod lanceolate, acute, undulated at each side, containing 3 or 4 seeds. ** Podsingle-seeded. Ncctari/ siiigle, Fumaria. DeCand. 4. F. officinalis. Common Fumitory. Cluster rather lax. Pods single-seeded, globose, abrupt, on upright stalks, twice as long as the bracteas. Stem spreading. Segments of the leaflets lanceolate. F. officinalis. Linn. Sp. PL 984. mild. v. 3. 867. Fl. Br. 750. Engl. Bot. V. 9. /. 589. Curt. Lond.Jasc. 2. t. 52. Mart. Rust. t. 68. IVoodv. t. 88. Mill. Ic. 91. ^ 13C./. 2; bad. Hook. Scot. 210. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 134. FL Dan. t. 940. Dreves Bilderb. t.\6. BulL Fr. L 189. F. n. 346. Hall. Hist. v.\.\49. F. vulgaris. Raii Syn. 204. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. /). 1 . 201 ./. V. purpurea. Ger. Em. 1088./. Fumaria. Trag. Hist. 110./. Fuclis. Hist. 338./. Matth. Valgr. 501./: Camer.Epif. 890. f. Dalech. Hist. \27.f. In cultivated ground, and about hedges, common. .Annual. May — August. Root tapering. Herb glaucous. Stem much branched, spreading, often recumbent, leafy, angular, various in luxuriance. Leans mostly alternate, twice or thrice pinnate -, leaflets wedge-shaped, with flat lanceolate segments. Clusters opposite to the leaves, sUilked, erect, many-flowered, rather lax. Bracteas lanceolate, acute, not half the length of ihv Jlouer-stalks, especially when in fruit. I'l. rose-coloured, or pale red, deep red at the summit, with a green keel to the upper and under petals. Spur very short, rounded. r«/. coloured, toothed, deciduous, /'(u/ glo- bose, a little compressed, abrupt or notched at the e.xtremity. 256 DIADELPHIA— HEXANDRIA. Fumaria. so as to be inversely heart-shaped, as Curtis first, I believe, re- marked ; its surface smooth ; valves united^ not splitting asunder. Seed solitary, globose. Dr. Cullen recommends the expressed juice of this herb, in a dose of 2 ounces twice a day, to cleanse the skin from leprous disor- ders. The same great physician thought it useful as a tonic, wherever bitter medicines are advisable j but of these we have many doubtless more powerful. 5. Y. parviflora. Small-flowered Fumitory. Cluster lax. Pods single-seeded, globose, pointed. Stem spreading. Segments of the leaflets linear, channelled. F. parviflora. Lam. Diet. v. 2. .567. mild. Sp. PL v. 3. 868. Fl. Br. 750. E7igl. Bot. v. 9. t. 590. DeCand. Sijsf. v. 2. 136. F. spicata /3. Luin. Syst. Veg. ed. 14. 637. F. tenuifolia. Sym. Syn. 200 ; with the syn. of F. spicata. F. foliis tenuissimis, floribus albis, circa Monspelium nascens. Vaill. Par.oG. t. 10. f. 5. F. tenuifolia, flore niveo. Besl. Hort. Eyst. vern. ord. 1. /. 11./. 3. F. exilis romana. Bocc. Mus. \07.t.S\. In fields in the south of England. About Woldham, near Rochester. Mr. Jacob Rayer. Near Ep- som. Mr. T. F. Forster. Probably Gerarde gathered it between Charlton and Greenwich, though his figure represents F. spicata. Annual. August, September. Herb like the last, but rather smaller in every part. Segments of the leaves very narrow, linear and channelled, not at all dilated, all uniform. Bracteas longer in proportion to ihejloiuer-stalhs, rather awl-shaped. Fl. not more than half the size of F. offici- nalis, pale red, occasionally white ; tips of the inner petals pur- ple. Pod globose with a point, not abrupt, or notched. This is doubtless a very distinct species from the foregoing, and, as Prof. DeCandoUe remarks, has no relationship to F. spicatUy whose terminal spikes, and oval, flat, thick-edged, dotted pod, are abundantly characteristic. 6. F. capreolata. Ramping Fumitory. Cluster rather lax. Pods single-seeded, globose. Stem climbing by means of the twisting footstalks. Leaflets wedge-shaped, lobed. F. capreolata. Lbin. Sp.Pl.ed.\.70\.ed.2.9S'D. Willd.v.3.868. FLBr.75\. Engl. Bot. v.\4.t. 943. Curt. Lo7id.fasc. 6. t. 47. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 9.9. PVith. 62]. t. 30. Hook. Scot. 210. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 133 ? Ehrh. Herb. 78. F. officinalis /3. Huds. 309. F. media. DeCand. Syst. v. 2. 1 34 ? DIADELPHIA— OCTANDRIA. Polygala. 257 F. major scandens, flore pallicliore. Raii Sjjn. 204. F. major, floribus dilute purpureis. Magnol. Monsp. 100. Vaill. Par.DG.t. 10./. 4. F. viticulis etcapreolis plantis vicinis adhserens. Bank. Pin. 143. F. Phragmites. Dalech. Hist.\292.f. In cultivated fields, not common. Sparingly at Edmonton, and a few other places near London ; more plentifully about Barnstaple, Devonshire, and elsewhere. Curtis. About Battersea, in fields and garden grounds. Mr. Sowerby. In Sussex. Mr.Borrer. Veryabundant about Liverpool. Annual. June — September. Most like F. officinalis, but larger in every part ; the leaves less glaucous ; their tendrils twisting round other plants, by which the branching stem climbs to the height of 3 or 4 feet ; and the Jlowers are on the whole paler, though the tip of each petal is deep red ; the pods are not abrupt, or inversely heart-shaped, but more globose, with a slight depression at each side of the place of the stijle, which is deciduous, like that of all the single- seeded Fumarice. Dr. Withering's figure erroneously represents tendrils distinct from the footstalks. Prof. DeCandolle distinguishes our plant from what he esteems the real F. capreolata of Linnseus, of which, as he understands it, a plate is given in his excellent [cones, t. 34. But in this plate all the fruit-stalks are peculiarly straight and upright, which is the character of his F. media. In our capreolata they become more or less recurved as the pods ripen, which DeCandolle gives as a mark of his capreolata. The Linn^^an herbarium here lends us no assistance, Linnaeus having adopted his F. capreolata from other authors, without possessing a specimen, if he ever saw one. Our plant however is that of his pupil Ehrhart, and of Jacquin, from each of whom I have specimens. The calijx-leaves in all my specimens are nearly as entire as in DeCandoUe's figure j being much less toothed than in Curtis's. The synonyms of the various Fumarice in old authors might afford materials for an ample dissertation. DIADELPHIA OCrANDRIA. 351. POLYGALA. Milkwort. Linn.Geji.36A. Juss.09. Fl.Br.7^2. DeCand. Prodr. v. \.:y2\ Tourn. t. 70. Lam. f. r)98. Go'rtn. t. 62. VOL. in. ^ 258 DIADELPHIA—OCTANDRIA. Polygala. Nat. Orel. Lomentacecc. Linn. 33. Pediculares Juss. 35. Polygalece. Juss. Ann. du Mus. v. 14.. 386. DeCand. Prodr. 18. Cal. inferior, of 5 leaves, imbricated in the bud ; 3 outer ones smallest, nearly equal, ovate, acute, 1 of theni up- permost; 2 inner ones much larger, like a pair of wings, coloured, veiny, ovate, finally converging and fading; all permanent. Pet. various in number, combined with the filaments by their claws ; limb of the uppermost deeply divided; lowermost I or 2, keel-shaped, generally crowned vv'ith more or less of a many-cleft, crested appendage. Filain. all united at the bottom and attached to the co- rolla; divided above into 2 sets, of 4- each. Anth. 8, as- cending, tubular, each of 1 cell, opening at the summit. Germ, superior, roundish. Style club-shaped, straight. Stigma of 2 unequal lips, concave. Caps, orbicular, or inversely heart-shaped, compressed, of 2 valves and 2 cells, the partition from the centre of each valve. Seeds solitary, pendulous, oval, downy, crested at the scar. A very large genus, herbaceous or shrubby, with simple, entire, alternate, or opposite, or whorled, generally smooth leaves. Fl. racemose, sometimes veVy beautiful, blue, crimson or yellowish. DeCandolle enumerates above 160 species, from all parts of the world. One only is British. 1. P. vulgaris. Common Milkwort. Flowers crested. Bracteas three, at the base of each flower- stalk, deciduous.. Wings about equal to the corolla. Stems ascending, simple, herbaceous. Leaves linear- lanceolate. P. vulgaris. Linn. Sp. PL 986. Willd. v. 3. 873. H. Br, 752. Engl.Bot.v,2.t.76. Hook. Scot. 2\\. DeCand. Prodr. v. \. 324. Fl. Dan. t.5\6. Bull. Fr. 1 77. Bauh. Pin. 215. Faill. Par. 1 CO, 161.^.32./. 1. Ehrh.Pl.OJ.35S. P. n.344. Hall.Hi6t.v.\.l4S. Polygala. Raii Syn.*2S7. Gcr. Em. 563./. 3, 4 -, and 564./. 5. Poly galon . Trag. Hist. 57\.f. Onobiychis secunda. Dalech. Hist. 491. f. In gravelly and heathy pastures, very common. Perennial. .June^ Jidij. Root tough and woody. Herb smooth, of a dark shining green, with several procumbent, or partly ascending, simple, angular, leafy stems, from 3 to 6 inches high. Leaves scattered, nearly sessile 3 the lower ones shortest, broadest, and most crowded. DIADELPHIA-DECANDRIA. 259 Fl. in a simple terminal duster usually blue, but frequently pink, white, or purple; always marked with green lines; the perma- nent calijx turning green, and remaining long, with its closed wings, sheltering the ripening poc/. It is hard to say why this plant obtained the name of Polygala, or Milkwort; and indeed that name has been given by some authors to several truly papilionaceous herbs or shrubs, more deserving the reputation of yit'lding good food for cows. Our Pulygaki, like some other European species of the same genus, is bitter, and when given in infusion, promotes expectoration, and is good for a catarrhous cough. Reports have arisen of P. amara being found in England ; but the specimens I have seen were no other than the vulgaris. DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. This order is entirely natural, comprehending the Papilio- naccous tribe, exce})t such as have perfectly distinct, firm, awl-shaped stamens^ which are therefore placed in the 10th class; but of these we have none in Britain. Papilionacecc, Linn. 32. Leguminosce, Juss. 93 ; sect. 5 — 8. Flowers all com})lete and perfect, except in the petals of a very few exotic species. Calijjc inferior, of 1 leaf, tubular, rarely of 2 leaves, wither- ing; obtuse and rather tumid on the ujoper side at the base, where the honey is lodged ; its margin in 5 unequal, more or less deep, teeth or segments ; the lower tooth longest; 2 upper shortest and most distant. Corolla papilionaceous, unecpial ; petals characterized as follows. S/aN(lardsing\c, largest, overshadowing the rest; its claw flattish, inserted into the u})})er margin of the receptacle; the part beyond the calyx roundish, or obovate, scarcely ever divided, marked with a longitudinal central fold or keel, and depressed at each side, closely embracing the j)etals beneath, by means of two prominences towarcis its claw, which .ire hollow at the upper side. Jfi/i^s2^ ecjual, lateral, oblong, attached by their claws to the receptacle ; their upper margins parallel and convi iging, each termi- nating behir)d in a tooth or spur. 260 Keel of 1 petal, or more frequently of 2 combined, with a double claw, boat-shaped, compressed, with a tooth or prominence, on each side, at the base ; either rounded or rectangular in front. All the petals expand in bright warm weather, and close in darkness, cold, or damp. Stamens diadelphous. Filaments 2, lodged in the keel, both membranous and flattened, but usually differing in width, rarely equal ; 1 embracing the pistil beneath ; the other lying upon its upper edge ; the former keeled, divided at the summit into 9 slender awl-shaped parts ; the latter awl-shaped, simple, slender. Anthers small, equal, ob- long or roundish ; 9 on the broader filament ; 1 on the narrower. In some instances there is but a single com- pressed ioldieA Jilament^ terminating in 10 equally-divided anther-bearing segments, various in length ; m others the 2 unequal Jilaments are either united or distinct at the base. The latter only are strictly diadelphous ; but the difference is of little moment, and not easily discernible. Pistil solitary, superior. Germen sessile or stalked, oblong or roundish, compressed, the length of the undivided part of the lower Jilament^ by which it is embraced. Style ter- minal, awl-shaped, ascending, the length of the separate part of the filaments, or longer. Stigma downy, termi- nal or longitudinal, capitate, or linear, or dilated. Legume oblong or roundish, compressed or inflated ; either of 2 continued valves, and 1, rarely imperfectly divided, cell, with a longitudinal suture above and below, the former bearing a linear double i^eceptacle ; or consisting of 1 or more closed, single-seeded joints. Seeds several, rarely solitary, roundish, tumid, pendulous, on slender alternate stalks, from the upper suture of the legume only, where it splits asunder, having one receptacle to each valve. Separate albumen none. Cotyledons either raised above ground in germination, becoming leafy, or subterraneous and decaying. The habit is either herbaceous or shrubby, annual or per- ennial. JVood hard. Leaves pinnate ; either abruptly, with more or less of a tendril ; or with an odd leaflet ; or ternate ; or binate ; rarely simple. Stipidas in pairs, va- rious and remarkable. Liflorescerice various. Fl. hand- some, often fragrant. Flerhage wholesome for cattle ; seeds, when dressed, for mankind. There is no noxious British plant, nor scarcely an exotic one, in the whole order. DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Spartium. 261 352. SPARTIUM. Broom. Linn. Gen. 368. Fl. Br. 753. Gartn. t. 153. Genista. Juss. 353. Lam. ^. G19./. 1. Tourn. <. 411. CaL cup-shaped, two-lipped ; lips coloured, abrupt ; the upper with 2, lower with 3, very slight teeth. Cor. of 5 petals ; standard inversely heart-shaped, very large, en- tirely reflexed ; wings ovate-oblong, shorter than the standard, connected below with the filaments ; keel of 2 })etals, lanceolate, oblong, abrupt, longer than the wings, attached to the filaments, and connected together at the lower edges by entangled hairs. Filam. 10, all united into one undivided tube, sometimes slit along the upper side, unequal, thread-shaped, the lowermost gradually longest. Anth. versatile, oblong. Germ, oblong, com- pressed, hairy. Style awl-shaped, curved, or contorted, upwards. Stigma oblong, hairy, running along the upper edge of the blunt style. Legume much compressed, ob- long, obtuse, of 2 elastic valves and 1 cell, subtended by the permanent calyx, and tipped with the twisted style, which is at length deciduous. Seeds several, roundish- kidney-shaped, crested. Branched, often thorny, shrubs^ with ternate, sometimes partly simple, smallish leaves, and large, handsome, yel- \ow flo'xers, on lateral simple stalks. Legumes pendulous. Seeds from 4 to about 15. Lamarck has suggested that Spartium of Linnaeus is not generically distinct from Genista, and he united them in his Flore Fran(;oise 614, only referring a few^ species of each to Cijtisus. Jussieu avowedly follows him, not with- out some doubts, and a suggestion that the single-seeded species miglit i)roperly form a f^enus by themselves, after the opinion of Tournefort, who restricted the name of S])artium to these only. I would rather take as the type of this genus our S. scojjarium, and some other species whicli, ah)ng with it, make a very natural genus, in cha- racter and habit, and from which Linuiuus drew uji his generic description. These are clearly distinct from Ge- nista, whatever may be thought of the rest. Tliose who have studied this natural order well know the im})ortance of tlie stigma and the legume in their generic distinctions. 1. ^. sro/jfU'i/////. Coininon I^ruom. Leaves tcrnMlc, oi- solitary. Ihaiiches angular, willioiit 269 DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Genista. thorns. Filaments all in one set at the base. Legume fringed. S. scoparlum. Linn. Sp. PL 996. Willd. v. 3. 933. Fl. Br. 753. Engl. Bot. V. 19. 1. 1 339, Curt. Lond.fasc. 5. t. 52. Woodv. t.S9. Fl. Dan. t 313. Dreves Bilderb. t. 48. Ehrh. Jrb.56. ' S. n.354. Hall. Hist. vA. 154. Genista. Ger. Em. 1311./. Fuchs. Hist. 218./. Camer. Epit. 950./ Trag. Hist. 961. f. Dod. Pempt.76l.f. Riv. Tetrap. Irr. t.GD.f. 1. G. angulosa trifolia. Kaii Syn.474. G. scoparia. Lam. Franc. 619. Hook. Scot. 2\\. Lob. lev. 2. 89./ In dry gravelly thickets ai.d fields, abundantly. Shrub. May, June. A large bushy shrub, with copious, long, straight, angular, dark green, smooth, tough branches. Leaves deciduous, scattered, stalked, ternate ; the upper ones generally simple j leajiets uni- form, obovate, obtuse, entire ; sili^y when young. Ft. axillary, solitary or in pairs, on simple stalks, longer than the leaves, large and handsome, of a deep golden yellow; sometimes tinged with orange 3 more rarely of a uniform pale lemon-colour. The swelling germen soon splits the tube of the filaments. Legume brown, flat, above an inch long, nearly smooth at the sides, but fringed with harsh hairs at each margin. Seeds about 15 or 16. A decoction of the young tops of this shrub, powerfully purgative and diuretic, is a rustic remedy for dropsies, which regular prac- titioners have not altogether despised. 353. GENISTA. Green-weed. Linn. Gen. 368. Juss. 353. Fl. Br. 754. Lam. ^ 619. Cal. tubular, two-lipped ; upper lip in 2 deep segments ; lower in 3 more slight ones, nearly equal. Cor. of 5 petals ; standard oblong, undivided, ascending, very dis- tant from the rest ; wings elliptic-oblong, spreading, keel of 2 petals, lanceolate-oblong, bluntish, slightly cohering by their lower edges. Filam. 10, in 2 sets, though more or less united at the bottom ; the odd one awl-shaped, separated more than halfway down. Atith. small, roundish. Germ, oblong, compressed. Style awl-shaped, ascend- ing, deciduous. Stigma terminal, simple, or slightly ca- pitate. Legume turgid, somewhat compressed, oblong, or roundish, obliquely pointed, of 1 cell and 2 concave valves, subtended by the permanent calyx, and tipped with the permanent curved base of the style. Seeds several, roundish, or somewhat quadrangular. DIADELPHIA-DECANDRIA. Genista. '263 Shrubs of humble growth ; sometimes armed with strong, simple or compound, thorns ; branches in some winged. Leaves alternate, simple, entire. FL small, yellow, axil- lary, solitary. The supposed species with ternate leaves appear to me doubtful as to their genus. We have none of them in Britain. 1. G. tinctoria. Dyer's Green-weed. Wood-waxen. Leaves lanceolate, smooth. Branches round, striated, erect, without thorns. G. tinctoria. Linn. Sp. PL 998. WilUl v. 3. 939. FL Br. 754. EngL Bot. V. 1. t. 44. Hook. Scot. 21 1 . FL Dan. t. 520. Do:>. EngL Bot. V. 3. /. 208. Rose Elem. append. 4.")2. t. 3. Dicks. H. Siir. fasc. 1 6. 1 (i. Jartp Anstr. t. 208. FL Dan. f. 1 22.") ; too upright. ^ Ehrh. All). (i(i. G. n.3.")I. U'dL Hist.v. 1. 153. (J. minima. Dnhih. Uist. 173 /". 264 DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Genista. Genistella pilosa. Bauh. Hist. v. I. p. 2. 393./. Chamsegenista prima. Clus. Panrt. 49. f. 50. Hist. v. 1. 103./. Ch. pannonica. Ger. Em. 1313./ On dry elevated sandy downs or heaths. On high sandy ground about Bury, Suffolk. Mr. Dickson. About Fornham, on the north side of Bury ; also on soap rocks, near the Lizard Point, Cornwall. Sir T. G. Culliim, Bart. At the foot of Cader Idris, North Wales 3 Mr. Griffith. With. Shrub. Mcnj, and again in September. Root long and woody. Stems numerous, much branched, scarred, prostrate, round, with abundance of leafy, angular, or striated, somewhat silky, young branches, so buried among grass and other plants, that, when out of flower, the plant is difficult to find. Leaves small, simple, scattered, with axillary tufts of smaller ones, all recurved, obovate-lanceolate, rigid 3 dark-green and smooth above ; finely silky underneath. Ft. small, bright yellow, axillary and solitary, crowded about the tops of the branches, each on a silky stalk. Cat. a-ather short, silky, as well as the back of the standard. Legume oblong, rather compressed, hairy. Seeds 3 or 4, seldom all perfected. 3. G. anglica. Needle Green -weed. Petty Whin. Thorns nearly simple. Flowering branchy untlrmed. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. G. anglica. Linn. Sp. Pl.999. Willd. v. 3.943. Fl.Br.756. Engl. Bot.v.2.t.\32. Hook.Scot.2V2. Fl. Dan.t.6l9. Ehrh.Arb.37. G. minor aspalathoides, sive Genista spinosa anglica. Bauh. Pin.39D. Prodr.lD7. Raii Sijn. 475. G. aculeata. Ger. Em. 1320./ Genistella. Dod. Pempt.760.f. Fuchs. Hist. 220./. /c. 125./ G. minor aspalathoides. Bauh. Hist. v. 1 . p. 2. 40 1 . / 402. On moist boggy heaths, frequent. Shrub. Ma?j, June. Roots woody, long and creeping. Stems about a foot high, as- cending, woody, round, alternately branched, the leafy branches of the present year becoming next season permanent, woody, sharp, prominent, awl-shaped thorns, almost always perfectly simple, rarely bearing a small thorn or two near the base. Leaves numerous, small, scattered, ovate, acute, entire, smooth, rather glaucous, on short stalks, deciduous. Fl. solitary, in the bosoms of several of the uppermost leaves, small, bright lemon- coloured 3 the standard of a deeper yellow, turning green in drying, as well as the wings. Keel remarkably long. Cal. smooth, sharply toothed. Legume smooth, somewhat oval, turgid, beaked with the awl-shaped recurved base of the stijle. Seeds 10 or 12. I have restored the synonym of Fuchsius, first quoted by Dr. Stokes, and which I had considered as belonging to G. germa- DIADELPHIA—DECANDRIA. Ulex. 265 nica; but the thorns of the latter are repeatedly and plentifully ' compound. 354. ULEX. Furze. Linn. Gen. ^7^. Juss. 3o2. FLBr.7i)Q. Lam.t.62\. Gcertn. t.\b\. Genista-Spartium. Tourn. tA\2. Cal. of 2 ovate-oblong, concave, equal, coloured, permanent leaves, rather shorter than the keel ; the upper with 2 small teeth ; lower with 3. Cor, of 5 petals ; standard ovate, cloven, ascending ; wings oblong, obtuse, rather shorter than the standard ; keel of 2 petals, straight, ob- tuse, cohering by their lower edges. Filam. in 2 sets, both united at the base ; one in 9 awl-shaped segments ; the other simple, awl-shaped, separate for more than half its length. Anth. roundish, of 2 lobes. Germ, oblong, nearly cylindrical, hairy. Style awl-shaped, curved up- wards. Stigma small, obtuse. Legume oblong, turgid, stiaight, scarcely longer than the calyx, of 1 cell, and 2 rigid, elastic, concave valves. Seeds from 6 to 8, polished, somewhat angular, slightly compressed, with a tumid cloven crest. Stem woody, bushy, with abundance of large, compound, very sharp, alternate thorns. Leaves few, small, simple. Ft. axillary, bright yellow. 1. \]. europccus. Common Furze, Whin or Gorse. Teeth of the calyx obsolete, converging. Bracteas ovate, lax. Branches erect. Ulex europeeus. Linn. Sp.PlA^Ab. mild, v, 3.969. Fl.Dr.7o6. Engl. Bot. V. 11. t. 742. Forst. in Sym. Syn. IGO. Hook. Scot. 2 1 2. Fl. Dan. t. COS. Ehrh. Arb. 86. U. grandiflorus. Pourrci in Act. Tolos. v. 3. 333. Genista spinosa vulgaris. Unii Syn. 4/5. Ger. Em. 13)9./. Ci. sj)inosa major, longioribus aculei.s. Bank. Pin. 394. Ci. s|)inosa. Dod. Ptnipt. 7'>9 f. (uMiislelhe spinosie alhnis, Nepa quibusdam. Bauh. Hist. v. \.p. 2. 400./. , , Scorpiub primus, (lus. Hist. v. \. lOU.J. S. alter, sive Genista spinosa. Dalcch. Hist. I(i4./ On sandy or gravelly heaths and commons abundantly. Shrub. May; and occasionally at all seasons. Stem from 2 to .') feet iiigh, with innumerable, dense, upright, green, roughisli, furrowed, branches, spinous at the ends, and beset with large, coni|)ound, spreading, striated, green, smoother. 266 DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Ononis. permanent thorns. Leaves few, scattered, small, awl-shaped^ entire, spinous-pointed, deciduous. Ft. large, solitary or in pairs, of a bright golden yellow, with a very peculiar oppressive scent. Bracteas 2 at the base of the calyx, small, ovate, lax or spreading, densely downy, as well as the f^imple Jlower-stalks, and outside of the calyx, the teeth of which cohere so closely as to escape a casual view. Legumes downy, bursting elastically in dry hot weather^ with a crackling noise, and scattering their seeds extensively. The wood is very hard. The chief use of this shrub is to afford firing for the poor. Its full growth is attained in 4 years, and it ought not to be cut more frequently. 2. U. nanus. Dwarf Furze. Teeth of the calyx lanceolate, spreading. Bracteas nnnute, close-pressed. Branches reclhiing. U. nanus. Forst. in Sym. Syn. 160. Tonbr. 83. Fl. Br. 7d7. Engl. Bot. v.W.t. 743. Willd. v. 3. 969. U. minor. Roth Catal. v. 1 . 83, Jiot 33. U. europ^us /3. Linn. Sp. PI. 1045. Huds. 312. Genista spinosa minor. Raii Syn. 475, G. spinosa major brevibus aculeis. Bauh. Pin. 394. G. aculeata minor, sive Nepa Theophrasti. Ger.-Em. 1321 ./. Nepa apud Theophrasti. Lob. Ic. 788./. On dry elevated heaths, less common than the preceding. Shrub. August — October. This, as Dr. Roth justly observes, is in every part but half the size of the last. The branches are more recumbent ■ the flowering ones more cylindrical and elongated. Leaves awl-shaped, hairy, Fl. scarcely half the size of U. europceus, paler, with a more yellow calyx, and narrower standard. The most essential cha- racters however consist in the more distinct and spreading calyx- teeth, and the minute, rounded, close-pressed, often hardly dis- cernible bracteas. These marks are conclusive and constant 5 and this species, which blossoms chiefly in autumn, may readily be known at a distance from the more common one, however starved, or injured by too frequent cutting, the latter may happen to be. 355. ONONIS. Rest-harrow, Linn. Gen.370. Juss. 354. FLBr.loS. Lam. t. 616. Gcertn. t. 154. Anonis. Tourn. t. 229. Cal. tubular, in 5 rather deep, linear, pointed segments, slightly curved u]) wards; the lower one longest, subtending the keel. Cor. of 5 petals ; standard larger than the rest, DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Ononis. 267 slightly heart-shaped, striated with numerous ribs, keeled and compressed at the back, depressed at the sides ; wings obovate, but half the length of the standard ; keel of 2 converging petals, rather abrupt, pointed, a httle longer than the wings. Filam, 10, united into one cy- linder, splitting along the upper edge. Aiith, roundish. Germ, oblong. Style cylindrical, ascending. Stigma small, obtuse. Legume oblong-rhomboid, turgid, sessile, scarcely longer than the calyx, of 1 cell, and 2 rio-id, elastic valves. Seeds few, kidney-shaj)ed, roughish. A numerous Europaean or African genus, herbaceous or shrubby, occasionally spinous ; with sharply toothed, mostly ternate, leaves; \nYge stipulas ; and handsome, I'ed or yellowish, st^lk^d Jloisoers. Herbage mostly glutinous, and often fetid. 1. O.arvensis. Common Rest-harrow, or Cammock. Stem hairy. Branches at length spinous. Flowers mostly solitary. Leaves generally simple ; entire towards their base. O. arvensis. Linn. Sijst. Nat. ed. 12. v. 2. 478. Si/st. Veg. ed 14. 651. Light/. 3S6. Ft. Br.7bS. Engl.Bot. v. 10. t. 682. Hook Scot. 2\2. Anonis n. 3.56. Hall. Hist. v. 1 . 155. a. Ononis incrmis a. Htuh. 312. O.arvensis. mth.627. Siblh. 220. Abbot Xi^b. Anonis non spinosa ])urpurea. Raii Syn. 332 ; excliuling ihe re- ference to J. Bauhin, which belongs to O. hirdna of Jacquin. /3. Ononis spinosa /3. Linn. Sp. PI. 1006. O. spinosa. Linn. Syst. Veg. ed. 14. 65 1 . IVilld. v.3. 1)89. Hitds. 312. With.G27. Sibth. 220. Abbot {-yb. Mart. Rust. t. \29. Fl. Dan. i. 783. Bull. Fr. t. 1 05. Ononis. Dalcc/i. Hist. 4 18. f. Matth. Valgr. v.2.37 . f. Camcr Fpit. 443./. Anonis. Fuclis. Hist. 60./. /r. 35./. Rir. Tclrap. Irr. t. liS. A. spinosa, floro purpurco. Raii Syn. 332. A. sivc Resta bovis. (icr. Km. 1322. /'. A. sivc Resta bovis vulgaris, purpurea et alba sjiinosa. Baiiii. Hist. V. 2.31)1./, transj)(>scd uilh that o/ Epimt'diuni. y. Ononis rei)cns. Linn. Sp. Rl. 1006. Syst. I'eg. cd. 14. 651, Willd.v.3.*d\)0. Light/. 387. O. incrmis /3. Huds. 313. O. arvensis var. 2. IFith. 628. Anonis procumbcns maritima nostras, foliis hirsutic |)ubesrcnfil)iis. Raii Syn. 332. Plnh: Ahnag. 33. A. tnaiitinui i)rocumbcns, foliis hirsutic pulASfiiuibus. Dill. FIth. 21). ^25. 268 DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Anthyllis. In barren pastures, the borders of fields, and sandy road-sides. y on the sandy sea coast. Perennial. June — August. Root woody, tough and strong, whence the English name. Stems annual, though often considerably woody or shrubby, various in length, erect, reclining, or in y quite prostrate 3 all round, branched, leafy and hairy, each of their principal, as well as short lateral, branches often terminating in a straight sharp spine, particularly where the soil is poor, or the roots of long standing, and this happens frequently even in the maritime va- riety y. Leaves alternate, stalked, elliptical inclining to wedge- shaped, dark green, roughish, strongly marked with straight, parallel, oblique, lateral ribs ; entire in their lower part ; ser- rated with minute teeth towards the extremity ; many of the lower ones tern ate. Stipulas variable in size, on luxuriant plants rather large, ovate, toothed, combined, clasping the stem. Fl. axillary, mostly solitary, on short stalks, large and hand- some, of a brilliant rose-colour. Cal. hairy j its teeth perma- nent, enlarging as the fruit ripens. Standard twice the size of the ivings and keel. Legume obliquely rhomboid, partly hairy, not so long as the calyx. ASeeds rough with minute points. The foliage and calyx are glutinous, and, in the first or more lux- uriant variety, have a strong goat-like smell. O. antiquorum, by the Linnaean specimen at leasi, which is an au- thentic one, differs in nothing, not even in hairiness, from the spinous state of our common plant. O. hircina, Jacq. Hort. Vind. V. 1 . t. 93, sent by the author himself, may be a distinct species. It is much larger than any thing we have in Britain, erect, with perfectly elliptical leaves, copiously serrated through- out, mostly ternate 5 very large stipulas ; and Jiowers usually in pairs. Its synonyms have generally been confounded with the unarmed state of our O. arvensis ; see Ger. Em. 1322./. 3. Clus. Hist. V. 1. 99./. 1 3 and Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 393./ 2. It is moreover the real 0. spinosa mitis, Linn. Sp. PL 1006. 356. ANTHYLLIS. Kidney- vetch. Linn. Gen.37\. Juss. 355. Fl. Br.759. Lam.t.dlb. Gcertn. t.]45. Vulneraria. Tourn. t.2ll. Cal. tubular, ovate-oblong, inflated, shaggy, with 5 small, unequal, margmal teeth, permanent. Cot\ of 5 petals, with linear claws the length of the calyx ; standard long- est, reflexed at the sides ; wings half-ovate, shorter than the standard; keel of 2 narrower petals, compressed, slightly cohering at the tips. Filam. 10, united into one cylinder, finally splitting along the upper edge, their separate extremities curved upwards. Anth. small, round- DIADELPHIA-DECANDRIA. Anthyllis. 2G9 ish. Germ, oblong or half-ovate. Sti/le awl-shaped, as- cending. Stigma obtuse. Legume small, roundish, or oblong, a little turgid, concealed within the enlarged in- flated calyx, of 1 cell and 2 valves. Seeds 1 or 2, round- ish-kidney-shaped, smooth. Elegant herbaceous or shrubby, Europaean or African /?Z«w/5, with variously pinnate leaves, soft or silky pubescence, and mostly capitate and terminal, yellow or whitish, rarely red, powers, 1. A. vulnerar'ia. Common Kidney-vetch, or La- dies' finger. Herbaceous. Leaves pinnate, unequal. Heads of flowers in pairs. A. vulneraria. Linn. Sp. PL 1012. frUld. v. 3. 1013. FL Br. 759. Engl. Bot. V. 2. t. 104. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 3. 1 0. Hook. Scot. 213. Fl.Dan.t.98S. A. leguminosa. Ger. Em. \ 240. f. Lob. lev. 2. 87. f. A. lenti similis. Dod. Pempt. 552. f. A. prior Dodonsei. Dalech. Hist.]3S0.f. Anthyllis. Riv. Tetrap. Irr. t. 18./. 1. Vulneraria n. 398. Hall. Hist. v.\. 173. V. rustica. Buii Syn. 325. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 362./. Loto affinis, Vulneraria pratensis. Bauh. Pin. 332. Moris, v. 2. \S\.sect.2. t.\7.f. 1,2. /3. A. vulneraria, flore rubro. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 18. 18. \'ulneraria supina, flore coccineo. Dill, in Raii Syn. 325. Hart. Elth.A3\. t.320. Loto affinis hirsuta, flore subrubente. Bauh. Pin. 333. In chalky or limestone countries, where the soil is dry and rather barren. /3. In Pembrokeshire. Mr.Lltwyd, and Mr. Dickson. Perennial. June — Angnst. Root woody. Stems annual, round, hairy, leafy, mostly simple, ascending, about a foot high, Radical leaves simple, elliptical, on long stalks, soon disa))pearing ; the rest alternate, i)innate, with a terminal elliptical leaflet, and several pairs of opposite, smaller, more lanceolate ones ; all entire • smooth, and a little glaucous above ; hairy, or rather silky, underneath and at the margin. Fl. numerous, in a pair of crowded terminal head.s, accompanied by fingered /;rr/<7<.'a6-. Cal. membranous, pale and hiirv. Cor. usually yellow, rarely of a line red ; in (iermany, according to Mailer, most frecpiently white. Lci^ume semi- orbic'ilar, compressed, veiny, smooth, with a solitary seed. C. (iesner/it seems, first raised the report of the vulnerary pro- perties of this plant, which perhaps, like other soft and downy 970 DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Pisum. applications, may, on an emergency, staunch the blood of a rustic wound, and give nature and a good constitution time to perfect a cure. The herbage is said to afford good pasturage for sheep. 357. PISUM. Pea. Lirm.Gen.374, Juss.360. Fl.Br.760. T oiirn. i.2\5. Lam. t.633. Gcertn. t.] 52. CciL cup-shaped, unequal ; the margin in 5 acute segments, permanent ; 2 uppermost widest, and most distant. Cor, of 5 petals ; standard broadest, inversely heart-shaped, reflexed, notched, with a pair of protuberances at the inner side near the bottom, its claw vaulted ; wings obo- vate, converging above, shorter than the standard, with wavy linear claws ; keel semilunar, compressed, of 2 ob- long, cohering, folded petals, smaller than the wings, and with narrower straight claw^s. Filam. 10; 9 united, for more than half their length, into one compressed keeled tube, open along its upper edge, which is closed by the tenth, separate, flattish, awl-shaped filament. Antli, small, roundish. Germ, oblong, compressed. Style as- cending, triangular, membranous at the" edges. Stigma longitudinal, downy, united to the acute upper edge of the style. Legume large, oblong, compressed, somewhat tumid, pointed, of 1 cell and 2 concave valves. Seeds several, globular. Smooth herbs^ with mostly annual, sometimes perennial and creeping, roots. Stems prostrate ; or climbing by the terminal tendrils of their pinnate leaves, Stijndas large, toothed. Fl. in axillary stalked clusters, purple or blue- ish, or yellow. Seeds generally eatable. ] . P. mariii??iU7u. Sea Pea. Footstalks flattish on the upper side. Stem angular. Sti- pulas arrow-shaped. Stalks many-flowered. P. maritimum. Linn. Sp. PI. 1027. mUd. v. 3. 10/1 . Fl. Br. 760. Engl. Bot. V. 15. t. 1046. Spied. 8. t. 9. Hook. Lond. t. 5. Fl. Dan. t. 338. P. marinum. Raii Syn. 3\9. P. spontaneum perenne repens humile. Moris, v. 2.47. sect. 2.t.]. f.o. Pisa sponte nascentia. Caii Opusc. lih. 2. 2D. 2. On the stony sea shore, in several parts of the east and south of England. DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Orobus. 271. On the pebbly beach, between Aldburgh and Orford, Suffolk, abundantly • also near Hastings, Sussex. Rcnj. On the west side of Denge-ness, near Lyd, in Kent. Camhden. Lincoln- shire. With. On the sharp ridge running from Portland island to Bridport. Mr. Stackliouse. Perennial. Jubj. Roots creeping widely, much branched, running to the depth of manyfeet among the loose stones. //(?r6 perfectly smooth. Stents about a span long, procumbent, simple, quadrangidar, slightly comj)ressed, zigzag, leafy, many-flowered, glaucous, often red- dish. Leaves alternate, sessile, alternately and abruptly pin- nate, the flattish common stalk of each ending in a branched tendril; leajiets 7 or 8, elliptical, with a small point, entire, veiny, of a dark rather glaucous green. .SV/pw/rts equal, triangu- lar arrow-shaped, reflexed, toothed towards the base, rather smaller than the leaflets. Clusters axillary, solitary, stalked, many-flowered, the length of the leaves.' Fl. purple, hand- somely variegated and veined with crimson ; the prominences in front of the standard white ; iv'oigs and keel pale blue. Le- gume about half the size of the cultivated Pea, tipped with the permanent inflexed style. Seeds 6 or 8. The character and habit of this species approach the genus Lathy- riis, betwixt which and Pisum it is, in a manner, intermediate j but tlie style is not flattened, and dilated u])ward, like a true Lathi/rus. The young seeds formerly proved a resource in a time "of great scarcity, as Caius and other writers report. At present, as Dr. Hooker observes, sheep devour the plant before it can well blossom. 358. OROBUS. Bitter-vetch. Linn.Gen.374. Juss. 360. Fl.Br.76\. Tourn. t.2\A. Lam. LG33. Ga-rtn.t.lDi. Cal. cup-shaped, unequal ; the margin in 5 acute segments ; 2 uppermost siiortest and most distant; lower one long- est. Cor. of 5 petals ; standard inversely heart-shapeti, refloxed at die sides, ratlier longer than the rest ; wings obovate, ascending, converging; keel roundetl, pointed, rather tumid, of 2 combined petals, with separate claws. Filcun. 10 ; 9 united into a comi)ressed lube, open at the uj)peredge; the tenth capillary, (|uile distinct. .//////. small, roundish, (irnn. oblong, compressed. Sli/U' as- cending, straight, cylindrical, channelled above. Sfi^ma longitudinid, linear, downy, running along the iimer, or upper, side of the uppir half of llie style. Lri^nnic ob- lon. Tourn. t. 'JlC.'^i;. Lam. t. (i;V2. (icvrtn.t. IJ2. C.'lymenum. 7'o;/ ///./. 218. Aphara. T Cal. ciiji-sliapcd, imc(jiial : lul, al)()ut hall' way down, iiiti) 5 lanceolate, acute se«rnients : the '2 uppermost sliortot ; lower one loni^est. Cor. ol" 5 petals : standard lar«rcst, inversely heart-sliaped, reflexed at the sides; winijs ()1k long, obtuse, soniewiial curvet! upwards, conver«rin.'). L. n.437. Hall. Hist. V. 1. 189. L. siruina hirsuta. Haii Syn. 320. B,tuh. HisL r. 2.305./. Riv. T^-trap. Irr. /. 4 1 . T 2 276 DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Lathyrus. In cultivated fields, but rare. In various parts of Rochford Hundred, Essex. Ray. At Southend, Essex. Mr. D. Turner. Between Bath and Bristol ; Mr. Svvayne. With. Annual. July. Root small. Stem winged, slightly hairy, leafy, climbing, by the help of its branched tendrils, to the height of about two feet, very little branched. Footstalks winged, each bearing, at the base of the tendril, a pair of linear-lanceolate, 3-ribbed, veiny leaflets, either slightly hairy or quite smooth, varying much in breadth. Stipulas half- arrow-shaped, very narrow, somewhat hairy. Fl,. usually 2 on each stalk, rarely I or 3, not large, but elegantly variegated ; standard bright crimson ; wings pale blue ; keel white. Cat. hairy, with deep, taper-pointed seg- ments. Le^Mwe broad, compressed, remarkably hairy. Seeds rough, blackish. *** Flowers numerous 07i each stalk. 4. \j. pratens'is . Yellow Meadow Vetchling. Stalks many-flowered. Tendrils mostly simple, each bear- ing a pair of lanceolate leaflets. L. pratensis. Linn. Sp. PI. 1033. Mllld. v. 3. 1089. FL Br. 765. Engl. Bot. V. I 0. t. 6/0. Curt. Lond. fasc. 3. t. 44. Mart. Rust. t. 52. Hook. Scot. 213. Fl. Dan. t. 527. Riv. Tetrap. Irr. t. 43. L. n.436. Hall. Hist. v.\.\89. L. luteus sylvestris dumetorum. Raii Syn. 320. Baith. Hist. v. 2. 304./. ' L. sylvestris et dumetorum, flore luteo. Moris, v. 2. 51. sect. 2. t. 2./. 2, In meadows, pastures and thickets, very common. Perennial. July, Jugust. Root creeping extensively, beset with fleshy tubercles, which ren- der it very tenacious of life. Herb mostly smooth, of a slightly glaucous green, turning blackish in drying} not unfrequently a little rough or hairy. Stems weak, climbing, branched, leafy, acutely angular, not winged, rising to the height of 2 or 3 feet. Tendrils for the most part simple, sometimes divided ; each ac- companied by a pair of lanceolate, acute, variously ribbed leaf- lets. Stipulas unequally arrow-shaped, taper-pointed. Flowers bright yellow, larger than the foregoing, 8 or 9 together, on. long, upright, angular stalks. Cal. hairy, with slender, not very deep, teeth. Legumes nearly upright, black, smooth, compress- ed, sparingly produced. Seeds S or 10, smooth. Cattle are fond of this plant, which makes a great part of common meadow hay. It thrives on a wet tlay soil, and has been re- commended by Dr. Anderson for cultivation. DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Lathyrus. 277 5. L. sylvestris. Narrow-leaved Everlasting-pea. Stalks many-flowered. Tendrils branched, each bearing a pair of sword-shaped leaflets. Stem winged. L. sylvestris. Linn. Sp. PL 1 033. mild. v. 3. 1 089. Fl. Br. 765. Engl. Bot.v. 12. t. 805. Curt. Lond.Jasc. 6. t.b2. Hook. Scot. 213. Clus. Hist. V. 2. 229./. Dod. Pempt. 523./. Dalech. Hist. 471./. L. n.434. Hall. Hist. V. 1. 188. L. sylvaticus. Riv. Tetrap. Irr.t. 39. L. angustifolius alter. Moris, ij. 2. 5 1 . sect. 2. t. 2./. 4. Lathyri majoris species, flore rubente et albido minore, dumeto- rum. Rati Sijn.3\9. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 302./. Pisum graecorum, Trag. Hist. 613./. Ervum sativum^ rather sylvestre. Fucks. Hist. 572. f. E.sylvestre. Fuchs.Ic. 329./ In groves, thickets, and moist hedges. Between Castle Campes and Bartlow, Cambridgeshire. Dale. In a copse under Shotover hill, Oxfordshire. Sibth. Common in Bedfordshire. Abbot. In several parts of Kent. Curt. On the south side of Brundle church, Norfolk, near a spring. Mr. Hum- phrey. Between Bath and Bristol abundantly, and near Con- way. Huds. In all the hedges of the low country bordering the river Severn, between King's Weston and the New Passage. It is rare in Scotland. Perennial. July, August. i?oo<5 creeping. Herb smooth, climbing to the height of 5 or 6 feet. Stem branched, broadly winged. Tendrils in 3 or more divisions ; with a pair of lanceolate, or sword-shaped, lea/lets, 3 inches long, 3-ribbed, veiny, various in breadth 3 and a narrow-wing- ed/ootstalk. Stipules very narrow. Fl. from 3 to 7 or 8 to- gether, on long axillary stalks, with an awl-shaped bractea to each flower. Cal. widely bell-shaped, with rather short teeth. Cor. variegated with pale crimson, violet, and tints of green, elegant though not splendid. Legumes long, compressed, tawny, reticulated with copious veins. Most of the German authors represent but 2 /lowers on each stalk. In England they are usually from 4 to 8. G. L. lat'ifolius. Broad-leaved Everlasting-pea. Stalks many-flowered. Tendrils branched, each bearing a pair of elliptical leaflets. Stem winged. L. hitifolius. Linn. Sp. PL 1033. IViltd. v. 3. 1089. FL Br. 706. Engl. Bot.v. \6. t. 1 lOS. Mart. Rust. t.S. Mill. Illustr. t. 62. Hook. .Sco/. 214. (iarid. Pmv. 271. /. 108. Moris, v. 2. 5\ . sect. 2. /. 2./. 3. L. n. 133. Hall, lltst. v. 1. IS.S. 278 DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Lathyrus. L. FL Dan. t. 785 j with synonyms of the foregoing. L. major latifolius. Raii Syn. 3 1^. Ger. Em. 1 229./. L. major latifolius, flore majore, purpureo, speciosior. Bauh. Hist, r. 2.303./. L. sativus latifolius. Dalech. Hist. 470. f. L. narbonensis. Riv. Tetrap. Irr. t. 40. Clymenum. Matth. Valgr, v, 2. 320/. ed. Bauh. 690./. Camer, Epit.7l2.f In woods, but rare -, by some supposed a doubtful native. In Madingley and other woods near Cambridge. Ray. Martyn, On the rocks by Red Neese, near Whitehaven, Cumberland 5 Mr. Lawson. Ray. In Severn Stoke copse, Worcestershire j Mr. Ballard. With. At Hawnes and Bromham, Bedfordshire. Abbot. Perennial. July, August. Root much branched, but not spreading widely. Herb like the last, but larger in all its parts, quite smooth, of a rather glau- cous hue. Leaflets broadly elliptical, bluntlsh, with a small point, 3- or 5 -ribbed, copiously reticulated with veins. Tendrils generally in 5 branches. Stipulas ovate in their upper part, and broader than the winged stem. FL 5 — 10, large and handsome j all their petals of a fine rose-colour. Lower teeth of the calyx elongated. Legume long, compressed, rather narrow. Haller speaks of this common garden plant as having, in his time, just begun to attract the notice of agriculturists. Prof. Martyn recommends it for experiment, but I know not that he has been attended to. It thrives in any common soil, and the crop is very abundant. Bees obtain much honey from the flowers. Most of the old figures represent the leaflets as more narrow than we usually find them. 7 . L. palustris. Blue Marsh Vetchling. Stalks many-flowered. Tendrils branched, each bearing several elliptic-lanceolate leaflets. Stipulas lanceolate. L. palustris. Linn. Sp. PI. 1034. Willd. v. 3. 1090. FL Br. 767. EngLBot.v.3. t. 169. Fl.Dan.t.399. L. n. 431. HalLHist.v.l.l87. L. viciaeformis, seu Vicia lathyroides nostras. Raii Syn. 320. L. palustris, flore orobi nemorensis verni. Rupp. Jen. ed. 1 . 367./. Vicia lathyroides nostras, &c. Pluk. Almag. 387. Phyt. t. 7\.f. 2. Clymenum parisiense, flore caeruleo. Tourn. Inst. 396. t.2l8. In boggy meadows and thickets. In Peckham fields 3 T. Willisel. Ray. Near Abingdon, Berks. Blackstone. In Leicestershire. Dr. Pulteney. In some parts of Lancashire and Yorkshire. Huds. Near Ranaugh, Norfolk. Mr. Humphrey. At Burgh, near Yarmouth. Mr. D. Turner. Perennial. July, August. DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Vicia. 279 Herb very smooth, somewhat glaucous, 3 or 4 feet high. Ston winged, but little branched. Tendrils usually in 2 or 3 divi- sions, with 2 or 3 pair of elliptic-lanceolate lea/lets, each having a midrib, and several parallel lateral nerves. Siipw /as lanceolate, pointed, varying in width as well as the leaflets. Fl. fron) 3 to 6, in upright stalked clusters, not so large as either of the two last, but elegantly variegated with blue and purple tints. Le- gume smooth. 360. VICIA. Vetch. Linn. Gen. 376. Juss. 360. Ft. Br, 768. Tourn. t.22\. Lam. t. 634. Gcertn. t. 151. CaL tubular, unequal, cut, about half way down, into 5 acute segments, all of equal breadth ; the 2 uppermost shortest. Cor, of 5 petals ; standard largest, oval, as- cending, with a broad claw, the sides deflexed, the back somewhat keeled; wings elliptic-oblong, converging, shorter than the standard, with narrower claws ; keel rounded, compressed, of 2 combined petals, with sepa- rate claws. Filam. 10; 9 united into a compressed tube, open at the upper edge ; the tenth capillary, quite dis- tinct, closing the fissure. Anth. small, roundish. Germ. linear-oblong, compressed. Style short, ascending at a right angle, cylindrical. Stigma obtuse, with a transverse tuft of hairs in front, below the summit. Legume long, more or less compressed, pointed, of 1 cell, and 2 co- riaceous, rather rigid valves. Seeds several, roundish or angular. Herbaceous, annual or perennial. Stems climbing, by the tendrils which terminate \he footstalks. Leajlcts for the most part very numerous, smaller than in Lathijnis, lan- ceolate, often abrupt. Stipidas half-arrow-shaped, tooth- ed, i-y. axillary ; either in stalked clusters; or almost sessile, solitary or in pairs; crimson, purplish, yellow, or whitish. Herbage often useful for fodder. * Stalks elongated^ manij-flov:ercd. I. V. sj/lvatica. Wood Vetch. Stalks many-flowered. Leaflets elliptical. IStij)ulas crescent- sha{)ed, deeply toothed. V. sylvaticu. Linn. Sp. PL 1035. mild. v. X 1095. Fl. Br. 768. Fn^l. Bol. V. 2. L 71). Ifook. Scot. 214. Fl. Dan. i. 277. V. n. t2«S. Hall. fhsi. V. 1 . 185. t. VI. f. 2. 280 DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Vicia. V, sylvatica multiflora maxima. Rail Syn. 322. V, multiflora maxima perennis, tetro odore, floribus albentibus, lineis cieruleis striatis. Ptuk. Almag. 387. Thijt. t.7\.f.\. V. major species, quae altius conscendit. Moris, v. 2. 61, between 1 and 2. In woods and hedges, chiefly in the more mountainous parts of Britain. Not uncommon in Westmoreland, Cumberland, Worcestershire, Derbyshire, the north of Yorkshire, South Wales, and the south of Scotland. Found by the Rev. Mr. Hemsted in a wood near Newmarket. James Bobart the younger is said to have met with it in Oxfordshire, which Dr. Sibthorp's Flora confirms. Perennial. July, August. Root creeping. Herb smooth ; not hairy as described in Morison. Stems numerous, much branched, climbing to the height of 6 or 7 feet, and spreading widely, decorating the bushes which sup- port them with a profusion of delicate ^oit^ers, elegantly varie- gated with blue and white, streaked with grey. Tenc^nZs branch- ed. Leajiets\\g\\i green, numerous, opposite or scattered, oval with a small point. Stipulas fringed with numerous deep and slender teeth. Fl. numerous, in clusters longer than the leaves, supported by quadrangular stalks. Cat. rather bell -shaped, with unequal teeth. Standard notched. Legume sca.]Lce\y more thRXx an inch long, bright brown, minutely dotted, but not rough. Seeds about 4, roundish. One of our most elegant wild plants, well worthy to decorate shrub- beries, or to be trained over a treillis or bower. 2. V. Cracca. Tufted Vetch. Stalks many-flowered. Flowers imbricated. Leaflets lan- ceolate, downy. Stipulas half-arrow-shaped, mostly en- tire. V. Cracca. Linn. Sp. PL 1035. Willd. v. 3. 1098. Fl Br. 769. Engl. Bot. ?;. 1 7. ^. 1 1 68. Curt. Lond.fasc. 5. t. 54. Mart. Rust. t.\\7. Hook. Scot. 214. Fl. Dan. t. 804. V. n. 424. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 184. V. perennis multiflora spicata cserulea sepiaria. Moris, v. 2. 61. sect. 2. t.A.f. 1. Cracca. Raii Syn. 322. Riv. Tetrap. Irr. t. 49. In hedges, thickets, osier-grounds and bushy low meadows, com- mon. Perennial. July, August. Root creeping. Stejns 2 or 3 feet high, furrowed, rather downy, climbing by means of their long many-branched tendrils, by which they choke and overtop other herbs. Leajlets numerous, elliptic-lanceolate, downy or rather silky on both sides. Stipulas each of 2 lanceolate spreading acute lobes, downy, occasionally toothed, Fl. numerous, in dense clusters, on angular hairy DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Vicia. 281 stalks, various in length. Cor. beautifully variegated with tints of bright blue and some purple. Cat. partly coloured, nearly smooth. Style, as Curtis'observes, hairy all round. Legume the size of the last, smooth, with 4 or 5 dark globular seeds. Said to be nutritious food for cattle, but it has not come into use, probably from the difficulty of gathering, or of cultivating, so pertinacious a climber. ^* Flowers axillary, nearly sessile. 3. V. saliva. Common Vetch. Flowers nearly sessile, mostly in pairs. Leaflets elliptic- oblong ; lower ones abrupt. Stipulas witii a blackish de- pression beneath. Seeds orbicular, smooth. V. sativa. Linn. Sp. PL 1037. Willd. v. 3. \\04. Fl.Br.769. Engl. Bot.v.5.t.334. Mart. Rust. t.\\6. Hook. Scot. 2\d. Fl. Dan. t. o22. a. Vicia. RaiiSyn. 320. Riv.Tetrap. Irr. t. d4. Ger. Em.l227.f. Lob. Ic. V. 2. 7^.f. Camer. Epit. 320. f. Trag. Hist. 624. f. V. vulgaris sativa. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 310./. V. vera, Aphaca Matthiolo. Dalech. Hist. 478./. Aphaca. Matth. Valgr. v. 1. 500./. (3. Vicia sylvestris, sive Cracca major. Raii Syn. 321 . Ger. Em. 1227./ V. n.430. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 186. y. lathyroides a. Huds. 318. V. angustifolia. JVilld. v. 3. 1 lOo. Riv. Tetrap. Irr. t. 55. Ehrh. Herb. r)7. Roth Germ. y. 1 . 3 1 0 ? V. vulgaris sylvestris, semine parvo et nigro, frugum. Bauh. Hist. t'. 2. 312./ Vicia. Matth. Valgr. v. 1 . 501./ bad. Aphaca vera, Vicia Matthiolo. Dalech. Hist. 478./ In corn fields, and other cultivated ground. /3 Among grass or bushes, on more barren or sandy ground. Annual. May, June. Root tapering, with many fibres. Herb more or less downy, uith minute, silky, scattered, tawny hairs, very variable in luxuriance, us well as in the shape and number of its leaflets; its colour a bright grass green. Stems procumbent, or more usually climb- ing by the branched tendrils of the footstalks, angular, furrowed, leafy, not branched, except at tiie bottom, from 1} to 3 feet high. Leaflets from fi to 10, opposite or alternate, ellij)tic-ob- long, bristie-jjointed, abrupt j in p lanceolate and more acute ; those of the lower leaves, in a more especially, short and in- verselv heart-Hhai)e(l. Stipulas half-arrow-shaped, bristle-point- ed, more or less toothed, varial)le in breadth, each stamj)ed, as if l)v a hot iron, witli a blackisli dejjrcssion on the under side. 282 DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Vicia. palest in the variety /3. Fl. usually in pairs, on short, axillary, downy stalks, inclining, often solitary. Cal, angular, a little hairy, with taper teeth about the length of the tube. Pet. va- riegated with shades of purplish crimson, with some blue and white. Legumes erect, linear-lanceolate, 1 h inch long, flattish, downy, with 9 or 10 orbicular, rather compressed, very smooth seeds, usually dark brown, or blackish, but theircolour is variable. The figure in Engl. Bot. t. 334, wanting the lower leaves, repre- sents the usual wild state of this plant, intermediate between the cultivated variety, a, and the starved narrow-leaved one, /3. As early fodder for cattle, the cultivated Vetch is in general use. Its seeds are food for pigeons. 4. V. angustifolia. Narrow-leaved Crimson Vetch. Flowers solitary, nearly sessile. Leaflets linear; lower ones inversely heart-shaped. Stipulas with a pale depression beneath. Seeds orbicular, smooth. V. angustifolia. Sihth. 224; hut not of Roth, or Willdenow, or RU vinus. V. sativa y. Fl. Br. 770. V. sylvestris, flore ruberrimo, siliqua longa nigra. Raii Syn. 321. V. lathyroides. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 4. 12. Huds. 319, ^. Villars Dauph.v. 3. 452, from the author. V. folio angustiore, flore rubro. Dill. Giss. app. 47. In grassy pastures, on a chalky or gravelly soil. On Shotover hill, Oxfordshire. Bobart. In Stow wood. Sibth. At Weymouth. Sir T. G. Cullum, Bart, In Scotland. Mr, A. Bruce. In Hyde Park. Dickson. Among short grass in Richmond gar- dens. Annual ? June. Root tapering, furnished with a few fleshy lateral tubercles ; branching at the crown. Herb smaller than any variety of the former, of a slender delicate habit, and distinguished by its very conspicuous, elegant, crimson ^ow;er5, white at the keel and lower edge of the wings, and rather large in proportion to the other parts. The stems, mostly procumbent, are a span long, unbranched, slender, striated, smooth. Tendrils with 2 or 3 capillary branches. Stipulas small, but not always narrow, smooth, sometimes toothed, their depressed mark rather pale than blackish. Leaflets 6 or 7j those of the lower leaves short, inversely heart-shaped j of the upper ones oblong or linear, ab- rupt, or acute, with a small point 3 all clothed on both sides with scattered silky hairs 3 the longest scarcely exceeding half an inch. Fl. I believe always solitary, those who describe them otherwise having confounded this species with variety /3 of the last. Le- gumes nearly upright, narrow, downy, finally blackish. Seeds 9 or 10, much like the preceding, but smaller. DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Vicia. 283 German as well as English botanists have so much confounded the synonyms of the present plant, with starved varieties of the V. sativa, and even with the more decidedly distinct V. lathyroides, that their characters have misled me. The observations of Mr. T. F. Forster induced me to re-examine the matter, and indeed to rely on my own original opinion. 5. V. lathyroides. Spring Vetch. Flowers solitary, nearly sessile. Leaflets elliptic-oblong ; lower ones inversely heart-shaped. Tendrils simple, shorter than the leaflets. Seeds cubic, warty. V. lathyroides. Lmw. %P/.1037. W^^/W.^^3. 1106. Fl.Br.77\. Engl. Bot. V. 1 . t. 30. Hook. Scot. 215. Jacq. Misc. v. 2. 299. t. 18. FL Dan. t. .08. Ehrh. Herb. 28, V. n. 10. Gerard Gallopr. 498} from the author. V. n. 4. Guettard Obs. v, 1 . 235. V. minima prsecox Parisiensium. Dill, in Rail Syn. 321. Tourn. Inst. 397} according to his herbarium. V. minima. Riv. Tetrap. Irr. t.5^). V. pratensis verna, seu prsecox Soloniensis, semine cubico, seu hexiiedron referente. Moris.v. 2. 63. sect. 2. t. 4./. 14 j very bad. Ervum soloniense. Linn. Sp. PL 1040. Huds. ed. 1. 279. In fallow fields on a gravelly soil, in chalky pastures, or on dry banks. About Norwich, and in Hyde Park ; also in the King's park and various other places round Edinburgh. Annual. April, May. Root fibrous, beset with minute fleshy tubercles. Stems several, procumbent in opposite directions, branched at the bottom only, 3 or 4 inches long, angular, leafy% finely downy like the rest of the herbage. Footstalks channelled, each ending in a very short simple tendril, or none at all. Lcajiets of the lower leaves 2 or 4, short, broad, inversely heart-shaped ; of the upper ones 4 or 6, elliptical, obovate, or lanceolate, pointed ; all finely liairy on both sides. Stipulas half- halberd-shaped, for the most part en- tire, rarely with a lateral tooth, and quite destitute of any disco- loured impression. FL small, solitary, of a light blueish purple, occasionally white. Stigma bearded in front, like a true f'icia. Leginne not an inch long, rather tumid, dark brown, destitute of all pubescence, but very minutely dotted all over. Seeds about 6, small, (lark brown, cubical, covered with prominent warts or granulations, by which, and their shape, this species, so generally misunderstood, may be clearly distinguished from all to which it is allied. y. lathyroides of AUioni, FL Pedcrn. /.59./. 2, mentioned by U'ill- dcnow, is totally diftcrent from this, and perhaps belongs to our nngnstifolia. 284 DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Vicia. G. V. liitea. Rough-podded Yellow Vetch. Flowers solitary, very nearly sessile. Standard smooth. Legumes reflexed, hairy. Stems diffuse. Stipulas ovate, pointed, coloured. V.lutea. Lmw.%P/.1037. Willd.v.?>.\\Q>1 . Fl.Br.772. Engl. Bot.v.7.t.4Sl. Hook. Scot. 215. Lond.t.74. V. luteo flore sylvestris. Baiih. Hist. v. 2. 313./; but not perhaps of Ray. V. sylvestris lutea, siliqua hirsuta^ nondum descripta. Bauh. Pm. 345. V. flore luteo pallido, siliquis propendentibus hirsutis. Moris, v. 2. 62, U7ider n. 4. sect. 2.t.2\.f. On stony ground, chiefly near the sea. At Orford, Suftblk, upon the pebbly beach. Mr. Humphrey. At Aldborough. Rev. Mr. Burroughes. Near Weymouth. Huds. Shoreham, Sussex. Mr. Borrer. Mearns-shire, North Britain. Prof. Beat tie. In a chalk -pit on the side of Glastonbury Tor-hill. Mr. D. Turner. Perennial. August. Root creeping, divided at the crown into many branches. Stems several, spreading on the ground in every direction, scarcely branched, ( xcept at the bottom, from 1 to 2 feet in length, slender, angular, smooth, striated, leafy. Leaflets numerous, opposite or scattered, elliptic-lanceolate, sometimes abrupt 5 hairy beneal h. rewdnZi* long, branched. Stipulas shvaW, ovate, or somewhat triangular, pointed, marked with a blood-red, or almost black, central spot, generally spreading over the whole ; often having a slight, direct, not reflexed, tooth at their base, Fl. very nearly sessile, erect, much larger than the leaflets, of a pale sulphur-colour striped with grey ; rarely all over ash-co- loured, or white. Cal. tubular, pale green, smooth. Standard perfectly smooth. Legume bent downwards as it ripens, ovate- oblong, slightly tumid, 1 J inch long and -i an inch broad, all over rough with short rigid hairs arising from small tubercles. Seeds 5 or 6, oval, smooth. That this Vetch grows on Glastonbury Tor-hill, as well as the fol- lowing, has been ascertained by Mr. Turner. Some of its branches are entirely subterraneous, producing co- lourless, apparently imperfect, ^0M;6r-6M(/s, which nevertheless form seeds. Of this curious fact there are several examples among various exotic species of Ficia and Lathyrus. 7. V. hyhrida. Hairy-flowered Yellow Vetch. Flowers solitary, almost sessile. Standard hairy. Legumes reflexed, hairy. Stems ascending. Leaflets abrupt. Sti- pulas ovate, unstained. DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Vicia. 285 V. hybrida. Li7in. Sp. PI. 1037. M'illd. v. 3. 1 107. Fl. Br. 772. Engl. Bot. V. 7. t. 482. Jacq. Hort. Find. v. 2. 68. 1. 146. V. luteo flore sylvestris. Raii Si/n. 321 ; but not of Bauhin. V. sylvestris lutea, cum galefi fusca. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 314./. In thickets in the south of England, very rare. On Glastonbury Tor- hill. Ray. Gathered there by the late Mr. Sole, and Mr. Lambert. It is not to be found at Weymouth, nor perhaps in any other place in England besides the above- mentioned. Perennial. June, Julij. Much like the preceding, but rather taller and more upright, sus- taining itself, by the branched tendrils, upon neighbouring plants. Leaflets oblong, hairy, variable in their termination, but always more abrupt or notched than in F. lutea, with a more conspi- cuous point. Stipulas ovate, acute, entirely green. Fl. on very short stalks, pendulous, somewhat larger than f. lutea, of nearly the same colour, but more tawny or reddish externally, with reddish stripes, and no grey or blueish tint. The essential spe- cific diff*^rence however consists in the standard being clothed externally with abundance of shining yellowish hairs, never ob- served to' vary. Legume like the last, in shape, hairiness and position. There cannot but be some uncertainty respecting the older syno- nyms of these two plants. J. Bauhin says he could not, in his dried specimens, discover the character of " galea fusca," under which they were sent to him. 8. N , IcEvigata. Smooth-podded Sea Vetch. Flowers solitary, nearly sessile. Leo-umes reflexcd, smooth. Stems ascending. Stipulas cloven, unstained. Leaflets bluntish, very smooth. V. Icevigata. Engl. Bot. v.l .t.X'^Ty. FLBr.77'^. W^/7W. r.3. 1 108. V. hybrida. Huds.2,\d. f Villi. 639. V. maritima, flore albo longo. Moris, v. 2. 62. sect. 2. /. 2 1 ./? On the pebbly coast of the south of England. At Weymouth, Dorsetshire. Rev. Mr. Baker, Mr. Hudson, and others. Perennial. July, .August. Root furnished with many lateral, sublcrrancous, fleshy knobs ; branched at the crown. Ifcrbagc allied to the two last species, but in every part i)erfe(tly smooth. Si ems cither 3 or I inches high, and upriglit ; or above a foot long, and somcwiuit recli- ning, quadrangular, scarcely striated. Tendrils rather siiort, in 2 or 3 divisions. Leaflets eHij)tic-oblong, bhmtish. or rounded, with a minute point, but never notched, nor very abrupt ; tiieir texture firm ; their colour a rather dark giecn. Stipnlaa short, 286 DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Vicia. with a lateral lobe, green, or pale brown. Fl. almost erect. Cal. with more equal teeth than either of the foregoing. Pet. pale blue, or whitish, seldom yellowish, all quite smooth. Legume reflexed, rather short and broad, quite smooth, with about 5 seeds, which when young are bitter and astringent as in the neighbouring species. Authentic specimens prove this to have been Mr. Hudson's T, hy- brida, found at Weymouth, though the plant before us wants the most essential characters of that species. 9. V. sep'ium. Common Bush Vetch. Flowers about four together, in short axillary clusters. Le- gumes upright, smooth. Leaflets ovate, obtuse; the upper ones gradually smaller. V. sepium. Linn. Sp. PL 1038. fVilld. v. 3. 1 109. Fl. Br. 773. Engl. Bot.v. 22. t.\5lD. Hook. Scot. 2\ 5. Fl. Dan. t. 699. Riv. Tetrap. Irr. t.56. V. n. 429. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 186. V. sepium perennis. Raii Stjn. 320. Baiih. Hist. v. 2. 313./. V. maxima dumetorum. Ger. Em. 1227. f. Aphace. Fuchs. Hist. WO. f. Ic.6l.J. /3. Vicia folio subrotundo brevi, obtus^ mucronato, pediculo brevi insidente, fiore Vicise sepium seu dumetorum vulgaris. Rail Syn. 32 1 . In thickets and under hedges, common. Perennial. May, June. Root branched at the crown, or slightly creeping. Stejus about 2 feet high, angular, smooth, but little branched, weak, supported, upon other plants by the branched tendrils of the leaves. Leojlets opposite, or most frequently alternate, elliptic-ovate, obtuse, or abrupt, membranous, hairy, minutely pointed, dull green, gra- dually smaller towards the upper part of each footstalk. Stipulas various, undivided or two-lobed, acute, each marked with a brown spot. Fl. dull blueish purple, variegated, sometimes white, from 4 to 5 or 6 together, in short, dense, axillary clus- ters, all leaning one way. Cal. with a longish tube, and short, narrow teeth, hairy about its upper part. Legumes ascending or upright, an inch long, smooth, blackish, pointed. Seeds glo- bular, smooth. |3 seems to be a variety with short rounded leaflets, or, if the defi- nition be correct, with simple leaves, perhaps analogous to that oiOrobus sylvaiicus above described ; but this can only be con- jectured. Schreber recommends this Ficia as excellent food for cattle. It has not been attended to in England. A very extraordinary variety of the present species, gathered in Scotland by Mr. Arthur Bruce, has only 3, 4 or 5 lecfl,ets, to each DIADELPHIA— DECAXDRIA. Ervum. 287 leaf, larger than usual, the largest of all, above an inch long, being in the place of a tendril. 10. N . hithynica. Rough-podded Purple Vetch. Flowers stalked, mostly solitary. Legumes upright, rough. Leaflets two pair, lanceolate. Stipulas with lateral teeth. V. bithynica. Linn. Sp. PL 1038. mild. i;. 3. 1 1 10. Fl. Br. 774. Engl. Bot. V. 26. t. 1842. Jacq. Hort. Find. v. 2. 09. t. 147. Aliion. Pedem. v. 1 . 325. t. 26./. 2. Marsch. Taur-Cauc. v. 2. 1 63. Cracca floribus albis, foliis circa caulem denticulatis. Buxb. Cent. 3. 25. ^.45./. 2. Aracus major, an Vicia Lathyroides, siliquis in eodem pediculo binis. Raii Hist. v. 3. 448. Clvmenum Bithvnicum, siliqua singulari, flore minore. Bcrrh. Ind. 'Alt, V. 2. A3. ' In bushy places, on a gravelly soil, often near the sea. Near Doncaster, Yorkshire. Mr. Tojield. In woods near Clifton upon Teme, Worcestershire. Dr. Stokes. Between Chocken- hall and Sandling, in the same county. Rev. Dr. Abbot. In a field half way between Weymouth and Portland ferry, near the sea. Mr. Lambert. On the coasts of Dorsetshire and Hampshire. Mr. Borrer. Perennial. July, August. Root branching at the crown, furnished under ground with several small fleshy knobs. Stems weak, leafy, angular, slightly branch- ed, smooth, about 18 inches long, prostrate, unless supported by tlie branched or simple tendrils. Leaflets 4, on tlie lowermost footstallis but 2 ; elliptic-lanceolate, sometimes nearly linear ; about 1 i inch long, minutely pointed, entire, single-ribbed, witli many lateral, straight, oblique veins ; the under side somewhat hairy. Stipulas variable in breadth, half-arrow-shaped, with several deep, taper-pointed, fringed teeth. Fl. on solitary, almost universally single-flowered, axillary stalks, shorter than the leaves. Cal. ribbed, tubular, hairy upwards, with very long, taper-pointed, fringed, slightly unequal, teeth. Standard pur- plish. Keel and tciugs white, the former tipped with light violet, the latter tinged with pale blue, both changing to a greenish brown in 12 hours after the flower is gatlured. Lcgunus erect, broad, slightly tumid, reticulated with veins, rough at the sides, and more densely at the margin, with short, rigid, tawnv hairs. Seeds 5 or 6, globose, smooth, speckled with black and grey. The stigma is truly that of a I icia, though the habit rather an- swers to Latlii/rus, wIutc I/mnieus first placed this s))ecies, :U]1. ERVUM. Tare. /,i;m. r;en.37fi. Jim. 360. ¥l.Br.77:^. /r/ZA/. r.3. 1! 12. Tuiirn. f. 221. Lnw. I. fi:n. 288 DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Ervum. Cal. tubular, cut, about half way down, into 5 lanceolate, taper-pointed segments, shorter than the corolla ; the lowermost rather the longest. Cor. of 5 petals ; standard largest, obovate, slightly reflexed ; wings half as long, obtuse ; keel nearly equal to the wings, rounded, with an acute point, of 2 combined petals, with separate claws. Filam. 10; 9 united into a compressed tube, open at the upper edge ; the tenth capillary, distinct, closing the fis- sure. Antlu small, roundish. Germ, oblong, compressed. Style cylindrical, half as long, ascending at a right angle. Stigma terminal, capitate, all over hairy. Legume oblong, compressed, blimtish, tumid only from the projection of the seech^ which are from 2 to 4-, roundish, a little flat- tened. Annual slender lierhs^ climbing by means of the tendrils of their numerously-pinnate narrow leaves. Clusters stalked, axillary, each of a very few small, palej^ow^rs. Legumes small, pendulous. Our species, nearl}^ all that really be- long to the genus, are useless, and but too prolific, weeds. The Linnaean generic description is taken from E. Lens, which is truly a Cicer. 1. 1^, tetrasperimim. Smooth Tare. Flowers mostly in pairs. Legume smooth, with four seeds. Leaflets oblong, bluntish. E. tetraspermum. Linn. Sp. PL 1039. Wdld. v. 3. 1112. Fl. Br. 775. Engl. Bot. v. 17. t. 1223. Curt. Land. fasc. 1. t. 55. Hook. Scot. 2 1 G. Fl. Dan. f.Qo. Vicia n. 423. Hall. Hist. ?•. 1 . 1 84. . V. minor segetum, cuin siliquis paucis glabris. Moris, v. 2. 64. secL2.t.4.f. \6. V. segetum, singularibus siliquis glabris. Bauh. Pin. 345. Vicise, sive Craccae minimse, species cum siliquis glabris. Bauh. Hist.v.2.S\D.f. Cra(;ca minor, siliquis singularibus, flosculis caerulescentibus. Raii Syn. 322, C. minor, siliquis gemellis. Riv. Tetrap. Irr. I. 53./. 1. In corn fields, liedges and thickets, particularly such as are rather moist. Annual. .June, July. Root small and tapering. Herb besprinkled with fine soft hairs, especially the Jiower-stalks and calyx. Stem weak, quadrangu- lar, branched from the bottom, leafy, climbing to the height of 2 or 3 feet. Leaflets 4 pair or more, linear-oblong, more or les55 blunt, with a minute point. Stipulas half- arrow-shaped. DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Oniithopus. 289 narrow, entire. Fi. usually 2 on each stalk, rarely 3 or 4, often solitary, small, drooping, pale greyj the standard streaked, and the keel tipped, with a deep blue. Legumes pendulous, oblong, bluntish, smooth. Seeds most generally 4; sometimes from abortion 3 onlv ; rarely 5, 6 or 7. Rather uncommon in Switzerland, where the following species is very frequent. 2. E. hirsnttnti. Hairy Tare. Clusters many-flowered. Legumes hairy, with two seeds. Leaflets abrupt. E. hirsutum. Li/?«. ^>. P/. 1039. «7/W. f. 3. 1 113. Fl.Dr.776. Engt Bot. V. ] 4. t. 970. Curt. Loml fasc. 1 . f. 54. Hook. Scot. 1216. FLD(vi.t.C):]9. Vkia n. 422. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 184. V. minor segetum, cum siliquis plurimis hirsutis. Bauh. Pin. 34.1. Moris. V. 2. 63. sect. 2. t. A.f. 1.") . V. sylvestris, sive Cracca, minima. Ger. Em. 1228./. V. parva, sive Cracca minor, cum multis siliquis hirsutis, Bauh. Hist.v.2.-Mr>.f. Cracca minor. Raii Sjjn. 322. Riv. Tetrap. Irr. t, r)3. /. 2. CracctC alterum genus. Dod. Pempt.bA2.f. Aracus sive Cracca minima. Loh. Ic. v. 2. 76- f- in corn fields, and other cultivated ground, as well as in hedges, a very troublesome weed, especially in wet seasons. Annual. June — August. Habit much like the foregoing ; but the stem is nearly smooth, as ivell as the leaflets, which are rather broader, and more abrupt, or notched at the end. Stipulas often in many slender divisions. Fl. from f) to 7 in each cluster, very small, pale blue, or almost white, with 2 dark spots on the keel. Legumes short, dark brown, besprinkled with hairs, to wliich the specific name alludes. Seeds 2 in each legume, large and prominent ; often, from abor- tion, solitary. 3(3-2. OllNITHOPUS. Bird's-foot. /.;/;;». G"/?.3S I. Juss.M]. Fl.Br.776. Lam.t.6'M. (uvrtn. t. \:>:y. (Jrnitho])()(iium. Tourn. t. 224. Cal. tubular, permanent ; the margin in 3, nearly e(jual, teeth. Co/-, of 5 petals; standard obovate, ascending, en- tire ; w ings rather smaller, obovate, curved upward ; keel still smaller, of 2 slightly tumid, converging, rounded peUds, with slender distinct claws. Fildiii. U); 9 in one compressed tube, slit along tlu* upper edge; the tenth ca- pillary, distinct ; all curved upward at the extremity. //;7//r. miinUe, roundish, (icrni. linear, comjiressed. S/i/U' vol.. III. I 290 DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Hippocrepis. slender, ascending. Stigma capitate, naked. Legume curved, compressed, jointed, separating finally at the • joints, each of which remains closed, containing a solitary roundish seed. Small, mostly annual, herbs. Leaves pinnate, with an odd leaflet; rarely ternate only. Stipulas undivided. FL either capitate or umbellate, reddish or yellow, minute. 1. O.perpusillus. Common Bird's-foot. Leaves pinnate. Flowers capitate, accompanied by a leaf. Legumes incurved, beaded. O.perpusillus. Linn. Sp. PL 1049. Willd. v. 3. 1155. FI.Br.777. Engl.Bot.v.6.t.369. €urt. Lond.fasc.6.t 53. Hook.Scot.2\6. Ornithopodium n. 393. Hall. Hist. v.lA7 . O. radice nodosa. Rati Syn.326. O. minus. Ger. Em.\24\.f. O. tuberosum. Dalech. Hist.4S6.f. In sandy or gravelly pastures. Annual. May. Root fibrous, annual, though, as Dillenius in Ray's Sy^iopsis re- cords, after Mr. Doody, it is sometimes propagated by subterra- neous lateral granulations, or knobs, in the manner of a potatoe, in which case the seeds are abortive. Similar knobs occur in ricia lathyroides, and other papilionaceous plants. The stems, often numerous, are procumbent, from 3 to 10 or 12 inches long, furrowed, downy, leafy. Leaves alternate, of from 5 to 10 or 12 pair of small, uniform, elliptical leajlets, hairy, especially at the back, with a terminal one about the same size and figure. Sti- pulas very small, the upper ones lanceolate or awl-shaped, scarcely visible; lower linear, acute, united laterally to Xht foot- stalks. Fl. 3 or 4 in each little head, or tuft, closely accompa- nied by a pinnate leaf, of but few leaflets. Cal. downy, colour- ' ed. Standard and wings white, beautifully veined with crimson -, keel greenish. Legumes pointed, curved upwards, finely hairy, wrinkled lengthwise when dry, their bead-like joints elliptical, moderately compressed. 0. majus, Bauh. Pin. 350. Ger. Em. 1241./. 3, is supposed to be a larger variety of perpusillus, difi^erent from 0. intermedins of Roth and Hoftmann. Roth describes the latter as having stems 2 or 3 feet long, flowers thrice the size of perpusillus, and a very hairy calyx. Nothing answering to this account has been ob- served in England. 363. HIPPOCREPIS. Horse-shoe-vetch. linn. Gew. 381. Juss.3&\. Fl.Br.777. Lam.t.630. Ferrum equimim. Tourn.t. 225. DIADELPIIIA— DECANDRIA. Hippocrepis. ?9l Cal. hell-shaped, permanent, divided, ahout half way down, into 5 acute, lanceolate segments ; the 2 uppermost shortest, and less deeply separated. Coi: of 5 petals, their claws longer than the calyx ; standard heart-shaped, ascending, with a vaulted claw; wings obovate, obtuse, with flat broadiish claws ; keel of 2 combined petals, rounded, pointed, with very narrow separate claws. Filam. 10; 9 united into a tube, open at the upper edge; the tenth quite distinct; all curved upwards at the extremity. AntJu roundish. Germ, slender, compressed, tapering into an awl-shaped ascend ij ig 5/j//6'. Stigma linear, rather flattened, quite smooth. Legume compressed, partly mem- branous, incurved, jointed, notched, separating finally at the joints, each of which is nearly crescent-shaped, simple or bordered, closed, tumid, containing a solitary, curved, oblong seed. Aimual or perennial /{6vZ>5, larger than the last genus. Leaves })innate, with an odd leajlet, uniform. Stipidas membra- nous, oblong, undivided. FL umbellate, yellow ; in one species solitary. Legumes curiously notched. 1. W. coniosa. Tufted Horse shoe-vetch. Legumes umbellate, rough; their joints neither dilated nor bordered. H. comosa. Linn. Sp. PL 1050. M'ilM. v. 3. 1 159. FL Br. 777. EngL Bot. i\ l.t.Si. Dicks. H. Sice. fuse. 8.14. Hook. Scot. 216. Ferrum equinum n.39l. HalL Hist. v. 1. 170. F. equinum Gernianicum, .siliquis in summitate. Bauli. P//j.3'49. Rail Sijn. 325. F. equinum comosum. Riv. Tetrap. fir. t. 97./. 2. F. equinum capitatum. Column. Ecplir. 302. t. 3(M . /'. 1. Moris. V.2. W^.sect.'l. /. 10./. 3. Sferra cavallo. Camer. Epit. 642. y". 1. On dry chalky banks ; sometinu-s on limestone. Plentiful in Kent, Berkshire, Cambridgeshire, at Marham in Nor- folk, and in most chalk countries. Perennial, May — Aw^ust. Root woodv, running deep into the ground. Stems branched at tiie bottom, furrowed, leafy, smooth, procumbent, from G to 12 inches long. Leaflets from 7 to I 1 , obovate, obtuse or abrupt, very minutely pointed, somewhat fleshy ; smooth al)ove j more or less liairv l)eneatl>. Stiputas ovate, entire, a little spreading. FL about () or m )ri" together, in umbels, rising high above the rest of the plant, oi* long, stout, smootii, naked, axillary or ter- minal, stalks. Sfamlanl deep vellow, and striated, in front; f 2 ^9 DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Hedysarura. other petals paler. Legumes above an inch long, carved down- ward, bright bay-coloured, rough with minute prominent points j their joints crescent-shaped, nearly cylindrical, obscurely two- edged, but without any of the marginal dilatation remarkable in other species. 3G4. HEDYSARUM. Saint-foin. Linn. Gen. 382. Juss. 362. K. Br. 778. Tourn. t. 225. Lam. <. 628. Gcertn.tAbD. Onobrychis. Tourn. ^ 2 1 1 . Cal. tubular, permanent, divided halfway down into 5 awl- shaped, straight segments. Cor. of 5 petals ; standard ovate-oblong, keeled at the back, slightly cloven, reflexed at the sides ; wings oblong, straight, narrower than the other petals ; keel of 2 united petals with separate claws, compressed almost flat, very abrupt and straight, almost rectangular, in front. Filam. 10; 9 in one flattish tube, open above ; the tenth awl-shaped, distinct, usually shorter; all capillary, and bent upwards, at the extremity. Anth. roundish. Germ, ovate, or oblong, compressed. Style awl-shaped, curved upwards. Stigmp. simple, acute, naked. Legume of one or more roundish, compressed, bivalve but close joints, each containing a solitary, kid- ney-shaped seed. A very numerous, herbaceous or shrubby genus, w'ith pin- nate, ternate, or simple leaves; copious, handsome, clus- tered, crimson or purplish^ow^r5; ?iud seed-vessels so va- rious, that an over-curious fabricator of genera might here find ample employment, though not to any good purpose. Stylosanthes of Swartz, and Hallia of Thun- berg, have indeed been well removed from the original Hedysarum* 1. \{, Onobrychis. Common Saint-foin. Cock*s-head. Leaves pinnate, nearly smooth. Legume single-seeded, toothed at the margin and ribs. Wings of the corolla not longer than the calyx. Stem elongated. H. Onobrychis. L'mn.Sp. Pl.\Qb9. Willd.v.?,.\2\b. Fl.Br.77S. Engl. Bot. V. 2. t. 96. Mart. Rust. t. 47. Jacq. Austr. f. 352. Onobrychis. Rlv. Tetrap. Irr. t. 2. Dod. Pempt. 548./. O. n. 396. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 172. O. seu Caput gallinaceum. Rail Syn. 327. Ger. Em. 1243./. O. major, siliculis echinatis cristatis in spica digestis. Moris, v. 2. \3\.s€ct.2.t.\\.f. 10. DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Astragalus. 293 Caput gallinaceum Belgarum. Lob. Ic. v. 2. 81./. Polygala multorum. Dalech. Hist. 488. f. Polygalon Gesneri, Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 335./. On dry chalky hills and open downs^ in various parts of England. Perennial. June, July. Root rather woody. Stems several, recumbent, 2 or 3 feet in length, round, furrowed, smooth, leafy, not much branched. Leaves of many pairs of elliptic-oblong, uniform, pointed, entire leaflets ; smooth above ; often a little hairy beneath ; the termi- nal one like the rest. Stipulas ovate, pointed, entire. Flower' stalks axillary, ascending, longer than the leaves, each bearing a dense tapering spike, rather than a cluster, of handsome, va- riegated, crimson /lowers, with numerous narrow membranous bracteas interspersed. Legumes erect, semiorbicular, hard, bor- dered with sharp flat teeth, hairy at the sides, and strongly reti- culated with prominent, partly spinous, ribs or veins. A well-known object of cultivation, as fodder for cattle, on dry, barren, especially chalky or marly, ground, in open situations. It fiiils where the soil is damp, or the field overshadowed with trees. Having been first introduced to the farmer from France, the plant brought its French name of Saint-foin along with it ; and Cock's-head, by which it was before known, as a native of England, is become obsolete. 365. ASTRAGALUS. Milk- vetch. Linn. Gen. 385. Juss. 358. Fl.Br.779. Tourn.t. 233. Lam. t.622. Gcertn.t.\54. Cal. tubular, permanent, with 5 acute teeth ; the lower ones gradually longest. Cor. of 5 petals ; standard ovate-ob- long, obtuse, erect, longer than the rest; wings oblong, somewhat half-ovate, obtuse, shorter than the standard ; keel of 2 combined petals, as long as the wings, rounded in front, their claws separate. Filam. 10; 9 in one com- pressed tube, open above; the tenth capillary, usually shorter, quite distinct. Anth. roundish. Germ, linear- oblong, compressed. Style awl-shaped, ascending. Stig- ma obtuse. Legume variously shaped, more or less tumid, of 2 longitudinal cells; the })artition double, more or less complete, from the inflexion of the margin of each valve, opposite to the reeeptaeles. Seeds one or more, kidney- shaped. A vast genus of herbaceous or shrubby })lants, seldom an- nual, natives of every quarter of the globe, but mostly of Europe, or the nortfi of Asia. Leaves alternate, nume- rously pinnate, uniforn), entire, with a terminal leaflet; 294 DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Astragalus. i no tendrils, Stipdas simple. Fl. spiked, clustered, or tufted, purple, yellow, or whitish. Legumes of the greatest variety of forms, even in species otherwise nearly allied. 1. K.glycyphyllos, Sweet Milk-vetch. Wild Liquorice. Stem prostrate. Legumes obscurely triangular, incurved. Leaves longer than the flower-stalks; leaflets oval. A. glycyphyllos. Linn. % PL 1067. WUld.v.S.WQ. Fl.Br.779. Engl. Bot. V. 3. t. 203. Hook. Scot. 2 1 7. A. n.413. Hall. Hist. v.\. ISO. A. luteus perennis procumbens vulgaris, sive sylvestris. Rah Syn. 326. Moris, v. 2. 107. sect. 2. t. 9./. 8. Astragalus, Riv. Tetrap. Irr. t. 103. Hedysarum glycyrrhizatum. Ger. Em. 1233./. Foenogrsecum sylvestre. Trag. Hist. 599./. Glycyrrhiza sylvestris. Dalech. Hist. 25 1 . /. In woods, thickets, the borders of fields, or at the sides of hills, on a chalky or gravelly soil. Perennial. June. Root perpendicular, running deep into the earth, simple at the crown. St€7ns several, 2 or 3 feet long, prostrate among grass or other plants, leafy, angular, nearly smooth, scarcely branched. Leaves a span long, of 9 or 1 1 uniform, oval, bluntish, smooth, bright green leajiets, about an inch in length. Stipulas ovate- lanceolate, entire. R. pale sulphur-coloured, in ovate spikes, on stout axillary stalks, much shorter than the adjoining leaf. Bracteas solitary under each flower, awl-shaped. Legumes full an inch long, nearly cylindrical, with a slight longitudinal furrow, curved upwards, pointed, smooth and even. Seeds 7 or 8, yel- lowish. The leaves have at first a sweetish taste, soon changing on the pa- late to a nauseous bitter. Cattle are not fond of them, nor is this plant applied to any agricultural use. 2. A. hypoglottis. Purple Mountain Milk-vetch. Stem prostrate. Flow^ers in round heads. Legumes ovate, deeply channelled along the back, compressed, hairy ; hooked at the point. Leaflets blunt. A. hypoglottis. Linn. Mant.2. 274. Willd. v. 3. 12S5. Fl.Br.780, Engl.Bot.v.4.t.274. Hook. Scot. 2\7 . Sibth.227. A. arenarius. Hiids.323. Fl.Dan.t.6\4. A. Danicus. Retz. Obs.fasc. 3. 41. A. epiglottis, Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. \.\3; but not really so. A. incanus parvus purpureus nostras. Pluk. Almag. 59 j with wrong synonyms of the Bauhins. Rail Syn. 326. 1. 12./ 3. . DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Astragalus. 295 On open mountainous heaths, in a chalky or sandy soil ; also on the sea coast. Upon Newmarket and Royston heaths, Gogmagog hills, &c. Ray. Plentiful near Don caster. Richardson. On Svvaffham heath, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe and Mr. Woodward. On several parts of the sea coast in Scotland. With. Beyond New-baven, near Edinburgh. •_ Perennial. June, July. Root creeping, woody, though slender. Stems several, prostrate, leafy, zigzag, but little branched, from 2 to .") inches long, some- what hairy. Leaves of numerous little ovate blunt dark green leaflets, coarsely hairy on both sides. Stipulas ovate. Flower- stalks few, axillary or terminal, ascending, usually longer than the leaves, each bearing a round head, of several oblong, upright flowers, variegated with purplish blue and white. Legumes dark brown, clothed with white hairs. The hairs of the calyx, as well as of ihe flower-stalks, are black and white intermi.\ed j a fre- quent circumstance in this genus. Sometimes the corolla is white. 3. A. nralensis. Hairy Mountain Milk- vetch. Stem none. Stalk upright, taller than the leaves. Legumes oblong, tumid, pointed, shaggy, erect. Leaflets ovate, acute, all over silky like the calyx. A.uralensis. Linn. Sp.PL \i)7\. Willd. v. 3. \3]2. Fl. Br.7S0. Engl. Sot. V. 7. t. 466. Lightf. 40\.t.\7. Hook. Scot. 2\ 6. Jacq. Misc.v.].\bO. Ic.Rar. t.\:):). A. n. 410. Hall. Hist. v.\. 179. ^ 14./. 3. A. alpinus violaceus, acuto sericeo folio. Hall. Ojmsc. 308. t. 2. On the Scottish mountains, in a sandy soil. Perennial, July. Root woody. Whole herb remarkable for its shining silky hairiness, which the delineator of Engl. Bot., generally so correct, has scarcely at all expressed. Leaves all radical, stalked, with a pair of large, ovate, pointed, membranous, veiny stipulas, united to the base of each footstalk ; leaflets numerous, opposite or alternate, ovate, acute, the u))|)er ones gradually smaller. Foot- stalks often permanent in a naked state, but not hardened into spines. Flower-stalks solitary, or in pairs, erect, firm, hairy, taller than the leaves. Fl. of a rich blueish purple, rarely white, in round dense heads, with an oblong hractea to each flower. Cat. tubular, clothed with dense, close, black as well as white hairs 3 its teeth short, bluntish. Legume owxiv-ohUmp;, pointed, brown, silky, with a membranous j)artition. Stii^ma permanent, somewhat capitate. A very handsome species, even in a dry state, the flowers often retaining much of their colour, and the herbage all its briU liancv. 1^96 DIADELPHIA— BECANDRIA. Trifolium. 4. A. campestris. Yellowish Mountain Milk-vetch. Stem none. Stalk ascending. Legumes ovate, inflated^ hairy, erect. Leaflets lanceolate, acute, somewhat hairy. A. campestris. Linn. Sp. PL ] 072. Willd.v.S.lS]?. Comp.ed.4. 123. E7igLBot.v.36.L2522. Hook. Scot. 2)7. A. sordidus." Willd. v. 3. 1313 ; with erroneous remarks. A. uralensis. Fl. Dan. M041. A. n. 406. Hall. Hist. v.\.\77.t. VS. A. perennis supinus, foliis et siliquis hispidis^ flore luteo. Buxb. Hallens. 32 -, according to Linnceus. On highland rocks in Scotland. Upon a high rock, on one of the mountains at the head of Clova, Angusshire, near the White Water, in great abundance. Mr. G. Don. Perennial. July. In size and habit much like the last, but the leaflets are narrower, more numerous, much less silky, being only besprinkled with shining hairs, and often quite smooth, except the mid-rib. Flower-stalks rather less upright, sometimes^ recumbent. Fl. cream-coloured, or buff ; the keel and wings tmged with purple. Legume more ovate, with a straight point, less oblique than in J. uralensis, covered like the calyx, with short, spreading, black as well as white, hairs. 366. TRIFOLIUM. Trefoil, Clover, and Me- lilot. Linn. Gen. 387. Juss. 355. Fl. Br. 781. Sm. in Rees's Cyclop. 15.36. Tourn.t. 228. Lam.t.6\3. GcBrtn.t.\i)S. Melilotus. Jmss.356. Tourn.t. 229. Lam. 1.6)3. Cal. tubular, variously and unequally 5-toothed, permanent ; the tube, cr the teeth, often greatly enlarged, or changed. Cor, of 4 petals, all more or less decidedly united by their long claws, mostly permanent, withering ; standard re- flexed ; wings oblong, direct, shorter than the standard ; keel of one petal, rather shorter than the wings. Filam. 10; 9 in one split compressed tube; the tenth capillary, distinct. Anth. roundish. Germ, oblong-ovate. Style awl-shaped, curved upwards. Stigma simple, smooth. Legume short, membranous, rarely coriaceous, of 1 valve, and 1 cell, not bursting, scarcely exceeding the calyx in length, deciduous. Seeds 1 to 4, roundish, very smooth. An extensive genus of herbaceous plants, natives of cold or temperate climates, either perennial or annual. Stems branched. Leaves alternate, more or less stalked, uni- versally ternate, in one exotic instance only, T. Lupinas- DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Trifolium. 297 te)\ quinale ; leaJJets equal, either toothed or entire, obo- vate, rarely linear. Stipulas membranous, ribbed, united in pairs to the bottom of e^ch. footstalk. FL terminal or lateral, either tufted, capitate, spiked, or clustered, gene- rally on a simple common stalk, rarely fragrant, their colour red, purplish, pale blue, white or yellow. Many of the species are highly important as food for cattle, either fresh, or in the state of hay, often accjuiring a fra- grant scent in drying. Linnaeus found Trifolium, though a most natural genus, extremely difficult to define, as every botanist must. He thought it necessary to admit the iitfloreacence, as " a little umbel, or head, with a common receptacle,^' into his generic character; but this is neither correct in principle, nor in fact, and I have ventured to discard it. * Flowers iti clusters or spikes. Seeds 1 or more, Melilotus. 1. T. officinale. Common Melilot. Clusters unilateral. Legume prominent, acute, transversely wrinkled, hairy, with two seeds. Stem erect. Stipulas awl-shaped. T. officinale. FL Br. 781 . Engl. Bot. v. 19. t. 1340. Willd. v. 3. 135,"). Hook. Scot. 2\7. T. Melilotus-officinalis. Linn. Sp. PL \07S. Huds. 323. Mart. Rust. t. 72. FL Dan. t. 934. SincL ed.2.393. BulL Fr. t.2bb. T. odoratum, seu Melilotus fruticosa lutea vulgaris vel officinarum. Moris. V. 2. \^\.sect. 2. t. 16./. 2. T. odoratuni, sive Melilotus. I)od. Fe)}ipt.o67-f. Melilotus vulgaris. Raii Syn. 331. Trag. Hist. 591. /'. Dalcch. Hist. ■){{./. M. n. 3G2. HalL Hist. i;. 1. 158. Saxifraga lutea. Fuchs. Hist. 749./. Lotus sylvcstris. Fuchs. Ic 436./ L. urbana. Matth. Valgr. 505./ Camcr. Epit. 893./ In thickets, hedges, and the borders of fields j sometimes among corn. Annual. June, July. Root tapering. Stem 2 or 3 feet IiIqIi, erect, branched, leafy, an- gular, furrowed, smooth. Lcajlefs obovate, narrow, serrated, dark green, smooth ; the partial stalk of the middle one rather the longest. Clusters 2 inches or more in length, on long axil- lary stalks. FL numerous, all drooping towards one side, of a full yellow, veiny. Standard folded and keeled, notched, but little longer than the keel and wings, scarcely rcflc.xcd. Stigma 298 DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Trifolium. bluntish. Legumes pendulous, elliptical, tapering at each end, hairy, less strongly wrinkled than in most exotic species of this section, each barely twice the length of the calyx. The whole plant in drying acquires a scent like new hay, but far stronger. It is sometimes cultivated for fodder, and if cut before flowering, will last several years. The seeds, when mixed with bread corn, give it a nauseous flavour. Melilot is out of use in medicine -, though it served too long to give a green colour, and an odious scent, to a sort of plaster called by its name, of no use whatever. ** FL capitate. Seeds several. 2. T. ornithopodioides . Bird's-foot Trefoil. Flowers about three together. Legume prominent, eight- seeded, twice as long as the calyjT. Stems reclining. T. ornithopodioides. Linn. Sp. PL 10/8. Willd.v. 3. 1356. Curt. Londfasc. 2.1.53. Hook. Scot. 218. FL Dan. t. 36S. T. siliquosum, loto affine, siliquis ornithopodii. Pluk.Almag. 375. Phyt.t.m.f.l. T. siliquis ornithopodii nostras. Raii Syn. ed. 2. 195. Foenugrsecum humile repens, ornithopodii siliquis brevibus erectis. DHL in Rail Syn. 331. In barren gravelly grassy pastures. On several heaths about London. Curtis. Near Tadcaster, and Oxford ; also on sandy banks, by the sea, at Tolesbury, Essex. Ray. On Mushold heath, near Norwich. Mr. Pitchfo'rd, Annual. June, July. Root fibrous^ with many small fleshy knobs, like those of Vicia la- thyroides. Stems several, spreading flat on the ground, smooth, leafy, mostly simple. Leaflets inversely heart-shaped, more or less serrated, smooth, their partial stalks all equally short. Sti- pulas ovate with long taper points. Stalks numerous, axillary, solitary,^ each bearing 2 or 3 long, pale reddish, ^ow^-er*^, the claws of whose petals are slender, and all distinct. Calyx-teeth also very slender, shorter than the oblong, moderately com- pressed, obtuse, transversely furrowed, slightly haiiy, legume, which usually contains 8, Ray says sometimes 10, oval seeds. This species has certainly as little the character of Melilotus as of Trigonella, to both which it has been referred. It can scarcely, without violence, be retained in Trifolium. The claws of the petals are all distinct ; the legume separates into 2 valves, without falling, and the seeds are more numerous than in any other of the present genus. Yet nobody has thought fit to make it a distinct one, however plausible might be the reasons for such a measure. _my. DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Trifolium. 299 3. I.repens. White Trefoil. Dutch Clover. Heads globose. Flowers somewhat stalked. Legume within the calyx, four-seeded. Stems creeping, solid. T. repens. Linn. Sp. PL 1080. mild v. 3. 1359. H. Br. 782. Engl. Bot. V. 25. t. 1769. Curt. Londfasc. 3. ^.46. Mart. Rust, t. 34. Hook. Scot. 218. Sincl. ed. 2. 223. FL Dan. t. 990. Riv. Tetrop. Irr. ^ 13./. 2. Ehrh. PL Off. 398. T. n. 3 67. HalL Hist. v.\.\ 60. T. pratense album. Raii Syn. 327. Bauh. Pin. 327; with some wrong references. T. pratense album vulgare odoratum. Moris, v. 2.137. sect. 2.t.\2. f. 2. T. pratense. Ger. Em. 1 185./3 not the description. Dod. Pempt. 565./. Tritbliastrum pratense corymbiferum majus repens. Mich. Ge/2.26, 27.^.1—9.^.25./. 1, 3, 4. In meadows and pastures, very common. Perennial. May — September. Roots fibrous. Stems prostrate, creeping extensively with nume- rous radicles, branched chiefly near their origin, round, smooth, leafy, internally solid, by which character all the varieties are es- sentially distinguished from T. hyhridum of Linnaeus. Leaves on long \\\W\^\\i footstalks; leaflets on short, equal partial-stalks, in- versely heart-shaped, or roundish, finely toothed, smooth, dark green, variegated, mostly with a pale, curved, transverse stripe, sometimes with dark purple, or blackish stains ; the under side often reddish. Flower-stalks rising above the leaves, erect, or ascending, angular, smooth, each bearing a dense, umbellate, flattish head of numerous \\\\\i^ flowers, turning brown as they fade, the corolla remaining long in a withered state, enclosing the little smooth oblong legume, containing 3 or 4 yellowish seeds, till they fall off together. In a rich moist soil the stems grow more upright, and the whole herb is more luxuriant. Such a shape it usually assumes in low ground, newly broken up, where this Trefoil is one of the first spontaneous productions. As a valuable fodder in dry autumnal months, it is well known, making an excellent bottom in pas- tures. The Melilotus Parisiensis, ^c. of Wdlant, t. 22. /. 1, is now judged to be a different species, and is named T. i'aillantii by the writer of this, in Uees's Cyclopa-dui, n. 23. 4. T. sf/J/uca(////i. Suffocated Trefoil. Heads sessile, lateral, roundish. Legume concealed, two- seeded. Calyx nearly smooth, with lanceolate, acute, re- curved teeth*, longer tlian the corolla. T. suffocatum. Lwn. Mant.2.27C). Ji'illd. r. 3. \37S. FLBr.790. 300 DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Trifolium. Comp. ed. 4. 124. Engl. Bot. v. 15. t. 1049. Tr. of Linn. Soc, V. 2.357. Jacq.Hort. Vinc].v.\.24. t.60. T. minimum supinum, flosculorum et seminum globulis plurimis confertim ad radicem nascentibus. Raii Hist. v. 1 . 942. On the sandy sea coast. In the loose sand of the beach at Yarmouth. Mr. Wigg. At Lowes- toft. Miss Temple. At Landguard Fort plentifully. Sir T. G. Cidlum Bart., and Mr. W. R. Notcutt. Annual. June, July. Root tapering. Whole herb, except a few leaves, generally bu- ried in the loose dry sand. Stems several, horizontal, short, zig- zag, leafy, round, smooth. Leaves on long footstalks, with a pair of large, ovate, combined, pale, spreading-pointed stipu- las; leaflets wedge-shaped, smooth, finely toothed. Fl. nume- rous, in many round axillary heads. Tube of the calyx slightly hairy ; teeth lanceolate acute, reflexed, scarcely enlarged after flowering. Cor. pale pink, much shorter than the calyx-teeth, closed, sheltering the organs of impregnation beneath the sand. Legume linear-oblong, containing 2 roundish, rather distant, yellowish seeds. *** Seeds single. Calyx generalli) hairy, 5. T. subterraneum. Subterraneous Tnefoil. Heads hairy, of about four flowers. Involucrum central, reflexed, Vigid, starry, embracing the fruit. T. subterraneum. Linn. Sp. PL 1080. mild. v. 3. 1361. H. Br. 783. Engl. Bot.v. 15. 1. 1048. Curt. Lond.fasc. 2. U 54. Riv. Tetrap.Irr.t.lS.f.l. T. pumilum supinum, flosculis longis albis. Raii Syn. 327. t. \3 T. blesense. Dodart Mem. 4to ed. 623. t. 34. f 2. T. album tricoccon subterraneum Gastonium reticulatum. Moris. V.2. 138. sect. 2. t.\4.f. 5. T. pratense supinum kcctm^Xs^, seu capite humi merso. Barrel. Ic.t.S8\. In dry gravelly pastures, and barren heathy situations. Annual. May. Root fibrous, with fleshy tubercles. Stems pressed close to the ground, spreading, round, hairy, leafy, from 3 to 6 inches long. Leaflets inversely heart-shaped, hairy on both sides, entire. Stipulas large, ovate, pointed, membranous, white or reddish, with green ribs. Fl. 3 or 4 on each stalk, at first erect, but be- fore the fruit is perfected each stalk is bent to the earth, throw- ing out from its extremity, between the flowers, several thick white fibres, starry at their tips, which partly fix themselves in the ground, turning upwards to embrace the fruit. Calyx-teeth slender and hairy. Pet. much longer, white, slender, all united DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Trifolium. 301 into a long tube. Legume in the permanent tube of the calyx, roundish, thin, containing a solitary seed. 6. T. ochrolcucum. Sulphur-coloured Trefoil. Flowers in a solitary, terminal, hairy head. Stem erect, downy. Lower leaflets inversely heart-shaped. Lowest calyx-tooth thrice as long as the rest. T. ochroleucum. Linn. Sijst. Nat, ecL 12. v. 3. 233. Syst. Veg. ed. 14. 689; sijn. wrong, mild. v. 3. 13/2. Fl. Br. 784, Engl. Bot.v. 17. t. 1224. Curt. Lond. fasc. 6. t. 49. Mart. Rust. t. 35. Dicks. H. Sice. fasc. 3. 9. Afzel. in Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 1 . 229. Jacq. Austr. t. 40. Ehrh. PI. Select. 1 9. T. squarrosiim. Linn. Sp. PL \0S2; excludim^ the synonyms. WUld. t;. 3. 1370. T. n.378. Hall. Hist. V. 1.164. T. pratense hirsutum majus, flore albo-sulphureo. Raii Syn. 328. T. lagopoides annuum hirsutum, pallide luteum seu ochroleucum. Moris. V.2. 141. sect. 2. t. 12./. 12; separate calyx bad. In pastures, fields, and thickets, on a dry gravelly, or chalky, soil. Perennial ? June, July. Root somewhat branched at the crown. Stems usually several, erect, 12 or 18 inches high, scarcely branched, leafy, round, clothed with numerous, fine, upright, tawny hairs. Leaves re- mote, the two uppermost only opposite ; lower ones on very long stalks, their leaflets small, rounded, inversely heart-shaped ; upper on shorter stalks, with longer and narrower leafiets ; all entire, striated, finely hairy, of a darkish green. Stipulas lan- ceolate, simply ribbed, hairy, long and narrow, combined some- times for more than half their length. FL pale sulphur-co- loured, in roundish, dense, solitary, terminal Jicads, each on a hairy stalk, between tlie two uppermost leaves. Keel strictly of one petal. G//. cylindrical, deej)ly furrowed, with slender, hairy, straight teeth, all unequal, but the lowermost is thrice the lengtli of the rest, giving the whole iiead, when in seed, a bristly aspect. In this state it seems not to have been much noticed by Knglisli botanists ; so that when found in a culti- vated field, in autumn, by the late Sir Thomas (iage, it was thought a newsj)ecies, but proved on comparison the 7'. s(/uar- rosum, as well as ochroleucum, of the Linuiean herbarium. Le- gume membranous. Seeds solitary, yellow. The synonym of Fuclisius, Hist. t. 818, and /( . 172, cited in 77. Dr. belongs to the foreign 7'. montanum. T. ochroleucum has not been turned to any agricultural use, nor does it appear to possess any valuable pro|)erties. 'i'lie herbage is very sparing, and not hLsting. I suspect tlie plant to be an- nual, that being tiic true reason why Mr. (.'urtis could never preserve it in his garden. £02 DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. TriioUum. 7. T. pratcnse. Common Purple Clover. Honey- suckle Trefoil. Spikes dense. Stems ascending. Petals unequal. Calyx hairy ; four of its teeth equal, Stipulas ovate, bristle- pointed. T. pratense. Linn. Sp. PL 1082. M'illd. v. 3. 1366. FL Br. 785. Engl. Bot. V. 25. t. 1770. Afzel. in Tr, of Linn. Soc. v. 1. 240. Mart. Rust. t. 3. Sincl. ed. 2. 22 \.f. Hook. Scot. 2\S, Matth. Valgr. V. 2. 189./. Trag. Hist. 586./. Ehrh. PL Off. 408. T. n, 377. HalL Hist. v. 1. 163j excluding the reference to Dodo- ncBus. T. pratense purpiireum. Rati Syn. 328. Fuchs. Hist. 817./ Trifolium. Riv. Tetrap. Irr. tW.f.l, /3. T. pratense. Mart. Rust. t. 3. FL Dan. t. 989. T. purpureuni majus sativum, pratensi simile. Raii Syn. 328. y. With a white flower. JfzeL as above, 243. With. 652. 0. Trifolium pratense purpureuni minus, foliis cordatis. Dill, in Raii Syn. 32S. /. 13./ I. In meadows and pastures, especially on limestone or gravelly hills. Perennial, May — September. Root branching at the crown ; rather tap-shaped*and woody be- low, its fibres often bearing minute fleshy granulations. Stems ascending, about afoot high, slightly branched, unequally leafy, roundish ; clothed, in the upper part, with close fine hairs. Leaf- lets elliptical, more or less acute, entire, nearly smooth, with a pale crescent-like spot ; they become by culture larger, more obtuse, and minutely toothed. The upper pair of leaves are mostly opposite, and their footstalks very much shorter than the lower ones. Stipulas ovate, broad, pale, with purple ribs inter- branching near the margin, each stipula suddenly terminating in a bristle-shaped point. Heads terminal, solitary, ovate, ob- tuse, dense, of very numerous, sweet-scented, light purplej^OM,- ers, rarely white. Cal. hairy, with 10 prominent ribs, and 4 usually equal, narrow teeth, the fifth, or lowermost, being some- what longer than the rest. Pet. united to each other at the base, as well as to the stamens. Legume roundish, small and thin, with a yellowish seed. One of the most valuable artificial grasses, as they are called, for fodder or hay, being, according to the observations of Mr. Sin- clair, and other accurate inquirers, one of the most nutritious of its tribe. 8. T. medium. Zigzag Trefoil. Spikes lax. Stems zigzag and branching. Petals nearly DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Tritblium. 303 equal. Stipulas tapering, converging. Two upper calyx- teeth rather the shortest. T. medium. Linn. Faun. Suec. ecL 2. 558. Hiids, ed. 1 . 284. mild. u. 3. 1367. FLBr.7S6, En^l.Bot. v. 3. ]90. Mart. Rust. t. 2 Dicks. H. Sice. fasc.A.lO. SincLed.2.2\S.f. Hook. Scot. 2\8. Fl.Dan. t.]273. T. flexuosum. Jacq. Justr.t.386. Retz. Prodr. 17 i. Ehrh.Herb.oS. T. alpestre. Huds.326. T. n.376. Hall. Hist. \ 63. T. purpureum majus, foliis longioribus et angustioribus, floribus saturatioribus. Rait Syn. 328. T. folio longiore, flore purpureo. Riv. Tetrap. Irr. t. 12./. 1. In elevated dry chalky pastures, or in gravelly ones with a clay bottom. Perennial. July. In general appearance this is very like the last species, but its qua- lities are widely different, though for some purposes, according to Mr. Sinclair, not inferior. Mr. Afzelius, in his most elabo- rate paper in the Linnsean Transactions, has clearly distinguish- ed them. The root of the present plant is creeping and more uniformly perennial in cultivation. The stems are zigzag, and more branched. Stipulas longer, linear, tapering to a point, and stand parallel to each other. Heads o^Jlowers rather larger and less dense. Cal. slightly hairy, except in the mouth ; its 2 upper teeth shortest ; the rest gradually, but not very strik- ingly, longer. Leciflets elliptical, various in width, a little glau- cous underneath, chiefly hairy at the margin. The best properties of the present kind of Clover, or Trefoil, seem to be its power of resisting drought, and its thriving on cold te- nacious soils. Yet Mr. Sinclair reports it to be preferable to T. pratense for permanent pasture on light soils. Its produce of nutritious matter however is said to be but half as much as that of T. pratense. 9. li.niaritituum. Teasel-headed Trefoil. Spikes ovate, somewhat hairy. Stipulas lanceolate, erect. Calyx-teeth after flowering dilated, leafy, and spreading. Leaflets obovate-oblong. T. maritimum. Huds. ed.\.28A. HVld.v.3. \37(). Fl. Br. 786. Engl. hot. V. 4. t. 220. Dicks. //. Sicc.fasc. /. H. Hook. Loud. t.'^7. T.stellatum. Hnds. cd. 2.326 ; nut of Linnceus. T. stellatum glabrum. Rail Syn. 329^ Gcr. Em. I208.no/. Vluk. Almag.376. Vhyt.t. 11.}./. 4. T. spicatum minus, flore minore dilute })urpurco. Moris, v. 2. sect. 2.t. 14./; nodescr. In muddv salt-marshes. 304 DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Trifolium. On the east and south coasts of England, from Norfolk to Somer- setshire, in various places. Annual. June, July. Root tapering. Herb clothed with fine, soft, more or less spi'ead- ing, hairs. Stems spreading, often recumbent, a foot or more in length, branched, leafy, round, or bluntly angular, striated. Leaves alternate, except the uppermost pair ; the lower ones on long slender/oo^s^a^Ars ; leaflets dark green, of a narrow obovate figure ; obtuse, or notched, obscurely toothed towards the ex- tremity, single-ribbed, hairy on both sides. Stipulas^ very long, narrow, straight, taper-pointed, hairy. Spikes terminal, stalk- ed, solitary, short, almost globular. Calyx with 10 strong ribs, and deep intermediate furrows, hairy chiefly at the summit of the tube ; its sharp teeth at first erect, awl-shaped, a little un- equal, shorter than the corolla, becoming after flowering much enlarged, leafy, three-ribbed, dark green, spreading, and still more unequal, the lower one largest. Pet. pale red ; standard a little the longest. Legume thin, roundish, in the tube of the calyx. Seed, as far as I have seen, always solitary, roundish, brown, protuberant at one edge where the radicle is lodged. This is one of that tribe of Trefoils distinguished by the teeth of the calyx becoming remarkably leafy, and much dilated, as the Jlower fades, and the seed ripens. In this it agrees with the fol- lowing, but differs from pratense and its allies, as well as from arvense, whose teeth, though permanent and rigid, do not become leafy or dilated. T. maritimum makes a part of the food of cattle in its native marshes, but has not been cultivated, or particu- larly noticed, by the farmer. 10. T. stellatum. Starry-headed Trefoil. Spikes hairy, roundish. Stipulas elliptical. Calyx-teeth longer than the corolla ; after flowering dilated, leafy, reticulated and spreading; tube closed. Leaflets in- versely heart-shaped. T. stellatum. Linn. Sp. PL 1083. Willd.v. 3. 1373. Engl. Bot. V. 22. t. 154.5. Comp. ed. 4. 123. Hook. Lond. t. 95. Bauh. Pin. 329. Prodr. 143. Ger. Em. 1208. T. stellatum purpureum monspessulanum. Bauh. Hist. v. 2.376./. Moris.v. 2. 143. sect. 2. 1. 13./. 9. Lagopus minor erectus, capite globoso stellate, floribus purpureis. Barrel. Ic. t. 860. On the south coast of England, very rare. Between Shoreham harbour, Sussex, and the sea, in great plenty. Mr. Borrer. Annual. July, August. Root small and slender. Herb variable in luxuriance, always con- siderably hairy, especially the spreading, mostly branching, DIADELPHIA— UECANDRIA. rrifoliiim. 30j stems. Leaflets wedge-shaped, or inversely heart-shaped, abrupt, toothed, shorter than the foregoing, and of a brighter green. Stipulas remarkably ditferent, being short and broad, elliptical, pointed, white with green ribri, hairy. Fl. in stalked round heads, or somewhat ovate spikes, erect, crowded, light crimson. Cal. densely clothed all over externally with long, upright, silky, jointed hairs 5 teeth nearly or quite equal, awl-shaped, erect, taller than the corolla and twice the length of the furrowed fun- nel-shaped tube; after flowering enlarged, leafy, spreading ; smooth and reticulated with veins at the inside, and tinged at the base with red ; the mouth curiously closed up, with dense, entangled, woolly hairs. Legume concealed, filling the tube, oval, with a single pale seed. T. alopecurum majus, (lore purpureo, stellato capite. Barrel. Ic. t. 7.35, which Linnaeus thought the same plant, with more ob- long heads or spikes, is rather T. incarnalum, Haller's «.374. 11. T, arve?hS'e. Hare's-foot Trefoil. Spikes cylindrical, very hairy. Stipulas lanceolate, bristle- pointed. Calyx-teeth longer than the corolla, perma- nently brisde-shaped. Leaflets lincar-obovate. T. arvense. Linn. Sp. PI. 1083. mild. v. 3. 1 373. Fl. Br. 7S7. Engl. Bot. V. 14. t. 944. Curt. Lond. fasc. C. t. 50. Hook. Scot. 21S. Fl. Dan. t. 724. Ehrh. PL Of.A\S. T.n.373. Hall. Hist. v.\A62. T. arvense humile spicatum, seu Lagopus. Raii Sij}i. 330. T. lagopoides purpureum arvense humile annuum, seu Lagopus minimus vulgaris. Moris, v. 2. 141 . sect. 2. t. 1 3./. 8. Lagopus. Fuchs. Hist. 494./. Ic. 28 1 . /. Riv. Tetrap. Lr. f. 1 .5. Matlh. Falgr.v. 2.332. f. Camer. Epit.72\.f. L. trifolius (juorundam. Bank. Hist. v. 2.377 .f. L. vulgaris. Dakch. Hist. 44 1 ./, / L. angustifolia minor erectior. Barrel. Ic. /. 90! . Lagopodium, Pes kporis. Gcr. Em. 1 193. /*. Lotus campestris. Trag. ///.s7. 59")./. /3. Lagopus perjnisillus supinus perelegans maritimus. Dill, in Raii Syn. 33i). t. 14./ 2. In sandy barren fields, vcrv common, a useless, if not troublesome, weed. Annual. Juhf, August. Root small, slender. Herb extremely variable in luxuriance, all over finely hairy, of a dull green. Stem erect, in the small ma- ritime variety p i)rocumbent, much branched, round, leafy, very hairy. Leaflets narrow, somewhat obovate, abrupt, ob- scurely serralcd'at the end, with a small bristly point. Foot- stalks shorter than the leallets. Slipulas ovate, oblique, mem- branous. witi» red libs, and each ending in a long, green, taper VOL. III. X 306 DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Trifolium. point. Spikes numerous, terminal, stalked, solitary, erect, an inch, more or less, in length, cylindrical, dense, obtuse, hoary, with a purple tinge. Cal. very hairy, especially its bristle-shaped teeth, which are twice the length of the tube, much exceeding the corolla, equal ; reddish in the flower ; spreading as the seed ripens, but though somewhat hardened, always continuing slen- der. Pet. white, or pale pink, their claws scarcely combined ; standard broad, ovate. Legume minute, membranous, with a single seed. Sometimes very dwarfish, and densely silky, on barren sands near the sea, when the root becomes elongated in search of nourish- ment, but never, I believe, perennial. See variety ^. 12. T. scadru??i. Rough Rigid Trefoil. Heads sessile, axillary, ovate. Calyx-teeth unequal, lan- ceolate, rigid ; finally recurved. Stems procumbent. T. scabrum. Linn. Sp. PL 1084. Willd. v. 3. 1374. Fl. Br. 788. Engl.Bof.v. 13. t. 903. Curt. Lond.fasc. 6. t. 48. Hook. Scot. 219. T. n. 371. Hall. Hist. v.\.\6\. T flosculis albis, in glomerulis oblongis asperis, cauliculis proximo adnatis. RaiiSyn.329. Vaill. Par. 196. t. 33. f. \. T. minus, capite subrotundo parvo albo et echinato. Barrel. Ic. i. 870. T. cujus caules ex geniculis glomerulos oblongos proferunt. Bank. Hist.v.2.37S.f. In chalky, or dry sandy, fields. On Newmarket heath. Ray. Between Northfleet and Gravesend. ' Dill. About Croydon. Curt. Near Bungay. Mr. Woodward. On Snettisham beach, and in an old chalk-pit near Wells, Nor- folk. Mr. Crowe. At Wick clifts j Mr. Swayne. M^ith. On Cromer cliffs, Norfolk. Annual. May, June. Root tapering. Whole herb very rigid, and harsh to the touch, especially when in seed. Stems several, from 3 to 9 inches long, procumbent, rigid, round, sometimes zigzag, leafy, hairy, scarcely branched except from the bottom. Leaflets obovate, or some- what heart-shaped, with many prominent transverse ribs, hairy, minutely but sharply toothed, longer or shorter than their com- mon/oo^s/aZ/i:. Stipulas membranous, ribbed, ovate, pointed. Heads numerous, axillary and terminal, solitary, sessile, ovate, dense, hairy. Cal. furrowed 3 its teeth green, lanceolate, spi- nous, a little unequal, always spreading, but when ripeningseed strongly recurved, which gives the harshness above described. Legume membranous, whitish, enclosed in the calyx-tube. Seed solitary, yellowish. A useless weed. DIADELPHIA—DECANDRIA. Trifolium. 307 13. T, glomeratum. Smooth Round-headed Trefoil. Heads sessile, axillary, hemispherical, smooth. Calyx- teeth heart-shaped, reflexed, veiny. Stems prostrate. T. glomeratum. Linn,Sp.Pl.\OSA. milclv.3A375. Fl.Br.789. Engl.Bot. V. 15. t. 1063. Curt. Lond.fasc. 4. ^.51. T. cum glomerulis ad caulium nodos rotundis. Rail Sijn. 329. T. supinum cum glomerulis ad caulium nodos globosis, floribus purpurantibus. Rail Hist. v. I. 948. Pliik. Almag.377. Phyt, t.\\3.f.b. T. parvum rectum, flore glomerate cum unguiculis. Bauh, Hist. V. 2. 378./. T. arvense supinum verticillatum. Barrel. Ic. t. 882 . In gi-avelly fields and pastures, chiefly in the east and south of England. About Saxmundham, Suffolk, and about London. Ray. In the isle of Shepey. Huds. On Kevv Green, and Han well Heath, Middlesex. Bishop of Carlisle. On the bath hills near Bungay, Suffolk. Mr. Woodward. At Yiwmouth. Mr. D. Turner. In a pasture adjoining to Mackerel's tower, Norwich. Annual. June. Whole herb very smooth, with a tapering, branching, tuberculated root. Stems quite prostrate, straight, slender, striated, but little branched, from 3 to 12 inches long. Leaves rather distant, on footstalks of various lengths ; leaflets obovate, abrupt, finely toothed, veiny, sometimes marked with a pale transverse spot. Stipulas ovate or oblong, membranous, ribbed, taper-pointed. Heads axillary and terminal, solitary, sessile, hemispherical, or nearly globular, many-flowered, quite smooth in every part. Cal. bell-shaped, strongly furrowed, with ten ribs, pale or reddish 3 the teeth nearly equal, heart-shaped, pointed, reflexed, veiny, green and leafy. Cor. longer than the calyx ; standard rose- coloured, striated ; wings and keel shorter and paler. Legume round, very small, with a solitary seed. This is neither a Scottish nor a Swiss plant. The small reflexed cahjx-tecth, leafy in colour and texture, always quite smooth, readily distinguish it from all our other species. 14. T.striatujii. Soft Knotted Trefoil. Heads sessile, axillary and terminal, ovate. Calyx ellipti- cal, furrowed, hairy ; with straight bristle-shaped teeth. Stems procumbent. T. striatum. Linn. Sp. PI. 1085. mild. v. 3. 13/6. Fl. Br. 790. En-l.Bot.v.2G.t.\S\3. Hook. Scot. 2\9. Ehrh. Hrrh. SS. T. pai-vum hirsutum, floribus parvis (lilutL^ purpurcis, in glomeruhs mollioribus et oblont^is, seminc mugno. Rail Sijn. 329. t. 13. f.3. Vaill. Par. 19G. t.33.f2. 308 DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Trifolium. T. minus villosum, purpureo capite parvo echinato. Barrel. Ic. i. 865. In dry, barren, sandy fields and pastures. Annual. June. Root slender, tuberculated. Sfenis several, procumbent, various in length and luxuriance, round, branched, leafy, downy, often zigzag. Lcajlets obovate, sometimes acute, or somewhat point- ed, finely toothed, downy. Stipulas ovate, broad, pointed, mem- branous, ribbed. Heads some axillary, more terminal, ovate. Cal. elliptical, tumid, with 10 deep furrows, and clothed with fine soft hairs j the teeth unequal, not half the length of the tube, awl-shaped, green, spinous-pointed, fringed, somewhat lengthened out after flowering, but always continuing straight. Cor. pale rose-coloured, about as long as the calyx. Legume membranous, with the rudiments of 2 seeds in an early state, one of which only comes to perfection, and fills the tube of the calyx, being thrice as large as the last. These three procumbent species oi Trifolium are clearly distinguish- ed by their calyx-teeth, and the present is readily known by the touch from T. scabrum. Having rudiments of 2 seeds in the germen, it so far agrees with the suffocatum, hitherto arranged near it, and forms some exception to the proper character of this section ; but only one seed being perfected, it is best placed with othevs so circumstanced, to which it is mosi closely allied. **** Calyx of the fruit inflated.^ hladderi/. 15. l^.fragiferum. Strawberry-headed Trefoil. Heads roundish. Calyx finally inflated, deflexed, with two terminal teeth. Stems creeping. T. fragiferiim. Li««. % P/. 108G. Willd.v.3.\:^^0. FLBr.m. Engl. Bot. V. 15. t. 1050. Curt. Lond.fasc. 2. t. 55. Hook. Scot. 219. RaiiSyn. 329. Fl.Dan. t. 1042. Clus.Cur.Post.39.f. Moris.v. 2. 144. n. 13, 14. sect. 2. t.\3.f. 14. Ger. Em.\2{)8.f. Vaill.Par. 195. t.22.f.2. T. n. 370. Hall. Hist. V. 1. 161. T. caule nudo, glomerulis glabris. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 379./. In moist meadows, pastures, and osier holts, in a black boggy soil. Perennial. Jidy, August. Root tapering, its fibres beset with fleshy granulations. Herb smooth, much resembling T. repens. Stems quite prostrate, creeping extensively with several fibrous radicles, round, leafy, many-flowered. Leaves on long spreading footstalks; leaflets dark green, unspotted, obovate, or inversely heart-shaped, finely toothed, striated with numerous transverse ribs. »S^^pw/<7.s large, whitish, with green veins, ovate, tapering into a long slender point. Flower-stalks axillary, solitary, erect, stout, angular. DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Trifolium. 309 taller than the leaves. Heads oi flowers small, solitary, erect. Pet. rose-coloured, small and slender. Cal. 2-lip])ed, downy -, the upper side, after flowering, becoming greaily enlarged, mem- branous, reticulated, inflated, and bent downward, terminating in 2 teeth, and assuming a blood-red colour^ so tliat the whole head, in that state, much resembles a Hautboy Strawberry. Le- gume roundish, small, in the bottom of the calyx, containing 2 seeds. Cattle eat the herbage, but its produce is late and inconsiderable. ***** Standards deflexed, dry and membranous. 16. T, procumbens. Hop Trefoil. Heads oval, many-flowered. Standard finally deflexed, fur- rowed. Stems spreading or procumbent. Common foot- stalk longest at the base. T.procnmbens. Linn. Sp.Pl.XmS. JVilld. v. 3. ]383. Fl.Br.792 and 1403. Conip. ed. 4. 124. Engl. Bot. v. 14. f. 945. Hook. Scot. 219. Grev. Edin. 1 62. Fl. Dan. t. 796. Elirh. Herb. 39. T. agrarium. Huds. 32S. Curt. Lond.fasc.3. t. 45. Mart. Rust. t. 121. T. n.363. Hall. Hist.v.]. 159. T. pratense luteum, capitulo lupuli, vel agrarium. Rail S//n. 330. raiU.Par.\96.t.22.f.3. T. pratense luteum foemina, flore pulchriorc, sivc lui)ulino. Rau/i. Hist. V. 2. 3^1. f. T. agrarium luteum, capitulo lupuli majus. Moris, v. 2. 142. sect. 2. t.\3.j:\. Lupulinum. Riv. Tetrap. Irr. f. 10./. 1. In dry gravelly fields and pastures. Annual, .fune, July. Root short, but strong and woody. Stems spreading widely, |)art of them procumbent, the central one, if not cropped by cattle, according to the Rev. Dr. lieeke's observations, erect, but this 1 have seldom been able to verify j they are leafy, hairy, but little branched, from 4 to 10 or 12 inches long j round below; angular above, where they turn more or less upwards. Leaf- lets obovate, notched, toothed, veiny, smooth, a little glaucous. Common footstalks smooth or a little hairy, various in lengtii, but alwavs longer than the partial stalk of the central leaflet. .S7i/)///r/.s half-ovate, acute, entire, ribbed, often fringed. Heads a.xillary, solitary, ovate, or roundish, erect, on partly hairy stalks, which are angular, not very stout, often reaching beyond the ad- joining leaf. Fl. about 50. Cal. a little hairy, bell-shaped, with very unecpial, direct, awl-shaped teetli. Pet. bright yellow, turning tawny as the seed ripens, all permanent , standard finally deflexed, dilated, strongly furrowed, dry and membranous, shel- 310 DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Trifolium. tering the legume, which is small, elliptical, pointed at each end. Seed solitary, kidney-shaped. For the real T. agrarium of Linnaeus, see Ehrh. Herb. 29, Dick- son's Dried Plants n. 80, and Barrel. Ic. t. 1024. This is al- ways upright, much larger than the procwnbens, withlonger Jlower- stalks, and very large heads ; being T. aureum of Pollich j spadiceum of Villars, not of Linnaeus ; and T. n. 365 of Haller j but this fine species is not a native of Britain. 17. T. 7?iinus. Lesser Yellow Trefoil. Heads hemispherical. Flower-stalks straight, rigid. Stand- ard nearly even. Stems prostrate. Common footstalk very short. T. minus. Relh. 290. Fl. Br. 1403. Comp.ed. 4. 124. Engl. Bot. v.]8. t. 1256. Hook. Scot. 220. T. filiforme. Ehrh. Herb. 49. T. filiforme /3. FLBr.793. T. procumbens. Huds.32S. Curt. Land. fasc. b. i. 53. T. dublum. Sibth. 23\. Abbot 163. T. n. 364. Hall. Hist. v. \. ] 59. T. lupulinum alterum minus. Rail Sijn. 330. i. 14./. 3. Hall. It. Helv. \. sect. 13. T. luteum minimum. Ger. Em. 1 186./. Lob. Ic. v. 2. 29. f. In dry gravelly fields and pastures, with the last. Annual. June, July. Root small, its fibres often furnished with little knobs. Stems nu- merous, procumbent, scarcely branched, round, a little hairy, usually from 3 to 9 inches long ; but in the larger variety, Engl. Bot.f. 1, extending to 2 feet, and stouter, more brittle and suc- culent. Common footstalks generally very short, except those near the root, while the partial-stalk of each central leaflet is much more considerable than in the preceding or following spe- cies. Leajiets inversely heart-shaped, striated, toothed, smooth 3 the lateral ones almost sessile. Stipulas half-ovate, veiny, acute. Flower-stalks axillary, straight, firm and rigid, longer than the leaves. Fl. from 12 to 15 in each little hemispherical head, al- most perfectly sessile, yellow 5 at length becoming brown and deflexed. Calyx-teeth very unequal, hairy towards the points. Standard obscurely, if at all, furrowed, narrower than in T. pro- cumbens. Legume obovate, as long as the faded corolla, which it fills. -Seed 1, rarely 2. 18. T.Jiliforme, Slender Yellow Trefoil. Clusters lax, of few flowers. Common-stalks capillary, wavy. Standard even. Stems prostrate. Leaflets all ^nearly sessile. DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Trifolium. 3J1 T. filiforme. Linn. Sp. PL 1088. TVilld. v. 3. \384. Fl. Br. \404 ; also 792, excluding the variety. Comp.ed. 4. 124. Engl. Bot. V. 18. t, 1257. Relh. 290. Hook. Scot. 220. T. lupulinum minimum. Dill, in Raii Syn. 33] . t. 14. f. 4. T. luteum lupulinum minimum. Moris, v. 2. 142 ; not the figure. In sandy or gravelly grassy pastures^ whether dry or moist. Annual. June, July. Root tapering, small, the fibres bearing several fleshy tubercles. Whole herb usually much smaller than the foregoing, quite smooth, except a slight hairiness on thejlower-stalks, and some- times on the upper part of the steins, which latter are quite prostrate, very slender, 3 or 4 inches long, sometimes 10 or 12, much branched at the bottom. Leaflets small, inversely heart-shaped, toothed. Common footstalks very short, scarcely a quarter so long as the leaflets ; partial ones still shorter, all nearly equal and uniform, that of the middle leaflet not being, as in the last species, an apparent continuation or elongation of the common stalk. Stipulas small, ovate, membranous, some- what fringed. Fl. very small, yellow, in real clusters, each having a capillary partial stalk, full as long as the calyx-tube ; they are usually from 3 to o in each cluster j sometimes only 2, or even solitary ; sometimes 7 or 8 3 leaning all one way, finally pendulous. Teeth of the calyx rather less unequal than in T. minus, quite smooth, for I believe the hairs represented in Engl. Bot. are an error. Legume obovate, scarcely covered by the withered corolla, which turns pale in that state, and the standard is perfectly even. Seed large, almost always solitary, 1 have very rarely seen 2. This species is clearly and most scientifically distinguished from the last by its i;?^ore5cewce, which Linnaeus, in P/ii/. Bot. sect. 279, prefers to every other part for sound specific diff"erences. He has adverted to the " manifest and distinct" partial flower-stalks of T. filiforme in his Sp. PL, which in fact render the inflores- cence of this plant a racemus, not, as in the foregoing, a spica or capilulum. Haller in his Iter Ilelvcticum, sect. 13, highly extols Dillenius for ascertaining these two species ; and yet in his Ilistoria, under n. 3(14, he records thatDillenius found the seeds of T.filif()rmt:\m)ducQd n. 3G3,ouTprocumbens. This proves too mucii, and oversets all the authority of tlie relator. Vet the great Oxford Pnjfessor is the first who clearly discriminated tiie three species which form our .')th section, and his figures of the two latter preclude all doubt as to what he meant. Linnseus seems to liave considered our viitius as a variety ol' procumbms ; his |)u))il Khriiart referred it to filiforme. I have, too heedlessly, been led into the latter error in the second volume of FL lir. ; but the accurate in(iuiries of the Hev. Dr. Heeke, now Dean ot Hrfstol, enabled me to correct my mistake, in the tiiird volume, riiis gentleman favoured me with specimens of the plants in 312 DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Lotus. question from the same ^'^very dry flinty gravelly natural pas- ture," at Ufton, near Reading, where the larger variety of the minus J with its succulent brittle stem, retained all its diversity of habit, and remained constant when propagated by seed. Still there is no positive specific character. Cattle and sheep are so fond of this variety, that it can scarcely be gathered in any pastures to which they have access. 1 have not heard the result of the experiments made upon it for cultivation. :W. LOTUS. Bird's-foot-trefoil. Linn. Gen. 388. Juss. 356. Fl. Br. 793. Tourn. t. 227. Lam. i. 611. G(Ertn.t.\5?>. Cal. tubular, with 5 direct, acute, nearly equal teeth, per- manent, unchanged. Cor. of 5 petals, deciduous ; stand- ard obovate, ascending, with a broad vaulted claw ; wings oblong, obtuse, shorter than the standard, converging at their upper edges ; keel of 2 united petals, protuberant underneath, closed above, with an ascending point, and narrow, short, distinct claws. Filam, 10; 9 in one split compressed horizontal tube, the separate portion of each erect, a little dilated towards the top ; the tenth capillary, distinct. Anth. small, roundish. Germ, cylindrical, ra- ther compressed. Style ascending at a right angle, thread- shaped. Stigma simple. Legume cylindrical, straight, simple or winged, much longer than the calyx, of 2 valves, and 1 cell, separated, by more or less of a spongy sub- stance, into several, spurious or incomplete, cells, each lodging a globular, or somewhat cylindrical, seed. Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubby. Leaves ter- nate, with a pair of large leafy stiptilas, and thence by some termed quinate. Fl. solitary or capitate, on long axillary stalks. Cor. yellow, often mixed with red, or crimson, or almost black ; rarely whitish. 1. \t. corniculatus . Common Bird's-foot-trefoil. Heads depressed, of few flowers. Stems recumbent, pithy. Legumes spreading, nearly cylindrical. Claw of the standard obovate. Filaments all dilated. L.corniculatus. Li7in.Sp.Pl.\092. Willd.v. 3. 1395. Fl.Br.793. Engl. Bot. V. 30. t. 2090. Curt. Lond.fasc. 2. i. 56. Mart. Rust. t. 53. Hook. Scot. 220 ; excluding the varieUj, Fl. Dan. ^ 991. Ehrh. Herb. 428. L. n. 385 /3. Hull Hist. r. 1. 167. DIADELPHIA-DECANDRIA. Lotus. 313 L. corniculata glabra minor. Rail Syn. 334. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 354. /. 3:)5. L. sativa. Dalech. Hisf.bO?. Trifolium siliqiiosum minus. Ger. Em. 1 190./. T. corniculatum primum. Dod. Pempt. 5/3./. Melilotus gcrmanica. Fuchs. Hint. b27.f. M. nobilis. Trag. Hist. 594./. Meliloti tertium genus. Fuchs. Ic. 299./. /3. Lotus corniculata minor, foliis subtiis incanis. Ddl. in Rail .S//;/.334. L. corniculatus g. Fl. Dr. 794. In open grassy pastures, common. Perennial. June — September. Rout branching, somewhat woody ; the fibres beset with small gra- nulations. Stems several, spreading on the ground in every di- rection, varying in length from 3 to 10 inches, simple or branched, solid, filled with pith, angular, leafy, sometimes quite smooth, but for the most part clothed, like the glaucous backs of the /eares, with close-pressed hairs. Leaflets obovate, acute, entire, on .short partial stalks 5 the lateral ones oblique, or inequilateral. Common /oo^7«/A: channelled, about the length of the leaflets, having at its base a pair of ovate stipulas, resembling them, but rather smaller. Flower -stalks axillary, solitary, erect or recum- bent, angular, 5 times as long as the leaves, each bearing from 2 or 3 to 5 bright yellow/oiter*^ dark green when dried, in a flat head or umbel, accompanied by a small ternatc leaf. They change to orange in verging towards decay. The standard (not keel,\is by a slip of the pen in Fugl. Dot.) striped with red at the base in front ; its claw much dilated and vaulted. Keel pale yellow. Filaments in their separate i)art all dilated under the anthers. Interstices of the calyx-teeth rounded. Legume smooth, of a shining purplish brown, a little depressed and channelled along the upper side. Recommended for cultivation, though under the erroneous names of Milk-vetch and Astragalus glycyphyllos, by the late worthy Dr. Anderson, in his Agricidtural Essays, as being excellent for fodder, as well as for hay. 2. L. major. Greater Bircrs-foot-trefoll. Heads depressed, many-flowered. Stems erect, liihiiiar. Legumes (Iroopiiii^s cylindrical. Claw of the standard linear. Shorter filaments not tlilateil. L. major. Scop. Cam. r. 2. 8(5. Comp. r.d. I. 1 24. Engl. But. r. 30. /. 209 1 . I'urt. V. 1 . 342. Forst. Toubr. 8(1. ^'/•^^. Edin. 1 (i3. L. corniculatus y. Fl. Br. 794. Ji. corniculatus /3. Hook. Srof. 22(». L. n.385 a. Halt. Hi.>f.r. I. 1(37 314 DIADELPHIA—DECANDRIA. Lotus. Loti corniculatae major species. Rail Syn. 334. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 355./. 356. Lotus. Riv. Tetrap. Irr. t. 7Q.f. 1. /3. L. pentaphyllos medius pilosus. Dill, in Uaii Syn. 334. L. corniculatus 8. Fl. Br. 794. In wet bushy places, osierholts, and hedges. Perennial. July, August. Very different from the foregoing species in general habit, and now technically distinguished by several clear and sufficient charac- ters, for most of which I am indebted to the worthy Dean of Bristol. Every botanist had been struck with the aspect of the plant, and Scopoli long ago proposed it as a species, but without a sufficient specific definition, except that of the shorter separate filaments not being, like the longer ones, dilated under their an- thers. The stems are from I to 2 or 3 feet high, upright, clothed, more or less, with long loosely-spreading hairs, rarely quite smooth ; internally hollow, or tubular, with little or no pith in any part, which I take to be an important character. Leaves fringed or clothed with similar hairs. Fl. from 6 to 1 2 in each head, of a duller orange than the former. Calyx-teeth stellated in an early state ; their interstices, when fully expanded, acutan- gular, not rounded. Claw of the standard almost linear, though vaulted. Legumes not horizontal, but droopir>g, slender and exactly cylindrical. Whether there may be any difference in the agricultural qualities of these plants, and whether the present might be capable of culti- vation in very wet meadows, nobody has hitherto inquired. 3. L. decumbens. Spreading Bird's-foot-trefoil. Heads of few flowers. Stems recumbent, nearly solid. Le- gumes somewhat spreading, cylindrical, two-edged. Ca- lyx hairy ; its teeth shorter than the tube. L. decumbens. Forst. Tonbr. 86. In fields and meadows. At Hastings, Sussex, near Bulverhithe ; also in meadows near Tonbridge. Forsier. In fields near Forfar, North Britain. Mr. G. Don. Perennial. July. Stems widely spreading, partly quite prostrate, a foot or more m length, branched, filled with light pith, angular, leafy, smooth, somewhat glaucous. Leaves glaucous, smooth above j occa- sionally clothed beneath with short, close, bristly hairs. Leaf- lets and stipulas similar, lanceolate, pointed, oblique, except the terminal one, which is obovate-lanceolate. Common footstalk but half the length of the leaflets, channelled, slightly bordered. Flower-stalks axillary, 4 or 5 times the length of the leaves. DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Lotus. 315 smooth, stout and firm, obscurely angular, each bearing an itm- bel of from 3 to 6 bright y eWow Jiowers, accompanied by a ter- nate leaf without stipulas. In starved plants the Jiowers are so- litary. Partial stalks and calyx all over silky, with more or less abundant, short, close hairs ; the calyx-teeth lanceolate, tapering, spreading, shorter than the tube, somewhat hairy, with wide rounded interstices. Separate portion of each filament o{ cow - siderable length, the longest dilated upwards. Legumes nearly erect, or but slightly sj)reading, smooth, dotted, cylindrical, without any depression or channel, both sutures rather promi- nent, forming a ridge along each margin. I can find no account of any thing approaching this species except L. pedunculatus, Cavan. Ic. t. 164, the plate and description of which are not very discriminative, but its stem is said to be erect, 3 feet high, and every part of the plant is perfectly smooth. L. decumbens grows in Switzerland and the Levant, as well as on the sandy shores of Sicily. Most botanists have supposed it a variety of the corniculatus ; Linnaeus and Solander confounded it with the following. 4. L. a?igiiistissimiis. Slender Bird's-foot-trefoil. Flowers solitary, or in pairs. Stems much branched, pros- trate, tubular. Legumes two-edged, very slender, some- what compressed. Calyx loosely hairy ; teeth fringed, twice the length of the tube. L. angustissimus. Linn. Sp. PL 1 090. mild. v. 3. 1389. Marsch. Taur.-Cauc. v. 2. 220 ; from the author. L. diffusus. Fl. Br. 794. Engl. Bot. v. 13. L 92:). Comp. ed. 4. 1 24. MVld.v.3. 1389. L. corniculata, siliquis singularibus, vel binis, tenuis. Bavh. Ilist. V. 2. 336./; good. L. annua oligoceratos, siliquis singularibus binis ternisve. Moris. V.2. \7D.sect.2.t. 18./. 1. L. pentaphyllos minor hirsutus, sirujua angustissima. Bauh. Pin. 332. Trifolium corniculatum minus, pilosum. Bauh. Prodr. I44j with an excellent descriptioti. In meadows towards the sea, on tlic south and western coasts of Kngland. On the rocky beach at Hastings, Sussex. Mr. Dickson. At Kings- teignton and Bishopsteignton, Devonshire. Dean of Bristol. In a meadow near St.\'incent's rocks, Bristol, plentifully. Mr. I). Turner and Mr. Sowerby. Annual. May, June. Smaller in general than any of the foregoing, its pubescence con- bisting of fine, long^ loose and spreading hairs, like those of L. major, but far more constant and abinidant. Root branched, fibrous, l.ieset with ^uvaW tubercles, cirtaiiily ;uinu:il. not peren- 316 DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Medicago. nial. Stems procumbent, or )3artly ascending, roundish, branch- ed, densely leafy, very hairy, from 6 to 10 inches long, with a small internal cavity destitute of pith. Leaflets and siipulas ovate, pointed, rather glaucous, hairy on both sides. Flower- stalks spreading, weak and slender, once or twice as long as the leaves, hairy, each bearing for the most part two, rather small, bright yellow,^ower5, sometimes but one, very rarely three, with a ternate leaf at the base of their partial stalks. Cal. widely funnel-shaped j its teeth linear, narrow, green, twice as long as the tube, copiously fringed with long spreading hairs, totally unlike the calyx of the last species. Fdam. all rather dilated upward. Legumes spreading, cylindrical, or slightly compressed, with prominent sutures, smooth, of a shining brown, very slen- der, often transversely undulated, from the projection of their numerous orbicular seeds. A Montpellier specimen of this plant from Sauvages, bearing the synonym of C. Bauhin, is the original authority for L. angustis- simus. To this Linnaeus had pinned a nearly smooth one of the last species, which Solander in the Banksian herbarium has taken for the true angustissimus, calling our present plant L. diffusus, and this great authority misled me. A scrutiny of the Linnsean specimens, and their marks, with the descrij)tions, synonyms, and history of L. angustisswius, have satisfied m^e that this is our diffiisus; and it is never too late to correct a manifest error, especially as the original name is much the best. 368. MEDICAGO. Medick. Linn. Gen. 389. Juss. 356. Fl. Br. 795, Sm. in Rees's Cycl. v. 23. Tourn. t.23l. Lam. t. 612. Gcertn. t. 155. Medica. Tourn. t. 231. Cal. tubular, with 5 direct, acute, nearly equal teeth, per- manent, unchanged. Cor. of 5 petals, deciduous; stand- ard ovate, ascending, undivided, with a short broad claw; wings obovate, cohering by their lower edges ; keel of 2 combined petals with separate claws, oblong, obtuse, de- pressed by the swelling germen, and finally spreading widely from the standard. Filam. 10 ; 9 united almost to their summits into one split compressed tube ; the tenth capillary, distinct. Anth. small, roundish. Germ, stalked, oblong, compressed, incurved or spiral, enfolded by the filaments, starting elastically from the keel, and forcing back the standard, terminating in a short, awl-shaped, straight, ascending style. Stigina terminal, minute, sim- ple. Legume compressed, inflexed, falcate, or spiral with numerous convolutions, of 1 cell and 2 valves. Seeds se- veral, often numerous, kidney-shaped, smooth. DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Medicago. 317 A numerous genus of herbaceous, rarely a little slu'ubby, mostly procumbent, plants, with stalked, ternate leaves; stlpidas unlike the leaflets; and small, clustered, or spiked, axillary, yellow, rarely blueish,^otti^r5. Legumes various, very peculiar, smooth or prickly, often remarkably con- voluted. * 1. M. saliva. Purple Medick, or Lucerne. Clusters upright. Legumes spiral. Stem erect, smooth. M. saliva. Linn, Sp. PL 109C. JVilld. v. 3. 1404. Fl. Br. 795. Engl. Bot V. 25. t. 1 7-19. Mart. Rust. t.4S. Hook. Scot. 220. Medica. Dod. Penipf. oJG.f. M. n.382. Hall. Hist. v.\. \6G. M. sativa. Dalech. Hist.r)02.f. M. sativa, sive Tiifoliiim sativum, siliquii cornuta, magis tortili. Moris. V. 2. 158. sect. 2. t. I G./. 2. M. legitima. Clus. Hist. v. 2. 242./. M. major erectior, floribus purpurascentibus. Bauh. [list. v. 2. 382./. 383. Trifolium Burgundiacum. Ger. Em. 1189./. Foenum Burgundiacum. Loh. Ic. v. 2. 36./. In hedges, pastures, and the borders of fields, in dry calcareous soils, but scarcely a native. Perennial. June, July. Root woody, seldom lasting long. Stems erect, or somewhat re- clining, al)out 2 feet high, branched, leafy, roundish, smooth. Leaflets oblong, inclining to wedge-shaped, more or less acute, sharply serrated towards the end, clothed with close silky hairs on both sides, but especially beneath. Stipulas lanceoh'ue, or half-arrow-shaped, pointed, sometimes toothed. Clusters Qxcci, of many blueish-))ur])le//ou;:)./. Medica arabica. Camer. Hart. 97. t. 27. M. cochleata minor ])olycarpos annua, capsuhl majore alba, folio cordalo macula fusca notato. Moris, v. 2. 1 ^)4.sect. 2. f. IT). /'. 1 7. Trifolium cochlcatum, folio cordato maculato. Raii Syn. 333. Bauh. Pin. 329. T. cordatum. Gar. Em. 1 l!)U./. Cochleata fructu longius echinato. Riv. Tetrap. Irr. t. SS.f. 12. /3. Medica marina supina nostras, foliis viridibus, ad summos ra- mulos villosis. Plu/i. Almag. 24."). Dill, in Raii Syn. .33 I. M. folliculo spinoso. Lob. fc. v. 2. 37./. On a gravelly soil in the southern parts of England. Annual. May, June. Root fibrous, beset witli little lleshy knobs. Stems j)rostrale, va- rious in length, leafy, angular, branched and sj)reading ; .some- times downy towards the extremity. Ltarcs on \on^ footstalks ; lenjlcts inversely heart-sha|)ed, ecjual, sharply but not deeply toothed, either nearly smooth, or somewhat silkv, e;K'h marked 320 DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Medlcao-o. o in the centre, especially the earlier ones, with an irregular blackish spot ; the middle one on a rather longer partial stalk than the rest. Stipulas half-ovate, with several deep pointed teeth. Fl. yellow, rather small, 2 or 3 together, in. cultivated specimens 4 or 5, on each axillary stalk, shorter than the leaves. Legumes orbicular, depressed, smaller than a pea, with several spiral turns, marked with concentric ribs, the margin fringed with two rows of long, spreading, slender, weak, partly hooked, bristles, the whole, when ripe, brown, not black. Seeds several, kidney-shaped. This has* been mentioned, but not much recommended, as a fodder for cattle. I have specimens gathered by the Rev. Mr. Bryant at Cley, Nor- folk, which may possibly be the variety /3. They agree exactly with the figure of Lobel above cited, but Dillenius in his blind account of this plant, taken from Plukenet, does not advert to that figure. The spines of the legumes are shorter and more rigid tTian in our common M. maculata, and the leaflets are with- out spots, I had suspected this might be M. deiiticulata, Willd. V. 3. 1414, Rees's CijcL n. 26, but the legumes have sometimes 3 or 4 convolutions, and the leaflets are not obovate. It seems a variety of the maculata, and may or may not be the plant of Plukenet or Dillenius. 5. M. muricata. Flat-toothed Medick. Stalks barely three-flowered. Stipulas deeply toothed, hairy as well as the obovate, somewhat rhomboid, leaf- lets. Legumes even, with short, depressed, radiating teeth, in a single row. M. muricata. Wilkl Sp. PL v. 3. 1414. Sm. in Rees's Cijcl. n. 27. Comp.ed.4.\25. M'ith.6G\. Hull2\9. M. polymorpha muricata. Linn. Sp. PI. 1098 ^. Fl. Br. 798 y. M. minor, orbiculato compresso fructu, circum oras spinis mollius- culis echinato. Pluk. Almag. 243. Trifolium cochleatum, modiolis spinosis. Raii Sijn. 333. Pluk. Phyt.t. 113./. 6. On the sea coast. At Orford, Suffolk, on the sea bank plentifully. Ray. Annual. June, July. Stems procumbent. Leriflets inversely heart-shaped, or somewhat rhomboid, clothed with silky hairs. Fl. often solitary. I have seen no native specimens, and have doubts concerning this spe ■ cies, which I hope future inquiry may remove. The legumes of foreign specimens are more cylindrical, and less depressed, with shorter teeth, or spines, than in Plukenet's figure. DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA. Medicago. 321 6. M. minima. Little Bur Medick. Stalks many-flowered. Stipulas half-ovate, nearly entire. Leaflets obovate, hairy. Legumes orbicular, with a double row of hooked spines. M. minima. Willd. Sp. PL v. 3. 1418. Sm. in Rees's Cycl. n. 35. Comp. ed. 4. 125. Mlth. 660. Hull 219. M. polvmorpha minima. Lhm. Sp. PL 1099 /x. Fl. Br. 798 /3. FLban.t.2\\. Medica n. 383 a. Hall. Hist. v.\.\66. M. echinata minima. Rail Syn. 333. Baith. Hist. v. 2. 38G./. Cochleata fructu echinato minimo. Riv. Tetrap. Irr. t. 88./. 14. In sandy fields, but rare. At Narburgh, Norfolk. Mr. Woodward. Near Newmarket. iMr. D. Turner. Annual. June, July. A small prostrate species, clothed in every part with fine, soft, rather silky hairs. Stipulas either quite entire, or with a few shallow teeth. Leaflets obovate. or roundish, with a few teeth at the extremity only. Fl. 4, 5, or more, in each cluster, yellow, with a very hairy calyx. Legumes either hairy or smooth, glo- bular, small, of 3 or 4 convolutions, bordered with a double row of hooked spines, spreading in opposite directions. Class XVIII. POLYADELPHIA. Filaments combined, in more than two sets. Order I. POLYAJ^DRIA. Stamejis nume- rous, 369. HYPERICUM. Cal. inferior, in 5 deep divisions. Pet. 5. Fllam. united at the base, into 3 or 5 par- cels. Caps, with many seeds. POLYADELPHIA POLYANDRIA. 369. HYPERICUM. St. John's-woit. Lin7i. Gen. 392. Juss.2dj. FL Br. 800. DeCand. Procbw. \ . 543^. Tourn. t.\3\. Lam. t. G43. Gcertyi. t. 62. Androssemum. Toiirn. t. 128, Geertn. t. 59. DeCand. Prodr. V. 1.543. Capsule pulpy. Ascyrum. Tourn. t.\3\ ; not of Linnaeus. Nat. Ord. Rotacece. Linn. 20. Hyperica. Jiiss. 68. Hype- ricinece. DeCand. 84. Cal. inferior, of 1 leaf, in 5 deep, nearly ovate, concave, somewhat unequal,' permanent segments. Pet. 5, oblong- ovate, obtuse, spreading, obliquely imbricated. Filam. numerous, capillary, united at the base, more or less ac- curately, into 3 or 5 sets. Anth. small, roundish, tremu- lous. Germ, superior, roundish or ovate. Styles termi- nal, simple, usually 3 or 5, distant, the length of the sta- mens, sometimes only 1 or 2. Stigmas simple. Caps. roundish, witli as many cells as there are styles. Seeds POLYADELPHIA—POLYANDRT A. Hypericum. 323 very numerous, generally oblong, roughish, without al- bumen. Perennial herbs or shrubs. Leaves simple^ \\\\\\o\xi stipulas^ opposite and entire, full of pellucid dots, lodging an es- sential oil. Pet. yellow, often glandular, deciduous. 1. H. calycinum. Large-flowered St. John*s-wort. Styles five. Flowers solitary. Stem shrubby, branched, (juadrangular. Segments of the calyx obovate, obtuse, permanently spreading. Leaves oblong. H. calycinum. Linn.MantA^^u JVllld. v. 3. 1442. Cothp.ed.4. 12:}. Ir. of Linn. Soc. v. 10. 2GC. Engl. Bot. v. 29. t. 2017. Curt. Mag. ^.146; excl. Baiihm's sijn. IIoo/c. Scot. 22 1 . DcCand. Prodr. V. I. r)4G. Jacq. Fragm. 10. /. G. /. 4. Androsaenium constantinopolitanum flore maximo, tl'hdcr's Jour- ney 205. t. 9. A. flore et theca seminal! quinquecapsulari omnium maximis, Mo- ris.v. 2. sect. 5. t. 35. y. 2; descr. erroneous. In bushy places in the west of Ireland and Scotland. Tin-ee miles from Cork, in the way to Bandon, very abundantly, and undoubtedly wild. Mr. Drunimond. Woods above Largs, on the western coast of Scotland, perfectly indigenous ; Nlr. Hopkirk. Hooker. Shrub. July — September. Hoot creeping. Stems shrubby, erect, 12 or 18 inches high, with simple leafy square branches, smooth like every other part. Leaves ovate-oblong, varying in bluntness, coriaceous, ever- green, about 2 inches long, on very short stalks. ^7. 2 or 3 inches wide, of a bright golden yellow, with innumerable, red- dish, tremulous anthers. Pet. often lobed at one side. Styles sometimes but 4. A great ornament to shrubberies and parks, excellent as a shelter for game, and bearing any cold of our climate. 2. H. Amlrosectiudn. Tutsan, or Park leaves. Styles three. Capsule pulpy. Stem .shrubby, comju'cssed. H. Androsaemum. Linn. Sp. PI. 1 1 02. II Hid. v. 3. 1 44(J. Fl. Br. 800. Fni:l. Bot. V. 1 8. /. 1225. Curt. Lond.fasc. 3. t. 18. Ilooli. Scot. 22 \. H, maximum, Androsapmum vulgare dictum. Baii Syn. 343. Androsa*mum. I)od. Pempt. 7f^.f. Dalcch. I list. 1 15()./. 2. A. maximum, (piasi frutescens, bacciferum. Moris. i\ 2. 472. sect. J. t.G.f. 12. A. maximum frutescens. Jianh. Pin. 2S0. A. oflieinale. /Illion. I'ed. v. 2. 47. I)c( and. Prodr. v. 1 . 543. ("Ivinenon Ilalorum. Cur. Km. 543. f. Lob. Ic. 632./. V 2 324 POLYADELPHIA— POLYANDRIA. Hypericum. Tutsan, or Park leaves. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 60. f. 9. In moist shady lanes, thickets and woods, not very general. About North Walsham, Norfolk. Rev. Mr. Hepworth. At Field Bailing, Norfolk, and very plentifully at Asheridge, Herts. Mr. Woodward. Not uncommon in woods in Ireland. Rev. Mr. Butt. In the western part of Scotland chiefly. Hooker. Shrub. July, August. Rather taller and more branched than the preceding, its branches quadrangular, more or less compressed. Leaves ovate, or some- what heart-shaped, sessile, widely spreading. Panicles terminal, erect, forked, many-flowered, with angular or winged smooth stalks. Fl. an inch wide, yellow, with 3 sets of stamens, and as many styles. Caps, finally pulpy, purplish-black, imperfectly 3-celled, as are many of the dry capsules of other species. The leaves and other parts have an aromatic scent when rubbed. This species is said not to have been found out of Britain and Ireland, except in Italy and the South of France j but Dr. Sib- thorp gathered it in Greece. 3. H. quadrangulum. Square St. John's-wort. St. Peter's-wort. Styles three. Stem herbaceous, with four sharp angles. Leaves with copious pellucid dots. Segments of the ca- lyx lanceolate. Hypericum quadrangulum. Linn. Sp. PL 1 104. Willd. v. 3. 1459. 'fl Br. 801. EngL Bot. v. 6. t. 370. Curt. Lond.fasc. 4. t. 52. Hook. ScoL 22 1 . DeCand. Prodr. v. 1 . 548. Fl. Dan. t. 640. H. n. 1038. HalLHist.v.2.5. H. Ascyron dictum, caule quadrangulo. Rail Syn.344. H. in dumetis nascens. Trag. Hist. 73. f. I. Androssemum Ascyrum dictum, caule quadrangulo glabro. Moris. v.2.47\.secLD'.t.6.f. 10. St. Peter's-wort. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 60./. 1 I3 calyx had. Common in moist meadows and thickets, and about the banks of rivers. Perennial. July, August. 1^00^ somewhat woody, creeping. Hier6 smooth, light green. Stems several, from 1 to 2 feet high, erect, leafy, acutely quadrangular with convex interstices, beset from top to bottom with short, opposite, axillary, leafy branches. Leaves crossing each other in pairs, sessile, elliptical, or ovate, obtuse, many-ribbed, veiny, full of minute, colourless, pellucid dots, and bordered with a more or less perfect row of dark-coloured ones, yielding a blood- red liquor. The uppermost branches form a leafy dense panicle, of numerous lemon-coloured flowers, about half the size of the last. Segments of the calyx lanceolate, narrow, acute, ribbed, entire, without marginal glands. Pet. oblique, sometimes dotted POLYADELPHIA— POLYANDRIA. Hypericum. S25 and streaked with dark purple, but not so much as in the next. Anth. each tipped with a dark purple gland. Styles short, erect. Caps. oval. The whole plant, when bruised, has a light aromatic lemon-like odour. Petiver's figure is copied from the wooden cuts which really re- present H. hirsutum, though generally quoted for this. 4. H, perforatum. Common Perforated St. Job n's- wort. Styles three. Stem two-edged. Leaves obtuse, with co- pious pellucid dots. Segments of the calyx lanceolate. H. perforatum. Linn. Sp. PL \\05. WUld.v.3.\460. Fl.Br.SO]. Engl. Bot.v. 5. t. 295. Curt. Lond.fasc. 1. t.b7. Woodv. I. 10. Hook. Scot. 221 . DeCand. Prodr. v. 1 . 549. Fl. Dan. t. 1043. H. n. 1037. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 4. Hypericum. Raii Syn. 342. Ger. Em. 539./. Lob. Ic. 398. /. Fuchs. Hist. 831. /. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 286./. Cavier. Epit. 675./ Dod. Pempt.76.f. Dalech. Hist. 1)53. f. LonicKreu- terb.\5S.f.]. H. vulgare. Bank. Pin. 279. Moris, v. 2. 469. sect. 5. t. 6./ 1 . Trag. Hist. 73. f. Herba perforata. ^ Trag, Hist. 72. f. Common St. John's-wort. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 60./ 5. In groves, thickets, and hedges, abundantly. Perennial. July, August. Root woody, tufted, somewhat creeping. Stem taller than the last, and much more bushy, in consequence of tlie much greater length of its axillary leafy branches j its form round, with only 2 opposite ribs or angles, not so acute as those of //. quadran- gulum. The whole herb is moreover of a darker green, with a more powerful scent when rubbed, staining the fingers with dark purple, from the greater abundance of coloured essential oil, lodged in the herbage and even in the petals. Leaves very numerous, smaller than the last, elliptical or ovate, obtuse, va- rious in width. Fl. bright yellow, dotted and streaked with black, or dark purple, numerous, in dense, forked, terminal pa. nicies. Cat. narrow. Styles short, erect. Caps, large, ovate. As this plant was found to bleed at the slightest touch, it was sup. posed to have a vulnerary quality, and became the "balm of the warriors wound," giving a blood. red colour to every com))Osi- tion, whether of a spiritous or oily nature, into which it entered. The essential oil, the scat of this colour, is aromatic, and pos- sibly tonic or stimulating, without much acrimony. 326 POLYADELPHI A— POLYANDRI A. Hypericum. t), H, dzidhim. Imperforate St. John's-wort. Styles three. Stem obscurely quadrangular. Leaves ob- tuse, nearly destitute of pellucid dots. Segments of the calyx elliptical. H. dubium. Leers 165. Wilkl. Sp. PI v. 3. 1460. Fl. Br. 802, Engl. Bot.v.5,L 296. m.th.664. Abbot \67. Hook. Scot. 221. Ehrh.Herb. 150. H. delphinense. Miliars Dauph. v. 3. 497. t. 44 ; from the author^ H. maculatum. Crantz Austr.fusc. 2. 64. Allion. Pedem, v. 2. 45. /.83./. 1. H. quadrangulum p. DeCand. Prodr. v. 1 . 548. In rather mountainous groves and thickets. About SajDcy, near Clifton, Worcestershire. Dr. John Seward, Luton, Bedfordshire. Mr. Vaux. North Mimms, Herts. Mr. Sa- bine, At Downton castle, near Ludlow, and Hafod, Cardigan- shire, very abundantly. Perennial. Jidi/f August. Habit like the last, with long, leafy, lateral branches, but the leaves are larger, paler beneath, with few or no colourless pellucid dots, though there is commonly a broken row of dark. coloured ones close to the margin. Young radical shoots bright red. Stem quadrangular in the upper part, but not winged or bordered. Fl. bright yellow, in large, forked, leafy, terminal pfl;?ic/e5. Seg- ments of the calyx elliptical and obtuse, broader than in either of the foregoing, by which this species is essentially distin- guished from them both. The petals and calyx are dotted and blotched with dark purple. 6. H, humifusum. Trailing St. John's-wort. Styles three. Flowers somewhat cymose. Stem compressed, prostrate. Leaves elliptical, smooth. Segments of the calyx ovate, leafy. H. humifusum. Linn.Sp.Pl.W^h. Mllld.v.3. \46]. Fl.Br.S02. Engl. Bot. V. 18. t. 1226. Curt. Loud.fasc. 3. t. 50. Hook. Scot, 222. DeCand. Prodr. v.\. 549. FL Dan. t.U\. Ehrh. Herb. 1 1 7. H. n. 1039. Hall. Hist. V. 2. b. H. minus supinum. Raii S?in. 343. H. minus. Dod. Pempt. 1(S.f. Moris, v. 2. 469. sect. 5. t. 6./. 3. H. minimum supinum. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. 386./. Lob. Ic. 400./. H. exiguum. Trag. Hist. 72. f. H. supinum glabrum. Ger. Em. 541./ H. supinum tertium minimum. Clus. Hist. v. 2. 181./. H. humistratum. Dalech. Hist. 1 154 ;f. bad. Ground St. John's-wort. Petiv. H. Brit, t, 60./ 8, In sandy or gravelly, heathy, rather boggy, pastures, frequent. Perennial. July. POL YADELPHIA—POLYANDRIA. Hypericum. 327 A pretty little procumbent smooth species, with the lemon-like scent of//, duhium iind perforatum. Root fibrous. Stems va- riously branched, compressed, or two-edged, slender. Leaves elliptical, obtuse, pliant, various in breadth, their margin dotted with black. Ft. few, bright yellow, somewhat corymbose. Cal, remarkably leafy and large, dotted at the edges, sometimes furnished, like the petals, with marginal glands. Caps, red in ripening, a colour which the leaves assume in decay. 7. H. montanum. Mountain St. John's-wort. Styles three. Calyx with dense, prominent, glandular ser- ratures. Stem erect, round, smooth. Leaves ovate, naked, clasping the stem. H.montanum. Li«;?. % P/. 1105. ^iZW.f.3. 14G3. Fl. Br. 803. Engl. Bot. V. 6. #.371. Hook. Scot. 222. Dkks. H. Sice, fasc, 18.19. DeCand.Prodr.v. 1.552. Fl. Dan. t.l73. H. n. 1042. Halt. Hist. v. 2. 6. H. elegantissimum non ramosum, folio lato. Rail Syn. 343. Bauh. Hist. V. 3. p. 2. 383./. Androssemum. Mattli.Valgr.v.2.2SS.f. Fuchs.Hist.76.f. Camer. Epit. 677 ? A. campoclarense. Column. Ecphr. 73. t. 74. Tway-blade St. John's-wort. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 60./. 7. On wild bushy hills, on a gravelly or chalky soil. Perennial. July. Root fibrous, scarcely creeping. Stems very straight and upright, about 2 feet high, simple, round, smooth, most leafy in the lower part. Leaves IJ- or 2 inches long, sessile, clasping the stem, ovate, generally rather acute, smooth, besprinkled with small j)ellucid dots ; the under side paler, marked at the edge with black dots. Panicle dense, of a few elongated forked branches, not leafy. Brae teas opposite, lanceolate, pinnatifid, fringed, like the lanceolate calyx, witli numerous, dark, stalked, viscid glands. Pet. pale lemon-coloured, elliptical, entire, without spots or glands. Though not an ostentatious j)lant, this species well deserves John Bauhin's epithet of " most elegant." The glutinous dark fringes of its calyx and hracteas reseml)le the glands of a Moss Hose. 8. H. barbatiun. Bearded St. John's-wort. Styles three. Calyx and ))etals iVingcd and dotted. Stem erect, somewhat angular. Leaves ovate, nuked, dotted and glandular, clasping the stem. H. barbutum. ,}nv>i. Anstr. v. 3. 33. t. 25'). Linn. Hyper. C. Anuru. Acad. V. 8. 323. VVilld. Sp. PL v. 3. 1462. Cinnp. ed. 4. 126. /•:/;-/. Bot. V. 28. /. 1 086. Hook. Scot. 222. 528POLYADELPHIA~POLYANDRIA.Hypericum. In bushy places in Scotland. By the side of a hedge, near the wood of Aberdalgy in Strath Earn, Perthshire. Mj\ G. Don, Perennial. September, October. Stems herbaceous, a foot or more in height, erect, straight, leafy, simple, except at the top, smooth, round j slightly quadrangular in the upper part 3 purplish below. Leaves sessile, clasping the stem, ovate, entire, slightly revolute, smooth, veiny, besprinkled with pellucid dots, and less regularly with dark glandular spots, a little prominent on both sides in the dried specimen ; the lower ones most obtuse ; upper somewhat pointed. Ft. bright yellow, in a terminal, upright, forked, somewhat leafy panicle. Brae- teas, as well as the segments of the calyx, ovate, acute, plenti- fully streaked and dotted with dark purple, the edges of both densely and elegantly fringed with long pale hairs, not tipped with black glands like the preceding species. Pet. obovate, mi- nutely fringed or toothed, especially at the extremity, and mark- ed with black glandular dots. Stam. in 3 sets. Caps, covered with resinous dots, but not wrinkled. Dr. Hooker well observes that the long hairs of the margin of the calyx render this species very distinct. No botanist has remark- ed its great affinity to H. perfoliatum of Linnaeus, or to Willde- now's ciliatum, to the latter of which belongs the hitherto neg- lected synonym of Columna, Androscemum alterum apulum, Ecphr. 77. t.78.f.l. In both these the calyx is fringed with short glandular bristles, and in the former of them the capsule is strongly wrinkled transversely. DeCandolle seems to have omitted this species. 9. H. hlrsutum. Hairy St. John's-wort. Styles three. Calyx lanceolate, w ith glandular serratures. Stem erect, round. Leaves ovate, downy. H. hirsutum. Linn. Sp. PL 1 105. mild. v. 3. 1465. Fl. Br. 804. Engl. Bot. V, 17. t. 1 156. Curt. Lond.fasc. 3. ^.49. Hook. Scot. 222. DeCand.Prodr.v.\.55]. Fl. Dan. t. 802. Ehrh. Herb. 160. H. n. 1043. Hall. Hist. v. 2.7. H. Androseemum dictum. Rail Syn. 343. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. 382. f. H. in dumetis nascens. Trag. Hist. 73. f. 2. Androssemum Ascyron dictum, caule rotundo hirsuto. Moris, v. 2. 47\.sect.5. t. 6.f. 11. A. alterum hirsutum. Column. Ecphr. 75. t. 74. f. 2. Ascyrum. Fuchs. Hist. 74. f. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 287. f. Camer. Epit.676. larger/. Dod. Pempt.78.f. Ger.Ein. 542./. Lob. Ic. 399./. Dalech. Hist. 1155./. Tutsan St. John's-wort. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 60./. 10. In thickets and hedges, chiefly on a dry chalky soil. POLYADELPHIA— POLYANDRIA.Hypericum.S29 Perennial. June, July. Root branching at the crown, sending up several erect stems, which are about 2 feet high, straight, round, leafy, panicled at the top, with or without short axillary branches, and clothed, like the foliage and stalks, with short downy hairiness, very soft to the touch. Leaves sessile, ovate, bluntish, furnished with pellucid dots, intermixed with a few dark ones ; paler and most downy beneath, with many lateral ribs. FL very numerous, of a uni- form bright yellow, about the size of //. perforatum. Segments of the cali/x lanceolate, ribbed, smooth, fringed, like the brac- teas, with numerous black viscid glands on shortish stalks, such as also terminate the petals. Caps, smooth and even. The Ascijrum of the old herbalists appears, by their representation of the calyx, to be this plant, and v\otH. qua rlr unguium, to which last some of their synonyms have been referred. If, instead of copying, from Dioscorides and each other, various futile accounts which afford no information, they had plainly told us whether their plant were smooth or downy, with a round or four- wing- ed stem, all would have been clear and satisfactory. 10. Yi. pulchrum. Small Upright St. John's-wort. Styles three. Calyx ovate, with glandular serratures. Stem erect, round. Leaves clasping the stem, heart-shaped, smooth. H. pulchrum. Linn. Sp.Pl.\\{)Q. fVilld. v. 3. 146S. FL Br. 804. Engl.Bot.v. 18. t. 1227. Curt. Lond.fasc. 1. t.b&. Hook. Scot. 222. Trag. Hist. 74./. DeCand. Prodr. v. 1.551. Fl. Dan. t. lb, not 73. Elirh. Fhytoph. 36. H. n. 1041. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 6. H. pulchrum Tragi. Raii Syn. 342. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. 383./. Anflrosaemum. Louie. Kreuterb. 158./. 3. Upright St. John's-wort. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 60./. 6. In woods and bushy heathy places, on a clay soil, frequent. Perennial. July. Root branching, woody and tough. Herb very smooth. Stem 1 2 or IS inches high, erect, straight, slender, round, rigid, leafy, panicled at the top, and with many short leaty axillary branches all the way up. Leaves firm and rigid, sessile, often deflexed, heart-shaped, or ovate, short, convex : dark green, with a glau- cous tinge, above ; paler beneath -, the lower ones soon be- coming yellow, or more frequently bright red, which combined with the goldeny/o^fer.s-, ti])ped externally with scarlet, and the red anthers, gives the ))lant a peculiarly gay as})ect, rendering it worthy of the a])pellation o( pulchrum, adojjted originally by the venerable Tragus. The segments of the calyx are ovate, and their black glandular fringes, like those of the petals, add also to the beauty of [hvjlowrrs. Tiie capsule is ovate, smooth and even. 330 POLYADELPHIA—rOLYANDRIA. Hypericum. 11. H. e/odes. Marsh St. John's-vvort. Styles three. Calyx obtuse^ glandular. Stem procumbent, creeping, round, shaggy, like the roundish obtuse leaves. Panicle of few flowers. H. elodes. Linn. Sp.Pl\\06. WiUd.v.SAAQD. Fl. Br. S05. Engl Bot.v.2. t. 109. Dicks. H. Sice, fasc.2. 13. Hook. Scot. 223. H. tomentosum. Lob. Ic. 400./. ^ Ger. Em. 540./. Ascyron su}oinum villosura palustre. Rail Sijn. 344. A. supinum elodes. Clus. Exot. app. 2. auctuar. 7. Ger. Em. 542. Caryophyllus palustris, foliis subrotundis incanis,, floribus aureis. Mentz. PugilL t. 7. Hoary St. Peter's-wort. Fetiv. H. Brit. t. 60. f. 12. In spongy, especially rather mountainous^, bogs. Perennial. July, August. Root of many long fibres. Stems procumbent or prostrate, among wet mosses or grass, branched at the bottom only, where they throw out several radicles ; they are round, or obscurely an- gular, about a span long, regularly leafy, of a spongy texture, and shaggy with soft deflexed hairs. Leaves soft and shaggy also, roundish, or nearly orbicular, with several radiating ribs. Pa- nicle at first terminal, becoming subsequently lateral, imperfect- ly forkedj of fewjlowers, whose partial stalks are smooth. Brac- ieas minute, ovate, fringed with stalked glands. Cal. divided scarcely more than half way, into 5 obtuse ovate segments, fringed with glands. Pet. expanding in sunshine only, pale yel- low, with green ribs. Filmn. much less deeply subdivided than in our other species. Caps, ribbed. Some of the earlier writers confound this species, chiefly growing in England, Holland, and the north of France, with H. tomen^ tosmu of Linnaeus, a native of Spain and the south of France. This latter is H. supinuyn tomentosum hispanicum of Clusius, in his Hist. v. 2. 181./. 1, though the inflorescence is incorrect ; while his alterum,f. 2, is our elodes, the cut being thatof Lobel and Gerarde above cited. The tomentosum has longer, more upright, stems ; oblong leaves ; a forked panicle of m2ix\y flowers, with racemose branches; downy partial flower-stalks, bracteas and calyx, the segments of the latter being deep and acute, the bracteas lanceolate, and taper-pointed. ClassXIX. SYNGENESIA. Anthers united into a tube. Flowers compoumL Order L FOLYGAMIA MQVALIS. Flo^ rets all perfect^ each liav'mg 5 stamens and 1 pistil^ and producing 1 seed, * Corolla of each Jloret ligidate. Semiflosadosi of Tournefort, 379. HYPOCH.^RIS. Receptacle cliaffy. Seed-down feathery. Calyx somewhat imbricated. 381. CICHORIUM. jR^-c^;;/. slightly chaffy. Z)ott7/ chaf- fy, shorter than the seed. Cal. double. 378. CRP^PIS. Recept. roughish. Doiim simple, partly stalked. Cal. double; outermost lax, tumid, deci- duous. 377. niERACIUM. T^^c^;;/^. almost naked, dotted. Doxim simple, sessile. Cal. imbricated, ovate. 376. APARGIA. T^my^/. naked, dotted. Z)ocO« feathery, sessile, unequal and various. Cat. double ; inner- most imbricated. 371. PICRIS. Recept. naked. Dcrjcn feathery. Seeds furrowed transversely. Cal. double ; innermost ecjual ; outer lax. 370. TRA(K)1H)G()\. Recept. naked. D(n^n stalked, feathery. Cal. simple, of several ccjual scales, in 2 rows. 375. LEOxNTODOX. Recept. naked. nnvn stalked, simple. Cal. imbricated, double; scales of llic outer- most lax. 373. LACTUCA. Recept. naked. />AC7/ stalked, simple. Cal. imbricated, simple, cylindiieal ; scales membra- 332 374. PRENANTHES. Recepf. naked. Down nearly ses- sile, simple. CaL double. Florets in a single row. 372. SONCHUS. Recept. naked. Down sessile, simple. CaL simple, imbricated, swelling at the base. 380. LA PS ANA. Recept. nsiked. Down none. Cal. dou- ble ; innermost of equal channelled scales. ** Florets all tnbidar, lax and spreading in the limb, Capitati. 387. CARLINA. Calyx swelling; outer scales spinous ; inner coloured, polished, radiant. Recept. chaffy, Dow?i feathery. 382. ARCTIUM. CaZ. globose ; scales spinous, hooked, inflexed. 384-. CARDUUS. Cal. tumid, imbricated ; scales spi- nous. Recept. hairy. Down deciduous, capillary, roughish. 385. CNICUS. Cal. tumid, imbricated; scales spinous. Recept. hairy. Down deciduous, feathery. 386. ONOPORDUM. Ca/.tuniid; scales^pinous, spread- ing. Recept. cellular, somewhat chaffy. 383. SERRATULA. C«^. nearly cylindrical, imbricated; scales unarmed. Down permanent. Centaur ea. 1 . *** Carets all tubular^ parallel^ crowded^ neardy on a level at the top. Discoid. 389. EUPATORIUM. Recept. naked. Down rough. Cal. imbricated, oblong. Style cloven halfway down, prominent. 390. CHRYSOCOMA. Recept. naked. Down rough. Cal. imbricated, hemispherical. Style scarcely longer than the florets. 388. BIDENS. Recept. chaffy. Down rough with re- versed prickles. Cal. of many parallel, channelled scales. Cor. occasionally radiated. 391. DIOTIS. Recept. chaffy, with hairy-tipped scales. DoW7i none. Cal. imbricated, hemispherical. Flo- rets with 2 spurs, which border the seed. Tanacelum . Senecio 1. Jster 1. Anthemis 2. 333 Order 11. POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. Florets all perfect arid fertile, though those of the circumference have no stamens. * Corolla of the marginal Jiorets obsolete, or wanting. Discoid. 392. TANACETUM. Recept. naked. Seed with a mem- branous crown. Cal. imbricated, hemispherical. Florets of the circumference 3-cleft, obsolete, some- times wanting. 395. CONYZA. Recept. naked. Down rough. Cal. im- bricated, roundish. Fl. of the circumference 3-cleft. 394. GNAPHALIUM. Recept. naked. Down rough, or feathery. Cal. imbricated ; scales filmy, coloured. Fl. of the circumference awl-shaped. 393. ARTEMISIA, i?^^^/*/. either naked or hairy. Down none. Cal. imbricated ; scales rounded, converging. Fl. of the circumference awl-shaped, entire. Tussilago 2. ** Corolla of the marginal florets ligulate. Radiant. 404. BELLIS. Recept. naked, conical. Down none. Cal. hemispherical ; scales equal. Seed obovate. 407. MATRICARIA. Recept. naked, nearly cylindrical. Down none. Cal. nearly flat, imbricated ; scales membranous at the edoes. o 405. CHRYSANTHEMUM. 7?ray)/. naked, rather con- vex. Down none. Cal. hemispherical, imbricated; scales with a dilated membranous border. 40G. PYRETHRUM. /j^myV. naked. .Sr^r/ crowned with a border. (\d. hemis])herical, imbricated ; scales rather aculi', meuibranous at the edires. 403. DOKONICrM. Rerrpt. naked. Down simple; wanting on the seeds of the radius. Cal. a double row of equal scales, hunger than the disk. 401. INV^LA. Rerrj)t. naked. Doxcn siuiple. C/i/. im- bricated. Florets of the ra(nus very nunuTons, linear. Anthers with 2 bristles at the base. 39G. ERICiEROX. Rrcepf. naked. Down sim[)le. Cnl. 334 imbricated. Flor. of the radius numerous, linear, very narrow. Anth. simple. 400. SOLIDAGO. Recept. naked, pitted. Domi sim- ple. Cal. imbricated, with close scales. Flor. of the radius about 5. 399. ASTER. Recept. naked. Doim simple. Cal. im- bricated ; lowermost scales spreading. Flor. of the radius more than 10. 398. SENECIO. Recept. naked. Doun simple. Cal. double ; the innermost cylindrical, of numerous equal scales ; outer of several minute ones ; scales all withered at the extremity. 397. TUSSILAGO. Recept. naked. DoKim simple. Cal. simple, tumid at the base ; scales numerous, equal, somewhat membranous. Seed obovate, compressed. 402. CINERARIA. Recept. naked. Do'uon simple. Cal. simple, cylindrical; scales numerous, equal. Seed quadrangular. 408. ANTHEMIS. Recept. chafFy. Seed crowned with a slight border. Cal. hemispherical ; scales nearly equal. Flor. of the radius numerous, oblong. 409. ACHILLEA. Recept. chaffy. Doxm non-e. Cal. ovate ; scales imbricated, unequal. Flor. of the radius 5 — 10, roundish, somewhat heart-shaped. Bidens 2, Order III. POLYGAMIA FRUSTBANEA, Florets of the disk perfect and fertile; those of the circumference neuter. 410. CENTAUREA. Recept. bristly. Boxmi simple, or feathery, rarely wanting. Flor. of the radius funnel- shaped, dilated, irregular, without stamens or style. A natural tribe, consisting of the genuine Compound Flo^m- ers, having a common calyx, and ccmibined anthers. Composite. Linn. 49. Cinarocephalce, 5^', Cichoracet^, 53; and Corijmhifcree, 55, of Jussieu. See Grammar 1 20 — 1 25. 335 Common Calyx inferior, containing numerousy/o/-^/.?, seated on a common receptacle. It contracts after' flowering, but becomes reflexed, in general, when the seeds are ripe. It is either simple, consisting of a single row of scales en- compassing the florets ; or imbricated, when the nume- rous scales lie one over another, the outer ones being gradually smaller ; or double^ when one row of equal scales, united at the base, surrounds the florets, and is accom})anied by a much smaller external set of scales at the bottom, often of a very different texture, habit, or duration from the inner and larger ones. Compound Flox^er consisting of various descriptions o{ Jlo- rets, each monopetalous, very rarely wanting the corolla entirely, but various as to stamens, pistil, or seed. 1. Ligulate Florets, tubular at the base; ligulate, or strap- shaped, and unilateral, in the limb ; furnished with both stamens and pistil, or only with the latter, in a more or less perfect state. 2. Tubular Florets, cylindrical, with a regular equal limb, almost invariably 5-cleft ; furnished generally with sta- mens and pistil, and usually producing perfect seed. 3. Neuter Florets, funnel-sha})ed, spreading ujnvards, with- out stamens or style, mostly irregular, entirely inellicient. Nectary altogether wanting, the honey lodged'in each flo- ret being, a}i])arently, secreted by llie tube of its corolla. Stamens 5, very rarely or accidentally t only ; filaments cti- pillary, from the mouth of the tube of each floret, equal, sometimes irritable. Anthers vertical, linear-oblong, united laterally into a cylinder, \eYy rarely separate, per- manent. Germeii, with respect to its floret, inferior, simple, olteii crowned with a partial calyx, which becomes tlie croxvn, border, or <'/otcv/ of the seecl. .S'////c' solitary, thread-sliaped, about the length of the corolla. Sti<^ma sim})Ie, or cloven, sometimes thickened, and in that case less perfect, or to- tally ineflicitnt. Seed'7'essel none, the common calyx s(.'i-ving to shelter the seeds till ripe, and then spreading widely, especiallv in dry weather, to let them escape. Seed one to each floret, sonietimes a mere rudiment ; w hen perfect obloiig, or obovate, angular oi- compressed ; ei- ther simple and naked at the summit ; or ciowned witli an elevated, entire or lobed, l)c)r(hr : or with scrd-drmft, consisting of simple, ii->n:illy loiigli, hairs; or of ieatherv 3SQ SYNGENESIA-POLYGAMIA-^QUALIS. tufts ; or of variously proportioned bristly scales, all mostly permanent, sometimes deciduous. Albumen none. Cotyledons 2. Radicle inferior. The CichoracecB, Juss. 53, have ligulate/or^/s only, all per- fect and fertile. The plants are herbaceous, milky, bit- ter ; with alternate leaves^ and generally ^j^\o\\ Jioxmrs^ open chiefly in a morning. CiriarocephalcB, Juss. 54, have tuhn\?iv Jlorcts only, regular when perfect, but sometimes neuter and irregular. Plants with generally prickly foliage, and red or purple ^ow^r5. Corymhiferce^ Juss. SS^ have tubular j^or^/s in the disk, which is usually yellow, some- times white; and ligulate ones in the radius or circum- ference, various in colour. Leaves in some opposite. Flo- rets variable as to their degree of perfection. Qualities various, but generally not noxious. For irregularities and exceptions, which are very few, and chiefly concern exotic plants, see Grammar. Some recent botanists of the French school, rejecting the idea of a compound Jlo^er, have given the name of invo- lucrum to what has hitherto been denominated by Jus- sieu, as well as Linnaeus, a common calyx. I cannot sub- scribe to the theory, nor to the alteration founded upon it ; nor can I deny these plants a nak'ed seed, any more than the umbelliferous tribe, the grasses, or the Didyna- mia Gymnospermia. The student may judge for himself ; but if he enters prematurely into such speculations, he will soon find himself bewildered in a labyrinth of doubts and theories. It will be still worse if^ by neglecting the prac- tical study of nature, and adopting innovations, which are generally long-exploded fancies in a new form, he throws away his clue, and follows blindfold, while he imagines he is taking the lead. SYNGENESIA—POLYG.-^QUALIS. * Florets all ligidate ; an entirely natural order. Compositde^^^semijlosculosce. Linn. 49. Cichorace. T. luteum. Rnii Si/n. 171. Gcr Km. 7.>.">../. Tra^o|)ot,^()n. Fnr'h<. Hist. .s2 1 . /". .Matth. I algr. v. 1 . 190. /: T. flori' lutiM). Bnnh. Hist. v. 2.' 10:)8.7: 1. 10,-,l). liarbula liirii. Trn-. H,st. IM). /'. < \nnrr. F.jut. ?, 1 2. /'. Hirei barha. ( »nl. Hist. \:,G. / Narrow and Common (ioat's-bearil. P»'tk\ //. I'nH. I. l."i./. (), 7- In gras.^y pastures and meadows. Biennial. June. Ruot\ii]KTin^. \\hole/ir//yVi TV smooth, aboundinu, wit hmilkyjiiiio, ratlier bitter, but not acrid. .S7fmA several, branciiinn, erect, round, leafy, 1 1 or 2 feet hif;h, often purplish. Lrares alternate, long anff taper-pointed, often flaccid, or curling, at the extremity; inflated at the base ; several of them radical. //. large, 2 inches wide, bri-'ht velhnV. solitarv. on terminal stalks, opening early 33S SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA^^QU. Picris in the morning, and closing before noon, except in very cloudy weather. Florets as long as the calyx, sometimes longer. AiiUi. brown or purplish. Germ, crowned witii hairs. Seeds large, curved, furrowed, light brown, their feathery crowns lightly co- hering in the form of a large cobweb-like ball. 2. T. pomfolkis . Purple Goat's-beard. Calyx half as long again as the corolla. Leaves tapering, straight. Flower-stalk swelling upwards. T. porrifolius. Lhm. Sp.VlAW^. WUld.v.3.\493. Fl.Br.S\3. Engl. Bot. V. 9. t. 638. Hook. Scot. 226. Hopidrk Glott. 97. Jacq. Coll. V. 1. 99. Ic. Rar. t. 1.59. Fl. Dan. t. 797. T. n. 9. Hall. Hist. v.\.^. T. purpureum. RailSijn. 1/1 . Ger. Em. 735./. T. flore purpureo. Dauh. Hist. v. 2. 1058./. 2. 1059. T. alterum. Matth. Falgr.v. \.49\.f. Barbula hirci altera. Camer. Epit. 313./ Purple Goat's beard. Petiv. H. Brit. ^ 1 5./. 8. In moist meadows, near great rivers. On the banks of the Chalder, near Whalley, Lancashire. Gerarde. In many parts of Cornwall, according to Dr. Gunthorp. Merrett. About Carlisle and Rose Castle ; Mr. Nicholson. Dill. In the marshes below Woolwich, and near Edmonton. Blackstone. At North Benfleet, near Billcricay, Essex. Rev. R. B. Francis. In the meadows below St. Vincent's rocks, Bristol. Mr. D. Turner and Mr. Sowerby. Biennial. Mai/, June. Root tapering, alx>unding with milky juice, on which account the plant was formerly much cultivated for boiling or stewing ; but its place is now generally supplied by the Scorzonera hispanica. Herb smooth, 3 or 4 feet high, glaucous. Leaves neither undu- lated at the base, nor curled at the point. Flower-stalks hollow and swelling gradually upward. Fl. dull purple, with still darker anthers, the nearly equal calyx extending much beyond the forets. They close before noon. 371. PICRIS. Ox-tongue. Linn.Gen.399. Juss. \70. Fl. Br. S\4. Lam. t. 648. Gcertn- t. 159. Helminthotheca. Vaill. Mem. de VAc. des Sc. 73 1 . / 25, 26,51. Helmintia. Juss. 170. mild. v. 3. \607. Lam. f. 648. Gcerfn. t.\59. Common Col. double ; the outer of several flat, lax, con- verging scales ; inner ovate, of many equal, parallel, close leaves, permanent. Cor. compound, imbricated, uniform; florets numerous, perfect, uniform, ligulate, SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-.EQU. Picris. 339 abrupt, with 5 teeth. Filam. 5, capillary, very short. Anl/i. in a cylindrical tube. Germ, nearly ovate. Siyle thread-shaped, the length of the stamens. Stigm. 2, re- flexed. Seed-vessel none, except the permanent calyx, finally reflexed. Seed swelling, obtuse, transversely wrin- kled. Down feathery, either sessile or stalked. Recepf, naked, dotted. Annual, biennial, or perennial, upright branching leafy herbs, rough with rigid or bristly hairs, and exti*emely bitter, as the generic name imports. Leaves oblong : toothed or sinunted. FI. yellow. 1 . P. echioides. Bristly Ox-tongue. Outer calyx of five broad prickly scales. Down stalked. Leaves wavy. P. echioides. L'mn. Sp. PI. 1 1 14. Fl. Br. 814. Engl. Hot, v. 14. t. 972. Curt. Lond.fasc. 3.t.5\. Helmintia echioides. 'fVilld. v. 3. 1 607. Gcertn. v. 2. 368. Hieracium echioides, capitulis cardui benedicti. Bauh. Pin. 128. Raii Syn. 166. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 1028./. 1029. Buglossum luteum. Ger, Em. 798./. B. echioides luteum, Ilieraciocognatum. Lob. Ic. ^)77.f. 0\-tongue Hawkweed. Petiv. H. Brit. 1. 12./. 1 2. About hedges, the borders of fields, and in ground newly cleared^ on a clay soil. Annual. Junti, July. Root tapering, and, like the wliole plant, abounding with a some- what milky, extremely bilter, juice. Herb bright shining green, beset with rigid very pungent bristles, each springing from a white tubercle or wart. Stem round, furrowed, solid, branched, leafy, 2 or 3 feet high. Lower leaves lanceolate ; upper heart- shaped, clasping the stem. Fl. an inch broad, of a bright golden yellow. Outer ealy.v of;") broad, heart shaped, loosely spreading leaves, or scales, as long as the inner one, and fringed with prickles. Seeds curiously wrinkled or furrowed transversely, a more striking and important character of the genus than the in- sertion of their feathery donn, which in this species is elevated on a stalk about its own length. M. Revnier gathered P. echioides in Switzerland, but it is not in Haller. A nearly smooth variety of tlie j)lant before us is represented Hermann's Paradisus, p. IS,*). in 2. P. Iiieracioulcs . Iliuvkweed Ox-tongue. Oiitf'V calvx of niinicioiis scales, much slioiter tliau the z 340 SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-iEQU. Sonchus. inner. Leaves lanceolate, wavy ; radical ones toothed. Down sessile. Stem rough. p. hieracioides. Linn. Sp. PL 1 1 la. mild. v. 3. 15.56. /I Br.8\5, Engl. Bot. V. 3. /. 1 96. Hook. Scot. 226. Fl. Dan. t, 1522. P. n.24. Hall. Hist. v.\.\\. Hedypnois hieracioides. Huds. 342. Hieracium asperum majori flore, in agrorum limilibus. Baii Syn. \67. Bauh.Hisi.v.2. 1029./. H. asperum. Ger. Em.29S.f. Curled Hawkweed. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 12./. 11. On dry banks, or in the borders of fields, on a gravelly or chalky soil. Biennial. July. August. Herb dark green, rough with short, coarse, not bristly or pungent hairs. Stem 3 feet high, with many spreading leafy branches, furrowed, solid, often purplish ; the ultimate subdivisions un- equally corymbose. Leaves acute, wavy, lanceolate 3 the ra- dical ones unequally and broadly toothed, on bordered/oof s/«/A-s ; upper somewhat heart-shaped, and clasping, at the base. Fl. bright yellow, rather larger than the last, solitary, on bracteated stalks ; the bracteas scattered, lanceolate. Cal. rough with, often forked, prominent bristles, among soft cobvveb-like hoariness ; the outer one loosely spreading, of similar scales to the inner, but unequal, and all much shorter. Seeds furrowed and trans- versely wrinkled like the foregoing. Doan sessile, spreading, unequal, slightly feathery. 872. SONCHUS. Sovv-thihtle. Linn. Gen. \00. Juss. \69. F/. Br 815. Tourn.t.26S. Lr.m. /. 649. r;rf>r/M. /. 158. Common Cal. swelling at the base, of numerous, linear, im- bricated, unequal, acute scales. Cor. compound, imbri- cated, uniform; ^o;-^/5 numerous, perfect, equal, lign- late, abrupt, with 4 or 5 teeth. Filam. 5, capillary. Anth. in a cylindrical tube. Genu, rather obovate. Style thread- shaped, full as long as the stamens. Stigm. 2, refiexed. Seed-vessel none, the permanent calyx converging into a depressed, orbicular, pointed form. Seed oblong, rough- ish. Doiim of many simple hairs, sessile. Becept, naked, doited. A rather large and very natural genus, of annual or peren- nial, rarely shrubby, generally tall, milky, bitter plants, with hollow stems; and more or less pinnatifid or lyrate leaves, toothed or prickly at their edges. The surface of the herbage is usually smooth ; that of the inflorescence hairy, or glandular, often viscid. FL yellow, rarely blue. SVNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-.EQU. Soudim. 3U I. '^. ccrruleus. Blue Sow-thistle. Flower-stalks ami calyx bristly, racemose. Leaves some- what lyrate; their terminal lobe triangular and very lartre. o S. cseruk'Lis. Camtr. Epit. 28 I . /: /7. Br. SIT). LniiL Dot. v 31. t.242:K Hull 227. IIoo/c. Seal. 22(1. S. Ci^ruleus lutifolius. Baah. Uhl. v. 2. 100."). f. lOOO. S. canadensis. Linn. Sp. PL 1 I 1.^. IfUh. 674. Original sped- men from Kahn in I lie Linncean Uerburiuui. S. alpinus. iraid. V. 3. 1.5 1 9. IValdenb. Lapp. 191. Huds. 336. FL Dun. t. 182. Fnelich in ist. Jnnnl. v. 1. 24. S. n.20. Hall. Hist. v. 1.9. S. flore caeruleo. Ger. Em. 29-1. f. On the Highland mountains of Scotland, but rare. On Loch-na-gore, Aberdeenshire, and on the Clova mountains. Mr. G. Don. Perennial. July, Augusi: Root tuberous and woody, slightly creeping. Stems upright, a yard high, round, simple, leafy, furrowed -, smooth in the lower part ; besprinkled above with prominent, brown, glandular, viscid hairs. Leaves smooth, pliant, variously Ivrate ; arrow-shaped at the base, with a Wm^^A footstalk ; their terminal lobe large, triangular, somewhat toothed ; their under side a little glaucous. Fl. large, numerous, and handsome, of a fine blue, composinga simple, terminal dusler, whose stalks, n^^ well as the linear brac- feas, and the ral/jx, are clothed with copious, brown, glutinous, bristly hairs. Juth. red. Seeds compressed, striated. Down rough. W'allis, by a strange mistake in iiis Historv of Northumberland, was the cause of this fine alpine plant being reckoned by Hud- son a native of Britain ; but what W'allis took for it is the Ci. chorium Intybus. The Blue Sow-thistle however remains on our list, having been discovered in the Highlands by the late Mr. Don. It abounds on the principal mountains of Europe, from Lapland to Switzerland. Some botanists cotitend that this is the real .S. alpinus of Linn.Tus, and the accurate Dr. W'ahlen- berg declares it to be the Lapland plant so denominated ; what IS preserved under that name in the Linniean herbarium, and fiQ:ure(lin Sm. Plant. Ir. /. 21, not being known to him as a native of Lapland. This last species however alone answers to the character in the Sp. Plantaruni, and cannot but remain .-w the real .S. alpinus. All ambiguity is avoided bv retaining the olshnped at the base. 342 SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-.^QU. Sonchus. S. paliistris, Linn. Sp. PL 11 IG. JVilld. v. 3. 1512. FL Br. 816. Engl. Bot. V. 13. ^.935. Curt. Lond.fusc. 5. t. 59. S. arvensis. Fl. Dan. t. 606. S. tricubitalis, folio cuspidato. Merr. Fin. 1 15. Raii Sijn. 163. S. arborescens alter. Ger. Em. 204. f. S. laBvis lanceatus acutifolius. Locs. Pruss. 258. t. 79. S. laevior austriacus, vel altissimus. Clus. Hist. v. 2. 1 47./. S. tertius. Clus. Pann. 654./. 653. S. paludosus altissimus, hastato folio. Moris, v. 3. 61 . Tall Marsh Sow-thistle. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 11./. 7. In marshes near the banks of large rivers. About Greenwich and Blackwall. Ray, Curtis. Near Streatham ferry, in the isle of Ely. Relhan. Perennial. July, August. One of our largest herbaceous plants, being from 6 to 8 feet high. . Root fleshy, branching, not creeping, by which, as Mr. Curtis very correctly observes, it differs essentially from the following more common, species j the whole herh being moreover twite or thrice as large, though ihejlowers are smaller, and usually a little paler. Stem cylindrical, though angular and furrowed, scarcely branched, leafy, hollow, with many transverse internal partitions. Leaves large, deeply pinnatifid, smooth, except at the edges, where they are fringed with copious, short, rigid, bristly hairs ; their lobes narrow, acute, for the most part di- rected downwards j the uppermost leaves simply hastate, ses- sile, linear, serrated. Panicles terminal, umbellate or cymose, their stalks rough with black, bristly, glandular hairs, as is like- wise the calyx. Cor. lemon-coloured. Seeds furrowed. Down simple, smooth. Haller only guessed this to be a variety of S. arvensis, without - having compared them ; a rather rash mode of judging, calcu- lated to mislead all who practise it. 3. S. ai'vensis. Corn Sow-thistle. Flower-stalks and calyx bristly, somewhat umbel late. Leaves runcinate, finely toothed, heart-shaped at the base. Root creeping. S. arvensis. Linn. Sp.Pl.XW^. Willd.v.3.\b\2. FLBr.8\7. Engl. Bot. V. 10. t. 674. Curt. Lond.fasc. 4. t. 53. Hook. Scot. 226. S. n. 23. Hall.Hist.v.l.W. S. repens, multis Hieracium majus. Raii Syn. 163. Bauh. Hist. r. 2. 1017./ 1018. S. arborescens. Ger. Em. 204. f. S. hieracites major repens, calyculo hirsuto inter segetes. Moris. v.2,.6\.sect.7.t.6.f.\2. Hieracium majus, Fuc/is. Hist. 3\9.f. /r. 182./. SYNGENESIA—POLYGAMIA-.^QU. Soncluis. 3i3 Corn Sow-thi.stlc. Pelic. JI. Brit. t. 14./. 6. In corn fields and hudges, on a clay soil. Perennial. August. Root fleshy, milky, creeping widely, with oblong, tuberous, white branches, which often render it very difficult of extirpation. Stem 3 or 1 feet high, not much branched, round, leafy, hollow, rough towards the top, with viscid, black hairs. Leaves runcinate, heart- shaped, rather than arrow-shaped, at the base, and bordered withlittle sharp unequal teeth, not with bristly hairs like the pre- ceding ; the upper ones undivided and entire. Panicle cymose, or imperfectly umbellate, rough with dark glandular hairs ; sometimes it is compound and many-flowered. Cal. in like man- ner hairy. Fl. deep yellow, often 2 inches wide, and very con- spicuou.s J frequently reddish underneath. Tube of each Jlorel hairy. Seed furrowed. Down smooth. 4. S. oleraceus'. Common Sow-thistle. Flower-stalks cottony. Calyx smooth. Leaves runcinate, toothed. 5. oleraceus. Linn. Sp. PL \\\6, mUd.v.S.\D\4. Fl.Br.8\7. Engl. hot. V. 12. ^843. Curt. Lond.fasc. 2. /. 58. Hook. Scot. 227. S. n. 21 y. Hall. Hist. V. 1. 10. S. laevis. Rail Syn. 162. Ger. Em. 292./. Matth. Valgr. v. 1. 4o2./ Cnmer. Epit.279.f. Dod. Pempt.6A3.f. S. laevis vulgaris, foliis laciniosis. Loh. Ic. 235./ 8. laevis, laciniatis foliis. Dalech. Hist. 572./ S. laciniatus non spinosus. Bauh. Hist. r. 2. 1016./ Smooth Jagged Sow-thistle. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 14./ 9 ; also f. 10. (^. Sonchus oleraceus. Fl. Dan. t. 682, 8. n. 21 /3. Hall Hist. V. 1. 10. S. laevis minor, paucioribus laciniis. Rail Syn. 163. Bauh. Pin. 124. S. Icevis latifolius. Ger. Em. 292. f. Moris, sect. 7. t. 3./ 2. Smooth Broad Sow-thistle. Peiiv. H. Brit. t. 14/ 8. y. Sonchus n.22 (3. Hall. Hist. v. \.\ 0. S. asper laciniatus. Raii Syn. 163. S. as|)cra. Matth. Valgr. v. 1 . 45 1 ./ Dalech. Hist. 572. / S. asperior. Ger. Em. 291./ I^rickly Jagged Sow-thistle. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 1 4./ 5. S. Sonchus n. 22 a. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 10. S. asj)er non laciniatus, Raii Syn. 163. S. asper dentatus. J)Ul. i)i Raii Syn. 1 ()3, ;/. 9. S. asper. Ger. Em. 29 1 ./ Dod. Pcmpt. 643./ S. asper laciniatus latifolius. Loes. Pruss. 257. /. 77. S. a.spcra. Lob. IclSA.f. Fnrhs.IIist.67\.f. S. tertius asperior. Dod. Pcmpt. 6 1.*^. /'. 3. .341 SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-.EQU. Lactuca, Andrvala major. Dalech. Hist. 56."^. f. Broad Sow-thistle. Petiv. H. Brit, i J 4,/. 2. Prickle-dented Sow-thi.stle. Petiv. 11. Brit. t. 14./. 4 3 copied from Dad. Pempt. 643. /. 3. B. Sonchus subrotundo folio nostras, levissimis spinulis circa fo- lioriim oras exasperatus. Pluk. Abuag.o^A. Phtjt. t. Gl./. 5. Dill, in Rnii Syn. IfiS. Ruimd-leaved Sow-thistle. Petiv. II. Brit. i.]4.f.\. ^. Sonchus a^'jAX&y.auXof, angusto ct oblongo folio nof^tras, per foliorum ambitum creberrimis spinulis asperatus. Pluk. Almag, 354. Phyt. t. r.2. f. 1. Dill, in Raii Syn. I 63. Narrow Sow-thistle.' Petiv. H Brit. t. 14./. 3. In cultivated and waste ground every M'here. Annual. July —September. Root tapering, milky and bitttr like the whole herb, which as- sumes a number of different but evanescent forms, insomuch that the several varieties, depending on richness or poverty of soil, can hardly he traced with any certainty. Ray doubted whether any of them were species or not. Hill persuaded Hal- ler that the prickly varieties constituted a distinct specits from the smooth ones 3 but this opinion is not confirmed by obser- vation or experience. The stem in all, except very poor spe- cimens, is branched, erect, round, smooth, hollow, leafy, very brittle. Leaves smooth on both sides, variously pinnatifid, or runcinate, toothed, sometimes very prickly at the edges, the terminal lobe generally large and triangular j in s and ^, starved varieties, they are undivided. Floicer-stalks cymose, axillary and terminal, clothed, more especially near the flowers, with a peculiarly soft, white, cottony web, which after a while falls off^ leaving them smooth and naked. Bracteas few, lanceolate, partly toothed Cal. smooth, glaucous. Cor. pale yellow, closing at night, and in bad weather ; reported to be sometimes while, but this I have never seen. Seeds angular, furrowed and finely notched. Down copious, smooth, very white and silky. Dr. Withering mentions a maritime variety without a sian, found on Portland island. Hares and rabbits are very fond of this herb. 373. LACTUCA. Lettuce. Linn. Gen. 400. Juss.\G9. Ft. Br. 819. Tonrn.t.267. Lam. t. 649. Gcprtn. t. 158. Common Cal. cylindrical, of numerous, pointed, imbricated, unequal, flat scales, membranous at the margin. Cor. compound, imbricated, uniform ; Jlorets numerous, per- fect, equal, ligulate, abrupt, with 4 or .5 teeth. Filcnn. capillary. Anth, in a cylindrical tube. Germ, obovate- oblong. Style thread-shaped, longer than the stamens. SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-iEQU. Lacluca. ;J4j Stigm. 2, revoliite. Seed-vessel none, exce})t the uiinltered closed calyx. Seed obovate, Jiirrovved, roiighish, com- pressed. Doxvn capillary, verv slender, elevated on a stalk about its own length. Recept. narrow, naked, dotted. Milky, fetid, bitter, upright, biennial or animal herbs, with solid, leafy stems. Leaves undivided or pinnatifid, some- times toothed, or prickly. Fl. numerous, })anicled, yel- low, pale, and rather small. L. perefinis haa blue and rather large y/oicrr.v, with deej^ly pinnatifid smooth leaves. 1 . L. virosa. Strong-scented Lettuce. Leaves horizontal, finely toothed ; the keel })rickly. L. virosa. Linn. Sp. PL 1119. miU. v. 3. 152(j. FL Br. 819. EngL Bot. V. 28. t. 19.")/. Jroodv. suppL t. 2.i0. Hook. ScoL 227. Ehrfi. PL Of.\37. L. n. 1.5. HulL Hist. v. 1.7. L. sylvcstris major, odore opii. Rail Sijn. Hi I. Ger. Km. 309./. L. sylvestris, opii odore, vehementer soporifero et viroso. Moris. V. 3. ^jS.ficct. 7. t. 2./. 16. L. sylvcstris, lato folio, succo viroso. Banli. HisLv. 2. 1002./. L. sylvcstris vera. Dalech. Hist. 547 • f. 2. L. ap^restis. Cord. Hist. 157. 2./. Loh. Ic. 21 \.J. Endivia. Trag. nist.2GH. f. Thesion. DaUrh. Hist. .">G4. f. Broad, also Cut, Lettuce. Petiv. H. Brit. t. I.')./ 1 , 2. (5. Lactuca sylvcstris, folio non laciniato. Rail Syn. ed. 2. 70. ed.3. 162. L. sylvestris n. 2. Ger. Em. 309; nof. About hedges, old walls, and the borders of fields, on a chalky soil, not uncommon. Biennial. Augnst, Septeuiher. Wliole herb aboundinj^ with an acrid fetid milky juice, having the smell and narcotic proj)crtics of Opium. This juice sj)rings out suddcnlv, in large droj)s, on the slightest touch, from tiic calyx and tender Icavf^s, evincing a considerable degree of irritability in the plant. The root is ta])-sha})c(l. Stem solitary, 2 or 3 feet high, erect, round, smooth, sparingly leafy, scarcely branched ; panicled at the top ; a little prickly below. Leaves horizontal, nearly smooth, finely toothed ; radical ones numerous, obovate, undivided, depressed ; those of the stem smaller, often lobed ; arrow.shaj)ed and clasping at their base ; the mid-rib of all more or less beset underneath with prominent prickles, such as often occur on the margin also. Fl. numerous, panicled, with abun- dance of small, heart-shaped, pointed hrnrtcas. Calyx. scales downv at the tip, destitute of an\- keel or ribs. Cn . small, light vrllow. Seed down rough. 34() 8YNGENESIA— POLYGAM1A-.12QU. Lactuca. Respect for Ray and Gerarde may lead us to suppose our f3 differs in some degree from the plant in its ordinary state, with which Ray says it is found, though rarely. Its scent is reported to be milder. Gerarde cites the above synonyms of Tragus and Dale- champ for this variety ; but neither their figures, nor Petiver's f. 1 , indicate any thing but the most common appearance of the leaves, which are liable, on the same plant, to be wavy or slightly lobed 5 a difference which cannot be attended with any change of quality. Ray, and Dillenius who merely copies him, mention this variety as if it belonged to L. Scaiiola ; but Gerarde certainly takes it for L. virosa. C. Bauhin confounds some of its synonyms with the following. 2. L. Scar tola. Prickly Lettuce. Leaves perpendicular, sinuated, finely toothed ; the keel prickly. L. Scariola. Linn. Sp. PL\\\ 9. mild. v. 3. 1526. Fl. Br. 820. Engl. Bot.v. 4. t. 268. Fl Dan. 1. 1227. L. n. 14. Hall. Hist. V. 1.7. L. sylvestris, costa spinosa. Bauh. Pin. 123. Rati Syn. 161. L. sylvestris laciniata. Moris, v. 3. 58. sect. 7. t. 2. /. 1 7. L. sylvestris, foliis dissectis. Ger. Em. 309./, L. sylvestris. Trag. Hist. 259./. Fuchs. Hist. 301 ./ Ic. 1 72./. Matth. Valgr. v. 1. 476./. Camer. Epit. 300./ Dalech. Hist. 5^47./ 1. L. sylvestris, sive Endivia multis dicta, tolio laciniato, dorso spi- noso. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 1003./ Endivia major lactucina spinosa. Barrel. Ic. t. [3d. Jagged Lettuce. Petiv. H. Brit. t.\5.f.3. In waste ground, and dry stony borders of fields. In several parts of the isle of Ely. Relhan. Sent by Rev. Mr. Hemsted from Denny abbey, between Cambridge and Ely. Engl. Bot. Biennial. August. Whole herb glaucous, milky, bitter, but less fetid than the pre- ceding. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, erect, leafy, panicled. Leaves nu- merous, vertical, not horizontal, variously pinnatifid and toothed ; their mid-rib furnished underneath with a close row of prominent prickles 3 their base clasping the stem. Floral-leaves, or hrac- teas, heart-shaped, entire. VI. small, pale lemon-coloured, all their parts much like the last. 3. L. saligna. Least Lettuce. Leaves linear; hastate or pinnatifid, entire, sessile; the keel prickly. L. saligna. Linn, Sp. PL 1119. mild. v. 3. 1528. Fl. Br. 820. SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-.EQU. rreiianthes. :J17 Engl. Dot. V. 10. t. 707. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 17. 16. Jacq. Austr. t. 250. L. n. 13. Hall. HisL v. 1.7. L. sylvestris minima. Hdii Srjn. 162. Omf. 83. L. svlvestiis altera, angiisto saligno folio, costA albican te. Hupp. Jen. ed Hall 207. t. 4. L. sylvestris annua, costa spinosa, folio anguslissimo glauco. Mo- m.r.3.:)S. 5cc^.7. /. 6./. 18. Chondrilla viscosa humilis. Bank. Pin. \?A). Prodr. i]S.f. Ger. Km. 287. Endivia minor lactucina Sjiinosa. Barrel. Ic. t. 136. Small Jagged Lettuce. Petiv. 11. Brit. t. 15./. 4. In chalky waste ground, or about salt marshes. Near Cambridge. Rmj. .^bout Pancras church, T. IVtliml. J^e- hind the Small-pox hospital. Sir .J. Banks. In shady lanes in Dorsetshire, but rare. Dr. Pultency. At Southend, Essex. Rev. R. B. Francis. In marshes in Kent. Dickson. Biennial. August. Whole plant very slender. Stem 2 feet high, wavy, pale brown or whitish, somewhat branched, leafy throughout. Leaves glau- cous, smooth except the mid-rib beneath, entire at the edges, sessile, very narrow, acute, clasping at the base ■ some linear j others hastate ; a few of the largest deeply pinnatifid. Fl. in small alternate tufts composing long clusters. Cat. glaucous. ('or. very small, pale yellow, open in sunshine only, and soon fading. Down rough. ... The mid-rib is occasionally smooth on both sides. In (pialitics this species most resembles the last. 374. PRENANTHES. AVall-lettuce. Linn. Gen. 40 1 . Jnss. I 6S. Fl. Br. 82 1 . / aill. Mrm. dv I' Ac. dcs Sc. 717./. 2. Gccrtn. t. 158. Common Cal. cylintlrical, smooth, double: the innermost of as many linear, ecpial scales as there are florets ; outer ol a few very short unecpial ones at the base. Cor. com- pound, of a simple row of perfect, ecjual, ligulate, abrupt, 4-- or .'^-toothed /lords. Filam. capillary. Anth. in a slender cvlinclrical tube. Germ, oblong. Slylc capillary, prominent. Sliii^m. 2, revolute. Srnl-rrssr! none, except the converging calyx. Scrd obovate-oblong, furrowed or angular. Donn capillary, roughisli, nearly or (piite ses- sile. Rccrpt. naked, very narrow. Ainmal or perennial, milky, smooth hrrhs, various n\ foliage, with uprighl panicled .s7r;//.s\ and small yellow, purple, or uhitey/'ncr/.s. PAS SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-/EQU. Leontodon. 1. P. maralis. Ivy-leaved A\'all- lettuce. Florets five. Leaves runcinate. P. muralis. Linn. Sp. PL 1121. miUL v. 3. \54S. FL Br. S2\, Engl. Bot. V. 7. t. 4d7. Curt. Lond.fasc. 5. t yS Hook. Scot. 227. Fl. Dan. f. 509. P. n. 18. Hall. Hist. V. 1.9. Lactuca sylvestris murorum flore lutco. Baii Sijn. 162. Daiih. Hist. V. 2. 1004./. Sonchus IcEvis muralis. Ger. Em. 293 / S. laevior vulgaris secundus, Clus. Hist v. 2. 14(5./. S. laevis laciniatus muralis, parvis floribus, Moris, v. 3. 61. sect. 7. t.3.f.\4. Ivy Lettuce. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 1.5./ 5. On old walls, or in woods on a chalky soil. Perennial. July. Root rather woody, with several long fibres. Herb slender and not inelegant, smooth in every part, tender and brictle, with a milky bitter juice. Stem a foot high, round, hollow, leafy, simple below. Leaves runcinate, toothed, clasping at the base ; sud- denly terminating ih a large, ivy-like, toothed lobe : their under side more or less purple, like the leaves of a Cyclamen j radical ones stalked. Panicle much branched, and singularly divari- cated in all directions. Bracteas small, ovate, acute. FL erect, bt-ight yellow, with a slender purplish calyx. Seed obovate, striated, black. Down raised on a short stalk as the seed ripens. The upper leaves are sometimes undivided. 375. LEONTODON. Dandelion. Lmn. Gen. 402. FL Br. 822. Gcertn. t. 158. Taraxacum. HalL Hist. v. 1.23. Juss. \69. Lam.t.6:i3. Dens Leonis. Tourn. t. 266. Common Col. oblong, double ; innermost of several linear, equal, parallel scales ; outer of fewer and shorter, lax or reflexed ones, at the base. Cor. compound, of very nu- merous, imbricated, equal, perfect, ligulate, abrupt, 5- toothed^or^/5. Filam. capillary, short. Anth. in a cy- lindrical tube. Germ, obovate, furj-owed. Style cylin- drical, prominent. Stigm. 2, revolute. Seed-vessel none, the calyx converging, finally altogether reflexed. Seed obovate, furrowed, rough. Do'wn capillary, radiating, on a long cylindrical stalk. Recept. naked, convex, dotted. Stemless milky herbs^ with radical runcinate leaves, and large yellow Jlowers, on simple, naked, hollow stalks. Aggregate doxai of the seeds forming a light globe, as in Tragopogon^ soon dispersed by the wind. SYNGENESIA~POLYGAM.-.¥.QU. Lcontodon. 349 1. L. Taraxacum, Common Dandelion. Outer scales of the calyx reflexed. Leaves runclnate, toothed, smooth. L. Taraxacum. Lmn.Sp.lH.Wn. Wdld.v.3. \o4A. Fl.Br.S22. Engl. Bot. V. 8. /. 5 1 0. Curt, Loud. fuse. 1 . /. ^iS. Woodv. t. 3. Mill. Ulustr. t. GG. Hook. Scot. 227* Fl. Dan. t. 574. Drevea Bilderb. f. 4. Bull. Fr. t.2\7. Ehrli. PL Of. 438. L. officinalis. With. 679. Hull \73. Taraxacum n. oG. Hall. Hist. v. 1 . 23. T. officinale. Sibth. 239. Dens leonis. Raii Sijn. 170. Ger. Em. 290./. Matlh. Valgr. v. I . 461./. Camer. Epit. 28G. / D. leonis vulgi. Lob. Ic. 232. f. Moris, v. 3. 74. sect. 7. t. 8./ 1 . Hieracium majus. Trag. Hist. 262. f. Hedypnois. Fuchs. Hist. 680. f. Ic. 391 ./. Dalech. Hist. 564./. Bauh. Hist.v. 2. 1035./. H. Taraxacum. .Scop. Cam. v. 2.99. Common Dandelion. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 1 1./. 7. /3. Dens leonis angustioribus foliis. Raii Syn. 171. Narrow Dandelion. Petw. H. Brit. t. 11./ 8. In meadows, pastures, waste and cultivated ground, every where. /3. On dry grassy hills, or the tops of walls. At Matlock bath, Der- byshire. Perennial. April — July. Root tap-shaped, very milky, externally black, difficult of extirpa- tion. Lery I- e.v numerous, spreading, of a bright shining green, quite smooth, tapering downwards, sessile, pinnatifid, with sharj), unequally toothed lobes, pointing downward, or, in botanical language, runcinate, of which these leaves are a perfect example. They may also be called lion -toothed. Flower-stalks one or more, rather longer than the leaves, erect, very smooth, brittle, quite naked. Fl. I .} inch wide, of a uniform golden yellow, ex- panded in the morning and in tine weather only. Outer scaler of the calyx several, linear-oblong, loosely recurved and wavy. As the stvds ripen, the inner calyx becomes rellexed close to the stalk, leaving the light globe, near 2 inches in diameter, furnicd by their radiating don-n, (piite exposed, lill dispersed by the wind. By culture, and especially by blanciiing, tiiis herb, though. lilxcthe garden Letluce and I'^lndive, originally fuliof bilter milk, bei-omes sufliciently mild to be eaten in a salad, nor is its bitterness u\ a disagreeable kind. It is reported to be powerlally diuretic. /3 is much smaller in every part than usual, the segments of tiie leaves being deej) and very narrow, but tlie calyx scales retain their due proportion and posit'on. Some botanists appear to confoimd this variety with the following species, but the latter is nalnrallv (|tiite a bog plant ; whereas Hu- Comnion Dandelion 350 SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-iEQU. Apargia. becomes diminutive from drought and starvation only, retaining, in every state, the proper character of its calyx, 2. \j. palustre. Marsh Dandelion. Outer scales of the calyx shorter, imbricated, ovate. Leaves sinuated and toothed, not quite smooth. L. palustre. Lyons Fasc. 48. Fl. Br. 823. Engl. Hot, v. 8. /. 553. Relfi.SQ7. Hook. Scot. 227. L. Taraxacon. With. ^79. HuU]7S. L. Taraxacum $. Huds. 339. Hedypnois paludosa. .Scop. Cam. v. 2. 1 00. t. 48. In low boggy meadows. On Hinton and Teversham moors, Cambridgeshire. Uelhan. On the Lower Common at Heydon, Norfolk. Rev. H. Bryant. In several places about Edinburgh and Glasgow. Hooker. Perennial. June, July. Rather smaller than the general size of the foregoing, from which it is doubtless very distinct. The leaves are less runcinate than in any of its most starved varieties, and are frequently besprin- kled, or fringed, with longish hairs ; sometimes however they are quite smooth. Outer calyx constantly and essentially dif- ferent from every variety of the last, consisting of ovate, pointed s*cales, regularly imbricated and erect, or close-pressed, the inner ones gradually longest, and full half the length of the inner ca- lyx. In seed all the scales are reflexed, like the former. Cor. bright yellow j the external^^ore/^ striated or stained underneath with red. Head of seeds about hulf as broad as that of L. Ta- raxacum. The Rev. Mr. Hemsted has found this species undergo no change when propagated by seed. Haller misquotes this plant under his Ficris n. 26, which \^ Apar- gia hastilis, Leontodon hastile of Linnaeus. 376. APARGIA. Hawkbit. Schreb. Gen. 527. Sm. in Rees's Cycl. v. 35, after Thrincia. Prodr. Fl. GrcEC. Sihth. v. 2. 130. Comp. ed. 4. 1 27. Hedypnois. Huds.'dAO. H. Br. 823. Leontodon. Juss. 170. Thrincia. RothCatal.v. 1.97. Taraxaconoides. f^aill. Mem. de V Ac des Sc. 700./. 21. Virea. Gcertn. t.\59. Common Cal. double ; the innermost oblong, imbricated, of several linear, parallel, unequal, incumbent scales ; outer- most very small, irregularly scattered. Cor. compound, of numerous, imbricated, uniform, perfect, ligulate, ab- SYNGENESIA— POLYGAxMIA-.EQU. Apargia. S5I rupt, 5-toothecl Jiorcts, Filmn. capillary, very short. Anth. in a cylindrical tube. Germ, oblong. Stijle thread- shaped, prominent. Sti^m. ^, recurved. Seed-vessel none, except the converging, finally spreading, calyx. Seed oblong, striated. Don-u sessile, feathery, rather chaffy at the base ; often scaly or unequal in the marginal seeds ; occasionally somewhat stalked in the central ones, fre- quently accompanied by shorter hairs or plumes. Bccept. dotted, naked, or very sligluly hairy. Milky herh.<^ generally stemless, with single-flowered ra- dical stalks. Root almost without exception perennial. Leaves variously toothed or sinuated, mostly liairy. /'/. of a full yellow, with a hairy or downy eahjx. 1. A. hispida. Rough Havvkbit. Stalks naked, single-flowered. Leaves runcinate, rough. Florets hairy at their orifice ; glandular at the tip. Seeds scarcely beaked, all with feathery down. A. hispida. IVilld. Sp. PL v. 3. 1 j.V2. Comp. ed.4. 1 20. Ci/rl. ,i.\\. Hook. Scot. 227. Hedypnois hispida. Fl. Br. S23. Engl.Bot.v.S.t.b:A. Relli.307. Leontodon hispidum. Linn. Sp. PL 1 124. Curt. Lond.fasc.3. t. 56. FL Dan. t. 802. Picris n. 25. HalL Hist.v.l. 11. Dens leonis hirsutus leptocaulos, Hieraciumdictus. Bdii Sf/n. 171. Hieracium caule aphyllo hiisutum. Banh. Hist. r. 2. 1037. /'. 103S. H. dentis leonis folio hirsutum. Gcr. Em. 303./, H. foliis et floribiis dentis leonis bidbosi. Lob. /c. 238, /". Common Rough Dandelion. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 1 1./. !). In pastures, especially on chalk or limestone, j)lentiful!v. Perennial. Jitlt^. Root taperino-, lonu; and slender, externally blackish. Lcdvcs lan- ceolate-ohlontj^, with reversed, nearly ecjiial and regular, teeth ; their base tapering and more entire. Tiiev are elotlu'd on both sides with prominent hairs, generally forked, randy siiuplt- or three-cleft. .S7r///.,v erect, talk-r than the leaves, simple, round, hollow, rough with similar hairs, without hnirhuis. Fl. droo])ing ill tlie bud, erect when expanded, bright vellow, smaller than the Common Dandelion. Ctd. ovate, hairy. Florets ilotiied with long, yellow, upright hairs, at the top of the tube externally, aiul bearing, at the back of eaeh of their .'t teeth, a small triangular tuft of brown glands, (irst noticed by tlu- late Mr. Sowerbv. Seeds uniform, slender, sliglitly beaked. /)()?<•;< sessile, of nu- merous, feathery rays unecpud in length. A report of the seed- down being stalked, arising from a mistaken reference of Haller to Herkhey's Flares Ctnnpnsiti, and pr<»p;i'j;;ited bv Ihichard and S.52 SYXGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-.^QU. Apargiu. Willdenow, as explained in Kees's Cydopcvdia, has no founda- tion in truth. The exotic ^. crispa, which likewise has hairy forets, is most akin to this species ; but the long tapering rough beak of its seeds affords a clear distinction. This beak is different from the proper stalk of a seed-down. 2. A. hh'fa. Deficient Hawkbit. Stalks naked, single-flowerecl. Leaves toothed, rough. Ca- lyx nearly smooth. Outer row of seeds crowned with scales only. A. hirta. Hojm. Germ, for 1/91. 274. Sm. in Rees's Ci/cl. )i. 12. Comp.ed. 4.130. Hook. Scot. 228. Thrincia hirta. Roth Catal v. 1. 98. mild. Sp. PL v. 3. 1554. Hedypnois hirta. F/.J5r.824. Engl. Bot.v.S. 1.554. Relh.3()7. ^:^^ H. hispidum /3. Huds. 340. -— ^ *- Leontodon hirtum. Linn. Sp. PI. 1 123. fVith. G82. Curt. Lond. fasc. 6. ^. 59. Rhagadiolus n. 7. Hall. Hist. v. 1.5. Hieracium pumilum saxatile asperum, praemorsa riidice. Raii Syn. 167. H^ dentis leonis folio, hiryutie asperum, minus. Dauh. Prodr. (i3. f. Sandy Rough Dandelion. Petic. H. Brit. t.\\.f.\ 0. On gravelly heatlis and commons frequent. Perennial. July, Augu.st. Smaller than the last. Root abrupt, not tapering. Leaves often but slightly toothed, and not runcinate. Pubescence often sim- ple, but on the whole not materially different from that of J. hispida. Fl. but half the size of that species, red underneath. Cat. almost entirely smooth. Florets destitute of iiairs on the tube, as well as of glands under their tips; the inner ones with a less perfect corolla than the outer row. The 5ee Fl. Br. 829. Engl. Bot. v. 33. /. 2368. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 9. 230. Comp. ed. 4. 131. H. dubium. Fl. Dan. t. \044. H. n. 52. Hill. Hist. v. 1.22? In mountainous situations. On Dalehead, not far from Grass-mere, Westmoreland, but spa- ringly. Hudson. Perennial. July. The most uncertain plant perhaps in our whole British catalogue, whose i)lace in the Kniilisli Flora (lei)en(ls on Mr. Hudson's au- thority alone, for no other person has met with any thing in Britain answering to his description, which is as follows. "Root abrupt, with nuiner()u«; simple rndulcs. Scions creeping. 358 SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-^QU. Hieracium. leaty. Stalk radical, erect, naked, somewhat hairy, with scat- tered hairs, its height scarcely six inches. Leaves lanceolate, nearly entire, acute, naked. FL panicled, from 3 to 6, yellow. Calyx-leaves linear, hairy." As Mr. Hudson knew, and lias clearly described, H. duhium, we cannot but presume his H. Auricula to have been something different. He quotes Haller's n. 52, with synonyms of Columna and C. Bauhin copied from that author, but these do not agree so well with the Linnasan plant as the above description, which, except the " naked leaves," answers perfectly to the true H. Au- ricula, figured, from foreign dried specimens, in Engl. Bot. This cannot be mistaken if it should ever be met witli in Britain, it is a native of very lofty mountains, near the glaciers of Switzer- land and Savoy, and is most assuredly no variety of H. duhium. The leaves are green on both sides, more or less hairy, truly lan- ceolate and acute ; the scions short ; Jiower-stalk clothed with white down, intermixed with black glandular hairs ; partial stalks more densely downy, with a few scattered, hairy, awl- shaped bracteas. Cal. more or less clothed with long, black and tavvnv, shaggy hairs. Cor. full yellow, inclining to orange. 5. H. aurantiaciim. Orange Hawkweed. Leaves elliptical, acute, entire. Stalk almost leafless, hairy, densely corymbose, many-flowered. Calyx shaggy. H. aurantiacum. Linn. Sp. PL 1 1 26. mild. v. 3. 1 569. Co7np. ed. 4. 131. Engl. Bot. v. 21. t. 1469. Don Herb. fasc. 2. 41. Hook. Scot. 229. Jacq. Austr. i. 4 1 0. H. n. 50. Hall. Hist v.\. 21. H. germanicum primum F. Gregorii. Column. Ecphr. v. 2. 28. t. 30. H. hortense latifohum, sive Pilosella major. Ger. Em. 305./. Pilosella polyclonos repens major syriaca, flore amplo aurantiaco. Moris. V. 3. 7^. sect. 7. t. 8./. 7. P. major. Park. Parad. 300. t. 297./. 5. In rather mountainous woods. In several woods in Banffshire, and at Craigston, in the neighbour- hood of Turref. Mr. G. Don. Coalston woods. East Lothian ^ Mr.Walker ; and woods to the east of Kenmorej Mr. Maughan. Hooker. At Failsworth, four miles north-east of Manchester, in great abundance. Mr. John Bradbury. Perennial. June, July. Root slightly creeping, with many long stout fibres, sending forth from its crown a few tufted leafy offsets, but no long trailing scions. Leaves 2 or 3 inches long, elliptical, acute at both ends, entire, except in very luxuriant specimens like the figure of Jacquin ; rough with short hairs on both sides, especially the mid-rib 3 bright green above; slightly glaucous underneath 3 ta- pering at the base into a bordered /oo^s^o^^. Flower-stalk cen- SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-.EQU. Hieracium. 359 tral, erect, round, very hairy, solid, often bearing a leaf or two near the bottom, sometimes a leafy hractea higher up, and ter- minating in a dense corymbose tuft of many deep orange-co- \owve{\ Jiowers, not red enough in Engl. Bot., neither are the hairs of the calyx sufficiently long and shaggy. Partial stalks cot- tony, with short black glandular hairs, and long tapering tawny ones, interspersed. Recept. slightly scaly. Seeds ovate, abrupt. Frequent in rustic gardens, thriving best in the shade, and called Grim the Collier, from the blackness of the calyx and Jiower- s talks. *** Stem leafy. 6. H. inuroruTiu Broad-leaved Wall Hawkweed. Stem corymbose, with a solitary leaf. Leaves ovate-heart- shaped, wavy, with radiating teeth chiefly at the base. H. murorum. Linn. Sp. PL 1 128. Willd. v. 3. 1577. Comp. ed. 4. 131. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 9. 236. Engl. Bot. v. 29. t. 2082. Hook. Scot. 230, a. Fl. Br. 830, (S. H. n.46, a. Hall. Hist.v. \.\9. H. macrocaulon hirsutum, folio rotundiore. Raii Syn. 169. H. murorum folio pilosissimo, Bauh. Pin. 1 29. Moris, sect. 7. t. 54 ; letter-press confused. Auricula maris major. Trag. Hist. 276. f Pulmonaria gallica, sive aurea. Taberncem. Ic. 194./. good. P. gallica mas. Taberncem. Kreuterb. 504. samef. P. gallica, sive aurea latifolia. Ger. Em. 304./. P. gallorum, sive Auricula muris major Tragi. Dalech. Hist. 1328./. Corchorus. Dalech. Hist. 565. samef Pilosella major quibusdam, &c. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 1033. / copied from Gerarde. Round Hawklung. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 13./ 2. /3. H. murorum /3. Linn. Sp. PL 1 128. H. n. 46, ^. HalL Hist.v. \. 20. H. murorum laciniatum, minus pilosum. Bauh. Pin. 129. Pulmonaria gallica fccmina. Taberncpm. Ic. 195./ Kreuterb. 504. f. PilosellcB majoris, sive Pulmonariae luteoe, species magis laciniata. Bauh. Hist. V. 2. 1034./ Broad dented Hawklung. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 13./ 3. On rocks and old walls. In Edinburgh i)ark ; Mr. Newton ; near Buckbarrow well in Long Sledale, Westmoreland ; Mr. Lawson. Ray. On Chcddcr cliffs, Somersetshire. Mr. E. Forster. On the walls of tlie castle at Castlcton, Derbyshire. Mr. D. Turner. Perennial. June. Root somewhat woody, with long simple stout fibres, destitute of scions or runners. Stems one or more, erect, 12 or 18 inches high, round, slightlv hairy, furrowed, internallv spongy, but 360 SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-.EQU. Hieracium, hollow in the centre, seldom quite leafless^ branched in a corymbose manner, and bearing from 4 to 6 large yeWow Jlow- ers, on glandular and hairy blackish stalks. Bracteas few, scat- tered, awl-shaped or linear, hairy. Leaves on long hairy foot - stalksy broadly ovate, somewhat heart-shaped, variously hairy, wavy, more or less toothed about the base, their teeth radiant, or spreading every way, the lowermost pointing backward, and in (3 remarkably elongated or dilated j the upper surface of an elegant, opaque, rather glaucous green ; under paler, often pur- plish, but the leaves are never stained with black ; they are nu- merous, and for the most part radical, one only, much toothed, being situated about the middle of the stem, sometimes lower down. Cal. rough with short, black, glandular hairs. Recept. convex, toothed. The stein in this species is not more copiously leafy than in some, native or exotic ones, of the former section, but with them it has no natural affinity, and is therefore placed with those to which it is most nearly allied. 7. H. maculatimi. Stained-leaved Hawkweed. Stem cymose, many leaved, tubular. Leaves ovate-lanceo- late, strongly toothed ; teeth pointing forward. H.-maculatum. Comp. ed. 4. \3\. Engl. Bot. v. SO. t. 2121. H. sylvaticum. Fl. Dan. t. 1113. H. sylvaticum /3. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 9. 240, erasing the syn, of Ray, Dillenivs and Villars. H. sylvaticum y and perhaps J. Hook. Scot. 231. H. murorum y. Fl. Br. 830. H. Pulmonaria dictum angustifolium. Richardson and Dill, in Rati Syn. 1 68 ; but not the original plant of Ray, Gerarde, and Lobel, which Dr. Lamb of Newbury proved to be Cineraria integrifo- lia; and this remarkable fact the old figure of the two last- mentioned authors, copied by Petiver, t. 13./. 5, confirms. Yet Lobel's figure, Ic. 587. /.I, is still quoted by some authors for H. sylvaticum. On the mountains of Wales, Westmoreland, and Scotland. Near the lake Lhyn y cwni, not far from the church of Llanberis, North Wales. Dr. Richardson, according to his herbarium. On Breidden hill, Montgomeryshire. Mr. Bowman. Brought from Westmoreland, in 1781, by Mr. Crowe, in the site of whose garden at Norwich, and that neighbourhood, the plant is now naturalized, as well as on several old walls about the cathedral. Perennial. June — September. The great difficulty of the subject, and the many errors of the most able botanists, will I hope plead my excuse for having at any time confounded this very distinct species with the preceding or the following. Though variable in height, from 1 foot, as in Mr. Bowman's specimen, to 2 or 3 on our walls, it has always a SYNGENESIA-POLYGAM.-^QU. Hieracium. 361 taller, more erect and straight stem than the last, bearing several scattered, nearly sessile, leaves, and more amply and decidedly hollow. The hairy leaves are longer, ovate-lanceolate, not at all heart-shaped, but rather tapering at the base ; their usually strong, deep, distinct teeth all porliting forward, not backward ; their colour dark green above, more or less speckled with black, or dark purple ; the under side paler ; radical ones on long hairy footstalks. The Jiower-stalks are numerous, clothed, like the caltjx, with short, dense, rather cottony, down, intermixed with short, black, glandular bristles, and they form an irregular, sometimes compound, cymose panicle, bearing several scattered, linear, hairy bracteas. Fl. about an inch wide, of a full bright yellow. Seeds slender, angular. Recept. slightly scaly, or cel- lular. 8. H. sylvalicum. Wood Hawkvveed. Stem simply racemose, many-leaved, solid. Leaves ovate- lanceolate, toothed chiefly about the base ; teeth pointing forward. H. sylvalicum. Sm. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 9. 239, a. Comp. ed. 4. 131 . Engl. Bot.v. 29. t. 2031. With. 687. Hook. Scot. 23 \, a. Gouan Illustr.56. mild. Sp.Pl. V.3. 1578. H. murorum. Ehrh. Herb. 147. Fl. Br. 830, a. H. n.4G, S. Hall. Hist. V. 1.20. II. murorum, folio pilosissimo. Raii Syn. ed. 2. 74. ed. 3. 168. Pulmonaria gallica tenuifolia. Taberncem. Ic. 195./. Kreuterb. 505./. Pilosellie majoris, sive Pulmonariae lutese species angustifolia. Bank. Hist. V. 2. 1034./ French Ilawklung. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 13./ 4. In dry chalky woods, and on dry bank<, or especially old park walls, frequent. Perennial. June, July. Root .-slender, slightly creeping, with long, rather stout, fibres. Herb hairy, of a pale, unspotted, grass green. Stem erect, 12 or 18 inches high, striated or slightly angular, very nearly, if not quite, solid throughout, leafy, panicled at the top in a regular, alternate, or racemose, manner. RadicalamX lower stun-leaves on long hairy stalks j ui)|)er nearly sessile ; all ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, acute, most toothed about their lower half, the teeth various in size, all i)()inting forward or outward, not backward. Fl. smaller than thf last, and much fewer, often but 2 or 3 in the panicle, always simply racemose, not cymose ; their colour bri-^ht yellow.' Flowcr'-stnlks and calyx rough with short black hiii^s, and sometimes a little cottony. Rcccpt. roughish or mi- nutely scalv. The iiiimeofy/. mnronnn so well agrees with this common species, 362 SYNGENESIA--POLYGAM..^QU. Hieiacium, that it was taken for that plant, without much examination, in the Fl. Brit., and I am obliged to Mr. E. Forster for leading me to study this and some of the neighbouring species, whence I trust they have been better explained in the Lvuicean Transac- tions, though in the present work I have found further correc- tions requisite. 9. H, puhnonariu?n. Lungwort Hawkweed. Stem somewhat corymbose, solid, slightly leafy. Leaves lanceolate, deeply and unequally toothed throughout; teeth pointing forward. H. pulmonarium. Camp. erf. 4. 131 . Engl. Bot. v. 33. t. 2307. H. pulmonarioides. Villars Dauph. v. 3. 133. t. 34 ; from the au- thor. On rocks about rivers in Scotland, as in Dauphiny. On the banks of the river Nivis, near the bridge. Mr. Borrer. Perennial. July. Root woody. Stem not much above a foot high, round, striated, full of pith, bearing 2 or 3 leaves only, which are nearly sessile. Radical leaves several, on bordered footstalks, erect, elliptic- lanceolate, acute, bright green, rough with rather short hairs, and clouded with faint blotches of purplish brown ; their teeth numerous and unequal, largest and most abundant about the lower half of each leaf, and generally wanting toward the ex- tremity, all directed forward, each having a small incurved point. Panicle of from 2 to QJiowers, truly corymbose, the first partial stalk remaining always much lower than the rest, all of them rough with black glandular hairs, as is likewise the calyx. Cor. bright yellow, broader than the last. Seeds slender, an- gular. I have Highland specimens, from the late Mr. G. Don, and Mr. J. Mackay, of what seems to be a broader-leaved, and more strongly toothed, variety of the present species. 10. H. Lawsoni. Glaucous Hairy Hawkweed. Stem remotely and simply branched, solid, slightly leafy. Radical leaves stalked, elliptic-lanceolate, decurrent, glaucous, fringed, nearly entire. H. Lawsoni. Villars Dauph. v. 3. 1 18. t. 29. H'illd. Sp. PL v. 3. J569. Cornp.€dA.]3]. Engl. Bot. v. 29. t. 2083. Tr. of Linn. Soc.v.9.2A\. H. leptocaulon hirsutum, folio longiore. Raii Syn. ed. 2. 74. ed. 3. 169. H. glaucum pilosum, foliis pariim dentatis. Dill. Elth. 180. 1. 149. On the mountains of Westmoreland, Craven, and Scotland. Upon rocks by the rivulet between Shap and Anna well. West- SYNGENESIA-:P_OLYGAM.-^QU. Hieracium. 363 moreland. Mr. Lawson. On the sloping side of a hill called Gordil, near Malham in Craven. Dr. Richardson. At the foot of the Highland mountain Ben Cruachan, and on a rock in Corrie Cruachan. Dr. Hooker and Mr. Borrer. Perennial. Juhj. Roof rather woody, black externally, with long simple fibres. Herb glaucous, abounding in every part with bitter milk. Sterns one or more, filled with pith, erect or spreading, a foot high, in cul- tivated specimens twice as much, round, smooth, bearing one, two, or three sessile oblong leaves, and terminating in from one to four bristly and downy, slightly bracteated, alternate, elon- gated _/o?fer-5^a//i:6", each supporting a very large and handsome lemon -coloured ^OM;er, whose calyx is clothed with short, tawny, as well as blackish, hairs. The leaves are chiefly radical, on long dilated /oo^.s'^rt//t5, elliptical, acute at each end, much extended at the base, where they are copiously hairy -, their margins ge- nerally quite entire, fringed with pale hairs. This is a most distinct species, propagating itself plentifully by seed in a garden, where it differs only in luxuriancy from a Py- renean specimen in my possession, the only wild one I have ever seen. The figure in Engl. Bot. was of necessity taken, like that of Dillenius, from a cultivated plant, but it is very characteristic. 1 1. Yi. paludosum. Marsh Succory-leaved Hawkweed. Stem angular, tubular, leafy, smooth, corymbose. Leaves smooth, toothed, clasping the stem with their heart- shaped base. Calyx hairy. H.paludosum. Linn. Sp.Pl.Wl^. mild. v. 3. \d79. H. Br. S3\. Engl. Bot. V. 16. t. 1094. Hook. Scot. 232. Fl. Dan. t. 928. Mlion.Pedem.v.\.2\^.t.2S.f.2.andt.3\.f.2. Villars Dauph. r.3. 129. H. n. 4.-). Hall. Hist. v.].\9. H. montanum, cichorei folio nostras. Raii Syn.\66. H. montanum latifolium minus. Ger. Em. 300./. H. Hiitannicum. Clus. rann.G43. H. latifolium glabrum ex valle (iriesbachiana. Bank. Hist. v. 2. \033.f. In watery shady jjlaccs in W^ales, the north of England, and low- lands of Scotland. Abundant in moist meadows, and about mountain rivulets, in Craven. Dr. Richardson. Plentiful in Westmoreland • as well as near Moffat and elsewhere in Scotland. Perennial. Jul;/. Root fibrous. Hcrha'^c (juitc smooth, of a full deep shining green, intensely bitter. Stem erect, angular, hollow, leafy, about 2 feet high, uJibranched, but terminating in a corymbose panicle of several bright yellow //o(/« rv, scarcely nn inch in diameter ; their S64 SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-iEQU. Hieracium. stalks smooth. Calyx rough with black prominent hairs, parti- cularly at its base. Leaves elliptic-oblong, taper-pointed, co- piously toothed, the lower teeth often hooked backward ; the base elongated, dilated, and clasping the stem ; radical ones few, somewhat stalked. It is one of our best-defined species. 12. H. molle. Soft-leaved Hawkweed. Stem angular, tubular, leafy, downy, corymbose. Leaves lanceolate, slightly toothed, hairy, clasping the stem ; lower ones stalked, elliptical and obtuse. H. molle. Jacq. Austr. tj. 2. 12. M 19 ; from the author. Willd. Sp. PL V. 3. 1577. Dicks. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 2. 288. H. Sice, fasc. 11.13. Fl. Br. 832. Engl. But. v.3\. t. 2210. With. 688. Hook. Scot. 232 j excluding the sijnomjm. In woods in the south of Scotland. Dickson. Among bushes in meadows, to the north of Forfar j Mr. G. Don j and" by the lower fall of the Tummel, Glen Luss ; Mr. Borrer. Hooker. Perennial. July, August. Root abrupt, with many long fibres. Whole herb clothed with scat- tered, short, soft, simple hairs, which on the angular flower- stalks are glandular and viscid. Stem 12 or 18 inches high, erect, leafy, angular, perfectly tubular and hollow, unbranched except at the summit. Radical leaves elliptic-oblong, obtuse, very obscurely and minutely toothed, often quite entire j paler beneath -, tapering at the base into long, narrow, bordered /oo^ stalks; upper ones several, sessile, clasping the stem, more lan- ceolate and less blunt. Panicle corymbose. Fl. not numerous, about an inch broad, of a full golden yellow. Cal. clothed with short, brownish, spreading, scarcely glandular hairs, intermixed with a little cottony down. Seeds light brown, furrowed. Down rough. Mr. Davall found this species in Switzerland, but he did not, like Willdenow, confound it with Hallefs w.47,Willdenow's integri- folium, under which this author also quotes Haller's 47. The 'latter is a most distinct species, perfectly smooth, glaucous, well compared by Haller to a Bupleurum, and resembling also some of the smooth species of Solidago. The leaves are lanceolate -, those of the stem numerous, narrow, taper-pointed, quite en- tire, sessile, hardly clasping. Stem round, strongly furrowed, perfectly solid, not tubular, a character too much overlooked by authors who have attempted to discriminate the species of Hie- racium. The Jiowers are nearly twice the size of R molle. Calyx very slightly hairy, cottony at the base, like the summit of each Jiower stalk. The panicle is otherwise smooth, not bristly nor glandular, and bears several diminished leaves, resembling those of the stem, but much smaller. Willdenow's definition and SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-.^QU. Hieracium. S6d description of this plant but ill accord with my Swiss specimens. There seems no reason to suppose it a native of Britain, but I subjoin its character and synonyms. The name, taken from Vaillant, is not apposite. H. succiscefolium. Stem solid, furrowed, leafy, corymbose, smooth, like the lanceolate, taper-pointed, entire leaves. Calyx, and top of the flower- stalks, somewhat downy. H. succisaefolium. AlUon. Pedem. v. 1. 205, without character, figure, or description. DeCand. Fr. v. 4. 28. H. inlegrifolium. mnd.v.3.\56S. H.n.47. Hall. Hist. v. \. 20. H. glabrum, Succisae folio, prorsus integro. Vaill. M^m. de VAc. des Sc. 710. n. 40. Le Monnier Obs. 157. 13. H. cerinthoides . Honey wort-leaved Hawkweed. Stem solid, leafy, corymbose, somewhat angular. Leaves hairy, slightly toothed ; the uppermost ovate, pointed, clasping; radical ones elliptic-oblong, with shaggy fringed footstalks. H. cerinthoides. Linn. Sp. PL 1 129. IVilld. v. 3. 1580. Sni. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 9. 242. Comp. ed.4. 131. Engl. Bot. v. 34. t. 2378. Hook. Scot. 232. GouanlUustr. 58. t. 22./. 4. Villars Dauph.v.2>.\\0.t.32} H. pyrenaicum, folio cerinthes, latifolium, et angustifolium, Schola Bot. 189. Vaill. Mem. de VAc. des Sc. 707. n. 16, 1 7. Tourn. Inst. 472. On rocks in the Highlands of Scotland, not uncommon. Mr. G. Don. Perennial. August. Root somewhat woody, blackish. Herb rather glaucous. Stem 1| or 2 feet high, erect, stout, cylindrical, with several slight an- gles, smooth, or nearly so, quite solid, corymbose, leafy. Ra- dical leaves on long, flat, very shag;gy footstalks, elliptic-oblong, or obovate, from 3 to 5 inches in length, acute, sometimes ob- tuse, either nearly entire, or beset with small distant teeth, the surface bes))rinkled with dots, a little like those o( Ccrint he, but these are often very slight, and the long hairs which accompany them are variable in quantity ; stem-leaves sessile, ovate, entire, taper-pointed, fringed, gradually diminished to copious leafy bracteas on the rough stalks of the panicle. Fl. rather large, pale yellow, on bristly glandular stalks. Cal. covered with shaggy, but short, hairs. Seeds furrowed, dark brown. Down minutely rough. Our plant is certainly tliat of Linnieus, and a|)parently of DeCan- dolle. It accords well witii (iou.ms plate, but not with that of Villars, nor with specimens from Dau])hinv, which yet may pos- BJbly be but varieties of the same species. 366 SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-..EQU. Hieraciumi 14. Yi,villosum. Shaggy Alpine Havvkweed. Stem tubular, leafy, shaggy, with very few flowers. Leaves oblong, wavy, unequally toothed, shaggy as well as the calyx. Seeds angular. H. villosum. Linn. Sp.Pl. 1130. milcl v. 3. 1585. J^. Pr. 833. Engl Bot. V. 34. t. 2379 ; not good. Dicks. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 2. 288. Jacq.Justr.t.87. H. n. 44. Hall. Hist. v.l.lS. H. n. 971. Hall. Enum.Rar.D4. H. alpinum hirsuto folio quintum. Clus. Pann. 643./. 644. Hist. r. 2. 111./. 112. Bauh.Hist.v.2. 1027. f. H. quintum Clusii. Ger. Em. 301. f. H. alpinum, latiore folio, pilosum, flore majofe. Pluk. Almag. 184. Phyt. t.\M.f.2. H, alpinum latifolium villosum, magno flore. Bauh. Pin. 128. Moris. V. 3. 70. n. 62. sect. 7. t. 5./. 58. Welch Hoary Hawklung. Petiv. H. Brit. ^. 13./. 6 ; cbpied from the figure of Clusius, which, through the mistake of Ray, was applied to H. alpinum. On moist alpine rocks. On Ben Nevis. Mr. Dickson. Ben Lawers, and other Scottish mountains. Mr. J. Mackay. Near Meer Gill, at the foot of In- gleborough, Yorkshire ; Mr. Caley. Withering. Perennial. August. Root woody, with several fibres. Stem upright, a foot or more in height, round, striated, hollow, leafy, unbranched, often quite simple and single-flowered, but not unfrequently divided at the summit, and bearing 2 or more flowers which are very large, near 2 inches wide when fully expanded, lemon-coloured. Leaves elliptic-oblong, acute, wavy, with shallow unequal teeth, a little glaucous, and, like the stem and calyx, remarkable for their clothing of long, shaggy, hoary hairs, which become tawny by keeping. These copious long hairs, and the large lemon-co- loured 3^ow;er5, distinguish this species from every other of Bri- tish growth. The seeds are chesnut-coloured, more angular than striated, with a very smooth surface. Down rough, rather short. The figure in Engl. Bot. taken from an ill-chosen garden specimen, is so unlike the wild plant, that I cannot wonder if Dr. Hooker thought it a difterent species. Our H. villosum has, however, little affinity to H. Halleri of Villars, named hybridum in his t. 26 ; {DeCand. Fr. i;. 4. 1 9. fVilld. v. 3. 1 587,) and still less to H. alpinum. This plant of Villars is, moreover, pumilum of Willd. V. 3. 1562, under which name Mr. Sieber sent specimens from Styria. It does not clearly appear from the Fl. Scot, whe- ther this or villosum was gathered on Ben-y-more. SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-.^iQU. Hieracium. 367 15. Yi, sabaudum. Shrubby Broad-leaved Hawkweed. Stem erect, copiously leafy, many-flowered. Leaves ovate- lanceolate, sharply toothed, rough-edged, somewhat clasping ; hairy beneatli. H. sabaudum. Linn. Sp. PL\U\. FL Suec.27-i. mild.v.3. 1589, FI.Br.S34. EngLBot.v.5.t.3A9. Hook. Scot. 233. FL Dan. t.S72. AIlion.Pelem.v.\.2\8.t.27.f.2. Bauli. Hist. v. 2.1030. /2. H. n. 33. Hall. Hist. v. I. 15. H. n.30. Gmel. Sib.v.2. 3^.t. lA. H. fruticosum latifolium hirsiitum. Bank. Pin. 129. Raii Sijn. 167. Broad Hairy Hawkkmgj also Narrow Hairy Hawklung. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 13./. 7, 8. /3. Hieracium fruticosum latifolium glabrum. Raii Sijn. 168. Broad Smooth Hawklung. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 13./. 9. y. Hieracii seu Pilosellaj majoris species humilis^ foliis longioribua rariiis dentatis plurimis simul, flore singular!, nostras. Raii Syn. ed. 2. 73. ed. 3. 1 70. Pluk. Alniag. 1 83. Phijt. t. 37. f. 3. Plukenefs Mouse-ear. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 1 1 ./ 6. In coppices, groves and thickets, frequent. j5. Near Ulsvvater, Westmoreland. Ray. Perennial. August, September. This species, in its usual state, is very distinct, and readily known. The stems, though annual, have a shrubby aspect, and are far more abundantly leafy than any of the preceding. Thev are 2 or 3 feet, or more, in height, erect, wand-like, stout, roundish, fur- rovved, obscurely angular, rough to the touch, nearly filled with pith, though somewhat tubular in the upper part, which is branched and panlcled ; the lower most hairy. Leaves alternate, almost or quite sessile, and partly clasping the stem, lA or 2 inches long, ovate or lanceolate, ))ointed, rough-edged, sharply an(5 regularly toothed ; dark green and almost smooth above j paler, somewhat glaucous, and hairy or rough, beneath • the lower ones elliptical, lengtliened out at their base. Fl. nume- rous, full yellow, oj)en in the forenoon only, like most of this tribe, on corymbose, hairy or downy, stalks, forming a variously compound, often cymose, jxuiiiie, accom|)anied by many small, ovate, leafy bracteas. Cul. brownish, downy and hairy, the outer scales lax. Anth. greenish. Stigma beset with blackish hairs. .SVt'f/ angular and roughish, dark chesnut-coloured. Doun rough. Reccpf. a little cellular, and hairy. Whole htth milky. With the varieties above indicated I am not well acquainted. A nortii-country plant from Mr E. Forstcr, which remains unalter- ed by culture, seems to answer to the f3 ; but of thiw 1 have no certain evidence, nor can I clearly define it us a species. It is smoother, and of more humble stature, than our common S68 SYNGENESlA-POLYGAM.-iEQU. Hieracium. sabaudum, of which there is in Switzerland a smooth as well as a rough variety. 16. \{. denticulatum. Small-toothed Havvkweed. Stem erect, leafy, solid, many-flowered, cymose, with downy glandular stalks. Leaves sessile, elliptic-lanceolate, finely toothed, smoothish ; glaucous beneath. H. denticulatum. Engl.Bot.v.3().t.2\22. Comp.ed.4A32. Hook. Scot. 23 1 . H. prenanthoides. FT. Br. 835 ; excl. all the synonyms, except H. Kalmii. Sym.U'S. In woods in the south of Scotland. About Loch Rannach, Perthshire. Mr. G.Don and Mr. J. Mackay. In Harehead wood, near Selkirk. Mr. Dickson. Perennial. July, August. Stem a yard high, much more slender than the last, upright, round, striated, roughish to the touch, nearly or quite filled with pith, leafy from top to bottom. Leaves twice the size of the preceding, much thinner and more pliant, sessile, but scarcely at all clasp- ing 3 minutely toothed at the edges, and somewhat wavy ; glau- cous beneath, with a hairy mid-rib, and often sparingly besprin- kled on both sides with short hairs ; the edges smooth, or not rougher than any other part. FL bright yellow, not an inch broad, in a cymose panicle, whose branches are downy, and partly glandular. Bracteas few and small. Cal. downy, and clothed with short taper hairs, a little viscid. Seeds angular, very smooth. Down rough. Recept. cellular. On comparison with Dauphiny s})ecimens, this Hieracium proved different from the tcue prenanthoides of Villars, for which it had been taken, and it is still more unlike the American H. Kalmii. 17. \i prenantJioides. Rough-bordered Hawkweed. Stem erect, leafy, solid, many-flowered, corymbose, with downy glandular stalks. Leaves somewhat toothed, clasping, rough near the edge ; glaucous beneath ; upper ones heart-shaped. H. prenanthoides. Villars Dauph. v. 3. 1 08. Willd. Sp. PL v. 3. 1590. Engl. Bot. v. 32. t. 2235. Comp.ed.4. 132. Hook. Scot. 232. H. spicatum. Allion. Pedem. t;. 1. 218. f. 27,/. 1, 3. Dicks. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 2. 288. Crypt, fasc. 2. 29. In woods and thickets in the south of Scotland. Dickson. On the banks of the Esk, near Forfar. Mr. G. Don. Near Pit- main. Mr. J. Mackay. SYNGENESIA-POLYGAM.-.^QU. Hieracium. Em Perennial. Anguat. Like the last in size and general habit, but essentially distinct. The stem is entirely solid. Leaves clasping the stem with their dilated rounded base ; rough towards the margin, and at the very edge, with rigid tawny hairs. FL not cymose, but covym- bosely panicled, their stalks, like the calyx, rough with very co- pious glandular hairs. I cannot refer this or the last to any of Haller's species, many of which have not yet been detected in Britain. 18. H. umhellatiun. Narrow-leaved Hawkweed. Stem erect, leafy, almost solid, imperfectly umbellate. Leaves scattered, linear, slightly toothed, nearly smootlC as well as the calyx. H. umbellatum. Lhm.^p.Vl.WZX. «7//f/. y. 3. 1.591. /7./?r.835. Engl, Bot. V. 2.'). M 77 1 . Curt. Lond.fasc. C. t, 58. Hook. Scot. 233. Fl.Dan.f.eSO. H. n.34. Hall. Hist. vA.\:y. H. fruticosum angustifolium majus. Bauh. Pin. 129. Rail Syn. 1 68. H. intybaceum. Ger. Em. 29S./. H. primum. Dod. Pempt. 638. f. H. sabaudum. Lob. Jdvers.SS. Dalech. Hist. 570. f. H. alterum grandius. Lob. Ic. 2A0.f. H. rectum rigldum,quibusdam sabaudum. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 1030./. Long Hairy Hawklung. Pcfiv. H. Brit. f. 13./. 8 j and Narrow Hairy Hawklung. / 10. /S. Pulmonaria angustifolia glabra. Dill, in Raii Syn. 168. Narrow Smooth Hawklung. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 13./ 1 1 . y. Pulmonaria graminea. Dill, in Raii Syn. 168. Gra.ss Hawklung. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 13./. 12. In groves, gravelly thickets, and shady rocky situations. Perennial. Augu.^t, September. Root with many simple fibres. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, erect, but not very straight, leafy, round, unbranchcd, pithy, with a small cavity in the centre, either slightly hairy, or quite smooti), co- rymbose, or more generally inaccurately umbellate, at the sum- mit, in which part it is often attacked by insects, producing an oval tumour, as represented by .John PauKin. Leaves nume- rous, sessile, linear, or linear-lanceolate, distantly toothed ; in y very narrow and quite entire ; thev are often roufiliish, espe- cially at the margin, and slightly hairy ; sometimes quite smootli ; always bright green above ; paler beneath. /'/. bright yellow, not very numerous, about an inch in diameter ; tiieir stalks mi- nutely downy. Brarteas linear, few and small. ( 'cfj>l. slightly cellular. vol,. III. 1 \i 370 SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-iEQU. Crepis. Several doubtful or imperfect specimens of Hierac'mm, sent from Scotland by the late indefatigable and sagacious Mr. George Don, lead me to concur in the wishes of my friend Dr. Hooker, that an accurate examination of this difficult genus, on its native mountains, might be undertaken by competent practical bota- nists. One of these specimens leads me to doubt whether it may not have been mistaken for H. amplexicaule, a species which, without more information, I scruple here to admit. Whoever wishes to render himself master of this subject should have abundant leisure and patience, to investigate each wild species in different soils and situations, and to cultivate each under his own continual inspection. They might then, by a good botanist, be probably cleared up without much uncertainty. 378. CREPIS. Hawk's-beard. Linn.GenA03. JussA69. Fl.Br.SSG. Lam.t.GrA. Gcertn.t.\58. Hieracioides. Vaill. Mem. de VAc. des Sc. 712./. 47, 52. Common Cal. double ; outermost very short, lax, tumid, de- ciduous; inner ovate, simple, furrowed, permanent, of several linear converging scales. Cor. compound, of nu- merous, imbricated, uniform, perfect, ligulate, abrupt, 5- toothed florets, Filam. capillary, very short. Anth. in a cylindrical tube. Germ, obovate-oblong. Style thread- shaped, slightly prominent. Stigm. ^, spreading. Seed- vessel none, the inner calyx converging, hardened. Seed oblong, acute. Down capillary, radiating, either on a roughish stalk, or sessile. Recept, slightly cellular, or scaly, with a few bristly hairs interspersed. Annual, biennial, or perennial, upright, branching, bitter, more or less milky, herbs ; with pinnatifid, sinuated, or toothed, leaves; and yellow, rarely reddish, Jlowers. The elevated seed-down, and lax external calyx, distinguish this genus from Hieracium. 1. CfcEtida. Stinking Hawk*s-beard. Leaves hairy, pinnatifid, with reversed teeth ; on toothed footstalks. Stem hairy. Calyx downy. C. foetida. Linn. Sp. PL 1 133. TVilld. v. 3. 1598. Fl. Br. 837. Engl. Bot. V. 6. t. 406. Dicks. H. Sice. fasc. 1 8. 20. C. n. 29. Hall. Hist. v.\.\2. Hieracium castorei odore, monspeliensium. Bail Syn. 1G5. H. luteum, cichorii sylvestris folio, amygdalas amaras olens. Mo- ris, v. 3. 63. sect. 7. t. 4.f. 4. H. foliis cichorii sylvestris villosis, odore castorei. Magnol Monsp. 129./: SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-iEQU. Crepis. S71 Erigeron tertium. Dod. Pempt. 041./. E. tomentosum alterum. Ger. Em. 279. f. Erygeron tomentosum. Lob. Ic. 226./. Senetionis species Dodonaei. Dalech. Hist. 577./. Castor Hawk weed. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 1 2./ 8. On dry chalky ground, but rare. In Cambridgeshire. Ray, Relhan. In Charlton chalk-pits, Kent. Petiver. At Barton, Norfolk. Rev. Mr. Forhy, and Mr. Pitchford. Biennial. June, July. Root tapering. Herb light green, moderately hairy all over, very milky, with a strong smell of bitter almonds. Stems several, spreading, a foot or more in height, the central one only being quite erect J all round, solid, leafy, more or less branched. Leaves deeply and unequally runcinate, running down into winged and too{\\e<\ footstalks ; the terminal lobe large, acutely triangular. Fl. several, solitary, on long, terminal, furrowed, rough stalks, rather swelling upward. Outer Cal. of a few lan- ceolate scales, shrinking as the flower fades ; inner hairy and downy, hardened by age, and permanently erect. Cor. pale yellow ; of a delicate red underneath. Seeds tawny, furrowed. Down simple, roughish, on a long rough stalk. Recept. furnished with short hair, fringing its shallow cells. The Jiowers droop in the bud, and after expansion close very early in the day ^ but I believe they open for several successive mornings, like the exotic C. rubra. This last is Chondrilla purpurascens fcclida. Bauh. Prodr.OS.f; quoted by W'illdenow for Crepis footida. 2. Cpulc/ira. Small-flowered Havvk's-beard. Leaves downy, toothed ; radical ones obovate ; the rest somewhat arrow-shaped and clasping. Panicle corym- bose, spreading. Calyx pyramidal, smooth. C. pulchra. Linn. Sp. PL ed. 1 . 806. ed. 2. 1 134. Sm. Tr. of Linn. Soc. V. 10. 34 1. Comp. ed. 4. 132. Engl. Dot. v. 33. t. 2325. Hook. Scot. 233. Frenanthes hicracifolia. Ji'illd. Sp. PI. v. 3. 1541. P. pulclira. DeCand. Fr. v. 4. 7. Hieracium pulchrum. Bauh Hist. v. 2. 1025./. H. montanum alterum, leptomacrocaulon. Column. F.cphr. 248. /. 219. II. annuum montanum frutirosius, caule canaliculato. Mi)ris. v. 3. C)H. scct.7. t. :>.f.37. Lapsana chondriiloides. Linn. Sp. PI. ed. I. SI 2. On rocky hills in vScotland, rare Amonj^st cnunbling rocks, on the hill of Turin, near Fortar. Mr. a. I)n,i. Annual. Junr — September . Root tapering. /A / A finelv downv, milKv, varying miuli in lu\»ni- 2 'n J ' 37i SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-.^QU. Crepis. ance. Stem from I to 2 feet high, eiect, round, furrowed, hol- low, leafy j unbranched below 5 panicled above. Leaves with sharp, shallow, partly reversed, teeth -, radical ones obovate, tapering down into twinged footstalk ; upper ones sessile, acute, clasping the stem with their arrow-shaped, or heart-shaped, bases. Panicle corymbose, with many long, wide-spreading, striated branches. 'Bracteas small, acute, solitary at the base of each branch or flower-stalk. Fl. solitary at the extremities of the branches, erect, small, yellow, closing about noon. Cal. truly that of a Crepis, the scales composing the outer one small, membranous and lax, finally withering, if not deciduous ; those of the inner parallel, linear '5 at first smooth, even, and flat, but acquiring, as the seed ripens, a strong, hard, rounded, prominent mid-rib, which last is a peculiar character. Florets downy ex- ternally. Seed slender, finely striated, beaked. Down rough, sessile on the summit of the beak, and wanting a real stalk; but it seems to me that, as the stalk varies in length in several species, this part is of less weight in the generic character than the calyx, which is so peculiar. The florets being rather nume- rous, in several rows, agree too ill with the essential and very peculiar character of Prenanthes. The receptacle is small, slightly cellular. 3. C. tectorum. Smooth Hawk's-beard. Smooth Suc- cory Hawkweed. Radical leaves runcinate ; the rest clasping, lanceolate and toothed. Stem smooth. Calyx rough. Seed-down sessile. C. tectorum. Linn.Sp.Pl.WZh. Willd.v.Z.\^^\. FLBr.837. Engl. Bot. V. 16. M 1 1 1. Curt. Lond.fasc. 5. t. 55. Hook. Scot. 233. FL Dan. t. ^01. C. n.33. Hall. Hist. v.\.\4. Hedypnois tectorum. Huds. 34 1 . Hieracium luteum glabrum, sive miniis birsutum. Rail Syn. 165. Bauh.Hist.v.2.\024.f.\. H. lactucae folio. Dill, in Raii Syn. 1 64. H. aphacoides. Ger. Em. 297./. H. foliis et facie Chondrillse. Lob. Ic. 239./ H. secundum. Tahern. Kreuterb. 491./ H. Chondrillse folio glabrum. Bauh.Pln. 127. M oris. v. Z. ^7. sect. 7 . t.7.f.29. Cichorium pratense luteum Isevius. Bauh. Pin. 126. Hawkbeard. Peiiv. H. Brit. 1. 12./ 5, 6, 7, In dry pastures, meadows, and waste ground, as also on cottage roofs, old walls, and banks, every where. Annual. June — September. A very variable herb in shape and luxuriance, as well as smooth- ness, generally of a fine deep shining green, nearly smooth, ex- SYNGENESIA-POLYGAM.-^QU. Crepis. 373 cept the calyx, which is more or less downy, and glanduhir. Root tapering, milky like the rest of the plant. Stem from 1 to 2 feet high, leafy, upright, branched, furrowed, sometimes slightly hairy, always stained with pur[)le near the ramifications. Leaves smooth, variously runcinate, or jagged, the upper ones dilated and clasping at the base, where also they are most toothed. Panicle slender, lax, corymbose, roughish, with awl-shaped hracteas. FL bright yellow, much smaller than those of any other common plant of this tribe, except Lapsana. Outer, as well as inner, calyx glandular, and rough ; the former of several membranous, withering, but scarcely deciduous, scales ; the atter not much altered after flowering. Seeds furrowed. Down rough, sessile like the last. Recept. with shallow rough-edged cells. 4. C. bioinis. Rough Hawk's-beard. Leaves pinnatifid, runcinate, rough ; their lobes toothed in front. Calyx somewhat bristly and downy. C. biennis. Linn. Sp. PL 1 13G. frdld. v. 3. 1603. FL Br. S3S. EngLBot.v.?>.t. 149. C. n. 30. IlalLHist v.\.]3. Davall. Hedypnois biennis. LIuds. 342. Hieracium maximum, Chondrillse folio, asperum. Raii Syn. ir>6. Bank. Prodr. 64; according to his herbarium. Haller. H. erucaefolium hirsutum. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 1025.^. Tall Succory Hawkweed. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 12./. 10. /3. Hieracium Cichorei folio minus. Dill, in Raii Syn. 165. Small Succory Hawkweed. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 12./. 9. In chalky pastures. Plentiful' in several parts of Kent. Ray, Huds. Near Bury St. Ed- mund's. Mr. Mathew. Biennial. June, July. Root spindle-sliaped. Stern 3 or 4 feet high, erect, stout, hollow, leafy, corymbose, very strongly furrowed ; roughish above ; purjjlish below. Radical leaves stalked, obovatc, unequally toothed ; those about the lower part of the stem pinnatifid, or runcinate, likewise on pur])lish stalks; uppermost sessile, clasp- ing, more deeply pinnatifid, their lobes strongly toothed in front, the terminal one large; all rough with bristly hairs, espe- cially the mid-rib beneath. FL large, lemon-coloured, reddish underneath, on furrowed stalks, with linear hracteas. Outer calyx of lax, partly membranous, scales ; inner of longer and more downy ones, often glandular and bristly, at first flat, but subsequently ac(|iiiring a stout, or turgid, mid-rib, like every true Crepis' .V\ Si/n. I 73. 378 SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-^QU. Cichorium. H. minimum. Clus. Hist. v. 2. 143./. Pann. 647./. 649. Intybus, sive Endivia lutea minima, &c. Moris, v. 3. 53. sect. 7. t. ].f.8. Small Swine's Succory. Peiiv. H. Brit. t. 15./. 9. In gravelly fields. About Hampton Court. Doody. AtWalthamstow. Sir W. Watson, and Mr. E. Forster. Dorsetshire. Dr. Pulteney. Bedfordshire. Rev. Dr. Abbot. Near Arminghall wood, 3 miles south of Nor- wich. Annual. June. Root small, tapering. Leaves all radical, depressed, obovate-ob- long, strongly toothed, scarcely hairy, but rough at the edges. Stalks several, more or less branched and swelling above ; slen- der and purplish below ) round, smooth, terminating in a few hollow, tumid partial-stalks, each bearing a small, bright, yet not full yellow,^oit'er. Cal. smooth ; its scales all linear, point- ed ; the inner ones finally channelled and hardened. Seeds an- gular, smooth, each crowned with an elevated border, as ex- pressed in Engl. Bot. and well magnified by Gaertner, though less obvious in Dr. Hooker's otherwise excellent plate. The re- ceptacle is smooth, slightly cellular. Dr. Hooker justly adverts to an erroneous passage in Engl. Bot., " seeds crowned with an elevated rim, more rarely with short simple do?t-w." The first part of this sentence is correct j the latter originated in the generic character given by Linnaeus, ap- plied by him to the present plant, in consequence of a mistaken specimen in his herbarium, whose origin I cannot trace, but which he marked minima, affixing it to an authentic one. The description in Fl. Brit, is nevertheless accurate. 381. CICHORIUM. Succory. Linn. Gi^n. 406. Juss.\7\. FL Br. 84S. Tourn.t.272. Lam. t. 658. Gcertn. 1. 157. Common Cal. double, cylindrical ; outermost of a few ob- long, rather lax, shortish scales ; inner of 8 or more, longer, converging, linear, equal ones, permanent, at length recurvecl. Cor. com pound, of about 20 spread- ing, somewhat imbricated, ligulate, abrupt, deeply .5- toothed, perfect florets. Filam. capillary, very short. Anth. in a pentagonal tube. Germ, obovate. Style thread- shaped, equal with the stamens. Stigmas revolute. Seed- vessel none, except die converging calyx. Seed obscurely 5-sided, abrupt. Doxvn of several chaffy upright bristles, shorter than the seed. Hccept. slightly chaffy, beset with a few upright slender scales, shorter than the seed. Milky, bitter, perennial or biennial, upright, leafy herbs, SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-^QU. Arctium. 379 rendered mild and eatable by culture. Leaves oblong, pinnatifid and toothed. FL blue, large and handsome. 1. C. Intyhus. Wild Succory. Flowers in pairs, both nearly sessile. Leaves runcinate. C. Intybus. Linn. Sp. PL 1 1 42. milcL v.3.\ 628. Fl. Br. 843. Engl. Bot. V. 8. t. .539. Curt. Land. fuse. 4. t. 5G. Mart, Rust. 1. 144. Jroodv. suppl. t. 248. UooL Scot. 234. Fl. Dan. t. 907. C. n. 1. Hall. Ilist.v. 1.1. C. sylvestre. RaiiSyn.\72. Ger.Em.2Si.f. Matth. Falgr.v. \. 458./ Bauh. Hist. r. 2. 1007./. 1008. C. sylvestre, sive officinarum. Bauh. Pin. 125. Cichovea. Trag. Hist. 272. f. Intubus sylvestris. Camer. Epit. 285./ Intubum sylvestre. Fuchs. Hist. 679./ Ic. 390./ I. sylvestre angustifolium, Dalech. Hist. 557./ Wild Succoiy. Petiv. H. Brit. 1. 14./ 1 1 . About the borders and ridges of fields, and by road sides, chiefly on a gravelly or chalky soil, frequent. Perennial. July, August. jRoo< spindle-shaped, fleshy, whitish, milky. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, either erect or oblique, solid, round, furrowed, rough with bristly hairs, leafy, alternately branched, very tough. Radical leaves numerous,' spreading, above a span long, runcinate, toothed, roughish ; those on the stem much smaller, sessile, less lobed, the upper ones heart-shaped, taper-pointed, entire. Fl. large and luindsome, of a beautiful bright blue, axillary, in pairs, all nearly or quite sessile. Cal. roughish, Anth. and stigm. blue. The root roasted is a substitute for Coftee in some parts of Ger- many, and is said, when simply dried, to have served to make bread. The herb, in a luxuriant cultivated state, is an excellent early fodder for horses and cows. Prof. Miu-tyn has detailed all its agricultural j)ropertics. Sometimes the Jlou-ers are found of a brilliant white. ** Florefs allfuhuhn; xvil/i a Jivr-r/r/'f sprcddiu^j^ limb ; an enlirclij natural order. Composita:, a, eapitat(r. Linn. \-9. V'lnarocephaUc. Juss. .54. See Grammar 121. Wm. AUCTIUx\r. Burdock. Lauh. GV'/j.407. fl /?r.Sll. J/ippa. Juss.\'j:\. Tourti. t 2:>C}. Lam. t. GCki. iiintn.t.MVZ. Common Cat. globular, injbricated, of luuiu rous, lanceo- late, tapering scales, ending in aul->li;i|>((l, liooktd, irj- 3S0 SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-^QU. Arctium. flexed, spinous points, permanent. Cor. compound, uni- form ; Jlorefs numerous, all perfect, equal, tubular ; the tube very long and slender ; limb wider, ovate, in 5 li- near, regular, spreading segments. Filam, 5, from the tube, capillary, very short. Anth. in a cylindrical 5- toothed tube, as long as the corolla. Germ, oblong, downy at the summit. Style thread-shaped, longer than the stamens. Stigm. 2, reflexed. Seed-vessel none, ex- cept the permanent closed calyx, falling off entire. Seed 1 to each floret, inversely pyramidal, with 4 unequal blunt angles, abrupt. DoW7i a tuft of simple rough bris- tles, shorter than the seed. Recept. flat, covered with narrow, linear, chaffy scales, nearly as long as the calyx. Large, branching, downy, biennial herbs; with alternate, undivided leaves; and numerous, terminal, purple^ow^rs. 1. A. Lappa, Common Burdock, or Clot-bur. Leaves stalked, heart-shaped, wavy, without prickles. Calyx when in seed nearly smooth. A. Lappa. Linn. Sp. PL 1143. Willd.v.3. 1631. Fl. Br. 844. Comp. ed. 4. 1 33. Engl. Bot. v. 1 8. L 1228. Curt. Lond. fasc. 4. t. 55. Woodv. t.\D. Hook. Scot. 235. Lappa n. 1 6 1 , |S. Hall. Hist. v. 1 . 70. L. major, Arcium Dioscoridis. Bauh. Pin. 198. Raii Syn. 197. L. major. Trag. Hist. 837. /. DeCand. Fr. v. 4. 77. Personata sive Lappa major. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 497./. Camer. Epit. 887./. Dalech. Hist. 1055./ P. Lappa major, Bardana. Lob. Ic. 588./ Bardana major. Ger. Em. 809./ Burdock. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 23./ 1. /S. Lappa major, capitulo glabro maxirno. DHL in Raii Syn. 196. y. L. vulgaris major, capitulis foliosis. Pluk. Almag. 205. DHL in Raii Syn. 197. L. rosea. Bauh. Prodr. 102, not 210. Rose Burdock. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 23./ 2. h. Lappa major, capitulis parvis glabris. Dill, in Raii Syn. 197. L. n. 161,7. HalLHisLv.\.70. Small-headed Burdock. Petiv. H. Brit. L 23. f. 3. In waste ground, by way sides, and on dunghills, common. The varieties I have not met with. Biennial. July, August. Root tapering, fleshy. Stem erect, 3 feet or more in height, solid, leafy, round, furrowed, with many wide-spreading branches. Leaves scattered, stalked, broad, heart-shaped, undulated, veiny j three-ribbed at the base ; somewhat hoary and downy beneath. SYNGENESIA— P0LYGAM.-.T:QU. Arctium. 581 Fl. axillary, either sessile or stalked, generally globose, with little or no woolliness about the calyx ; in y encompassed with a few small leaves ; in S said to be rather ovate, not larger than filberds. F/ore/*', with their ajithers and stigmas, purple. The calyx, when in seed, easily breaks from its stalk, and is well known by the name of a Bur, sticking to the coats of animals, and the hair or clothing of young rustics, which can hardly be cleared of such incumbrances without breaking the scales asunder and scattering the seeds. The surface of the herbage leaves a slightly viscid, very bitter, exudation on the fingers. The plant itself, a very cumbrous weed, is removed, the first year of its growth, by stubbing, like other things comprehended by farmers under the name of docks, and paid for accordingly to tlie weeder. 2. A. Bardana, Woolly-headed Burdock. Leaves stalked, heart-shaped, nearly entire and even, with- out prickles. Calyx when in seed cottony. A. Bardana. WilU. Sp. PL v. 3. 1 632. Comp. ed. 4. 133. Engl. Bot.v.35. L247S. A. Lappa. Linn. Sp. PI. 1 143 /3. FL Dan. t. 642. Arction montanum, et Lappa minor Galeni. Lob. Ic. 587./. Lappa n. 161, a. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 70. L. tomentosa, JUion. Pedem. v. 1. 144. DeCand. v. A. 77. L. major montana, capitulis tomentosis. Raii Syn. 197. Personata, sive Lappa major, altera. Matth. J algr. v. 2. 4dS./. Dalech.HisLXOo.'y.f. Personalia. Fuchs. Hist. 72. f. /c. 4 1 . f. Great Woolly-headed Burdock. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 23./. o. /S. Lappa major montana, capitulis minoribus, rotundioribus et magis tomentosis. Raii Syn. 11)7. Personata altera, cum capitulis villosis. Bauh. Hist. r. 3. ,571. /'. Small Woolly -headed Burdock. Pttiv. //. Brit. t. 23./. 4. y. Lappa major ex omni parte minor, capitulis parvis, elegant^r reticuUitis. Pink. Alma '^.20:). Raii Sun. l!)7. Cobweb-headed Burdock. ' Petw. //. Bnl. t. 23./. 6. In waste ground, by way sides, and among rubbish, common. ^. On mountains in the north of England. Biennial. .//////, Ai/oust. Like the foregoing in size and habit, but the leaves are less undu- lated, more downy beneath. Stem of a dull red. Cal. globose ; in (S smaller and more deijrcBsed ; in all the varieties the scales are interwoven with dense, white, cottony down. Professor U'illdenow declares that he has often raised this second sj)ecies from seed, and found it con>tant. In deference to his autliority, 1 have distinguished these two species, enumerating the rej)uted varieties of each, that botanists, who wish to pur- 3S2 SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-^.QU. Serratula. sue the inquiry, may ascertain, by culture and observation, how far any of them are entitled to rank as species. I do not pro- fess to have investigated the subject. 383. SERRATULA. Saw-wort. Linn. Gen. 408. Juss. 174. Fl. Br. 845. Dill. Gen. 138. t. 8. Lam. t. 666. Gcertn. t.\62. Common CaL oblong, nearly cylindrical, imbricated, of numerous, lanceolate, unarmed scales, permanent, un- changed. Cor. compound, uniform ; florets rather nu- merous, perfect, equal, tubular, funnel-shaped ; the limb in 5 deep equal segments. Filam. capillary, very short. Anth, in a cylindrical tube, the length of the corolla. Germ, obovate. Stfle thread-shaped, scarcely promi- nent. Stigm, oblong, reflexed. Seed-vessel none but the unaltered calyx. Seed obovate, somewhat angular. Dow7i sessile, rough, or feathery, permanent. UecepU chaffy, or hairy, flat. Perennial upright herbs; with serrated or pinnatifid, rarely entire leaves, Fl. corymbose, terminal, erect, crimson or purple, in some incompletely dioecious. Seed-doum in some merely rough ; in others finely feathery. 1. S. ttnctoria. Common Saw-wort. Leaves with copious bristly serratures, pinnatifid, some- what lyrate; terminal lobe largest. Seed-down roughish. S. tinctoria. Linn. Sp. PL 1 144. tVilld. v. 3. 1638. FL Br. 845. E7igl.Bot.v.\.t.38. Hook. Scot. 235. Fl. Dan. t. 281. Besl. Hart. Eyst. cBstiv. ord. W. t.4.f. 2. Serratula. Raii Syn. 196. Bauh. Pin. 235. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 295. /. Camer. Epit. 682. f. Ger. Em. 713. f. Lob. Ic. 534./. Bauh. Hist. V.3. 23./. Dod. Pempt. 42. f. Dalech. Hist. 1357./. Carduus n. 163. Hall, Hist. v.\.7]. Common Saw-wort. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 22. f. 6. (3. Broad Saw-wort. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 22. f. 5. In groves, thickets, and grassy pastures. Perennial. July, August. Root rather woody. Herb rigid, smooth and shmmg. Stem erect, straight, 2 or 3 feet high, angular, striated, solid, often reddish, not branched, except at the summit. Leaves variously pinna- tifid, in more or less of a lyrate manner ; in (5 all undivided j always acute, with fine, copious, bristly serratures ; now and then downy beneath. FL corymbose, handsome, of a purplish crimson. CaL somewhat coloured ; the edges of its scales downy. SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-yEQU. Serratula. 383 Seed-down shorter than thejlorets, bristly, unequal, yellowish, partly rough, not feathery. This plant gives a yellow colour to wool, for which purpose Lin- naeus says it is much used in Sweden, Haller records, on the authority of some foreign writers, that the above colour, fixed by means of alum, is both beautiful and permanent, and with the addition of blue, makes a better green than either Reseda Luteola, or Genista thictoria, for dyeing wool or silk. The Rev. R. Bree, Mr. R. Brown and the late Mr. T. Smith have observed the flowers of this species to be in effect dioecious, those on one plant having imperfect anthers, those on another abortive stigmas. See Tr. of Linn. Sac. v. 12. 123. v. 13.593. 2. S. alpina, Alpine Saw-wort. Leaves undivided, distantly toothed ; cottony beneath. Calyx rather ovate, finely downy. Seed-down feathery. S. alpina. Linn. Sp. PL 1145. IVilld. v. 3. 1641. Fl. Br. 84G. Engl. Bot. V. 9. t. 599. Light/. 448. t. 1 9. Hook. Scot. 235. Cirsium n. 1/9. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 77. t. 6. C. humile montanum, Cynoglossi folio, polyanthemum. Raii Syu. 193. Dill. Elth. 82. t. 70. C. alpinum, Boni Henrici folio. Tourn. Inst. 448. Carduo-cirsium minus, cambro-britannicum,floribusplurimis sum- mo caule congestis. Pluk. Abnag. 83. Phijt. t. 154./. 3. Carduus mollis, foliis lapathi. Ger. Em. 1184./. C. mollis, lapathi folio. Bauh. Hist. f. 3. 46./. 47. Clus. Pann. 663./. 664. /3. Serratula alpina. Fl.Dan. t. 37. Cirsium montanum polyanthemum, salicis folio angusto denticu- lato. Raii Si/n. 193. In the fissures of alpine rocks. On Snowdon, and other high mountains of North Wales. Ray. In several parts of the Highlands of Scotland. Light/. Hooker. Perennial. Juhj, August. Root rather woody, bJackisii. Stems simple, erect, round, downy, from 3 to 12 inches high. Leaves very various in length and breadth, usually ovate, inclining to heart-shaped; in /3 lanceo- late, or linear; always acute, witli unerpial, sharp, spinous teeth, not sufhciently expressed, as Haller observes, in the wooden cuts of (lusius and others ; the upper side of a fine green, and nearly smooth; under cottony, very white; the lower leaves on longish channelled /oo/i7(///i,v. Fl. few, in a co- rymbose tuft, pink with blue (inthcrs, very liandsome, the partly downy calyx-scales tipped witii purple or brown. Sted-douii im lung as the corolla, copiously leathery. 384 SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-.^LQU. Carduus. 384. CARDUUS. Thistle. Linn. Gen. 408. Jim. 1 73. Fl. Br. 847. sp. 2, 3, 4, 7. Lam. t. 663. Silybum. Gcertn. t. 163. Common Cal. tumid, imbricated, of numerous, lanceolate, spinous-pointed scales, permanent. Cor. compound, near- ly or quite uniform ; Jlorets very numerous, perfect, equal, tubular, funnel-shaped ; tube slender, recurved ; limb ovate at the base, with 5 linear segments, one of which is a little distant from the rest. Filam. capillary, very short. Anth. in a 5-toothed cylindrical tube, about equal to the corolla. Germ, obovate. S/j/le thread-shaped, pro- minent. Stigma simple, or cloven, oblong, naked. Seed- vessel none but the converging unaltered calyx. Seed po- lished, obovate, with 4- slight unequal angles, and a slen- der, terminal, cylindrical point. Down sessile, capillary, rough, very long, annular at the base, embracing the point of the seed, and, when that shrinks, deciduous. Recept. flat, hairy. Herbage beset with innumerable straight spines, on the margins and teeth of the leaves, and wings of the stem. Fl. crimson or purple, terminal, solitary or aggregate ; casually white ; often imperfectly dioecious. Root mostly annual or biennial. * Leaves deeiirrent. 1. Q. nutans. Musk Thistle. Leaves interruptedly decurrent, spinous. Flowers solitary, drooping. Calyx-scales lanceolate; their upper part spreading. C. nutans. Linn. Sp. PL 1 150. IVilld. v. 3. 1 648. Fl. Br. 848. Engl. Bot. v.\6. t. 1112. Hook. Scot. 235. Fl. Dan. t. 675. Rail Syn. 1 93. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 1 . 56./. C. n. 167. Hall. Hist. V. 1.73. C. muscatus. Ger.Em. 1174; descr. only. Acanthium sylvestre. Besl. Hort. Eyst.cestiv. ord. 11. t.S.f. 2. Onopyxos tertius. Dalech. Hist. 1472. f. Musk Thistle. Petiv. H. Brit. t.2\.f.\. In waste ground, fallow fields, and dry barren pastures, on a chalky or gravelly soil. Annual. July, August. Root spindle-shaped. Stem erect, 2 or 3 feet high, solid, more or less branched, many-angled, with narrow, leafy, sinuated, spinous wings, running down from the pinnatifid, slightly hairy SYNGENESIA—POLYGAMIA-iEQU. Carduus. 385 and cottony, likewise toothed and spinous, leaves. FL on downy, round, terminal stalks, solitary, drooping, crimson, large and handsome, with a sweet musky scent at all times of the day, in warm weather. Calyx-scales spreading, sharply spinous, somewhat leafy. Seeds compressed, polished, marked with dot- ted lines. Down minutelv rough. 2. C acanthoides. Welted Thistle. Leaves decurrent, sinuated, very spinous. Flowers aggre- gate, somewhat stalked. Calyx globose ; scales linear, partly recurved. C. acanthoides. Lbm. Sp. Pl.UbO. Willd. v. 3.1650. FZ.Pr.848. Engl. Bot. V. 14. t. 973. With. 698. Hull 235. Hook. Scot. 236. J acq, Aiis.tr. <. 249. C. crispus. Huds. 3o0. Light/. 452. C. polyacanthos. Curt. Lond.fasc. 6. t. 54. Schreb. Lips. 15. C. caule crispo. Raii Syn. 194. Bauh. Hist. v. 3.p.\. 59./. C. spinosissimus vulgaris, Polvacantha Theophrasti. Lob. Ic. v. 2. 21./ Polyacanthos. Ger. E)n. \\73.f. Dalech. Hist. 1473. f. Welted Thistle. Petiv. H. Brit. t.2\.f.2. About hedges and in dry waste ground, not very common. Annual. JunCy July. Root long and tapering. Stem about a yard high, much branched, with copious, wavy, continuous, spinous wings. Herbage green, scarcely at all downy. Lec/t^esdeeplypinnatifid and sinuated, green on both sides, very spinous, decurrent ; radical ones stalked. FL crowded at the tops of the branches, purplish-crimson, not half the size of the last, being hardly an inch broad. Cal. very slightly downy ; its scales narrow, evidently spinous, some of the inner ones recurved at the tips, especially at an advanced period. Anth. imperfect in some flowers, stigma in others. Seed- down minutely rough. This species, before the herbarium of Linnaeus came to England, was generally taken for his crispus, but the leaves of the latter ai-e white, and mostly cottony, underneath ; its calyx-scales more leafy and erect, the inner ones coloured. This latter, n. 165 of Haller, who wrongly quotes J. BauhLn, is a stranger in Bri- tain, as our acanthoides appears to be in Switzerland. IS. C. tcnuijlorus . Slender-Hovvered Thistle. Leaves decurrent, sinuated, spinous. Flowers aggregate, sessile. Calyx nearly cylindrical; scales ovate at the base ; somewhat recurved at the point. C. tenuiflorus. Curt. Land. fuse. 6. t. 55. FL /i;-.8-19. EngL Bot. »;. 6. ^ 412. U'illd. Sp. PL v. 3. 1652. mth. 60S. Hook. ScoL 236. Pulten. Dorset. 80. VOL. III. 2 C 386 SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-iEQU. Carduus. C. acanthoides. Huds. 35 1 . Light/. 45 1 . Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 1 . 56./. C. n. 166. Hall. Hist. V. 1.72. C. spinosissimus, capitulis minoribus. Raii Syn. 194. Gray Thistle. Petiv.H. Brit. L 21./. 3. In drv sandy ground, chiefly near the sea. Not uncommon on hedge banks in the outskirts of London 5 but more frequent about maritime towns and villages, in England and Scotland. Annual. June, July. Root tapering, small. Herbage all white with cottony down. Stem erect, straight, slightly branched, 3 or 4 feet high, angular, with broad, deeply lobed, strongly spinous, leafy wings. Leaves broadish, pinnatifid and sinuated, most cottony beneath, with strong yellowish spines, less numerous than in the last. Fl. sessile at the tops of the branches, several together, pale rose- coloured, with much hwerforets, and consequently a narrower, more oblong, calyx, than any of our other species of this or the following genus. Calyx-scales dilated and ovate, rather mem- branous, at the base ; the upper part finally spreading, and tip- ped with a yellowish spine. Seeds grey, compressed, shining. Dovm minutely rough. Very distinct from C. acanthoides and crispiis, and, I believe, from every other Linngean species. It must surely be what Haller intended under his n. 166, though I have no positive evidence, and he marks it as a doubtful native of Switzerland. The true C. crispus may be seen in Loes. Priiss. t. 5. Its calyx is globose. *^ Leaves sessile. 4. C. marianus. Milk Thistle. Leaves wavy, spinous, clasping the stem ; radical ones pin- natifid. Calyx-scales leafy, recurved, channelled ; spi- nous at the margin. C. marianus. Xijm.Sp. PL 1153. Willd.v.Z.X^^^. Fl.Br.SoL Engl. Bat. v. 14. t. 976. Curt. Lond.fasc. 3. t. 54. Hook. Scot. 236. Bauh. Hist. v. S.p.l. 52./. C. Mariae. Raii Syn. 195. Ger. Em. 1 150./. Trag. Hist. 850./. Fuchs.Ic.32.f. C.lacteus. Matth. Falgr. v. 2.38. f. Corner. Epit. 445. f. Da- lech. Hist. 1464. f. Leucographis Plinii. Dalech. Hist. 1475./. Silybum marianum. Gcertn.v.2.378. t. 162. S.n. 181. HallHist.v. i. 78. Spina alba hortensis. Fuchs. Hist. 56./. Milk Thistle. Petiv.H. Brit. t.2\.f. 9. )3. Carduus Mariae hirsutus non maculatus. Raii Syn. 195. SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-iEQU. Cnicus. 3S7 In waste ground, and on the banks of ditches. /3. About London, in several places, but not common. Annual. June, July. Root tap-shaped. Herb very large and spreading, to the exclusion of all other plants, for the most part not hairy nor downy. Stem 4 or .5 feet high, in a manured soil more lofty, branched, round, solid, leafy. Leaves of a dark shining green, all their veins beau- tifully bordered with white, except in the variety /3 -, their edges spinous. Fl. purple, large, solitary at the ends of the branches, erect ; the stout spines of their cahjx-scalea very conspicuous. Seeds large, polished. Down rough. 385. CNICUS. Plume-thistle. Linn. Gen. 409. Juss. 172. Camp. ed. 4. 127. Cirsium. Tourn. t. 255. Gcertn. t. 103. Common Cat. tumid, imbricated, of numerous, lanceolate, spinous-pointed scales, permanent. Co?: compound, near- ly uniform ;^orets very numerous, equal, tubular, funnel- shaped ; tube slender, recurved ; limb ovate at the base, with 5 linear, nearly equidistant, segments. Filam. ca- pillary, very short. Ant/i. in a cylindrical tube. Germ. obovate, short. Sti/le thread-shaped, slightly prominent. Stigma oblong, more or less cloven, naked. Seed-vessel none but the converging unaltered calyx. Seed polished, obovate, with a slender, terminal, short, cylindrical point. Do\i)n sessile, feathery, very long, annular at the base, embracing the point of the seed, and, when that shrinks, deciduous. Recept. nearly flat, beset, with brisdy, or very narrow chaffy, scales or hairs, as long as the tubes of the florets. Prickly herbaceous plants, like those of die last genus, from which die present differs chiefly in die doxicn of the seeds being evidently feathery, not merely rough. Some spe- cies are, as \nCarduus^ imperfectly dioecious, either ac- cidentally or constantly. Perhaps these two genera ought^ to be united, the distinction above mentioned being ol no more real importance than in Serra/ida, where it is not regarded. But die great number of species in Car- dims and Cnicus makes it commodious to seinirate them, even by an artificial character, which in itself is easy and obvious. * Leaves deciirreut. Stem xvinged. 1 . C. lanvcolatus. Spear Pliiiiie-thistle. Leaves decurrenl, i)innatifid, hispid, with variously-spread- 2 r 2 388 SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-^QU. Cniciis. ing spinous lobes. Calyx ovate, shaggy. Stem furrow- ed, hairy. Q. lanceolatus. Willd.Sp.Pl.v.3.\666. Comp. eclAASA. Hook., Scot.'236. Carduuslariceolatus. Zmw. %PZ. 1149. Fl.Br.S47 Engl. Bot. v.2.L\07. Mart. Rust. t.\3\. Ft. Dan. t \\73. C. lanceolatus, sive sylvestris Dodonaei. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 1 . 58./. C. lanceatus. Rail Syn. 1 95. Ger. Em. 1 1 74./. d lanpeatus latifolius. Bauh. Pin, 385. Moris, v. 3. 153. sect. 7. '<.31./>. Cirsium n. 1 69. Hall. Hist. v. 1 . 74. Spear Thistle. Petiv. H.Brit, t. 21 ./. 7^ /3. Carduus lanceatus, fiore et capite minoribus. Merr. Pin. 21.. JDiJl. in Raii Sijn. 195. y. C. lanceatus major. Dill, in Raii Sijn. 195. In waste ground, and on banks by road sides, common. Biennial. June — September. Root branching. Herb very prickly, of a greyish green. Stem up-, right, about 4 feet high, stout, solid, branched, angular, furrow- ed, leafy, hairy or downy, many-flowered, copiously winged with the decurrent lobed and st)inous bases of the leaves, which are alternate, long, spreading, hairy above, whiter and cottony beneath, deeply pinnatifid ; their lobes spreading alternately, somewhat palmate, armed with stout yellowish spines, Fl. large, crimson, solitary, or not much crowded,, at the tops of the branches. Cal. of innumerable spinous-tipped scales, entangled with fine cobweb-like threads. Florets uniform, regular. Anth. yellow. Seeds brown, polished, their large feathery dotmi losing its hold by the shrinking of the point, or peg, at the top of the seed, as in all of this genus and the last. The incurious and negligent farmer would do well to observe that this cumbrous weed, being biennial, is readily destroyed, by mowing before its flowers form seed. 2. Q. palustris. Marsh Plume- thistle. Leaves decurrent, pinnatifid, toothed, spinous, rough. Flowers aggregate. Calyx ovate, minutely spinous, nearly smooth. C. palustris. Willd. Sp.Pl.v.3.\Q^2. Comp.ed.A.\3\. Hook. Scot. 236. Cardiuis palustris. Linn. Sp.Pl.Wb]. Fl. Br. 850. Engl. B'ot. V. 14. t. 974. Curt. Lond.fasc, 6. t. 56. Raii Syn. 194. Baulu Pin,377. Prodr.\56. . . ♦„ C. spinosissimus erectus angustifolius palustris. Moris, v. 3. \53\ sect. 7. t. 32. f. 13. Cirsium n. 170. Hall. Hist. v. 1.74 ; excl. LoeseVs syn. R^arsh Thistle. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 21./. 4. SYNGENESIA-POLYGAMIA-^QU. Cnicus. SS9 In moist meadows or pastures, and watery spots by road sides, common. Biennial. July, August. /ioo^ branching. //(?r6 very prickly, of a deep green. -5?^em' so- litary, erect, straight, somewhat branched, from 3 to 5 or 6 feet high, angular, solid, clothed in every part with leafy, spi- nous, interrupted wings. Leaves deeply pinnatifid, running down into the wings, rough with short hairs, fringed with numerous prickles j slightly cottony beneath. Fl. deep crimson, frequently white, sessile, crov.'ded about the tops of the stem and branches, and not a-third the size of the last. Cal. almost globular ^ its scales smooth, close, abrupt, keeled in the upper part, each bearing a small harmless spine ; the innermost with leafy un- armed points. Seeds very smooth and even. Down finely fea- thery. "** Leaves sessile, or partially deciirrent. Stem not winged, 3. C. arvensis. Creeping Plume-thistle. Leaves sessile, pinnatifid, spinous, nearly smooth. Stem panicled, solid. Calyx ovate; outer scales spinous. Root creeping, tuberous. C. arvensis. Comp.ed.AAM. Hook. Scot, 237. Hosack in t/w American and Philos. Register, v. I. 211./. Carduus arvensis. Curt. Land. fuse. G. /. ^7. Fl, Br. 850. En. Hull V. 1. 235. FL Dan. t. 109. C. helenioides. Huds. 352. Light/. 457. fVith. 702. Cirsium n. 180. HalLHisL v. \.11. t. 7. C. anglicum secundum. Clus. Hist. v. 2. 148,/. Ger. Em. 1 1 83./. Pennei. C britannicum. Clus. Pann. 657./ 658. C. britannicum Clusii repens. Raii Sijn. 193. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 1.46. f. MilLIc.63. <. 94. Northern thistle. Pefiv. H. BriL t. 22. f. 2. In moist mountain pastures in the north. in the mountainous parts of Yorkshire, Westmoreland and Wales. Ray arid DiUenius. In the inland Highlands of Scotland, not unfrequent. Light/. In some parts of the Lowlands. Hook. A little way up Ben Lomond. Perennial. Jul^, August. Root creeping. Stem 3 feet high, erect, hollow in the centre, leafy, round, cottony, mostly simple and single-flowered, some- times divided and bearing a smaller lateral flower. Leaves lan- ceolate, pointed, fringed with copious, unequal, fine, bristly ra- ther than prickly, serratures j bright green and very smooth SYNGENESIA— POLYOAMIA.^QU. Cnictis. 393 above ; snow-white and densely cottony beneath ; heart-shaped and clasping at the base ; the lowermost tapering down into a footstalk; some of the leaves are deeply and regularly pinna- tifid occasionally, to which the specific name alludes, but which none of the figures, except Dr. Hooker's, express. Fl. stalked, terminal, erect when expanded, large and handsome, of a fine purple. Cal. ovate, green, slightly downy ; scales leafy, smooth except at the edges, most of them tipped with a very decided, though small, prickle. Down of the marginal seeds rough only ; that of the rest feathery, partly simple at the point, as in seve- ral other species, but this is not universal in any. The colouring of the whole plant, correctly expressed in Eiigl BoL, is peculiarly elegant. Carduus helenioides of Linnaeus, likewise a Cnlciis, to which Hudson and his followers referred this species, is very distinct, twice or thrice as tall, v;ith numerous, always undivided leaves, and several aggregate, sessile, niuch smaller flowers. It is not known, either wild or cultivated, in Britain. 8. C. pratensis. Meadow Plume-thistle. Leaves lanceolate, wavy or lobed, fringed with prickles ; loosely cottony beneath. Stem downy, slightly leafy, single-flowered. Calyx cottony, with tapering sharp scales. C. pratensis. ffilld. Sp. PL v. 3. 1 672. Comp. ed. 4. 131. Hook. Scot. 237. Carduus pratensis. Hiids. 353 ; excl.Jacq. sjjn. FL Br. 8:)4. Engl. Mot. V. 3. t. \77. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 18. 21. C. dissectus. Huds. ed. 1 . 307. Villars Dauph. v. 3. 1 5 ; 720I of Linn. C. heterophyllus. Lighff.^^Cy. Cirsium anglicum. Raii Syn. \93. Lob. Ir r)S3.f ()hs.3\4.f Dalech. Uist. 584../: Ger. Em. 1 183./. LohcL _ C. anglicum, radiceHellebori nigri modo fibrosa, folio longo. Bank. Hist. V.3.]). 1.4.5./. C. montanum anglicum. Ger. Em. 1 183.^. ."». C. pannonicum primum pratense. Cltis. Pann. 055./. (306. Hist. r. 2. 148./: Teckham Thistle. Petiv. //. Brit. t. 22. f. 1 . |3. Carduus palustris mitior, Bardanae capitulo, suinmo caule sin- gulari. Pluk. Almag. 82. Dill, in Raii Syn. 194. In low wot pastures and meadows, especially among trees. Perennial. June. Root of several sim))le, fleshy, black fibres, not creeping. Herb- age greyish green, more or less cottony. Stem 12 or 18 inches high, simple, round, furrowed, cottony, hollow in the centre, slightly leafy, very rarely bearing more than one (lower. Leaves lanceolate, either wavy, or uneciually toothed, or sometimes si- nuated, almost pinnatifid. copiously fringed with imequal briv^ly 394 SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-^QU. Cnicus. prickles ; minutely hairy or downy above j loosely cottony, but not very white, beneath ; radical ones several, stalked, erect ; those on the stem few, small, clasping at the base. Fl. smaller, and of a paler purple than the preceding. Cal. loosely clothed with cobweb-like down ; its outer scales obscurely ribbed, ovate, tapering to a spinous point ; inner long and narrow, coloured, taper-pointed, scarcely spinous. Seed-down feathery, with sim- ple tips. The variety /3, as far as can be judged from its short description, appears rather to belong to this species than to C. palustris, un- der which it is placed in Fl. Brit. Plukenet found this plant in the isle of Ely, and Dillenius appears not to have seen a spe- cimen. 9. C. acaulis. Dwarf Plume- thistle. Stalks radical, single-flowered, shorter than the smooth calyx. C. acaulis. WiM.Sp.Fl.v.ZA^'^X. Cowzp. eJ. 4. 134. Hook. Scot. 237. Carduus acaulis, Linn. Sp. PI. 115G. Fl. Br. 855. Engl. Bot.v.3. t.\6\. Jacq.Ic.Rar.t.579. Fl. Dan. t.\ 114. Cirsium n. 178. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 77. Carlina acaulis, minore purpureo flore. Raii Sijn. 195. C. acaulos minor, flore purpureo. Ger. Em. 1158./. C. minor purpureo flore. Clus. Hist. v. 2. 156. C. montana minor acaulos. Barrel. Ic. t.493. Chamseleon exiguus. Trag. Hist. 852./. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 1. 62./ 63. Dwarf Thistle. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 21./ 6. In pastures and meadows, on a gravelly or chalky soil. Too abundant in many fields and upland grounds in Dorsetshire. Dr. Pulteney. Very frequent on commons in Norfolk and se- veral other counties. In the time of Gerarde it grew on Black- heath. C>li}V(n\ DoTi'Txo Perennial. July, August. Root woody, stout, blackish, simple, running deep into the ground. Stem entirely wanting. Leaves several, spreading close to the ground, in a' circle near a foot in diameter, choking all other herbage, stalked, pinnatifid, bright green, smooth ; their seg- ments somewhat palmate, abundantly prickly. Fl. one or more, either quite sessile, or on short, simple, downy stalks, of a fine crimson, as large as those of Cnicus lanceolatus. Cal. ovate^ green, without any web or hairs, but the scales are a little downy at the edges. Seed- down feathery. When cultivated in the fertile soil of a garden, this plant, like Carlina acaulis, and several of the next genus, acquires a stem, 3 or 4 inchG,'> in height, bearing 3 or AJlowers. SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-^QU.Onopordiim.395 386. ONOPORDUM. Cotton thistle. Linn. GenAOO. Juss. 173. FL Br. 856. Vaill. ]\Um. de VAc. des ^Sc. 152./. 39. Lam.t.QQA. Gcertn. t.\Q\. Common Col, orbicular, tumid, imbricated, of numerous, lanceolate, spinous-pointed scales, spreading, or erect, permanent. Cor. compound, uniform ; Jiorets very nu- merous, equal, tubular, funnel-shaped ; tube very slen- der ; limb in 5 deep, linear, equal segments. Filam, ca- pillary, very short. Anth, in a cylindrical tube, with 5 teeth. Germ, obovate, short. Style thread-shaped, pro- minent. Stigma oblong, notched. Seed-vessel none, ex- cept the somewhat spreading calyx. Seed obovate, point- ed, smooth. Doxtm sessile, capillary, rough, annular at the base, embracing the point of the seed, and finally deciduous. Recej)t. convex, fleshy, deeply cellular, the membranous edo-es of the cells uneven, jaffored, or frinof-ed. Very large, hoary, spmous, annual or biennial herbs ; ge- nerally with winged stems; in some species without any. Leaves pinnatifid, wavy, toothed and spinous. FL pur- ple, solitary and terminal, or aggregate and radical. The honey-comb receptacle characterizes the genus, and its habit also is appropriate. 1. O. Acanthium. Common Cotton-thistle. Calyx-scales awl-shaped, spreading in every direction. Leaves ovate-oblong, sinuated, woolly on both sides. O. Acanthium. Linn. Sp. PI. 1 158. WiUd. v. 3. 1686. FL Br. 856. Engl. Bot. V. 14. t. 977. Curt. Lond.fasc. 5. t. 57. Hook. Scot. 238. Fl. Dan. t. 909. O. n. 159. IJalLIIist.v.\.6S. Carduus tomcntosus Acanthium dictus, vulgaris. Rail Syn. 196. C. alutus tomentosus latifolius vulgaris. Moris. i\ 3. 152. sect. 7 t.30.f. 1. Acanthium. Dad. Pempt.72\.f. Matfh. J'algr. v.2. 'Si.f. Camcr. Fpit.AW.f. Lub.lc.v.2.\.f. A. album. Ger. Em. l\ 49./. Spina alba sylvestris. Fiichs. nist.i>7. f. Jc. 33./. BauJi. Hist f. 3. p. 1.5 1./. S. alba tomcntosa latifolia sylvestris. Locs. Pruss.2()\. t. 82. Silibum, sive Leucantha Loniccri. Dalech. Hist. \A(J6. f. not dcscr. Cotton Thistle. Pclir. //. Brit. t. 21./ 10. In waste ground, on hedge banks, and by road sides, in a gravelly soil, frequent. Biennial. Jitli/, August. S96 SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMlA-iEQU. Carlina. Root tap-shaped. Whole herb covered with white cottony pu- bescence, which is easily rubbed off, and according to Gerarde is used by the poor to stuff pillows or cushions 5 as well as to mix with feathers, for the same purpose,by deceitful upholsterers. But it seems very inadequate in quantity, as well as quality, having no elasticity, and shrinking to nothing under the touch. The stew is 4 or 5 feet high, branched, and when in a growing state, may be peeled and boiled for the table ; but it has little 'flavour except some bitterness, which it loses by being steeped in cold water. Leaves oblong, spreading, lobed, notched and spinous, running down into the numerous prickly wings of the stem ; radical ones very large. Fl. solitary at the ends of the branches, large, of a blueish rose-colour, the calyx cottony, very prickly. The large brown seeds are eaten by goldfinches ; and the bird- catchers about London provide themselves with heads of this Thistle and the Carduus marianus, to entrap these and other birds, in bright autumnal mornings. 387. CAKLINA. Cailine-tbistle. 'Linn. Gen A\0. JussA72. FLBr.SiJ7. Tourn.L28D. Lam. t. 662. Gcertn.t. 163. Commo7i Cal. cylindrical, somewhat tumid, radiated, imbri- cated, of numerous, lax, acute, permanent scales; the innermost much the longest, coloured, polished, linear, spreading horizontally in a circle, forming a set of rays to the fiat disk of the flower. Cor. compound, uniform, ;flat; ^6>7r/5 numerous, tubular, equal, all on a level, fun- nel-shaped, perfect ; limb in 5 deep, upright segments. Filam, capillary, very short. Antli, in a cylindrical tube, easily separating, each with 2 deflexed bristles at the base. Germ, obovate. Style thread-shaped, scarcely ex- tending beyond the anthers. Stigma oblong, either di- vided or entire. Seed-vessel none but the unaltered calyx. Seed conical, roughish, abrupt. Down partly chaffy and jagged, partly feathery, permanent. Recept. flat, beset vf\\h. linear chaffy scales, many-cleft at the top, and some bristles. Very prickly herbs, of a dry and rigid habit. Fl. handsome ; the red, yellow, or white, radiating, everlasting, internal scales of their calyx, imitating the ligulate^o;-^^5 of the discoid tribe of Comjpositce, afford good specific charac- ters, even in their colours. SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-iEQU. Bidens. 397^ 1. C. vulgaris. Common Carline-thistle. Stem corymbose, many-flowered. Flowers terminal. Outer calyx-scales pinnatifid ; inner whitish. C. vulgaris Linn. Sp. PL 1 1 G 1 . M'illd. v. 3. 1 696. Fl. Br. 857. Engl. Bot. V. \6.t.\\4A. Hook. Scot. 238. C. n. 182. Hall. Hist. V. 1.79. C. sylvestris quibusdam, aliis Atrac.tYlis, Rail Syn. 175. Bauh.. Hii^t.v.S.p.l.Sl.f. C. sylvestris major. Ger. Em. 1 159./. Carduus. Brunf. Herb. v. 2. 65./. C. vulgaris. Maith. Valgr. v. 2. 32./ C. sylvestris. Camer.. Epit. 439./ C. vulgatissimus viarum. Lob. lev. 2. 20./ Atractylis mitior. Fuchs. Hist. 121./ A. vulgaris minor. Fuchs. Ic. 66. f. Acarna. Dalech. Hist. 1484./ Common Carline. Peliv.H. Brit. t. 15./ 10. In dry sandy heathy pastures and fields. Biennial. June. Root tapering, small. Stem erect, firm, round, 10 or 12 inches high, leafy, downy, somewhat corymbose. Leaves lanceolate, sinuated and wavy, green, veiny, rigid, copiously bordered witii prickles ; sometimes quite smooth, but more commonly downy or woolly beneath. Fl. terminal, solitary, of a singular aspect, and not inelegantly variegated ; ihe^florels red, with yellow an- thers and stigmas; the radiating scales of the calt/x cream-co- loured, polished, hygrometrical, changing their position accord- ing to the mpi/Sture of the atmosphere. This genus was named after the Emperor Charlemagne, because, according to report, one of its species, C. acaulis, was pointed out to liim by an angel, to cure his army of the plague. Its root, is pungent, bitter and tonic ; but the large white everlasting flower is perhaps most useful, when nailed upon cottage doors^ in Germany, France or Italy, by way of a hygrometer, as it closes before rain. *** Florets all tubulcrr, crowded, erect ajid parallel, lex^el- to})ped, forming a d/.scoidjloiver, Xii't/ioid a radius of, anij kind, except casualljj. 388. BIDENS. Bur-marigold. Linn. Gen. '\\2. J/m. 188. Fl. Br.^oS. Tourn. t. 262. Lam., t.66S. GcErtn.t.\67. Nat. Ord. Composif(r, e, oppositifoliir. Linn. \\). Corymb:- Jenr, sect. 6. Jiiss. 55. Sec Gramniat 124. 398 SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-^QU. Bidens. Comynon CaL erect, of several oblong, nearly equal, parallel scales, concave, or channelled, at the back. Cor. com- pound, of several, parallel, level-topped, perfect, tubu- lar, regular and equal Jlorets; their limb ovate, with 5 marginal, spreading segments. Filam. from the tube, capillary, very short. Anth. in a cylindrical tube, slightly prominent. Germ, oblong, compressed, with 2 or more bristly upright points, about equal to the tube of the floret, on its outside. Sti/le thread-shaped, within the tube. Stigmas oblong, spreading beyond the an- thers. Seed-vessel none but the unaltered close calyx. Seed compressed, abrupt, angular, rough at the edges, and beaked with 2 or more bristles, rough with minute reflexed prickles. Recept. flat, beset with upright, chaff'y, oblong, deciduous scales as tall as the florets. Most species are occasionally liable to acquire marginal ra- diant fertile florets^ destitute of stamens^ which consti- tutes the character of Coreopsis. Such a change is nearly analogous to becoming double in the generality o^Jlowers^ and is not, as some have thought, a more perfect state of the compound tribe, but rather the contrary. Herbaceous, mostly annual, upright plants, with opposite, simple or compound, lobed or serrated leaves. FL stalk- ed, somewhat corymbose, erect or drooping, terminal or axillary, the base of the cali/j: encompassed with a circu- lar row of spreading leafy hracteas ; disk yellow; the ra- ^\a\\X.Jiorets^ when they occur, are in some species white. Willdenow considers the bracteas as an outer calyx^ in which he may perhaps be correct. 1. ^.tripartita. Three-lobed Bur-marigold. Leaves in three segments. Bracteas unequal. Bristles of the seeds two or three, erect. B. tripartita. Linn. Sp.PlAUD. Willd.v.3A7\5. FlBr.SoS. Engl. Bot. v.\Q. t.W 13. Curt. Lond.fasc. 4. t. 57. Hook. Scot. 238. B. n. 121. Hall Hist. V. 1.51. Verbesina, seu Cannabina aquatica, flore minus pulchro,^ elatior et magis frequens. Rail Syn. 187. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 1073. Chrysanthemum cannabinum bidens, folio quinquepartito, sive vulgare. Moris, v. 3. 17. sect. 6, t.5.f. 20. Eupatorium cannabinum foemina. Ger. Em. 711./. Lob. Ic. 529,/j bad. Hepatorium aquatile. Dod. Pempt. 595./. Hydropiper alterum. Dakch. Hist. ] 039. f. SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-iEQU. Bideiis. 399 /3. With radiant, three-toothed, marginal florets. Conyza palustris, foliis tripartite) divisis. Loes. Pruss.iiS. 1. 10. Trifid Bur Marygold. Petiv. H. Brit, t. 20. f. 7. In watery places, and about the sides of ditches and ponds, fre- quent. Annual. Jugust, September. Root tapering, with many fibres. Stejn 2 or 3 feet high, erect, an- gular, solid, smooth, leafy, with opposite axillary branches. Leaves opposite, on winged footstalks, dark green, smooth, strongly serrated, acute, in 3 deep segments, sometimes 5 ; the uppermost or lowermost generally undivided. Fl. terminal, so- litary, of a brownish yellow, somewhat drooping, devoid of beauty and of fragrance, each surrounded by about 8 spreading, lanceolate, serrated or entire hracteas, unequal in size, but all extending much beyond the flower. Seeds with 2 or 3 prickly angles, and as many erect bristles, likewise prickly with reflexed hooks, by which the seeds stick like burs to any rough surface, and are said sometimes to injure fish, by getting into their gills. The herb gives a yellow colour to woollen or linen. 2. B. cernua.. Nodding Bur-marigold. Leaves lanceolate, serrated. Flowers drooping. Bracteas nearly equal, entire. Bristles of the seeds about four, erect. B. cernua. Linn. Sp. PL 1 IG5. Willd. z^. 3. 1 71G. Fl. Br. 858. Engl Bot. V. \Q).t. 1114. Curt. Lond.fasc. S.t. do. Hook. Scot. 238. FLDan.t.S4\. B. n. 120. Hall. Hist. V. I. :yO. Verbesina pulchriore flore luteo. Raii Sijn. 187. Bauh. Hist, v 2. 1074./. Hydropiper aliud. Dalecli. Hist. 10 10./. (S. With radiant, three-toothed, marginal florets. Coreopsis Bidens. Linn. Sp. PL 1 28 1 . Chrysantlieraum cannabinum bidens, foliis integris oblongis. Mo- ris. V. 3. 17. sect. G. L.j./ 22. Conyza palustris, foliis serratis. Loes. Pruss. 54. ^.11. Eupatorium cannabinum chrysanthemum. Barrel. Ir. 1. 1209. y. Bidens minima. Linn. Sp. PL WGj. Huds. e(L \. '3\0. Abbot 178. FLDan. L2>\2. B. tripartita /3. Huds. cd. 2. 355. Verbesina minima. Dill, in Raii Syn. 188. /. 7./. 2. Giss, 1 67. ap- pend. 66. Eupatorium cannabinum palmare et angustifolium. Mcrr.Pin.37. In ditches and ponds. /3, Frequent in Ireland, and not rare in England. S/urard. Che- shire. JIuds. Norfolk, but not connnon. Mr. IVoodward. In Thorpe meadows, Norwich, 400SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-^QU.Eupatorium. y. In dry places where water has been, or about the margins of ponds. Annual. September. Root with many stout fibres. Herb more erect, and taller, with less extended branches than the foregoing species. Leaves undivided, _ pointed, less deeply serrated ; the upper ones dilated at the base and often com'bined, embracing the stem. FL drooping, though their -talks are quite straight to the very summit, larger and handsomer than the last, especially when furnished with their spreading golden rays in the variety /3. The seeds are often smooth, and their bristles, always rough, are 4. y is certainly nothing more than a starved plant of this species, growing out of the water. Thejiowei- is drooping in my speci- men from Miller's herbarium, though drawn erect by Dillenius. I have an analogous small variety of B. tripartita from Switzer- land. :^9. EUPATORIUM. Hemp-agrimony. Linn. Gen. 4\3. Juss.\7S. FL Br.859. Tourn.t. 259. Lam. t.672. Gcertn.t 166. Nat. Orel. CompositcE, e, oppodtifolicje. Linn. 49. Linn. MS.t Corymhiferce, sect. 1. J ass. 55. Gommon Cal. oblong, imbricated; scales lanceolate, erect, unequal, unarmed. Cor. compound, uniform, of a few,, parallel, level-topped, perfect, funnel-shaped, regular Jiorets; their limb in 5 equal spreading segments. Filam. 5, capillary, very short. Antk. in a cylindrical tube, not prominent. Germ, oblong, angular, small. Style thread- shaped, prominent, cloven as far as the top of the anthers. Stigmas spreading, oblang, downy, bluntish. Seed-vessel\ none, except the slightly spreading calyx. Seed oblong, angular. Down sessile, rough or feathery, permanent. Mecept. small, naked. Perennial roughish herbs, in some instances shrubby, chiefly American. Leaves opposite, mostly simple and strongly serrated ; in our solitary species deeply divided. FL ter- minal, small, numerous, densely corymbose, white, blueish. or reddish. Qualities bitter, aromatic and tonic. h E. cannabinmn. Common Hemp-agrimony. Leaves in three, or five, deep, lanceolate segments ; the mid- dle one longest. E.cannabinum. Linn.Sp.Pl\\72>. mild.v.SA7D6. FLBr.SQO.. Engl. Bot. V, 6.i. 428. Hook. Scot. 238. FL Dan. t. 745. Rati Sijn. 179. SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-.EQU.CIiiysocoma.40l E. n. 13G. riall. Hlsf.v.l.rjO, E. cannabinum mas. Gcr. Eui. 71 l.y. E. cannabinum vulgare, foliis trifidis et profundi dentatls. Mori^. U.S. 97. sect.7.t.]3. f. 1. E. adulterinum. Fuchs. Hist. 265./. Ic. 148. f. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 1065./. E. vulgare. Matth. Vulgr. v. 2. 363./ Camer. Epit. "i'ol.f. Herba sanctae Kunigundis. Trag. Hist. 491 . /. Hemp Agrimony. Fetiv. H. Brit. t.lS.f. 2. /3. Eupatorium cannabinum, folio integro, seu non digitato. Dill, in Raii Sij)i. 180. In watery boggy places, about the banks of rivers especially. Perennial. Jidij, August. Root tufted, somewhat creeping, with many long fibres, litems several, 2 or 3 feet high, erect, branched, leafy, round, downy, often brown or purplish, filled with pith. Leaves on short stalks, deep green, downy, but rather rough to the touch, for the most part in 3 deep, lanceolate, strongly serrated lobes, sometimes iti 5, when they assume a pinnate, rather than digitate form ; the upper ones only, according to the confession of Dillenius himself under the variety /3, are in that variety simple. This often happens in the wild plant. Th^ flowers form dense, pale purplish, convex, corymbose tufts, at the top of the stem and upper branches. Florets not more than 5 or 6. Gcrmen be- sprinkled with minute shining globules. Seed-doivn rough, ra- ther than feathery, prominent between the florets. Whole herb slightly aromatic. 390. CHRYSOCOMA. Goldylocks. Linn. Gen. 4\:). Juss, ]60. Comp.ed.4. ]27. Lam. t. 69S. Grtrtn. t. 16G. Chrysocome. Dill. Gen. suppt. 167. t. 14. Nat. Orel. Composite, y, discoidccr. Linn. 49. Corxjmhifercc, sect. 1. Juss. 6S. Common Cal. hemisplierical, imbricated ; scales linear-laii- ccolale, convex, pointed, unarmed. Cur. compound, uniform, of several tubular, level-topped, perfect, regular Jlorets, longer than the calyx ; their limb in 5 deep, equal, acute segments. Filam. .5, capillary, very short. Ant/i. in a cylindrical, .5-i)()inted tube, shorter than the corolla. Germ, oblong. Style thread-shaped, not longer than the corolla. Stiii^mas % oblong, spreading, rather tuniid. Seed-vessel none, except the scarcely altered calyx. Seed obovate, conipressed. Down sessile, copious, rougli, permanent. Recept. flat, slightly cellular, or tuberculated, without scales or liair<<. VOL. 111. •^ " 40^2 SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-^QU. Diotis, Shrubby or herbaceous, with copious, simple, generally nar- row, leaves ; and terminal, erect, solitary or corymbose, y qWow Jlo^ers without rays. Most of the species are na- tives of southern Africa. 1. Ch. Linos y rib'. Flax-leaved Goldylocks. . Herbaceous. Leaves linear, smooth. Calyx-scales loosely spreading. Ch. Linosvris. Linn. Sp. PL 1 1 78. Fl. Suec. 283. mild. i;. 3. 1 79 1 . Comp. ecL 4. 135. Engl, Bot. v. 35. /. 2505. Prodr. Fl. Grcec. »j.2. 165. Ch. n. 144. Hall. Hist. V. I. 63. Chrysocome Dioscoridis et Plinii. Column. Ecphr. v.l.Sl.t. 82. Osyris Austriaca. Clus. Pann. 311./. Hist. v. 1 . 325./. Linarise tertium genus. Trag. Hist. 358./. Linaria aurea Tragi. Ger. Em. 5rA.f. Virga anrea, linaviae folio^ floribus congestis et umbellatim dispo- sitis. Moris. V. 3. 125. sec^. 7. i. 13./. 29. On rocky cliffs, on the southern sea coast, rare. Amongst coarse grasses, on the rocky cliff of Berryhead, Devon. Rev. Charles Holbech. uyr77*^^f'f'fi7^7c 77 /^.-A^, ^^f^A-* ^l .^Qrrrjf^.r^ Perennial. August, September. Root creeping, with long stout fibres. Herb smooth. Stems erect, a foot high, leafy, blender, simple, rigid, unbranched. Leaves numerous, scattered, spreading, linear, entire, acute at each end, nearly U inch long, scarcely stalked, a little fleshy. F/. bright yellow, at the top of the stem, in a corymbose tuft, various in number. Florets about 30. Seeds hairy, with long, copious, rough down. 391. DIOTIS. Cotton-weed. Desfont. Atlant. v. 2. 260. DeCand. Fr. v. 4. 201 . Gnaphalium. Tourn ^26!. Gcertn. t. 165. Santolina. Fl. Br.mO. Comp. ed.A.\27 . Nat. Ord. see n. 390. Common Cal. hemispherical, imbricated, scales oblong, con- vex, obtuse, unarmed. Cor. compound, uniform, of nu- merous tubular, level-topped, perfect, regular Jlorets^ about the length of the calyx ; their limb in 5 broadish, equal, spreading segments ; tube contracted at the sum- mit; elongated at the base on each side, below its inser- tion, into 2 opposite, compressed, equal, nectariferous spiers^ which finally separate from the rest of the tube and remain attached to the germen. Filam. capillary, very short. Anth. in a cylindrical tube, equal to the corolla. SYNGENESIA— P0I.VGAM1A-.^:QU. Diotls. 40J Germ, oblong, slender, between the spurs. Style thread- shaped, the length of the corolla. Stigmas 2, spreading, obtuse. Seed-vessel none but the unchanged calyx. Seed oblong, compressed, taperhig at the base, bordered at each side with the compressed, obtuse spurs of the co- rolla. *Down none. Recept. convex, nearly globular, small, beset with oblong, concave, downy-tipped scales, neaily as tall as the flowers. Only one species, a densely cottony, perennial, corymbose herb, with simple crenate leaves, and tufted, yellow, dis- co id j^oic'^;-.*;. It is generally taken tor the original an- cient GnapJialiiim of Dioscorides, being frequent on all the shores of the Archipelago; and Tournefort, who con- firms this opinion in his Voyage v. 1. 10, detected, with great sagacity, an essential generic character in the 2 spurs of each ^or^/, which form a sort of wings to the seed, Grortner, Desfontaines, and other able botanists, have confirmed this, and 1 can no longer refuse to ad- mit the genus, though its original name is transferred to another well-known and very ample one, from which it could not, without great inconvenience, be removed. Uiotis, invented by Desfontaines, well expresses the es- sential character, of a pair of ears to the seed. Still I cannot but wish that the habit were more distinct from Se(?{toli?ia. 1. T). inaritima. Sea Cotton-weed. D. maritima. Hook. Lond. t. 1 37. D. ciuulidissima. Dcsfont. Ailunt. v.2.26\ . DeCand. Fr.vA. 20\. Santolina maritima. Linu. Ms. in Sp. PI. 1 1H2. IVilld.v. 3. 1 799. Fl. Jh. 8 GO. Engl. Dot. v.2.t.\4\. Comp. cd. 4. 135. Huds.SoG. Dic/iS. II. Sice, f (ISC. G. 1 1. Pultcn. Dorset. 80. Athaniisia maritima. Linn.Sj). PI. 1 182. Filac^o maritima. IJnn. Sp. PI. ed. 1 . 927- Mill. Ic 90. /. 135. Gna))luilium. Matlh. I'ulgr. v. 2. 213. f. Onner. l.pit. 60d.f. Da- Lecli.UislAWb.f. G. maritimum. Bank. Pin. 2i\'S. liaii Si/u.lSO. Buuh. IIisl.v.3. ^ 1.157./ G. marinum. Ger. Em. 6 K). f. Lob. Ic. 480./ G. msirinum tomentosum. Didnh. Hist. 1387. /". G. legitimum. Gtrrtn. v. 2. 391. /. 1C5. Clus. Ilist. v. 1.329./ Chrysanthemum percnne gnaphaloides maritimum. .Moris, v. 3.21. sect. f). /.I./ 17. Polium gnaphaloides. Alpin. Eiot. 147. '• 140. Sea Cofton-weed. Pefir. H. Hrit. t. 20. f. 8. 2 V 2 404 SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF. Tanacetum. On the sandy sea coast, rare. In Anglesea and Cornwall. Ray. Dorsetshire and the isle of She- pey. Huds. Pulteney. On the beach just above high-water mark, one mile north of Landguard fort, Suffolk, 1793 j also between Lowestoft and Pakefield, and on other parts of the Suffolk coast. Perennial. August, September. Root branched and tufted, running very deep into the sand. Whole herb densely cottony and singularly white. Stems scarcely a foot high, recumbent at the base, branched and corymbose above, round, copiously leafy. Leaves scattered, in four rows, sessile, oblong, obtuse, flat, crenate, withering, permanent, being held together by their cottony coating. Fl. yellow, in terminal co- rymbose tufts. Cal. densely woolly. Seeds brown. My friend Dr. Hooker has, like the learned M. Cassini, well re- sisted the gratuitous change of the excellent and original spe- cific name. SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-SUPERF, 392. TANACETUM. Tansy. Linn,Gen.4]7. Juss,\84. Fl.Br.S62. Tourn. t.26\. Lam. t.696. Gcprtn.t.\65. Nat. Ord. Cojnjjositce, y, discoidece, Linn. 49. Coryynhiferce, sect. 4. Juss. 55. Common Cal. hemispherical, imbricated ; scales elliptic-ob- long, compact, the innermost membranous at the margin. Cor, compound, of two kinds oijlorets; those oOhedisk numerous, tubular, regular, level- topped, with a 5-cleft limb, perfect ; of the radius few, sometimes wanting, tu- bular at the base, their limb flat, spreading, slightly pro- minent, 3-cleft, without stamens. Filam. in the florets of the disk only, capillary, very short. Antli. in a cylindri- cal tube. Germ, in all the florets obovate, compressed. Style thread-shaped. Stigmas 2, a little prominent, re- curved, obtuse. Seed-vessel none but the permanent ca- lyx. Seed oblong, angular, crowned with a slight mem- branous border. Recept. convex, dotted, naked. Bitter, strongly aromatic herhs^ with alternate, or scattered, SYNGENESIA^POLYG.-SUPERF. Artemisia. 405 simple, pinnate, or bipinnate leaves, and corymbose, yel- low, scarcely radiated, ^ower5. 1. T. vidgare. Common Tansy. Leaves doubly pinnatifid, deeply serrated, naked. T. vulgare. Linn. Sp. PL 1 1 84. mild, v. 3. 1 8 1 4. FL Br. 862. Engl. Bot.v. 18. t.\229. fVoodv.t.\\5. Hook. Scot. 239. Bull. Fr.t. 187. T. n. 132. Hall. Hist. v.\. 57. Tanacetum. Raii Sijn. ]S8. Ger. Em.6:)0.f. Matth. Valgr.v.2. 259./. Camer.Epit.650.f. Brunf. Herb. v. \. 250. f.v. 2. 87./. Trag.Hist. 158./. T. millefolii foliis. Lob. Ic. 749./. Artemisia monodono.s. Fuchs. Hist. 46./ A. tenuifolia. FucJis. Ic. 27./ Athanasia, seu Tanacetum. Dalech. Hist. 955./. Tansy. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 20./ 9. /3. Tanacetum foliis crispis. Bank. Pin. 132. Dill, in Raii Syn. 188. T. crispum anglicum. Ger. Em. 650./ T. cristatum anglicum speciosum. Lob. Ic. 749,/ Dalech. Hist. 956./ Curled Tansy. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 20. f. 10. In hilly pastures, hedges, and by road sides. Perennial. Jul//, August. Root moderately creeping. Stems 1^ or 2 feet high, erect, rather angular, leafy, solid, unbranched, smooth. Leaves doubly and deeply pinnatifid, and sharply cut, dark green, smooth. Fl. nu- merous, of a golden yellow, terminal, densely corymbose, the marginal Jiorets scarcely apparent, and often wanting. Seeds with a quadrangular entire crown. Every part is very bitter, with a strong, but not unpleasant, scent. The qualities are esteemed of a tonic and cordial nature, ex- pelling intestinal worms, and strengthening the digestive powers. The plant however does not agree vvitli every stomach. The curled variety, /3, first noticed in England, is kept for use in gardens, as being more wholesome, or milder, than the wild sort 3 but Tansy j)udding is now out of fashion. 393. ARTEMISIA. Wormwood, Southernwood, and Mugwort. Linn. Gen.A\8. Juss. 184. Fl. Br. 863. Tourn. t. 260. Lam. /.695. GcErtn.t.XCA. Absinthium. Tourn. t. 260. Lam. t. 695. Gcrrtn. t. 1 64. Nat. Ord. Composifrr, ^, tnicamrntacnr. Linn. If). Corijm- h'\f\i(V.) sect. 4. Jiiss. 55. 406 SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF. Artemisia. Common Cal. roundish, imbricated ; scales rounded, convex, compact, membranous at the edges. Cor. compound ; Jlorets of the disJc numerous, perfect, tubular, their limb 5-cleft ; those of the ciramifereiice few, with or without a small, tubular, tongue-shaped, undivided petal, but no stamens. Filam. m the florets of the disk only, very short. Anth. in a 5-toothed tube. Germ, in all the flo- rets small, obovate. Style prominent, deeply divided. Stigmas cloven or notched, recurved. Seed-vessel none, except the scarcely altered calyx. Seed obovate, naked. llecept. rather convex, either naked or hairy. A numerous genus, herbaceous or shrubby, bitter, or in some degree aromatic, almost without exception peren- nial. Leaves alternate, more or less divided, or pinnati- fid. Fl. in panicled clusters or tufts, small, not showy. Herbage often hoary, or silky. No genus can be more natural, in spite of the differences of the receptacle, which in some species is smooth, in others hairy, affording an example of aberration in that part, which is not accompanied by any natural or charac- teristic distinction in any other. Linnanis, Jussieu, De- Candolle, and most leading botanists besides, have there- fore happily preserved this genus entire. 1. K.campestris. Field Southernu^ood. Leaves in many linear segments. Stems procumbent before flowering, wand-like. A. campestris. Linn. Sp.Fl.\\S:y. mild. v. 3. \S27. FLBr.S63. Engl.Bot.v.D. t.3oS. A. n. 131. HcUl. Hisl. v.\.d7. A. tenuifolia, slve leptoplivllos, aliis Abrotanum svlvestre. Bauh. Hist V. 3. p. 1. 19-1./ ' A. tenuifolia altera. Clas. Hist. v. 1 . 340./. Abrotanum campestre. Bauh. Pin. 136. Raii Syn. \bO. A. inodorum. Ger. Em. 1 106./ Lob. Ic. 769./ Dalech. Hisi. 939. / Wild Southernwood. Peliv. H. Brit. t. 20. f. 4. On dry open sandy heaths, in Norfolk and Suffolk, rare. About Barton mills and Elden, Suffolk, plentifully j T. Willisell. Ray. About a mile north of Thetford, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe. On Icklingham heath, near Bury, Suffolk. Sir T. G. Cullurn. Perennial. August. Root tapering. Whole herb without any aromatic or bitter flavour. Stems at first prostrate, becoming more or less upright as the flowers ap})ear, branched, leafy, straight and wand-like_, smooth. SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPEHF. Artemisia. 407 often reddish, near 2 feet high. Leaves irregularly and doubly pinnatifid, with narrow, linear, blunt segments ; clothed beneath with close silvery hairs ; smooth above ; the radical ones nume- rous the first year, on long footstalks, spreading close to the ground. Ft. drooping, small, ovate, yellow, with a purplish cabjx, forming numerous, slender, leafy clusters, at the ends of the stem and branches, Calt/x. scales roundish, with a broad, membranous, shining, jagged margin. Recept. small, naked. Florets of the disk about 15, tipped with purple ; of the circum- ference 2 or 3, awl-shaped^ entire, yellow. 2. A. inaritima. Drooping Sea Wormwood. Leaves downy, pinnatifid; uppermost undivided. Flowers drooping, oblong, downy, sessile. Receptacle naked. A. maritima. Lmn. Sp. PL 1 1 80. JVilld v. 3. 1833. Fl. Br. 864, a and ^. Comp. ed. 4. 135. Huds. 358. Hook. Scot. 239. Woodv. t. 122. Ehrh. PL Of. 90. Absinthium marinum album. Rati Syu. ed. 2. 94. ed. 3. 188. Ger. Em.] 009./. A. marinum. ' Mattlt. Falgr. v. 2. 48./. ? Camer. Epit. 4oD.f. A. maritimum nostras. Dill, in Rati Syn. 1 89. Raii Hist. r. 3. 23 1 . /3. A. maritimum, Seri])hio Belgico simile, latiore folio, odoris grati. Raii Syn. ed. 2. 94, ed. 3. 188. French Sea \\^ormwood. Pctiv. H. Brit. t. 20./. 3. DHL y. Absinthii maritimi species, latiore folio. Raii Syn. ed. 2. 94. ed. 3. 189. On the sea shore, or about the mouths of large rivers, in a muddy soil, frequent. Perennial. Jugust. Root rather woody. Herb hoary with fine white cottony down, having a more agreeably aromatic resinous odour, and less bitter taste, than Common V\'ormwood. Stems erect or recumbent, woody, furrowed, solid, copiously and alternately branched, densely leafy. Leaves pinnatifid with 3.cleft segments, various in breadth and hoariness ; the uj)pcr ones linear, undivided. Fl. in unilateral leafy clusters, all nearly sessile, drooping or pen- dulous, externally cottony, ovate-oblong, not hemispherical. Inner scales of the calyx almost naked, with a broad membra- nous edge. Florets tawny j those of the circumference very few. Recept. naked, small. Our variety y, found by Dale, was susi)ected by Ray himself to be either the same with' 3, or with the following species j so that it appears to have been, at any rate, very little known, and hardly entitled to rank even as a variety. 408 SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF. Artemisia. 3. A. gallica. Upright-flowered Sea Wormwood. Leaves downy, pinnatifid ; radical ones capillary ; upper- most undivided. Flowers erect, oblong, downy, partly stalked, of few florets. Receptacle naked. A. gallica. Willd. Sp. PL v. 3. 1834. Comp. cdA. 135. Engl. Bot. V. 24. p. 1 706, at the bottom. Hook. Scot. 239 ; in the quotation, for drooping read erect. A. maritima. Engl. Bot. v. \4. t. \00\. FLBr.S6i,y. Absinthium seriphium tenuifolium marinum narbonense. Dill, in Rail Syn. 1 89. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. \. 177. f. About the banks of large rivers near the sea, in a muddy soil. Perennial. August. This has much of the habit of the preceding, and like that varies in the degree of hoariness, and in the breadth of its foliage ; but the radical leaves are usually more narrow, almost capillary -, and when in bloom the two species differ conspicuously, the Jlowers of the present being more abundant and crowded, partially stalked, and all of them upright. In their sensible qualities there seems little difference. 4. K, Ahshithium, Common Wormwood. Leaves in many deep segments, clothed with close silky down. Flowers drooping, hemispherical. Receptacle hairy. A. Absinthium. Lmw. %PZ. 1 188. Willd.v.3.\^\\. Ft. Br.S64. Engl. Bot. V. 18. t. 1230. Woodv. t. 120. Hook. Scot. 239. Apsinthium n, 1 24. Hall. Hist. v. 1 . 53. Absinthium. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 47./. Camer. Epit. 452. f. Trag. Hist. 335. f. A, vulgare. RaiiSyn.\SS, Dalec/i, Hist. 943. f. Fuclis. Hist.l.f. lc.2.f. A. latifolium sive ponticum. Ger. Em. 1096./. A^z/ySiOv. Diosc.Ic. t. 16. Common Wormwood. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 20. f. 1 , In waste ground, and about villages frequent. Perennial. August. Root woody, branched at the crown, with numerous fibres below. Whole herb covered with close silky hoariness, intensely bitter, to a proverb, with a peculiar, strong, aromatic, not disagreeable odour. Stems numerous, bushy, about a foot high, furrowed, leafy. Leaves alternate, doubly pinnatifid, with broadish, blunt- ish, entire segments, rather greener on the upper side ; lower ones on \on^ footstalks ; upper on shorter, broader, somewhat winged ones. Fl. in aggregate leafy clusters, stalked, droop- ing, hemispherical, of numerous, p;ilc yellow, or hui\', ^florets. SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF. Artemisia. 409 Styles very deeply cloven. Recept. convex^ clothed with fine upright hairs. Sometimes the leaves which accompany the flowers are much larger and broader than usual, and most of them undivided. Such a variety has been sent me for A. ccorulescens, from Gara- lingay, near Cambridge ; but it has no relationship to that spe- cies. Common Wormwood is a powerful bitter, much extolled by Haller, on various authorities, as a stomachic, and recommended by him for keeping oft" fits of the gout, for which it is said to have served the Emperor Charles the Fifth. The plant is thought to drive away insects from clothes and furniture, for which purpose it is often laid into drawers and chests in the country. The ve- getable alkali of the shops has been usually procured from this herb, and called Salt of Wormwood, though retaining none of its peculiar qualities. 5. A. vulgaris, Mugwort. Leaves pinnatificl, flat, cut; downy beneath. Clusters sim- ple. Flowers ovate. Receptacle naked. A. vulgaris. Linn. Sp. PL W^S. mild. v. 3A84:>. E.Br. 863. Engl. Bot. V. 14. t. 978. IVoodv. t.\2\. Hook. Scot. 240. Bull. Fr. t. 350. Rail Syn. 1 90. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 1 . 1 84./. Dalcch. Hist. 950./. A. n. 130. Hall. Hist. v. L.'iG. Artemisia. Trag. Hist. 344./ Brunf. Herb. v. 2. 83, by mistake 41,/. Matth.Valgr.v. 2. 202,/. Camer. Epil. 593. f. A. mater herbarum. Ger. Em. 1 103./ A. hitifoha. Fnchs. Hist. 44./. Mugwort. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 20./ 5. In waste ground, about hedges, and in the rougli borders of fields, common. Perennial. Aiv^nst. Root woody. Stems 3 or 4 feet high, erect, branched, panicled, leafy, furrowed, smooth, often reddish. Leaves alternate, deeply ])innatifid and cut, somewhat lyrate j dark green and smooth al)ovc ; downy and snow-white underneath ; the lower ones stalked ; upj)cr sessile. Clusters upright, leafy, sirnple. Fl. more or less inclining, or droopincs^, partly sessile, variously dis- posed, ovate, woolly. Florets reddish or brown ; in the disk not numerous; in the margin 5, very slender. Racpt. naked, small. This species, weakly aromatic and bitterish, has, from remote an. tiquity, been esteemed good in certain obstructions, for which Kay .says it is much used. Whatever may be its supposed efii- cacy, the sensible qualities arc bui slight, and its virtues arc rather traditionarv than certain. The cottonv coverinc; of tlu- 410SYNGENESIA-POLYG.-SUPERF.Gnaphalium. herbage, separated by rubbing, makes the Moxa of the Ja- panese, a famous material for performing actual cautery in that country. -fS. A c(Frulescens . Blueisb, or Lavender-leaved Mugwort. Leaves hoary ; most of them lanceolate, undivided, tapering at the base ; lower ones variously divided. Flowers erect, cylindrical. Receptacle naked. A. cserulescens. Lm?i. 6>. PZ. 1 189. WiUd.v.ZA^AI , FLBr.86C}. Engl. Bot. V. 34. t. 2426. Huds. 359. A. marina. Ger. Em. 1 104./. Lob. Ic. 765.f. Dalevh. Hist. 951./. Absinthium marinum. Matth. Valgr. v.2.49 f. Camer. Epit. 455, 456. f,f. A. maritimum lavendulae folio. Bauh. Pin. \39. Moris, v. 3.7. sect.G.t.i.f.D. Duham. Arb. v.\. 24. t. 7. A. latifolium rarius, Artemisiag folio. Column. Ecphr. v. 2. 75. t. 76. A. angustifohum. Dod. Pempt. 26. f. On the sea coast ; a very doubtful native. Near Boston, Lincolnshire ; Mr.Tofield. Huds. No other person has ever met with it, and the late Sir Joseph Banks repeatedly searched the neighbourhood of Boston in vain. In the isle of Wight. Gerarde. But it has not been found by recent botanists. Perennial. August, September. Plant rather shrubby, with round, slender, smooth, leafy branches, downy when young. Leaves of a blueish hoary hue, finely silky in an early state, especially beneath, all tapering at the base, and somevvhat stalked ; many of them obovate-oblong, obtuse, entire J floral ones smaller, and more linear ; several about the lower part of the stem three-cleft, or pinnatifid. Fl. ovate-ob- long, small, mostly erect, in copious, aggregate, leafy dusters or spikes. Recepi. naked, small. Frcm garden and exotic speci- mens. 394. GNAPHALIUxM. Cudweed. Linn. Gen. 4\9. Jim. 179. FLBr.867. Elichrysum. Tourn. t. 259. Lam. t. 693. Gccrtn. 1. 166. Antennaria. Gcertn. t.\67 . Filago. Linn. Gen. 450. Juss. 179. Tourn. t. 259. Gcertn. 1. 1 66. Nat. Ord. Covipositce, ^, nucamentacece, Linn. 49. Corym- hifercJB, sect. 1. Juss. 55. Common Cat. roundish, imbricated ; scales filmy, coloured, converging. Cor, compound ; florets of the disk perfect, tubular, their limb 5-cleft ; some destitute of stamens, often of corolla also, either marginal or interspersed in SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.Gnaphalium. 411 the circumference of the disk ; their corolla, if present, slender, or awl-shaped, mostly undivided. Filam, 5, capillary, short. Anth. in a cylindrical tube. Germ. obovate, angular. Shjle thread-shaped, the length of the floret. »S7?V???f/5 2, sprending, notched. Seed-vessel ncney except the permanent shining calyx, variously coloured. Seed obovate, small, alike, and usually perfect, in all the florets. Down either sim})le, or variously feathery. Re- cept. naked. Some ^{^w Jloreis, in the very centre of the disk, are occa- sionally abortive. Antennaria of Gaertner has dioecious Jlowers, and a diversity of feathery seed-down ; yet it is not a natural genus. In Filago the Jlorets of the disk arc described by Linnaeus as 4-cleft, with 4 stamens only ; but this is rarely, if ever, the case. There are many aberrations, as to the Jlorets being more or less perfect, in different species, but nothing can be liable to more va- riations than this circumstance. A vast genus, overburthened with species, among which there is great diversity of habit, and the exotic ones, chiefly African, undoubtedly require skilful investigation. The roots are annual, or more generally perennial. Herbage cottony. Stem herbaceous or shrubby, round, leafy. Leaves simple, undivided, and entire. Ft. corym- bose, or capitate; yellow in tlie disk. Calyx yellow, red, white, brown, or blackish, never blue. * Calyx yellom. 1. G. lulco albian. Jersey Cudweed. Herbaceous. Leaves half-clasping, linear-oblong, wavy, woolly on both sides ; lower ones blunt. Flowers densely tufted. G. lutco-album. Liun. Sp. PL 1 190. irutd. v. 3. IS7J . Fl. Br. HG7. En^l. Hot. V. II. /. lOO'J. Dicks. 11. Sice. fuse. "). 1;^ Khrh.Ilerb. IIS. G. majus, lato oblongo folio. Bauh. Pin.3C)?>. Phik. Alm'ii:. 171 Phyt.t.'M.fJ\. G. Plateau secundum. Clus. Hist. v. 1 . 329./. (i. oblonj^o folio. Crr. /Cm. (i 13./. Cr. ad Hta-chadem citrinam arcedcns. Bauli. Ilisi. r.3. p. I. \C)0.f Fila^'o n. I 17. Hall. Ili.st. r. \ . G\. Klirhrvsum sylvcstrc latifolium, rapitulis conglobatis. Bnii Si/n IB'J. 412SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.Gnapluilium. Helichrysum seu Chrysocome annua sylvestris, capitulis minori- bus conglobatis. Moris, v. 3. 88. sect. 7. t. 1 1./. Chrysocome citrina supina latifolia italica. Barrel. Ic. t. 36/ . Jersey Live-long. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 18./. 5. In dry sandy ground, in the south. On dry banks and walls in Jersey, very common. Sherard. Be- tween Hanxtown and Little Shelford, Cambridgeshire, indubita- bly wild. Rev. R. ReJhan. Annual. July^ August. Root small and slender. Herb entirely covered wiih white cot- tony down. Stems generally several, from 3 to 12 inches high, unbvanched, leafy -. recumbent at the bottom j then upright. Leaves numerous, alternate, sessile, clasping the stem with their dilated base, oblong, undulated ; the lower ones obovate at the extremity ; upper acute. Ft. in crowded heads, on co- rymbose stalks. Cat, of a delicate, shining, pale yellow. Mar- ginaljlorets often reddish, as are sometimes the few which com- pose the disk. Recept. tuberculated. Seeds fertile in all the florets. Down rough. These Jlowers are of the kind termed Everlasting, but scarcely con- spicuous enough to make a figure in winter nosegays, or to find a place in the flower-garden. ** Calyx white, or reddish. 2. G. margaritaceum, American Cudweed. Pearly Everlasting. Herbaceous. Leaves linear-lanceolate, sharp-pointed, al- ternate ; loosely cottony on the upper side ; densely un- derneath. Stem branched in the upper part. Panicles corymbose, level-topped. G. margaritaceum. Linn. Sp. PI. 1 198. Willd. v. 3. 1881. Fl. Br. 868. Engl. Bot. v. 29. t. 2018. Dicks. H. Sicc.Jasc. 8. 15. G. americanum. Rail Syn. 182. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 1. 162./. Clus.Hist.v. 1.327./. Filago n. 146. Hall. Hist. v. 1 . 64. American Live-long. Petiv. H. Brit.t. 18,/, 3. In moist meadows, rare. Plentifully near Docking, Essex, Mr Dale ; but perhaps not wild. Ray. On the banks of Rymny river. South Wales, for at least twelve miles ; Mr. Lhwyd. Dillenius. By a rivulet in the heart of Wire forest, Worcestershire. Rev. T. Butt. At Longdon, near Litchfield. Dr. Salt. Perennial. August. Root somewhat creeping. Stems erect, 2 feet high, copiously leafy, solid, densely cottony j as is the under side of the leaves ; while SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF. Gnaplmlium. 413 the upper is green, even, covered with a thin web of cotton ea- sily rubbed off. FL numerous, corymbose, on cottony stalks, terminating the stem and branches. Cal. of a most pure, ra- ther opaque, paper-like white, globose before it expands, giving an elegant pearly aspect to the ample panicles, and remaining unchanged after gathering. Hence these ^ou;er5 serve to de- corate chimney-pieces in winter, especially in the country. In South Wales, where the plant, though reckoned of American origin, is to all appearance wild, they afford " Amaranthine wreaths" for the graves of the departed. The perfect ^ore^s of the disk are numerous ; the half-ligulate ones of the circumfe- rence very few. Seed-down obtuse, rough. Recept. tuberculated. 3. G. dioicmn. Mountain Cudweed. Shoots procumbent. Stem unbranched. Corymb simple, terminal. Flowers dioecious. Seed-down feathery, va- rious. G. dioicum. Linn. Sp. PL 11 99. HVld. v. 3. 1882. FL Bi\ 8G9. EngL hot. V. 4. /. 267. Lightf. 4/0. /. 20./. 1 . Flook. Scot. 240. FL Dan. t. 1228. BulL Fr. L 325. G. montanum album. Raii Syn. 181. G. longiore folio et flore. DHL in Raii Syn. 182. Bauh. Pin. 263. G. montanum purpureum et album. Ger. Em. 640./. Lob. Ic. 482,483.// Filago n. 157. HulL Hist. v. 1. (j7 . Elichrysum montanum, longiore et folio, et flore purpureo. Garid. Prov. 157. ^.30. Lagopus. Trag. Hist. 332. /'. rilosellu minor. Dod. Pempt. 68./ Fuchs. Hist. 606. f. Tc. 317. /'. Dalech.Hist.\008.f. Antennaria dioica. Gcertn. v. 2. 4 1 0. ^ 1 67. Cat's.foot. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 18./ 4. In dry mountainous or heathy })astures. On Newmarket heath ; and on Stratton Strawless heath near Nor- wich. Frequent in the mountainous counties. Perennial. June, July. Roots with many long sim))le fibres. Stems .solitary, simple, up- rigiU, generally from 4 to 6 inches high, cottony, leafy, accom- panied at the base by several prostrate leafy runners, by which the plant is increased. Leaves scattered ; obovate on the rtin- ners j lanceolate on the stems ; green, smooth and naked above ; very white and cottcmy beneath. FL 4 or 5, terminal, erect, simj)ly corymbose, white, witli more or less of a rose-coloured tint, everlasting, and very elegant ; those on one root most per- fect in their anthers, on another in their pistils, so that tlie j)lant is incompletely dia'cious ; but this varies, and the seeds of the latter kind are often abortive, as in most vegetables that increase much by root. The cahj.i scales have a membranous termina- tion, either rounded or acute. Sefd-doun partlv rouuh. j)artly 4I4SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.Gnaphalhim. feathery and somewhat tufted. The redder Jl or cts in general have the most perfect pistU, without even the rudiments oi stame)2s. A very fine variety, almost twice the size of the common sort, with the upper surface of the leaves downy, at least while young, was gathered on Breeze hill in the isle of Skye, by the late Mr. J. Mackay, which some have thought a new species. But it seems a mere variety, becoming still larger in a garden, and having, as far as I can make out, no specific mark of distinction. *** Calyx hroimi^ and less ornamental. 4. G. sylvaticum. Highland Cudweed. Stem simple, erect. Spike leafy, somewhat compound. Leaves lanceolate, tapering at the base, cottony on both sides. G. sylvaticum. Linn. Sp. PL 1200. JVilld v.3. 1884. Fl. Br. 869. Engl. Bot. V. 13. f. 913. Hook. Scot. 240. Scop. Cam. v,2. 151. t.56. M'ahlenb. Lapp. 203 (5. Gnaphalium. FL Dan. t. 254. G. norvegicum, Retz. Prodr. 193. Hcenke in Jacq. Coll. v.2.2\. Gunn. Norveg. 105. Filago n. 148, variety from Mount Fouly. HalL Hist. v. 1. 65. Chrysocome lanuginosa. Dalech. Hist. 1 125./. In pastures and thickets, on the Highland mountains of Scotland, On mountains to the north of Blair in Athol, above Loch Erruch, and on Ben Wyvis, Ross- shire ; but not in woods. Mr. J, Mackay. Perennial. August. Root with many long, simple, blackish fibres. Stem solitary, sim- ple, from 3 to 12 inches high, leafy, cottony as well as both sides of the leaves, which are lanceolate, acute, tapering at the base into short footstalks.- FL in a dense leafy spike, an inch or two long, at the top of the stem, slightly compound, or sub- divided in the lower part ; but its lower branches become mul- tiplied by culture, forming stalked axillary spikes, along the upper half, or more, of the leafy stem. CaL cylindrical, with numerous, oblong, round-pointed, naked scales, of a dark shi- ning brown, nearly black, in the upper; or exposed, half; straw- coloured below. Florets yellowish : those of the circumference numerous, slender, tubular, with a short, undivided, ligulate border; of the disk few, regular, 5 -cleft. Seed-down uniform, rough. Recept. minutely cellular. Some very dwarf alpine spe- cimens bear solitary /owers. The differences between this plant and the following seem pretty constant, in their respective natural situations, and there no person can mistake them. Cultivation renders the present spe- cies more luxuriant, with far more numerous and dispersed^oz/;- ers, than the humble wild specimens of the Highland mountains ; but the upper surface of tiie leaves continues equally covered SYNGENESI A— POLYG.-SUPERF. Gnaphalium.4 1.5 with cottony (iown ; the calyx remains blacker, and ihejiorets more dusky than in G. rectum. I concur therefore with the most eminent practical botanists, who have kept them distinct. In a wild state, though the stem of G. sijlvaticum is often drav/n up, to above the height of a footj among bushes, the spike remains as compact, and nearly as short, as in the most exposed situations. 5. G. rectum. Upright AVood Cudweed. Stem erect, paiiicled, many-flowered, leafy. Leaves li- near-lanceolate, naked on the upper side ; silky beneath. G. rectum. FL Dr. 8/0. Engl. Bot. v. 2. t. 124. IVilld. Sp. PL v.3.1885. Fl.Dan.t. \229. BauluHist.v.3. p. \ . 160./. Ber- tolon. Am. Ital. 406. G. sylvaticum. Iluds. 360. Hook. Scot. 340 /3. Refz. Prodr. 1 93. Ehrh. Herb. 50. Wahlenb. Lapp. 203 a. G. anglicum. Thai Syn. 180. Ger. Em. G39./. G. anglicum vel belgicum, folio longiore. Lob. Ic. 482. f. Fdagon. 148. Hall.Hist.v.\.6j. Pseudoleontopodium. Matth. Valgr.v.2.boo.f. Dalech. ITist. 1344./. Rhuikraut. Trag. Hist. 33 1 ; tallest f. English Live-long. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 18./. G. In groves_, thickets and pastures, where the soil is liglit and sandy, or gravelly ; rarely in corn fields. Perennial. August. This may be known from the last by its many. flowered, punicled, generally much taller, stem, but more certainly by the naked and very smooth u})per side of its leaves, and their silvery under surface. The calyr, though brown, has a blush-coloured rather than black hue, and the//or6/i' are of a brighter yellow, though in structure like those of G. sylvaticum. In generid G. rectum is li or 2 feet high, copiously branched, with abundance of not meh'g-dnt Jloivers ; thougii I have dwarf specimens from the Ha- fod woods, Cardiganshire, not a foot in height, with the irj/lo- rescenre as little branched as in G. sylvaticum. But the Jlotvers are dispersed among the foliage, having their proper reddish hue, and the upper surface of the leaves is smooth anrl naked, while their backs, like the stem, are beautifidly silvery. These specimens, accurately observed, cannot but remove all doubt. G. G. ,st/jji//f/jji. Dwarf Alpine Cudweed. Stem recumbent, quite simple, with a simple cluster of very few flowers. Leaves linear-lanceolate, Si)mewliat cottony on both sides. G. supinum. Linn. Si/sf. Nat. cd. 12. v. 3.23 I. Ji'illd. Sp. PI. v. 3 \HHH. Fl. Br. 8/ T. /:;/,;'/. Bot. v. I ". /. 1 I 93. Hook. Scot. 240. Dicks. //. Sicc.fasc. 2. I 7. Jf'ahU uh. Lapp. 202. 416SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.Gnaphalium. G. alpinum. LightfAJO. t. 20. f. 2. Fl. Dan. t. 332. G. fecum. -Scop. Carn. v. 2. 152. t.D7. G. alpinum nanum, seu pumilum. Bocc. Sic. 40. t.20.f. 1. Sm. Tour on the Continent, ed. 2. v. 3. 101. Filago n. 149. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 65. Elichrysum alpinum minimum, capillaceo folio. Tourn. Inst. 454 ; according to his herbarium. On the micaceous summits of the Highland mountains. Near the top of Ben Lomond plentifully, 1782. Perennial. Jubj. Root slender, creeping, black. Stems from 2 to 4 inches long, very slender, quite simple, cottony, sparingly leafy, seldom quite erect, and often nearly prostrate -, sometimes bearing only one solitary terminal^oz^Tr,- but most usually ending in a sim- ple, lax cluster, of from 3 to 5 or 6 Jlowers, whose stalks are clothed with an abundant lax cottony web. Leaves very nar- row, almost linear, an inch or two long, finely cottony on both sides 5 crowded about the root ; scattered on the stem. Cat. rather ovate than cylindrical, generally spreading even while in flower, smooth ; its scales brown, of a narrower and more acute form than either of the preceding, from which this species may, I think, by that mark be known, while the conspicuous partial stalks of the flowers, often considerably elongated, afford a good scientific distinction. There are indeed dwarf alpine states of G. sylvaticum, which approach the supinum, one of which is G. supinum lavendulce folio, Bocc. Mus. 107. t. 85 -, but the dense tufted ?it^&\\Q flowers indicate the true sylvaticum. The recepta- cle of all these species is alike, slightly cellular. Seed-down rough. Marginal florets of the present less ligulate than in the others, and unequally notched. See Engl, Bot. 1. 1 193, and Fl, Br, 7 . G. uHginosiwi. Marsh Cudweed. Stem much branched, spreading. Leaves hnear-lance- olate, cottony on both sides. Flowers in dense terminal tufts. G. uliginosum. Linn. Sp. PL 1200. Willd. v. 3. 1891 . Fl. Br. 872. EngLBoLv.\7.t.\\94. Hook. Scot. 2 A\. Fl. Dan.t.S59. Ehrh. Herb. 99. G. longifolium humile ramosum, capitulis nigris. Raii Syn. 181, G. vulgare. Ger. Em. 639./. G. medium. Bank. Pin. 263 j according to his herbarium. Haller. G. annuum serotinum capitulis nigricantibus, in humidis gaudens. Moris.v. 3. 92. sect. 1. 1. 11./. 14. Filago n. 151. Hall. Hist. v. 1 . 65. F. minor. Dod. Pempt.66.f. Lob. Ic. 43\,f. Long Cudweed. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 1 8./ 7- In sandy watery places, or where water has stood during winter. SYNGENESIA-POLYG.-8UPERF.Gnaphalium.417 Annual. August. Root tapering, slender. Stems 4 or .i inches long, generally nu- merous, branched, spreading or recumbent in every direction, many-flowered, densely cottony, leafy, sometimes single, with nriany small axillary branches. Leaves linear-lanceolate, on both sides much less cottony, alternate, spreading, tapering very gra- dually at the base. Ft. in dense, terminal, leafy tufts, small. Cat. ovate, of a shining yellowish brown, smooth. Florets yellow, all fertile. Seed-down rough. Recept. reticulated. The whole herb is remarkably tender, and when handled seems to hold to- gether chiefly by its cottony covering. 8. G. gallicum. Narrow-leaved Cudweed. Stem erect, branched. Leaves linear, re volute, acute. Flow- ers awl-shaped, axillary, tufted. G. gallicum. Buds. 3G1. Ft. Br. 872. E?igl. Bot. v. 33. t. 2369 mild. Sp. PL V. 3. \S9o. Hook. Scot. 24 1. Dicks. H. Sice fasc 11.10. '-^ ' G. parvum ramosissimum, foliis angustissimis, polyspermon Rail Stjn.lSl. Pluk.Phyt.t.208.f.2. G. minimum alteram nostras, Stoechadis citrinae foliis tenuissimis Pluk.Almag. 1/2. Filago gallica. Linn. Sp. P/. 1312. F. n. 150. Hall. Hist. V. I. 67. Grass Cudweed. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 18./. 12. In gravelly corn fields, but very rare. Among corn, in sandy grounds, about Castle Heveningham, Essex, plentifully ; Mr. Dale. Ray. On heaths in Derbyshire ; Mr! Woodward. Withering. Annual. JuJij, August. Root small, tapering. Stems one or more, a span hish, erect, leafy, cottony ; simple below ; forked and subdivided in the upper part. Leaves scattered, nearly upright, an inch long, very narrow, acute, covered on both sides with thin, close, cottonv down. Fl. small, aggregate, sessile, forming round tufts at the forks of the stem, or in the bosoms of the leaves. Cat. ovate at the base, tapering upwards to a point ; scales lanceolate, acute, green and downy, with a white, filmy border. Florets of the disk about 3, tubular and .^-cleftj of the circumference more numerous, very slender, but much the same in shape ; all fer- tile. Seed-down rougli. Rece])t. small, convex, granulated, re- maining exposed after the seeds are gone, the cali/.v sjjreadino- and permanent. 9. G. juinitman. Least Cudweed. Stem erect, branched. Leaves lanceolate, acute, 0at. Flow- ers conical, in lateral and terminal tufts. VOL. Ilf. 2 E 418 SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF. Gnaphalium. G. minimum. Fl. Br. 873. Engl. Bot. v. 17. 1. 1157. Willd. Sp. FLv. 3.1896. Hook. Scot. 241. Relh. 324. RaiiSyn. 181. Lob.lc,4Sl.f. Bauh.mst.v.3.p.\. 159./. G.montanum. Huds.362. With. 715. Hullv. 1.239. G. minimum erectum, in arenosis nascens. Moris, v. 3. 92. sect. 7. t.]\.f.3. Filago montana. Sibth. 262. Abbot 189 j 6«i woi of Linn. F. minor. Ger. Em. 641 ./. F. arvensis. £/ir/i. Herb. 100 5 noi of Linn. Least Cudweed. Pe^iy. H. i^ri^ ^. 1 8./. 1 1 . In barren sandy and gravelly ground, common. Annual. July. Root small and slender. Herb all over sparingly, not densely, cot- tony, of a greyish hue. Stems one or more, from 3 to 6 inches high, various in direction and luxuriance, slender, branched, leafy. Leaves scattered, numerous, small, sessile, lanceolate, flat, point- ed, equally downy on both sides, from one-fourth to one-third of an inch long. Ft. 3 or more together, sessile, in small heads or tufts, partly terminal, partly at the sides, or in the forks, of the branches. Cal. ovate at the base, conical upwards j scales lanceolate, convex, acute, green, downy, with narrow membra- nous edges } inner ones entirely membranous. Florets yellow j those of the disk from 4 to 8, tubular, 5 -cleft j of the circumfe- rence about as many, likewise tubular, extremely slender, mi- nutely notched, with prominent stigmas. Seed perfect in both. Downrough. Recept. extremely small, tuberculated, surround- ed by the permanent half-spreading calyx. Linnaeus did not know this species. Hudson and others took it for his Filago montana, a much larger and more woolly plant, not found in Britain. Both are natives of Switzerland, and ap- pear to be confounded by Haller under his Filago n. 155 ; though the real F. montana, which is likewise a Gnaphalium, was what he principally intended. Hence he finds fault with Lobel's figure, as not well agreeing therewith, being in fact designed for a different plant, of which Haller had no suspicion. 10. G. germanicum. Common Cudweed. Stem erect, proliferous. Leaves lanceolate. Heads glo- bose, many-flowered, lateral as well as terminal. Calyx- scales bristle-pointed. G. germanicum. Huds. 362. Fl. Br. 874. Engl. Bot. v. 14. t. 946. Willd.Sp.Pl.v.3.\S94. Hook. Scot. 24\. Loiid.t. 43. Relh. 324. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 1 . 158./. G. minus, seu Herba impia. Raii Syn. 180. Gnaphalium. Fuchs. Hist. 222. f fc. 126./. G. vulgare. Matth. Valgr.v. 2. 214. f Camer. Epit. 606./ Lob. Jc. 480./. Dalech.Hist.UXo.f . . . SYNGENESIA-POLYGAM.-SUPERF. Conyza. 419 G. annuum vulgare, capitulis rotundis sessilibus ad angulos flori- dum. Moris, v. 3. 92. sect. 7.t.l\.f.\0. Filago germanica. Linn. Sp. PL 131 1. Sibth. 262. Abbot 189. Fl.Dan.t.997. F. n. 1.53. Hall. Hist. V. 1.66. F. sive Herba impia. Ger. Em. 642. f. Dod. Pempt. 66. f. Rhurkraut. Trag. Hist. 33\ -, lowest f. Childing Cudweed. Petiv. H. Brit. ^. 18./. 9, 10. In pastures, fields, and waste ground, on a barren gravelly soil, common. Annual. July, August. Root small, tapering, tough, mostly crooked. Steins one or more, from 6 to 18 inches high, upright, straight, copiously leafy, flow- ering at the top, and sending forth, from below the head of flow- ers, two or more ascending branches, in like manner generally re- peatedly proliferous ; so that as the children rise above their parents, the name of Herba impia was sagely bestowed on the innocent and unconscious plant. The whole herb is grey and cottony. Leaves very numerous, regularly scattered over the stem and branches, erect, lanceolate, acute, wavy, equally woolly on both sides ; clasping at the base. Fl. cylindrical, many to- gether, in solitary, globular, dense, sessile heads, terminating the stem, as well as each branch in its turn. Cali/x-scales smooth, lanceolate, bristle-pointed, flat, the outer ones with each a strong mid-rib, and a membranous margin. Florets yellow ; those of the disk very few, regular, 5-cleft 3 of the circumference nume- rous, more or less ligulate • both kinds producing perfect seed, whose down is rough. Recept. small, tuberculated, surrounded by the spreading calyx, which, when old, turns of a reddish brown . 395. CONYZA. Spikenard. Linn. Gen. 422. Juss. \80. Fl.Br.S7r>. Toiirn.f. 2^9. Lam. t.697. GcBrtn.t. 166. Nat. Orel. CompositcCy y, discoidece. Linn. 49. Corijmbijh'cv, sect. 1. Juss. 55. Common Cal. imbricated, ovate ; scales acute, rigid, with spreading prominent points, especially tlie outer ones. Cor. compound ; //(9;r/5 tubular; those of the disk nu- merous, funnel-shaped, with 5 equal segments, perfect, all fertile ; of the circumference cylindrical, slender, with an oblicjue, short, ligulate, .S-cleft limb, no stamens, only a pistil, which is fertile. Filam. 5, capillary, very short. yhith. in a cylintlrical tube. Germ, in all the florets ob- long. St_i)le thread-shaped, the length of tlie corolla. Stigmas 2, spreadijig, more slender in the mari^inal flo- 2 E 2 420 SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-SUPERF. Conyza. rets. Seed-vessel none, except the permanent, conver- ging, dry calyx, beset with the prominent tips of the scales. Seed oblong, uniform and perfect in all the florets. Down simple, sessile. Recept. slightly convex, tubercu- lated. A numerous, herbaceous or shrubby genus, of which our only British species is the type, many of the foreign spe- cies requiring examination. Gaertner remarks that if this genus had radiant marginal^o;-^^^, it would not differ from Aster. 1. C. squarrosa. Plowman's Spikenard. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, downy, crenate. Stem herbaceous, corymbose. Calyx-scales leafy, recurved* C. squarrosa. Lin/i. 5p. P/. 1205. ^''i/W.u. 3. 1918. Fl. Br.S7o. Engl.Bot.vA7.t.\\9D. Hook. Scot. 241. Fl.Da7L t.622. C. vulgaris. Bull. Fr. t. 342. C.n.l 35. Hall. Hist. v.\.d9. C. major. Matth. Falgr. v. 2.222. f. Camer.Epit.6l2.f. Bauh. Hist.v. 2.1051./. Dalech.Hist. 1044./. C. major altera. Dod. Pempt. 5 1 ./. C. Helenitis. Cord. Hist. 160, 2./. Baccharis monspeliensium. RaiiSynA79. Ger. Em.792.f. Lob. Ic.D74.f. Montpelier Fleabane. Petiv. H. Brit. t.lS.f.l. In chalky or limestone countries frequent, or in woods on a marly soil. Biennial. Jidy, August. Root tapering, fleshy, much subdivided underground, though sim- ple at the crown. Herb soft and downy, bitter, somewhat aro- matic, with a portion of mucilage. Stem upright, angular, leafy, 2 or 3 feet high, terminating in a corymbose, leafy, many-flow- ered panicle. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, veiny, variously cre- nate ; radical ones large, tapering down into bordered foot- stalks j the uppermost often entire. Fl. dull yellow. Tips of the cahjx. scales green, leafy, recurved. The radical leaves bear some resemblance to those of Foxglove, but when rubbed, are readily distinguished by their "aromatic scent. The name of Flea bane, more properly Fly-bane, has been applied to this plant ; but the still more correct synonym of its Latinized Greek appellation would be Gnat-bane. The genus Erigeron is however the real Fly-bane, some of its viscid species, dipped in milk, being used in the south of Europe to catch the various little winged insects, so troublesome in warm climates. SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF. Erigeron. 421 396. ERIGERON. Flea-bane. Linn. Gen. 422. Juss 1 80. FL Br. 8/6. Lam. t.6S\. Gcertn. 1. 1 70. Conyzella. Dill Gen. 142. t. 8. Conyzoidcs. Ibid. Nat. Ord. Comjwsit.ce, y, discoidece. Linn. 49. Corymhiferce^ sect. 2. Juss. 55. 7 following genera the same. Common Cat. imbricated, ovate-oblong ; scales linear, erect ; the innermost longest, and all nearly equal. Cor. com- pound, radiated ; Jiorets of the disk numerous, perfect, funnel-shaped, regular, their limb in 5, sometimes said to be but 4, equal segments ; those of the radius imme- rous, tubular at the base, the limb liguiate, tapering, nearly erect, either entire or slightly toothed. Filam. in the florets of the disk only, capillary, very short. Anth, in a cylindrical tube, simple. Germ, in all the florets, fertile, small, obovate, angular. Style thread-shaped. Stigmas 2, oblong, a little prominent, slightly spreading. Seed-vessel none but the converging calyx. Seed small, obovate. Down sessile, simple, rough, as long as the florets. Recept. flat, naked, slightly cellular. Herbaceous, either annual or perennial, natives of Europe, North America, or Southern Africa. Stem erect. Leaves simple, either entire or toothed, roughish or down}-. FL panicled or corymbose, rarely solitary, with very narrow, whitish or purplish, rays, and a yellow disk. The ge- neric name, retaining its Greek termination, ought to be of the masculine gender, as well as Tragojwgon, and I therefore, at the suggestion of my friend the Rev. Mr. Holme, venture to correct this error in the specific names. * 1 . E. canadensis. Canada Flea-bane. Stem hairy, panicled, many-flowered. Leaves lanceolate ; lower ones toothed. E. canadense. Linn. Sp. PI. 1210. mild. v. 3. ]9:)4. FL Br. 876. KngL But. V. 29. t. 20 1 9. Dicks. U. Sicc.fasc. 10.16. FL Dan . t. 1274. E. n. 84. HaU. Hist. v. 1.3."i. Conyza canadensis annua acris alba. linaii.T foliis. Raii Syn. \7o. Boer. Sic. S:}. t. \C). C. acris, flore albo. Merr. Pin. 29. C. annua acris alba elatior, linariiu t'oliib. Moris, v. 3. 1 15. sect. 7. /. 20./. 29. \*irga aurca virginiann irsiita annua, di lioro pallido. Zan. I.sl. 20 1. /.78. 422 SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF. Erigeron, White Golden Rod. Petiv. H. Brit. t.\6.f. 12. In cultivated, as well as waste ground, but in the opinion of Ray, not indigenous. About London frequent. Raij, Huds. On the ballast hills of the Northumberland coast. Mr. E. Robson. On sandy ground, be- low the bridge at Neath, Glamorganshire, to all appearance per- fectly wild. Mr. Middleton. On St. Vincent's rocks, Bristol. With. Annual. August, September. Root tapering, whitish. Stem wand-like, erect, angular, leafy, hairy, from 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, panicled, beset with innume- rable, pale, yellowish/ozt'ers on short, lateral, compound, leafy stalks. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, acute, pale green, rough- edged, entire ; the lower ones more or less toothed. Cal. finally spreading. Recept. convex, very obscurely reticulated. Seeds white, silky. Florets externally rough, or glandular. 2. E. acris. Blue Flea-bane. Stem racemose. Stalks mostly single-flowered. Leaves lan- ceolate or tongue-shaped, sessile. Radius erect, scarcely taller than the seed- down. E.acre. Linn. Sp. Pl.\2\\. Willd. v. 3. \959. Fl.Br.S77. Engl Bot. i;. 17. ^. 1 158. Curt. Lond.fasc. 1. 1. 60. Hook. Scot. 242. Dreves Bilderb. t. 27. E.n.85. Hall. Hist. v.\. 35. E, quartum. Dod. Pempt. 641 ./. Aster arvensis caeruleus acris. Raii Sijn. \7o. Conyza cserulea acris. Ger. Em. 484. f. Bauh.Pin.265. Moris. v.3.\\5.sect.7. t.20.f.25. C. odorata. Dalech. Hist. 1045. f. Amellus montanus aequicolorum. Column. Ecphr. v. 2. 25. t.26. Blue Flea-bane. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 16./. 4. In dry gravelly or chalky pastures. Biennial. July, August; sometimes early in the spring. Root with many stout fibres. Stem erect, straight, angular, leafy, I to 2 feet high, hairy like the rest of the herbage, often purple ; somewhat corymbose at the top j racemose, with axillary, mostly simple, branches, all the way up. Leaves scattered, chiefly hairy at the edges ; most of them sessile, oblong-lanceolate, and entire ; radical ones largest, obovate, or tongue-shaped, somewhat toothed, tapering down into bordered /oofs^aZ/cs. Fl. yellow in the disk, hoary from the prominent tawny seed-down ; marginaljiorets tallest, narrow, blue, nearly erect. Seeds a little hairy. There is some degree of acrimony in the whole plant, on which account Haller says it is given in Germany for disorders in the chest, as promoting expectoration 5 but surely there are many more efficacious medicines of that kind. SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF. Erigeron. 423 3. E. alpinus. Alpine Flea-bane. Stem mostly single-flowered. Calyx hairy. Radius spread- ing, twice the length of the seed-down. E. alpinum. Lm/i. % P/. 121 1. ^?//d.t;.3. 1959. Dicks.Tr.of Linn. Soc.v. 2. 28S. H.Br. 877. Engl. Bot.v.7.tA64. Hook. Scot. 242. FL Dan. t. 292. E.n. 86. Hall.Hist.v.\.3o. Conyza cserulea alpina major 5 a/so minor. Baufi. Pin.265. Prodr. 124. Mom. r. 3. 115. Asteri montano purpureo similis, vel Globulariae. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 1047./ On moist rocks in the Highlands of Scotland. On Ben Lawers. Mr. Dickson and Mr. J. Mackay. Perennial. July. Root somewhat woody, with many fibres. Stems from 4 to 6 inches high ; sometimes, on the Alps of Switzerland, taller, with 3 or more flowers -, but on the Scottish mountains mostly simple and single-flowered, leafy, striated, most hairy in the upper part, frequently purplish. Leaves scattered, sessile, lanceolate, dilated at the base, entire, hairy on both sides 3 the radical ones numerous, more obovate, and larger, tapering down into bor- dered/oofs^aZA-s, like the foregoing. Fl. twice the size of that species, generally solitary, erect, on a naked stalk. Cal. more or less hairy, sometimes as much so as in the following. Florets of the disk yellow ; those of the radius numerous, light purple ; the tube us long as the seed-down 3 limb the length of the tube, ligulate, narrow, spreading, very slightly curved upward. Stig- mas of these florets more slender than those in the disk. Seeds of all the florets hairy, to all appearance perfect, but no experi- ments have been made to ascertain this point. 4. E. uniflorus. Pale-rayed Mountain Flea-bane. Stem single-flowered. Calyx woolly. Radius erect, twice the length of the seed-down. E. uniflorum. Linn. Sp. PL 1211. Fl. Lapp. ed. 2.250. /. O.f. 3. mild. V. 'A. I960. Sm. Tr. of Linn. Soc.v. \0. 346. Comp.ed.4. 137. Engl. Bot.v. 34. t. 24 1 6. Fl. Dan. t. 1397. Bertolon. Am. Ital. 44. E. n.87. Hall. Hist.v. 1.3G. On the mountains of Scotland. t • 1 u On Ben Lawers, and on rocks by the river Almond, near Lnuloch, 7 miles from Perth. Mr. G. lh»i. Perennial. July. This agrees in size with the smaller specimens ot the last, witli which it closely accords likewise in every part of the herbage, but I believe the sfnu very seldom, if ever, |)roduces more than 424 SYNGENES lA— POLYG.-SUPERF. Tussilago. onejlower. The calyx is uniformly very densely and copiously woolly rather than hairy. Florets of the disk tipped with dark purple, or brown ; those of the radius twice the length of the calyx or seed-down, more lanceolate than in the former, and more upright, their colour white, except the inside of their tu- bular part, and the stigmas. Seeds hairy. Down rough. Linnsus for a long time confounded these two last species, so that his accounts of them, his synonyms, and even his figure of the pre- sent in Fl. Lapp., made in Holland from a dried specinien, alto- gether require correction. Not having compared them in a living state, 1 trust to Haller, Bertoloni, and other able botanists who have, rather than to any theoretical opinion of my own. Nobody who has seen them can fail to distinguish them at first sight, whether their differences be permanently specific or not. Some have veiy unadvisedly confounded E.alpiuus,in a luxuriant state, with our common E. acris. The Jlowers of the latter, always numerous, are not half so large, and the blue upright^ore/i- of the radius are but the length of the seed-down. The near ap- proach of these two, and of many foreign species, to each other, though certainly distinct, may teach us caution with regard to E. uniflorus. 397. TUSSILAGO. Colfs-footand Butter-bur. Linn. Gen. 423. Juss. 181. Fl, Br. 878. Touryi. t. 276. Lam. t.674. Gartn.t.\70. Petasites. Tourn.f.25S. Gcerin. t. \66. Nat. Ord. see 7i. 396. Commo7i Cal. simple, cylindrical ; scales from 1 5 to 20, li- near, erect, close, parallel, equal. Cor. compound, va- rious ; Jiorets in some all tubular, with 5, rarely but 4, equal segments, furnished with stamens and pistils which are more or less perfect, the latter chiefly fertile in the florets of the circumference, which in some species are ligulate and radiant, very narrow, without stamens. Fi- lam. in the perfectly formed, seldom fertile, florets, awl- shaped, very short. Antli, either united, or converging, in the form of a tube. Genu, in all the florets obovate, short, often imperfect. Sti/le thread-shaped. Stigmas 2, prominent; linear when perfect and eflicient; thick and short when abortive. Seed-vessel none, except the hardly altered, finally reflexed, calyx. Seed obovate-oblong, compressed, rarely perfected. Doison sessile, (not, as Linnaeus says, stalked,) copious, simple, silvery, scarcely roughish, permanent. Recept. naked. Herbaceous plants, with perennial, fleshy, widely creeping roots^ no stem. Leaves simple, variously heart-shaped, SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF. Tussilago. 425 on radical footstalks, toothed or entire, most downy be- neath. Fl. on simple or panicled, bracteated, radical stalks, yellow, white or purplish. Marginal /o;t/5 either radiant, occasionally naked, or deprived of their corolla; or tubular, with the same part only 4<-cleit, or otherwise imperfect. The plants always increase so much by root, that seeds are, in the Butter-bur tribe especially, very seldom ripened ; hence great difficulty exists in ascer- taining the true nature, or natural relative perfection, of the organs of \\\e flower. 1. T. Farfara. Colt's-foot. Stalks single-flowered, clothed with scaly bracteas. Flowers radiant. Leaves heart-shaped, angular and toothed. T. Farfara. Linn. Sp. PI. 1214. mUd. v, 3. 19C;. FL Br. 878. Engl. Bol. V. 6. t. 429. Curt. Lond.fasc. 2. /. GO. Woodv. t. 13. Hook. Scot. 242. Bull. Fr. t. 329. Dreves Bilderh. t. 49. Fl. Dan. t. 595. Ehrh. PL Of. 187. Loh. Ic. 589./ Tussilago. Raii Syn. 1 73. Ger. Em. 811./ Mnttli. Falgr. v. 2. 198./ Corner. Epit. 590, 591./ Fuchs. Hist. 140./ Ic. 76. f. Bank. Hist V. 3. p.2. 563./ Moris, r.3. 130. sect. 7. t. 12./ 1. Dalech.Hisf. 1051./ Petasites n. 1 43. Hall. Hist. v. 1 . 62. Ungiila caballina. Trag. Hist.4\S.f. Brunf. Herb. v. 1.42./ 41. Bechium. Tillands Ic. 2A.f. Cord. Hist. 93. 2./ Colt's-foot. Petiv. H. Brit. f. \7.f. 7, S. In moist shady situations, on a chalky or marly soil, common. Perennial. March, AjyriL Root mucilaginous, bitterish, creeping horizontally, with many » fibres. FL coming before the leaves, drooping in the bud, bright yellow, about an inch broad ; their rays spreading, copious, very narrow ■ each flower on a simple, round, woolly, radical static, scaly with numerous, reddish, smooth, scattered hractcas, crowded unckr the flower, like ati e.vterior calyx. Leaves erect, on furrowed ciianncllcd /bo/.s/a/Aw, heart-shaped, slightly lobed, copiously and sharply toothed 3 very smooth, of a slightly glau- cous green, above ; pure white and dtrnsdy cottony, with pro- minent veins, beneath ; when young they are revolute, and thickly enveloped in cottony down. The cotton, impregnated with ssalt-petrc, makes excellent tinder. The leaves, either smoked like tobacco, or taken in infusion, are reputed good for coughs, whence the generic name. '1. T. Pc(nsif(s. Butter-bur. Panicle dense, ovate-oblong. Flowers flosculous. Leaves hrai(-^liMp( (1. unerjuallv tocuhed. tbrce-rilibed at tlie base. 426 SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF. Tussilago. T. Petasites. Linn. Sp. PL 1215. Willd. v. 3. 1971 . FL Br. 880. Engl.Bot.v.6.t.43l. Curt.Lond.fasc.2.t.59. Hook. ScoL242. Fl. Dan, t. 842. DeCand. Fr.v.4. \5S. Bull. Fr. t. 391. Ehrh. PI. Of. 197. T. major. Matih. Valgr. v. 2. 199./. Camer. Epit. 592. f. Petasites. Rail Sijn. 179. Ger.Em.8\4.f. Trag. Hist. 415. f. Fuchs. Hist. 644./. Ic. 370./ Dod. Pempt. 597. f. Dalech. Hist. 1053./ Tillands Ic. 150./ P. n. 138. Hall. Hist. v.].6\. Butter-bur. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 15./ 1 1, 12. /3. Tussilago hybrida. Linn.Sp. PL 1214. FL Br. 879. EngL BoL V. 6. t. 430. T. Petasites foemina. Willd. Sp. PL v.3.\97\. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. v.5.36. Hook. Lond.t. \29. Petasites n. 140. Hall. Hist. ?;. I. 61. P. major^ floribus pediculis longis insidentibus. Dill, in Raii Syn. 179. Hart Elth. 309. t. 230. P. major et vulgaris prima. Rupp. Jen. ed. 1. 180. P. flore minore, elatior. Rupp. Jen.ed. Hall. 190. P. flosculis in medio majoribus, reliquis minoribus. Buxb. Hallens. 258. In moist boggy meadows, about rivulets, and the margins of rivers, common. /3 occurs in the same places, but very rarely. Perennial. April. Root thick and fleshy, creeping extensively, with many long fibres ; its reputed virtues sudorific and antipestilential ; externally ap- plied it is recommended for malignant sores and ulcers, and the strong aromatic scent, as well as bitter flavour, indicate some powerful qualities, however what is so easily obtainable may be neglected in modern practice. The leaves are perhaps the largest of any British plant ; when full grown, long after the flower- ing, they are often a yard in diameter, standing on very thick upright/oo^s^aiA:*, and of a rounded heart-shaped figure, cut away at the base close to the lateral ribs, doubly or unequally toothed along the margin ; dark green above ; downy, not very white, beneath. Flower-stalks stout, hollow, clothed with con- cave tumid /oo^s/aZA:s, bearing rudiments of leaves in their lower half, which gradually become lanceolate bracteas above. FL very numerous, in a dense, ovate, or oblong, panicle, consti- tuting a true thyrsus, all flosculous or discoid, flesh-coloured, always destitute of any radiant or ligulate^^ore^s ; their stalks a little downy ; bracteas and calyx smooth. All the Jiorets are tubular, regularly 5 -cleft, mostly perfect in structure, except a thickness in the stigma, indicative of a defect in that organ, and except a few found occasionally towards the centre, whose a?i- thers are imperfect or wanting, and v;hich alone ever produce good seeds. jS differs in no respect from the common Petasites in its foliage, but the panicles and their stalks are twice as tall when in seed. SYNGENESIA-POLYG.-SUPERF. Senecio. 427 making a very elegant appearance. The Jlowers are essentially different ; Jlorets all tubular, generally with 5 segments, occa- sionally with 4 only, most of them destitute of stamens, but with perfect germen, style ands^i^m<75,the latter being slender and awl- shaped. Their seeds, crowned with silvery, simple, sessile, rough- ish clown, are all perfect, at least in appearance. In the centre of the disk are one or two, scarcely more, barrenjiorets, having a more conspicuous reddish coro//a, with 5 segments, and as many stamens, whose anthers are very slightly, if at all, combined, and whose stigmas are short and thick, totally inefficient, there being only the rudiments of a germen, and no seed. This plant, known by the name of T. hybrida, I ventured to hint in Engl. Bot. 430, published in 1/97, might be the true fertile plant of r. Petasites. It is more correct to term it a variety of the latter, in which the fertile, or seed-bearing, organs predominate. As to the actual perfecting of the seed, we know nothing, the But- ter-bur being one of those herbs whose immoderately prolific roots, like those of Mints, hardly allow them to produce seeds. We therefore can judge of their apparent perfection only. I did not know that my supposition had been anticipated by the ingenious and acute Ehrhart, whose remarks on several species of Tussilago, to the same effect, I have recently found in his Beitriige, vol. iii. p. 64 — 66. My ideas were thought so bold and unauthorised in England, that I have ever since, till now, confined them to a mere suggestion. They have neverthe- less been adopted, in their original form, by the late Prof. Willdenow and by Dr. Hooker, but without reference to me. Willdenow mentions Ehrhart's name, and cites Hoppe's Tas- chenbiich, for the year 1803 ; not having access, as it seems, to my English Botany, though he generally, after the Didyna- mia class, refers to the El. Brit, where he might have found the same remark. The observations and opinions of these excellent botanists give the more support to my theory, as being inde- pendent of it, and I no longer scruple to reduce T. hybrida to Petasites, not as its proper fertile, or seed-bearing, individual, but as a casual variety. Several foreign species are in tlie same predicament with regard to others. Hec Engl. Bot. V3\, ami mild. Sp. PL V. 3. 1973 ; also DeCandoUe's El. Francaise, v.4. \j8, where the same opinion is followed. 398. SENECIO. Groundsel or Ragwort. Linn.Gen.42A. Juss.\8\. Fl.Br. S8\. Tourn.t.2G0. Lam.t.67t). Gartn. t. 166. Jacobaea. Tourn. 1.270. Gccrtn. t. 1/0. Nat. Ord. see n. 396. Commo}i Cal. double; the inner rather conical, abrupt, of numcroub, cquul, parallel, lliu-ar. conliguous scales : 428 SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-SUPERF. Senecio. outer of a smaller number of minute imbricated scales, at the base of the former, and, like those, all withered, mostly black, at the tips. Cor. compound, taller than the calyx ; Jlorets of the disk numerous, all perfect, tu- bular, with 5 equal segments ; those of the radius ligu- late, slightly toothed, various in length, without stamens, sometimes wanting. Filam. slender, short. Anth. in a cylindrical tube. Germ, in all the florets, obovate, small. Style thread-shaped, the length of the stamens. Stigmas % oblong, spreading. Seed-vessel none, but the unchanged, finally spreading, calyx. Seed obovate, rather angular. Do\son sessile, capillary, roughish. Recept. naked, tes- sellated, slightly convex. A very extensive genus, of caulescent, herbaceous or shrub- by plants, natives chiefly of Europe or Africa, though found also in America, and very sparingly in China and Japan. Stera erect, leafy. Leaves either variously pin- natifid, or undivided, serrated, smooth or downy. Fl, corymbose ; yellow in the disk, and mostly so in the radius ; rarely purple in one or the other. The black withered tips of the calyx-scales afford an obvious and constant generic character. * Flowers *uoiiJiout rays. 1. S. vulgaris. Common Groundsel, or Simson. Flowers dispersed, without rays. Leaves pinnatifid, toothed, obtuse, smoothish ; clasping at the base. S. vulgaris. Linn. Sp. PL 1216. Willd.v. 3. 1973. Fl. Br. 881. Engl. Bot. v.]\. t. 7^7. Curt. Lond.fasc. 1 . ^. 6 1 . Hook. Scot. 243. Fl. Dan. t. 513. Bull. Fr. t. 197. Dreves Bilderb. t. 26. Raii Syn. 178. S. n. 58. Hall. Hist. V. 1.25. Senecio. Fuchs. Hist. 286. f. Ic. 162./. Matth. Falgr. v.2A76.f. Dalech. Hist. 575./. Lob. Ic. 225. f. Trag. Hist.2S5.f. Erigerum. Ger.Em.278.f. E. minus. Dod. Pempt.64\.f. Verbena foemina. Brunf. Herb. v. 1. 120./. excellent. Common Groundsel. Petiv.H. Brit. t. 17./ 5. In cultivated or waste ground, on dry banks, and the tops of walls, every where. Annual. At all seasons. Root simple, with many long fibres. Herb various in size, mostly smooth ; sometimes loosely woolly or downy, though verv spa- ringly. Stem erect, more or less branched, leafy, round, striated, pale or purplish. Leaves bright green, slightly succulent, blunt- SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-SUPERF. Senecio. 429 ish 3 the lower ones mostly obovate, jagged, tapering into /oof- stalks ; upper sessile, clasping the stem, pinnatifid and toothed. FL on corymbose, terminal and axillary, leafy branches, consist- ing of a yellow disk only, without rays, of no attractive aspect or scent. Cat. smooth, striated. The seed-down forms small white balls, soon blown away. Birds kept in cages are fed with the young buds and leaves, which have a saltish herbaceous flavour. Haller suggests a degree of affinity between this genus and the Succory tribe ; but 1 do not perceive it either in their structure or qualities. ** FL with speedily revoltUe rays, 2. S. viscosus. Stinking Groundsel. Rays revolute. Leaves pinnatifid, viscid. Outer calyx lax, almost as long as the inner. Stem with many spreading branches. S. viscosus. Linn, Sp.Pl.\2\7. WiUd.v.ZA^QA. FL Br. 882. En^L Bof. V. I . t. 32. Hook. Scot. 243. Ehrh. Herb. 70. S. n.'cO. Hall. Hist. V. 1.26. vS. hirsutus viscidus major odoratus. Rali Sijn. 1 78. Bauh. Hist. V.2. 1042./. S. hirsutus viscidus graveolens. Dill. Ellh. 347. ^258./. 336. Erigerum tomentosum. Ger. Em. 278. f. not descr. E. tomentosum alterum. Lob. Ic. 226./. E. majus. Dod. Fempt. 64\.f. Cotton Groundsel. Fetiv. H. Brit. t. \7.f. 6. In waste ground, on a chalky or sandy soil. On the fen banks in the Isle of Ely. Ray. At Gam.lingay, Me- pole, and Chatteris, Cambridgeshire. Rellian. Near Baldon, Oxfordshire. Sibthorp. By the sea side at New Haven, and in the King's park, Edinburgh ; also about the chalk-])its at Dart- ford. Kent. ^dlCcn^ U TTlexrt'J. Annual. Jnhj —October. Whole fierh larger in all its parts than the preceding, downy, soft and glutinous to the touch, with a strong disagreeable smell. Stem generally more .spreading. Leaves deeply, and in some measure doubly, pinnatifid, with bluntish irregular notches, or teeth. Fl. on terminal, solitary or aggregate, stalks. Col. hairy, and very glutinous ; the outer scales few, lax, long and narrow. Cor. bright yellow j disk convex ; radius of several li- gulate, linear, ."> tootlu'd //(^rc/.s, soon revolute after their expan- sion. All the Jiorcts are fertile. Seed down rough. 3. ^. /ivida,s\ Green-scaled (iroundsel. Ravs rev()liitt\ Loaves chl^J)i^<^ the stiin, hmeeolate, pin- 430 SYNGENESIA—POLYGAM.-SUPERF. Senecio. natifid and toothed. Outer calyx short, with sharp, not discoloured points. S. lividus. Linn. Sp. PZ. 1 2 1 6. MWd. v. 3. 1 983. Comp. eel. 4. 1 7. Engl. Bot. V. 35. t. 25 15. Hook. Scot. 243. S. corollis revolutis, foliis amplexicaulibus lanceolatis dentatis, squamis calycinis brevissimis intactis. Linn. Hort. Ups. 261. Senecio. Linn. It. Scan. 225. Jacobaea annua, senecionis folio, foeniculi odore. Till. Pis. 86, ^.28. /. 2. From Prof. Arduino. On barren heaths, and newly enclosed moor land in the North. At Sneaton, near Whitby, Yorkshire. Mr. Middleton. AtThu-kle- by, near York. Sir T. Frankland, Bart. About Newcastle, a common weed. Mr. Winch. On the hill of Tenhaven, Angus- shire, abundantly j Mr. G. Don. Hooker. On hills between Norwich and Thorpe. Annual. September, October. Taller than either of the former, having more the habit of .S. sylva- ticus. Root of several stout fibres. Herb downy, rather gluti- nous, with a slightly aromatic odour, compared by Tilli to jthe scent of fennel, something of which remains in the dried speci- mens. Stem erect, copiously leafy, panicled and corymbose at the top, with numerous \Q\\owJiowers, whose disk is small, the rays short, gradually becoming revolute. Leaves variously pin- natifid ; remarkably dilated, rounded, and clasping, at their base ; the segments toothed ; bluntish in the lower ones ; acute in the upper, which gradually diminish into narrow linear brac- teas. Caltjx-scales fringed at the tips, not blackened and wither- ed as in perhaps every other Senecio; but green or pale, at least while in blossom ; though they subsequently assume a withered appearance. The outer ones are very small, but acute. Seeds furrowed, slightly silky. Down roughish. 4. S. sylvaticus. Mountain Groundsel. Rays revolute. Leaves sessile, pinnatifid, lobed and tooth- ed. Outer calyx short, with bluntish discoloured tips. 5. sylvaticus. Linn. Sp. PL\2\7. Willd. v. 3. 1 985. Fl. Br. 882. Engl Bot. v.W.t. 748. Hook. Scot. 244. S. viscosus. 17. Dan. t. 1230. S. viscosus /3. Huds.365, S. n.59. Hall. Hist. v.]. 25. S. minor, latiore folio, sive montanus. Dill, in Raii Syn. 1 78. Elth. 347. ^.258./. 337. Jacobfea senecionis folio incano perennis. Rupp. Jen. ed. Hall. \77. t. 3 ; but not of Ray's Hist. v. 1. 285. In bushy heathy places, on a gravelly or sandy soil. Annual. July. SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-SUPERF. Senecio. 431 Root and herbage so like the last, which is perhaps equally common, that the two species have, by most botanists, been confounded. They are both downy, unpleasantly scented, and agree in their upright, wand-like, furrowed stem, clothed with numerous leaves, beset with small, short, axillary branches, panicled, corymbose, and many-flov/ered, at the summit, 3 or 4 feet in height. But the leaves of the present are not so remarkably dilated at the base, nor so much subdivided. Thejlowers are similar, except that the calyx of S. sijlvaticus has, in all its scales, the black withered tips characteristic of the genus, and the outer ones, besides that difference, are much shorter, closer, blunter, and broader, than in S. lividus. The perennial plant, of which Ruppius adopts the definition from Ray, is our S. tenuifolius. *#* i^/. "doith spreadmg rays. Leaves pinnatifid, *5. S. squalidus. Inelegant Ragwort. Rays spreading, elliptical, entire. Leaves smooth, pinna- tifid, with distant, and somewhat linear, segments. S. squalidus. Linn. Sp. PL 1218. Willd.v. 3. 1991. FL £r.883. Engl. Bot. V. 9. t. 600. Bertolon. Am. Ital 45. S. coroUis radiantibus planis calyce longioribus integris, foliis pin- natifidis : laciniis lanceolatis distantibus. Linn. Hort. Ups. 260. S. chrysanthemifolius. Bivona Bernardi Cent. 2. 52 ; from the au- thor. Jacobaea sicula, chrysanthemi facie. Bocc. Sic. (j(j. t. 36. J. chrysanthemi facie. Ciipan. Panph. ed. 2. t. 162./. 1. J. minor, abrotani foliis. Barrel. Ic. t. 262./. 2. On walls at Oxford. Very plentiful on almost every wall in and about Oxford, where it was first noticed by Sir Joseph Banks. Dillenius sent seeds to Linnaeus, but whether he gathered them from the Oxford garden, or from the walls of the town, no memorial appears. It is not improbable that the plant was originally naturalized there from the garden, being really a native of Sicily. Annual. June — October. Root fibrous. Stem erect, branched, leafy, smooth, or a little hairy, 1 2 or 18 inches hiL';h. Leaves nearly or quite smooth, bright green, either sessile, or somewhat clasping, all variously j)innatifid, jagged, and shari)ly toothed ; the lower ones stalked, and less dividt-d ; the upper often much dilated and rounded at the base ; the under side often accpiircs a violet hue. FL loosely corymbose, terminal, erect, not numerous, accompanied with small awl-shaj)ed brnctras on the partial stalks, Cnl. broad, almost hemispherical, smooth j the inner scales })ale at the point ; outer ratlier few, small, lax, tipped with black. Florets all t)f a bright golden yellow ; those of the disk very numerous ; 43^2 SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-SUPERF. Senecio. of the radius near a dozen, more or less, oval, broad, entire at the extremity, for the most part spreading, but as they fade they become revolute. Seeds a little silky. Down roughish. The scent of the herb is like Tansy or Mugwort. Baron Bivona Bernardi has sent, along with specimens agreeing precisely with our Oxford plant, others with perfectly undivided, entire or toothed, leaves, always indeed clasping the stem; such as are figured in Bonanni's edition ofCupani, t. 168./. Ij ^.161. f.2', and t. 160./. 1 ; as well as in Cupani's original publica- tion, one of the rarest books on Botany. Our plant does not show any disposition to vary in this extraordinary manner, whatever may be the case in Sicily. The above authority how- ever is indisputable, nor are intermediate specimens wanting, which strongly confirm it. The Baron had no means of know- ing that his plant was .S. squalidus of Linneeus, nor does it de- serve so opprobrious a name. 6. S. termifoVms. Hoary Ragwort. Rays spreading, oblong. Leaves pinnatifid, somewhat re- volute ; paler and shaggy beneath. Stem erect, loosely cottony. S. tenuifolius. Jacq. Austr. t. 278 ; from himself. Wilkl Sp. PL V. 3. 1996. With. 723. FL Br. 884. Engl. Bot. v. 8. t. 574. Sibth.2r>3. Relh. 328. S. erucifolius. Huds.366. Curt. Lotid.fasc. 5.t 64. Abbot 182. S. n. 62, 8. Hall. Hist. V. 1.27. Jacobaea senecionis folio incano perennis. Raii Syn. \77. Hist. V. 1.285. Groundsel Ragwort. Petiv. H. Brit. M 7./ 3. In woods, hedges, and by road sides, in the chalky or gravelly counties. Perennial. July, August. Root somewhat creeping, with long stout fibres. Stem erect, straight, unbranched, usually 2 or 3 feet high, leafy, furrowed, covered slightly with loose cottony down ; corymbose at the top, with several bright yellow Jiowers, on bracteated stalks. Xeftt'es numerous, alternate, deeply pinnatifid, sparingly toothed, sessile, often with several clasping lobes at the base 3 dark green and nearly smooth above 5 downy or cottony, often snow-white, beneath j their segments either flat or revolute, extremely va- rious in width. Inner scales of the calyx much fewer than in any of the preceding, broader and flatter, with a membranous border, blackish at the tip j outer spreading, linear-lanceolate, pale at the point, and much resembling the 6r«c/ea5 immediately below them. Florets of the radius linear-oblong, minutely 3- toothed, revolute in fading. Seeds hairy. Down rough. 5. erucifolius of Linnaeus, found by him in Scania^ and described SYNGENESIA-POLYGAM.-SUPERF. Senecio. 433 in both editions of Sp PL, though with wrong synonyms, is evi- dently distinct from this species, appearing to be S. Uvidus, ra- ther than sylvaticus, to which latter it is referred in Engl. Bot. p,574. 7. S. Jacobma, Common Ragwort. Rays spreading, oblong, toothed. Leaves doubly pinnati- fid, somewhat lyrate, with spreading, toothed, smooth segments. Stem erect. Seeds of the disk silky. S. Jacobaea. Linn. Sp. Fl. 1219. mild, v. 3. 1997. Fl. Br. 885. Engl. Bot. V. \6,t.i 130. Mart. Rust. t. 85. Hook. Scot. 244. S. n. 62, a, /3, y. Hall. Hist. v. 1.26. S. major, sive Flos Sancti Jacobi. Ma'.th. Falgr.v. 2,477, f. Corner. Epit. 870. f. Dolech. Hist. 575./. 576./. Jacobaea. Ger. Em. 280./. Lob. Ic. 227./ J. vulgaris. Rail Syn. \77 . Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 1057./. Sancti Jacobi herba. Fuchs. Hist. 742./ Brun/. Herb. v. 2.56. f. Flos Sancti Jacobi. Trag. Hist. 287./ Common Ragwort. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 17./. I. In pastures, waste ground, and by road sides, very common. Perennial. Julyy August. Root rather fleshy. Herb for the most part quite smooth, of a deep shining green, sustaining uninjured the greatest drought, and most scorching heat, at least of our temperate climate. Stem upright, branched in a corymbose manner, about the height of the last, but rather more bushy, striated. Leaves alternate ; lower ones stalked, broad, doubly pinnatifid, with wedge-shaped, spreading, notched, toothed segments ; upper less compound, sessile, more acute, their lower segments crowded and clasping the stem. Fl. numerous, bright yellow, facing the sun, in ter- minal corymbose panicles, whose stalks are more or less cot- tony. Calyx nearly hemispherical, its scales tipped with black. Disk of many tubular florets ; radius of several linear ligulate ones, toothed at the end, rolled back and tawny in decay. Seeds of the disk thickly clothed with short silky hairs , those of the radius .smooth. Down of all rough. The herbage is fetid when bruised, and generally remains \m- touched by cattle whilst any thing else is to be had, though often devoured entirely by the black- and yellow-ringed cater))illars of PJialcena Jacohcea. It has been recommended as an application for cancers, by the name of Swine's Cresses, which it bears in Yorkshire. Sherard observed tliat the radius is sometimes wanting in sandy situations. The Rev. Mr. Holme found between Clayhithe and Horningsea, Cambridgeshire, a very extraordinary variety, in which the calyx-scales and bractcas are multii)lie(l excessively, the radius obliterated, and the tumid disk apparently a mass of confusion. VOL. III. 2 F 434 SYNGENESIA--POLYGAM.-SUPERF. Senecio. 8. S. aquaticus. Marsh Ragwort. Rays spreading, elliptic-oblong. Leaves lyrate, serrated ; the lowermost obovate and undivided. Seeds all smooth. S.aquaticus. Huds.2>C)Q. FI..Br.SS5. Engl. Bot.vAG. t. \\3l. mild. V. 3. 1 997. Hook. Scot. 241. Fl. Dan. t. 784. S. n. 62, £. Hall.His(.v.l.27. Jacobsea latifolia palustris sive aquatica. Rail Sijn. 1 78. J. latifolia. Baiih. Hist. v. 2. 1057./. J. barbarege instar laciniata. Loes. Priiss. 129. t. 35. Marsh Ragwort. Petiv. H. Brit. t. \7.f.2. In marshes and watery places, near rivers and brooks, common. Perennial. July, August. Akin to the last, of which Linnaeus, Haller and others have consi- dered it as a variety ; while many have confounded herewith an Austrian and Swiss plant, Jacohcea tertia, latifolia prima, Clus. Hist. V. 1. 23./; which is Haller's Senecio n. 63) and the alpiiius of Linn. Suppl. 371, where all the synonyms are wrong. Our aquaticus, first distinguished and named by Hudson, is generally very smooth, rarely, in accidentally dry situations, a little cot- tony, of a lighter green than the preceding, and its leaves, though very variable, always much less divided ; the lower ones stalked, ovate, nearly entire 5 upper pinnatifid in a lyrate man- ner, having a few parallel lobes at the base, and a large, ovate, serrated termination. Fl. few and larger, though of the same golden hue, with more elliptical radiant florets. Seeds of the radius, as well as of the disk, destitute of the hairy or silky clothing which is nearly universal in the whole genus, and which essentially distinguishes the seeds of the disk of S. Jacohcea from the present, whose marginal seeds only have a slight roughness at the edges, near the top. The scales of the outer calyx moreover are very few. Mr, Woodward remarked that the ra- dius is sometimes wanting. The lower part of the stem often assumes a violet hue, but such is frequently the case with S. Ja- cohcea. **** FL radiant. Leaves undivided. 9. ^.paludosus. Great Fen Ragwort. Bird's-tongue. Rays spreading, toothed. Flowers corymbose. Leaves lan- ceolate, tapering, sharply serrated, somewhat cottony beneath. Stem perfectly straight, hollow. S. paludosus. Linn. Sp. PI. 1220. fVilld. v. 3. 2002. Fl.Br. 886. Engl. Bot. V. 10. t. 650. Tour on the Continent, ed. 2. v. 1 . 48. Fl. Dan. t. 385. S. n. 66. Hall Hist. v.\. 28. Virgae aureae, sive Solidagini angustifolise affinis. Lingua avis Dale- champii. Raii Sun. 176. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 1063./. Lingua major. Dalech. Hist. 1037./ SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-SUPERF. Senecio. 435 Conyza aquatica maxima serratifolia. Thai. Harcyn. 21.^3, C. palustris serratifolia. Ger. Em. 483./. Marsh Golden Rod. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 1 6./. 8. In the ditches and fens of the east part of England, very rare. Near Streatham ferry in the isle of Ely. Ray. In Lakenheath fen, near Wangford, Suffolk. Mr. Francis Eagle. On the banks of ditches, near Braford water, half a mile from Lincoln. Rev. Mr. WooUaston. Perennial. June, July. Root somewhat creeping, with many long, simple, stout fibres. Stems erect, straight, roundish, furrowed, hollow, leafy, simple except at the summit, from 3 to G feet, or more, in height, loosely clothed with deciduous cottony down. Leaves nume- rous, sessile, scattered, lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply ser- rated j smooth above j paler^ as well as downy or cottony, be- neath ; the upper ones contracted and entire at the base 3 lower dilated, clasping, and equally serrated in that part. Ft. corym- bose, not very numerous, but large and conspicuous, bright yel- low, with many oblong, toothed, spreading rays. Bracteas awl- shaped, scattered. Cal. hemispherical, nearly smooth 3 scales of the outer one linear. Seeds clothed with short hairs. Down roughish. Recept. beset with very short hairs between the seeds, but not chaffy. 10. S. saracenicus. Broad-leaved Ragwort. Rays spreading, nearly entire! Flowers corymbose. Leaves lanceolate, serrated, minutely downy. Stem solid. S. saracenicus. Linn. Sp. PL \22l. mild. v. 3. 2004. Fl.Br.SS7. Engl. Bot.v.Si.t. 22\l. Hook. Scot.244. Jacq. Austr. t.\S6. S. n. (J5. Hall. Hist. V. 1.28. Virga aurea maxima, radice repente. Raii Sun. 1 77. Moris.v. 3. 123. V. aurea angustifolia serrata, sive Solidago sarracenica. Bank. Hist. V. 2. 1063./. Solidago sarracenica. Fuchs. Hist. 728. f. Ic.423. f. Trag.Hisf. 4S7.f. Ger. Em. 420./. Dod.Pempt.\4\.f. Lob. Ic. 299. f. In moist meadows and i)asturcs, or watecy lanes, rare. Plentifully by a rivulet between M^lls and (Jlastonbuiy. Bobarf. Near Halifax. Mr. Newton. \'ery common in the fields at Sal- keld, Cumberland ; Mr. Nicholson. Dill. Near Chester. .1/;-. Okcll. About Settle, Yorkshire. .Mr. J. Windsor. In a moist lane near Prcbton hall, between Kirkby Lonsdale and Kendall, West- moreland J also in the King's park, Edinburgh. I iiad siijjposed it might have been planted in the last-mentioned place, but Dr. Hooker, in his fVorr/, mentions many stations of this plant in the Lowlands of Scotland. JXof'ci'cn r/ilL j/i-'\rktifrt '-j. Perennial. July, Augwit. Roof creeping. Stems erect, from 3 to ."> feet high, full of pith, an- 2 F J 436 SYNGENESIA—POLYGAMIA-SUPERF. Aster. gular^ leafy, smooth, scarcely branched ; corymbose and many- flowered at the summit. Leaves scattered, sessile, broadly lan- ceolate, acute, copiously serrated, or somewhat toothed, bright green, shining, and apparently smooth, but when closely exa- mined they are found covered with extremely minute, short, not cottony or hoary, pubescence ; the upper ones gradually diminish to narrow, or awl-shaped, hracteas. Fl. bright yellow, on se- veral, corymbose, often subdivided, angular, downy stalks. Cal. somewhat downy, the scales fringed and blackened at the tips ; outer ones lanceolate. Florets of the radius several, but not numerous, elliptic-oblong, scarcely more than simply notched at the point. Seeds smooth, or slightly silky, short, obovate, angular. Down copious, minutely rough. The herb is astringent and acrid. How far it might serve the Sa- racens as a vulnerary we know not, but it is not regarded as an article of our Materia medica. Some foreign species, as S. Do- ria and iiemorensis, come near the present, rendering its syno- nyms in old writers precarious, particularly when their cuts are copied or borrowed from each other. Petiver's 1. 16./. 7, bor- rowed from Gerarde, belongs to S. Doria, known by the very few radiant^ore^5. 399. ASTER. Star- wort. Linn. Gen. 424. Juss. 181. Fl. Br. 888. Tonrn. t. 274. Lam. t.dSl. Gccrtn. t.l70. Nat. Ord. see 7i. 396. Common Cal. imbricated ; innermost scales with prominent points; lowermost spreading. Co7\ compound, radiant; Jlorets of the disk numerous, perfect, tubular, with 5 equal spreading segments; those of the radius more than 10, ligulate, oblong, 3-toothed, finally revolute. Filam. in the tubular florets only, capillary, short. Anth. in a cylin- drical tube. Germ, in all the florets fertile, oblong. Style thread-shaped. Stigmas 2^ oblong, spreading; those of the disk rather larger and thicker. Seed-vessel none, but the scarcely altered, spreading calyx. Seed obovate. Doivn sessile, capillary. Recept. naked, almost flat. A vast American genus, chiefly perennial, of which several other countries possess a few species. The leaves are simple. Radius blue, rarely white. We have only one wild Aster. 1. A, Tripolkim. Sea Star-wort. Herbaceous, corymbose. Leaves lanceolate, entire, fleshy, smooth, obscurely three-ribbed. Calyx-scales obtuse, somewhat membranous. SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF. Solidago. 437 o A. Tripolium. Lmn.Sp.PlA22G. mild. v. S. 2039. Fl.Br.888. Engl. But. V. 2. t. 87. Hook. Scot.244. Ft. Dan. t. 6\d. A. marilimus ceeruleus, Tripolium dictus. Raii Syn. 175. A. cseruleus glaber littoreus pinguis. Moris, v. 3. 121 . n. 37 and 38. sect. 7. t.22.f.37, 38. Tripolium. J)od. Pempt. 379. f. Dalech. Hist, \389.f. T. vulgare. Lob. Ic. 296. f. Dalech. Hist. 1390./. T. vulgare majus et minus. Ger. Em. 413./,/ Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 1064./ 10G5./: T. minus. Lob. Ic. 296. f. Dalech. Hist. 1390./ Great and Small Sea Star-wort. Petiv. H. Brit. t. \7.f. 10, \L On the muddy sea coast, and in salt marshes, plentifully. Perennial. August, September. Root of many long stout fibres. Herb smooth, rather glaucous, varying extremely in size, and in quantity of flowers, but scarcely so distinctly differing in any case as to make a well de- fined variety. Stem round, hollow, generally erect, 2 or 3 feet high, leafy and many-flowered -, often recumbent, or partly as- cending, slightly leafy, with 3 oi 4 flowers only, and those often destitute of rays. Leaves very smooth, coriaceous ; the upper ones sessile, linear-lanceolate 3 radical ones stalked, larger, more elliptic-oblong, tapering at each end, always entire as far as I have observed, though Willdenow describes some slight ser- ratures near the point. Fl. large and liandsome, with a yellow or orange disk, and numerous, spreading, elliptic- oblong rays, 3-toothed at the extremity, generally of a bright blue, occa- sionally white, never revolute. Seeds compressed, fringed at the edges. Down reddish, minutely rough. 400. SOLIDAGO. Golden -rod. Linn. Gen. 42.5. Juss.\8\. Fl. Br. 889. Law. t. 680. Gccrtn. t. 170. Virga aurea. Tourn. t. 275. Nat. Old. see 11. 396. Common Cal. oblong, imbricated ; scales oblong, narrow, pointed, straight, converging. Cor. comjiound, ratliant; Jiorctsoi' the disk numerous, perfect, tubular, with 5 equal spreading segments; those of the radius from 5 to 10, li- gulate, elliptic-oblong, S-toothed. Filam. in the tubular florets only, capillary, short. ///////. in a cylindrical tube. Germ, in all the florets fertile, oblong. ^l}jJ^' thrcacl- shajied. Sfi>^n/as 2, revolute ; those of the disk rather thicker-. Si'i'd-vcssi'l none, but the unchanged calyx. Seed obovate-oblong. J)oxi:n sessile, capillaiy. liccrpl. naked, almost flat, slightly cellular. A less nunurous irenus than the la^t, chieflv Norlh-Aincri- 438 SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF. Solidago. o can, differing from Aster in having a yellow, never blue radius, whitish in S. bicolor. The habit agrees with the upright, panicled, oblong-leaved species of ^5^^r, and the principal generic distinction rests on the calyjc-scales being closely imbricated, not spreading. The ligulate^or^/5 of the radius are properly fewer than in Aster, but such a character must be variable. The receptacle is slightly cellular in our solitary species, but I know not whether that character runs through the whole genus, and accord- ing to Gaertner it exists in some species of Aster, 1. S. Vi7'gaurea. Common Golden-rod. Stem slightly zigzag, angular. Clusters downy, panicled, crowded, erect. Leaves partly serrated. S. Virgaurea. Linn. Sp. PL 1 235. WillcL v. 3. 2065. FL Br. 889. Engl. Bot.v.b.t. 301. Hook. Scot. 244. Fl.Dan. t.663. S. n. 69. Hall. Hist. v.\. 29. Virga aurea. Raii Syn. 1 76. Ger. Em. 430. f. Matth. J'algr. v. 2. 354. / Camer. Epit. 748, 749. /, /. Dod. Pempt. 142. /,/. Dalech. Hist. 1272./,/. Lob. Ic. 298, 299./,/ V. aurea vulgaris latifolia. Bank. Hist. v. 2. 1062. / Narrow and Common Golden Rod. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 16./ 9, 10. /3, Virga aurea vulgari humilior. Rcdi Syn. 176. Dill. Elth. 414. y. Solidago cambrica. Huds. 367. Ait. H. Kew. ed. 2.v 5. 70. Willd.Sp. PL V. 3.2066. Virga aurea montana, folio angusto subincano, flosculis conglo- batis. Raii Syn. \77. V. aurea cambrica, floribus conglobatis. Dill. Elih. 4\3. ^.306. /.393. §. V. aurea montana biuncialis pumila. Pink. Almag. 390. Phyt. L23o.f.7,S. In groves, thickets, grassy lanes, as well as on heaths, and moun- tains, at every degree of elevation. Perennial. July — September. A very variable plant in magnitude, number and size o( Jlowers, and serratures of the leaves ; nor do these varieties altogether depend on situation, except that in alpine specimens the Jlow- ers are larger and fewer. The root is woody, with long, stout, simple fibres. Stem usually from 1 to 3 feet high, erect, va- riously zigzag, never quite straight, leafy, angular, solid j purple below : most downy in the upper part, where it terminates in a leafy cluster, either simple or compound, of bright yellow^ouj- ers. Lower leaves stalked, elliptic-oblong, more or less acute, very rough or harsh at the edges, v, hich are closely serrated, rarely altogether entire ; upper smaller, gradually diminishing to bracfeas, which are downy like the Jtoii-er'Stalks. Calyx-scales SYNGENESI A—POLYGAMIA-SUPERF. Inula. 439 erect, lanceolate, downy, membranous at the edges, and finely fringed. Marginal Jiorets from 6 to 10, elliptic-oblong, un- equally 3-toothed, spreading 3 in decay becoming revolute and tawny : disk prominent. Seeds minutely hairy. Down rough. When l^ruised, the whole herb smells like Wild Carrot. Its qua- lities are astringent, perhaps tonic, and it has been recom- mended as a vulnerary, both externally and internally. What the above variety /3, gathered by Sherard in Ireland, maybe, 1 have not precisely ascertained. Its short description in Ray's Synopsis answers very nearly to y, which Hudson and VVilkie- now reckoned a permanent species, but which I could never de- termine to be so. 0 is merely a dwarf variety, growing, accord- ing to Dillenius, on barren sandy hillocks, and not much like .S, minuta of Linnaeus, whose synonyms are greatly confused, but which seems, by the original specimen, a variety of *S'. t'ir- gaurea. Swiss specimens of .S. Virgaurea, in the collections of Reynier and Davall, are even more various than those of Bri- tain, especially in the size of their flowers. 401. INULA. Elecampane, and Flea-bane. Linn. Gen A2Q. Juss.\S\. Fl. Br. H90. Lam. t. 680. Gccrtn. t. 170. Nat. Orel, see 71, 396. Common Cal. hemispherical, imbricated ; scales loosely spreading at the points, various in form and j^roportion. Cor. compound, radiant, broad ; florets of the disk very numerous, perfect, tubular, with 5 equal, u]n-ight or spreading segments; those of the radius numerous, crowd- ed, ligulate, linear, 3-toothed. Filam. in the tubular flo- rets only, thread-shaped, short. Auth. united into a cy- lindrical tube, with 5 sharp teetli at the summit, and 10 straight bristles at the base, equal in length to the fila- ments. Germ, in all the florets fertile, oblong. Stijle thread-shaped, cloven. Stigmas spreading, oblong, ra- ther obtu.se. Seed-vessel none, but the unaltered calyx. Seed linear, quadrangular. JJoxv/i simple, sessile, as long as the seed, or longer. Jleeept. nearly flat, either (juite •naked, or sh'irhtlv scalv. A innnerous genus, tolerably natural, well marked by tlie bristles at the base of the atithers. The roots are for tlie greater part perennial. Stem erect, simple or branched. Leaves sim})le, undivided, more or less downy, rarely (juite snu)()th. /•'/. large, yellow. Qualities aromatic, hitter, often nuicilnL'inous. 440 SYNGENESIA-POLYGAMIA-SUPERF. Inula. 1. \. Heleiiium. Elecampane. Leaves ovate, rugged, clasping the stem ; downy beneath. Calyx-scales ovate, leafy. I. Helenium. Linn. Sp. PIA2?>Q. WiUd. v. 3. 2089. Fl.Br.89]. Engl. Bot.v. 22. t. 1546. fVoodv. 1. 108. Hook. Scot. 245. Fl. Dan. t. 728. Aster n. 72. Hall. Hist. v. 1.31. Helenium. Rail Sijn. 176. Ger. Em. 793./. Matth. Valgr. v. 1. 65./. Camer.Epit.3b.f. Fuchs. Hist. 242. f. Zc. 135./. Lob. Ic. 574./ H. vulgare. Baiih. Pin. 276, not 267. H. majus. Cord. Hist. 142./ EAsvioy. Diosc. let. 141, Elecampane. Fetiv. H. Brit. t. 16,/ 1. In moist meadows and pasturet^, not common, though certainly wild, which Haller thought was not the case in Switzerland. Frequent in Essex; about St. Ives, Cornwall, and Bugden, Hun- tingdonshire ; also between Denbigh and St. Asaph. Huds. In several parts of Norfolk and Suffolk, and on Warboys Common, Huntingdonshire. Mr. Woodward. Near Dalton, Lancashire. Mr. Atkinson. Between Ulverstone and F'oulness. Mr. Crowe. 1 noticed it in 1 795 between Worcester and Ludlow, and be- tween Bishop's Castle and New Town, Montgomeryshire. Perennial, Julij, August. Root thick, branching, aromatic, bitter and mucilaginous. Stetn 3 feet high, leafy, round, furrowed, solid ; branched, and most dow^ny, in the uJDper part. Leaves large, ovate, serrated, veiny ; downy and hoary at the back ; radical ones stalked ; the rest sessile, clasping the stem. Fl. solitary at the downy summits of the branches, 2^inches broad, bright yellow. Scales of the calyx broad, recurved, leafy, finely downy on both sides. Rays very numerous, long and narrow, each terminating in 3 unequal teeth. Seeds quadrangular, smooth. Down roughish. Recept. reticulated, not quite smooth or naked. Various preparations of the boiled root, mixed with sugar, have been recommended to promote expectoration, and to strengthen the stomach. Some think a spirituous extract contains more of its aromatic and tonic properties. The plant is generally kept in rustic gardens, on account of many traditional virtues. 2. I. dysenterica. Common Flea-bane. Leaves oblong, downy, clasping the stem with their heart- shaped base. Stem woolly, panicled. Calyx-scales bris- tle-shaped, hairy. L dysenterica. Linn. Sp. PL 1237- mild. v. 3. 2091. FLBr.89\. SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-SUPERF. Inula. 441 Engl Boi.v. \6.t. 1115. Curt. Lond.fasc. 3. ^5G. Hook. Scot. 245. Fl. Dan. t. 410. Bull. Fr. i. 299. Ehrh. PL Of. 128. Aster n. 79. Holl. Hist. v. 1.33. Conyza media. Rail Syn. 174. Ger. Em. 482./. Matth. Valgr. V. 2. 224./. Loh. Ic. 345./. Dalech. Hist.\04o.f. Bauh. Hist. V.2. 1050./. C. media vulgaris. Clus. Hist. v.2.2\.f. Pann. 526. C. tertia. Comer. Epit. 614./ Calaminthee tertium genus. Fuchs. Hist. 436./. Ic. 246./. Common Flea-bane. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 16,/ 2. In watery places by road sides, and in clear ditches, common. Perennial. August. Root creeping. Herb more or less woolly or cottony, glutinous, with a peculiar acid aromatic scent, somewhat like the flavour of peaches. Stem 12 or 18 inches high, round, branched, leafy, cottony, corymbose at the summit, with many bright yellow Jiowtrs, whose disk is of rather a deeper hue than their numerous narrow spreading rays. Leaves spreading, acute, veiny and wrinkled, slightly toothed or serrated, an inch or two long, ses- sile, clasping the stem with their heart-shaped, or arrow-sha])ed, base ; the under side cottony. Cabjx-scales numerous, very narrow and acute, woolly. Seeds bristly, obovate. Down rough. Recept. slightly cellular, unequally toothed, or scaly. Mr. Rel- han mentions a variety with very short rays. Haller speaks contemptuously of the medical virtues of this plant because, as he says, it abounds with earthy matter. Linnaeus, in Fl. Suec. ed. 2. 294, records, on the authority of General Keith, that it cured the Russian army of the dysentery ; — hence the specific name. 3. I. pidicaria. Small Flea-bane. Leaves clasping the stem, wavy. Stem much branched, hairj'. Flowers hemispherical ; radius scarcely longer than the disk. I. pulicaria. Linn. Sp. PL 1 238. inild. v. 3. 2093. FL Br. 892. Engl. Bot. V. \7. t.\ 196. Hull ed. 2. v. 1. 244. Curt. Loud, fasc. 3. /. 57. Ehrh. PL Of. 458. FL Dun. /. 613. I. uliginosa. Sihfh. 256. I. cvfmdrica. /n/A.731. Aster n. 80. Hall. Hist. v. 1 . 33. Conyza minor. Rati Si^n. \7\. Matth. Valgr. v. 2.223. f. Comer. ' Epit.0\3.f. Trog.^Hist. 166./ C. minima. J)od. Pnnpt.'t2.f. Ger. Em. AS2./. Lo/>. /r. 345./ Dalech. Hist. lOA')./. C. media? minor species, florc vi\ rachato. Puiuh. ilist. v. 2. 1050; dcsvr. onlif. Psvllium. Cord. II, St. 15 1./. M2 SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-SUPERF. Inula. Small Flea-bane. Petiv. IL Brit. t. \6.f.3. In moist sandy heathy spots, especially where water has stagnated during winter. Annual. September. Root tapering, branched. Stem about a span high, upright, spreading, sometimes decumbent, a little zigzag, branched, co- rymbose, leafy, roundish, hollow, finely hairy, often purplish. Leaves scattered, elliptic-oblong, recurved, acute, nearly or quite entire, wavy, hairy on both sides 5 contracted at the base, slightly embracing the stem. Fl. solitary at the end of each branch, soon overtopped by lateral ones, much smaller than the last, being scarcely half an inch in diameter, of a dull pale yel- low, with very short recurved rays, sometimes entirely wanting. Calyx-scales Unear, acute, hairy, all nearly of equal length. Seeds of all the florets quadrangular, silky, crowned with 5 small teeth, besides the same number, or a few more, of rough spread- ing bristles, shorter than the calyx. The anthers are spurred at the base, as in the rest of the genus. Recept. tuberculated, besprinkled with a very few short hairs. Here is a fine opportunity for the lovers of artificial genera to es- tablish one, as unnatural as possible, by a technical character of no importance whatever. Nothing can be more truly an Inula than this plant, nor is there any doubt of its being the Linnsean I. piilicaria, though a suspicion to the contrary was communi- cated, by an able friend, to Dr. Withering. 4. I. critJmioides , Saniphire-leaved Flea-bane. Leaves linear, fleshy, partly three-pointed. Calyx smooth. 1. crithmoides. Linn. Sp. PIUAO. Fl.Br. S93. Engl. Bot.v.]. t.68. Huds.369. Hulled. 2. v. ].2A4, I. crithmifolia. Linn. Syst. Veg. ed. 14. 7^7, Willd. Sp. PL v. 3. 2101. With. 732. Aster maritimus flavus, Crithmlim chrysanthemum dictus. Raii Syn.\74. A. littoreus luteus, folio angusto spisso, ad extremitatem trifido. Mori I . Jluds. 1 86. Ft. Dan. t. j73. Othonna palustris. Linn. Sp. Fl. cd. 1 . 921. Fl. Succ. cd. 2. 302. lIiKls. cd. 1 . 327. Solidago n. 131. Gmcl. Sih. v. 2. 138. t.72. Conyza foliis lariniatis. Raii Sijn. 1/4. Gvr. Em. lS3.f. V. htloniiis foliis laciniatis. Lob. Ic. 3 17./. .lacobiini acpiatica elalior, foliis magis dissectis. Moris, v. 3. 110. .^rrf. 7. t. If). /'. 21. 444 SYNGENESIA— POLYG..SUPERF. Cineraria. Marsh Flea-bane, and Jagged Flea-bane, Petiv. H. Brit.t.\6. / 5, 6. In ditches, and the boggy margins of deep pools, chiefly in the east parts of England. In the fen ditches about Merch and Chatteris, in the isle of Ely j also in the ditches about Pillin moss, Lancashire ; and about Aberavon, Merionethshire. Ray. Near Acle, Norfolk. Sherard. Near Haddiscoe. Mr. Woodward. In the borders of Skoulton meer, near Hingham. Mr. Crowe. On St. Faith's Newton bogs, Norfolk. Perennial. June, July. Root of many long fibres, running deep into the mud. Herb of a light greyish green, finely downy all over with jointed hairs, clammy to the touch. Stem a yard high, stout, hollow, simple, erect, leafy, angular, corymbose at the top. Leaves erect, scat- tered, sessile, lanceolate, ribbed, soft, variously toothed, wavy, and often pinnatifid ; the upper ones most pointed. Fl. nume- rous, of a bright, but not deep, lemon-colour, erect, on shaggy corymbose stalks. Cal. hairy, pale green, cylindrical, not swelling at the bottom. Bracteas none. Rays rather short, numerous, spreading. Seeds furrowed, smooth. Down snow- white, long and plentiful. 2. C. integrifolia. Mountain Flea-wort. Flowers simply and imperfectly umbellate, with several lanceolate bracteas. Radical leaves elliptical, obscurely toothed; the rest lanceolate; all shaggy. Stem un- branched. C. integrifolia. With. 729. -F7. Br. 895. Engl. Bot. v. 3. 1. 152. Sibth. 255. Relh. 332. C. integrifolia /S, pratensis. Linn. Syst. Veg. ed. 14. 764. Jacq. Austr. t. 180. Herb. Linn. C. alpina /, integrifolia. Linn. Sp. PL 1243. C. alpina. Huds. 3/0. Relh. ed. 1. 320. t. 4. Dicks. H. Sice. fasc. \ 6. 12. C. campestris. Willd. Sp. PL v. 3. 2081 . Hook. Lond. t. 75. De- Cand.Fr.v.A.Ud. Senecio n. 68. Hall. Hist. v. 1 . 29. Jacobsea Pannonica, folio non laciniato. Raii Syn. 178. Bauh. Hist.v.2.\056.f. Clus. Pann. 574. f. 573. HisL v. 2. 22. f. 2. J. angustifolia. Ger. Em. 280./, Cambridge Ragwort. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 1 7./. 4. /3. Cineraria alpina. Jllion. Pedem. v. 1 . 203. t. 38./. 2 3 with some doubtful synonyms. C. maritima, integrifoha. Davies Welsh Botanol. 79. On chalky downs, or limestone cliffs. On Gogmagog hills, Newmarket heath, and other like i)laccs. SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF. Doronicum. 445 Ray. Near Basingstoke and Andover. Huds. Near Tring, Herts. Dickson. On the downs of Dorsetshire and Oxford- shire. Hooker. /3. On cliffs near Holyhead, Anglesea. Rev. II. Davies. Perennial. May, June. Root of several long simple fibres. Herb clothed, more or less, with a shaggy, deciduous, cottony web, most dense and perma- nent on the backs of the leaves. Stem simple, erect, 6 or 8 inches high, leafy, terminating in an imperfect umbel, of 3 or 4, rarely only 1 or 2, bright yQWowJiowers, with several linear- lanceolate, acute, woolly hracteas at the base of their partial stalks. Radical leaves several, close to the ground, elhptic-ob- long, tapering at the base, sometimes stalked, somewhat revo- lute, variously toothed, often entire ; loosely cottony above ; more copiously beneath 3 stem-leaves scattered, erect, lanceo- late, revolute, entire, most cottony. Cal. somewhat woolly ; the upper half of its scales pale and rather membranous. Florets of the radius nearly oval, obtuse, with 3 teeth. Seeds silky. Down rough. Such is the common appearance of our chalk-country Cineraria, a slight variety of which, with longer-stalked leaves, is figured in Ger. Em. 304. f. 2, and Lob. /r. 587. /. 1, copied in Petiver, t. 13./. 5, as a sort of Hawkweed. As one of that genus, no wonder it could never be determined. Dr. Lamb of Newbury, directed by Gerarde, sought out the plant, in its original phice of growth, near the Roman camp at Sidmonton, 10 yards soutli of the Decuman Port, and a specimen sent by him, drawn up a little perhaps amongst grass, is so like the wooden cut above indicated, that it leaves no doubt on the subject. See the syno- nyms of Ilieracium maculatum, p. 3fi0 of the present volume. /3 is a still more remarkable plant, thrice the size of the above, with numerous broad teeth to some of its radical leaves, from 4 to GJiowers in the umbel, nearly twice the size of those on tlie Newmarket heath specimens, and it is altogether so different in aspect, that were not tlie variableness of the present Cineraria, and some of its allies, so well known to alpine botanists, any bodv might think this a species. I cannot however detect a specific character. Mr. Davies points out its particular attach- ment to a maritime situation. Yet some Swiss specimens of Mailer's n. OS, from Mr. Schleicher, connect it with 7-;/;.'/. Rot. t. 102, and identify Mailer's description with our English plant. 403. IX3ROMCi:iM. Lcoparcrs-bane. Linn. Cen. 4'27. .///v\. lS2. i7. /?/-. SIKJ. Tourn.t.277. Law. 1.679. Gcertn. t. 173. Nat. Orel, see ;/. 39G. Common Cal. of about 20 liiiear-awl-sjiaiud, ((lual, iiprli^rlit 416 SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF. Doronicum. scales, in a double row, generally nearly as long as the radiant florets. Cor. compound, radiant ; Jlorets of the disk numerous, perfect, tubular, with 5 equal, rather spreading segments ; those of the radius as many as the scales of the calyx, or more, ligulate, linear, spreading, with 3 — 5 terminal, equal teetli. Filam. in the tubular florets only, capillary, very short. Anth. in a cylindrical tube, with 5 notches. Germ, in all the florets fertile, obovate. Style thread-shaped, rather prominent. Stig- mas small, spreading. Seed-vessel none, except the slightly converging, withering calyx. Seed obovate, a little com- pressed, furrowed. Down sessile, capillary, rough, on the seeds of the disk only, which are hairy ; wanting on those of the radius, which are smooth. Recept. naked, pitted, somewhat convex. Large, perennial, tuberous-rooted herbs, rather downy, with upright corymbose ster.is, broad, heart-shaped or oblong, mostly toothed leaves, and a few solitary, great, yellow Jlowers, earlier than most of this tribe. 1. D. Par daliaiic lies. Great Leopard's-bane. Leaves heart-shaped, toothed ; radical ones stalked ; the rest clasping the stem. D. Pardalianches. Linn. Sp. Pl.\247, M'illcL v. 3. 2\\3. Light/. 485. FLBr:896. Engl. Bot.v.d.t. 630, Hook. Scot. 245. Hopk. Glott. 104. Mill. /c. 85. t. 128. Jacq. Austr. t. 350. D. n. 88. Hall. Hist. v.\. 36. D. majus officinarum. Ger. Em. 759./. D. latifolium. Clus. Hist. v. 2. 1 6./. D. tertii varietas. Lob. Ic. 649./. Aconitum Pardalianches minus. Matth. Valgr. v.2A29.f. Camer, Epit. 824./. In mountainous pastures or meadows. Gathered in the cold mountains of Northumberland, by Dr. Penny. Gerarde. In several places in the Lowlands of Scotland, as about Hoddam castle, in Annandale, &c,, but always near houses. Light/oot. In fields and hedges about Hamilton, scarcely indigenous. Hopkirk. In several other parts of the Lowlands. Hooker. On the banks of the Severn, below Bridg- north. With. In a hedge by the road from Much-Wenlock, Shropshire, to the iron bridge. Rev. S. Dickenson. Near Sahng hall, Essex. Mr. Wal/ord. Perennial. May. Root of several knobs, connected by long fibres, creeping j woolly at the crown. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, hollow, round, obscurely SYNGENESIA-POLYGAM.-SUPERF. Bellls. 447 angular, leafy, hairy ; branched and glutinous at the upper part. Leaves rather soft and downy, heart-shaped, more or less regu- larly toothed, or wavy ; the radical ones large, obtuse, on long footstalks 3 those about the middle of the stem sessile, and clasp- ing ; upper ones much smaller, pointed. FL solitary at the ends of the branches, 2 inches wide, of a uniform bright yellow, the earliest overtopped by succeeding ones. Calyx-scales downy, with long taper points. Seeds furrowed ; those of the marginal florets smooth, and quite destitute of a crown 3 those of the disk hairy, crowned with copious rough down. Recept. convex, pitted. The characters of the various species are, as Dr. Hooker observes, not discriminative. The plants themselves are, nevertheless, abundantly distinct, especially D. jAantagineum. I apprehend some mistake concerning the Doronicum in FL Loud. t. 88. 404. BELLIS. Daisy. Linn. Gen. 429. .Juss. 1 83. FL Br. 897. Tourn. t. 280. Lam. t.&77. Gcertn.t.Xm. Nat. Orel. Compositcv^ y, discoidecc. Linn. 49. Cori/mhiferdc, sect. 3. Juss. oS. Three following genera the same. Common Cal. simple, erect, of from 10 to 20 lanceolate, equal scales, in 2 rows. Cor. compound, raiWixnt', Jlorcts of the disk numerous, perfect, tubular, with 5 equal spreading segments ; those of the radius ligulate, lanceo- late, slightly notched at the end, more numerous than the scales of the calyx. Filam. in the tubular florets only, capillary, very short. Anth. in a cylindrical, notched tube. Germ, in all the florets fertile, obovate. Slijle thread- shajied. Stigfnas spreading, oblong, rather shorter and thicker in the florets of the disk. Seed-vessel none, but the spreading unaltered calyx. Seed ohowate, compressed, without any margin, crown or seed-down. Beeept. co- nical, hollow, naked. Species few, of humble growth, with simple, obovate, ciiiefly radical, leaves. FL in Europe with a white or reddish radius, on simple stalks. Several caulescent spe- cies have been iound in New Holland, with blue or pur- ple flowers. 1. \i. perenfiia. Common Daisy. Root creeping. Flower-stalks radical, naked. H. perennis. Linn. Sp. PL 12-18. mild. v. 3.2121. FL lh.Hi)7. FncrL But. V. (). /. 424. Curt. Land. fuse. I . /. G2. Hook. Scot. 2 Hi. FL Dan. t. :>{)3. IhtlL Fr. t. I 7'^. 448SYNGENESIA— POL.-SUPERF.Cluysanthemum. B. n. 93. Hall. Hist. V. 1.39. B. sylvestris minor. RaiiSyn. 184. Ger.Em.636.f.Fuchs.Hist. 147./ /c. 80./. Dalech. Hist. 855./. B. minor. Matth, Valgr. v. 2. 263./ Eellidis species. Camer. Epit. 656./ Primula veris. Trag. Hist. 161./ Solidago. Brunf. Herb. v. 2. 25./ Common Daisie. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 19./ 2. In pastures and meadows every where. Perennial. March — November. Root of numerous fibres, branching at the crown and somewhat creeping. Leaves numerous, all radical, depressed, obovate, crenate, single-ribbed, deep green, slightly hairy ; tapering at the base. Flower-stalks several, radical, ascending, simple, round, hollow, hairy, entirely leafless, each bearing a solitary flower, most open in bright weather, yellow or orange-coloured in the disk, the white rays beautifully tinged with crimson. The receptacle is hollow, and remarkably convex, or pointed. Seeds sometimes fringed at the sides. Double, as well as proliferous. Daisies, red, white or speckled, are common in gardens, and the proliferous variety is now and then found wild. Domestic cattle scarcely touch this plant. Not- withstanding its beauty, and its celebration by poets, the Daisy is thought a blemish or intruder in neat grass-plats, and can be overcome by perpetual stubbing only. 405. CHRYSANTHEMUM. Ox-eye. Liyin. Gen. 432. Juss. \83. H. Br. 898. Tonrn.t.280. Gcertn. i. 168. Matricaria. Lain. t. 678. f. 3 — 6. Nat. Ord. see n, 404. Common Cat. hemispherical, closely imbricated, with nu- merous, roundish, convex scales, membranous and di- lated at their margin, especially the innermost, which terminate in more or less of a dry, filmy, often jagged, appendage. Cor, compound, radiant ; jiorets of the disk very numerous, perfect, tubular, level-topped, with 5 equal spreading segments ; those of the radius more than 12, ligulate, spreading, elliptic-oblong, with 3 terminal teeth. Filam. in the tubular florets only, capillary, short. Anth, forming a notched tube. Germ, in all the florets obovate. Style a little prominent. Stigmas spreading, oblong, bluntish, generally uniform. Seed-vessel none, except the dry, spreading calyx, a little inflexed at the margin. Seed in all the florets oblong, or obovate, stri- SYNGENESIA— POL.-SUPERF.Chrysanthemum.449 ated, obtuse, without clown or border. RecejH, naked, rather convex. Species numerous, in various parts of the globe, herbaceous; in some instances shrubby. Leaves simple or compound, smoothish, variously jagged, pinnatifid, or pinnate. Fl. terminal, with a yellow disk, and yellow, white, or reddish rays ; not pleasantly scented. * Rays "johite. 1. Q\\. Leucanthemum. Great White Ox-eye. Moon Daisy. Leaves clasping the stem, oblong, obtuse, cut ; pinnatifid at the base ; radical ones obovate, stalked. Ch. Leucanthemum. Unn. Sp. PL 1251. mild. v. 3. 2142. Fl. Br. 898. Engl. Bot. v. 9. t. COl. Curt. Lond. fuse. 5. t. 02. Mart. Rust. t. 109. Hook. Scot. 246. Fl. Dan. t. 994. Bull. Fr.L 21]. Ehrh. PL Of . \3S. Matricaria n. 98. Hall. Hist. v.\.4\. Leucanthemum vulgare. Rati Syn. 184. Bellis major. Ger. Ein. 634./. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 26 1 ./. Camer. Epii.GDS.f. Fuchs.HistA4S.f. /c. 81./ Datech. Hist.SoS.f Lob. Ic. 478./ Trag. Hist. 144./ Buphthalmon. Brunf. Herb. v. 1 . 258./ Great Daisie. Petiv. H. Brit. 1. 19./ 1. In pastures, fields and by way sides, common. Perennial. June, July. Root branched, tough and woody, with many fibres. Stem erect, simple or branched according to the soil, from 1 to 2 feet high, leafy, slightly hairy, furrowed, with red intermediate ribs. Lower leaves stalked, obovate, serrated or deeply cut ; upper variously pinnatifid, especially at the base, clasping the stem ; all deep green, nearly smooth. FL large, terminal, solitary, not inelegant, with a broad yellow disk, and brilliant white ra- dius. Cahjx-scales brown or blackish, with a shining, membra- nous, white border. Seeds black, witii white ribs. The flavour of the whole plant is herbaceous, slightly, not pleasantly, aro- matic. Its properties arc not important. Like many other herbs, mixed witli grasses, it makes a part of tlie hay crop. ** Raijs ijc/laic, 2. Ch. s(ii;('l/f)n. ^'ellow Ox-t'yc. Corn Marigold. Leaves clasping the stem, ghuicous ; jaggi'd upwards; toothetl at tiie base. Ch. segetum. Linn. Sp. VLV1:A. //'///verfevv. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 19./ 5. In waste ground, and about hedges, frequent. Biennial. June, Juhj. Root tapering. Stem erect, branched, leafy, round, furrowed, many-flowered, about 2 feet high, or more. Lcorcs stalked, of a hoary green, once or twice i)innate, or pinnatifid ; the leaflets, or segments, inclining to ovate, dccurrent, cut. Pmiicle corym- bose, sometimes comj)ound ; ihcJ/owcrstaUis long, naked, sin- gle-flowered, swelling u))war(ls. Fl. erect, about luilf an inch broad, with a convex yellow disk, and numerous short, broad, abrupt, two-ribbed, white rays j often wanting; sometimes mul- tiplied, and, the disk being obliterated, constituting a double flow(y. The stcds are certainly crowned with a short mem- 452 SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF. Pyrethrum. brane, overlooked by Haller, though he founded his genus Py- rethrum on that character. The whole plant is bitter and strong-scented^ reckoned tonic, sti- mulating, and anti-hysteric. 2. V. inodorum. Corn Feverfew. Scentless Mayweed. Leaves sessile, pinnate ; in numerous, capillary, pointed segments. Stem branched, spreading. Crown of the seeds entire. P. inodorum. Fl. Br. 900. Engl. Bot. v. 10. L 676. Willd. Sp. PI. V. 3. 2157. Hook. Scot. 246. Lond. t. 101. Relh.335. Chrysanthemum inodorum. Linn. Sp, PL 1253. With. 734. Fl. Dan. t.696. Matricaria inodora. Linn. Fl. Suec. ed. 2. 297. Huds. 372. Chamaemelum inodorum annuum humilius, foliis obscurfe virenti- bus. Dill.in RaiiSyn.\86. Moris.v.3.36.n. \d. sect. 6. t.\2. f.8. Ch. inodorum, sive Cotula non foetida. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. 120./. Buphthalmum. Fuchs. Hist.] 44. f. Ic.7S.f. Mayweed. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 1 9./ 12. In cultivated fields, and by way sides, especially on a gravelly soil, very common. Annual. August, September. Root tapering, rather large. Herb nearly destitute of scent, at least of the peculiar, agreeable or disagreeable, odours of its tribe. Stem branched, spreading, leafy, angular, smooth. Leaves sessile, pinnate in a lyrate manner ; leaflets in numerous, very narrow, smooth, acute segments, each tipped with a minute point. Fl. on long, terminal, naked stalks, large, with a con- vex yellow disk, and numerous, large, oblong, abrupt, pure white rays. Calyx-scales smooth, and compared with those of a Chrysanthemum, rather acute, as wanting the dilatation, or appendage, characteristic of that genus, and having a narrow membranous border along the whole margin. The membranous crown of the seed however stamps the genus, and this is entire^ not lobed, in the present species. The receptacle is naked, very convex, but not acute. A double variety, having a multiplied radius, and an obliterated contracted disk, was found in Norfolk by the late Mr. Crowe. I am still in the dark about Chamcemelum majus, folio tenuissimo, caule ruhente, Dill, in Raii Syn. 186 3 found about Battersea and Putney. 3. P. rnaritimum. Sea Feverfew. Leaves sessile, doubly pinnate, fleshy, pointless; convex SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF. Matricaria. i53 above; keeled beneath. Crown of the seeds lobed. Stems diffijse. P. maritimum. Fl. Br. 901. Engl. Bot. v. 14. t. 979. WiUd. Sp. PI.v.3.2\d7. Hook. Scot. 24(j. Matricaria maritima. Lmn. Sp. PL 125G. Light/, 491. With. 73 G. M. inodora y. Iliids. 3 73 . Chamaemelum maritimum perenne humilius, foliis brevibus crassis, obscure virentibus. Dill, in Raii Syn. ] SQ. t. l.f. 1 . On the sea coast, in sandy as well as stony ground. At Cockbush on the Sussex coast, 7 miles from Chichester, in plenty. Bill. At Weymouth. Rev. Archdeacon Gooch. At Whitburn, Durham. Mr. E. Robson. In the isle of Bute, and on the western side of Cantire. Light/. In the loose sand of the shore of Manorbia bay, G miles from Pembroke. Mr. Adams. I have gathered it on the coast of the Mersey, above Liverpool} and have received it from the rocks at Doun, near Bamff. Se- veral Scottish situations are mentioned by Dr. Hooker. Perennial. Jul//, August. Abundantly distinct from the last, to which Hudson referred it, notwithstanding the excellent description and remarks of Dille- nius. The thick, woody, long-enduring root runs deep into the ground, producing a number of procumbent, branched, leafy, smooth, angular, hollow sterns, spreading circularly on the ground, often tinged with purple. Leaves crowded, sessile, of a dark shining green, fleshy, doubly pinnate, with short blunt segments, destitute of any terminal point, or minute bristle ; they are con- vex on both sides, but especially at the back. Fl. not quite so broad as those of P. inodorum, for though the very convex, yel- low or reddish, disk is often broader than in that species, the white rays are shorter. CaUjx-scales bordered with a very nar- row, brown or blackish membrane j the outer ones acute ; inner rounded, but not dilated, nor furnished with any additional scale. Seeds crowned with a cup-shaped, deeply four-lobcd, cartilagi- nous rather than membranous border, especially 2 or 3 rows of the outermost, which seem to have belonged to radiant florets, the seeds in the middle of the disk having smaller, more unequal, borders. This part is not so well represented In Engl. Bot. as it ought to have been. The whole herb is slightly aromatic. 407. MATRICARIA. Wild-Chamomile. Linn. Gen. Ao^. J/^s^^^ I S3. 11 . Br . [HVl . Lam. t.(\7^. f.'l. GiCrtn. MG3. Nat. Ord. see n. l-Ol'. Common Cal. sli«^htly convex, closely imbricated, with se- veral oblongs nearly e(|ual, nK'nil)ranous-(.'d<^ed scales. C())\ compound, radiant : fiords of the conical disk nu- 454 SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF. Matricaria. merous, perfect, tubular, with 5 equal spreading seg- ments; those of the radius numerous, ligulate, spread- ing or reflexed, abrupt, with 3 terminal teeth. Filam. in the tubular florets only, capillary, very short. Arith. in a cylindrical tube. Germ, in all the florets obovate, angular. Style thread-shaped, not prominent. Stigmas spreading, obtuse. Seed-vessel none, but the unchanged expanded calyx. Seed in all the florets obovate, angular, without any border or crown. Recept, naked, almost perfectly cylindrical, hollow. Habit like the more fine -leaved species of the last genus, from which the present differs in the total want of a crown to the seed^ and in the sharply conical, nearly cylindri- cal, receptacle. Disk yellow. Radius white. 1. M. Chamomilla. Common Wild-Chamomile. Leaves smooth, pinnate ; leaflets linear, simple or divided. Rays spreading. Calyx-scales dilated, bluntish. M. Chamomilla. Linn. Sp. PL 1256. mild. v. 3. 21(51. FL Br. 902. Engl. Bot. v. 18. t. 1232. Curt. Loud. fuse. 5. t. 63. Mart. Rust. t. 74. Hook. Scot. 246. Ehrh. PI. Off. 58. M. n. 101. Hall.Hist.vA. 43. Chamsemelum. Rail Syn. \S4. Ger.Em.754.f. Ch. vulgare. Dod. Pempt. 257. f. Bauh. Pin. 135. Ch. vulgare leucanthemum Dioscoridis. Moris, v. 3. 35 . sect. 6. ^. 1 2. /. 7. Ch. leucanthemon. Fuchs. Hist. 25./. Chamomilla vulgaris. Trag. Hist. 148,/. Anthemis, sive Chamsemilla. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 256./ A. vulgatior, sive Chamsemilla. Lob. Ic. 770. f. Bitter Camomile. Petiv, H. Brit. 1. 19./ 9. In cultivated and waste ground, on dunghills, and by road sides. Very common about London j rare in Norfolk. At St. Faith's Newton, near Norwich. Annual. May — July. Root rather large and woody. Stem a foot high, erect, copiously branched, leafy, smooth, striated, somewhat angular, solid. Leaves sessile, clasping the stem, smooth, deep green j the up- per ones simply, the rest doubly, pinnate, or rather pinnatifid, with linear, narrow, minutely pointed, segments. Fl. nume- roi s, terminal, solitary, stalked, about the size of the Common Sweet Chamomile, Anthemis nohilis, and with some portion of the same scent, of which the herbage, though faintly, partakes. The rays are white, reflexed at night, elliptic-oblong, with 3 teeth. Disk yellow, conical, and very prominent. Calyx-scales dilated outwards^ rounded, and bluntish. Recept. very different SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF. Anthemis. 455 in shape from either of the two last genera, though, like them, quite naked j while on the other hand the calyx is much more flat, not hemispherical. Seeds angular, oblique, quite destitute of any crown or border. M. siiaveolens, once reckoned a British plant, has less compound leaves; Jlowers not half so large ; and rather more acute, or li- near, calyx-scales. It grows in the south of Europe only. 408. ANTHEMIS. Chamomile. Linn. Gen. 434. JussASd. Fl.Br.903. Lam.t.6S3. Gcprtn.tA69. Chamsemelum. Toimi. ^. 281 . GcBitn. ^ 1 68. Buphthalmum. Tourn. t.282. Nat. Ord. Composites, y, discoidece. Linn. 49. Cot-ymbifera. sect. 5. Juss. 56. Next genus the same. Common Cal. hemispherical, closely imbricated, with seve- ral oblong, nearly equal scales. Cor. compound, ra- diant ijiorets of the convex disk numerous, perfect, tu- bular, with 5 equal spreading segments ; those of the radius numerous, ligulate, spreading, abrupt, generally with 3 teeth. Filam. in the tubular florets only, very short, capillary. Ajith. in a cylindrical tube. Ger?n. in all the florets obovate. Sti/le thread-shaped, not promi- nent. Stigmas spreading, oblong, simple or /livided. Seed-vessel none but the unaltered calyx. Seed in all the florets obovate, rather compressed, generally with a slicrht border, or crown. Recept. more or less convex, or conical, beset with lanceolate, acute, chaffy scales, one to each tubular floret, and generally about the same height. . , - Habit much like the last, but with more of an aromatic or bitter flavour. The species are rather numerous ; some- what various in their foliage ; natives ot Europe and the north of Africa, some of America. Disk yellow Bai/s yellow, or white. The scaly receptacle distinguishes .4;/- themis from all the foregoing genera, with some ot which it agrees in other respects. * Bai/s white. 1. A. maritima. Sea Chamomile. Leaves doubly pinnatKid, acute, fleshy, dolled, somewhat hairy. StJm prostrate. Scales of the receptacle promi- nent, shaip-poiiilcd. 456 SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF. Antbemis. A. maritima. Linn. Sp. PL 1259. Hllld. v. 3. 21/5. FL Br. 904. Engl. Bot. V. 33. t. 2370. A. maritima annua odorata preecox,, florealbo, caulepurpurascente. Mich. Gen. 33. Chamgemelum maritimum latifolium procimibcns ramosissimum, flore albo. Pliik. Almag. 97. Dill, in Raii Sijn. 186. Ch. maritimum odoratum praecox, flore albo, caule purpurascente. Ti//. Pi5.39. ^.19./.3. Ch. maritimum. Dalecfi. Hist. 1394./j bad, Ch. marinum. Bauh. Hist. v. S.p.i. \22.f; better. Parthenium maritimum minimum. Dalech. Hist. 1395./. Cotula^ sive Parthenion marinum minimum. Lob. Ic. 774./. On the sea coast, in rocky or stony ground, but rare. At Sunderland, Durham. 'Mr. E. Kobson. Annual. July. Stems prostrate, a span long, leafy, angular, branched, hoary with loose cottony down, sometimes purplish. Leaves sessile, fleshy, loosely hairy, especially beneath, deeply cut into many sharply pinnatifid segments ; flat and bright green, marked with de- pressed dots, on the upper side. Fl. terminal, solitary, on fur- rowed, hairy or cottony stalks. Cal. in like manner hairy j its inner scales elongated, torn, and almost feathery ; outer ones acute, much shorter. Disk convex, not conical, bright lemon- coloured ; the points of the scales, of the same colour, visible between the florets, especially before the latter expand. Radius of many cream-coloured, oblong, 3-toothed, horizontal florets. Stigmas, in the fl. of the disk at least, deeply cloven. Seeds oblong, crowned with an extremely narrow entire border. Thejlowers smell like Tansy ; the leaves lilce Mugwort, 2. A. nodi/is. Common Chamomile. Leaves doubly pinnate, semicylindrical, acute, a little downy. Stem procumbent. Scales of die receptacle membranous, obtuse, shorter than the florets. A. nobilis. Linn. Sp. PL 1 260. Willd. v. 3. 2 1 80. Fl. Br. 904. Engl Bot. V. 14. t. 980. M^oodv. t. 103. Hook. Scot, 247. Ehrh. PL Of. 238. A. seu Leucanthemis odorata. Lob. Ic. 770./. Chamaemelum n. 102. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 44. Ch. odoratissimum repens, flore simplici. Raii Syn. 185. Bauh, HisLv.3.p.\. 118./ Ch. romanum. Ger.Em.7oD.f. Camer. Epit.646.f. Ch. odoratum. Dod. Pempt. 260./ Sweet Camomile. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 19./ 10. On open gravelly pastures, or commons. In Cornwall very plentiful. Ray. At Oatlands, Surrey. Mr. IVood^ SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF. Anthemis. 457 ward. Staflbrdshire 3 Mr. Pitt. IVithering. On Blackheath, and on Hounslow heath in abundance ; also near Lowestoft Suffolk, and in several parts of Norfolk. Perennial. August, September, The roots are strong, with long fibres. Stems in a wild state pros- trate, in gardens more upright, a span long, branched, leafy, hollow, round, furrowed, downy. Leaves doubly pinnate, with narrow linear segments, not truly thread-shaped or cylindrical, but rather flat or channelled above, convex beneath ; all acute, often bristle-pointed, a little hairy. Ft. terminal, solitary, ra- ther larger than a Daisy, with a convex yellow disk, and nume- rous, white, si)reading or reflexed, rays. The scales of the re- ceptacle do not a))pear till the florets of the disk are turned to one side, and the innermost are gradually narrowest ; all thin and membranous, not sharp. Cat. with shining membranous- bordered scales, rather downy. Becept. obtusely conical. Seeds very obscurely bordered at the summit. Varieties witli {\o\\h\^Jiowers, whose yellow tubular florets are, en- tirely or partially, transformed into white ligulate ones, are com- mon in gardens 5 the discoid variety, destitute of rays, is more rare. The latter perhaps ought to be preferred for medical usej the double white flowers being now acknowledged to be weaker than those in a natural state. Every part of the plant is in- tensely bitter, and gratefully aromatic, especially the Jlowers^ whose stomachic and tonic powers are justly celebrated. 3. A. arvensis. Corn Chamomile. Receptacle conical ; scales lanceolate, acute, keeled, pro- minent. Seeds crowned with a quadrangular border. Leaves doubly pinnatifid, hairy ; seoinents parallel. A. arvensis, Linn. Sp. PI. 1 2G 1 . Willd. v. 3. 2 1 80. Fl. Br. 905. Enirf. Bot. r. 0. t. 602. Mart. Bust. t. 73. Hook. Scot. 247. ChanitEmelum n. 103. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 44. Ch. inodorum. Dill, in Bad S/jn. KSa. Bauh. Pin. I3."» ? White Ox-eye. Pctiv. H. Brit. t. 1 [)./. S. In cultivated fields, as well as waste ground, chiefly on a gravelly soil. About London, towards Peckham and Kltham. S/icrard. At Wal- thamstow. Mr. Ji. M. Forstcr. In various parts of Norfolk oc- casionally. Mr. Crowe. Annual, or liieiinial. Ju)ic, Jul//. Boot tapering, rather small. Stem erect, much branched, leafy, hollow, many-flowered, hoary with fine .soft shaggy hairs, often purplish, from 12 to IS inches high. Lfwrt'jf sessile, doubly and regularly pinnatifid, hairy, of a greyish green ; their segments uniform, ))aralKl aiul ecpiai, lanceolate rather than linear, acute, each li|)ped witii a small bristle ; dotted at tin- bark ; when drv 458 SYNGENESIA—POLYG.-SUPERF. Anthemis. all converging inwards. Fl. solitary, on long, terminal, furrow- ed stalks, very downy at the summit. CaL downy, its scales nearly equal, slightly bordered. Disk convex, bright yellow j the yellow, sharp, keeled scales of the receptacle visible just above the florets, and remaining after they and their seeds are gone. Rmjs numerous, finally recurved, pure white, elliptical, unequally toothed, their length exceeding the diameter of the disk, which as the seeds ripen becomes conical. Seeds curved, striated, abrupt, crowned with a quadrangular border. The herbage has little or no smell, but thejlowers are pleasantly scented. The synonyms of old writers are with difficulty appli- cable to this plant or its allies, the receptacle, whether scaly or naked, not being noticed by them. That of Bauhin is very doubt- ful, on account of the authors he quotes, and especially his ob- servation, that the present species difiers from ChamcBmelum vulgare, Matricaria Chamomilla, only with respect to the smell. Few plants of the same tribe differ more essentially and ob- viously. In the regularity of the segments of its leaves^ charac- teristic of a true Anthemis, this species approaches A. tinctoria. 4. A. Cotula. Stinking Mayweed, or Chamomile. Receptacle conical; scales bristle-shaped. Seeds without any border. Leaves doubly pinnatifid, slightly hairy ; segments spreading. A. Cotula. Linn. Sp. PL 1261. JVilld. v. 3. 2181. FL Br. 906. EngL Bot. V. 25. t 1772. Curt. Lond.fasc. 5.t.6l. Hook. Scot, 247. Chamaemelum n. 104. Hall. Hist. v. 1. 44. Ch. fcEtidum. Raii Sijn. 185. Bauh. Pin. 135. Ch. foetidum, sive Cotula foetida. Bank. Hist. v. 3. p. 1. 120./. Cotula foetida. Brunf. Herb. v. 1. 255./. Ger. Em. 7o7.f. Lob. Ic. 773. f. Dalech. HisL 1345./ C. alba. Dod. Pempt. 258. f. Parthenium. Fuchs. HisL 583. f. /c.335./. Stinking Camomile. Petiv. H. Brit. 1.19. f. 11. In corn fields, and waste ground, common. Annual. June, July. Root tapering, twisted. Stems one or more, erect, branched, bushy, leafy, angular and furrowed, smooth, solid. Leaves sessile, bright green, smooth, or slightly hairy, doubly pinnatifid, and cut ; the segments narrow, flat, a little succulent, spreading and rather distant, not crowded or parallel, somewhat bristle-point- ed. Fl. solitary, on terminal, striated, slightly downy stalks. CaL more or less hairy, its scales almost equal, obtuse, slightly bordered. Disk convex, lemon-coloured, the slender bristle- shaped, or awl-shaped, greenish scales not quite so tall as the opening florets. Rays white, elliptical, 3-toothed, deflexed^close SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF. Anthemis. 459 to the stalk at night. Seeds obovate, furrowed, entirely without any border, or crown, but sometimes, as Haller describes them, rough with minute tubercles. This however is not invariable. Recejjt. highly conical, almost cylindrical, beset with slender permanent scales. Every part of the plant is fetid and acrid, blistering the skin when much handled, which Dr. Hooker justly attributes to the minute resinous dots sprinkled over its surface. Dillenius has noticed a variety with double flowers. ** Ra^s 1/elloxa like the disk. 5. A. tinctoria. Ox-eye Chamomile. Leaves doubly pinnatificl, serrated ; downy beneath. Stem corymbose, erect. Seeds crowned with a membranous undivided border. A. tinctoria. Liww. % P/. 1263. Willd.v.Z.2\%^. Fl.Br.907. Engl. Bot. v.2\.t.\A72. Dicks. H. Sice. fuse. 17.17. Don H. Br.fasc. 2. 42. Hook. Scot. 247. Fl, Dan. t. 741. Chamsemelum n. 105. Hull. Hist. v. 1. 45. Ch. chrvsanthemon. FucJis. Hist.26.f. Ic.lj.f. Bauh. Hisf.v.S. p.\.\22.f. Buphthalmum. Matth. I'algr. v. 2. 260./. Comer. Epit. (io\.f. Trag.Hist. 152./. B. vulgare. Raii Sijn. 183. Ger. Em. 747./. Chrysanthemum foliis tanaceti. Loes. Pritss. 47. t. 9. Ch. tanaceti foliis, flore aureo. Barrel. Ic. t. 465. Yellow Ox-eye. Petiv. H. Brit. i. 1 9./ 7. In stony mountainous places, or in fields, very uncommon. On a bank by the river Tees, not far from Sogburn, Durham. Ray. Not now to be found there. Mr. E. Robson. In Essex. Dickson. Near Forfar. Mr. G. Don. Biennial ? July, August. Stem bushy, corymbose, erect, 18 inches high, leafy, angular, solid, downy or cottony, especially in the up))er part. Leaves sessile, doubly and accurately piunatifid, with sharp, partly notched, parallel, (lecurrent segments • green, rough, or hairy, above j white and cottony beneath. Fl. on long, terminal, striated, downy stalks, solitary, large, of a bright yellow in the rays as well as disk. Cal. downy, or shaggy, especially the inner scales. Seeds oblong, cpiadrangular, striated, each crowned with a nar- row, undivided, cjuadrangular rim. Scales of the rtceptacle j)ermanent ; broad and chafly in their lower half; awl-shaped, sharp and yellow above, on a level with the florets of the disk. The//o//v,';.v attbrd a fine yellow dye, for which Linnieus Buys they are much used in Sweden. Sometimes the radius varies to a pale straw-colour. There are several handsome e.xotic spe- cies nearly akin to thi«j. 4<)0 SYNGENESIA-POLYG.-SUPERF. AchiUea. 409. ACHILLEA. Yarrow. Linn. Gen. 435. Juss.\86. Fl.Br.908. Vaill. Mim. deVAc.des ^V. 593./. 2, 10,36. Lam.^.683. GcBrtn.t.lQS. Millefolium, and Ptarmica. Tourn. t. 283. Nat. Ord. see n. 40B. Common Cat. ovate, imbricated, with several ovate, acute, converging scales. Coy\ compound, radiant ; Jlorets of the disk not very numerous, all perfect, tubular, with 5 equal spreading segments ; those of the radius from 5 to 10, ligulate, but peculiarly short and rounded, broader than long, inversely heart-shaped with a small interme- diate lobe or tooth. Filam. in the tubular florets only, very short, capillary. Anth, in a cylindrical tube. Germ. in all the florets small, obovate. Style thread-shaped, not prominent. Stigmas spreading, obtuse. Seed-vessel none, but the upright, scarcely altered, calyx. Seed in all the florets obovate, abrupt, without any border or crown. jRecept. narrow, slightly elevated, beset with lanceolate, chafly, acute, deciduous scales, as tall as the florets of the disk. A very natural genus of perennial herbs, with simple, ser- rated, pinnatifid, or doubly pinnatifid leaves, either smooth or downv. FL numerous, small, corymbose, erect, white, reddish, "^ buff'-coloured, or yellow. Qualiti-es aromatic, bitter, tonic and stimulating. The above generic character will be found to differ, in some particulars, from that of Linnaeus, especially with regard to the shape of the receptacle. Achillea, though different in habit from Anthemis, comes very near that genus in character ; but the short, broad, rounded^or^/5 of the radius afford a good distinction. 1. K. Ptarmica. Sneeze-wort Y^arrow. Goose-tongue. Leaves linear, pointed, equally and sharply serrated, smooth. A. Ptarmica. imri. % P/. 1266. ^i/M.i;.3. 2191. F/.J5r.908. 'Engl. Bot.v. W. t. 757. Curt. Lond.fasc. 5. t. 60. Hook. Scot. 248. Fl.Dan.t.643. A.n. 117. Hall. Hist. V.]. 49. Ptarmica. Raii Syn. 183. Ger. Em. 606./. Matth. Valgr. v. 1. .535./. Camer. Epit. 354./. Fuchs. Hist. 639. f. Ic.367.f. Dalech.Hist.WeS.f. P. vulgaris, folio longo serrato, flora albo. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 1, 147./ Tanacetum album seu acutum. Trag. Hist. 159. f. SYNGENESIA-POLYG.-SUPERF. Achillea. 4G1 Dracunculus pratensis, serrato folio. Bauh. Pin. 98. Sneez-wort. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 1 9./. 3. In wet hedges and thickets, or about the banks of rivers. Perennial. Jiiliji August. Root creeping widely, difficult of extirpation where the soil i^ moist. Stems upright, about 2 feet high, angular, smooth, hol- low, leafy, with small axillary rudiments of branches j corym- bose at the top. Leaves sessile, linear, or slightly lanceolate, acute, closely, very minutely and sharply serrated, with bristly teeth J smooth on both sides, of a dark somewhat glaucous green. Ft. milk-white in the disk as well as radius, larger than in most of their genus, and with a greater number of ligulate florets. A double variety, whose disk consists entirely of such, is frequent in country gardens. Cal. rather hemispherical. Seeds compressed, dilated at the edges, but not crowned at the top. The whole plant has u pungent flavour, provoking a flow of saliva, and this flavour perhaps renders it acceptable, as Schreber as- serts, to sheep, who delight occasionally in saltish food. The sneezing, caused by the dried and powdered leaves^ is rather owing to their little sharp marginal prickles. 2. A. serrata. Serrated Yarrow. Leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile, downy, deeply serrated ; laciniated at the base. Flowers almost simply corym- bose. A. serrata. Retz. Obs.fasc. 2. 25. Willd. Sp. PI. v. 3. 2191. Cowp. ed. 4. 140. Engl. Bot. v. 36. t. 2531. Dracunculus alpinus, Agerati foliis incanis. Raii Hist. r. 1 . 344. In mountainous limestone countries, rare. Not far from Matlock, Derbyshire. Mr. Rupp and Mr. JViliuims. Engl. Bot. Perennial. August. Root fibrous, or somewhat creeping. Stem about 18 inches high, round, downy, leafy, witli axillary leafy tufts, as in the preceding. Leaves linear-lauceolate, downy, bluntish, sharply and strongly serrated ; pinnatifid, spreading, and clasping the stem, at their base. Corymbs simple, or slightly compound, leafv, with downv stalks, hi. few, of a yellowish white, or bufl- colour, not half the size of the foregoing, their disk much narrower in propor- tion. Whole herb with a powerful aromatic scent and bitter flavour, somewhat like Tansy, but agreeing more with A. Age- rat um, often preserved in country gardens. The latter however has (lill'erently shaped /t'urt'A, and very al)undant, cpiite yellow /lowers, not a fifth i)art .so large as those of the plant before us. I have seen no Swiss specimens answerable to this species. It is certainly not the y of Haller's u. I IT, figured in Boccone's Mu- 462 SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF. Achillea/ seum, t.Ho, nor is there any evidence of its having been known to Linnaeus. 3. A. Millefolium. Common Yarrow, or Milfoil. Leaves doubly pinnatifid, hairy ; segments linear, toothed, pointed. Stem furrowed. A. Millefolium. Linn. Sp. PL 1267. mild. v. 3. 2208. Fl. Br. 908. Engl.Bot. v.W. LTdS. Curt. Lond.fasc. 6. t. 61. Mart. Rust. t. 123. Woodv. t. 64. Hook. Scot. 248. Fl. Dan. t. 737. Bull.Fr.t. 163. A. n. 107. Hall. Hist. vA.AQ. Millefolium. Tillands Ic. 74./. M. vulgare. Raii Sijn. \83. Trag. Hist. 477. f. M. terrestre vulgare. Ger. Em. 1072. f. not good. Stratiotes millefolia. Fuchs. Hist. 727. f. Ic. 422. f. Yarrow, or Nose-bleed. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 19./. 4. In meadows and pastures abundantly. Perennial. June — August. Root creeping, with smooth, reddish, subterraneous shoots, which are warm and agreeably pungent, partaking of the flavour and salivating quality of Anthetnis Pijrethrum, or Pellitory of Spain. Stems erect, a foot high, or more, slightly branched, leafy, fur- rowed, downy, corymbose and many-flowered. Leaves doubly pinnatifid, and deeply subdivided, with numerous, linear-wedge- shaped, bristle-pointed segments, most hairy beneath. Fl. nu- merous, white, occasionally reddish, or purple, represented with much too broad a disk in the plate of Etigl. Bot. The whole herb is astringent, and weakly aromatic. The leaf loosely rolled together, and put up the nostrils, causes, by an external blow of the finger, a bleeding at the nose, which proves more or less copious according to the state of the vessels within. The cuts of old authors in general do not well express the foliage, Ge- rarde's figure of the red-flowered variety is better than what he gives for the common kind. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. /. 485, 486, though probably intended for our Yarrow, convey no just idea of it ; and Camer. Epit.f. 876, 877, are still worse. 4. K.tomentosa. Woolly Yellow Milfoil, or Yarrow. Leaves doubly pinnatifid, woolly ; segments crowded, li- near, acute. Corymbs repeatedly compound. A. tomentosa. Linn. Sp. PL 1264. Willd.v. 3. 2209. Comp. ed. 4. 140. EngLBot.v.3Q.L2b32. Hook. Scot. 248. Hopkirk, Glott. 106. CurL Mag. t. 498. DeCand. Fr. v. 4.210. A. n. 106. HalLHisLv. 1.45. Millefolium luteum. Ger. Em. 1073./. Lob. Ic.748.f. SYNGENESIA— POL.-FRUSTRAN. Centaurea. 463 M. tomentosum luteum. Baiih. Pin. 140. Bauh. Hist. v. 3.». 1. 138./. Helichrysum alteram. Matth. Falgr. v. 2. 392./. H. italicum. Camer. Epit. 7S8.f. Dalech. Hist. 776./. Stratiotes lutea. Clus. Hisp. 371./. Dalech. Hist. 771./ S. millefolia, flavo flore. Clus. Hist. v. 1. 330. In dry hilly pastures in Scotland and Ireland. On Spittle hill to the north-west of Balvie^ where it was found "by the gardener at Balvie," and on hills in the neighbourhood of Paisley, near Glasgow. Hopkirk. Sent to Mr. Sowerby from Ireland. Engl. Bot. Perennial. July, August. Root woody, slightly creeping, with many long fibres. Stems scarcely a foot high, curved at the base, then erect, round, leafy, simple, woolly. Leaves doubly pinnatifid, woolly on both sides, especially when young j their segments linear-lanceolate, acute, simple or notched, crowded. Cal. woolly, its scales obovate, edged with brown. Fl. densely corymbose, on woolly stalks j the radius, as well as disk, of a golden yellow. The whole herb, as well as the flowers, has an aromatic scent when rubbed. It serves to decorate rock -work in gardens, but will not bear wet or shade. SYNGENESIA. rOL.^FJWSTRANEA. 410. CENTAUREA. Knapweed, Blue-bottle, and Star-thistle. Linn. Gen. 442. Juss. 1/4. Fl. Br. 909. DeCand. Fr. v. 4. 88. Lam. t. 703. Jacea. Juss.\7'S. Tourn. t. 254. Cyanus. Juss.\74. Tourn. t. 254. (ucrhi. t.\G\. Seridia. Juss. 173. Calcitrapa. Juss.\7'S. G(crtn. t. 163. Nat. Ord. Covipositcc^ a, capita ta: Liim. 19. Ciiiaroccpha^ lev, sect. 1, 2, vc)(C. Juss. 55. Common Cal. roundish, iiuhricattxi, with closely coiivrri^ing scales, tenninatiii«j; variously. Car. L\)\\\\Knn\(\: Jturcts all tubular, of 2 kinds ; those of the disk perfect, regu- lar, with 5 ecjual spreading segments in their oblong tu- mid limb, and a ^lender tube : those of the radius fewei-, 464 SYNGENESIA— POL.-FRUSTRAN. Centaurea. with the rudiments of a pistil only, abortive, lax, spread- ing, often wanting, their slender tube gradually dilated upwards, into an unequally funnel-shaped, very large limb, with 5 or more sharp segments. Filam. in the flo- rets of the disk only, capillary, very short. Anth, in a cylindrical tube, about the length of the corolla. Germ. in the florets of the disk, small, oblong. Style thread- shaped, about equal to the stamens. Stigma with a pro- minent, often cloven, point. The radiant florets have only the rudiments of a germen^ with scarcely any style or stigma. Seed-vessel none, except the permanent closed calyx. Seed in the florets of the disk only, various in shape, mostly very smooth. Doxim generally short, bristly, or feathery, in some wanting, llecept. bristly. A large herbaceous genus, which Jussieu, after Tourne- fort, has divided into several, by the structure, or ter- mination, of the calyx-scales. Linnaeus has kept it en- tire, and as DeCandolle has not disturbed it, I shall make no such attempt. Centaurea is most naturally allied to Cardials^ Cirsium and Serratida, to one or other of which some of its species might be referred, as differing only in the presence of abortive, tubular, dilated, radiant Jlorets. But those with either simple or fringed calyx- scales, whether furnished with an abortive radius or not, must be kept separate. The presence of such a radius is, in this case, an approach towards a double flower. The leaves are either undivided, toothed, pinnatifid, or pinnate; not spinous in any genuine species. Fl. erect, terminal, or lateral, solitary, or corymbose ; red, blue, yellow, or whitish. Cal. either unarmed, naked, beauti- . fully fringed, feathery, or unequally spinous. * Calyx-scales jagged, or fringed. 1. C. Jacea. Brown Radiant Knapweed. Calyx-scales membranous, torn ; lower ones pinnatifid. Leaves linear-lanceolate ; radical ones elliptic-lanceolate, toothed. Flowers radiant. Seed-down very she4rt, in a simple row. C. Jacea. Linn. Sp. PL 1 293. Fl. Suec. 300. MVld. v. 3. 2309. Comp. ed. 4. 140. Engl. Bot. v. 24. t. 1 678. Hook. Scot. 248. DeCand.Fr.v.4.9\. Bull. Fr. t. 227. Fl. Dan. t. 5\9. Rhaponticum n. 195. Hall. Hist. v. 1 . 84. Jacea. Tillands Ic.WX.f. SYNGENESIA— POL.-FRUSTRAN. Centaurea. 465 In meadows and groves, where the soil is tenacious and moist. Sent from Ireland in 1796, by Mr. Templeton. In Sussex. Mr. Borrer. Perennial. August, September. Root rather woody, with many long fibres. Stem erect, a foot high, branched, angular, furrowed, roughish, leafy, solid. Leaves light green, rough with short hairs j radical ones largest, stalk- ed, toothed or pinnatifid ; the rest scattered, sessile, oblong, or linear-lanceolate, entire, or toothed near the base. FL soli- tary at the tumid, deeply furrowed, end of each branch, accom- panied by a few leaves close to the calyx, which is brown, not black } the inner scales terminating in a light-brown, orbicular, variously jagged lobe 3 outer more distinctly fringed, or pecti- nate, often with rough teeth. Radiant florets numerous, large, light crimson, spreading 5 those oi i\\e disk much shorter, ra- ther darker. Seeds to the latter only, inversely conical, crowned with a simple row of very short black bristles. Linnaeus says, the herb steeped in water, with alum, before the flowers expand, dyes silk of a fine yellow. The German plant described by Dillenius, in Ray's Synopsis 199, is evidently C. Jacea, which he well distinguishes from the nigra, 2. C. nigra. Black Knapweed. Calyx-scales oval, fringed with upright capillary teeth. Lower leaves somewhat lyrate, with angular lobes ; upper ones ovate. Flowers discoid. Seed-down very short, tufted. C. nigra. Linn. Sp. PI. 1288. mild. v. 3. 2287. FL Dr. 910. Engl. Bot. V. 4. t. 278. Mart. Rust. t. 130. Hook. Scot. 248. FL Dan. t. 996. Cyanus niger. Gcertn. v. 2. 382. t. 161. Jacea n. 184. Hall. Hist. v. I. 80. J. nigra. Raii Syn. 198. Ger. Em.727.f. Dod. Pempt. 124./. J. nigra vulgaris. Lob. Ic. ,041.y. J. cum squamis cilii instar pilosis. Dauh. Hist. v. 3. p. I. 28./. J. austriaca tertia. Clus. Pann. .543./. r)4o. J. austriaca sexta. Clus. Hist. v. 2. 7./ Common and Jagged Knapweed. Petiv. H Brit, t, 22./. 8. 9, /3, with radiant flowers. Raii Syn. 199. Cyanus n. 185. HalLHist.v. 1. 80. y. Jacea nigra minor tomentosa laciniata. Ddl. in Raii Syn. 199. In piustures, and by road sides, very common. /3. Common in the west of England. Ray. Near Oxford. Dill. y. Yowx miles on this side Malton, in the road to York, on a stony bank by a rivulet. Dr. Richardson. Perennial. June — August. Habit like the last, but the stem is taller, more bushy, more deeply VOL. HI. 2 II ^66 SYNGENESIA— POL.-FRUSTRAN. Gentaurea, furrowed, and rather less rough. Lower leaves somewhat ly rate, partly stalked, finely toothed ; upper sessile, either partly tooth- ed near the base, or quite entire ; sometimes clasping the stem with their heart-shaped base ; sometimes only ovate in that part : their colour is always darker than that of C. Jacea. Fl. of a deeper crimson, commonly without any radiant or abortive Jiorets, and the latter when present are smaller than in C. Jacea. Cal. essentially different, much blacker, though pale and downy at the base ; each scale terminating in a heart-shaped, or ovate, black appendage, regularly fringed with parallel, mostly paler, teeth, the inner ones only being irregularly torn. Seeds obo- vate, each crowned with a dense tuft of pale, rough, scaly bristles. The floivers are occasionally white. Ray describes a double va- riety, shown him by Thomas Willisel, in which the proper^o- rets of the disk were all changed to handsome radiant ones. 3. C. Cyanus, Corn Blue-bottle. Calyx-scales serrated. Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire ; lower ones toothed towards their base. C. Cyanus. Lin w. 5/>.P/. 1289. WiUd. v. 3. 229]. FLBr.9\\. Engl. Bot. v.A.t. 277. Curt. hond. fasc. 6. t. 62. Mart. Rust. t.lW. Hook. Scot. 249. Fl. Dan. i. 993. Bull. Fr. t.22\. Cyanus. Rail Syn. 1 98. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 1.21./. Fuchs. Hist. 428./. C. n. 191. Hall. Hist. V. 1.82. C. vulgaris. Ger. Em. 132. f. Loh. Ic. 546./. C. minor. Matth. Valgr. v. \ . 463./. Camer. Epit. 289./. C. sylvestris. Fuchs. Ic. 241. f. C. segetum vulgaris minor annuus. Moris, v. 3. 134. sect. 7. t. 25. Baptisecula. Trag. Hist. 566. f. Papaver Heracleum. Column. Phijtoh. 93. t. 92. ed. 2. 74. ^ 2 i . Blue Bottles. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 22. f. 4. In corn fields, a common weed. Annual. July, August. Root tapering, with many rigid fibres. Herb loosely cottony, of a greyish hue. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, copiously branched, leafy, angular. Leaves linear-lanceolate, pointed, entire ; the lower ones broader, mostly toothed or pinnatifid, but the radical ones are entire. Fl. numerous, solitary, on naked stalks. Cal. ovate j its scales smooth, serrated, with sharp, white, or partly brown, teeth. Radiant Jiorets large and spreading, generally with more than 5 segments, of a bright sky-blue j those of the disk pur- plish, with dark anthers. Seeds obovate, rather compressed, a little downy, abrupt, each crowned with a dense conical tuft, of very unequal, tawny, rough bristles. White and dark-purple varieties, sometimes with a multiplied ra- SYNGENESIA— POL.-FRUSTRAN. Centaurea. 467 dius, are commonly raised, amongst other hardy annuals, in flower-gardens. They have no scent. The wild flowers aftord a blue for painting in water-colours, the expressed juice requi- ring only to be mixed with cold alum water. The separate^ore^ in Engl. Bot. coloured with this, by way of experiment, has now stood well for 30 years. 4. C. Scabiosa. Greater Knapweed. Calyx-scales ovate, fringed, somewhat downy. Leaves pin- natifid ; segments lanceolate, roughish, partly toothed. C. Scabiosa. Linn. Sp. PL 1291. mihl v. 3. 2296. Fl. ^r. 91 1. Engl Bot, v.l.f. 50. Hook. Scot. 249. Cyanus n. 18G. Hall. Hist. t;. 1. 81. Jacea major. Raii Syn. 198. Ger. Em. 727. f. J. nigra laciniata. Moris, v. 3. 140. sect 7. t. 28. f. 10. Scabiosa major. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 318./. Camer. Epit. 710./. Dalech.Hist. lOGG./. Matfellon. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 22. f. 7. In the borders and ridges of corn fields, and by way sides, com- mon. Perennial. July, August. Root rather woody. Stem about 2 feet high, erect, branched, an- gular, furrowed, leafy, smooth to the touch. Leaves darkgi-een, slightly hairy on both sides, rough-edged, deeply and very variously pinnatifid, the segments acute, unequal, sometimes ovate, some- times lanceolate, and in the latter case more toothed or sharply serrated. Fl. terminal, stalked, solitary, large and handsome, crimson, rarely white ; their radiant ^/ZorbU>}t'is . , 31)'.) Chrysanthemum cannabis num bidens folio quinque- partito sive vulgare page 398 Ch. coronarium 450 —^ folds tanaceti 459 — inodorum 452 — Leucanthemum. ..... 449 — littoreum 442 — minus 450 — perenne gnaphaloides maritimum 403 — segetum 449 — — nostras , folio glau- co multiscisso majus, Jlore minore 450 vulgare glaucum . 450 — tanaceti folds Jlore aureo 459 CHRYSOCOMA.. 332,401, 402 Ch, Linosyris 402 Chrysocome 401 Ch. citrina supina latifolia italica 412 — Dioscoridis et Plinii. . 402 — lanuginosa 414 Cichorea 379 CICHORIUM 331,378,379 C. Intybus 379 — Intybus 341 — pratense luteum Icevius 372 — sylvestre 379 sive officinarum . 379 CINERAR1A..334, 443, 445 C alpina 444 — campestris 444 — integrifolia 444 — integrifolia 3 GO — marilima, integrifolia. . 444 — palustris 443 — prateiisis 444 Cirsio quinto congener. ... 391 Cirsium 387-394 C. anglicum [i[)ii radire Ihtlebo. ri nigri modoJibrosd,fu. lio longo 393 secundum .... 392 — britannicum 39J — liilinribus folii/viridibus 480 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. laciniatis, radicibus as- phodeli page 39 1 Cirsium montanum angli- cum 393 C, pannonicum primum pratense 393 CISTUS 1,22-28 C. anglicus 23, 28 — annuus 25 alter Lobelii 24 Jtore guttata. ... 24 maculato. . 24 folio ledi 24 longif alius Lobelii 24 — apenninus 28 — canus 23, 27 — Jiore pallida, punicante maculd insignita 24 — guttatus 24 — Helianthemum 26 — Helianthemum .... 25, 27 — hirsutus 23 — humilis alpinus durior, polii nostratis folio can- dicante 27 — ledi folio 24 — ledifolius 24 — marifolius 23, 28 — polifolius 27 — salicif alius 24, 25 — serratus 24 — suffruticasus pracum- bens stipulatusfoliis ava- tO'OblongissubpilosiSype- talis lancealatis 25 — surrejanus 25 — tomentosus 27 Clandestina 1 26 CLEMATIS 2, 38, 39 Clematis altera 39 C latifalia, sen Atragene quibusdam 39 — tertia 39 — Vitalba 39 Clematitis 38 Cleome 153 Clinapodio alpina 117 CLINOPODIUM .... 62, 104 Cimopadium 105, 109 Clinapodium alpinum page 117 C. hirsutum .... 117 — origano simile 1 05 — vulgare 105 — vulgare 1 09 Clymenon lialorum .... 323 Clymenum 273 C. Bithjnicum, siliqud sin- gulari,Jlore minare. . . . 287 — minus 99 — parisiense Jtore cceruleo 278 Clypeola maritima 1 63 CNICUS .... 332, 387-394 C. acaulis 394 — arvensis 389 — eriophorus 390 — Forsteri 390 — heterophyllus 392 — lanceolatus 387 — palustris 388 — palustris 394 — pratensis 393 — rivularis 390 — tuberosus 391 COCHLEARIA 151, 174-178 Cochlearia 175 C. anglica 176 — Aremorica 177 — Armoracia 177 — britannica 176 — Coronopus 1 79 — danica 177 — folio sinuato 176 — grcEnlandica 175 — grcenlandica 1 75 — marina folia anguloso parvo 177 — minima, erecta etrepens, insulcE Aalholmiance .. 176 — minor rotundifolia nos. tras 175 — officinalis 175 — rotundifolia 175 Cochleata fructu echinato yninimo 321 Consiligo 57 Consolida regia 30 C. media 65 — minor 114 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 481 ConsoUda regalis . . page 30 CONYZA .... 333,419,420 C. acrisjiore albo 421 — annua acris alba elatior, linariijC folds . 421 — aquatica maxima serra- tifolia 435 — ccerulea acris 422 alpina major, et minor 423 — canadensis annua acris alba, linarKS foliis .... 421 — foliis laciniatis 443 — HeUnitis 420 — helenitis foliis laciniatis 443 — major 420 altera 420 — media 44 1 vulgaris 44 1 — media minor species, Jio- re til radiatb 441 — minima 441 — minor 441 — odorata 422 — palustris, foliis serratis . 399 — — tripartitb divisis 399 scrratifoUa .... 435 — fiquarros:i 420 — tertia 441 — vulgaris 420 Conijzella 421 Conyzoides 421 Coralloides Cordi 186 C. alia species 18G Corcliorus 359 Coreopsis 398 C. Bidens 399 Coronopus 178, 179 C.didyma KSO — rcpcns Rucllii 179 — Rucllii 179 Cnrydaiis 252 C. bulbosa 253 — capnoides 25 1 — clavunlata 255 Cotuln alba 458 C.fiTtida 458 \oh. in. Cotula sive Partlienion ma-- rinum minimum . . page 456 Cracca 2B0 C. alterum genus 289 — paribus albis, foliis circa cauleni denticulatis. . . . 287 — major 281 — minor 289 siliquis gemellis. 288 singularibusj floscuUs ccurulesceniibus . 288 CRAMBE 151,184 C. maritima 184 Bratsicce folio . 184 CratcBogonon 125 C. album 125 — Euphrosine 119 Cratev^ Siurn 192 CREPIS 331,370-373 C. biennis 373 — foetida 370 — pulchra 371 — rubia 371 — tectoruni 372 Crista gain 120 C. angustifolia mon- tana 121 famina 1 20 lufea 1 20 Crithmum chrysanthemum 442 C. tertium 442 Crus gain 50 Cyanus 463, 465-467 C. minor 466 — niger 465 — segetum vulgaris minor annuus 466 — sylvestris 466 — vulgaris 466 Cymbalaria. . . .-. 131 ('. italica 131 DELPHINIUM.. .. 2,29,30 Delphinium 30 I). C.'onsoiida 30 — elatius, simplici flnre . . 30 — segetum y flore ecvruleo . 30 Ihns Lconis 348, 349 — ■ alpinus, foliis ob- I 48^2 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. longis rarb dentatis, caly- ce liispido nigrescente p. 353 Dens Leonis angustioribus foliis 349 D. — — Jiirsutus leptocau- los, Hleracium dictus . . 351 vulgi 349 DENTARIA 152, 185 Dentaria 127, 186 D. bulbifera 186 — major 127 Matthioli 127 — quarta baccifera 186 — sen Coralloides Cordi. . 186 Descurea 198 DIGITALIS.. .. 62, 140, 141 Digitalis 141 D. purpurea 140 DIOTIS 332,402-404 D. candidissima 403 •— maritinia 403 Diplotaxis muralis 224 D.saxatilis.. 220 — tenui folia 223 DORONICUM 333, AA^-U7 D. latifolium 446 — ma jus officinarum .... 446 — Pardalianches 446 — plantagineum 447 — tertii varietas 446 DRABA 151, 157-162 Draha , 156 D. aizoides. 158 — ciliaris 159 — corifusa 161 — contorta -, . 160 — hirta 159 — hirta 160 — incana 160 — incana 161 — minima muralis discoi- des 161 — muralis 161 — nemoralis 162 — pyrenaica 159 — rupestris 159 — siliquosa similis planta prcBcox annua 210 Draha stellata .... page 159 D. verna 158 Dracunculus alpinus, Age- rati foliis incanis .... 461 D. pratensis, serraio fo- lio 461 Eisen hutlin 31 Elatine 132 E. altera 132 — fcemina, folio anguloso . 132 EXsyiov 440 Elephas 120 Elichrysuni 410 E. alpinum minimum, ca- pillaceo folio 416 — montanum, longiore et folio etflore purpurea . . 413 — sylvestre latifolium, ca~ pitulis conglohatis .... 411 Ellehorum nigrum alterum 57 Ellehorus niger adulter inus horiensis 57 E. sylvestris . . 57 Endivia 345 E. major lactucina spinosa 346 — minor lactucina spinosa 347 ERIGERON .. 333,421-424 E. acris 422 — alpinus 423 — canadensis 421 — quartum 422 — tertium 371 — tomentosum 371 — _ alterum . . 371 — uniflorus 423 Erigerum 428 E. majus 429 — minus 428 — tomentosum 429 alterum .... 429 ERODIUM 228-231 E. cicutarium 229 — maritimum 231 — moschatum 230 — pimpinellafolium .... 230 Erophila 157 E, vulgaris 158 Eruca 202,-223 NDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 483 Eruca aquatica .... page E. hirsuta siliqua cauli ad- pressd. Erysimum dicta — viarina — inaritima anglica, sili- qud fungosd torosd ro- tundd,foUis crassis lati^ oribus — viinima monspessulana Jloreluteo,siliqud unciam longd — minimo Jlore monspe- liensis — monensis laciniata, kc. — vwnspeliensis, Jlore mi- nimo luteo — nasturtio cognata tenui- folia — quihusdam sylvestris re- pens, Jlosculo, &c — sativa — sylvestris 193, — — seu palustris mi- nor procumbens et rcpena, luteo parvoque Jlore . . — temiifolia per ennis, Jlo- re luteo — viminea, iberidis folio, luttojlore ERVUM 251,287- E. hirsatum — Lens — sativum — soloniensp — sylvestre 275, — tctraspermum ErysimosiniiUs hirsufa, non liirinidla nlha ERYSIMUM., i:.;}, 200- Erysimum liHi, !!)<), E. AUiarii — Ihtrbnreii — cheirantlioides — Dioscoridis Lobclii . . — latijulium mnjus gtnbrum • ticnpiditanum . — minimum (iiinnnm hir- 193 I Erysimum orientale . page I E. orientale 196 — perfoliatum 1 83 ; — prcecox — Sophia dictum — vul^are EUPATORIUM 332,400, 183 I E. adulterinum ! — cannabinum chrysanthemum 224 j — • famina ; — folio integro, 22 1 seu non digitato 220 , mas palmare et an- 202 219 202 199 197 196 401 401 400 399 398 401 401 399 sutum . . - offtrinah. 224 gustifolium vulgare, foliis 156 trifidis et prqfunde den- talis ! 401 193 — vulgare 401 223 ^ Euphragia 122 223 I EUPHRASIA .. 62, 121, 122 Euphrasia 122 E. altera 119 1 93 — major lutea latifolia pa- lustris 118 223 I — Odontites 119 I — officinalis 122 224 ' — pratensis rubra 119 .289 I — rubra Jf'estmorlandica, 289 I foliis brevibus obtusis . . 117 288 i Fabaced radice, Capuos al- 277 tera 253 283 I Falcata 318 277 ! Ferrum equinum .... 290, 291 288 j F. capitatum 291 I comosu)n 291 213 ( Germanicum, si- -202 j liquis in summitatc. . . . 201 Ficaria 4 1 20 1 I F. ranuncnloides |(jf) I — rerna 200 Fdago 1 1 0- 19(5 F. arvensis Ii)7 i — gallica 197 I — germanira ... j — maritime . . J \;\ \ — minor 116, I \)C) ' — mnntnii 291 , 47 17 47 ll!» lis 1 17 119 403 4H lis 484 INDEX or LATIN N-AMES. Filago sive Herba impia p. 419 Fistularia 129 Flos Adonis 43 F. Jlore rubra 43 — Cuculi 190 — Sancti Jacohi 433 — solis, seu Panaces chi- ronium 26 Fotniculus aquaticus . . , . 55 Fvenugrcecum humile re- pens, orniihopodil sili- quis brevibus erectis . . 298 Fcennm Burgundiacum .. 317 FUMARIA .... 250, 252-257 Fumaria 255 F. alba latifolia, &c 354 — bulbosa, &c 253 — copnoides 254 — capreolata 256 — capreolata 257 — claviculata 254 — clavicidis donata .... 254 — corydalis 254 — exilis romana 256 — foliis tenicissimis, Jlori- bus albis, circa Monspe- lium nascens 256 — Halleri 253 — intermedia 253 — lutea 253 — — — montana 254 — major, Jloribus diluf^ purpureis 257 — scan dens, Jlore pallidiore 257 — media 256 — officinalis 255 ^officinalis 256,257 — parviflora 256 •-^ Phragmites 257 — purpurea 255 — solida 253 — spicata 256 — tenuifoUa 256 Jlore niveo . . 256 — tingitana, radice Jibrosa perennis, &c 254 «— tuberosa minor, radice nQn card 253 Fumariaviticulis et capreolis, plantisvicinis adhcerens p, 257 F. vulgaris • 255 Fumus terra 255 GALEOBDOLON. . . . 61,96 G. Galeopsis 96 — luteum 96 GALEOPSIS 61,92-95 Galeopsis .... 90, 96, 97, 137 G. angustifolia 93 — cannabina 95 — folio caulem ambiente, major et minor ...... 92 — Galeobdolon 96 — grandiflora 94 — Ladanum 93 — latifolia 94 — legitima Dioscoridis . . 98 — 7ninor '-^-^^r;i5 :^^ — purpurea . . . »., r^-^^^.^.^.. 9} — Tetrahit 94 — Tetrahit 95 — urticis similis 104 — vera 98 — versicolor 95 — villosa 94 Gauchbliim 189 GENISTA .... 250, 262-266 Genista .. 261-263,265,266 G. aculeata 264 — ■ miuor 266 — anglica 264 — angulosa trifolia .... 262 — sermanica 264 — minima -^od — minor aspalathoides, sive G. spinosa anglica . 264 — pilosa 263 scoparia . 262 — spinosa, &c 265, 266 — tinctoria 263 Genista- Spartium 265 Genistella 263, 264 G. infectoria vulgi 263 — minor aspalathoides . . 264 — pilosa 264 — tinctoria 263 Genistellce spinosce affinis, Nepa quibusdam 265 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 485 GERANIUM p. 228, 232-243 Geranium 229-243 G. alterum 238 montanum sax- atile rotundifolium .... 236 — batrachioides 234 alterum .... 234 pullojlore 232 — batrachoides 235 montanum nos- tras 234 — cicutce folio inodorum . 229 — cicutarium 229 — columbinum 241 — columbinum 237 — ■ . ■ annuum minus, folio teiiuiiis laciniato, Jiore pediculo longissimo insistente 242 — . dissectis folds, pediculisflorum longissi- viis 242 erectum, tenui- us laciniatum,Jlore mag- no 242 humile, Jiore cceruleo minimo 238 majus, dissectis foliis 241 — . Jiore ini- nore c(cruleo 238 — folds imis longis, usque ad pedicu- lum divisis 24 1 — maximum, folds dissectis 241 — - perenne pyre- naicum maximum .... 239 villosum, peta- lisbi/idis 237 — (lissectum 24 1 — disseclum 242 — fo'tens 229 — gruinalc, folio tenuiter divi>;o 242 — htrmatodrs, Sec. 242, 243 — liumdc 238 — inodu) uin dll/inn .... 230 •— lancnsti irnsf 243 Geranium lucidum . . page 236 G. lucidum 240 saxatile, folds Geranii robertiani .... 236 — magnum, folio trijido. . 233 — malvaceum 240 — malvcefolium 238 — maritlmum 231 — minimum procumbens, foliis betonicce 231 — molle 237 ^moUe 238-241 — montanum fuscum .... 232 — moschatum 230 — nodosum 233 — palustrc 234 — parvi/lorum 238 — perenne 239 — pJuuo, sive pullo Jiore Clusii 233 — phseum 232 — — sea fuscum, peta- lis rejlexis 233 — pimpinellcB folio 230 — pratense 235 — primum 230 pullojlore .... 233 — prostratum 243 — pusillum 238 supinum mariti- mum, AlthcecB aut Beto- nicce folio nostras .... 231 — pyrenaicum 239 — quartum 235, 242 — quintum 235, 236 — nodosum Plateau 233 — robertianum 235 — robcrtidnnm 230 — rotundifolium 240 .... 243 sangunuinum. sunguineum , sdintdc .... sirundum . . . 242 236 237 — scxtum . 243 — sylvaticum 234 — ttrtium 230 Piinii, .lius mus- nitu 2.Si) (Jiaitum mitivunt 1^2 486 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Glastum sijlvestre . . page 182 GLAUCIUM 1,5-8 G. corniculatum 7 — Jlavum 6 — Jiore violaceo 7 — hirsutum,Jloreph(£nir.eo 7 — luteum 6 — violaceum 7 GLECHOMA 6 J, 88 G. hederacea 88 GNAPH ALIUM 333, 410-419 Gnaphallum 402, 403, 4 1 4, 4 1 8 G. ad Stcechadem citr'mam accedens 411 — alpinum 416 nanum seu pumi- lum 416 — americanum 412 — anglkum 415 — — vel helgicum, folio longiore 415 — annuum serotinum ca- pitulis nigricantibus, in humidis gaudens 416 — — vulgar e, capitulis rotundis sessilibus ad an- gulosjioridum 419 — dioicum, 413 — fuscum 416 — gallicum 417 — germanicum 418 — legitimum 403 — longifolium humile ra- mosum capitulis nigris. . 416 — longiore folio et Jiore. . 413 — luteo-album 411 — majiis, lato oblongo folio 411 — margaritaceum 412 — viarimim 403 — « ■■ tomentosum .... 403 — maritimmn 403 — medium 416 — minimum 417 alterum nostras, Stcechadis citrince foliis tenuissimis . 417 — — — - erectum in areno- sis nascens 418 — minus, seu Her ba impia 418 Gnaphalium montanum p. 418 G. album 413 purpureum et album 413 — norvegicum 414 — oblongo folio 411 — parvuni ramosissimum, foliis angustissimis, po- lijsperrnon . , 417 — Plateau secundum .... 411 — rectum 415 — supuium 415 — sylvaticum 414 — sylvaticum 415 — uliginosum 41 6 — vulgare 416, 418 Gramen junceum hyberni- cum minus thlaspios ca- pitulis Sherardi 157 Gram iuif alia aquatica, thla- speos capitulis rotundis, septo medio siliculam di~ rimente 157 Gratiola latifoUa 114 Gruinalis 242 Hallia 292 Hedera terrestris 88 Hedypnois 349,350 H. autumnalis 352^ 353 — biennis 373 — hieracioides 340 — hirta 352 -- hispida 351,352 — paludosa 350 — Taraxaci 352 — Taraxacum 349 — tectorum 372 HEDYSARUM ....251,292, 293 H. Onobrychis 292 Helenium 440 H. majus 440 — vulgare 440 Helianthemum 22 H. alpinum, folio pilosellce minoris Fuchsii ...... 23 — anglicum luteum vel al- bum 26 — ^ore maculoso 24 NDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 487 Helianthemwn montamim, pulii folio incano, Jlore candido paj^e H. serpilli folio incano, Jlo- re minore Inteo inodoro — vulgare petalisjloriun per- angusfis Helicfinjsuni allcruni .... H. italicum — seu Chrysocome annua sylvestris, capitulis mi- nuribiis conglobatis .... Helleboi'aster maximus . . Helleborastrum HELLEBORUS.. .. 2,57 H. foetidiis — niger fcetidus hortensis, Jlore vi- ridi — officinalis — viridis Helminthotheca Helmintia H. ecliioides Hepatorium aquatile .... Herba Gatfaria H. perforata — Roberti — Roperti — Sanctce Kunigundis . . — sylvestris ignoti nominis Hcsperidi alpincv muria- rircve simiHs snrrecta ei magna HESPERIS.. .. 1.03, 207- II. allium redo lens — alpina minor, Jlore albo silupns longis — altera pannonira inodo- ra sylvestris — inodora — matronalis — pannonira inodora .... — sylvestris inodora .... — irrtm 207, lliberis 27 23 20 25 463 463 412 5S 57 ,58 58 58 ^7 58 57 338 338 339 398 70 325 236 230 101 37 214 ■20!) 201 210 207 207 207 207 207 208 189 HIERACIUM p.331, 354-370 H. alpinum 355 — al aipinum. hirsuto folio 66 quintuni 366 latifoimm hirsutum incanum, magnofiore. . 374 villosum, magno Jlore 366 latiorefolio, pilo- sum,Jloremajore 366 — alterum grandius .... 369 IcEvius minimum 375 - — pumilum 355 — amplexicaule 370 — annuum montanumfru- ticosius, caule canalicu- lato 371 — aphacoides 372 — asperum 340 majore Jlore, in agrorum limitibus .... 340 — aurantiacum 358 — Auricula 357 — Auricula 357, 358 — Britannicum 363 — castor ei odore, monspe- Uensiuni 370 — caule aphyllo hirsutum 351 — cerinthoide.s 365 — chondrilhu folio glabro, radice succisd, minus . . 353 — Chondrillo' folio glabrum 372 — Cichorei folio viinus .. 373 — denticulatum 3()8 — dentis leonis folio, hirsu- tie asperum, minus ... 352 tinn . 35 1 ohtuso majus 370 — (lubium 356 — duhium 357, 358 — ecliioides, capitulis car- dui bcnidicti 339 — crurcrfoiium hirsutum . 373 — foliis et Jloribus dentis Icoms bulbosi 351 488 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Hieracium foUis cichorii sylvestris villosiSj odore castorei page 370 H. — «— et facie Chondril- Ice 372 '■ — folio acuto minus .... 354 — • obtuso minus. . . . 354 . — fruticosum angiistifo- lium majus 369 — latifolium gla- brum 367 -^ hirsutum 367 — germanicum primum F. Gregorii 358 — " glabnwi, Succisce folio, prorsiis integro 365 — glaucum pilosum, folii$ parum dentatis 362 — Halleri 355, 366 - — hor tense latifolium, s. Pilosella major 358 — hijbridum 366 — integrifolium .... 3 64 _, 365 — intybaceum 369 — Kalmii 368 — lactuccB folio 372 — latifolium glabrum ex valle Griesbachiand . . 363 — Lawsoni 362 — leptocaulon hirsutum, folio longiore 362 — longius radicatum .... 376 — luteum, cichorii sylves- tris folio amygdatas ama- ras olens 370 glabrum, sive mi- 71US hirsutum ........ 372 — macrocaulon hirsutum^ folio rotundiore 359 - — maculatum 360, 445 — majus 342, 349 — maximum, ChondrillcB folio, asperum .373 - — minimum 378 — Clusii, Hyose- ris Taberncemontani et Gerardi 377 i — mitius 353 Hieracium minus prcemorsd radice page 353 H. sive leporinum , . 353 — molle 364 — montanum alter um lep- tomacrocaulon 371 — — cichorei folio nostras 363 — latifolium minus 363 — murorum 359 — murorum 360, 361 folio pilosissimo 359;> 361 laciniatum mi- nus pilosum 359 — paludosum 363 — parvum in arenosis nas- cens, seminum pappis densiiis radiatis 375 — Pilosella 356 — prcemorsum laciniatum 354 — prenanthoides 368 — prenanthoides 368 — primum 369 latifolium. . . . 374 — pulchrum 371 — Pulmonaria dictum an- gustifolium 360 — pulmonarioides 362 — pulmonarium 362 — pumilum 355, 366 — — saxatile asperum, prcemorsd radice 352 — pyrenaicum, folio cerin- thes, latifolium, et an- gustifolium 365 — quintum Clusii 366 — rectum rigidum, quibuS' dam sabaudum ...... 369 — sabaudum 367 — sabaudum 369 ' — secundum 372 — seu Pilosellce majoris species humilis,foliis Ion- gioribus, rarius dentatis, &c 367 — spicatum 368 — succiscefoUiim 365 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 489 Hieraciumsylvaticum. . p. 361 H. sijlvaticum 360 — Taraxaci 353 — tertium 376 — umbellatum . 369 — villosum 366 — villosum 355 alpinumjlore mag- no singularly caule nudo 355 ■ latifolium, magnojlore 355 HIFPOCREPIS 251,290-292 H. coifiosa 291 HippophcEstum 468 Hirci barba 33/ Holarges 161 HUTCHINSIA .... 151,168 H. petrsea 168 Hydropiper aiuid 399 H. alterum 398 Hyoserismascula 377 H. minima 377 HYPERICUM 322-330 Hypericum 325 H. Androsaemum 323 . dictum 328 — Ascyron dictum ^ caule quadrangulo 324 — barbatum 327 — calycinum 323 — cilialum 328 — ddphineiise 326 — (lubium 326 — eleganlissimum non ra- mosum folio lato 327 — elodes 330 — exiguum 326 — hirsutum 328 — humitusum 326 — Iiumistratum 326 — in dumetis nasccns 324,328 — maculatum — maximum Androsdinum vulgare. dictum — minimum supuium .... — minus — supinum .... 326 nioiitamuu < 323 326 326 326 327 Hypericum perfoliatum . p. 328 H. perforatum 325 — pulchrum 329 Tragi 329 — quadrangulum 324 — quadrangulum. . . . 326, 329 — aupinum glabrum .... 326 tertium minimum 326 — tomentosum 330 — vulgare 325 HYPOCH^RIS 331,374-376 H. glabra 375 — helvetica 375 — maculata 374 — radicata 376 Hyssopus campestris .... 26 IBERIS 151, 180, 181 Iberis 1 70 I. amara 181 — nudicaulis 170 Intubum sylvestre 379 I. angustifolium. . 379 Intubus sylvestris 379 Intybus s. Endivia lalea minima, &c 378 INULA 333, 439-443 /. crithmifolia 442 — crithmoides 442 — cylindrica 44 1 — dysenterica 440 — Helenium 440 — pulicaria 44 1 — nliginosa 44 1 Irio Icevis Apulus, Erucce folio 197 1. sive Erysimum Dioscoridis 1 9 6 ISATIS 152, 181 /. sylvestris 182 — tinctoria 182 Isopyrum Dioscoridis .... 33 Jacea 463-465 ./. (tustriaca scxta 465 tcrtia 465 — cum sipianiis cilii instar pilosis 465 — lutca Clusii 391 annua stdlata et (ilatityfoUis Cyani .... 469 490 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Jacea major V^g^ ^^7 J. nigra 465 laciniata 467 minor tomentosa laciniata 465 -^ vulgaris 465 JacohcBa 427, 433 J. angustifolia 444 — annua, senecionis folio, fceniculi odore 430 — aquatica elatior, foliis magh dissectis 443 — barbarece instar lacinia- ta 434 — chrysanthemi facie. ... 431 — latifolia 434 palustris sive aqua- tica 434 — minor, ahrotani foliis. . 431 — Pannonica, folio non laciniato 444 — senecionis folio incano perennis 430, 432 — sicula, chrysanthemi fa. cie 43 1 — tertia, latifolia prima. . 434 — vulgaris. . 433 KvvoK£suld majore albd, folio corda- to maculd fused notato 319 — echinata minima 321 •—-Jlavo /lore 318 — Jlore luleo 318 — foUiculo spinoso 319 — legit iina 317 Medina major erectior,JIo' ribus purpurascentibus p. 317 M. marina supina nostras, foliis viridibus, ad sum- ?nos ramulos villosis .. 319 — minor, orbiculato com- presso fructu, circum or as spinis molliusculis echinato 320 — pohjcarpos, fructu mi- nore compresso scabro . . 318 — sativa 317 — sylvestris 318 frutescens, &c. 318 MEDICAGO .. 251,316-321 M. arabica 319 — denticulata 320 — falcata 317 — hispida 319 — lupulina 318 — maculata , 319 — minima 321 — muricata 320 — polymorpha 319-321 — sativa 317 MELAMPYRUM 62, 123-126 M. angust folium cristatunif spica quadratd, &c. . . 124 — arvense 124 — barbatum 125 — cceruleum 124 — cristatum 123 — Jlore albo et purpurea 123 — latfoliumjiore albo, la- bio inferiore duabus ma- cutis luteis distincto — lutcuni latifolium ... — multis, sive Triticum vaccinum — pratense 1 25 — pratense. 1 25 — purpurasccnte cotthj . . 124 — sylvaticum 126 — sylvaticum 125 — ■■ — J^^^^ luteo, sive Satureia lutea siflvestris 125 125 125 124 Meliloli tcrtium genux 313 494 JNDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Melilotus page 296, 298 M. germanica 313 — nobilis 313 — Parisiensis, &c 299 — vulgaris 297 Melissa 109, 110 M. Calamintha 109 — Fuchsii Jiore albo .... piu'pureo 111 112 111 110 112 112 112 — Nepeta Melissophyllum .... Ill, M. Fuchsii et DodoncEi . MELITTIS .... 62, 110 M. grandiflora 112 — Melissophyllum .... Ill — MelissophijUum 112 Menta 80,82 MENTHA 61, 72-88 Mentha 75 M. acutifolia 81 — agrestis 87 — alopecuroides 73 — altera 73, 80 ■ angustifolia spicata . . glabra, fo- lio rugosiore, odore gra- viore - aquatica 79, 86, - . exigua folio ohlongo viri- di glabro saporisfervidis- simi - • major /o /o 101 80 79 79 jninor 79 nigricans, fervido scipore sive Sisyrnbriujn verticillata, odoris grati. gla- bra, rotundiore folio . . — arvensis — arvensis major, verticilliset 76 /7, 79 8! 80 ^7 Jloribus amplis, fol. lati- nrihus, &c 86 Mentha arvensis verticilla- ta folio rotundiore, odore aromatico P^g^ ^6 M. ■ versi- color 83 — ■ austriaca 86 — candicans, foliis spicis et odore vulgar i sativce similis 73 — cardiaca 85 — citrata 78 — crispa 74, 82 verticillata. ... 80, 83 folio ro- tundiore 82 — : cruciata 82 — felina, sen Cattaria . . 70 — fervid a nigricans, bre- viore folio et spied .... 77 — fusca sive vulgaris .... 84 — gentilis 83 — gentilis 84, 86 — gracilis 84 — gratissima 74 — hircina 77 — hiisuta 78 — hirsuta 77, 189 — hortensis secunda .... 73 tertia 75 verticillata, Ocy- mi odore 85 — lapponica 87 — longifolia 73 — nemorosa 73 — odorata 78 — officinalis 7^ — paludosa . . : 79 — palustris 79 — spicata 79 - piperita 76 — piperita 79, 85 officinalis 7Q sylvcbtris 77 : — vulgaris 77 — pratensis 84 — prcecox 86 — prima . 82 — Pulcgium 87 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 495 Mentha Pulegium page 70, 1 10 M. rivalis 79, 83 — • romana 75 : — officinarum, sive prcEstantior, angustifo- Via — rotundifolia — rotundifolia palustris .... rubra, auran- tii odore — rotundiore folio glahro, puleoiijlore — rubra — rubra 78, 83, — saliva 70, 82, rubra — Sisymbrii facie et odore, hirsuta et verticillata . . — Sisymbrium dicta hirsu- ta, glomerulis ac foliis minorihus ac roiundiori- bus — spicata 73, angustifolia gla- bra, spied laliore ■folio longiore acu- 75 74 73 79 82 82 84 83 82 80 to glabro mgriori .... glabra, latiore fo- lio v^ . nostras, cardiac a: sativcn forma et odore, &c. — spicis brevioribus et lui- bitioribus, foliis M.fus- ccc, sapore fervido pi pe- ris — sylvcstris — sylvestris longiore folio. . — longioribus, ni- grioribus, et minus inca- nis fdiis — rotuudiore folio — variegata — verticillata .. 79, Ml, 82, aroma tica, folio li)u^i<)rr et acutiore. . . . "folio anguHliore 79 7o 75 75 7rt Mentha verticillata glabra odore Menthce sativce page M. — — — — ' foliis ex rotunditate acuminatis. . — . — hortensis, odore Ocymi. minima, odore fragrantissimo minor acuta, non crispa, odore Ocymi — rotundiore fo- lio, odore Ocymi .... — verticillatcE varietas,hir- suiie foliorum discrepans — villosa — viridis . — viridis Menthastri aquatici genus hirsutum, spied latiore . Menthastrum M. anglicuni — campense — cinereum velniveum an- glicum, variegatis foliis . — folio rugoso rotundiore, spontaneum, fiore spica- to, odore ii^ravi spicaium LoLelii . — niveum anglicuni — spicatum, folio crispo rotundiore, colore part) m alio, kc // 73 74 73 73 ■s;} 83 81 84 — . ■ longiore candicante — sylvrstre, foliis latis . . Milititri^ aizoidcs Millefolium !('»{), M. lutciim — sive Maralriphyllon .fio- re et semine Ranunculi aquatici, hcpatica- facie . — lerrcstre vulgare . . . — tomentnsum lutmni — vut^arc .... Mwnchia sativa Mnnotropa Hypopilys 84 86 85 80 85 86 79 73 75 85 79 73 74 7o 74 74 79 79 74 71 73 73 31 Al\2 [62 54 4r.2 4()3 IC.J 1 IS 49(5 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Morsus GallincB, folio he- derulce alter .... page 92 Moxa 410 Myacanthos 4 69 Mijagro affinis plant a, sili- qiiis longis 201 Myagroides subrotundis ser- ratisquefoliiSfJlore alho 161 Myagrum 163, 164 M. perfoliatum 1 63 — sativum 1 64 Myrrhida Plinii, &c 230 Napellus 31 N. racemosus 3 — verus ccsruleus 31 Napiis 217 N. Bunias sativus 217 sylvestris 217 — sativus 217 — sylvestris 217,218 Nasturtiolum montanum annuiim tenuissinie divi- sum 168 NASTURTIUM .. 152, 191- 195 Nasturtium. . . . 165, 166, 168, 171-173, 175,178,192 N. agreste 189 — amphibium 1 95 — aquaticum 1 92 foliis minorihus prcBcocius 192 majus et ama- rum 190 pinnulis pauci- orihus 192 simplici, et ple- no,Jlore 189, 191 — — — supinum .... 192 — minimum annuum,Jiore alho 187 — officinale 192 — palustre 194 — petrcEum 1 70, 2 1 1 — — — annuum nostras . 1 68 — pratense 189 — — magnojiore .... 189 — pumilvm vernum .... 1 68 Nasturtium supinum, cap- sulis verucosis .... page 179 N. sylvestre 193 Clusii 156 erucce affine . . 156 — — Osyridis folio . 166 valentinum . . 156 — terrestre 1 93 Nepa quibusdam 265 N. Theophrasti 266 NEPETA 61,70 Nepeta 70 N. cataria 70 — major vulgaris 70 — muUifida 70 Nidus avis Jlore et caule violaceo-purpureo colore 149 Nissolia parva, Jlore pur- pureo 275 N. vulgaris 275 Nummularia Norwegica re- pens, folio dentato, Jlo- ribus geminis 142 NUPHAR 2, 14-16 N. Kalmiana 16 — lutea 15 — minima 16 — pumila 16 NYMPHiEA 2,13,14 Nymphcea 14 N. alba 14 — altera 15 — Candida 14 — lutea . . . . 15, 16 — minima 16 — pumila 16 Ocimasfrum 109 Ocy mum sylvestre 109 Odontites 119 Onobrychis 292 O. major, siliculis echinatis cristatis, &c 292 — secunda 258 — seu Caput gallinaceum 292 ONONIS .... 250, 266-268 0. antiquorum 268 — arvensis 267 — hircina 268 NDEX OF LATIN NAMEi 497 Ononis hircina .... page 268 O. inermis 207 — repens 267 — . spinosa 267 mitis . 268 Onopordon 390 ONOPORDUM 332, 395, 396 O. Acanthium 395 Onopyxos tertius 384 Orchis abortiva 149 ORIGANUM 62, 106 Origanum 106 O. anglicum 106 — Onites 1 07 — sylvestre sen vulgare . . 106 — vulgare 106 — vulgare 79, 189 — — spontaneum .... 1 06 Ornithopodium 289, 290 (). majus 290 — minus 290 — radice nodosa 290 — tuberosum 290 ORNITHOPUS 25 1 , 289, 290 O. intermedius 290 — perpusillus 290 OROBANCHE.,63, 146-150 Orobanche 147, 150 O. altera Matthioli .... 146 — caerulea 149 — canjophyllacea 147 — elatior 147 — Jlore majore 149 viinore 148 obsoleto majore. . 149 — Icgumen 274 — major 146 — iiKijor 147, 148 Garyophyllum olens 1 46 — minor 148 — minor 147 — purpurea 149 — (juarta 149 — radice dcntatd, altihs ra- du-atu, foliis et Jloribus albo-purpureis 127 — ■ major et minor I 27 sqnammatd, foliis VOL. Ill ' rotundiSj fiore pendente, &c page 127 Orobanche ramosa 150 O. ramosa 149 — rubra 148 OROBUS.... 250,271-273 O. radice tuber osa 272 — .sylvaticus 272 — sylvaticus 286 foliis oblongis glabris 2/2 — ■ ■ ■ nostras 2/3 — tenuifolius 272 — tuberosus 272 Osyris 134 0. Austriaca 402 Othonna palustris 443 P.EONIA 2, 28, 29 Pceonia 29 P. corallina . .* 29 — foemina 21) — mas 29 — officinalis 29 Panax chironium, sive Flos solis 20 P. coloni 99 PAPAVER 1 P. Argemone U) — cambricum 12 — _ perenne, fiore sulphureo * 12 — corniculatum 0 Jlore phicnicco 7 luteum 4,6 — phccniceum, fo- lio hirsuto 7 . — violaci'um. ... 7 — cornutum 6 Jlort' lutco. ... 6 ■ rubra . . 7 — . violaceo 7 pluniicco Jlore . 7 — ilubium 10 — tralicum W pyrcnaicnm, Jlurcjldi'o I'J — Ilirinlfum 166 — hybriduin '.' — hiciniato folio, aipitulo K 498 INDEX or LATIN NAMES, hrev'iore glahro anmiitm, Rh^eas dictum page 1 1 Papaver laciniato folio fCa- pifulo hispido longiore. . 10 rotundiore .... 9 lo7igio7'e glahro 10 — luteum perenne, laci- niato folio, cambrobri- tannicujn 12 — maritimum 10 — Rhoeas 11 — Rhceas 10 — sativum 12 — somniferum 1 1 — sylvestre 12 Parietaria sylvestris sccun- da 125 P. tertia 124 Paronychia alsinefolia . . 158 P. vulgaris , . . . 158 Paronychice similis sed ma' jar J, perennis alpina re- pens . . . . , ICO Parthenium 458 P. maritimum minimiim . . 456 -<- sell Matricaria 45 1 Pastoria Bursa 173 PEDICULARIS 63,128-130 Pedicularis . . . . 119-121, 129 P. major angustifolia ra~ mosissima, fiore minore luteo, labello purpureo . 121 — minor 129 — palustris 1 29 — — rubra elatior . 129 ~~ pratensis purpurea .. 129 rubra vulgaris 129 — sylvatica 129 Peloria 134 Perfoliata siliquosa 202 Personata altera, cum ca- pitulis villosis 381 P. sive Lappa major .... 380 . altera 38 1 Personalia 381 Pes corvimis 52 Petas'des . . - . 424-426 Petasitesjlore minore, ela^ tior page 420 P.Jiosculis in medio majo- ribus, reliquis minoribus 426 — major,Jloribus pediculis longis insidentibus .... 426 — — et vulgaris prima 426 PICRIS 331,338-340 Picris 351, 353 P. echioides 339 — hieracioides 339 — Taraxaci 353 Pilosella 356,357 P, major 356,358,359 — — prima 357 — majoris, sive Pulmona- rice lutecs species magis laciniata. 359 — minor 413 . — polyclonos repens major syriaca, Jlore amplo au- rantiaco 358 — repens 356 — siliquata 209 — Siliquosa 209 Pilosellcc majoris, sive Pul- monarice bit ecu species angustifolia 361 Pisa sponte nascentia .... 270 PISUM 251,270,271 P. grcecorum 277 — marinum 270 — maritimum 270 — spontaneum perenne re- pens humile 270 Plantaginella 144, 145 P. palustris 145 Polium gnaphaloides .... 403 Polyacantha 468 Polyacanthos 385 POLYGALA . . 250, 257-259 Polygala 258 P. amara 259 — multorum 293 — vulgaris 258 Polygalon 258 P. Gesneri 293 Populago 59 P. minor, 59 PRENANTHES page 332, 347, 348 P. hieracifuUa 371 — muralis 348 — pulchra 371 Primula veris 448 PRUNELLA 62, 114 Prunella 114 P. vulgaris 114 Pseudamhrosia 179 Pseudo-fumaria, flare lutco 254 Pseudo-lcontopodium .... 415 PseudO'Viyagrum 164 Psyllium 441 Ptarmica 460 P. vulgaris, folio longoser- ralo,jlore alho 460 Pulcgium 87 P. rcgium 87 Puhuonaria angustifolia glabra 369 P. gallica ftcmina 359 mas 359 sive aiirea 359 — — — lenuifolia 361 — gallorum, sive Auricula viuris major Tragi .... 359 — graminea 369 Pulsatilla 35, 36 P. folio crassiore el majorc jlore 36 — vulgaris 36 PYRETHRUM .. 333,450- 453 P. (ilpinum 451 — inodonim 452 452 451 194 194, 195 253 — marilimum — Parthcnium Radicula 1 1) I 71. si/lvcstris sive palustris Radix cava minor . Ranunculi qnarla species laclea n. luUa .... — trrtia sjtccics Rannnculo, sive Pohjantlie- mo aquatico alio a (fine, &c NDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 499 RANUNCULUS . p. 2, 14-55 R. acris 51 — alpestris 49 — alpinus humilis albus, folio snhrotundo 49 — aqualicus albus, circina' lis tenuissini^ divisis fo' \ His, SzQ 55 fceniculi ': folio 54 — hepalicce facie 54 — aquatilis 54 — aquatilis 45, 54 — ■ albus 54 — —— — . lata et fce- niculi folio 54 — angustifolius serrafus 45 — ■ hederaceus al- bus 54 -- arvensis. 52 annuus hirsufus, flare omnium minima lu- teo 53 parvus, folio irifido 50 — arvorum 53 — auricomiis M, 17 — bulbo.sus 19 — bulbosus 50 — circinatus 55 — didcis, seu pratensis . . 17 — Ficaria 47, 51) — flammcus latiori plan- taginis folio, margiuihus pilosis 45 — major 1() — • minor 45 — scrratus ... 15 — Flanimula 45 folio serrata . . 45 — flore glaboso 56 — ftuviaiili^ . . 5."i — globosus . . 56 I — glonnraio florc [t(\ \ — gramincu.s , 46 I — hederaceus 54 I — hrtcrophijllus 5 1 I — liirsutus 50 K 2 36 38 38 00 500 INDEX or LATIN NAMES. Ranunculus hirsutus an- nuus^Jiore minimo. . page 53 R. hortensis secunda .... 52 shnplicis prima species 53 — Lingua 46 — longifolius, aliis Flam- mula 45 — ■■ Lingua Plinii dictus,foliis serratis . . 46 — longo folio maximus, Lingua Plinii 46 — luteus 52 — minimus alpinus albus . . 49 — apulus 50 — — — saxatilis hirsu^ tus 50 — montani prima species 49 — montanus Jiore minore, etjlore major e 49 — nemorosus 37 — '■ dulcisj secundus Tragi 47 -— — ^ Jlore cceruleo, duplex, Apennini montis 37 — — — — purpuro- ccuruleo 37 luteus 38 — octavus 52 — palustris 48 Jiore minimo. . 48 — — — rotund if olius. . 48 — pantothrix 54, 55 — parviflorus. 53 •^ parvjflorus 50 — parvulus 50 — Philonotis 50 — pratensis erectus acris .. 52 — ^— dulcis . . 48 — — — etiamque hor- tensis 51 repens 51 — — — - ■ hirsutus 51 — ■ surrectis cauli- culis 52 — prima species sylvestris 47 — primus 48 — pumilus, gramineis fo- His 46 Ranunculus pyrenceus page 46 R. rectus, foliis pallidiori- bus hirsutis 50 — repens 51 gramineis foliis y e singulis geniculis radi- ces agens 45 — reptans 45 — rotundif olius vernus syl- vaticus 48 — sceleratus 48 — secunda species 48 — sextus 56 — species duodecima .... 45 — sylvestris luteus 38 — tertia species 50 — trichophyllon aquaticus medio luteus 54 — tubeiosus 50 — — — — major 50 Rapa 216 R. sativa oblonga, sen foe- mina 218 rotunda 218 Raphanistrum 225 R.siliqud articulatd glabra, majore et minore .... 226 RAPHANUS.. 153,225-227 R. aquaticus 195 — ■ — alter 195 foliis in profun- das lacinias divisis .... 1 94 — maritimus 226 Jlore luteo, sili- quis articulatis, secun- dum longitudinem emi- nent^r striatis 226 — minimus repens luteus, foliis tenuiter divisis . . 1 93 — Raphanistrum 226 — Raphanistrum . . . . 226, 227 — sylvestris 226 Rapistrum arvorum .... 221 R. jiore albo striata , . . . 226 luteo 221 bra articulatd 226 Rapu7n 218 R. genistce, sive Orobanche 146 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 501 Rapum longum .... page 218 R. majus , . . . 218 — radice oblonga 218 — rotundum 218 — sativum 218 — STjlvestre non bulbosian 217 Rcsta bovis, &c 267 Rhagadiolus 352 Rhaphanus marinus .... 183 R. Raphanistrum 189 — rusticanus 1 78 — sijlvestrh 178, 195 ojjicinarum 165,195 Rhapoiiticum 464 RHINANTHUS .... 62,119 R. Crista gain 120 — Crista galli 121 — major 121 — minor 120 — Trixago 118 Rhurkraitt. .'. 415,419 Roemeria hybrida 7 Sagittaria 35 Salvia agrestis 68 S. sijlvestris 68 Sanctce Barbaras herba . . 199 Sancti Jacobi herba .... 433 Sanguinaria radix 243 Santolina 402 S. maritima 403 Saturcia lutea sylvestris . . 125 Saxifraga lutea 297 Scabiusa major 467 Scordium 68 ,S. alteram Flinii 68 Scorodonia 68 6\ sen Salvia agrestis .... 6S Scorpius alter 265 S. primus 265 Scnrzourra /lispnuud .... 338 SCROPHUL.ARIA. . 62, 137- 140 Scrophularia 137 S. aquatica 138 — - major 138 — caulc alatit 138 — /lore luteo 139 — famina I3S — mujin 13/ Scrophularia major, cauli- busfoliis eljioribus viri- dibus page 137 S. minor 137 — montanamaxima latifo- Ha,Jlore luteo 139 — nodosa 137 — peregrina 138 — Scordii folio 1 39 — Scorodonia 138 — Scorodonicefoliis .... 139 — vernalis 139 SCUTELLARIA 62,112-114 Scutellaria 113 S. galericulata 113 — minor 1 13 Sedum alpiyium sextum .. 158 — pefrceum 158 montanum 158 SENEBIERIA. . 152, 178-180 S. Coronopus 179 — didyma 180 — pinnatijida 180 SENECIO .... 334, 427-436 Senecio 428,430,444 S. alpinus 434 — aquaticus 434 — chrysanthemifolius. ... 431 — coroUis radiantibus pla- nis calyce longioribus in- tcgris, foliis pinnatijidis : laciniis lanceolatis di~ stantibus 431 — ■ revolutis, foliis amplexicaulibus lancco. talis dentatis, s(]uamis calycinis brcvissimis in- tactis 430 — Doria 436 — erncifolius 432 — hirsutus viscidus graveo- Icus 429 ^ . major odo- rntus 429 — Jacobau 133 — lividus 429 — lividus 433 — major, sivc Flos Sancti Jiicohi 433 502 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES* Senecio minor latiore folio, sive montanus. . . . page 430 S. nemorensis 436 — paludosus 434 — saracenicus 435 — squalidus 431 — sylvaticus 430 — sylvaticus 433 — tenuifolius 432 — viscosus 429 — viscosus 430 — vulgaris 428 Senetionis species Dodo- ncei 371 Seridia 403 Seriphium Absinthium . . 198 S. germanicum 198 Serpillum 1 OS Serpi/Unm 108 S. angustifolium glabrum 108 — citratum 108 — • hirsutum minus repens inodorum 1 08 — latifolium hirsutum . . 1 08 — majusjlore purpureo . . 1 08 — villosum fruticosiusyjlo- rihus dilute rubcntihus. . 108 — vulgare 1 08 Jiore albo 108 amplo .... 1 08 hirsutum 108 majus 108 SERRATULA.. 332,382,383 Serratula 382 S. alpina 383 — arvensis 389 — tinctoria 382 Sesama 1 04 Sferra ravallo 29 1 SIBTHORPIA.. 62, 143, 144 S. europsea 143 — prostrata 143 Sideritis an g lieu, strumosd radice 99 S. arvensis latifolia hirsiita lutea ^94 rubra . , 93 — humilis, lato obtuso fo- lio 100 Silibum, sive Leucaniha Loniceri page 395 Silybum 384,386 S. marianum 386 Sinapi 221-223 S. alburn..,..^ 216, 222 siliqua hirsutd, se- mine albo vel ruffo .... 222 — hortense 222 — primum 223 genus 222 — rapcu folio 223 — ^ sativum primum 223 secundum 223 — secundum 222 — siliqua latiusculd gla- brd, semine ruffo, sive vulgare 223 SINAPIS 153,220-225 S alba 222 — arvensis 221 — arvensis 226 — muralis 224 — nigra 222 — tenuifolia 223 Sisymbrii Cardamines spe- cies qucvdam insipida .. 187 SISYMBRIUM 153,195-198 Sisymbrium 192-195 S. aquaticum 192 alterum 188, 189 — arenosum 211, 212 — Cardamine 192 — EruccB folio glabro, mi- nus et prcBcocius 199 — hirsutum 79 folio angustiore et acutiore, minime ramo- sum 79 seu Nasturtium aquaticum Jiore majore, elatius 190 tertia Dodoncpi 1 90 — hortense 74 — Irio 197 — monense 220 — officinale 196 — Sophia 197 — syhesirc 79, 193 — Tfrpc^Pyc ... - - ^. JfA INDEX or LATIN NAMES. b03 Sisymbrium tenuifolium . p. 223 Siiim minimum 187 S. minus impatiens 187 SOLIDAGO . . 334, 437-439 SoUdago 443, 448 S. bicolor 438 — cambrica 438 — minuta 439 — sarracenica 435 — Virgaurea 438 SONCHUS. . . . 332, 340-344 S. alpinus 34 1 — a^pvWoKCCvXos, angusto et obLongo folio nostras, creberrimis spinuUs, &c. 344 — arbor escens 342 342 342 342 343 313 343 343 343 343 343 ^ alter — arvensis. . — arvensis . . — asper . . . . . den tat us .... laciniatus .... latifolius non laciniatus — aspera — asperior — canadensis 341 — caeruleu.s 34 1 hitifolius 341 — Jlore cccruleo 341 — Iiieracitcs major repens calyculo hirsuto, inter segctes «^ 1- — Uiciniatus non spinosus 343 — Icevior vulgaris secundus 348 343 343 — Iccvis ■ lacin'uitis foliis — ■ laciniatus mura- lis, parvis Jlorihus .... 348 lanceatus acutifolius 3-12 latifolius 343 minor, pnucioribus laciniis muraiis — . . M vulgaris, foliis la- ciniosis — oU'raci u.s — |)aluslvis Sonchus repens, multis Hie- racium majus .... page .S. subrotundo folio nostras, levissimis spinulis,S:c. — tertius asperior — tricubitalis, folio cuspi- dato Sophia Cfiirurgorum .... SPARTIUM.... 250,201 S. scoparium 2G1 Spergula perpusilla lancea- tis foliis Spina alba hortensis .... S, — sylvestris tomenlosa latifoUa sylvestris — solstitialis altera Squamaria STACHYS 01,97 Stachys ^^^^^ 342 344 343 342 197 .202 145 380 395 395 409 409 127 -100 S. alba latifoha major — ambigua — arvensis minima .... — Fuchsii — germanica — montana — palustris 99 — sylvatica ^8 Stoidcs annuum hir. sutuni pallid^ Ititcum sen ochrolcmum 30 1 — higopoidcs jiurpurium iiivinac humdc annuum. 506 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. seu Lagopus minimus vulgaris page 305 Trifolium IwpuUnum aUe^ rum minus 310 T. — minimum .... 311 — luteum lupulinum .... 318 — — minimum 3 1 1 minimum 310 siliqud cornutd . . 318 — maritimum 303 ■ — medium 302 — minimum supinum,Jlos- culorum et seminum globulis plurimis con- ferthnad radicem nas- centihus 300 — minus 310 — . capite suhrotundo parvo alho et echiuato. . 300 — « villosum, purpu- rea capite parvo ecliinato 308 — montanum 301 — ochroleucum 30 1 — odoratuju, seu Melilotus fruticosa lutea vulgaris vel officinariim 297 sive Melilotus . 297 — officinale 297 — ornithopodioides .... 298 — parvum hirsutum,Jlori- busparvis dilute purpu- reisy in glomerulis mol- Uoribus et oblongis, se- mine magno 307 rectum, Jlore glo- merato cum unguiculis . . 307 — pratense 302 — pratense 299, 303 album, &c. . . 299 hirsutummajus, Jlore albo.sulphureo .. 301 luteum 318 — ■ capitulo lupulij vel agrarium . . 3C9 -fcemina, Jlore pulchriore, sive lu- pulino 309 — purpureum . . 302 Trifolium pratense purpu- reum minus, foliis corda- tis page 302 r. supinum Karco^ ^\£^, seu capite humi merso 300 — procumbens 309 — procumbens 310 — pumilum supinum, Jios- culis lojigi-s albis 300 — purpureum majus, foliis longioribus et angustiori' bus, Jloribus saturatiori- bus 303 sativum, pratensi simile 302 — repens 299 — sativum, siliqud cornu- td magh tortili 317 — scabrum 306 — siliquis ornithopodii wo5- tras 298 — siliquosum, loto affine, siliquis ornithopodii. . . . 298 7ninus 313 — spadiceum 310 — spicatum minus, Jlore minore dilute purpurea . 303 — squarrosum 301 — stellatum 304 — stellatum 303 glabrum .... 303 — -^— . purpureum mon- spessulanum 304 — striatum 307 — subterraneum 300 — suffocatum 299, 308 — supinum cum glomerulis ad caulium nodos globo- sis, Jloribus purpuranti- bus 307 — Vaillantii 299 Trigonella 298 Tripolimn 437 T. minus 437 — vulgare 437 Trissago sive Chamcedrijs . . 69 Triticum vaccinum 124 INDEX OF LATIN NAMEi 507 Trua^o page 100 TROLLIUS 2,56 T. europeeus ^0 Turr'ita vulgatior 216 TURRITIS . ... 152,215,216 Turnfis 215 T. alpina 212 — ciliata 212 — glabra 215 — hirsuta 212,213 — major 214 — minor foliosa 210 — muralis minor 213 — Raii 210 — vulgaris ramosa 209 — vulgatior 216 TUSSILAGO . . 33 1, 424-427 Tussiiago altera, sive Far- fugium 59 T.' Furfara 425 — hyhrida 426 — major 426 — Pttasites 425, 426 ULF.X 250 U. europaeus 265 — europccus 266 — grandiflorus 265 266 266 — minor — nanus Umbilicus Veneris Offiei- narum 131 Ungula cuhalUna 425 Urtica iners (/uarta 94 U. mortua alia divaricata, et guttalhn dispcrsa . . 90 — 7ion mordaXf vulgaris faitens purpurea 91 VELLA 151, 155, 15(i V. annua 156 Veratrum nigrum sccun- dnm 5S / '. t( rtiuni ..... r)S / 'crhdscHin 1 15 VKKBKNA 61, 71 / f.rbeua 71 r. communis 71 —fumina 196. 42S — masLula 71 Verbena officinalis . page V. recta, sive mas — vulgaris Verhenaca Verhesina minima V. pulchriorejlore luteo . . — sen Cannahina aquatica, fiore minas pulchro, ela- tior, &c; Veronica fivmina , VICIA 251,279- Vicici 281, V. angustifolia — angustifolia 281, — bithynica — cassubica — Cracca — Jlore luteo pallido, sili- quis propendentibus hir- sutis — folio angustiore, Jiore rubro — ■ ■ subrotundo brevi, obtus> mucronato, Sec. . — hybrida — hybrida — lajvigata — lathyroides — lathyroides 281- nostras, Sec. . . — lutea — luteo Jlore sylvestris . . — major species quce altius consccndit — maritima Jlore alho lon- 71 96 71 71 399 399 398 132 287 2S9 282 283 287 273 280 281 282 286 284 285 285 283 ■283 278 284 284 280 — maxitna dumttorunt . . — minima pru'cox parisien.. sium — minor stiiclum, cum .vi- liquis juiucis glabris . . — cum sili- quis plurimis hirsutis . . — multijlora maxima per- tnnis, tclro odorc,Jlori' liiis iilbcntibus, lincisffV- rukis stnatis 285 286 283 283 288 289 280 508 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Vicia parvGj sive Cracca mi' nor, cum muliis siliquis hirsutis page 289 V. perennis multiflora spi- cata ccerulea sepiaria. . 280 — pratensis verna, seu prcEcox Soloniensis semi- ne c.uhico, seu hexciedron referente 283 — qiice Pitine Anguillarce, lata siliqudjjlore luteo . 274 — sativa 281 — sativa 282, 283 — segeium, singularihus siliquis glabris 288 — sepiuin . . . . , 286 perennis 286 — sylvatica 279 multiflora maxima 280 — sylvestris,Jiore ruberri- mo, siliqud tonga nigra 282 — • lutea cum ga- lea fused 284 — — siliqud hirsutd, nondum descrip- ta — ^— — sive Cracca ma- jor . . 284 281 sive Cracca, minima 289 — vera, Aphaca Matthiolo 281 — vulgaris sativa 281 sylvestris, se- mine parvo et nigro,fru- gum .. .'. 281 VicicB, sive Cracca minimce, species cum siliquis gla- bris 288 Fiola lutea page 204 V. > foliis convolvuli minoris 274 — matronalis 208 purpurea .... 205 — petrcEa lutea 203 — purpurea 208 Viorna 39 Virea 350 Virga aurea 437,4 38 V. angustifolia ser- rata, sive Solidago ser- racenica 435 cambrica,Jloribus conglobatis 438 linaricc folio, jlo- ribus congestis et umbel- lathn disposiiis 402 maxima, radice repente 435 montana biuncia- lispumila 438 folio au" gusto subincano Jiosculis conglobatis 438 virginiana irsuta annua, difore pallido. . 421 vulgari humilior . 438 vulgaris latifolia 438 VirgcB aurece sive Solida- gini angustifolice affinis Lingua avis Delechampii 434 Vitalba 39 Vitis nigra 39 Vulneraria 269 V. pratensis 269 — rustica 269 — supina,Jlore coccineo. . 269 INDEX OF THE ENGLISH NAMES IN VOL. III. Adonis-flowi;u . . pfige 43 Agrimony, hemp .... 400, 401 Alehoof 88 Aloe, water 34 Alyssum 162 Anemone 35-38 Archangel 89, 91, 9G Awlvvort 156, 157 Balm, bastard 110, 112 Bane-berries 3 Bartsia 116-119 Basil-thyme 109 wild 104, 105 Bear's-foot 58 Bee-nettle 95 Betony, water 1 38 wood 97 Bird's-foot 289, 290 trefoil 298, 312-315 tongue 434 lilue-bottle 463,466 Broom 261,262 Broom-rape 146-150 Bugle *. ..64-67 Burdock 379-381 Bur-marigold 397-400 Butter-bur 425-427 cups 49 Cabbage 216,219,220 Calamint 107, 109, 110 ('am mock 267 Candv-tuft ISO, 181 Cat-mint page 70 Cat's. ear 374-376 Celandine 4 Chamomile 455-459 wild 453, 454 Charlock 221 jointed 226 Christopher, herb 3 Cistus 22-28 Clot-bur 380 Clover 296, 299, 302 Cock's-head 292 Cole, sea J 84 seed 217 Colt's.foot 425 Columbine 32, 33 Coral wort. 185, 186 Cotton-weed 402-404 Cow-wheat 123-126 Cranes-bill 232-243 Cress 166-173, 191-195 rock 209-212 — rocket 155, 156 wall 209, 213, 214 Crowfoot 44-55 Cuckoo-llower 189 Cudweed 410^119 Daisy 447 moon 449 Dame's.violct 207, 208 Dandelion .... 348-352,376 Dead-nettle 89-92 510 INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES. Elecampane ,,.... page 440 Everlasting, pearly .... 412 Eye-bright 117, 119, 121, 122 Feverfew 450-453 Figwort 137-140 Flea-bane. . 421-424, 439-442 wort 443-445 Flix-weed 197 Fluellin 131, 132 Foxglove 140, 141 Fumitory 252-257 Furze 265, 266 Germander 67-69 Gill 88 Globe-flower 56 Goat's-beard 337, 338 Gold-of-pleasure. . . . 163, 164 Golden-rod 437-439 Goldilocks 47 Goldylocks 401,402 Goose-tongue 460 Green-weed 262-264 Ground-ivy 88 Groundsel 427-430 Hawkbit 350-354 Hawklung 359,361,366,367, 369 Hawkweed 340, 354-371 succory 372, 373 Hawk's.beard 370-373 Hedge-mustard 195-198 Hellebore .....57, 58 Hemp-agrimony .... 400, 401 Hemp.nettle 92-95 Henbit 92 Honeysuckle Trefoil .... 302 Horehound, black 101 white .... 102, 103 Horned-poppy 5-8 Horse-mint 73 radish 177 shoe.vetch 290, 291 Hutchinsia 168 Jack by the hedge 201 Ivy, ground , . . . 88 Kale, sea 184 Kidney. vetch 268, 269 Knapweed .... 463-465, 467 Ladies'-finsrer 269 Ladies' smock, , page 186-191 Larkspur 29, 30 Leopard's -bane 446 Lettuce 344-348 wall 347,348 Lily, water 13-16 Lime-tree 1 7-21 Linden-tree 17 Linnaea 141-143 Liquorice, wild 294 Lousewort 128-130 Mallow 244-249 ■ marsh 244 tree 248 Marigold, corn 449 marsh 59, 60 Marjoram 106 Marsh -marigold 59, 60 Matfellon 467 Mayweed, scentless .... 452 stinking 458 Meadow-rue 40-42 Medick 316-321 Melilot 296, 297 Milfoil 462 Milk-vetch 293-296 wort 257-259 Mint 72-88 cat 70 hood , 113, 114 pepper 76 Mithridate mustard .. 170, 1 71 pe))perwort 166, 167 Moneywort, cornish .... 144 Motherwort.... . . ..103, 104 Mouse-ear 355-357, 367, 374 Mudwort 144, 145 Mugwort 409, 410 Mustard 220-224 hedge 195-198 Mithridate . . 170, 171 tower 215, 216 treacle 200-202 Navevv 218 Nep 70 Nettle, dead 89-92 hemp 92-95 Nipplewort 376, 377 Nonesuch 318 NDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES. 511 Ox. eye page 448, 449 tongue 338-340 Park -leaves 323 Pasque-flower 35 Pea, everlasting .... 273, 2/7 heath 272 sea 270 Penny-cress 171 royal S7 wort, Cornwall .... 144 Pepperwort 1 G 1-1 68 Pheasant's -eye 43 Pilewort 47 Phie, ground 67 Piony 28, 20 Poppy 8-13 horned 5-8 Purse, shepherd's . , 1 70, 1 72- 174 Radish 225-227 horse 177 water 1 94, 1 95 Ragwort 427, 431-435 Rape 219 Rattle, red 128, 129 .yellow 119-121 Rest-harrow 26G-2G8 Robert, herb 235 Rock-crcss 209-212 Rocket, cress 155, 15G London 197 sea 183 water 193 Rue, meadow 40-42 Sage, wood G8 Saint-foin 292 Saint John's. wort . . 322-330 Peter's-wort 324 Sauce alone 20 1 Saw-wort 382, 383 Scurvy. grass 171-177 Self-heal 114 Sctterwort 5S Slicplicrd's purse 170, 172-174 Sibthorpla 1 13, 144 Siinson 428 Skull-cap 112-111 Slough -heal Ill Snaj) dragon 1 30-1 32. 1 35,1 3G Sneezewort V^S^ '^^^^ Southernwood 400 Sow-thistle 340-344 Spikenard, plowman's . . 420 Star.thistle 4G3, 4G8-470 Starwort 43G, 437 Stock 201-20G Stork'6-bill 229-231 Succory 378, 379 Swine's cress 179 succory 377 Tansy '. 404,405 Tare 287-289 Teesdalia 1G9, 170 Thistle 381-397 carline 39G, 397 cotton 395 plume 387-394 St. Barnaby's . . 4G9 star 4G3, 4G8-170 yellow 4G9 Thyme 107-110 Toad-flax 130, 133, 134 Toothwort 12G-128 Tower-mustard 215, 216 Traveller's joy 38, 39 Treacle. mustard 200-202 Trefod 29G, 298^311 bird's-foot 298, 3 1 2-3 1 5 Turnip 217 Tutsan 323 Vervain 71 Vetch 279-2S7 horse. slioe kidnev. . . . milk . . . . .290, 291 . 2GM,2G!) . 293-29(i Vetchling 273-276, 278 \'iolet, dame's 207, '208 Wall-cress 209,213, 214 flower 202-201 Wart.cress 178- ISO Water-aloe 34 UIv 13-16 soldier 33,34 Weasel -snout 96 Wheat, cow 123-126 Whin, conmion 265 ' petty 264 512 NDEX OF ENGLISPr NAMES. Whitlow-grass. .page 157-162 Winter-cress 198,199 Woad 181, 182 VVolfs-bane 31 Wood-waxen P^g^ 263 Wormwood .... 405, 407-409 Woundwort 97-100 Yarrow 460-462 END OF VOL. III. LONDON: PRINTED BY RICHARD TAYLOR, SHOE -LANE. tiAMtlAAt New York Botanical Garden Library QK306 .S62 v.3 gen Smith, James Edward/The English flora III lllllllllll lllilllllllll llllllll IIIIIINII! Illllllll 3 5185 00123 1784 1 I \\ m 1 11 1 1; ■