THE ENGLISH FLORA, BY SIR JAMES EDWARD ^MITH, M.D. F.R.S. MEMBER 01 THE ACADEMIES 0^ STOCKHOLM, UPSAL, TURIN', LISBON, PHILADELPHIA, NEW YORK, ETC. ETC. J THE IMPERIAL ACAD. NATUR.i: CURIOSORUM, AND THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AT PARIS; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF LONDON; AND PRESIDENT OF THE LINN^EAN SOCIETY. " In gcnuinis dift'eientiis speciticis constat artis robur." Linn. Mant. 'J. pref. VOL. n^ LONDON: r HI NT ED lOK LONGMAN, REES, OKME, BHOWN, anoOKKKN, VAI I HN<»sn U-U()\V . 1828. ^<^2 PRINTED BT RICHARD TAYLOR, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. BOOKS QUOTED IN VOL. IV., IN ADDITION TO THOSE IN THE PRECEDING VOLUMES. Act. Helvet.' -Acta Helvetica. Basil. 1 75 1-1 777. quarto. 8 volumes. Holm. See Stockh. Trans. Taurin. — Memoires de I'Acad^mie Royule des Sciences. Turin. 1793. 5th volume, quarto. Allion. Auctuar. — Allioni, C'harles, Auctuarium ad Floram Pede- montanam. Turin. 1789. quarto. Amman. Stirp. — See Amman. Ruth. Andr. Repos. — Andrews, Henry, The Botanist's Repository. Lon- don. 1797, &c. quarto. \0 volumes. Arduin. Mem. -^Ardmno, Peter, Memorie di Osservazioni, e di spe- rienze, 8^c. Padua. 1766' quarto. Bellard. Mem. de t Acad, de Twriw.— Bellardi, Louis, Appendix ad Floram Pedemontanam, in Mem. de VAcad. de Turin, v. 5. 209. Turin. 1793. quarto. Berlolon. Am. /^a/.— Bertoloni, Anthony, Amcenitates Italicce. Bologna. 1819. quarto. Bicheno, Tr. of L. Soc. — Bicheno, James Ebenezer, Observa- tions on the Orchis militaris of Linnceus, in Tr. of Linn. Soc. V. 12. 28. Bocc. Recherches et Obs. — Boccone, Recherches et Observations Naturelles. Amsterdam. \ 67 4. duodecimo. Bolt. Fit. — Bolton, James, Filiccs Britannicc ; an history of the British proper Ferns. Leeds. 1785, and Huddersjield. 1790. quarto. Bromcl. Chi. Goth. — Bromelius, Olaus, Chloris Gothica. Gotten- burgh. 1G94. octavo. Camer. Ic. — Camerarius, Joachim, Iconcs Stirpium. Frankfort. 1588. quarto. Cels. Act. Suec. 1732. — Celsius, Olaus, Plantarum circa Upsa- iuim sponte nascentium catalogus, apiid Act. Suec. ann. 1/32. Upsal. quarto. Curt. Cat. — Curtis, William, A Catalogue of certain Plants, grow- ing wild, chicjly in the Environs of Settle, Yorkshire. Pub. lish'd with the FL Land. \7X2. folio. A 2 IV BOOKS QUOTED IN VOL. IV. DHL Muse. — Dillenius, John James^ Historia Muscorum. Oxford. 1741. quarto. Du Gort. Bene/. Comm. — Du Gort, Le Benefice Commun, ou L'histoire et Pourtrait des Plantes, &c. Lyons. 1561. octavo. Ehrh. Crypt. — Ehrhart, Frederick, Decades Plantarum crypto- gamicarum, &c. Hannover. 1791 ? folio. 24 decades. See Beitrage vol. 7. 94. Exot, Bot. — Smith, JamCvS Edward, Exotic Botany ; the figures by James Sowerby. London. 1804, 1805. octavo. 2 volumes. Gagnebin Act. Helvet. — Gagnebin, Abraham, Description du Bou- leau nain, in Act. Helvet. v. 1. 58. 1751. . The same. Observations sur le Systeme des Autheurs de Botanique, et sur VOphris minima C.B^ in Act. Helvet. V. 2. 56. 1755. Gesn. de Lunariis. — Gesner, Conrad, De raris et admirandis Her- bis quce Lunarice nominantur. Copenhagen. 1669. octavo. Gooden. Tr. of L. Soc. v. 2. — Goodenough, Samuel, (late Lord Bishop of Carlisle,) Observations on the British Species of CareXi in Tr. of L. Soc. v. 2. 126. 1794, Hafod Tour — Smith, James Edward, a Tour to Hafod in Cardi- ganshire. London. 1810. Imp. Folio. Hall, in Act. Helvet. — Haller, Albert von, Orchidum Classis con- stituta, in Act. Helvet. v. 4. 82. 1760. Hedw. Theor. — Hedwig, John, Theoria Generationis et Fructifi- cationis Plantarum Cryptogamicarum Linncei. Petersburgh. 1784. quarto. Hojf?«..SaZ.— Hoffmann, George Francis, Historia Salicum. Leipsic. \785-\7S7. folio, fasc. 1-5. Hope in Phil. Trans, v. 59. 243. — Hope, John, On a rare Plant, found in the Isle of Sky e. in Phil. Trans, v. 59. 241-246. with a plate. Jacq. Hort. Schonbr. — Jacquin, Nicholas Joseph von, Plantarum rariorum Horti CcBsarii Schcenbrunensis Descriptiones et Icones. Vienna, v. 1-4. 1797-1804. /o/io. Juss. fil. Euphorb. — Jussieu, Adrian de, De Euphorbiacearum Generibus. Paris. 1824 quarto. Lamb. Pin. — Lambert, AylmerBourke, A Description of the Genus Pinus. London. 1803. Imp. folio. Leys. Hal. — Leyser, Frederick William a. Flora Halensis. Hall. 1761. octavo. Lind. M'iksb. — Linders, John, Flora Wiksbergensis. Stockholm. 1716. octavo. Lindl. Collect. — Lindley, John, Collectanea Botanica. London. 1821. /o/io. w. 1-6. Linn. Act. Suec. 1735, — Linnaeus, Charles, Florulcc Lapponiccc Pars posterior. Act. Suec. ann. 1735. quarto. Ups. ' Species Orchidum et affinium planta- rum, in Act. Soc. Reg. Scientiarum, v. 1. Upsal. 1744. quarto. BOOKS QUOTED IN VOL. IV. V Linn, It. Oeland. — Linnaeus, Charles, Olandska och Gothlandska Resa. Stockholm and Upsal. 1/41. octavo. LapL Tour. See Lapland Tour, Mapp. Alsat. — Mappi, Mark, Historia Plantarum Alsaticarum. Strashurgh and Amsterdam. 1742, quarto. Michaux Boreal-Amer. — Michaux, Andrew, Flora Boreali-Ameri- cana. Paris. 1803. octavo. 2 volumes. Muller. Fridrichsdal. — MuUer, Otho Frederick, Flora FridricJis- dalina. Strashurgh. \ 7 67. octavo. Pallas's Travels. — Pallas, Peter Simon, Travels through the South- ern Provinces of the Russian Empire. London. 1802. quarto. 2 volumes. Penn. Voij. to the Hehr. — Pennant, Thomas, Voyage to the He- brides. London. 1776, quarto, vol. 2d. Plum. Fil. — Plumier, Charles, Tractatus de Filicibus Americanis. Paris. 1705. folio. Raii Cant. — Ray, John, Catalogns Plantarum circa Cantahrigiam nascentium. Cambridge. 1 660. oc^ai'o. Reichard Syst. Plant. — Reichard, John Jacob, Caroli d Linne Systema Plantarum. Frankfort on the Maine. 1 779, 1 780. octavo. 4 volumes. Rcem. et Ust. Mag. — Romer, John Jacob, and Usteri, Paul, Ma- gazinfiir die Botanik. Zurich. 1787-1790. octavo. 5 volumes. Rudb.inAct. Suec. — Rudbeck, Olaus, jun,. Index Plantarum prcB- cipuarum, quas in Itinere Laponico, anno 1695, ohservavit. In Act. Suec. 1720. Upsal. quarto. Salisb. in Tr. of L. Soc. v. 1. — Salisbury, Richard Anthony, De- scription of four Species of Cypripedium, in Tr. of Linn. Soc. V. 1. 76. 1791. Schk. Car. — Schkuhr, Christian, Ried gr user n (Car ices) . Witten- berg. 1801. octavo, tab. A^Ddd. Schleich. Catal. — Schleicher, Catalogus Plantarum Helve- tico. duodecimo. Schrad. Neu. Journ. — Schrader, Henry Adolphus, Neues Journal fUr die Botanik. Erfort. 1805-1809. octavo. 2 volumes. Seringc (not Seringue). Saules de la Suisse, Scringe, N.C., Essai dune Monographic des Saules de la Suisse. Berne. 1815. octavo. Shaw Nat. Misc. — Shaw, George, The Naturalist's Miscellany; the figures by F. P. Nodder. London. 1790, &c. octavo. vol. 1., Sfc. Shaw's Hist, of Stajf'urdsh. — See v. 3. Dickenson. Sm. Tr. of L. Soc. v. 5. — Smith, James Edward, Descriptions of five new British Species of Carcx, in Tr. of L. Soc. v. 5. 264. 1800. Spreng. Crypt. — Sprengel, Kurt, Introduction to the Study ofCry- ptogamous Plants, translated from the German. London. 1807. octavo. VI BOOKS QUOTED IN VOL. IV. Sw. in Nov. Act. Ups. — Swartz, Olaus, Dianome Epidendri Generis Linn, in Nov, Act. Upsal v. 6. UpsaL 1799. quarto. Orch. Genera et Species Orchidearum. 1805. octavo. ' Syn.Fil. Sijnopsis Filicum. Kiel. 1806. octavo. Trans, of Hortic. Soc. — Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London. London. 1820, &c. quarto, v. 1-7. Villars, Prosp. — ^Viliars, Prospectus de VHistoire des Plantes de Dauphin^. Grenoble. 1779. octavo. Vogler, Diss. — Vogler, John Andrew, Dissertatio sistens Polypo- dium montanum. Gissen. 1781. quarto. Wahlenb. in Stockh. Tr.for 1803.— VVahlenberg, George, Species Caricum. Walk. Ess. — Walker, John, Essays on Natural History. London. 1812. octavo. Willd. Car. Berol. — Willdenow, C. L., Carices Berolinenses, in the Berlin Transactions for 1794. Berlin, quarto. ENGLISH FLORA. Class XX. GYNANDRIA. Stamens situated either on the style ^ or ger- men. Order /. MONANDRIA, Stamen, or Ses- sile Anther, 1. * Antlier of 2 distinct vertical cells, Jixed to the summit of the column, 4-1 1. ORCHIS. Nectary with a spur behind. 4-12. ACER AS. Calyx converging. Nect, witliout a spur, flat. 414. OPHRYS. Cal. spreading. Nect, without a spur, convex. 413. HERMINIUM. Cal. spreading. Petals with la- teral lobes, like the nectary, which is flat, without a spur. ** Anther parallel to the stigma, of 2 cells close together, 2>ermanent, 4-16. NEOTTIA. Cal. converging, embracing the base of tlie flat nectary, which is without a spur. Pet. con- verging. Column without wings. VOL, IV, B 2 4-15. GOODYERA. CaL spreading, embracing the base of the globose inflated nectary^ which is without a spur. Pet, converging. Column without wings. 417. LISTERA. Col. spreading. 'NecU without a spur, nearly flat. Pet* spreading. Column without wings. **# Anther terminal^ fixed, 418. EPIPACTIS. iV^c^. without a spur; tumid under- neath at the base ; contracted in the middle ; undi- vided at the end. *#** Anther a terminal deciduous lid, 419. MALAXIS. Nect. embracing the column with its con- cave base, without a spur, sessile. Pet, spreading. 420. CORALLORRHIZA. Nect, unconnected with the column, spurred or stalked at the base. Pet, spreading. Order II. DIANDRIA, Stamens, or Sessile Anthers, 2, 421. CYPRIPEDIUM. Cali/x and Petals spreading. Nectaty inflated. Column with a terminal dilated appendage. Order III, HEXANDRIA. Stamens, or Sessile Anthers, 6. 422. ARISTOLOCHIA. Calyx of 1 leaf. Corolla none. Stigma with 6 lobes. Capsule of 6 cells. GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA and DIANDRIA. The first and second Orders of this Class are perfectly na- tural, without any exception, or exclusion, comprehend- ing the whole natural order of the Orc/iis tribe, and, as far as our knowledge at present extends, no other })lant whatever. The cells of the anther being, in several in- stances, more or less distant from each^odier, Linna?us understood the whole tribe as diandrous ; but Swartz and others have corrected this error, proved to be such by the near relations of these plants the Scitaminea\ the cells of whose anther are, in some instances, still more widely separated ; in others full as decidedly united, so as to constitute a single anther. The analogy of other parts of the Jio-doer in that fine exotic order, with which Mr. Roscoe alone may be said to have made botanists familiar, will, if I mistake not, render us better ac- quainted with the same parts in the beautiful and favour- ite family of Orchidecc. I shall, in the fii'st place, give its characters according to the ideas I have been in- duced to adopt from Nature herself, as well as from a careful study of the publications of Linnaeus and Haller, compared widi the transcendent improvements of Dr. Swartz and Mr. R. Brown. Orchidece. Linn. 7. Juss. 21. Br. Pr. 309. See Grammar, 81 — 84./. 70—72, 77, 78. Flowers all complete and perfect. Emhrijo simple, or, as it is usually expressed, monocotyledonous. Calyx superior, of 3 leaves, either spreading or converging, sometimes coloured ; the uppermost often vaulted ; rare- ly extended at the base; 2 lateral ones opposite, e(|Uiil ; sometimes combined laterally, or dilated, or elongated, at the lower part ; all either deciduous, or, more rarelv, permanent. Corolla likewise of 3 parts. Petals 2, interior, between the lateral and uppermost calyx- leaves, less than either, and almost always of a difl'erent substance and colour, ascending, or sometimes converging. Xectari/ a lij), in the same circle with tlic })etals, j)rojecting, or dependent, between the lateral calyx-leaves in front, oilcn extended behind, bevond the calyx, in the form of one hollow n SJMV, rarely 2, various in length and acuteness, lodging the honey, which is otherwise produced by the smooth, furrowed, crested, or bearded, disk. The nectary there- fore strictly answers to the Linnaean definition, " as a part of the corolla," and supplies the place of a third petal. In some foreign Orchidece it bears a stalked appendage. Stamens gynandrous, partially imperfect. Filaments 3, united to the style, or column, above the germen, within the uppermost calyx-leaf, opposite to the lip ; the 2 la- teral ones almost always abortive, and hardly discerni- ble; though these alone are perfect in CyjJvijJcdium, where the third, or uppermost, is wanting. Anther, in Gynandria Monandria, solitary, from the intermediate filament, of 2 cells, which are either w^idely separated, each cell at one side of the column ; or brought together into a simple vertical anther, either parallel to the stigma, and lying over it, fixed, and permanent ; or terminating the column in the form of a litl, which is moveable, at- tached by a sort of hinge at the back, and finally deci- duous ; each of its two cells being divided internally, by one, seldom three, longitudinal partitions. Pollen either of simple grains, or of fourfold globules, in masses fit- ting the cells. These masses, in the fixed divided an- ther, rarely in the terminal moveable one, or lid, consist of many angular portions, cohering by elastic gluten ; in the parallel anther, rarely in the terminal one, they are rather powdery, forming plates of easily separable gra- nulations; in the lid-shaped anther they are usually waxy, homogeneous and smooth. When the cells open, the discharged jpollen-masses stick by a taper base, or elastic thread, to the stigma, or to some adjoining glan- dular bodies above it, or to any thing else in their way. Germen altogether inferior, either roundish, obovate, or oblong, often twisted, having 3 principal ribs or angles, each opposite to a calyx-leaf. Style, technically called in this tribe a column, stout, more or less united with the Jilaments, and bearing the anther, or anthers ; sometimes very short and thick. Stigma on the upper part of the style in front, facing the lip, either a mere concave moist depression, or protuberant, and often quadrangular ; it is accompanied at the summit or sides by one or two glands, serving to attach the discharged pollen, and these are either naked, or contained in a membranous pouch, or pouches. Capsule shai)ed like the germen, of one cell, and three valves, spHtting between the fixed ribs, generally at both sides of each valve; rarely pulpy internally; receptacles three, attached longitudinally to the centre of each valve. Seeds very numerous, minute, roundish, each enveloped in a large, loose, membranous tunic^ wanting in the exotic Vanilla only, where they are imbedded in pulp ; albumen the shape of the seed ; embryo minute, simple, central, near the scar. Our British Orchidecc are all herbaceous ; with either tu- berous or stoutly fibrous roots, seldom if ever parasiti- cal. Their stem is simple, naked, or partly leafy ; leaves simple, undivided, entire, smooth and sleek ; sheathing or sessile ; Jlowers in a simple spike or cluster, which is rarely downy, glandular, or viscid ; each flower accom- panied, at the base of its partial stalk if there be any, by a solitary bractea. Some are highly fragrant, particu- larly in an evening, and many are very beautiful as well as singular. The tuberous roo/5 abound in glutinous mat- ter, and are generally esteemed nourishing and stimula- ting, making the Salep of the Turks. We must leave to conjecture the origin of this opinion. The integuments of the Jloiscer in this family have never been understood as above described, by any preceding writer. Linnaeus considered the whole as a corolla, con- sisting of 5 petals and a nectary. Swartz calls the former a calyx of 5 leaves, and the latter a corolla, of a single petal, or lip. Jussieu and the botanists of his school, denying the existence of a corolla in any monocotyledo- nous plant, and rejecting the Linnaean term nectarium, call the whole a calyx of six divisions. But if a corolla be allowed to exist in nature at all, it surely cannot be de- nied to these plants ; any more than to the Scitaminccc, far better known at present than when Jussieu's innnor- tal work appeared in 1789. These evidently settle the (juestion. See Grammar "^d. f. 1. If we will not allow them to have a corolla, we may, with ecjual })ropricty, deny the existence of such an organ in all herbs, or in all trees, or in any one natural order according to our whim or fancy. The Orcliidea:, rightly understood, will be found as conclusive on the same side as the Scitami- nece, and they may possibly aflbrtl additional evidence of a corolla in monocotyledoiious geiuTa. Perhaps the most ingenious and in)))oilant reiuark, in phy- 6 siological or systematic botany, that has been made in our (lays, though I am by no means certain with whom it originated, relates to the numerical difference in the parts of fructification between the monocotyledones and dicotylcdones. In the formei', these parts are regulated by the number 3 or its compounds; in the latter by 5. I'he exceptions in each case, consisting of partial sup- pressions, or subtractions, relative to some part or other, follow the same rules. Thus one third is suppressed in the styles or stigmas of Grasses and some Calamayncc ; one fifth in the calyx, corolla and stamens of some Bicornes, and other dicotyledones naturally decandrous; witness Erica, Vacciniiim, Epilobiim, &c. In Scitaminecv and Or- cJiidece rudiments of 2 abortive stamens are observable, indicating a suppression of two thirds ; in Cypripedium indeed, which has 2 perfect stamens, only one third is wanting in those parts. The Orchidece are universally al- lowed to be monocotyledonous, or as some sayacotyledon- ous, which makes no real difference. Their parts of fruc- tification are therefore governed by the number 3, not 5. It is contrary to every analogy to suppose they have either 5 calyx-leaves, or 5 petals ; with a solitary organ which, to avoid the use of the Linnsean term nectary, is called a lip, though this organ secretes and contains honey. But to take the 3 outer leaves of the flower for a calyx, and the other '?, (which are alternate therewith, as well as ranged in an interior circle,) for the corolla, composed of 2 petals and a nectary, the last being most correctly a part of the corolla, appears to me perfectly intelligible and consistent. My distinguished friends Professor de Jussieu and Mr. Brown, from whose en- larged views the world has derived so much instruction, will, I am confident, pardon me if a search after truth leads me here to differ from them. The latter has in- deed, in the Hortus Kewensis, so far altered the theory he originally adopted from Jussieu, as to term corolla in these plants, what he had caWed periant/iinm, and the can- dour of such an alteration does him the highest honour. The most eminent botanists have differed no less widely in the foundation of their generic distinctions of Orc/ii- dece. Linnaeus takes his characters chiefly from the form of the nectayy, and especially of its posterior termination^ without adverting to the anther, Haller first noticed the differences in this latter part, of which however he by no means formed correct ideas ; for like Linnaeus he consi- dered all these plants as diandrous. Neither are his dis- tinctions between his principal genera, Orchis and Epi- pactis, clearly conceived or intelligibly defined. The latter is a most heterogeneous assemblage. His treat- ment of the subject displays, nevertheless, an able mind, perceiving, and laboriously contemplating, difficulties which he could not conquer. Dr. Swartz first accurately understood the structure of the antlier, and happily di- vided the Orcliidece into natural sections, according to the different shapes and positions of that part : taking further characters of the genera from those of Linnaeus. Mr. R. Brown, in his Prodromtis Flora Novcc Hollaii- dice, and in the second edition of Mr. Alton's Horttis Kewe?isis, has revised the whole order with his accus- tomed learning and accuracy, so as to confirm and illus- trate the genera of Swartz, adding many new ones from the ample stores of New Holland, and strengthening the whole by characters derived from the texture or consis- tence of the viasses of pollen, (the anthers of authors an- tecedent to Swartz,) in which substance Haller had re- marked differences, without turning them to account in practical arrangement. Mr. Brown has derived further assistance from the pi'esence or absence of certain little pouches or cells, enclosing glands or tubercles, to which the i^olkn-masses attach themselves, near the stigina. I by no means doubt the use of these minute parts in sci- entific discrimination, provided neither they, nor any other, be allowed to overrule or contradict nature. But I do not find it necessary to resort to what is obscure or difficult, when I can derive clear, constant and natural characters, from parts more easy of examination. Even the position of the calyx and j^ctah, whether spreading or converging, is unquestionably of great importance in this family. Whether, by the obvious and intelligible dis- tinctions of genera to which I have resorted, 1 have made the study of this beautiful and interesting family satisiac- tory, those who follow me must decide. I wish the prac- tical student of nature alone to be my judge; nor shall I be flattered by a blind or implicit adoption of my ideas, without examination. Further remarks and illustrations will occur as we jiroceed with the history of our British genera and species. GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA, * Anther of 2 distinct vertical cells, Jlxed to the summit of the column, 411. ORCHIS. Orchis. Linn. Gen. 461. Juss. 65. FL 5r. 918. Tourn. t. 247. A, B. Lam. t.726. Satyrium. Lam. t. 726. Habenaria. Willd. Sp. PL v. 4. 44. Br. Pr. 312. Cal, superior, of 3 ovate, slightly concave, nearly equal, spreading or converging, ribbed, partly coloured, leaves. Fet. 2, oblong, smaller than the calyx, ascending, or converging. Nect, a roundish or oblong lip, entire, or mostly lobed, larger than the petals, dependent in front, betwixt the lower calyx-leaves ; extended, more or less, behind, in the form of a tubular spiir, containing the honey, and pervious at its origin. Anther of 2 oblong membra- nous cells, either close together, or widely separated, opening lengthwise in front, above the stigma, and de- positing their obovate, stalked, granulated, elastic masses of pollen, by their stalks, upon 1 or 2 glands, either naked or contained in one common hood, near that organ. Ger- men oblong, or nearly cylindrical, furrowed, spirally twisted. Style thick and short. Stigma a shining moist depression, in front, under, or between, the masses of pollen. Capside oblong, spiral. Seeds very numerous, oval, each in a light chaffy tunic, extended at both ends. Roots doubly tuberous, fleshy, either globular or palmate, whitish, internally viscid, with thick, fibrous, superior radi- cles; each knob, or tid)er, solitary, rarely in pairs, flowering but once, and that mostly in the season immediately subse- quent to its formation. Stem solitary, leafy at the base. Leaves chiefly radical, spreading, elliptic-oblong, or lan- ceolate, ribbed, accompanied at the bottom by a few membranous scales, like abortive leaves ; their upper sur- face often spotted with brown or black ; under surface palest. FL numerous, spiked, purple, crimson, or whitish; in some highly fragrant. Cal. ribbed, coloured, as are frequently the germen, cominon stalk, and bracteas. Na- tives of meadows, groves, or open chalky downs. GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Orchis. 9 * Knobs of the root roujidish^ undivided, 1. O. hifolia. Butterfly Orchis. Knobs of the root oval, taper-pointed. Lip of the nectary lanceolate, entire, about half the length of its very long spur. Lateral calyx-leaves spreading downwards. O. bifolia. Linn. Sp. PL \33]. Willd. v.4.\0. Fl.Br.9\8. Engl. Bot. vA.t. 22. Curt. Lond.fasc. 6. t. (Jb. Dicks. H. Sice. fuse. 3. 16. O. n. 1285. Hcdl. Hist. v. 2. 146. ^.35./. 2. O. bifolia altera. Bauh. Pin. 82. Rudb. Elys. v. 2. 197./. 2; bad. O. hermaphroditica bifolia. Bank. Hist. v. 2. 772. f. Raii Sijn. 380. O. hermaphroditica ; also Testiculus psycodes. Ger. Em.2\ 1 ./,/. O. serapias primus. Dod. Pempt. 237./. Dalech. Hist. 1554./. Satyrion trifolium. Fuchs.Hist.7\0.f. Jc. 408./. Testiculi species tertia. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 333./ 2. T. species quinta. Camer. Epit. 625./ Testiculus vulpinus. Best. Hurt. Eyst.vern. ord.7 . t. 6./ J. T. vulpinus primus ; also Hermaphroditica secunda. Lob. Ic. 178. // Habenaria bifolia. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. v. 5. 1 93. Hook. Scot. 252. /3. Orchis bifolia. Fl. Dan. t. 235. O. alba bifolia minor, calcari oblongo. Bauh. Pin. 83. Raii Syn. 380. Rudb. Elys. v. 2. 198./ 3. Faill. Par. 151. ^ 30./ 7. Segu. Veron. v.2. 128. t. \b.f. 10. O. alba, calcari longo. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 77 1 ./ O, flore albo minor. Best. Hort. Eyst. ccst. ord.4. t. 5.f. 4. In groves and thickets 3 most plentiful in Beech woods. /3. On open heaths. Perennial. June. Knobs of the root each tapering into a fibrous point. Stem angu- lar, about a foot high, often more. Leaves usually two, spread- ing, elliptical, 3 inches long, of a briglit shining unspotted green j very rarely accompanied by a third, smaller and more upright. Bracteas lanceolate, about as long as the gcrmcn, one to each flower, besides a few larger, scattered along the stem. Flowers numerous, in a rather loose sj)ike, pure wliite, except a greenish tinge on the ///> and spur. The latter is ratlier tumid towards the end. Lip linear-oblong, about tlie size of the calyx-Uarcs, straiglit. (.'ells of t)ie anllier widely separated, by the semicir- cular abru))t termination of the style. PollcH'masscs yellow, club-shaped, erect, each attaching itself to a gland-like naked tubercle, at each side of the centre of the flower, but sticking likewise to various parts of the plant occasionally. The glands which receive the pollru being si'j)aratiMl. and naked, or destitute of any cell or jjouch, aHord \\\v distinctive character 10 GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Orchis. of Mr. Brown's Habenaria, which, with all deference to my can- did and learned friend, one of the few who seek truth for its own sake, seems to me an unnatural division of the genus Orchis. Willdenow's Habenaria is of no account whatever, being found- ed merely on the presence of 2 abortive filaments, which he hap- pened to' observe in some species, and which are proper, more or less evidently, to the whole natural order, though never duly understood till Mr. Brown pointed them out. O. bifolia exhales, in an evening, the scent of the sweetest honey- suckle. /3 differs merely in its smaller size. The figure in Vaillant, and several of the above synonyms, answer equally well to either variety. 2. O, pyramidalis. Pyramidal Orchis. Knobs of the root oval. Lip of the nectary in three equal entire lobes, with two protuberances above ; spur long and slender. O. pyramidalis. Linn. Sp. PL 1332. mild. v. 4. 14. Fl. Br. 919. Engl. Bot. V. 2. ^.110. Hook. Scot. 251. Lond. t. 106. Jacq. Austr. f.266. O. n. 1286. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 146. t. 35./. 1. O. purpurea, spica, congesta pyramidali. Raii Syn. ZIT , t. 18. Segu. Veron. v. 2. 129. t. 15./. 1 1 . O. parvo flore rubro, sive phceniceo. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 764./. O. militarismontana, spica rubente conglomerata. Tourn. Inst. 432. Vaill.Par.lol. t.3l.f.3S. O. foemina major. Fuchs. Hist. 556./ O. foemina angustifolia. Fuchs. 2c. 318./ Cynosorchis latifolia, spica compacta. Bauh. Pin. 81. Rudb. Elys. v,2. 186./. 3. C. major. Ger. Em. 205./ Dalech. Hist. 1556./ C. nostra major. Lob. Ic. 173./ C. tertia. Dod. Pempt. 23d. f. On grassy hills or banks, especially where the soil is chalky. Perennial. July. Knobs without any taper point. Herb of a bright unspotted green, with a silky gloss. Stem more leafy that the foregoing. Leaves lanceolate, channelled, acute. Spike of a dense pyramidal form, subsequently obtuse, all overof a rich crimson, occasionally milk white and peculiarly delicate, which variety Haller appears never to have seen. The lobes of the lip are very rarely not quite en- tire 3 spur slender, about the length of the slender, smooth and even germen. Cells of the anther close together. Two protu- berances near the origin of the Up, in front, hollow underneath, are the essential mark of this elegant species. The Jlowers arc more or less fragrant, even in the day-time. GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Orchis. 11 3. O. Morio. Green-winged Meadow Orchis. Knobs of the root oval. Lip of the nectary four-cleft, some- what crenate ; spur obtuse, ascending. Calyx many- ribbed, converging. O. Morio. Linn.Sp. PL 1333. Mant. 485. Willd. v. 4. 18. Fl. Br. 920. Eugl. Bot. v. 29. t. 20.59. Curt. Lond.fasc. 3. H. 59. Hook. Scot. 250. FL Dan. t. 253 ; not good. O. n. 1282. HalL Hist. v. 2. 143. L 33 j the small figure. O. morio foemina. Bauh. Pin. S2. RaiiSijn.377. f'aill. Par. 149. t.3]. f. 13, 14. Segu. Veron.v. 2. 125. t. 15./. 7. Rudb. Elys. V.2. 193./. 4. O. minor purpurea, et aliorum colorum^cumalis virentibus. Bauh. Hist. V. 2. 7G1./. Cynosorchis. Brwif. Herb.v. 1.104./. C. morio foemina. Lob. Ic. 1 76.f. Ger. Em. 208. f. Testiculus morionis foemina. Dod. Pempt. 236. f. Testiculi species quarta. Camer. Epit. 624. f. Triorchis scrapias mas. Fuchs. Hist. 559./ Dalech. Hist. 1554./. T. mas minor. Fuchs. Ic. 321./ In rather moist meadows and pastures^ among short grass, frequent. Perennial. Mat/, June. Knobs nearly globose, not pointed ; one of them often a little re- moved from the other by a stalk. Stem clothed with leafy sheaths. Leaves lanceolate, of a rather dull unspotted green^ somewhat glaucous ; the under side paler and shining. Spike rather lax. Bracteas lanceolate, membranous, partly purple, the length of the germens. FL scentless, purple ; sometimes pale, or flesh-coloured 3 sometimes varying to crimson, or to a light violet j but the numerous green ribs of the calyx-leaves are equally strong in all the varieties. These 3 leaves converge over the column in a vaulted form, enclosing the petals. Spur blunt, rather shorter than the germen, curved upwards. Lip in 4 unequal lobes ; the lateral ones largest, dcflcxed, mostly notclied at the margins ; the disk ])ale, dotted with purple. Cells of the anther close together. The masses of pollen, for- merly taken for anthers, split each into two lobes. 4. O. mascula. Early Purple Orchis. Knobs of the root oval. Lip of the nectary four-cleft-, cre- nate ; spur obtuse. Calyx-leaves three-ribbed ; two la- teral ones reflexed upwards. (). mascula. Linn. Sp. PL 1333. Willd. v. 4. 18, FL Br. f)2(). Engl. hot. V. 9. t.63\. Curl. Lond.fasc. 2. /. 62. Jl'ondv. t. 90. Dicks. //, Sice. /;/.sr. 11. 14. Hook. Scot. 250. Jaaj. Misc. v. 2. 37:k Ir. liar. t. I 80. FL Dan. t. 457. (). n. I2S3. Hall. Hist. v. 2. I I 1. t.?,:); (he larger figure. 12 GYNANDRIA—MONANDRIA. Orchis. O morio mas, foliis maculatis. Bauh. Pin. SI. RaiiSyn.376. VailLPar, 150. t.3].f. 11, 12. Segu. Veron.v.2. 124. L 15. /.5. Rudb.Elys.v.2.\9\J.\. Moris, v. 3. 490. sect. \2. t, 12, f.3. O. morio, foliis sessilibus maculatis. Bauh. Pin. 82. Rudh, Elys. V. 2. 192./ 2. O. quinta. Clus. Hist. v. 1 . 268./. O. major, tota purpurea, maculoso folio. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 763./ O, mas angustifolia. Fuchs. Hist. 555./. Ic.3\7 .f. Cynosorchis morio. Lob. Ic. 176./ C. morio mas. Ger. Em. 208./ Testiculus quartus. Matth. Valgr. v. 2.234. f. Camer.Epit. 624.f. T. morionis mas. Dod. Pempt.236.f. Dalech. Hist. 1552./ In pastures, groves and shady dells, plentifully. Perennial. April, May. Somewhat larger than the preceding, especially the ^ roots.^ Leaves chiefly radical, elliptic-lanceolate, sleek and shining, of a fine green, more or less stained with purplish black, though foreign authors describe what seems an unspotted variety ; the under side is paler, as usual in this tribe. Fl. of a more uni- form purplish crimson than the last ; the disk of the lip in like manner whitish and spotted, with a fine downy surface. Calyx- leaves with 3 ribs, not distinguished by any green colour ; the uppermost converging with the petals into a hood ; the 2 late- ral ones bent strongly upwards, and spreading. Cells of the anther close together, deep purple. Masses of pollen yellow, undivided. Germen, as well as bracteas, purple. Spur tumid, turned a little upwards. Up unequally four-lobed, variously notched or toothed. These^oM;er5, though without scent, cannot but engage the atten- tion of all who admire the charms of spring, and they mix with the Hare-bell, Cowslip, and Cuckoo-flower in country nose- gays. They are probably what the Queen in Hamlet terms *' Long-purples." The Rev. H. Davies has often found them perfectly white, nor did they change when transplanted. 5. O. ustulata. Dwarf Dark-winged Orchis. Knobs of the root oval. Lip of the nectary four-lobed, rough with small points. Spur obtuse, not half the length of the germen. Calyx converging. Leaves lan- ceolate. O ustulata. Linn. Sp. PL 1333. Willd. v. 4. 20. FL Br. 921. EngL Bot. v.\.L\S. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 3. 17. Hook. Lond. t. 36. FLBan.t.\Q3. O.n. 1273. HalLHisLv.2.\38.L28.f.2. O. pannonica quarta. Clus.HisL v. 1. 268./ Pan«. 238./ 236. Raii Syn. 377. GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Orchis. 13 O. parvis floribus, multis punctis notatis. Bauh.Hist.v. 2. 765.f. O. militaris pratensis humilior. Tourn. Inst. 432. Vaill. Par. 149. ^.31./. 35,36. Segu. Veron. v. 2. 123. t. 15./. 4. O. muscae corpus referens maculosa. Lca^. Priiss. 183. t. GO. Cynosorchis militaris pratensis humilior. Bauh. Fin. SI. Rudb. Elys. V. 2. 189./. 6. C. minor pannonica. Ger. Em. 207. f. On dry open chalky downs. Perennial. June. Much smaller than any of the foregoing, the stem being, with us, rarely more than 3 or 4 inches high, scarcely leafy but in the lower part. The plates of Haller and the Ft. Dan. represent it about a foot in height. Leaves spreading, lanceolate, rather glaucous, without spots. Spike oblong, dense, obtuse, of nu- merous small flowers, whose dark converging calyx -leaves, and blackish dots on the lip, give them a scorched or burnt aspect. Bracteas small, ovate, acute, coloured. The spur is deflexed, incurved, blunt, scarcely above one third the length of the ger- men. Lip roughish with minute points, purplish, with a white disk, divided into 4 entire lobes, the 2 lower ones often having a small intermediate point, like the following species, to which this is more allied than to any of the preceding. Merrett, in his Finax 89, mentions a white- flowered variety, found near Chiswell, Berks. 6. O. fusca. Great Brown-winged Orchis. Knobs of the root oval. Lip of the nectary five-lobed, di- lated, roufijh. Spur obtuse, not half the length of the germen. Calyx converging, blunt-pointed. Leaves ellip- tic-oblong. O. fusca. Jacq. Austr. v. 4. A. t. 307. Willd. v. 4. 23. Comp. cd. 4. 142. Curt. Land. fuse. 6. t. 64. Bichcno Tr. of L. Soc. V. 12.29. O. n. 1276. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 140. /. 31. O. ])urpurea. Huds. cd. 1.334. ( ). militaris. En^l. Bat. v. \.t.]6. Fl. Dan. f.\277. (). militaris /3. Fl. Br. 923. /3 and y. Linn. Sp. PI. 133 1. O. militaris major. Tourn. Inst. 432. t. 2 17./ B. failL Far. 148. t. 3 1 ./. 27, 28. Segu. rerun, v. 2. 1 22. /. 15./ 2. (). moravica. Jacq. Coll. v. 1. 61. Ic. Bar. t. 182. (). magna, latis foliis galea fuscfi vcl nigricante. Bauli. His/, v. 2. 759./. bad. Dill, in Raii Syn. 378. /. 1 9./ 2. (), stratcumatica. Gcr. Eni.2\3.f. Lob. Ic. \H4.f. (). strateumatica major. Bauh. Ilist.v. 2.7l)S.f. Dalcch. Ilist. 1559. /'. O. latifoiia. Ilcsl. Ilorl. Eyst. ast. 4. t. 4. f. 1 . O. latifoiia altera. Clus. Hist. v. 1 . 267. /: 14 GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Orchis. Cvnosorchis militaris major. Bauh. Pin.Sl. Riidh. Elys. v. 2. 187. On chalky bushy hills, and about woods, chiefly in Kent. Near Greenhithe, Kent. Gerarde. About Rochester. Curtis. Perennial. May. Except its size, which is five times that of the last, this species comes nearer to that, in the structure of its Jiower, and hue of the calyx, than to any other. It is the largest and most mag- nificent Orchis of British growth j O. hircina perhaps excepted, which the present excels in colour. The stem varies in height from 1 to 2 feet, and is most leafy about the lower part. Leaves 4 or 5, spreading, elliptical, not ovate, of a full, bright, not glau- cous, green, 3 or 4 inches long, and 1^ or 2 in breadth. Spike cylindrical, rather dense, many-flowered. Bracteas acute, sel- dom a quarter the length of the germen, though variable in size. Calyx-leaves ovate, concave, bluntly pointed, converging, some- what connected in the lower part ; marked externally with dark brown lines, and confluent spots 3 internally green. Petals linear-oblong, covered by the calyx, pink or purplish, speckled with a darker hue. Lip the colour of the petals, either pink or purple, sometimes light flesh-coloured, rough with promi- nent dark-coloured points ; the disk pale, or whitish ; the mar- gin deeply four-lobed, with a small intermediate central point j the two lower lobes much the broadest, more or less toothed or crenate. Spur deflexed, obtuse, tumid, not half the length of the lip, or of the germen. Cells of the anther close together. The Jlowers have no very remarkable scent, at least not constant- ly ; but in drying the whole herb exhales a strong odour like that of Asperula odorata, or Anthoxanthum odoratum, which is equally observable in the two following. Curtis has not repre- sented the petals, which may be seen in Engl. Bot. His plate is otherwise excellent. 7. O. militaris. Military Orchis. Knobs of the root oval. Lip of the nectary five-lobed, dow^ny ; two middle lobes dilated, rounded. Spur ob- tuse, not half the length of the germen. Calyx conver- ging, taper-pointed. O. militaris. Linn. Sp. PI. 1333. Fl. Suec. 3 1 0. Willd. Sp. PL u.4.22. Fl. Br. 922. Bicheno Tr. of L. Soc.v.\2. 31. Wulf.in Jacq. Coll. V. 2. 268. Ic. Par. t. 598. O. n. 1277. Hall. Hist.v. 2. 140. t. 28./. 1. O. galea et alis fere cinereis. Baiih. Hist. v. 2. 757./. Rati Syn, 378. Cat. PI. Angl. 2 i5. O. latifolia, hiante cucuUo, major. Tourn. Inst. 432. Vaill. Par. 148. O. militaris majoris varietas. Vaill. Par. ^ 3 1 . /. 2 1 . GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Orchis, J 5 O. mas latifolia. Fuchs. Hist. 554./. O. major. Cord. Hist. 128. 2./. O. strateumatica minor. Ger. Em.2\ 6./. O. prima species Dodon quinta Matth. Dalech. Hist. 1550./. O. Oreades, trunco pallido, brachiis et cruribiis saturate rubes- centibus. Merr. Pi7i.S5. Bicheno as above. Cynosorchis latifolia, hiante cucuUo^ major. Bauh. Pin. 80. Rudb. Elys. V, 2. 185./ 1 3 very bad. C. latifolia, hiante cucuUo, minor. Bauh. Pin. 81. Rudb. Elys. i;. 2. 186./ 4. C. militaris minor. Rudb. Elys. v. 2. 1 88./ 3. C. majoris secunda species. Lob. Ic. \75.f. Satyrion mas. Trag. Hist. 778. f. Testiculus quintus. Matth. Falgr. v. 2. 235./. Stendelwurtz. Brunf. Herb. v. 1. 103./ Gray Orchis. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 68./ 9. On chalky hills. On hills by the Thames near Cawsham (Caversham) bridge a mile from Reading, and on several hills, on the other side the water, towards Wallingfordj first observed by Mr. Brown. Merrett, Ray. At Streatley, between Reading and Wallingford, also at Pentley Hangings, Stoken Church, where Dr. Williams first found it. Mr. Bicheno. Perennial. May. Herb smaller in every part than the preceding. Leaves narrower, rather more lanceolate and acute. Ft. of a more slender and elongated form, especially their calyx-leaves, which end in longish taper points, and are directed more upwards. Tliey are at first sight distinguished by their silvery ash-colour, and the total want of those dark ribs, or stains, which have given its name to O.fusca. The lip moreover is considerably elongated in the disk, and ends in two much less dilated, though variable, lobes, reaching far beyond the small intermediate one, and of a crim- son or purple hue, deeper than the petals. Wulfen has well described this Orchis, in Jacquin's Collectanea, and the figure, drawn I believe by him, in the Ic. Rar., wqW represents its dis- tinguisliing characters, of which the tapering points and grey hue of the calyx, and the more elongated lip, contracted in the middle, are the most apparent. It has the same scent as the last while drying. This is the Swedish O. militaris, intended by Linnaeus as the type of that species, and appears not to be rare in various parts of Europe. I have traced its several varieties, in the grass-plats about Rome, so nearly to O.fusca on the one hand, and O. te- phrosanilios on the other, see Tour on tht Continent, cd. 2. v. 2. 312, that I have been disposed to trust to my own observation, rather than to tliose botanists, however skilful, who have never studied them growing. 1 tliink the dificrence is most salisfac- 16 GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Orchis. tory between 0. fusca and mililaris. So Haller thought. The english botanist will now have materials upon which to found an opinion for himself. 8. O. tephrosanthos . Monkey Orchis. Knobs of the root oval. Lip of the nectary downy, in five lobes ; four of them equal, linear, entire. Spur obtuse, not half the length of the germen. Calyx converging, taper-pointed. O. tephrosanthus. Villars Prosp. 1 6 ; excluding Haller's n, 1 275. Fl. Dauph. V. 2. 32. Swartz Orch. 15. Willd. Sp. PL u. 4. 21. Bicheno Tr. of L. Soc. v. 1 2. 33. Hook. Lond. t. 82. O. militaris. Engl. Bot.v. 27. 1. 1873. O. militaris s. Linn. Sp. PL 1334. O. n. 1277, varietas prima. Hall. Hist.v.2.\4\ ; excl. the refe- rence to Breynius. O. zoophora, cercopithecum exprimens oreades. Column. Ecphr. 319. L 320./. 2. O. antropophora oreades altera Col. Merr. Pin. 85. Bicheno as above. O. flore simiatn referens. Bauh. Pin. 82. Rudb. Elys. v. 2.184./. 8. VailLPar. 148. /.31./ 25, 26. Sega. Veron. v. 2. 27. t. 15./ 9. Town. InsL 433. t 247. f A. Cynosorchis alter. Dod. Pempt. 234. f. C. major altera. Ger. Em. 205. f. Satyrion mas. Brunf.Herb.v. 1. 104./? On chalky hills. Found by Mr. Brown, between Wallingford and Reading. Merrett. On Ridgway hill, near Mapledurham, Oxfordshire. Dr. Lamb. Among bushes on the rising ground to the west of the great chalk-pit, near Caversham, facing the Thames. Mr. Bicheno. Near Dartford, Kent. M. Peet. Perennial. May. Rather smaller than the last, with which its herbage otherwise accords. The spike and bracteas scarcely differ in the slightest degree from that species, any more than the pale, taper- pointed leaves of the calyx, or the almost linear, purplish petals. The only remarkable distinction is observable in the lip of the nec- tary, which is deeply divided into 4 linear, obtuse, equal and uniform, purplish segments, with a small intermediate point j all pale or whitish at the base, like the disk of the lip whence they originate, which is downy and dotted. From frequent examination of these plants growing, and not from neglect or inattention, I have, like Linnaeus who studied them at Fon- tainebleau, long concluded them to constitute but one species, the varieties of 0. militaris appearing to combine O. tephro- santhos with the very different 0. fusca. 1 am still dubious with GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Orchis. 17 regard to tephrosanthos and militaris, both which do indeed differ from fuaca, in their taper-pointed calyx. They all three smell like Woodruff' or Melilot in drying. It is remarkable that Mr. Bicheno should have referred to Engl. Bot. t. 1873 as the militaris. I have traced out this error, for which he is not responsible, and which Dr. Hooker has cor- rected. But it is still more remarkable that neither of these writers should have noticed Columna's excellent and original figure of tephrosanthos. The synonyms of these plants, and of some foreign species related to them, might still afford matter for a long and careful inquiry. I have endeavoured to be exact in the references belonging to our British species, and have found much to correct in the course of their examination. A white-flowered variety is exhibited by Dr. Hooker, as well as a highly curious monstrosity, in w^hich there are two complete nectaries to one flower, with only two calyx-leaves, and no petals. The Orchis of Breynius, Cent. t. 42, wrongly quoted by Haller as our tephrosanthos, copied in Rudb. Elys. v. 2. 194./. 9, figured by Columna, Ecphr. v. 2. t. 9, and by Garidel, t. 76, is a very distinct species, O. undulatifoUa of Bivona-Bernardi, Cent. 2. 44. t. 0. Sni. Prodr. Fl. Grac. v. 2. 213. The O. longibracteata of the same author. Cent. 1.57. t.4, is another very fine spe- cies, most allied to O.fiisca, but distinct. Linnseus, very un- accountably, makes t. 42 of Breynius a variety of his own Ophrys insect if era ! 9. O. /lircina. Lizard Orchis. Knobs of the root globose. Lip of the nectary downy, in three linear segments ; the middle one very long, twisted, notched at the end. Calyx converging. O. hircina. Scop. Cam. v. 2. 193. Sivartz. Orch. 15. Willd. v. 4. 28. Cowp. ed. 4. 143. Hook. Lond. t.96. O. n. 1268. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 135. <.25. O. barbata foetida. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 756./. Raii Sy)i. 376. Faill. Par. 149. t. 30./ 6. Deering Nottingh. 154 ? O. barbata odore hirci, breviore latioreque folio j also longiore angustiorcque folio. Bauh. Pin. 82. Segu. I'eron. v. 2. \2\. L i5./. 1. RtuW. Klys.v. 2. 19:)./ 1,2. O. saurodes, vcl scinco))hora Gemmae. Dalech. Hist. 1553. /*. Satyrium hircinum. Linn. Sp. PI. 1337. Fl. Br. 927. Engl. Bot. V. \. t. 24. Jac(j. Austr. t. 367. Tragorchis, Testiculus hirci. Dod. Pimpt. 237./ T. maximus, and T. mas. (ier. Em,2\0.f. Testiculus hircinus vulgaris. Lob. Ic. \77.f. /3. Fl. Br. 927. Orchis barbata fuetida minor, florc albo, Raii Syn. 376. cd. 2. 236. VOL.'^IV. c 18 GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Orchis. In pastures and bushy places on a chalky soil, but very rare. Near Dartford, and in other parts of Kent. Hay, Hooker. On Box hill Surrey. Mr. Graves. At the bottom of Clifton hill in April and the beginning of May ; also in Colwick wood, Nottinghamshire. Deering. In very shady situations among shrubs, about the beginning of August, in the barony of TuUagh, county of Clare, Ireland. Wade PL Ear. Hibern. 65. The late Mr. Lewin pointed out this Orchis to me, at Darent, 2 miles from Dartford, in July 179 1. The very early period of flowering, mentioned by Deering, renders his plant doubtful. Perennial. July. One of the finest of its tribe. I have counted above 60 flowers in one spike. The knobs of the root are almost globular, and very large. Stem from 2 to 3 feet high, hollow, leafy. Leaves light green, slightly glaucous, erect, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, varying in breadth. Spike rather lax, upright. Bracteas linear- lanceolate, acute, often longer than the flowers including their lip. Ft. from 20 to about 60, strongly, not pleasantly, scented, dull in colour, but curious and singular in appearance. Cat. converging over the petals, its leaves ovate, concave, obtuse j green, spotted with dull purple internally. Pet. of the same colours, narrow, linear. Lip in 3 linear, curved, purplish lead- coloured segments j the lateral ones hardly extending beyond the calyx ; middle one four times as long, variously twisted 5 notched or jagged at the end 3 disk pale, or white, downy, spot- ted with purple. Spur short and tumid, whence Linnaeus was led to refer this plant to his very artificial genus Satyrium, though it naturally follows our four preceding species of Orchis, to each of which it has some mark of affinity. In all of them the spur is more or less tumid, and slightly cloven, at the point. Mr. Graves is recorded by Dr. Hooker as having sometimes found a flower with a double lip, as in the foregoing, and once a double spike of blossoms. ** Knobs of the root taper mg^ clustered, 10. O. albida. White Cluster-rooted Orchis. Knobs tapering, clustered, undivided. Lip of the nectary in three deep acute lobes ; the middle one largest; spur one-third the length of the germen. O. albida. Swartz Orch. 20. Willd. v.A.SS. Comp. ed. 4. 143. Wahleyib. Lapp. 21 6. O. n. 1270. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 137. t.26.f. 1. O. pusilla alba odorata, radice palma'.i. RaiiSyn. 381. Pseudo-orchis alpina, flore herbaceo. Mich. Gen. 30. t. 26. f. A, B, C. Segu. Veron. suppl. 254. Satyrium albidum. Linn. Sp. PI. 1 338. Fl. Br. 929. Engl Bot. GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Orchis. 19 V.8. t. 505. Dicks. H. Sice. fuse. 1.15. Ehrh. Pht/toph.96. FL Dan. ^.115. Gu7i7i. Norv. v. 2. 34. Habenaria albida. £r, in Ait, H. Kew. ed. 2. v. 3. 1 95. Hook. Lond. t. 107. Scot. 252. /3. Orchis palmata, thyrso specioso, longo, dense stipato, ex vi- ridi albente. Dill, in Raii Syn. 382. In grassy mountain pastures. On Snovvdon, by the road from Llanberris to Caernarvon. Ray. On hills not far from the house, at Hafod, Cardiganshire. Mr. Todd. In dry hilly pastures of Argylshire, and in several of the Hebrides. Lightfoot. Plentiful in the mountainous parts of Yorkshire. Hooker. fi. In moist meadows, not only in Wales, but also about Malham, Yorkshire. Dr. Richardson. Perennial. June. Root of several, clustered, tapering, almost cylindrical, undivided knobs, with a few slender thread-shaped radicles, from above their common origin. Mr. Sowerby thought these knobs were perfected, and produced a flowering plant, in successive pairs ,• but Dr. Wahlenberg, whose opinion is adopted by Dr. Hooker, judged them to consist of two sets, each set being destined suc- cessively to bear a plant, like the knobs, whether globose or pal- mate, of other Orchises. These writers reckon about five knobs, which they term radicles, in each cluster. The real radicles how- ever, the essential part of a roo^,see Introd. to Botany, chap. 12, are very distinct, as pointed out by Mr. Sowerby, and are about four, thread-shaped, more slender than the knobs, which last ap- pear to me to be usually, if not invariably, three in each cluster or set, formed one season, flowering the next, and w^ithering afterwards entirely away. I have transplanted various roots of this species, but could never succeed in their cultivation. Stem seldom more than a foot high, leafy, hollow. LeavesVight green, lanceolate, rather glaucous beneath ; the lower ones broadest, and rounded at the end. Spike cylindrical, dense, of many small Jlowers, in which I have but seldom perceived any fragrance, though Gunner and Ray describe them as sweet-scented. Brae- teas ovate-lanceolate, bluntish, about the length of the germen. Calyx-leaves and petals ovate, concave, moderately converging, cream-coloured, all more alike in form, size and hue than in most of our British Orchidca?. Lip greener, about the same length, in 3 deep pointed lobes, the middle one largest, and sometimes bluntish. Spur incurved, short and tliick. Pollen- masses cloven, their globules larger and more distinct than in undisputed species of Orchis. They appear, by Dr. Hooker's excellent j)late, eacli to proceed from a hood or scale ; but are understood by Mr. Brown to be naked, as they ought to be in his genus Habenaria. 20 GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Orchis. I suspect /3 to be scarcely a variety, and that Dillenius, in this, as in many other instances, has introduced into his edition of the Synopsis, under a new name, what existed there already. The late Rev. Mr. Wood of Leeds thought he once found in Wales, early in summer, the Orchis samhucina, which 1 have supposed the O. pusilla alba odorata S;c. of Ray might be. But we learn from Jacquin that 0. samhucina is scentless, the smell of Elder belonging rather, as Mr. Davall noticed, to 0. pallens, whose roots are globular. 11. O. vhidis. Frog Orchis. Knobs tapering, clustered, divided. Lip of the nectary li- near, with three teeth ; the middle one smallest. Spur very short, slightly cloven. O. viridis. Swartz Orch. 19. Willd. v. 4. 33. Comp. ed. 4. 143. Wahlenb. Lapp. 216. O. n. 1 269. Hall Hist. v. 2. 136. t. 26. f. 2. O. palmata minor, flore luteo-viridi. Raii Syn. 381 . O. palmata, flore viridi. Bauh. Pin. 86. Prodr. 30. Rudb. Elys. v. 2. 216./. 17. O. palmata batrachites. Bauh.Pin.S6. Rudb.Eljjs. v.2.2]3.f.\0. Vaill.Par.\53.t.3\.f.6,7,8. O. palmata, odore gravi, ligula bifariam divisa, flore viridi. Segu. Veron. v. 2. 133. t. 15./. 18. t. 16./. 18. O. palmata, flore galericulato dilute viridi. Loes. Pruss. 182. ^.59. Satyrium viride. Linn. Sp. PL 1337. Fl. Br. 928. Engl. Bot. v. 2. t.94. Fl.Dan.t.77. Ehrh. Phytoph. 46. Dicks. H. Sice. fasc. 4. 14. Habenaria viridis. Br.inAit.H.Kew.ed.2. v.b. 192. Hook. Lond. t. 130. Scot.2b2. Serapias batrachites altera. Ger. Em. 224. f. S. batrachites vel myoides. Lob. Ic. 193./ Palmatse cujusdam icon. Bauh. Hist. v.2.776.f. In moist pastures and meadows, especially on gravelly or stony ground. Perennial. June, July. Knobs two or more, thick at their origin, but cloven and tapering below, accompanied by several cylindrical radicles. Ehrhart, among the fanciful Greek names in his Phyiophylacium, calls this plant therefore Diplorrhiza ; giving to the preceding the appellation of Triplorrhiza, understanding it as above described. The stem is commonly from 3 to 6 inches high, rarely taller, leafy. Leaves ovate or elliptical, deep green ; the uppermost lanceolate, and acute. Spike rather lax. Bracteas lanceolate, erect, leafy j the lower ones rising much above i\\Q flowers, which are for the most part green and inconspicuous, though twice the size of the last. Ca/. green, tipped or bordered with brown, closely GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Orchis. 21 converging over the green, much narrower^ petals. Lip twice as long as the calyx, dependent, linear-oblong, ending in 2 sharp lobes, with a smaller central one 5 its disk greenish yellow j sides mostly brown ; but the colour of the vvhole^oM;er is va- riable. Ceils of the anther brown, rather distant, with a naked gland at the base of each to receive the pollen-masses, consist- ing of large yellow granulations. C. Bauhin and Rudbeck have noticed this Orchis twice. The Se- rapias batrachites, Ger. Em. 224./. 8, Orchis batrachoides. Da- lech, Hist. 15C0./, must be a distinct species. It is 0. herma- phroditica,Bauh. Pin. S3. Rudb, Elys. v. 2. 199./. (J. The latter refers to O. melittias, Ger, Em. 213./, which surely cannot be the same. Systematic writers have not adverted to these syno- nyms, nor does any popular author appear to have met with either of Gerarde's plants. *** Knobs of the root palmate. 12. O. latifolia. Marsh Palmate Orchis. Knobs imperfectly palmate. Lip of the nectary convex, crenate, slightly three-cleft ; spur conical. Bracteas longer than the flow^ers. Stem hollow. O. latifolia. Linn. Sp. P/. 1334. Willd. v. 4. 28. Fl, Br. 924. Eyigl. Bot. r.33. t. 2308. Curt, Lond.fasc. 5. t. 65. Hook. Scot. 251. Fl. Dan. t. 266. Wahlenb. Lapp. 2\5. O. n. 1279. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 142. t.2>2.f.2. O. palmata pratensis latifolia, longis calcaribus. Bauh. Fin. 85. RaiiSyn.SHO. Rudb. Elys.v.2.2\\.f. \. Vaill. Par.\52. t.3\, O. palmata palustris latifolia. Bauh. Pin. 86. Rudb. Elys. r. 2. 2 1 4. /12. Palma Christi mas. Ger. Em, 220. f. P. Christi eiecta, flore incarnato. Besl, Hort.Eyst. cest. ord. 4. t. 5. Palmata non maculata. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 77 \. J. P. sivc Serapias palustris latifolia, flore albo subpurpurascente. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 775. f. Serapias palustris latifolia. Ger. Em. 222. f. Lob. Ic. 190./. Satyrion latifolium. Swccrt. Floril. t. 63./ 7. Cynosorchis })alustris platyphylla. Dalcch. Hist. 1562./ /3. Orchis i)almata palustris tota rubra. Dill, in Rait Syn. 382. Bauh. Pin. 86 ? Rudb. Elys. v. 2. 2 1 6. /. 1 6 ' Palmata floribus impcnst; rubris. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 777. /■ Cynosorchis Dracontias, foliis et floribus impcnsc: rubris. Lub. Ic 191./. In marshes, and moist meadows, abiuidanll). Perennial. .May, June. 22 GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Orchis. Root irregularly and imperfectly paknate, the knobs not being so much divided as in most of this section j especially that des- tined to bear flowers in the ensuing season, which is later and smaller than usual. Herb various in size, luxuriance, breadth of leaves, and colour, having often a purple tint. Stem from one to two feet high, leafy, hollow. Leaves lanceolate, or some- what ovate, unspotted, erect, gradually smaller upward. Spike dense, many-flowered. Bracteas linear-lanceolate, pointed, often purple ; the lower ones much longer than the flowers • upper more or less so. Fl. varying from a pale flesh-colour, or white, to a full rose or crimson, the spreading calyx dotted, but other- wise of the same hue as the petals and nectary. Spur rather thick, conical, deflexed, shorter than the germen. Lip variously notched, generally somewhat three-lobed 3 its disk elegantly variegated with dark purple and white, deflexed at the sides. Authors appear to have made several species out of this one. At least I could never ascertain more than one in Britain, to which all the above synonyms surely belong. The variety (5 has not been noticed since the time of Dillenius. Some Swiss speci- mens, though dried 30 years ago, retain much of a purple co- lour in their herbage, and what Dillenius has adopted from Gibson's edition of Cambden may have been either such a va- riety, or possibly a plant we shall speak of hereafter. See Epi- pac'tis, n. 2. Some of Vaillant's references regard O. sambucina, an alpine species, sufficiently distinct. 13. O. maculata. Spotted Palmate Orchis. Knobs palmate, spreading. Lip of the nectary flat, cre- nate, three-lobed ; spur cylindrical, rather shorter than the germen. Bracteas shorter than the flowers. O. maculata. Linn. Sp. PI. 1335. Willd. v. 4. 31. Fl. Br. 925. Engl. Bot. h. 9. t. 632. Hook. Lond. t. 1 12. Scot. 251. Fl. Dan. t. 933. O. n. 1278. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 141. <.32./. 1. O. foemina altera. Trag. Hist. 781./. O. palmata pratensis maculata. Bauh. Pin. 85. Rudb. Elys. v. 2. 211. /.3. O. palmata palustris maculata ; also montana maculata. Bauh. Pm. 8(1. Rudb.Elys. V. 2. 215. f.\5 ', and2]7.f. 20. ^ O. palmata pratensis latifolia maculata, calcaribus longis. raill. Par. 152.'/. 30./. 15 ; also montana maculata. 153. t. 31./. 9, 10. O. palmata montana maculata. Segu. Veron. v. 2. 132. 1. 15./. 16, bad. Palmata speciosiore thyrso, folio maculato. Bauh. Hist, t\ 2. 774,/ Raii Syn. 3Sl. Palma Christi. Cord. Hist. 130. 2./ Lob. Ic, 188. / GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Orchis. 23 P. Christi foemina. Ger, Em. 220. f. Satyrium basilicum foemina. Docl.Pempt.2A0.f. Fuchs. Ilist.7\Z.f. S. basilicum mas alterum. Fuchs. Ic. 410./. In meadows, pastures and woods, very common j sometimes on dry, barren, or heathy, ground. Perennial. June, July. Roots distinctly palmate, with several long, spreading, slender lobes, resembling the true radicles. Stem nearly or quite solid, leafy. Leaves lanceolate, keeled, all copiously stained with blackish spots. *SpiA:e short, dense, conical. Brac/cas scarcely so long as the germen, green, or but slightly puq)lish. Ft. va- riable in size, pale purple, or white, variously besprinkled with dark purple, or violet, streaks and dots. Cal. spreading, as much coloured as the corolla. Lip flat, with 2 large, rounded, crenate side-lobes, and a sharp intermediate point. Spur scarcely shorter than the germen, more slender and cylindrical than the last. Anther purplish, with green pollen. 14. O. conopsea. Aromatic Palmate Orchis. Knohs palmate. Lip of the nectary in three entire equal lobes ; spur very slender, twice as long as the germen. Calyx w^idely spreading. O. conopsea. Linn. Sp. PL 1335. Willd. v. 4. 32. Ft. Br. 926. Engl. Bot. V. 1. ^. 10. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 4. 13. Forst. Tonbr. 100. Fl.Dan.t. 224. Wahlenb. Lapp.2\b. O. n. 1287. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 147. L 21)./. 2. O. palmata minor, calcaribusoblongis. Bauh. Pin. 85. Rudb.Ebjs. v.2.2\2.f.b. Vaill.Par. 153. ^.30./8. Segu.Veron.suppl.2j\. t.3.f.7. O. palmata angustifolia minor. Bauh. Pin. 85. Rudb. Ehjs. v. 2. 212./ G. O. palmata montana maxima. Bauh. Pin. 86. Prodr.3\.f. Rudb. Elys.v.2.2\6.f. IS. O. palmata pratensis angustifolia major. Bauh. Pin. 85. Prodr. 30. /• J- O. palmata carvophvUata. Bauh. Pin. 8G. Rudb. Ehjs. v. 2. 213. / 8. O. palmata angustifolia minor odoratissima. Rudb. Elys. r. 2. 213. / 7 ; but not that of l^auhin, which is O. odoratissima Linn. O. foimina. Trag.Hist. 780./, not the description. O. serapias caryoj)hyllata. Lob. Ic. 194./ Orchis. Tillands L . (i7./ Pidmata ruln-lla, cum longis calcaribus rubcllis. Pxiuh. Hist. v. 2. 778./ Rail Syn.38\. P. caryophyllata. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 777 .f. Palma ChriRti major. Matth.l'algr. v. 2.237./. Camer. Epit.02C).f. 24 GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Aceras. P. Christi alia. Cord. Hist. 130. 2,/. Satyrium basilicum mas. Fuchs. Hist. 712./. /c. 409./. S. foemina. Brunf. Herb. v. 1. 106./ Serapias minor, nitente flore. Ger. Em. 222. f. S. gariophyllata. Ger. Em. 223./ Gymnadenia conopsea. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. ed. 2. v. 5. 191. Hook. Scot. 251. In rather moist meadows and pastures, especially in hilly countries. Perennial. Ju7ie. Root distinctly palmate, with many long and slender divisions. Herb of a bright unspotted green, variable in luxuriance. Stem generally about 18 inches high, leafy, hollow. Leaves lanceo- late, often nearly linear, acute. Spike cylindrical, rather lax, many-flowered. Bracteas ovate, taper-pointed, not much longer than the germen. Ft. of a uniform crimson in every part, with- out spots, smaller than most of the genus, exhaling a most pow- erful and delicious odour, resembling that of a Clove Pink. They are now and then found white. Lateral leaves of the calyx widely spreading. Petals slightly converging along with the upper calyx-leaf, and nearly the same size. Lip of the nectary minutely downy, in three uniform, equal, entire, rather deep, flat lobes ; spur about twice as long as the germen, pointing downwards, or occasionally curved upwards, cylindrical, acute, very slender. Anther crimson. Caspar Bauhin, and other botanists of his time, have made seve- ral truly futile species out of this. 0. odoratissima of Linnaeus is the only plant likely to be confounded with it ; but the leaves of that are still narrower, and the blunt recurved spur is not longer than the calyx. This is represented in Bauhin'sProf/r.30. / 2 J but Rudbeck's 213./ 7, intended for it, is 0. conopsea. Mr. Brown has observed the glands which receive the pollen to be naked, or destitute of the hood, or slight covering, proper to his genus Orchis. On this character he founds his Gymnadenia, so named from these naked glands. But the plant in question has so strong a generic affinity to several which are furnished with this hood, especially O. pyramidalis, that it appears to me a most striking confirmation of the important principle of Linnaeus, genus dabit character em, non character genus. An eminent French botanist it seems is pursuing these subdivisions still further 3 so that, as Dr. Hooker has observed to me, we may soon have nearly as many genera in Orchidece as there are species. 412. ACERAS. Man-orchis. Brown in Ait. H. Kew. ed. 2. i?. 5. 191. Comp.ed. 3. 128. ed. 4. 141. Prodr. Fl. Grcec. ij. 2. 215. Ophrys. Lam. t. 727./. 2. Cal, superior, of 3 ovate, concave, equal, closely conver- GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Aceras. 25 ging, ribbed, permanent leaves. Pet. 2, linear-oblong, the length of the calyx, which conceals them. Nect. a lip without a spur, dependent, nmch longer than the calyx, linear-oblong, with 4- linear, obtuse, entire lobes, the 2 uppermost longest ; the disk linear, flat and even. Anther of 2 oblong membranous cells, close together, above the stigma, depositing the obovate, stalked, granu- lated, elastic masses o^ pollen, by their stalks, upon two glands, " contained in one common hood;" Broicn. Ger- men oblong, furrowed, nearly straight. Style very short. Stigma a moist depression in front. Caps, obovate, slightly curved, furrowed. Seeds very numerous, tuni- cated. Root of two successive ovate woolly knobs, with woolly ra- dicles. Herb smooth. Stem solitary, leafy at the base. Leaves elliptic-oblong, enveloped below in a membranous sheath. Fl. numerous, spiked. Cat. ribbed, green or brownish. Found in chalky fields and pastures. The want of a spur distinguishes this plant from OrcJiis, with which genus it otherwise most naturally agrees. From OpJiri/s Mr. Brown separates it by the hood of its glands being single, which, confirmed by the habit, is here unquestionably important. I nevertheless prefer more obvious, and no less certain, characters, founded on the converging calyx and long fiat lip. 1. A. antliropophora. Green Man-orchis. Lip longer than the germen. A. anthrojjophora. Br. as above, 191. Camp. cd. 4. 143. Ophrys anthropophora. Li«/?. .S>. P/. 1343. mild. v. 4. 63. Fl. Br. 937. Engl. Bot. v.\.t.2d. Curt. Loud. fasc. G.t.66. Dicks. H.Sicc.fasc. lo.lfi. Orchis n. 1261. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 133. ^ 23. O. anthropophora oreades. Column. Ecj)/ir. 318. /. 320. /". 1 . Rail Sijn. 379. Garid. Erov. t. 77 . O. iiore nudi hominis effigicm repraesentans, fteniina. Bauh. Pin. 82. Itudb. Elys. v. 2. 193. n. 7./. (3. J'aill. Par. 147. t. 3 1 . /. 19, 20. Garid. Prov. 340. t. 77. In chalk-pits, grassy ])asturcs, and on banks by the road side, on a chalky soil. Frequent in Kent. Huds. At Ashwelthorpe, near Norwich. Mr. Crowe. At Forncet, Norfolk, Mr. Joseph For. In and about a chalk-pit at Ickworth, near Bury, among gnws, copiously. Perennial. June. Root as above describi-d. H< rh light green, snioolii and shining. 26 GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA, Herminium. Stem 12 or 15 inches high, bearing 4 or 5 spreading leaves near the bottom, and 1 or 2 small, sheathing, upiight ones towards the middle. Spike long, cylindrical, of numerous, rather crowded, scentless Jlowers, whose green hue, tinged more or less with brown, renders them not very conspicuous. The Up however is usually of a pale yellow, without any spots, though occasionally tipped with brown, or dark red. Ray noticed such a variety near Geneva, and in his Synopsis speaks of it as but U variety. I gathered one at Valcimara among the Apennines, with the lip entirely red ; see Tour on the Cont. ed. 2. v. 2. 325, which is marked with no character of a distinct species. Willdenow has, after Link, published an Ophnjs anthropomorpha, Sp. Pl.v.4. 63, distinguished by the lip being only half the length of the germen. Hence a specific character for our Aceras is become necessary. 413. HERMINIUM. Musk-orcbis. Linn. Gen. PL ed. 1 . 271. Brown in Ait. H. Kew. ed. 2. r. 5. 191. Comp.ed.3A2S.ed.4.\4\. Monorchis. Mich. Gen. 30. t.26. Cat. superior, of 3 ovate, concave, equal, spreading, perma- nent leaves. Pet. 2, fleshy, ovate, flat, spreading, more or less deeply three-lobed, acute, nearly as long as the calyx. Nect. a lip without a spur, deeply three-lobed, spreading like the petals, but rather longer, slightly tu- mid at the base underneath. A?it/i. roundish, of 2 cells close together, over the stigma, depositing the globular, stalked, granulated masses of polle7i, by their stalks, upon 2 separate naked glands. Germen elliptic-oblong, twisted, furrowed. Sti/le short and thick. Stigma a moist cavity in front. Caps, ovate-oblong, triangular, nearly straight. Seeds very numerous. Root of two globular k?iobs, rather w^oolly ; one of them stalked, distant, later than the other. Stein solitary, 3 or 4 inches high, leafy below. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, sheathed at the base. Fl. spiked, numerous, small, greenish-yellow. This genus, happily restored by Mr. Brown, is clearly and essentially marked by the petals and lip nearly resem- blintr each other, and being all three-lobed. Malaxis of Swa*rtz has long been separated from the original Her- miniim, with which it has litde affinity, though both were referred to Oplirys by Linnaeus in his later publi- cations. GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Herminium. 27 1. H. monorchis. Green Musk-orchis. Radical leaves two, lanceolate. Bi', H. monorchis. Br. as above, \^\. Co7??p. ed. 4. 143. Hook. Lond. t. 138. Ophrys monorchis. Linn. Sp. PL 1342. PVilld. v.4.6\. Fl. Br. 936. Engl.Bot.v,\.t.7i. Dicks. H. Sice. fasc. 10. 18. Fl.Dan. M02. Ehrh.Phytoph.27. Orchis n. 15. Gmel.Sib.v. l.\8.t.4.f. 1. O. n. 1262. Hall. Hist.v. 2. \32.t. 22./. 2. O. odorata moschata, sive Monorchis. Bauh. Pin. 84. Rati Syn. 378. Rudb.Elys.v.2.207J.\. Rupp. J en. ed.\. 282. f. O. parva autumnalis lutea. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 768./. O. coleo unico, seu Monorchis flosculis pallid^ viridibus. Loes. Pruss. 184. ^.61. O, trifolia, floribus spicatis herbaceis. Segu. Veron. v. 2. \3\. t. 16. /. 15. Monorchis montana minima, flora obsolete vix conspicuo. Mich. Gen. 30. t. 26. f. E, F. Segu. Veron. suppl. 251. <. 8./. 8. M. bifolia, floribus viridibus, moschum olentibus. Mentz. Pugill. t.5.f.3. M. foliis angustis, fl.luteis ceram olentibus. Ibid,/. 4. Serapias et Triorchis iEginetse. Lob. Ic. 187./. Testiculus odoratus. Ger. Em. 218./. Triorchis lutea Gemmae. Dalech. Hist. 1561./. On chalky banks and hillocks, but not very common. In the great chalk-pit at Marham, Norfolk. 1779. Found also in Berkshire, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, Essex, Kent and Surrey, but not in the north. Perennial. June, July. Root of several thick woolly fibres, and one globular hairy knob, the size of a large pea, which is the source of the plant of the present year. One of ihcse apparent fibres, rarely more, bears at its extremity a small young knob, destined to enlarge after- wards, and to flower in the following summer. Herb smooth, of a light bright green. Stem 4 or 5 inches high. Leaves two, rarely three, sheathing, alternate, at, or near, the bottom of the stem, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, obscurely ribl)cd, concave 3 the third, if present, often elevated towards the middle of tlic stem • and there is occasionally a small, membranous, lanceolate, taper-])ointed bractea higher up, similar to those under each flower. Spike dense, 1 ^ or 2 inches long. /7. small, numerous, smelling like musk and honey, especially in an evening. Cal. green, leafy, concave, spreading equally in three directions. Pet. of a totally different substance, thick, yellowish, longer than the calyx, spreading between its leaves ; ovate at the base, with a more or less prominent angle, or lobe, at each side, and suddenly tapering into an elongated point. Lip of the exact 28 GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Ophrys. substance and hue of the petals, but more deeply lobed at each side, spreading equally with them, and about the same length, pale and somewhat tumid at its base. Column short and thick. Anth. in front, roundish, pale brown, as is likewise the pollen, the glands that receive it being, as Mr. Brown observes, naked and separate, which is doubtless a confirmation of the genus, though I prefer an obvious character founded on the very pecu- liar petals and nectary ; which so strongly resemble each other, and so widely differ from the cahjx ; just like those of Stelis, see Exot. Bat. t. 75, the structure of which irrefragably confirms the above views of Her minium. I have adopted the specific character of Mr. Brown, presuming that he has formed it from an acquaintance with some more species, of which perhaps traces may be found in Lobel, Gerarde, Mentzelius, and others, though no systematic botanist hitherto has verified their figures^ one of which has hairy leaves ! 414. OPHRYS. Insect-orchis. Linn. Gen. 462. Juss.65. Fl. Br. 931. Br.in Ait. H. Kew.ed.2. i;.5.195. Lam. t. 727. f. 1,3. Sw. Orch.43.t. ] .f.D. Orchis. Tourn. t. 247. C, D. Cal, superior, of 3, ovate-oblong, ribbed, equal, spread- ing, permanent, sometimes coloured, leaves. Pet. 2, li- near-oblong, smaller than the calyx, sometimes downy, spreading, undivided. Nect. a lip without a spur, longer than the calyx, spreading downwards ; partly downy or shaggy ; convex above, with a smooth disk ; concave and even beneath ; variously lobed at the margin. Aiit/i. oblong, of two parallel cells, more or less close together over the stigma, depositing the obovate, stalked, granu- lated, elastic masses of pollen, by their stalks, upon two glands, " contained in two separate hoods." Ferd. Bauer. Germ, oblong, curved, furrowed. Style short and thick, channelled in front. Stigma a moist cavity beneath the anther. Caps, oblong, obtuse, angular, with prominent ribs. Seeds very numerous and minute, tunicated. Root of two successive ovate, or globose, stalked knobs, ge- nerally somewhat downy, as well as the radicles. Herb smooth. Stem solitary, round, chiefly leafy at the base. Leaves several, ovate, or partly lanceolate, the upper ones narrowest. Spike lax. Bracteas lanceolate, con- cave, large, erect, about as long as the Jloxvers, which are large and handsome, inodorous, variously coloured, especially the lip, resembling various kinds of insects. The species are chiefly distinguished by their Jlowers ; GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Ophrys. 29 yet Linnaeus cannot be excused for considering them as mere varieties. 1. O. muscifera. Fly Orchis. Lip twice as long as the calyx, with four expanded lobes, somewhat downy; the disk polished. Petals linear. Column obtuse. O. muscifera. Uuds. ed. 1 . 340. ed. 2.391. Fl. Br. 937. Cojnp. ed. 4. 143. Engl. Bot. v.\.t. 64. Br. in Ait. H. Kcw. ed. 2. v. 5. 196. Hook. Lond. t.2>\. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 15. 15. Davies Welsh Botanol. 83. O. insectifera a, myodes. Linn. Sp. PI. 1343. Gunn. Norveg. p. 2. 121.^.5./. 1,2. O. myodes. Sw. Orch. 4j. mild. Sp. Pl.v.4. 64. Jacq. Misc. v. 2. 373. Ic. Rar. t. 184. FL Dan. t. 1398. Andr. Repos. t.47\. Forst. Tonhr. 100. Cypripedium. Linn. It. Oeland. 44. Orchis muscaria. Scop. Cam. v. 2. 193. O. n. 1265. Hall. Hist. V. 2, 133. t. 24. f. 2. O. myodes. Ger. Em.3\3.f. O. myodes, galea et alis herbidis. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 767. f. Rail S7jn.379. O. myodes prima, floribus muscam exprimens. Lob. Ic. 181./. O. muscse corpus referens minor, vel galea et alis herbidis. Baufi. Pin. S3. Rudb.Elys.v.2.20\.f.\\. Vaill.Par. \47. t.3\,f.\7, 18. O. serapias tertius. Dod. Pempt. 238. f. Dalech. Hist. 1555./. Vulpjnus testiculus. Lob. Obs. 91./ 1 only. /3. Orchis myodes major. Raii Si/n. 379. O. muscam referens major. Bauh. Pin. 83 ? Rndb. Ehjs. v. 2. 201 . /. 10? In chalky pastures, or in meadows among calcareous rocks sj)a- ringly, or mucli dispersed. In Cambridgeshire, Essex and Suffolk, Ray. Kent plentifully. Hiids. About Roche Abbey, Yorkshire. Mr. Salt. About Mat- lock bath, Derbyshire ; also near Bristol ; and in several parts of Berkshire, as well as Norfolk. Perennial. June. This is one of the most distinct species. Its habit is more slender than the rest, and tlie Icdrcs narrower, a little glaucous. Stem somewhat leafy, usually about a foot high. Fl. about six, more or less, rather distant, sessile, each with a lanceolate sheathing bractea, longer than the gcrnien. They strikingly resemble some sort of fly, yet not any one in particular. Cal. widely spread- ing, green, broadly ovate, smooth. Pet. ascending, linear, very narrow, chocolate-coloured, downy, as long as the calyx. Lip twice tliat length, (K'|)endent ; its disk convex, smooth, marked so GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Ophrys. with a pale blueish, shining, partly cloven^ spot in the middle j otherwise of the colour of the petals, having four broadish, nearly equal, widely spreading, or deflexed, more or less downy, en- tire, marginal lobes, each about as long as the disk. The under side is concave, green, very smooth, without any traces of a spur or keel. There are two shining prominent spots at the base of the lip above. The column is obtuse, not extending be- yond the obovate anther. Mr. Ferdinand Bauer, the ingenious draughtsman of the Flora Grceca, is recorded by Mr. Brown as having first observed the glands which receive the pollen to be contained in two distinct hoods. This confirms the more ob- vious generic character founded on the convex or tumid lip. The larger variety, |3, appears by Buddie's herbarium to differ very slightly from X\\?. common sort j though the figures of old au- thors quoted for it are probably different, as the small inter- mediate point of their lip indicates. 2. O. apifera. Bee Orchis. Lip the length of the calyx, tumid, with five reflexed mar- ginal lobes ; the terminal one awlshaped ; the rest hairy above. Calyx coloured. Column with a hooked point. O. apifera. Hwds. erf. 1. 340. ec/. 2. 391. F/. 5r. 938. Engl. Bot. V. 6. t. 383. Willd. Sp. PI. v. 4. 6Q. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. eel. 2. V. 5. 195. Curt. Lond. fasc. 1. t. 66. Shaw Nat. Misc. t. 23. Dicks.H. Sice. fasc.lS. 22. O. insectifera i. Linn. Sp. PI. 1343. Orchis fuciflora, galea at alis purpurascentibus. Raii Syn.39]. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 766, description ; and O. sive Testiculus sphe- godes hirsute flore, 767.f. O. fucum referens major, foliolis superioribus candidis et purpu- rascentibus. Bauh. Pin, 83. Rudb. Elys. v. 2. 199./. 7. Vaill. Par. 146.^30./. 9. O. araneam referens, rostro recurvo. Segu. Veron.suppl.2A6. t. 8. O. sexta. Trag.Hist.7S3.f. O. minor, violaceis floribus. Cord. Hist. \ 29. f. Triorchis fcemina. Fuchs. Hist. 560. f. Satyrium quartum. Brunf. Herb. v. 1. 105./. S. minus. Sweert Floril. t.63.f.5. Testiculus vulpinus secundus sphegodes. Lob. Ic. 179. f. Ger, Em. 212./ In meadows and pastures, in chalky or limestone countries, not very uncommon. Perennial. July, Herb taller, stouter, and often less glaucous, than the foregoing. Bracteas larger and broader, as well as the foliage. Fl. also larger, and very conspicuous, compared to bees, chiefly from GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Ophrys. 31 the form and hairiness of the nectary. Calijx-leavcs widely spreading, ovate, concave, of a pink or rose-colour, often partly white, with a green keel. Pet. much smaller, oblong, bluntish, convex, spreading, greenish, hairy on the inner surface. Lip large, prominent, tumid, or inflated, scarcely longer than the calyx ; its disk smooth and polished, dark brown, variously marked with yellowish, angular or curved, lines and spots ; the margin in five shallow reflexed lobes, of which the two upper- most are prominent, and very hairy, above, like the thighs of a bee 3 the two next dilated, thin and rounded ; the terminal one elongated, awlshaped, acute, somewhat recurved at the point. Column green, vaulted, with a sharp incurved point above the anther, whose two linear cells are considerably distant from each other, above the stigma. Masses of pollen yellow, with long taper stalks. Caps, large, with thick prominent ribs. 3. O. aran'ifera. Spider Orchis. Lip the length of the calyx, tumid, hairy, rounded, with four shallow, reflexed, maro-inal lobes. Column acute, incurved. Cells of the anther near together. Petals linear, smooth. O. aranifera. Huds. 392. Fl. Br. 939. Engl. Bot. v. 1.1.65. mild. Sp.Pl.v.4.66. O. fucifera. Curt. Lond.fasc. 6. t. 67. Orchis sive Testiculus sphegodes, hirsute flore. Rail Syn. 380. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 767, descr. not Jig. O. fucum referens, colore rubiginoso. Bauh. Pin. 83. Rudb. Elys. V. 2.200./. 9, bad, copied from LoheVs amlGerarde's Jigure of the last. Vaill. Par. 146. t.'S\.f. 15, 1 6, excellent. O. andrachnitis. Lob. Ic. 185./. Ger. Em.2\6.f. O. serapias secundus minor. Dod. Pempt. 238. O. araneam referens. Bauh. Pin. 84. Rudb. Elys. v. 2. 203./. 1 7, bad, copied from LobeU Tourn. Inst. 434. t. 247. f C, C. Testiculus vulpinus secundus. Lob. Obs. 88. f In dry chalky, limestone, or gravelly pastures and pits. In Cambridgeshire. Ray. Yorkshire, near Tadcuster. Richardson. Kent. Dillenius. Near Bury. Sir T. G.Cullum. In stone quar- ries, Oxfordshire. Sibthorp. Perennial. Jpril. Of more humble growth than the htst, with (cwcr flowers ; the herbage rather more glaucous. Cal. bluntish, uniformly green. Pet. also green, but smooth, and rather paler. Lip rounded like the last, but less inflated, and entirely destitute of a (iftli or terminal I{)l)e ; its whole surface of nearly a uniform dark brown, and hairy, except two parallel, livid, shining, smootli, uneven lines, connected by a cross l)ar, on the disk : the margin pale, smoothish, in four very shallow, reflexed, rounded lobes. Co- 32 GYNANDRIA—MONANDRIA. Ophrys. lumn inflexed, acute, but not much elongated beyond the anther, whose cells are near together. 4. O.fucifera. Drone Orchis. Lip longer than the calyx, obovate, hairy, undivided, with a spreading wavy margin. Column bluntly pointed, in- curved. Petals roughish ; ovate at the base. Orchis fucum referens, Burser. Rudh. Elys. v. 2. 205./. 25 ; petals too narrow. On chalky hillocks and banks. In Kent. Mr. E. Barnard, and Mr. T. F. Forsier. Perennial. May, June. Of the size and habit of the last, with which the general aspect of the Jlowers accords, though they are of a somewhat lighter brown, and seldom more than three in each spike. I have had no opportunity of comparing this plant with the 0. aranifera in a fresh state, as it blossoms 6 weeks or 2 months later, but from an examination o( the Jlo id ers, recent as well as dried, the following differences are observable. The petals are minutely downy, or rough, on their inner surface, and are remarkably dilated, or ovate, in their lower half, terminating with an oblong blunt point. The Up is rather longer than the calyx, obovate, convex, but not tumid or inflated ; the disk brown, smooth ; the sides very hairy ; but the margin itself smooth, thin, pale, ex- panded, not in'flexed, wavy, not lobed, nor is there any terminal point or appendage. The column ends in a short, thick, inflexed beak. Each cell of the anther has a dilated, pale, membranous border, though scarcely more considerable than in O. aranifera. Rudbeck's figure, taken from a specimen in Burser's herbarium at Upsal, is among those which he has added, as new species, to what C. Bauhin enumerates. This figure is very character- istic, except the petals being too narrow throughout. I can find no traces of this Ophrys in any other writer. 0. arachnites of Scopoli, Willdenow, &c, Haller's Orchis n. 1 266, not hitherto observed in Britain, though common on the continent, is dis- tinguished by an inflexed, flattish, smooth appendage to the very broad lip ; its petals, all over hairy in front, are smooth at the back, and are contracted gradually from the broad base up- ward ; the calyx is green. O. arachnoides, Andr. Repos. t.470, my supposed variety of 0. apifera. Tour on the Continent, ed, 2, V. 2. 325, if not a species, is rather perhaps a variety of arach- nites, with coloured petals and calyx. Yet the former are downy on both sides, and there is a very peculiar deep central depres- sion on the lip. Haller may have overlooked our three latter species, as varieties of his n. 1266, for they are probably natives of Switzerland. Vaillant, as far as he goes, is the most correct in his figures of Orchidece, as well as in their synonyms. GYNANDRTA.-MONANDRIA. Goodyera. 33 ** Anther parallel to the stigma, permanent. 415. GOODYERA. Goodyera. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. ed. 2.v.5.\97. Cat. superior, of 3 ovate, concave, spreading, permanent, coloured leaves, equal in length ; the 2 lateral ones somewhat dilated at the outer margin, and meeting under the nectary. Pet. 2, half ovate, erect, converging under the upper calyx-leaf, and about the same length. Ncct. without a spur, as long as the petals, prominent, inflated and obovate beneath, lying on the 2 lateral calyx-leaves, and terminating above in an oblong, acute, undivided point, shorter than the inflated part on which it lies, Ajith. roundish, parallel to the stigma, and fixed to its upper part behind, of 2 parallel cells close toge- ther, depositing the obovate, granulated masses o^polle?l upon the summit of the stigma. Germ, obovate, angular, incurved. St7/le short and thick. Stigma prominent, in front, somewhat angular, pointed. Cajjs. nearly ellipti- cal, angular, furrowed. Seeds very minute. Creeping herbs, with long woolly roots. Stems solitary, simple, a span high or more ; leafy at the bottom ; bear- ing several awl-shaped scattered hracteas above; and each terminating in a unilateral spike, either spiral or straight, of small, whitish, fragrant^ow<:'r5. 1. G. repens. Creeping Goodyera. Leaves ovate. Spike spiral. Point of the nectary elon- gated, deflexed. G. repens. Br. as above, 198. Hook. Scot. 253. Lond. 1. 144. Neottia repens. Swartz Orchid. 52. Willd. Sp. PI. v.4.75. Comp. ed. 4. 144. Satyrium repens. Linn. Sp. PI. 1339. Fl. Br. 930. En^l. Dot. v. 5. t.2S9. Light f. 520. t. 22. Dicks. Dr. PI.S5. Jacq. Austr.t.369. Fl. Dan. t. S\ 2. Gimn. Norvcg. part 2. 3. t. 6./. 1 . Epipactis n. 129.5. Hall. Hist. v. 2. \53. t. 22.f.4. Scgu. Veron. suppl. 253. t.S.f. 10. Orchis radice rcpente. Camer. Ic. t. 35 ; good. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 770./. 3, not 1 and 2. O. rc|)ens. Bed. Hurt. Eyst. a^stiv. ord. 4. /. 5. f. G. Pseudo-orchis. Bauh. Pin. 84. Bndh. Elys. r. 2. 209./. 8. Pidma Christi, radice repentc. (icr. Fni 227 . f. Pyrola acutifolia polyanthos, radice geniculate. La's. fr//5s. 210. <.68. In mossy alpine woods in Scotland, but rare. VOL. IV, i> 34 GYNANDRIA—MONANDRIA. Neottia. In an old birch wood called Ca hue, or Yellow hill, about 2 miles from the head of little Loch Broom, Ross-shire. Lightfoot. Op- posite Moy hall, near Inverness. Dr. Hope. About Brodie house, Moray. J. Brodie, Esq. Found by Mr. Murray in the woods of Culloden, near Inverness, and about Gordon castle and Scone. Hooker. Perennial. Julij. Hoot branched, knotty, or jointed, with downy radicles, creeping extensively among moss and rotten leaves j each shoot termi- nating in a solitary tuft of 6 or 8 broad-stalked, ovate, bluntish, smooth leaves, an inch long, somewhat speckled with brown, marked with 5 ribs, connected by transverse veins. Flowering stems solitary, from the centres of some of these tufts, hardly a span high, round, smooth, bearing several scattered, erect, linear-lanceolate, acute, smooth bracteas. Spike spiral, downy, with a downy tapering hractea to each flower, rising rather above the downy germen. Fl. small, spirally unilateral, about 10 to 15 in each spike, sweet-scented. CaZ. externally downy, white like the petals. Nect. white in the tumid part, with tawny stripes ; the point white or pale red, lanceolate, keeled, projecting nearly as far as the inflated base. Caps, light brown, smooth. The tumid base of the nectary, being placed above, not behind, the calyx, is not a spur, but a part of the lip, and justifies the opinion of Lightfoot, that Linnaeus ought rather to have refer- red this plant to his genus Serapias. G. pubescens of Mr. Brown, a North American species, is twice as tall, with larger, more strongly speckled leaves, 30 or 40 Jiowers in a straight, not spiral, spike, and a very short, ascending point to the nectary. But our G, repens grows also in the colder parts of North America, and may have been mistaken for the true pubescens, though obviously distinct. It is with great pleasure that I now adopt this genus of my learned friend, from whom I always hesitate to differ in opinion j especially as the name he has chosen records one of the most deserving of our early english botanists, Mr. John Goodyer of Hampshire, commemorated by Johnson in his preface to the second edition of Gerarde's Herbal, and whose very accurate and intelligent communications enrich many parts of that work ; see particularly the chapter on Elms. 416. NEOTTIA. La(|)^' Traces. Jacq. Col. V. 3. 173. Swartz Orch. 49. Willd. v. 4. 72. Br. in Ait. H.Kew.ed.2.v.D.\98. Prodr. 319. Cal. superior, of 3 concave, ovate or lanceolate, converging, permanent, coloured leaves, equal in length ; the 2 lateral ones meeting under the nectary. Pet. 2, oblong, erect. GYNANDRIA-MONANDRIA. Neottia. 35 converging under the upper calyx-leaf, and about the same length. Nect. without a spur, as Jong as the calyx, prominent, oblong, bluntish ; keeled underneath, espe- cially at the base, within the calyx. A?2th. roundish, pa- rallel to the stigma, of 2 cells close together, depositing the obovate masses of pollen upon the stigma. Germ. obovate, with 3 furrows. Style short, thick, cylindrical, not winged. Stigma prominent, in front, globose, with 2 points. Caps, obovate, obtuse, with 3 furrows and 3 bhmt angles. .S'^^'*^^ very minute. Root of several oblong vertical knobs. Leaves several, ra- dical, ovate or lanceolate. Stalk sheathed with bracteas. Spike many-flowered, generally unilateral and spiral. 1 . N. spiralis. Sweet Ladies' Traces. Leaves ovate, stalked. Spike twisted, unilateral. Bracteas downy, tumid. Lip ovate, entire. N. spiralis. Sw. Orch.bl, excluding the variety. Willd.Sp.Pl. V. 4. 73. Br. as above, 1 99. Comp. ed. 4. 144. Forst. Tonbr. 101. Ophrys spiralis. Linn. Sp. PI. 1340. Fl. Br. 934. Engl. Bot. v. 8. t. 54 1 . Curt. Lond.fasc. 4.^59. Dicks. H. Sice. fuse. 1 0. 1 7. Ehrh.Phjt. (>&. Fl. Dan. t.387. Davies Welsh Botanol. 83. Orchis spiralis alba odorata. Raii Syn. 378. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 769, descr. only. Vaill. Par. 147. t, 30. f. 17, 18. Triorchis. Ger. Em.2l8.f. T. alba odorata minor 3 also major. Bauh. Pin. 84. Rudb. Elys. v.2.209.f.7. Testicuhis odoratus. Dalech. Hist, l.'iao./. T. odoratus major et minor. Dod. Pempt. 239. f,f. T. odoratus -, also Tetrorchis, vel Triorchis, alba spiralis, vol au- tumnalis. Lob. Ic. \S6.f,f. Obs. 89./,/. Satyrion odoriferum. Brunf. Herb. v. 1. 105./ In open pastures, on a chalky or gravelly soil, or in meadows, in various j)arts of P^ngland ; not in Scotland. Perennial. August, September. Knobs of tlie root 2, 3, or more, ovate -oblong, brown, downv, nearly perpendicular, successive, apparently besjirinkled with smallcapillary radicles, which if so are very remarkable. Leaves several, all r'adical, on broad stalks, spreading, ovate, acute, ribbed, rather glaucous. Stalk radical, a finger's length or more, viscid and downy upwards, clotlied with several sheatliing, upright, pointed bracteas. Spike spiral, of many, crowded, small, white, highly fragrant //ojrtTA-, in a single row, each with an ovate, tumid, ])ointed, downy, close bractca. Ilaller doubtless comprehends this under his Epipactis u. 1294, though his ^ 38 represents a very distinct species, with long D 2 36 GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Listera. upright leaves, and more slender roots, the Jlowers larger, and less crowded, with a dilated lip. This blossoms earlier, and is well distinguished by Vaillant, as well as by Mr. J. Lindley in his Collectanea Botanica. We have no account of it as a british plant. It is Micheli's Orchiastrum, t.26. f.D : and Seguier has the same, with confused synonyms, in his Suppl, 252. t, 8./. 9. 2. N. gemmipara. Proliferous Ladies' Traces. Leaves lanceolate, as tall as the stalk. Spike three -ranked, twisted. Bracteas smooth. In marshes on the west coast of Ireland. Near Castletown, opposite to Bearhaven on the northern side of Bantry bay, County of Cork, in small quantities. Mr. Drum- mond. Perennial. July. Root of 2 thick, fleshy, downy, annual, perpendicular knobs, each about three inches long, and one fifth of an incfi in diameter near its origin, tapering downwards to a blunt point. Leaves five or six, upright, broadly lanceolate, acute, three-ribbed, three inches in length. Footstalks broad, sheathing, near an inch long. Stalk erect, two inches high, sheathed more than half way up by the footstalks of the innermost leaves, and bearing in the upper part 2 or 3 lanceolate, smooth, upright bracteas. Spike an inch long, ovate, dense, erect, of about 1 8 white Jlowers in three rows, twisted round in a very remarkable way, and each ac- companied by a smooth lanceolate bractea, as tall as itself. The Jlowers much resemble those of N. spiralis, and the Up is fringed ; but the calyx and petals are twice as long as in that species, and the calyx is more taper-pointed. The outside of the Jlowers, and the capsule, are downy : every other part of the herb is smooth. Buds, destined to flower the following year, are formed among the leaves, at the bottom of the flower- stalk. After flowering the root decays, and the following ;?pring each bud puts forth a pair of oblong knobs, as above described, and becomes a separate plant. Such is the account given by the accurate Mr. Drummond, and communicated to me in August 1810, along with a specimen, by the Rev. Mr. Hincks of Cork. Several living plants were sent to the Cork garden, but their roots were destroyed by rats. I have waited from year to year for specimens in a fresh state ; but hitherto in vain. The above characters will sufficiently identify the species when found, and it is a most interesting addition to our Flora. 417. LISTERA. Listera, or Twayblade. Br. in Ait. H, Kew. ed. 2.v.5.20\. Comp ed. 4.141. GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Listera. 37 Ophris. Tourn. t 250. Nidus avis. Ibid, CaL superior, of 3 ovate, concave, spreading, permanent, equal leaves. Pet. 2, lanceolate, spreading, nearly as long. Necf. without a spur, much longer than the pe- tals, dependent, two- or four-lobed ; slightly concave at the base within the calyx ; disk marked with a longitu- dinal central furrow, producing honey. A?ith, oblong, parallel to the stigma, to which it is fixed behind by its base, of 2 close, parallel, linear cells, which deposit the powdery masses of pollen upon the upper lip of the stigma. Germ, obovate, or roundish, angular. Style very short, cylindrical, not bordered. Stigma in front, of 2 unequal, flat, parallel lips ; the lowermost rounded, very short. Caps, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, angular, ribbed. Seeds minute, tunicated. Root of numerous clustered fibres. Leaves two, about the middle of the stem ,• sometimes wanting. Ft. pale or greenish, scentless, in a long upright cluster^ with a small hractea under each partial stalk. The name commemorates Dr. Martin Lister, contemporary with Ray, best known as a conchologist and entomologist. 1. L. ovata. Common Twayblade. Leaves elliptical, opposite. Nectary with two linear-oblong, nearly parallel, lobes. Column with a posterior hood. L. ovata, Br, as above, 20]. Comp.ecL4. 144. Forst. Tonbr. 100. Hook. Scot. 253. Ophrys ovata. Linn. Sp. PL 1340. Fl. Br. 932. Engl. Bot. v. 22. 1. 1548. Curt. Lond.fasc. 3. t. 60. Fl.Dan. t. 137. Ophris. Fuchs. Hist. 566./. Ic. 325./. Matth. Valgr.v.2. 565. / Camer. Epit.943./ Dalech. Hist. 1261./. O. bifolia. Bauh.Pin.87. Ger. Em. 402./ Rudb. Ebjs.v.2.226. f. 1 3 also trifolia/.2. Se^i. Feron.v. 2. 138. Epipactis n. 1291. Hall. Hisi. v. 2. 150. t. 37. E. ovata. Sw. Orch. 66. mild. Sp. PL v. 4. 87. Bifolium. Lob. Ic. 302./. 15. majus, scu Ophris major quibusdam. Rati Si/n. 3S5. Bank. Hist.v. 3. p. 2.533./ Psoiulo-orcliis, Bifolium. Dod. Pcmjd. 242. /". IVrruliata mascula ct focmina. Iiru>/. Herb.' \82, 183././. In ^^rovcs and thickets, meadows and pastures. Perennial. .June. Root of numerous, long, slender, cylindrical, tmooth radicles, con- 38 GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Listera. nected, in small bundles, by one common fibre. Stems so- litary, from 1 to 2 feet high, straight, bearing about the middle 2, rarely 3, sessile, elliptical, smooth, spreading leaves, each with 3, 5, or more ribs. The stem above their insertion is more slender, and downy, terminating in a long cluster of very nu- merous green Jlowers. Bracteas ovate, pointed, smooth, shorter than the partial stalks. Cal, somewhat tinged with brown. Pet. and lip light green ; the latter without any lobes at the base ; its disk marked with a honey-bearing furrow, evidently justifying the name of nectary for this part. The column termi- nates in a concave, obovate, hood-like appendage, which seems peculiar to this species. Each mass o( pollen is cloven, or double. Caps, roundish-obovate. Seeds each with a pale taper tunicy greatly lengthened out at the ends. In Engl. Bot. the upper lip of the stigma is, by mistake, called the lower lip of the column. 2. L. cordata. Heart-leaved Mountain Twayblade. Leaves heart-shaped, opposite. Nectary with four lobes. L. cordata. Br. as above, 201 . Comp. ed. 4. 144. Hook. Scot. 263. Lond. t. 143. Ophrys cordata. Linn. Sp. PI 1340. Fl. Br. 933, Engl. Bot. v. 5. t. 358. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 2. 19. Ehrh. Phjtoph. 76. Gunn. Norveg. part 2. 76. t. 3./. 6—8. FL Dan. t. 1278. Ophris minima. Bauh.Pin.87. Prodr. 31. Rudb. Elys, v.2.227. f. 4. Gagnebin in Act. Helvet. v. 2. 56. t. 6. Epipactis n. 1292. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 151. i. 22./. 3. E. cordata. Sw. Orch. 66. Willd. Sp. PI. v. 4. 88. Bifolium minimum. Rail Syn. 385. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. 534./. On turfy mountainous moors in the north. In several parts of Derbyshire, Yorkshire, Northumberland and Lancashire. Ray. In rnany parts of the Highlands of Scotland. Lightfoot. Also in several places in the Lowlands. Hooker. On Ingleborough hill, and on moors between Sheffield and Chats- worth. Perennial. July. Like the preceding in habit, but scarcely one third so large. Fi- bres of the root more simply tufted. Leaz^es heart-shaped, acute, with much finer ribs. ^S^em angular. Cluster smooth, of scarcely more than ten little green Jlowers, often partly tinged with brown. Lip with a pair of spreading linear lobes at the base, smaller than the terminal ones. Column destitute of any hood- like appendage behind the anther. Capsule globular. 3. L. Nidus avis. Bird's nest Listera. Leaves none. Stem clothed with sheathing scales. Nec- tary with two spreading lobes. GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Listera. 59 L. Nidus avis. Hook. Scot. 253. Lond. /.58. Epipactis Nidus avis. Sv\ Orch. 66. fi'illd. Sp. PI. v. 4. S7. Comp. ed. 4. 144. Forst. Tonbr. 100. E. n. 1290. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 149. t. 37. 2. Ophrys Nidus avis. Linn. Sp. PL 1339. Fl. Br. 931. Engl. Bot. v.l.t.AS. Fl.Dan.t. \Sl. Ehrh. Phytoph. 56. Purt.v.2.426. Orchis abortiva fusca. Bauh. Pin. 86. Rudb. Elijs. v.2.2\S.f. 1. Nidus avis. Raii Sj/n. 382. Dalech. Hist. 1073./. Lob. Ic. 195,/. Besl. Hort. Eyst. cpstiv. ord. 4. t.A. f.3. Neottia. Dod. Pempt. 553./. Pseudo-leimodoron. Clus. Hist. v. 1. 270./. Satyrium aboitivum, sive Nidus avis. Ger. Em. 228. f. S. nonum. Trag. Hist. 79b. f. In shady woods^ especially beech, on a chalky or loamy soil. In Kent and Sussex. Ray, Hudson. In niany parts of Scotland, Hooker. I have found it in several places in the north of Eng- land, as well as in Norfolk and Suffolk occasionally ; but most abundantly in the fine beech woods about Hurley, Berks. Perennial. May, June. Root of innumerable, crowded, tufted, simple, thick, cylindrical, whitish, fleshy knobs, or radicles ; for with their true nature no- body is as yet acquainted, lliey grow imbedded among dead leaves, at the roots of trees ; but I could never, any more than Dr. Hooker, detect a parasitical attachment. The whole herb indeed has the true pallid hue, destitute of green, peculiar to parasitical plants in general, as the late Mr. Dryander long ago observed j and to which remark the generality of Orchidecr in India are no exception, their radicles being mostly nourished by rotten bark, not by the living tree. Ston solitary, erect, simple, angular, hollow, without leaves, but clothed with tubular, lax, membranous, obtuse, alternate slieaths. Cluster cylinclrical, many-flowered, dense, except at the bottom, smooth. Bracteas oblong, small. Fl. ]m\e brown in eveiy part. Cal. and pet. moderately and equally spreading. Li}) concave at the base ; cloven at the extremity into 2 blunt, rounded, widely spreading lobes. Column cylindrical, witliout any hood, yhit/i. at the summit, in front, elliptical, convex, of 2 close, linear, ])arallel cells, depositing the yellow, finely granulated, simple, oblong masses of pollen on the back of the oblong u])j)er lip of the stigma, the under lip of which is short and rounded. Caps, oval, with thick, almost woody, ribs and valves, crowned by tiie per- manent column. Seeds numerous, minute, obovate, with a close tunic, not elongated at either end. A recent comparison of this with /.. ovata has satisfied me of the j)roj)riety of Mr. lirown's decision respecting its genus, and that the anther is no more a terminal lid in one than in the other. Neither docs the nectary accord so well with E})ipactis as with Listera. 40 GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Epipactis. *** Anther terminal^ Jixed, 418. EPIPACTIS. Helleboiine. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 147. Br. in Ait. H. Kew. ed. 2. v. 5. 201. Comp. ed.4.\42. Willd. Sp. PL V. 4.83. sect.l. Sw.Orch.62. t.l.f.N. Serapias. Fl. Br. 942. Juss.65. Gcerfn. t. \4. Heleborine. Tourn. t. 249. Cal, superior, of 3 ovate, acute, equal, more or less spread- ing, permanent leaves. Pet, 2, ovate, spreading, as long as the calyx. Nect, with little or no spur, not longer than the petals, dependent ; concave at the base within the calyx ; contracted in the middle ; undivided at the end ; disk tumid, lobed or furrowed. Antk, terminating the column, rounded, fixed, permanent, of 2 close parallel cells, depositing the obovate, powdery, undivided masses of pollen upon the stigma. Germ, obovate-oblong, an- gular, furrowed. Style somewhat elongated, incurved ; convex at the back ; concave in front. Stigma in front, close under the anther, prominent, angular, various in form, undivided. Caps, elliptic-oblong, angular, ribbed. Seeds small, roundish, with a lax tunic, greatly elongated at each end. Roots creeping, with rather stout fibrous radicles. Herb either smooth, or downy. Stem simple, erect, leafy. Leaves alternate, elliptic-oblong, or lanceolate, sessile, plaited, with numerous simple ribs. Fl, in terminal, bracteated, clusters or spikes, handsome. Cal. generally coloured, 1. E. latifolia. Broad-leaved Helleborine. Leaves ovate, clasping the stem. Lower bracteas longer than the drooping flowers. Lip shorter than the calyx, entire, with a minute point. Germen downy. E. latifolia. Sw.Orch.64. WiUd.Sp. PI. v. 4,83. Br. as above, 201. Gomp. ed. 4. 144. Hook. Scot. 254. Lond. 1. 102. Forst.Tonh. 100. Besl. Hort. Eyst. cestiv. ord. 4. t. 5./. 1 ; bad 3 fi. with spurs. E. n. 1297. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 154. t. 40. f. 2. E. n. 4. Hall, in Act. Helvet. v. 4. 108. E. sive EUeborine. Camer. Epit. 889./. Serapias latifolia. Linn. Sijsf. Nat. eel 12. v. 2. 593. FL Br. 943. Engl Bot. v.4.t.269. Freeman Ic. t.3. Fl. Dan. L8\l. Gunn. Norveg. part 2. 122. t.b.f. 3—6. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 15. 1 7. Ehrh. Phytoph. 37 . S. Helleborine oc. Linn. Sp. PL 1344. GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Epipactis. 41 Helleborine. Ger. Em. 442. f. Dod.PempL3S4.f. Lob. Ic. 3\2 f. H. latifolia montana. Rail Syn. 383. Bauh. Pin. 186. /3. H. altera, atro rubente flore. Rail Syn, 383. Herb. Buddie. Bauh. Pin. IS6. In shady mountainous woods and thickets. (S. On the sides of mountains near Malham, Settle, and other ])laces in the north. Ray, Mr. Woodward^ 8^ Mr. D. Turner. At the bottom of the scar of Barrowfield wood, near Kendall. Mr. Crowe. Perennial. July, August. Root moderately creeping, with simple, downy radicles. Stems several, about 2 feet high, round, copiously leafy j sheathed at the base ; most downy upwards. Leaves broadly ovate, acute, bright green, smooth, ribbed and plaited like those of a Veratrum ; various in breadth ; sheathing at the base ; the upper ones gra- dually smaller and more lanceolate -, all thin, rather rigid, not at all fleshy. Cluster erect, downy, of many alternate droop- ingjiowers, on short partial stalks, with a linear-lanceolate bractea to each, of which 3 or 4 of the lowermost only reach be- yond the flower, the rest being shorter, Germen obovate, downy. Cal. and pet. ovate, acute, nearly equal in size and colour, be- ing all green, more or less tinged with brown or dull purple. Neat, shorter than either, its terminal lobe heart-shaped with a small acute point -, the margin entire, a little wavy, purjjlish ; disk tumid, smooth, dull red, or tawny. Jnth. strictly terminal, broadly elliptical, deflexed, fixed, with 2 close elliptic-oblong cells, which deposit their simple yellow pollen-masses on the upper edge of the large, angular, prominent stigma. /3, preserved in Buddie's herbarium, is more downy, with later flowers, of a darker red in every part. Thii flowers in Dr. Hooker's plate are of a light purple hue, dif- ferent from any I have seen 3 their lip somewhat crenate, and the germen smooth. A specimen much like this figure, but in which the Up is perfectly entire, was sent me from Worcester- shire many years ago, as a new species. The reputed varieties of E. latifolia perhaps require more scientific examination than they have hitherto received. Ehrhart's Serapias parvifuUa, IIerb.\20, afterwards, as it seems, called by himself, to no pvn- pose, microphylla, Beitr. v. 4. 42, in which change he is followtul by Swartz, Willdenow and Hoft'mann, may possibly be our p. Yet this appears, by my Swiss and Italian specimens, very di- stinct from the common E. latifolia. I have never met with it it Britain. 2. E. purpurata. Purple-leaved Helleborine. Leaves ovate-laiiccolatc. Hractcas linear, all twice as long 42 GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Epipactis. as the flowers. Lip shorter than the calyx, entire. Ger- men downy. In shady woods. Parasitical on the stump of a maple or hazle^ in a wood near the Noris farm, at Leigh, Worcestershire, in 1807. Rev. Dr. Abbot. Perennial, Jujie. "' Root certainly parasitical. Whole plant, when fresh, glowing with a beautiful red lilac colour j" changed in drying to a tawny, not dark or black, brown, which it has since retained un- altered. Stem about a foot high, round, finely downy, clothed with alternate, sessile, many-ribbed, flat, not plaited, leaves, about 2 inches long, their ribs and margins minutely rough j the lower ones ovate-lanceolate ; upper linear-lanceolate as they approach the flowers. Cluster a little drooping, at least be- fore the flowers expand, cylindrical, dense. Bracteas solitary under each partial stalk, nearly erect, linear, acute, straight, long and narrow, being more than twice the length of the un- expanded flowers. The latter are numerous, crowded, mostly full-grown, but not yet expanded. On immersion in boiling water, they prove to have all the characters of an Epipactis, with a lip like the foregoing species, quite entire at the margin, and somewhat pointed. The calyx is externally downy, as well as the germen. Whether my late friend, to whom I am obliged for my only speci- men, found any more, I cannot tell, but I hope this account may lead to a further discovery of so curious and interesting a plant, which cannot be referred to any known species. 3. E. palustris. Marsh Helleborine. Leaves lanceolate, clasping the stem. Flow^ers drooping. Lip rounded, obtuse, crenate, as long as the petals, with a notched protuberance on the disk. E. palustris. Sw.Orch.64. Willd.Sp.PLv.4.84. Br.asabove/202. Camp. erf. 4, 144. Hook. Scot. 254. Lond. t. 89. E. n. 1296. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 154. t. 39. E. n. 5. Hall, in Act. Helvet. v.4.]\l. Serapias palustris. Scop. Cam. v. 2. 204. Fl. Br. 944. Engl. Bot. V.4. t.270. Light/. 527. Curt. Cat. 72. 108. S. longifolia. Linn. Sijst. Nat. ed. 1 2. v. 2. 593. Ehrh. Phyt. 47. Purt.v. 2. 429. S. longifolia /3, 7. Linn. Sp. PI. 1345. Helleborine. Fl Dan. t. 267. H. angustifolia palustris, sive pratensis. Bauh, Pin. 187. Moris. v.3.4S7.sect. 12. Ml./. 7. H. palustris nostras. RaiiSyn. 384. GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Epipactis, 43 Elleborine recentiorum tertia. Clus. Hist. v. 1. 273./. good, though the same as that given ior EMtifolia by Gerarde, Dodonaeus, &c. Damasonium alpinum, &c. Bauh. Hist.v.3. p. 2. b\6.f.not descr. In watery places, or swampy meadows, especially on a chalky or gravelly soil. Perennial. Jubj, August. Habit like the first species, but the stem not above 12 or 15 inches high. Leaves narrower and not plaited ; the lowermost only inclining to ovate j the rest lanceolate, tapering to a point. FL fewer, larger, and very handsome. Pet. internally white, striped with crimson. Lip longer than the calyx, white, ele- gantly striped and variegated with crimson ; its terminal lobe rounded, or heart-shaped, without a point, concave, strongly and unequally notched and crenate, the disk furnished at the base with an elevated notched crest, Germen downy. Mr. Hudson, from some strange mistake, has asserted that this plant, if removed into a garden, or dry soil, changes the fol- lowing year to E. latifolia. They are unquestionably perfectly distinct species. Linnaeus unluckily gave the name oUongifolia to this and others confounded with it, because among them are some long-leaved species ; but palustris is more suitable, and has a prior right. 4. E. grandiflora. Large White Helleborine. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate. Bracteas longer than the smootli germen. Flowers sessile, erect. Lip abrupt, shorter than the calyx, with elevated lines on the disk. E. grandiflora. Comp. ed. 4. 144. Sm. in Rees's Cycl. v. 13. n. 4. Prodr.Fl. Grcec. v. 2.220. E. pallens. Sw.Orch. 65. mild. Sp. PL v. 4. 85. Br. as above, 202. Hook. Scot. 254. Lo7id. t. 76. FL Dan. t. 1400. E. n. 1298, a. HalL Hist. v. 2. 155. t. 41. E. n. 3. HalL in Act. Helvet. v. 4. 105. E. angustis foliis. Best. Hort. Eyst. vern. ord. 9. t.ti.f. 2. Serapias grandiflora. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. v. 2. 594. Scop.Carn. r.2.203. F/.5W/. 944. EngLBot. v. 4. t. 27 \ . Light/. 528. Dicks, n. Sicc.fasc. 6. 18. 5. LonchophylUim. Elirh. in Linn. Supjd. 405. Phytoph. 57. S. longifolia. Huds. 393. S. lancifolia. Murr. in Linn. Syst. Veg. ed. 14. 815. Hull 197. Helleborine flore albo. Bauh. Pin. \S7 . RaiiSyn.3S3. Gcr. Fni. 441, nof. Moris. i'.3. 488. sect. 12. /. 11./. 12. H. latifolia, flore albo clauso. liaii Syn. 384 ; is as Dilleniiis ob- serves, tlie very same. Damasonium alpinum, sive Elleborine, floribus albis. liauh. Hist. V. 3. p. 2. 5 Ml ; descr. not the figure, wiueh is E. palustris. Alisma quorundam. Cnnl. Ilisf. 150. 2./. 44 GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA. Epipactis. In woods and thickets, chiefly on a chalky soil. In Stoken Church woods, Oxfordshire. Ray. Westmoreland. Law- son. Hertfordshire. i)r. £aZe5. Gloucestershire. i?eu. Mr. jBaArer. Surrey. Mr. Graves. Rare in Scotland. Lightfoot. Plentiful, along with Orchis bifoliaj in the beech woods above Hurley, and Bisham Abbey, Berks. Perennial. June. Root creeping. Stem about a foot high, round, leafy, smooth like the rest of the herb. Leaves rather elliptical than lanceolate^ sessile, clasping, acute, many-ribbed, not plaited, of a fine green 3 the uppermost narrowest, and gradually diminishing to lanceolate spreading bracteas, longer than the flowers, except the upper ones, which are small and narrow, longer than the germen, which is slender and without any downiness. FL nearly or quite sessile, upright, large and handsome, but perfectly in- odorous at all times j their calyx and corolla equally of a pure milk-white, though soon turning brownish, and the whole flower is seldom so fully expanded as the rest of the species. The con- cave, abrupt, scarcely pointed Up is marked above with three principal, and two smaller, yellow, elevated, not wavy, parallel lines. It does not appear why Swartz changed the original and expres- sive name, grandiflora, for one that is equally applicable to the next species. Tiie authority of Linnaeus and Scopoli, to say no- thing of others, ought to have been regarded by Willdenow, who might well have been corrected in the Hort. Kew. 5. E. ensifolia. Narrow-leaved White Helleborine. Leaves lanceolate, pointed. Bracteas minute, much shorter than the smooth germen. Flowers sessile, erect. Lip abrupt, half as long as the calyx, with elevated lines on the disk. E. ensifolia. Sw. in Act. Holm, for 1800. 232, mild. Sp. PL 17. 4. 85. Br. as above, 202. Comp. ed.4.\44. Hook. Scot. 255. Lond. t.77. E. xiphophylla. Sw. Orch.65. E. n. 1298, /3. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 155. E. n. 3, varietas (S. Hall, in Act. Helvet. v. 4. 107. Serapias ensifolia. Murr. in Linn. Syst. Veg. ed. 14. 815 j with er- roneous synonyms. Ft. Br. 945. Engl. Bot. v. 7. t. 494. Purt. 2J.2.428. t.4. S. Xiphophyllum. Ehrh. in Linn. Suppl.404. Phytoph. 67. S. longifolia y. Huds. 394. S. grandiflora. Fl. Dan. t. 506. Helleborine foliis prselongisangustisacutis. Rail Syn,p. Jen. cd. 1. 28 1. /. Khizocoralion. J lull, in Riq>p. Jen. cd. 'A. 30 1 . Dentaria coralloide radice. Chts. Hist. v. 2. 120./. Paiin. 450./, Bc.sL Hort. Eysf.asfiv. ord \. i. {./. 4. D. minor, (ier. Em. 1585. /. VOL. IV. K 50 GYNANDRIA— DIANDRIA. Cypripedium. In marshy umbrageous woods in Scotland, but rarely. Found in one place only, and there sparingly ; in a moist hanging wood, on the south side, near the head of Little Loch Broom, Ross-shire. Lighffoot. In Methuen wood, 6 miles from Perth. Mr. Thomas Bishop, 1804. In a peat bog among willows, a little to the south of Dalmahoy hill, 9 miles from Edinburgh. Mr. Edward John Maughan, 1807. At Ravelrig j Dr. Greville. Hooker. Perennial. May, June. Root fleshy, of numerous, compound, divaricated, horizontal branches, spreading about 2 inches, pale brownish or yellowish, the lobes blunt and all distinct, not touching each other. When beginning to dry it exhales the sweet a«d powerful scent of Vanilla, which is not entirely lost after the specimens have been preserved for 20 years. One root sent by Mr. Maughan in wet moss, and so kept in a pot, with plenty of water, blossomed the same summer. Leaves none. Stalks solitary, erect, a span high, angular, smooth, clothed in their lower half with a few distant, tubular, loosely sheathing scales, 1-} inch long. Cluster of from 5 to JO drooping, pale yellowish Jloioers, on short par- tial stalks, with a very small acute hractea at the base of each stalk. Germcn smooth, incurved, bluntly angular. Calyx-leaves lanceolate, spreading, greenish with a tinge of red. Pet. lan- ceolate, pale yellow, often reddish at the point, converging under the upper calyx-leaf. Lip recurved, obovate, with a slight con- traction in the middle, below which, towards the base, are two shallow rounded lobes, the whole white or pale yellow, more or less spotted with red -, the spur not apparent, but Mr. Brown conceives it to be entirely united to the base of the lip, and very short. Some traces of a spur certainly exist in all the other spe- cies. Column yellowish j convex at the back j channelled in front; crowned with the vertical a/z^/ier in the form of a lid, and attached behind as by a hinge. Pollen-masses 2 in each cell, *' ovate, white." Hooker. Caps, elliptical, with 3 blunt ribs, and crowned with the permanent withered flower. GYNANDRIA DIANDRIA 421. CYPRIPEDIUM. Ladies' Slipper. Linn. Gen, 464. Juss. 65. Fl. Br, 941 . Lam. t. 729. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew.ed. 2. V. 5. 220. Calceolus. Tourn. t, 249. GYNANDRIA— DIANDRIA. Cypripedium. 51 Cal. superior, of 3 ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, spread- ing, coloured leaves ; the upper one broadest ; 2 lower- most generally combined nearly their whole length. Pet, 2, about die same length, or longer, spreading, linear- lanceolate, pointed, wavy. Nect. \\\\ho\\i a spur \ liji obo- vate, inflated, obtuse, membranous, prominent, mostly shorter than the petals, with an irregular longitudinal fissure above. Filam. 2, on the column, lateral, opposite, spreading, oblong, fleshy. Anth. lateral, elliptical. Germ, oblong, triangular, furrowed. Style short and stout, somewhat compressed, bearing the stamens, and termi- nating above them in a dilated, flattish, horizontal lobe, or appendage, in the place, as Mr. Brown justly indi- cates, of a third stamen. »S7/Vwza beneath this appendage, and parallel to it, in like manner dilated and flattened, but smaller. Caps, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, angular, fur- rowed. Seeds oblong, numerous. Roofs creeping. Stem sim}]|Je, erect, mostly leafy. Leaves elliptical, acute, many-ribbed, plaited, entire. FL termi- nal, mostly solitary, large and handsome, without scent. 1. C. Calceolus. Common Ladies' Slipper. Stem leafy. Appendage to the column elliptical, obtuse, channelled. Lip somewhat compressed, shorter than the petals. C. Calceolus. Linn. Sp. PI. 1346. mild. v. 4. 142. FL Br. 941. Engl. Bot. r. 1 . ^. 1 . Hook. Lond. t. 42. Salish. in Tr. of L. Sac. v.\.76.t.2.f.\. FL Dan. t. 999. Redout. Liliac. t.\9. C. rudicibus fibrosis, foliis ovato-lanccolatis caulinis. Lain, in Act. Ufjs. 1 740. 24. Mill. Ic. 1 G2. L 242. Calceolus n. 1300. HalLIIi^t.v 2. l.")/.^. 43. C. n. 4. Gmel.Sib.v. \.2.t.\.f.\. C. Marianus. Dod.Pempt. 180./. C. Maiise. Raii Sijn.SSj. Ger. Em. 443./. Lob. Ic. 3\2.f. Bed. Ilort. F.yst. rem. ord. 8. t. 6.f. 1. Damasonii species quibusdam, sive Calceolus D. Mariii?. Bauh. //i.sY.r. 3.^.2.518./. Helk'borine flore rotundo, sive Calceolus. Bauh. Pin. 187. Elk'horinL' recentiorum prima. Clus. Ilisf.v. 1.272./. E. fcrruginca. Dalcch. Hist. 1 \4G.f. In mountainous woods and thickets, in tiie north of P^ngland, very rare. In Lancashire, and in Ilelks wood by Inglebovouijh, Yorkshire. Ray. In the county of Durham. Rev. Mr. Rudston. Near Arncliffe, Yorkshire. Hooker. 52 GYNANDRIA— HEXANDRIA. Aristolochia. Perennial. June. Root tuberous, branching, creeping horizontally, with numerous, sim)3le, fleshy, smooth, fibres. Stems solitary, 12 or 18 inches high, solid, striated, downy, bearing 3 or 4 large, alternate, ovate, rather pointed, slightly downy leaves, clasping or sheath- ing at their base ; the uppermost, especially if there be two flowers, diminished to a lanceolate hractea. FL. terminal, usually solitary, sometimes two, one above the other, large and conspicuous. Calyx-leaves ribbed, IJ- inch long, of a singular rich and dark brown ; the 2 lowermost combined. Pet. of the same colour, rather longer and narrower, slightly wavy. Lip tumid, yellow, wrinkled, reticulated with veins, internally spot- ted, about an inch long. Appendage to the column elliptical, with 2 angles, more or less blunt, at the base ; the extremity rounded, with a short inflexed point, which latter is not shown in the figures of Mr. Salisbury or Dr. Hooker. Mr. Sowerby's figure in Engl. Bot. has been unjustly criticised. It was neces- sarily taken from a garden specimen, but will on examination be found precisely comformable to nature, as well as to Haller's excellent plate, the most correct in detail of any that has been given of the present species. The American C. parvifiorum is totally different. GYNANDRIA HEXANDRIA. 422. ARISTOLOCHIA. Binhwort. Linn. Gen. 467. Juss. 73. Fl. Br. 947. Tourn. t.7\. Lam. t. 733. Gartn.t. 14. Nat. Ord. Sarmentacece, Linn. 11. Subsequently removed by him to the Rhceadea:, 27. Aristolochice. Juss. 23. See Grammar 85. Cal. superior, of 1 leaf, tubular, coloured, permanent; tumid, and nearly globose, at the base; limb dilated; either lobed and equally spreading, or unilateral and undivided. Cor, none. Filam. none, except the notched cup, crowning the germen, within the calyx, may be so denominated. Aiith. 6, sessile on the outer surface of this cup, vertical, each of 2 oblong, separated, parallel, bivalve cells. Germ, inferior, oblong, angular. Style scarcely any. Stigma nearly globular, with 6 deep lobes ; the summit concave. Caps, large, oval, with 6 angles. GYNANDRIA— HEXANDRIA. Aristolochia. 53 6 cells, and 6 valves, with double partitions from their inflexed margins. Seeds numerous in each cell, depress- ed, horizontal, lying over each other, triangular, with a dilated or thickened margin ; " albumen heart-shaped." Gccrtner ; " embrijo certainly proving dicotyledonous in germination." Jiissieu. Perennial, herbaceous or shrubby, erect, or more generally climbing. Leaves alternate, stalked, simple, very seldom lobed, usually heartshaped. FL axillary, stalked. The analogy of^ Asa rum, v. 2. 242, must justify us in calling a call/a: what Linnaeus and others have taken for a corolla. 1. A. Clematitis. Common Birth wort. Leaves heartshaped. Stem erect. Flowers affffresate, up- right. Calyx unilateral. A. Clematitis. Linn. Sp. PL 1364. Willd. v. 4. 1 63. FI. Br. 947. Engl. Bot. V. 6. t. 398. fVilld. suppl. t. 238. MUl. Illustr. t. 7b. Hook. Loud. t. 149. Bicks. Dr. PL 14. Bull. Fr. t. 39. FL Dan. t. 1235. Lob. Ic.607.f. A. n. 1029. IlalL Hist. v. 1. 240. A. Clematitis recta. Bauh. Pin. 307. MilL Ic.34, L5l.f. \. A. Clematitis vulgaris. Clus. Hist. v. 2. 71./. A. multiflora. Riv. Monop. Irr. t. 116. A. longa. rrag.Hist.\78.f. Matt/i. Falgr. v. 2.13. f. Dalech. Hist. 977./. A. longa vulgaris. Camer. Epit. 421./ BasL Hort. Eyst. ccstiv. ord.4.t.3.f.2. A. rotunda. FucJis. Hist. 90 / A. Saracenica. Ger. Em. 847./ Dalech. Hist. 979. In woods, thickets, and especially among the ruins of nunneries. In a wood two miles from Thorndon Essex; also in Cambridge- shire. Bldcksfone. Near Maidstone, and in other parts of KtMit. Hnds. At Gotistovv nunnery. Sibt/i. Sturston, near Diss. Mr. Woodward. Carrow abbey, near Norwich. Rev. Dr. iSutton. Kcncot, Oxfordsliire. Bishop c>f Carlisle. Perennial. Juhj, Augiist. Roots creeping deej) in the ground, long, slender, difficult of rxtir- ])ation. Herb smooth, bright green. Stems about 2 feet high, upright, zigzag, not climbing, round, leafy, striated, unhraruh- ed. Leaves rather coriaceous, without sUpulas, heartshaped with a wide space at the base, entire, with pcdate ribs. 77. several from the bosom of each leaf, on simple stalks, erect, pale yellow, or bulV-colourcd, witliout scent, scarcely perfecting any /r?//7, except by the assistance of some small insect; see Introd. to Botany, rd. 5. 273. 54 GYNANDRIA— HEXANDRIA. Aristolochia. The bitter acrid roots of this genus liave, from remote antiquity, been celebrated for their stimulating effects on the female con- stitution ; and the present species, though dangerously emetic^ seems to have been greatly in use in this country, stUl retain- ing a place in our catalogues of medicinal plants. A singular opinion is said to prevail in France, that this Anstolochiciy if abundant in vineyards^ spoils the quality of the wines. Class XXI. MONOECIA, Stamens and Pistils in separate jio-xers^ on the same plant. Order I, MONANDIUA. Stamen 1. 423. EUPHORBIA. Involucrum with numerous barren J!. and \ fertile, Barr. fl. Cal. none. Cor. none. Fert. Ji. Cal. none. Cor, none. Caps. 3-lobed. Stijles 3, cloven. 424. ZANNICHELLIA. Invol. none, Barr. Jl. Cal. none. Cor. none. Fert. Jl, Cal. of 1 leaf. Cor. none. Germ. 4, or more. Seeds 4, stalked. Stigmas peltate. CalUtriche. Chara ? Zostera 9 Tijplia minor. {DIANDRIJ. St am. 2.) Car ex. Order II. TItlANDRIA, Stamens S. 426. SPARGANIUM. ^^rr./. Cr//. 3-leaved. CV. none. Fert. Jl. Cal, 3-leaved. Cor. none. Drupa dry. 427. CAREX. Barr.f. Catkin imbricated. Cal. a scale. Cor. none. Fert, Jl, Catkin imbric. Cal. a scale. Cor. a liol- low permanent glume, investing the loose seed, 428. KOBRESIA. Barr.Jl, Catkin \\\i\\ o\i\^os\ie scales^ imbricated in 2 rows. CV//. inner scale. Cor. \ume, Fert. fl. 6V//. outer scale. CV;r. none. Seed \^\oosv. A-2r>. TYPHA. Barr.Jl. Catkin liairy. Cd. none-. Cor, none. Ant/i. about 3 on eavU Jilamrnt. Fert.Jl. Catkin hairy. Seed ], on a hairy stalk. Amnrnnthu^. 56 Order III, TETRANDRIA, Stcun. 4. 429. LITTORELLA. Barr. J. Cal, 4-leaved. Cor, 4-cleft. Stam. capillary, very long. Fert.Jl, Cal. none. Cor. unequally 3- or 4-cleft. Style very long. Nut of 1 cell. 432. VRTIQA. Barr.f. Cal. 4^-\eaved. Petals none. NecL central, cup-shaped. Stam. the length of the caty^r. Fert.Jl. Cal. 2-leaved. Cor. none. Seed 1, superior polished. 431. BUXUS. Barr.Jl. Cal. 3-leaved. Pet. 2. Rudiment oiagermen, Fert.Jl. Cal. 4-leaved. Pet. 3. Styles 3. Caps, with 3 beaks, and 3 cells. Seeds 2. 430. ALNUS. Barr.Jl. Ca/. scale of a c^z'yl^/w, permanent. 3-flowered. Cor. deeply 4-cleft. Fert.Jl. Cal. scale of a catkin^ permanent, 2-flowered. Cor. none. Styles 2. iVz/^ compressed, without wings. Eriocaulon. Myrlca. Order IV. PENT AN DRI A. Stam. 5. 433. XANTHIUM. Barr.Jl. Common Cal. imbricated, many-flowered, with intermediate scales. Cor. of 1 petal, funnel-shaped, 5-cleft. Fert.Jl. Cal. of 2 leaves, with 2 flowers. Cor. none. Drupa spurious, coated with the prickly calyx, cloven. Nut of 2 cells. 434. AMARANTHUS. Barr.Jl. Cal. of 3 or 5 leaves. Cor. none. Stam. 3 or 5. Fert.Jl. Cal. of 3 or 5 leaves. Cor. none. Styles 3 or 2. Caps, of 1 cell, bursting all round. Seed 1. 435. BRYONIA. Barr.Jl. Cal. with 5 teeth. Cor. 5-cleft. Filam. S. Antli. 5. Fert.Jl. Cal. with 5 teeth, deciduous. Cor. 5-cleft. Style 3-cleft. Berry inferior. Seeds few. Fagus. Quercus. Atriplex. Order V. HEXANDRIJ. Stam. 6. 436. ERIOCAULON. Co7nmo?i Calyx imbricated, many- lowered. Barr. Jl. in the middle. Cor. in 6 or 4 deep seg- ments. Stam. 6, 4, or 3. 57 Fert. Jl. in the circumference. Pet. 6 or 4. Style 1 Caps, superior, 2- or 3-lobed. Seeds solitary. Rumices. Quercus. OrderVI, POLYANDRIA. Stam.J^ormore. 438. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Barr. J, Cat. 4-leaved. Pet. 4. Stam. 8. Fert. Jl. Cal. 4-leaved. Pet. 4. Stigm. 4, sessile. Dnipas 4. 441. POTERIUM. Barr.f. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. deeply 4-cleft. Stam. 30-50. Fert. Jl. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. deeply 4-cleft. Pist. 1 or 2. Nut coated, of 1 or 2 cells. 439. SAGITTARIA. Barr. Jl. Cal. 3-leaved. Pet. 3. Stam. about 24. Fert. Jl. Cal. 3-leaved. Pet. 3. Pist. numerous. Seeds numerous, bordered. 437. CERATOPHYLLUM. Barr.f. Cal. many-cleft. Cor. none. Slam. 16-20. Fert.Jl. Cal. many-cleft. Cor. none. Stigma nearly sessile, oblique. Dnipa compressed. 443. FAGUS. Barr.Jl. in a catkin. Cal. in several seg- ments. Cor. none. Stam. 5-20. Fert.Jl. Cal. double; obiter inferior, prickly, in se- veral deep segments, 2- or 3-flowered ; inner supe- rior, 5-or6-cleft. Cor. none. St7/les 5 or 6. Nuts 2 or 3, loosely invested with the spreading outer calyx. 442. QUERCUS. Barr.Jl. in a cat/an. Cal. in several segments. Cor. none. Stam. 8 or more. Fert.Jl. Cal. double; o/^/cr inferior, scaly, undivided ; inner superior, in 6 deep segments. Cor. none. Stijle 1. Nut solitary, closely invested, at its base, Avitli the hemispherical outer calyx. 446. CORYLUS. Barr./l.luncat/cin. Cal. ^i S-clvfl scale. Cor. none. Stain. 8 or more. Fert.Jl. C>//. double ; o?// 1 8. £//-/. Bot. V. 20. M399. Khrh. Herb. SG. lluok. Scot. 148. See Lhr/uf 1135. ^ Tithymalus n. lOlfi. Hall. IFist.v. 2. 8. A doubtful Swi.ss plant. T. |)ineus, Ger. Em. 499./. Lub. /c. 357. f. T. Cyparissias. Fuclts. IJist. H\2.j: /c. 4G9./. Esula. Riv Tcfrap. Jrr.t. 113. E. minor. Dod. Ptmpt. 374./ Dalcch. UUt. 1G53./. In shady woods, rare. In a wood near a rivulet at .^bercorn, 13 miles west of Edinburgh. Mr. B. CharUsworth, and Mr. J. Mackaij. In some other spotJi 66 MONOECIA— MONANDRIA. Euphorbia. a few miles from Edinburgh ; Mr. Maughan. Hooker, At SHnfold, Sussex. Mr. W. Borrer. Perennial. July. Root creeping, woody. Herb smooth, light green, not glaucous. Stems \2 or 1 8 inches high, erect, round, solid, leafy, with several lateral axillary, leafy branches, destitute of flowers. Leaves of the branches, as well as of the main stem, numerous, scattered, on short stalks, linear, inclining to obovate, entire, all uniform. Umbel of 8 or 1 0 branches, which are once or twice forked, and there are similar ones from the bosoms of some of the upper leaves. Bracteas broadly heart-shaped, entire, with a small point. Nect. 4, of a tawny brown, rhomboid, with 2 lateral horns. Germen smooth. I have not seen the capsule or seeds, which perhaps are rarely perfected, the plant increasing much by root. The cuts of Fuchsius surely represent this, and not the following. 10. E. Cyparissias. Cypress Spurge. Umbel of numerous forked branches. Bracteas somewhat heart-shaped. Stem-leaves lanceolate ; those of the la- teral branches linear and very narrow. Nectaries lu- nated. Capsule nearly smooth. E. Cyparissias. Linn. Sp. PL 661. Willd. v. 2. 920, excl. var. (3. H.Br. 519. Engl.Bot.vA2.t.840. With. 451. Winch Guide 46. Hook. Scot. 148. Jacq. Austr. t. 435. Tithymalus n. 1047. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 8. T. Cyparissias. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 592./. Dod. Pempt. 371./. Dalech. Hist. 1644. f. 1648./. Moris, v. 3. 338. sect. 10. t. 2. /29. T. cupressinus. Ger, Em. 499./. Lob. Ic. 356./. In groves, thickets, and the barren borders of fields. In the Earl of Stamford's woods, at Enville, Staffordshire. With- ering. Barton Leat wood, Bedfordshire. Rev. Dr. Abbot. Near Alnwick, Northumberland. Mr. Winch. Perennial. June, July. Root woody, creeping extensively, but not rapidly. Herb smooth, smaller in its leaves, bracteas and flowers than the preceding, from which it differs strikingly in the greater abundance, very narrow shape, and more glaucous colour of the leaves of its la- teral branches, which though they generally bear no flowers, often rise above the central umbel in great numbers. The branches of the umbel are from 10 to 15, twice forked. Bracteas pointless, assuming a beautiful scarlet hue after the flowers are past. Nect. 4, yellow, crescent-shaped, correctly distin- guished in Engl. Bot. from those of E. Esula. Caps, mostly smooth and even, but not unfrequently warty in an early state. MONOECIA— MONANDRIA. Euphorbia. 67 Haller notices the nectaries of this and the last, which he consi- ders as affording good distinctive marks of the two species. Yet he misquotes Rivinus and Fuchsius. C. Bauhin Hkewise appears to confound these Euphorhice under his Tltlnjmalus cyparissias, Pin. 291. n. 1 and 2 ; but there are few species more distinct. 11. E. hiberna. Irish Spurge. Makinboy. Umbel of six forked branches. Bracteas ovate. Leaves obtuse. Stem simple. Nectaries kidney-shaped, point- less. Capsule warty, erect. E. hvberna. Linn. Sp. PI. 662. mild. v. 2. 923. Fl. Br, .519. Engl.Bot. V. 19. t. 1337. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 18. 14. Tithymalus hibernicus. How Phijt. \2\. Raii Syn. 312. T. hibernicus, vasculis muricatis erectis. Dill. Elth. 387. t. 290. T. platyphvllos. Clus. Hist.v.2. 190./. Dod. Pewpt.372.f. Ger. £m.50d./. Dalech. Hist. 1649./ T. latifolius hispanicus. Bank. Pi«.29l. Plataphyllum hispanicum. Lob. Ic.SGl.f. Broad Spurge. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 53./ 7. In fields, thickets and woods. In Ireland. Ray. Common in the county of Kerry, Dr. Wade. Near Belfast. Mr. Templeton. About the lake of Killarney, also in other parts of Kerry, as well as in Cork. Rev. T. Butt. Among the corn near Twickenham park, against Richmond, and near Otterspool j Mr. Doody. Dill, but this appears, by the Hortus Elthamensis, to have proved a mistake. Mr. Hudson nevertheless found it between Feversham, and Sittingbourn in Kent. Perennial. June. Root tapering. Whole />r. none. ( irnn. l or 5, rarely more, stalked, ohlon*:;, ohtuse, incurved. Sli/lr 1 to each germen, terminal, simple, erect, shorter than the germen. Sfi<^ni. solitary, sprcaclin'T, peltate, ovale, dilated, entire, or toothctl. Cajjs. stalked, oblong, incurvetl, iome- 70 MONOECIA— MONANDRIA. Zannichellia. what compressed, of 1 cell and 1 valve, not bursting ; tumid and rugged at the outer edge ; tipped vi^ith the permanent style. Seed solitary, of the form of the cell, monocotyledonous, with a very thin, simple, membra- nous skin. Embryo central, tapering, incurved. Alhimen none. Slender, branched, floating Jierhs; submersed, except when in flower. Leaves simple, alternate, or partly opposite, linear, entire. Fl. axillary, in pairs. 1. Z. palustris. Common Horned-pondweed. Anther of four cells. Stigmas entire. Z. palustris. Lmn.Sp,Pm7o. Willd. v.4. \S\. Fl.Br.955. Engl. Bot. V. 26. t. 1844. Hook. Scot. 258. Mill. Illustr. t. 77, Fl. Dan. t. 67. Z. n. 1604, Hall. Hist. V. 2. 279. Z. palustris major, foliis gramineis acutis, fiore cum apice quadri- capsulari, embryonis clypeolis integris, et vasculo iion barbato, capsulis seminum adcostam dentatis. Mich. Gen. 71. t.34.f. 1. Aponogeton aquaticum graminifoHum, staminibus singularibus. Ponted. Anthol. I 17. Rail Syn. 135. Potamogeton capillaceum^capitulis ad alas trifidis. Bauh. Pin. 193. Prodr. 101. Potamogeito similis^ graminifolia ramosa, et ad genicula polyce- ratos. Pluk. Almag. 305. Phyt. t.\02.f.7. Horned Pondweed. Pctiv. H. Brit. t. 6.f. 2. In ponds and ditches. Annual. July. Root of several very slender fibres. Herb smooth. Stem thread- shaped, much branched, leafy, 12 or 18 inches long, floating. Leaves very narrow, acute, generally opposite under the Jlowers. Bractea axillary, solitary, tubular, membranous, oblique ; in- cluding one barren flower, consisting of a simple stamen ; and a fertile one on a short stalk. Anth. oblong, with 4 furrows and as many cells. Germens 4 or 5, their stigmas ovate, spreading, quite entire at the edges. Caps, tubercular, or rugged, at the outer edge. Z. dentata of Willdenow, separated by him at my suggestion from our British plant, was long ago well distinguished by Micheli, t. 34./. 2 3 and if he be correct as to the 2 cells of its anther, and the toothed stigynas, nothing can be more distinct. It may probably be found in England. [ 71 ] MONO EC I A TRIJNDRIA. 425. TYPHA. Cat's-tail, or Reed-mace. Linn. Gen. 479. Juss.2o. Fl.Br.9j9. Tourn.t. 301. Lam. t. 748. Gcsrtn. t. 2. Nat. Ord. Calamaricc, Linn. 3. Piperitce. Linn. Ms. Zy- phcs. Juss. 8. Avoid ecu. Br. Prodr. 338. A^. 426 the same. Ba?T, Jl. numerous, in a dense, soft, cylindrical, terminal catkin, whose common receptacle is hairy or scaly. CaL none. Cor.. none. Anth. 3, more or less, drooping, ob- long, obtuse, furrowed, on one common ^fil am C7if. Fert.Ji. numerous, in the lower part, continuous or inter- rupted, of the same c^/^/-/^. C«/. none. Cbr. none. Germ. superior, stalked, elliptic-oblong. Stijle capillary. Stigma simple. Seed solitary, ovate, crowned with the style, and beset with several capillary bristles, attached to the base of its stalk. Cree})ing-rooted, aquatic, upright herbs, with wand-like, cylindrical, simple stems, leafy at the bottom only. Leaves linear, erect, long, narrow, entire, smooth. Catkin ter- minal, erect. Aiith. yellow, deciduous. Fert.Ji. brown, l^erhaps this genus ought to be referred to Monoecia Mo- Jiadelphia. 1. T. latifolia. Great Cat's-tail or Reed-mace. Leaves somewhat convex beneath. Catkin continuous. Re- ceptacle hairy. T. latifolia. Linn. Sp. PL 1377. mild. v. 4. 197. Fl. Br. D.VJ. Engl. But. v.2\. t. 1455. Hook. Scot. 259. Lecrs207. Fl. Dan. t.G4:>. T. major. Curt. Lond.fasc. 3. t.G\. T. n. 1305. Hall. Hist, v 2. 1G3. Typha. Had Syn. 430. Fuchs. Hist. 823./. Ger. Em. 40./. Lvb, Ic. 8 1 ./. Matth. / algr. v. 2. 210./. Camer. Epit. 007.'./'- T. aquatica. Trag. Hust. 08!./ Daltrli. Hist. DIM./ T. palustris major. Bauh. Pin. 20. Theatr.X\7 . f. Bank. Hist. v.'l. 531)../'. Moris. V. 3. 240. sect. H. /. 1 3./ 1 . Junciis aspcr Dodoniui, Dalcili. llist. 9>^9. J. In ponds, ditches, and slow streams, often among reeds. Perenninl. Juhj. 72 MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Typha. Root stout, creeping, furnished with many thick hairy fibres. Herb smooth. Stems about 6 feet high, erect, round, solid, perfectly straight and simple, without joint or knot, leafy at the very bottom only. Leaves several, upright, almost as tall as the stems, linear, entire, tapering to a bluntish pointy rather convex at the back ; ^.lightly concave in front ; their bases sheathing, with a blunt membranous edge 3 the outer ones short and abortive. Catkin terminal, erect, about a foot long, uninterrupted • the barren part longest and thickest while in blossom, and furnished with a few scattered lanceolate scales. After the yellow stamens have fallen, the fertile part swells, becomes of a dark brown, and an inch thick, resembling coarse plush, finally dissolving into a mass of innumerable minute seeds, each wnnged under- neath w^ith fine hairs, and carried away by the wind. Haller says this downy substance serves to stuff pillows. 2. T. angiistifoVia. Lesser Cat's- tail or Reed-mace. Leaves slightly semicylindrical ; channelled above. Barren catkin separated from the fertile one. Receptacle scaly. T. angustifolia. Linn. Sp. PL 1377. fiWd. v. 4. 1 98. FL Br. 959. Engl. Bot.v.2\. t. 1456. Hook. Scot. 259. FLDan.t.8l5. T. minor. Curt. Lond.fasc. 3. t. 62. T. n. 1306. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 163. T. palustris media. RaiiSyn. 436. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 540. Moris. v.3.246.sect.8.t. 1 3./ 2. T. palustris clavR gracili. Bauh. Pin. 20. Theatr. 340./. In pools and ditches, less frequent than the foregoing. About the middle of Woolwich Common. Curtis. In clay-pits near Bungay. Mr. Woodward.. Between Norwich and Hing- ham, and in some other parts of Norfolk^ Suffolk, and Essex. Perennial. June, July, Like the T. latifoUa in general habit, but much more slender. Leaves not half so broad, but more concave 3 semicylindrical in their lower part. There is a smooth naked portion of the stem^ from J an inch to an inch, between the barren and fertile cat- kins, and the co)umon receptacle of both is rather scaly, or tu- berculated, than hairy. The Rev. Revett Sheppard found, in the marshes of Great Oakley, Essex, what seems a variety of this species, growing among the latifoUa, having much thicker/er/i/e catkins than such as grew in the neighbourhood of Little Oakley unaccompanied by the latifoUa. The receptacle in these specimens however agrees with angusfifoUa, and there is a naked space above the fertile catkin. Mr. Sheppard suspected the pollen of the neighbouring large species might have affected these catkins, or it may per- haps be conjectured that they were the produce of mule plants, MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Sparganium. 73 originating from former impregnation. The fertile catkins of T. angustifolia aometlmes split longitudinally in growing. See Engl. Bot. 3. T. minor. Dwarf Cat's-tail or Reed-mace. Leaves linear, convex beneath. Catkins a little distant ; barren one leafy ; fertile short and turgid ; often inter- rupted. Anthers nearly solitary. Receptacle naked. T. minor. Fl. Br. 960. Engl. Bot. v.2\. t.] 457. M'illd. Sp. PL v. 4. 197. Bauh.Hist.v.2.540.f. Dalech. Hist. 995. f. Lob, /c. 81./. T. minima. fVilld. Sp. PL v. 4. 1 97. T. angustifolia /3. Li)in. Sp. PL 1378. Huds. 400. T. n. I30G p. HalL Hist. v. 2. 163. T. palustris minor. Bauh. Pin. 20. Theatr. 34\ ./. Dill, in Rail Si/n. 436. T. minima, duplici clava. Moris, v. 3. 246, secf.S. t. 13./. 3. In marshes, but rare. Found by Mr. Dandridge on Hounslow Heath. Dillenius. Perennial. July. Much smaller than either of the preceding. Stem very slender, about a foot, or foot and half, high. Leaves about a line in breadth ; channelled above ; convex beneath ; as tall as the stem ; pale and blunt at the point, being rather more tumid in that part than the other species. They are accompanied by nu- merous broad sheathing scales, the innermost of wliich arc half as tall as the stems, and have been taken for leaves. W'illdenovv not having seen a remark to this effect in E.ugl. Bot. has been led to make two species out of one. The barren catkin often bears a membranous leaf, or scale, at the base, or at the sum- mit. The anthers are short and thick, mostly solitary on each filament. Recept. apparently naked. Feri. catkin short and thick, becoming tumid, and oval, as it ripens, frequently inter- rupted about the middle ; its u))per half is sometimes' conti- nuous with the barren catkin. Seeil with numerous bristles at the base of its stalk. I have seen no English specimen of this very distinct species ; but tlic older writers could not possibly mistake it, nor would Linnanis, had he ever examined the plants, have confounded it with tlie last. 426. SPARGANIUM. Bur-rcod. Linn Gcn.\m. Juss.2G. Fl.Br.9u\. Tourn.t. 302. Lam.t.74S. Geerln. t. 19. Nat. Orel, see //. 42.5. Burr. /L numerous, aggregate, in one, or moic, dense, su- perior balls. CaL of.'), or more, oblong, obtuse, equal, 74 MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Sparganium. deciduous leaves. Cor. none. Filain. 3, capillary, erect, longer than the calyx. Aiith. roundish, of 2 cells. Fert.Jl. numerous, in similar balls, beneath the former. Cal. as in the barren fl. Cor, none. Germ, superior, ovate. Style short, terminal. Stigma awl-shaped, or ovate, oblique, downy at one side, mostly solitary, rarely 2, permanent. Dnipa obovate, beaked, dry, of 1, rarely 2, cells. Nut solitary, ovate. Embri/o cylindrical, straight, in the centre of a mealy albumen. Common recept. glo- bose, naked. Creeping-rooted, aquatic, juicy, smooth, upright or float- ing herbs. Stem round, solid, leafy ; in some species branched at the top. Leaves alternate, simple, linear, flat, entire, pliant. Balls oijlowers alternate, on a com- mon stalk. Anth, whitish. Germ, green. 1. S. 7'amosum, Branched Bur-reed. Leaves triangular at the base, with concave sides. Com* mon flower-stalk branched. Stigma linear. S. ramosum. Hwh. 40 1 . F/. Br. 1)6 1 . Engl. Bot. v.]]. t. 744. fVilld. Sp. PL V. 4. 199. Curt. Lond.fasc. 5. t. QQ. Hook. Scot. 260. Rail Syn. 437. Bauh. Pin. 15. Theatr. 228. f. Ger. Em, 45./. Moris, v. 3. 247. sect. 8. t. 13./. 1 . Ehrh. Calam. 138. S. erectum. Linn. Sp. PL 1378. Leers 207. t. 13./, 11. S. n. 1303. a. HalL HisL v. 2. 162. Sparganium. Matth. Falgr, v. 2. 339./. Camer. Epit.7 32. f. Lob. Ic. 80./ S. quibusdam. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 541./ Phleos foemina. Dalech. Hist. 1017./ In ditches, and the margins of ponds and rivers, common. Perennial. July, August. Stem upright, about 3 feet high, very vascular, terminating in seve- ral alternate flower-branches, the lower ones accompanied by short clasping leaves. Radical leaves triangular at the base, the spaces between their angles somewhat concave, not flat j sword- shaped, erect, and elongated in their upper part, ending rather obtusely. Balls ofjlowers alternate, sessile ; the barren ones white, above the rest, and most numerous. Calyx-leaves spatu- late, brown. Style short. Stigmalong, oblique, downy at one side, mostly solitary. Drupa with rarely more than one seed. The herbage serves for package, along with similar coarse grassy plants, and is softer and more pliant than most of them, not cutting the hands by any sharp edges, like Carices or Fern. MONOECIA— TKIANDRIA. Sparganium. 75 2. S. simplex. Unbranched Upright Bur-reed. Leaves triangular at the base, with flat sides. Common flower-stalk simple. Stigma linear. S. simplex. HudsA^l. FLBr. 902. Engl. Bot.v.W. t. 745. IVilld. Sp. PL V. 4. 199. Curt. Lond.fasc. 5. t. 67. Hook, Scot. 260. Dic/is. H. Sice. fasc. 6.7. S. superaxillare. Ehrh. Calam. 129. S. erectum /3. Lbin. Sp. PL 1378. S. n.34j.* Linn. EL Lapp. ed. 1.271, ed.2. 280. Herb. Linn. S. n. 1303 p. HalL Hist. v. 2. 162. S. non ramosum. Raii Sijn. 437. Bauh. Pin. 15. Theatr. 231. f. Moris. v.'S. 245. sect. 8. t. 13./. 3. S. alterum. Lob. Ic. 80./. Dalech. Hist. 1019./ i^aw/i. //ii/.u. 2. 541./ S. latitolium. Ger. Em. 45./. Sparganium. Tillands. Ic. \5.f. In pools and ditches, especially on a gravelly soil. Perennial. Julij, August. Linnteus, Ilaller and Leers have considered this as a variety of the preceding, but Hudson, Curtis, Ehrhart and succeeding botanists have well distinguished them. Tlie present is a smaller plant. Tlie intermediate spaces, between the 3 angles, at the base of each radical leaf, is flat, not concave, as Curtis, I believe, first remarked. The stem is erect, perfectly simple, not branched or panicled, the lowermost head o( flowers only being usually ele- vated on a partial stalk. Calyx green, or not of so deep a brown as in the former. /^«//?eri- rather yellower. 67i^^wa long and li- near, for the most part solitary. o. S. natans. Floating Bur-reed. Leaves floating, flat ; concave at the base. Common flower- stalk simple. Stigma ovate, very short. Ball of barren flowers mostly solitary. S. natans. Linn. % 7'/. 1378. /r7//(/. r.4. 200. ElBr.Wl. Engl. Bot. V. 4. t. 273. Jlook. Scot. 260. EL Dan. t. 260. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 6. 8. Ehrh. Calam. 110. S. simplex /3. JJHds.4()\. 8. n. 1301. HalL Hi^it. v. 2. 163. S. minimum. RaiiStjn.437. Bauh. Pin. 15? Prodr.24} In muddy fens, or slow rivers. In the Norwich river. Mr. Rose. Ponds in Scotland. Dickson. Common in tiie lakes about Lochmaben, Dumfries.shire. Mr. J. Burqcss, 1/82. In Hurwell fens, Cambridgeshire. Rcv.Mr.Hnn- sfcd. Near Manthester. />>. HulL Perennial. Julu. 76 MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. Herb floating, about half the size of the last, of a pale transparent green, with nearly flat, or slightly channelled, leaves, not trian- gular at the base. Globules of fertile^owjers 2 or 3, alternate, the lowermost stalked ; the barren one terminal, mostly soli- tary. Cal. pale green. Stigma solitary, very short, ovate, pel- tate, oblique, on a short thick style. Seed solitary. The form of the stigma clearly distinguishes this species. 427. CAREX. Carex, or Sedge. Linn, Gen. 482. Juss. 26. Ft. Br. 963. Br. Pr. 241. Dill. Gen. 165. t. 14. Mich. Gen. 66. t. 33. Lam. t. 752. Gcertn. t. 2. Cyperoides. Tourn. t. 300. Mich, Gen. 55. t.32. Nat. Ord. Calamarice. Linn. 3. Cyperoidece, Juss. 9. Cype- racece, De Cand. 134-. Br. Pr. 212. Barr. fl. numerous, aggregate, in one, or more, oblong, dense catkins^ their scales imbricated every way. Cal. a single, lanceolate, undivided, permanent scale to each floret. Cor, none. Filam, 3, rarely fewer, capillary, erect or drooping, longer than the scales. Aiith. vertical, long, linear, of 2 cells. Fert.Jl. numerous, in the same, or more usually in a dif- ferent catJdn, very rarely on a separate plant. Cal, as in the barren fl. Cor. a single, hollow, compressed, ribbed, often angular, permanent glume to each floret ; contracted, mostly cloven, and often elongated at the extremity. Genn. superior, roundish, with 3, rarely but 2, angles, very smooth. Style 1, terminal, cylindrical, short. Stigjn. 3, more rarely 2 only, awl-shaped, long, tapering, downy, deciduous. Seed the shape of the ger- men, with unequal angles, loosely coated with the en- larged, either hardened or membranous, permanent corolla, both together constituting the fruit. A very extensive genus of the true Calamarice, distinguished from all the rest, as from every one of the Gramina, see V. \. 49 and 71, by the presence of a single- valved, tumid, finally enlarged or hardened, glume., loosely in- vesting the seedy about the proper denomination of which botanists are not well agreed. I have hitherto called it a tunic {arillus) as apparently belonging to the seed; for an arillus may exist without a seed-vessel. But Mr. Brown's having met with it in some barren florets of Carex acuta, unaccompanied by any pistil, invalidates this opinion ; see his Prodr, v. 1. 242 ; and I have now termed it a corolla, which in this case is synonymous MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. 77 with his perianth. Linnaeus called it a nectary, which is properly, in most cases, an a}:)pendage to the corolla. The part itself is easily recognised in the flower, and along with the seed constitutes the fruit, affording a most clear and certain generic character, as well as excellent distinctions of the species. The roots in the genus Carcx are, perhaps without excep- tion, perennial, mostly creeping ; sometimes fibrous and tufted only. Herbage grassy, ^tem simple generally with three, finely serrated and sharply cutting, angles, without knots or joints. Leaves linear, pointed, flat, roughish, with similarly cutting edges ; their bases more or less tubular and sheathing; membranous at the sum- mit, often auricled ; the upper ones becoming hracteas. Stipulas hardly any. Catkins one or more, variously disposed and constructed in the different species ; solitary or aggregate, in a very few dioecious ; generally monoe- cious. In several the barren and fertile florets occur in the same catkin, or in the same general spike. When aggregate the catkins, or spikelefs, being separately bracteated, constitute a spike, rather than a compound catkin. * Catkin solitarij, simple. 1. C. dioica. Creeping Separate-headed Carex. Catkins simple, dioecious. Fruit ovate, ribbed, ascending, finely serrated at the edges. Root creeping. C. dioica. Linn. Sp. PL 1379. mild. v. 4. 207. Fl. Br. 963. Engl. But. V. 8. t. hA'd. Gooden. Tr. of L. Sue. v. 2. 139. Hock. Scot. 200. H. Dan. t. 3G!). Sch/c. Car. t. A./. I. Ehrh. Phij- toph. (i. C. cupitata. lluds. 402; Mr. E. Forster. c. n. i:):>i. Hall. Hist. V. 2. is3. (jramcn cvpcroidcs minimum, ranunculi capitulo rotundo. Ddl. in Rail Sy'n. 12:). Moris, v. 3. 2 1."). ;/. 3(i. sect. 8. /. 12./. 3G. Cyperoides parvum &c., n. 2. Mich. Gen. od. t. 32./. 2. In sponfjy bogs, not uncommon. I'cTcnnial. May, June A span iiigli at most. Hoot and Iwrhniic slend»T, smooth. Leaves ket'U'd. .S7//>///r/ short, al)ruj)t. rw/Ai/ji- linear, crtct. Scales brown, with a green rib and wliite edges. Jnth. whitish. Sti^ni. 2. Permanent corolla spreading nearly horizontally, ovate, ribbed at the outer side (-nly, edged with fine serratures in the upper part, searcely notched at the tip. Seed triangular. 78 MONOECIA—TRIANDRIA. Carex. There is now and then a fertile T^ore/ at the base of the barren catkin, or a few barren^ore^s at the summit of the fertile one. C, capitata, Fl.Dan. t. 372. Schk, ^. Y./. 80, is always monoecious, and has a smooth-edged corolla ; nor has it ever been found in Britain. 2. C. Davalliana. Prickly Separate-headed Carex. Catkins simple, dioecious. Fruit lanceolate, triangular, ribbed, deflexed ; its angles rough towards the summit. Root tufted. C. Davalliana. Sm. Tr. of L. Soc.v. 5. 266. H. Br. 964. Engl. Bot.v. 30. t. 2123. mild. Sp. PL V. 4.208. Hook. Scot. 260. C. dioica. Huds.40\. E. P'orster. JVilld.Car. Berol.n. 16. Schk. Car, 6.^.A,Q,W./. 2. ''Host. Gram. v. 1.32.^.41." C. n. 1350. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 182 j the synonyms confused. Gramen cyperoides minus, ranunculi capitulo longiore. Slierard in Rail Syn. ed. 2. 270. ed. 3. 425. G. cyperoides spica simplici cassa. Scheuchz. Agr.497. t. 11./. 9, 10 J with the synonyms of C. puUcaris. Cyperoides parvum, &c. n. 1. Mich. Gen. 56. t.32.f. I ; not good. In boggy mountainous situations, but rare, though very common in Switzerland. In marshy ground in Mearns-shire, North Britain. Prof. James Beattie, jun. In a bog near Crossgate-toll, and by the side of Guillon loch, Edinburgh ; Mr. Maughan. Hooker. On Lands- down near Bath. Mr. GrouU, and Mr. E. Forster. On spongy bogs in the county of Down, Ireland. Sherard, thefrst observer of this species. Near Belfast. Mr. Templeton. Perennial. May, June. Taller than the preceding j the root tufted, with strong zigzag fibres, not creeping. Stem sometimes very rough. Catkins twice the length of C. dioica, from which moreover the long-beaked, more or less reflexed, strongly ribbed corolla, rough-edged near the top, but not serrated as in that species, clearly distinguishes the present. The generally accurate Dr. Wahlenberg neverthe- less unites them j an error almost as great as that relating to my Eleocharis multicaulis, v. 1. 64. Mr. Sieber sent me specimens, from the alps of Carinthia, having several barren as well as i^txtWe florets, in each catkin. 3. C pulinaris. Flea Carex. Catkin simple ; florets in the upper half barren ; in the lower fertile. Fruit spreading, deflexed, polished, taper- ing at each end. Stigmas two. C. pulicaris. Linn. Sp. PI. 1380. Willd. ?;. 4. 213. Fl. Br. 965. Engl. Bot.v. 15. t. 1051. Hook. Scot. 261. Lond.t. ]77. Fl. MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. 79 Dan.tAGG. Leersl94.t.\4.fA. Schk. Car. 9.t. A.f.3. Ehrh. Phjtoph.7. C. Psyllophora. Ehrh, in Linn. Suppl. 413. C. minima, caulibus et foliis capillaceis, capitulo singulari tenui- ori, capsulis oblongis, utrinque acuminatis et deorsiim reflexis. Mich. Gen. GG. t.'SA.f. 1. Gramen cypeioides minimum, seminibiis cleorsum reflexis pulici- formibus. Raii Sijn. ed.2.2G9.ed. 3.424. Pluk. Phijt.t.3\. f. 10. Moris. V, 3. 244. sect. S.i. 12./. 21. In spongy or muddy bogs, frequent. Perennial. June. Root tufted, of many slender, smooth, branched fibres. Stems from 6 to 12 inches high, slender, quadrangular, smooth, leafy at the base only. Leaves equally slender and smooth, trian- gular, not quite so tall ; sheathing and ribbed at the base, with hardly any stipula. Catkin slender when in flower ; subsequently its lower half becomes tumid, consisting of fertile. /Zore^s, the upper of barren ones. Scales lanceolate, the lower ones forced oft' by the reflexed, triangular, brown, smooth and nhrn'mg fruit ; so that W'llldenow, as often happens, has altered the specific character for the worse, few Carices having scales so deciduous. The stamens with us are certainly 3. Stigmas 2. The original Linnsean name being latin, like the classical generic one, was most unadvisedly translated into Greek by Ehrhart ; who being entrusted with the printing of the Suppl. Plant. abused that trust, by corrupting the text in this and many other instances, to the great displeasure of the younger Linnseus. He therefore ought not to be followed in any such alterations. Dr. Wahlenberg informs us, in his Ft. Lapp. 224, that C.puUcaris is not found in Lapland, so that n.'339 of the Linnoean Fl. Lapp. must be eitlier the following species, or C.dioica. I should, by the description, take it rather for the following, which Lin- naeus in his herbarium mistook for puiicaris. 4. Qj. pancijlora. Few -flowered Carex. Catkin sim))ie, lax, of few flowers; the uppermost barren. Friiit sprea(lin<^-, dcflexed, awl-shajied, smootli. Stigmas three. C. pauciflora. Li^htf.:y\3.t.G.f.2. Ililld. Sp. Pl.v.4.2\\. El.Ih: IHiG. Eui^'l. Hot! V. '29. t.2()\\. Ji'mrh Guide v. \ .S3. lUndc. Scot. 2G I. Dicks. IL Sice. fuse. 1 . 1 G. Don //. Dr. G8. Schk. Car. 10. t. A./. 1. *' Host Grani. v. 1 . 33. t. 42." C. patula. Uuds. 402. and G't? . C. Lcucoglochin. Ehrh. in Linn. Suppl. 4\3. Phjtoph.S. ll'ahlcnb. Lapp. 22 L FL. Dan. t. 1279, not 1379. In al|)ine bogs, but rare. About lialf way up the mountain of Goat-fell, isle of .\rran, in a so MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. peat bog. Light/. Near Glasgow. Hiids. On wet moors in the Highlands. Dicks. On Ben Lomond. Rev. Dr. Walker. Ben Nevis. Dr. Hooker and Mr. Borrer. To the north of Blair, Mr. Winch ; who found it also, for the first time in England, in a peat moss near the south-west end of Crag lake, Northum- berland. Perennial. June. Root creeping, scaly, with long fibres. Herbage smooth. Stems from 3 to 5 inches high, ascending, or erect, triangular, fur- rowed. Leaves 2 or 3, sheathing the base of the stem, narrow ; channelled above. Catkin with one, rarely 2, terminal barren Jl'Orets ; and 2 or 3 fertile ones, reflexed as the seed ripens. Stam. 3. Stigm. 3. Fruit of a pale rusty yellow, awl-shaped, pointed, striated, rather longer than the scales of the catkin, which are usually broken off by its reflexed position, as in the last species. ** Catkins or spikelets, aggregate^ each composed of barren and fertile fiorets. Stigmas tivo. 5. C. stellulata. Little Prickly Carex. Spikelets three or four, roundish, slightly distant. Barren florets inferior. Fruit spreading, with a tapering undi- vided beak. C. stellulata. Gooden. Tr. ofL.Soc v. 2. 144. Fl. Br. 966. Engl. Bot. V. 12. t, 806. Hook. Scot. 263. Forst. Tonhr. 103. Willd. Sp. PL i;.4.236. Schk. Car. 45. t. C.f. 14. Wahlenh. Lapp. 23 1 3 excluding the reference to Schreber. C. muricata. Huds. A()6. Lightf.^A9. Leers \96. t. \A.fS. FL. Dan. t. 284. C. echinata. Sibth. 28. Ehrh. Calam. 68. C. n. 1366. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 187. C. minor, radice fibrosa, foliis angustioribus, caule exquisite tri- angulari, spica sesquiunciali mutilata. Mich. Gen. 68. t. 33. /• 9- Gramen cyperoides spicatum minimum, spica divulsa aculeate. Raii Syn. 424. Scheuchz. Agr, 485. t. 1 1./. 3. G. nemorosum, spicis parvis asperis. Baiih. Pin. 7. Moris, v. 3. 244. sect. 8. t. 12./. 26. G. sylvaticum parvum tenuifolium, cum spica aculeata. Bank. Hist.v. 2.509./. 510. In boggy meadows, especially on a barren soil, common. Perennial. May, June. Root tufted, rather woody, with many strong fibres. Herbage of a grass green. Stem 6-12 inches high, triangular, its edges roughish. Leaves flat, sheathing the base of the stem ; tapering and rough at the point. Spike erect, of 3 or 4 alternate, roundish spikelets, sometimes with a small bractea under the lowermost. MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. 81 each consisting of a few barren^ore^s in their lower part^ and several fertile ones above. Fruit spreading, ovate, ribbed, brown, with a flat beak, which is green and rough at the edges, scarcely cloven at the extremity. 6. C. curia. White Carex. Spikelets about six, elliptical, slightly distant, scarcely bracteated. Scales ovate, membranous, about as long as the ovate, tumid, smooth fruit. C.curta. Gooden. Tt.o/L. Soc.v. 2.145. Fl.Br.967. Engl. Bot. v.20.t.}3SG. Hook.Scot.263. For s t. Tonbr. \ 03. mild. Sp. PI. V. 4, 241. Car. Berol.\9. t.2.f.3. " Ilust. Gram. v. 1.37. t. 48." Schk. Car. 43. t. C.f. 13. Don. II. Br. 194. C. brizoides. Iluds. 406. C. canescens. Light/. 5.30. Fl. Dan. t. 285. JVahlenh. Lapp. 232. C. elongata. Leers 197. 1. 14./. 7. C. tenella. Ehrh. Calam. 98. C. n. 1360. Hall. IIist.v.2. 185. Gramen cvperoides palustre elegans, spica composita asperiore. Raii Syn. 423. G. cyperoides elegans, spica composita molli. Dill, in Raii Syn. 423. Pluk.Almag.MS. Phyt. t. 34. f, 4. Rel.Rudb. 2. f. 34. G. cyperoides, spicis curtis dividsis. Lccs. Pruss. 1 17. ^.32. In watery meadows, and about the borders of pools and ditches, rather uncommon. In a pool at Middleton, \\''arwickshire, towards Cole's hill j also near Wrexham, Denbighshire, and in other places. Ray. In bogs in Isla, about two miles from the Sound ; also in ditches by Loch Leven. Herb. Light/. Common in marshy ground in Mearn's shire. Pro/. Beattie. At Virginia water, Windsor forest. Bishop (/ Carlisle. Near Blundeston, Suffolk. Mr. D. Turner. Perennial. June. Root slightly creeping. Stem a foot high, with 3 angles rough in the upper part only. Leaves narrow, erect, taper-pointed, rough at the edges and keel, not quite so tall. Spikelets from 4 to (I, scarcely more, alternate, of a sliort, tumid, oval shape, and a ])ale silvery hue j tlie upj)er ones crowded • lowermost now and then accompanied l)y a sKnder bractea. A few of tiie lower Jlorets barren ; tlie rest fertile. Scales all ovate, membranous, acute, with a gncn ril> not reacliing to tlie point. Fruit broadly ovate, rather tumid, finely ribln'd, not furrowed, smooth, with an undivided j)oint. Seed exactly ellij)tica!, flattened, tipped with the permanent style. The neat, tumid, pale, silvery-white spikelets readily distinguish this ( a rex. vol. IV. a 82 MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. 7. C. elongata. Elongated Carex. Spikelets numerous, oblong, rather distant, without brac- teas. Fruit ovate-oblong, tapering, cloven, many-ribbed, recurved, longer than the scales. C. elongata. hinn. Sp. PI. 1 383 j omitting the references to Fl. Suec. Bauhin and Morison. Willd. v. 4.240 j excluding the reference to Leers. Schk. Car. 49. t. E.f. 25. Fl. Dan. t. 1236. C. multiculir.is. Ehrh. Calam. 88. C.n. 1359. Hall. Hist. V. 2. \S5. Cyperoides polystachyon, spicis laxis paniculam veluti componen- tibus. Scheiichz. Agr. 487. t.U.f.A. In marshes, rare. At Aldwark, near the river Don, below Sheffield, Yorkshire. Mr. Jonathan Salt. 1807. Perennial. June. Root tufted, of several stout fibres. Herb rather taller and larger than the last, with more numerous and less tumid spikelets, not white or silvery, but particoloured with green and a rusty hue. Scales ovate, glossy, brown, with a green rib, and dilated pale edges. Fruit near twice their length, strongly ribbed, greenish, ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a short, broad, cloven, spreading or recurved, rough-edged point. Barrenjlorets few, in the lower part of each spikelet. 8. C. ovalis. Oval-spiked Carex. Spikelets about six, oval, crowded, alternate, with a bractea under the lowermost. Fruit lanceolate, rough- edged, striated, nearly entire, the length of the lanceolate acute scales. C. ovalis. Gooden. Tr. ofL. Soc. v. 2. 148. Fl. Br. 968. Prod. Fl. Grcec.v.2.227. Engl. Bot. v. 5. t. 306. Hook. Scot. 263. Willd. Sp. PI. V. 4. 229. Schk. Car. 39. t.B.f.S. C. leporina. Huds. 404. Lightf.547. Leers ]9d. t.\4.f.6. Ehrh. Phijtoph. 38. Wahlenh. Lapp. 228. C. n. 1361. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 186. Gramen cyperoides, spica e pluribus spicis brevibus mollibus com- posita. Raii Syn. ed. 2. 268. ed. 3. 422. Scheiichz. Agr. 456. t. 10./. 15. G. cyperoides palustre majus, spica divisa. Moris, v. 3. 244. sect. 8.t.\2.f.29. In marshes and watery meadows. Perennial. June. Root creeping, scaly. Stem 12 or 18 inches high, hollow, with rough angles. Leaves deep green j roughish at the edges and midrib , sheathing at the base. Spikelets usually 5 or 6, rather crowded together, alternate, erect, elliptical, greyish, soft to the MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. 83 touch, larger than in the foregoing, each accompanied at the base with an ovate scale, half its own length ; the lower one generally with a bristle-shaped bracten, not rising so high as the common spike. Florets most of them fertile ; a few of the lower ones, in each spikelet, barren. Scales lanceolate, or some- what ovate, acute, about the length of the corolla, which is rough-edged, scarcely cloven at the summit, its surface becom- ing striated as the seed ripens. The real C. leporina, certainly, by an original specimen, Ji. 322 of the Linngean FL Lappon'ica, is an alpine species, but half the size of this, with 3 or 4 nearly globular spikelets, and an ovate smooth-edged corolla, longer than the scales. It is C. Laclte- nalii of Schkuhr, t.Y.f. 79. Linneeus undoubtedly confounded both together under u. 837, of FL Suec. ed. 2, where the de- scription answers to the alpine plant; which therefore I cannot but consider as C. leporina, though very sorry to differ from Dr. Wahlenberg, who zealously contends for a contrary opinion, and calls my leporina by the name of lagopina. ^\'illdenow, Schkuhr, and Fl. Dan. t.294, agree wiMi me ; as did the late Mr, Davall, from a comparison of Swiss specimens with the LiniicEan characters. The question is indeed a matter of fact rather than of opinion. U C. tenella. Slender-headed Carex. Spikelets three, bracteated, distant, minute, of about three florets. Fruit elliptical, convex at each side, very smooth and even, with a blunt, entire beak. Stamens two. C. tenella. Schk. Car. 23. t. P, p./ 10-1, exclusive of i, k, I C. straminea. Don. Cant.ed.5. 220. In moist shady places, in Scotland. In a wood by the river Esk, Angusshire, very rare. Mr. G. Don. Root creeping, very slender, like the whole of the herbage, which is smooth, of a pale green. S/em.s; a span high, erect, almost capillary. Leaves several, acute, slieathing the lower ])art of the stem, rather above half its height, and about twice its dia- meter in breadth. Spike erect, weak, of usually 3 rather distant, alternate, sessile, very small, round spikelets, each of 1 or 'J fertile y/o;-t'/.9, with ovate, membranous, pale scales, and 2 stif[- mas ; and one terminal, barren floret, witli a lanceolate scale, and only 2 stamens. Fruit elliptic-oblt)ng, compressed, beaked. ))crfectly smooth all over, without any ribs or furrows, and equally convex at both sides ; tlie Ixak nearly half as long ns the seed, somewhat |)yramidal, obtuse, entire. .SV/^'-wm.f 2. Willdenow and Wahlenberg refer this plant of Schkuhr to C. lo. liacea, which differs essentially in having many-flowtTed spike- lets, without bracteas, ribbed fruit, tlat on one side, and I be- lieve 3 stamens. It is Schkuhr's gracilis, 18. /. K./. 2-1. Tat author appears to have drawn the ripe fruit of his C. ttnella, Q 2 84 MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. jig. i, k, I, from a starved specimen of C. loliacea. His^g. h is far more correct. 10. C. remota. Remote Carex. Spikelets several, solitary, simple, remote, nearly sessile, Bracteas very long, overtopping the stem. Fruit ovate, with a slightly cloven beak. C. remota. Linn. Sp. PL 13S3. TViUd. v. 4. 239. Ft. Br. 969. Engl.Bot.v.\2.t.S32. Flook. Scot. 263. Fl.Dan.t.370. Leers 197. t. 15./. 1. Rel.Ruclb.l.f.27. Schk. Car. 46, t.E.f. 23. Ehrh. Calam. 58. C. axillaris. Linn. Sp. PL \ 382. Linn. Ms. C. n. 1357. HalL Hist. v. 2. 184. C. angustifolia, caule triquetro, capitulis pulchellis, &c. Mich. Gen. 70. n. 2, 3. ^. 33./. 15, 16. Gramen cypeioides angustifolium, spicis parvis sessilibus in folio- rum al is. Rail Sijn. 424. Pluk. Jllmag. \78. Phyt.L34.f.3. Moris. V. 3. 243. secLS. t. 12./. 17. In moist shady places, by rivulets and ditches. Perennial. May, June. Root tufted, with stout smooth fibres. Herbage pale and slender. Stem about a foot high ; leafy, smooth and roundish below ; triangular and rough-edged in the upper part. Leaves narrow. Spikelets several, ovate, many-flowered, pale, yellowish -, the lower ones solitary, and about 2 inches asunder, each accom- panied by a very long, narrow, leafy imc/ea, whose bristly point rises above the stem -, the upper ones smaller, crowded toge- ther, destitute of bracteas. Barren Jlorets inferior, with 3 sta- mens. Fertile rather more numerous. Fruit ovate, ribbed, beaked ; evidently, though not deeply, cloven at the extremity, rather longer than the scales. 11. C. axillaris. Axillary Clustered Carex. Spikelets several, remote, sessile; the lower ones com- pound, with very long bracteas. Fruit ovate ; its beak deeply cloven. C. axillaris. Gooden. Tr. of L. Soc. v.2.\5\.t. 19./. 1. FL Br. 970. EngL BoL v. 14. t. 993. Willd. Sp. PL v. 4. 239. Schk. Car. 47. LR.f. 62. In marshes, and the neighbourhood of wet ditches, on a strong soil. Near Putney. Mr. Curtis. At Earsham, Norfolk. Mr. Woodward. Found in Switzerland by the late Mr. Davall. Perennial. June. Nearly akin to the last, but larger, with broader leaves, and smaller bracteas, except the lower one. The bracteated spikelets are generally compound in their lower part. Beak of the /rwi^ more MONOECIA—TRIANDRIA. Carex. 85 deeply cloven perhaps than that of C. remota, though this dif- ference is not very striking. The spikelets are more turgid, and it may be suspected that Micheli had our present species in view at his ^.33./. 15, though the aggregate spiA:e/e^s escaped him. 12. C. inciirva. Curved Carex. Spikelets crowded into a dense head. Lower florets fer- tile. Bracteas membranous. Stem roundish, smooth. Leaves channelled. C. incurva. Light/. d44, t. 24./. \. Fl.Br.97\. Engl.Bot. v. \3. t. 927. Willd. Sp. PL v. 4. 217. Hook. Scot. 261 . Schk. Car. 27. t. H, h./.95. C. juncifolia. Allion. Pedeni. v. 2. 2G-1. t. 92./. 4, Sm. Tour on the Continent, ed. 2. v. 3. 142. C. Fl. Dan. t. 432. C. n. 1354. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 183. C. n. SQ. Gmel.Sib. v. 1. 145. ^.30./. 2. About the mouths of alpine rivers, in a sandy soil, but rare. In deep loose sea sand, at the mouth of the Naver, and near Skel- herry in Dunrossness, Shetland. Dr. Hope. On a sandy flat part of Aberdeen Links, near the mouth of tlie Don. Pro/, Beattie. Perennial. July, August. Root long and thread-shaped, creeping veiy extensively. Stem from 2 to 5 inches high, most generally ascending with a curve, nearly round, or bluntly angular, striated, smooth to the touch, leafy at the bottom only. Leaves shorter than the stem, linear, acute, curved, channelled, smooth. Spikelets sessile, ovate, densely crowded into a terminal, brown, somewhat three-lobed, head. Bracteas shorter than the spikelets, elliptical, concave, membranous, brown with pale edges, slightly keeled. Scales like them, but more acute, and flatter. Fertile Jlorcts in the bottom part of each spikelet, each with a very short style, and 2 long stigmas. Barren ones above them, rather more nume- rous. Stam. 3. Fruit ovate, smooth-edged, with a slightly notch- ed beak. Seed lenticular. On the Alps the stem is almost always straight, and rather taller than on the driving sand of the northern coasts. Scheuchzer's 1. 1 1 ./. 7, quoted by Haller, cannot surely be our plant. 13. C. aroiaria. Sea Carex. Spikelets numerous, crowded into an dblon*,^ b|)ike ; upper ones chiefly of barren, lower of fertile, florets. Bracteas membranous; lower ones leafy. Stem trian^uhir. Leaves flat. Fruit winged. C. arenaria. Li/m. .S>. iV. 1381. Fl. Suic.ed.2.'i2:>. mild. v. 4. 223. Fl. Br. 971. Engl. Bot. v. 13. t. 928. fi'ith. 90. t. 20. 86 MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. Hook. Scot. 26\. Schk.Car.\4.t.'B.f.6.D,d.f.6. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 5. 14. Don. H. Br. 195. Elirh. Phijtoph. 17. PL Of. 389. C. repens. Bellard. Mem. de VAcad. de Turin, v. 5. 248 3 from the author. C. maritima humilis, radice repente, caule trilatero, spica spadicea, nonnihil foliosa, capitulis crassioribus, capsulis marginatis. Mich. Gen. 67. t.33.f.4. Gramini cyperoidi ex monte Ballon simile humilius, in maritimis et arenosis nascens. Raii Sijn. 423. Pluk.Alniag. \7S. Phyt. t.34.f.S. Gramen cyperoides minus repens^ spica divisa. Lees. Pruss, 116. ^.31. On the sandy sea shore in abundance. Perennial. June. Root very long and cord-like, spreading in the loose sand to a great extent, branching at the extremity, and sending out from the knots many shaggy fibres. Hence it powerfully binds the sand together, forming banks which resist the force of the ocean. Stems terminal, solitary, about a foot high, erect, except in a driving sand, triangular '5 rough-edged in the upper part ; leafy below. Leaves several, flat, rough-edged, taper-pointed, about as tall as the stem. Spike erect, 1 ^ or 2 inches long, of many, more or less crowded, roundish-ovate, brown spikelets ,• the upper ones consisting almost entirely of barrenjlorets, with 3 stamens; lower principally oi fertile ones, with 2 sessile stigmas, the latter being always inferior. Scales lanceolate, acute. Fruit ovate, ribbed, flattened, bordered in its upper half with a dilated rough- edged membrane, and terminating in a cloven beak. There is always a bristle-pointed leafy bractea, under one, or more, of the lower spikelets. Haller's n. 1362, or his 1363, has been occasionally taken for C. arenaria, but the son of that distinguished writer assured Mr. Davall that this, truly maritime, species had never been found in Switzerland. 14. C. intermedia. Soft Brown Carex. Spikelets numerous, crowded into an oblong dense spike ; the lowermost and terminal ones fertile ; intermediate ones barren. Stem upright, triangular. C. intermedia. Gooden. Tr.of L. Soc. v. 2. 154. Ft. Br. 972. Engl. Bot. V. 29. t. 2042. • Willd. Sp. PL v. 4. 224. Hook. Scot. 262. Schk.Car.lG.t.B.f."/. FLDan.t.\343. Dicks. H. Sice. fasc.7. 15. C. disticha. Huds. 403. Ehr h. Calam. 4S. C. arenaria. Leers 195. t. \4.f.2. C. n. 1363. HalL Hist. v. 2. 186 j omitting the references to Pluke- net and Lcesel. MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. 87 Gramini cvperoidi ex monte Ballon simile, spica totali e pluribus spicis composita. Rail Sun 423. Pluk.Jlm. \78 Plujt.t. 34, f. 7 i bad. In marshy watery meadows. Perennial. Mcnj, June. Root creeping, running deep into the ground. Stems erect, 12 or 18 inches high, with 3 rough, unequal angles. Leaves sheath- ing the lower part of the stem, but scarcely reaching its sum- mit, grass-green, flat, taper-pointed, rough at the edges and keel. Spike oblong, bluntish, of a rusty brown, soft, moderately compressed, but by no means two-ranked, composed of nume- rous ovate acute spikelets, whose upper/ore^s are barren, lower fertile. Several of the lower more distant spikelets, as well as one or more at the top, consist almost entirely oi fertile florets ; while the numerous crowded ones in the middle partof the com- mon sjnke or catkin are almost completely barren j and as these wither, leaving the others to ripen seed, they give a peculiar as- pect and character to the present species. Bracteas ovate, acute, rusty, keeled, with a white membranous margin, often torn ; the lowermost with a slender leafy point, not so long as the spike. Scales much like the bracteas. Fruit ovate, bordered, rough- edged, with a cloven beak. Stii^mas sometimes 3. 15. C. divisa. Bracteated Marsh Carex. Spike dense, once or twice compounded. Spikelets of bar- ren and fertile florets, the latter inferior, most numerous. Bractea leafy, erect. Fruit not spreading. Root creep- ing. C. divisa. Huds.eil.\.34S.ed.2.40'K Fl.Br.973. Engl Bat. v.\e.t.\096. Gooden.Tr.ofL.Soc.v.2A57.t.\9.f.2. mild. Sp. PL V. 4. 233. Hook. Scot. 262. Schk. Car. \9. t.R and V, v. /.CI. Gramen cyperoides ex monte Ballon, spicfi divulsa. Ran Syn. 423 ; the synonyms doubtful. In marshes, especially towards the sea. Near the Hithe at Colchester, and elsewhere. Mr, Newton. By Hithe in Kent. J. Sherard. Near Acle WuVjrQ, Norfolk. Mr. C. Bryant. At Cley. Mr. ffoodward. Near Hull. Mr. Tcesdale. At Kennington. Mr. Groult. Perennial. Majf, June. Root stout anil contorted, creci)ing widely, with strong fibres. Stems uprigiit, but rather weak and slender, a foot or more m height, triangular ; rougliisli in tlie upper jiart. Leaves narrow, erect, bright green, sheathing tlie base of the stem, various in length. Spike about an inch long, dark brown, not reddish, ovate i with an upright, leafy, triangular hraclea, from 1 to 3 88 MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. inches in length. SpUcelets less numerous than in the last, irre- gularly clustered, ovate -, the lower ones often subdivided. Fer- tilejiorets most numerous in every spikelet, and below the bar- ren ones. Scales elliptical, strongly keeled and pointed, with a filmy border ; their disk dark brown ; base green. Stam. 3. Stigm. 2, twice the length of the style. Fruit shorter than the scales, ovate, dilated and rough at the edges, cloven at the point. The old authors cited by Ray, may or may not intend this species, nor can they be relied on for any illustration of a plant so nearly resembling several others. 16. C. inuricata. Greater Prickly Carex. Spike oblong, dense, prickly vvit^ the broad, rough-edged, cloven, spreading beaks of the fruit. Spikelets roundish, mostly simple. Root fibrous. C. muricata. Linn. Sp. PI. 1 382. mUd. v, 4. 234. Fl. Br. 974. Engl Bot. i;. 1 6. f. 1 097. Hook. Scot. 262. Schk. Car. 20. L E. f.22; nott.D,d. Ehrh.Calam.97 . C. spicata. Huds. 405. Lightf. 548. Not of Linnceus. C. n. 1365. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 187 j with confused references. C. palustris media, radice fibrosa, caule exquisite triangulari, spica brevi compaction. Mich. Gen. 69. ^.33./. 14. Gramen cyperoides spicatum minus. Haii Syn.424. G. sylvaticum tenuifolium rigidiusculum. Moris, v. 3. 244. sect. 8. t. 12./. 27. |S. Carex muricata /3. Fl. Br. 975. M^illd. Sp. PL v. 4. 235. Gooden. Tr. of L. Soc. v. 2. 160. C. loliacea ? Schk. Car. 22. t. E, e./. 9 1 . C. nemorosa, fibrosa radice, angustifolia, minima, caule exquisite triangulari, spica brevi interrupta. Mich. Gen. 69. t. 33./. 12, R. Gramen cyperoides, spicis minoribus,minusque compactis. Scheuchz. j4gr.488.t.l].f.5. In moist pastures and shady places^ especially wherfe the soil is sandy, frequent. /3. On dry gravelly ditch banks, near Eaton, Shropshire. Rev. E. Williams. Perennial. May, June. Root tufted, of numerous shaggy fibres, not creeping. Herbage of a bright grass green. Stems erect, 12 or 18 inches high, naked, except at the bottom, triangular, striated ; the angles more or less rough in their upper part. Leaves narrow, acute^ rough at the edges and keel, various in height, sometimes taller than the stem ; pale, entire and sheathing at the base. Spike oblong, obtuse, an inch or inch and half long, of a rusty hue, mixed with green. Spikelets 8 or 10, partly bracteated, sessile, with a few barren florets in the upper part of each, and more MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. m numerous fertile ones below, ovate when in blossom, afterwards globose and more spreading, all rather near together, even the lowermost not more than its own length distant from the next. This lowest spikclei is rarely somewhat enlarged, or compound. Bract eas ovate, membranous, keeled, the bristly point of the lower one sometimes rising much above the spikelet. Scales ovate, rusty-coloured, pointed, with a green keel. Fruit longer than the scales, ovate, green, finally brown, spreading, exter- nally convex, with a broad, flat, rough-edged, cloven beak, whose points render the whole spike prickly, as the name ex- presses. Stigmas 2, long and twisted. In some Swiss specimens the fruit is partially elongated, and tu- mid ; apparently diseased. /S appears to be a variety, caused by dryness of soil, having smaller rounder spikelcts, all quite sim])le, and a rather smoother stetn. Schkuhr represents the beak of the fruit shorter than in our Shropshire plant, but this is not always so correctly attended to in his exquisite figures as most other characters. 17. C. dividsa. Grey Carex. Spike elongated, lax. Spikelets of its lower half finally very distant, mostly single. Fruit erect, smooth-edged ; rough- ish at the cloven point of the beak. Root fibrous. C. divulsa. Gooden. Tr. of L. Soc. v. 2. 160. FL Br. 973. Engl. Bot.v.9.t.620. mild.Sp. PL V. 4. 23j. Schk.Car.20. t.\V,w. f 89. ''Host. Gram. v. 1 . 42. /. 55." C. canescens. Iluds. 403. C. muricata /3. IVahlenh. in Stockh. Trans, for 1803. 1 13. C. divisa. Don H. Br. 196. C. nemorosa, fibrosa radice, caule exquisite triangulari, spica longa, divulsa, sen interrupta, capitulis omnibus solitariis. Mich. Gen. 60. t.33.f 11. Gramen cyperoides spicatum minus, spica longa divulsa seu in- terrupta. Rail Sijn. ed. 2. 269} uilh a good description : ed. 3. 421 ; wii/i a false reference to Lwsel, introduced by Dillenius. Peliv.Conc. Gram. 6. 72. 184. G. cyperoides gracilealterum, glomeratis torulis sj)atio distantibus. Lob. lllustr. 61. G. cyperoides, cchinata et rara spica, nemorosum minus. Barrel. lc.L20.f2. /3. Carex nemorosa, fibrosa radice, caule exquisite triangulari, spica longa, divulsa, seu interrupta, capitulis solitariis pra-ter- quam ultimo. Mult. Gen. 69. t.lVA. f. 10 ; cojmd and 'olourtd in Sclik.Car. /. I), d. /l SI). In moist shadv pastures, not uncommon. Perennial. May. Hoot tufted, of many stout, partly shaggy, fibres. Ihrhngc bright 90 MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. grass green ; the spikes paler than the last, and rather white, or greyish, in every stage of their growth. Stems 12 or 18 inches high, weak, and partly reclining, with 3 acute rough angles. Leaves sheathing the bottom of the stem, and usually rising above its summit, rough at the edges and keel. Spike when in flower an inch^ or inch and half, long, of from 6 to 10, or more, sessile, erect, ovate,, acute spikelets, each subtended by an ovate, concave, close, membranous hractea, with a green taper point and keel, 2 or 3 of the lowermost bracteas being often length- ened out into an extremely slender, rough, capillary appendage. The spikelets are rarely in pairs ; the lowermost of all sometimes compound. Each consist^s of several barren^ore^5, with about as many fertile ones below them. As the latter ripen seed, the spikelets become roundish, or hemispherical, 3 or 4 of the lower ones being widely separated from each other. Scales ovate, or lanceolate, membranous, hardly so long as the fruit, which is broadly ovate, externally convex, flat or concave within, mode- rately spreading, not reflexed, pale, with a thick green margin, very smooth in every part, except a slight roughness near the cloven point of the heak, of ten scarcely perceptible. Stam. 3. Stigm, 2. /3 is rather an accident than a variety, having a division, or branch, at the bottom of the spike, which perhaps Micheli alone has met with. The figure in Engl. Bot. is very incomplete, as wanting ihe fruit, which in its ripening state clearly distinguishes this species from the last. Dr. Wahlenberg unites them, having apparently never seen C. divulsa, which though well known to English botanists, is rare on the continent. Specimens are in the Linnaean her- barium, without any place of growth or name, and I have some from Switzerland. Dr. Hooker follows Wahlenberg. Having carefully examined the question, I am satisfied, even without an appeal to the great names of Ray, Micheli, Hudson, and Good- enough. 18. C. vulpina. Great Compound Prickly Carex. Spike thrice compound, dense, obtuse. Fruit spreading, with a notched rough-edged beak. Scales pointed. An- gles of the stem compressed, very sharp. C. vulpina. Linn. Sp. PL \ 382. Willd.v. 4.231. Fl.Br.976. Engl. Bot. v.b.t. 307. Hook. Scot. 262. Fl. Dan. t. 308. Leers 1 96. t.]4.j.5. Schk. Car. U.t.C.f 10. Ehrh. Calam. 87 . C. n. 1364. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 187 ; excluding Barreliefs syn. C. palustris major, radlce fibrosa, caule exquisite triangulari, spica brevi, habitiori, compacta ; also spic^ longa, divulsa, seu interrupta. Mich. Gen. 69. t. 33. f. 13. MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. 91 Grumen cyperoides palustre majus, spica compacta. Rail Syn. 423. Bauh. Tlieatr. SJ.f. Moris. v. 3. 244. seel. 8. t. \2. f. 24. G. cyperoides palustre triquetrum, spica integra. Bauh. Hist. v.2.497./. G. palustre cyperoides. Ger. Em. 21. f. Lob. Ic. \9.f. Scirpoides palustre majus, spica compacta. Mont. Prodr. \7 . f. F, H. In watery places, and the margins of ponds and rivers. Perennial. May. Root fibrous, tufted, not creeping. Stems straight and firm, 2 feet high, leafy in the lower part only, very sharply triangular, with compressed, rough, cutting angles ; the interstices concave 3 the summit about twice as thick as the main stalk of the spike, into which it is suddenly contracted. Leaves deep green, taller than the stem, rather broad, with a rough keel and edges, to be handled cautiously. Spike twice or thrice compounded, oblong, obtuse, erect, 2 or 3 inches long, usually dense, or slightly in- terrupted, with several long, taper, rough, spreading bracteas, ovate at their base, from the lower part of the sj)ike -, but these are not constantly protruded. Ultimate spikekts ovate, dense, with numerous barren Jlorets above the fertile ones. Scales ovate, acute ; the lower ones especially rather abrupt, with long points. Fruit widely spreading, brown, ovate, ribbed, tapering into a flat, serrated beak, notched at the point, but less rigid, or prickly, than in C. muricata. Haller speaks of this as a variable species, not having clearly un- derstood its limits or synonyms. \[). C. terctiascula. Lesser Panicled Carex. Spike twice or thrice compound, dense. Fruit spreading, tumid at one side, with a tapering, serrated beak. Stem trian. t. 1065. Willd.Sp. Pl.v, 4. 244. Schk. Car. 30. t. D./. 19. T./. 09. Don. IL Br. 189. In boggy watery meadows. On St. Faith's bogs near Norwich j and at Barton mills, Suflolk. Mr. Crone. In bogs and marshes to the north of Queen's ferry, Scotland. Mr. J. Maclaty. Klwv Ahcrdccn. Prof. Bcattii. Near Forfar. Mr. G. Don. Pembrokeshire. Mr. Dickson. North of England. Mr. R. Tecsdale, and others. Perennial. May. Root blackish, "fibrous, or slightly crcei)ing. not densely tufted like the following. Stems 12 or l"8 inches high, ujjvighl, slender, with 3 sharp angles, whose intermediate spaces are convex, with a prominent line in their centre, so that a transverse section of 92 MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. the stem shows it to be almost cylindrical. The edges are roughish. Leaves sheathing the lower part of each stem, erect, about as tall as the stem, deep green, rough at the edges and keel, very narrow, acute. Spike erect, ovate, or oblong, rather acute, ] 4- inch long, twice or thrice compound, densely panicled, scarcely lobed, and not at all open or spreading. Spikelets ovate. Scales acute, membranous, very smooth. Barren Jlorets superior, most numerous. Fertile ones about 6. Bracieas membranous, ovate, acute ; the lowermost often ending in a rough, leafy point, of no great length. Fruit brown, ribbed, smooth, tumid at one side ; its beak gradually tapering from a broad base into a lan- ceolate form, strongly serrated at the edges, notched at the tip. Stam. 3. Stigm. 2. Seed semiorbicular. Ray evidently indicates this species in his Synopsis, ed. 2. 268, after his account of our following one, observing that it grows in a scattered manner, not in dense tufts. This important cha- racter, added to the remarks of the learned Bishop of Carlisle and of Mr. Crowe, preclude all doubt of these two species being certainly distinct, nor can any one who compares them with due attention judge otherwise. 20. C. paniculata. Great Panicled Carex. Spike thrice compound, loosely panicled, interrupted, acute. Fruit spreading, with an abrupt serrated beak. Stem sharply triangular, with flat interstices. C. paniculata. Linn. Sp. PI. 1383. mild, v. 4. 244. Fl. Br. 978. Engl. Bot. V, 15. t. 1064. Hook. Scot. 262. Leers 198. t. 14./. 4. Schk. Car. 33. t. D./. 20. Ehrh. Calam. 69. C. n. 1368. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 188 ; syn. incorrect. C. radice repente, caule exquisite triangulari, spica multiplici fer- ruginea j et spica multiplici fusca. Mich. Gen. Q^, t. 33./. 7. Gramen cyperoides palustre elatius, spica longiore laxa. Raii Syn. 422. Moris, v. 3. 244. sect. 8. t. 1 2./. 23. Cyperus alpinus longus inodorus, panicula ferruginea minus sparsd. Scheuchz. Prodr. 27. t.S.f. 2. In wet pastures and spongy bogs. Perennial. June. Root of many long stout fibres, by no means creeping, but tufted. Plant twice the size of the foregoing, with much broader leaves. Stem much stouter, 2 or 3 feet high, and essentially distinguished by having 3 acute rough angles, whose intermediate spaces are flat, striated, without any central rib. Spike panicled in the first instance, the branches spreading, spiked, twice compound, with numerous ovate, crowded, sessile, brown or rusty spikelets. Scales membranous, ovate, acute, smooth. Barren^ore^* supe- rior, numerous J fertile few. Fruit rounded below, convex. MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. 93 with a serrated^ partly fringed, notched beak, which when ripe is narrow and abrupt at the base, not broad nor gradually ta- pering. Ray, and others who have accurately observed this Carex, remark that it forms large dense tutts, like those of Rushes, safely to be walked upon, which is not the case with C. teretiusciUa. By this mode of growth it gradually changes the most rotten bogs into profitable meadows, capable at length of producing better her- bage. My worthy friend Hooker surely cannot think that either science or agriculture are endangered, by plants, so much alike, yet so distinct in character and economy, being correctly discriminated. *** Barren and fertile Jlorets in separate catkins; the barren catkin solitary, Bracteas membranous. Stigmas three, 21. C. digitata. Fingered Carex. Bracteas membranous, sheathing, scarcely leafy. Catkins linear, lax, erect ; the barren one shortest ; fertile two or three. Leaves flat. C. digitata. Linn. Sp. PL 13S4. mild. v. 4. 2r>G. Huds.400. Fl.Br.979. Engl. Bot.v.9. t.6\^K Leers \99.t. ]6.f. 4. Schk. Car. 76. t. H./.38. FL Dan. t. 1 466. Ehrh. Calam. 120. C. n. 1376. Han.Hisl.v.2.\9\. Cyperoides montanum nemorosum, caule triquetro-compresso, spicis ferrugineis tenuioribus, inter se distantibus, capsulis ra- rius dispositis, oblongis, turbinatis, trilateris. 31icli. Gen. 6j. t.32.f.9. Gramen caryophyllatum montanum, spica vana. Bauh. Prodr. 9.f. Theatr. 48./. Scheuchz. Agr. 448. t. 10./ 14. Moris, v. 3. 243. scc^8. M2./ 15j bad. G. caryophyllatum polycarpcn, fructu triangulo. La^s. I russ. 1 12. t.27. In woods and thickets, among limestone rocks, rare. Near Bath. Mr. Sole. Under St. N'incent's rocks, liri^tol, on tiie south side of the river. Mr. Ji'. Clayjield. ^\'oods at Thorp-Arch, Yorkshire. .Sir T. FranJdand, Bart. Abundantly in Mackershaw wood, near Ripon. Mr. U\ Brunton, jun. Perennial. May. , , r o Roots tufted, of many shaggy dark hbres. Stems slender, 6 or « inches high, ascending, obscurely triangular, smooth, naked, except at the base, wiiere they are wrapped in dark-red sheaths, as well as with the red slieaths of llie green, grassy, tlat, jjointed leavcsy various in height, whose edges have been well observed by the Bishop of Carlisle to be rough with retlexed teeth toward the base, smooth in the middle, and rough with teeth pointing ui)wards near the extremity ; tlieir rib smooth. Fertile latkius 9i MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. usually two, stalked, erect, rather distant, with an intermediate sessile barren one, not rising so high as the uppermost. Brac- teas solitary, at the base of each stalk or catkin, tubular, or in- volute, red brown, with a white, membranous, oblique margin, acute, very rarely tipped with a minute leafy point. Scales obo- vate, abrupt, red brown, with a green keel, and membranous white margin, broadest in those of the barren catkin, which are most imbricated. Statu. 3. Stigm. 3, on a short style. Fruit obovate, abrupt, triangular, green, downy, entire at the summit. Seed brown, smooth, sharply triangular.' C. pedata, long a doubtful plant, which could not be determined by the works or the herbarium of Linnaeus, whose synonyms are incorrect, has been recovered by Dr. Wahlenberg,' and'figured in his F/. Lapp. t. 14. Nothing, as he observes, can be more distinct from our digitata ; as well as from C. ornithopoda of Willdenow, the pedataof Schkuhr, t. H./. 37, Haller's n. 1375, and Micheli's t.32.f. 14. The corymbose inflorescence of this last keeps it separate from C. digitata. 22, C. cla?idesti?ia. Dwarf Silvery Carex. Bracteas membranous, scarcely leafy. Fertile catkins re- mote, of few flowers, inclosed in the sheathing bracteas. Leaves channelled. C. clandestina. Gooden. Tr. of L. Soc. v. 2. 1G7. Ft. Br. 980. Engl. Bot.v. 30.1. 2 124. fVilld. Sp. PI. v. 4. 254. Sc/ik.Car.8\ . t.K.f.43. C. n. 1370. Hall. Hist.v.2. 189. C. humilis. Leys. Hal.\75. Schreb. Lips.Go. "Host. Gram. v. 1. 50. t.67." Ehrh.Phytoph.S8. C. prostrata. Allion. Pedem. v. 2. 267. Cyperoides montanum humile angustifolium, culmo veluti folioso, spicis obsesso. Scheuchz. Aar. 407. t. 10./. 1. Mich. Gen. 63. t.32.f.S. On dry exposed limestone rocks, very rare. On St. Vincent's rocks, Bristol, just below the Hot wells. Mr. Sole. Perennial. May. Root woody, with many stout fibres. Stems from 1 to 3 inches higli, erect, sheathed with bracteas, not leafy. Leaves radical, numerous, tufted, linear, narrow, channelled, smooth, lasting through the winter, and spreading widely as they advance in age. Edges of the bracteas, as well as of the scales of each cat- kin, remarkable for their silvery whiteness. Barren catkin ter- minal, erect, acute, many-flowered. Fertile ones 2 or 3, of very few ^florets , concealed, except their 3 long stigmas, in the hollows of the bracteas. Stam. 3. Stijle scarcely any. Fruit obovate, triangular, downy, entire at the summit. Seed trian- gular. MONOECIA-TRIANDRIA. Carex. 95 This and the foregoing are among the most uncommon and di- stinct, as well as the most elegant, of our English species of Carex. **** Barren and fertile jiorets in separate catkins; the barren catkin solitary, very rarely or occasionally more than one, Bracteas leafy, often sheathing. 23. C. pendula. Great Pendulous Carex. Sheaths nearly as long as the flower-stalks. Fertile catkins cylindrical, very long, drooping. Fruit densely crowded, ovate, beaked. C. pendula. Huds. ed. 1.352. ed.2. 4\\ . Fl. Br.98\. Engl. Bot. r. 33. ^.2315. Willd. Sp. PI. V. 4.288. Hook. Scot. 264. Curt. Lond.fasc.3.t.63. Pu7t.4\3. Schk. Car.]00.t.Q.f.60. C. Agastachys. Ehrh. in Linn. Suppl. 4 1 4. Phyloph. 19. C. maxima. Scop. Cam. v. 2. 229. C. n. 1396. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 19G. Gramen cyperoides, spica pendula longiore. Raii Syn. 420. Mo- ris. V. 3. 242. sect. 8.t.\ 2./. 4. G. cyperoides latifolium, typha pendula longiore. Barrel. Ic. t.4j. In moist woods and hedges. In ditches about Braintree, Essex, and elsewhere. Raij. About London in many places, as Hampstead, Highgate, and between Paddington and Kensington. The late Mr. Woodward found it near Woodbridge, Suffolk ; Dr. Stokes in Worcestershire and Shropshire • Mr. Robson by the river Tees ; the Rev. Dr. Stuart in Breadalbane ; and the Bishop of Carlisle near Hastings. Perennial. May, June. Root fibrous, tufted. Stew from 3 to 6 feet high, triangular, leafy, roughish at the angles near the top only. Leaves large, re- curved, harsh, grass green ; minutely rough at the edges and keel -J somewhat glaucous underneath ; closely slieathing at the base. Bracteas like the leaves, their sheaths commonly as long as ihcfower-stalks. Catkins G or 7, long, cylindrical, droop- ing, very dense, greenisli -, all but the upjjcrmost, and perliaps a part of the next, consisting of innumerable, densely crowded, fertile yZorr/.v. Scales of all the catkins lanceolate, acute, brown, with a pale keel. Stani.3. .S7/>/». 3. i>///7 green, ovate, tumid, triangular, smooth, with a notched beak. Sad triangular, brown. A few fertile Jiorets occasionally occur at the end of the barren catkin, and some barren ones in the second or third, Scopoli's name miglit well have suited this rine Carer, as being one of the largest ; but Hudson's, eijually apt, has a prior right. 24. C. slrigosa. Loose Pendulous Carex. Sheaths nearly equal to the flower-stalks. Catkins slender, 9a MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. loose, slightly drooping. Fruit lanceolate, triangular, ribbed. C. strigosa. Huds. 41 1 . Gooden. Tr. ofL. Soc. v. 2. 169. t. 20. f. 4. Fl. Br. 982. Engl. Bot. v. 14. t. 994. Dicks. Dr. PL 86. Hook. Scot. 264. Willd. Sp. PL V. 4. 289. Schk. Car. 94. t. N.f. 53. C. Leptostachys. Ehrh. in Linn. Si(ppL4l4. Phytoph. 48. Gramen cyperoides polystachyon majusculum latifolium, spicis multis, longis, strigosis. Raii Syn.4\9. In groves and thickets, rare. In a lane at Black Notley, Essex; Mr. Dale. Ray. In Witham wood, near Oxford. Rev. Dr. Sheffield. Noke wood. Sihth. Bedfordshire. Abbot. Hedenham wood, Norfolk. Mr. Stone. Perennial. April, May. Root fibrous. Whole plant much smaller, and more slender, than the last, of a light grass green, smooth in ev^ery part, except the edges and rib of the leaves. Stem 2 feet high, bluntly triangu- lar. Bracteas leafy, sheathing the Jlower-stalks almost entirely. Fertile ca^^iw about 4, loose and slender; barren one more dense. Scales lanceolate. Stam. 3. Stigm. 3. Fruit green, ovate-lanceolate, ribbed, scarcely notched, not beaked. Seed elliptical, triangular. 25. C. sylvatica. Pendulous Wood Carex. Sheaths not half the length of the flower-stalks. Catkins slender, rather loose, drooping. Fruit ovate, triangular, beaked, without ribs. C. sylvatica. Uuds. ed. 1 . 353. ed.2.4\\. Gooden. Tr. of L. Soc. ?;.2. 183. FLBr.983. Engl.BoLv.\4.t.99b. Linn. FL Lapp. ed.2.263.Dicks.H.Sicc.fasc.9.\3. Hook.ScoL264. Purt.4\6. Schreb. Lips. 62. Fl. Dan. t.404. Schk. Car. 1 1 1. ^.L, 1./. 101. ''Host. Gram. v. I. 62. t 84." C. Drymeia. Ehrh. in Linn. SuppL 414. Phytoph. 58. Willd, Sp. PL V. 4. 296. Car. BeroL 26. t. 3./. 3. C. vesicaria /3. Linn. Sp. PL 1389. C. patula. Scop.Carn.v.2.226.t.b9. Pollichv.2.597. Villars Dauph.v. 2. 214. C. capillaris. Leers 202. t. 15. f. 2. C. n. 1395. HalLHist.v.2.\96. Gramen cyperoides sylvarum tenuius spicatum. Raii Syn.4\9. Moris. V. 3. 243. sect. 8. L\2.f. 9. Scheuchz. Agr.4\8. Lob. lllusir. 60. In woods common, especially on a clay soil which is wet in winter. Perennial. May, June. Root tufted, with stout fibres. Herbage of a bright grass green, about the size of the last, but stouter. Stem smooth, triangular, with striated, rather convex, interstices. Leaves rough on their MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. 97 upper surface, as well as at the edges and keel. Flower-stalks drooping, long and slender, sheathed by the hracteasat the base chiefly, and very seldom half way up. Fertile catkins about 4, lax, though thicker than in the last ; barren 1 or 2. Scales ovate, acute. Stam. 3. Stigvi. 3. Fruit brown, smooth, ovate, with 3 green angles, but no lateral ribs, terminating in a beak nearly its own length, cloven at the summit. Seed turbinate, triangular. It is remarkable that Linnaeus, after having well determined this Carex in his Flora Lapponica^ where he records its use to the Laplanders, when carded and dressed, as a protection from se- vere cold, should have made it a variety of his C. vesicaria -, to which indeed it is rather more allied than to our strigosa, but nevertheless a most distinct species. 26. C. depauperata. Starved Wood Carex. Sheaths much shorter than the flower-stalks. Fertile cat- kins distant, erect. 7of about three florets. Fruit inflated, ribbed, with a notched beak. C. depauperata. Gooden. Tr. of Linn. Soc. t\ 2. 18 1 . Fl. Br. 984. Engl. Bot.v. IC. t. 1098. Hook. Scot. 2G4. mild. Sp. PL v. 4. 278. C. ventricosa. Curt. Lond.fasc. 6. i. G8. C. triflora. Willd. Phytogr. fasc. \.2.t. \.f. 2. Schk. Car. 94. t.M.f.hO. Cyperoides vesicarium humile, locustis rarioribus. Tourn. Inst. .030 3 6ij his herbarium. In dry woods, but rare. In Charlton wood, Kent. Bishop of Carlisle. Near Godalmin, Surrey. Mr. Dickson. Near Forfar, Scotland, sparingly. Mr. G. Don. Perennial. May, June. Root somewhat creeping. Stem about 18 inches high, erect, leafy, bluntly triangular, smooth, striated. Leaves liglit green, rough at the edges and keel, with long close sheaths. Bracteas like them, but with shorter sheaths. Fertile catkins usually 3, re- mote, erect, stalked, short, lax ; each of 2 or 3 Jlorets ; barren one terminal, lanceolate, dense, of manyy/ore/5. Scales mem- branous, ovate. Stam.[^. Stigm.3. /t///7 large, green, ovate, tumid, triangular, copiously ribbed, smooth, with a beak nearly its own length, oblitjue and membranous, scarcely cloven, at the extremity. Seed obtuse, triangular, of a shining brown. Wiildenow has distinguished Micheli's t. 32. /'. a as a species, l)y the name of C. Michelii, Sp. PI. v. 4. '277. It has f) or (5 fertile Jlorets, whence an error has slipped into the Fl. Br., from which Micheli's synonym must be excluded. Curtis quotes this au- thor still more erroneously. VOL. IV. II 98 MONOECIA -TRIANDRIA. Carex. 27. C. Mielichoferi. Loose-spiked Rock Carex. Sheaths not half the length of the flower-stalks. Fertile catkins three, distant, erect, lax. Fruit ovate, tumid, triangular, rough-edged; its beak cloven, membranous at the summit. C. Mielichoferi. Willd. Sp. PI. v, 4. 276. " Schk. Car.f. 198." Co7np. ed. 4. 152. Engl. Bot. v. 32. t. 2293. Hook. Scot. 264. C. alpinaj Hoppe. Willd. On alpine rocks in the Highlands of Scotland. Upon the rocky ledges of Craig Challoch, Breadalbane. Mr. TV. Borrer. Perennial. August. Root dark brown, creeping. Stems a foot high, leafy, smooth, roundish. Leaves flat, smooth. Bracteas like them, but more tapering. Fertile catkins 3, on stalks thrice the length of the sheaths, erect, hardly an inch long, cylindrical, lax j the lower- most of about 1 2Jiorets, uppermost of h^alf as many j barren one of nearly the same shape and size, with more Jlorets, and longer blunter scales. Stam. 3. Stigm. 3. Fruit ovate-oblong, trian- gular,- the edges rough upwards J iea/c short, rounded, mem- branous and cloven at the end j longer than the rounded, rusty scales, 28. C. speirostachya. Dense -short-spiked Carex. Sheaths shorter than the flower-stalks. Fertile catkins about three, distant, erect, ovate, dense, many-flowered. Fruit ovate, triangular, ribbed, smooth, with a deeply cloven beak, membranous at the orifice. C. speirostachya. Swartz Ms. C. distans. Ft. Dan. t, 1049. C. n. 1382 /3. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 193. C. n. 1383. Hall. Nomencl. 125. In marshes among the Scottish hills. About Mugdoch castle, 9 miles north of Glasgow j also on the hills of Lanarkshire and Perthshire. Mr. David Don. Perennial. July, August. Root brown, creeping. Stem from 9 to 15 inches high, erect, firm, triangular, smooth ; leafy at the base. Leaves chiefly ra- dical, upright, firm, flat, taper-pointed, for the most part smooth, except a slight and partial marginal roughness, their height scarcely half that of the stem. Bracteas narrower j the lower ones with a sheathing base, seldom half so long as the Jlower- stalks ; the upper much shorter. Fertile catkins mostly 3, half or three quarters of an inch long, tawny, ovate, dense, many- flowered, with acute, but not pointed, scales; barren one lanceo- MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. 99 late, of numerous, rusty, h\unt scales, usually solitary, rarely accompanied by another much smaller ; and sometimes there are a few hRvren florets at the summit of a fertile catkin, especially when the uppermost of the latter are aggregate, and shortened. Sta7n. 3. Stigm. 3. Fruit green, ovate, triangular, ribbed, smooth, with a deeply-cloven beak, whose orifice has narrow membranous edges. Seed obovate, with 3 angles. This Carex has long puzzled the Swedish as well as Swiss bota- nist5. It is mentioned by Wahlenberg, StockJi. Trans, for 1803, 157, (under the name I have adopted from Dr. Swartz,) as the same with my hinervis, a very different plant. It is C. iMielicho' feri of Mr. D. Don in Hooker's FL Scot., and I have Swiss spe- cimens confirming the above references to Haller. The plate of Fl. Dan. t. 1049, having a pointed scale accom])anying the fruit, formerly misled me to believe that plate miglit represent C. distans ; but it certainly belongs to our present plant, as Mr. Davall long ago suggested. 29. C ph(BOStachya, Short-brown-spiked Carex. Sheaths shorter than the flower-stalks. Fertile catkins two, distant, erect, ovate. Fruit ovate, triangular, smooth, with a cloven beak. Scales of the barren catkin pointed ; of the fertile ones obtuse. C. salina. DonH.Br.2\Q. On the Highland rocks of Scotland. Upon rocks on the high mountains of Cairn Gorm, Inverness-shire; also on the Clova mountains ; and on Ben Macdowie, near the head of the river Dee. Mr. G. Don. Perennial. June. Roots creeping extensively, with long, smooth, pale, branched fibres. Stem solitary, 5 or 6 inches high, erect, somewhat tri- angular, furrowed, smooth ; leafy at the base. Leaves upright, or a little spreading, flat, taper-pointed, smooth, about half tlie height of the stem. Bracteas similar, but smaller, with con- siderable, rather swelling, .shealhs. hlower- stalks triangular, smooth, longer than the sheaths, though shorter than the brac- teas. Fertile catkins distant, nearly half an inch long, ovate, rather dense, with broad, bluntish, jiointless, dark-brown scales ; barren one solitary, ovate, with ovate, dark-brown, acute, often considerably ])ointe(l, ../. Graminis cypcroidis genus, Pscudo-cyj)erus Lobelio, spicis vel panniculi's pendentibus ex longis pediculis. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 496./. Pseudo-cyperus. Lob. Ic. 76.f Ger. Em. 29./. In wet shady places, and about tiie margins of rivers and ponds, not very uncommon. On Ilounslow heath. Bishop of Carlisle. On St. Faitlrbbogs near Norwich. Perennial. Junt;. Nothwithstanding its great size, and bright green colour, this species is more allied to 2 or 3 of the foregoing than to any of the following. The root is fibrous. Stem a foot or more in heiglit, with 3 sharp rougli angles, and crowned with several long, recurved, leafy, taj)er-pointed huicicas, slightly sheathing at the base, with manv rou^h ribs, and rougli edge.n. Fertile 102 MONOECIA— TRTANDRIA. Carex. catkins 3 or 4, on long, triangular, rough stalks, green, droop- ing, cylindrical, 1^ or 2 inches long, one or two of them soli- tary from the lower bracteas, the rest aggregate at the top of the stem, accompanied by a solitary, more slender, barren cat' kin, of a tawny hue. Scales all tapering, triangular, rough, dilated at the base. Stam. 3, short. Stigm. 3, on a long style. Fruit green, lanceolate, triangular, ribbed, rough-edged, ta- pering into a short, pointed, deeply cloven beak, A few leaves, like the bracteas but larger, sheath the lower part of the stem. The fruit in ripening becomes reflexed. Seed small, triangular. 33. C. li??iosa. Green and gold Carex. Sheaths scarcely any. Fertile catkins ovate, dense, droop- ing, many-flowered. Fruit elliptical, compressed, ribbed, smooth-edged, without a beak. Root creeping. CWmosa. Linn. Sp. PL ]386. Willd. v. 4. 293. Huds. 409. Ft. Br. 986. Engl. Bot. v. 29. t. 2043. Hook. Scot. 265. Don H. Br. 218. Wahlenb. Lapp. 242. Stockh. Trans. for 1 803. 1 6 1 j exclu- ding the varieties, and the reference to Schkuhr. Ft. Dan. t. 646. Sck. Car. lOo.i.X./. 78. C. elegans. Willd. Berol. 34. t. 1 ./. 4. C. n, 1392. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 195. Cyperoides spica pendula breviore, squamis e spadiceo vel fusco rulilante, viridibus, Scheuchz. Agr. 443. t. 10./. 13. In deep rotten bogs, or turfy pools, rare. On turfy bogs in Yorkshire, Lancashire and Westmoreland. Hud- son. Near Heydon, Norfolk, in a very deep rotten soil. Rev. Henry Bryant. On St. Faith's Newton bogs. Mr. Woodward. Cranberry fen, East Winch, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe. In various mountain marshes in Scotland. Rev. Dr. Stuart, Mr. G.Don,8^c. Perennial. July. Roots creeping very extensively, with long, compound, downy fibres, and sending forth smooth leafy runners, deep into the mud, so that the flowers are rarely produced, at least in Norfolk. Stems solitary, terminal, ascending, a span long, triangular, striated, roughish, leafy in the lower part. Leaves linear, narrow, flat, pointed, a little glaucous, rough-edged, shorter than the stem, enveloped at the base with brown scales. Bracteas 1 or 2, erect, taper, brown and membranous, slightly sheathing, at the base. Fertile catkins mostly 2, rarely 3, or 1, on long, slender, triangular, smooth stalks, drooping as they ripen, half an inch long, ovate, dense, of many ovate, pointed, close scales, brown, with a golden lustre ; the keel broad, green, of many smooth ribs ; barren one terminating the stem, erect, linear, of many membranous brown scales. Stam. 3. Stigm. 3. Fruit glaucous-green, smooth, erect, rather longer than the scales, MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. 103 elliptical, triangular, but greatly compressed, ribbed in its lower half, ending in a very small, entire point, scarcely to be termed a beak. Seed brown, triangular, smaller and much less compressed. 34. C. ustulata. Scorched Alpine Carex. Sheaths very short. Fertile catkins ovate, dense, pendu- lous. Fruit elliptical, compressed, rough-edged, with a cloven beak. Root tufted, somewhat creeping. C. ustulata. Willd. Sp. PI. v. 4. 293. Wahlenh. Stockh. Trans, for 1803.156. Lapp.23S. Engl. Bot. v. 34. t. 2404. Comp.ed.4. 152. Hook. Scot. 2G6. Fl. Dan. t. 1090. C. nigra. AHion. Pedem. v.2.267 ; from the author. Willd. Sp. Pl.v. 4.266. C. atro-fusca. Schk. Car. 106. t. Y./.82. C. limosa. Scop. Cam. v. 2. 222 j 6y the description. In wet situations, in a micaceous soil, on the Highland mountains of Scotland. On Ben Lawers. Mr. G. Don. Perennial. July. Root tufted, short and thick, slightly creeping, with copious, shaggy, pale, yellowish, very long fibres, but no runners. Stem 3 or 4 inches high, erect, triangular, smooth, leafy at the bottom only. Leaves short, upright, ribbed, taper-pointed, smooth, except at the edges near the extremity. Catkins 3, all stalked, ovate, of a dark chocolate-colour, as if scorched, each with a small, slightly sheathing, bractea, of nearly the same hue ; the 2 fertile ones pendulous, dense, many-flowered, with ovate, acute, slender-keeled scales. Stam. 3. Stigm. 3. Fruit trian- gular but compressed, elliptical, dark brown, without ribs ; pale at the base ; rough-edged in the upper part ; ending in a short, broadish, cloven beak. A Lapland specimen of this very distinct species was, by Linnteus in his herbarium, mistaken for C. alrata, and I have the same, named atrata, from Dr. Swartz. 35. C. atrata. Black Carex. Sheaths scarcely any. Catkins uniform, stalked, ovate, drooping; the terminal one with many barren florets below. Fruit elliptical, compressed, smooth, with a notched beak. Stamens two or three. C. atrata. Linn. Sp. PL \3S6. iniid. v. 4. 22\. Fl. lh.[)S7. Engl. Bot. v. 29.1.2044. Hook.Scot.266. Dicks. Dr. PI.S7. IFahlenb, Lapp. 242. Fl.Dan.t.\5S. Schk. Car.52. t.X.f.77. C. n. 1369. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 188. 104 MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Caiex. C. alpina, foliis caryophylleis, caule concinne triquetro, capitulis compactis, pulchellis, atris et tumentibus, spicamque veluti componentibus, ac aliquibus pecliculis insidentibus, Mich. Gen. 69. Cyperoides alpinum pulchrum, foliis caryophyllaeis^ spicis atris et tumentibus. Scheuchz. Jgr. 48\. t. 1 1./. I, 2. In alpine pastures, and on rocks. On rocks in Breadalbane. Mr. G. Don. On the Welsh mountains, especially about Llanberris. Hudson. Perennial. June, July. Root tufted, or slightly creeping, with stout perpendicular fibres. Stem 12 or 15 inches high, erect, triangular, nearly or quite smooth J leafy at the bottom only. Leaves shorter than the stem, upright, broad, rough-edged, striated, grass-green j sheathing at the base, with a long abrupt stipula. Bracfeas leafy, with hardly any sheaths, but ratHer a pair of small rounded auricles occasionally. Catkins generally four, stalked, uniform, ovate, turgid, black, soon drooping or pendulous, many-flowered ; the 3 lowermost fertile, with stamens here and there, but rarely, in some Jiorets with pistils ; the terminal one, in its lower half, consisting of barren ^ore/5. Scales of all ovate, acute, of a rusty black, with a narrow, green midrib. Stam. often but 2, not uncommonly 3. Stigm.3. Fruit elliptical, triangular, com- pressed, smooth, pale or yellowish, with a short, dark-brown, notched, or slightly cloven, beak. Other species, as C. pulla and ustulata, appear to have been con • founded with this by many continental, as well as British, botanists ; and the real atrata, larger than any of them, has been arranged with the widely dissimilar tribe of our second section, in spite of its 3 stigmas ; because of the inferior barren Jiorets in one of the catkins. That mark indeed keeps it separate from all that resemble it; and if always attended to, would have prevented many mistakes. Dr. Swartz mistook C. atrata for saxaiilis; Linnaeus appears to have described the true plant in his Fl. Lapponica, along with our ustulata, which last only he preserved, attaching pulla to it as a variety. 36. C. pulla. Russet Carex. Sheaths none. Fertile catkins ovate; the lower one stalked. Fruit elliptical, slightly inflated, with a short notched beak. Stigmas two. C. pulla. Gooden. Tr. of L. Soc. v. 3. 78. 1. 14. Fl. Br. 988. Engl. Bot.v. 29. t. 2045. Hook. Scot.268. DonH. Br. 190. Willd. Sp. Pl.v.4. 274. Schk. Car. 65. t. R.f. 63 3 copied. C. fusca. Schk. Car. 64. C, c.f. 88. On the Highland mountains of Scotland 3 Mr. Dickson. Linn. Trans. MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Caiex. 103 On Ben Lavvers. Mr. J. Mackmj. 1793. Mr. G. Don daims the original discovery of this plant on Een Lomond in 1789^ see his Herb. Brit. Perennial. July. Root creeping/ with stout fibres. Stem nearly upright, about a span high, triangular, striated, the angles roughish near the top only. Leaves from the lower part of the stem, nearly as tall, broadish, rough-edged, striated. Bractea like them, but smaller, auricled at the base, not sheathing. Fertile catkins 2, mostly very unequal 3 the lower one largest, on a long rough stalk, from the base of the /;rac^ert, ovate, dense, many-flowered, nearly upright ; its scales bluntish, of a ru.3ty black j barren one erect, lanceolate, with dark obtuse scales. Stam. 3. Siigm. but 2, by which this species essentially differs from the rest of the alpine ones with black ovate catkins, and accords with many more common kinds, hereafter described. Fruit spreading, longer than the scales, elliptical, rather compressed, or slightly inflated, smooth, without angles or ribs, of a brownish black 3 pale at the base j beak short, notched. Schkuhr's f. 63 is copied from the Linnaean Transactions, where the middle catkin, though present in the original specimen now in my possession, and in all I have seen, is strangely omitted. Hence his/. 88 is more correct, and truly excellent. 37. C. pai/escens. Pale Carex. Sheaths very short. Fertile catkins cylindrical, stalked ; at length pendulous. Fruit obovate, triangular, inflated, smooth, obtuse, with a minute abrupt beak. C. pallescens. Linn. Sp. PL \3S6. mild. v. 4.291. Fl.Br. 9S9. En. Fruit obliquely pearshaped, all over finely downv, green, with a very short, conical, abrupt, entire, brown tip. Seed triangular, rather flattened, polished, purplish brown. This common Carex, so conspicuous in the spring, with its nume- rous sulphur-coloured anthers, has had many names, being to- tally unlike Schreber's C. prcecox, for which Jacquin mi.stooli it, misled as it should seem by the very wrong reference to Se- guier, whose plant is our's. The other is now C. Schreberi, Willd. V. 4. 225, and is Haller's n. 1367, belonging to our se- cond section, but not yet found in Britain. 45. C. pihi/i/h'a. Round-headed Carex. Sheaths none. Fertile catkins two or three, sessile, crowd- ed, almost globular, with pointed scales. Fruit trian- gular, roundish, downy, with a short, cloven beak. C. pilulifera. Linn. Sp.PL 1385. IVilld. vA. 259. Car. Berol. 24. t.2.f.2. Fl.Br.99b. Engl. Bot. v. 13. t.S35. Hook Scot. 267. Dicks. H.Sicc.fasc.9.l2.DonH.Brit.l9l. Schk. Car. 7 S.t.l.f. 39, C. montana. Linn. Sp. PI. 13Sd. Huds.407. C. filiformis. FL Dan. i. 1048. C. decumbens. Ehrh. Calam. 70. Gramen cyperoides, spicis brevibus congestis, folio molli. Raii Syn. ed. 2. 2G7.ed. 3. 42\. G. cyperoides teniiifolium, spicis ad summum caulem sessilibus globulorum semulis. Pluk. Almag. ]7S. Phyt. t. 91. f.8. Raii Syn. ed. 2. app. 345. ed.3. 422. On heaths, especially in boggy spots, frequent. Perennial. April, May. Hoot of numerous shaggy fibres, tufted, scarcely creeping. Stems mostly recumbent, curved, weak, slender, triangular, smooth, except at the top, naked, from 9 to 12 inches high. Leaves all radical, or nearly so, tufted, pliant, erect, grassy, bright green, rough at the edges and keel, longer and much narrower than in the last, much shorter than the stem, except, as Willdenow re- marks, those which last through the winter. Bracteas awl- shaped, slender, smoothish, the lower one only rising above the adjoining catkin, all of them quite destitute of sheaths, though dilated at the base. Fertile catkins 2 or 3, seldom 4, sessile, near together, spreading, globular, dense, with ovate, mostly bristle-pointed, scales ; barren one erect, quite solitary and di- stinct, lanceolate, acute, with rusty, lanceolate, white-edged scales. Stam.3. Stigm. 3. Frwi^ roundish-ovate, triangular, all over densely downy, green, with a short brown beak, acute and cloven at the summit. Seed yellowish, almost globular, with 3 slight angles. Ray admitted this species into the appendix of his 2d edition, after Petiver, though he had already described it, from Doody's spe- MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Caiex. 1 13 cimens, in p. 267 of the same work j so Dillenius has it twice over in the 3d edition. — Linnaeus, in like manner, adopted it from Plukenet's figure alone, while he described at the same time a specimen of the same, by the name of montuna. That of pilulifera has been generally retained. It alludes to the glo- bular shape of the catkins, globulorum cemulis, and not to the fruit. 46. C. tomentcsa. Larger Downy- fruited Carex. Sheaths extremely short. Fertile catkins one or two, nearly sessile, cylindrical, obtuse, with acute scales. Fruit globose, slightly triangular, densely downy, with a short, cloven beak. C. tomentosa. Linn. Mant. 123. Willd. Sp. PL v 4. 2G3. Sm. Tr. of L. Soc. V. 5. 269. Fl. Br. 996. Engl. Bot. v. 29. t. 2046. Dicks. Dr. PL 43. FL Dan. t. 1404. Leers 200. t. 15. / 7. Schk. Car. 69. t.F.f 28. C. sphserocarpa. Ehrh. Calam. 89. C. n. 1373. HaU. Hist. v. 2. 190. Cyperoides angustifolium montanum, folliculis seminum villosis. Scheuchz. Jgr. 423. In meadows in the south of England, very rare. Near Merston Measey, Wiltshire. Mr. E. Teesdale. Perennial. June. Root creeping, with scaly shoots, and long shaggy fibres ; the scales, as well as those that envelop the leaves and stems at the base, of a deep blood-red brown. Stems erect, a foot or more in height, with 3 sharp angles rough upwards ; leafy fit the bot- tom only. Leaves of the present year not one third the height of the stem, erect, acute, flat, grass-green, somewhat hairy, rough-edged, ribbed. Bracteas leafy, scarcely rising above the stem J the sheath of the lowermost extremely short ; of the rest hardly any. Fertile catkins commonly 2, often one only, nearly or quite sessile, dense, erect, oblong, obtuse ; the lower- most cylindrical, seldom an inch long ; the rest shorter, ellij)- tical, but never so crowded, rounded, or spreading as in C. j)i- luUfera; their .scr//^5 ovate, broad, acute, brown, with a dilated, pale midrib. Jiarren catkin longest, lanceolate, tumid, erect, with pale, rusty, obtuse scales ; its upper half very rarely com- posed of fertile florets ; but it is usually quite solitary and dis- tinct. Statu. 3. Stigm. 3, sessile. 'Fruit globular, with 3 very slight, brown angles, a little flattened, green, clothed with copious whitish down, longer and more abundant than in the foregoing, turning tawny by keeping ; l>r(ik very short and thick, erect, deeply cloven. Seed pale, obscunly triangular. 114 MONOECIA-TRIANDRIA. Carex. 47. Q. pa?iicea. Pink-leaved Carex. Sheaths elongated, about half the length of the flower- stalks. Fertile catkins one or two, distant ; lower one rather lax. Fruit tumid, smooth, cloven at the summit. Stem smooth, obtusely triangular. C. panicea. Linn. Sp. PL 1387. mild. v. 4. 280. Fl. Br. 998. Engl. Bot.v. 21. L 1505. Hook. Scot. 267. Rel. Rudb. 2./. 31. Fl. Dan. t. 261. Leers 203. t. 15./. 5. Schk. Car. 1 10. t. L. 1. /. 100. Ehrh. Calam. 80. C.n.l405. Hall. Hist. V. 2. \99. Cyperoides foliis caryophylleis, caule rotundo-triquetro, spicis e rarioribus et tumidioribus vesicis compositis. Mich. Gen.6\. t.S2.f.\\. Gramen cyperoides foliis caryophylleis, spicis e rarioribus et tu- midioribus granis compositis. Raii Sijn, 418. Pluk, Almag. 178. Phyt.t.9\.f.7. In meadows and moist pastures. Perennial. May, June. Root creeping. Stems about a foot high, upright, striated^ smooth, with 3 blunt angles. Leaves chiefly towards the root, glaucous, rough-edged, flat, erect, half the height of the stem ; their keel smooth, except near the summit. Bracteas erect, leafy, with long pale sheaihs. Fertile catkins usually two, about an inch long, erect, rather distant, linear ; the lowermost lax and elon- gated, especially in its lower part, standing on a slender trian- gular stalk, twice as long as the sheath ; the upper one more dense, with a shorter stalk, and smaller bractea. Scales ovate, acute, dark-brown, with a narrow white edge and green keel. Barren catkin for the most part solitary, lanceolate, acute, dense, with dark-brown, elliptic-lanceolate scales. Stam. 3. Stigm. 3, nearly sessile. Fruit green or yellowish, smooth, ovate, or obovate, ribbed, inflated, longer than the scales, bluntish, without a beak, but terminating in 2 small teeth. Seed short, triangular, brown, very frequently infested with usiilago or smut, by which it swells and turns into a sooty powder. The herbage, when young, much resembles C. recurva, but the characters of the two species difl^"er essentially. 48. C. recurva. Glaucous Heath Carex. Sheaths short. Fertile catkins two or three, cylindrical, dense, drooping, on very long recurved stalks. Fruit elliptical, triangular, roughish, obtuse, slightly notched. C. recurva. Huds. 413. Gooden. Tr. of L. Soc. v. 2. 184. Willd. Sp.Pl.v. 4. 298. Fl. Br. 999. Engl. Bat. v. 21. t. 1506. Hook. Scot. 268. Fl. Dan. t. 1051. MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. 115 C. glauca. Scop. Cam. V. 2. 22S. Pollich v. 2. 594. C. flacca. Schreb. Lips. append. 71. 669. Schk. Car.\ 17. <.0, P./. 57. Wuhlenh. Stockh. Trans, for 1803. IGO. Elirh. Phytoph. 1)8. C. pendula. Schreb. Lips. 62. C. limosa|3. Leers20\. t. ]D.f.3 I C. n. 1408. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 200 ; with confused references. N. 1407 of this author is presumed to be the same. Cyperoides palustve, spiels purpureo-spadiceis, tenuibus pediculis insidentibus. Scheucliz. Agr.467. Gramen cyperoides, foliis caryophylleis, spicis oblongis, e pedi- culis longioribus pendulis. Raii S//n. 4\8. G. cyperoides nemorosum, spica subnigrfi recurva. Moris, sect. 8. t. 1 2.f. 14. But not of Bauh. Theatr. 98 j nor is Morison's own definition, v. 3. 243. n. 14, correct. /3. Carex Micheliana. Sm. Tr. of L. Soc. v. 5. 270. Fl. Br. 1 004. Engl. Bot.v.32. t.22'36. C. ambleocarpa. fnild. Sp. PL v. 4. 307. Cyperoides foliis caryophylleis, caule exquisite triangulari, spicis habitioribus, squamis curtis, obtuse mucronatis, capsulis turbi- natis brevibus confertis. Mich. Gen. G2. t. 32. f 12. In moist meadows, pastures, groves, and wet barren heathy ground, common. Perennial. May, June. Root creeping, sheathed with purplish-brown scales. Herbage glaucous, very conspicuous in moist as well as dry weather. Stem erect, from 8 to 18 inches high, roundish with 3 angles, scarcely rough in any part. Leaves mostly radical, upright, or partly recurved, broad, acute, rough-edged, not half so tall as the stem, much resembling the foliage of pinks or carnations. Bracteas leafy, the lowermost several inches long; their slicaths short, crowned with rounded brown auricles. Fertile catkins 2, often 3, cylindrical, obtuse, many-flowered, very dense, droop- ing as they ripen, and at length pendulous, each on a slender smooth stalk, many times longer than its sheath. Scales ovate, more or less acute ; bluntish and entirelypointless, in thevaricty /2 ; their colour like chocolate, with a greenish rib. Barren catkin generally solitary, but very often accompanied by a smaller one, and the upper portion of several of the fertile catkins fre- quently consists of barren Jiorcts ; (5 is remarkable for having 4 completely barren catkins, with half another ; though only one, compound ac the base, consisting entirely of fertile Jlorets. Scales of the barren catkins usually obovate and obtuse, (hirk brown with a yellow rib ; sometimes they arc partly acute, and even pointed. .Stani.3. Stigm. 3, on ii shorl style. Fruit v\- liptical, or somewhat obovate, ol)tuse, bluntly triangular, tumid, more or less downy or rough, of a rusty green, soon becoming black, destitute of a beak, though obscurely cloven. Seal »hort, triangular, dark brown with pile angle.s. 116 MONOECIA—TRIANDRIA. Carex. p has smooth fruit, which in this case appears to constitute no specific difference. By the description this is shown to be a very variable species. Yet it is not the only one which varies in the number of the harren. catkins, or in having some barren ^ore^s at the top of the fertile catkins, which latter circumstance occurs in the last described. With regard to its name, the Carex in question has been unfortu- nate. It was first called ^acca by Schreber, and, in the year following, glauca by Scopoli. Hudson ought to have retained one of these, had he been informed of them, when he first de- scribed the plant in his 2nd edition 3 but he took the appellation of recurva from Morison's synonym. I might now perhaps have attempted to restore^acccr, as most prevalent on the continent j but as Willdenow has sanctioned recurva, and he is one of the best writers upon this genus, this name, being in itself unex- ceptionable, may as well remain. 49. C. rigida. Rigid Carex. 3tigmas two. Sheaths none. Fertile catkins ovate; the lowermost stalked. Bracteas lanceolate, recurved, as well as the leaves. Fruit triangular, somewhat com- pressed, with a short abrupt beak. C. rigida. Gooden. Tr. of L. Soc.v. 2. 193. t. 22. f 10. Willd.Sp. PLv.4.273. Fl.Br.997. Engl. Bot. v. 29. t. 2047. Don H.Br. 217. C. csespitosa jS. Hook. Scot. 268. C. saxatilis. Fl. Dan. t. 159. M'illd. Sp. PL v. 4. 272, Schk. Car. 54. t. I. and T, t.f 40. But by no means that of Linnceus, which is more allied to C. pulla, n. 36. C. fusca. Allion.Pedem.v. 2. 369. Davall. C. mucronata. J acq. Ms. C. n. 1378. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 191. Cyperoides germanicum, foliis brevibus rigidis acutis, caule ro- tundo-triquetro, spicis parvis, squamis obtuse mucronatis, cap- sulis oblongis turbinatis, in angustum et longiusculum apicem attenuatis. Mich. Gen. 6\.t. 32./. 4, not\Q. On the exposed tops of the most lofty mountains. On the summit of Snowdon. Mr. Hudson. Found on the top of Ben Lomond in 1782. — It has since been observed, by Mr. Dickson and Mr. J. Mackay, on the summits of several of the Highland mountains abundantly) and on the Cheviot hills by Mr. Winch. Perennial. June, July. Roots stout and woody, creeping widely by means of scaly branch- ing runners, with strong, thick, downy fibres. Whole plant MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. 117 remarkably firm and rigid. Stems solitary, mostly curved, sometimes erect, from 3 to 6 inches high, triangular, striated, leafless, except at the base ; the angles smooth in their lower part, rough upwards. Leaves numerous, shorter than the stems, more or less recurved, linear-lanceolate, pointed, flat, broader than in most of the neighbouring species, rough at the edges and keel, slightly glaucous j their sheaths permanent, closely crowded, strongly ribbed, becoming bleached, and polished, em- bracing each other. Bracteas leafy, lanceolate, recurved, about an inch long; the upper ones minute j sheaths none, though there are generally two rounded brown auricles at the insertion of each bractea. Fertile catkins 2 or 3, ovate-oblong, obtuse, dense ; the uppermost nearly or quite sessile, close together at the foot of the barren one j the lowermost at a little distance, on a stalk half its own length, erect. Scales elliptic-oblong, ob- tuse, pointless, dark-brown, with a pale yellowish rib. Barren catkin mostly solitary, thick, obtuse, with rusty, obtuse, torn scales. Stam. 3. Stigm. only 2, nearly sessile. Fruit crowded, elliptical, moderately compressed, obscurely triangular, smooth, ribless, longer than the scales, pale green, the exposed part brown ; the summit tipped with a very short, blackish, cylm- drical, abrui)t, entire beak, often scarcely discernible. Nlicheli exhibits the occasionally recurved point of the fruit, noticed by the Bishop of Carlisle. . The above synonyms evince that this species has not remained unknown to foreign botanists, and that none of them ever thought of confounding it with C. ccEspitosa. Many have indeed mistaken it for saxatilis, which the Linnoean herbarium shows to be totally diftcrent. After such authorities as Mr. Hudson, Mr Dickson and the learned Bishop of Carlisle, my own opi- nion in support of this species, formed when I gathered it 4o years since, and now confirmed, is perhaps superfluous ; nor do I insist upon it from any disrespect for my valued friend Dr. Hooker. 50. C. cdspitosa. Tufted Bog Carex. Stio-mas two. Sheaths none. Fertile catkins cylindrical, obtuse, erect; the lowermost rarely stalked. Leaves, andauricled bracteas, linear, erect. Fruit permanent, elliptical, flat, many-ribbed, with a very short abrupt Ccltpi'tosa. L.m.%P/.1388. ^™^- -^-^^^^7. F//ir. 100. Engl. Bat. v. 2 1 . t. Io07. Goochn. Tr. oj L Soc. r. 2 \ 9.. t 2\ /. 8. Hook. Scot. 268. Schk. Car. 37. t. A, a, and B, h.J. 85. Ehrh. Calam. 130. .... ,^ Gramen caryophylleum, angustihsimis fohis, spicis scssilibus Ore- 118 MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. vioribus erectis non compactis. Moris, v. 3. 243. Dill, in Rail Syn. 418. In marshes, and wet shady places, not rare. Perennial. Mar/, June. Root creeping, but short, composing dense entangled tufts, which gradually become firm, so as to be walked upon, like C, pani- culata, n. 20 j and not at all resembling the long straggling roots of C. rigida. The plant is well known in Sweden for its property of filling up boggy ground, changing it to green mea- dows, of which Linnseus gives a remarkable account. Ft. Suec. ed. 2. 333. Stems erect, from 6 to 1 2 inches, or more, in height, leafless except at the bottom, triangular, striated ; the angles rough in the upper part only. Leaves numerous, shorter than the stems, quite straight and upright, soft and flexible, linear, acute, bright-green, scarcely glaucous, rough at the edges and keel, about one third the breadth of the foregoing ; their sheaths less remarkably permanent, of a dark red brown. Bracteas leafy, erect, narrow and tapering, from 1 to 3, or even 6 inches in lengthy without any sheaths, but accompanied at the base by a pair of rounded, short, dark-brown auricles, very variable in size, but never elongated. Fertile catkins almost invariably 3, sessile, a little distant, erect, cylindrical, obtuse, dense and thick, an inch long, seldom so shortened as to become ovate j the lowermost, in some foreign specimens at least, very lax in its lower part, and supported by a long slender stalk. Scales obovate, obtuse, black, with a narrow green rib. Barren catkin mostly single, rarely accompanied by a small one at a little distance, erect, lanceolate, acute, about an inch long, formed of numerous, crowded, obtuse, dark-brown scales. Stam. 3. Sligm. 2, nearly sessile. Fruit longer than the scales, elliptical, broad, compressed almost flat, green, smooth, ribbed on both sides, having no central longitudinal angle at the inner side, so as to be even bluntly triangular, but instead of it there is a double keel, or thickened margin, at one of the edges. This aff'ords of itself an essential difl^erence from the last. Beak extremely short, brownish, abrupt, or minutely cloven. Seed compressed. The fruit is observed by the Bishop of Carlisle to remain on the stalk till it is quite ripe, and even decayed, which is not the case with the following. It is usually set in 6 rows, rarely in 8. 51. C. stricta. Glaucous straight-leaved Carex. Stigmas two. Sheaths none. Fertile catkins nearly ses- sile, erect, cylindrical, elongated, acute ; often barren- flowered at the top. Bases of the leaves reticulated. Fruit elliptical, flat, with a short cloven beak, deciduous. C.stricta. Goorfe/i.Tr.o/L.Soc. v. 2. 196. ^. 21./. 9. Jf^L Sr.lOOO. MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. 119 Engl.Bot.v.\3.t.9\4. Hook. Scot. 268. Willd. Sp.Pl.v. 4.287. Schk. Car. 60. t.W.f. 73. Don H. Br. 192. C. csespitosa. Huds. 412. Light/. 56\, ^. C. n. 1400. Hall. Hist. v. 2, 198. Gramen cyperoides, foliis caryophylleis, spicis erectis sessilibus, e seminibus confertis compositis. Rail Syn. 418. G. cyperoides pulustre,, spica pendula. Loes. Pruss. 116. ^ 30 ? In marsheSj not uncommon. Perennial. April. Twice the size of the foregoing, with more of a glaucous hue. Root creeping. Stems erect, from 1|- to 2 feet high, acutely triangular, rough towards the top. Leaves erect, shorter than the stems, the lower ones membranous, torn and reticulated at the edge of their sheaths, which soon splits into entangled threads, forming a kind of loose network. Bracteas leafy, erect, taper-pointed ; the upper ones very small, somewhat di- lated and membranous at the edges, but without the dark rounded auricles of C. ccespitosa. Fertile catkins from 1|- to 2 inches long, all nearly or quite sessile, always upright, cylin- drical, dense and many-flowered, most of them pointed, having more or less of their* upper part composed of barren florets. Scales obtuse, dark-brown, with a green rib. Barren catkins often 2, besides the above-mentioned portions of the fertile ones, an inch or two in length, with innumerable, obtuse, dark-brown scales. Stam. 3. Sligni. 2, with a style nearly their own length. Fruit like tiie preceding, but in 8 rows, rather more tapering into its short notched beak, and falling off as soon as it is well ripe. Seed orbicular, compressed. Mr. Davall observes that C. stricta, by means of its matted roots, forms islands in the Swiss lakes or pools, probably like the tufts of C. ccespitosa, on a larger scale. ***** Bairen and fertile forets i?i separate catkins. Bar- ren catkins two or more. 52. C. acuta. Slender-spiked Carex. Stigmas two. Catkins cylindrical, slender; drooping in flower; afterwards erect. Fruit elliptical, with a biiniL undivided beak. C. acuta. Linn. Sp. PL 1388. Fl. Suec.ed. 2. 334 (S. fnild.v.4. 304. FL Br. 1001 . Engl. Bot. v. 9. /. 580. Hook. Scot. 269. Gooden. Tr. of L. Soc. v. 2. 203. Dicks. //. »S'icc. fasc. 11.15. Leers 204. /. 16./. K Schk. Car. 61. I. E, e, F,f./. 92. "Host Gram. v. 1 . 70. /. 95." Ehrh. Calam. 49. C. gracilis. Curt. Land. fasc. 4. t. 62. C. n. 1406. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 199. Gramen cyperoides m\ijus angustifolium. Run Syn.\\7' 120 MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Cnrex. In watery meadows, about ditches and pools, common. Perennial. Maij. Root creeping extensively, with whitish horizontal runners, very difficult of extirpation. Stems commonly 2 or 3 feet in height, in a starved state sometimes but 3 or 4 inches, having 3 rough angles j drooping at the summit while in flower only, but sub- sequently quite erect. Leaves sheathing the base of the stem in three rows, of a bright deep green, not glaucous, upright, drooping at the extremity, shorter than the stems, rough at the edges and keel. Bracteas leafy, tapering, without sheaths, though often minutely auricled ^ the first or second overtopping the stem. Fertile catkins 3 or 4, nearly, if not quite, sessile, except the lowermost, all a little inclining while in flower, cy- lindrical, slender, l^- or 2 inches long, dense, many-flowered, commonly with a few barren^ore^s at the summit. Scales lan- ceolate, acute, black, with a pale rib. Completely barren cat- kins 2 or 3, about the size of the fertile ones, with lanceolate, bluntish, dark scales. Statu. 3. Stigm. never more than 2, by which, as the Bishop of Carlisle and Mr. Curtis long since re- marked, this species is infallibly known from the two following, though Linnseus and many others have confounded them. Fruit for the most part shorter than the scales, elliptical, obtuse, compressed, ribbed, smooth, green, with partial stains of brown, deciduous ; beak short, cylindrical, abrupt, entire. Seed small, obovate, compressed, not triangular. Linnseus, having quoted, with commendation, for this Carex Mi- cheli's t. 32./. 12, which has no character in common with it, except the numerous barren catkins, and which really belongs to C. recurva, n. 48, some of the most able botanists have been led into error by that means. 53. C. paludosa. Lesser Common Carex. Stigmas three. Catkins cylindrical, bluntish, erect; the fertile ones with taper-pointed scales. Fruit ovate, tri- angular, compressed, with a notched beak. C. paludosa. Gooden. Tr, ofL. Soc. v. 2. 202. mild. Sp. PL v. 4. 305. Fl. Br. 1002. Eng/:. Bot. v. 12. t. 807. Hook. Scot. 269. Schk. Car. 121. t. O, o,/. 103. "Host Gram. v. 1. 68. t. 92." C. acuta. Curt. Lond. fasc.4. t. 61 ; omitting the references to Scopoli and Micheli. C. acutiformis. Ehrh. Calam. 30. Gramen cyperoides minus angustifolium. Dill, in Raii Sy7i.4]8. In boggy meadows, and about the margins of ditches, pools and rivers, common. Perennial. May. Root creeping, like the foregoing, from which this species differs in its rather larger size, glaucous hue, erect posture, and most MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. 121 essentially by having constantly 3 stigmas. Stem with 3 very rough angles, whose interstices are unequal. Leaves broadish, erect ; rough at the edges and keel. Bracteas without sheaths, and seldom auricled ; the lowermost large, rising above the stem. Catkins all cylindrical and bluntish, erect, slightly stalked ; the barren ones generally 3 ; fertile about as many, often barren-flowered at the top. Scales of the former oblong, obtuse, of a shining brown, with a green keel ; of the fertile ones lanceolate, acute, commonly tipped with a brown rough point, or awn. Fndt crowded, ovate, triangular though much compressed, green, smooth, strongly and copiously ribbed, ra- ther longer than the scales, with a short, acute, more or less deeply cloven, beak. Seed triangular. 54. C. riparia. Great Common Carex. Stigmas three. Catkins erect, with taper-pointed scales. Fruit ovate, tumid, with a deeply-cloven beak. C. riparia. Curt. Lond.fasc. 4. t. 60. Gooden. Tr. of L. Soc. v. 2. 200. mild. Sp. PLv. 4.306. FL Br. 1003. Engl. Bot.v. 9. t.579. Hook. Scot, 2G9. Schk. Car. \22. t. Q, q.f. o. t. R, r. /. 105. C . acuta. Huds. 413. Light/. 565. C. crassa. Ehrh. Calam. 59. *' Host Gram,v. 1. 68. t. 93." C. vesicaria /3 and y. Leers 205. 1. 1 6./ 2, I and II. Cyperoides aqualicum maximum, foliis vix unciam latis, caule ex- quisite triangulari, spicis habitioribus erectis, squamis in ari- stam longivis productis, capsulis oblongis, bifidis. Mich. Gen. b7. n.\0.t.?j2.f.7 i alson. 11./. 6. Gramen cvperoides cum paniculis nigris. Rail Syn.4]?. Bauh. Hist.v.2.49A.f. G. cyperoides latifolium, spica rufa, sive caule tnangulo. Bauh. Pin. 6, with verv doubtful synonyms. Thcatr. 83./. Moris, v. 3. 242. sect.^i.t. VI. f. 1. In watery places, especially in the reedy margins of rivers, abun- dantly. Perennial. April, Mat/. The largest and stoutest of our Carices, distinguished from every variety oUcPspitosa, striata and acuta by its 3 stigmas, and from paludosa bv its pointed, triangular, barren catkins, as well as its darker,' less glaucous, herbage, tumid fruit, and pointed scales of both kinds of catkins. From all these species it ditlers in its greater size. The roo/is thick and long, creeping extensively. Stem a yard or more in height, erect, firm, with 3 sharp, very rough angles. Leaves broad, u|)right. rough at the edges and keel, deep green, with very little of a irlaucous hue. Bracteas like them, rising above the stem, with verv short sheaths, and pale rounded nu- 122 MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. rides, not always present. Barren catkins from 3 to 5, crowded, triangular, sharp-pointed ; their scales lanceolate, taper-pointed, more or less awned, strongly keeled^ of a uniform dark brown, rather downy. Fertile catkins 3 or 4, erect, stalked, thick, cy- lindrical, pointed, especially when tipped with a few barren j^o- rets ; their scales ovate, smooth, tapering into a long, sharp, rough, awn. Stam. 3. Stigm. 3. Iruit ovate, triangular, pale brown, smooth, finely ribbed, tumid, inflated, not compressed like the last, terminating in a broad, shortish, deeply cloven beakf with 2 sharp distant points. Seed small, whitish, trian- gular. Haller's n. 1404 is commonly taken for this plant, and it is possi- ble he might have bad it in view, along with some of our last- described, under that number, as well as under his 1398 and 1399. Neither this eminent wM-iter, nor Linnaeus, was well ac- quainted with these common Carices, Mr. Curtis being the first who well explained them. The late Mr. Davall, from whom I have Swiss specimens of the riparia, thought Haller had it not, though he has referred to its synonyms, intermingled with those of other species. If X\\g: fruity and the awns of the scales, be at- tended to, no mistake can be made. bb, C. IcBvigata. Smooth -stalked Beaked Carex Catkins cylindrical ; fertile ones stalked. Scales all pointed. Sheaths very long. Fruit triangular, with a cloven beak. C. l^vigata. Sm. Tr. of L. Soc. v. 5. 272. Fl. Br. 1005. Engl. Bot. V. 20. t. 1387. Hook. Scot. 2G9. Willd. Sp. PL v. 4. 295. '' Schk. Car. t. S, s, s./. 1 62." Willd. C. patula. Schk. Car. \\5.t. B, b, b./. 116. C. sethiopica, Schk. Car. 107. t. Z.f. 83. In marshes, and boggy thickets. In a marsh near Glasgow. Mr, J. Mackay. Near Aberdeen. Prof. J. Beattie, jun. On Warley Common, Essex ; also in Cornwall and Sussex. Mr. E. Forster. Perennial. June. Root tufted, with long stout fibres. Herbage of a bright light green, quite smooth in every part, except the upper bracteas being rough at the edges, the lower one at the tip only. Stems from 2 to 4 feet high, triangular j leafy in the lower part. Leaves erect, about one third of an inch broad, pointed, striated, the uppermost only rough-edged towards the extremity ; all with long, close, striated, smooth sheaths. Bracteas leafy, long and narrow , w^ith very long sheaths. Catkins cylindrical, erect ; barren ones usually 2, an inch long, or more, rather lanceolate, acute ; their scales light brown, lanceolate, acute, for the most part tipped with a small point, or awn. Fertile catkins 2 or 3, on very long, capillary, smooth stalks, much exceeding the MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. 123 sheaths, eiich catkin near an inch and half long, bluntish^dense^ but not stout ; the scales lanceolate, brown with a green keel, tapering into a rough point, various in length. Stain. 3. Stigm. 3. Fruit longer than the scales, ovate, triangular, green, ribbed, smooth, not tumid or inflated ; tapering into a flattish, smooth, deeply cloven, beak. Seed filling the cavity of the fruit, stalked, triangular, short, brown. 56. C. vesicaria. Short-spiked Bladder Carex. Fertile catkins cylindrical, short, abrupt, on short stalks. Scales all lanceolate, acute. Sheaths none. Fruit ovate, inflated, with an elongated cloven beak. C. vesicaria. Linn. Sp. Pl.USS, a andy. mild. v. 4.307. FL Br, 1005. Engl. Bot. v.W.t. 779. Hook. Scot. 269. Don H. Br. 193. Dicks. 11. Sicc.fasc. 1 4. 1 8. Fl. Dan. t. 647. Leers 205 y. t. 16. /. 2. III. Schk. Car. 124. t. S, s. /. 106. Ehrh. Calam. 60. C.inflata. Jlnds. 4\2} Light/. 567. C. n. 1409. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 200. Cyperoidesvesicarium, si)icis viridantibus, vel subfuscis. Scheuchz. 'Agr.470. Gramen cyperoides majus praecox, spicis turgidis teretibus flaves- centibus. Dill, in Raii Sijn. 420. Moris, v. 3, 242. sect. 8. t. 1 2. /.G. In marshes, and wet meadows. In Wales and the north of England. Huds. In Breadalbane and other parts of Scotland. Light/. About Oxford, but rarely. Bo- hart. By the water-works at Pimlico, and in other swampy places about London. Perennial. May. Root creeping. Stem erect, 2 feet high, with 3 very sharp rough angles. Leaves light green, erect, rather narrow, taper-point- ed, rough-edged. Bracteas narrower, with long slender ])oints, rising above the stem, without any sheaths, or occasionally with some very short ones. Barren catkins 2 or 3, often sohtary, slender, acute, near U inch long j their scrt/e*- linear-lanceolate, rusty, sharpish, but without any aicn. Fertile 3 or 4, generally on short, smooth, triangular stalks, the lower stalks, as usual, variable ; each catkin al)out an indi, occa.sionally 2, in length, obtuse, a little drooping, becoming turgid and thick in ripening, and finallv ])ale, almost'straw-coloured ; .sn//e.v lanceolate, acute, or ])()inted, l)r()wn, with a green keel. Stam. 3. Stigw. 3, with a style of nearly their own length. Fruit crowded, spreading, longer than the scales, ovate, inflated, ribbed, yellowish and shining when ripe, verv smooth, terminating in a grailually ta- pering ko A, whose extremity is deejdy cloven into 2 sharp point.s. 124 MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. Seed small, sessile, triangular, short, not near filling the cavity, crowned with the long permanent style. The two varieties of Linnaeus, quoted above, are merely different stages of the fructification ; his /3 is C. sylvatica, totally unlike vesicaria. 57. C. ampullacea. Slender-beaked Bottle Carex. Fertile catkins cylindrical, elongated, nearly sessile. Scales all lanceolate, acute. Sheaths none. Fruit inflated, glo- bose, with a linear cloven beak. C. ampullacea. Gooden. Tr. of L. Soc. v. 2. 207. t^iM- Sp. PL V, 4. 308. Fl. Br. 1 006. Engl. Bot. v.ll.t. 780. Hook. Scot. 270. Schk. Car. 125. ^T, t./. 107. C. vesicaria. Huds.4l3. Lightf.566. L€ers205 cc. t. J6./. 2.II. C. rostrata. Slbth.32. Abbot 206. C. obtusangula. Ehrh. Calam. 50. C. n. 1401. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 19S. Gramen cyperoides polystachyon majus^ spicis teretibus erectis. RaiiSyn.4\9. G. cyperoides medium angustifolium, spicis teretibus erectis fla- vescentibus. Moris, u. 3. 242. sect. 8. t. 12./. 8. G. cyperoides angustifolium, spicis longis erectis. Bauh. Theatr. 84./. In pools, marshes, and the margins of rivers, not very common. About Middleton, Warwickshire. Ray. In Oxfordshire. Dill. Sihth. Rare in Bedfordshire. Abbot. Near Bungay. Mr. Woodward. In Gloucesteshire. Withering. At Virginia water. Bishop of Carlisle. Common in the north of England, and in Scotland. Curtis, Hooker. Perennial. May. Root creeping. Stem 1 or 2 feet high, with 3 blunt angles, smooth, except above the lowermost bractea. Leaves narrower than the foregoing, erect, somewhat glaucous, acute, rough at the edges and keel near the extremity. Bracteas very narrow, with no sheaths, except the lower one. Barren catkins 2 or 3, much like the last j fertile with similar short stalks, but otherwise very difterent, nearly twice as long, and scarcely above half so thick, upright ; their scales lanceolate, acute. Stam. 3. Stigm.S, with a longish style. Fruit copious and crowded, longer than the scales, half the size of C. vesicaria, moderately spreading, in- flated, almost globular, ribbed, smooth, yellowish, abruptly tipped with a linear beak, cloven at the extremity. Seed small, sessile, elliptical with 3 angles, crowned with the style. The fruit of this species resembles a bottle or flask, ampulla ; that of the last a bladder, vesica ; so that they ought never to have been confounded in character or name j to say nothing of the totally difterent shapes of their catkins when ripe. MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. 125 58. C. hirta. Hairy Carex. Herbage hairy. Fertile catkins ovate-cylindrical, remote. Scales avvned. Sheaths nearly as long as the flower- stalks. Fruit hairy, tumid, with a deeply-cloven beak. Stem rough-edged. C. hirta. Linr2..S/3.P/. 1389. WdU.vA.ZW. FLBr,]007. Engl. Bot. V. 10. t. 68.5. Hook. Scot. 270. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 11.16. Leers 206. t. 16./. 3. Schk. Car. 127. t. U, u./. 108. Ehrli. Calctm. 100. C. anonvma. Fl. Don. t. 425. C. n. 1403. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 198. Cyperoides polystachyon lanuginosum. Scheuc/iz. Jgr. 4/8. Gramen cyperoides polystachyon lanuginosum. Raii Sun. 418. Moris. V. 3. 243. sect. 8. t. 12./. 10. Fluk. Almag. 178. Phyt. t. 34. f.6. /3. Fertile catkins compound. Schk. t. V, u.f. B. In wet meadows, woods, and watery places, frequent. (3. At Copgrove, Yorkshire. Mr. D. Turner. Perennial. May, June. Boot creeping extensively, with long, stout, scaly runners, and denselv shaggy radicles. Whole herb clothed, more or less co- piously, with fine, soft, shaggy hairs, which the Bishop of Car- lisle has observed occasionally to disai)pear almost entirely, in wet situations, except at the 'top of the sheaths of the leaves, never quite smooth, and usually thickly bearded. Stem erect, 2 feet high, leafy, with 3 sharj) rough angles. Leaves scarcely so tall, u))right,'flat, rough-edged, i)ointed, most hairy beneath. Bracteas like the leaves,'" their sheaths, which are often smooth, embracing nearly the whole of each Jlower-stalk. Barren cat- kins 2 or 3, lanceolate, erect, light brown, their filmy-edged scales pointed ; lower ones awned 3 fertile 2 or 3, distant, stalk- ed, erect, cylindrical, or somewhat ovate, about an inch long ; their scales ovate, smooth, membranous, keeled, with long, slen- der, rough awns. Stam. 3. Stigm. 3. Fruit ovate, tawny, ribi)ed, always, I believe, hairy, tumid all round, though scarcely inflated j the heak broad, rough, deeply cloven, acute. Seed roundish, with 3 angles, tii)ped with i)art of the style. The separate catkin in FL Dan. t.37[), which luis been tliouglit to belong to this species, may perhajjs be C. Jiliformis, like the j)rinripal figure. Schkuhr having rightly determined the ano- nymous i)late t. \i:> of that work to be (\ hirta, renders the other less important. Plukenet's /. 31./. 6, must be intended for this, though tlie leaves answer better to C.JihJornns. A specimen of Sehkuhr's variety, our p, gathered m ^()rkshlrcby Mr. Turner, has not only the lower i)art of eacli Jtrtde catkin 126 MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. copiously branched, but the barren ones likewise are so multi- plied^ or divided at the base, that they amount to 6 or more. 59. C. secalina. Rye Carex. Fertile catkins ovate-cylindrical; the lower one very re- mote. Scales acute. Sheaths as long as the flower-stalks. Fruit ovate, rough-edged, compressed ; concave at the inner side ; with an elongated, linear, cloven beak. Stem smooth. C. secalina. Willd. Sp. PL v. 4. 309. M'ahlenb. Stockh. Trans, for 1803. 151. Schk. Car. B. 139. t. S./. 65. jS. Fertile catkins aggregate. Schk. t. K,k./. 98. Willd. v.A.2>\0. In valleys in Scotland. In a Den near Panmure, about 9 miles south-east of Forfar. Mr. T. Drummond. Perennial. Ju?ie, July ? Root apparently creeping, with stout, dark brown, reddish, branch- ed fibres. Herbage naked. Stems a foot high, or niore, erect, with 3 very smooth angles ; leafy below. Leaves linear, flat, ribbed, rough-edged, pointed, rather narrow, resembling those of the last, but not hairy. Bracteas like the leaves, very long, with naked smooth sheaths, from 1 to 2 inches in length. Barren catkins 2, often solitary, slender, with obovate, blunt, filmy scales; fertile 3 or 4, the uppermost often near together j in (3 aggregate ; the lower one, or two, very remote ; all on stalks concealed by the sheaths of the bracteas, erect, short, thick, with ovate acute scales, pale and thin at their edges. Stam. 3. Stigm.3. Fruit large, ovate, with a thin rough edge ; convex and strongly ribbed externally, without any hairiness ; deeply concave at the inner side, being so greatly compressed as to have no considerable cavity, by which character it essentially diflTers from C. hirta, the beak, moreover, being longer, narrower, rough at the edges, and somewhat membranous at the orifice. Seed obovate-oblong, triangular. My liberal friend Mr. W. Robertson of Newcastle favoured me with specimens of this, among Mr. Drummond's Scottish discoveries, under the name of C. hordeiformis, on the authority of a French botanist. It may be that species, of which we know nothing but from a figure of Villars, copied in Schkuhr, t. D, d, d,/. 121. I have most of the plants of Villars, an excellent and original au- thor, though his figures are bad; but unluckily I cannot find a specimen of his Carex in question. I think there can be no doubt of its being the same as C. secalina, Schkuhr having ac- tually seen the latter only. MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Caiex. 157 60. C. stictocarpa. Dotted Carex. Fertile catkins two, ovate, stalked. Scales pointed. Sheaths scarcely any. Fruit obovate, obtuse, pointless, finely dotted. In the Highlands of Scotland. On the lofty mountains of Clova, Angusshire. Mr. G. Don. Perennial. June, July ? Root creeping extensively, with hrown scaly runners, much like C. hlrta. Stem erect, about a foot high, triangular, smooth j leafy in its lower half. Leaves erect, linear-lanceolate, pointed, flat,' the breadth of C. hirta, but quite naked and smooth, ex- cept a roughness at the edges and keel near the extremity ; the under surface rather glaucous ; the sheaths long, close and abrupt. Bracteas leafy, as tall as the stem, very slightly, or not at all sheathing at their base, destitute oUturkles. Barren cat- kins 2, rather distant, erect, linear, obtuse, the upper, or largest, near an inch long ; scales obovate, obtuse, pointless, dark brown, with a pale rib. Fertile catkins 2, not more distant than the barren ones, ovate, not half an inch long, erect, each on a stout triangular stalk, about its own length j scales ovate, dark brown, each with a very strong, green mid-rib, ending in a shortish, stout, rather blunt point, or awn. Stigm. 3, almost sessile. Fruit shorter than the scales, roundish-obovate, somewhat tri- angular, a little compressed, greenish, or tawny, smooth, all over finely besprinkled with minute, brown, or reddish, depress- ed dots ; its termination very abrupt, without any beak. Seed not observed. In general appearance this plant much resembles C. nutans of Host, Jfillcl. V. 4. 299 j but the fruit of that species is ovate, tapering into a broad, deeply cloven, beak, and the scales of the barrenj^'as well as fertile, catkins, are more or less awned. The fruit of ours rather agrees with that of C. rigida, or recurva, and its habit perhaps with pulla, globularis, and their allies ; but the 2 very distinct barren catkins, however exceptionable that cha- racter may occasionally prove, oblige us to refer C. stictocarpa to the ])resent section', which its agreement, in some points, with hirla and /iVj/brmw may further justify. 1 have seen but a single specimen. 61. C. taigustifolia. Narrow-leaved Carex. Fertile catkins one or two, ovate, stalked. Scales obtuse. Sheaths none. Fruit ovate, conii)resscd, smooth, with a short abrupt beak. Leaves linear, channcllcci. In marshes in vScotland. In a marsh in Angussiiire. Mr. (j. I>oti. 128 MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Carex. Perennial. June? Of this I have seen but one specimen, and that none of the best. The herbage is of a very slender habit, and smooth. Stem tri- angular, 15 inches high, leafy at the bottom only. Leaves not quite so tall, erect, linear, acute, extreniely narrow, channelled, or involute, at least when dry. Bracteas leafy, but flatter, reaching nearly to the summit of the stem, without sheaths, or auricles. Barren catkins 2, the uppermost stout, obovate, ob- tuse, 4- an inch long j the other ovate, much smaller 3 their scales obovate-oblong, pointless, dark chesnut-coloured, with a pale rib. Fertile catkin at a little distance below, on a shortish stalk, erect, ovate, ^ of an inch long, with similar ^caZes. Stam. 3. Stigm. all fallen. Fruit greenish, ovate, slightly ribbed, smooth, moderately compressed, with a very short, abrupt, scarcely notched, beak. The leaves approach C. nardifolia, Willd. v. 4. 304 ; the fruit and scales C. stricta; but the stigmas are unfortunately wanting. I cannot refer this Carex to any described species, though in many particulars it is not very remote from the following. Their fruits however are altogether dissimilar. 62. Q . filiformis . Slender-leaved Carex. Fertile catkins ovate. Scales pointed. Sheaths nearly equal to the short flower-stalks. Fruit ovate, hairy, with a deeply cloven beak. Leaves linear, channelled, smooth. C. filiformis. Linn. Sp. PI. 1385. mild. v. 4. 303. Gooden. Tr, ofL. Soc. V. 2. 172. t. 20. f. 5. Fl. Br. 1008. Engl. Bot. v. 13. t.()04. Hook. Scot. 270. Don H.Br. 43. Fl. Dan. t. 1344. Wahlenb. Lapp. 234. Schk. Car. 82. t. K /.45. C. angustifolia. Linn. Ms. in Sp. PI. ed. 1, 975. C. tomentosa. Lightf.553. Huds.650. C. hirta. Fl.Dan. t.379. C. lasiocarpa. Ehrh. Calam. 19. C. splendida. Willd. Berol. 33. t. I./.3. In boggy meadows, not common. Plentifully at the south end of Ayr Links, Scotland. Dr. Hope. In the Moss of Restenet, and other places in Scotland. Mr. J. Mackay. In a bog near AviemiOre, Strathspey. Mr. Borrer. Near Eaton, Shropshire. Rev. E. Williams. Near Stoke, Nor- folk. Rev. R. For by. Perennial. June. Root creeping. Herbage smooth. Stem erect, leafless, except at the very bottom, 2 feet high, straight, slender, round, rushy j often triangular, with rough edges, at the summit. Leaves up- right, straight, narrow, channelled, or involute, pointed, rough at the edges only, rounded at the back, without any keel. Brac- teas very similar to the foliage, partly rising above the stem, with MONOECIA— TRIANDRIA. Kobresia. 129 short sheaths, and small auricles. Barren catkins 2, very rarely- solitary, a little distant, lanceolate j the largest an inch and half long, with pointed, dark-brown scales, having a yellow mid-rib. Fertile ones 2, very seldom solitary, more or less' remote, ovate, erect, on stalks hardly extending beyond their sheaths ; their scales like the others, but more decidedly pointed, or awned. Stam. 3- Stigm. 3, on a short stijle. Fruit ovate, ribbed, tur- gid, ending in a broad, deeply cloven beak, and entirely covered with short, dense, tawny, shining hairs. Seed elliptical, trian- gular, tipped with the base of the style. I have been inclined to suppose that Plukenet's t. 34. /. 6 was taken from this species, which its leaves resemble much more than CJiirta; but it is more probable his drawing was incor- rect. The separate calkin, in Fl. Dan, t. 379., may as well be- long to the plant there delineated, which is certainly CJHifor- mis, as to hirta, not agreeing well with either. 428. KOBRESIA. Kobresia. fVilld,Sp.Pl.v. 4,205. Sm.mRees's Cyclv. 20. Cotnp.ed. 4.146. Kat. Orel, see n. 427. Barr. fl, Cal. the inner scales of a catJcin, each oblong, slightly concave, single-flowered, permanent; sometimes wanting. Cor. none. Filam. 3, capillary, erect, longer than the calyx. AiitJi. vertical, linear, erect, of 2 cells. Fert, Ji. Cal. the outer scales of the same catkin^ rather larger, involute, sheathing, elliptic-oblong, single-flow- ered, ])ermanent. Cor. none. Germ, superior, triangu- lar. Stijle 1, short, cylindrical. Stigm. 3, tapering, spreading, downy. Seed I, naked, except the permanent scale which shelters it, triangular, pointed, hard. Habit like Carex, 1. K. caricina. Compound-headed Kobresia. Catkins aggregate, crowded, alternate. K. caricina. U'illd. Sp. PL v. 4. 200. Coinp. cd. 4. 1.55. Carex hybrida. Sclik. Car. t. R, r, r./. IGl. According to Will- denow, Schcenus monoicus. Engl. Bot. v. 20. t. 1410. On mountains, in moist muddy spots. In the county of Durham. Mr. Dickson. On Cronklcy Fell, and about U'iddy Bank in Tcesdalc forest. Rev. J. Harriman. Perennial. Aui;ust. Hoofs fibrous, densely tufted, crowned with the brown, sheathing bases of old leaves. iS/cm^ solitary, erect, simple, naked, round, VOL. IV. K ISO MONOECIA-^TETRANDRIA. Littorella. striated, from 3 to 5 inches high ; angular, and rough-edged, at the top. Leaves several, radical, spreading or recurved, linear, channelled, acute, rough-edged, shorter than the stem ; their longish sheaihs closely embracing its base, each crowned with a short membranous stipula. Catkins 4 or 5, alternate, brown, crowded into an ovate, upright spike, not an inch long, having a short, sheathing, brown^ membranous hractea, or two, at its base. MONO EC I A TETRANDRIA. 429. LITTORELLA. Shore-weed. Linn. Mant. 160. Juss. 90. Fl. Br. 1011. Lam. t. 7oS. Kat. Ord. Plajitagines. Juss. 31. See Plantago, v. 1. 213. Barr.Ji. Cat. of 4 ovate, upright, acute leaves. Cor. of 1 petal, tubular, permanent; tube the length of the ca- lyx, rather tumid; limb in 4 deep, equal, ovate, acute, moderately spreading segments, finally membranous. Filam. " from the bottom of the tube," {Hooker), capil- lary, very long, at first doubled inward, then erect, equal, finally flaccid. Anth. erect, heart-shaped, of 2 cells, bursting lengthwise. Tert.Ji. Col. none. Cor. of 1 petal, membranous, perma- nent, in 3 or 4 deep, unequal, acute segments. Germ. superior, elliptic-oblong, very small. /S"/?//^ thread-shaped, erect, very long. Stigm. simple, acute. Nut oval, of 1 cell, not bursting. Seed solitary. Herbaceous, with the habit of some species of Plantago, Only one species known. 1. L. lacustris. Plantain Shore-weed. L. lacustris. Linn. Mant. 295. Willd.Sp. PL v. 4. 330. Fl. Br. 1011. EngLBot.v.7.t.468. Hook. Scot. 2?]. Lond.t.iGS. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 14. 14. Plantago uniflora. Li?in. Sp. PI. 1 67. FL Dan. 1. 1 70. P. n.GoS. HaU. Hist V. 1.292. P. palustris, gramineo folio, monanthos, parisiensis. RaiiSyn.3\6. Gramen junceum, sive Holosteum minimum palustre, capitulis longissimis filamentis donatis. Moris, v. 3. 230. sect. 8. t.9»f. 30. Pluk. Almag. 180. Phyt. t. 3b. f. 2. MONOECIA— TETRANDRIA. Alnus. 131 Subularia repens, folio minus rigido. Dill, in Linn. Corresp.v.2. 136. S. repens, foliis convexo-planis. Dill. Muse. 542. ^.81. In watery sandy places, especially about the margins of lakes and pools. Perennial. June. -Roo^ somewhat fleshy, tap-shaped, with numerous simple fibres, as well as some horizontal runners, from the crown. Stem none. Leaves several, ascending, 3 or 4 inches long, linear, entire, fleshy, slightly channelled ; commonly smooth, but the Rev. Mr. Williams has found a hairy variety in Shropshire. Barren^, generally solitary, on simple upright stalks, greenish ■ fertile ones radical, sessile, their styles chiefly visible. Mr, Wilson of Warrington has communicated specimens of a variety with 2 barren /lowers on each stalk, found in Anglesea, in only one place, but there plentifully. 430. ALNUS. Alder. Tourn.t. 359. Willd.Sp. PI. v.4. 334. Hall. Hist, v, 2. 300. Comp. ed.4.i46. Gcerin.t. 90. Nat. Ord. Amentacece. Linn. 50. Juss. 99. Barr.Jl. numerous, aggregate, in a loose, cylindrical cat- kiji, imbricated every way. Cal. a permanent, wedge- shaped scale, 3-flowered, with 2 very minute lateral scales. Cor. composed of 3 e(\\.\ii\ florets, attached to the inner side of every scale, each of 1 petal, in 4 deep, equal, ovate, obtuse segments. Filam. 4, from the tube of the corolla, shorter than its segments, and opposite to them. Anth. of 2 round lobes. Fert. fl. fewer, aggregate, in an oval firm catkin, imbricated every way. Cal. a permanent, wedge-shaped scale, 2- flowered. Cor. none. Germen comj>rcsscd, of 2 cells. Styles 2, parallel, tapering, a little prominent, deciduous. Sti^rm. simple. Kut ovate, bony, compressed, angular, without wings, of 2 cells. Kerticls solitary, ovate, acute. Trees, with hard wood. Leaves alternate, stalked, simjilc, wavy or cut, deciduous, with twin deciduous stijmlas. Catkins terminal, panicled, j)endulous, earlier than the foliage. 1. A, glutinosa. Common Alder. Leaves roundish-wedge- sha})eil, wavy, serrated, glutinous, rather abrupt; downy at the branching of the vcijis be- neath. k2 132 MONOECIA— TETRANDRIA. Buxiis. A. glutinosa. Gcertn. v. 2. 54. Willd. Sp. PI. v. 4. 334. Comp. ed. 4.155. Hook.Lond.t.59. Scot. 27 \. A. n. 1 630. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 300. Alnus. RaiiSyn. 442. Ger. Em.]477.f. Lob. Ic.v.2. \9\.f. Trag. Hist. 1084./. Matt/i. Valgr. v.\.\27.f. Camer. Epit. 68./. Loes. Priiss. \0.t.\. Dalech. Hist. 97./. Betula Alnus. Linn.Sp. PL 1394, cc. Fl. Br. 1013. Engl. Bat. v.2\.t. 1508. B. emurginata. Ehrh. Arb. 9. Common Alder. Hunt. Evel. Sylv. 240. f. In watery meadows^ near lakes, rivers, or pools. Tree. March. Trunk crooked, rugged, of no great height ; with crooked, spread- ing, round, smooth branches, glutinous when young. Leaves roundish, obtuse, or lopped at the end, wavy, serrated, plaited, glutinous, of a deep shining green, with one rib, and many transverse parallel veins, downy at their origin beneath. Sti- pidas roundish, entire. Barren catkins long, pendulous 3 fertile short, oval, more spreading, permanent. Wood reddish, hard, though brittle, used chiefly for women's clogs or pattens. The bark dyes linen of a dull red, and with iron brown, or black. Alders have the colour and effect of oaks, in wet boggy situations, where the latter will not thrive. 431. BUXUS. Box-tree. Linn. Gen. 486. Juss. 388. Fl. Br. 1013. Tourn. t. 345. Lam. t.76]. Gcertn. t.lOS. Nat. Ord. Tricoccce, Linn. 38. EupJwrhice, Juss. 96. Barr,Jl, Cal. of 3 roundish, obtuse, concave, spreading, coloured leaves. Pet. 2, roundish, concave, spreading, similar to the calyx, but rather larger. Filam. 4, awl- shaped, spreading, about the length of the petals. Arith, 2-lobed, incumbent. A slight rudiment o{ a germen, Fert.Jl. from the same bud. Cat. inferior, of 4 roundish, obtuse, concave, spreading, permanent leaves. Pet, 3, roundish, concave, like the calyx, but larger. Germ, su- perior, nearly globular, with 3 blunt angles, or lobes. Styles 3, spreading, short, thick, permanent. Stigm, ob- tuse, rough. Caps, globular, with 3 spreading beaks, of 3 cells, and 3 valves, bursting elastically. Seeds 2 in each cell, erect, parallel, oblong, slightly compressed ; exter- nally rounded. Evergreen shrubs, or small trees, with rigid, smooth, stalk- ed, opposite, entire leaves. Fl. aggregate, from axillary- buds, whitish. Fr. green. MONOECIA— TETRANDRIA. Urtica. 133 l.B. sempervirens. Common Box-tree. Leaves ovate, convex. Footstalks slightly downy at the edges. Anthers ovate-arrow-shaped. 13. sempervh-ens. Li^m. S/^.PZ. 1394, Wdld.v. A.Z'il . Baitmz. 49. Fl.Br. 1013. EriglBot.v. 19. M 341. B. sempervirens arborescens. E/irfi. Arh. 138. PL Off. 219. B. n. IGIO. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 283. Buxus. Rail S//U.4A5. Ger. Em. 1410./. Loh. Ic. v. 2. 128./. Dod. Pempt.^7S2.f. Trag. Hist. 1069. f. Matth. I'algr. v. 1. 172./. Camer. Epit. 101./. Dalech. Hist. Kjo.f. /3. B. angustifolia. Dill, in Raii Sij?i.i4o. On dry chalky hills, in several parts of England. Upon Box-hill, near Dorking, Surrey ; at Boxwell, Gloucester- shire ; and at Boxley, in Kent ; there are woods of this tree j Mr. Aubry. Ray. Plentiful on tlie chalk hills near Dunstable. Mr. ll'ooducard. /3. On Box-hill. Mr. Doodij. Tree, or shrub. Jpril. A small tree, of very slow growth. Leaves ovate, hardly an inch long, dark shining green, turning to a vivid tint of vermilion in autumn ; concave and paler beneath. Stipulas none. Foot- stalks, as well as the young branches, more or less downy. Fl. pale yellow, or cream-coloured, tutted, variable in the number of their petals. Boxwood is yellowish, hard, heavy, of a firm close texture, not lia- ble to spli't. Hence its value 'for making mathematical instru- ments ; and, above all, for engraving in wood ; an art so exqui- sitely improved of late in this country, as to have almost tli^ merit of a new invention. 432. URTICA. Nettle. Linn. Gen. 480. Juss. 403. Fl. Br. 1014. Tuurn. t. 308. Lam. t.76\. Gcrrtn.i.WO. Nat. Ord. Scahridcc. Linn. 53. Urtic(V. Juss. 98. Barr.Jl. Cal. of 4 roundish, concave, obtuse, eijual leaves. Pet. none. Ned. central, cup-shaped, entire, contracted .below, variable in size. Filavu 4, awl-shaped, spread- ing, opposite to the calyx-leaves, aiul about as long. Anth. of 2 round lobes. Fcji.fl. Cal. inferior, of2e(pial, roundish, concave valves. Cdr. none. (inm. superior, ovate. Sti/lcwouc. Stigma downy. Srrd \, naked, ovate, rath(;r compressed, po- lished, embraced by the permanent calyx. A numerous, herbaceous, or shrubby, grnus, with opposite 134 MONOECIA— TETRANDRIA. Urtica. or alternate, simple leaves^ mostly serrated. FL in clus- ters, panicles, spikes, or heads, sometimes on separate plants, green. Herbage in all our species copiously armed with venomous perforated bristles, each of which has a bag of liquid poison at its base. This liquor, by a slight pressure of the hand, is transmitted into the skin, causing great irritation. Most of the numerous exotic species have not this stinging property. 1. \J, pilulifera. Roman Nettle. Leaves opposite, ovate, serrated; with transverse ribs. Fertile flowers in globular heads. U. pilulifera. Lm??. % PZ. 1395. Willd.v.A.M7. Fl. Br. 1014. Engl. Bot.v.3. i. 148. Mill. Illustr. t. 79. U. pilulifera, folio profundius, Urticse majoris in modum, seiTato, semine magno lini. Raii Syn. 140. U. romana. Ger. Em. 706./. Lob. Ic. 522. f. Trag, Hist. 3./. Fuchs. Hist. 106./. Bauh. Hist.v. 3. p. 2. 445./. U. vera. Fuchs. Ic. 58./. U. prima. Matth. Falgr.v.2.469.f. Corner. Epit.S6\.f. Da- lech. Hist. 1245. f. Roman Nettle. Petiv. H. Brit. t.l.f.W. In waste ground, amongst rubbish, chiefly near the sea. At Yarmouth, Norfolk, and Aldborough, Suffolk. Ray. About Lowestoft and Bungay, Suffolk. Annual. June, July. Herb armed all over with peculiarly venomous stings. Stem branched, leafy, bluntly quadrangular, often purple, about 2 feet high. Leaves of a dull greyish green, ovate, sometimes heart- shaped, coarsely serrated, with many transverse ribs. Stipulas ovate. Fl. axillary, on twin stalks ; that of the barren ones loosely panicled ; of the fertile simple, much the shortest, bear- ing a dense, globular, stinging head of tumid ^oi^er^. Seed brown, polished. U. balearica of Linnaeus appears a mere variety, with more heart- shaped leaves; for this is evidently a variable character, in that as well as in our romana. 2; U. urens. Small Nettle. Leaves opposite, elliptical, with about five longitudinal ribs. Clusters nearly simple. U. urens. iinw. % PZ. 1396. Willd.v.4.S52. Fl.Br.\0\5. Engl. Bot. v. 18. t. 1236. Curt. Lond.fasc. 6. t. 70. Hook. Scot, 2/1. Fl.Dan.t.739. MONOECIA— TETRANDRIA. Urtica. 135 U. n. 1615. Hall. Hist. V. 2, 287. U. minor. Raii Sijn. 140. Ger. Em. 707. f. Brunf. Herb. v. 1. 154./. Fuc/is. Hist.lOS.f. /c. GO./. U. minor acrior. Lob. Ic. 522. f. U. tertia. Matth. I'cilgr. v. 2. 471./. Camer. Epit. 863./. bad. Dalcch.HisL \244. f. Small Nettle. Petiv. H. Brit. t.].f.\0. In all cultivated ground, a troublesome weed, especially on a light soil. Annual. June — October. Smaller than the last, and of a much brighter green j its copious sti)igs hardly less virulent. The several parallel ribs of the leaves form its distinguishing character. Stipulas linear, re- flexed. Clusters oblong, scarcely branched, each bearing many barren, as well as fertile, Jlowers. Cal. of the latter ovate, a little compressed. 3. U. dioica. Great Nettle. Leaves opposite, heart-shaped. Clusters much branched, in pairs, mostly dioecious. Roots creeping. U. dioica. Linn. Sp. PI. 1306. IVilld.v.A. 352. Ft. Br. 1016. Engl. Bot. V. 2o.t.\ 750. Curt. Lond.fasc. 6. t. 69. Huok. Scot. 271. FLDan.t.746. U. n. 1614. Hall. Hist. V. 2.286. U. racemifera major perennis. Raii Syn. 139. U. urens. Ger. Em. 706./. U. sylvestris asperior. Lob. Ic. 521 ./. U. major. Brunf. Herb. r. 1 . 15 1 ./ Fuchs. Hist. 107. f. Ic 59. f. U. secunda. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 470./. Camer. Epit. 862. f. Da. lech. Hist. 1245./: Great Nettle. Petiv. H. Brit. t.\.f. 9. In waste ground, whether open or shady, and under hedges, very common. Perennial. July, August. Root branching and creeping, with fleshy shoots, and many fibrous radicles. Herb of a duller green than the last, erect, 3 feet high, with less irritating stings. Leaves large, spreading, pointed, strongly serrated, veiny. Clusters numerous, much branched, manv-flowercd. Fl. on one root chiefly barren • on another mostly fertile. Cal. of the latter occasionally with 2, or more, supernumerary leaves. The fibres of the stem may l)c manufactured like hemj), and are often found in winter naturally sci)arated and bleaclied. [ 136 ] MONOECIA PENTANDRIA. 433. XANTHIUM. Bur- weed. Linn. Gen. PIAS7 . Juss.\9\. Fl. Br. 1017. Tourn.t. 2b2. Lam. t.76D. Gcertn.t.\64. Nat. Ord. Compositce, ?, micamentacece, Linn. 49. Corym- bifera, sect. 9, anomaltjo. Juss. 65. Barr. fl. compound. Common Cal. of many, thin, imbri- cated, equal scales, on a level with the uumevous florets. Cor. compound, hemispherical, uniform \jiorets monope- talous, tubular, funnel-shaped, erect, in 5 equal, mar- ginal segments. Filam. 5 in each floret, converging in the form of a cylinder. Antli. erect, distinct, parallel. Common Receipt, scarcely any ; the jlorets are separated by scales. Fert.Jl. below the barren ones. Common Cal. 2-flowered, of 2 opposite, acutely and unequally 3-lobed, leaves, beset all about with hooked prickles, and closely united to the germen in every part, except the segments. Cor. none. Germ, oval, clothed with the prickly calyx. Styles 2 pair, capillary. Stigmas undivided. Drupa spu- rious, formed of the permanent calyx, dry, elliptic-ob- long, covered with prominent hooked prickles ; cloven at the summit. Nut of 2 cells. Seeds solitary. Herbaceous, or somewhat shrubby, rather downy, of a coarse habit. Leaves alternate, stalked, simple, lobed. Stipulas in some spinous. Fl. axillary and terminal, spiked, greenish, inconspicuous. Fr. large, aggregate, armed with hooked adhesive prickles. 1. IL. strumarium. Broad-leaved Bur-weed. Prickles none. Leaves heart-shaped ; three-ribbed at the base. X. strumarium. Linn. S-p. PI. WOO. Willd.v.4.S73. H.Br.\0l7. Engl. Bot.v. 36. t 2544. Fl. Dan. t.970. Ehrh. PL Of. 419. X. n. 1621. Hall. Hist. V. 2.292. X. seu Lappa minor. Rail Syn. 140. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2.5/2./. Matth.Faigr.v. 2. 545./. Xanthium. Fachs. Hist. 579./. Ic. 333./ Bardana minor. Ger. Em. 809 /. Merr. Pin. 14. Small Burdock. Petiv.H. Brit. t.\./\2. MONOECIA— PP:NTANDRIA. Aniaranthus. 137 In rich moist ground, or about dunghills, in the south of England, but rare. Three miles from Portsmouth, towards London. Ray. About Dul- wich, fnUisel, and Newton, In a bog beyond Peckham. Merrett. Annual. August, September. Root fibrous. Stem solitary, erect, branched, leafy, 2 feet high, furrowed, solid, downy. Leaves on long stalks, lobcd, cut, and doubly serrated, 2 or 3 inches wide, minutely downy all over j paler beneath. Clusters axillary, leafy, of 4 or 5 (ertWe Jlowcrs, and 1 or 2 barren ones ; all green, making no show. Nuts densely armed, half an inch long, adhering to the rough coats of animals, like the Arctium, v. 3. 380. Old tradition reports that the Xonthium is good for scrofulous disorders, as the specific name seems to indicate ; but it is out of use. The generic appellation alludes to a quality of dyeing yellow, which Dioscorides mentions. 434. AMARANTHUS. Amaranth. Linn. Gen. 490. Juss. 88. Fl. Br. 1018. Tourn. t. 118. H— L. Lam. t. 1^1. Gccrtn.t. 128. Nat. Ord. Holeracccc. Linn. 12. Amarantlii. Juss. .^0. Barr.Ji. Cal. of 3, or 5, erect, elliptic-lanceolate, coloured, permanent leaves. Cor. none. Filam. 3 or 5, capillary, erect, not longer than the calyx, opposite to its segments. A}ifli. oblong, versatile, of 2 lohes. Tert.Jl. in the same cluster. CaL the same. Cor, none. Germ, superior, ovate. Styles 3, sometimes but 2. Siigm. nndivided, acute, downy on the upper side. Caps, ovate, thin, bursting all round, of 1 cell. Seed solitary, glo- bose, com})ressed, filling the capsule. Species numerous, chiefly extraeuropaean, herbaceous, an- nual, with stalked, alternate, simple, undivideih entire leaves^ and copious, crowded, green or reddis.hy/otcTr5. 1. K. Bl'itum. Wikl Amaranth. Flowers three-cleft and triandrous, in small lateral tufts. Leaves ovate. Stem diffuse. A. niitum. Linn. Sp. PL MO.".. Ifilld. v. 4. 367. 77. Ih . 1018. Kmrl. Rot.v.'M.t.22\2. A. n. IGOG. //«//. //i.vrr. 2. 2S0. IJlitum rubrum minus. Rdii Cant. 23. 7)///. tn Ran Syn. \j7. liuuh. Hist. V. 2. \n]7. f. Get. Em. 32 \ . f. B. rubrum. Mntth. lalifr. v. 1.411 . /. n. album. Cnmn. h)>if. 236 ? /'. 138 MONOECIA— PENTANDRIA. Bryonia. Small Garden Blite. Petiv, H. Brit. t. I.f. 9. In low boggy rich ground, or on dunghills, not common. In various places about Cambridge. Hay. In Battersea fields. Mr. Dickson. At Ripton, Huntingdonshire. Mr. Woodward. Annual. August. Root tapering. Stems several^ spreading or procumbent, branched, leafy, round, furrowed, smooth. Leaves ovate, more or less blunt, roughish at the edges only. Ft. green, crowded, tufted, in small^ axillary, leafy clusters. Seed black and shining. 435. BRYONIA. Bryony. Linn. Gen. 508. Juss. 394. Fl. Br. 1018. Tourn. t. 28. Lam. t. 796. Gcertn. t. 88. Nat. Ord. Cuairhitacece. Linn. 34. Juss. 97. Barr,jl, Cal. of 1 leaf, bell-shaped, with 5 acute teeth. Cor. connected with the calyx, bell-shaped, in 5 deep, ovate, spreading segments. Filam. 3, short. Anth. 5 ; 2 together, combined, on 2 of the filaments; the fifth so- litary on the third filament. Fert.ji, on the same, or a separate, plant. Cal. as in the barren fl., superior, deciduous. Cor. as in the barr. fl. G^n«. inferior. iS/j//^ 3-cleft, shorter than the corolla. Stigmas cloven, spreading. Berry more or less globular, smooth and even, of 2 or more cells. Seeds in pairs, roundish, or somewhat angular, attached to the rind. Perennial, or annual, herbaceous climbers, with simple spi- ral tendrils^ and stalked, alternate, lobed, rough leaves, FL variegated with green and white, or yellow, in axil- lary loose chisters, or jpanicles. Berries red or black. 1. B. dioica. Red-berried Bryony. Leaves palmate, rough on both sides with callous points. Barren and fertile flowers on separate plants. B. dioica. Jacq.Justr.t. 199. Willd. Sp. PLv.4. t. 62\. Fl.Br. 1019. Engl. Bot.v. 7. t. 439. Hook Scot. 272. B. alba. Huds.437. Lightf.590. RaiiSijn.26\. M^oodv.t.\89. Ger.Em.869.f. B. aspera, sive alba, baccis rubris. Bauh. Pin. 297. Mill. Ic. 47. t.7U Bryonia. Trag. Hist. 820./. Vitis alba, sive Bryonia. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 620./. Camer. Epit. 987. f. Fuchs. Hist. 94. f. Ic. 52. f. In hedges and thickets very common. MONOECIA— HEXANDRIA. Eriocaulon. 139 Perennial. May — September. Root large, fleshy, white, subdivided below, ofaverv acrid purga- tive quality. »S7e7«.s; herbaceous, annual, rough, leafy, more or less branched, climbing by their tendrils to the height of several feet. Leaves 3 or 4 inches broad, with 5 angular lobes, rough all over with minute callous tubercles ; if slightly rubbed, in autumn, they exhale a musky scent. Fl. white, with elegant green ribs and veins, on panicled, or imperfectly umbellate, axillary stalks ; all barren on one plant ; fertile on another ; at least for the first 2 or 3 years 5 but Miller observed that older roots produced both sorts of blossoms, on the same plant, as is proper to all the other known species of this genus. Berries scarlet, fetid when bruised. Sometimes every filament bears a double anther. The true B. alba of Linnaeus, found on the continent, has black fruit, being called alba from its white root, in contradistinction to Tamus, the Black-rooted Bryony. MONOECIA HEXANDRIA. 436. ERIOCAULON. Pipewort. Linn. Gen. 40. Juss.4A. Fl. Br. 1009. Br. Pr. 253. Lam. i. 50. Ga-rtn. t. 83. Nat. Ord. Ensatcc ? Linn. 6. Jinici, sect. 1. Juss. 13. Res- tiacccc. Brown Prodr. 24-3. Common Cal. hemispherical, many-flowered, imbricated ; scales obovate, obtuse, ecjual, permanent. Barr.Jl. in the middle. Cal. none. Cor. of 1 petal ; tube cylindrical; limb in 6 or 4 deep segments, in a double row. lulam. 6 or 4, occasionally 3, from the segments of the limb, and a little longer, thread-shaped, erect. Anth. roundish, of 2 oblong cells. Tert.Jl. in the circumference. Cal. none. Pet. 6 or 4, in a double row, obovate. Germ. 2- or 3-Iobed, superior. Stjjle 1, very short. »S//i,'//2. 2 or 3, awl-shaped, acute. Caj)s. with 2 or 3 rounded lobes, and as many cells and valves, bursting at the angles. Seeds solitary, globular, albuminous, with an external enibri/o. 140 MONOECIA-HEXANDRIA. Eriocaulon. Aquatic herbs, chiefly extraeuropaean, first properly under- stood by Mr. Brown, to whose Prodromus, and Dr. Hooker's dissections, we are indebted for the above im- proved characters of this genus. I have removed it to Monoecia Hexandria^ the number 6 appearing to be the most complete in its corolla and stamens^ though these parts, in some species, lay aside one third, according to the analogy of other monocotyledonous plants, and the flowers then become tetrandrous, as in our only species. No genus can be more natural, but the very numerous species are so much alike, and require such minute exa- mination, that a competent character of any of them is very difficult. 1. E septangulare. Jointed Pipewort. Florets four-cleft. Capsule of two cells. Stem with about seven angles, many times taller than the channelled, ta- per-pointed leaves. Flower convex. Outer calyx-scales empty, rounded, smooth. E. septangulare. With, 184. P7. Br. 1010. Engl.Bot.v. 11, t. 7 33. Hook. Scot. 270. Lond. t. 52 ; excellent. E. decangulare. Lighff. 5' 9. Hope in Phil. Trans, v. 59. 243. 1. 1 2, Penn. Fay. to the Hebrides, v.\ .t. 39. Nasmythia articulata. Huds. 415. In lakes, in the isle of Skye, and on the west coast of Ireland. First observed in the isle of Skye by Mr. Robertson, in 1768, ac- cording to Dr. Hope ; but by the Rev. Dr. Walker's herbarium, in Mr. Maughan's possession, it appears to have been discovered . there, Sept. 11, 1764, by Sir John Macpherson, along with Dr. Walker, in a small lake by the road from Sconsar to Giesto. See Hook. Scot. In all the lakes and ditches about Cunnamara, Ireland. Mr. J. T. Mackay. Perennial. September. Roots creeping, with numerous, long, white, finely jointed radicles, matted together in dense tufts, so as to form floating islands. Leaves radical, numerous, channelled, smooth, 2 or 3 inches long, tapering gradually from a broadish base_, to a capillary point, all finely cellular internally. Stalk 3 or 4 times as tall, with a tubular sheath at the base, solitary, simple, naked, a little twisted, having about 7 angles, occasionally more or less, with flat interstices. H. solitary, terminal, almost globular, like a white double daisy, though not half so large, finely downy, tinged with purple. Anthers prominent, dark violet. [ HI ] MONO EC I A POLYANDRIA. 437. CERATOPHYLLUM. Hornwort. Linn.Gen. 493. Juss. IS. FLBr. 1020. Lam,t.77o. Gcertn.t.U. Dichotophyllon. Dill. Gen. 91. /. 3. Nat. Orel. Inundatct. Linn. 15. Naiades. Juss. 6. Rather akin to Hippuris; see y. 1. 4; and therefore to Mr. Brown's Haloragccc; see Grammar, 167. Barr.Jl. Cal. in many, deep, equal, oblong, permanent, up- right segments. Cor. none. Filam. twice as many as the segments of the calyx, 16 — 20, erect, very short. Anth. oblong, erect, rising above the calyx. Fert.Ji. Cal. as in the barren fl. Cor. none. Germ, superior, ovate, compressed. Style scarcely any. Stigma simple, oblong, oblique. Drupa ovate, compressed, crowned with the permanent stigma ; its coat thin. Nut large, so- litary, the shape of the drupa ; with 2 obovate cotijledoiis ; and a many-cleft central embryo. Branched floating herbs., with whorled forked leaves, and axillary, sii^sWe Jlo'tsjers. This genus is supposed by some botanists to be monocoty- ledonous, though Jussieu suspected otherwise, and Gaert- ner has plainly shown it to have 2 very distinct cotyle- dons, which he chose to call a vitellus, taking the many- cleft embryo, ov jdiimula, for cotyledons. The appearance of this latter part seems to have led M. Richard to think the genus allied to the Conifercc ; but if it had really many-cleft cotyledons, like Phuis, that circumstance would only prove such a character worthless, as to real natural affinity. See Lindlcy in Hook. Scot. p. 2. 297. 1. C. demcrsuni. Common Hornwort. Fruit armed with three spines. Segments of the calyx notched at the extremity. C. demersum. Linn. Sp. PL \A09. inild.v. i.'\Oi>. Fl lir. 1020. Engl. Dot. V. 14. /. 947. Hook. Scot. 272. Gccrtn. v. 1. 212. t.A\; last f. C . n . 1 :> 9 9 . 7/a //. Hist, r . 2 . 2 7;") . Dichotophyllon. Dill. Gi.ss. 1 19. Ilvdrocera'tophyllon folio aspcro, quatuor cornibus armato. Vaill. 'Mem. (k I'Ar. dcs Sc. 299. t. 1 J./. 1 . Ran Sijn. K5j. U2 MONOECIA— POLYANDRIA. Myriophyllum. Equisetum sub aqua repens, foliis bifurcis. Loes. Pruss. 67. 1. 12. In ditches and fish-ponds, common. Perennial. August, September. Herb floating, entirely under water, dark green, copiously branch- ed, 2 or 3 feet long, densely clothed with whorled spreading leaves, S in each whorl, all repeatedly cut into fine, linear, equal, acute, roughish segments. Fl. axillary, solitary, sessile, pale green. Fruit armed with 2 spreading lateral spines, and a ter- minal one from the elongated style ; all very variable in length. 2. C. submersum. Unarmed Hornwort. Fruit destitute of spines. Segments of the calyx acute, entire. C. submersum. Liww. S/5.PZ.1409. Willd.vAAOo. Fl.BrA020. Engl.Bot.v. 10.^.679. FL Dan.t.blQ. C. demersum /3. HudsA\9. Hydroceratophyllon folio laevi, octo cornibus armato. Vaill. Mem. de VAc. des Sc. 299. t. 15. f. 2. Dill, in Rati Sijji. 135. In ditches, but rarely. By the road from Chichester to Selsey island. Dill. Between Yarmouth and Gorlestone. Mr. D. Turner. Perennial. September. Like the foregoing, but Vaillant observed the leaves to be smoother, and more divided, having eight segments in all, instead of four. These characters are certainly inconstant. The presence or absence of spines on the fruit, and the segments of the calyx being, as Mr. Sowerby first discovered, sharp and entire, not toothed, are surely sufficient distinctions. Willdenow declares his decided opinion that they are not varieties of each other, though he found the segments of the leaves in both species finely serrated at the ends. 438. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Water^Milfoil. Linn. Gen. 493. Juss. 18. Fl. Br. 1021 . Vaill. Mem. de l\ic. des Sc. 306. i. 15. f. 3. G(^rtn. t 68. Pentapterophyllon. Dill. Gen. 125. t. 7. Nat. Ord. same as the last. See Grammar, 167. t. 19. / 251. Barr, fl. Cal. of 4 oblong, upright leaves ; the outer one largest; inner smallest. Pet. 4, obovate, soon falling. Filam. 8, capillary, flaccid, longer than the calyx. Anth. oblong, vertical. Fert.Jl. below the others. Cal. and Cor. as in them. Germ. 4, oblong, inferior. Styles none. Stigmas downy. Dru- MONOECIA— POLYANDRIA. Myriophyllum. 143 pas 4, oblong, with a thin coat. ISluts solitary, with a l)ard thick shell, containing a solitary kernel, in a simple skin. GcErtner, Gaertner observes that this genus is evidently dicotyledo- nous. Its natural order is no less evidently what Mr. Brown has called Haloragece, The species are all aquatic and herbaceous, with whorled, pinnatifid leaves^ and whorled, or axillary, j^o«XTr5, whose organs are not always altogether separated. 1. M. spicatum. Spiked Water-Milfoil. Flowers in whorled, interrupted, leafless spikes. M. spicatum. Linn. Sp. PL 1409. WiUd.v. 4. 406. Fl. Br. ]021 . Engl. Bot. V.2. t. 83. Hook. Scot. 272. FL Dan. t. 681. Pentapteris n. 993. IlalL Hist. v. 1. 424. Potamogiton foliis pennatis. RaiiSyn. 150. Millefolium aquaticum pennatum spicatum. Bauh. Prodr. 73./. M. pennatum aquaticum. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. 775./. Feather Pondweed. Pttiv. H. Brit, t 6./. o. /3. Millefolium aquaticum ])ennatum minus, foliolis singularibus latiusculis flosculis subjectis, donatum. Moris, v. 3. 622. sect.ij. i. 4./ 7. DHL in Raii Syn. 151. Fine Feather Pondweed. Petiv.H. Brit. t. 6./. 6. In ditches and pools frequent. /3. In a ditch near Lodden bridge, not far from Reading. J. Bo- hnrt. In the river on Hounslow heath. Doody. Perennial. July, August. Herb smooth, floating under water, with branching, round stems, and dark-green, finely pinnatifid, spreading leaves, 4 in each whorl. FL in several whorls, rising above the surfiicc, on simj)le, terminal, leafless branches, with 4 small entire hracteas under each whorl. Cal. acute, finely fringed. Pet. reddish. The variety /3, with one large simple obovate lea/ under each whorl o{ /lowers, ifMorison's plate be correct, is very remarkable. It has not fallen in my way. 2. ]M. vcrticillatum. Whorled AA^ater-Milfoil. Flowers all axillary. M. vcrticillatum. Linn.Sp.VlA WK). Jf'illd.v.A. 107 . I'l. Br.\Cr22. Engl. Bot. v.\. t.2\H. EL Dan. t. 1016. Ehrh. Ihrb. 60. M. aquaticum minus. Clus. Hist. v. 2. 2.V2./. Pann. 71 !•/' 712. Pentapteris n. 992. llnlL Hist. v. I. 42 1. Penta|)ten)pliyllou acpiaticum, flosculis ad foliorum nodos. Dill. (iis.s. 1 12. append. I2(i. /. 7. Raii ^'^yn. 316. Millefolium aquaticum minus. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. 77o./. 144 MONOECIA—POLYANDRIA. Sagittaria. Knotted Pondweed. Pefiv. H. Brit. t. 6./. 8. In ponds and ditches, much less common than the former. Near Cambridge. Raij. At Bungay, Suffolk, and Hedenham, Norfolk. Mr. Woodward. At Lakenham, Norwich. Mr. Crowe. Perennial. July. Herb like the last, but the flowering part of the stem, or branches, rises above the water, covered to the top with smaller, less deeply cut, leaveSf in the bosoms of which several whorls of Jlowers are situated, the uppermost chiefly with stamens only ; lowermost, less numerous, with pistils; intermediate ones often with both. Pet. small, white, deciduous. Stigmas thick, feathery. The leaves are 5 in each whorl. 439. SAGITTARIA. Arrow-head. Linn.Gen.470. Juss.46. Fl. Br. 1023. Lam.t.776, Gcerin.t.S4. Sagitta. Dill. Geji. 104. t. 4, Nat. Ord. Tripetaloidece. Linn. 5. Junci, sect, 3. Juss. 13. Hi/drocharidece, Br. Pr. 344. Barr. Ji. numerous. Cal. of 3 ovate, concave, permanent leaves. Pet, 3, roundish, obtuse, with short claws, flat, spreading, thrice the size of the calyx-leaves, and alter- nate with them, deciduous. F'llam. numerous, about 24, awl-shaped, collected into a round head. Anth, vertical, heart-shaped, much shorter than the petals. Fert.Jl, fewer, below the others. Cal. and Pet. as in them. Germ, numerous, collected into a head, compressed, tu- mid externally, tapering into very short styles^v^iih sharp, simple, permanent stigmas. Seeds numerous, obovate, compressed, beaked, surrounded with a vertical, dilated, compressed margin, broadest externally. ^'•Embryo sim- ple, undivided, folded." Gccrtner, Aquatic heyhs, rising above the surface. Stemnone. Leaves stalked, entire; arrow-shaped, or elliptical. Fl. large, white and handsome, in several stalked ivhorls, on a tall cojnmon stalk, 1 . S. sagittifolia. Common Arrow-head. Leaves arrow-shaped, acute. S. sagittifolia. Linn. Sp. PL 1410. mild. v. 4. 408. Fl. Br. 1023. Engl. Bot.v. 2. i. 84. R. Dan. t. 172. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 15. 14. Ehrh. Herb A 40. Sagitta. Raii Syn. 258. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. 779./. Camer, Epit.S74.f. S. n.1185. Hall Hist. V. 2. 80. MONOECIA— POLYANDRIA. Arum. 145 S. minor. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 483./. S. major et minor. Ger. Em.4\6.f,f. Narrow Arrow-head. Petiv. H. Brit. t.43.f. 11. (3. Sagitta major. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 482./. Camer. Epit. 875./. Broad Arrow-head. Petw. H. Brit. t. 43./ 1 0. y. Sagitla aquatica omnium minima. Rail Sijn. 258. Small Arrow-head. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 43./ 12. $. Sagitta aquatica, foliis variis. Loes. Pruss. 234. t. 74. Grass Arrow-head. Petiv. H. Brit. t.43.f 9. In ditches, ponds, and the margins of rivers, common 3 but not found in Scotland. Perennial. Jiihj, August. Root tuberous, nearly globular, with many long fibres, and throw- ing out bulbiferous runners, as observed by Mr. L. Wigg. Herb milky, smooth. Leaves on long, triangular, very cellular/00^- stalks, sha])ed like the head of an arrow, with two sharp lobes pointing downward, and one upward, the latter occasionally less acute. Nothing is more variable than the breadth and size of the leaves, which are diminished almost to nothing when deeply immersed in the water, or exposed to a rapid current. Hence the above varieties mentioned by authors, but which the slight- est observation will discover to be evanescent. Fl. 3 in each whorl, with combined bracteas at the base of their partial stalks. Pet. snow-white, with a violet claw, quite distinct from the calyx, and falling off while that remains. Yet the great Jussieu decrees these petals to be the inner leaves of the cahjx, because the plant is monocotyledonous ; but surely this is no less erro- neous tlian in the Orchidecc. It teaches no truth, for it is an arbitrary violation of common sense. This species of Sagittaria a])))cars to be a native of China and the East Indies, as well as of Europe, and perhaps of North Ame- rica likewise. Representations of it, tliat cannot be mistaken, often occur on oriental porcelain, associated with the conse- crated Cyamus, or Sacred Bean, whose history is given in Exot. Bot. v. 1 . 59. The late Mr. Payne Knight, so distinguished for his profound learning, suggested to me, that, as the Cyamus is an acknowledged emblem of fertility and reproduction, the Ar- row-head indicates the contrary, or a destroying power. Tliey are the egg, and the anchor, or arrow-head, so general in archi- tectural ornaments. 440. ARUM. Cuckow-pint. Linu.Gen.470. Juss. 24. Fl.Br.\()23. Tnurn.t.GO. Lani.t.TW. Gcertn. t.M. Nat. Ord. Piperita:. Linn. 2. Aroidciv. Juss. 7. Common Oil. of one, upright, sheathing, oblong leaf; con- VOL. IV. 1^ J 46 MONOECIA— POLYANDRIA. Arum. voluted at the base ; converging above ; contracted to- wards tlie middle ; coloured within ; containing the flow- er's and their commo7i stalk ; the latter terminating above in a coloured, nearly cylindrical, naked appendage, fi- nally withering. Cor. none. Barr.Jl. Filam. numerous, very short and thick, disposed in a dense ring, of several rows, round the stalky within the convoluted part of the calyx, and surmounted, at a small distance above, by another aggregate ring, of ap- parently abortive, slender-pointed, filaments. Anth. of 2 lateral, elliptic-oblong, single-celled lobes, opening by solitary pores. Fert.Ji. Germ, sessile, obovate, rather more numerous, in a dense compound ring, round the lower part of the stalk, at a small distance from the barren flower. Styles none. Stigm, downy. Berry juicy, globose, of 1 cell. Seeds several, roundish, or angular, w^ith a simple em- hryo. Smooth Jierhs, acrid until they are dried, rarely caulescent. Leaves either arrow-shaped, or many-lobed. Fl. soli- tary, in some species ver}^ fetid. 1. A. maculatum. Common Cuckow-pint, or Wake Robin. Stem none. Leaves halberd-shaped, entire. Common stalk of the flowers club-shaped, obtuse. A. maculatum. Linn. Sp. PL 1370. Willd.v.4.483. Fl. Br.l024. Engl.Bot.v.l9.t.\298. Hook. Scot. 272. Curf.Lond.fasc.2. t. 63. Woodv. t. 25. Mill. Illustr. t. 76. Fl. Dan. t.505. Arum. RaiiSyn.266. Riv. Monop. Irr. 1. 124. Fuchs.Hist. 69./. Ic. 40./. Matth.Valgr.v.i.bAb.f. Camer.Epit.365,366.fJ. Dii Gort, Benef. Comm. 3 8./. A. n. 1302. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 160. A. vulgaie. Ger. Em. 834./. Mill. Jc, 35. t. 52. f. 1. A. officinarum. Lob. Ic. 597./. Ap(x,Koyrsoc i^iKpyj. Diosc, let. 131. In groves, bushy places, borders of fields, and hedge banks, com- mon. Perennial. May. Root tuberous j when fresh, mucilaginous and acrid ; when dried, affording plenty of white, wholesome, nutritious flour, fit for making bread. Herb of a shining green. Stem none. Leaves stalked, broadly arrow-shaped, more or less hastate, acute, erect^ spotted variously with black. Flower solitary, on a simple ra- dical stalk, erect, pale green, 'vitli a red tint, and some occa- MONOECIA-POLYANDRIA. Poterium. 147 sional spots ; the naked summit of the stalk within dark purple-* reported to give out, at the time of its perfection, a considerable degree of heat. Berries scarlet, internally viscid, remaining long after the leaves and all parts of the flower have disap- peared. 441. POTERIUM. Salad-Burnet. Linn. Gen. 495. Juss.336. FL Br. \02\. Lam. t. 777. Pimpinella. Tourn. t.68. Gccrhi. t.32. Nat. Orel. Scnticosc€. Linn. 35. Rosacecc. Juss. 92. See Gramma?^ 172. Gaertner, like Haller, unites this genus with Sangidsorba. ?'. 1.217. Barr.Jl. Cr//. of 3 ovate, coloured, spreading, deciduous leaves. Cor. of 1 petal, tubular, in 4 deep, ovate, con- cave, spreading segments, permanent. Filam. nume- rous, 30 — 50, capillary, flaccid, much longer than the corolla. Anth. roundish, 2-lobed. Fert. ji. above the others. Cal. as in them. Cor. of I pe- tal, wheel-shaped ; tube short, roundish, closed at the mouth ; limb in 4 deep, ovate, flat, reflexed segments, permanent. Germ. 1 or 2, ovate-oblong, within the tube, each of 2 cells, and crowned with a capillary, co- loured style, much longer than the limb. Sfigm. radiated, coloured. Nut invested with the dry tube of the corolla, angular, rugged, of 1 or 2 cells. Kernels oval, solitary. //d7v^»; or 6///7^(^.S sometimes thorny. Leaves \m\\\[\ie ; ser- rat(Kl or cut. Ft. in heads, or spikes, terminal. I. P. Sanguisoi^ba. Common Salad-Burnet. Thorns none. Stem somewhat angular. P. Sanguisorba. Linn. Sp. PL 1411. fVilld. v. 4.421. FL Br. 1 025. Fn-L Bot. V. 12. <.8G0. IJuoJc.ScoL 273. Curt. Land. fuse. 2. /. G 1. Mart. Rust. t. 69. Dicks. H. Sice. fuse. 9. 1 ."). Sanguisorba minor. Raii Sijn. 203. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. I LV /. 1 1 fJ. Fuchs. Hist. 7H[).f. Ic. 4f,7.f. I»imi)inella. n. 70G. Hall. Hist. v. 1,31 2. P. hortcnsis. Ger. Fm. 101.1. /. P. sive Sanguisorba minor. Matth. lali^r. v. 2, 381. /*. ianicr. FpiL777.f. P. minor. Dalech. Hist. 1087./. Sideritis sccunda Diosroridis. Column. Fcphr. 123. /'. 124. On chalky hills, or about limestone rocks, abinidantly. Perennial. July. U8 MONOECIA— POLYANDRIA. Quercus. Root woody. Stems branched, herbaceous, angular, smooth, leafy, many-flowered, 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves pinnate, of several pairs of rounded, neatly serrated, veiny lectflets, with an odd one, all of a deep, somewhat glaucous, green, smooth, but not shi- ning. Stipulas joined to the base of the footstalks in pairs, sharply cut. Spikes, or heads, globose 3 of many fertile Jlowers in the upper part, which is remarkable 3 and a smaller number of barren ones below, whose crimson stamens resemble elegant silk tassels. Nut quadrangular, wrinkled. The leaves taste and smell like Cucumber, and give that flavour to salads, for which purpose this plant is very generally culti- vated. 442. QUERCUS. Oak. LiHn.Gen.49D. Juss.4\0. Fl.Br.l025. Tourn. t.349. Lam, t. 779. Gcertn. t. 37. Nat. Ord. Amentacece. Linn. 50. Juss. 99. Four follow- ing genera the same. Barr, Jl. in a loose catkin, deciduous. Cal. a scale of 1 leaf, in 4, 5, or more, deep, often divided, segments. Co7\ none. Filam. several, about 8 or more, short, awl- shaped. A7ith. roundish, of 2 channelled lobes. Fert. Jl. separate. Cal. double, both permanent ; outer one inferior, hemispherical, coriaceous, single-flowered, entire, much enlarged in the fruit, and externally scaly, or tuberculated ; inner superior, of 1 leaf, in 6 minute, deep, sharp, downy segments, closely surrounding the base of the style. Co7\ none. Germ. 1, below the inner calyx, globose, of 3 cells, with rudiments of 2 seeds in each. Style solitary, short, conical. Stigm. 3, obtuse, re- curved. Ntit solitary, oval, coriaceous, not bursting, of 1 cell, attached by a broad scar to the inside of the outer calyx. Kernel solitary, rarely 2, with large half-ovate co- tyledons, without any separate albumen; embryo at the top of the seed. Large trees, with simple, alternate, deciduous or evergreen, leaves, and small axillary Jlowers ; the wood more or less valuable in different species ; the bar'k useful for tanning. L Q. Robur. Common British Oak. Leaves deciduous, oblong, wider towards the extremity; their sinuses rather acute; lobes obtuse. Fruit-stalks elongated. Q. Robur. Linn. Sp. PI. 1414. Fl. Suec. 340, a. Fl.Br, 1026. MONOECIA-POLYANDRIA. Quercus. 149 Engl. Bot. V. 19. t. 1342. Hook. Scot. 373. Woadv. t. 12G. Huds. 42], a. Mart. Rust. t. 10 ; the stalked variety. Q. pedunculata. mild. Sp. PL v. 4. 450. Baumz. 2/8. Ait. IL Kew. ed. 2. V. 5. 294. Ehrh.Arb.77. PI. Of. 168. Q. foemina. With. 387. Fl. Dan. t. 1 180. Q. n. 1G2G, a, major. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 296. Q. latifolia. Raii Sijn. 440. Q. vulgaris. Ger. Em. 1339, 1310./,/. Lob. lev. 2. 154, 155.//. Q. Hemeris. Dalech. Hist. 4. f. Q. cum longo pediculo. Bauh. Pin. 420. Duham. Arb. v. 2. 202. t.47. Quercus. Trag. Hist. 1 102./ Fuchs. Hist. 220./. Ic. 130./ Matth. Valgr.v. 1. 184./ Camer.Epit.] W . f. Tabern.Kreuterb. 1374./ Oak Tree. Hunt. Evel. Sylv. 69./ In woods and hedges every where. In mountainous situations of more humble stature. Tree. April. A large, umbrageous, very handsome tree, with round, smooth, leafy, more or less wavy, branches. Leaves deciduous, alternate, on short stalks, smooth, bright green, unequally cut into paral- lel, bluntish, entire, marginal lobes, with rather acute sinuses, and furnished with a single mid-rib, sending off veins into the lobes. Barren^, in numerous, pendulous, stalked, yellowish, downy, deciduous catkins, 2 inches long, from lateral scaly buds. Fertile on axillary simple stalks, few, scattered, sessile, lateral, small, greenish tinged with brown ; their outer calyx subse- quently much enlarged and hardened, constituting the well- known permanent cup of the smooth, finally deciduous, nut, or acorn, which last is crowned by the small, chaffy, converging: inner calyx. Acorns, the noted food of hogs, arc eaten likewise by pheasants 3 probablv by turkeys in a half domesticated state. We have known a considerable number taken out of the crop of one pheasant, which, on being ))lantcd, grew. The value of the noo(/, as the most useful for all the most imj)ortant purposes, is well known. When finely veined, it is no less ornamental. This species of Oak, afiording tiie best, strongest, and most lasting timber, received from Linnieus the classical name of Robur, ap- proj)riated to tlie hardest and best kind of Oak. How W'illde- now came to misa|)ply this speciric ap|)ellation to the following, or worst kind, and why he is countenanced in this wilful error in the Hort. Kcu\, contrary to the knowledge of all botanists, 1 am not able to give any satisfactory reason. Ueichard seems the original cause, in the misajiplication of the references to Lin- naeus, in his Syst. Plant, v. 4. I 63. 150 MONOECIA— POLYANDRIA. Fagus. 2. Q. sessUiflora. Sessile-fruited Oak. Leaves on elongated stalks, deciduous, oblong ; with op- posite, acute sinuses. Fruit sessile. Q. sessiliflora. Salisb. Prodr. 392. Fl. Br, 1026. Engl. Bot. v, 26. i. 1845. Hook. Scot. 27 :i. Q. sessilis. Ehrh. Arh. 87. Q. Robur. Willd. Sp. PL V. 4. 450. Baumz.277. Huds. 42\,p. Mart. Rust. t.W. sessile variety. Q. latifolia mas, quae brevi pediculo est. Raii Syn. 440. Q. platyphyllos. Dalech. Hist. S.f. /3. Durmast Oak. Mart Rust. t.\2. In woods, less common than the foregoing. In Bagley wood, and divers other places, first observed by Mr. Bobart. Ray. In many parts of Norfolk ^ also about London. /3. In the New Forest^ Hampshire. Martyn. Sussex. Mr, Borrer and Mr. Lyell. Tree. April, May. The wood of this species being far inferior to the true Q. Robur in quality, it is highly important to distinguish them, though long considered as varieties. The leaves of the present have longer, more slender, footstalks, and are more equally and regularly pinnatifid -, in the variety |3 they are downy underneath, and generally thought more lasting, or inclined to be evergreen. The most clear and indisputable specific character, noticed by the older writers, consists in the fertile Jlowers having little or no stalks, which difference exists likewise in the Acorns. Those writers however do not appear to have been aware of the infe- rior value of the timber. Professor Martyn has given some re- marks on this subject, highly worthy of notice. 443. FAGUS. Beech and Chesnut. Linn.Gen.496. Juss. 409. Fl.Br.l027. Tourn.t.So]. Lam. t. 782. Gcertn. t. 37. Castanea. Tourn. 1.352. Ga;rtn.t.37. Nat. Ord. see ?i. 442. Barr. fl. either few, in a short roundish cathiyi ; or nume- rous, in a long cylindrical one. Col, of one leaf, in 5 or 6 segments. Cor, none. Filam, 5 — 20, or more, capil- lary, longer than the calyx. Anth, roundish, or oblong, of 2 lobes. Fert.Ji. stalked. Cal, double, both permanent ; outer one inferior, coriaceous, externally prickly, in 4, 5, or 6 deep segments, containing 2 or 3 flowers ; inner superior, of 1 leaf, in 5 or 6 deep segments, internally woolly. Cor, MONOECIA— POLYANDRIA. Fagus. 131 none. Germ. 2 or 3, below the inner calyx, ovate, more or less compressed or angular, of 3 or 6 cells, with rudi- ments of 2 seeds in each. Styles 3 or 6, short. Stignu oblong, undivided, spreading or erect, permanent. Nuts 2 or 3, ovate, more or less angular, coriaceous, not burst- ing, of 1 cell, attached to the base of the outer calyx, and crowned with the inner one. Kertiels 1, 2, or 3, with large, furrowed, or plaited cotijledons^ widiout any sepa- rate albumen: cmhrijo at the top of the seed. Large trees, with hard ii:ood. and stalked, alternate, simple, deciduous, more or less serrated, or wavy, leaves. Fl. from axillary buds. 1 . F. Castanea. Sweet Chesnut. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrated ; smooth beneath. Prickles of die outer calyx compound and entangled. Stigmas six. F. Castanea. Linn. Sp. PI. 1416. FL Dr. 1027. Eiigl. Bot.v. 13. t.SSG. mild.Baumz.lW. Ehrh.Arb. ]29. Castanea. RaiiSyn.44Q. Bauh.Hist. v.\. p.2.\2\.f. Trag. Hist. J 100./. Fuchs. Hist. 377. f. /c.214./. Matth.f^algr.v.\.\9\ ./. Camer.Epit.WS.f. Duham. Arh.v.l.t.'jQ. Dod. Pempt.S\4.f. Ger. Em. 1442./. C. vesca. Gcertn. v.\. ISl . t.37. f. \. Wilhl Sp. PL v. 4.460. C. vulgaris. ''DeCand. FL GalL Sijn. 181." Hook. Scot 273. C.n. 1623. HalLHisL u. 2. 292. C. sativu. MilLIc.b(J.t.HA. Chesnut tree. Hunt. EvcL Sylv. 159./. In woods ; whether wild or not has been doubted, but it appears to be so in the south and west of England, and has been em- ployed in some of our oldest buildings. Tree. May. A stately and majestic tree, rivalling, if not exceeding, the British Oak in size and duration. The bark is remarkable for its deep and wide clefts, which seem to have furnished ideas for some ornaments in Gothic arcliitecture. Branches widely spreading ; round and smooth when young. Eeavcs near a span long, el- liptic-lanceolate, acute, smooth, with many transverse veins, cndijig in sliarp serraturcs ; of a rich shining green above ; ])aler beneath. Hanen catkins numerous, axillary, solitary, yellow, l)endulous, almost lus long as tlie leaves, deciduous. FL ranged along the common stalk in lateral sessile tufts. Stavi. numerous, spreading. Fert. fL much fewer, on terminal stalks, which are lengtliened out as "the fruit advances. Styles about 6, with long, smootli, upright stigmas. Cnertner detected about IJ scarlet 159 MONOECIA— POLYANDRIA. Fa^us &" rudiments of stamens, among the wool at the base of the styles. Nuts large, broadly ovate, generally 2, flat on the inner side, attached by a broad scar to the bottom of the greatly enlarged outer calyx, whose outside is copiously armed with complicated sharp prickles. Chesnuts afford a wholesome and grateful food to many quadru- peds, as well as to mankind. Cultivation renders them larger^ but the wild sort is equally good. 2. F. sylvatica. Common Beech. Leaves ovate, obsoletely serrated. Prickles of the outer calyx simple. Stigmas thrde. F. sylvatica. Linn. Sp. PL 1416. fVilld. v. 4. 459. Baumz. 1 13. FL Br. \028. Engl. Bot. v. 26. t. \S46^ Hook. Scot. 274. Sibth. Oxon.\52. Fl.Dan.t.]2S3. F. n. 1622. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 292. Fagus. Rail Syn. 439. Bauh. Hist. v. 1 . p. 2. 117./. 1 18. Trag. Hist. 1 107. /. Matth. Valgr. v. 1 . 185. /. Camer. Epit. 1 12./. Dod. Pempt. 832. f. Ger. Em. 1444./. Beech tree. Hunt. Evel. Sylv. 136./. In woodsj especially on chalky hills. It is remarkable, as Ray ob- serves, that Csesar asserts there is no Beech timber in Britain. Comm. de Bello Gallico, book 5. sect. 10. Tree. April, May. A handsome umbrageous tree, with a smooth bark, and shining leaves, which remain during winter, in a dry state, on the branches, and are very long in decaying after their fall. Hence they form a thick bed, through v/hich grasses, and herbaceous plants in general, perhaps, do not readily penetrate ; though OrchidecB ,Rnd some parasitical vegetables, flourish most in Beech woods. Seedlings of this tree, with their pale cotyledons, look not unlike som.e kinds of Fungus. The leaves are 2 or 3 inches ]ong, slightly and unequally serrated, with a silky marginal fringe, and downy veins. Bavr. Jl. brown, 3 or 4 in each round, stalked, drooping head, or catkin. Fertile ones above them, so- litary, on stouter stalks. Cal. of the fruit 4-cleft, clothed with simple pliant prickles. Stigmas 3 in each flower, spreading, acute, downy. Nuts 2, with 3 equal, very sharp, angles, and crowned with the inner calyx, as Gsertner properly, I now think, denominates it. I have profited of the light thrown by this learned botanist upon Quercus, Fagus, and their allies, though I cannot concur with him in separating Castanea from Fagus. No genus, I think, can be more natural than Fagus, as esta- blished by Linnaeus. There is no shadow of a character to di- stinguish Castanea, but number in the parts of fructification, which, in this tribe, is of all things most uncertain ; see Introd. to Botany, ed.b.383. I ''condemn" nobody; but Gsertner, like MONOECI A— POLYANDRI A. Betula. 1 53 all botanists devoted to one object, as he was to fruits and seeds, mostly attach too universal and exclusive importance to such parts/in botanical discrimination. A good judge should con- template the whole fructification and habit impartially, learning from thence the limits of a genus, and not making technical characters form the genus, as is now too often done ; witness some able french writers on Orcliulecc, and a thousand unlearn- ed ones on every side. Willdenow cannot however pass un- blamed for naming corolla in Castanea, what is evidently as truly a calyx as in his Fagus. Could he really aim at making only a more plausible generic character r — Dr. Hooker very pro- perly corrects him. The 7iuts, termed Beech Mast, are the food of hogs, and of va- rious small wild quadrupeds. By pressure they yield a sweet oil, fit for many purposes, but which has, I know not why, dis- appointed several speculators who aimed at making it a source of ])ecuniary advantage. 444. BETULA. Birch. Linn. Gen. ASd. Juss. 409. Fl.BrAOW. Camp. eel. \. ]:>7. Tourn. t. 3C0. Lam. t. 760. Gcertn. t. 90. Nat. Ord. see n. 442. Barr.Jl. Catkin cylindrical, lax, imbricated all round, with ternate, concave scales ; the middle one largest, ovate. Cor. none. Filam. 10 — 12, shorter than the middle scale, to which they are attached. Anth. roundish, 2-lobed. Fert, f., C«//i77i similar, but more dense; scales horizon- tal, peltate, dilated outwards, 3-lobed, 3-flowered. Cor, none. Germ, compressed, bordered, of 2 cells. Slj/les 2, awl-shaped, downy. Sligm. simple. Nut oblong, de- ciduous, winged at each side, of 1 cell, with a solitai-y /ce?mel. Trees or shrubs^ very hardy, with rounti, slender brauc/ies ; scattered, stalked, simple, serrated, deciduous leaves .• and a hard, often veiny, Xiiood. Bark., in several species, of many fine, soft, membranous layers. 1. 15. all/a. Coinnioii liirch. /S. A\Vt'pini^' Birch. Leaves ovate, acute, somewhal deltoid, unecjually senatid, nearly smooth, li. alba. Lum.S],. Vl.WVX). ////A/, r. I. ll.-J //./;/. 101 J. l.u-l. Hot. V. :\ I . /. 'J I i)S. //oo/t. Siut. 'J7 1 . / /. i)au. t. I I(i7. H. n. 1 (J'JH. Hall. Uisl. »'. 2. 2!)!). ]\. puhescens. Ehrh. Arb. i\7 . PI. Of. 33S. 154 MCNOECIA—POLYANDRIA. Betula. Betula. RaiiSyn.US, Trag. Hist.lllS.f. Bauh. Hist.v.l. p.2. 149. f. Matth. Valgr. v, 1. 128./. Camer. Epit. 69./. Dod. Pempt. 839./. Ger. Em. 1478./. Lob, Ic. v. 2. 190./. iS. B. pendula. Roth Germ. v. 1 . 405. v. 2. p. 2. 476. B. verrucosa. Ehrh.Arb.96. PL Off. 328. B. pendulis virgulis. Loes.Pruss.26. In woods, especially in moist, heathy, or mountainous situations, on a turfy soil over sand, as Ray observes. Tree. Jpril, May. One of the most hardy of trees, conspicuous in plantations for its white scaly cuticle^ and when old, for the deep black clefts of its bark. The wood is hard, tough, and white. Branches long and slender, especially in old trees j in /3, which is hardly a perma- nent variety, they droop more, and are minutely warty. Leaves ovate, or slightly deltoid, taper-pointed, unequally, or rather doubly, serrated ; a little downy underneath, though not so in /3 ; and assuming a golden colour in autumn. Catkins termi- nal, stalked, pendulous j the fertile ones falling all to pieces when ripe, scattering the numerous winged seeds. The branches of this tree make the best brooms. The wood is use- ful for many purposes. Its sap contains much sugar, and fer- ments into a kind of rustic wine, if obtained from wounds in the trunk, before the leaves appear. 2. B. 7iana, Dwarf Birch. Leaves orbicular, crenate, reticulated with veins beneath. B. nana. Linn. Sp. PL 1394. Am. Acad. v. l.l.t.l. FL Lapp. ed.2.274.t.6.f.4.Willd.Sp.PLv.4.46D. FLBr.lO\2. EngL BoL v. 33. t. 2326. Light/. ^75. t. 25. Hook. ScoL274. PalL Ross. v.\.p.\. 63. t. 40. f. D, G. FL Dan. t.9\. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 8. 1 5. Ehrh. Arb. 18. Gagnebin Act. Helvet. v. 1.58. Lind. Wiksb. 5. B.nanasuecorum. BromeLChLGoth. 11. Linn.Act. Suec.\735, 15. B. n. 1629. HalLHisL v. 2. 300. B. n. 259. Amm. Ruthen. 180. B. palustris pumila, foliis parvis rotundis. Cels. Act. Suec. 1732. 3. In spoRgv bogs, in the mountainous parts of Scotland. Found by Sir James Nasmyth, Bart, in Tweedale. Huds. In Bread- albane, and Ross-shire j also in the Lowlands. Light/. On Ben Lawers ; Mr. Winch. Hooker. Shrub. May. Stem bushy, 2 or 3 feet high, with copious branches, slightly downy when young ; beset with numerous, little, round, firm, smooth, sharply crenate leaves, beautifully reticulated with veins, espe- cially beneath, and furnished with short /ootstalks, having a pair of brown lanceolate stipulas at their base. Catkins erect, stalked. MONOECIA— POLYANDRIA. Carpinus. 155 cylindrical, obtuse j the barren ones lateral ; fertile terminal. >errate(l, wilh two lateral lobes. 156 MONOECIA— POLYANDRIA. Corylus. C. Betulus. Linn.Sp.Pl.U\(}. Willd.v.4.467. Fl.BrA029. EngL Bot. V. 29. U 2032. Hook, Scot. 27 A. Fl. Dan. 1. 1345. C.n. 1627. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 298. Carpinus. Matth. Valgr.v. \. \3\.f. Camer. Epii.7\.f. Dod. Pempt.S4\.f. Ostrya Ulmo similis, fructu in umbilicis foliaceis. Bauh. Pin. 427. Rail Sijn.45]. Ornus. Trag.Hist.l\09.f. Fagus sepium, vulgo Ostrys Theophrasti. Bauh. Hist, vA. p. 2. 146./. Betulus. Loh. lev. 2. 190./. ^ B. sive Carpinus. Ger. Em. 1479./ In woods and hedges^ on a meagre, damp, tenacious soil. It makes a principal part of the antient forests on the north and east sides of London, as Epping, Finchley, &c. Tree. May. A rigid tree, of humble growth, patient of cropping, and well suit- ed for cut hedges, or covered walks, in gardens of the old style, some of which may still be seen, attached to several old English mansions. The wood is, as Gerarde says, of a horny toughness and hardness j the 6arA- smooth and whitish, orlightgrey. Leaves resembling those of an elm, but smooth, doubly serrated, point- ed, about 2 inches long, plaited when young, having numerous, parallel, transverse, hairy ribs. Stipiilas oblong, obtuse, smooth, reddish, deciduous. Catkins and dusters terminal, solitary, drooping ; the latter becoming greatly enlarged, with perma- nent, dilated, stalked, unequally 3-lobed, sharply serrated, veiny, dry, pale-green hracteas, each enveloping an angular nut scarcely bigger than a grain of barley. When standing by itself, and allowed to take its natural form, the Hornbeam makes a much more handsome tree than most people are aware of. 446. CORYLUS. Hasel-nut. Linn. Gen. 498. Juss.4\0. Fl. Br. \030. Toiirn. t.347. Lam. t. 780. Gcertn. t. 89. Nat. Ord. see ii. 442. Barr. /I. Catkin cylindrical, imbricated every way. Scales single-flowered, imbricated, much contracted at the base, in 3 deep, ovate, concave segments, the middle one largest, lying over the others. Cor, none. Filam. 8, or more, hanging from the under side of each scale, capil- lary, rather short. AntJi, roundish, compressed, of 2 cells, pendulous, not extending beyond the scale. Fert. f, from remote scaly buds, aggregate. Outer calyx inferior, of 1 leaf, deeply divided, many-flowered, subse- MONOECIA— POLYANDRIA. Corylus. 157 quently much enlarged, permanent; iimcr superior, very minute, obsolete, deciduous. Cor. none. Germ, very small, ovate, with rudiments of 2 seeds. Sti/Ies 2, very short. Stigmas prominent, awl-shaped, coloured, finely downy, deciduous. Nut ovate, with a broad scar, bony, not bursting, a little compressed and downy at the top, scarcely pointed, of 1 cell, internally spongy or filamen- tous, invested with the greatly enlarged, coriaceous, jao-o-ed, downy outer calyx, whose base is succulent. Kernel solitary, rarely 2, ovate, with large, half-ovate cotijledons, without a separate albumen ; embryo oblong, at the top of the seed. Small trees, more or less downy, with round branches, and stalked, alternate, roundish, serrated, deciduous leaves^ coming after the naked catkins and Jloiver-biids. Nntseat- able. The forms and proportions of the calj/x of the fruit, I think, indicate distinct species, permanent from seed. 1. C. Avellana, Common Hasel-nut, or Stock-nut. Stipulas ovate, obtuse. Leaves roundish, heart-sliaped, pointed. Young branches hairy. Calyx shorter than the nut. C. Avellana. Linn.S^.Vl.WM . Willd.v.4.470. H.Br. 1030. Engl. Bot. L". II . t. 723. Hook. Lond. 1. 1 7. Scot. 275. Ft. Dan. «. 14C8. Ehrh. PL Of. \9S. C. n. 1 C25. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 295. C. sylvestris. Rail Sun. 439. Ger. Em. 1438. /. Lob. Ic. v. 2. 192./. Nux Avellana. Matth. Valgr. v. 1 . 255./. right hand part. Camer. Epit.\77.f.2. Avellana nux sylvestris. Fuchs. Hist. 398./. Ic. 22b. f. Hasel-nut tree. Hunt. Evel. Sijlv. 220./ In hedges and copses every where. Tree. March, April. A small bushy tree, with copious branches, liairy, or glandular, when young-. Leaves 2 or 3 inches wide, doubly serrated, light green, downy, especially beneath. Barren catkins terminal, clustered, or panicled, greyish, long and pendulous, opening in the early spring, before the leaves appear, and indeed formed during the preceding autumn. The ovate scaly buds, contain- ing the fertile flowers, become conspicuous at the same time, by their tufts of crimson stigmas. The nuts, 2 or .3 from each bud, are sessile, rovnidish-ovate, half covered by the jagged outer r«/»/.r of their respective //oM-'cr.s, greatly enlarged, and perma- nent. 158 MONOECIA— MONADELPHIA. Pinus. The wood is reported to make excellent charcoal for drawing, of the preparation of which, and of the whole history of this plant. Dr. Hooker gives a full account, annexed to an admirable figure. The cheat of the divining rod, for finding water, revived in our days, is best forgotten -, like another even more impudent cheat, of seeing with the fingers' ends. MONOECIA MONADELPHIA. 447. PINUS. Fir. Linn. Gen. 499. Juss. 414. Fl. Br. 1031. Tourn. t. 355, 356. Zam. ^. 786. Gartn.t. 91. Nat. Ord. Conifer ce, Linn. 51. Juss. 100. Barr.Jl, Ca^f/^m deciduous, of numerous, naked, spreading stamens^ connected by one common stalk. Cat. none. Cor, none. Filam. very short. Anth. erect, wedge- shaped, of 2 cells, bursting lengthwise at each side, crowned with a jagged, membranous crest. Fert.Ji, Catkinovate, or roundish, of numerous, imbricated, close, rigid, permanent, 2-flowered, 2-lipped scales. Cal. none. Cor. none. Germ. 2, at the base of each scale within. Sti/le 1 to each germen. Stigm. prominent, obtuse, eva- nescent. Cone ovate, hard and woody, of numerous rigid, peltate, permanent scales, finally starting asunder. Seeds 2 to each scale, oval, each crowned with a large, terminal, hali' rounded, membranous wing, shorter than the scale. Long-lived, hardy, resinous trees, frequently evergreen, though mostly of a dark and gloomy aspect. Leaves li- near, very narrow, 2 or more from each bud. Barren Jl. termmal, aggregate, yellow, with abundant pollen. Fert. Jl. on lateral stalks. Bracteas several at the base of each catkin, imbricated, scaly. The pistils and stigmas have not generally been well under- stood or described. The Rev. J. Holme, F.L.S., has demonstrated to me the stigmas of the Pinus Larioc, and has found them also in our only British Pinus, the Scotch Fir. To him I am obliged for this part of the generic character. MONOECIA— MONADELPHIA. Pinus. J 59 1. P. sylvestris. Scotch Fir. Leaves rigid, in pairs. Young cones stalked, recurved. Crest of the anthers very small. P. sylvestris. Linn. Sp.Pl,U\S. Willd.v. 4.494. FlBr.lOSl. Engl. Bot. V. 35. t. 2460. Hook. Scot. 275. Lamb. Pin. \.t.]. Woodv. t. 207. Mill. Illustr. t. 82. Pall. Ross. v. ].p.\.5.t.2. f.l/u Ger.Em.\336.f. Dalech. nist.44.f. Ehrh.Pl.Of.\39. P. n. 1660. HalLHist.v.2.3\7. P. n. 1661. Hall. Nomencl. 153. P. sylvestris, foliis brevibus glaucis, conis parvis albentibus. Raii Syn. 442. Duham. Arb. v. 2. 1 25. t. 30. Engl. Gard. Cat. 57. ^.17. • P. sylvestris montana. Maltli. Valgr.v. 1.89./. Camer.Epit. 40. f. P. sylvestris vulgaris. Bauh. Hist. v. 1. p. 2. 253./. Scotch Fir. Hunt. Evel. Sylv. 266. f. In the Highlands of Scotland, in vast natural forests. Light/. Tree. May. A tall, straight, hardy, long-lived tree, determinately branched ; the bark scaling off in thick portions ; the wood, or Red Deal, highly useful for building. Turpentine is the natural exudation of the tree, either spontaneously, or from wounds in the trunk. Tar and pitch are obtained by means of fire, or boiling. The leaves grow 2 together, from scaly buds disposed in a quincunx, and are linear, straight, smooth j channelled above j convex be- neath. Catkins accompanied with many scaly bracteas. Cones tuberculated, tessellated, about 2 inches long, useful only for fuel. They might perhaps serve, like the bark, for tanning. Class XXII. DIOECIA. Stmnens and Pistils in separate Jiowers, on different plants. (MONJNDRIJ. Stamen i.) Several Salices. Order I. DIANDRIA, Stamens 2. 448. SALIX. Barr.Ji. Catkiyi imbricated. Cat. a scale. Petals none, l^ect. 1 or more glands, at the base. Stam. \—S. Fert.Jl. Catkin imbricated. CaL a scale. Pet. none. Nect, as in the barren fl. Stigm, 2. Capsule supe- rior, of 1 cell, and 2 valves. Seeds tufted. Order IL TRIANDRIA. Stam, S. 449. EMPETRUM. Barr.Ji. Cat. in 3 deep segments. Pet. 3. St am. capillary, 3 — 9. Fert.Jl. Cal. in 3 deep segments. Pet. 3. Stigm. 9. Berry superior, with 9 seeds. 450. RUSCUS. Barr.Ji. Cal. of 6 leaves. Pet. none. Nect. ovate, tubular, bearing the stamens inter- nally. Fert.Jl. Cal. and Nect. as in the barr. fl. Stam. none. Style 1. jBerrj/ superior, of 3 cells. Seeds m^axvs. Valeriana dioica. Some Salices. Order III. TETRANDRIA. Stam. 4^. 452. HIPPOPHAE. Barr.Ji. Cal. deeply cloven. Cbr. none. 161 2^?r^.jf. Cr//. tubular, cloven. Style \. Berrij %\\\ie- rior. Seed solitary, oblong, with a double tunic, 453. MYRICA. Barr.Jl.'macatJdn. CV//. a concave scale. Co7'. none. Fert.Jl. in a catkin. Cal. a concave scale. Cor. none. Stijlcs 2. Berrij superior, with 1 globular seed. 451. VISCUM. Barr. fl. Cal none. Pet. 4, calyx-like, dilated and combined at the base. Anth. sessile on the petals. Fert. fl. Ccd. a slight border. Pet. 4, dilated at the base. Style none. Berry inferior, with 1 com- pressed seed. Rhamnus]. Euonymus \. Urtica 3. Order IF. PENTANDRIA. Stam. 5. 454. HUMULUS. Barr.Jl. C^//. of 5 leaves. Cor. none. Anth. with 2 terminal pores. Fert. ji. in a catkin. Cal. an oblique, undivided scale. Cor. none. Styles 2. Seed 1, tunicated, winged with the calyx. Riles A. PimpinellaS. Bryonia \. SaUxj,]9. Order V. HEXANDRIJ. Shun. 6. 455. TAMUS. Barr.Jl. Cal. none. Cor. in 6 deep seo-- mcnts. Fert.Jl. Cal. none. Cor. in G deep segments. Style 3"cleft. Berry inferior, of 3 cells. Seeds in pairs. Rumcx 0, 10. Order VI. OCTANDRIA. Slam. 8. 457. KIIODIOLA. Barr.Jl. Cal. in 4 deep segments. Pet. 4. Nect. 4, notched. Fert.fl. Cal. Pet. Ned. the same. Pisl. 4. Caps. 4, with many seeds. 456. POPULUS. Barr.Jl. Catkin imbricated. Cal. n torn scale. Cor. turbinate, oblitjue, undivided. Fert.Jl. Catk. Cal. Cbr. the same. Stigm.iovH. Caps, superior, of 1 cell and 2 valves. Seeds tufted. VOL. IV. M 169 Order VIL ENNEANDRIA, Stam.9^ 458. MERCURIALIS. Barr. f. Cal in 3 deep seg- ments. Cor, none. Stam. 9 — 12. Anth. of 2 globose cells. Fert.Jl. Cal. the same. Cor. none. Styles 2. C«/?5. of 2 lobes and 2 cells. *S£'^6/5 solitary. 459. HYDROCHARIS. 5«7t./. C«/. 3-cleft. Pet. 3. Inner Jilam. beaked. Fert,Ji. Cat. and Pd'/^. the same. Styles 6. Caps, in- ferior, of 6 cells, with many seeds. Empetrum 1. {DECANDRIA. Stam. 10.) Silene 9. Lychnis 4. {ICOSANDRIA. Stam. numerous, from the calyx.) Riihus 14. Frag aria 2. {POLYANDRIA. Stam. numerous, from the recept.) Stratiotes 1 . Populm 1 , 3, 4. Order Fill. MONADELPHIA. Filam. combined in one set. 460. JUNIPER US. Barr. J. Cal. scales of a catkin. Car. none. Stam. 3. Fert.Jl. Cal. scales of a catkin, fewer ; finally pulpy, united into a berry, with 3 5^^^^. 461. TAXUS. Barr.Jl. C«Z. none. Cor. none. Anth. -pel- tate, lobed. Fert.Jl. Cal. cup-shaped, entire. Cor. none. Style one. >S£'^c? 1, enclosed in the enlarged, pulpy, un- connected calyx. Salix 25, 26. 163 DIOECIA D I AN Dili A. 448. SALIX. Willow, Sallow, and Osier. Lhm. Gen. 514. Juss. 408. Sni. in Reesa Cijcl. v. 31. FL Br. 1 0:39. Tourn. t.364. Lam. t. 802. GcErtn. t. 90. Nat. Orel. Amoitaccd:. Linn. 50. Juss. 99. Barr.Jl. Catkin, oblong, many-flowered, imbricated every way. Cal. a single-flowered, oblong, spreading, flexible scale. Pet. none. iVtr/. a small, lateral, oblong, abrupt, compressed, honey-bearing gland, sometimes double. Filam. 2, rarely 1, or from 3 to 5 or more, straight, thread-shaped, longer than the calyx; in some partly combined. Auth. 2-lobed, of 2 or 4- cells. Fert.Jl. Catk. and Cal. as in the harr. fl. Pet. none. Nect. as in the harr.Jl. Germ, superior, ovate, sessile or stalked. Stijle terminal, various in length, extending a little be- yond the calyx, permanent. Stigm. 2, notched and ob- tuse, or cloven and acute, spreading. Caps, ovate, ob- tuse, or tapering, of 1 cell, with 2 revolute, concave valves. Seeds numerous, minute, oval, tufted, with soft, simple, upright hairs. Trees or shrubs, with round, flexible branches. Leaves sim- ple, undivided, stalked, generally alternate, deciduous. Slipulas in pairs at the base o^ihe footstalks, very variable in size, deciduous. Catkins early, erect or drooping, either from the same buds as the leaves, or more com- monly iVom diflercnt ones. '^YhaiY Jlorets are almost uni- versally separated, being all barren on one plant, and fertile on another of the same species, without the slight- est possible difl'erence, in the characters or appearance of the two individuals, in any other respect. Sometimes indeed a barren Jlorct or two occurs in a fertile catkin, especially among the nionandrons species ; sometimes catkins liavc been found nearly equally fertile and barren, as in our 7i, 4-9, 50 and 51. In ;/. 52, S. olcifolia, Mr. Borrer has, for several years, traced the progress of this mutation in the organs of impregnation, which confirms a report, whose origin does not appear, of ^\'illows changing the natme ot" their blossoms. This however is treated as a fiction by Liinueus, in his (ien. PL 511-, without anv assigne. '2. 'J I 1. /.2i:,^ S. purpurea nigra viminalis. DuUclt. Hist. 'IJG. t. ■ On tl;c banks ol rivers and ditches. 170 DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. On Badley Moor, near Dereham, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe. Near Cambridge. Rev. J. Holme. About Lewes, Sussex. Mr. Woolgar. In Osier-grounds, but not common in Norfolk or Suffolk, being esteemed a bad Osier. Shrub, or small tree. April, May ; and again in August. This seldom, or never, becomes more than a small slender tree, even when left to its natural growth, and may rather in general be termed a large bushy shrub, casting its hark in autumn. If cut down every year, it produces rods 6 or 8 feet long, in con- siderable plenty, fit for coarse basket-work, but not equal to S. triandra when peeled. The branches are rather spreading, round, smooth, yellowish, strongly furrowed, and often pur- plish, when young. Leaves on thick and shortish stalks^ most truly ovate, (though a little elongated and taper-pointed,) being rounded at the base, where their two halves are frequently oblique or unequal. The figure in Engl. Bot. is correct in this and all other respects ; exhibiting amongst other things suf- ficient to convince an attentive botanist of the distinctness of the species, the outline of a very large leaf, from a young vigo- rous shoot. The leaves are of a rich shining green above ; pale, opaque, and glaucous beneath 3 with fine, copious veins j the margin beset with small, blunt, often unequal teeth. Stipulas commonly larger than in several nearly allied species, on which character some botanists have much relied, but their size is variable. They are however broad, and strongly crenate, often unequally heart-shaped. Scales of both catkins obovate, yellow- ish, slightly hairy, seldom quite smooth. Stam. 3, sometimes more, equal, thrice the length of their scales. Germ, green, smooth J its stalk nearly equal to the scale. Caps, large, ovate, compressed, each valve tipped with one of the short, cloven, nearly sessile, permanent stigmas. Down of the seeds shorter, and less abundant, than in S. triandra. As a British plant S. amygdalina was formerly involved in some uncertainty. Hudson perhaps took it up on the authority of the Linnsean dissertation entitled Flora Anglica, on which he relied for Ray's synonym cited above, and this led him to that of Haller, who received specimens from Dillenius. Thus far all is perfectly correct. What Lightfoot intended is less clear. His description is partly compiled from Haller, and his only authority for this Willow, as a native of Scotland, is Dr. Par- sons, in whose time nobody was well acquainted with it. Lin- naeus hesitated to refer it to S. triandra ; which he knew only from Gmelin's specimens, still remaining in his herbarium, and not as a Swedish plant. Neither had he examined \}ci^jiowers of amygdalina, nor had Lightfoot ever seen them. Mr. Curtis seems to have been contemplating all these uncertainties, when he ''^ strongly suspected S. amygdalina to be no other than triandra.'' Mr. Crowe indeed first accurately compared and DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. 171 distinguished them, by their leaves, so that no doubt can arise in future. The learned inquirer will find the synonyms of .S. fragilis obscurely implicated in the history of these species ; yet nothing can be much less like them in habit, characters, or qualities. Haller's S . persicce folio aurlculato, p. I.jI of his first edition, is marked .S'. fragilis in that book, by Linnaeus himself, though quoted in Fl. Suec. ed. 2. 340, for amygdalina ; and it appears by the description of Halier that he had the fragilis originally before him. In his second edition, under /z. 1636, the description is altered, and rather accords with amygdalina. 5. ^.pentandra. Sweet Bay-leaved Willow. Leaves ovate, pointed, crenate, glandular, smooth. Foot- stalks glandular at tlie summit. Stamens five or more, hairy at the base. German ovate, tapering, smooth, nearly sessile. S. pentandra. Linn. Sp. PL 1-142. Willd. v. 4. 658. Fl. Br. 1046. Tr.ofL. Sac. v.6.\20. Engl. Bat. v.26.L]S0o. Dicks. H.Sicc. fasc.3. 15. Hook. Scot. 279. Fl. Dan. L 943. Ehrh. PL Off. 309. Arh. 48. S.n. 1639. HalL Hist. v. 2. 306. 8. n. 7. GmeL Sib.v. 1. 153. t. 34. f. 1. From the author. S. folio laureo, sive lato glabro odorato. How Phyt. \0S. Rail Syn. 449. About rivers, chieflv in the north of England and south of Scot- hind. At \\'olverhampton. Dr. How, who first noticed this species. In Westmoreland, and the mountainous parts of Yorkshire, fre- quent. Ray. About Moffat, and in many other places. Tree. June, July. A handsome upright tree, about 15 or 20 feet high, exhaling a fragrant bay like scent from the resinous notches of its leaves, as well as from the barren catkins. The branches are smooth and shining. Leaves on stout, rather short, footstalks, with very small stipulas, or none at all, ovate, with a taj)er point j their length 2 or 3 inches ; breadth an inch, or inch and half j both sides finely veined, perfectly smooth j the upper of a full, rich, shining green ; under j)aler, and more oj)aque ; their edges finely and copiously crenate throughout, discharging a yellow resin, whence the scent originates. This resin, as Linnieus observes, stains paper between wliicli the leaves are pressed, with rows of ))ermanently yellow dots. About the top of each footstalk, in front, are sever.d glands, likewise resinous. Cat- kins solitary, at the ends of leafy slioots of the present year, as in other species ; the barren ones large, dense, yellow, with oblong, obtuse, hairy scales, half the length of their 5 or (5, sometimes 8 or 9, filaments, which are more or less densely 172 DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. bearded at the base j the common stalk or receptacle is altio hairy. Fertile catkins about the same size, often 2 inches long, their receptacle, and base of the scales, hairy. Germens smooth, ovate, elongated and contracted in their upper part, much longer than the scales, each on a very short stalk. Style thick, scarcely so long as the deeply-cloven stigmas. For its beauty and fragriince this Willow deserves cultivation in gardens, but its use in other respects is inferior to many. The dyeing quality, mentioned in Fl. Suec, rather belongs to the supposed variety, first distinguished as a species in Rees's Cyclopcedia, by the name of tinctoria, and whose branches serve to bind down thatch in the south of Sweden, where that plant grows wild. 6. S. 7ugricans. Dark-broad-leaved Willow. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute, crenate; smooth, with a downy rib, above; glaucous beneath. Stamens two, thrice the length of the hairy scales. Germen lanceolate, downy, on a short downy stalk. S. nigricans. Sin.Tr.ofL.Soc.v.6. 120. Ft. Br. 1047- Engl. Bot.v.\7.t.\2l3. Comp.ed.4.\6l. mild Sp. PL v. 4. 659. S. phylicifolia (d. Linn. Sp. PI. 1442. Fl. Lapp. n. 350. t. S./.c. Herb. Linn. In fens, osier-grounds, woods and thickets. At Wrongay fen, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe. Near Shobden Court, Herefordshire. Blr. Dickson. Shrub. April. A large bushy shrub, scarcely attaining the height or form of a tree, with upright, round, stout, rather brittle branches, smooth except when young. Leaves 2 or 3 inches long and 1 inch broad, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, or somewhat pointed ; a little rounded, and sometimes unequal, at the base ; unequally cre- nate almost throughout 3 the upper side dark-green, turning black in drying, quite smooth, even at an early period, except the mid-rib, which is generally finely downy ; the under side glaucous, veiny, sometimes besprinkled with small scattered hairs, the mid-rib also being more or less hairy. Footstalks half an inch long, stout 3 downy above 3 greatly dilated at their base. Stipulas, if present, rather large, about half the length of the footstalks, obliquely heart-shaped, crenate, veiny, smooth. Catkins much earlier than the foliage, solitary at the ends of short lateral shoots, beset with a few small leaves. The barren ones an inch or inch and half long, rather thick ; their scales obovate, hairy, brown in their upper half, white in the lower. Filam. 2, nearly thrice the length of the scales, hairy at the base, slender, swelling upward. Anth. of 2 oval lobes, yellow, subsequently brown. Fertile catkins (on the Lapland specimens) DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. 173 2 inches long when fully grown. Germen awl-shaped, downy, on a short, thick, likewise downy, stalk. Style smooth, longer than the stigmas, permanent like them. Caps, ovate-lanceolate, silky, of 2 recurved, light-brown valves. Seed obovate, polished, with a copious woolly crown. The young buds are tipped with a small tuft of deciduous down, as remarked by Linneeus, who in his Fl. Lapp, justly distin- guished this \\'iliow from his phylicifolia. It ought rather per- haps to be placed near S. Forsteriana, n. .^)7, and its allies, the leaves being seldom perfectly smooth on both sides. Tiie sup- posed fertile plant, indicated in the Linntean Transactions, is, at best, very doubtful, and I have not adverted to it in the above description. S. nigricans is of no known economical use. AMiatever Wahlcnberg may intend under this name, t. 1053 of FL Dan., cannot be our plant,, for which Engl. Bot. is the ori- ginal authority. 7. S. jj/if/lici/olia. Tea-leaved Willow. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, with wavy serraturcs, very smooth ; ii'laiicous beneath. Stipnlas i^lanchilar on the inside. Germen lanceolate, stalked, silky. Style twice the length of the stiirmas. Branches trailing;. S. phylicifolia. Linn. Sp. PL 1442, a FL Lapp. n. 351. t.S. f. d. Willd.v.A.(S:>9. Fl.Br.\0\^. Engl. Bot. v. 2S. t. \9dS. fr. of L. Soc.v.6. 123. IVahlenb. Lapp. 270. t. \7.f. 2 ? S. radicans. FL Br. 1053. JFilld. v. 4, 070. Hook. Scot. 280. In the Highlands of Scotland, At Finlarig, lireadalbane. Rev. Dr. Stuart, iti LighffooLs IJcrba- riutn. Shrub. May. A low, s))reading, smooth bush, whose long, recumbent, brown or purplish, branches take root as they extend in every direc- tion. Leaves on shortish stalks, not much spreading, about 2 inches long, not 1 broad ; very acute at the point ; not at all rounded at the base ; smooth at all times, except an obscure downiness on the mid-rib above ; harsh to the touch, bitter, variously crenate or serrated, the serratures peculiarlv, and sometimes very remarkably, undidated ; the up])er side of a dark shining green ; under glaucous. Stipulas half-ovate, inclining to lunate, small, glandular at the inside towards the base, (.'at- kins from small lateral branches, acc()m})anied by 2 or 3 small bractcas rather than leaves, terminal, solitary j the fertile ones, which alone I have seen, all over hoary, with fine dense silky hairs. Scales linear-oblong, obtuse. Nectary single, abrupt. (iirmen lanceolate, or almost awl-shaped, on a stalk about a third its own length, aiul half as long as the scale. N/ >//<-• smooth, except at the base, about as long as the notched, spreading, 174 DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. oblong stigmas, and subsequently longer. Barren catkins not observed. Wahlenberg declares that the figure in Engl. Hot. agrees suffici- ently well with his S. phijlicifolia, but that in this latter the germens are much more elongated, (which his plate expresses^ and by no means silky ; though the young branches are always downy, like the footstalks, and common stalk of each catkin. The last character only answers to our Scottish plant, whose young branches and footstalks are very smooth, while the ger- mens, scales and common stalk are silky. This author therefore must mean a distinct species from our's. The specimens of Lightfoot and Linnaeus precisely agree in leaves, but both are destitute of fructification ; so that the points in dispute, cannot by them be absolutely settled, except that their branches and footstalks are smooth. Fl. Dan. t. 1052 bears scarcely any resemblance to the species before us 5 and t. 1053 is quite different from S. nigricans. S. Croweana is as unlike phylicifolia. 8. S. Borrer-iana. Dark Upright Willow. Leaves lanceolate, with shallow even serratures, very smooth ; glaucous beneath. Stipulas obsolete. Branches upright. Scales of the catkins acute, shaggy. S. Linn. Fl. Lapp. n. 350 ? FL Dan. t. 1052 ? In the Highlands of Scotland. In Beadalbane and Glen Nevis. Mr. W. Borrer. Shrub. Maij. A bushy shrub, 8 or 10 feet high, with copious, dark-brown or blackish, short branches, quite smooth in every stage of growth^ and always erect, by no means spreading or trailing. Leaves perfectly lanceolate, with smaller, more even serratures than the last, dark- green, quite smooth at every period, and about 2 inches long ; their under surface very glaucous, or blueish. Footstalks longer, and more slender, than the foregoing. Sti- pulas scarcely ever visible, but, if present, very small and lan- ceolate. Barren catkins, the only ones I have seen, copious, lateral, on short stalks, coming before the leaves ; their scales ovate, acute, brown, densely shaggy with long silvery hairs, quite unlike the silky down of S. phylicifolia. Filam. 2, bright yellow, smooth, long and slender. Jnth. oblong, of a deeper hue. Fl. Dan. t. 1052, which has no stipulas, and which the author re- fers, with doubt, to n. 350 of Linn. Fl.Lapp. t.S.f. c, (that is S. nigricans,) comes nearer to phylicifolia; but answers better, except the broad-leaved shoot in the plate,, to S. Borreriana, whose upright, bushy branches it well expresses. The catkins indeed are drawn much smaller, and their scalesi^r less shaggy. DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. 175 than in this species, which is certainly verv distinct from any other Willow of British growth. 9, S. nitens. Shining-leaved Willow. Leaves elliptical, acute, unequally serrated ; very smooth and glaucous beneatli ; minutely downy, with a downy mid-rib, above. Stipulas obsolete. Branches spreading. Catkins nearly sessile, wdth acute, shaggy scales. S. nitens. Anders. Ms. In the mountainous parts of Scotland. Brought from Scotland by the late Mr. George Anderson. Mr. W. Borrer. Shrub. April. A bushy shrub, 10 or 12 feet high, with long, spreading, or ascend- ing, leafy branches, whose bark is dark-brown, or purplish, smooth, except a slight downiness on the very youngest shoots. - Leaves U inch long, and nearly half as broad,'elliptical, acute, slightly rounded at the base • unequally serrated, partly crenate, and partly undulated • their upper surface of a deep shining green, partially and minutely downy, with a reddish, densely downy, mid-rib ; under glaucous, witli many transverse parallel veins, and quite smooth throughout, except when very young. Footstalks stout and rather short, dark brown -, downy above -, much dilated at the base. Stipulas if present half ovate, soon withering ; often entirely wanting. Barren catkins earlier than the leaves, lateral, an inch long, on very short stalks, accom- panied by a few small, oblong, entire, externally silky,^o/a/ leaves. Scales brown, ovate, shaggy with long white hairs j the upper ones bluntish. Filam. yellow, smooth, except sometimes at the bottom, thrice as long as the scales. Fertile catkins not yet observed. 1 cannot refer this to any described species, and probably the ger. mens and st7jles, if known, might aftbrd additional distinctions. It comes nearest to the two last, especially to S.phylicijoUa, and is also allied to .S'. tenuifolia. 10. S. Davaliiana, Davallian Willow. Leaves obovatc-lanceolate, finely serrated, or minutely toothed, taj)cring at each end, smooth ; rather glaucous beneath. Footstalks, mid-rib, and yoimg branches, somewhat downy. Catkius with small rounded scales. Capsules lanceolate, smooth. S. phylicifolia. Wdld.Sp. PL v. 1. GjO ; omitting the synonyms. In tlie Highlands of Scotland. 176 DIOECIA^DIANDRIA. Salix. Brought from Scotland, and cultivated, like the preceding, by the late Mr. G. Anderson. Mr. W. Borrer. Shrub. May. About 6 feet high, bushy, with upright, smooth, brown branches. Leaves about an inch and half long, broadest above the middle, sharp-pointed, bordered with shallow serratures, or minute glandular teeth ; tapering at the base -, smooth, except a slight downiness on the midrib of the youngest ; their veins reticu- lated at right angles. Siipulas scarcely ever discernible. Foot- stalks slender, downy on their upper side ; slightly dilated at the base. Fertile catkins rather earlier than the leaves, on short, lateral, leafless stalks ; the niain stalk of each, as well as the small, rounded, though variable, scales, the stalks of the germens, and the germens themselves, all more or less silky, not hairy, the latter in a Swiss specimen nearly smooth. They are always lanceolate, moderately stalked, each with a smooth style, full as long as the blunt, deeply divided, stigmas. Cap- sules lanceolate, smooth, or somewhat silky. Seeds few, with long, not very copious, down. The barren plant I have not seen. My late friend Mr. Davall sent a specimen of this Salix from Switzerland in 1790, which, when shown to Prof. Mertens,was pronounced by the latter to be S.phylicifolia of Willdenowand other German botanists. It is not however that of Linnseus, nor apparently of Wahlenberg. A plant brought from Scotland, and seen by the same able botanist in Mr. Borrer's garden, received from him the same apj)ellation. This agrees with the original Swiss specimen, except that the germens, and indeed all parts of the catkins, are much more silky j a character which often proves variable. Possibly Fl. Dan. t. 1052 may represent this VVillow, but it is not sufficiently like, in the outline of the leaves, to be taken for it. At any rate, this species deserves to be recorded, as admitted, on all hands, to be distinct, by the meritorious name of its earliest discoverer. S. appendiculata of Villars, t. 50./. 19, is evidently very different, though cited by Willdenow. 11. S. //^?^^;22«?2r^. Wulfenian Willow. Leaves obovate or elliptical, somewhat pointed, finely serrated, smooth ; glaucous beneath. Catkins dense, with hairy scales, longer than the stalks of the awl- shaped germens. Style longer than the stigmas. S. Wulfeniana. Willd. Sp. PI. v. 4. 660. Sm. in Rees's Cycl. n. 1 6. S. phylicifolia. Host. Syn. 526. Wulf. iji Jacq. Coll. v. 2. 139 3 ex- clusive of the references to Linnmis. In valleys am.ong the Highlands of Scotland, and in Westmore- land. DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. 177 In Breadcilbanej also by the river side near the bridge at Kirby Lonsdale. Mr. M\ Borrer. Shrub. April, May. Stem branched, at first diffuse, I '2 or 18 inches high: afterwards upright, attaining the height of a man ; branches straggling, short, scarcely downy, exce))t partially when young. Leaves an inch or inch and half long, broadly obovate at an early period, afterwards more elliptical, with a small point ; smooth all over, except at an early age, when the upper surface and its midrib, as well as the footstalks above, are now and then finely downy ; the under side is glaucous and always smooth, like the back of the footstalks ; veins reticulated at right angles, as in the last ; serratures shallow, Stipulas very minute in our specimens, and scarcely discernible in Wulfen's, communicated by Jacquin j but they are said to appear on the oldest branches, of an ovate, acute shape, or clasping the branch in a semicircular form. Catkins accompanying the young leaves, each on a short, la- teral, downy, almost leafless, stalk ; the barren ones an inch long ; fertile when in fruit twice as large. Scales oblong, more or less hairy, always fringed. Stamens thrice their length, as is likewise the awl-shaped, mostly smooth, germen, whose densely hairy stalk is only about half as long as the annexed scale. Caps, smooth, tumid at the base, awl-shaped above. Stijle and stigmas permanent, smooth • the latter deeply cloven, about half the length of the style. 12. S. tetrapla. Four- ranked Willow. Leaves elliptic-obloiio', pointed, unequally .serrated, nearly smootli ; DIOFXIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. 181 lialf the length of the lanceolate smooth germen and its smooth shortish stalk. Style about the length of that stalk, with blunt undivided stigmas. The only matter of doubt regarding this Salix is whether it be more than a variety of the Lapland .S. hastata. After culti- vating them together for many years, I have always thought them distinct. The hastata is more arborescent, with larger, more heart-shaped, leaves, and very large stipulas, often above an inch long, which give the leaves a hastate appearance. The fertile cat/cins are likewise larger, and more woolly ; their scales not so properly bearded, as clothed with copious dense wool. In the germens, styles, &c., I find no difference. Dr. Wahlenberg unites these two species, commending the plate in Ejigl. Bot. as a good figure of his hastata, which, as he says, varies, " beyond measure or belief," in the shape and dimensions of its leaves. Thus far I might submit to his better opportunities of studying the hastata, and all its possible varieties, wild, in Lapland. But when the same learned writer reduces to this species S. Arbus- cula, Linn. Lapp. n. 360. t. 8./. m, I cannot help suspecting a great mistake, few plants being more distinct ; nor is 5. tenui- folia of Afzelius, which we examined and named together, more than distantly allied to either. W^ahlenberg's figure, t. 16./. 5, does not answer to any of them, and cannot be meant for any state of hastata or maUfolia. I have indeed S. hastata from Switzerland, Haller's n. 16r>4, named .S'. Arbuscula long before Wahlenberg's Fl. Lapp, appeared. A similar specimen could hardly have misled him. It is difficult to conjecture what .S'. hastata of M. Seringe, Sanies de la Suisse, b'^, can possibly be, so inconsistent is the assemblage of synonyms, and so dis- cordant is the description with our true Linnaean /ic/A^a/a. This author never saw the leaves, without which notliing can be de- termined ; but if once seen, they can never be mistaken. Three species more dissimilar than my malifoHa, tenuifolia, and the Linnoean Arbuscula, hereafter described, n. 33, cannot possibly be brought together. l(j. ^. /jetioiaris. Dark-long-leaved Willow. Leaves lanceolate, serrated, sinootli ; fflaucoiis beneath ; somewhat unccpial at the base. Stipulas lunate, toothed. Catkins lax. Scales hairy, shorter than the stalks of the ovate silky (^erinens. Stigmas divided, sessile. S. petiolaris. Sm. Tr.ofL. Sac. v. 6.122. I'l. Br. 1()-1H. Engl. Bot. V. 16. /. 1 147. Hce.s'.sCycL n. 2H. H'illd. Sp. PI. i. \. 66.'.. Ilouk. Scot. 2m. Pursh 616. In osier-grounds and swamps. Sent from Scotland, f)v tlu" late .Mr. I)iik>>»n. In Fossil mareh, ]82 DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. on the north side of the canal ; Mr. David Don. Marshes in Angusshire ; Mr. George Don. Hooker. Shrub, or small tree. April. A bushy iree, with slender, spreading, flexible, smooth, purplish, or dark brown, branches. Leaves about 4 inches long, and nearly 1 broad, pointed, serrated, smooth on both sides ; bright green above ; glaucous beneath j soon turning black as they dry 5 their base unequal and obtuse. Footstalks long, linear, and slender 3 downy above, like the midrib, ^apw/as lanceo- late, serrated, smooth, somewhat curved, or lunate ; often wanting. The young leaves are revolule, partly silky, very thin and tender. Fertile catkins before the leaves, solitary, on short lateral bracteated stalks, as usual ; an inch long, soon becoming longer, and rather lax. Scales rounded, notched j the upper ones most oblong ; all hairy, or almost bristly. Stalk of the germen as long as the adjoining scale, or longer, hairy. Germen ovate, obtuse, clothed with silky hairs. Stigmas nearly or quite sessile, thick, deeply cloven. I know nothing of the barren plant. After gathering, the young leaves especially exhale a strong scent, like the flavour of bitter almonds, but less agreeable. No use has been made of this Willow, though it seems to abound in the substance called Tannin. Mr. Pursh has suspected it not to be truly British ; but there seems no reason why, like several other Willows, it may not grow wild in Europe as well as in North America, and the authorities above mentioned are not likely to be erroneous. Nobody, who has seen the living plant, can confound it with any other, either British or exotic. 17. S. vitellina. Yellow Willow^ or Golden Osier. Leaves lanceolate, acute, with cartilaginous serratures; smooth above ; glaucous and somewhat silky beneath. Stipulas minute, lanceolate, deciduous, smooth. Germen sessile, ovate-lanceolate, smooth. Scales linear-lanceo- late, acute, fringed at the base, longer than the pistil. S. vitellina. Linn. Sp. PL 1442. Willcl. v. 4. 668. Fl. Br. 1050. Engl. Bat. v. 20. /. 1389- Purt. 470. Hook. Scot. 281. Which Gmde,v.],89. Hopkirk Glott. 118. Hofm. Sal.v.\.57.tA\,\2. t.24.f. I. Ehrh.Arb.7S. S. n. 1 63.5 /3. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 304. S. sativa lutea, folio crenato. Bauh. Pin. 473. S. folio longo subluteo, non auriculata, viminibus luteis j eadem- que viminibus rubris. Raii Syn. 450. S. folio utrinque glauco, viminibus rubris. Paii Cant. 142. S. lutea tenuior sativa viminea. Bauh. Hist. v. I. p. 2.214.// bad. DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. 183 the leaves being represented opposite, and strongly fringed, or toothed. In osier-grounds and swamps. In rough low pastures at Ovington, near Watton, Norfolk, abun- dantly, and truly wild. Mr. Crowe. On the banks of the Team, Durham. M'inch. On the banks of the Clyde, frequent. Hop- kirk. Tree, May. A handsome tree, of a moderate height, with plenty of nearly up- right, smooth and shining, yellow branches, still more ornamen- tal when they become drooping ; at all times rendering the plant conspicuous, and distinguishable from every other Wil- low. Leaves 2 or 3 inches long, lanceolate, tapering at each end, narrow, with numerous fine cartilaginous serratures ; the upper side green and smooth j under glaucous, more or less besprinkled with silky hairs 3 both sides, in a young state, are silky, with a silvery gloss. Footstalks rather short and thick, smooth, like the branches, except when young. Stipulas rarely seen -, when present very small, lanceolate, serrated, their up- per or inner surface smooth ; and they mostly fall before the leaves. Catkins early, tapering, yellow, on short lateral branches, with a few broadish-lanceolate floral leaves, silky beneath ; the barren ones 2 inches, fertile 1 inch, long. Scales of both lan- ceolate, wrinkled, or wavy, more or less woolly. Sfam. 2, rarely 3 5 when full-grown longer than their scale. Germ. shorter than its scale, nearly or quite sessile, ovate, obtuse, smooth. Style deeply cloven,' with blunt notched stigmas. The nectary consists of \, 2, or 3 obtuse, yellow, notched scales, but it is liable to several variations. The smoothness of the full-grown leaves, at least of their upper side, has occasioned this species to be placed in the present section, and not next to the .S. alba, to which in other charac- ters, as well as general habit, it is so very near, that Haller took it for a mere variety. Hoffmann observes that the liber, or inner layer of the bark, is yellow, while that oi' the alha is green ; but I have great doubts of the constancy of this character. .S. vitellina is cultivated for ornament, as well as for use as an osier, the rods being tough and flexible, lit for many |)urposes of basket- work, as well as for package. It has been introduced from Euroi)e into North America, where, according to Mr. Pursh, it is common by road sides, and in plantations. 18. S. dcciplcns. White Welsh, or Varnished \\'illow. Leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrated, very siuooth : floral ones partlv obovnle and recurved. Footstalks somewhat plandular.* (Kriiicn taperinp:, ^talked, smooth. Style J84 DIOECIA— DTANDRIA. Salix. longer than the cloven stigmas. Branches smooth, highly polished. S. decipiens. Hoffm. Sal. v. '2. 9.L31. Ft. Germ. v. 1 . 343. Engl. Bot. v.27.t.l937. Comp. eclAA^l. Rees's Cycl. n. 37. Winch Guide, V. 1 . 90. Forst. Tonbr. 1 12. Purt. v. 3. 7Q. In low meadows, moist hedges, or osier-grounds. About Tonbridge, not uncommon, Forster. In Northumberland and Durham. Winch. In many moist hedges around Lewes, Sussex, Mr. Woolgar. Cultivated in several osier- grounds of Norfolk and Cambridgeshire. Mr. Crowe. Tree. May. An upright but not lofty tree, distinguished by the smooth, clay- coloured hark of the last year's branches, which shines like porcelain, as if varnished ; the shoots of the present year being stained with a fine red, or crimson. Leaves lanceolate, 3 orS-i- inches long, tapering at each end, serrated throughout, with copious, bluntish, somewhat incurved, tooth-like serratures ; smooth on both sides, except the youngest, which are silky, es- pecially their midrib. Footstalks downy along theirupper side 3 glandular, or bearing two small leaves, at the summit. Stipulas half ovate, acute, toothed, for the most part small, often want- ing. Catkins on small leafy branches, with from 3 to .1, spread- ing or recurved, obovate, nearly entire,^ora/ leaves ; the barren ones cylindrical, dense, 2 inches long ; fertile rather longer. Scales of both elliptic-oblong, obtuse, fringed and downy rather than hairy, or bearded, Stani. 2, very rarely 3, with a nectary of 2 opposite unequal glands at their base, Germen lanceolate, smooth, on a shortish smooth stalk, and tapering into a stout smooth stijle, one third its own length. Stigmas obtuse, cloven, half as long as the style. Hoffmann first distinguished and delineated this species. Many botanists have confounded it with S.fragilis, to which it is re- ferred in the Flora Britannica ; but on seeing them together growing, they were readily distinguished. The present is truly wild in several parts of England, and is not unfrequently culti- vated, producing, for a few years, good rods for basket-work, but they gradually become shorter, and not worth cultivating. The tree is not inelegant, and may be admitted into ornamental plantations, in low situations, along with the Golden Osier. 19. S . fragUis . Crack Willow . Leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, serrated throughout, very smooth. Footstalks glandular. Germen ovate, abrupt, nearly sessile, smooth. Scales oblong, about equal to the stamens and pistils. Stigmas cloven, longer than the style. DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. 185 S. fragilii. Linn. Sp. Pi. 1443. FL Lapp, n.349. t.S.f. b. mild. V. 4.669. FLBr.\0^\. Engl. Bot.v. 26. t. ]S07. Hook. Scot. 279. Dicks. H. Sice. fasc.\6.D. Ehrh. PL Of , 3\9. Jrb. SS. S. n. 1 638. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 305 ? S. folio longo latoque splendente, fragilis. Raii Cant. 143. Sijn. 448. In low marshy grounds, about the banks of rivers. Tree. April, May. A tall, bushy-headed tree, whose branches are set on obliquely, somewhat crossing each other, not continued in a straight line^ by which it may readily be distinguished in winter. They are round, very smooth, with a brown, polished bark, and so brittle at the base in spring, that with the slightest blow they start from the trunk. Such indeed is more or less the case with S. decipiens, and several other Willows, both native and exotic j and having been observed in the preceding as well as following species, these liave both been referred to S. fragilis, however distinct in characters and important qualities. Leaves 4 or 5 inches long, taper-pointed, lanceolate, with blunt, often unequal, but not coarse, serratures, very smooth, except in the earliest state, when they are rather silky ; the upper surface is of a dark shining green ; under paler ; they are broadest toward the base, and when full-grown become rounded ut that part, approaching to an ovate shape, as expressed in Fl. Lapp. t. S.f. b, and agree- ing with the original Linnsean specimen, though the plant is called ''a lofty shrub'' in that work, not acquiring, perhaps, in Lapland the height usual with us. Footstalks perfectly smooth, as well as the midrib, more or less glandular about the top, but scarcely ever producing small accessory leaflets. Stipulas half- heartsliaped, strongly toothed, various in size. Catkins on short branches, like the foregoing, but the floral leaves are less abrupt, and straighterj barren ones obtuse, 2-i inches long, dense, with rounded, concave, hairy scales, and from 2 to 3 sta- mens to each^ore^, accompanied not unfrequenlly with an im- perfect pistil, as well as a rounded nectary. Scales of the fer- tile florets rather longer, (iervien nearly sessile, smooth, ovate, obtuse, riJther compressed, with a nectary like that of the barren florets at its base, on the contrary side to the scale. Style very short, with deeply divided spreading stigmas. Neither the sta- mens nor the stigmas project much beyond their respective scales. Tlie common receptade of all the catkins is woolly. The wood is of little value. \\'hatever economical or medical uses have been attributed to this Willow belong to tiie following, which has very generally been n^.istaken for it, in many parts of England. I have formerly, but erroneously, suspected that Khrhart's specimens, published as fragilis, might ratlier be our JiiisscUiana. They want full-grown leaves, and barren catkins, but as far as can be determined, tlu-y ansuc r to the inic fragilis ; 186 DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. and having been collected at Upsal, they ascertain this, at least, to be a native of Sv^'eden, which is confirmed by the Flora Sue- cica, where the root, boiled for a considerable time, is said to serve ''^the country people for staining eggs of a purple colour." A similar practice in Scotland, at Easter, is of very ancient date. See Anemone Pulsatilla, v. 3. 36. 20. S. RusseUiana. Bedford Willow. Leaves lanceolate, tapering at each end, serrated through- out, very smooth. P^ootstalks glandular, or leafy. Ger- uien tapering, stalked, longer than the scales. Style as long as the stigmas. S. Russelliana. FL Br. 1045. Engl. Bot. v. 26. 1. 1808. Rees's Cycl n. 39. fVUlcL Sp. PL v. 4. 6d6. Hook. Scot. 279. Purt. v.3.77. S. fragilis. fVoodv. t. \9S} In marshy woods, wet meadows, osier-grounds, or hedges, in va- rious parts of Britain. Tree. April, May. More handsome than the last in its mode of growth, as well as altogether of a lighter or brighter hue. The branches are long, straight and slender, not angular in their insertion like S. fra- gilis, and the trees, when stripped of their leaves, may always be distinguished by these marks. They are polished, very tough, flexible, round and smooth. Leaves lanceolate, firm, very smooth, except a little silkiness in the bud ; their base tapering, not rounded, nor do they at any period approach to the broad ovate form of the preceding ; they are strongly, and rather coarsely, serrated throughout ; the midrib stouter than the last. Footstalks smooth, channelled, glandular, either along their edges, or about the summit, where they occasionally bear 2 or more small lanceolate leci/lefs. Stipulas half-ovate, toothed or cut, not constantly present. Fertile catkins, which are all I have seen, longer, more lax and tn])ering than those of S. fra- gilis, their common receptacle less downy. Scales oblong, ei- ther smooth or hairy, deciduous. Germcn lanceolate, tapering, smooth, on a smootli stalk, at whose base, on the inside, is a large, abrupt, solitary, glandular nectary. Style equal in length to the deeply divided stigmas. The gertnen protrudes, beyond the scale, nearly half its own length. The foregoing distinctions will always mark this Willow as a sepa- rate species from the fragilis, which is the more important on account of the wide ditference in their qualities and value. S. Russelliana, first brought into notice by the late Duke of Bed- ford, who engaged an able chemist, Mr. Biggin, to make expe- riments upon it, was found to contain, in its bark, more of the tanning principle, than any other tree of this country, except DIOECIA — DIANDRIA. «alix. 187 the Oak. Hence this bark, taken for S.fragiiis, has been found useful, as a substitute for the Cinchona, in agues ; and if it has occasionally disappointed some medical practitioners, they pro- bably chanced, in such cases, to give the xt^iXfragills. Tanners have sometimes been, in like manner, deceived, and they will find it worth their while to observe the character of the tree, in future, before they purchase its bark. On the other hand, when the tree in question was first recommended for cultivation, by the name of the Leicestershire, or Dishley, Willow, it was re- garded with scorn, as '' only the Crack \\'ilIow," a sort notori- ously useless. This ignorance and prejudice are now removed, and S. Russelliana is found the most profitable for cultivation of any species of the genus, for the value of its timber as well as bark, the rapidity of its growth, and the handsome aspect of the tree. A famous Willow, planted by Dr. Johnson at Lich- field, is the UnaseUiana; as 1 am assured by the Rev. Mr. Dicken- son, who has mentioned it in his edition of Shaw's History of Staffordshire, p. 1 13, by the name oifragilis. 21. ^. jmrpiwea. Bitter Purple Willow. Branches trailing, decumbent. Leaves partly opposite, obovate-lanceolate, serrated, very smooth ; narrow at the base. Stamen one. Stigmas very short, ovate, nearly sessile. S. purpurea. Linn. Sp. PL 1444. Fl. Suec. 34/. WiUd. v. 4. 6/2. Fl. fir. 1039. Fngl. hot. v. 20. t. ;388. Tr of L. Soc. v. 6. 1 13. Huds. V27. Marsvh. Taur.^Cauc. v. 2. 4 1 2. S. monandra. Anlnin. Mem. I. G7. /. 1 1 Ehrh. Jrb. 58. Curt. Land. fuse. G.t.7\ ./ 5 ; but not of Hoffmann. S. rubra, minime fragilis, folio longo angusto. B- 190 DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. late, pointed, serrated, smooth ; rounded at the base. Stipulas none. Stamen one. Stigmas ovate, obtuse, notched, very short, nearly sessile. S. Lambertiana. H. ^r. 1041. Engl Bot. v. ]9. t. 1359. mild. Sp.PLv.4.673. In low meadows, osier-grounds, and on the banks of rivers in many places. On the banks of the river Willy, at Boyton, Wilts, for the course of 1 6 miles j also in osier-holts near Staines. Mr. Lambert. About Lackford bridge, near Icklingham, Suffolk. Mr. Crowe. On the banks of the' river near St. Martin's gates, Norwich ; also near Henley upon Thames. Tree. March, Jpril. Of the size and habit of the last, but very distinct from it at first sight, particularly the tender summits of the young growing branches, which, with their purplish glaucous hue, and some degree of downiness, resemble those of a Honeysuckle. Leaves frequently opposite, shorter and broader than those of the pre- ceding, dilated upwards, and more or less obtuse at the ex- tremity, with a small point ; their base rounded, or abrupt, a little unequal; the margin sharply and distinctly serrated almost throughout, but most above the middle j both sides very smooth ; the under glaucous ; they turn black in drying. I could never discover any stipulas. The footstalks are rather short and stout, always very smooth. Catkins not more than half the size of those of S. Helix, with rounded, blackish, hairy scales. Nectary much like that species. Stam. longer than the scale, with a four- lobed anther. Germ, sessile, of a short ovate, or nearly ellip- tical, tumid shape, densely downy, or silky. Style hardly any. Stigmas small, ovate, obtuse, spreading, furrowed and finally cloven into two rounded lobes. Mr. Borrer has sent what I presume to be a variety of this species, found and distinguished by Mr. Woolgar, near Lewes, in which the leaves on the upper part of strong shoots are remarkably broad towards the extremity, being almost wedge-shaped 3 germen shorter and more elliptical j stigmas with very round and short lobes. Mr. Borver suggests that what Hoffmann has given as the fertile plant of his S. monandra, our Helix, is surely this, with which the germen and short round-lobed stigmas exactly agree, and not at all with those of Helix. Whatever this plant may prove, S. Lambertiana is doubtless very distinct from Helix, differing materially in the form of its leaves as well as stigmas. The dried leaves, 'especially those of our supposed variety, give a smoky- black stain to papers between which they are laid, which is the case, though less remarkably, with S. Forbiana, and some others. DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. 191 24. S. Forbiana, Fine Basket Osier. Branches erect. Leaves alternate, with small stipulas, lanceolate-oblong, with shallow serratures, smooth ; rounded at the base ; glaucous beneath. Stamen one. Style nearly as long as the linear divided stigmas. S. Forbiana. Fl, Br. 1041. Engl. Bot.v. \9.t. 1344. Reess Cijcl. 72.49. mild. Sp. PL V. 4. 674. S. fissa. Relh. 385. Sm. Tr. of L. Soc. v.6.\\ 5 ; hut not of Hoff- mann. In meadows and osier-bolts, in the eastern part of England. At Fincham, Norfolk. Rev. Joseph Forhy. In several osier- grounds near Lynn, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe. At Prick willow, near Ely. Rev. J. Hemsted. In many parts of Cambridgeshire truly wild. Shrub. April. Stem erect, bushv, with upright, slender, smooth twigs, very flexible and tough, of a oreyish yellow, not purple, hue, highly esteemed, and much cultivated, for the finer kinds of basket- work. Leaves all alternate, very seldom inclining to be oppo- site, larger than any of the three preceding, and more approach- ing to a truly lanceolate form, with a small point j their serra- tures shallow and blunt ; upper surface of a deep grass green ; under somewhat glaucous ; both sides smooth, except a mealy kind of downiness when young. Footstalks a little silky, or downy, as is occasionally the midrib. Stipulas small, lanceolate, acute, often wanting. Fertile catkins extremely like tliose of S. Helix in every part, especially the stigmas ; but the leaves are so widely different, that the two species could not, by the most careless observer, be confounded, and the superior quality of the twigs of S. Forbiana renders that difference worthy of particular attention. The original plant, sent by Mr. J. Forby to Mr. Crowe, was found now and then, to bear a solitary stamen at one of the lower scales of the fertile catkins^ which fortunately showed this species to be truly monandrous, and distinct from Hoffmann's fissoy to which it had previously been referred, and which proves to be our rubra. S. Forbiana turns of an inky black in drying. 25. S. rubra, (ireen-loaved Osier. Stamens combined below. Leaves linear-lanceolalc, clou- gated, acute, smooth, with shallow serratures; green on both sides. Stigmas ovate, undivided. S. rubra. Uuds.Vl^. mild. Sp. VI. v. 4.61 4. /V. //;. U) !J. /:'/::/. Bid.v. If)./. 111."). Tr.ofL.SQc.v.6.\\6. S. fissa. Hoffm. Sal. r. 1 . G 1 . t. 13, 14. Khrh. Arb.'2[). fhlld. Hauniz. .'i.'>r. 192 DIOECIA—DIANDRIA. Salix. S. virescens. Villars Dauph. v. 3. 785. t. 5 1 ./. 30. S. minimi fragilis, foliis longissimis, utrinque viridibus. non ser- ratis. Raii Syn. ed. 2. 293. ed. 3. 449. S. nerii folio, utrinque virente. VailLPar. 175. Herb. Sherard. In low meadows, osier-holts, &c., but rare. Between Maidenhead and Windsor j also near Salisbury. J. She- rard. Near Ely. Bishop of Carlisle. At Prickwillow near Ely. Rev. J. Hemsted. Cambridgeshire, the barren as well as fertile plant. Rev. J, Holme. The latter from Mr. Hudson's herba- rium, by the favour of Mr. Lambert. Tree. April, May. - A small tree, with long, upright, smooth, greyish or purplish, more frequently tawny, branches, very tough and pliant, this being one of the most valuable osiers, when cut down annually. Leaves alternRte, on rather short, slender, and smooth/oo^s^aZA:^, linear-lanceolate, acute, long and narrow, flat, very minutely toothed rather than serrated, of a fine grass green, and smooth, on both sides, being downy when young only. Stipulas linear- lanceolate and toothed, rarely observable. Barren catkins stout, obtuse, near 1-|- inch long 3 fertile rather more slender, and in the flowering state shorter. Scales of both obovate, abrupt, or notched, purplish-brown, very hairy. Filaments 2, combined from the base upward about half their length, more or less, each division bearing one orange-coloured anther of 2 cells. G'erw. ovate, densely silky, with a large glandular obtuse nectary at its base, opposite to the scale. Sti/le short, with two ovate, thick, undivided stigmas. No diff"erence of opinion can exist concerning the present species, whose very long and narrow leaves agree in shape with the Com- mon Osier, S. viminalis, but want its dense white pubescence. The stamens accord with the next species, differing from all other known Salices. The name rubra seems to have been originally given to S. vitellina, n. 17, a reddish variety of which was con- founded with this. 26,S.Cro2veana, Broad-leaved Monadelphous Willow. Stamens combined below. Leaves elliptical, slightly ser- rated, quite smooth ; glaucous beneath. S. Croweana. Sm. Tr. of L. Soc.v.6. 117. Ft. Br. 10J3. Engl. Bat. V. 16. t.\\46. Willd. Sp. PL u.4.676. WinchGuide,v. 1.89. In swampy meadows and thickets. Discovered by Mr. Crowe, at Cranberry Fen in the parish of East Winch, and in other parts of Norfolk. Mr. Winch first met with the fertile plant near Eggleston, in Teesdale, and in Were- dale, Durham. He mentions the barren one as found by the Rev. J. T. Fenwick near Cambo, in Northumberland. Mr. DIOECIA -DIANDRIA. Salix. 193 Dickson appears to have sent the latter to Mr, Crowe formerly, we know not from whence. Shrub. April, May. Stem bushy, usually 4 or 5 feet high, with many stout, irregularly spreading, smooth, leafy, brittle, hrowmnh-y^Wow branches, of no value for any economical use hitherto discovered. Leaves alternate, perfectly smooth, on broadish smooth /oo99. IJerb. Light/. On the Highland mountains of Scotland, fre(|uent. Shrub. April, May. A bushy shrub, often .'3 feet higli, uitli spreading branches, the whole erect, or ascending, not decumbent. Young branches brown, bearing a little short, soft, curved down, not rigid pro- minent hairs as in the true myrsinitrs. Leaves broadly ovate, tolerably uniform, an inch long or rather more, bluntly pointed, serrated thoughout, but not deeply 3 (piite smooth, even, of a full shining green, on the upper surface, without any prominent VOL. IV. 0 194 DIOECIA-DIANDRIA. Salix. veins ; glaucous, veiny, when very young only besprinkled with a few silky close hairs, beneath. Stipulas minute, unequally ovate, smooth, convex, notched, often wanting. Footstalks rather short and stout, smooth, except some occasional downi- ness on the upper side, which is also found on the midrib of the younger leaves, but by no means constantly. Catkins before the leaves, erect, on short, numerous, lateral branches, at- tended by obovate Jioral-leaves, silky at the back, above half as long as the catkin. Scales rounded, or obovate, brown, densely hairy, or rather silky. Germen sessile, ovate, longer than the scale, covered with long, silky, white hairs. Style at first short, but subsequently becoming longer than the blunt cloven stigmas. Capsule small, ovate, brown, finally stripped of its hairs. Living plants of this were sent by Mr. Lightfoot to the Rev. Henry Bryant. The supposed variety with silky-backed leaves, men- tioned in the Fl. Br., is now reckoned a species j see the follow- ing. S. myrsinites of Hoffmann, concerning which I always had some scruples, is referred by Willdcnow to his Anwmiiiana, per- haps justly. 28. S. vaccinufoUa, Bilberry-leaved Willow. Leaves lanceolate-ovate, serrated ; smooth and even above ; glaucous and silky beneath. Capsules ovate, silky. Stems decumbent. S. vacciniifolia. Engl. BoU v, 33. t. 2341 . Comp. ed. 4. 162. Rees's Cycl. n.bQ. S. prunifolise varietas. Fl. Br. 1055. S. myrtilloides. Bonn Cant. ed. 5. 231 ; not of Linn. On the Highland mountains of Scotland, not unfrequent. First observed by the Rev. Dr. Walker, and Rev. Dr. Stuart, in Breadalbane, and other places. The late Mr. George Ander- son found it plentifully in the south of Scotland. Shrub. April. Very distinct from the preceding, of a much more humble stature, with decumbent, or trailing, long and slender branches -, silky when young, though otherwise smooth. Leaves but half the breadth of the prunifolia or venulosa, covered at the back with close, delicate, almost invisible, silky hairs, and likewise very glaucous } ihe^floral ones ovate, obtuse, on long silky footstalks, and beautifully silky at the back, especially when young -, the upper surface of all the leaves even and smooth, nearly as much as in the last. In the fertile catkins no great or permanent differ- ence is discernible, except that the scales are somewhat more acute, and oblong, or elliptical, as are those of the barren cat- kins also. Stamens full twice the length of the scales,, perfectly distinct. DIOECIA-DIANDRIA. Salix. 195 29. S. venulosa. Veiny-leaved Willow. Leaves ovate, serrated, naked ; reticulated with prominent veins above ; rather glaucous beneath. Capsules ovate, silky. Stem erect, much branched. S. venulosa. FL Br. 1 05.5. Engl. Bot. v. 1 9. /. 13G2. Comp. ed. 4.162. Itees's Cycl.n.i)7. In the Highlands of Scotland. Mr. Dickson. Shrub. April, May. In size and general habit this species agrees with my prunifolia ; but the somewhat narrower leaves differ, I tliink, materially, on their upper surface, in their prominent, elegantly reticulated, veins, conspicuous in the dried as well as growing specimens, especially towards the margin. The under side is generally less glaucous than in the two last, and in having many close-pressed hairs comes nearest to vacciniifnlia. Stipulas like prunifolia. Catkins rather more slender, with ovate scales. Capsules silky, smaller, more elliptical, at least while young j but this last cha- racter, as well as the proportion of the style and stigmas, is perhaps variable. Mr. Edward Forster, of whose opinions, as well as observations, I well know the value, thinks the present plant only a variety of S. prunifolia. He has cultivated them, as I have done, and botanists who have equal experience must decide between us. Prof. \Villdenow referred my venulosa, with doubt, to his own formosa; but some very complete specimens of this latter, sent by Mr. Sieber from Carinthia, prove distinct. Nothing can be more truly different from all of them in size, mode of growth, and characters, properly considered, than vacciniifolia. 30. S. ?iuj)'sinitcs. Green ^Vhortle-Ieaved Willow. Leaves elliptical, serrated, smooth, veiny ; polished on both sides. Young branches Iiairy. Germens stalked, downy. Capsules awl-shapetl. S. myrsinites. Linn. Sp. PI. 14 15. Fl. Lapp. //.353. t. 7. f. (i. /. cS. /. f. Willd. V. 4. 67S. Fl. Br. lO.") 1. Kngl. Bot. vAO.'t. 13()0 ; excl. the references to Hoffmann, f'illars Dauph. v. 3. 769. t.50. /. 12j bad. iraldenb. Lapp. 262. S. retusa. Dicks. Tr. of L. Soc. v. 2. 28S j from the author. S. n. 1015. Hall. Ilist^.v.2.'30S. /3. S. arbutifolia. //'///(/. r. 1.682 ; according to Prof. IMcrtcn^. S. myrsinites. Fl. Dan. t. lO^tl. S. pumila, folio utrinque glabro. Uauh. Hist. v. I . /), 2. 21 7 ■ f^ In the Highlands of Scotland. On the mountains of Cilen-co. Rev. Dr. Stuart. On the Clova mountains. Mr. Thomas Drummond. 196 . DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. Shrub. May, June. A sturdy, upright, bushy shrub, 1 to 2 feet high, with abundance of short, leafy, dark-purplish branches, hairy when young, not downy. Leaves very different from all the foregoing species, except S. malifoUa, in their rigid thin, crackling, veiny texture, without any thing glaucous or cottony about them, the fine hairs on the younger ones being scattered and silky. Both sides are of the same g^reyish green, and both alike veiny, with fine, pro- minent, reticulated veins, meeting at right angles. The shape is either elliptical, in some degree approaching to orbicular j or in the variety (B obovate-lanceolate ; all slightly pointed ; the length about an inch or rather more -, the margin finely, but sharply and distinctly, serrated. Footstalks short, thick, smooth. Stipulas unequally ovate, strongly toothed, smooth, variable in size. Catkins solitary, terminal, cylindrical, thick and obtuse, hoary with the abundant long hairs of the brown, elliptic-oblong, notched scales. Nect. obtuse, notched. Stam. 2, twice the length of their scale. Germ, stalked, awl-shaped, downy, tapering into a smooth short stijle. Stigmas thick, distant, deeply divided. Caps, brown, tapering, downy, especially towards the bottom. The leaves frequently remain, withered and bleached, through the winter. They are so unlike those of other small Willows, at least of all the preceding, in being of the same shining green on both sides, that the species cannot be mistaken. Their shape, though different in the two extremes, may clearly be traced from one variety to the other. 31. S. Dicksoniana. Broad-leaved Mountain Willow. Leaves elliptical, acute, slightly toothed, smooth ; glau- cous beneath. Young branches very smooth. Catkins ovate, short, erect. Germen stalked, ovate, silky. Stig- mas nearly sessile. S. Dicksoniana. Engl. Bot. v. 20. 1. 1 390. Rees's Cycl. n. 60. Willd. Sp. PL V. 4. G96. Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. t?. 5. 362. S. myrtilloides. Ft. Br. 1056 -, but not of Linnecus. In the Highlands of Scotland. Mr. Dickson. Received from Scotland by Mr. Winch. Shrub. April. Stem upright, about a foot high, perfectly smooth, like every part of the herbage, even the youngest /eares and branches; the latter are round, erect, green the first year, afterwards brown. Leaves an inch or inch and half long, elliptical, with a small broadish point, flat, with very shallow tooth-like serratures ; the upper surface bright green, even ; under glaucous, finely veined. Foot- stalks short, and rather stout. Stipulas half-ovate, very minute, and often wanting. Catkins before the foliage, almost sessile, each accompanied by 2 or 3 oblong-lanceolate Jlora I- leaves. DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. 197 somewhat silky at the back. They are ovate and short, erect, but hardly rising above the floral-leaves, very dense, with brovvn, oblong, notched scales, clothed with copious, long, silky hairs. Nect. an oblong, tumid, notched gland, Stam. not observed. Germ, on a longish smooth stalk, elevated somewhat above the scale, ovate, densely downy. Stijle scarcely any. Stigmas ovate, obtuse, yellow, large and thick, at an advanced period perhaps divided. The short ovate catkins, in which the present Salix differs from all we have hitherto described, and agrees with a few other dwarf species, particularly the rosmarinifoUa and Arhuscida, as soon as they appeared in Mr. Crowe's garden proved this to be dis- tinct from .S', myrtilloides, for which itliad previously been taken. No Willow is more decidedly smooth in every part but what be- longs to the fructification ; nor is the shape or proportion of the leaves liable to variation. Its name commemorates that great British botanist, who discovered it among his own native hills, and who has gathered and discriminated more species perhaps of this genus than any other person. His discoveries are every day confirmed, as well as his remarks. The germens of the real .S'. mijrtdiuidcs, not yet found in Britain, are quite smooth, in lax cylindrical calkins, and the leaves per- fectlv entire. Willdenow has mistaken smooth for downy in my description of the leaves of S. Dicksoniana. 32. S. carinata Folded-leaved Willow. Leaves ovate, finely toothed, smooth, minutely veined, folded into a keel. Catkins cylindrical, with rounded, hairy scales. Germen sessile, ovate, silky. S. carinata. Fl. Br. 10.')5. Engl. But. v. 19. /. \36'3. Reess Cycl. n.G3. IVilld. Sp. PL v. 4. CHO. In the Highlands of Scotland. Mr. Dickson. Sent from Scotland, in 1807, by the Rev. Dr. Stuart. Shrub. April. Larger and more erect than N prnnifolia or venulosa, to both which it is nearly related in the fertile catkins. These are cylindrical, slender, erect, twice the length of the silky-backed //orv//- /<(/;<•.«, and fjuite unlike the short, dense, ovate catkins of the last-de- scribed species. Their .v<7//('.s arc rounded, concave, abru|)t, lialf i\H long as the germen, and clothed at the outside with long hairs. Germen sessile, ovate, densely silky. Style smooth, very short. Stigmas ovate, short and thick, finally notched. The branches are elongated, brown, very slightly iiairy when young. Leaves elliptic-ovate, near an inch and half long, dark green, minutely and co|)iously toothed, acute, smooth (»n bolli sides, except in the bud. where they are externally silky. They are very re- markablv recurved, keeled, atul tohhd. so that, having a con- 198 DIOECIA-DIANDRIA. Salix. siderable degree of rigidity, they cannot be pressed flat. Both sides are finely veiny j the under one somewhat glaucous. Foot- stalks short and thick. Stipulas extremely minute, half-ovate. A prominent tooth remains on the older branches, where each footstalk stood. The leaves clearly distinguish this Willow from every other, though the fructification shows an affinity to the prunifolia and venulosa, next to which it ought perhaps to have been placed j butWilldenowvv'as not acquainted with the catkins. These are totally unlike the short ovate ones of the last, or the following. 33. ^. Arhuscula. Little Tree Willow. Leaves lanceolate, acute, obscurely toothed, smoothish ; glaucous beneath ; silky when young. Branches downy. Catkins ovate, erect. Germen stalked, ovate-lanceolate, silky. S. Arbuscula. Linn. Fl. Lapp. n. 360. ed. 2. 297. L 8./. m. Sp. PL \445y. Willd.v.4.6S\} F/.Br.lOoO. EngLBot.v.\9. tA366. Rees's Cycl. n. 65. Wahlenb. Lapp. 263. t. 1 6./. 2 ? omitting the reference to Linn. Fl. Lapp, which is S. tenuifolia. In the Highlands of Scotland. Mr. Dickson. Shrub. April. Stem erect, slender, about a foot high, naked below, like a little tree ; the branches spreading, round, light brown ; downy when young ; in their earliest state rather silky. Leaves on short, but slender, footstalks, moderately spreading, about an inch and half long, lanceolate, flat, narrow, acute, contracted at each end, very minutely and distantly toothed, so as to appear entire un- less carefully examined ; the principal lateral veins parallel, though their ultimate ramifications form right angles ; the upper surface smooth, of a light, but rather dull, green j under more or less glaucous, partly silky with close hairs ; the youngest frequently silky, or silvery, all over. Stipulas none, except on young radi- cal shoots, when the whole shrub is cut down, on which the leaves become not longer, but broader, somewhat elliptical, with mi- nute, ovate, close stipulas. Catkins numerously ranged along the leafless branches, on short stalks, with a few lanceolate, tapering, hahy floral- leaves to each, which are as long, or longer, than the little upright ovate hoary catkin, whose scales are black- ish, or purplish, obovate, notched, densely bearded, each ac- companied by a small pale nectary. Germen ovate-lanceolate, silky, stalked. Style very short, with large, broad, obtuse, tawny stigmas. The plant here described is the authentic type of S. Arbuscula, with which Linnaeus associated, in his Species Plantarum, two other very distinct species, our tenuifolia, and the foUolosa, FL Lapp. ed.2. n. 356. He never saw the catkins of S. ArJmscula, which by DIOECIA-DIANDRIA. Salix. 199 their short ovate figure assist materially in characterizing the species, agreeing most with those of .S. D ic kso nia na, irom which the leaves of the present widely differ in form and silkiness. Nevertheless, when the plant is cut down, the strong radical shoots produce much broader, and partially elliptical leaves, approaching to the universal shape of Dkksoniana, but are still silky when young. Cultivation from seed, if possible, could alone determine whether the plants vary into each other. We know nothing of the h^xv&njlowers. The catkin in Dr. Wahlen- berg's t. 16./. 2, i.s twice the length of our Arbuscukif and much more lax, nor do the leaves agree. ;;4. S. livida. Livid Dwarf Willow. Leaves elliptic-oblong, obscurely toothed, smooth ; livid beneath. Stipulas none. Germen nearly cylindrical, downy ; its stalk twice as long as the scale. Stigmas nearly sessile. S. livida. Wahlenb. Lapp. 2/2. t. IG./. 6 ; exclusive of all the sy- nomjms. Hook. Scot. 28 1 . In the Lowlands of Scotland. Dr. Hooker. At the foot of Hertfell, near Moffatt. Mr. Maughan. Shrub Very smooth in almost every part, about a foot high, the young branches spreading widely, and partly recumbent, with a yellow- ish bark, which in its earliest state is a little downy, with curved hairs. Leaves three quarters of an inch long, elliptical, slightly dilated upwards, equally contracted at both ends, but not acute ; distinctly, but not deeply, serrated or toothed ; the smallest veins reticulated at right angles ; the upper side green and shining 5 under, as W'ahlenberg observes, livid rather than glaucous. Footstalks short and stout. Stipulas never seen by the eminent botanist last named, in any state or supposed variety, of the plant. Catkins, according to him, lax, on short stalks, with I or 2jloral leaves ; their common receptacle finely downy, as well as the stalks of the germens, which are twice the length of the little, ovate, likewise downy, scales. Germen long and cylindri- cal, more thickly downy. Stigmas idmost sessile. 1 have seen onlv a branch or two with the leaves, communicated by my friend Dr. Hooker, wliich altogether agrees with the above description ; what regards the fiuctijication is borrowed from Dr. Wahlenberg's work. I cannot refer this Willow to any described species, nor \n nnv of the Liiunean specimens. ;]."). S. hcrbacea. Least A\'ino\v. Leaves or))iciiliir, serrated, reii( ulated will) vrins, very 200 DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. smooth and shining on both sides. Germen stalked, ovate-lanceolate, smooth. S, herbacea. Lmn. Sp. PL 1445. FL Lapp, eel 2. 294. t. 8./. h. t.7.f.S,4. fViUd.v. 4. 682. FL. Br. 1056. Engl. Bot, v. 27. M907. Gramm.t.^.f.Sb—^7. Hook. Scot. 2S3. FL Dan. t\\7. Hoffm. SaL v. 1 . 74. t. 20. IVahienb. Lapp. 260. S. n. 1649. HalL Hist.v.2.309. ' S. alpina, alni rotiindo folio, repens. DHL in Rail Syn. 448. Bocc. Mus. t. 1 . S. alpina minima, lucida, repens. alni rotundo folio. Bocc. Mus. 19.^.1. S. saxatilis minima. Bauh. Pin. 474. Prodr. 159. On the summits of the loftiest mountains of England, Scotland and Wales, in a micaceous soil. On Snovvdon. Sherard. On the tops of all the Highland Alps. Light/ . On Skiddaw, Cumberland, Mr. Crowe and Mr. Wood- ward. Shrub. June. This is reckoned the least of all shrubs, the stems though woody, perennial, and often branched, being only an inch or two in height, partly decumbent, very slender, and, like every other part of the plant, quite smooth. The /oo/s are much stouter, woody, from 1 to 2 feet long, copiously branched, sending up abundance of the abovementioned little stems, and fixed in the earth and stones by copious fibres. Leaves on short stalks, al- ternate, pretty accurately orbicular, about half an inch broad, bright green, smooth and shining, as well as beautifully reticu- lated with prominent veins on both sides. Stipnlas none. Cat- kins of but few flowers, terminal, solitary, stalked, erect, naked, cylindrical, with obovate, or roundish, fringed, yellowish scales. Stam. 2, distinct, rather longer than their scale. ISlect. a double gland. Germ, on a shortish stalk, ovate, tapering, very smooth^ as is, of course, the reddish capsule. Style short, subsequently elongated, permanent, with the small cloven stigmas. The scales of the fertije catkins are smooth, fewer, and more oblong, than in the others. The Laplanders, according to Dr. Wahlenberg, call this the Ptar- migan leaf. ** Adult leaves entire, nearly smooth, 36. S. 7'eticulata. Wrinkled Willow. Leaves orbicular, somewhat elliptical, obtuse, entire, coria- ceous, with reticulated veins, nearly smooth ; glaucous beneath. Germen sessile, downy. S. reticulata. Linn. Sp. PL 1446. Fl. Lapp. ed. 2. 296. t. 8./. 1. 1.7. /.I, 2. Willd,v.4.68o. FLBr.1057, EngL BoL v. 27. 1 1908: DIOECIA-DIANDRIA. Salix. ^201 Dicks. Dr. PL 44. Hook. Scot. 283. Fl. Dan. t. 2 1 2. Hoffm. Sal. i'. 2, 3. /. 25—27. Wahlenb. Lapp. 262. S. n. 1 G50. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 309. S. pumila^foliorotundo. Bank. Hist.vA . p.2.2\7 ./. RaiiSyn. 449. On the loftiest mountains of Yorkshire, Wales and Scotland. Upon Ingleboroiigh and Whern-side, Yorkshire j T.^\'iHiselI. Raij. On the tO])sof the highest mountains of North Wales, Ray. On many of the Highland mountains, in a micaceous soil. Light- fooL Shrub. June. Larger than the last, with stout, woody, ))rocumbent stems and branches, either mantlinj; the Alpine rocks, or spreading on the ground, in large patches. Leaves 3 from each bud, on long s\Qm\^v footstalks, without stipulas, alternate, nearly orbicular, or somewhat elliptical, an inch broad, firm, coriaceous, though deciduous, entire, with an occasional notch at the end ; the upper surface wrinkled, of a deep shining green j under very glaucous, or whitish, beautifully reticulated with abundance of pro- minent veins, now and then somewhat silky, but 1 have not seen them so in British specimens, except perhaps when very young. The summit of each footstalk is often bearded with silky hairs. Catkins solitary at the end of the same branch, above the leaves, each on a simple, often downy, leafless stalk, longer than the footstalks, exactly cylindrical, obtuse, reddish, dense, many- flowered, about an inch long, with obovate, partly woolly, scales. Stam. 2, distinct, twice the length of the scales, with an awl-shaped nectary at their base. Germ, ovate, often curved, sessile, downy ; sometimes, if not always, with a nectary of 4 club-shaped glands at its base. Hofl'mann represents a single gland only, and it is possible the 4 glands drawn in EnQ. t.2bSQf. Camp. ed.4. \62. Rees's Cycl. n.Sb. S. arenaria masculina. Fl. Dr. 1059. Engl Bot. v. 26. p. 1809. S. lai)ponum. Fl. Dan. t. 1058 ? In the Highlands of Scotland. \\\ Brcadalbane. Rev. Dr. Stuart. Near the upi)er end of the burn at Finlarig. Mr. IV. Borrer. On Ben Lawers. Mr. D. Turner. Received from Scotland by the late Mr. T. F. Forster, in whose garden its distinctive characters remained, with very little variation. Shrub. July, August ; probably also in the early Spring. Bushy and copiously branched, 2 or 3 feet, or rather more, in height; the branches dark brown, downy when young and leafy j cottony or silky at the tops. Leaves scarcely more than half the size of the foregoing or the following, and more lanceo- late, rarely somewhat obovate, sharp-pointed, sometimes slightly wavy, or toothed ; the upper siirface greyish-green, shaggy or silky, partly denudated by culture, always very even, not wrin- kled or veiny 5 the under side whiter, and more densely silky, partly cottony, with obscure veins, and a reddish midrib. Foot- stalks downy, rather slender, with a slight projection of the branch under each. Stipulas 1 think entirely wanting. Catkins from large lateral buds, short, ovate-oblong, on short stalks, with 2 or 3 lanceolate, Jloral-lcavcs. Scales blackish, ovate, densely bearded. Stam.2, not much protruded. G't/m. very nearlv, if not (juite, sessile, the length of the scale, ovate-oblong, woolly. Style slender, as long as the germen. Stigmas divided to the base, into capillary acute seros(rnta. hy the name it shoidd seem that he jumbled various things together under his pobjmorpha, and Ilothnann mav have seen some specimen^ o( rcpens, in Ehrhart's collection of trees and shrubs. Mr. Crowe at one time took S. pros' rata for rcpens, and observed its flowering regularly three weeks earlier than either variety of {\w J a' tula, along with which he cultivated it for many years. To that species it is most allied, nor is it easy to define their distinctive characters. The peculiar .scent of the latter, its rounder /tY/rr5, and stouter, more ascend- p'J 212 DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Sallx. ing, branches, are ready off-hand marks, and the stalk of its germeu is longer. There is a mistake in Engl. Bot. as to the time of flowering of S. prostrata. 46. S. incudacea. Trailing Silky Willow. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, pointed, straight, nearly entire : convex and smooth above, with prominent reticulated veins ; glaucous and silky beneath. Stem recumbent. Catkins ovate-oblong. Stalks of the silky germens longer than the scales. Capsules smooth. S. incubacea. Linn. Sp. PL 1447. Fl. Suec. ec/.2.351. Willd. vA. 696. S. angustifolia. Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. v/6. 48. S. pumila angustifolia prima. Clus. Hist. v. 1. 85./. 86. S. pumila angustifolia, prona parte cinerea. Bauii. Hist. v. 1. p. 2. 213./ 214. S. pumila altera. Dod. Pempt. 844./ Chamaeitea, sive Salix pumila. Ger. Em. 1391 ./ In sandy meadows, especially near the sea. At Hopton, Suffolk. Mr.E.Forster. Shrub. Maij. Root woody, long and creeping. Stems reclining or prostrate, about 2 feet in length, round, dark brown, sending oft' numerous crowded branches, mostly towards the end of each principal one, which are copiously leafy, downy, or partly silky, accompanied by short flowering shoots, intermixed or alternate with them. Leaves on shortish downy stalks, elliptic-lanceolate, very various in breadth, from 1 inch to ly long, slightly revolute and some- what pointed, either quite entire, or here and there notched ; the upper side convex, dark green, at first minutely downy with close hairs, but soon becoming very smooth and polished, remarkable for its prominent veins, which meet towards the margin in strong, rectangular network, much more conspicuous than in any other of this tribe, and common to all the varieties, however different in length or breadth of leaf ^ the under side is concave, glaucous, very silky at an early period, finally nearly smooth, the midrib chiefly prominent. Stipulas small, ovate, acute, rarely present. Catkins earlier than the foliage, lateral, either sessile, or on short bracteated stalks, ovate-oblong, or shortly cylindrical. Scales small, obovate, blackish, bearded. Germ, on a silky stalk, which is equal in length to the scales, or longer 3 ovate-lanceolate, silky, with a small slender s/z//e, about as long as the thick, divided, reddish stigmas. Caps, finally light brown, nearly or quite smooth. The principal diagnostic of this species, in which all our Swiss, DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. 213 German, and Linnsean specimens^ however various in the size and breadth of their foliage, agree with Mr. Forster's Hopton plant, is the prominence of the transverse and marginal veins, forming a strong network, on the naked upper surface of each leaf. The common S. repens alone has nearly the same cha- racter ; but the much greater size of the present plant, its long spreading branches, and a total difference of habit, surely must keep it distinct ; yet I have it from (iermany as the repens of Linnajus, and depressa of Hoffmann. The angustifolla of Jac- quin from himself, precisely what is represented in all the wood cuts above cited, has longer narrower leaves, and shorter catkins when in seed ; yet I have various Swiss specimens connecting this with our Norfolk plant, some of them altogether the same as what Linnaeus has marked incubacea, though the latter speci- men is not of Swedish growth. Whatever this Salix may be, which I must at present be content to add to our Flora, under Mr. Forster's sanction, as i)tcuba- cea ; it has nothing to do with my fa'ticla, prostrata, fuscu, or argentea. 47. S. Uo7iia7ia, Rusty-branched Willow. Leaves obovate -lanceolate, partly opposite, acute, straight, slightly serrated ; livid, and somewhat silky, beneath. Stem and branches erect. Catkins cylindrical. Ger- men stalked, silky, longer than the obovate, bearded scales. Sent from Scotland, as British, by the late Mr. George Don, to the late Mr. George Anderson. Mr. Borrer. Shrub. Maij. Stem D or 6 feet high, with straight, wand-like, round, leafy branches, of a reddish, or rusty, brown, scarcely downy, except when very young. Leaves mostly alternate, but several of the lowermost j)airs are opi)osite, all nearly uj)right, flat, an inch and (juarter long, uniform ; broadest, and mosr evidently ser- rated, in their upper part, towards the i)oint} green, minutely veiny, and smooth, above ; livid, or in some measure glaucous, as well as finely downy, or silky, beneath, witli a prominent, reddish midrib, and slender veins ; the silkiness less evident on the older ones. Fuolstallis stout, very broad at the base, j)aler than the branches. Stipulas none. Catkins before the leaves, numerous, siattered, on short lateral stalks, each accompanied bv.'i or l elliptic-oblong, partly silky, bractcas; erect, cylindri- cal, three (piarters of an inch long, obtuse, dense, many- flowered. Scales obovate, jjartly blackish, bearded, about half the length of the arruun with its stalk, iicrm. ovate, covered, as well as the stalk, with long silky hairs. Style short. Stigmas short 214 DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. and thick, undivided ; finally perhaps cloven. I have not seen the ripe capsules, nor the barren catkins. In its form of growth^ shape of the leaves and catkins, as well as in the size and particular structure of the latter, this species comes nearest perhaps to 5. purpurea, n.2] ; but the catkins are shorter and stouter, having about half as many Jlorets, and the leaves are smaller, silky when young, evincing an affinity to S.fusca, and its allies ; on which account I have, in compliance with the opinion of my experienced friend Mr. Borrer, placed this very ambiguous, though very distinct, species, here. The nature of its pubescence undoubtedly justifies this determina- tion, and answers to the character, however artificial, of the present section ; approaching moreover to the partly naked, partly silky, foliage of the following. 48. S. rosmarhnfoUa, Rosemary-leaved Willow. Leaves linear-lanceolate, pointed, straight, entire; silky beneath. Stem erect. Catkins ovate, recurved. Ger- men stalked, lanceolate, silky. S. rosmarinifolia. Linn. Sp. PL 1448. Fl. Suec. ed. 2.352. Willd. v.4.697. Fl. Br. 1062. Engl. Bot. v. \9. t. 1365. Rees'sCycl. 77.109. Ehrh.Arb.\\9. S. repens g. Huds. 429 ! S. pumila, rhamni secundi Clusii folio. Dill, in RaiiSyn.447. S. humilis repens angustifolia. Lob. Ic. v. 2. 137./. Bauh. Hist. v.].p.2.2\4.f. In moist sandy ground. Found by J. Sherard. Dill. Sent by Mr. Dickson, probably from Scotland, to Mr. Crowe. Shrub. April. A slender upright shrub, 2 or 3 feet high, allied in its habit, silky silvery foliage, and short ovate catkins, to *S. Dicksoniana, 77. 31, and .S. Arbuscula, n. 33 3 but much more silky, or downy, than either, and the catkins at first are singularly recurved. The branches are upright, very slender, round ; silky when young. Leaves scattered, on short slender stalks, nearly upright, straight, linear-lanceolate, acute, hardly ever more than \ of an inch broad, at most, and from 1 to 2 inches long, entire, sometimes beset with a few marginal glands ; the upper surface silky when young, but soon becoming smooth and veiny, of a rather light green, scarcely blackened in drying} under glaucous, and at every period more or less silky. Stipulas, if present, rather large, erect, ovate, oblique, silky, rarely divided. Catkins lateral, nearly sessile, with 2 or 3 linear bracteas, densely silky at the back ; at first drooping, ovate, and very short 5 as they advance becoming more erect^ but still short and thick. Scales small. DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. 215 ovate, or obovate, blackish, bearded. Nect. ovate, black-edged. Germ, ovate-lanceolate, tapering, densely silky, on a downy stalk half as long as the scale. Style thick and short. Stigmas broad, subsequently cloven to the base, dark brown or purplish. The barren catkins I have not met with ; but in a somewhat allied American species they are, like the fertile ones, short, ovate, and recurved. The Rhamnus secundus of Clusius, to which this Willow is com- pared by Diilenius, is Hippophae rhamnoides. It hardly less resembles that plant than it does .S. repens, or any of the same tribe. 49. S. c'lnerea. Grey Sallow. Stem erect. Lower leaves entire ; upper serrated, obovate- lanceolate ; glaucous, downy, and reticulated wuth veins, beneath. Stipulas half-heartshaped, serrated. Germen silky ; its stalk half as long as the lanceolate scales. S. cinerea. Linn. Sp. PL 1449. Fl. Suec. ed. 2. 353. Fl. Lapp. ed,2.296; omittins; the reference to Villars. TVilld. v.4.690. FI.Br.\0G3. Engl, Bot.v.27. t. \S97. Rees's CycLn.94. Forst. Tonbr. 111. S. acuminata. Hoffm. Sal. v. 1.39. ^.6./. 1,2. t.22.f.2. Ehrh. Arb.89' S. daphnoides. Villars Daiiph. v. 3. 705. t. 50./. 7 j bad. From the author. In moist marshy woods and hedges, in various parts of England. In Cumberland, and in Fream wood. Rev. Mr. Lightfoot. In the grounds of Lord Viscount Anson, at Shugborough, Staffordshire ; also in Gloucestershire, between Bristol and the Severn ; and doubtless in many other places. Tree. April. Twenty or thirty feet high, if left to its natural growth ; in hedges or thickets more dwarf and bushy. It is readily to be distinguished from other common Willows by a rusty glittering hue, residing more perhaps in the fine veins, than in the pubescence sprinkled over them, which consists of minute, prominent, sliining hairs, totally unlike the dej)ressed silkincss of the tribe we have just been investigating. The rusty colour indeed increases after the specimens have been long dried, but is visible, in some degree, in the growing plant, especially towards autumn. The branches are smooth, reddish-brown, crooked ; the young ones slender, spreading, and, in an early state, downy. When the tree has been much cut, it of course sends forth strong flowering, and afterwards leafy, shoots, as represented in Engl. Hut. On the Ivdfy branches oi the year the lower Uans are nearly or quite entire, an inch, or inch and half, long, obovate, with a sliort oblique |)oint, on shortish, slender footstalks, without stipulas ; the u|)per ones twice as large, variously serrated, with half- 216 DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. heartshaped stipulas, strongly serrated or toothed, various in size, never very large. All the leaves are of a firm texture, sott to the touch ; deep green and veiny, though not rugged, above j glaucous, more downy and soft, beneath, with numerous, pro- minent, pale or reddish vei?is, of which the transverse ones are parallel, though curved, their subordinate divisions straight, numerous, elegantly parallel, interbranching towards the mar- gin. Catkins before the leaves, numerous, nearly sessile, an inch long, thick, obtuse, downy, with very small, silky, oblong bracteas. Scales lanceolate, acute, dark brown, pale at the base, plentifully bearded and clothed with long silky hairs. NecL a single oblong gland. Stam. 2, slender, yellow, smooth, quite distinct, twice as long as the scale. Germ, lanceolate, somewhat ovate at the base, silky all over, its silky stalk half the length of the scale. Style short and thick. Stigmas rather longer, deeply cloven. A very curious specimen, gathered at Duckinfield, near Stockport, Cheshire, by Mr. Robert Gee, bears a monoecious catkin, the lower half of which consists of perfect germens, with their styles and stigmas ; the upper of a few misshapen bodies, with appa- rently perfect stamens at the top. This and another instance or two of the same kind, render the report of Willows changing their^ow;ers, from one sort to another, though scouted by Lin- naeus in his Gen. PL, not altogether incredible. S. cinerea is perhaps one of the most useless of the Sallow tribe, which it here introduces. They are known by their oboyate, or rounded, downy leaves, and thick, early, silky catkins, with pro- minent, yellow, distinct stamens, two in e^ich Jioret. Hoffmann's acuminata is certainly this plant, and not what I have all along so named. See n. 60. I have a morsel with variegated leaves from Germany. 50. S. aurita. Round-eared, or Trailing, Sallow. Branches trailing. Leaves somewhat serrated, convex, obovate, obtuse, with a small hooked point ; hairy, and reticulated with veins, on both sides. Stipulas round- ish, convex, toothed. Germen silky, stalked. Stigmas nearly sessile. S. aurita. Liww. % PZ. 1446. H. Lapp. ec/. 2. 303. ^.8./. y. Fl. £r. 1064. Fngl.BoLv.lX.i.W^l. Forst. Tonbr.lW. Hook. Scot. 285. Ehrh. Arh. 39. Hoffm. Sal. v. 1. 30. t. 4./. 1, 2. t.22.f.\. S. caprea h. Huds. 430. S. uliginosa. Willd. Enum. 1007. S. ulmifolia. Villars Dauph.v.3. 776. t.ol.f. 20. S. n.l652. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 3\0. S. folio rotundo minora. Dill, in Raii' Syn. 450. Giss. 38. ap- pend. 37. DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. 217 /3. S. capvea numila, folio subrotundo, subtus incano. Dill, in Rail Sijn. 450. S. aurita. IFilld. Sp. PL v.i. 700; excluding the specif c char. Enum. 1007. In moist upland woods and thickets. /3. In low wet pastures. Shrub. Jprif, May. Stem bushy, usually 3 or 4 feet high ; in the variety /3 scarcely a foot. Branches spreading or trailing, either amongst other bushes, or on the ground, to a great extent, whence the name of Trailing Sallow by which it is known in Norfolk ; they are roundish, brown, hoaiy J rather angular, purplish, and downy, as well as leafy, when young. Leaue^ various in size, on short, stout, ^oviuy footstalks, obovate, generally an inch or two long, more or less contracted toward the base, though sometimes rounded, or nearly ovate, in that part j their termination is often remarkably obtuse, or abrupt, with abroad, short, recurved, hooked, or oblique, point ; both sides hairy and very rugged ; the uppermost dark green, wrinkled like a cabbage leaf 3 under side paler, rather glaucous, more hairy or downy, and strongly veined 3 the margin in some measure revolute, coarsely serrated and crisped. The earliest leaves^ appearing soon after the blossoms, are but ^ or i of an inch long, abrupt and entire j very denselv downy beneath; similar to which, though partlv serrated and less hoary, is the whole foliage of the variety /3. Stiputas half-heartshaped, or rounded, convex, strongly vemed and toothed, as well as wrinkled ; glaucous and vaulted beneath ; very various in size, but never wholly absent. Catkins before the leaves, nearly or quite sessile, elliptic-oblong, with very small, lanceolate, hairy bracteas; barren ones not an inch long at most; fertile longer, especially as they advance in age. Scales oblong-lanceolate, or narrowly obovate, thin, bearded, whitish with a brown tip, soon withering. Nect. a tumid, abrupt, yellowish gland. Stam. twice the length of their scale. Germ, on a hairy stalk, which is hardly ecpial to the scale ; ovate, or, when fully formed, more lanceolate and tapering, all over downy, or silky. Style sc;n-cely any. Stigmas ovate, thick, finally notched. The leaves occasionally form permanent rosace- ous tufts, like those of .S. Helix, n. 21. There are some gradations between the common ai)pearance ot this Salix, and its ultimate very small-leaved variety p ; but, on the other hand, I scarcely think Dillenius correct in saymg there were " some prcttv tall trees of it in hedges near Clussel- hurst." These must rather have been the cimrea, or the acjua- tica. Botanists, even the most attentive, have confoundeil both these species occasionally with tiie present, and have gone so far as to suppose them all varieties of S.capna. I have received, bv favour of Mr, 11. Totter, two specimens of p, 218 DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. analogous to that mentioned under S. cinerea, bearing catkins composed of pistils in their lower half, and stamens in the upper j above which, on one branch, are 2 entirely of barren ^ore/s. These grew on a dry declivity in a wood, likewise at Duckin- field. Their leaves clearly determine them to be the dwarf au- rita, and coming from the same place, it maybe suspected that the former specimen, which has no leaves, is the same. This must remain doubtful. The branch most resembles cinerea, and the parts of fructification are too much alike in both, to assist in the decision between two such dried specimens. It appears that the following is subject to a similar deformity. 51. S. aqiiatica. Water Sallow. Stem and branches erect. Leaves slightly serrated, obovate- elliptical, minutely downy, flat ; rather glaucous beneath. Stipulas rounded, toothed. Germen silky, stalked. Stig- mas nearly sessile. S. aquatica. FL Br. 1065. Engl. Bot. v. 20. 1. 1437. Rees's Cycl. n. 1 1 8. WillcL Sp. PI. v. 4.701. Forst. Tonbr. 111. S. caprea a. Huds. 429. S. cinerea. With.o4. Hull2\9. Relh.3S7. S. n. 1 65 1 . Hall. Hist. i5. 2. 3 1 0 r This, as the son of the author informed Mr. Davall, comprehends several distinct species. Among them perhaps, by the description of the Catkins, is our following one. S. aurita. Hofm. Sal. t.b.f.S. S. Timmii. Schkuhr ; according to Prof. Mertens. S. folio ex rotunditate acuminato. Eaii Syn. 149. S. folio ex rotundo acuminato auriculata. Raii Cant. 145. s! caprea rotundifolia. Gcr. Em. 1390./. Tabern. Kreuterb. 1492, sa7nef. In wet hedge-rows, woods, swamps, and the banks of ponds or rivers, extremely common. Shrub, or small Tree. Jpril. Stem generally bushy, rarely forming a tree. Branches numerous, upright 3 the young ones slender, hoary, or finely downy, leafy throughout, often angular. Leaves on rather slender downy footstalks, elliptic-oblong, acute, about 2 inches in length, flat, not wavy, though serrated about the middle and towards the ex- tremity J narrowest at the base ; the lower ones on each branch gradually smaller, quite entire, obovate, rounded and obtuse, the lowest of all not half an inch long j all soft and pliant, of a dull greyish green, reticulated with minute veins ; not rugged, but even, and finally smooth, on the upper side 3 glaucous and minutely downy, underneath. Stipulas rounded, vaulted, tooth- ed, smaller than the last. Catkins before the leaves, sessile, numerous, elliptic-oblong. Braclcas lanceolate, hany, very DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. 2J9 small. Scales obovate, dark brown in their upper half at least, externally hairy. Nect. oblong. Stam. twice as long as their scale. Germ, ovate-lanceolate, silky ; its stalk somewhat hairy, shorter than the scale. /S7//Ze very short. Stigmas thick, ovate, undivided. Caps, light brown, silky, with long tapering valves. A very common species, brittle, not of any particular use but as fire-wood, most related to the last, but distinct in mode of growth as well as foliage. The catkins too are twice as large, more like those of cinerea ; but much smaller than oleifolia or caprea, both totally different from this, and well distinguished from it by that circumstance alone. Mr. Dillwyn and Mr. J. Woods found, near London, on a plant of this species, some deformed catkins, analogous to those men- tioned under the two foregoing. 52. S. oleijhlia. Olive-leaved Sallow. Stem erect. Branches straight, spreading. Leaves obovate- lanceolate, flat, rather rigid, minutely toothed, acute ; glaucous, reticulated, and finely hairy, beneath. 8ti})u- las small, notched, rounded. Catkins oval, nearly half as broad as lonij. S. oleifolia. Fl. 5r. 1065. Engl. Bot. v. 20. t. 1402. Feess Cijcl. n. 1 1 9. mild. Sp. PL 2). 4. 702. Forst. Tonhr. 111. S. n. 1 65 1 . Hall. Hist. v. 2. .310? at least one of his supposed va- rieties. In woods and hedges. Very abundant in the hedges and copses about Tittleshall and Litcham, also in the parish of Framingham, Norfolk, as well as in other parts of England. Mr. T. F. Forster found it in wet hedges and fields about Tonbridge. Tree. March. Truly arboreous, and, if allowed to grow, as tall as a common Crab-tree, though not of so stout a habit as the Salix caprea, the catkins excepted. The branches arc round, when young somewhat angular, brown, more or less hoary with short down, very soft to the touch. Tliey are leafy in the upper part, and in the lower beset with ^flower -buds, at first small, for the follow- ing spring. These buds increase to a very large size before they open, so that this Willow, like .S'. caprea, may be known by its great buds, while stripped of its foliage. The leaves spread but moderately, and are from 2 to near 3 inches in length, 1 at most in breadtli, elliptic-lanceolate, tapering at each end, somewhat obovate, acute, not i)ointe(l ; at first sight seeming entire, or minutely serrated ; but they are more generally bordered with minute L':lan(lu!ar teeth ; tlie uj)per side green. Hat. even, ob- scurely hoary rather than downy ; under j)aler, sliL;htly glaucous, with coijioiis, |)roniinent, reticuhitid. minutely hairy, veins, 220 DIOECIA-DIANDRIA. Salix. acquiring by time a portion of the rusty hue of S. cinerea. Their substance is firm, rather coriaceous 3 and in their earliest state they are densely downy. Footstalks rather short, downy. Sti- pulas either wanting, or small, never large; when most conspi- cuous they are recurved, or vaulted, often cloven. Catkins remarkably large, thick, sessile, with a very few, peculiarly small, hairy bractcas ; their shape an oblong oval 3 their length an inch or more 5 their diameter, including the stamens, above half as much. Scales obovate-oblong, half blackish, hairy. Nect. obtuse. Stajn. much longer than the scale, with large golden anthers. Mr. Borrer has communicated, from Sussex, a truly wonderful monstrosity, observed by him for several successive years, in which several of the upper catkins, on some branches of this spe- cies, gradually change their nature. First the stamens of each Jloret are formed, more or less, combined, some entirely so, an apparently simple filament bearing 2 anthers. Further down there are catkins whose lower part consists of shapeless oblong smooth bodies, resembling germens, tipped with two simple minute horns, as if the anthers were replaced by imperfect stig- mas; and there are one or two rudiments of more complete, somewhat silky, germens, with 2 sessile undivided stigmas. Their precise nature cannot be ascertained, without mutilating this very curious specimen. The real fertile catkins I have not ex- amined 3 but it is to be presumed their pistils do not much differ from the rest of the Sallow tribe, all very nearly resembling each other in those organs. The specimen here described invalidates an opinion advanced in my Introduction to Botany, ed. 1. 2/6, ed. 5.220, that " stamens and pistils never change into each other." The intelligent botanist will make his own observations, and may perhaps trace the progress of so strange a metamor- phosis. 53. S. cothiifolia. Quince-leaved Sallow. Stem erect. Branches spreading, dowuiy. Leaves broadly elliptical, nearly orbicular, slightly toothed; glaucous and downy, with rectangular veins, beneath. Style as long; as the linear notched stigmas. S. cotinifolia. Fl. Br. 1066. Engl. Bot. v. 20. 1. 1403. Rees's Cycl. 71.120. fVilld.Sp.Pl.v. 4.702. Hook. Scot. 286. S. spadicea. Villars Dauph. v. 3. 777. From the author. In thickets and woods. Sent from Scotland by Mr. Dickson to Mr. Crowe, who found it himself, in some of the upland parts of Norfolk. ^' By the road- side between Newton Stewart and Glenluce, Wigtonshire 3 Mr. Maughan 3 on the banks of the Esk^ near Forfar, but rare 3 Mr. G. Don 3" Hooker. DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. 221 Shrub, ylpril. About 2 feet high ; sometimes, if sheltered, G or 8 feet, always upright, with straight, round, brown, downy, moderately spread- ing, branches. Leaves an inch, or inch and half long, and an inch wide, flat, broadly elliptical, frequently almost orbicular, with a broad short point; the base rounded, or obtuse ; the mar- gin beset with very shallow serratures, or more generally with small glandular teeth ; upper side dull green, covered with minute, depressed, scattered hairs ; under pale, or slightly glaucous, more loosely hairy, especially the rib, and transverse parallel veins, whose subdivisions compose a fine rectangular network. The substance of the leaves is firm and rigid, and their aspect resembles a Quince leaf, or rather perhaps Rhus Coiinus, except the latter being of a brighter green, and smooth. They blacken in drying, though less than the following. Foot- stalks stout, downy. 6///3«/«s small, rounded, or ovate, wither- ing. Buds hairy. Catkins much, earlier than the foliage, sessile, erect, cylindrical, short and obtuse, scarcely one fourth the size of the foregoing, with 2 or 3 small shaggy bracteas. Scales obovate, broad and rounded, blackish, bearded with long hairs. Neat, small and blunt. Germ, ovate-lanceolate, silky, on a partly downy stalk, which is shorter than Ihe scale. Style thick, smooth, longer than is usual in the Sallow tribe, being equal to the linear, obtuse, notched stigmas. Caps, tapering, brown, nearly smooth. \'illars supposes this may be an '' intermediate variety" between the hastata and lanata of Linnaeus ; but it is impossible to make out what he intends by the latter, except that it is not the true one, nor could his spa'dicea have been ascertained but by a spe- cimen from himself. It is precisely our cotinifolia, which name I retain, as fiir preferable in itself, and nearly of the same date ; spadicea does not in any sense apply. No species can be more clearly distinct. 54. S. hirta. Hairy-branched Sallow. Stem erect. Branches densely hairy. Leaves elliptic- heartshaped, })ointed, finely crenate ; downy on both sides. Stipulas half-heartshaped, flat, toothed, nearly smooth. S. hirta. Engl. Bot. v. 20. t. MO 1. Comp. cd. \. 1G4. Reess Cycl. n. 121. fVilld.Sp.Pl.v.4.0[)C). In woods and hedges. Found in Norfolk, by Mr. Crowe. Tree, /ipril, May. A small tree, remarkable for its tliick, round, hoary branches, clotlunl verv densely with prominent, close, liorizontal, soft. 222 DIOECIA-~DIANDRIA. Salix. cottony hairs, which retain all their whiteness when the green parts turn black, and this soon happens in drying. Leaves elliptic-oblong, a little heart-shaped, or cut away, at the base, from 2 to 3 inches in length, and at least one in breadth, sharp- pointed, flat ; bordered with shallow serratures, or blunt notches ; the upper surface of a dull green, minutely hairy ; under pale or glaucous, more densely downy, particularly the rib and veins, which last are reticulated like the foregoing. Footstalks stout, densely downy, half an inch long. Stipulas large, half-heart- shaped, acute, wavy and partly toothed, veiny, green, almost entirely smooth, contrasted remarkably with the white down of the adjoining branch and footstalks, which constitutes a striking character of the species. Catkins nearly sessile, cylindrical, an inch or more in length, with small hairy bracteas. Scales black- ish, bearded with long hairs, obovate ; the lower ones often tapering to a point. Nect. roundish, papillary. Stam. swelling upwards, twice as long as the scale. Anth. large, yellow. 55. ^, rupestris. Silky Rock Sallow. Stem trailing. Leaves obovate, acute, serrated, flat, even, silky on both sides. Stipulas hairy. Branches minutely downy. Germen stalked, awl-shaped, silky. Style as long as the blunt undivided stigmas. S. rupestris. Bonn Cant. ed. 5. 231. Engl. Bot. v. 33. i. 2342. Comp. ed. 4, 1 63. Rees's Cycl. w. 1 23. Hook. Scot. 285. On rocks in the Highlands of Scotland. Discovered in the Highlands, by the late Mr. George Anderson. On the rocks of Craig Challoch and Mael Ghyrdy. Mr. W. Borrer. Near Blanchland, Northumberland. Mr. Winclu Shrub. May. Stems trailing, or depressed, with dark-coloured branches, very finely downy when young. Leaves about an inch long, obovate, or elliptical, acute, even and flat, veiny, but not wrinkled, finely and regularly serrated, beautifully silky with depressed hairs, more especially beneath, and when young. Footstalks downy in the manner of the branches. Stipulas ovate, very minute, externally hairy, often wanting. Buds small, bristly. Catkins rather before the leaves, sessile, ovate, thick, half an inch longj the fertile ones soon becoming thrice that length, and more laxj the bracteas of all oblong, smooth above, very silky at the back. Scales blackish, obovate, more or less bluntly pointed, bearded with long hairs. Nect. papillary. Stam. twice the length of the scale, capillary, with ovate yellow anthers. Germ, on a longish hairy stalk, ovate-awlshaped, clothed with silky hairs, and projecting far beyond the scales. Style smooth, twice or thrice as long as the blunt undivided stigmas. DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. 2^3 By no means a dwarf variety of S. cinerea, aqiiatica, aurita, or, still less, oleifoUa ! It is needless to repeat their differences, or to show the total dissimilarity of the present^ any more than of the following species. 56. S. Andersoniana. Green Mountain Sallow. Stem upright. Leaves elliptical, acute, finely notched, slightly downy ; paler beneath. Stipulas half-ovate, nearly smooth. Branches minutely downy. Germen smooth; its stalk almost equal to the scale. Style cloven, longer than the cloven stigmas. S. Andersoniana. Ew^/. J5o^i;.33. /.2343. Co?«p. et/. 4. 163. Ree^i's Cycl n. 1 23. Hook. Scot. 285. fVinch Geogr. Distrib. ed. 2. 34 ; from the author. In woods, and on the banks of rivers, in Scotland and the north of England. Brought from Breadalbane, where Dr. Walker first found it, by the late Mr. George Anderson. At Heaton Dene, and upon the banks of the fyne, below Newcastle. Mr. Winch. Shrub. April, May. Stem bushy, its branches green the first summer, afterwards of a sooty brown, are clothed with dense, short, curved down, finally disappearing from the older ones. Leaves of a rich bright green, blackish when dried, an inch or inch and half long, broadly ellip- tical, acute, scarcely pointed, fiat, finely crenate, or copiously and bluntly serrated ; paler, but not glaucous, underneath ; more or less downy on both sides, especially the midrib and veins, with minute hairs ; their substance thin and pliant ; the very young ones silky. Footstalks downy » rather short. Stipulas small, half-ovate, toothed, slightly downy, erect and flat ; after a while recurved and vaulted. Fertile catkins somewhat stalked, short, ovate, coming before the leaves, subsequently elongated and cylindrical. Bracteas ovate, minutely crenate, more than half as long as the catkins ; smooth above ; sparingly silky beneath. Scales obovate, all over blackish, bearded. Nect. cylindrical, abrupt, papillary. Germ, ovate-lanceolate, green, (^uite smooth and naked, its stalk smooth, nearly equal in length to the scale. Style stout, avvl-shai)e(l, smooth, cloven at the summit, longer than the thick, obtuse, likewise cloven, stii^mas. Catkin of ripe capsules not above an inch long. The fimooth ^rcr men distinguishes this from every other known spe- cies of tl\e Sallow tribe ; to which its pubescence, stipulas, and the structure, as well as pr()])ortion, of the parts of frnctilication, demonstrate its affinity. \Vc know not of its being put to any use. 224 DIOECIA--DIANDRIA. Salix. 57. S. Forsteriaria, Glaucous Mountain Sallow. Stem erect. Branches minutely downy. Leaves elliptic- obovate, acute, crenate, slightly downy; glaucous be- neath. Stipulas vaulted. Germen stalked, awl-shaped, silky. Style as long as the blunt notched stigmas. S. Fovsteriana. Engl. Bot. v. S3, t. 2344. Covip. eel 4. 164. Rees's CijcL n. 124. Uook. Scot. 285. M'inch Geogr. Distrib. ed. 2. 34. In woods, and on the banks of rivers, in Scotland and the north of England. Not rare in Scotland. Mr. Forster. In Heaton Dene, and on the banks of the Tyne, near Friar's Goose. Mr, Winch. Shrub, or small Tree. May. Taller than the last species, forming a small tree, with finely downy branches. Leaves larger and firmer than those of S. Anderso- niana ; their upper surface of a darker or duller green, though more polished, scarcely downy, except the midrib and veins -, under glaucous, finely veiny, with more downiness 3 their length 2 or 3 inches; the margin crenate, rather than serrated 3 the young ones are very densely silky, in the manner of the forego- ing. Footstalks downy. Stipulas rounded, recurved and vaulted, toothed, in some degree hairy. Fertile catkins an inch long when in full bloom, more than twice as much when the seeds are ripe, cylindrical, many-flowered, each on a shortish hairy stalk, with' a couple of stalked, ovate, crenate bract eas, moderately silky at the back, the size of the last-described. Scales partly blackish, hairy, obovate ; the lower ones acute j each about the length of the hairy stalk of the tapering silky germen. Nect. papillary. St7jle about twice as long as the thick, notched, seldom divided, stigrnas. It is represented too short in Engl. Bot. Capsules light brown, almost stripped of their pubescence. The structure of the Jlowers, and habit of the whole plant, show this, like S. Andersoniana, to be a true Sallow, though the degree of its pubescence is much less than what is usual in this section of the genus. Two names more dear than these, to the memory of dieir friends or to Botany, can scarcely be recorded in the history of science. 58. S. sphacelata. Withered-pointed Sallow. Stem erect. Leaves elliptic-obovate, even, veiny, entire, or slightly serrated ; downy on both sides ; discoloured at the point. Stipulas half-heartshaped, toothed, erect. Germen stalked, ovate-lanceolate, silky. Stigmas notch- ed, longer than the style. S. sphacelata. F/. 5r. 1066. Engl.Bot.v.ZZ. t.2SZ2>. Rees'sCycl. W.125. PViUd.Sp.PLv.4.702. Hulled.2. 295. Hook. Sect. 286. DIOECIA— DIANDIUA. Salix. 2?5 S. lanata. Liahlf. G()2 ; in liis hcrfxiruim. S, caproai varietas. Ilojf'in. Sal. v. 1 . 28. /. ."». f. 4 ; excellent. /. 21 . ./: d r In v.'iUeys among- the Uigiilands of Scotland. Lightfont. At Finlariix, near tlie head of Loch Tay. Rei'. I)r, Stuart. Tree. April, Mtiij. A small husliy tree^ six or eight feet hiL,^h, the young ^r<;/nr//<'5 very soft, with den^e, hoary, short, velvet-like down. Leaves in like manner soft and downy, especially when first opening, always of a greyish aspect ; their shape obovate, or elliptical, with a small ob- lique point ; their length an inch and half, perhaps two or two and halfat their full growth j the margin either quite entire, or slightly, sparingly, and unequally serrated ; the upper side light green, clothed with fine down which finally disappears ; under more dovvny, with a prominent rib and veins, hoary, not glaucous ; the tip, from its earliest formation, nearly naked, green, or brownish, soon looking as if blasted, or withered, assuming a tawny hue. This character, which struck me in the few dried specimens I had seen, is eminently conspicuous in the plentiful foliage of the living j)lant, which I saw for the first time, and instantly recognized, in the rich collection of Mr. E. Forster, at Hale End, in May i 823. The /oo. In meadows and osier-grounds. About Bury, chiefly amongst Osiers. Mr. Crowe. 1801. Near Pennard castle, Glamorganshire. i\Ir. I). Turner. 1803. Shrub. April, May. Branches erect, wand-like, round, long, slender, reddish, leafy, smootii ; finely downy and soft when young ; l)rittle and unfit for basket-work. Leaves on shortish downy /bo/.s7rt/A,y, lanceolate, 3 or 1 inches long, tai)ering to a point 3 the margin wavv, or .slightly crenale, witli minute tectii here Jind there, esjiccially towards the point ■ the up()cr side green, delicately soft to the touch witii extremely minute, almost invisible, dose, silky down ; under ))ale, whitisli, densely silky, and likewise |)eeuliariv soft; the midrib and .slender veins reddish, fatherless downv. Slifiulas very small, at firsi lanceolate, a little toothed, haiVvj subse- quently crescent-shaped. Catkins before the leaves, numerous. 2^0 DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. Sallx. nearly sessile, small, elliptical. Bracteas few, linear-lanceolate, acute, covered at the back with long silky hairs. Scales obovate, dark brown upwards, reaching to the middle of the silky, ovate- lanceolate, stalked germen, and clothed with long dense hairs, not reaching to its top. Nect. ovate-oblong, bluntish. Style at first but half the length of the linear, deeply cloven, stigmas; but becoming afterwards about as long. Caps, silky, tapering, on a hairy stalk, and tipped with the permanent style and stig- mas. This was given to Mr. ('rowe for the true Velvet Osier, and its remarkable softness suggested the name of Salix mollissima; wliich we afterwards discovered, as we thought, to have been given to the same species by Ehihart. But his mollissima I have lately ascertained to be totally distinct, in catkins as well as leaves ; which Willdenow first perceiving, was pleased to give our English plant the appellation here adopted. His holosericea is, I believe, the Velvet Osier. Both that and the mollissima are German, not British, natives. It is important for cultiva- tors of Osiers to distinguish them carefully, for the Velvet Osier is, for some kinds of work, greatly esteemed 5 whereas 6'. Smith- iana, notwithstanding the account received by Mr. Crowe, see Fl. Brit. 1070, proves of no utility. 63. S. stipidaris. Auricled Osier. Leaves lanceolate, pointed, slightly wavy, obscurely cre- nate ; soft and nearly naked above ; white and downy beneath. Stipulas half-heartshaped, stalked, very large. Nectary cylindrical. Germen ovate, nearly sessile, as well as the hnear, undivided stigmas. S. stipularis. H.Br. 1069. En^l Bot.v.\7. t.\2\A, ReessCycL n. 136. Hook. Scot. 286. WilliL Sp. PL v. 4. 708. In osier-holts, hedges and woods. Near Bury St. Edmund's. Mr. Crowe. Common in hedges and woods in Scotland 3 Mr. David Don. Hooker. Shrub. March. TidgsupYight, tall, soft and downy, of a pale reddish brown, brittle, and of little or no use as an Osier. Leaves almost upright, nu- merous, about a span long, sharp-pointed, unequally and slightly crenate ; green, even and soft, though hardly downy, above ; finely downy, and whitish, beneath, with a nearly smooth, reddish, or pale, midrib, and remarkably downy, as it were fringed, veins. Footstalks stout, half or three quarters of an inch long. Stipulaspe- culiar, being more or less stalked, half-heartshaped, taper-pointed, erect, longer than the footstalks, toothed, or lobed, on the outer ^k\e at the base, downy at the back. Catkins much earlier than the foliage, numerous^' almost sessile, erect, with a few lanceo- late, a<.ute, silky bracteas; the barren ones rather above an inch DIOECIA—DIANDRIA. Salix. 231 long, turgid, or in some measure elliptical, obtuse ; fertile half as long again, cylindrical. Scales pale, ovate-oblong, somewhat convolute at the base, brownish at the extremity, bearded with long hairs. Stam. distinct. Jnth. round, pale yellow. Germ. ovate, downy, very nearly sessile. Style short. Stigmas four times as long, linear, undivided, widely spreading. A^ec/. slender, cylindrical, longest in the barren catkins, being about half the length of their scales. Easily known, at first sight, by its coarse tall habit, and conspi- cuous stipulas, but not worthy of cultivation for any economical purpose. Yet it was sent several times to the late Mr. Sowerby to draw, as the true .S. vimiualis, whose valuable qualities every- body knows. I humbly conceive that the botanical distinctions of the three last, which have not been carelessly constructed, will be found sufficient to identify them. 64. S. alda. Common Wliite Willovv. I^eaves elliptic-lanceolate, pointed, serrated, silky on both sides; the lowest serratures glandular. Stamens hairy. Gerinen smooth, almost sessile. Stigmas deeply cloven. Scales rounded. S. alba. Linn. Sp. PL 1449. mild. v. 4. /lO. Fl. Br, 10/ 1 . Engl. Bot. V. 34. t.2430. Rees'sCycl.n.lW. Hofm. Sal.v.\.4\.t.7 ,S. Ehrh.Arh. 10. Pl.Oj^. 1S9. S. n. 1 63.J. Hall Hist. v. 2. 303. Salix. RaiiSijn. 447. Ger. Em. 1389./. Mutth. Valgr. r. 1. 180./. Corner. Epit. 107./. S. folio utrinque glauco, viminibus albidioribus. Rail Cant. \42. S. Dioscoridis. Lnb. lev. 2. 13G./ S. vulgaris alba arborescens. Bauh. Pin. 47 3. S. maxima fragilis alba hirsuta. Bauh. Hist. v. \.p.2. 2\2.J. S. alba perticalis vulgaris. JJaltch. Hist. 27o./. /3.S. c^rulta. Blue Willow. Engl. Bot. v. 34. t. 2431. Rees'sCyrl. n. 14 1. Ait. Hart. Kcic. ed. 2. r. ,5. 3 65. S. albae varietas. Fl. Br. 1072. S. alba. Hook.Scot.2H7. In moist woods, low pastures, or meadows, and on the banks of rivers and ditches. /3, Most frequent in tlie North. Tree. May , and often again in July. A U\]\ tree, whose ir/r/t is thick, full of cracks, good for tanning, and for the cure of agues, though inferior in quality to that of »S'. Rnssellinna, the true Bedford, or Huntingdon, Willow • sec w. 20. The branches arc numerous, spreading widely, silky when young. Leaves all alternate, on ahorlish foot sta Iks, lanceolate, broadest a little above the middle, pointed, tapering towards Ciirh end, regtilarly nnd acutely serrated, the lower serratures 232 DIOKCIA— DIANDRIA. Salix. must glanflulur ; both sides of a greyish, somewhat glaucous, green, beautifully silky, with close-pressed silvery hairs, very : dense and brilliant on the uppermost, or youngest, leaves; the lowermost on each branch, like the bracieas, are smaller, more obtuse, and greener. Stipulas variable, either roundish or ob- long, small, often wanting. Caildns on short stalks, with three or four spreading leafy bracteaa, for the most part coming before the leaves, but a few more often ap])ear after Midsummer; they are all cylindrical, rather slender, obtuse, near an inch and half long. Scales fringed, rounded at the end ; those of the barren calkins narrow towards the base ; of the fertile dilated and con- , volute in that part. Ned. of two obtuse glands, one before, the other behind the stamens. Fdamenis hairy in their lower part. Jnih. roundish, yellow. Germ, very nearly sessile, green, smooth, ovate-lanceolate, bluntish, longer than the scale. Style short. Stigmas short, thickish, cloven. Caps, ovate, brown, smooth, rather small. /S is a very remarkable variety, so much more valuable for cultiva- tion, that my late most accurate friend Mr. Crowe was ever anxious to find some specific character to distinguish it. We could at last only discover that the under side of the leaves loses, at an early period, most of its silky hairs. On this slight founda- tion, I presumed to publish it as a species by the name of cfvru- lea, as much aware as the most critical botanist could be, that such a character was not satisfactory, especially as it might ori- ginate in the quick growth of the leaves, and the consequently rapid extension of their surface. Having brought this variety into botanical notice, I wish some careful observer, pursuing Nature, not empty fame, may be more fortunate ; and if the plant can be increased by seed, it may possibly be still further im- proved. Its qualities are of the highest importance. The su- ])erior value of the wood and bark, the rapid growth, as well as handsome aspect, of the tree, its silvery-blue colour, its easy j)ropagation and culture, in dry as well as wet situations, all render it so su])erior to our Common White Willow, that a cul- tivator might justly think lightly of any one, who should tell him there was no difference between them. Indeed one of the few botanists really acquainted with Willows, Mr. Borrer, has sug- gested that there are some presumptive distinctions even be- tween our S. alba and that of Hoffmann, in the shape of the lower leaves, and of the scales of the catkins, as well as in the length and density of the latter. So S. vitellina, strangely re- ferred to alba by the great Haller, differs obviously in its longer, more taper, catkins; lanceolate pointed scales; smooth stamens, and perhaps other nuu'ks ; besides its smooth adult leaves, which occasion it to be placed in the first section. All these things deserve inquiry. The British Willows may now, perhaps, be fo\uKl tolerably intelligible 3 and the foreign ones are syste- DIOECIA— TRIANDKIA. EmpLinun. ^33 matically detailed by Willdcnow, as well as in Rees's Cyclopaedia ^ Ko that, notwithstanding some ambiguities, a careful observer may become acquainted with them all. The American spccie^s are worth notice. Those of Switzerland appear to be few, and not well understood. The (ierman botanists greatly exec 11 most others in a practical acquaintanct^ with the whole genus. DIG EC LI TIUANDRIA . 449. EMPETllUM. Crow-beny. Linn. Gen. 5\j. Juss.\C)2. Fl. Br. 1072. Tuurn. t.\2\. Lam. t.803. Gcrrtn. t. 106. Nat. Orel. Misccllanccc? Linn. 51-. Akin io En'oc. Juss. .51. Rather to {ha Mi/jsinccc. Br. Prodr. 532. It has suiely no afiinity to the Coni/brcc, as some suppose. Bar.Jl. CaL in .3 deej), ovate, permanent segments. Petals 3, sometimes more, ovate-oblong, contracted at the base, larger than the calyx, withering. Filam. 3 — 9, capil- lary, long, pendulous. Anlh. roundish, deeply cloven, of 2 cells. Fcrt. Jl. CaL the same. Pet, 3, ovate-oblong, spreading, contracted at the base, longer than the calyx, withering. Genu, superior, orbicular, depressed. Sfj/Ic simi:)le, erect, very short. Stii^mas 9, oblong, spreading widely. Bcrnj orbicular, depressed, wider than the calyx, of I cell. Seeds 9, erect, triangular, closely disposed in a circle, gibbous externally. Linna'us once saw \\\q. floxt^crs \\\\\\ both stmncns and pistils. I have such on Swiss specimens, from Mr. Davall. Slrw shrui)bv, of humble growth. Leax'es scattered, or whorled, lineai-oblong. revolute, evergreen. 77. axil- lary, bracleated, reddish. Bernj black, white, or red. I. E. ffti^n/ni. l>hick Crow-berry, or Crake-berry. 8lem and branches procuinhi nt. Leaves slightly elliptical. /•:. nigrum, l.mn. Sp. PL \\M). li'ilhl. r. I. ri;i. 77. iir. iO/'i. Ln\ Currant, scarlet, juicy and sweetisli. Seeds originally 6, but only 1 or 2 come to per- fection. These nre hard, white, semilransparent. Instead of a leaflet, of considerable size, accompanying they^oiAcr, in some sj)ccie8, there is in tliis a small spine, or bristle, winged at the base, besides 2 or 3 membranous bnnUas, on tlie elongated fruit-stalk. The variety p has more extended and wavy branches, tiie leares rather el'lipticid than ovate, tapering at tiie base, it can scarcely be considered as more tlian a variety, being itself liable to several different a])]iraran(es. Q36 DIOECIATETRANDIUA, 451. VlSCUiM. Misseltoe. Linn. Gen. 517. Juss. 212. Fl. Br. 10/1. Tourn. l. 380. Lam. t.SOl. GcErtn.t.27. Nat. Ord. Aggregate. Linn. 48. Caj^rijhlia, Juss. 58 Loranthece. " Richard and Juss. Ann. du Mus. v. 12. 292." DeCand. 61. Bari\f.. Cal. a slight border. Cor. of 1 petal, in 4< deep, ovate, acute, equal segments. Filam. none. Antlu 4, ovate, compressed, sessile on the l^ase of each segment of the corolla, all over pitted, or cellular. Fert. Jl. Cal. a rather more evident border, superior. Pet. 4, ovate, dilated at the base, equal, deciduous. Germ, inferior, ovate, crowned with the calyx. Style none. Stigma obtuse, undivided. Berrij globular, smooth, juicy, viscid, of 1 cell. Seed 1, heart-shaped, compressed, obtuse, sometimes with a double embryo. Parasitical on trees, shrubby, branched, smooth, pale green. Leaves opposite, simple, undivided, entire, rigid. Fl. greenish. Berries of various colours. 1. V. album. Common White Misseltoe. Leaves obovate-lanceolate, obtuse. Stem forked, with ses- sile intermediate heads, of about five flowers. V. album. Linn. Sp. PL 1451. fVilld. v. 4. 737. FL Br. 1074. EngL Bot. V. 21. t. 1470. Hook. Scot.2SS. MilL Illustr. t.S7. Woodv.suppLt.270, V. n. 1609. HalL Hist. v. 2. 282. V. baccis albis. Bauh. Pin. 423. Duham. Jrb.v. 2. 354. L 104. Viscum. Bail Sijyi. 464. Ger. Em. 1350./. Trag. Hist. 949./. Fuchs. Hist. 329./. /c. 187./. Lo?iic. Kreuterb. S7.f.3. Matth. Valgr. V. 2.161./. Camer. Epit. 555 . /. Parasitical on trees, especially the Apple-tree^ Hawthorn, Lime, Oak, &c. Shrub. Maij. Root woody, thick, very hard, incorporated deeply with the wood of the tree on which it grows, without any radicles. Stem bushy, repeatedly forked, jointed, round, smooth, pale green. DIOECIA— TETRAXDRIA. Hippopliae. S37 about a foot high. Leaves of rather a (lee|)er hue, one incli and half long, rigid, ahnost woody, with parallel ribs, evergreen. Fl. in small, axillary, yellowish heads, al)0ut a in each head. Berries white, pellucid, the size of a (AuTnnt, sweet, very glutinous in- ternally, serving to make the best birdlime, when boiled with a small portion of vegetable oil. Loranthus curopceus seems to be the original, or most common Misseltoc, i^og, of the Greeks, which grows usually on some kind of Fir-tree. But our fiscum album is likewise found in Greece, though rarely, growing on the Oak • and this has been preferred from the most remote antiquity. Hence, when the superstitions of the East travelled westward, our Druids adopted a notion of the Misseltoe ot the Oak being more holy, or effica- cious, in conjurations or medicine, than what any other tree afforded, the Loranthus , or ordinary Misseltoe, not being known here. This superstition actually remains, and a plant of f- iscum gathered from an oak, is preferred by those who rely on virtues, which perhaps never existed in any Misseltoe whatever. ^52. HIPPOPHAE. Sallow-thorn. Linn. Gen.:) \ 7. Juss. 7o. Fl. Br. 1 07:). Lam. t. 808. Gcorln. t. 42. Rhamnoides. Tourn. /. 481. ^•di.Ox'd, CalijciJIora'. T.inn. 16. El(Vngni. Jii.ss. 21'. San- talacccr. Brown Prodr. Nov. Holl. 350. Bcwr.Ji. Cnl. in 2 deep, roundish, valvular sep^mcnts, originally folded flatly together. Cor. none. Filam. 4-, very short, erect. Anth. terminal, ohlong, angular, erect, of 2 cells, not projecting beyond the calyx. Fcrt, JL CaL of I leati inferior, tubular, cloven at tlie summit, deciduous. Coj: none. Genu, superior, small, roundish. Style short and thick. Sfigma simple, ob- long, projecting beyond the . calyx. Berrij globular, very juicy, of I cell, with a thin skin. Seed solitarv, oblong, polisheil, with a furrow at each side, invested with a double membranous tunie^ the outermost perhaps only the proper lining of the cell. Thorny s^hruhs^ with opposite or alternate, stalked, simple, undivided, entire leaves^ scaly and silvery, esj)eciallv beneath. /'/. from the same hu(h^ below the leaves, aggregate, small, greenisli. /^r/vvV.v acitl, not unwlK)le- some. Some of i\w /hncers are reported to have sldm. and 7^/.s/. occasic^nally in the same imlividiial. 238 DIOECIA—TETRANDRIA. Myrlca. 1. H. rhamnoides. Common SalloW'tboin, or Sea Buck-thorn. Leaves linear-lanceolate, scattered. H. rhamnoides. Linn. Sp.PL\\b2. WiUd.v.4.74S. F/.JBr. lO/o. E?igL But. V. 6. t. 425. Pall. Ross, v.l.t. GS. FL Dan. t. 265. Ehrh. Arb. 110. H. n. 1 603. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 278. H. Dioscoridis ? Column. Ecphr.v. 1.36; t^ojig. Rhamnoides fructifera, foliis salicis, bacci.s levit^r flavescentibu.s. RaiiSyn.AAT). Rhamnus secundus. Clus. Hist. t*. 1 . 1 1 0. /. Ger. Em. 1 334./, Rhamni species. Camer. Epif. 81./. Oleaster germanicus. Cord. Hist. 186. /'. On sandy cliffs, on the east const of England. Upon cliffs above the level of the sea, from Kent to Yorkshire. Ray. Plentiful between Yarmouth and Cromer, Norfolk. Shrub. May. A bushv rigid shrub, 5 feet or more in height, with hard wood, and straight, spreading, leafy branche:^, each terminating in a thorn. Leaves numerous, deciduous, scattered, linear-lanceolate, mostly bluntish, one inch and half long, on short stalks j dark green on the upper side, minutely dotted, not scaly j beautifully silvery, as well as scaly, beneath. Fl. green, minute, solitary in the' bosoms of some of the lowermost leaves while very young. Berries somewhat stalked, rather elliptical, orange-coloured, simply, but powerfully, acid, pleasant enough when preserved with sugar. They are seldom, if ever, ripened in gardens, though the shrub is very commonly cultivated for the beauty and singularity of its foliage. Gardeners should attend to the /lowers being dioecious, and plant both sorts together. These berries afford a kind of sauce to the poor in Sweden and the South of France. Haller speaks of them as ill-flavoured, Rous- seau gives an account of the singular politeness of a young Frenchman, the companion of his walks, who seeing him gather and eat this fruit, did not presume to warn him of its being re- puted poisonous. 453. MYRICA. Gale. Linn.Gen. 518. Juss.409. FLBr.\076. Lam.t.S09. Gcsrln.t.SQ. Gale. Dill. Gen. 194. t.lO.f. A— E. Nat. Ord. AmentaceiS. Linn. 50. Juss, 99. Barr. Jl. Catkin ovate-oblong, loosely imbricated in every direction. Cal, a single, ovate, bluntish, concave scale to each floret. Cor, none. Filam. 4, rarely more, short, capillary, erect. Anth. vertical, large, of 2 divided lobes. DIOKCIA— TETKANDUIA. Myrica. ^39 Feti.Jl, Catkin as in the barr. fl. Cal. nearly the same. Cor. none. Germ, ovate, flattish, suj^erior. Styles 2, thread-bhaped, spreading, longer than the calyx. Stigm. simple, acute. Berry of 1 cell, various in substance. Secdl. Aromatic shrubs. Leaves mostly, if not always, simple, generally more or less serrated, besprinkled with resi- nous dots. Stijmlas none, or evanescent. Catkins axil- lary, expanding early in the following year. 1. M. Gale. Sweet Gale, or Dutch Myrtle. Leaves lanceolate, serrated; tapering and entire at the base. Scales of the catkins pointed. M. Gale. Linn. Sp. PI. 14.33. mild. v. 4. 745. Fl. Br. \070. En-l. Bot.v. 8. t. o02. Hook. Scot. 28S. Fl. Dan. t.'617. Ehrh. PL Of. 339. Gale frutex odoratiis septentiionalium, Elseagnus Cordo. Rail Sijn. 443. Bank. Hist. v. 1 . p. 2. 224. f. Elaeagnus. Cord. Hist. 2\2. 2. f. Lob. lc.v.2. \\6.f. Myrtus brabanlica, sive ElcEagnus Cordi. Ger. Em. 1414./. Rhus myrtifolia belgica. Bank. Pin. 414. R, sylvestris altera. Dalech. Hist. 110./. In bogs and marshes, especially on a gravelly soil. Shrub. Majj. Stem upright, bushy, 3 or 4 feet high, with numerous alternate branches. Lef/re/alternate, on short stalks, obovatc-lanccolate, acute, serrated in their upper ])art, one inch and half long, deci- duous ; green and smooth on both sides 5 the underside palest. Ca//ti«i- numerous, sessile, formed during summer in the bosoms of the leaves, and remaining through the winter. In the follow- ing Marcli they are full-grown, expanding in May. Sccdcs of a red shining brown ; the lower ones of the fertile catkins hairy towards the tip. Berries very small, covered with resinous dots, exhaling a delightful fragrance when rvd)bed between the fingers. The leaves arc fragrant from the same cause. Some- times barren and fertile aitlcins are produced by the same indi- vidual, as was first remarked by the late Mr. Tempkton. This plant, perhaps one of the more innocent substitutes for Hops, is used for brewing by the poor in Sweden. Linnteus says the berries l)oiled in water yield wax, like those of M. ccrifera, or Candle-bf rry Myrtle. If so, they should seem to secrete an essential aromatic oil besides. 2i0 D 10 EC I A FENTANDRIA. 454. HUMULUS. Hop. Linn. Gen. 522. Juss. 404. FL Br. 1077. Lam.t.Sl:*. Lupulus. Tourn. t. 309. Gcertn. t. 7o. Nat. Ord. Scabridde, Linn. 53. Urticce. .Juss. 98. Bar?', Ji, Cal. of 5 oblong, concave, obtuse leaves. Cor. none. Filam. 5, capillary, very short. Anth, vertical, oblong, of 2 cells, opening by 2 terminal pores. Fert, Jl. Catkin of numerous, membranous, imbricated, concave scales, 1 to each floret. Co?-, none, except a double inner scale be taken for such. Germ, superior, minute, oblong. Sti/les 2, awl-shaped, spreading, downy. Stigmas simple. Seed tunicated, attached to the base of each enlarged, membranous, dry scale of the cone. Only one species. 1. H. Lvjndus. Common Hop. H. Lupulus. Linn. Sp. PL 1457. frUhL v. 4. 769. FL Br. 10/7. Engl. Bot. V. 6. t.427. Hook. Scot. 288. Mi//, lllustr. t. 88. Fl. Dan.t. 1239. Bidl. Fr. t. 234. Lupulus n. 1618. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 200. L. mas et foemina. Rati Syn. 137. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 151./. 152./. Lupulus. Trag. Hist. 8 1 2./ Matth. J\dgr. v. 2. 553. / Camer. Epit.933,934.f,f. Lupus salictarius. Ger. Em.SSo. f. Fuchs. Hist. 164. f. Ic. 92./. Lob. Ic. 629./ Hops. Pctiv. H. Brit. t. ]./.], 2. In thickets and hedges, especially where the soil is stiff and rather moist. Perennial. July. Boot branched, moderately creeping. Stems herbaceous, twining, climbing to the height of several feet, branched, leafy, angular, hollow, rough with small hooked prickles. Leaves opposite, stalked, heart-shaped, acute, serrated, either undivided or three- lobed, very harsh on both sides, like those of a Fig, with minute points, whence the excellent Linnaean name of this Natural Order. Footstalks prickly, connected at the base by a pair of large, membranous, reflexed, intermediate stipulas. Fl. pale green, pendulous j the barren ones in compound axillary pani- cles ; fertile catkins few, on axillary simple stalks. The ripe cones are bitter, viscid, highly aromatic, well known for their use in m:\king beer, and reputed to have a narcotic property. DIOECIA— HEXANDRIA. Tamus. 241 I have sometimes suspected Hops not to be indigenous, which was also tiie opinion of Lightfoot, with regard to Scothmd. But Haller says they are never cultivated in Switzerland, where nevertheless the wild plant is abundant, and it may with equal probability be reckoned a native of Britain. The young sprouts boiled have the flavour of Asparagus, and are more early. BIOECIA HEXANDRIA, 455. TAMUS. Black Bryony. Linn. Gen. 524. Fl. Br. 1 078. Tamnus. Tourn.t. 28. Juss. 43. Lam.t.S\7. Nat. Ord. Sarmentace^. Linn. 11. Asparagi. Juss. 12. As])hodelecc. Br. Prodr. 274^. See u. 2. 152. n, 195. Barr. fl. Cal. none. Cor. regular, in 6 deep, ovate-lanceo- late segments; their upper part spreading horizontally. Filam. 6, awl-shaped, simple, equal, shorter than the corolla. Ayith, roundish, erect. Fert. fl. Cal. none. Co7\ as in the barren Jl. superior, de- ciduous. " Ncct. a small oblong pore, at the inside of the base of each segment." Linn. Germ, inferior, ovate- oblong, large, smooth. N/j/Zc short, cylindrical, the length of the corolla. Stigm.'S^ spreading, acute. Berry ]yucy^ oval, of 3 cells. Seeds 2 in each cell, with a blackish brittle skin. Herbaceous climbers, with perennial fleshy roots. Leaves simple, stalked, alternate. Fl. greenish, in clusters. Berries red, with viscid juice. 1. T. co/nmf/?ns. Common Black Bryony. Leaves ho{nt-.sha})ed, undivided, acute. T. communis. Linn. Sp. PI. WnH. mild. v. {.772. Fl.}ir.\078. Engl. But. V. 2. /. 9 1 . Mill. Illustr. t. hi). T. n. IG2(). Ifall. Hist.v.2.2\)\. Tamnus raccmosa, florc minore lutco-])alles(ente. Bail Sijn.2C)2. Bryonia nigra, (irr. Em. S/ I . /'. \'itis nigra. Matth. I'algr.v.2.'(i22.t. i'nmcr. Ejnt.9S^.f. Dulech. Ilist. U12./. VOL IV. R 242 DIOECIA— OCTANDRIA. Populiis. V. sylvestvis. Dod. Pempt. 40 \.f. In tall hedges, shady thickets, groves and woods, common. Perennial. June. Root large and fleshy, black externally, white within j of an acrid quality, formerly used for stimulating plaisters, and sometimes given internally as an expectorant, or diuretic. Stems twining, climbing without tendrils to a considerable height, gracefully hanging in festoons, adorned with scarlet berries, from tree to tree, in autumn. The whole plant is smooth. Leaves bright green, shining, entire. Stipulas in pairs, awl-shaped. Fl. greenish white, in imperfectly whorled, axillary, stalked clusters, with minute bracteas under their partial stalk, resembling the stipulas, but smaller. DIOECIA OCTA^DRIA. 456. POPULUS. Poplar. Linn. Gen. ^26. Jms5. 409. FLBr.\079. Tourn.L365. Lam. t.S]9. Gcertn.t. 90. Nat. Ord. Amentacece. Linn. 50. Jiiss. 99. See n. 448. Barr. Ji. Catkin oblong, cylindrical, loosely imbricated every way, many- flowered. Cal.^ single-flowered, wedge- shaped, flat scale, unequally jagged at the summit. Cor. of 1 petal; turbinate and tubular below; dilated, un- divided, obliquely cup-shaped in the border. Filam. 8, or more, capillary, very short. Anth. drooping, large, quadrangular. Fert. Jl. Catkin as in the barr. Ji. but generally shorter. Scale and Cor. similar to the barr.Jl. Germ, superior, ovate, pointed. Style none. Stigm. 4 or 8, awl-shaped. Caps, ovate, of 2 concave valves, and 1 cell. Seeds numerous, small, ovate, each crowned with a tuft of fine hairs. Lofty trees, with gummy hiids, and deciduous, alternate, roundish or angular, stalked leaves. Stipidas in pairs. Catkins e?{.v\y, pendulous. Natives of Europe and North America. DIOECIA— OCTANDRIA. Populus. 243 1. V, alba. White Poplar. Abele-tree. Leaves lobed and toothed ; somewliat heart-shaped at the base; snow-white and densely downy beneath. Fertile catkins ovate. Stigmas four. P. alba. Linn. .S/?f4G.3. Wilkl v. 4. 802. Fl. Br. 1079. Engl. Bot. V. 23. ^. 1 G f^. Hook. Scot. 288. Rnii Syn. 446. Ger. Em. 1486./. Bauh.Hist.v.].p.2.\60.f. Matth. Falgr.v. \. \23.f. Camer.Epit.Go.f. Dod. Pempt. 835./. Dalech. Hist.SG.f. Ehrh. Arb. 120. P. alba latifolia. Lob. Ic. v.2. 1 93./. P. albae alia species. Trag. Hist. 1081. P. n. 1 634. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 303. P. major. Mill. Diet. cd. 8. ». 4. P. nivea. Willd. Berl. Banniz. 227. In moist woods ; sometimes in dry mountainous situations. Tree. March. Root creeping, with plentiful suckers. Trunk various in height, with a smoothish bark, and horizontal brandies, which are very white and cottony when young. Leaves angular, generally with three principal lobes, variously and unequally toothed, blunt-pointed, veiny ; dark green and smooth above ; remarkable for the ex- quisite whiteness of their under side, covered with a very dense cottony substance. Footstalks not half so long as the leaves, each accompanied at the base by a pair of small, lanceolate stipulas, often obsolete or wanting. On young luxuriant branches the leaves are almost palmate. Barren catkins cylin- drical, pendulous, 3 inches long, with brown fringed scales. Stam. 8, sometimes 12, or 20, with short, thick, violet-coloured anthers. Fertile catkins ovate, half as long again before they fade ; their scales rather smaller. Germ, embraced in its lower half by the corolla, ovate, green, smooth. Stigm. 4, spreading, linear-awl-shaped, pale, downy. The icood is white, soft, tough, and of a close grain, serving chiefly for coarse purposes. 2. P. canescens. Grey Poi)lar. Leaves romulish, (Iccply waved, toothed ; hoary and downy beneath. l^Ttilc calkins cylindrical. Stijrmas eight. P. canescens. Fl. Br. 1080. Engl. But. v. 23. t. 1611). ll'ilid. Sp. PI. V. \. 802. Alt. Horl. Kew. cd. 2. v. 5. 39:). P. alba. Mill. Diet. cd. 8. n. 1 . fVtlld. Berl. Ranmz. 227. P. alba, foliis minoribus. Bnnh. Pin. '129. Haii Si/n. 446. Ger. Em. 14S7./. Lob. lev. 2. 193./. P. alba folio minore. Bauh. Hist. v. \.p 2. 160./. 244 DIOECIA—OCTANDRIA. Popuhis. P. n. 1634 /3. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 303. In wet turfy meadows, near rivers, or on dry elevated heatlis, in a light loamy soil. Frequent in Norfolk, as on Wells heath, and other places near Holkham. Mr. Croive. Also about Seething. Tree. March. Root creeping full as extensively as the last. Tree tall and hand- some, with more upright and com\)act branches ; the bark smooth, of a beautiful grey silvery hue. Leaves rounder, more conspi- cuously 3-ribbed, less deeply or acutely lobed ; downy beneath, but chiefly greyish, not so white or cottony j sometimes smooth. Catkins all cylindrical, pendulous, about 2 inches long ; distin- guished essentially from the foregoing, as Mr. Crowe first dis- covered, by the stigmas, which are 8, spreading in two opposite directions. The scales of the fertile catkins are also more deeply and regularly cut. Mr. Crowe was very instrumental in bring- ing this tree into notice in Norfolk. He observed it to be of slower growth than P. alba, with which many British^ as well as foreign, botanists have, from time to time, confounded it, The wood, though, till lately, but litle used or distinguished, is much firmer than that of any other British Poplar, making as good floors as the best Norway Fir in appearance, and having more- over this valuable property, that it will not, like any resinous wood, readily take fire. 3. P. tremula. Aspen, or Trembling Poplar. Leaves nearly orbicular, toothed ; smooth on both sides. Footstalks compressed. Young branches hairy. Stig- mas four, erect, auricled at the base. P. tremula. Linn. Sp. PL 1464. mild. i;.4.803. Ft. Br. 1081. Engl. Bot. V. 27. t. 1 909. Hook. Scot. 289. Bauh. Pin. 429. P. n. 1 633. Hall. Hist. v.2. 303. P. Lybica. Raii Syn. 446. Ger. Em. 1487./. Lob. Ic. v. 2. 194./. Bauh. Hist. v. I.p.2. 163./. Matth. Valgr.v. 1. 125./. Comer. EjDit.er.f. Dod.Pempt.836.f. Dalech. Hist.87.f. P. nigra. Trag.Hist. 1083./. In moist woods, or in dry gravelly lanes and pastures occasionally. Tree. March, April. A lofty round-headed tree, with creeping roots, the suckers from which, as well as the young branches, are clothed with brown, prominent hairs j being sometimes hoary, but not cottony. Leaves roundish with a little point, smooth on both sides, 3- ribbed like the last, blundy toothed, somewhat wavy, often shorter than their/oo^s^a/Zc^, which, being vertically compressed, counteract the ordinary undulating motion of the leaves in the wind, and cause them to quiver with the slightest breeze ; whence DIOECIA— OCTANDRIA. ' Populus. ^245 the name J and the proverbial '' trembling of an Aspen leaf," Stiputas awl-shaped, hairy like the very youngest leaves, which alone they accompany. Barren catkins lax, near 3 inches long, with deep-cut hniry scales. Stam. S, occasionally perhaps more. Fertile ones rather shorter, their scales palmate and acutely notched, brown, hairy. Germ, roundish, sheathed by the corolla. -Stigmas 4, erect, awl-shaped, triangular, bright crimson 3 the outer edge more or less wavy, extending at the base into two small, oblong, reflexed, wavy auricles, each common to two of the stigmas, and, when fresh, of the same rich colour. The wood is white, soft, light, and of a fine grain j the bar/c, ac- cording to Linnieus, the favourite food of Eeavcrs. He thought lie detected in it the flavour of the drug called Castor. 4. P. nigra. Black Poplar. Leaves deltoid, pointed, serrated, smooth on both sides. Catkins all lax and cylindrical. Stigmas ibur, simple, spreading. P. nigra. Linn. Sp. PL ] 464. Willd. v. 4. S04. Fl.Br.\08\. Engl. not.v.27.t.]9\0. Hook. Scot. 28'). RaiiSyn.446. Ger.Em. 148G./. L06. lev. 2. 194./. Bauh.Hist.v.\.p.2.\bb.f. Matth. Valgr.v.\.\24.f. Camer. Epit.GG.f. Dod. Pcmpt. 836. f. Da- lech. Hist. 86. f. Mill. Illustr. t. 90. P. n. 1632. Hall. Hist.v. 2. 302. P. alba. Trag.Hist. 1080./ In watery places, about the banks of rivers. Tree. March. A tall umbrageous tree, without suckers. Jf'oodiongh, and close- grained. Bark thick, blackish, somewhat spongy. Branches smootii ; rarely hairy when young. Leaves twice the length ot i\\e\v footstalks, deltoid, or unequally quadrangular, deej) green, very smooth, pointed, serrated ; the base more entire, as in the other species j the under side ])alest. Catkins all long, loose aiul pendulous, measuring 3 or 4 inches. Scales of both kinds ])almate, hairy, occasionally smooth, Stam. S, scarcely more witli us, though Linnieus and Leers describe \6. Germ, ovate, but slender, closely sheathed at the base only with the regular cup. like corolla. Stigm. 4, awl-shaped, simple, moderately spreading, reddish. The stigmas ])rove J. Miller's i)lale to be so far correct, though re- ferred in I'l. Br. to B. canescens, to which i)0ssibly the leaves may belong. Several species or varieties, more or less agreeing with our's, but not yet noticed wild in England, have been sent from Hremen by the accurate Prof. Mittens. They mirit examination in their parts of fructilicalion, which by the foregoing descriptions appear 2i6 DIOECIA—OCTANDRIA. Rhodiola. to be of material importance, particularly the stigmas. Several exotic species, cultivated in England, require to be better di- stinguished and more correctly named. 457. RHODIOLA. Rose-root. Linn. Ge?i. 526. Jass.307. Fl. Br. 1082. Lam. LS\9. Nat. Ord. Succulefitce, Linn. 13. Sempervivce, Juss. 83. Barr. ji. Cat. concave, in 4 deep, obtuse, equal, spread- ing, permanent segments. Pet. 4, alternate with the calyx, and much longer, lanceolate, bluntish, moderately spreading, deciduous. 'Nect. 4, glandular, notched, oppo- site to the petals, shorter than the calyx. Filam. 8, awl- shaped, equal in length to the petals. Anth. roundish. Rudiment of 4 germens, more or less perfect, with abor- tive styles and stigmas. Tert.fi, Cal. as in the barr.fi. Pet. less developed, variable in length. Nect. as in the harr.fi. Statu, none. Germ. 4, superior, erect, oblong, triangular, each terminating in a short, thick, simple style. Stigm. blunt. Caps. 4, pointed, bursting at the inner margin, of 1 cell. Seeds roundish, numerous, ranged along the inner margin, at each side. Root fleshy, perennial. Hei'b succulent, smooth, glaucous. Fl. terminal, cymose, occasionally, as it is said, with both organs perfect; but this is usually in appearance only ; and though Mr. Dahl has observed them to be sometimes five-cleft and decandrous, I cannot, for that reason, concur with the learned Schreber, in making the plant a Sedim. See his Gen. PL 839. One species only is known. 1. R. rosea. Mountain Rose-root. R. rosea. Litm.Sp.Fl.XA^h. mild, v A. 807. Fl. Br. 1082. Engl. Bot. V. 8. /. .508. Hook. Scot. 289. Fl. Dan. t. 183. Sedum n. 953. Hall. Hist. v.\.A\\. Anacampseros radice rosam spirante major. Itaii Syu.269. Rhodia radix. Bauh.Pin.286. Trag. Hist.9]3.f. Ger.Em.532.f. Matth. Falgr.v. 2. 372./. Gamer. Epit. 769./. Fuchs.Hisi. 665./. Dalech. Hist. 982./. Cord. Hist. 137. 2./. Telephium luteum minus, radice rosam redolente. Moris, v. 3. 468. sect.\2. t.\0./8. Rose-root. Petiv. H. Brit. t.42./2. In the fissures of alpine rocks, or maritime cliffs. DIOECIA— ENNEANDRIA. Mercurialis. 247 Plentiful on the highest mountains of Wales and the north of York- shire. Ray. On almost all the Highland Alps, and very frequently by the sea-side upon bold rocky shores of the Hebrides. Lightfoot. Upon the northern coast of Ireland. Mr. Templeton. On Maze Beck Scar, Westmoreland, Rev. Mr.Harriman, and Mr. Oliver. Perennial. May, June. Root thick, and rather fleshy, much divided at the crown, the cuti- cle grey, and smooth like satin. When recently dried, the whole has an agreeable scent, resembling rose-water. Stems several, herbaceous, simple, leafy, about a span high. Leaves numerous, scattered, somewhat imbricated, obovate, pointed, bluntly tooth- ed, glaucous, fading soonest in the barren plant, and turning red. Cyme of many yeWowJlowers, with blueish anthers. A plant of Rhodiola, brought from Lapland by Rudbeck, lived for many years in the Upsal garden, without perfecting any seed ; till an individual with more complete anthers was planted near it, after which seeds were regularly ripened every year. Hence it is proved to be naturally dioecious, though possibly both organs may sometimes become efficient in the same flower, as happens in various other instances. DIOECIA ENNEANDRIA. 458. MERCURIALIS. Mercury. Linn. Gen. b27 . Juss.S8i>. FL Br. U)S3. Tourn. t.:iOS. Lam. t.S20. GcBTtn.t.nM. Nat. Ord. Tricoccw. Linn. M8. Etip/iorhicr. Jiiss. 96. Barr.Jt. Cal. in 3 deep, ovate, concave, spreading seg- ments. Cor. none. Filam. 0—\2, capillary, erect, nearly e(iual to the calyx. Au//i. of 2 globular lobes, bursting along the upper side. Fert.jL (V//. like the /^^/rr../. Cor. none. Ncct.F '2 awl- sha})ed bodies, found occasionally at the opposite sides of tlie gernien, pressed close to its furro\ys. Germ, su- perior, roundish, compressed, with a furrow at each side, bristly. Stijlcs 2, widely spreading, tapering rough. Sti^^m. acute. Caps, of 2 glt)bular lobes, a 2 elastic cells. Srnh solitary, jrlobular. nd 248 DIOECIA—ENNEANDRIA. Mercurialis. Annual or perennial, simple or branched herhs^ with oppo- site, stalked, simple, undivided leaves^ and stalked, green, mostly aggregate, ^otue-rs ; their qualities narcotic, fetid, and dangerous. Various parts of the herbage acquire a blue or purplish hue in decay, or in drying. 1. M. pe}'e?2?iis. Perennial Mercury. Stem perfectly simple. Leaves rough. Root creeping. M. perennis. Linn. Sp. PL\465. Willd. v. 4. 809. Fl.BrAOSS. Engl. Bot. V. 26. t. 1872. Hook. Scot. 289. Curt. Lond.fasc. 2. /^.65. MiU.Illiistr.t.9\. FL Dan. t. 400. Bull. Fr,t. 303. M. n. 1 60 1 . Hall. Hist. v. 2. 2/7. M. perennis repens, Cvnocrambe dicta. Rail Syn. 138. Cynocrambe. Ger. Em. 333./. Fuchs. Hist. 444. f. Ic. 250./. Matth. Falgr.v.2.635.f. C. mas et fcemina. Cameu Epit. 998, 999.//. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 979.// Dog's Mercury. Petiv. H. Brit. M ./. 5, 6. On banks, and in bushy places, or groves, very common. Perennial. Jpril, May. Root creeping widely. Herb rough, fetid, very poisonous, though, as appears from the accounts of antient writers, it may be eaten boiled, as a pot-herb, if mixed with mucilaginous plants, and oily substances. Instances are however recorded of the fatal consequences of its use occasionally in this country. The stems are unbranched, square, a foot high, leafy in the upper part. Leaves ovate, acute, serrated, 2 or 3 inches long, with small stipulas. Fl. on axillary stalks, in interrupted, erect spikes-, the barren ones most numerous. Supposed Nect. very narrow, rising above the styles. 2. M. annua. Annual Mercury. Stem cross-branching. Leaves smooth. Root fibrous. Barren flowers in numerous, spiked, alternate tufts. M. annua. Linn. Sp. PI. 1465. Willd. v. 4.810. FL Br. 1084. E7igl.Bot.v.8.t. 559. Hook. Scot. 290. Curt. Lond.fasc.5. t. 68. Bull.Fr.t. 159,235. M. n. 1600. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 276. M. annua glabra vulgaris. Rail Syn. 139. M. mas et foemina. Ger. Em. 332./,/ Fuchs. Hist. 475, 476. //. Jc. 269, 270.// Bauh. Hist. V. 2.977. f,f. Matth. Falgr. V. 2. 633, 634.// Camer. Epit. 996, 997.// Lob. Ic. 259./ J. French Mercury. Petiv. H. Brit. t. 1 ./ 7, 8.^ In waste or cultivated ground, but not very frequent. Abundant about London, Norwich, and other towns. Found DIOECIA-ENNEANDRIA. Hydrocharis. 219 also in Scotland, according to Lightfoot and Hooker : thou^li Dr. Alston asserted the contrary. Annual. July— September. Root much branched ; simple at ilie crown. Herb from G to 12 inches high, erect, bushy, .smooth, of a bright shining green" disposed to turn blueisli after drying, like the foregoing' Branches numerous, crossing each other. Leaves ovate-lan- ceolate, less copiously serrated. Fl. green ; the barren ones in small tuffs, ranged in interrupted spikes; fertile ones fewer stalked, axillary, destitute of nectaries. The qualities of this are like the last, though supposed rather less virulent. Dr. Alston reported that the fertile plant sometimes bore rii)e seed, though at a distance from the barren or staminiferous one. In fact, a few flowers with stamens have, by several per- sons, been found now and then intermixed witli the others, which will account for the above phaenomenon. 451). HYDROCHARIS. Fro^-bit. Linn.Gen.-)27. Juss.67. Fl. Br. 1084. Lam. t. 820 Morsus ranae. Dill. Gen. 149. t. 9./. A F. Nat. Ord. Pahncv. Linn. 1. Hmlrocharides. Jiiss. '^^ DeCand. 115. Barr. JI. Cal. in 3 deep, equal, ovate-oblong, concave segments, membranous at the edges. Pet. 3, much larger, roundish, undulated, alternate witli the calyx. FiUim, 9, awl-shaped, erect, in 3 rows ; the intermediate row producing, from its base internally, an awl-shapcd stalk, or beak, resembling a style, stationed in the cen- tre of the flower; the 2 other rows are connected at the base, l)oth adhering to the aforesaid stalk. Anth, below the })ointed summit of each filament, at the Inside, of 2 round lobes, those of the 2 outer rows chiefly perfect" ^ In the centre arc occasional rudiments oi' ii ^tf-mc/i. Fat. Jl. Cal. and Pet. as in the bar. J. Gnm. infLrioi-, romulish. Sti/les 6, as long as the calyx, compressed' channelled. Sti<^mas cloven, acute. (\ij)s. neailv lcIo- bular, leathery, of G cells. Sca/s numerous, rou'iuhsh minute. ' An a(juatic, floating, smooth //r;7;, the only species, is nearly allied to Stratiotes, v. 3. 33. It increases by float- ing ?/ni,irrs, and has no other stem. The /renVs are entin-. /7. radical, stalked, white; each of the barren ones With a simple, concave, sheathing A/y/rAv/. Then- arc sometimes a few imperfect ant/urs, chislereil aboui 250 DIOECIA— MONADELPHIA. Juniperus. the base of the styles ; the flowers, though effectually dioecious, as in Rhodiola^ ii. 457, are incompletely so in structure. 1. H, Aforsiis 7rmcB. Common Frog-bit. H. Morsus ranse. Linn. Sp.Pl. 1466. Willd. i?. 4. 812. Fl. Br. 1084. E?7gL Bot.v.\2.LS08. Hook. Scot. 290. Curt. Lond. fasc. 3.t.64. Fl. Dan. t. 878. H. n. 1068. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 2\. Stratiotes foliis Asari, semine rotundo. Raii Sijn. 290. Morsus ranse. Ger. Em. 818./. Lob. Ic. 596./. Nymphsea alba minima. Bauh. Pin. 193. N. parva. Matth. Falgr. v. 2. 247./. Camer, Epit. 636./. N. alia minor alba. Dalech. Hist. 1010./ Frog-bit. Petiv. H. Brit. t.7\.f.2. In ditchesj ponds, and slow streams. Rare in Scotland. Perennial. July. Boot of many long, perpendicular, thread-shaped fibres, bearded towards the end with numerous radicles. Leaves stalked, heart- shaped, or kidney-shaped, rounded, obtuse j purplish under- neath, mostly floating, not 2 inches broad. Fl. numerous, upright, very delicate, white, with a yellow central stain, Ray mentions. Cant. 101, a double-flowered, very sweet-scented, variety, as growing in his time plentifully in a ditch by the side of Audrey Causeway, in the isle of Ely, near the great wooden bridge 5 but Mr. Relhan sought it there in vain. DIOECIA MONADELPHIJ. 400. JUNIPERUS. Juniper. Linn. Gen. 531. Juss. 4]3. Fl. Br. \ 085. Tourn.t.36\. Law. t.829. GcErtn.t.9\. Nat. Ord. Coiuferce, Linn. 51. Juss. 100. Barr,ji, Catkin conical, with 3, or more, rows of whorled, imbricated, short, oval scales^ 3 in each whorl, besides a terminal one. Cor. none. Filam. in the terminal^or^/f 3, awl-shaped, united below: in the lateral ones scarcely DIOECIA— MONADELPHIA. Juniperus. 251 distinguishable. Anth. 3, of 2 roundish lobes ; distinct in the terminal j^ore/ ; in the rest adhering to the base of the scale. Fert.Ji. Cal. superior, in 3 minute, permanent segments, united with the germen. Pet. 3, rigid, acute, permanent. Germ, inferior, roundish. Styles 3, simple, very short. Stigm. simple. Berry succulent, roundish, marked in the lower part with 3 slight tubercles, originating in the points of the former calyx, now united to the fruit; and at the summit with 3 small teeth, formerly petals, sur- rounding the terminal depression. Seech imbedded in the pulp, vertical, oblong, bony ; convex at the outside ; angular at the inner margin ; their skin lodging several little cells of essential oil, or turpentine. Evergreen aromatic shrubs, witli narrow leaves, either spreading and sharp-pointed; or closely imbricated, mi- nute, and obtuse. Berries globular or oval, black or brown, with a glaucous efflorescence. 1. J. communis. Common Juniper. Leaves three in each whorl, tipped with a spine, spread- ing, longer than the ripe fruit. Stem erect. J. communis. Unn. Sp. PL 1470, a. Willd. v. 4. 853. FL Br. 1085. Engl. Hot. v. 16. M 100. Hook. Scot. 290. PVoodv. t. 95. Mill. Illustr, t. 95. Ehrh. PL Of. 449. J. n. 1601, a. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 3\9. J. vulgaris, baccis j)arvis purpureis. Raii Syn. 444. Bauh. Hist. V, l.p.2.293./. J. vulgaris fruticosa. Bauh. Pin. 488. Juniperus. Ger. Km. 1372. f. Matth. Valgr.v. 1. 109. /'. Vamer. Epit. 53. /: Lob. Ic. V. 2.^222./. J. minor. Fiiclis. HisL7S.f. /r. 44./. DaU'cli.Hi.st.67.f. On hills and heathy downs, especially where the soil is elialky. Shrub. May. liushy, more or less erect, smooth in every part, with very nu- merous, spreading, subdivided, leafy, quadrangular branches. Learcs spreading, evergreen, 3 in each whorl, linear, straight, entire, with a fine sharp point ; channelled and glaucous on the ui)per side J convex, keeled, and dark green, beneath j the edges sometimes roughish. EL axillary, sessile, small ; the barren ones disciuirging a copious cloud of yellow poUcn , fertile ones green, on bcaly stalks. Btrrus scarcely more than half the length of the leaves, nearly globular, black with a bhieish tint, flieir flavour sweetish, though with too much of a bitterish Td2 DIOECIA— MONADELPHIA. Taxus. turpentine flavour to be agreeable. They yield, by distillation, that curse of the common people, called Gin, whose substitutes or adulterations are more deadly than even itself. Various mountain birds feed on the berries of this and the following species, whence their flesh acquires a pitchy flavour. The medical qualities of these berries agree with those of the Fir tribe in general. Oil of Juniper affects the kidneys powerfully, and affords a temporary relief in nephritic colicks. 2. J. nana. Dwarf Alpine Juniper. Leaves three in each whorl, tipped with a spine, somewhat imbricated, curved, the length of the oval ripe fruit. Stem recumbent. J nana. Willd. Sp,Pl.vA.Sb4. J*, communis ^. F/. Br. 1086. Lightf. 624. J. communis y. Linn. Sp. PL 1470. J n 1661 5. Hall. Hist. V. 2. 320. J* alpina. i?aij %n. 444. Bauh. Hist. v. \. p. 2. 30\.f. 302. Clus. ' Hist.3S.f. Pann.26.f.2b. J. alpina minor. Ger. Em. 13/2./. J. minor montana, folio latiore, fructuque longiore. Bauh. Pi?}. 489. On mountains. . nxr . i j Upon Snowdon j as well as on the mountains ot Westmoreland. Ray. On the Highland mountains of Scotland, frequent. Light- foot. Shrub. May. A dwarf s/irw6, with prostrate stems, and slightly ascendmg branches. Leaves mor«^ or less curved, broader and shorter than the fore- going. Berries larger and more oval, nearly as long as the leaves. . , , . All the old botanists reckoned this a distinct species; but Linnaeus and Haller, with their followers, have made it a variety. ^Villde- now has restored it to its former rank, but his specific character is rather feeble. Indeed the whole genus requires the same in- vestigation that Mr. Lambert has bestowed upon Piniis, in order to determine how far this, and the beautiful trailing Sabine, as well as the great Swedish Juniper, require to be considered as distinct species, and on what their characters are to be founded. 461. TAXUS. Yew. Linn. Gen. ^32. Juss.4\2, Fl. Br. 1086. Tovrn. t.362. Lam. t.829. Gcertn.t.9\. Nat. Ord. See n. 460. DIOECIA— MONADELPHIA. Taxus. '253 Barr.Jl. Cal. none. Cor. none. Filam. numerous, united in their lower part, forming a column, longer than the bud. Aiith. depressed, in from 5 to 8 rounded segments, bursting at the base all round ; subsequently becoming flat and peltate. Fert.Jl. Cal. minute, inferior, cup-shaped, entire ; sub- sequently enlarged, tumid and succulent, permanent. Cor. none. Germ. su})erior, ovate, acute. Style none. Stigma obtuse. J5t';v?/ spurious, formed of the enlarged, pulpy, coloured calyx, not united to the seed, except perhaps at the base. Seed 1, ovate-oblong, projecting beyond the enlarged calyx. Evergreen trees, chiefly extraeuropaean, with numerous, mostly linear, Quiwe leaves, slightly stalked, and axillary, solitary, somewhat stalked, Jlo'dcers. LinniEus* and some eminentbotanists since his time, thought the pulpy part of the fruit was an enlarged receptacle rather than a calyx. The nature of this part is indeed peculiar, nor has it any aflinity, as Linnaeus supposed, to ihe fruit of Gaultheria. 1 . T. bar cat a. Common Yew. Leaves two-ranked, crowded, linear, flat. Receptacle of the barren flowers globular. T. baccata. Linn. Sp. PL 1472. miM. v. 4. Sr^fi. FL Br. 108(5. Engl. Bof. v.W.t. 746. Hook. Scol. 2[)0. Lifrhff. G2G. Fl. Dan. t.\240. BuU.fr.t. 13G. Dicks.II.Sicc.fasc.\6.6. Elnh.Jrb. .'){). T. n. lCfi.3. Hcdl. Hist. V. 2. '322. Taxus. Raii Srjn. 44."). Ger. Em. 1370./. Bauh. Hist. v. 1 . />. 2. 2 11./. Mntfh. Valgr. v. 2. 444./ Cdmer. Epit. 840./. In mouniuinoiis woods, and on the ledges of limestone cliffs. 'I'ree. March, April. Tr/zn A- straight, variously channelled longitudinally, with a smooth deciduous /x/r/t ; und'hori/ontal branches, spreading in opposite directions. Leaves scattered, nearly sessile, two-ranked, linear, entire, very slightly revulute, about an inch long; dark-green, smooth and shining above; paler, with a prominent mid-rib, beneath, terminating in a small harmless |)oint. Fl. axillary, solitary, each from a scaly imbricated hnil ; the l)arren ones ligla-b'rown, white with ;d)'undant />o//«/? ; fertile green, resem- bling, with their scaly hraclras, a little acorn. Fruit drooping, consisting of a sweet, internally glutinous, scarlet /'crry, open at the top, enclosing an oval brown sad, unconnecteil with the flesiiy j)art. 254 DIOECIA— MONADELPHIA. Taxus. The wood, being of extremely slow growth, is hard and tough, formerly highly valuable for making bows, but now chiefly used for fine cabinet work, or inlaying. It makes handsomer chairs than many expensive exotic woods. The leaves are fetid, and very poisonous, and prove speedily fatal to cattle, accidentally tasting them, when young and tender. The berries have a sweet mawkish taste, and may be eaten without danger. I have seen, in Mr. Bannerman's nursery near Liverpool, an up- right-branched variety of the Yew, with larger leaves, a little curved downwards, and spreading almost equally every way. This was brought from Ireland, Class XXIII. POLYGAMIA. Stamens and Pistils united in the same floxs^er, besides others in separate Jiowers, having a different structure in their accessor ij parts, on the same or diff^erent plants. Order L MO^OECIA, Flozi^ers different on the same plant, K>2. ATRIPLEX. United Jl, CaL inferior, in 5 deep segments. Co;, none. Stcim. 5. *Sz[j//^ deeply cloven. Seed 1, depressed. Fert. Jf. Cal. inferior, in 2 deep segments. Cor. none. Style deeply cloven. Seed 1, compressed. POLYGAMIA HJOXOECIA. 462. ATRIPLEX. Orache. Lhin.Gen.74D. Juss.So. FLBr. 1090. Toimi.t.286. Lam.t.SCtO. Gcertn. t. Za. Nat.Ord. Holeracece. hum. 12. Atriplices. Juss.29. Che- iiopodecv. DeCand. 100. Br. Prodr. 405. Next akin to Chenopodium. v. 2. 9. United Jl. Cal. inferior, concave, })crmancnt, in 5 deep, equal, ovate, concave segments, thin or membranous at the edges. Cor. none. Filam. 5, awl-sliapcd, from the bottom of the calyx, opposite to its segments, and about as lonf»-. ybitli. of 2 round lobes. Germ, superior, orbi- cular, often very imperfect. Slijle short, deeply divitled. Stigmas simple, spreading. Seed 1, orbicuhir, de})rcssed, wrajipcd in a thin close pellieh\ and covered by the closed, permanent, 5-angh'd calyx. Our British species scarcely ibrin any seed in these //oTcrry. 256 POLYGAMIA— MONOECIA. Atriplex. Fert.Jl. on the same plant. Cal. inferior, in 2 deep, large, flat, erect, compressed, ovate, bluntish segments. Cor. none. Stam. none. Genu, superior, compressed. Style short, deeply divided. Stigmas simple, spreading. Seed 1, orbicular, compressed, wrapped in a thin close pellicle, and enclosed between the enlarged, converging, heart- shaped valves of the calyx. Herbaceous or shrubby, perennial, or annual, branched, mostly upright. Leaves simple, undivided or jagged. Pubescence scaly, or mealy. Sfipidas none. Fl. nu- merous, small, greenisli, in tufted spikes^ or axillary and aggregate. Seeds blackish, or brown. Stain, cer- tainly opposite to the calyx\ not alternate with its seg- ments. 1 . A. portulacoides . Shrubby Orache, or Sea Purslane. Stem shrubby, spreading. Leaves opposite, obovate-lan- ceolate, entire ; tapering at the base. Flov/ers generally completely separated. A. portulacoides. Linn. Sp. PL 1493. WilhL v. 4. 957. FL Br. 1090. EngL Bot. v. 4. «. 2G1. Hook. Scot. 291. Bertolon. Am. ItaL 244. A. maritima fruticosa, Halimus et Portulaca marina dicta, angus- tifolia. Rail Sijn. 153. Halimus seu Portulaca marina. Bauh. Pin. 120. H. vulgaris. Ger. Em. 523./. Maith. Valgr. v. 1 . 145./. H. secundus. Clus.Hist.bA.f. Portulaca marina. Dalsch. Hist. 552. f. P. marina fruticosa, quae Halimus secundus Clusii. Bauh. Hist. v.\.p.2.228.f. 229. Sea Purslane. Pctiv. H. Brit. t. 7.f. 7. On the muddy sea coast frequent. Shrub. July, August. Root woody, somewhat creeping, much branched at the crown. Stems 12 or 18 inches high, shrubby, branched, leafy, ascend- ing, or sometimes procumbent, hoary; round below 3 quadran- gular above. Leaves opposite, stalked, leathery, bluntish, entire ; tapering at the base into a channelled /oo/s/ffZ/r; hoary or mealy all over. Spikes about the top of each branch, axillary and terminal, erect, interrupted, consisting of several httle sessile tufts, of reddish-green mealy Jlowers, some with yellow heart-shaped anthers, and seldom any pistil; others with reddish styles, and no traces of stamens. Cal. of the fruit, of the latter, slightly enlarged, lobed, a little tumid. The whole plant abounds with fossil alkali, or Soda. Its silvery glaucous hue is remarkable, and not inelegant. POLYGAMIA— MONOECIA. Atriplex. 257 2. A. laciniata. Frosted Sea Orache. Stem herbaceous, spreading. Leaves trowel-shaped, an- gular and toothed ; scaly beneath. A. laciniata. Linn. Sp. PL 1494. Willd. v. 4. 963. FL Br. 1090. Engl. BoL V. 3. t. 165. Dicks. //. Skc.fasc. 4. l.o. Fl. Daiu i. J 284. A. maritima, Ru'ii Syn. \i)2. Bauh. Hist. v.2.974.f. A. marina. Ger. Em. 32.5. /. Matth. Valgr. v.\.A2\.f. Camer, Epit. 244. f. Dalech. Hist. :^?>7 .f. A. marina repens. Loh. Ic. 2.").5, f. Frosty Sea Orrach. Petiv. H. Brit. t.7.f.3. /3. Atriplex maritima nostras procerior, foliis angulosis Incanis, admodum sinuatis. Pluk. Almag. 60. Dill, in Raii Syn. 152. On the sandy sea coast, but not common. In Essex. Ray. At Harwich. Mr. Francis Smith. On the shore at Leith, and New Haven, near Edinburgh. Annual. July. Root tapering. Herb clothed, more or less, with silvery scales. Stems usually several, spreading, or recumbent, alternately branched, roundish, leafy, often tinged with red, Ecaves alter- nate, stalked, deltoid, or somewhat rhomboid, obscurely three- lobed, coarsely toothed, orjnggedj the base entire. United ^o?i,'er.s in dense, terminal, \ohed spikes ; their germens for the most part abortive. Fertile ones axillary, stalked, several together j their calyx gradually very much enlarged, triangular, toothed, or lobed, powdery, ribbed, and veiny. Seed com- pressed, smooth, brownish. /3 is a doubtful plant, which has never fallen in my way. 3. A. patula. Spreading Halberd-leaved Orache. Stem lierbaceous, spreading. Leaves triangular-lanceo- late, somewhat halberd-shaped. Calyx of the fruit tu- berculated at the sides. A. patula. Linn. Sp. PZ. 1494. Willd. v. 4. 96 A. Fl. Br. 1091. Encrl.not.v. 13.<.936. Hook. Scot.29\. A. hastata. Huds. 44'3. Li^hff. 636. Curt. Lond.fasc.2. t.66, A. n. 1 G 1 / . Hall. Hist. v. 2. 289. A. sylvestris, folio hastato seu deltoide. Raii Syn. cd. 2. 62. cd. 3. I.')l. A. sylvestris annua, folio deltoide triangulari sinuato et mucro- nato, hast;c cus|)idi simili. Moris, v. 2. GO", sect. 5. /. 32. /'. 1 1. A. sylvestris vulgaris. (i(r. Em. 326./. A. sylvestris sccunda. Maflli. I'algr.v. 1. 119./'. ('amcr.Epil.2\2.j'. Dalech. Hist. :>36.J'. A. sylvestris sinuata. Loh. Ic. 2:>4.J\ VOL. IV, 6 258 POLYGAMIA— MONOECIA. Atriplex. Delt Orrach. Petlv. H. Brit. t. 7./. 1 . /3. Atriplex maritima perennis, folio deltoide, seu triangulari, minus incano. Moris, i;. 2. 607. Raii Sijn. 152. y. A. maritima, ad foliorum basin velut auriculata, procumbens, et ne vix sinuata. Pluk. Almag. 61. -Di//. in Raii Siju. 152. A. marinoe species Valerando. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 974./. Chabr. /C.306./.4. Delt Sea Orrach. Petiv. H. Brit. t. I.f. 2. In cultivated as well as waste ground, and on dunghills, common. /3 and y. By the sea side, or in salt marshes. Annual. June — August. Root fibrous, certainly annual in all the varieties, more slender than in A. laciniata. Stem most commonly erect, with long, spreading branches ; the herbage of a dull green, slightly mealy j but in /3 and y the whole plant is procumbent, more glaucous, often reddish, and somewhat fleshy. Leaves alternate, on long stalks, most powdery at the back ; the lower ones halberd- shaped, having two large, acute, spreading lobes at the base, with many very unequal, sharp, scattered teeth, between them and the point j the base quite entire ; upper ones gradually narrower, with smaller lobes or none at all, so that the floral ones are perfectly lanceolate, as well as entire. Spikes termi- nal and axillary, long, erect, interrupted, the Jloivers m little round dense tufts. The bivalve calyx of the fertile ones is armed at both sides with several prominent acute tubercles, or prickles. In these alone seed is produced, which is finely dotted, twice as large as that of the following species. Linnaeus misled our British botanists by referring Morison's sy- nonym of this plant to his A. hastata ; whereas his own herba- rium and definitions prove it to be his patula ; the real hastata, not known in Britain, differing widely, in the large, reticulated, sinuated valves of the fruit-bearing cahjx, whose long teeth ter- minate in bristly points. Our (S is declared by Doody, in Raii Sijn. ed. 2. 341, to be annual, not perennial, and therefore, perhaps, is hardly to be known at all from the common sort. I have never met with any thing answerable to this, y often occurs on sandy ground by the sea. It is prostrate, more glaucous and fleshy, with a frequent tinge of red, and smaller, less toothed, or quite entire, leaves, differing from its natural inland habit, as many other plants, in maritime situations, often do. 4. A. angustifolia. Spreading Narrow-leaved Orache. Stem herbaceous, spreading. Leaves lanceolate, entire ; the lower ones partly three-lobed. Calyx of the fruit halberd-shaped, slightly warty at the sides. POLYGAMIA— MONOECIA. Atriplex. 259 A. angustifolia. FL Br. 1092. Engl. Bot. v. 25. t.] 774. Willd. Sp. PL V. 4. 965. Hook. Scot. 29 1 . A. patula. Huds.AA?>. mth.275. Light/. 637. A. n. 1616. Hall. Hist, v. 2. 289. A. sylvestris angustifolia. Raii Syn. 151. Ger. Em. 326./. A. sylvestris^ polygoni aut helxines foliis. Lob. Ic. 257./. A. sylvestris humillima. Dod. Pempf. 615./ A. sylvestris prima. Matth. Falgr.v. 1.418./ Dalech. Hist. 536. f. A. vulgaris angustifolia. Bmih. Hist. v. 2. 973.// A. angusto oblongo folio. Bauh. Pin. 219 ^ with some wrong sy- nonyms. Spear Orrach. Petiv. H. Brit. t.7.f.5. Common in cultivated and waste ground. Annual. June — August. This has the general habit, and dull, greyish-green, hue of the preceding, of which Haller was disposed to think it a variety, and to which Linnaeus referred some of its indubitable synonym's. Dr. Hooker is of the same opinion as Haller, and perhaps Lin- naeus, though the latter has left no specimen to decide the ques- tion. Ray kept them separate, though even his opinion was disputed. Most British botanists have concurred with this great practical observer, and there are some circumstances which seem fixvourable to their opinion. The branches spread more widely than even in A. patula ; the leaves are uniformly lanceo- late and entire, never toothed j a very few of the lowermost indeed have occasionally an ascending lobe at each side, but their base is tapering, not straight or horizontal, like the true halberd-shaped leaves of the last, nor are they sinuated or toothed. The valves of the seed-bearing calyx are hastate, with an elongated acute point j their margins entire, their disk either quite smooth, or besprinkled with only a few warts. Ripe seed but half the size of A. patula, and very slightly, if at all, dotted ; circumstances which prove of material importance in the nearly allied genus Chcnopodium, but which I believe have been no where noticed in Atriplex, except in the Fl. Britannica. Haller re- marks that the staminiferous^ou;pr.j. 152. 260 POLYGAMIA— MONOECIA. Atriplex. A. angustifolia dentata. Rail Hist. v. 1. 192 ; omitting the syn. of J. Bauhin. In waste ground, very rare. On the entrance into Battersea field, from Nine Elms. Prof. Mar- tijn, sen. In Mr. Rose's herbarium, probably from Mr. Hudson -, or at least named by his authority. Annual. August. Stem quite erect, firm, with many upright leafy branches ; panicled and clustered at the top. Leaves alternate, stalked, ovate-lan- ceolate, acute, slightly powdery or scaly ; the uppermost gra- dually narrower, linear-lanceolate and entire j lower ones toothed or sinuated, running down at the base into a bordered footstalk. Clusters terminal, erect, compound, many-flowered ; leafless in the upper part. Fl. in short, dense, rather oblong, heads, or blunt spikes. Valves of the seed-bearing calyx only one third the size of the last, deltoid, acute, tumid ; toothed at the edges ; the disk of both valves beset with numerous, prominent, strong, acute warts, or teeth. Seed orbicular, blackish, like the pre- ceding, but smaller. The very copious, small, strongly ^rmed fruit readily distinguishes this plant, and confirms the characters founded on the same parts in the two foregoing species. 6. A. littoralis. Grass-leaved Sea Orache. Stem herbaceous, erect. Leaves all linear, entire, variously toothed, or sinuated. Calyx of the fruit sinuated ; its disk armed w^ith prominent tubercles. A. littoralis. Linn. Sp. PI. 1494. Willd. v. 4. 965. H. Br. 1094. Engl. Bot. V. 10. t. 708. Hook. Scot. 291. Don H. Br. 142. ^ A. maritima, scoparise folio. Dill, in Raii Syn. 1.53. A. minima angustifolia maritima. Bocc. Sic. 29. t. 15./. 1. Moris. v.2.607. sect. 5. t.32.f 20. A. angustissimo et longissimo folio. Dill, in Raii Syn. 153. A. maritima angustifolia, obtusiore folio. Dill, in Raii Syn. 153. Grass Sea Orrach. Petiv. H. Brit. 1. 1 .f. 6. /3. Atriplex serrata. Huds. ed. J . 377. ed. 2. 444. A. marina, Linn. Mant. 300. A. angustifolia maritima dentata. Raii Syji. 152. A. angustifolia laciniata minor. Bauh. Hist. v. 2. 972. f 973. Jagged Long Orrach, Petiv. H. Brit. f.J.f. 4. In muddy salt-marshes, chiefly on the eastern coast. Annual. August, St^.ptemher. Root fibrous. Stem erect, from one to two feet, or more, in height, leafy, angular, smooth, with upright, alternate, branches. Leaves alternate, stalked, slightly spreading, linear-oblong, from two to four inches in length, smooth, somewhat fleshy, either quite en- POLYGAMIA^MONOECI A. Atriplex. 26 1 tire, or more or less toothed and jagged, turning black in dry- ing, from the abundance of alkaline or marine salt which they contain ; the under side, like the young branches, mealy, or hoary. Spikes erect, obtuse, interrupted, beset with small leaves in the lower part* Fl. numerous, in little dense heads ; those furnished with stamens having scarcely any rudiments of a germen. Valves of the seed-bearing cabjx ovate, acute, deeply sinuated at the margin ; the disk covered with large, prominent, sharp tubercles. Seed rather pointed, compressed. What gives a spiral appearance to the seed of this and other species of Atriplex, as described in FL Br. or Engl. Bat., is the con- voluted form of the embryo, surrounding the cotyledons, which are themselves flat and straight. 7. A. pedunculata. Stalked Sea Orache. Stem herbaceous, zigzag, with spreading branches. Leaves obovale, entire. Seed-bearing flowers stalked, wedge- shaped. A. pedunculata. Linn. Sp.Pl. 167^. fVilld.v.4.966. FL Br. 1005. Engl. Bot. v.A. t. 232. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 6. 7. A. marina, semine lato. How Phyt. 13. RaiiSyn. 153. A. maritima, Halimus dicta, erecta, semine folliculis membranaceis bivalvibus, in latitudinem porrectis, et utrinque rccurvis, longo pedunculo insidentibus, clauso. Pink. Almag. 61. PJu/t.t.36. J- '• Ceratocarpus salinus. Pallas's Travels, v. 1 . 291. Heart Sea Purslain. Petiv. H. Brit. t.J.f.S. /3. Atriplex maritima nostras, Ocimi minoris folio. Rail Syn. 153. On the sea coast, in muddy ])laces, salt marshes, &c. Near Boston and Lynn. Plukenet. Plentifully in the isle of Thanet, near the ferry. J. Shernrd. On the east bank of the Ouse, just below Lynn, 1778 j also at Yarmouth. Annual. August, September. Root taj)cring. Herb greyish, all over scaly ; tawny in decay. Stem erect, or reclining, from three to twelve inches high, com- monly branched and bushy, zigzag, leafy, angular. Leaves alternate, obovate, obtuse, entire, leathery or fleshy, tapering down into short footstalks. The J/ owe rs with stamens have no traces of a pistil ; the fertile ones, intermixed with them, and at first likewise sessile, are subsequently elevated on simple stalks, half an inch, or near an inch, long, becoming enlarged, wedge-shaped, compressed, with two blunt spreading lobes, and enclosing a flat orbicular seed. In this ntate the plant is easily r».*cognized. The small variety, /3, more dwarfish and depressed, is less uncom- mon on our eastern coast than the more flourishing and luxuriant state of the plant. 262 CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS Vol. I. Page 5. line 9 from the bottom, add — Tozzctti Cat. Mus. 87. t. 3. 6. 1. 3, read — Juss. 6. .11. 1. 4, insert — In the outlet of Llyn Maelog, Angles- ea, growing beneath the surface of the water, in July, 1825. Mr, W, Wilson of Warri7tgton. 26. 1. 8, read— 612./ 29. 1. 12, insert, before La?n.—'Ejigl BoL t;. 31. j^. 2184. 36. 1. 9, add^Ekrh. Phytoph. 21. 36. at the bottom, add— In the hot dry summer of 1825, in Cheshire, each spike ripened two, or even three, seeds. M?. W. Wilson. 40. 1. 13.— read 41. HIEROCHLOE. 47. 1. \2i he^ove ^.C.nudiflorus, insert — 3. C. reticulatus, Net-rooted Crocus. Stigma within the flower, in three obtuse undivided segments. Three outer segments of the corolla recurved. Coat of the bulb strongly reticulated. C. reticulatus. Marsch. Taur.-Caucas. v. \. 28. C. susianus. Ker in Curt. Mag. v.]S.t. 652. Dry and. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed.2.v.].8]. C. vernus latifolius, flavo vario flore. Chis. Hist. v. 1 . 206./. C. vernus latifolius flavo varius. Rudb. Ehjs. v. 2. 121 ./. 4. C. vernus latifolius, flore flavo, striis violaceis. Ger. Em. 155. f. C. orientalis vernus, flore subcseruleOj externe spadiceo- rubente. Tourn. Cor. 25. CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. ^263 Page In grassy pastures or meadows. In Sir Henry Bunbury's park, at Barton, Suffolk, very plentifully, and certainly wild. Mr. Dawson Turner. Perennial. March. Smaller than any other of our wild species. Bulb very remarkable for its strong, dense, wiry coating, of stout, rigid, interbranching fibres, firmly connected, and making a curious net-work. Leaves rather narrow. FI. one or two. Three inner segments of the corolla erect ; outer ones permanently recurved, and marked exter- nally with three longitudinal, dark-purple, somewhat feathery, stripes ; the ground of the whole coro//« bemg whitish, or pale blue, or yellow. Our's agrees in co- lour with original specimens of the C. reticulatus /3 of the Fl. Taur.-Caucasica, the a having yellow/ozter.s as in the Hot. Mag. 1 cannot but prefer an expressive name to one liable to many objections. At least I would give botanists their choice. Mr. Ker has well distinguished this species ■ and he justly remarks that its representations in the older books are very charac- teristic, though I think not that of the Hort. Eijsteten- sis, especially in the root. 49. 1. 3 from the bottom, and 1. 7, VGixik—Calamaricv. 56. 1. 21, read — equiseti. 58, before 1. 4- from the bottom, insert — S. n. 1342. Hall. Hist. v. 2. 179. 60. 1.3 from the bottom, for /3 read y. 6^, after 1. 23, insert— Gnaphalion. Trag. Hist. 6S'3,J. 3 ^ 69, after 1. 12, insert— the same, /. 1, 2? 72. 1. 4 from the bottom, read— Hieroc/iloc. 75. 1. 9 from the bottom, transpose /3 to the precedmg line. 188, after 1. 5, insert — A. vcrna. Dalnh. Hist, \23i-. J- 191. 1. 5. insert— . ,, i ISNARDIA. O//. 1-cleft, superior. ( uj^s. (puulran- rrular, of 4- cells, crowned by the calv' 198. 1. 5, for ///.s7.read/AvA. •200. 1. 30, add— In An-lesea. Mr. Jl'- IViJ^o, "This appears, bv a specimen m the herbarnnn ot the late Rev. 1 f. Davies, to be his G. ulrjninsuw, Welsh BotAr>:' Mr. Wilson. It i> more liixmiaiit ,x. son. 261 CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. Page than I ever before saw G. Wither iiigii, the stem being two feet long. 218. 1. 15 from the bottom, after 104^5— insert/. 223. \. 7, insert — ^77. ISNARDIA. Isnardia. Linn. Gen. Q\. Jm55. 333, Lam. t. 77. Nat. Orel. Calycantliemcje. Linn. 17. Salicarics, Juss. 91. Cat. superior, bell-shaped, in 4- deep, equal, ovate, broad, spreading, permanent segments. Cor. none. Filam. shorter than the calyx, alternate with its segments, awl-shaped. Anth. oblong, simple. Germ, inferior, oblong, quadrangular. Style cylindrical, longer than the stamens, shorter than the calyx. Stigma capitate. Caps, qua- drangular, oblong, membranous, crowned with the calyx, of 4 cells. Seeds numerous, oblong, attached to the central column. Only one species. 1. \. palustris. Marsh Isnardia. I. palustris. Linn. Sp. PI. 175. M'illd. v. 1. 680. Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2.v.\. 266. " Schkuhr Handb. ?;. 1. 84. ^.25." Alsine palustris, seu paludosa, rotundifolia repens, foliis portulacae pinguibus binis ex adverse nascentibus, flosculis virescentibus rosaceis. Lind. Tournef. Ahat. 115.^. 2, b. Alsat. 204. Glaux major palustris, tiore herbaceo. Bocc. Mus. 105. ^.84./. 2. Moris. Hort.Blcus. S2.26S. Rati Hist. v.2. 1 102. t;. 3. 635. In ponds and watery places. Found in a pool at Buxted, Sussex, in 1827, by Mr. W. Borrer. Annual. July. Herb floating, smooth, with numerous, long, filamentous roots. Steins several, about a span long, simple, or slightly branched, leafy, bluntly quadrangular. Leaves opposite, stalked, ovate, acute, undivided, entire, scarcely an inch in length, bright green, somewhat succulent 5 the mid-rib often red or purplish. Bracteas two, acute, small. Ft. axillary, solitary, sessile, small, green and inconspicuous. Segments of the calyx tri- CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. 265 Page angular. The taste is merely herbaceous, nor is any particular quality attributed to this jDlant. Dr. Swartz found a plant in Jamaica, agreeing, as he says, exactly with this, except in having four small, fugacious, yellow petals, which induced him to refer it to Ludwigia ; though he remarked that the seeds were attached to the central column, not to the wings of the receptacle, as they ought to be in that genus. It may be doubted whether Prof. Willdenow has done right in considering these as one and the same species. 225. last 1. read — Bufonia tenuifolia. 229. 1. 19 from the bottom, after " last," insert — Root a small tuber. Rev, J. Holme. 289. 1.16 from the bottom, after t. 855. insert — and 1. 1 326. 303. last line, £LM—Bcrtolo?i. Am. ItaL 132. 320. 1. 5 from the bottom, diM—Engl. Bot. v. 33. t. 2305. Vol. II. 69. 1. 15 from the bottom, add — Fl. Dan. t. 1454-. 1 29. 1. 6, add — Redout. Liliac. t. 200. 136. 1. 10, add— i^/. Dan. t. 1156. U7. 1. 27— omit the word "fruit." 150. after the last line, add — The following remarks on Anthericum scroti num have been communicated by Mr. W. Wilson, of Warrington, a very accurate observer. *' The root consists of a bulbous part, adhering laterally to an articulated fibrous substance, the remains perhaps of the bulbs of preceding years, one articulation being produced annually. Herb smooth to the touch, but, with the exception of the lower ])art of the stem, evi- dently covered with minute whitisli tubercles, resem- bling short close-pressed hairs. Radical leaves alwavs two in the flowering specimens, of a deej) shining green, flaccid, so as to be freipiently bent downwards, .semi- cylindrical, keeled, with one rib on each side of the leaf. Flower erect, veined externally, sometimes with purple, more frequently with green, which after the impregnation clianges to a purple. I'ltals bearing a notched, yellow, nectariferous gland, a little way above Q66 CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. Page the claw, very conspicuous in the living plant. Stamens certainly not attached to the petals, though frequently coming off along with them, owing to a part of the re- ceptacle being also torn away. The stem remains during the following summer, sometimes longer. June 15, 1825." 197. after 1. 9, add — What Mr. Wilson has sent me from near Bangor, named R, arif alius with a tnark of doubt, is cer- tainly not so, nor can I find more than a slight difference in size, none in character, between this Welsh plant and the common R, Acetosa^ gathered in Berkshire and elsewhere. 206. 1. 8, add- Since the above account was published, I have re- ceived from the Rev. Charles Burton, LL.B. of Manchester, and from Mr. W. Wilson of War- rington, various specimens of Alisma repens, gathered about the margins of several lakes in Anglesea. Of these the smaller ones agree ex- actly with the figure in Cavanilles ; but the larger having stems from one to two feet long, and, though prostrate, less disposed to throw out radicles^ approach so nearly to A. ranunculoides, which frequently bears reclining stalks^ if not leafy- ones, that I concur with both my obliging corre- spondents in thinking the A. repens no more than a variety, differing from rammculoides as Ranun- culus reptans does from R. Flammida; see v, 3. 45. It flowers in July and August. 210. after Sagina 2. insert — Rhodiola, 241. after 1. 19, insert — A. monococcum. Cord. Hist. 152. 2.f. 243. 1. 26— for "Binfield, Berks," read "Virginia Water." 248. last line, after Adoxa, insert — Rhodiola, 255. 1. 17 from the bottom, add — Ray's plant, found plentifully about Halifax, is Pyrola media, of which I have received fine spe- cimens from Mr. Roberts Leyland of that town, who first detected the error. Probably Mr. Lightfoot's Highland P. rotundifolia may, in some instances, have been the media, which was not distinguished in his time. CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. 267 Page 271. 1. 3 from the bottom, before Ehrh. insert— i^. Dcuu t, 1517. 273. last line but one, insert — TL Dari. t, 1S88. The spe- cific character is copied from FL Br, 455. 295. 1. 4, omit " I believe there is no permanent distinc- tion between the two." I have, in the very ex- cellent and well-conducted garden at Bury St. Edmund's, recently compared these plants. The seeds of S. conoidea are twice as large as those of conica, and wrinkled in a different manner. 304. 1. 11, read " Hyperici folio." 309. 1. 5 from the bottom, before Areiiaria fastigiata, insert — A. rubella. Little Red Sandwort. Leaves awl-shaped, bluntish. Stems single-flowered. Calyx-leaves with three equal ribs; longer than the petals. Alsine rubella. Wahlenh. Lapp. 128. t. 6. In the Highlands of Scotland. Near the summit of Ben Lawers. Mr. J. Mackaij. On Craig Challeoch. Dr. Greville, Perennial. June. Very nearly allied to J. verna, to which, as a dwarf alpine variety, 1 had referred the specimens sent by the late Mr. J. Mackay, in 1/96. Dr. Greville however, who, with a pupil of Dr. Hooker's, of whose name I am not informed, gathered the same on Craig Challeoch in June 18'J4, at once recognized it, as W'alilenbcrg's Alsine rubella. The petals are said to be reddish, of which no traces remain in my dried ones. The plant forms dense tufts, each with a long central root. Stems very numerous, ascending, two or three inches high, leafy, downy at the summit, each bearing a solitary Jloucr, which is the chief dittercnce I can find between this and the verna, the structure of their flowers being the same. The leaves of rubella are perhaps rather shorter and blunter, I have never seen a living spe- cimen. 318. 1. .% add— 77. J)an, f. 1457. 324. 1. 10,— 77. G;vrc. /. 451. 335. 1. 23,-77. J)a>i. /. 1337. 312. I. 3 fioin tlic bottom, insert — 268 CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. Page Plentiful in Broad-bottom wood, near Mytholm- royd, six miles from Halifax, Yorkshire. Mr. Roberts Leijland. 347. 1. 7 from the bottom, read — Hierochloe. 34-9. last line, insert — See vol. 4. 58. 353. 1. 2, expmige the word " mostly." 360. before 252. PYRUS, insert— 3. M. Cotoneaster. Dwarf Quince-leaved Medlar. Thorns none. Leaves elliptic-ovate, entire, downy beneath. Germen smooth. Styles three or four. M. Cotoneaster. Unn. Sp. PL G86. FL Suec. ed. 2. 169. Willd. V. 2. 1012. Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. v. 3. 206. FL Dan. M 12. PalL Ross. v.l.SO.L 14. Crantz. Ausir. fasc.2.37.L2.f.\. M. n.l093. HaU. Hist. V. 2. 33. M. folio subrotundo, fructu rubro. EngL Gard. Cat. 49. t. 14. M. folio rotundiori, non serrato, fructu nigro. Amman. Stirp. 201. t. 34. Cotoneaster folio rotundo non serrato. Bauh. Pin. 452. Cotoneaster. Bauh. Hist. v.]. p. I. 73./. Chamsemespilus. Cord. Hist. 115./. Lob. Ic. v. 2. 1 67./. Ger. Em. 1454./. Ch. Gesneri. Clus. HisL v. I. 60./ Epimelis. Dalech. Hist. \9S./. On limestone rocks in Wales. On the limestone cliffs of the Great Ormshead, Carnarvon- shire, in various places. Mr. W. Wilson. 1825. Com- municated also by Dr. Pring, of Bangor, in 1826. Shrub. July. A small bush, with alternate, spreading or partly recum- bent, round, leafy, brown, smooth branches; downy and somewhat angular when young. Thorns none. Leaves alternate, deciduous, ovate, or broadly ellipti- cal, obtuse or acute, entire, an inch long, more or less ; green, smooth and even above ; white, cottony and veiny beneath. Footstalks short, downy. Stipulas in pairs, tapering, chesnut-coloured, smooth j fringed at the edges. Flower-stalks downy, from the same buds as the leaves ; in our specimens solitary and sin- gle flowered ; in exotic ones often branched, with three or four flowers ; but always shorter than the leaves. Bracteas minute, red, lanceolate, acute. FL droop- ing, pale red. Mr. Wilson describes their structure as follows. CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. 269 Page ^' Cal. superior, 5 -cleft j segments ovate, blunt, very woolly at the margin, incurved. Pet. b, orbicular. Filam. 1 6, flat and somewhat awl-shaped. Germen roundish ; externally smooth and shining ; woolly within. Styles 3, sometimes 4, thread-shaped. Fruit pear-shaped, crowned with the closed calyx. Cells, or capsules, of the same number as the styles, bony, entire, not valvular, each bearing one style from the lower part of its inner angle." The fruit, at first red, is said finally to turn black. Its pulp is mealy and tasteless. Linnaeus recommends this shrub for making low hedges, in dry broken ground, as the root runs very deeply into the earth. 384. 1. 7 from the bottom — for suhglohosa read Sherardt. 404-. 1. 4-, add — Abundant in the beautiful woods of Blaize Castle, near Bristol. 415. 1. 7, add — Fuchs. Ic.^9^.f. Vol. III. 2. 1. 11, read— "P^/. 5, or more," 3. 1. 2 from the bottom, add — In a wood at Whitly Hall, near Huddersfield, Yorkshire. Mr, Roberts Lcyland. 10. 1. 7 from the bottom, read — P. Rhocas. 16. 1. 22, read — Nymphaea lutea |3, pumila. 1 7. before 1. 6 from the bottom, insert — Lime Tree. Hunt. Evd. Sijlv.f. 25. 1. 32, add — Found, in 1826, on the borders of a wood, on Addington hill, near Croydon, by Mr. IV. Christy.) jun. Some doubts still exist as to the permanency of this species. 27. last line, add — On rocks near the sea, at Torcpiay. Dccdi of Bristol. 1825. 29. 1. 11, read — " /V/. 5, or more," 30. I. 12, after 1839, adil— 77. (inrc. t. fAW-. .SI. 1. 3 from the botlou), erase tlu.' words "-a d()iil)trnl native." 32. 1. 2, a(hl — In watery giounil, on bolli sides of a 270 CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. Page brook, at Ford, near Wiveliscomb, Somersetshire, in great plenty, for the course of a mile and more, as well as in other similar situations in that neigh- bourhood. Mr, Thomas Clark, jun,; from whom I received specimens, in July 1825. 134. 1. 8 from the bottom, read — The curious variety /3, 138. 1. 1, add — These knobs disappear when the plant comes to perfection. See Fagon's letter to Boccone. Bocc. Recherches et Obs. 12"'o. 100. 182. 1. 23, reacl—Dalech. Hist 248. 1. 9 from the bottom, after Merr, Pin, 75. add — Rail Syn, 252. 272. 1. 5 from the bottom, before O. sylvaticus^ insert — O. niger. Black Bitter-vetch. Leaves pinnate, of from four to six pair of elliptic- lanceolate leaflets. Stipulas linear-awlshaped, simple, entire. Stem branched, angular, erect. O. niger. Linn. Sp. PL \ 028. H. Suec. ed. 2.25 \. Willd. v.S. 1076. ^it. Hort.Kew.ed. 2. V. 4.304. Hook.Scot. p. 2. 267. O. n. 418. Hall. Hist. V. 1. 182. O. sylvaticus, vicise foliis. Bauh. Pin. 352. O. foliis viciae. Riv. Tetrap. Irr. t. 60. O. pannonicus secundus. Clus. Hist. v. 2. 230. f. Pann. 738. f. append. Astragaloides. Dod. Pempt. 55 1 ./. Ger. Em. 1 239./. A. altera herbariorum. Lob. Ic. v. 2. 78./. In dry mountainous pastures in Scotland, rare. In the den of Airly, 12 miles west of Forfar, sparingly, found by Mr. Thomas Drummond. Mr. W. Robertson. Perennial. June, July. Root long and tapering ; sweet, according to Linnaeus. Herb smooth, turning black in drying like 0. tuberosus. Stems several, one and half or two feet high, upright, branched, leafy, angular, not winged. Leaves usually of about five pair of elliptic-oblong, blunt, bristle-pointed, veiny leaflets an inch long, not invariably opposite 3 the common stalk very little elongated beyond them. Flower-stalks axillary, rather longer than the leaves, each bearing a cluster, of four or five elegant, blueish- purple, flowers. Legumes blackish, cylindrical. The leaf- lets are represented too small in all the figures above CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. 271 Page quoted, which indeed are all, except Rivinus's, from the same block. 278. after 1. 30, add — I cannot but think Garidel's t. 108 represents a nar- row-leaved variety of L, latifolius, which often occurs in gardens, notwithstanding a contrary opinion expressed by my able correspondent Dr. Bertoloni, Amcen. ItaL 173; and that the above- mentioned author, though none of the most learned, is correct in the name. 287. add to the synonyms of Vicia hitliynica — Lathy rus palustris, flore orobi nemorensis verni, nondum descriptus. Rujjp. Jen. ed, \.,S61.f, 298. 1. 15, after 1356, m^en—Engl. Bot. v. 15. t. 1047. 350. 1. 3 — rend L.jKil us fn's. 363. 1. 1, after Mr. Lawson, insert — On rocks by the Maze beck, and at Maze beck scar, Westmoreland. Mr. IV, llohcrlson^ from whom I have a wild specimen. 366. 1. 22, after Mr. J. Mackay, insert — On rocks near Loch Callater, north of Clova. Mr, T, Drummond, A wild specimen of Mr. Drummond's, for which I am obliged to Mr. W. Robertson of Newcastle, answers sufficiently well to Engl. Bot, t, 2379, and is undoubtedly the H. villosuvi of Linnaeus and Jacquin. The stem is 15 inches high, leafy; branched in the upper part, bearing 5 large, le- mon-coloured Jloivej's, with several scattered, ovate, pointed bracteas ; the whole of the lierb- age extremely hairy, or shaggy. It agrees precisely with specimens from Jaccjuin, and with Swiss ones of Haller's n, 44- ; tiie number of flowers varying from 1 to 5. After H. villosum, the following species should be introduced : H. Hallcri. Ilallerian Dwarf Hawk weed. Stem erect, with one or two flowers, slightly leafy. Leaves hairy; lower ones obovate-oblong, stalked, toothed ; upper lanceolate, nuicli diminislied. Calyx shaggy. 272 CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. Page H. Halleri. Villars Daupli. v. 3. 1 04. t. 26, hybridum. Willd, Sp. PL V. 3. 1587. Hook. Scot. 229 ; omitting the refer, ence to Engl. Bot. H. pumilum. Willd. v. 3. 1562. Mr. Sieber. In the Highlands of Scotland. On the Clova mountains. Mr. Thomas Drummond. Perennial. July, August. For a wild specimen of this I am also obliged to Mr. Robert- son. It agrees precisely vvith others sent from Styria, by Mr. Sieber, and clears up every difficulty respecting this species and H.villosum, from which, as well as from H. alpinum, it is certainly distinct ; though perhaps the latter is equally entitled to be reckoned caulescent. The radical leaves of H. Halleri are much fewer than in alpi7ium, less coarsely toothed, and one resembling them is sometimes placed about an inch up the stem ; one or two still higher being very small, lanceolate, acute, and nearly sessile. Stetn usually simple and single-flowered, rarely 2- or 3-flovvered, not shaggy, but rough with short, black, prominent bristles. Cat. dark, clothed with some pale hairs, but by no means shaggy like H. «/pf?2wm. The florets however are ex- ternally hairy, about the summit of the tube, as in that species. The whole flower is of a full golden yellow, not lemon-coloured like villosum ; nor is the stem hollow as in that, but full of light pith, exactly in the manner of H. alpinum. 403. 1. 20 from the bottom, add — Willdenow has a genus called Diotis^ Sp. PL v. 4. 368, but of later date than this of Desfontaines. 407. 1. 15, after 135, insert Engl, Bot. v. 24^. t. 1706. 430. 1. 15, add — In the woods of Blaize Castle, near Bristol. 465. 1. 5 from the bottom, after Dill, add — Frequent in pastures and waste ground between Bristol and the Severn. 469. 1. 4 from the bottom, add — Near St. Edmund's hill, Bury. Rev. Dr. Webb. CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. 273 Vol. IV. Page 31, Insert before ii, 3, Ophrys aranifera, O. arachnites. Late Spider Orchis. Lip longer tlian the calyx, dilated, somewhat tumid, with five shallow, inflexed, marginal lobes ; the terminal one flattened. Calyx coloured. Column with a hooked point. Petals deltoid, downy. O. arachnites. Willd. Sp. PL v. 4. 67. Curt. Mag. t. 25 1 G. Ruth. Germ. v. 2. p. 2. 405. Hoffm. Germ. sis. Host. Syn. 492. O. insectifera >j. Lhin.Sp. PL 1343. Orchis arachnites. Scop. Corn. v. 2. 194. O. n. 1 2GG. IlalL Hist. v. 2. 134. t. 24. f. 1 Jvciflora.f. 1 —3. O. araneam referens. J'ailL Par. t.'ii).f.\6 — 13. Segu. Veron. suppL 244. ^.8./. 1 . But not of B3. t. 1. Dryopteris 'I'rat;i. Cer. I'.m. I 135./. ^Si CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Aspidium. Filix pumila saxatilis prima. Clus. Hist. v. 2,212./. Pann. 704./. On mountainous heaths, or in woods, on a limestone soil. About Matlock bath, Derbyshire, in broken rocky ground. Perennial. July. Root creeping, but stouter and less extended than in the prece- ding species. Frond more firm and rigid 3 its stalk more scaly about the lower part. All the three branches upright, smaller than the last, rigid, and not loosely spreading. Masses of capsules more crowded, finally in some degree confluent, and of a browner hue. 464. ASPIDIUM. Shield-fern. Swartz in Schrad. Journ, for \SOO.v. 2. 29. Sijn.Fil. 42. Willd. Sp.Pl.v. 5. 2\l. FL Br. l\\8. Spreng. Crypt, f. 22. Filix. Tourn. ^.311, 312. Lonchitis. Tourn. t. 314. Nat. Ord. see n. 463. Masses of capsules orbicular, convex, scattered over the back of the frond, in rows, between the midrib of each lobe and the margin. Capsules very numerous, globose, on capillary stalks; each of 1 cell and 2 equal, hemi- spherical valves, bound together by a transverse jointed ring, which finally separates them by its elasticity when dry. Seeds numerous, roundish, very minute. Cover membranous, orbicular, or kidney-shaped, with a lateral cleft, simple, fixed in the centre of each mass, often peltate, and separating all round, permanent. Habit like the last genus. Species much more numerous. Fronds in some evergreen ; in most deciduous. * Frond simply pinnate. 1. A. Lonchitis. Rough Alpine Shield-fern. Frond linear-lanceolate, simply pinnate ; leaflets crescent- shaped, declining, bristly-serrated. Stalks scaly. A. Lonchitis. Sw. Syn. Fit. 43. Willd. Sp. PI. v. 5. 224. FL Br. 1118. Hook. Scot. p. 2. 153. Polypodium Lonchitis. Linn. Sp.Pl.loAS. Engl. Bot.v. 12. t. 797. Bolt. Fit. 34. ^.19. FL Dan. t. 497. P. n. 1711. HalLHisLv.3. 16. Polystichum Lonchitis. Roth. Germ. v. 3. 71. Lonchitis aspera major. Raii Syn. 118. Ger. Em. 1140. f. Matth. Valgr.v. 2. 273./. Camer. Epit 6G4./ Moris, v. 3. 566. sect. 14. t.2.f.\. L. mas, seu latifolia, aspera minor. Barrel. Ic. i. 1121. CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Aspidium. 285 In the fissures of alpine rocks. On the highest rocks of Carnarvonshire. Mr. Lhwyd. About the church of Llanberris. Dr. Richardson. In Breadalbane. Rev. Dr. Sluart. Near Stirling. Dr. Buchanan Hamilton. Not un- common among the Highland mountains. Hooker. Perennial. May, June. Fronds about a span high, tufted, linear-lanceolate, firm, rigid and harsh, deep green, whether evergreen, that is biennial, or annual, I know not. Stalk short, clothed below the leafy part with large, broad, taper-pointed scales ; with smaller ones above. Leaflets numerous^ short, crowded, stalked, alternate, about three-quarters of an inch long, acute, simple 5 smooth above ) rather scaly at the back, broad at the base, with a lobe at the upper edge, while the corresponding part of the lower is sloped or cut away, the whole lecflet assuming a crescent shape ; the margin beset with unequal bristly serratures. Masses of capsules in simple rows, between the midrib and margin ol each leaf of the upper half of the frond, crowded, light brown. Cover orbicular, with a notch at one side, strongly fixed in the centre, separating all round, and finally almost obliterated by the elevation of the abundant capsules. Some small mountain varieties of A. aculeatum are often mistaken for this, and hence it has been supposed a dwarf state of that common species. The true Lonchitis, however, is very distinct in appearance and characters, much less inclined to be lobed, and never separately auricled : its masses are thrice the size of the aculeatum. It is not easy of culture, and rather dwindles away, instead of growing more luxuriant, in a garden. *# J^yond more or less doubly pinnate. 2. A. Tliebjpteris. Marsh Shield-fern. Frond pinnate ; leaflets linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, smooth, somewhat crenate; their lowermost segments elongated. Masses globular; at length confluent. Cover central, lax. Hoot trailing. A. Thelvpteris. Sw. Syn. Fd.l^^. Jl'illd. Sp. PI. v. r>.240. hi. Br. 1119! Hook. Scot. p. 2. 154. Tolvpodium Thelypteris. Linn. Mant. CtO'}. Syst. f'cf^. ed. \\.9:\7. Emrl. Bot. V. 15. t. lOlS. 77. Dan. t. 700. Dicks. II. Sicc.fasc. G. \i). Khrh. Crypt. '.VI. P. n. \(YM. Hall. Hist. v.:V 12. Polystichum Thelvpteris. Holh. Germ. v. 'A. 77. Acrostichum Thel'yi)teris. Linn. Sp.Pl. lo'JS. Bolt. Fil.7S. t.43,4'i. Thelvpteris palust'ris non ramosa. Hupp. Jen. Wl'l. Schmid. h.4j. t.'W. Filix minor palustris rejjens. Han Syu. \'2 00 286 CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Aspidium. F. tenuissime et profunde denticulata Montbelgardica. Baiih. Hist,v.3.p.2.73\.f. F. non ramosa minor sylvatica repens. 31oris. v. 3. 580. sect. 14. ^.4./. 17. Dryopteris. Lob. 7c. 8 1 5 . /. Ger. Em. 1 1 3o ./. In boggy meadows and marshes, especially on a gravelly soil. On St, Faith's Newton bogs near Norwich. Mr. Pitchford. At Lound, near Yarmouth. Mr. D. Turner. In Terrington Car, Yorkshire. Mr. R. Teesdale. Bedfordshire. Abbot. Cambridge- shire. Relhan. Abundant in Scotland. Dickson, Hooker. At Wroxham, Norfolk. Perennial. July. Root creeping extensively, by means of long, slender, blackish, thread-shaped, smooth or downy runners. Fronds rather scat- tered, quite erect, deep green, delicate and smooth, rarely a little hairy, as in Engl. Bot., each about fifteen or eighteen inches high ; their stalks slender, uaked, or only slightly scaly. Leaflets elongated horizontally, taper-pointed, very deeply pinnatifid ; their segments when barren obtuse, and obscurely crenate ; when fertile narrower, more acute, and revolutej the lower part usually longest. Midrib sometimes densely hairy. Cap- sules minute, in small round masses, each at first covered by a thin, white, lacerated cover, fixed by the centre, but soon ele- vated and obliterated, the jnasses running together into simple, sometimes aggregate, lines, and nearly covering the lobes, so that Linnseus was induced, by some such advanced specimens, to refer this Fern to his genus Acrostichum, into which indeed he originally admitted several discordant plants. 3. A. Oreopteris. Heath Shield-fern. Frond pinnate; leaflets deeply pinnatifid, entire, besprinkled underneath with resinous globules. Masses nearly mar- ginal, at length confluent. Root tufted. A. Oreopteris. Sw. Syn. Fil. 50. Willd. Sp. Pl.v. 5. 247. Fl. Br. 1120. Hook. Scot. p. 2. 154. Polypodium Oreopteris. Ehrh. Crypt. 22. Dicks. Tr. of Linn. Soc.v.l.lSl. H.Sicc.fasc.lAS. With. 775. Hull23S. Sibth. 270. Teesdale Tr. of Linn. Soc.v.2. 113. Engl. Bot. v. 15. t.lOlO. Fl.Dan.t.\\2]. Hoffm. Germ.v.2.5. P. Thelypteris. Huds. 457. Bolt. Fil. 40. t. 22. f. 1, 2. Hedw. Theor. 44. t. 6. P. fragrans. Huds. 457 ? as suggested by Mr. Teesdale. P. limbospermum. BellardiAct. faurin. v. 5. 253; from the author. Allion. Auctuar. 47. P. pterioides. Villars Dauph. v. 3. 841 ; from the author. P. montanum. Fogler Diss.— Willd. Berol. 29 1 . CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Aspidium. 287 Polystithum montanum. Roth. Germ. v. 3. 74. Filix non ramosa nostras, pinnulis brevibus, acutioribus, integris, non nihil falcutis, punctis ferrugineis ad oras pulverulentibus, Pluk.Amalth. 91. F. maris vulgaris varietas. Doody in Bali Syn. ed.2. 341. ed. 3. 122. /3. F. pumila saxatilis altera Clusii. Rail Syn, 122. On mountainous heaths, and in dry woods. Most plentiful in Scotland. Dickson. In the north of England. Withering. Near Southampton, Mr. Lambert. Gathered on Ben Lomond, in 1/82, and long afterwards at Hafod, Cardigan- shire. )3. Plentiful in stony mountainous parts of Derbyshire, Yorkshire, and Westmoreland. Ray. On the Welsh mountains about Llanberys. Richardson. Perennial, July. This species, which has formerly been confounded with the pre- ceding as well as with the following, agrees with the latter in size and general aspect, being usually thrice as large as A. The- lypteris ; though the variety (5, is scarcely equal to the ordi- nary height of even that plant. The- root is not creeping, but tufted, large and scaly, formed of many strong, stout, entangled fibres. Fronds several, ranged in a circle, erect, lanceolate, leafy nearly to the bottom, their stalks being very sliort and scaly J the leafy part mostly naked and smooth, channelled along the upper side, Leqfiets in general opposite, sessile, but not crossing each other at the bottom, numerous, pointed, deeply and numerously pinnatifid, smooth except the midrib, which is for the most part finely downy, not scaly, as seems to be ex- pressed in Engl. Botany ; the segments flat, obtuse, entire, very rarely crenateat the extremity ; the under side besprinkled with shining, yellowish, resinous globules, exhaling, more or less constantly, a fragrant scent, wlience perhaps Mr. Hudson might take this fern for Polypodiumfrngrans of Linnaeus. Tliese globules are represented in Hedwig's figure, quoted above, as if they were the seeds. The real masses of capsules are disposed in a simple row, near the margin of each lobe, whence some have taken the ))iant for Polypodium marginale of Linnaeus, which is a very distinct North American sj)ecies. When ripe thcBC masses become nearly confluent, forming brown, mar- ginal, beaded lines. The rover of eacli mass is small and thin, fixed by the centre, jagged, and soon obliterated. -^ I iiave seen no original npecimen of Hay's ])lant, my p ; bur the small ones, gathered on Ikii Lomond in 17S2, and then taken for Thcly}>tf ris, their resinous globules being noticed as some- thing peculiar, may very |)robably be this variety, though it by no means answers to the tilix pumila saxatilis altera of (. lusius, which has a creeping root, and long naked v/'//Av 288 CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Aspidium. 4. A. Filia: mas. Male Shield-fern. Frond doubl}^ pinnate; leaflets obtuse, serraled, partly confluent. Stalk scaly. Masses near the rnidrib. Cover orbicular. A. Filix mas. Sw. Syn. Fil. 55. mild. Sp. PL v. 5. 250. Fl. Br. 1121. E?igLBof.v.2\. t.\45S. Hook. Scot. p. 2. 154. Lond. f. 40. A. cristatum. Engl Bot. v. 28. t. 1949. Polvpodium Filix mas. Linn. Sp. PL 155 \. Hiids. 458. Bolt.Fil.44. t. 24. Woodv. t. 49. Giinn. Norveg. v. \.4. t. \.f. 4. Bull. Fr. t. 183. Dicks.H. Sicc.fasc.3. 19. Ehrh. Crypt. 141. P. n. 1701. HaU. Hist. v.Z. 13 ; excl. VaillanVs syn. Polystichum Filix mas. Roth. Germ. v. 3.82. Filix mas vulgaris. RaiiSyn.\20. Ger. Em. 1 128./. Lob.Ic.S]2.f. Fuchs. Hist. 595. f; not good. Ic. 341 ./. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 62(3./. not good. Camer. £pi^. 991 ./. better. Dalech. Hist. 1222./ F. non ramosa dentata. Bauh. Pin. 358. Moris, v. 3. 5/8. sect. 14. ^.3./ 6. F. vulgaris. Trag. Hist. 546. f. In woods, dry ditches, and on shady banks, common. Perennial. June, July. Root tufted, large, scaly. Fronds several, three feet high, erect, not so regularly disposed in a circle as the foregoing, but of the same lanceolate shape, and leafy nearly to the bottom -, their stalks and midribs scaly, or chaffy, throughout. Leaves alter- nate, taper-pointed, pinnate. Leajiets numerous, crowded, ses- sile, for the most part distinct, occasionally somewhat com- bined at the base, but far less so than the figures of the earlier writers represent them. Dr. Hooker's and Bulliard's plates are the most correct in this particular. Each leajlet is oblong, ob- tuse, crenate throughout, the lateral notches broadest and most shallow, the terminal ones more crowded and acute, without any terminal bristles 5 both sides are smooth, destitute of glan- dular globules, but there is a depression on the upper one, over the insertion of each mass of capsules. These masses are cir- cular, tawny, ranged in simple, close, short rows, near the par- tial midrib, and scarcely occupying more than the lower half of each leaflet. Cover circular, durable, crenate, tumid, with a cleft terminating in the central depression. Capsules nume- rous, of a shining brown, prominent all round a little beyond the cover. The root is a famous Swiss remedy for intestinal worms, chiefly the Tape-worm, which in that country is a difterent species from our's ; see Sir Anthony Carlisle's paper on these ani- mals, in Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 2- 247. The peculiar nauseous CRYPTOGAMIA-FILICES. Aspidium. 289 flavour of this root was detected by a good botanist, who had taken it in Switzerland, in a quack 'medicine recommended for worms in England, the cunning dealer in which would be glad to bring it ^nto general use as a purge. But there are many- drugs more safe, and better known in their operation. This species was certainly never mistaken for A. cristatum by the writer o( Engl. BoL p. 1949 j but Mr. Sowerby was deceived by a wrong specimen, sent him from the Isle of Wight, which he supposed, of course, to be correct, and from which he drew the iigure. The blunder was ^et right in v, 30. p. 2 1 25 of the -same work. 5. A. cnsfainm. Crested Shield- fem. Frond linear^oblon cr, almost doubly pinnate ; leaflets de- current, ovate, obtuse, crenate or pinnatifid, with little sharp terminal teeth. Stalk scaly at the base. Masses ecjuidistant fi'om the midrib and margin. Cover orbi- cular, A. criytatura. Sw. S^n. Fil 52. Willd. Sp. PL v. 5. 252. Comp, ed. 4. 173. Engl. Bot. v. 30. ^2125. Hook. Scot. p. 2. 154. Land. t. 1 13, excellent. Polypodiura cristatum. Linn. Sp. PI. 1551. Afzd.inStockh.Trans, for 1787.2.-)(i./. 9, P. n. "esi"^. Linn. Fl. Suec. ed. 1. 308 ; omitting the synonyms, P. Callipteris. Ehrh. Bcitr. v. 3. 77. Crypt. 53. Hoffm, Gtrin. V. 2. 0. Polystichum cristatum. Roth. Germ. '' i\ 3. 84." On boggy heaths among coarse grass and other plants. Hooker, Sent from the Lows on Holt heath, Norfolk, in 1805, by the liev. H. U. Francis. On bogs, amongst Alder bushes, at \Ves- tleton, Suffolk. Mr. Dar.ij. IVrennial. August, Hoot tufted. Fronds se/eral, quite erect, readily distinguished from the last, as Dr. Hooker observes, by their pale vellowish green hue. Hut the present species is well characterized by sevenil other indisputable marks. Kach/ro;/rf, at most two feet high, is in its outline remarkably linear, not lanceolate ; nor is it leafy throughout, but the sKilk, beset towards the bottom with large, roundeil. brown, membranous scales, is destitute o^leuvts, or tt- if/;^v, for about one-third of its height from the root. Leaves tapering upwards from a broad base, (piite smooth, truly pin- nate, though their broad, ovate, blunt Uajiets are decurrent, and therefore .somewhat confluent ; their margins are sharply toothed, most copiously about the extremity, and the teeth end in very short brislK's. Masses large, in simj)le rows, at an equal ilistance between the midrib of each leaflet and its margin. Cover tumid, white when fresh, permanent, soon becoming or- VOL. IV. U 290 CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Aspidium. bicular, being fixed by one spot only. Capsules blackish, but they become tawny, as well as the cover, after a while. 6. A. aculeatum. Common Prickly Shield-fern. Frond doubly pinnate; leaflets ovate, pointed, stalked, somewhat crescent-shaped, fringed with prickly serra- tures. Midribs all scaly or shaggy. Cover orbicular, flat, A. aculeatum. Sw. Syn. Fil. 53. Willd. Sp. PL v.5.2dS. Fl. Br. 1122. Engl. Bot. v. 22. t. 1562. Hook. Scot. p. 2. 154. Polypodium aculeatum. Linn. Sp. PL \5o2. Huds.4D9. Lighff. 675. Bolt. FU. 48. t. 26. Mill. Ilhistr. ^ 101. Ehrh. Phj- toph. 78. P. n. 1712, a. IlalL Hist. v. 3. 16. Polystichum aculeatum. Both. Germ. t?. 3. 79. Filix mas non ramosa, pinnulis latis auriculatis spinosis. Rail Syn. 121.. Goodyer in Ger. Em. 1130. Moris, v. 3. 580. sect. 14. ^3./. 15. Pluk. Almag. 152. Phyt. t.\79.f.6', a young spe- cimen, /3. F. Lonchitidi affinis. Rail Syn. ed. 2. 48. ed. 3.121. F. aculeata Lonchitidis semula nostras. Pluk. Almag. 151. t. 180. /■3. In woods and about shady banks, especially such as are moist and stony. (3. On the Welsh mountains. Mr. Uiwyd. In dry woods near Rlp- pon, Yorkshire. Mr. W. Brunton. Perennial. July. Root tufted, large. Fronds numerous, spreading in a circle, each rather smaller than those of ^. Filix mas, of a dark blueish green, paler beneath, lanceolate, tapering to a point, firm and some- what rigidj elegantly, regularly, and closely twice pinnate, with a considerable very scaly stalk ; the midrib, and partial ribs also, being clothed with narrower scales, sometimes occurring still narrower, like hairs, on the backs of the leaflets. Leaves alter- nate, close together, linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed. Leajiets numerous, alternate, distinctly though rather shortly stalked, ovate inclining to lunate, with an oblique, acute, tapering point ; the serratures few and unequal, likewise taper-pointed, the lowermost of which, at the upper edge, forms more or less of a li)be, especially in the lowest leaflet, which is rather bigger than the rest. Masses smaller, and more remote, than in the two last. Cover orbicular, without a notch, flat, with a central protuberance when young. /3, sometimes mistaken for A. Lonchitis, n. 1, is a starved variety, owing to a dry and barren soil. Plukenet's t. 179. J". 6 repre- sents merely a young specimen. The /3 of Fl. Brit. I have now separated, as unquestionably distinct ; — see the following. CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Aspidium. 291 7. A. angulare. Angular-leaved Shield-fern. Frond doubly pinnate; leaflets ovate, bluntish, stalked, fringed with bristly serratures, each leaflet with a lateral lobe at the base ; the lowermost elongated, partly pin- natifid. Stalk scaly. Ribs all shaggy. Cover orbicu- lar, umbilicated. A. angulare. WiM. Sp. PL v. 5. 257 ; bv tlie description. A. aculeatum /3. Fl. Br. 1 122. Polypodium n. 1/12 y. Hall. Hist. v. 3. 16. Filix mas aculeata nostras, alis expansis, muscosfi lanugine as- persa. Piuk, Almag. \b\, Plujt.t.lSO.f.l. In woods and shady places. In various parts of England. Mr. R. Teesdale. In IMr. Rose's herbarium. Found likewise by Mr. E. Forster. Perennial. July. Softer and more delicate in texture, as well as more shaggy, than the last. The leujlcts are smaller, more numerous, blunter, and rounded at the extremity, thougli tipped with a soft bristly point, and each of them, even to the smallest, has a broad con- spicuous lobe, at the base of the upper margin ; the lowest of all, at the uj)per edge of each main leaf, is half as long again as its next neighbour, more strongly serrated, and in its lower part generally pinnatijid. All the lobes and serratures end in soft bristly points. Sialic, and principal rib, densely covered with scales, which are narrower in ])roportion as they are higher up, those on the partial ribs, or on the leaflets occasionally, being almost capilhiry. Masses numerous and crowded. Core;orl)i- cuhir, for the most part entire, with a central depression. The outline of the whole frond is rather broader than y^. aculeahoii, and the more copious, distinct, rounded, auricled Itajicts give the whole a rich and elegant aspect. Having seen no specimen of W'illdenow's plant, nor any figure being (juoted by him, I cannot be certain that we mean tiie same tiling. His description however is excellent, and without excej)tion. H. A. lohatuin. Close-leaved Prickly Shield-fern. Frond doublv i)iinuite; leaflets elliptical, pointed, ilecm- rent, slightly crescent-shaped, somewhat serrated ; tlie foremost of tbe lowest pair very laige. Stalk and mid- rib scaly. Cover orbicular, umbilicated. A. lobatum. Sw. Syn. FiL^S. Wdld. Sp. PI. v. :». 260. Fl. Br. I 12:?. Fnirl. hot. V. 22. /. ir.C.'i. Fjrsl. Tunbr. I IS. Polypodium lobatum. Huds. l.V.). L 2 292 CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Aspidium. Filix aculeata major, pinnis auriculatis crebrioribus, foliis integris angustioribus. Rail Syn. 12). On shady hedge banks. Frequent about Black Notley, Essex. Rmj. In other parts of that county. Mr. E. Forster. Near Tonbridge, and between Groom - bridge and Withyham, Sussex. Mr. T. F. Forster. At Edge- field, near Holt, Norfolk. Rev. R. B. Francis. At the Hermi- tage, near Edinburgh. Perennial. July. This is most akin to A. aculeatum, n. 6, but Ray, in his excellent Synopsis, has well marked their differences. The fronds of the present species, though nearly as long as in that, are narrower, the leaves, or pinnce, being shorter, and they are shorter still than in A. angulare. They are also more crowded, especially at the base, where the foremost lea/let of each lowermost pair lies close to the main rib, and is so much larger than any of the other leaflets, as to leave no vacancy along the middle part of the frond, sometimes overlaying the rib itself. The leaflets in general are rather larger than in either of the foregoing, more pointed, and of a firmer texture, as well as of a lighter or paler green, more polished, and less hairy, the main rib only being scaly, the partial ones but slightly so towards the base. The decurrent character of the leaflets was first pointed out to me by Mr. D. Turner. Plukenet's synonym, erroneously quoted in the F/. Brit., properly belongs to the small variety oi A. aculeatum ^ where it is already indicated. 9. A. spinulosum. Prickly-toothed Shield-fern. Frond somewhat triangular, smooth, douhly pinnate ; leaf- lets decurrent, on a winged stalk, elliptical, deeply ser- rated, with prickly teeth, and a zigzag midrib. Stalk elongated ; scaly at the base. Cover orbicular, with a lateral notch. A. spinulosum. Willd. Sp. PL v. 5. 262. FL Br. 1 1 24. Engl. Bot, v.2\.t. 1460. Forst. Tonbr. 119. Polypodium spinulosum. FL Dan. t. 707. Retz, Prodr, 250. With. 778. P. n. 84 1 . Muller FridrichsdoL 1 93. t. 2./. 2. Filix pumila saxatilis altera. Pluk. Almag. 151. Phyt. t. 1 79./. 5. In marshy places, not common. In bogs upon Birmingham heath, and in Devonshire. Withering. In a cavern on Spike island, near Cove, below Cork. Mr. J. T. Mackay. In the north of Ireland. Dr. Scott. A single speci- men, probably gathered in Norfolk, is in Mr. Rose's herbarium. Perennial. June, July. CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Aspidium. 293 Root somewhat creeping. Fronds of a delicate liglit green, about a foot high, smooth in every part, except the base of the com- mon stalk ; their outline triangular, or deltoid, the lowermost of their leaves, or primary divisions, being longest. Stalk about one-third of the whole frond in length, pale, slender, smooth and naked, except a few scales towards the bottom. Leaves not quite o})posite ; lenjlets more generally so, gradually a little larger downward, but all tolerably equal and uniform, elliptical, bluntish, running down at the base into the narrow wings of their common stalk ; the middle rib of each zigzag, or serpen- tine ; the margin beset with broad, deep, incurved serratures, each tipped with a bristly point. Masses rather small and di- stant, in simple rows, or somewhat scattered, often towards the margin, or the notches, of the leaflets. Cover thin, orbicular when perfect, with a lateral fissure, but finally pushed aside by the swelling capsules. Dr. Svvartz seems to confound this with the next, but they are perfectly and essentially distinct. Dr. Withering was the first systematic British botanist who determined the present species. Plukcnef's figure is excellent, but the Filix pumila saxatilis al- tera of Clusius, which Haller could not ascertain, and for which Parkinson mistook our fern, is evidently different. Morison's sect. 14. t. 3./. 1 1, quoted by Willdenow, no less unquestion- ably belongs to something else, being perhaps the true A. criS' tatiuu, 11. 5, which Bobart's herbarium at Oxford may possibly determine. The plant of Goodyer in Ger. Em. 1 129, to which Morison refers, a])pears to be our A. dllatatum, 10. K. dilatalum. Broad Sharp-toothed Sliield-fern. Frond doubly pinnate ; leaflets deeply pinnatifid ; lobes deeply serrated, with prickly teeth. Common stalk scaly. Cover kidney-shaped, tumid ; finally orbicular, with a lateral notch. A. dilatatum. Willd. Sp. PL v. .5. 263. Fl. Br. 1 1 25. Engl. Bot. v.2\. t. 1 40 1 . Forst. Tonbr. I 1 9. Hook. Scot. p. 2. 1 r)4 j excl. A. spiuulosum. A. s))inul()sum. Sic. Syn. Fil. ;V1 ? roly|)odium dilatatimi. llojf'tn. (ivrm. V. arislatum. f'Ulars J)auj)li. v. 3. H14. Bdlardi in Act. Taur'in. v.0.2:.:). P. cristatum. Huds.Aiu. li'itli.77^. Bolt. Fit. V2. t.2:^. Srhrcb. Lips. 7 I . FJirh. Crypi. S I . P. n. 170:). Uall. m.st.v.'A. 14. P. n. Slf). Muller Fridrichsdal. 193. /. 2.J\ 4.^ Polystichum multiflorum. Both. derm. r.3. ^7. Filix mas ramosa, jjinnulis dentutis. (icr. Em. 1 129 ; no f. Rail Si/n. 12 1. I'hik. .Ihnnur. If,;,, }'f,„t. i. 181. t'.l. r.2.7. 294 CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Aspidium. F. ramosa dentata, ramulis et pinnulis longius ab invicem distan- tibus. Mopp, Alsat. 106./. 8. F. tenuissime secta ex monte Ballon. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2.731. f. In shady watery sandy places, or moist rocky woods. Perennial. Juhj, August. Root tuberous, scarcely creeping. Fronds various in size, gene- rally about two feet high, erect, broad and spreading, bright green, delicately and very copiously subdivided, being almost triply pinnate, so deeply are all the leaflets pinnatifid, with ob- long, obtuse, parallel, deeply serrated segments, their serratures sharp, each tipped with a small bristly point. The main stalk is slender, moderately scaly all the way up, but most so in its leafless part j the partial ribs are also scaly, or roughish. All the subdivisions are partly opposite, partly alternate, the ulti- mate ones slightly dccurrent, their midribs straight, some of them only a little zigzag. The secondary divisions, or leaves, of the lower principal ones are much larger and longer than their opposite neighbours. Masses very numerous, because the frond is large and so much subdivided, but they are less crowd- ed than in many ferns, though more so than in the lust, they are first tumid and kidney-shaped, the lobes directed towards the base of each leaflet, or segment, but the cover when burst becomes orbicular, with a deep iissure at the lower side. The fructijicatlon is situated nearer the midrib than the margin of each lecjlet in the present species ; in the following the reverse is observable. My learned friend Dr. F. Hamilton, late Buchannn, has sent from Leney, near Stirling, along with my A. dilatntmn, a specimen more precisely answering to Plukenet's t. 181./. 2, which he suspects may be different. This latter is rather more pale and delicate, but i cannot discern any specific distinction. 11. K. dnmetorum. Thicket Shield-fern. Frond doubly pinnate ; leaflets pinnatifid ; lobes with ter- minal, sharp, prickly teeth. Common stalk scaly. Cover orbicular, flat, with a deep notch. Polypodium rheeticum. Huds.AoS ; according to the Banksian her- barium. P. cristatum /3. Huds. ed. 1. 390. Filix montana ramosa minor, argute denticulata. RaiiSyn. 124. F. alpina, myrrhidis facie, Cambrobritannica. Pluk. Almag. 155. Ph?jt. t. 89. f.4; good. In bushy stony places, under shady rocks, or on mountains. On the summit of mount Glyder, overhanging the lake of Lhyn Ogwan, North Wales. Mr. Lhwyd. Near Phainon Vellon. Dr. Richardson. In Westmoreland. Hudson. Under rocks in the CRYPTOGAMIA— FILIGES. Aspidiuni. 295 north-east corner of Rivelston wood, near Edinburgh 3 also among bushes under the high rocks at the top of Cromford moor, near Matlock bath, Derbyshire. Perennial. July. About one-third the size of the last, with which it agrees in general habit and structure, but the le(i/Iets are rather more ovate, and their segments more closely crowded together, less serrated at the sides, but their bristly teeth more numerous at the extremity of each segment. J\Tasses few, small and rather scattered. Cover thin, pale, flat, not tumid nor kidney-shaped, but more orbicular, with a deep notch at the lower part, and finally turned loosely aside, by the few, rather large, shining, brown cap- sides, whose rings are very apjjarent. Sometimes the masses are placed at the very edges or points of the segments, and the covers are often torn ; but they are never tumid, like a kidney, nor fixed closely by their outer margin, as those of J. dUatatuin are. I think these two species may always be distinguished by the situation of their fructification, and the nature of their covers. Mr. Henry Shepherd, of the Botanic Garden, Liverpool, raised the A. dumetorum in plenty, from seed brushed from a Derby- shire specimen. The individuals, whether cultivated in pots or on rock-work, retain their original habit and characters, the largest not exceeding a foot in height. Others, from Scotland, have rather more distant lenjlcts^ with more spreading segments, but i\\(d\\' fructijications agree, both difl'ering alike from A. dila- talum. The midribs of their leci/lets accord with ihis last, and not at all with A. spinulosuni. 12. K. Filix fGemina. Female Shield-fern. Frond doubly pinnate; leaflets linear-oblon. 14. Asj)lenium Filix fd'uiina. Bernhardi in Schrad. AV/r Join n. v. I . 7). 2.27. /. 2./ 7. Filix mas non ramosu, pinnulis angublls raris profundo denlatis. 296 CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Aspidium. Ger. Em. 1 130, nof. Raii Syn. 121. Plitk. Abnag. 151. Phyt. t. 180./. 4. Moris, v. 3. b7^. sect, 14. ^3./. 8. F, mollis, sive glabra, vulgari mari non mraosae accedens. Bauh. Hfs^.r.3.p. 2. 730./. In. wet shady situations, eommoR. Perennial. June, July. An elegant fern about afr tall as A. dilatatum, but narrower, and more lanceolate, in its general outline, being broadest towards the middle, quite smooth in every part, of a rie-h, rather deep, green. The root is large and tufted. Naked part of the »t(ilk very short j the whole destitute of scales. Primary divisions, or leaves, about forty, alternate, taper-pointed. Leaflets in each about as many, linear-oblong, bluntish, elegantly and finely pinnatifid, sharply notched, without bristly points ; the uppermost somewhat decurrent. Masses solitary toward.s the base of each lobe, oblong, but finally becoming nearly round. Cover lateral, at first oblongy with a broad ba.se ; subsequently ^idney-.shaped, but not tumid j and finally, as the ends con- verge, orbicular, with a broad notch at the base, assuming the precise character of Asp'uVmni ; the outer edge rough or jagged. Capsules rather numerous, brown. Other figures, besides those above indicated, are referred by va- rious authors to this species,, but they are either doubtful or in- accurate. Polypodium rhceticum of Linnaeus, preserved in the Linnsean her- barium, is merely a badly-dried specimen of the Fllix fmn'ma. U was sent by Sauvages from MontpeMier, with the synonym of John Bauh'in, Filix rhcetica tenuissim^ d^nticulata, and a re- ference to the tenth Pohjpodium of Haller's Enumeratio 140, an obscure plant, whose description does not answer to this fern. On the specimen of Sauvages however, and on nothing else, Linnaeus founded his P. rhceticum, in both editions of Sp. PL, and to this his specific character, and all he has said of the plant, every where refers. His P. rhceticum therefore is a nonentity, though that name may remain with John Bauhin's plant, which seems to be different. P. rhcBticiim of other authors, having nothing to do with either, cannot retain the name. Its history will be found under the third species of the following genus. 13. A. irngimm. Brook Shield-fern. Frond lanceolate, doubly pinnule ; leaflets oblong, deeply serrated, pointless. iStalk quadrangular. Cover roimd- isb-oblong, finally kidney-shaped, jagged. A. irriguum. Engl. Bot. v.2>\. t. 2 1 99. Comp. ed. 4. 1 72. Forst. Tonbr. 119. CRYPTOGAMIA-FILICES. Cptea. 297 About the margins of clear springs, in the south of England. In several places near Tonbridge. Mr. T. F. Forster. Perennial June, July. Scarcely one-fourtli so large as the preceding, of which nevertheless some good botanists have thought it a variety ; and indeed after long cultivation, though raised originally from seed, it consi- derably approaches that species. In a wild state ihe fronds arc of a more narrow lanceolate figure, and of a paler pellucid green -, the main stalk occasionally scaly, but in general quite smooth, and exactly quadrangular, though the latter circum- stance varies. Leaflets shorter, and somewhat less linear, than in Filixfamina, deeply serrated, or partly pinnatifid, their seg- ments sharply cut, without bristly points. Masses by the side of the midrib of a few of the lowermost lobes of each leaflet, solitary, oblong, though short, and ultimately roundish, or oval. Cater at first oblong, soon becoming kidney-shaped, or almost orbicular, with a lateral notch, flat, thin, membranous and jag- ged. Capsules dark brown. 465. CYSTEA. Bladder-fern. Cystopteris. Bernhardi in Schrad. New Journ. v. 1 . p. 2. 26. /. 1 ./. 9. Cyathea. Fl. Br. 1 138 j but not Act. Taurin. v. 5. 41G. n. 1 —4, nor Tracts 25 1 . n. J — 4. See Plum. Fil. t. 2. Athyrium. Spreng. Crypt. f. 30. Nat. Ord. see ?i. 463. Masses of capsules orbicular, convex, scattered variously over the back of the frond, between the midrib of eacli leaflet, or lobe, and the margin. Capsules several, glo- bose, on short stalks; each of 1 cell, and 2 equal, hemi- s})hei-ical valves, bound together by a transverse jointed ring, which finally separates them, when dry, by its elasticity. Seeds numerous, roundish, very minute. Cover membranous, white, orbicular, concave, fixed by a nar- row point of attachment at the side of each mass under- neath ; at first enfolding the whole; but subsecjuently separating, turned to one side, luicqually jagged, flaccid and irregular, sometiuies pointed ; finally obliterated, or concealed by the swelling caj)sules. Fronds oblong, of humble growth, erect, very delicate in habit, compound, finely cut. Stalk about half the length of the leafy })ortion, smooth. Ijeajlets ovate or oblong, serrated, toothed, or wavy. Masses small, with a deli- cate, wliiU', iriobular cover while voui)'% which rentiers tliem very conspicuous in ;iii *:nly stale, but afterwards 298 CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Cystea. leaves them naked, more prominent, sometimes crowded or confluent. Capsules brown or black. In reviewing the whole order of Ferns, for the purpose of establishing their generic distinctions on better principles than had heretofore been suggested, I found the curious little family, which I am now about to describe, so dis- tinct in habit and characters from Polypodium^ to which it had been referred, as well as from what is now termed Aspidmm^ that I could not associate it with either. The globular shape of its involiicrum, or cover^ added to the insertion of that part underneath the capsules, its texture, and other circumstances, led me rather to comprehend these plants in the new genus Cyathea. This measure has not been approved ; and the universal opinion being against me, I so far submit. I cannot however agree with those, whether competent to form an opinion or not, who have referred them to Aspidium, and I prefer the adoption of Prof. Bernhardi's genus Cystopteris ; only retrenching the name as compounded of another esta- blished one, Pteris. Neither the genus nor its name having ever been received, such a necessary correction can cause no inconvenience. I wish the character given by this learned writer, and exhibited in his figure, were liable to no more exception ; but even his original spe- cies, C. fragilis, has by no means constantly a bladder- like, ovate, pointed cover, split along one side, as he represents it. That part, though always at first wrapped about each mass of capsules, is, generally, but moderately concave ; being soon turned aside, and, in a more ad- vanced state, variously jagged. It has no central or pel- tate mode of attachment, nor any transverse fissure, which characters belong to Aspidium, 1. CfragUis. Brittle Bladder-fern. Frond oblong-lanceolate, doubly pinnate; leaflets ovate, acute, pinnatifid, cut or serrated. Midribs bordered. Masses crowded. Cover irregularly torn. Polvpodium fragile, iw«. Sp. PZ. 1553. Huds. 459. Bolt.Fil. 50. i. 27 and 46. FL Dan. t.40]. Hoffm. in Rcem. and Ust. Mag. fasc. 9. 11./. 14, a, b, c. Germ. i;. 2. 9 j excl. the reference to ^Dickson. Ehrh. Crypt. 151. Dicks. Dr. PL.\b. P. polymorphum D, fragile. Fillars Daitph. r.3. 847. t. 53./. P. album. Lam. Fran^. v. 1.21. P. n. 1707. Hall. Hist. v. 3. 15 j txcl. the reference to Failkmt. CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Cystea. 299 Cyatbea fragilis. Sm. Act. Taurin. u. 5. 4 1 7. Tracts 253. Fl. JBr. 1 139. E7igl. Dot. V. 23. t. loH?. Roth. Genu. v. 3. 94. Cystopteris fragilis. Bernk. in Schrad. New Journ. v. 1. p. 2. 27. t.\.f.9. Aspidiuin fragile. Sw. Syn. FiL 58. frUld. Sp. Pl.v. 5.280. Hook. Scot. p. 2. \55. Filix saxatilis, caule tenui fragili. Rail Syn. cd.2. 50. cd.3. 125. Pluk. Almag. 150. Phyt. t. 180./. 5. F. saxatilis non ramosa, nigris maculis punctata. Bauh. Pin. 358. Moris. V. 3. 581. sect. M. t. 4.f. 28. Filicula fontana major, sive Adiantum album filicis folio. Bauh. Pin. 358 ; according to his herbarium, examined by Hatler. F. altera. Segu. Feron. v. 1. 70. t. 1 ./. 1. Adiantum album. Lob. Ic.8\0.f. A. filicinum aquaticum mollius minimum. Barrel. Ic. t.432.f. 2. Dryopteris alba. Ger.Em. 1 135./,- but scarcely of Dodonceus. On wet shady rocks, or old buildings, in the mountainous parts of Britain, abundantly. Perennial. June, July. Root tufted, scaly, with black fibres. Fronds several together from 4 to 10 or 12 inches high, lanceolate, pointed, smootli, of a full, though bright, green, doubly, or almost triply, pinnate. Stalk brown, or blackish, very brittle and juicy, occupying one-third, or nearly half, of the length of the whole, destitute of scales, except at its very base. The primary divisions, or leaves, are usually nearly opposite, acute, of a moderate length ; leajiets mostly alternate, ovate, acute, or ))ointcd, in barren fronds sometimes blunter ; their base always tapering and decurrent ; they are by no means linear or oblong, nor is their margin wavy, but copiously, deeply and shar))ly toothed, and their substance is firm ; the larger and lower ones are deeply pinna- tifid, their lobes resembling the upper leaflets. Masses nu- merous and crowded, globular ; at first i)ale, but finally black- ish and confluent, covering the whole back of the frond. Cover white, flaccid, membranous, concave, irregularly jagged and torn, sometimes lengthened out into an oblong |)oint, but soon turned back, and obliterated, or forced oft", by the .swelling shining capsules, which, in an early state, are often (juilc black, though subse(juently browner. Tlie a])j)licati()n of Ikiuhin's synonym, adopted by Morison, as above, is strongly justified by the peculiar blackness of the caj>- sul(s, contrasted, in an early state, with the white cover ; though Morison's figure, which best agrees herewith, is referred by Dr. Withering to his Poly podium rliuiirum, hereafter describid. His citation of/'. S, instead of 2S, caused me no little perplexity, but an examination of t lie plate may excuse him. This Fern, raised from seed, according to the (liteclions of Mr. Henry Shephenl of Liverpool, see Trans, nj the I lor tic. Sue. SOO CRYPTOGAMIA—FILICES. Cystea. V. 3. 338, has thriven well, in a common garden pot, plentifully supplied with water, for above seven years. 1 sowed at the same time what appeared, if not another species, a striking variety, from Derbyshire also j but the produce of both pots was precisely the same. 2. C. dentata. Toothed Bladder-fern. Frond oblong-lanceolate, doubly pinnate; leaflets ovate, obtuse, pointless, bluntly toothed, partly pinnatifid. Partial midribs bordered. Masses crowded ; finally confluent. Polypodium dentatum. Thicks. Crypt.fasc. 3. 1 . ^ 7. H. Sicc.fasc, 5. 16. With. 776. Hull 238. P. n. 1702. Hall. Hist. u. 3. 14 ? Yet perhaps not Aspidium Pan- tcdercr, Willdenow's n. 124. Cyathea dentata. Fl. Br. 1 141. Engl. Bot. v. 23. t. 1588. Davies Welsh Botanol. 99. Aspidium dentatum. Sw. Syn. Fil. 59. Willd. Sp. PI. v. 5. 273. Hook. Scot. p. 2. 155. Filicula alpina, foliolis rotundioribus et crenatis. Segu. Veron. SupplbA.t. I./.2. In the clefts of alpine rocks, in Scotland and Wales. On rocks in the Highlands of Scotland. Dickson, At the foot of the walls of Castle Dinas Bran, Flintshire ; and at Llangollen, Denbighshire; also in Anglesea. Rev. H. Davies. On Snow- don. Mr. Griffith. Perennial. July. Rather smaller than C. fragilis, but agreeing with it in texture, colour, and general aspect. Root tufted, small. Frond for the most part correctly bipinnate, a few of the lower leajiets only, in luxuriant specimens, being pinnate, or pinnatifid. The leajiets are exactly ovale, or rounded, obtuse, pointless, copiously and bluntly serrated, or toothed 3 their ribs wavy j their base not decurrent, though seated on a winged midrib. Masses prominent, at length entirely confluent, of a uniform, rich, chesnut brown. I do not perceive, in the younger ones, that peculiar blackness which is observable in the foregoing. The cover is short, jagged, concave. I have never seen it in an early state, before bursting. Prof. Hoffmann, in his Flora Germanica, adverts to this plant under C.fragilis, but I think he possibly may never have seen a specimen. It does not answer to any of his figures of sup- posed varieties of that species, in Roemer and Usteri's Maga- zine. The ovate shape, and indentations, of the leajiets are very characteristic, differing from all varieties of the fragilis, and still more from every other species, whether British or exotic. CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Cystea. 301 3. C. angustata. Deep-cut Mountain Bladder-fern. Frond oblong, doubly pinnate; leaflets lanceolate, decur- rent, wavy, or pinnatifid, with linear, acute, partly cloven, segments. Masses scattered, permanently dis- tinct. Polypodium fragile angustatum. Hoffm. in Rceni. and Ust, Mag. fasc. 9. 1 l.Xl4.d. P. tenue. Hofm. Germ. v. 2. 9. P. ihseticum. Dicks. H. Sice. fasc. 1.17. ffWi. 780. Bolt. Fil. SO. t.4D. P. polymorphum A, rhseticum. Millars Dauph. v. 3. 846. t. 53./. A. From the author, agreeing precisely with Mr. Dickson s sped- mens. P. ilvense. Raii Syn. 1 17. Cyathea fragilis /3. Fl. Br. 1 139 ; omitting the references to Ray and Fliikenet, which belong to Aspidium dumetonim. C. fragilis y. FL. Br. 1139. Aspidium fragile /3. Willd. Sp. PI. v. 5. 281 j omitting the syn. of Ray and Flukenet. A. rhaeticuni. mild. Sp. PL v. 5.280 ; omitting the reference to Linnwus, and perhaps Swartz. Filix pumila saxatilis altera. Clus. Hist. v. 2. 212./. Pann. 706. f. Filicula petraea mas. Ger. Em. 1 142./ F. funtana major, sive Adiantum album filicis folio. Bauh. Pin. 358 3 according to the opinion of Linncvus. In mountainous woods, or about shady rocks, on the loftiest hills of Scotland, Wales, and the north of England. On shady rocks in Scotland. F)ickson. Near Llanberis, North Wales. Mr. Lhwyd. Brought from Gordale in Craven, by the late Mr. Curtis, whose specimen, rightly named, is in my pos- session. Perennial. June, July. Root tufted, or somewhat creeping, black, with long fibres, and rusty scales. Fronds several, erect, twelve or tiftcen inches high, of which the slender, blackish, smooth and naked .^talk occupies more than one-third, sometimes nearly half; tlie mid- rib above is still more slender, and, like every other part, quite smooth, without any membranous border. Main wings, or leaves, bright green, from twelve to fifteen pair, of a moderate length, nearly o|)posite, taper-pointed ; the lowermost rather shorter, and more remote from the next, than those about the middle of each frond ; all i)innate, with a scarcely bordered mid- rib. Lea/lets about ten at each side, alternate, lanceolate, decurrent, rather bluntly pointed, sometimes tapering at the extremity; alt either deeply pinnatifid, with oblong, acute, wavy segments ; or, in less luxuriant |)lants. slightly j)innatifid, S09 CRYPTOGAMIA— riLICES. Cystea. or only wavy at the margin ; the ribs of all more or less wavy. The ultimate divisions, in every instance, are oblong or linear, never dilated, rounded, or ovate j they are sometimes, though seldom, notched or cloven at the end. By this linear, or oblong, mode of division, and its thinner more pliant texture, the present species may readily be known from both the preceding, with which it has generally been confounded. The masses of capsules, much smaller, and less prominent, than in those species, always continue distinct, standing either solitary or in pairs, towards the bottom of each lobe or tooth, and are round, at first pale, subsequently brown. Cover white, very thin, concave, irre- gularly torn, soon pushed off, or turned aside, by the com- paratively large, though far from numerous, shining brown cap- sales. Great confusion has always existed amongst our British botanists concerning Polypodium rhceticum. Hooker has it not. Light- foot appears, by what he says in his Ft. Scot. 6/8, to have been acquainted, like Mr. Dickson, with our Cystea angustata under that name j and he quotes Gerarde rightly, justly objecting to Plukenet's i. 179./. 5. Lightfoot's description is excellent, though he submits, as I have formerly done, to Haller, Weis, and others, who consider it as a variety of our C.fragilis. The late Mr. Davall took it for Haller's n. 1705; but that plant, with many errors in the synonyms, is certainly Jspidhim dilatatum. Our Cystea angustata may be n. 1/08 of Haller, but his references are confused. Mr. Hudson, on seeing Mr. Davall's specimens of the Fern in question, declared it very different from his own Polypodium rha^ticum, which indeed is Aspidluni dume- torum. I have little scruple in referring the obscure and long- disputed figure of Clusius, reprinted in Gerarde, as above quoted, to this Cystea angustata, though the draughtsman has omitted the ultimate divisions of the leajlets, well enough ex- pressed by Hoffmann and Villars. I have never received this Fern from Wales, but if it be not Ray's Polypodium ilvense, it is vi^anting in the Synopsis. The wooden cut of Dalechamp, copied in J. Bauhin, and quoted doubtingly by Ray, should rather seem to be the totally dift'erent Acrostichum Marantce, as Bauhin himself suspected. 4. C. regia. Laciniated Bladder-fern, Frond lanceolate, doubly pinnate ; leaflets deeply pinna- tifid, with oblong, blunt, partly notched segments. Partial stalks wMnged. Masses numerous, scattered, permanently distinct. Polypodium regium. Linn. Sp. PL 1553 ; according to ClifforVs Herbarium. Hull 240. P. n. 9. Linn. Hort. Cliff. 475. CRYPTOGAMIA-FILICES. Cystea. SOS P. trifidum. mth.779. P. polymorphum C, regium. Villars Dauph. v. 3. 847. t.53.f. C. P. album p, Lcnn. Frmif. v. 1.21. Cyathea regia. Forst. in Sym. Syn. 194. Fl. Br. 1 140. C. incisa. Engl. Bot. v.'i.tA 63. Aspidium regium. Sw. Syn. Fil. 58. mild. Sp. PL r. 5. 28 1 . Hook. Scot. p. 2, 155. Adiantum nigrum, pinnulis cicutariae divlsura. Raii Syn. cd. 2. 50. ed. 3. 126. A. album tenuifolium, Rutse muiarice accedens. Bank. Hist. v. 3. .p. 2. 735./. Filicula cambrobritannica, pinnulis cicutariee divisura donatis. 3/om. 2?. 3.581. w. 31. F. regia, fumarise pinnulis. Faill. Par. 52. t.O.f. 1 ; omitting the reference to Pona. On walls, as well as on lofty alpine rocks, but rare. On a wall at Low Layton, Essex, plentifully. Mr. T. F. Forster. Upon Snowdon. Mr. Lhwyd. Found there by the Rev. H. Davies, and Mr. W. Wilson. About Cwm Idwell. Mr. Griffith. On Scottish mountain of Ben Lawers J Mr. Maughan. Hooker. Perennial. June. Root tufted, scaly. Fronds several, from three to ten or twelve inches high, bright green, lanceolate, twice pinnate, pinnatifid and finely cut, of a most elegant api)earance, quite smooth in every part, except a few membranous, torn, pointed, brown scales, at the very bottom of the stalk, which is less brittle and juicy than that of C.fragilis. Leaves and leajlets more generally alternate than opposite 3 the former witli a narrowly winged, or bordered, mi(h-il) j the latter ovate, obtuse, deej)ly pinnatifid, with eHii)tic-ob]ong, obtuse, partly cloven or notched segments, but not elongated, linear, or wavy at tlie margin like C. angus- tata, neither are their ribs zigzag as in that species. Masses oi capsules very copious, but small, pale, scattered, not crowded, nor do they aj)pear ever to become confluent, in a young state, each is wra])ped uj) in a white, membranous, concave cover, terminating in a tajjering, more or less jagged, point, nearly agreeing with C.fragilis, but the masses are much smaller, and tlie capsules of a pale brown, never black. The lowland station of tiiis Fern, close to a much-frequented road at Low Layton, where I have, in company with the late Mr. Fors- ter, seen it covering great part of a brick wall, mav be supj)osc(l analogous to its places of growtli in France ; but we seek in vain for any information on this head either in \'aillant or La- marck, nor is it evident that the latter ever found the plant. Tlie wall at Layton has been repaired, and the Fern almost destroyed. On Snowdon it is said to be very scarce, though Mr. Wilson, with his usual bounty, has sent me an ample sup- ply of specimens of various sizes. lie describes it as " varying S04 CRYPTOGAMIA—FILICES. Asplenlum. greatly in size and appearance, but always distinct from tlie fragilis." The cocer, as that gentleman remarks, *' is in both species, connected with the frond by its base only, at the lower side of the mass of capsules, that is, on the side next the base of the segment of the leaflet;'" which agrees with my obser- vations. This Fern is well compared by Bobart, in Morison, to the Cicutaria of old authors, our Chcerophyllum sylvestre, see V. 2. 48, so common on banks in the spring. It is unquestion- ably distinct from every other British Fern, though the proper name and synonyms were not discovered till after its appearance in Engl, Bot., where I fell into the same error with some foreign botanists. Linnaeus once thought it a Swedish plant, but erro- neously, nor had he an original or authentic specimen. The remarks of Dr. Richardson, inserted between brackets, by Dillenius, in the third edition of Ray's Synopsis^ 126. k.8, cer- tainly do not answer to the present species ; as my late friend the Rev. Hugh Davies, an excellent observer, first pointed out to me. John Bauhin'.s synonym, which Ray quoted with doubt, appears, by the really excellent figure, to be unquestionably our plant. It must be either this or AspUl'mm alpinum, fi'illd. n. 139, which is likewise a Cystea, figured in Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 642, and in Segu. Veron. suppl. t. 1./. 3. But neither the plant itself, nor either of these representations, suits the wooden cut of Bau- hin, which agrees far better with C regia, particularly in the shape of the leaflets. Haller, very unsuitably I think, refers it to Pteris crispa; which circumstance, and the singular jumble of synonyms under his n. 1 7(^7 , Cystea fragilis, induces a sus- picion that he had not accurately observed these alpine ferns, and especially that he had never seen Vaillant's Filicula regia at all. 466. ASPLENIUM. Spleenwort. Linn. Gen. 560. Juss. 15. Fl. Br. 1 126. Sm, in Act. Taitrin. v. 5. 409. Tracts 233. Swartz Syn. Fd.74. Lam. t.S67 .f. \, 3. Spreng. Crypt, f 23. Trichomanes. Tourn. /. 3 i 5. Ruta muraria. Tourn. /. 3 1 7. Hemionitis. Tourn. t. 322. f B. Nat. Ord. see n. 463. Masses of capsules linear or oblong, straight, parallel, scattered obliquely over the back of the frond, more or less numerously, between the midrib of each leaflet, or lobe, and the next rib or vein. Cover membranous, continuous, straight, flat, linear, or oblong, broadest at the base, proceeding from a vein. CKYPTOGAMIA—FILICES. Asplenium. 305 and separating at the opposite margin, towards the next midrib, or vein, of the leaf, leaflet, or lobe, not towards the outer edge of the same. Cajys. numerous, stalked, globose; each of 1 cell, and 2 equal, hemispherical valves, bound together by a transverse, jointed r/;/o-, which when dry separates them by its elasticity. Seech numerous, roundish, very minute. Herbaceous. Root either tufted or creeping, blackish, with strong fibres; sometimes scaly. Fronds erect, mostly stalked, either simple, or variously pinnate, or branched ; notched or serrated, rarely entire ; generally of a firm texture, and smooth, not scaly. Cajys. brown, or tawny. Cover pale, permanently straight, always having a rib or vein between the ed^e, at which it separates from the frond, and the outer margin of its lobe or leaflet, whether tlie oudine of such be complete or not. By this mark Aspleimim is always to be distinguished, with due atten- tion, from Darea, of which there is no British species. 1. A. Trichomanes. Common Maidenhair Spleen- wort. Frond linear, pinnate; leaflets roundish-ovate, crenate. Midrib coloured, polished; keeled underneath. A. Trichomanes. Lwn.Sp.Pl.\:)40. IfVld.v. 5. 33\. FLBrA\26. Engl. Bot. V.8. t.blC). Hook, Loud, t. 15G. Scot. p. 2. 155 fVoodv. t. 204. Bolt. Fil. 22. t, 13. Ft. Dan. t.Wd. Bull. Fr. t.lSj. Dicks. H. Sice. fasc A. \7. Ehrh.Pl.Of.\70. Cnjpt. 22\. A. n. 1693. Hall. Hist. V. 3.0. Trichomanes. naiiSyn.WO. Fuchs. Hist. 796. f. Ic.iGO.f. Matth. Valgr. V. 2. 543./. Camer. Epit. 925 . f. Cord. Hist. J 70. /. I . Trag. Hist. 530./. Tillands. Ic. 77. jV T. mas. Ger. Lm. 1140./. T. seu Polytrichum officinarum. Baiili. Pin.3C)G. Moris, r. 3 591 sect. 14. t. 3. f. 10. Plum. Fd. prof. 26. t. B./. 1. Sibh.' Scot' scct.2. 52. t. 3. f.3. /3. T. foliis elegantcr incisis. Dill, in liaii Sijn. 120. Tourn. Inst 539. /. 315./. C. Adiantum maritimum, segmentis rotundioribus. Pluk. Jlnuio- y Plujt.t.73.f.6. y. Trichomanes aliud, foliis mucronatis ])rofundc incisi.s. Sibb.Scot. sect.2.i>2.t.3.f. \. On shady rocks, and old walls, frofiucnt, I*ercnnial. Maij — Dcrmdni . Root of many fibres. Frmnh several, tuffcd. linear, simply pinnate, VOL. IV. x 306 CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Asplenium. scarcely a span high, with short smooth stalks of the same shining purplish black as the midrib, which is channelled in front, keeled at the back, Leajlets dark green, smooth, nume- rous, from thirty to sixty, nearly sessile, mostly opposite, small, roundish-ovate, bluntish, rarely pointed, unequally and slightly crenate ; abrupt at the base, which is a little dilated, or point- ed, at its upper edge, Masses six or eight on each leaflet, ob- long, parallel to each other, but oblique with respect to the midrib, towards which their whitish wavy-edged covers^ each originating from an obliquely transverse vein, open or separate, exposing the plentiful brown capsules. The leajiets in /3 are somewhat cut or jagged ; in y more pointed. Sometimes the midrib is divided, or branched. No medical virtues are now attributed to this Fern, nor to any of its genus. 2. A. viiide. Green Maidenhair Spleen wort. Frond linear, pinnate ; leaflets roundish-ovate, somewhat deltoid, crenate. Midrib flattened beneath. A. viride. Huds. 453. Willd. Sp. PL v. 5. 332. Fl. Br. 1 1 27. Engl. Bot. V. 32, t. 2257. Hook. Scot. p. 2. 155. Bolt. Fil. 24. t. 14. Roth Germ. v. 3. 56. FL Dan. L 1289. Dicks. H. Sice, fasc. 3.18. Ehrh. Crypt. 7 1 . A. n, 1693 /3. HalL Hist. v.3. 10. Adiantum album. Cord. Hist. 172./. 1 ; same cut as is used for the former species. /3. Asplenium Trichomanes ramosum. Linn. Sp. PL 1541. Bolt. FiL2D.t.2.f3. Trichomanes ramosum. Bauh. Hist. v,3. 747. f Lhwyd in Rail Syn.ed.2.46.ed.3.\\9. T. minus et tenerius. Bauh. Pin. 356. Moris, sect. 14. t. 3.f. 1 1 . T. minus, bifurcato pediculo, tenuioribus foliis dentatis. Moris. v.3.5i)]. On rocks, and old buildings, in mountainous countries. On the loftiest rocks of Carnarvonshire very common, where the former is not to be found ; also on the limestone rocks of Cra- ven, Yorkshire. Dr. Richardson. On moist rocks in the moun- tainous parts of Yorkshire and Westmoreland. Hudson. On In- gleborough. Mr. Crowe. In the Highlands of Scotland in many places. Lightfoot. Dickson. Hooker. Perennial. June, July. Of the size and habit of the foregoing, but of a brighter green, with a pale or green rib, which is not very unfrequently divided, even as low as the naked part of the stalk, into two branches, making the Trichomanes ramosum of J. Bauhin. It is naturally however unbranched, though still J. Trichomanes ramosum of Linnseus 3 a bad name, to which Hudson's viride is vastly pre- CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Aspleniimi. ^07 ferable. The main rib is flattened beneath, so as to be qua- drangular ; the leaflets are more generally alternate, more wedge-shaped at their base, somewhat pointed, and more deeply crenate, than in the common species. The capsules are rather paler, of a more yellowish, rusty hue. 3. A. marinum. Seu Spleenvvort. Frond oblong, pinnate; leaflets ovate, oblique, serrated, obtuse ; nnecjual and wedge-shaped at the base. A. marinum. Unn. Sp. PL 1 540. Willd. v. 5.318. FL Br. 11 28. Engl. Bot. V. 6. /. 392. IJook. Land. t. 60. Scot, p. 2. 155. Bolt. Fil. 26. t. 15. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 7. 17. Chamoefilix marina anglica. Rail Syn. \]9. Lob. Ic. 814. f. Da- lech. Hist. 1226. f. Moris, v. 3. 573. sect. 14. t. 3./ 25. Filicula petraea fcemina, sive Chamaefilix marina anglica. Ger. Em, 1143./. Adianthum, sive Filix trichomanoides, &c. Pluk. Almag. 9. Phyt. L2:i3.f..i. (3. A. trapezilbrme. Ifuds. 460 ; but not of Linnceus. A. majus, coriandri folio. Sibb. Scot. sect. 2. 7. t. 3./. 1, 2. Rail Syn. 124. A. vero affine nostras minus, folio obtuso, saturate viridi altius inciso. Sibb. Scot. sect. 2. 7. Rail Syn. 124 ; seems the same, or a trifling variety. Upon maritime rocks, or in caves by the sea side. In Anglesea and Wales ; also in Sussex and other parts of the southern coast of England. Ray. In many places on the Scot- tish coast. Lightfoot. Near Hastings. Bishop of Carlisle. Not uncommon on the rocky coasts of Great Britain. Hooker. /3 in the coves at Weems, Fifeshire. Sibbald. Lighfoot. Perennial. June — October. Root tufted, black and scaly, with many stout wavy fibres. Fronda several, erect, firm, oblong-lanccolatc, from three to nine inches high, of which the dark-coloured naked stalk conunonly makes one-third, or nearly so. The midrib has a thick, but not broad, border. Leaflets several, dark green, mostly alternate, some- what stalked, of an irregular, oblong, obtuse, somewhat ovate figure, seldom an inch long ; the base wedge-shaped, broadest, and often extended into a lobe, at the upper tnlgc ; the margin more or lesH crenate, or cut, throughout ; the upj)er ones de- current and confluent. Masses several, oblicjuely transverse, linear, obtuse, occupying the whole back of the leaflet, but not crowded, nor confluent ; those towards the extremity very short. Cover uninterruj)ted, even, of a pale brown, opening towards the midrib of each leaflet. Capsules chesnut -coloured, observed by Dr. Hooker to be curiously reticulated. 308 CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Asplenium. The variety /3, more deeply crenate and jagged than ordinary, sent from Scotland by Dr. Alston to P. Collinson, and assuredly what Sibbald has figured, was taken by Mr. Hudson for Adian- tuni frapeziforme of Linnaeus. Sibbald's rude engravings may very well excuse this mistake 5 but the latter is a real Adian- tum, copiously branched, well delineated in Sloane, Plukenet and Plumier, a native of the West Indies, not of Europe. The late Bishop of Carlisle has observed AsjAenium marinum growing very luxuriantly in deep fissures of rocks ; while, on the other hand, Mr. Lightfoot found it, in the coves at Weems, just in the dwarf, though jagged, state exhibited by Sibbald. 4. A. septentrionale . Forked Spleenwort. Frond three-cleft; leaflets alternate, linear, jagged at the summit. A. septentrionale. Hull. 241. Sw. Syn.Fil, 75. Wilkl Sp. PL v.5.307. FL Br. \\29. Engl Bot.v.\5, t.\0l7. Hook. Scot. jf).2. 155. Lond.t.]62.p.\58. Hoffyn. Germ. v.2. \2. Acrostichum septentrionale. Linn. Sp. PL 1524. Bolt. Fil. 12. t. 8. Fl.Dan. t. 60. Dicks. Dr. PL 45. Ehrh. Crypt. 101. A. n. 1714. Hall. Hist. V. 3.17. Scolopendrium septentrionale. Roth Germ. v. 3. 49. Filixsaxatilis Tragi. RaiiSyn.VlQ. Bauh. Hist. v.3.p.2. 747. f. Dalech. Hist. 1226./. F. nuda seu saxatilis. Trag. Hist. 537. /-, by mistake named ar. borea. Muscus corniculatus. Ger.Em. 1561./. Holostium alterum, Filix saxea Tragi, Lob. Ic. 47./. In the dry rocky clefts of mountains, chiefly in the north. On the mountains of Carnarvonshire, Mr. Lhwyd. In Edinburgh park. T. WdliseL On Ingleborough, Yorkshire. Mr. Tojield. Above Ambleside, Westmoreland. Huds. On Arthur's Seat, and at the Hermitage, by Blackford burn, near Edinburgh, abundantly, in 1782. Perennial. June — October. Root tufted, somewhat woody, with crooked fibres. Fronds innu- merable, in broad dense patches, erect, three or four inches high, firm, smooth, of a dark dull green, each with a naked wiry stalk, a little dilated upwards, and terminating usually in three, rarely but two, alternate, stalked, narrow, linear, up- right, pointed lecifiets, jagged at the tips. The upper side of each is furrowed 5 the back clothed entirely, first with the long membranous covers, each originating from the disk, within the margin, at each side, and meeting over the midrib; and subse- quently, after the spreading of these membranes, with the two confluent linear masses of crowded, dark-brown, capsules. CRYPTOGAMIA—FILICES. Asplenium. 309 5. A. alter mfolium. Alternate-leaved Spleen wort. Frond pinnate ; leaflets alternate, wedge-shaped, erect, notched at the extremity. A. alternifoHum. Wulf. in Jacq. Misc. v. 2.51. t. 5./. 2. Murr. Syst. Veg. ed. 14. 933. Dicks. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 2. 290. Fl. Br. 1130. En^l. Bot. v.^2. t. 2258. Hook. Scot. p. 2. 156. A. germanicum. H'eis. Gott. 299. Willd. Sp. PI. v. 5.330. Hofm. Germ. v. 2. 13. Ehrh. Crypt. 43. A. Brevnii. Retz. Obs. fasc. 1 . 32. Sw. Syn. Fil. 85. A. n. 1690. Hall. Hist. v. 3. 8. Scolopendrium alternifoHum. Rotli. Germ. r,3.53. Adiantum novum germanicum, rutse murariae facie. Brcyn. Cent. 1 . t. 97. Moris. V.3. 585 ; but not sect. 14. /.5./. 25, as quoted by Willdenow, Ruta muraria procerior germanica. Toiirn. Inst. 541. On rocky mountains, in the south of Scotland, rare. On some sunny rocks, about two miles from Kelso, on the Tweed. Mr. Dickson. Near Perth. Mr. Bishop. Perennial. June — October. An intermediate species between the preceding and the following, though perfectly distinct from both. Root tufted, black. Fronds numerous, from three to six inclies high, smooth in every part, with blackish shining stalks; the leaty portion about equal to the stalk, lanceolate ; leajiets alternate, stalked, of a narrow wedge-shaped figure 5 bluntish and notched at the summit j two or three of the lowermost slightly compound, Masses two or three on each leaflet, linear ; their covers opening towards the main rib of the leaflet, or segment. The nomenclature of this species, a native not only of Germany, but of Switzerland, Sweden and Scotland, evinces the folly ol specific names taken from any particular country ; but more especially the still greater folly of restoring oLl names, which had been laid aside on account of their badness, and long since forgotten. 6. A. IhUamnraria. Wall-rue Spleenwort. Frond alternately twice compound ; leaflets rhomboid- wedge-shaped,' notched at tlie extremity. A. Ruta muraria. Linn. Sp. Pt. 1541. fVilld. v. 5. 311. /'/. Br. 1 130. En^t. Bot. V. 3. /. 150. Hook. Scot. p. 2. 156. Bolt. Fil. 28. t. 16. >/. I)^o to six inches high, very smooth, of a light, some- what glaucous, green, linear-lanceolate, narrow, taper-pointed, of a firm texture, doubly and copiously pinnate ; leaves alter- nate, broadest at their base, pinnate, or in the smaller specimens pinnatifid ; leaflets, or lobes, obovate, with from two to four deep, broad, sharp, spreading, ])artially spinous, teeth, or lobes, so as to be in some measure palmate ; their veins branching. General and partial stalks all equally winged throughout ; the former bearing a few narrow pointed scales at the very bottom only. Masses mostly solitary on the ultimate lobes or leaflets, short, roundish-oblong. Cover oblong, firm, white, durable, broad at the base, originating from the midrib of the lobe, or incomplete leaflet, separating towards the next principal rib, and not towards the margin. Capsules numerous, prominent, of a rusty brown. There is certainly a very strict relationship between this Fern and the last, both belonging to the genus Asplenium on account of the oblong shaj)e of the corer, attached by its broad base to the midrib of some leaflet or lobe, and remaining unaltered in shape, as well as insertion. Whereas the cover of every Aspidium, though sometimes oblong at first, soon becomes lunate, or even orbicular, attached by a small or narrow point only, of which Aspidiuni Fili.r faniina is the most remarkable example. On this subject, though long misled by the vague ideas of others, I have endeavoured at last to be correct. The intelligent reader will be able to trace my errors, and if any yet remain, will perhaps still further correct me. Professor W illdenow, though by far the best botanist in this department, ai)pcars to have made some mistakes, nor can I discern the grounds on which his Aspidiuni Ilalleri is separated from the fontanum, unless by the latter he understood our JVoodsia hijperborea, as I once, but erroneously, supposed Swartz had done. The wixmc fontanum , taken from Tabernremontanus, is ])erhaps not very :suitable to this species, which, though it grows in shady spots, does not ai)j)ear to be stationed near fountains or rivu- lets 3 nor may the synonym of that old writer be absolutely cer- tain, though his figure is not unlike. Of the synonyms of Tourne- fortand llaller there is no doubt, and whatever maybe thought of its genus, I trust this sjjccies can never hereafter be mistaken. 467. SCOLOPENDRIUM. Hait's-tongue. Sm. Act, Taurin. v. :>. A\0. t. 9. f. 2. Tracts 236. /. I./. 2. Fl. Br. 1 133. Sw. Syn Fil. Nl). 'fiilld. Sp. PL r. J. 31 S. Spreng. Cri/pt.f.25. Ceteracli. fnild. Sp, Fl. r.j. 13(1. 314 CRYPTOGAMIA-FILICES. Scolopendrium. Asplenium. Lam. t 867./. 2. Tourn. t. 318. Lingua cervina. Tourn. <{, 319, 320. Hemionitis. Tourn. t. 322./. A. Nat. Ord. see ii. 463. Masses of capsules linear, or somewhat oval, straight, in numerous pairs, scattered obliquely over the back of the frond, each pair between two parallel veins. Covers mem- branous, superficial, continuous, linear, their edges fold- ing longitudinally over the capsules, finally separating and erect, or spreading in contrary directions. Caps, numerous, stalked, globose, of 2 equal concave valves, bound together by a transverse jointed ring, as in the foregoing genera. Seeds numerous, minute. Moots tufted. Fronds simple, leathery ; undivided or lobed ; smooth on both sides, or scaly at the back. 1. S. vulgare. Common Hart's-tongue. Frond oblong, smooth ; heartshaped at the base. Stalk shaggy. S. vulgare. Sijm. Syn. 193. FL Br. 1 133. Engl. Bot. v. \Q.t.\ 150. Hook. Scot. p. 2. 156. S. officinai-um. Sw. Syn. Fil. 89. Willd. Sp. PL v. 5. 348. Scolopendrium. Brunf. Herb. v. 2. 40. f. S. Phyllitis. Roth Germ. v. 3. 47. Scolopendria vulgaris, Trag. Hist. 549./. Asplenium Scolopendrium. Linn. Sp. PI. \ 537. Huds. 452. Curt. Lond.fasc. \. t.C)7. Bolt. Fil. ] 8. ^. 1 1 . M'oodv. suppl. t. 272. Bull Fr. 1. 167. Ehrh. Crypt. 111. A. 11. 1695. Hall. Hist. v. 3. 10. Phyllitis. Raii Syn. 1 1 6. Ger. Em. 1 138./. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 186./ Cawier.jEpi^. 579./. good. Dalech. Hist. 12 \ 9. f. Cord. Hist. l\2. 2. f. Ph. vulgaris. Clus. Hist. t?. 2. 2 1 3./. Hemionitis. Fuchs. Hist. 294./. Ic.168./ Lingua cervina vulgaris. Moris. 15.3.556. sect. 14. t. 1./ 1^ with varieties,/. 2,5, 8,9. L. cervina officinarum. Plum. Fil. pre/ 34. t. A./ 4. )S. Phyllitis multifida. Ger. Em. 1 138./. Rnii Syn. 117. Ph., Lingua cervina officinarum, et perperam Scolopendria. Lob. Ic. 805./ On moist rocks, shady banks, old walls, the insides of wells, de- serted mines, or other caverns, where there is a current of cold damp air, frequent. Perennial. July. Root tufted, or slightly creeping. Fronds numerous, tufted, erect, CRYPTOGAMIA-.FILICES. Scolopendrium 315 twelve or eighteen inches high, stalked, lanceolate, acute, of a full grass green, entire, or somewhat wavy, smooth, except the stal/c, and back of the midrib, which are shaggy with narrow membranous scales ; the base heartshaped, but not dilated in breadth ; the summit occasionally cut into a number of seg- ments, more or less deep ; sometimes the margin is considerably crisped and jagged. Masses of fructification chiefly about the iijiper half of each frond, obliquely transverse, parallel, various in length, either quite linear and narrow, or shorter and broader, slightly elliptical, tumid, of innumerable small brown capsules, the linear, uninterrupted, membranous coi-er^^ which in an early state had folded over them, remaining, one at each side, nearly erect. When bruised, the whole plant has a nauseous scent ; to the taste it is mucilaginous and acrid. The medical virtues formerly at- tributed to this Fern being now entirely disregarded, I prefer its old appellation, vulgare, as a specific name, to a more modern one which might lead to an erroneous idea of its use in medicine. 2. S. Ceterach. Scaly Hart's-tongue. Rough Spleen- wort. Frond pinnatifid ; scaly at the back. S. Ceterach. %m.%2.193. Fl.Br.WZA. E?2gl Bot. v. ]8. 1. 1244, Roth Germ. v.o. 48. Scolopendrion. Cord. Hist. 171.2./. Scolopendria vera. Trag. Hist. 55 1 ./. Tahern. Kreuterh. 1191 .f. Ceterach officinarum. ivilld. Sp. Pl.v.b. 136. Bank. Pin. 354. Grammitis Ceterach. Sw. Sijn. Fit. 23. Hook. Scot. p. 2. 153. Asplenium Ceterach. Linn. Sp. PI. 1538. Huds. 4h2. Light/. 66\. Sil)th.4\4. Bolt. Fd. 20. t.\2. Bull. Fr. t. 283. Ehrh:Cr>/pt.2\\ . A. n. 1604. Hall. Hist. V. 3. 10. A. aive Ceterach. Raii Sijn. 1 1 8. Ger. Em. 1 1 40./. Bauh. Hist. V. 3. p. 2. 74 I . f. Moris, v. 3. 561 . sect. 14. t. 2./. Plum. Fil. prcf.33.t.B.f.3. A. vulgare. Barrel. Ic. t. 1043. A. Scolo])endria. Lob. /c. 807./. As|)lenum. Matth. falgr. v.2. 251./. Camcr.Epit. 640./ Dalech. Hist. 1215./ On limestone rocks, or old walls. Plentiful about Hristol, as liai/ observed; esj)ecially about the HotWVlls, and on old walls between that place and the Severn. At Malham, Yorkshire, and in Wales. Richardson. On Ileydon church, Norfolk. Rev. H. Bryant. At Nunney, Somersetslnre. Bishop of Carlisle. On the hill of Kinnoul. I>erthshire. /./:,'////: I have specimens from thence. In thr north of Kngland the )ilant i«; far from uncommon. 316 CRYPTOGAMIA—FILICES. Blechnum. Perennial. At almost all seasons. Root fibrous, black, tufted : scaly at the crown. Fronds nume- rous, tufted, spreading, from three to six inches high, leathery, oblong, bluntish, deeply and bluntly sinuated in an alternate order, the margin entire 5 upper surface smooth, of a deep, slightly glaucous, opaque green, with a scaly midrib, but no apparent veins ; under thickly clothed with lanceolate, acute, membranous, rusty scales. Stalks hardly one-fourth the length of the whole. Masses oblong, in two obliquely transverse rows on each lobe, imbedded in the scales of the frond. Covers one at each side of each mass, as in the preceding species, erect, membranous, continuous, undulated, entire, quite distinct from the pointed separate scales. I cannot ascertain whether the lines of capsules are originally double as in Scolopendrium vulgare, but the covers are evidently such as to leave no doubt of the genus, answering exactly to Tournefort's figure, which Swartz and Willdenow surely did not examine. The latter indeed has well removed this Fern from Granwiitis, to which it has no natural affinity. 468. BLECHNUM. Hard-fern. Lin7i. Geyi. 5 60. Juss. 1 .5 . Fl. Br. 1 1 35 . Act. Taurin. v.b.AW. Tracts237,Sw.Syn.Fil.l\3. Willd.Sp.Pl.v.5.407. Lam.t.869. Spreng, Crijpt.f. 34. Struthiopteris. Hall. Enum. 132. Nat. Ord. see 71. 463. Masses of capsules linear, narrow, straight, uninterrupted, parallel and close to the midrib, at the back of each segment of the Seville fronds, at each side. Cover mem- branous, linear, continuous, superficial, at a slight dis- tance from the margin of the frond, separating at its inner edge, towards the rib. Caps, numerous, stalked, glo- bose, of 2 valves, bound by a transverse jointed ring. Seeds numerous, minute. Root tufted. Fronds numerous, erect, rigid, pinnatifid, or pinnate, the fertile ones narrowest. 1. B. horcale. Northern Hard-fern. Frond smooth, pinnate, pectinate ; leaflets linear, entire, scarcely dilated at the base. B. boreale. Sw.Syyi.Fd.Wh. M^illd.Sp.Pl.v.5. 40S. Fl.Br.]\35. Engl. Bot.vA7.t.\\59. Hook. Scot. p,2. 157. Osmunda Spicant. Linn. Sp. PL 1522. Curt. Lojid.fasc. 2. t. Q7. Bolt. Fil.S. t. 6. Fl. Dan. t. 99. Hedw. Theor. 43. t. 5. Ehrh. Crypt. 52. CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Pteris. 317 Struthiopteris. Cord. Hist. 170. 2./. S.n. 1687. Hall. Hist. V. 3. 6. Lonchitis aspera. Raii Syn. \\S. Ger. Em. 1140./. L. aspera minor. Matth. Valgr.v.2.27A.f. Camer. Epit. GG^.f. L. altera, folio polvpodii. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. 730./. 737. L. vulgatior, folio vario. Moris, v. 3. 569. sect. 14. t. 2./ 23. Asplenon sylvestre. Trag. Hist. 550./. Dalech. Hist. 121 6./. In rough heathy or stony ground, or in moist shady hedge bottoms. Perennial. July. Root black and scaly, tufted, with many stout fibres. Fronds numerous, tufted, s'talked, erect, straight, lanceolate, tai)ering at each end, smooth, deep green, a foot or more in height ; the barren ones of numerous, close, parallel, lanceolate, entire, single-ribbed lea/lets, bluntish with a minute point, their base scarcely at all dilated, or auricled ; fertile ones interior, or cen- tral, not quite so numerous, but taller, of much narrower, rather more distant, more acute leci/leis, dilated at the base. Masses in continuous, solitary, lines, close to each partial midrib, at each side. Cover at a small distance from the mar- gin, uninterrupted, linear, wavy, separating after a while at the side ne.xt the rib, and disclosing the innumerable crowded brown capsules, each bound with a jointed ring. Haller justly observed this could be no Oimunda. It is wonderful Linn^us,' who founded the very natural well-marked genus Blechnum, never discovered that this Fern belonged to it ; a fact first published in the Turin Memoirs above quoted. 409. PTERIS. Female-fern, or Brakes. Linn. Gen.-rjO. Juss. 15. Fl. Br. 1130. Act. Taurin. r.5.412. Tracts2\\. Sw.Syn.Fd.94. jnild.Sp.PLv.o.SDi). Lam.t.SGO. Spreng. Cnipt.f. 20. Filix. Hall. Hist. v. 3. 7. Nat. Ord. see ?i. 4-63. Masses oi^ caps7des linear, uinnterrupted, parallel to, and near, tlie margin, at the back of each segment ot the icYiWc Jronds. Cover IVoni the indexed margin ot the frond, membranous, continuous, uninterrupted, wavy, sometimes fringed, separating at its inner cil^c, towards the rib. Capsules numerous, stalketl, globose, ot 2 valves, bound by a transverse jointed ring. Seeds nu- merous, minute, slightly angular. Boot son^ewbat creeping. J'h^fids erect, mostly compound ; in some foreign sjiecies siuijily pinnate ; in a lew undi- vided ; .segments of the barren ones broadest, and often crenate. In our fust and most common species a men)- 318 CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Pteris. branous, inflexed, narrow, inner cover, contrary or oppo- site to the outer one, and in like manner fringed, has been observed by the late Mr. Thomas Smith, F.L.S., as well as by Mr. Brown. This ought perhaps to form a part of the generic character of a true Pteris ; those tropical, more membranous, species, which, according to Mr. Brown, have it not, constituting a separate genus. Yet I doubt its existence in P. crispa, which can be de- termined by those only who have opportunities of examin- ing this rare mountain species in a growing state. See Hooker, p. 2. ]56. 1. P. aquilina. Common Brakes. Frond thrice pinnate; segments lanceolate, bluntish ; lower- most pinnatifid ; upper gradually smallest ; terminal ones large, undivided. P. aquilina. Linn. Sp. PL 1533. Willd. v. 5. 402. FL Br. 1 136. Engl. Bot. V. 24. t. 1679. Hook. Scot. p. 2. 156. Bolt. Fil. 16. t. 10; had. Bull. Fr.t. 207. Ehr/i. Crypt. 20\. Filix. Tilla?uls Ic.78.f. F. n. 1688. Hall. Hist. v. 3. 7. F. foemina. RaiiSijn.\24. Ger.Em.l\2S.f. Lob.Ic.S\2.f. Matth. Valgr.v. 2.627./. Camer. Epit. 992. /.had. Fuchs. Hist. 596./. Ic. 342. /. Dad. Pempt. 462. /. Tabern. Kreuierb. 1 ] 81. /. Dalech.Hist. 1222./. F. ramosa major, pinnulis obtiisis non dentatis. Bauh. Pin. 357. Plum. Fil. pre/ 23. t.k./\ : F. ramosa repens vulgatissima. Moris, v. 3. 583. sect. 14. t.4./. 3. F. majoris primum genus, Trag. Hist. 542./. ,3. F. saxatilis ramosa niaritima nostras. Raii Hist. v. I. 151. Syn. 125. Pluk. Almag. 155. Phyt. t. 182./. 1. On barren heaths, and in sandy thickets and woods, every where most abundantly. /3. On maritime rocks, or damp walls in towns, but rarely. Perennial. July. Root long, tapering, creeping j externally black. Fronds annual, erect, from one to six feet high, repeatedly compound, with horizontally spreading branches, whose ribs are smooth -, the primary ones nearly opposite -, the next more alternate, deeply pinnatifid, with crowded, lanceolate, bluntish, convex, parallel segments ; the odd one generally much the largest j lateral ones sometimes greatly diminished ; all of a light bright green -, re- volute at the margin, which is brownish, and slightly crisped or wavy, sheltering the dense linear jnasses of tawny capsules. Barren leajlets pale and hairy at the back. The main stalk is CRYPTOGAMIA-FILICES. Pteris. 5\9 angular and sharp-edged, wounding the h.ands severely if plucked incautiously. When cut across, the pith has a branched ap- pearance, resembling a spread-eagle, whence the latin name. The variety 3 is singularly delicate, with rounded, more distant, barren leaflets or segments, and very slender stalks. Dillenius says it once grew on a wall in Chelsea garden, where by send- ing down roots into the ground, it acquired the proper appear- ance of this species. This common Fern is impatient of severe cold in the spring, and its curled scaly shoots will scarcely bear any frost, though its natural situation is often the most exposed and bleak possible. The roots are generally killed by transplantation. 2. P. crispa. Curled, or Rock, Brakes. Frond twice or thrice pinnate ; barren leaflets wedge- shaped, cut; fertile elliptic-oblong, obtuse, convex. P. crispa. Linn. Ms. in his own Sp. PL \d22. With. 764. HuU243. Fl. Br. 1 137. Engl. Bot.v. \7.t.] 160. Hook. Scot. p. 2. l.'ie. Willd. Sp. PL V. 5. 395 ; omitting J. Bauhin's synonym, referred above to Cystea regia. P. Stelleri. "Amman in the New Petersburgh Trans. 12. t. 12. /. 1." Willdenow. Osmunda crispa. Linn Sp. PI. \h22. Huds. 450. Light/. 655. Bolt. Fil. 10. t. 7. Fl. Dan. t. 496. Onoclea crispa. Roth. Germ. v. 3. 39. Adiantum album crispum alpinum. Raii Syn. 126. A. album floridum. Pluk. Almag. 9. Phyt. t. 3./. 2. Filix botryitis minima, sivc Filicula petraea florida anglica, foliis plurifLiriam divisis. Moris, v. 3. 593. sect. \4. t.4.f.4. In open stony mountainous situations. On the sides of mountains in Westmoreland, Scotland and Wales, in drv stony ground, not uncommon. Perennial. July. Root moderately creeping, dark brown, witli many fibres. Fronds annual, tufted, erect, smooth, from six to twelve inches higii, of a bright pea-green hue, and an elegant feathery asj)ect ; their stalks long, pale, polished. Barren ones twice or thrice pinnate, with small, wedge-shaped, obtuse, flat, alternate, stalked lea/lets, more or less deeply notched, or jagged. Fertile rather taller, thrice pinnate, with ellij)tii-oblong, narrower, undivided, turgid, likewise stalked, leaflets, whose broad, brown, wavy, crenate, reflexed margins nearly meet over the midrib, and cover the two linear dense masses of capsules, which, as far as I can discern in dried specimens, are unaccom- panied by any o])p().site or internal membrane. A few species from the north-west coa^t ot ,\merica, and from 320 CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Adiantum. New Holland, akin to this last, require to be well examined, before any thing can be concluded respecting the internal cover as an essential character of Pteris. 470. ADIANTUM. Maidenhair. Linn. Gen. ^m. Juss. ]5. Fl. Br. WSS. Act. Taur'm. v. 5,414. Tracts 24d. Sw. Sijn.Fll. \20. Willd. Sp. Pl.v. 5. 427. Tourn, t.3\7. Lam, t. 870. Nat. Ord. see n. ^^SS, Masses of capsules roundish, marginal, somewhat terminal, distinct, at the back of \he frojid^ each attached to the centre of the under side of its own membranous, rounded, reflexed cover, which proceeds from the margin of the frond, being unconnected at its inner edge. Capsides several, stalked, rather small, globose, of 2 valves, bound by a transverse jointed ring. Seeds very minute. Roots tufted, or slightly creeping, scaly. Fronds generally repeatedly compound, rarely simple, for the most part smooth. Leaflets stalked, more or less wedge-shaped and entire at the base ; bluntish and notched at the upper margin ; of a firm texture, with fine radiating, or forked, veins. Main stalks and branches slender, elastic, polished, mostly blackish. Covers brown, pale-edged, flat; finally recurved. Dr. Swartz first separated from Adiantum a few species, under the name of Cheilanthes, in which the capsules are situated upon the frond, as was always supposed to be the case in Adiayitum itself; but it is otherwise in the original species. The difference indeed is often very hard to be discerned, the character of some species being rather ambiguous. Brown and Willdenow however have stamped this new genus with their weighty autho- rity, and the former of these writers describes the disk of each scale, or cover, in Adiantum, where the capsules are inserted, as veiny, the unattached margin only being membranous. 1. A. CapiUiis Veneris. True Maidenhair. Frond doubly compound ; leaflets alternate, wedge-shaped, lobed, on capillary stalks. Covers transversely oblong. A. Capillus Veneris. Linn. Sp. PI. 1558. Willd. v. 5. 449. Fl. jBr. 1138. Engl Bot.v. 22. t.\D64. Hook. Scot. p. 2. \57. Bolt. SJl Fil. 24. t. 29. Jacq.Misc.v. 2, 77.1.7. Bull. Fr.t.247. Dicks. H, Sice. fasc. C. 1 6. CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Woodsia. 321 A. n. 1713. Halt. Hist. v.S. 17. A. foliis coriandri. Bauh. Pin. 355. Moris, v. 3. 587. sect. 14. t. 5. /.6. A. magnum . Trag. Hist. 531. /. A. nigrum. Cord. Hist. 172./. A. candidum. FticJis. Ic. \6.f. Adiantum. Fuclis. Hist. S2.f. Matlh. Falgr. v. 2. 542. f. Carrier, Epit. 924. /: Dalech. Hist. 1 208. /. A. sive Capillus ^'enel•is. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. 743./. 744. Lob. Ic. 809./ Capillus Veneris verus. Dill, in Raii Syn. 123. Ger. Em. 1 143./. On moist rocks and old walls, especially near the sea, but rare. At Barry island, and port Kirig, Glamorganshire. Mr. Lhwyd. In the isle of Arran, near Galloway. Mr. Stonestreet, according toSherard's herbarium. (lathered in the south islands of Arran in 1805, by Mr. J. T. Mackay. Yo\im\ by Prof. Beattie on the banks of the Carron, a rivulet in Kincardineshire. Hooker. Perennial. May — September. A most elegant fern, especially when it projects from the sides of upright dripping rocks, or caves. The root is slightly creep- ing, blackish, shaggy. Fronds from si\ to twelve inches high, rarely more in this country, erect or drooping, alternately and doubly pinnate ; their stalks slender, of a purplish black, smooth and polished ; the ultimate ones quite capillary, whence the name of Maidenhair, and of Capillary Herbs, subsequently ex- tended to this whole Natural Order. Leaflets deep green, smooth, wedge- or fan -shaped, very various in width ; the base entire ; upper, or outer, margin variously jagged and lobed ; when bar- ren sharply serrated ; when fertile, as is most usual, each seg- ment terminates in a roundish, reflexed, flat, brown scale, thin and j)ale at its edges, sometimes broader than long, usually sup- posed to cover the fructification seated on the frond ; but Dr. Swartz first observed each round mass of capsules to be actually borne by the central part of this scale, or cover, underneath. One species of tliis genus, A.pedatum, is ))rincipally used, in the south of France, to make a syrup, which being ])erfunied with orange flowers, is called Capillaire, and known by that name throughout Europe, as a refreshing beverage when diluted with water. Uay in his Historian v. 1. 147, 148, attributes almost every ])ossible medical virtue to the ('apillns J'erteris. (probably confounded with A. j>edatum,) on the authority of a Montpellier physician. '\7\. WOODSIA. Woodsia. Br. Tr. of Linn. Soc. v.W. 1 70. Sm. Comp. ed. A. \GS. Nat. Ord. see ?i. 4G3. 322 CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Woodsia. Masses of capsules roundish, convex, dispersed on the veins at the back o^ihe frond. Cover membranous and shghtly cup-shaped at the base, under each mass ; the margin in many deep, capillary, obscurely jointed, taper-pointed segments, incurved over the capsules^-peYmmieui. Capsules several, stalked, crowded, without any prominent com- mon receptacle^ roundish-obovate, bound by a vertical jointed ring, and bursting (as it seems) irregularly at the sides. Seeds nuxneYous, kidney-shaped. A genus of smaliy^r;25, of which two species only have hi- therto been discovered. These have been generally con- founded either with Acrosticlmm or Polypodium, Their roots are fibrous. Fronds tufted, erect, stalked, pinnate, pinnatifid, clothed with simple hairs, or narrow pointed scales. The name, given by Mr. Brown, justly commemorates Mr. Joseph Woods, F.L.S., an excellent practical English botanist, who first illustrated our native species of Mosa ,- see vol. 2. 369, and Trans, of the Linn. Soc. v. 12. 173. ]. WJ i/vensis. Oblong Woodsia. Leaflets oblong, deeply pinnatifid, with oblong segments. W. ilvensis. Br. Tr. of Linn. Soc. r. 11 . 1 73. Acrostichum ilvense. Linn. Sp. PI. erf. 1. 1071. ed.2. 1528. Fl. Suec. ed.2.S7\. Fl. Dan. t.39l. Ehrh. Crypt. \9]. Polypodium ilvense. Sw. Syn. Fil. 39. fVillcl. Sp. PL v.d. 198. '' Schkuhr Crypt. 16. t. 19." P. Marantse. Hoffm. Germ. v. 2. 5 ; omitting the syn. Lonchitis aspera ilvensis. Dcdech. Hist. 1221./. Filix minor ilvensis, alis asplenii. Moris, sect. 14. t.3.f.22; but not the descr. v. 3. 576. n. 22. Nephrodium lanosum. Michaux Boreal.- Amer. v. 2. 270 (not 198). On the authority of Mr. Brown. On alpine rocks in Wales and the North of England. Upon Glyder Vawr, near Llyn y Cwm, North Wales. Mr. W. Wilson. At the foot of the basaltic rocks, on the Durham side of the river Tees, about two hundred yards below Caldron Snout. Mr. James Backhouse. Near the summit of some very bold basaltic rocks, called Falcon Glints, about ten miles west of Middleton, Teesdale. Mr. S. Hailstone. Perennial. July — September. Mr. Wilson first determined this species when he gathered it in Wales, in 1824 and 1825 j our English specimens having been sent under the name of the following ; a very excusable error. CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Woodsia. 523 when it is considered how nearly the plants are related. Roots tufted, of numerous, long, smooth, blackish, simple fibres. Fronds several, tufted, erect, from three to live inches liigh ; the slightly scaly, pale brown stalk, remarkably elastic and wiry, making about one-third of the whole. Leajhts from six- teen to twenty, nearly opposite, oblong, bluntly pointed, deeply pinnatifid, with segments of the same shape, slightly revolute at the margin, and somewhat wavy, scarcely crenate ; the upper surface of a rather glaucous green, even, besprinkled with a few hairs, or slender tapering scales 3 under more densely scaly, nearly covered with fructification. Masses orbicular, crowded, slightly prominent, each of about six or seven roundish-ovate capsules, seated on a small, membranous, roundish cover, whose margin, as Mr. Brown first discovered, is fringed with very long, taper, jointed, hair-like segments. Exotic specimens, especially those from North America, are larger than our's, but do not otherwise differ. When Linneeus first began to use s])ecific names, he adopted that of ilvense, from the newly discovered synonym of Dalechamp, for this supposed Acrostichum, first observed in the isle of Elba (lira). This affords but an additional proof of the absurdity of such names, which when established, like the present, may be tolerated, but will never be imitated by any person who can contrive a better. 2. W. hyperborea. Rounded-leaved Woodsia. Leaflets bluntly triangular, pinnatifid, with rounded seg- ments. W. hvperborea. Br, Tr. of Linn. Soc. v.W.lJS.t.] 1. Sm, Camp. ecLA. 174. Polvpodium hyperboreum. Sw. Sijn. Fil. 39. PVilld. Sj). PL r. 5. \[)7. Engl Hot. r.29. ^ 2023. P. arvonicum. F/. /ir. 1 1 l.>. ff'ifh.774. Sijm. Sijn. \9\ . Hull 238. F. ilvense. lf'ith.77\. IIull'137. Sym. Sijn. \9\ . Acrostichum hyperboreum. Liljeblad in Slockli. Trans, for 1793. 201. <. 8. A. ilvense. Iluds. 4.j1. Dicks. II. Sicc.fasc. 8. 17. A. alpinum. Boll. Fd. 7C). L 12. Filix aljjina, I'edicularis rubne ft)liis subtus villosis. Rati Sijn. 1 IS. F. pumila, Lonchitidis MaranthiE species, Cambrobritannica. rtuk. Ahnag. \:A). Phijt. t. H[).f. .'). not S. Filicula ali)ina tenerior, alis latiusculis brevioribus integris, pro- funde dentatis. Moris. t'.3. i)7G. sect. 11. /.3./. 23. On al|)ine rocks in Wales and Scotland. On a moist rock called Clogwyn y (Jarnedd, one of the highest points of bnowdon. Dr. Richardsun. This rock wholly faces V 2 324 CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Trichomanes. the east, not the north-west. Mr. IV. Wilson. On Ben Lawers, Scotland. Mr. Dickson and Mr. G. Don. Sent from Scotland, by the Rev. Dr. Stuart. Perennial. July. Rather smaller than the foregoing, and less upright, with a more rusty aspect. Stalk less elastic. Leaflets shorter, rounder, with more rounded lobes, and broader at the base, not quite so deeply pinnatifid. The two species appear to me very distinct, though similar. 472. TRICHOMANES. Bristle-fern. Linn. Gen. 660. Juss. \6. Sm.in Reess Cycl.v.^Q. Act.Taurin. r.5.4I7. Tracts25b. Sw.Syn. Fil. \4\. fVilld.Sp. PI. v. 5. 49S. Lam. i.S7\. Spreng. Crypt, f. 35 . Nat. Ord. see n. 463. Masses of capsules roundish, terminal, imbedded in the margin, or segments, o^ the frond. Cof^r urn-shaped, of the texture of the frond, and continuous with it, of one leaf, dilated upwards, and opening outwards, per- manent. Capsules several, sessile, crowded at the base of a permanent cylindrical common receptacle, whose ca- pillary naked point projects beyond the cover, each roundish, of 2 valves, bound by a vertical jointed ring. A numerous genus of herbaceous ferns, with creeping, seldom tufted, roots, of many crooked fibres. Frond pellucid, veiny, either undivided, lobed, or copiously pinnatifid, with decurrent, entire or serrated, segments, the whole mostly of a dull or brownish green. Covers either forming a marginal series, or solitary at the ends of the segments, each terminating a rib, or vein ; very rarely racemose and leafless. Natives of wet rocks, or trunks of trees, principally in tropical countries. We have only one species, which is extremely rare, and till lately has been greatly misunderstood. 1. T. hrevisetum. Short-styled Bristle-fern. Frond thrice pinnatifid, lobed, smooth ; segments linear, entire. Stalk winged. Covers oblong. Common re- ceptacles at first but slightly prominent. T. brevisetum. Br. in Ait, Hort. Kew. ed. 2.v.b. 629. Sm. Comp. ed.4. 174. T. europaeum. Sm. in Reess Cycl. v. 36. T. alatum. Hook. Lond, t.53. CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Hymenophyllum. 395 T. pyxidiferum. Huds.46\. Bolt. Fil. :i6. f. 30. mth.7S\. Hull 243. T. Turibridgense, var. 3. fVith.7S2. Hull 244. Hymenophyllum Tunbridgense (3. Fl. Br. 1142. H. alatum. Engl. Bot. v. 20. t. 14 1 7. Willd. Sp. PI v. 5. 526. Filix humilis repens, foliis pellucidis et splendentibus, caule alato. Dill, in Rail Syn. 127. t.S.f. 3, 4. In watery places, or on wet rocks, very rare. At Bclbank, scarce half a mile from Bingley, Yorkshire, at the head of a remarkable spring. Dr. Richardson. Found there, by Mr. Dickson and Mr. R. Teesdale, long afterwards, in a young state only, \\\iejig. 4. Gathered, in fructification, upon rocks near the cascade, at the bottom of Turk mountain, Killar- ney, Ireland. Mr. J. T. Mackay. Perennial. May, June, The root is creeping, cylindrical, black and downy, with several, scattered, branched,' vertical, stout, downy radicles. Fronds springing solitarily, here and there, from the upper side of the horizontal root, erect, four or five inches high, smooth, of a deep transparent green, ovate-oblong, about thrice alternately pinnatifid, with a winged stalk; the segments uniform, linear, single-ribbed, obtuse, entire, decurrent : a few of the upper- most terminating each in a solitary, imbedded, oblong or cylm- drical, somewhat urn -shaped cover, continued from the leaf, slightly winged at the sides, a little dilated, not lobed, at the orifice. Capsules in a round mass, attached to the base of a cylindrical slender receptacle, or column, which in an early state does not project beyond the cover; but afterwards acquires three or four times the length of that part, and is nearly as prominent as in any other Trichomanes. The name of alatum, therefore, would have been far ]n-eferable to brcvisetum, hud it not been already applied by Willdenow to his 1 7th species. 473. HYMENOPHYLLUM. Filmy-fern. Sm. Act. Taurin. r.f). 418./.8. Tracts 2r)G. t. 1 ./. 8. Sw. Syn. Fil. Uf). fVilld.Sp.Pl.v.5.b]6. Lam.t.S70. Spreng. Crypt.J.36. Nat. Ord. see ?u i63. Masses of capsules roundish, terminal, imbedded in the segments of the frond. Cover somewhat orbicular, com- pressed, of the texture of the./ro;ir/, and continuous with it, of 2 ecjual parallel valves, ojiening outwarcU, jkm'- mancnt. Caps, several, sessile, crowded at the base ot a permanent, cylinilrical, very short common receptacle, whose point does not project beyond the rwvv, each roundish, of 2 valves, bound by a vertical jointed ring. FYonds membranous and pelluciii, like the last, nuicli 326 CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Osmimda. branched, smooth, or sometimes downy, with solitary ribs, wiry stalks, and creeping slender t^oots. Covers solitary at the ends of some of the inferior and shorter segments, terminating the rib, entire or serrated. Na- tives of wet mossy rocks, or trunks of trees, most plen- tiful in tropical countries. One species only is of Eu- . ropsean growth. 1. H. tunbridgense, Tunbridge Filmy-fern. Frond doubly pinnatifid, smooth. Segments and covers sharply toothed. Fructifications solitary, from the lower- most of the secondary segments, at the upper edge. H. tunbridgense. Fi.Br.\\A\. Engl. Bot. v. 3. t. \62. WiUd. Sp. Pl.v.5.520. Sym.Syn.]9D. Hook. Loud. t.7\ . Scot. p.2. \d7. Trichomanes tunbridgense. Linii. Sp. PL \ 561. Huds. 46\. With. 781. Bolt. Fil. 58. t.3\. FL Dan.t.954. Adiantum petrjEum perpusillum anglicum, foliis bifidis vel trifidis. RaiiSyn.ed.2.47.ed.3. 123. Hist.v.3.77. A. radicosumhumi-sparsum J eterectius. Pluk.Almag. 10. Phyt. t.3.f.5,6. Darea tunbrigensis minor. Petiv. Mus. cent. 8. n. 762. Muscus palustris anglicus, foliis integris, bifidis et trifidis, sparsim nascentibus. Moris, v. 3. 627. sect. 15. t. 7.f. 50. M. moiitanus italicus, adianthi foUis. Bocc. Mus. 24. t.2.f. 1. Amongst moss, in watery shady places, in the rocky or mountain- ous parts of Great Britain. Perennial. May, June. The roots are long, slender, smooth, wiry, creeping horizontally. Fronds scattered, erect, about one-third the size of the Tricho- manes last described, and like that, smooth, of a filmy pellucid texture, curling up as they dry ; the stalk wiry, without any wing or border; segments linear, obtuse, single-ribbed, sharply toothed, especially in their upper part. Covers of two erect, converging, nearly orbicular, equal leaves, toothed in like man- ner, solitary at the base of the primary divisions, on the upper edge, with more or less of a stalk. Dr. Hooker's figures and history of this and the foregoing are peculiarly excellent. Mr. Menzies brought the present plant from the Cape of Good Hope J and it grows in most parts of Europe, from Norway to Italy, but has not been observed in Germany or Switzerland. ** Capsules, or seeds, isoitJiout any distinct elastic ring. Habit 'various. 474. OSMUNDA. Osmund-royal. Unn. Gen. 559. Juss. 15. Fl. Br. 1107. Sw. Syn. Fil 160. Willd. Sp.PLv.5.96. Br. Prodr. \63. Tourn.t. 324. Lam.t.865.f.2. CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Osmunda. 327 Nat. Ord. Filices. Linn. 5.5. Juss. 5. Capsules clustered, distinct, separately stalked, naked, nearly globular, striated with a protuberance but no ring, of 1 cell, and 2 incomplete, equal valves, burst- ing longitudinally, at one side. Cove)' none. Seeds numerous, minute. Root tufted. Frond doubly pinnate, entire or serrated. Leaflets partially changed to panicled dense clusters of small capsides. 1. O. 7'egalis. Common Osmund-royal. Leaflets oblong, nearly entire; dilated, and somewhat au- ricled, at the base. Clusters panicled, terminal. O. regalis. Linn.Sp.Pl.\'j2\. miU.v.5.97. FLBr. WOS. Engl Bot.v.S. t.209. Hook. Loml. I. 150. Scot. p. 2. 158. Bolt.FU.f). t. 5. Fl. Dan. t.2\7. Ehrh. Crypt. 42. O. Filix florida. Lob. Ic. 813./. Filix ramosa, non dentata, florida. Bauh.Fin.3ij7. Ra'dSyn. 125. F. botryites, sive florida major, pinnulis non dentatis, ex adverso nascentibus. Moris, v. 3. r)93, sect. 1 4. t. 4./. 1 . F. florida, sive Osmunda regalis. Ger. Em. 1 131./. F. majoris alterum genus. Trag. Hist. 543./. F. latifolia. Cord. Hist. 134. /'. F. palustris. Dod. Pempt. 4G3./. F. aquatica, et F. florescens. Dalech. Hist. 1225./,/ In deep watery bogs, woods, and meadows, not very common. Perennial. June, July. Root tuberous, hard, scaly, beset with numerous fibres, and having in the centre a whitish core, which some persons, according to Gerarde, have named the heart of Osmund the Water-man. Fro)ids several, erect, two or three feet high, doubly pinnate, smooth, bright green ; the primary divisions from six to ten, nearly opposite, hardly a span long ; lenjiets more numerous, oftendecidcdly alternate, sessile, or nearly so, oblong, bluntish, entire, or obscurely crenate, with one rib, and numerous trans- verse veins ■. the l)ase dilated, heart-shaped, or somewhat lobed. Some of the upper leaflets are cut, and as it were partially irans- muted into dense (lusters, or sjn/ics, of capsules, several of the upper divisions of the frond consisting entirely of such ca/>sulcs, composing a compound panitlc Each capsule is light brown, veiny, su|)j)ortcd by a siiort stalk. Nothing h;Ls been discovered o( the stigma, barren Jlowcrs, or mode of impregnation. The seeds are numerous, nearly globular. The name of Osmunda appears to have originated in Kngland. Osmund, in Saxon, is the proper name of a man. snid to mean domestic peace : so that Osmunda is nearly cipiivalent to J.ysi- 32S CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Botrychium. machia, or Loosestrife. De Theis gives it as one of the appel- lations of Thor 3 but he was the god of war. I have presumed/ from Gerarde's account, that it might, like many other names of plants, commemorate some particular person, but this is mere conjecture. Dr. Hooker justly celebrates the beauty of this Fern. Its reputed " strengthening and healing" virtues are very problematical. 475. BOTRYCHIUM. Moonwort. Siv,Syn.Fil.8. Willd. Sp. Pl.v.5. 6\. Br. Prodr. ]64. Nat. Ord, see n. 474<. Caps, distinct, sessile, on the upper side of a branched common stalk, naked, nearly globular, even, without any protuberance or ring, of 1 cell, and 2 equal, hemi- spherical valves, bursting transversely. Cover none. Seeds numerous, very minute. Root branching. Frotid solitary, smooth, consisting of a more or less compound leaf] or leaves, and a compound spike of capsides, 1. B. Lunaria. Common Moonwort. Leaf solitary, pinnate; leaflets fan-shaped, notched. B. Lunaria. Sw. Sijn. Fit 171. Willd. Sp. PL r. 5. 6 1 . Comp. ed. 4. 171. Hook.LomLt.66. ScoLp.2. 158. Osmunda Lunaria. Lin7i. Sp. PL 1519. FL Br. 1 107. EngL Bat, v.5.t.3\S. Bolt.FiLA.t.A. FL Dan. t. \S.f. \. Lajn.L865, f. 1. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc.5. 17. [Ehrh. Crypt. 181. O. n. 1686. HalLHist.v.3.6. O. foliis lunatis. Garid. 345. t. 78. Lunaria minor, kaii Syn. ] 28. Gcr.Em.405.f. Matth. Valgr. 15.2.254./. Camer.EpiL643.f. Fuchs. HisL 482. f. ic. 273./. Moris. V. 3. 594. tect. 14. t. 5./. 1 . Gesn, de Lunariisy 55. L. Botrytis. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. 710./ Epimedium Dioscoridis. Column. Phytoh. 80. ^ 8 1 . /3. Lunaria minor ramosa. BaiiSyn. 129. L. botrytis minor, multifolia. Bauh. Hist. r. 3. 71 1./ L. rarior species. Camer. Epit.644.f. y. L. racemosa minor, adianti folio. Breyn. Cent. t. 93. Moris. t\3. 593. sect. 14. t.5.f.2. S. L. minor, foliis dissectis. Raii Syn. 129. L. racemosa minor, matricarise folio. Breyn. Cent. t. 94. Moris. v.3.594.sect.\4.LD.f.3. Botrychium rutaceum. Sw. Syn. Fit. 171 . Willd. Sp. PL v. 5. 62. In mountainous pastures or meadows. CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Ophioglossum. 329 Perennial. June. 7^00/ of several, simple, cylindrical, clustered or whorled, tibres. Herb very smooth, a little succulent, of a pale opaque green, erect, not a span high. Common stalk simple, cylindrical, jjale, with a few large, brownish, sheathing scales at the bottom ; a stalked, pinnate, upright Leaf about the middle, consisting of five or six pair of fan-shaped, or crescent-like, stalked leajfiets, with an odd one, all notched or cut j and a terminal, twice compound spike of small, round, brownish capsules, nearly ses- sile on one flat side of a linear common stalk, or receptacle. /3 has a branched stalk, bearing several leaves and compound spikes, alternately disposed, y is a very slight variety, with more jagged leaflets than ordinary. ^ has pinnatifid leajiets, and a more sj)reading habit. All these varieties, and perhaps others, are found occasionally, intermixed here and there, with the plant in its proper or common form j but never, as far as I could learn, so numerously distinct, as to have the appearance of a different species. An ointment made of this herb, rubbed on the loins about tlje region of the kidneys, is recorded by Hay, on the authority of Needham, as an infallible remedy for the dysentery ; but Haller remarks, that if we believe this, or any other of its restringent properties, on the report of authors, we are not to give credit to its magical virtues. These have been attributed to this, and various other plants, in which some resemblance to the moon was imagined. Even Conrad Gesner condescended to give an account of such plants, and Thomas Bartholin republished his treatise, with a few wooden cuts, at Copenhagen, in 1GG9. 476. OPHIOGLOSSUM. Adder's-tongue. Linn. Gen.:) j^. Juss. \-\. F/. Ur. 1 lOG. Tourn. t.'62b. Lam. t. 8G4. lledw. Theor. 4. t.4.f. 20—23. Sw. Syn. Fil. 8. Nat. Ord. sec 7i. 1-74. Caps, imbedded, in 2 opposite rows, in the substance of a sini])le, linear, slightly compressed, spike, naked, round- ish, of 2 ecjual, vertical, depressed valves, and 1 cell, burstiufr horizontally. Cover none. Seeds numerous, very minute, flattened, with a pellucid border. Hoot like the last. Frond solitarv, smooth, consistin«r of a simple, undivided, rarely palmate, entire iea/l and a stalked sj)i/ce, occasionally nuilli})lied, of numerous caj)su/es. I. O. rulgatunt. (\)innH)ii Ovate Addcr's-tonguc. Leaf ovate, veinle>s, about as tall as the spike. 330 CRYPTOGAM I A— FILICES. Lycopodiiim. O. vulgatum. Linn. Sp. PL \51S. WUld.v.5.58. Fl.Br.WOG. Engl. Bot. V. 2. 1. 108. Hook. Lond. t /8. Scot. p. 2. 158. Bolt. Fil. 2. t 3. Fl. Dan. t. 147. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 9. 18. Ehrh. Crypt. \7\. Bauh.Pin.354. Plum. Fil. pref.36. t.B.f.5. Moris. V. 2. o95. sect. 14. t.D, at the bottom. O. n. 1 685. Hall. Hist. r. 3. 5. Ophioglossum. Raii Syn. \2S. Trag. Hist. S23.f, Fuchs. Hist. 577. f. Ic.332.f. Matth.Valgr.v.\.5A3.f. Camer.Epit.364.f. Ger. £m.404./. In moist pastures. Perennial. May. Root rather deep in the ground, with horizontal clustered fibres. Herb very smooth, about a span high, of a deeper green than the Botrychium. The stalk pale,tapering downward. Z.ea/ in- variably solitary, ovate, rather variable in breadth, nearly up- right. ' Spike stalked, pointed, more or less elevated above the leaf, sometimes double, or lobed at the base, as Morison's figures show. 477. LYCOPODIUM. Club-moss. Linn, Gen. 561. Juss. 12. Fl. Br. 1 108. Lam. t. 872. Dill. Muse. 441. Selaginoides. Dill. Muse. 460. Lycopodioides. Dill. Muse. 462. Selago. Dill. Muse. A35. Nat. Ord. Musci. Linn. 56. Juss. 4<, spurii. LycopodinecE. Sw. Syn. Fil. 173. Br. Prodr. 164. Caps, axillary, solitary, sessile, roundish, slightly coni- pressed, of 2 equal valves, and 1 celi, bursting verti- cally. Seeds numerous, chaffy, very minute. Some species produce, besides these proper capsules., others with 2 or 3 tumid valves, containing several, Mr. Brown says from 1 to 6, globose bodies, whose real nature has not been ascertained, and which may possibly begemjnce, like those of viviparous flowers. Mr. Joseph Fox, late of Norwich, and Mr. Lindsay of Jamaica, have proved the chafiPy seeds above-mentioned to be really seeds, and have raised abundance of plants from them. See Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 2. 313 — 315. This fact seems to have escaped Dr. Wahlenberg, who has several excellent re- marks on the subject, in his Fl. Lajyp. 290—293. Lin- naeus took the capsides for anthers. The habit of this genus is peculiar, more resembling Mosses than Ferns. Stem mostly branched, either upright or CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Lycopodium. 331 trailing, densely leafy. Leaves small and narrow, in several rows, sessile, simple, undivided, either entire or serrated, of a dry and rigid substance, evergreen; those which are accompanied by capsules diminished, in some species, to the scales of a spike^ with elongated points. Caps, pale yellow, small, naked. Seeds often highly in- flammable, like powdered sulphur. 1. L. davatinn. Common Club-moss. Stem creeping. Branches ascending; partially almost naked. Leaves scattered, incurved, with iilamentous points. Spikes, two or three, cylindrical, stalked, with dilated, membranous scales. L. clavatum. Unn. Sp. PL 1564. Willd. v. 5. 16. FL Br. 1 108. Engl. Dot. V. 4. t. 224. Hook. Scot. p. 2. 1.59. FL Dan. t. 126. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. /. 18. Ehrh. Crypt. 1 12. L. n. 1722. HalLHid.v.3. 22. Lycopodium. RaiiSi/n.\07. L. vulgare pilosum amfragosum et repens. DHL Muse. 44 1 . t. 58. /. 1. Muscus terrestris. Trag. Hist. 555./. Matth. I algr. v. 1. 57. f. Comer. Epit. 32. f. Dalech. Hist. \S2A.f. M. terrestris repens, pediculis foliaceis binis clavis in altum se eri- gentibus. Pluk.Almag.2bS. P/iijL t.47 .f.8. Moris, v. 3. 623. sect. 15. t. 5.f.2. M. terrestris repens, a Trago pictus. Bank. Hist. v. 3. 75S.f. M. clavatus, sive Lvcopodium. Ger. Em. 1562./. Moris, v. 3. 623.7Z. 1. M. clavatus. Loh. lc.v.2.2AA.f. Chameiepcuce. Cord. Hist. 111. 2./. i'cs ursinus. Gcsn. de Lunariis. 64. On mountainous heaths, or stony moors, abundantly. Perennial. Julij, August. Roots of several strong scattered fibres. Stems procumbent, trail- ing, branching, leafy, several feet in length. Laircs crowded, curved upwards, linear-lanceolate, tlat, ribless, smooth, deep green, partly serrated, tipped with a capillary |)oint; those of the branches erect j the u])per ones loosely disj)frsed. Spikes terminal, usually in pairs, rarely one, or three, densely beset with shortened, dilated, ovate, entire, long-))ointed Itavts, or scales, in whose bosoms the small, sulphur-coloured capsules are situated. I never heard of more than the usual kind, whose minute, copious, volatile irrJi- are used in (Jermany for artifi- cial ligljtnijig on the stage, and are sold in tlie shops. When dispersed in tlie air, they take fire with a candle, and suddenly exj)lode. 332 CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Lycopodium. 2. L. Selaginoides . Prickly Club-moss. Stems recumbent, branched; shorter than the soHtary, ascending, tumid spikes. Leaves scattered, lanceolate, fringed ; the floral ones larger and more spreading. L. Selaginoides. Linn. Sp. PL 1565. fVilld.v.5. 28. Fl. Br. J 109. Engl. Bot. V. \6.t.\ 148. Hook. Scot. p. 2. 159. Fl. Dan. t. 70. Dicks. Dr. PL 90. H. Sicc.fasc. 7. 19. L.n. 1717. Hall HisLv. 3. 20. t. 46. f.\. Selaginoides foliis spinosis. Rati Syn. 106. Dill. Miisc.460. t.68. Muscus lerrestris erectus minor polyspermos. Raii Syn. ed. 2. 27. Moris. V. 3. 624. n. 10. sect. 15. i. 5./. 11, not 10. M. terrestris repens, clavis singularibus foliosis erectis. Scheuchz. IL Alp. \.v.\. 43. L6.f. 1. In watery heathy mountainous situations. On the loftiest mountains of Westmoreland, Wales, and the High- lands of Scotland. Perennial. August. Roots fibrous, small. Stems several, short, branched, recumbent, leafy ; a few of them ascending, elongated, and each termi- nating in a comparatively large, erect, dense, leafy, acute, yellowish, solitary spike, about an inch in length. Leaves im- bricated, lanceolate, acute, ribless, fringed, or rather toothed j those of the branches bright green ; of the spike larger, yellower, spreading, and more deeply serrated. Caps, axillary, solitary j those in the upper part of each spike bivalve, full of chaffy seeds, such as are proper to the genus ; those of the lower half rounder, more tumid, each containing four white globular bodies, one placed upon the other three. To the nature of these bodies 1 have, with much diffidence, adverted under the generic cha- racter. 3. L. inundatum. Marsh Club-moss. Stems depressed, creeping, slightly branched. Leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, pointless, entire. Spikes solitary ; their scales dilated at the base. L. inundatum. Linn. Sp. PL 1565. Willd. v. 5. 25. Fl. Br. 1110. Fngl. Bot v.4.f, 239. Hook. Scot. p. 2. 159. FL Dan. L 336. Dicks. H. Sicc.fasc. 4. 18. Ehrh. Crypt. 122. L.n. 1721. Hall. HisLv. 3. 22. L. palustre repens, clava singulari. Vaill. Par. 123. 1. 16./. 1 1. DHL Muse. 452. i. 62. f. 7. Muscus terrestris repens, clavis singularibus foliosis erectis. Raii Syn. 108. In the wet part of turfy bogs, or sandy heaths. On Hampstead and Bagshot heaths, also near Chiselhurst, and CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Lycopodium. 333 on mountains in the North. Ray. About Tonbridge. Mr. For- ster. Warwickshire. Mr. Piirton. On St. Faith's heath near Norwich. Mr. Rose. In Scotland, but not common. Lighffoot. Perennial. June, July. The stems creep very close to the ground, with many short scat- tered radicles, and are three or four inches long, slightly branch- ed, densely leafy. Leaves of a pale dull green, ascending, al- most linear, entire, acute, but not pointed or bearded. Spikes solitary, on simple, upright, leafy branches, each spike an inch, or inch and half, long, erect, rather pale, their scales dilated at the base, often with a tooth at each side near the middle. Caps. in the bosoms of the scales, solitary, pale, uniform, full of mi- nute chaffy seeds. 4. L. Selago. Fir Club-moss. Stems upright, forked, level-topped. Leaves in eight rows, uniform, lanceolate, pointless, entire, slightly spreading. L. Selago. Linn. Sp. PI. 1565. mild. v. 5. 49. H. Br. 1111. Engl. Bot.v. 4. t. 233. Hook. Scot. p. 2. \50. Fl. Dan. t. \04. Ehrh. Crypt. 1. L. n. 1716. Hall. Hist. V. 3. 19. Selago foliis et facie Abietis. Raii Syn. 106. 5. vulgaris, Abietis rubrae h\cie. Dill. Muse. 435. t. 56./. 1. Muscus terrestris abietiformis. Raii Syn. ed. 2. 27. Moris, v. 3. 624. sect. 15. t.5.f.O. M. terrestris species altera. Scheuchz. It. Alp. I. r. 1. 44. t. 6./. 2. On moist mountainous heaths, especially in alpine situations, though sometimes on sandy lowland bogs. On the high mountains of W'ales, Yorkshire, Derbyshire 8cc, Ray. In Sussex. Dillcnius, On Felthorpe bogs, Norfolk. Mr. Jo- seph Fox. Frequent in the Highlands of Scotland. Hooker. Perennial. June — August. Root fibrous. Stems a span high, composing dense tufts, level at the top, each once or twice forked, cylindrical, densely leafy all over. Leaves uniform, crowded, in eight rows, of a bright shi- ning green, permanent, lanceolate, entire, acute, j)ointless, mo- derately si)reading every way. Caps, on the uppermost shoots, axillary, kidney-shaped, uniform, with plenty of minute seedSf from which Mr. J. Fox of Norwich, by allowing them to scatter themselves on wet sandy bog-earth, raised living plants, before the year 1779, as recorded in Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 2. 315. Buds are sometimes jjroduced in the place of ra/).sM/t'.v ,- see Engl. Bot. Ligiafoot records that the highlanders use this plant, instead of alum, to fix colours in dyeing ; and that tiiey sometimes take an infusion of it, as an emetic and cathartic, though it operates vitilentlv, and, unless in a small dose, brings on giddiness and 334 CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Lycopodium. convulsions. No wonder that a decoction kills the lice of swine and oxen, as Linnaeus asserts in his Fl. Suec. 5. L. annotinum. Interrupted Club-moss. Stems recumbent at the base ; branches erect, annually pro- liferous at the summit. Leaves scattered, in five rows, lanceolate, acute, naked-pointed, slightly serrated ; the floral ones broader than they are long, imbricated. L. annotinum. Linn. Sp. PL 1 566. Willd. v. 5. 23. FL Br. 1111. EngL Bot.v. 24. f. \7'27. Hook. ScoLp.2. 159. FL Dan. t. 127. Ehrh. Crypt. 62. L. n. 1720. HalL Hist. v. 3. 21. L. elatius juniperinum, clavis sin^ularibus, sine pediculis. DiU. Muse. 455. L 63./. 9. Giss. app. 87. t. 2. Raii Syn. 107. Moris. V. 3. 624. sect. 15. t.D.f.3. Muscus terrestris repens, clavis singularibus foliosis erectis. Pluk. Almag. 258, (not 248,) Phyt. t. k05./.5. On the mountains of Wales and Scotland. In Carnarvonshire, especially on mount Glyder. Mr. Lfiwyd. On the sides of the Highland mountains, but not common. Light- foot. Upon the summit of Cairn Gorm. Hooker. Frequent in the Highlands of Scotland. Mr. G. Don. Perennial. June — August. A large and handsome species, often a foot high, though the lower part of the ste7n is recumbent and creeping, throwing out seve- ral branched radicles. The flowering brandies are erect, densely leafy, but little subdivided, each terminating in a solitary up- right spike, whose scales being deciduous, seem to leave the branch partly naked ; but it afterwards bears proper leaves, ex- cept a few diminished ones, just under where the spike had been, and produces, in the following season, another spike. Hence the jointed, or interrupted, aspect of the branches. The leaves are crowded, spreading in five rows, lanceolate, nearly flat, somewhat serrated, with a sharp naked point, but not awned, nor bearded. Spikes rather tawny, an inch, or when at matu- rity an inch and half, long j their scales shortened, and much dilated in width, assuming an ovate, or sometimes a kidney-like, shape, though always pointed. Caps, kidney-shaped, but smaller. We have this species from North America, and Mr. Menzies brought it also from Banks's isles, on the north-west coast of that continent. 6. L. alpinum. Savin -leaved Club-moss. Stems prostrate. Branches erect, clustered, forked, level- lopped. Leaves acute, keeled, imbricated in four rows. Scales of the spikes ovate-lanceolate, flat. CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Equisetum. 335 L. alpinum. Linn. Sp. PL 1567. Fl. Lapp. ed. 2. 338. t. 1 1 ./. G. mild. V. 5. 20. Fl. Br. 1 112. Engl. Bot. v. 4. t. 234. HooA:. Scoi. p. 2. 159. F/. Drt7i. t. 79. DirAx Dr. P/. 46. Ehrh. Crypt. 1 1 . L. n. 1719. Hall. Hist. V. 3. 2\. L. Sabinse facie. Raii Sijn. 108. Dill. Muse. 445. ^ 58./. 2. On the highest mountains of Scotland, Wales, and the north of England, in stony and rather moist situations, plentifully. Perennial. August. Stems round, strong, smooth, somewhat leafy, prostrate, creep- ing, by means ot scattered fibrous radicles, to a considerable extent, and bearing many tufts of upright, forked, densely leafy, level-topped, partly flowering, branches, from two to four inches high. Leaves of a deep glaucous green, rather loosely imbri- cated in four rows, small, acute, keeled, uniform, entire, point- less. Spikes numerous, solitary, erect, cylindrical, from half an inch to an inch long, of a pale yellowish green. Scales ovate, pointed, not quite entire, flat, membranous. Caps, nearly orbi- cular, yellowish, uniform. A very handsome evergreen, with much of the aspect of a Juniper or Savin. It is bitter, with something of an aromatic flavour, and an emetic quality ; but though so abundant in Scotland and the Hebrides, Lightfoot does not mention its being applied to any use. Dillenius, though he well knew this species, and has correctly de- lineated the e.KOtic L. complanatum, certainly misapplied syno- nyms of Tragus, Gerarde, Dalechamp and the two Bauhins, to L. alpinum, which belong to the complanatum. The taller, less leafv, flowering branches, well represented in the old wooden figures of the above authors, are decidedly characteristic of L. complanatum, to say nothing of the compressed foliage. 478. EQUISETUM. Horsetail. Linn. Gen. iK>9. Juss.\7. Fl. Br. \\02. Tourn.t.307. Lam.t.SG2. Hedw. T/ieor. 33. t. 1,2. Nat. Ord. Conifer ce P Linn. 51. Filicrs dubi(C. Jiiss. 5. Quite undetermined, thou^rh tliis «rcnus is certainly akin to Fi/iccs, antl even to ralnur, or at least Cijcadccc. See Ih. Prodr. 34G. Catkin ovate-oblong, tessellated, close, of many l^eltate, stalked scales, on a simple common stalk, each scale un- ^rular in front, bearing at the back from 4 to 7 oblong membranous tr//.s-, parallel to each other, and to iW par- tial stalk of the scale, which they surrounil, each finally bursting' len«rth\vise into 2 eciual valves. Cone rather 336 CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Equisetum. elongated, the scales separating from each other, disclos- ing the cells, which discharge abundance of very minute globular seeds. Every seed, or germen, is encompassed with 4 spiral Jilamcnts, attached to its base, and termi- nating in 4 dilated flat appendages, taken by Hedwig for anthers, and producing a fine powder, or pollen. Roots perennial, creeping. Stems herbaceous, more or less branched, furrowed, tubular, jointed, with a cylindrical, shai'p-toothed, membranous sheath, arising from each joint, and embracing a portion of the stem or branch above it. Leaves none. Catkiris terminal, stalked, soli- tary, erect, naked, brown or blackish. Some species bear them singly, on simple, radical, many-sheathed shoots, soon withering away, before the copiously- branched sterile fronds appear. In others they termi- nate the proper y;•o;^6?. Several, like Grasses, secrete a quantity of flinty earth, mostly lodged in their cuticle. They are natives of marshy or watery situations, chiefly in cold or temperate climates. Many of the older syno- nyms are very obscure. 1. E. sylvaticum. Branched Wood Horsetail. Branches compound, curved downwards, smooth. E. sylvaticum. Lm«. -S>. P/. 15 16, Willd.v.h.Z, Fl. Br. \\02. Engl. Bot. V. 27. t. 1874. Hafod Tour, 15. Hook. Scot. p. 2. 161. Bolt. Fit. 30. t. 32, 33. Fl.Dan. t.\\82. Ehrh.Crypt. 161. Rail Sijn. 130. E. n. 1680. Hall. Hist. V. 3. 3. E. sylvaticum, tenuissimis setis. Bauh. Tkeatr. 245./. E. sive Hippuris tenuissima non aspera. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. 723, 2./ 724. /3. E. sylvaticum procumbens, setis uno versa dispositis. Dill, in Rail Syn. 131. In shady moist woods, by trickling rills, but not very frequent. Found chiefly in mountainous situations. By a wet dripping rock, beyond Tyloge bridge, to the left^ at Hafod, Cardiganshire. Perennial, j.'ipril, May. A very elegant species, twelve or eighteen inches high. Stems erect, beset with many whorls of slender, compound, angular, smooth (not rough) spreading branches, drooping at the ends; each whorl having a pale-brown torn sheath above it. Catkin solitary, terminal, erect, ovate, on a naked stalk. The variety |3 is a very trivial one, accidentally procumbent, whence the branches are ail turned upwards from the ground, and be- come unilateral. CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Equisetum. 337 2. Ya, fluviatile. Great Water Horsetail. Sterile stems beset with innumerable, roughish, doubly angular, branches ; flowering ones unbranched, with numerous, crowded, deeply toothed sheaths. E. fluviatile. Linn. Sp. PL 1517. Willd. v. 5. 2. Fl. Br. 11 04. Engl. Bot. V. 29. t. 2022. Hook. Scot. p.2.\6\. Bolt. Fil. C6. ^.36,37. E. n. 167-5. Hall. Hist. V. 3. 1. E. Telmateia. Ehrh. Beitr. v. 2. 159. Crypt. 3\. Fl. Dan. t. 1469. E. eburneum. Roth. Catal. v. 1. 129. E. majus. Raii Syn. 130. Ger. Em. 1 1 13./. E. primum. Mat}h. Falgr. v. 2. 373./. Dalc.ch Hist. 1069./. E. palustre longioribus setis. Bauh. Tlieatr. 241./. Hippuris. Lob. Ic. 793. f. H. major. Dod. Penipt. 73. f. In watery places, about the banks of rivers and lakes. Perennial. April. This is by far our largest species, differing from the foregoing in bearing the fructification on a separate stent from the branched or whorled /ro/?r/; as is likewise the case with the following one, E. arvense. All the others, hitlierto observed in Britam, have terminal catkins, at the tops of the fronds. The sterile stems of E.Jluviatile are quite erect, at least a yard high, often much more, furnished from top to bottom with whorls ot numerous, long, slender, minutely rough, distantly jointed, not often divided, branches, whose four angles have each a longitudinal furrow, first noticed by Mr. J. D. Sowerby, constituting a clear distinction between the present species and the next. Each joint is crowned by a small sheath, having four or five long pide teeth. The large cylindrical catkins stand uj^on much sliorter unbranched stems, appearing before the others, invested with nine or ten pale, tubular, ribbed sheaths, nearly close together, each of which terminates in a fringe of long, upright, brown teeth, amounting, as Ilaller observes, to forty. In the next species they are scarcely half so many, and the sheaths are but about three or four, rarely five, on each stem. 3. E. arvense. Corn Horsetail. Sterile stems beset with r(Mighisli, mostly simple, angular branches; flowering ones unbranched; their sheaths distant, deeply toothed. E. arvense. /w/i/i. .S>. /V. 15 16. H'llld. v.5. \. Ft. Br.\\03. Engl. Bot. V. 29. /. 2020. Hnok. Scot. />. 2. 160. Curt. Land. fasc. 1. t. 61. Bolt. Fit. 62. /. 34. Ehrh. Crypt. 21. E. n. 1676. Hall. Hist. v. 3. 2. E. arvense, longioribus sells. Raii Syn. \3i). Bauh. Tluair.2\7 . f. roL. IV. z 338 CRYPTOGAMIA—FILICES. Equisetum. E. segetale. Ger. Em. 1114./. E. secundum. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 374. Camer. Epit. 771 ./. E. alterum. Lob. /c. 794./. E. alterum, sive minus, Matthioli. Dalech. Hist. 1070./. 1, 2. E. minus tevrestre. Bauh. Hist. v. 3. p. 2. 723, 2.//. E. longius. Fuchs. Hist. 322. f. Hippuris minor. Dod. Fempt. 73,f,f. Trag. Hist. 694. f. Lob. Ic. 794. f. /3. Equisetum pratense, longissimis setis. Dill, in Rail Syn. 130. Bauh. Theatr. 246./. E. minus. Fuchs. Hist. 323. f. In moist cornfields^ or meadows, frequent. Perennial. March, April. Root much branched, creeping extensively, producing in the spring several simple, upright, flowering stems, quite destitute of branches, a span high, cylindrical, smooth, juicy, of a pale brown, bearing three or four, rather distant, membranous, cylindrical, brown-ribbed sheaths, with about twenty deep, sharp, darker, upright teeth, or segments j and at the top a solitary, ovate-oblong, brown catkin, whose scales, when ripe, separate, and show the white cells, as in other species. After the flowering shoots are withered the green sterile fronds ap- pear, twice or thrice as long as the former, either upright or decumbent, beset from top to bottom with many whorls of slender, jointed, spreading, roughish, green branches, mostly simple, with simple angles ; the lower ones sometimes elongated or branched } their joints surmounted by small pale sheaths. These fronds are reckoned unwholesome to such animals as feed upon them in autumn, especially swine. The flowering stems were mistaken by Mr. Lawson for our E. varie- gatum, n. 7, under whose synonym they are mentioned in Rail Syn. 130. n. 3, not without a proper warning from Dillenius. 4. E. paliistre. Marsh Horsetail. Stem deeply furrowed, branched throughout, with a ter- minal catkin ; branches simple, erect, roughish, with simple angles. E. palustre. Linn. Sp. PI. 1516. TVilld. v. 5. 5. Fl. Br. 1103. Engl. Bot.v. 29. t. 2021. Hook. Scot. p. 2. 16\. Bolt. Fil.64. t. 35. Fl. Dan. t. 1 183. Raii Sijn. 131. Lob. Ic. 795. f. Ger. Em. 1114./. Ehrh. Crypt. 6\. E. n. 1677. Hall. Hist. ?;. 3. 2 3 excluding most of the varieties. /3. E. palustre, tenuissimis et longissimis setis. Bauh. Prodr. 24 ? Raii Syn. 131 ? E. palustre minus polystachion. Bauh. Prodr, 24. Dill, in Raii Syn. ]3\.t.5.f.3. CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. Equisetum. 339 In spongy watery bogs not uncommon. Perennial. June, July. 6'^em rather slender, deeply furrowed, beset throughout with whorls of slender, ascending, deeply furrowed, angular, minutely rough branches, whose joints are each crowned with a small deeplv- toothed sheath, often paler than in the foregoing. The terminal catkin, always solitary, at the top of the frond, most essentially distinguishes this species from E. arvense, agreeing so far with the following, but is more slender and cylindrical than either. The variety /3 I have not examined ; the y is similar to what oc- curs in E. limosum, confounded with the present by Huller. 5. E. ihnosiun. Smooth Naked Horsetail. Stem partially naked, striated, smooth as well as tlie branches. Catkin terminal, elliptical. E. limosum. Linn. Sp. PI. 1517. Willd. v. 5. 4. Fl. Br. 1 105 En^l. Bot.v. 13. ^.929. Hook. Scot. p. 2. 161. Bolt. Fil. 68. <. 38. E. fluviatile. Fl. Dan. t. 1 1S4. Ehrh. Criipt. 41. PI. Off. 290. E. n. 1677/3. Hall. Hist. v. 3.2. E. nudum Isevius nostras. Raii Sijn. 131. t. 5./. 2, a, b. In marshy watery places frequent. Perennial. June, July. Stems stouter than the last, about two feet high, very smooth to the touch, though finely striated, not deeply furrowed ; either quite simple, or more usually furnished, in the upper part, with several simple, ascending, shortish //ra/zc/it'i, striated and smooth like the stem. Sheaths rather short, with many short brown teeth. Catkin large, elliptical, bluntish. One Swiss specimen, from Mr. Davall, has a small catkin at the summit of each branch of the three uppermost whorU, resem- bling the variety of E. palustre, represented bv Dillenius in Ray's Synopsis, t. ti.f. 3 ; hut the stem is not dee])ly furrowed, as in that figure, which by this character is identified with E. pa- lustre. I have seen no such variety of E. limosum in England. 6. E. hycmale. Greater Rough Horsetaih Shave- grass. Stem naked, very rough, mostly branching at the base. SIrjiiIis whitish ; black at the top and bottom ; teeth decitluous. Catkin terminal. E. hyemale. Lmn. Sp. PI. ]:>\7. U'dhl. v. 5. S. /7. Br. I IOj. En/. l.-,(.S. trUl,!. r.:>.:>:\\. I'l. Ur. 11 14- En^L Hot. V. Hi. /. lUS 1. Hook. Scot. p.'l. I C'O. Loud. t. LSI. Bull. Fil.7\. t.W. ri.Dun.t. \[)\. Calamaria folio hrcviorc et crassiorc. Dili Muse. 5-10. /.SO./. 1 . 344 CRYPTOGAMIA-FILICES. Isoete^, Subularia vulgaris erecta, folio rigidissimo. Rail Syii. 306. S. lacustris, seu Calamistrum, herba aquatico-alpina. Raii Syn. ed. 1.210. t.2. /3. Culamaria folio longiore et graciliore. Dill. Muse. 541. t. 80. /• 2- Subularia fragilis^ folio longiore et tenuiore. Dill, in Raii Syn. 307. in the more shallow parts of the bottoms of clear alpine lakes. In most of the lakes of North Wales, Scotland, Cumberland, and Westmoreland, composing a sort of green inundated turf. Mr. Lhwyd appears to have first remarked it in Britain. Perennial. May, June. The long, simple, somewhat hairy, fibres run perpendicularly down from the tuberous root into the ground. Each plant, having no stem, consists of a tuft of numerous awl-shaped /rowds, more or less upright, acute, smooth, obtusely quadrangular, all varying in height, in different individuals, from three to nine inches. In- ternally they are formed of four longitudinal cells, having nu- merous transverse partitions. At the base each frond is dilated, with a membranous edge bordering the solitary, oval, flattened common receptacles above described. Of these that which ripens its contents the latest is judged to be the seed-vessel. The seeds are pure white, granulated all over, as in the East Indian species, whose common receptacle is certainly of but one cell, which, after the seeds fall out, is lined with their permanent stalks. The taller, more slender, and brittle variety /2, observed by Dr. Richardson, may perhaps be caused by those sudden risings of the waters, so frequent in mountainous countries, which will account for all the peculiar characters of this variety. Fish ure said to feed, and grow fat, on the hoetes. i 345 ] Several circumstances have caused a long delay in the publication of the present volume, which, if their recurrence should not be prevented, may ren- der the completion of the work, according to its original plan, very precarious. In the mean while, the number of volumes originally proposed is now finished, and the first 23 Classes are completed, as well as the first Order of the 24th, Cryptogamia Filices, the only one that required more study and emendation than it has hitherto received. Of the remaining Orders, the Miisci have been de- tailed in the Latin Flora Brntann'ica and Compen- dium of the author, as well as in his English Bo- tany; and by other well-known writers, in two editions of the Muscologia Britannica^ and the Muscologiai Hiberniccr SpicUeghim, Still this beautiful and interesting tribe of plants might prove susceptible of much illustration to English readers, and of some improvements relative to generic dis- tribution, on principles too little studied by the pursuers of superabundant discrimination, instead of philosophical combinations. This is the bane of natural science at the present day. Hence the filum Ar'iadneuni is lost, or wilfully thrown away, and a bandage darkens the sight of the teacher no less than that of the student. The monograph of Dr. Hooker on British Junger- tnaniiucy which, with their allies, constitute the next Order to the Musri^ dilVuses a new light over the whole of that Order. The works of Mr. Daw- son Turner on Fuci^ and of Mr. Dillwyn on Con- ferva\ have gone far to exhaust the species of those tribes, an ap|)lication of scientific principles to the settlement of their genera being all that is wanting. The L'uhtn family, under the eontroul of the great [ 346 ] Acharius, assumes the dignity of an entire and well-arranged Order. The Fungi^ better discrimi- nated by Withering than by most popular writers, and well explained by the figures of the excellent and lamented Sowerby, are, in their minutest de- tails, exquisitely illustrated by the Cryptogaynic Flora of the ingenious Dr. Greville, and the accu- rate publications of Mr. Purton. These, mar- shalled by the aid of the learned Persoon and others, might possibly have proved less obscure than heretofore. This tribe indeed leads the bo- tanist to the end of his clue, and leaves him in pal- pable darkness, where even Dillenius was bewil- dered. All these subjects, if not yet brought into perfect day- light, might well, by the help of those brilliant northern lights, Acharius, Fries and Agardh, have been made more accessible to the student, and more instructive to systematic botanists, by one long accustomed to their contemplation in the wild scenes of Nature, and not unfurnished with remarks of his own. If our bodily powers could keep pace with our mental acquirements, the student of half a century would not shrink from the delightful task of being still a teacher ; nor does he resign the hope of affording some future assistance to his fel- loW'labourers, though for the present, "a change of study," to use the expression of a great French writer, may be requisite " by way of relaxation and repose." The student of the Phsenogamic Plants of Britain will, it is hoped, find this publication sufficient for his purpose. The numerous and very curious ad- ditions, received by the author during its progress, and announced at the end of the 23rd Class, en- courage him to think the subject is far from ex- hausted, and to look for still more discoveries to enrich his future volumes whenever they may ap- pear. INDEX OF THE NATURAL OIlDEllS IN VOL. IV. Aggregat.e page 236 Amaranthi 137 Amentacese. . . . 131, 148-157, 163-232,238,242 Avistolochiee 52 Aroicleae 71-75, 145 Asparagi 234,241 Asphodeleae 24 1 Atriplices 255 Calamariae 71-129 CalycanthemcB 264 Calyciflor?e 237 Capritoliii 236 Chenopodcnc 255 Compositue 136 Coniferee . . 158,233,250-254, 335 Corymbiferaj 136 Cucuibitaccae 138 Cyciidea^ 335 C'yperiicesc 76-129 C'yperoidcte 76-129 Eleagni 237 Ensatac 139 EritiE 233 Kuphorbiae .... :>S, 132, 247 Filiccs 275, 280-329, 335-344 rUiviules 69 Holeraceae 137-255 Holoraircac 141-111 Hydrocharideae. . page 144,249 Inundatse 69, 141-144 Junci 139, 144 Lorantheae 236 Lycupodinece 330 Marsileacece 341-344 Miscellaneae 233 Musci 330 Mvrsineae 233 Naiades 69, 141-144 Ophioglossece 329 Orchideaj 3-52, 27 > Osmundacece 326 Palniic 249,335 Piperitc-B 71-75, 145 Plantagines 130 Kestiaceaj 139 Rha'adeae 52 Ro.sacecc 147 Salicariae 264 SaiUalacca? 237 SarnuntaceoE . . 52, 234, 241 Scabridcfi 133,210 Sempervivx 246 Scnticosae 147 Succulcntac 246 Tricoccrc 58, 132, 247 Tripetaloideie 144 Tvj)h.'P 7 1-75 U'llUx 133,240 INDEX OF THE LATIN, GREEK, FRENCH, OR OTHER FOREIGN NAMES. IN VOL. IV. The synonynis,as well as the names of plants incidentally mentioned, are in Italics, those of the genera in cajntals. ACERAS page 1,24-26 A. anthropophora 25 Aconitum monococcum. ... 266 Acrostichum alpinum . . . , 323 A. hyperboreum 323 — ilvense 322, 323 — MarantcB 302 — septentrionale 308 — Thelypteris 285 ADIANTUM 276, 320 Adiantum 321 A. album 299,306,312 crispum alpinum .319 Jilicis folio. . 299, 31 1 Jloridum 319 tenuifolium, Ru- tce muraricB accedens 303, 310 — candidum 321 — Capillus Veneris .... 320 — filicinum aquaticummol- lius minimum 299 — ■ durius crispum minimum 312 — foliis coriandri 321 longioribus pulve- rulentiSj pediculo nigro . 310 minuthn in oblon- gum scissis, pediculo vi- ridi 310 — • magnum 321 Adiantum majus, coriandri folio page307 — maritimum, segmentis rotundioribus 305 — nigrum 321 officinarum .... 310 pinnulis cicutarice divisurd 303 Plinii 310 — novum germanicum, ru- t(E murarice facie 309 — petrceum perpusillum anglicum, foliis bifidis vel trifidis 326 — radicosum humi-spar- sum ; et erectius 326 — sive Fil'ix trichomanoides 307 — trapeziforme 307 — vero affine nostras mi- nus, folio obtuso, saturate viridi, altiils inciso .... 307 Alisma quorundam 43 A. ranunculoides 267 — repens 264, 266 ALNUS 56, 131 Alnus 132 A. glutinosa 131 Alsinepaluslris.seupaludo- sa, rotundifolia repens, fo- liis portulacce pin guibus^&c. 264 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 349 Msine rubella page 267 A. verna 263 AMARANTHUS.... 56, 137 A. Blitum 137 Anacampseros radice rosam spirante major 246 Anthericum serotinum . . 265 Aponogeton aquaticum gra- minifoliuin, staminibus simplicibus /O Arctium 137 Arenaiia rubella 267 ARISTOLOCHIA . . 2, 52-54 A. Clematitis 53 — ■ recta 53 vulgaris . . 53 — longa 53 vulgaris 53 — mulliflora 53 — rotunda 53 — Saracenica 53 ARUM 58, 145-147 Arum 146 A. maculatum 146 — officinarum 146 — vulgare 146 Asarum 53 ASPIDIUM .. 275,284-297 A. aculeatum 200 ^aculcatum .. 285,291,292 — alpuium 304 — angulare 291 — angulare 292 — cristatum 289 ^cristalum 288,293 — dentatum 300 — dilatatum 293 — dilutahim . . 293, 295, 302 — dumetorum 294 — dumetorum 302 — Filix fomina . . 295 — Fdix ftvmina . . 313 — Filix mas . » . . 28S — Fdix mas .... 295 — fontanum .... .. 312,313 — fragUe .. 299,301 — Halleri .. 312,313 Aspidium lobatum . . page A. Lonchitis — Lonchitis — Oreopteris — regium — rhcpticum — spinulosum — spinulosum 293, — Thelvpteris ASPLENIUM . . 275, 304- Asplenium A. Adiantum nigrum .... — alternifolium — Breynii — Ceterach — Filix fcemina — fontanum — germanicum — lanceolatum — marmum . . . . — Ruta muraria. . — Scolopendria . . — Scolopcndrium — septentrionale — Trichomanes . . ramosum — viride Asplenon sylvestre Asplenum Astragaloides A. altera herbariorum. . . . Athipium ATRIPLEX 255 A. angustifolia dcntata. . . . • laciniata . . 291 284 290 286 303 301 292 295 285 -313 314 310 309 309 315 295 312 309 311 307 309 315 314 308 305 306 306 317 315 269 269 297 -261 258 260 259 mar it una iniguum 296 dcntata - angustissimo ct loiigis- simo folio - angusto oblongo folio. . - erectii - Iiastata 257, - laciniata - laciniata - littoralis 260 260 260 259 259 258 257 258 260 350 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. ^triplex marina page 257, 260 ^. repens .... 257 semine lato . 261 — marince species Vale- rando 2.58 — maritima 257 — ■ ad foliorum ba- sin velut auriculataypro- cumhens,etnevixsinuata 258 — ' angustifolia ob- tusiore folio 260 — —— fruticosa, Ha- limus et Portulaca mari- na dicta, angustifolia . . 256 Halimus dicta erecfa, semine folliculis membranac.eis bivalvihus, in latitudinem porrectis, et utrinque recurvis, Ion- go pedunculo insidentibus clauso 261 — ■ nostras, Ocimi minoris folio 261 — proce- rior, foliis angulosis in- canis, admodum sinuatis 257 perennis, folio deltoids seu triangulari, minils incano 258 — ■ scoparicB folio 260 — minima angustifolia ma- ritima 260 — patula 257 — patula 258, 259 — pedunculata 261 — portulacoides 256 — serrata 260 — sylvestris angustifolia . 259 — annua, folio deltoide, triangulari, si- nuato et mucronato, has- tcB cuspidi simili 257 folio hastato seu deltoide 257 — ■ humillima .... 259 — ' pohjgoni aut helxines foliis ', 259 prima 259 Atriplex sylvestris secun- da page 257 A. • sinuata 257 vulgaris .... 257 — vulgaris angustifolia . . 259 Avellana nux sylvestris .. 157 Bardana minor 136 BETULA 58, 153-155 Betula 153, 154 B. alba 153 -^ Alnus 132 — emarginata 132 — nana 154 suecorum 154 — palustris pumila, folds parvis rotundis 1 54 — pendula 154 — pendulis virgulis .... 154 — puhescens 153 — verrucosa 154 Betulus 156 B. sive Carpinus 156 Bicornes 6 BifoUum 37 B. bulbosum 48 — majus, seu Ophris major 37 — minimum 38 — pa lustre 47 BLECHNUM 2/6,316 B. boreale 316 Blitum album 137 B. rubrum 137 minus 137 BOTRYCHIUM 276, 328, 329 B. Lunaria 328 — rutaceum 328 BRYONIA 56,138,139 Bryonia 138 B.alba 138, 139 — aspera, sive alba, baccis rubris 138 — dioica 138 — nigra 241 BUXUS 56, 132, 133 Buxus 133 B. angustifolia 133 — sempervirens 133 — ■ -• arborescens 133 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 351 Calamaria page 343 C. folio breviore et crassiore 343 — — longiore et graci- liore 344 Calamistrum 344 Calceoius 50, 5 1 C. Marianus 51 — Marice 51 Caltha 62 Capillus Veneris 310,321 CAREX 55, 76-129 Carex 77 C. acuta 119 — acuta 120, 121 — acutiformis 120 — ccthiopica 122 — Agastachys 95 — alpina 98 foliis caryophyl- 1e' , caule concinn^ tri- quetro, capitulis compac- tis, pulchelUs, atiisettu- 7nentibus,kc 104 — anibleocarpa 115 — ampullacea 124 — angustifolia 127 — aiigustifolia 128 caule tri- quetro, capitulis pul- chellis, &c — arenaria — arenaria — atrata — atrata 103 — atro-fusca 103 — axillaris 84 — axillaris 84 — binervis 110 — brizoules 81 84 85 86 103 117 116, 119, 121 81,89 1 00 96 77, 78 94 crassa 121 turta 81 — Citspitosa . — cccspitosa. . — canesccns. . — capillaris . — capillaris . — capita ta . . — ( landestinu Carex Davalliana. . . . page 78 C. decumbens 112 — depauperata 97 — digitata 93 — dioica 77 — dioica 78, 79 — distans 109 — distons ..98, 99, 107, 108, 110 — disticha 86 — divisa 87 — divisa 89 — divulsa 89 — divulsa 90 — Drymeia 96 — echinata 80 — elegans 102 — elongata 82 — elongata 81 — extensa 1 08 — extensa 107 — filiformis 128 — Jiliformis.... 100, 111, 112, 125, 127 —flacca 115, 116 — flava 106 —Jiava 107-109 — fulva 107 — fulva 109 —fusca 104, IIG — glauca 115,116 — globularis 127 — gracilis 83, 119 — hirla 1 25 — hirta 127-129 — hordeiforniis. . ....... 126 — humilis 94 — hybrida 129 — incurva 85 — in/lata 123 — intermedin 86 — juncifolia 85 — Lachenalii S3 — lievigata 122 — la^opina 83 — lasiocarpa 128 — 1,'porina 82, 83 — Leptostachys 96 352 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Carex Leucoglochin . . page 79 C. limosa 102 •^limosa 101, 103, 115 — - loliacea 83, 88 — ■ maritima humilis, rad'ice repente, caule trilatero, spied spadicea, &c 86 — maxima 95 — Micheliana 115 — Michelii 97 — Mielichoferi 98 — Mielichoferi 99 — minima caulibus 8i foliis capillaceis, capitulo sin- gulari tenuiori, capsulis oblongis utrinque acu- minatis et deorsum re- Jiexis 79 — minor, radice fibrosd,fo- liis angustioribus, caule exquisite triangulari, spi- ed sesquiunciali mutilatd 80 . — montana 11 1-1 13 — mucronata 116 — multiculmis 82 — muricata 88 ^muricata 80,89,91 — nardifolia 128 — nemorosa, Jibrosd ra- dice, angustifolia mini' ma, caule exquisite trian- gulari, spied brevi inter- ruptd 88 Jibrosd radice, caule exquisite triangu- lari, spied longd, divul- sd, seu interruptd, capi- tulis omnibus solitariis. . 89 Jibrosd radice, &c. &c. capitulis solita- riis prcBterquam ultimo . 89 — nigra 103 — nutans 127 — obtusangula 124 — Oederi 107 — ornit/wpoda 94 — oval is 82 — pallescens 1 05 Carex paludosa page 120 C. paludosa 121 — palustris major, radice Jibrosd, caule exquisite triangulari, spied brevi, &c. J also spied longd, &c. 90 s — . media, radice Jibrosd, caule exquisite triangulari, spied brevi compactiori 88 — panicea 114 — paniculata 92 — patula 79,96, 122 — pauciflora 79 — pedata 94 — pendula 95 — pendula 115 — phaeostachya 99 — pilulifera 112 — pilulifera 106 — prsecox 1 1 1 — prostrata 94 — Pseudo-cyperus 101 — Psijllophora 79 — ^ pulicaris 78 — pulla 104 --pulla 104, 127 «— ' radice repente, caule ex- quisite triangulari, spied multipliciferrugined, also spied multiplici fused . . 92 — rariflora 1 00 — recurva 114 — recurva 120, 127 — reniota 84 — repens 86 — rigida 116 — rigida 127 — riparia 121 — rostrata 124 — salina 99,100 — saxatilis 104, HI, 116, 117 — Schrebcri 112 — secalina 126 — speirostachya 98 — speirostachya 107-109,111 — sphcerocarpa 113 — spicata 88 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 3:)3 page Carex splendida C. stellulata — stictocarpa — stolonifera — straminea — stiicta — stricta 121, — strigosa — strigosa — sylvatica — sijlvatica — tenella — tenella — teretiuscula — teretiuscula — tomentosa — tomentosa — trijiora — ustulata — ustulata — ventricosa — vesicaria — vesicaria. . 96, 97, 121, — vulpina CARPINUS.... 57, 15.5, Carpinus C. Bctulus Castanca 150- C. sativa — vesca — vulgaris Cataputia minor C. vulgaris Ceratocarpus salinus .... CEKATOIMIYLLIJM.. .. 1 il, C. demersuni — flemcrsuin — subincrsum C'etcracli r. olficinarun) Chccropliyllum sylvcstre . . CliamfC/ilix marina anglica Clianueitea Cliamcemcspilus C7i. Grsneri ChamccorrUis liiifolui .... Chamcepeuci 128 80 127 111 83 118 128 95 97 96 124 83 81 91 93 113 128 97 103 104 97 123 124 90 156 156 155 153 151 151 151 61 61 261 •'>7, 142 141 142 142 313 315 304 307 212 266 2(i6 •IS 33 I Characias amygdaloides page 68 Ch. MonspelUensis 69 Chenopodium 255 Cicutaria 304 CORALLORRHIZA. 2,49,50 C'. innata 49 CORYLUS :>7, 156-158 C. Avellana 157 — sijlvestris 157 Cotoneaster 266 C. folio rotundonon serrato 266 Crocus orient a lis vermis, Jlore subccBruleo, externe spadiceo-rubente 262 C. reticulatus 262 — susianus . 262 — vernus latifoUus Jiavo vario Jlore 262 Jlore Jlavo striis violaceis .... 262 Crowea saligna 193 CRYITOGAMIA 277 Cijathea 297 C. dentata 300 — fragiUs 299-303 — incisa 303 — regia 303 Cijmbidium corallorrhizon . 49 C. Lccselii . 4S Cynocrambe 248 C. mas etfannina 248 Cynosorcliis II C. alter 16 — Dracontias,foliis etjio- ribus impense ruhris. ... 21 — latifolia, liiante cucullo, major 14 spica compact (i H) — major 10 altera 16 — major is secunda species 11 — mUitaris major 13 minor 14 pratensis humi- lior 12 — minor panuonica .... 12 — morio 1 ' fn'mina 1 I 2 A 334 NDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Cynosorchis morio mas . page 1 1 C. nostras major 10 — palustris platyphijlla . . 21 — tertia 10 Cyperoides 76 C. alpinum pulchrum,folus caryophyllais, spicis atris et tumentihus 104 spicis seminiferis pendulis, binis in summo caule 100 — angustifolium montanuni folliculis seminum viltosis 1 1 3 — aquaticum maximum, fo- liis vix unciam latis, caule exquisite triangulari, spi- cis habitioribus erectis, squamis in aristam lon- gius prodnctis, capsulis oblongis bifidis 121 — echinatum majus .... 108 — foliis caryophylleis, caule exquisite triangulari, spi- cis habitioribus, squamis Curtis obtuse mucronatis, capsulis turbinatis brevi- bus confertis 115 '- caule rotundo-triquetro , spicis e rarioribus et tumidioribus vesicis compositis 114 — germanicum, foliis bre- vibus rigidis acutis, caule rotundo-triquetro, spicis parviSi squamis obtuse mucronatis, capsulis ob- longis turbinatis, in an- gustum et longiusculum apicem attenuatis 116 — montanum humile angus' tifolium, culmo velutifo- lioso, spicis obsesso .... 94 — - — ■ — nemorosum, caule triquetro-compresso, spicis ferrugineis tenuioribus, inter se distantibus, cap* sulis rariils dispositis, ob- longis, turbinatis, trilateris 93 Cyperoides palustre, spicis pupureo spadiceis, tenuis bus pediculis insidenti- bus page 1 1 5 C. parvum &c 77, 78 — polystachyon lanugino- sum 125 spicis laxispan- iculam veluti componen- tibus ^. 82 — spied pendula breviore, squamis e spadiceo vet fusco rutilante, viridibus 102 — spicis parvis, longe di- stantibus 109 — vernum, caule rotundo- triquetro, spicis semina- libus densioribus, binis vel ternis, &c Ill — vesicarium humile, locus- tis rarioribus 97 — spicis viridanti- bus, vel subfuscis 123 Cyperus alpinus longus ino- dorus, paniculd ferrugi- nea, minus sparsa .... 92 CYPRIPEDIUM. ... 2, 50-52 Cypripedium 4, 6, 29, 51 C. Calceolus 51 — parvjflorum 52 CYSTEA 275, 297-304 C. angustata 30 1 — angustata 302, 303 — dentata 300 — fragilis 298 —fragilis 303, 304 — regia 302 — regia 310 Cystopteris 297 C, fragilis 299 Damasonii species quibus- dam 51 Damasonium alpinum, &c. 43,45 D. sive Elleborine, Jloribus albis 43 — purpureum dilutum . . 45 Darea . . . .^ 305 D. tunbrigensis minor. . . . 326 INDEX or LATIN NAMES. 355 ^a,(pyYj page 235 Dentaria coralloide radice 49 D. minor 49 DichotophyUon 141 Diotis 272 ^poLKOvrea, (Xixpr) 146 Dryopteris 312 D. alba 299 — Candida 311 — nigra 310 — Tragi 283, 286 Elceagmis 228, 239 Eleocharis multicaulis .... 78 Elleborine 40 E.ferruginea 51 — quarta 45 — quinta 45 — recentiorum prima .... 51 sexta 45 — ' tertia 43 — sexta 45 EMPETRUM. . 160, 233, 234 Empeirum 310 E. vwntanum, fructu nigro 233 — nigrum 233 Epimedium Dioscoridis . . 328 Epimelis 267 EPIPACTIS 2, 40-46 Epipactis, . 6, 22, 33, 35,37-40 42-45 jE. angustis Joliis 43 — cordata 38 — ensifolia 44 — grandiflora 43 — latifolia 40 — latifolia 43 — Nidus avis 39 — ovdta 3/ — pallens 43 — palustris 42 — purpurata 41 — rubra 45 Xiphophylla 44 EgUISETUM..276, 335-341 Equisetum 340 E. alterum 338 sive minus Mat~ thioli 338 Equisetum arvense . . page 337 E. arvense longioribus setis 337 — eburneum 337 — fluviatile 337 —fuviatile 339 — foliis nudum, non ramo- sum 340 — hyemale 339 — hyemale 341 — junceum 340 — limosum 339 — limosum 339 — longius 338 — majus 337 — minus 338 terrestre 338 — nudum 340 IcBvius nostras . . 339 minus variegatum Basiliense 340 — palustre 338 — palustre 339 longioribus setis 337 ynitius polysta- chion 339 tenuissimis et longissimis setis 339 — pratense longissimis setis 338 — primum 337 — secundum 338 — segetale 338 — sire Hippuris tenuissima non aspera 336 — sub aqua repens, foliis bifurcis 142 — sylvaticwn 336 procumbens, setis uno versu dispositis .... 336 tenuissimis setis . 336 — Telniateia 337 — tertium 340 — variegatum 340 Erica 234 E. baccifera 234 — procumbens .. 234 — cor is folio undcrima , . 234 EIIIOCAULON..56, 139, 140 2 a2 356 [NDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Eriocaulon decangular e. .p. 140 E. septangulare 140 Esula 65 E. caule crasso 69 — exigua 61 — folio rotundo 60 — major 61 - — minima Tragi 61 — minor ^^ — vulgaris 63 EUPHORBIA .... 55, 58-69 E. amygdaloides 68 — Characias 68 — Cyparissias &Q — Esula 65 — exigua 60 — falcata 60 — helioscopia 63 — helioscopia 60 — hiberna 67 — hyherna 67 — Lathyris 61 — leiosperma 62 — muricata 65 — paralia 63 — Peplis 59 — Peplus . . . . ; 60 — platyphylla 64 — portlandica 62 — retusa 61 — segetalis 68 — stricta 64 — sylvatica 68 — verrucosa 64, 65 FAGUS 57, 150-153 Fagus 152 F. Castanea 151 — sepiuMf vulgb Ostrys Theophrasti 156 — sylvatica 152 Filices dorsiferse 277-326 Filicula alpina, foliolis ro- tundioribus et crenatis. . 300 F. ienerior, alis latiusculis hrevioribus in- iegris, profunda denta- tis 323 --altera 299 Filicula cambrobritannica , pinnulis cicutaricB divi- surd donatis page 303 F.fontana 312 major. . . . 299, 30 1 , 303, 311 — petrcea fiorida angli- ca ,foliis plurifariam divi- sis 319 — pebaa fcemina 307 — — quarta. . . . 283 mas 301 rutce facie 316 — regia, fumarice pin- nulis 303 — saxatilis, omnium mi- nima elegantissima .... 312 Filix 284,317,318 F. aculeata, Lonchitidis cemula nostras 290 -^ major, pinnulis auriculatis crebrioribus, foliis integris angustiori- bus 292 — alpina, my rrhidis facie, Cambrobritannica .... 294 — — — pedicularis rubrce foliis subtus villosis .... 323 — amplissima, lobis foli- orum laciniatis Cambrica 281 — aquatica 327 — arborea 283, 308 — botryitis minima, sive Filicula petrcea fiorida anglica, &c 319 sive fiorida ma- jor, pinnulis non dentatis, ex adverso nascentibus. . 327 — elegans, Adianto nigro accedens, segmentis ro- tundioribus 311 — fiorescens 327 — fiorida, sive Osmunda re- galis 327 — fcemina 318 — humilis repens, foliis pel- lucidis et splendentibus , caule alato 325 INDLX OF LATIN NAMES. 357 Filix latifolia page 327 F. Lonchitidi affinis 290 — maj oris alter um genus. . 327 priminn genus . . 318 ■ — viaris vulgaris varietas . 287 — mas, non ramosa, pinnu- lis angustis raris, pro- funde den tat is 295 pinnulis latis auriculatis spinosis . ramosa, pinnulis dentatis vulgaris — minor hritannica, pedi- culo pillidiore, alis infe- rioribus deorsum spectan- tibus ilvensis, alis as- plenii longifolia, tarsis raris, pinnulis longis, tenuissimis et ohlongis laciniis Jimhriatis .... palustris repens. . — mollis, sive glabra, vul- gari mari non ramoscc acccdens — monlana ramosa minor argutf' dcnticulata .... — non ramosa den tat a . . )ninor, sijl- 290 293 288 vatica repens 282 322 311 284 296 294 288 280 nostras, pin- nulis brevibus acutioribus integris, nonnihil falca- tis, punctis ferrugineis ad oras pulverulentibus . 287 — nuda seu saxaLilis .... 308 — palustris 327 — pumila, Lonchitidis Ma- rant luc species, Cambro- britannica 323 pvtrwa nostras, /Idianti nigri J'oiwrum (Vmula, suxorum intcrvr- ;/iw prorumpcns 310 — saxatHis alhra. 292, 293,301 Filix pumila, saxatilis pri- ma page 284 F. ramosa dentata, ramulis et pinnulis longiiis ab in- vicem distantibus 294 major, pinnulis ob- tusis non dentatis .... 318 — minor 283 — — 7ion dentata, Jio- rida 327 — , repens vulgatissi- ma 318 — rhcBtica, tenuissime den- ticulata 29G — saxatilis, caule tenuifra- gili 299 . non ramosa, ni- gris maculis punctata .. 299 — ramosa maritima nostras 318 7iigris ma- culis punctata 283 Tragi 308 — tenuissim^ et profunde denticulata Montbelgar- dica 28G , secta ex monte Ballon 294 — trichonianoides 307 — vulgaris 288 Gale 238 G. frutex odoralus soj)- tentrionalium EUcagnus Gordo 239 Galium uliginosum 263 G. JVilheringii 263 Gaultheria 2;)3 Glaux major palustris,^/lore herbaceo 264 Gnaphalion 263 (;()()DYK!{.\ 2,32-34 G. pnbesccns — repens Gramen caryoplnjllalum vwntanum, spied varid . (i, polycarpon t'rudu tiiangulo 93 — rartjnplnjltcum, angustis- 34 33 93 35S INDEX sbnis foliis, spicis sessi- libus brevioribus erectis non compactis .... page Gramen cijperoides angus tifolium, spicis longis erectis G. spicis parvis sessilibus infoliorum alis cum paniculis ni- gris i— echinatd et rard spica nemorosum minus . elegans, spica com' posita molli — — ex monte Ballon, spied divulsa — — foliis caryophyl- leis, spicis e rarioribus et tumidioribns grams com- positis ■ spicis erectis sessilibus, e semi- nibus confertis compositis spicis oblongis, e pediculis lon- gioribus pendulis — ■■ gracile alterum, glomeratis torulis, spatio distantibus latifolium, spied riifd, sive caule triangulo typha pendula longiore — majus angustifo- lium prcEcox, spi- cis turgidis teretibus Jla- vescentibus medium, angusti- folium, spicis teretibus erectis flavescentibus . . minimum, ranun- culi capitulo rotundo . . — ■ seminibus deorsum reflexis pulici- formibus — ■ miyius angustifo- lium OF LATIN NAMES. 117 124 84 121 89 81 87 114 119 115 109 121 95 119 123 124 77 79 120 Gramen cyperoides minus, ranunculi capitulo lon- giore page 7S G. — repens, spi- ca divisa 86 nemorosum, spied subnigrd recurva 115 palustre aculea- tum 106 elatius, spi- ed longiore laxd 92 — — elegans, spi- ed compositd asperiore. . 81 ■ majus, spied compactd 91 divisa 82 spied pen- duld 119 triquetrum, spied integrd 91 — polystachyon Jta- vicans, spicis brevibus, prope summitatem caulis 105 — — — - lanuginosum 1 25 majus, spicis teretibus erectis 124 majusculum latifolium, spicis multis longis strigosis 96 spied e pluribus spicis brevibus moUibus compositd 82 — — penduldbre- viore 101 giore 95 — — simplici cassd 98 spicatum, foliis caryophylleis Ill minimum, spied divulsd aculeafd . . 80 minus . . 88 spi- ed longd divulsd seu in- terruptd 89 — spicis brevibus con- gestis, folio molli 112 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 359 Gramen cyperoides spicis curtis divulsis page G. minoribus, minusque compact is .... pari'is, lon- glssime dislantihus .... 1 sylvarum, tenuius spicaium — tenuifolium , spicis ad sunDinnn caulem sessi- libus glohuloriim cemulis venium ininimum — junceum, sive Holostcum 7ni7iiminn palustrc, capi- tulis lo7igissimis Jilamen- tis donatis — jiemorosum, spicis parvis asperis — palustre aculeatum ger- manicum cyperoides echinalum — spicaium yfoliis reroniccp caryopJiyllatce — sylvaticuviparviun tenui- folium cum spica aculcatd -Z lenuifolium rigi- diusculum Gramina Gramini cyperoidi ex monie Ballon simile humilius, in marilimis et arenosis nas- cens mile, spied toiali e pluri- bus spicis compositd .... Graminifolia palustris repens, vasculis granorum piper is amulis Graminis cyperoidis genus, Pseudo-typerus Lobclio, spicis vcl panniculis pen- den tibus ex longis pcdi- culis Grnnwiitis Cetcracli Gymnudema runopsca . . . . Habcnaria 7, ! //. idbula 81 88 09 90 112 111 130 80 106 91 106 111 80 88 7(^ 86 87 69 342 101 3ir> 23 ), 19 20 Habenaria bifotia .... page 9 H. viridis 20 Halimus secundus 256 //. seu Portulaca marina. . 256 — vulgaris 256 Helleborine 40-42, 45 H. altera atro rubente flore 41 — angustifolia Jiore albo oblongo 44 — ^ palustris sive pratensis 42 sexta Clusii — Jlore albo — rotunda, s. Calceo- lus — foUis prcBlongis angustis acutis — lati/olia J Jlore albo clau- so — . montana .... ^- montana angustifolia purp urascens 45 43 51 44 43 41 45 spi cata ^^ — palustris nostras 42 Hemionitis 304, 314 Hermaphroditica secmida . 9 HERMINIUM 1,26-28 H. monorchis 26 Hieraciuni Halleri 271 H.pumilum 272 HIPPOPHAE 160,237 H. Dioscoridis 238 — rhamnoides 238 — rhainno'ules 215 liippuns 337, 340 H. major 337 -- minor 338 Holostcum minimum palus- trc, capi tulis longiswnis filament is donatis .... 130 Uolostium alterum 308 HUMULIJS 161, 240 H. Lui)ulus 240 IIydrocerat hirsuta 226 _. «— rotunda .... 226 Salix laurina page 178 S. limosa 204, 205 — livida •••; 199 lutea tenuior sativa vi- minea 182 — malifolia 180 — maxima fragilis alba hirsuta • 231 — minime fragilis, foliis longissimis, utrinque vi- ridibus, non serratis .. 192 — molUssima 229, 230 — monandra ..187, 188, 190 — myrsinites 195 — myrsinites 193-195 — myrtilloides . . 194, 196, 197 — nigricans 172 — nigricans 1 74 — nitens 1 75 — nitens 180 — oleifolia 219 — oleifolia ....219,223,226 — parvifolia 208 — pentandia 171 — pentandra . . 206 — persicce folio auriculato 1 7 1 — petiolaris 181 — phylicifolia 1 73 — phylicifolia .. 172, 174-176 — polaris — polymorpha — prostrata — prostrata — prunifolia — prun folia .. 194, 195, 198 — puniila 212 _ altera 212 — august folia prima 212 proud parte cinerea 209, 212 . —secunda 209 201 211 211 213 193 foliis utrinque can- dicautibus et lanuginosis folio rotundo. . . . utrinque gla- 207 200 195 bru rhamni secundi Clusii folio 214 368 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Salix purpurea page 187 S. purpurea 189, 214 — 7iigra vimi- nalis 169 — quarta 226 — radicals 173 — repens 209 — repens ..207, 211, 213-215 — reticulata 200 — retusa 195 — rosea Anglica 189 — rosmarinifolia 214 — rosmarinifolia .... 197, 207 — rubra 191 — rubra 191 ,^-' minime fragilis, folio longo angusto .... 187 — rupestris 222 — Russelliana 186 — Russelliana 185, 231 — saliva lutea, folio ere- nato 182 — saxatilis minima 200 — serotina 228 — Smithiana 229 — . spadicea 220, 221 — sphacelata , 224 — spontanea fragilis, amy g- dalino folio 169 — stipularis 230 — Stuartiana 203 — Stuartiana 203-205 — tenuifolia 179 — tenuifolia. . . . 175, 181, 198 — tetrapla 177 — tetrapla 180 — Timmii 218 — tinctofia 172 — triandra 166 — triandra .... 167, 168, 170 — uliginosa ;.. 216 — ulmifoHa 216 — undulata 168 — vacciniifolia 194 — vaccinifoUa 195 — venulosa 1 95 — venulosa 198 — Villarsiana 167 Salix viminalis .... page 228 S. viminalis 192,231 — virescens 1 92 — vitellina 1 82 — vitellina 192, 232 — vulgaris alba arborescens 231 — Wulfeniana 176 — Wulfeniana 180 Salvia vita, sive Ruta mu- raria 310 Sanguisorba minor 147 Satyrion latifoUum 21 S. mas 15, 16 — odoriferum 35 — quartum 273 — trifolium 9 Satyrium 7 ^. abortivum 39 — albidum 18 — basilicum mas 23 — foemina 23 — hircinum 17 — nonum 39 — repens 33 — viride 20 Saxafraga 310 Saxifragum, seu Empetrum 3 1 0 Schaenus monoicus 129 Scirpnides palustre majus, spied compacta 91 Scitaminece ^, Q Scolopendria vera 315 S. vulgaris 314 Scolopendrion 315 SCOLOPENDRIUM 275, 313 Scolopendrium 314 S. alternifolium 309 — Ceterach 315 — officinarum 314 — Ruta Muraria 309 — septentrionale 308 — vulgare 314 — vulgare 316 Sedum 246 Selaginoides 330 S.foUis spinosis 332 Selago 330 S.foUis et facie Abietis . . 333 NDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 369 Selago vulgaris, Ahietis ru- brcB facie page 333 Serapias 40 S. hatrachites 20 — ensifolia 44 — et TriorcJiis JEginetce . 27 — gariophyUata 23 — grandiflora 43, 44 — Helleborine 40 — lancifoUa 43 — latifolia 40 — Lonchophyllum 43 — longifolia 42-45 — micropliylla 41 — minor, nitentejlore. ... 23 — myoides 20 — palustris 42 latifolia 21 — parvifoUa 41 — rubra 45 — Xiphophylbim 44 Sideritis secunda Dioscoridis 1 47 Silene conoidea 2C5 SFARGANiUM. ... 55, 73-75 Sparganium 74, 75 S. alterum 75 — erectum 74, 75 — latifolium 75 — minimum 75 — natans 75 — 7ion ramosum 75 — quibusdam 74 — ramosum 74 — simplex 75 — simplex 75 — superaxillare 75 Slelis 27 Stendclwurlz 15 Stratiotcs 249 S.foliis Asari^ st-mine ro- )undn 250 StruthiopUri.s 3 1 G, 3 1 7 Subulariafragiits, folio Ion- giore et tcnuiorc 311 .S. lacusiris, seu Calamis- trum, herha nquatico- nlpina .'Ml voi<. IV. Subularia repens, folds con- vexo-planis page 131 S. folio minus ri- gido 131 — vulgaris erecta, folio ri- gidissimo 344 Tamnits 241 T. racemosa, jiore minore luteo-pallescente 241 TAMUS lGi,24l Tamus 139 T. communis 24 1 TAXUS. ....... 162,252-254 Taxus 253 T. baccata 253 Telephium luteum minus, radice rosam redolente. . 246 TesticuU species quart a . . 11 T. quinta 9 tertia 9 Testiculus hirci 17 T. hircinus vulgaris 17 — morionis fcemina 11 mas 12 — odoratus 27, 35 — — — major et minor . 35 — quartus 11 — quintus 15 — sphegodes,hirsutoJlore 30,31 — vulpinus 9 primus 9 sccundus .... 31 — , sphe- godes 30 Tetrorchis 35 Thelypteris palustris nnn ramosa '2S5 Tithymnlus 58-69 T. Characias 69 (unygdaloidts 68, 69 — . Mon.spelitnsium 69 primus 68 — Tit bens peregri- uus 69 69 66 C^7 upresi sccundus — ( ypanssui}t 65 .370 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Titlujmcdus exiguus saxa- tilis page 61 T. helioscopius 63 — hibernicus 67 __ vasculis mu- ricatis erectis G7 — latifolius hispanicus . . 67 — lepiophyllos 61 — lunatojiore 68 — maritimus minor Port- lancUcus 62 mills, Peplis cUctus. ... 59 — minimus angustifoliiis annuus 60 — Paralius 62 — parvus annuus, foliis subrotuncUs non crenatiSf Peplus dictus 60 — pineus 65 — platyphyllos 64, 67 — sive Esula exigua .... 61 — sylvaticus, toto anno fo- lia retinens 68 — verrucosus 64 Tragorchis mas 17 T. maximus 17 — Testiculus liirci 17 TRICHOMANES . . 276, 324, 325 Trichomanes 304, 305, 326 T. alafum 324 — aliud, foliis mucronatis profunda incisis 305 — brevisetum 324 — europceum 324 — foliis eleganter incisis. . 305 — 7nas 305 — minus, bifurcato pedi- culo, tenuioribus foliis dentatis 306 et tenerius .... 306 — pyxidiferum 325 — ramosum 306 — seu Polytrichum officina- riim 305 — Tunbridgense .... 325, 326 Trior chis page 35 T. MginetcE 27 — alba odorata minor, also major 35 spiralis, vet autuvi- nalis 35 — lutea Gemmcu 27 — mas rninor 11 — serapias mas 11 TYPHA 55,71-73 Typha 71 T. angustifolia 72 — angustifolia 73 — aquaiica 71 — latifolia 71 — latifolia 72 — major 71 — minima 73 duplici clavd. ... 73 — minor .- . 73 — minor 72 — 'palnstris, clavd gracili . 72 major 71 media 72 minor 7^ URTICA 56, 133-135 Urtica 135 V. balearica 134 — dioica . 135 — major 1 35 — minor 135 acrior 135 — pilulifera 134 folio profun- diils, U. major is in moduni serrato 134 — prima 134 — racemifera major peren- nis 135 — romana 134 — secunda 135 — sylvestris asperior .... 1 35 — tertia 135 — iirens 134 — urens 135 — vera 134 Manilla 4, 50 INDLX OF LATIN NAMES. 371 Vicia hithynica page 269 VISCUM 101, 236,237 Viscum 236 V. album 236 — baccis albis 236 Vitis alba, sive Bryonia . . 138 V. nigra 24 1 — sylvestris .» 242 rulpinus testiculus 29 WOODSIA ....275,321-324 W. hyperborea 323 JVoodsia hyperborea. . page 313 W. ilvensis 322 XANTHIUM 56, 136 X. sell Lappa minor .... 136 — strumarium 136 ZANNICHELLIA. . 55, 69, 70 Z. dentata 70 — palustris 70 — ^— major, foliis uramineis acutiS) S;c 70 INDEX OF THE ENGLISH NAMES. IN VOL. IV. Adder's tongue .... page 329 Alder 131 Amaranth 137 Arrow-head 144, 145 Beech 150, 152, 153 Birch 153-155 Bird's-nest 38 Birthwort 52-54 Bladder-fern 297-304 Bog-orchis 46-48 Box-tree 132, 133 Brakes 317-319 Bristle-fern 324 Bryony, black 241 red-berried .... 138 Buck-thorn, sea 238 Bur-reed 73-76 Bur-weed 136 Burnet, salad, 147 Butcher's-broom 234, 235 Carex 76-129 Cat's-tail 71-73 Chesnut 150-152 Club-moss 330-335 Coral-root 49 Crake-berry 233 Crocus, net-rooted, .... 262 Crow-berry 233 Cuckow-pint 145, 146 Female-fern 317 Ferns, dorsal, 277-326 Filmv-fern 325 Fir page 158, 159 Frog-bit 250 Gale 238, 239 Goodyera 33 Hard-fern 316 Hart's-tongue 313-315 Hasel-nut 156-158 Helleborine 40-46 Hop 240 Hornbeam 155, 156 Horned-pondweed .... 69, 70 Hornwort 141, 142 Horsetail 335-341 Insect-orchis 28-32 Isnardia, marsh, 264 Juniper 250-252 Kobresia 129 Ladies' Slipper 50-52 Traces 34-36 Listera 36-39 Maidenhair 320 Makinboy 67 Man-orchis 24-26 Mercury 247-249 Merlin's-grass . 343- Milfoil, water 142-144 Misseltoe 236, 237 Moonwort 328 Musk-orchis 26-28 Myrtle, Dutch, 239 Nettle 133-135 Oak 148-150 INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES. 373 Orache page 255-2G1 Orchis 8-32, 4G-48 O. late spider 273 Osier. . 163, 182, 191,228-230 Osmund-royal 326 Pepper-grass 342 PilUvort 341,342 Pipewort 139, 140 Polypody 280-284 Poplar 242-245 Purslane, sea, 256, 261 Quillwort 343 Reed-mace 7 1-73 Rose-root 246 Sallow 163,215-227 Sallow-thorn 237, 238 Sedge 76 Shield-fern 284-297 Shore-weed 1 30 Spleenwort ....304-312,315 Spurge 58-69 Stock-nut 157 Twavblade 36-38 Wake Robin 146 Wartwort 63 Willow 163-233 Woodsia 321 Yew 253 LONDON: PRINTED BY RICHARD TAYLOR, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. New York Botanical Garden Library QK306 .S62 v.4 gen Smith, James Edward/The English flora 111 5185 nil 00123 lllll 1792