■ Americana A Journal of Entomology. Volume XVII (New Series) 1937 PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. DE LA TORRE-BUENO Editor CARL G. SIEPMANN G. P. ENGELHARDT PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA VOL. XVII (n.s.) CONTENTS Plates I— III. Bibliography of the Described Life Histories of the Rhopalo- cera of America North of Mexico 1889-1937, D. D. Davenport and V. G. Dethier 155-194 Studies on the Biology of the Damselfly Iscknura verticalis Say with Notes on Certain Parasites, Evelyn G. Grieve... 121-153 The Mutillid Wasps of the Genus Timulla which Occur in North America North of Mexico, Clarence E. Mickel 1-119 VOL. XVII (New Series) JANUARY 1937 No. 1 BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. cle la TORRE-BUENO, Editor CARL GEO. SIEPMANN GEO. P. ENGELHARDT Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, Lime and Green Sts., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue, May 28, 1937 Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Vol. XVII January, 1937 No. 1 THE MUTILLID WASPS OF THE GENUS TIMULLA WHICH OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO* By Clarence E. Mickel UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA The Mutillid wasps discussed in this paper form a part of the genus Timulla Ashmead. The species of this genus occurring in North America north of Mexico have long been a problem to students of Mutillidae not only as to their generic affinities but especially with regard to the recognition, diagnosis and relationships of the various species. The latter difficulty has been especially acute in the case of the female sex. The two sexes are so different in appearance that they have been described as different species and the two sexes of a single species have been correlated heretofore in only a few instances. The identification of the described females has been exceedingly dif- ficult on account of the failure to recognize the morphological cri- teria by which they may be separated. This state of affairs was well expressed by Bradley (1916) as follows: “The only character by which I have been able to separate the females is the shape of the thorax, and this cannot be expressed in a key with sufficient exact- ness to make it probable that it can be used for identification of specimens without a series for comparison. The structure of the pygidium varies from entirely smooth to granular and through vari- ous stages of wrinkling to rugose. I cannot conclude that its differ- ences are specific ; nor are those found in the carina of the petiole. ’ ’ * Paper No. 1354 of the Scientific Journal Series of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. 1 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. i During the past eight or nine years I have been able to bring together several thousand specimens of this genus collected in the United States and Canada. A study of this material has shown that the species can be readily separated in the female sex and that sev- eral of the species of males previously thought to represent single species were in reality composite and represented two or more spe- cies or subspecies. A number of nomenclatorial problems have been encountered which made the study of the type material imperative. All of the type specimens have been seen with the exception of the species described by Say. The types of Fabricius, Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau and F. Smith were examined while studying in Europe as a Fellow of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foun- dation. It was found that the two species described by Fabricius had not been recognized as belonging to this genus and the one de- scribed by Lepeletier had been misidentified. I have also studied the types of all the species described from Mexico since the species occur- ring in Texas, New Mexico and Arizona undoubtedly extend their distribution to a greater or less degree into that country and dupli- cation of descriptions of the same species might possibly exist. The results of the study of the material mentioned above are pre- sented herewith and include keys for the separation of species adapted for each sex; nomenclatorial changes resulting from the correlation of the two sexes and other causes; historical synonymy for each species; description of new species and subspecies; maps indicating the geographical distribution of many of the species ; figures illustrating certain salient characters of the males ; a bibli- ography of the literature pertaining to the species treated, and certain other minor notes. The author is indebted to the following institutions for the privi- lege of studying type specimens: American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; United States National Museum, Wash- ington, D. C. ; British Museum of Natural History, London; Zoo- logisches Museum der Universitat, Berlin; Museum d’Histoire Nat- urelle, Paris; Museo Zoologia et Anatomia comparata della R. Universita, Turin, Italy, and Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genoa, Italy. The amount of material studied is so great and the period of time during which it has been studied is so long that it is impossible to indicate the source of the individual specimens which have been examined. In addition to the institutions mentioned above, determined material (each specimen bearing a printed deter- mination label) is in the collections of the following institutions and individuals : University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota ; Cornell January, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA University, Ithaca, New York ; University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan- sas ; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan ; University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado ; University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Ne- braska ; Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio ; Emory University, Emory University, Georgia; University of Arizona, Tucson, Ari- zona; Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Massachusetts; Entomological Branch, Canadian Department of Agriculture, Ot- tawa, Canada ; Kansas State Agricultural College, Manhattan, Kansas ; Oklahoma Agricultural College, Stillwater, Oklahoma ; New Mexico Agricultural College, Las Cruces, New Mexico ; Colo- rado Agricultural College, Fort Collins, Colorado ; North Carolina Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, North Carolina ; Texas Agri- cultural College, College Station, Texas ; South Dakota Agricultural College, Brookings, South Dakota; Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallis, Oregon; Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut; Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Department of. Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Clemson College, Clemson College, South Carolina ; Mississippi College of Agriculture, Agricultural College, Mississippi ; Tennessee Agricul- tural College, Knoxville, Tennessee ; Montana Agricultural College, Bozeman, Montana; Utah Agricultural College, Logan, Utah; Mr. C. N. Ainslie, Sioux City, Iowa; Professor 0. A. Stevens, Fargo, North Dakota ; Dr. W. C. Stehr, Athens, Ohio ; Dr. J. Bequaert, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Mr. Roy Latham, Long Island, New York; Mr. A. C. Burrill, Jefferson City, Missouri; Mr. B. E. Mont- gomery, Poseyville, Indiana; Mr. W. W. Jones, Douglas, Arizona; Dr. Harold Morrison, Washington, D. C., and Mr. H. B. Parks, San Antonio, Texas. I am also indebted to Mr. Thomas Limborg for making the draw- ings of the last abdominal tergite of the males. Genus Timulla Ashmead Mutilla subgenus ( Mutilla ) (Division I) Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 3, 1871, p. 227. Mutilla (Division I) Blake (part), Trans. Amer. Ent. So.c., vol. 13, 1886, pp. 194, 281. Mutilla Cresson (part), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., suppl. vol., 1887, p. 263. Timulla Ashmead, Journ. New York Ent. Soc., vol. 7, 1899, p. 55. Mutilla (group hexagona) Fox, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol 25, 1899, p. 269. 3 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. Mutilla (Division I) Blake (part), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 42, 1916, pp. 199-214. Genotype. — Mutilla dubitata Smith, only species originally included by Ashmead. Diagnostic characters of males : Eyes large, strongly ovate, deeply emarginate within ; first abdominal segment small and gradually dilated to the apex, completely sessile with the second segment, not at all transversely developed ; tegulae large, con- chiform ; vertex rounded throughout, not elevated nor flattened, punctate throughout, not at all longitudinally striato-punctate ; felt lines present on second abdominal tergite only, not present on the second sternite; distance between origin of vein M on vein K and the base of the stigmatic cell equal to or less than the length of the latter. Diagnostic characters of females : Eyes strongly ovate ; first abdominal segment small and gradually dilated to the apex, completely sessile with the second, not at all transversely developed ; dorsum of thorax rectangular in outline ; pygidial area present and well-defined; second abdominal tergite macu- lated with two spots or lines of pale glittering pubescence. The genus Timulla, as defined above, not only includes all the New World species for which the genus was erected, but also those species belonging to Trogaspidia Ashmead which occur in Africa, Asia, Australia and the Islands of the Pacific Ocean. I have pointed out (1933) that no structural basis has been found that will serve to separate Trogaspidia from Timulla , although no intensive and crit- ical study has been made to discover such characters. The genus Trogaspidia was originally erected to include certain African species in the male sex which have the scutellum gibbose rather than evenly convex, but many Asiatic species assigned to this genus have the scutellum evenly convex, while certain South American species as- signed to Timulla have the scutellum gibbose. I am therefore re- taining both names for the present as sub generic categories of the genus Timulla, the subgenus Timulla to include the New World species, and the subgenus Trogaspidia to include the Old World species. Subgenus Timulla Ashmead As early as 1836 Thomas Say recognized that his species hexa- gona together with one or two others differed from other North 4 January, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA American Mutilliclae in having emarginate eyes, but assumed that they belonged to the genus Mutilla, an Old World genus, and de- scribed them as such. Later, Blake (1871) proposed to separate the North American species of Mutilla into two subgenera, i.e., Mutilla for those with emarginate, ovate eyes, and Sphaerophthalma for those with circular, non-emarginate eyes. The subgenus Mutilla was again subdivided into two divisions, the first including those with the first abdominal segment small, but gradually dilated to the apex and completely sessile with the second segment (the species dis- cussed in this paper). In a second paper Blake (1886) continued the use of these same terms but elevated his subgenera to generic rank and assumed that the species he assigned to Mutilla were con- generic with the Old World species assigned to that genus. Ash- mead (1899) proposed the new genus Timulla with Mutilla dubitata Smith as genotype. Timulla by definition included those species which Blake had included in his “ Division I” of Mutilla. Fox (1899) apparently had his manuscript finished before the publica- tion of Ashmead’s paper and treated the same group of species as “group hexagona” of the genus Mutilla. Andre (1903) reduced Timulla to a synonym of Mutilla L. and restored all the species to that genus. Bradley (1916) used Timulla as a subgenus of Mutilla in his revision of the group. The males of the New World species of Timulla (subgenus Timulla) not only differ from Mutilla L. in the form of the first abdominal segment but also differ in the form of the genitalia. The females of Timulla {Timulla) differ from those of Mutilla L. in the form of the first abdominal segment, and in the type of pattern of pale pubescent markings. Timidla is not at all closely related to Mutilla but has close affinities with the Old World species of Troga- spidia. I consider the genus Timulla as a valid genus with cosmo- politan distribution and use the subgenus Timidla to include all the New World species. The present paper deals with all the known species occurring in North America north of Mexico. A future paper will treat all the Mexican, Central American, South American and West Indian species. All of the species treated herein have the scutellum non- gibbose, slightly and evenly convex in the males. All of the females have the head entirely ferruginous. A large percentage of the nearctic female Timullas have black heads and many of the nearctic males have the scutellum gibbose. The morphological characters of the males which are most useful 0 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. i in the diagnosis of the species occurring north of Mexico are as follows : form of the last abdominal tergite ; a median, elongate, glabrous area is present on this tergite which terminates in various types of carinae, in tubercles, or is sloped off to the distal margin of the tergite ; the distal margin of the last tergite may be emarginate medially as in leona or not; the sixth, seventh, and eighth sternites, as well as the l^popygium, may be armed with tubercles or ridges, and the presence or absence of these tubercles is important ; the form of the scape is modified in many species ; what may be considered normal is a more or less cylindrical, arcuate scape which is bicarinate beneath; a number of species, of which vagans is typical have the terminal portion of the scape dilated and flattened, with a single strong carina beneath and provided beneath at the tip with a thick brush of pale, glittering hairs ; some species have the mandibles simple, not excised and without a strong tooth beneath, others have the mandibles deeply excised beneath and with a strong tooth near the base beneath ; the form of the median area of the clypeus is diagnostic in many cases ; one group of species represented by sayi Blake has this area subtriangular and almost flat, others such as vagans have the same area transversely concave and the posterior elevated margin of the area arcuate ; in many species the posterior, inner angle of the middle coxae bears an acute tooth while others have the middle coxae unarmed; additional minor characters are the color of the wings, comparative lengths of first and second seg- ments of the flagellum, form of the first segment of flagellum, sculpture of the propodeum, presence or absence of mesosternal tubercles, color of calcaria, color and distribution of pubescence, color of integument, and finally the size of the ocelli. It is peculiar that certain male Mutillidae and Myrmosidae which are nocturnal and are attracted to lights all have enormous ocelli, although there is apparently no morphological evidence to indicate that the function of the ocelli is related to the amount of light avail- able. Nevertheless, the mutillids belonging to the genus Photopsis (sens lat.), and the myrmosids of the genera Brachycistis and Chyphotes are all nocturnal, are attracted to lights, and all have enormous ocelli. Most of the species of Timulla are apparently diurnal and have small ocelli, but certain species such as sayi, hollensis, subhyalina, ocellaria and huntleyensis have very large ocelli and many specimens of these species are before me which bear labels “ taken at light.” Here is a group of species in which part are diurnal as far as we know and which have small ocelli, while another group which have large ocelli have been taken at lights at 6 January, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA flight. What is the significance of this apparent correlation between large ocelli on the one hand, and nocturnal habits and positive photo- tropism on the other? The genitalia of the males discussed herein have all been exam- ined and studied. The genitalia in toto, i.e., removed from the abdomen but not dissected apart do not offer any characters of specific value. The genitalia of each species was therefore dissected into its various parts and mounted on slides. A study of these slides has shown that while the genitalia exhibit subtle specific dif- ferences, the latter are by no means as useful in a diagnostic way as the external morphological differences of the body. I (1934) found in a study of the Mutillidae of the Philippine Islands that those species of Timulla ( Trogaspidia ) having a gibbose scutellum had decidedly asymmetrical genitalia, i.e., the two halves of the uncus were unlike and were modified in such a way as to present obvious specific and even subspecific differences. On the other hand those Philippine species of the same genus which have a non-gibbose scutellum had the two halves of the uncus symmetrical or only very weakly asymmetrical. These latter species invariably have the fifth, sixth and seventh sternites as well as the hypopygium simple, with- out tubercles or ridges. Our American species of Timulla ( Timulla ) discussed herein have a non-gibbose scutellum, and have the two halves of the uncus weakly asymmetrical, but have well developed tubercles on one or more of the above mentioned sternites and ridges on the hypopygium. The morphological characters of the females most useful for diagnosing species are as follows : relative widths of the thorax anteriorly and posteriorly, in ferrugata the thorax is wider poste- riorly than anteriorly, in others the two widths are the same, while in navasota the thorax is narrower posteriorly than anteriorly; the sides of the dorsum of the thorax may be parallel and not emargi- nate, or they may be distinctly emarginate medially; sculpture of the pygidium; presence or absence of the scutellar scale; presence or absence of a mesonotal-scutellar suture; puncturation of the second abdominal tergite, pubescent pattern of the dorsum of the abdomen ; color of pubescence at the distal margin of the first tergite, and the color of the terminal abdominal segments. For some reason which is not readily apparent the males and females of the genus Timulla are taken more often in copula than the two sexes of any other group of Mutillidae. This fact together with an abundance of available material has enabled me to correlate the two sexes of the majority of the species. Bradley (1916) was 7 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. i able to correlate the two sexes of four species; I have been able to correlate the two sexes of fourteen species and subspecies from the material before me. Our knowledge of host relationships is very deficient; nothing whatever is known about the hosts of any of the New World species. Timulla ( Trogaspidia ) minor subsp. minor Ashmead has been reared from Tiphia lucida Ashmead in the Philip- pine Islands, but not a single New World Timulla has ever been reared from its host so far as is known. Key to the Species of Timulla Males 1. Distal margin of last abdominal tergite distinctly emarginate medially 2 Distal margin of last abdominal tergite not emarginate medi- ally 3 2. Median, impunctate area of last tergite terminating in a transverse, arcuate carina; tegulae sparsely, pale pubes- cent leona (Blake) Median, impunctate area of last tergite terminating in an in- verted U-shaped carina, the sides of the U diverging, not parallel ; tegulae thickly, pale pubescent tyro n. sp. 3. Wings conspicuously banded, that is, fuscous with a median, transverse, hyaline band 4 Wings subhyaline to fuliginous but not transversely banded as above 5 4. Scape with a strong, sharp carina beneath, without a brush of hairs, but with sparse, white hairs beneath; first segment of flagellum compressed but not noticeably broader than the following segments ; clypeus without a median tubercle near its anterior margin ornatipennis (Bradley) Scape not carinate, but with a very dense brush of long, white pubescence ; first segment of flagellum very broad and flat, much broader than the following segments ; clypeus with a median tubercle near its anterior margin barbata (Fox) 5. Last abdominal tergite with a low, median, longitudinal, im- punctate ridge, not elevated posteriorly, but terminating in a pair of obscure, almost obsolete tubercles, and con- tinued to the distal margin by a low, sharp, median carina / er rug at a (Fabricius) Last abdominal tergite with a high, median, angulate keel pos- teriorly, or with a median, impunctate, glabrous ridge ter- minating in the arms of a Y-shaped carina 6 8 January, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 6. Last abdominal tergite with a high, median, keel posteriorly, the dorsal and caudal lines of which form a right angle 7 Last abdominal tergite with a median, impunctate, glabrous ridge terminating in the arms of a Y-shaped carina 8 7. Calcaria pale ; head, pronotum and anterior half of mesonotum clothed with pale pubescence. navasota subsp. navasota (Bradley) Calcaria dark brown; head, pronotum and mesonotum clothed for the most part with black pubescence. navasota subsp. nebulosa n. subsp. 8. Fifth and sixth abdominal sternites each with a pair of well developed lateral tubercles, while the seventh sternite and the hvp opy giu in have oblique, low carinae 9 Fifth sternite without lateral tubercles, and sometimes the sixth sternite without lateral tubercles 10 9. Pronotum, mesonotum, scutellum and sometimes propodeum more or less ferruginous dubitata subsp. dubitata (Smith) Thorax entirely black dubitata subsp. fugitiva n. subsp. 10. Mandibles distinctly excised beneath and with a conspicuous tooth beneath near the base 14 Mandibles not excised beneath, although sometimes shallowly emarginate, never with a conspicuous tooth beneath near the base 11 11. Mesosternal tubercles well developed and oblique in position; sternites six and seven with strong, prominent lateral tuber- cles ; median area of clypeus transversely concave, the pos- terior elevated margin arcuate 12 Mesosternal tubercles absent ; sixth sternite without lateral tubercles, the seventh with only rudimentary lateral tuber- cles; median area of clypeus triangular, flat, scarcely at all concave 26 12. First segment of flagellum and the proximal half of the sec- ond strongly' compressed and broadened, the first seg- ment distinctly longer than the second; scape without a pubescent brush beneath; propodeum very coarsely re- ticulate compressicornis n. sp. First and second segment of flagellum cylindrical, not com- pressed or broadened, the first slightly shorter than the second ; scape with a thin brush of pale pubescence beneath ; propodeum moderately reticulate 13 13. Pubescence of vertex, pronotum, mesonotum, tegulae and ab- dominal tergites, for the most part black ; integument of 9 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. i second abdominal tergite entirely ferruginous except the narrow, distal margin more or less black. barbigera subsp. barbigera (Fox) Pubescence of vertex, pronotum, mesonotum and tegnlae glit- tering ferruginous for the most part ; pubescence of ab- dominal tergites entirely fulvous ; second abdominal tergite ferruginous except the proximal fourth black. barbigera subsp. rohweri n. subsp. 14. Scape more or less broadened and flattened distally, with a single well-developed carina beneath, and with a more or less dense brush of pale pubescence beneath 15 Scape scarcely broadened and not flattened distally, with two distinct, parallel carinae beneath, and without a brush of pale pubescence beneath 20 15. Abdomen mostly ferruginous, clothed with sparse, black pubes- cence 16 Abdomen mostly fulvous, clothed with glittering, fulvous pubes- cence 17 16. Thorax entirely black vagans subsp. vagans (Fabricius) At least the pronotum and mesonotum ferruginous. vagans subsp. rufinota n. subsp. 17. Scape strongly dilated and flattened distally, the brush of pale hairs dense, conspicuous : 18 Scape only moderately dilated distally, the brush of pale hairs sparse, inconspicuous 19 18. Ocelli large, the distance between the eye margins and the lat- eral ocelli equal to twice the diameter of the latter ; pubes- cence of vertex and pronotum pale ; oblique carina of hypo- pygium dentiform posteriorly; second abdominal sternite blackish huntleyensi n. sp. Ocelli small, the distance between the eye margins and the lat- eral ocelli at least three times the greatest diameter of the latter ; erect pubescence of vertex and pronotum black ; ob- lique carina of hypopygium rounded, not dentiform poste- riorly ; second abdominal sternite entirely ferruginous. grotei (Blake) 19. Second abdominal sternite infuscated to distinctly black; pale pubescence of pronotum sparse. suspensa subsp. sonora n. subsp. Second abdominal sternite entirely ferruginous ; pale pubes- cence of pronotum thick. suspensa subsp. jonesi n. subsp. 10 January, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 20. Ocelli small, the distance between the eye margins and the lat- eral ocelli equal to three or more times the greatest diam- eter of the latter 21 Ocelli very large, conspicuous, the distance between the eye margins and the lateral ocelli slightly less than the greatest diameter of the latter 25 21. Thorax conspicuously, but not entirely, ferruginous; abdomen ferruginous, clothed with sparse, ferruginous pubescence or with black and pale pubescence 24 Thorax entirely black; abdomen fulvous, clothed with sparse, fulvous pubescence 22 22. First abdominal segment black ; wings fuliginous with a slightly darker band at the apex ; intermediate coxae with a tubercle at the inner posterior margin oajaca (Blake) First abdominal segment ferruginous like the remainder of the abdomen; wings subhyaline with a darker band at the apex ; intermediate coxae with a distinct tooth at the inner posterior margin 23 23. Middle and posterior tarsi ferruginous ; sides of propodeum reticulate ; median, glabrous area of clypeus depressed and concave medially neobule 11. sp. Middle and posterior tarsi black ; sides of propodeum with mod- erate, distinct, shallow punctures ; median, glabrous area of clypeus transversely concave nitela n. sp. 24. Clypeus transverse, subrectangular, transversely concave; ab- domen clothed with sparse, ferruginous pubescence. floridensis (Blake) Median area of clypeus subtriangular, almost flat, only slightly concave ; anterior abdominal tergites with black, apical fringes, the distal tergites with pale, glittering pubescence. kansana n. sp. 25. Thorax entirely black ocellaria subsp. ocellaria n. subsp. Prothorax and mesonotum ferruginous, remainder of thorax black ocellaria subsp. rufidorsa n. subsp. 26. Ocelli small, the distance between the eye margins and the lat- eral ocelli at least twice the greatest diameter of the latter. 27 Ocelli large, the distance between the eye margins and the lat- eral ocelli distinctly less than twice the greatest diameter of the latter 28 27. Propodeum very deeply and coarsely reticulate; legs clothed with pale pubescence ; distance between the eye margins 11 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. i and lateral ocelli equal to three times the diameter of the latter rufosignata (Bradley) Propodeum only moderately reticnlate ; legs clothed with black pubescence; distance between the eye margins and lateral ocelli equal to slightly more than twice the greatest diam- eter of the latter tolerata n. sp. 28. Wings subhyaline ; thorax almost entirely ferruginous, only the mesosternum black subhyalina n. sp. Wings fuscous to fuliginous ; thorax either entirely black, or only the pronotum, propleura and mesonotum ferruginous. 29 29. Distance between the eye margins and lateral ocelli equal to approximately one and one-half times the greatest diameter of the latter ; tegulae very dark ferruginous or black, not concolorous with the mesonotum if the latter is ferruginous. 30 Distance between the eye margins and lateral ocelli approxi- mately equal to the greatest diameter of the latter ; tegulae ferruginous, concolorous with the mesonotum sayi (Blake) 30. Pronotum, propleura and mesonotum ferruginous. hollensis subsp. hollensis (Melander) Thorax entirely black hollensis subsp. melanderi n. subsp. Females 1. Thorax very noticeably broader posteriorly than anteriorly 2 Thorax only slightly or not at all broader posteriorly than ante- riorly 3 2. Pygidial area obscurely sculptured, only faintly granulate. floridensis (Blake) Pygidial area longitudinally striate ferrugata (Fabricius) 3. Second abdominal tergite with coarse, confluent punctures, espe- cially at the sides, the punctures conspicuous through the pubescence ; distal half of pygidial area granulated 4 Second abdominal tergite finely punctate throughout, without conspicuous, large punctures visible through the pubes- cence, or if with moderately large punctures, the latter well separated and interspersed with fine punctures ; distal half of pygidial area area either striate, rugose or granulate. 6 4. Scutellar scale well developed; anterior pale pubescent mark- ings of second tergite linear oajaca (Blake) Scutellar scale absent; anterior pale pubescent markings of second tergite ovate 5 12 January, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 5. Thorax very slightly narrowed posteriorly the sides of the dor- sum subparallel ; abdomen largely ferruginous to dark ferruginous ; legs entirely bright ferruginous. navasota subsp. navasota (Bradley) Thorax strongly narrowed posteriorly, the sides of the dorsum distinctly converging posteriorly; abdomen mostly black; at least the tibiae and tarsi black. navasota subsp. nebulosa n. subsp. 6. Sides of dorsum of thorax not emarginate medially 7 Sides of clorsum of thorax distinctly emarginate medially 11 7. Pygidial area finely, longitudinally striate 8 Pygidial area irregularly rugose, or granulate 9 8. Lateral margins of posterior face of propodeum strongly denticulate; legs, especially the tibiae, dark ferruginous; abdomen dusky to black above except the pale pubescent markings leona (Blake) Lateral margins of posterior face of propodeum slightly serrate, but not strongly denticulate ; legs pale ferruginous through- out ; abdomen ferruginous, except pale pubescent markings, only slightly dusky above tyro n. sp. 9. Disk of second tergite finely punctate, only the lateral areas of the tergite with large punctures ; pygidial area irregularty rugose 10 Disk of second tergite with moderately large, separated punc- tures interspersed with fine punctures ; pygidial area granulate nicholi 11. sp. 10. Abdomen reddish; anterior, lateral, pale pubescent spots on second tergite indistinct or entirely absent. ornatipennis (Bradley) Abdomen black, with pale pubescent markings, the anterior, lateral, pale pubescent spots on the second tergite distinct. wileyae n. sp. 11. Last three abdominal tergites bright ferruginous, clothed with ferruginous pubescence 12 Last three abdominal tergites dusky or black, without fer- ruginous pubescence 13 12. Sides of thorax deeply emarginate medially; ferruginous area of second tergite with moderate, distinct, separated punc- tures ; second tergite with a median, obscure spot of sparse, black pubescence at the anterior margin euterpe (Blake) Sides of thorax only shallowly emarginate medially; second 13 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. i tergite with intermixed small and fine punctures through- out; anterior margin of second tergite without a median, obscure, black pubescent spot euphrosyne n. sp. 13. Posterior margin of first abdominal tergite with a pale pubes- cent band 14 Posterior margin of first abdominal tergite with a black pubes- cent band dubitatiformis n. sp. 14. Scute] Jar scale entirely absent 15 Scutellar scale present and distinct 16 15. Sides of thorax weakly emarginate ; front, vertex and dorsum of thorax with moderate, contiguous punctures ; legs entirely black contigua n. sp. Sides of thorax strongly, deeply emarginate ; front, vertex and dorsum of thorax with coarse, confluent punctures; coxae, trochanters and femora ferruginous. barbigera subsp. barbigera (Bradley) 16. Second abdominal tergite with lateral, narrow, subparallel, pale pubescent bands connecting the posterior marginal, pubes- cent bands of the first and second tergites 17 Second abdominal tergite without complete, longitudinal pubes- cent bands, at the most with lateral, elongate, pale pubes- cent spots on the anterior half 18 17. Legs entirely black suspensa subsp. suspensa (Gerstaecker) Legs, at least the coxae, trochanters and femora, ferruginous. suspensa subsp. sonora n. subsp. 18. Mesonotal-scutellar suture distinct just anterior to the scutellar scale, the latter broad and distinct 19 Mesonotal-scutellar suture not evident; scutellar scale narrow, not prominent; pygidial area longitudinally rugose. dubitata subsp. dubitata (Smith) 19. Second abdominal tergite velvety black, without anterior, pale pubescent spots, with only a posterior marginal, pale pubes- cent band; fifth tergite with the pale pubescent spots dis- tinctly separated grotei (Blake) Second abdominal tergite ferruginous to blackish, with a pair of more or less distinct, pale pubescent spots on the anterior half ; fifth tergite with a pale pubescent band, narrowed medially but not interrupted 20 20. United States and Canada east of the Rocky Mountains except Florida vagans subsp. vagans (Fabricius) Florida vagans subsp. rufinota n. subsp. 14 January, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Timulla ( Timulla ) ferrugata (Fabricius). (New combination) 1804. Mutilla ferrugata Fabricius, Syst. Piez., p. 438, no. 47, female. 1811. Mutilla ferrugata Olivier, Encycl. method. Insect., viii, p. 60, no. 34, female. 1845. Mutilla ferrugata Lepeletier, Hist. nat. Insect. Hymen., iii, p. 608, female. 1845. Mutilla rufa Lepeletier, Hist. nat. Insect. Hymen., iii, p. 631, male. (New synonymy.) 1871. Mutilla Promethea Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., iii, p. 229, male. (New synonymy.) 1886. Mutilla Promethea Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xiii, p. 198, male. 1897. Mutilla ferrugata Dalla Torre, Cat. Flymen., viii, p. 40, female. 1897. Mutilla Promethea Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymen., viii, p. 74, male. 1897. Mutilla rufa Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymen., viii, p. 79, male. 1899. Mutilla promethea Fox, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxv, p. 271, male. 1903. Mutilla promethea Andre, Gen. Ins., i, fasc. 11, p. 42, male. 1903. Mutilla rufa Andre, Gen. Ins., i, fasc. 11, p. 42, male. 1903. Ephuta ferrugata Andre, Gen. Ins., i, fasc. 11, p. 60, female. 1903. Mutilla promethea Melander, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxix, p. 323, male. 1916. Mutilla ( Timulla ) promethea Bradley, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xlii, p. 209, male and female. 1928. Timulla ferrugata Mickel, Bull. 143, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 135, female. Type. — Female, Carolina, in collection of University of Kiel. Holotype of rufa Lepeletier is in Spinola collection, University of Turin, Turin, Italy. Holotype of promethea Blake is in American Entomological Society collection, Philadelphia. Specimens examined. New Jersey : male, Weymouth, July 23, 1923. Maryland : female. Virginia: male, Norfolk, July 8, 1910 (F. A. Johnston) ; male, Norfolk, September 21 (E. G. Smyth). 15 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. i North Carolina: male, Wilmington, January 21, 1919 (Max Kisliuk) ; male, Raleigh, October, 1917 (J. E. Eckert) ; male, Southern Pines, September 24, 1907 (A. H. Manee) ; male, Lumber- ton, July 3, 1903 (F. Sherman). South Carolina : female, Columbia, September 10, 1908 ; male, Myrtle Beach, July 5, 1927 (H. C. Coker). Georgia: female, Savannah; male, Clyde, September 11—12, 1931 (Bradley and Knorr) ; female, Fort Valley, September 6, 1902 (Brid- well) ; male, Tifton, June 13, 1906; male, Tifton; female, Albany, May 16, 1916 (W. D. Pierce) ; male, Swainsboro, May 31, 1931 (P. W. Fattig) ; male, St. Simon’s Island, June 4, 1911 ; female, St. Simon’s Island, July 14, 1931 (C. A. Frost) ; three males, Billy’s Island, Okefenokee Swamp, June, 1912 ; four females, Spring Creek, Decatur Co., May 18-21, 1916 (J. C. Bradley) ; female, Spring Creek, Decatur Co., June 7-23, 1911 ( J. C. Bradley) ; eleven females, male, Spring Creek, Decatur Co., July 16, 29, 1912 (J. C. Bradley) ; female, Spring Creek, Decatur county, August 9-12, 1931 (Bradley and Knorr) ; male, Bainbridge, May 30-June 1, 1911 (J. C. Brad- ley) ; female, Bainbridge, July 30, 1912; male, Bainbridge ; female, Thomasville, May 21, 1915 (C. S. Spooner) ; two males, four females. Florida: female, LaBelle, April 18 (J. N. Knull) ; female, Jack- sonville, July 21; female, Jacksonville; female, Lakeland (G. G. Ainslie) ; female, Sanford, April, 1932 (C. O. Bare) ; female, San- ford, May 21, 1931 (C. O. Bare) ; male, Orlando, May 28, 1925 (O. C. McBride) ; male, Orlando, June 2, 1925 (O. C. McBride) ; male, Gainesville, Alachua county, April 23, 1922; two males Gainesville, Alachua county, May 4, 1928 (Alexander- Walker) ; female, Gaines- ville, Alachua county, May 11, 1911 ; female, Gainesville, August 17, 1931 (Bradley and Knorr) ; female, Alachua county, March 18, 1930 (C. J. Guard) ; female, Palatka, May 3-4, 1916 (J. C. Bradley) ; male, Lake County, April 20, 1922 (T. P. Winter) ; two males, Kissimmee Prairie, August 25, 1931 (Bradley and Knorr) ; female, Homestead, March 5 (A. Mosier) ; male, Homestead, April 18, 1924 (T. R. Robinson) ; female, Indian River (H. G. Hubbard) ; female, Ft. Mead, August 13, 1930 (R. H. Beamer) ; female, Wildwood, August 2, 1930 (J. Nottingham); female, Enterprise, April 18; female, Bell Glade, July, 1926 (M. D. Leonard) ; three males. Mississippi : female, Agricultural College, April 16, 1916 ( W. H. Carpenter) ; female, Agricultural College, November 1, 1917 (N. A. Moore) ; female, Agricultural College, June 15, 1915 (C. C. Greer) ; male, Agricultural College, June 27, 1914 (C. C. Greer) ; male, Agri- cultural College, July 3, 1914 (C. C. Greer) ; male, Agricultural Col- 16 January, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA lege, July 6, 1914 (C. C. Greer) ; male and female, Agricultural College, July 10, 1914 (C. C. Greer) ; two males, Agricultural Col- lege, July 14, 1914 (C. C. Greer) ; female, Agricultural College, May 8, 1921 (P. D. Sanders) | male, Agricultural College, June 25, 1913 (J. G. Hester) ; two females, Agricultural College, July 1, 1913 (J. G. Hester) ; male, Agricultural College, July 14, 1913 (J. G. Hester) ; male, Agricultural College, July 19, 1913 (J. G. Hester) ; female, Agricultural College, fall, 1921 (G. A. Thompson) 5 two females, Agricultural College, July 10, 1913 (T. F. McGehee) ; female, Agricultural College, July 29, 1913 (T. F. McGehee) ; female, Agricultural College, May, 1922 (C. T. Wallace) ; female, Agricul- tural College, May 14, 1921 (S. W. Box) ; female, Agricultural Col- lege, October 14, 1914 (S. M. Thomas) ; female, Agricultural Col- lege, October 20, 1914 (A. M. Rogers) ; female, Agricultural College, May 1, 1922 (W. C. Avens) ; female, Agricultural College, May 16, 1921 (C. E. Loeb) • female, Agricultural College, April 15, 1922 (H. C. Ashcraft) ; female, Agricultural College, June 13, 1921 (J. W. Lumpkin) ; male, Agricultural College, July 12, 1921 ( J. W. Lumpkin) ; female, Agricultural College, April 24, 1921 (R. D. Morrow) ; female, Agricultural College, March 30 (J. C. Garrett) ; female, Agricultural College, November 5, 1921 (C. E. Ross) ; male, Agricultural College, October, 1919 (W. M. Porter) ; male, Agri- cultural College, August 6, 1913 (C. F. Stiles) ; male, Agricultural College, May, 1922 (J. PI. Heckman) ; male, Agricultural College (P. D. Houston) ; female, Agricultural College, July 25, 1917 ; female, Starkville, May 14, 1922 (0. E. Earnest) ; male, Blue Moun- tain, July 11, 1914 (H. H. Carter) ; male, Laurel, August, 1916 (M. G. Dyess) ; two males, Ocean Springs, June 5, 1915 (F. F. Bibby) ; two males, Ocean Springs, June 8, 1915 (F. F. Bibby) ; male, Ocean Springs, June, 1915 (F. F. Bibby). Kentucky : male. Louisiana: male and female (in copula) P^allulali, October 16, 1910 (R. A. Cushman) ; female, Tallulah, April 10 (R. A. Cush- man) ; male, Tallulah, June, 1916 (C. S. Whittington) ; female, Shreveport, May 29, 1905 ; male, New Orleans ; female, Lake Bruins, August 3, 1925 (B. E. Montgomery) ; eight males, two females. Texas : female, Wharton, June 24, 1917 ; female, Willis, May 14, 1903 (Bridwell) ; female, Columbus (Wickham) ; two females, Colo- rado county, August 5, 1922 (Grace O. Wiley) ; female, Liberty, October 12, 1933; female, Madison county, August 20, 1931 (F. F. Bibby) ; male, Nome, June 21, 1918 (E. L. Diven) ; male, New Boston, October 26, 1906 (F. C. Bishopp) ; male. 17 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. i Oklahoma : female, Latimer county, June 16, 1931 (R. D. Bird) ; female, Isabel, June 8, 1931 (C. C. Deonier) ; male and female (in copula), Alfalfa county, August 6, 1932 (Pritchard and Deonier). I have previously (1928) suggested that ferrugata Fabricius belonged to the genus Timulla. Through the courtesy of Dr. Olaw Schroeder, of the Zoological Institut, University of Kiel, and Dr. H. Bischoff, of the Zoological Museum of the University of Berlin, I was able to reexamine a specimen in the Kiel collection bearing a label “ ferrugata ” in Fabricius’ handwriting. This specimen agrees exactly with the original description. The latter particularly de- scribes the distal margin of the first abdominal segment as black, and the remaining margins cinereus. The Kiel specimen has the distal margin of the first segment black and the margins of the remaining segments cinereus, but the first segment has obviously been rubbed and was originally clothed with pale pubescence. Other diagnostic characters of the Kiel specimen are the thorax broader behind than in front, and the legs black except ferruginous femora. Females which Bradley (1916) assigned to promethea Blake agree in every respect with the Kiel specimen, including the black distal margin of the first tergite although the black area of Bradley’s specimens is clothed with pale pubescence. The original description of ferrugata mentions the specimens as belonging to the Bose collection. This collection is now in the 18 January, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Museum Nationale d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. I have investigated the possibility of the type’s presence there. There is only one speci- men in the Bose material at Paris that can possibly have any claim as the type specimen of this species. It is labeled “ M. antiguensis Fabricius. H. in Carolina.” It is a specimen of Dasymutilla lepeletierii Fox. It cannot be the type for the following reasons : (1) The description states “parva”; this specimen is large, 14 mm. long; (2) Description states “reliquis margine cinereo”; this speci- men has the distal margin of the second tergite black with a median, pale pubescent spot; (3) Description states “femoribus ferrugi- neis ’ ’ ; the specimen has the femora blackish like the other parts of the leg. Further confirmatory evidence that the Kiel specimen is the one Fabricius described as ferrugata is to be found in the fact that specimens in the Spinola collection at Turin, Italy, which originally came from the Olivier collection and the Latreille collection are labeled “ferrugata Fabr.” and are conspecific with the Kiel specimen. I have examined the female recorded by Bradley (1916) as the allotype of promethea Blake and find it to be the same as the Kiel specimen. A second pair taken in copnla is recorded above from Louisiana and a third pair from Oklahoma. The male in both cases is the same as rufa Lepeletier and promethea Blake. I have exam- ined the holotype of both rufa and promethea and find them to be identical. The female in both of the above cases is the same as the Kiel specimen. Timulla ( Timulla ) ornatipennis (Bradley). (New combination) 1916. Mutilla ( Timulla ) ornatipennis Bradley. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xlii, pp. 205-206, 318, male and female. Holotype male and allotype female. — Southern Pines, North Carolina, August 12, 1907 (A. H. Manee), nos. 111.1 and 111.2 in Cornell University collection, Ithaca, New York. Diagnostic characters of the female not mentioned in the original description are : scape and pedicel ferruginous, the flagellum blackish; antennal scrobes distinctly carinate above; sides of dorsum of thorax parallel, not noticeably emarginate at the mesonotal region; length of thorax about one and two- thirds times the width ; dorsum of thorax with large, confluent punctures, almost longitudinally rugoso-punctate ; mesonotal- scutellar suture obsolete; scutellar scale present and distinct; lateral margins of posterior face of propodeum denticulate; second tergite finely punctate on the disk, the punctures becom- 19 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. i ing moderate in size towards the sides ; anterior pale pubescent spots of second tergite obsolete; pygidial area irregularly ru- gose; median carina of first sternite elevated anteriorly into a prominent tooth. The holotype and allotype have been examined and specimens compared with them. Specimens examined. — New Jersey: two females, Iona, May 16, 1909 (G. M. Greene). Virginia: two males, Falls Church, September 4, 1915 (C. T. Greene) ; female, Falls Church, September 14, 1915 (G. M. Greene) ; female, Colonial Beach, July, 1897 ; female, Clifton, July 15, 1923 (J. C. Bridwell) ; two females, Clifton, July, 1933 ( J. C. Bridwell) ; two females, Clifton, August 20, 1933 (J. C. Bridwell). North Carolina: male and female (in copula), Southern Pines, July 9, 1907 (A. H. Manee) ; female, Raleigh, April 16, 1904 (C. S. Brimley) ; female, Raleigh, early August (C. L. Metcalf) ; female, Kittrell, September, 1917 ( J. E. Eckert) ; male, Wilson, September 1, 1914; female (Forel). South Carolina: female, Clemson College (J. 0. Pepper). Georgia : female, Atlanta, April 23, 1933 (P. W. Fattig) ; female, Atlanta, August 11, 1934 (P. W. Fattig) ; female, Atlanta, August- 30, 1934 (P. W. Fattig) ; female, Atlanta, September 5, 1932 (P. W. Fattig) ; male and female (in copula), Stone Mt., August 11, 1932 (P. W. Fattig); female, Chickamauga, July 10, 1898; male, Tifton; female, Billy’s Island, Okefenokee Swamp, September 1-5, 1913. Florida : female, Tampa, March 27 ; male, Capron, April 25 ; female, Ft. Meyers, May 7, 1916 ( J. C. Bradley) ; female. Alabama : female, Greenville, August 3, 1915. Tennessee: female, Knoxville, May 1, 1890; male. Mississippi: female, Agricultural College, April 14, 1918 (C. M. Brickell) ; female, Agricultural College, April 6, 1919 (W. T. Cov- ington) ; female, Lucedale, March 3, 1932 (H. Dietrich) ; female, Fulton, July 14, 1930 (P. W. Oman). The characters used in the keys will separate both sexes of this species from related forms without difficulty. The female has been confused with dubitata Smith but that species has the thorax dis- tinctly emarginate medially at the sides. Timidla ( Timidla ) barbata (Fox). (New combination) 1899. Mutilla barbata Fox, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxv. p. 272, male. 1903. Mutilla barbata Andre, Gen. Ins., i, fasc. 11, p. 41, male. 20 January, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 1916. Mutilla ( Timulla ) barbata Bradley, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xlii, p. 205, male. Type. — Male, Ripley County, Missouri (P. J. Smith), in collec- tion of American Entomological Society, Philadelphia. A second specimen is in the collection of the University of Kan- sas; male, Caddo County, Louisiana, August 19 (R. H. Beamer). The thick, long fringe of white hairs on the yellowish scape be- neath ; the broad, flat, first flagellar segment ; and the banded wings separate this at once from all other species in the genus. Timulla ( Timulla ) leona (Blake). (New combination) 1871. Mutilla leona Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., iii, p. 230, female. 1886. Mutilla leona Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xiii, p. 200, female. 1894. Mutilla leona Cameron, Biol. Centr.-Amer., ii, p. 269, female. 1897. Mutilla leona Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymen., viii, p. 53, female. 1900. Mutilla leona Fox, Ent. News, xi, p. 401, female. 1903. Mutilla leona Andre, Gen. Ins., i, fasc. 11, p. 42, female. ?1903. Mutilla nestor Melander, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xix, p. 323, male. 21 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. i Type. — Female, Mexico (F. Sumichrast), in collection of Ameri- can Entomological Society, Philadelphia. The description of the male is as follows : Head, thorax and legs, black ; first abdominal segment blackish, the posterior mar- gin ferruginous ; remainder of. abdomen ferruginous ; inferior margin of mandibles strongly emarginate and with a prominent tooth near the base ; distal margin of last abdominal tergite dis- tinctly emarginate medially. Length, 15 mm. Head entirely black, clothed throughout with pale, glittering pubescence, thickest on the front ; clypeus transversely concave, the concave area glabrous, and the elevated posterior margin of the glabrous area evenly arcuate ; scape distinctly bicarinate beneath ; first and second flagellar segments approximately equal in length ; ocelli small, the distance between the lateral ones and the inner eye margins more than three times the great- est diameter of the former. Thorax entirely black; pronotum clothed with erect and appressed, pale, glittering pubescence; mesonotum clothed with black pubescence, except the anterior fourth with pale, glitter- ing pubescence ; anterior half of scutellum with erect, black hairs, the posterior half with erect, pale hairs; propodeum clothed with sparse, appressed, pale pubescence; pleural areas clothed with sparse, pale pubescence ; scutellum strongly, evenly convex, densely punctured; enclosed area of propodeum not elevated posteriorly into a tubercle; tegulae large, glabrous, finely punctate throughout, clothed throughout with sparse, pale, glittering pubescence ; mesosternal tubercles transverse. Abdomen ferruginous, except the first segment largely black, only the distal margin ferruginous, clothed throughout with erect and appressed, fulvous pubescence, except the erect pubes- cence of the first tergite pale ; distal margin of last tergite dis- tinctly emarginate medially; last tergite with a median, elon- gate, glabrous, impunctate area terminating before the distal margin in a transverse, strongly elevated carina, the latter viewed posteriorly distinctly arcuate; sixth sternite unarmed; seventh sternite with small lateral tubercles ; hypopygium with a pair of widely separated, longitudinal ridges on the anterior half. Legs entirely black, sparsely clothed with pale, glittering pubescence ; middle coxae with a weak tooth at the inner, poste- rior margin ; calcaria pale. Wings dark fuscous. 22 January, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Allotype. — Male, Tallulah, Louisiana, July 17, 1925, in collection of University of Minnesota. Specimens examined. — Georgia : two males, Bainbridge. Alabama: male, Thomasville, June 10, 1917; three males, Jack- son, Tombigbee River, June 10, 1917. Mississippi: female, Agricultural College, June 24, 1914 (C. C. Greer). Arkansas : male, Pine Bluff, September, 1890. Louisiana: two females, New Orleans; male, Cameron, June 29, 1905 ; male, Tallulah, July 24, 1925 ; two males. Texas: female, Brownsville, May 1, 1904 (H. S. Barber) ; three males, Galveston, May (F. H. Snow) ; male, Galveston, June 16, 1924 (Trotter) ; male, Galveston, July 24, 1924 (Trotter) ; three females, Richmond, May 29, 1918 (J. C. Bradley) ; two females, Richmond, Brazos River, June 22, 1917 ; eight females, five males, Wharton, June 24, 1917; male, Austin, May 21, 1921 (R. H. Painter) ; three females, Columbus (Wickham) ; female, Bastrop County; male, College Station, June 15, 1932; male, College Station, June 26, 1932 (H. J. Reinhard) ; male, College Station, August 17, 1932 (S. W. Bromley) ; two males, McLennan County, July 10, 1934 (F. F. Bibby) ; male and female, McLennan County, July 16, 1933 (F. F. Bibby) ; two females, Aransas County, August 6, 1928 (R. H. Beamer and A. M. James). Oklahoma: male, Alfalfa County, August 6, 1932 (C. C. Deonier) . Kansas: male, Douglas County, July 25, 1919 (Wm. E. Hoff- mann) ; male, Riley County, June 30; male, Riley County, July 17 (Popenoe) ; female, Riley County, July 26 (G. A. Dean) ; female, Riley County, July 21 (Popenoe) ; female, Riley County, July 22 (G. A. Dean) ; female, Riley County, August 8 (J. B. Norton) ; female, Clay County, August, 1901 (Bridwell) ; male. Nebraska: male, Omaha, July 7, 1914 (L. T. Williams); two males, Omaha, August 3, 1914 (L. T. Williams) ; male and female, Omaha, August 12, 1913 (L. T. Williams) ; female, Omaha, August 13, 1914 (L. T. Williams) ; male, Omaha, August 14, 1913 (L. T. Williams) ; male, Omaha, August 19, 1913 (L. T. Williams) ; female, Omaha, September 9, 1913 (L. T. Williams) ; male, Cams, July 22, 1902 (M. H. Swenk). Missouri : male and female, Callaway County, October, 1898 ; male, St. Louis, August 16, 1922 (P. Rau) ; two females, St. Louis (P. Rau) ; male, Hollister, August 12, 1912 (H. H. Knight). 23 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. i Illinois: two females, Meredosia, August 22, 1898 (F. M. McE.) ; two females, Havana, October 6. Indiana: male and female, Posey County, August 10, 1927 (B. E. Montgomery) . Michigan : male. The female of leona is closely related to prominens Cameron. The latter has the same form of thorax, the same sculpture of the py- gidium and the same pubescent markings of the abdomen, but has an entirely black head. Andre (1898, Ann. soc. ent. France, lxvii, p. 38) identified a male mutillid from Mexico as ardens Gerstaecker and described the female taken with it as the female of ardens. I have examined these two specimens in the Museum Nationale d’His- toire Naturelle, Paris, and find that the male is not ardens, but an undescribed species, while the female is prominens Cameron. The male taken with this female must then be the male of prominens. This male has the distal margin of the last abdominal tergite emar- ginate medially, and has the median, impunctate, glabrous area of the same tergite terminating in a transverse carina before the distal margin of the tergite. The carina is slightly arcuate and extends transversely through the median three-fifths of the tergite. Since the female of leona is closely related to the female of prominens, it follows that the male of leona is probably related to the male of prominens. The male described above is not only closely related to 24 January, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA the male of prominens but it has practically the same geographical distribution as the females of leona. It differs from prominens in having sparser pale pubescence on the dorsum of the propodeum and on the tegulae, and the carina of the last abdominal tergite ex- tends transversely through only the median two-fifths of the tergite, and is strongly arcuate. To further support this conclusion, the material before me includes five instances where this male and female have been collected at the same time and place, i.e., McLennan County, Texas, July 16, 1933 (F. F. Bibby) | Wharton, Texas, June 24, 1917 ; Callaway County, Missouri, October, 1898 ; Omaha, Ne- braska, August 12, 1913 (L. T. Williams), and Posey County, In- diana, August 10, 1927 (B. E. Montgomery). The female has been confused in collections with vagans subsp. vagans, although the longitudinally striate pygidium separates it at once from that spe- cies. The male has been confused with oajaca which it resembles in color, but differs in the emarginate distal margin of the last abdom- inal tergite. Timulla ( Timulla ) tyro n. sp. Male. — Head and thorax black, clothed with pale pubescence, except the posterior three-fourths of the mesonotum with black pubescence ; abdomen ferruginous, clothed with fulvous pubes- cence; legs black except the tibiae dark ferruginous and the tarsi distinctly ferruginous; tegulae with thick, pale pubes- cence ; distal margin of last abdominal tergite emarginate ; median, impunctate area of last tergite terminating in an in- verted U-shaped carina. Length, 11 mm. Head entirely black, clothed throughout with rather thick, erect and appressed, pale pubescence ; mandibles strongly emarginate beneath and with a prominent tooth near the base beneath ; clypeus transversely concave, the concave area gla- brous, impunctate, the elevated, posterior margin evenly arcuate ; scape distinctly bicarinate beneath ; first and second segments of flagellum approximately equal in length ; ocelli small, the distance between the eye margins and lateral ocelli equal to four times the diameter of the latter. Thorax entirely black, clothed with pale pubescence, except the posterior three-fourths of mesonotum with black pubes- cence ; pale pubescence thick on pronotum, scutellum and meso- pleurae, elsewhere sparse ; scutellum evenly convex, densely punctured ; enclosed area of propodeum not elevated posteriorly into a tubercle; dorsum and posterior face of propodeum dis- 25 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. i tinctly, shallowly reticulate; tegulae large, clothed with thick, pale pubescence; mesosternal tubercles transverse. Abdomen entirely ferruginous, clothed with fulvous pubes- cence throughout ; distal margin of last tergite distinctly, roundly emarginate medially; last tergite with a narrow, elon- gate, median, impunctate area terminating in an inverted U- shaped carina, the sides of the U diverging posteriorly, not parallel ; sixth sternite with a pair of distinct tubercles, one at each postero-lateral angle ; seventh tergite with a pair of similar but slightly stronger tubercles; hypopygium with a pair of widely separated, longitudinal ridges anteriorly, the ridges ele- vated posteriorly forming a sharp tooth projecting backwards. Legs black, except the tibiae dark ferruginous, and the tarsi distinctly ferruginous, clothed with sparse, pale pubescence ; calcaria pale. Wings fuscous. Female. — Pale ferruginous throughout, including the legs; head and dorsum of thorax coarsely punctured, almost longi- tudinally rugoso-punctate ; sides of dorsum of thorax parallel, not noticeably emarginate ; scutellar scale broad and well de- veloped ; a distinct mesonotal-scutellar suture anterior to the scutellar scale ; lateral margins of posterior face of propodeum slightly serrate, not strongly denticulate as in leona ; abdomen finely punctured, slightly dusky above due to sparse, short, black pubescence ; abdomen with pale markings above as in leona ; pygidial area distinctly, longitudinally striate. Holotype. — Male, Cat. No. 50954 U. S. National Museum, Impe- rial County, California, May, 1911 (J. C. Bridwell). Allotype. — Female, Arizona, in collection of United States National Museum. Paratype. — Female, Needles, California (Wickham), in Univer- sity of Minnesota collection. Closely related to leona Blake. The male differs from the latter as expressed in the key, in the ferruginous color of the tibiae and tarsi, the distinct tubercles on the sixth sternite and the thicker, pale pubescence on the head and pronotum. The female differs in the serrate, rather than strongly denticulate, lateral margins of the pro- podeum, and the much paler ferruginous color of the body and legs. Although the two sexes have not been taken in copulation there can be no doubt that the specimens placed here represent the two sexes of a single species. The female is so closely related to leona Blake that it is separated from specimens of that species with difficulty, 26 January, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA and while the male is distinct from the male of leona as noted above and in the key, it is very closely related. The geographical ranges of the two are widely separated in the United States, leona having been taken only as far west as central Texas while tyro is known from Arizona and southeastern California. Tyro will undoubtedly be found in the state of Sonora, Mexico, and possibly in lower Cali- fornia. Timulla ( Timulla ) navasota subsp. navasota (Bradley). (New combination) 1916. Mutilla ( Timulla ) navasota Bradley, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xlii, p. 213, male. Holotype. — Male, Brazos County, Texas, in Museum of Compara- tive Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. The description of the female, which was heretofore un- known, is as follows : Female. — Head, thorax and legs ferrugi- nous, except tips of mandibles and flagellum beyond the first segment blackish ; abdomen ferruginous ; second abdominal ter- gite with a pair of anterior, ovate, pale pubescent spots ; lateral margins of thorax not emarginate medially ; thorax slightly nar- rower posteriorly than anteriorly ; scutellar scale absent ; second tergite with large, close, confluent punctures throughout ; pygidial area mostly granulate. Length, 9 mm. Head entirely ferruginous, except the tips of the mandibles and the flagellum beyond the second segment blackish ; man- dibles edentate at the tip and with a small tooth within near the tip ; clypeus elevated posteriorly, the elevated margin arcuate, and with a large, transverse, median tubercle immediately posterior to the elevated margin; scape obscurely punctate above ; first segment of flagellum slightly shorter than the sec- ond and third segments united; antennal scrobes distinctly carinate above ; front, vertex and genae with large, dense, con- fluent punctures throughout and clothed with sparse, erect pubescence, ferruginous on the front and vertex, pale on the genae ; relative widths of head and thorax, 3.5 : 3.3. Thorax entirely ferruginous, the dorsum clothed with sparse, erect, ferruginous pubescence, the posterior face of pro- podeum with sparse, erect, pale pubescence and the pleural areas with sparse, pale micropubescence ; lateral margins of dorsum of thorax almost parallel, not emarginate medially, the thorax slightly but distinctly narrower posteriorly than ante- riorly; relative widths of thorax at humeral angles and pro- podeum, 3.3: 3.1; humeral angles rounded; dorsum of thorax 27 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. i with large, dense, deep, confluent punctures, becoming shallower posteriorly and finally reticulate and slightly asperate on the posterior face of propodeum; scutellar scale entirely absent; lateral margins of posterior face of propodeum dentate ; pro- pleura densely punctuate anteriorly, the sides of propodeum with scattered, moderate punctures anteriorly and dense, large punctures posteriorly, and the pleural areas entirely micro- punctate. Abdomen ferruginous, dusky posteriorly; first tergite with moderately large, separated punctures and sparse, erect, pale pubescence, except the distal margin with a band of dense, ap- pressed, pale pubescence ; second tergite with large, close, more or less confluent punctures interspersed with fine punctures, clothed with sparse, erect and appressed, fuscous pubescence, except at the sides with sparse, erect, pale pubescence, and a pair of anterior, ovate spots and a broad, distal band of dense, appressed, pale pubescence, the anterior margin of the distal pubescent band slightly and angularly dilated medially; ter- gites three to five with moderate punctures anteriorly replaced by fine punctures posteriorly, clothed with sparse, erect and ap- pressed black pubescence, except sparse, pale, erect pubescence at the lateral margins and each with a pair of subquadrate spots of dense, appressed, pale pubescence, the spots converging to- wards the tip of the abdomen, those on tergite five distinctly separated ; pygidial tergite with pale and fuscous pubescence, the pygidial area granulate ; first sternite with a median, longi- tudinal carina on the anterior two-thirds, the elevated margin of the carina distinctly emarginate anteriorly; second sternite with large, close punctures throughout, clothed with sparse, erect, pale pubescence and with a thin, distal fringe of pale hairs ; tergites three to five with small, dense punctures towards the distal margin and each with a thin, distal fringe of pale hairs. Legs entirely ferruginous, sparsely clothed with pale pubes- cence; calcaria pale. Allotype. — Female, without locality data, taken in copula with a male, in collection of the United States National Museum. Specimens examined. — Texas : male, Lee County, September 7, 1905 ; male and female, Dallas (Boll) ; male, McLennan County, August 7, 1933 (H. B. Mills) ; male, Laredo, July 1, 1930 (H. M. Smith) ; male, Plano, July (E. S. Tucker) ; male, Plano, August (E. S. Tucker) ; two males, 28 January, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Brownsville, June 5, 1904 (H. S. Barber) ; two males, Brownsville, June 6, 1904 (H. S. Barber) ; three males, Brownsville, June; male and female. The female resembles the female of oajaca in having the second abdominal tergite strongly punctured, but differs from oajaca in having the thorax slightly narrower posteriorly than anteriorly, in the absence of the scutellar scale, in having the anterior, pale pubes- cent markings of the second tergite ovate instead of linear, and in the much more densely and deeply punctured anterior portion of the dorsum of the thorax. The allotype specimen has the abdomen rubbed so that the pale markings are practically obliterated ; the description of the pale markings of the abdomen has been taken from one of the paratypes. The two females other than the allotype have the abdomen very dark ferruginous. The male is closely related to amulae Cameron from Mexico, but the latter has much smaller ocelli and denser pale pubescence on the pronotum. This subspecies is replaced in western Texas, New Mexico and Arizona, as well as northwestern Mexico, by the follow- ing subspecies. Specimens vary in length from 13 to 22 mm. Timulla ( Timulla ) navasota subsp. nebulosa n. subsp. Male. — Exactly like subsp. navasota except the calcaria are very dark brown, and the pubescence of the head, pronotum and anterior half of mesonotum is predominantly black with a few pale hairs intermixed; mandibles not emarginate, not toothed beneath ; ocelli large, the distance between the inner eye margins and the lateral ocelli equal to the greatest diameter of the latter. Length, 17 mm. Female. — Head, thorax, coxae, trochanters and femora ex- cept the tips, ferruginous ; flagellum, abdomen, tips of femora, tibiae and tarsi, black; lateral margins of thorax converging posteriorly, not emarginate medially, the thorax distinctly nar- rower posteriorly than anteriorly ; narrow distal margin of first tergite, broad distal margin of second tergite, a pair of anterior spots on the second tergite, and a pair of large, quadrate, lateral spots on tergites three to five, all of dense, appressed, pale, glit- tering pubescence ; second tergite coarsely punctate ; pygidial area finely ridged in a pattern resembling a finger print. Length, 11 mm. Head, scape, pedicel and proximal third of first flagellar segment, ferruginous, the remainder of the flagellum black; front and vertex clothed with sparse, glittering, very pale fer- 29 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. i ruginous pubescence, the genae with sparse, pale, glittering pubescence ; mandibles slender, edentate at the apex, not emar- ginate nor toothed beneath ; clypeus elevated posteriorly into a prominent arcuate ridge, the latter with prominent lateral angles ; first segment of flagellum slightly shorter than segments two and three united; antennal scrobes distinctly carinate above ; front, vertex and genae strongly, confluently punctuate, somewhat longitudinally rugoso-punctate ; posterior margin of genae obscurely carinate; relative widths of head and thorax, 4.7: 5.0. Thorax entirely ferruginous, the dorsum clothed with sparse, erect and recumbent, glittering, very pale ferruginous pubes- cence ; dorsum strongly, confluently, longitudinally rugoso- punctate ; humeral angles moderately angulate ; relative widths of thorax anteriorly and posteriorly, 5.0 : 4.2 ; scutellar scale entirely absent; posterior half of lateral margins of posterior face of propodeum dentate; lateral margins of dorsum of pro- podeum straight, not crenulate, gradually converging poste- riorly from the pronotal tubercles ; anterior margin of propleura defined by a carina; propleura with large, close punctures anteriorly and micropunctate throughout ; mesopleura with moderate, close punctures at the posterior margin and on the postero-ventral area, as well as micropunctate throughout; metapleura with scattered, moderate punctures ventrally and micropunctate throughout; sides of propodeum with scattered, moderate punctures anteriorly and large, close punctures pos- teriorly, as well as micropunctate throughout. Abdomen entirely black, clothed with sparse, erect and ap- pressed, black pubescence except narrow, distal margin of first tergite, a pair of large, subovate spots on anterior half of second tergite reaching the anterior margin of tergite and merging into lateral pale areas, broad, distal margin of second tergite, lateral fifths of second tergite, a pair of large, transverse spots on tergites three to five, those on three widely separated, those on five distinctly separated but close, lateral areas of pygidial tergite, sparse pubescence on sternite two, and distal fringes of sternites two to five, all pale and glittering, the pubescence of the margins of tergites one and two, and spots on tergites two to five all dense and appressed ; second tergite with large, close, dense, confluent punctures interspersed with very small punc- tures; pygidial area as described above; first sternite with a prominent thin keel elevated anteriorly and posteriorly ; second 30 January, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA sternite with large punctures, dense and confluent laterally, close and only slightly confluent medially ; sternites three to five with moderate, dense, confluent punctures distally. Coxae, trochanters, femora except the tips, and front tibiae, ferruginous; tips of femora, intermediate and posterior tibiae, and all the tarsi, black ; calcaria ferruginous. Holotype. — Male, Douglas, Arizona, September, 1930 (W. W. Jones), in University of Minnesota collection. Allotype. — Female, Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, August 12, 1932 (D. K. Duncan), in University of Minnesota collection. Paratypes. — Male, Douglas, Arizona, September, 1930 (W. W. Jones) ; three males, Douglas, Arizona, August (F. H. Snow) ; male, Tucson, Arizona (F. H. Snow) ; two females, Tucson, Arizona (F. H. Snow) ; female, Palmerlee, Arizona, July 18 (H. A. Kaeber) ; male, Vegas Jose, New Mexico, August 4; male, Steins, New Mexico, July 14, 1917 ; three males, Phantom Lake, Fort Davis Quad, Davis Mts., Texas, June 14, June 19 and July 12, 1916 (F. M. Gaige) ; two fe- males, Phantom Lake, Ft. Davis Quad, Davis Mts., Texas, May 24 and June 14, 1916 (F. M. Gaige) ; male, State of Coahuila, Mexico (C. A. Purpus). The male paratype from Tucson, Arizona, has the calcaria brown, but the pubescence on the vertex, pronotum and anterior half of mesonotum is mostly pale. While the male and female have not been taken in copula, the relationships of the two sexes to the re- spective sexes of subsp. navasota make certain they are the two sexes of a single subspecies. The female of subsp. nebulosa is like that of subsp. navasota in the form of the thorax, absence of scutellar scale, sculpture of pygidium, puncturation of second abdominal tergite and pale markings of the abdomen. Nebulosa differs from navasota in having the thorax more strongly narrowed posteriorly and in the much darker color of the abdomen, tibiae and tarsi. Timulla ( Timulla ) dubitata subsp. dubitata (Smith). (New com- bination) 1855. Mutilla dubitata Smith, Cat. Hymen. Brit. Mus. iii, p. 60, female. 1871. Mutilla dubitata Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., iii, p. 256, female (in part). 1886. Mutilla dubitata Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xiii, p. 201, female (in part). 1897. Mutilla dubitata Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymen., viii, p. 33, female. 31 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. i 1899. Mutilla dubitata Pox,' Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxv, p. 270, female (in part). 1899. Timulla hexagona Ashmead, John B. Smith’s Insects of New Jersey, p. 535, female (in part). 1903, Mutilla dubitata Andre, Gen. Ins., i, fasc. 11, p. 42, female. 1903. Mutilla dubitata Melander, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxix, p. 323, female (in part). 1909. Mutilla (Timidla) dubitata Viereck, John B. Smith’s Insects of New Jersey, p. 665, female (in part). 1916. Mutilla ( Timulla ) rufa Bradley, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xlii, p. 209, male and female (in part). 1916. Mutilla ( Timidla ) hexagona Bradley, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xlii, pp. 213-214, female (not male). I have examined and redescribed as follows Smith’s type of this species in the British Mnseum of Natural History : Female. — Entirely ferruginous ; thorax noticeably con- tracted at the mesonotal area ; scutellar scale present and dis- tinct ; lateral margins of posterior face of propodeum dentate ; basal, lateral, pubescent spots of second tergite obscure ; pygid- ial area longitudinally rugose, the rugae not reaching the distal margin. Length, 8.5 mm. Head entirely ferruginous, clothed with sparse, recumbent, pale fulvous hairs, and sparse, erect, pale hairs ; mandibles edentate at the tips, with a small tooth within, the tips only, black ; clypeus elevated posteriorly, the elevated margin arcuate, seen from above slightly sinuate, and somewhat dentate at the sides; flagellum of antennae dusky, the first segment one and one-half times as long as the second ; antennal scrobes carinate above ; front and vertex with moderate, dense, confluent punc- tures, the genae with moderate, close punctures ; relative widths of head and thorax, 3.4 : 2.9. Thorax entirely ferruginous, not at all broader posteriorly than anteriorly; dorsum distinctly contracted at the mesonotal area, the lateral margins slightly crenulate, with large, dense, confluent punctures becoming deeply reticulate on the propo- deum, clothed with sparse, recumbent, pale fulvous hairs, and sparse, erect, pale hairs; humeral angles rounded; mesonotal- scutellar suture indistinct ; scutellar scale present ; lateral mar- gins of posterior face of propodeum dentate ; propleura indis- tinctly punctate, meso-, and metapleura impunctate, sides of 32 January, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA propodeum with moderate, close punctures, and all clothed with sparse, inconspicuous, pale pubescence. Abdomen ferruginous, the apical portions of the tergites and the pygidium somewhat dusky, but not black; first tergite with sparse, moderate punctures, sparse, pale, erect hairs, and an apical band of appressed, pale pubescence; second tergite with small, shallow punctures, clothed with sparse, recumbent, dark pubescence on the disk, scattered, pale pubescence at the sides, except a pair of obscure, basal, lateral, elongate spots, and a distinct apical band, suddenly, angulately dilated medially at the anterior margin, of appressed, pale pubescence ; tergites three to five finely, closely punctate, each with an apical band of appressed, pale pubescence broadly interrupted medially with dark pubescence, that on the third tergite more broadly interrupted than that on the fifth; pygidium longitu- dinally rugose, the rugae not extending to the apical margin; first sternite with a median, longitudinal carina on the basal half, elevated posteriorly into a blunt tooth ; second sternite with moderate, distinct punctures throughout, finely punctate at the apical margin, sparsely clothed with erect, pale hairs, and with an apical fringe of pale hairs ; sternites three to five with small, close punctures apically, and each with a thin, apical fringe of pale hairs ; last sternite with small, close punctures and erect, pale hairs. Legs entirely ferruginous, sparsely clothed with pale hairs ; calcaria pale. Male. — Ferruginous, except proximal half of mandibles, clypeus, antennae, front between antennal tubercles, ventral half of mesopleura, propodeum except sides and antero-lateral areas of dorsum, mesosternum, and legs, all black, clothed with sparse, fuscous to black pubescence, except the front anterior to the median ocellus, antennal scrobes, genae, lateral and posterior areas of clypeus and proximal half of mandibles externally, all with sparse, pale, glittering pubescence ; mandibles slightly emarginate beneath, but without a strong tooth near the base ; mesosternal tubercles somewhat oblique ; intermediate coxae with a glabrous ridge on the external lateral margin, and also on the posterior margin, the latter terminating inwardly in a low tubercle ; fifth and sixth abdominal sternites with prominent lateral tubercles, the seventh sternite and the hypopygium with conspicuous, lateral, oblique carinae ; wings fuliginous. Length, 16 mm. 33 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. i Head ferruginous, except proximal half of mandibles, clypeus, antennae and front between the antennal tubercles, all black, clothed with pubescence as described above ; mandibles slightly but distinctly emarginate beneath and angulate but not toothed near the base beneath ; median, glabrous area of clypeus strongly, transversely concave ; scape distinctly but delicately bicarinate beneath; first and second segments of flagellum ap- proximately equal in length ; antennal scrobes distinctly cari- nate above ; front, vertex and genae with moderately large, dense, confluent punctures, the latter somewhat less dense on the genae than on the front and vertex ; ocelli small, the distance between the eye margins and a lateral ocellus approximately four times the greatest diameter of the latter. Thorax ferruginous, the ventral half of mesopleura, meso- sternum, and propodeum except sides and antero-lateral areas of dorsum, black, clothed throughout with sparse, erect, fuscous to black pubescence; pronotum, mesonotum, scutellum and mesopleura for the most part, with moderately large, dense, con- fluent punctures ; parapsidal furrows present and complete from the anterior to posterior margins of mesonotum ; enclosed space of dorsum of propodeum well developed, elongate, subrectan- gular; remainder of propodeum including the sides with large, close, more or less confluent punctures, approaching reticulate ; propleura longitudinally rugose, the broad posterior margin glabrous and finely punctate; metapleura micropunctate and micropubescent except the ventral third closely, confluently punctate; tegulae large, glabrous and impunctate except the broad anterior and inner margins closely punctate and black pubescent. Abdomen ferruginous, clothed throughout with sparse, erect, fuscous to black pubescence, the latter thickest at the posterior margins of the segments, except the sternites with sparse, pale pubescence ; first tergite with moderate punctures, close laterally and posteriorly, becoming smaller at the distal margin ; tergites three to six with moderate, close punctures, becoming dense and confluent distally; last tergites with mod- erate, dense, confluent punctures, except a median, narrow, elon- gate, glabrous, impunctate area terminating in the arms of a Y-shaped carina, the stem of the Y extending to the distal margin and slightly shorter than the arms ; first sternite with a distinct, median, longitudinal carina; second sternite with moderately large, close, distinct punctures becoming sparse 34 January, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA medially, and moderate and sparse distally; sternites three to six with moderate, close punctures distally; sternites five and six with prominent, lateral tubercles; sternite seven and the hypopygium with conspicuous, oblique, lateral carinae. Wings fuliginous ; cell 2nd R4 + R2 long and subtruncate at the apex ; cell R4 present and receiving vein M2 three-fifths the distance from base to apex; cell R5 receiving vein M3+4 two- thirds the distance from base to apex. Legs entirely black, sparsely clothed with fuscous to black pubescence ; calcaria pale. Type. — Female, St. John’s Bluff, E. Florida (E. Doubleday), in British Museum of Natural History, London. Allotype. — Male, Orlando, Florida, June 3, 1907, in collection of United States National Museum. Specimens examined. — New York.- female, Yaphank, Long Island, September 22, 1911; female, Yaphank, Long Island, September 24, 1911 ; three females, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, June 17, 1923 (E. G. Anderson) ; male, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, July 10, 1921 (S. H. Emer- son) ; male, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, July 11, 1921 (E. G. Anderson) ; male, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, September 13, 1922 (E. G. Anderson). New Jersey : male, Helmetta, September 21, 1909 ; male, between Stafford’s Forge and E. Plains, Ocean Co., August 14, 1929 (Rehn and Hebard) ; male, Ocean County; male, Clementon, September 10 ; female, Lakehurst, July 12, 1911 (Wm. T. Davis) ; female, James- burg, July 22, 1912 (Wm. T. Davis) ; female, Menantico, May 14, 1923 (J. C. Bradley) ; female, Speedwell, Burlington County, June 20, 1901 (J. A. G. Rehn) ; female, Camden County, June 20, 1891; two females, Brown’s Mills Jc., April 21, 1908 (C. T. Greene) ; fe- male, Clementon, August 7, 1892; female, Weymouth, July 1, 1926 (H. E. Guerlac) ; female, Atlantic County, May 29, 1890; three females. Maryland: female, Baltimore; female, Odenton, July 17, 1918 (H. Dietrich) ; female, Beltsville, May 17 (Frederick Knab) ; fe- male, Plummer’s Island, May 10, 1914 (J. C. Crawford) ; female, Plummer’s Island, August 10, 1902 (Barber and Schwarz) ; female, Marshall Hall, June, 1898 ; female, Plum Point, July 4, 1912 ( Wm. Palmer) ; female, Breton Bay, July 12, 1924 (H. S. Barber) ; female, Bryantown, August 21, 1932 (H. G. Barber). Virginia: female, Great Falls, April 20; female, Great Falls, May 19; six females, Clifton, July 1-9, 1933 (J. C. Bridwell) ; two 35 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. i females, Clifton, July 15-23, 1933 (J. C. Briclwell) • two females, Clifton, July, 1933 (J. C. Bridwell) ; two females, East Falls Church, July 2, 1912; female, Falls Church, August 4; female, Falls Church, August 13, 1914 (G. M. Greene) ; male, female, Falls Church, August 20, 1913 (C. T. Greene) ; female, Falls Church, September 1, 1915 (C. T. Greene) ; female, Falls Church, September 4, 1915 (C. T. Greene) ; two females, Falls Church, September 11, 1915 (G. M. Greene) ; female, Nelson County, July 1, 1925 (W. Robinson). North Carolina: female, Black Mountains, August (Beuten- muller) ; female. South Carolina : female, Clemson College, August 1, 1927 (B. B. Pepper) ; female. Tennessee: female, Nashville; female, Monteagle, August 21, 1931 (A. G. Richards) ; four females. Georgia: female, Stone Mountain, August 16, 1913; female, Tal- lulah Falls, June 19-25, 1909 ( J. C. Bradley) | male, Clyde, Georgia, September 1-12, 1931 (Bradley and Knorr) ; male, St. Simon’s Island, June 1, 1911 ; male, St. Simon’s Island, June 5, 1929 (P. W. Fattig) ; male, St. Simon’s Island, June 7, 1911 ; male, Spring Creek, Decatur County, May 18-21, 1916 (J. C. Bradley) ; male, Spring Creek, Decatur County, June 7-23, 1917 (J. C. Bradley) ; two fe- males, Spring Creek, Decatur County, July 16-29, 1912 ( J. C. Brad- ley) ; male, Spring Creek, Decatur County, August 9-12, 1931 (Bradley and Knorr) ; male, Spring Creek, Decatur County; two females. Florida: female, Lake Worth; female, Gainesville, Alachua County, April 4, 1913 ; male, Gainesville, Alachua County, May 10, 1922 (T. P. Winter) ; male, Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville (J. R. W.) ; female, Palatka, May 3-4, 1916 (J. C. Brad- ley) ; female. Mississippi: female, Agricultural College, April 12, 1916 (C. D. Coleman) ; female, Agricultural College, April 28, 1919 (L. V. Colvin) ; female, Agricultural College, May 8, 1921 (W. S. Ander- son) ; female, Agricultural College, May 15, 1915 (J. C. Powell) ; female, Agricultural College, June 4, 1919 (B. H. Virden) ; female, Agricultural College, 1921 (L. W. Jones) ; female, Columbia, July (B. Morris). Louisiana: female, Orange, September 30, 1906 (F. C. Bishopp). Texas: female, Bexar county, August 10, 1933 (H. B. Parks) ; three females, Bexar County, August 30, 1933 (H. B. Parks) ; fe- male, Bexar County, October 2, 1931 (LI. B. Parks) ; female, Bexar 36 January, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA County, October 4, 1933 (H. B. Parks) ; female, Bexar County, October 20, 1931 (H. B. Parks) ; male, Colorado County, June 27, 1922 (Grace 0. Wiley) ; male, Beaumont, November 13, 1918 (H. S. Barber); female, Lee County, June 9, 1906; female, Lee County, June, 1908; female, Fedor, September 5, 1897 (Birkman) ; female, Dallas; male, Paris, October 26, 1904 (C. R. Jones) ; female. Arkansas : female, Marion County, 1897 ; female, Marion County, July (Bridwell). Oklahoma: female, Payne County, May 9, 1926 (W. J. Brown) ; female, Payne County, June 3, 1925 (W. J. Brown) ; male, female, Payne County, June 24, 1925 (W. J. Brown) ; female, Latimer County, June 20, 1931 (R. D. Bird) ; female, Wiley, July 3; female, Stillwater, April 20, 1933 (Reynold Dahms). Illinois : female, Illinois River, August. Iowa : female, Sioux City, July 28, 1928 (C. N. Ainslie). Missouri: female, St. Louis (Rau) ; female, Kansas City, August 17 (F. Rogers). Kansas: female, Manhattan, May 15, 1920 (H. M. Smith) ; fe- male, Manhattan, September 19, 1932 (C. W. Sabrosky) ; female, Riley County, July 3 (Popenoe) ; female, Riley County, July 21 (Popenoe) ; two females, Riley County, August 9 (Popenoe) ; fe- male, Riley County, August 23 (J. B. Norton) ; female, Lyons County, June 4, 1923 (C. O. Bare) ; female, Medora, June 9, 1933; Distribution of Timulla ( Timulla ) dubitata subsp. dubitata (Smith). Females 37 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. i female, Philipps County, August 30, 1912 (F. X. Williams) ; female, Seward County, July 21; female (Popenoe). Nebraska: two females, Halsey, August 13, 1925 (R. W. Daw- son) ; female, Halsey, August 14, 1925 (R. W. Dawson) ; female, Halsey, September 3, 1924 (R. W. Dawson) ; female, Wallace, July 7, 1931. Distribution of Timulla ( Timulla ) dubitata subsp. dubitata (Smith). Males The female has been confused in collections with the female of vagans, and even with the female of ferrugata ; it has also been identified by Bradley (1916) as the female of hexagona. I have examined Bradley’s allotype of liexagona and find it to be the same as Smith’s dubi tat a. Bradley’s allotype was not taken in copula with a male but was correlated with hexagona on other evidence which has since proven to be incorrect. The male was identified by Bradley (1916) as Lepeletier’s rufa. An examination of the type of the latter has shown it to be the male of ferrugata. This female and male, and the following subspecies of male were first associated by Bradley (1916) on the basis of specimens collected together but not in copula by Nathan Banks, and on the basis of geographical distribution. The study of the material before me has confirmed that conclusion. The female may be recognized by the elongate thorax, the sides of which are distinctly but not strongly emarginate medially; by the absence of the mesonotal-scutellar suture just anterior to the scutellar scale, the distinct scutellar scale, and the 38 January, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA longitudinally rugose pygidium. The male may be readily recog- nized by the presence of well-developed tubercles on the fifth ster- nite, the bicarinate scape without a pubescent brush beneath, and the more or less ferruginous head and thorax. The males vary with respect to the emargination of the mandibles ; some are only slightly emarginate with an inconspicuous angular prominence beneath near the base; intergrades occur between that condition and the man- dibles broadly, distinctly emarginate beneath with the angular prominence conspicuous and almost forming a tooth. The sub- species in the male sex described below has the head and thorax black and has a more extensive but different geographical distribu- tion. I have attempted to find some morphological character in the females which would separate them into groups having the same geographical distribution as the two subspecies of male, but have been unsuccessful. The females appear to me to be uniform throughout the entire geographic range. Timulla ( Timulla ) dubitata subsp. fugitiva n. subsp. 1899. Mutilla hexagona Fox, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxv, p. 270, male (in part). 1899. Timulla hexagona Ashmead, John B. Smith’s Insects of New Jersey, p. 535, male (in part). 1916. Mutilla ( Timulla ) rufa Bradley, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xlii, p. 209, male (in part). Male. — Exactly like the subsp. dubitata except the head and thorax entirely black ; emargination of mandibles, form of clypeus, elongate, glabrous area and Y-shaped carina of last tergite, tubercles of fifth and sixth sternites, and carinae of seventh sternite and hypopygium, all the same as in subsp. dubitata. Length, 17 mm. Holotype. — Male, Halsey, Nebraska, August 13, 1925 (R. W. Dawson), in University of Minnesota. collection. Paratypes. — The following specimens. — New Jersey: male, Gloucester County, August 16, 1891. Pennsylvania: male, Rockville, August 4, 1912; male, Rock- ville, August 18, 1912 (Champlain) ; male, Rockville, August 21, 1910 (H. B. Kirk). Maryland: male, Baltimore, 1870 (Uhler) ; male, Chestertown, August 12, 1901 (E. G. Vanatta) ; male, Blythedale, September 18; male, College Park, August 23, 1925 (C. T. Greene). District of Columbia: male, Rock Creek, October 14, 1904 (C. E. Burden) ; male, Washington, July 23, 1902 (Bridwell). 39 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. i Virginia: male, Clifton, July 15-23, 1933 (J. C. Bridwell) ; male, Barcroft, September 3, 1928 (J. C. Bridwell) ; male, Falls Church, August 23; male, Falls Church, August 26, 1916 (G. M. Greene) ; male, Falls Church, August 28 ; male, Falls Church, August 30 ; two males, Falls Church, September 1, 1915 (C. T. Greene) ; two males, Falls Church, September 4, 1915 (C. T. Greene) ; male, Kerney, August 15, 1913 (Wm. Middleton) ; two males, Nelson County, July 12, 1928 (W. Robinson) ; male, Nelson County, August 6, 1925 (W. Robinson) . Tennessee : two males, Allardt, Fentress County, August 20, 1922 (T. H. Hubbell) ; male. Georgia : male, Austell, August 27, 1910. Mississippi : male. Texas: male, Bexar County, June 12, 1933 (H. B. Parks) ; male, Paris, June 25, 1933; male, Paris, September 23, 1904 (W. R. Hooker) . Oklahoma: male, Woods County, July 5, 1930 (R. D. Bird; male, Shattuck, August 12, 1933 (Reynolds Dahms). Kansas: male, Onaga, July 13, 1925 (R. H. Beamer) ; two males, St. George, July 21; male, Riley County, August 6 (J. B. Norton) ; male, Riley County, August 19 (Popenoe) ; two males, Riley County, August 22 (Popenoe) ; male, Russell County, August 26, 1912 (F. X. Williams) . Nebraska: male, Weeping Water, July 20 (H. S. Smith) ; male, Distribution of Timulla ( Timulla ) dubitata subsp. fugitiva n. subsp. Males 40 January, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Halsey, August 12, 1925 (R. W. Dawson) ; male, Halsey, August 14, 1920 (C. B. Philip) ; male, Halsey, August 20, 1920 (C. B. Philip) ; male, McCook, September 3, 1892 (Barber). The emargination of the mandibles varies as in subsp. dubitata, some specimens having the emargination shallow, others more deeply emarginate with a conspicuous angle beneath near the base. As stated above the attempt to find subspecific differences in the females from the same region in which this male subspecies occurs was un- successful. Females of dubitata from Florida, for example, cannot be separated from females collected in Nebraska, Tennessee or other areas where the species occurs. The males vary in length from 17 mm. to 20 mm. Timulla (Timulla) wileyae n. sp. Female.- — Head, thorax, legs and abdomen beneath in part, ferruginous; tips of mandibles, flagellum beyond the first seg- ment, abdomen above, and abdomen beneath beyond the second sternite, all black; lateral margins of dorsum of thorax not emarginate medially; scutellar scale present; disk of second tergite finely punctate, and with a pair of anterior, obscure, subcircular, pale pubescent spots, the tergite also with a broad, distal band of dense, appressed, pale pubescence, the anterior margin of the band angularly dilated medially; tergites three to five each with a distal band of pale pubescence attenuated and interrupted medially with black ; pygidial area irregularly rugose. Length, 9 mm. Head entirely ferruginous, except the tips of the mandibles and the flagellum beyond the first segment, blackish, clothed with sparse, erect, ferruginous pubescence, that on the genae paler than that on the front and vertex ; mandibles edentate at the apex and with a small tooth within near the apex; clypeus elevated posteriorly, the elevated margin evenly arcuate ; scape finely punctate above ; first segment of flagellum approximately equal in length to the second and third segments united ; anten- nal scrobes distinctly carinate above ; front, vertex and genae with moderate punctures, dense and confluent on the front and vertex, separated and interspersed with fine punctures on the genae; relative widths of head and thorax, 3.3 : 2.8. Thorax entirely ferruginous, the dorsum clothed with sparse, erect, ferruginous pubescence, the posterior face of propodeum with sparse, erect, pale pubescence, and the pleural areas with pale micropubescence ; humeral angles rounded ; dorsum with 41 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. i moderately large punctures, very dense and confluent anteri- orly, less dense medially and posteriorly and becoming reticu- late on the posterior face of propodeum; lateral margins of dorsum of propodeum not emarginate medially, the sides paral- lel ; width of thorax at the humeral angles and dorsum of propo- deum equal ; scutellar scale present and well developed ; pleural areas throughout micropunctate, the propleura also with moder- ate, obscure punctures and the sides of propodeum with moder- ate punctures separated anteriorly, close posteriorly. Abdomen black, except the first segment anteriorly above and entirely beneath, and the second .sternite entirely, ferru- ginous; first tergite finely punctate and with scattered small punctures, clothed with sparse, erect, pale pubescence and also with a distal band of dense, appressed, pale pubescence ; second tergite finely, closely punctate except the lateral fourths also with moderate, separated punctures, clothed with sparse, ap- pressed, black pubescence except the lateral fourths with the pubescence pale, and also with a pair of anterior, obscurely sub- circular spots and a broad, distal band with its anterior margin angularly dilated medially, of dense, appressed, pale pubes- cence ; tergites three to five finely, closely punctate, clothed with sparse, appressed, black pubescence and each with a distal, in- terrupted band of dense, appressed, pale pubescence, the band on each attenuated and interrupted medially, broadly so on the third and scarcely on the fifth ; pygidial segment with sparse, pale pubescence, the pygidial area irregularly rugose ; first ster- nite with a median, longitudinal carina on the anterior two- thirds, the carina distinctly elevated anteriorly into a slight tooth ; second sternite with moderately large, close punctures, becoming small and close at the distal margin, clothed with sparse, pale pubescence, and with a thin, distal fringe of pale pubescence; sternites three to five with small, close punctures towards the distal margin and each with a thin, distal fringe of pale pubescence. Legs entirely ferruginous, sparsely clothed with pale pubes- cence ; calcaria pale. Holotype. — Female, Rock Island, Texas, June 27, 1922 (Grace 0. Wiley), in University of Minnesota collection. Paratypes. — Texas: female, Willis, May 14, 1903 (Bridwell) ; female, Willis, May 15, 1903 (Bridwell) ; female, Willis, May, 1903 (Bridwell); female, Lee County, April 10; female, Mineola, July 19 (C. R. Jones) ; female, Rosser, June 28, 1905 (C. R. Jones) ; two females, Dallas (Boll). 42 January, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Louisiana : female, Orange, March 22. Arkansas: female, Hope, June (Louise Knobel). Oklahoma: female, Ardmore, May 18, 1906 (F. C. Bishopp) ; female, Cherokee, August 8, 1932 (A. E. Pritchard). Similar to dubitata but differs in haying the lateral margins of the dorsum of the thorax parallel and not emarginate medially, in the smaller anterior, pale pubescent spots of the second tergite, and the irregularly rugose pygidium. I am pleased to name this species for Mrs. Grace 0. Wiley, formerly Curator of Reptiles at the Brook- field Zoological Gardens, Chicago, who collected the holotype speci- men. Timulla (Timulla) nitela n. sp. Male. — Head, thorax and legs entirely black; abdomen en- tirely fulvous, sparsely clothed with fulvous pubescence ; median area of clypeus transversely concave; mandibles emarginate beneath and with a conspicuous tooth near the base beneath ; ocelli small, the distance between the eye margins and the lat- eral ocelli equal to about four times the greatest diameter of the latter ; last tergite with the median, elongate, glabrous area ter- minating in the arms of a Y-shaped carina, the arms of the Y about equal in length to the stem ; hypopygium with a pair of prominent, oblique carina, the seventh sternite with a pair of lateral, cariniform tubercles, the sixth sternite with a pair of small, lateral tubercles ; intermediate coxae with a distinct tooth at the inner, posterior margin ; wings subhyaline with a slightly darker band apically. Length, 13 mm. Head entirely black, sparsely clothed with short, appressed and long, erect, pale, glittering pubescence ; mandibles and clypeus as above ; first segment of flagellum slightly shorter than the second ; scape distinctly bicarinate beneath ; front and ver- tex with moderate, dense, slightly confluent punctures, the genae with slightly smaller, contiguous but scarcely confluent punc- tures ; ocelli as above ; antennal scrobes carinate above ; relative widths of head and thorax at the tegulae, 4.7 : 5.7. Thorax entirely black, sparsely clothed with pale, glittering pubescence, except the posterior two-thircls of mesonotum and anterior middle of scutellum with sparse, black pubescence; pronotum, mesonotum and scutellum with moderately, large, dense, slightly confluent punctures ; parapsidal furrows present and distinct, shallow anteriorly, deep posteriorly; enclosed space of dorsum of propodeum elongate, triangular ; remainder of dorsum of propodeum and posterior face of propodeum 43 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. i reticulate ; propleura glabrous, micropunctate and faintly trans- versely rugose - mesopleura micropunctate throughout and with moderate, close, shallow punctures, except at the anterior mar- gin ; metapleura micropunctate except for moderate, close punc- tures ventrally; sides of propodeum with moderate, shallow punctures except the anterior margin only micropunctate ; mesosternal tubercles well developed, transverse ; tegulae large, convex, glabrous, impunctate, except the anterior and inner margins punctate and with sparse, pale pubescence. Abdomen entirely fulvous, sparsely clothed with fulvous pubescence ; first tergite with moderately large, distinct punc- tures ; second tergite with similar punctures but becoming small and close towards the posterior margin ; tergites three to six with moderately small, distinct punctures; last tergite with a Y-shaped carina as above, the posterior margin emarginate each side of the stem of the Y ; first sternite with a distinct, longi- tudinal, median carina; second sternite with moderately large, close, somewhat confluent punctures ; sternites three to six with small, close punctures posteriorly; sternites six and seven, and the hypopygium armed as described above. Wings subhyaline with a distal, marginal darker band; cell 2nd Hi + R2 subtruncate at the apex ; cell R5 receiving vein M3+4 two-thirds the distance from base to apex; cell R4 present and receiving vein Ma almost two-thirds the distance from base to apex. Legs entirely black, sparsely clothed with pale pubescence ; intermediate coxae with a low carina at the posterior margin terminating at the inner margin in a distinct tooth ; calcaria pale. Holotype. — Male, Douglas, Arizona, August 7, 1933 (AY. W. Jones), in University of Minnesota collection. Paratypes. — Two males, Douglas, Arizona, August 7, 1933 (AY. AY. Jones). Very similar in appearance to neobule, the following species, but has the wings slightly darker, the clypeus transversely concave, the head and thorax more sparsely pubescent, the tarsi entirely black, and the sides of propodeum with shallow punctures. Timulla (Timulla) neobule n. sp. Male. — Head and thorax black, abdomen fulvous, legs black except the intermediate and posterior tarsi ferruginous; me- dian, impunctate area of last tergite terminating in the flaring arms of a Y-shaped carina, the arms of the Y about equal in 44 January, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA length to the stem; sixth sternite with a pair of small, lateral tubercles; seventh sternite with the lateral tubercles large; hypopygium with a pair of lateral, oblique, polished ridges terminating posteriorly in distinct tubercles. Length 12 mm. Head black ; front below the ocelli, posterior part of vertex, and genae with appressed, pale pubescence, as well as sparse, erect, pale hairs, the appressed pubescence densest on the front ; anterior part of vertex with sparse, erect, pale hairs ; mandibles edentate at the tip and with a small tooth within near the tip, emarginate beneath and with a prominent tooth near the base beneath; median area of clypens depressed medially, thus con- cave, the posterior and lateral margins higher than the center and evenly arcuate; scape bicarinate beneath, the two carinae about equally developed ; first and second segments of flagellum approximately equal in length; antennal scrobes weakly cari- nate above ; front, vertex and genae with moderate, close punc- tures; ocelli moderate in size, the distance between the eye margins and the lateral ocelli two and two-thirds times the greatest diameter of the latter; relative widths of head and thorax at the tegulae, 4.4 : 5.5. Thorax black ; pronotum densely, confluently punctate, clothed throughout with appressed, pale pubescence, and sparse, erect, pale hairs ; humeral angles rounded ; mesonotum densely, confluently punctate, clothed with sparse, erect, black hairs, except the anterior third with appressed, pale pubescence and sparse, erect, pale hairs ; parapsidal furrows distinct ; scutellum evenly convex, not gibbose, densely, confluently punctate throughout, clothed with sparse, erect, black hairs at the base medially, elsewhere with sparse, erect, pale hairs ; proximal por- tion of propodeum with appressed, pale pubescence, elsewhere with sparse, erect, pale hairs ; enclosed area of propodeum dis- tinct, the sides parallel, not elevated posteriorly into a tubercle ; lateral margins of dorsum of propodeum not defined by a raised, polished line; dorsum and posterior face of propodeum dis- tinctly reticulate; anterior margin of propleura defined by a weak carina; propleura shallowly punctate anteriorly, weakly, transversely rugose posteriorly; mesopleura elevated, the ele- vated portions with shallow, dense, confluent punctures, and sparse, erect and appressed pale pubescence; metapleura im- punctate dorsally, distinctly, shallowly punctate ventrally ; sides of propodeum moderately, shallowly reticulate except the anterior margin ; tegulae smooth, polished, the basal and inner margins with pale pubescence. 45 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. i Abdomen fulvous ; first tergite with sparse, moderate punc- tures, sparse, erect, pale hairs and a thin, apical fringe of ful- vous hairs; second tergite impunctate on the median line, with moderate, distinct punctures elsewhere, clothed with sparse, erect, fulvous hairs, except the distal fourth slightly depressed and clothed with sparse, fulvous pubescence, the distal margin with a fringe of fulvous hairs ; tergites three to six with moder- ate, close punctures, sparse, erect, fulvous hairs, and each with a distal fringe of fulvous hairs ; last tergite densely punctate at the sides, with sparse, erect, fulvous hairs ; median, impunctate area terminating in the flaring arms of a Y-shaped carina, the. stem of the latter extending to the distal margin, the latter somewhat produced medially; arms of the Y-shaped carina about equal in length to the stem ; first sternite with a median, longitudinal carina on the proximal two-thirds ; second sternite with large punctures, sparse medially, close at the sides ; sternites two to seven closely punctate at the distal margin and each with a thin, distal fringe of pale hairs ; lateral tubercles of sixth ster- nite small but distinct, those of the seventh sternite moderate and elongate, the last sternite with a pair of anterior, oblique, lateral polished ridges terminating in distinct tubercles posteri- orly. Wings subhyaline, cell 2nd R4 + R2 indistinctly truncate at the apex; cell R5 receiving vein M3+4 slightly beyond the mid- dle ; cell R4 present but less distinct than R5 and receiving vein M2 slightly beyond the middle. Legs black, except the intermediate and posterior tarsi dis- tinctly ferruginous, sparsely clothed with pale hairs; calcaria pale. Intermediate coxae with a distinct, inner, distal tooth. Holotype. — Male, Cat. no. 50949, U. S. National Museum, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico, July 15, 1922 (C. T. Dodds). Paratypes. — Three males, Tucson, Arizona (F. H. Snow) ; male, Pima County, Arizona, September 30, 1925 (Neva Schultz) ; eleven males, Mesa, Arizona, October 11, 1925 (A. A. Nichol) ; male, Mesa, Arizona, October 28, 1925 (A. A. Nichol). Similar in appearance to oajaca and other species having the head and thorax black with the abdomen mostly fulvous ; differs from all but nitela in having the first abdominal segment also fulvous, and in the ferruginous middle and hind tarsi ; very close to nitela but dif- fers in having the median area of clypeus concave only at the middle and not transversely concave, in the ferruginous tarsi, and in the reticulate sides of the propodeum. 46 January, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Timulla (Timulla) nicholi n. sp. Female. — Entirely ferruginous, except the flagellum beyond the first segment, the tips of the mandibles, and the disk of all the abdominal tergites, blackish; lateral margins of dorsum of thorax not emarginate medially ; scutellar scale present ; second tergite with moderately large, separated punctures interspersed with fine punctures ; first and second tergites with a distal band of dense, pale pubescence, the second also with a pair of linear marks of pale pubescence on the anterior half ; tergites three to five each with a pair of subquadrate spots of pale pubescence; pygidial area granulate. Length, 9 mm. Head entirely ferruginous, except the tips of the mandibles and flagellum beyond the first segment blackish, clothed with sparse, erect, ferruginous pubescence, the genae also with incon- spicuous, pale, appressed pubescence ; mandibles edentate at the tip and with a small tooth within near the tip ; clypeus elevated posteriorly, the elevated margin arcuate; scape obscurely punc- tured ; first segment of flagellum approximately equal in length to the second and third segments united ; antennal scrobes cari- nate above ; front, vertex and genae with large, dense, confluent punctures, those on the genae, slightly smaller than those on the front; relative widths of head and thorax, 3.5 : 3.2. Thorax entirely ferruginous, the dorsum clothed with sparse, erect, ferruginous pubescence, the posterior face of propodeum with sparse, erect, pale pubescence, and the pleural areas with sparse, pale micropubescence ; humeral angles rounded ; lateral margins of dorsum of thorax irregularly crenulate; dorsum of thorax with large, coarse, dense, confluent punctures, approach- ing longitudinally rugoso-punctate, and becoming reticulate and asperated on the posterior face of propodeum; scutellar scale present; lateral margins of posterior face of propodeum den- tate ; pleural areas throughout micropunctate, the proplenra with obscure, moderate punctures anteriorly, and the sides of propodeum with moderate, separated punctures posteriorly. Abdomen ferruginous, the disk of the tergites blackish to black; first tergite with moderate, separated punctures and sparse, erect, pale pubescence, except the distal margin finely punctate and with a band of dense, appressed, pale pubescence ; second tergite with moderately large, separated punctures inter- spersed with fine punctures, the larger punctures becoming more closely spaced and the fine punctures eliminated towards the lateral margins ; second tergite with sparse, erect and appressed, 47 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. i black pubescence on the disk, sparse, erect, pale pubescence on the lateral thirds, and with a pair of broad lines on the anterior half together with a broad, distal band of dense, appressed, pale pubescence, the anterior margin of the distal band only slightly sinuate ; tergites three to five finely punctate and with scattered, moderate punctures intermixed, clothed with sparse, erect and appressed, black pubescence medially, sparse, erect, fuscous pubescence at the sides with a few pale hairs at the lateral mar- gins and each with a pair of large, subquadrate spots of dense, appressed, pale pubescence, the spots converging towards the tip of the abdomen but those on tergite five widely separated; pygidial segment with sparse, erect, pale fuscous pubescence, the pygidial area granulate throughout; first sternite with a median, longitudinal carina slightly elevated medially; second sternite with moderate, sparse punctures, the distal margin with moderately small, close punctures and a thin fringe of pale pubescence ; sternites three to five with moderately small, close punctures towards the distal margin and each with a thin distal fringe of pale pubescence. Legs entirely ferruginous, sparsely clothed with pale pubes- cence ; calcaria pale. Holotype. — Female, Mesa, Arizona, October 11, 1925 (A. A. Nichol), in University of Minnesota collection. Paratypes. — Female, Phoenix, Arizona, June 11, 1927 (A. A. Nichol) ; female, Douglas, Arizona, San Bernardino ranch, August (F. H. Snow). Somewhat similar to oajaca Blake but much less coarsely punc- tured on the second tergite than that species, the anterior margin of the pale distal pubescent band of the second tergite almost straight and not strongly sinuate as in oajaca, the pale pubescent spots on tergites three to five larger and more distinctly quadrate than in oajaca, and the legs paler ferruginous. The two paratypes have the first abdominal tergite ferruginous. It gives me great pleasure to name this species for my friend Mr. A. A. Nichol who collected the holotype and one paratype. This is probably the female of neobule. Mr. Nichol has collected both species at the same time and place, and the evidence gained by the process of elimination indicates that nicholi and neobule are probably the two sexes of the same species. Timulla ( Timulla ) oajaca (Blake). (New combination) 1871. Mutilla oajaca Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., iii, p. 228, male (nec female). 48 January, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 1886. Mutilla oajaca Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xiii, p. 196, male (nec female). 1894. Mutilla oajaca Cameron, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Hymen., ii, p. 274, male (nec female). 1897. Mutilla oajaca Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymen., viii, p. 67, male (nec female) . 1899. Mutilla nestor Fox, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxv, p. 271, male. (New synonymy) . 1903. Mutilla nestor Andre, Gen. Ins., i, fasc. 11, p. 42, male. 1903. Mutilla oajaca Andre, Gen. Ins., i, fasc. 11, p. 42, male (nec female) . 1903. Mutilla nestor Melander, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxix, p. 323, male. 1904. Mutilla ornata Howard, The Insect Book, PI. viii, fig. 21, female. (New synonymy) . 1916. Mutilla ( Timulla ) nestor Bradley, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xlii, p. 211, male. 1916. Mutilla ( Timulla ) oajaca Bradley, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xlii, p. 212, male. Type. — Male, Mexico (F. Sumichrast), in collection of American Entomological Society, Philadelphia. The type of nestor is also at Philadelphia. Female. — Entirely ferruginous; head with moderate, dense punctures ; antennal scrobes carinate above ; lateral margins of dorsum of thorax very feebly, almost not at all emarginate me- dially; thorax not broader posteriorly than anteriorly, the lateral margins parallel; dorsum of thorax with large, dense, confluent punctures ; scutellar scale present and distinct ; dor- sum and posterior face of propodeum coarsely reticulate, the lateral margins of the posterior face of propodeum denticulate ; pleural areas glabrous, micropunctate, except the sides of pro- podeum with sparse, moderate punctures becoming close and confluent at the posterior margin; second abdominal tergite with moderate, dense, somewhat confluent punctures; distal margin of first tergite with a narrow band, distal margin of sec- ond tergite with a broad band sinuate anteriorly, and tergites three to five each with a pair of longitudinal, rectangular spots widely separate on three and somewhat approximate on five, all of dense, appressed, pale pubescence; pygidial area irregularly rugose on the anterior half, distinctly granulate on the posterior half; second tergite with moderately large, somewhat confluent punctures. Legs ferruginous, sparsely clothed with pale hairs. 49 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. i Allotype. — Female, in copula with male, Cotulla, Texas, May 11, 1906 (J. C. Crawford), in collection of U. S. National Museum. Specimens examined. — Texas: female, Riviera, July 17, 1921 (F. M. Hull); female, Calhoun County, March and April, 1902 (J. D. Mitchell) ; male, Calhoun County (J. D. Mitchell) ; female, Victoria, June 19, 1913 ( J. D. Mitchell) ; two males, Victoria, April 17, 1907 (W. E. Hinds) ; male, Victoria, August 28, 1915 (A. McLaughlin) ; female, Smith Point, August 19, 1918 (E. L. Diven) ; female, Columbus; female, Colorado County, April 21, 1922 (Grace 0. Wiley) ; male, Colorado County, August 18, 1922 (Grace 0. Wiley) ; female, Colorado County, September 5, 1922 (Grace O. Wiley) ; female, Bexar County, June 11, 1933 (H. B. Parks) ; two females, Bexar County, August 30, 1933 (H. B. Parks) ; male, San Antonio, September 11 (J. C. Crawford) ; female, Elmendorf, June 1 (A. W. Morrill) ; female, Anhalt, Comal County, June 29, 1917 ; female, Bryan, July 7, 1906 (J. C. Crawford) ; male, College Station, May 29, 1920 (H. J. Reinhard) ; male, College Station, June 10, 1919 (H. J. Rein- hard) ; male and female (in copula), College Station, July 10, 1931 (H. J. Reinhard) ; female Bastrop, May 9, 1921 (R. H. Painter) ; male, Lee County, August 7, 1905 ; male, Lee County, September 1 ; male, Lee County, September 7 ; two males, Lee County, September 7, 1905 ; male, Lee County, September 16, 1905 ; female, Fedor, April 13, 1898 (Birkman) ; two males, Fedor, September 7, 1905; male, Fedor, September, 1900 ; male, Fedor, September ; male and female, Fedor; female, Dallas, September 19, 1918 (T. H. Hubbell) ; female, Dallas, October 7, 1906 (F. C. Bishopp) ; male, Dallas, October 9, 1905 (F. C. Bishopp) ; female, Dallas (Boll) ; female, Bonham, June 20, 1933; female, Sherman, September 30, 1908 (E. S. Tucker); female, Cypress Mill; female, McKinney, September 8, 1920 (R. H. Painter) ; two females, Chisos Mts., Brewster County, June 10-12, 1908 (Mitchell and Cushman) ; male, Limpia Canyon, Davis Mts., July 7, 1917 ; male, Musquiz Canyon, Ft. Davis, July 6, 1917 ; male and female, Cherry Canyon, Fort Davis Quad, Davis Mts., June 27, 1916 (F. M. Gaige) ; female, Cherry Canyon, Fort Davis Quad, Davis Mts., June 28, 1916 (F. M. Gaige) ; three females, Cherry Canyon, Fort Davis Quad, Davis Mts., June 29, 1916 (F. M. Gaige) ; male, Ft. Davis, Jeff Davis County, Davis Mts., July- August, 1927- 28 (Mrs. O. C. Poling) ; male, Valentine, July 3, 1933 (S. E. Jones) ; male and female (taken together), and female, Valentine, July 8, 1917 ; three males, six females. New Mexico : two females, Mesilla Park, August 12 (Cockerell) ; female, Mesilla Park, September 24 ; female, Organ Mts., August 30. 50 January, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Arizona: male, Douglas, August 7, 1933 (W. W. Jones) ; male, Douglas, August (F. H. Snow) ; female, Phoenix, September 24, 1928; female, Phoenix, October 20, 1928 (0. L. Barnes). The types of oajaca and nestor have been compared with each other and studied in comparison with additional specimens from the United States and Mexico. The type of nestor is a small specimen of oajaca. Occasionally small specimens of oajaca are taken in Texas which seem to have relatively small ocelli, but otherwise there are no structural differences between these small specimens and larger ones taken at or near the same locality. The female described by Blake as oajaca is certainly not the opposite sex of this male. The sexes have been collected twice while mating as noted above and there can be no question that the female described above is the true one for this male oajaca. I have also seen a specimen of this same female taken at the same time and place as a male of oajaca at Santiago Iscuintla, Jalisco, Mexico. The speci- men figured by Howard, PI. viii, Fig. 21, The Insect Book, is before me and proves to be this same female. The males can be recognized at once by the exceedingly short arms of the Y-shaped carina on the last tergite and the tuber culate intermediate coxae; the form of the clypeus is also characteristic, the posterior, elevated margin of the polished area being angulate and produced or reflexed laterally. The female may be recognized 51 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. i by the coarse puncturation of the second abdominal tergite, the rugose pygidium, and the carina of the first sternite entire. Timulla ( Timulla ) floridensis (Blake). (New combination) 1879. Mutilla floridensis Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vii, p. 249, male. 1886. Mutilla floridensis Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xiii, p. 199, male. 1897. Mutilla floridensis Dalle Torre, Cat. Hymen., viii, p. 41, male. 1899. Mutilla floridensis Fox, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxv, p. 271, male. 1903. Mutilla floridensis Andre, Gen. Ins., i, fasc. 11, p. 42, male. 1916. Mutilla ( Timulla ) floridensis Bradley, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xlii, p. 209, male. Female. — Entirely ferruginous ; thorax distinctly wider posteriorly than anteriorly, the relative widths at humeral angles and dorsum of propodeum, 3.1: 3.4; lateral margins of thorax shallowly emarginate medially, distinctly crenulate ; scutellar scale present; head with moderate, dense, confluent punctures; dorsum and posterior faces of propodeum coarsely rugoso-reticulate, their lateral margins denticulate ; pleural areas glabrous, micropunctate, the sides of propodeum with small, scattered punctures and becoming rugose at the posterior margin ; second tergite with moderate, distinct, deep punctures throughout interspersed with fine punctures; band at distal margin of first tergite, a pair of longitudinal lines on the second tergite extending from the anterior margin to slightly beyond the middle, a broad band at distal margin of second tergite angularly produced at the anterior middle, and a pair of longi- tudinal rectangular spots on tergites three to five arranged in the form of a V, with those on tergite five only slightly sepa- rated, all of dense, appressed, pale, glittering pubescence; pale spots on tergites three to five obscurely connected to lateral mar- gins of those tergites by obscure, pale pubescence ; sternites two to five with thin, distal fringes of pale hairs ; pygidial area faintly granulate ; first sternite with a median, longitudinal carina on the anterior two-thirds, the elevated margin straight ; second sternite with large, close punctures, becoming smaller, dense and confluent at the distal margin; legs entirely ferru- ginous. Length, 7 mm. Type. — Male, Florida, in collection of American Entomological Society, Philadelphia. January, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Allotype. — Female, in copula with male, Crescent City, Florida, July 8 (H. G. Hubbard), in U. S. National Museum. Specimens examined.- — Carolina : male and female. South Carolina: female, Swansea, August 4, 1911 (Frederick Knab ) . Georgia: male, Tifton; male, St. Simon’s Island, June 9, 1911; female, Spring Creek, Decatur County, July 16-29, 1912; male. Florida: male, Jacksonville; male, Biscayne Bay; male, Gaines- ville, Alachua County, May 3, 1922 (T. P. Winter) ; male and female, St. Leo, October 22, 1907 (Russell) ; male, St. John’s County, March, 1891 ; female, Capron, September 18 ; male and female, Dunedin, September 30, 1914 (W. S. Blatchley) ; female, Enterprise, May 14; male, Martin County, March 15, 1930 (B. F. Mizell) ; female. Mississippi: female, Lucedale, March 29, 1932 (H. Dietrich). Texas: female, Silsbee, June 25, 1918 (E. L. Diven). The males may be recognized by the bicarinate scape, ferruginous thorax, excised mandibles, vertically placed ocelli and Y-shaped carina of last tergite with the arms of the Y much shorter than the stem; the latter is very similar to the structure of the last tergite in oajaca Blake. The females may be recognized by the slightly emargi- nate lateral margins of dorsum of thorax, the thorax distinctly 53 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. i broader behind, the coarsely punctate second tergite and the faintly granulate, almost glabrous pygidium. The females vary in length from 5.5 to 10 mm. Timulla ( Timulla ) barbigera subsp. barbigera (Bradley). (New combination) 1916. Mutilla ( Timulla ) barbigera Bradley, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xlii, pp. 206-207, male. Female. — Head and thorax ferruginous; abdomen more or less black; legs ferruginous except tips of femora, tibiae and tarsi blackish ; first tergite with a broad, distal band, second tergite with a pair of anterior, narrow, elongate spots on the anterior half and a broad band at the distal margin, the ante- rior margin of the band sinuate and strongly, acutely produced anteriorly at the middle, and tergites three to five with a broad band at the distal margin, that on three attenuated and broadly interrupted medially, that on four attenuated and narrowly interrupted medially, that on five attenuated and very narrow medially but not interrupted, all of dense, appressed, pale, glit- tering pubescence ; dorsum of thorax very convex, the lateral margins strongly emarginate; scutellar scale obsolete; pygidial area longitudinally rugose; carina of first sternite produced anteriorly into a very prominent tooth. Length, 15 mm. Head entirely ferruginous except the tips of the mandibles and flagellum distad of segment one, black ; mandibles slender, edentate at the apex, with a distinct tooth within remote from the apex, not emarginate nor toothed beneath ; clypeus elevated posteriorly into a transverse, strongly arcuate, slightly crenu- late ridge ; scape with small, close punctures above ; first seg- ment of flagellum slightly shorter than segments two and three united ; antennal scrobes distinctly carinate above ; front, vertex and genae with moderately large, dense, confluent punctures, clothed with sparse, short, suberect, and very scattered, long, erect, dark ferruginous pubescence, except that on the genae pale and glittering ; relative widths of head and thorax, 5.3 : 5.3. Thorax entirely ferruginous, the lateral margins strongly emarginate medially, and the dorsum slightly wider posteriorly than anteriorly; relative widths of thorax at humeral angles, anterior spiracles, just posterior to anterior spiracles, narrowest part of mesonotal area, and dorsum of propodeum, 4.5, 5.0, 4.6, 4.0, 5.3 ; humeral angles strongly rounded, not prominent ; mesonotal-scutellar suture present but not conspicuous; scutel- 54 January, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA lar scale obsolete ; dorsum of propodeum strongly convex, witli large, dense, confluent punctures, tending to longitudinally rugoso-punctate, the punctures becoming coarser and deeper on the dorsum of propodeum and anterior half of posterior face of propodeum, the latter with distinct asperities; dorsum of thorax clothed with sparse, short, suberect, ferruginous pubes- cence; lateral margins of dorsum and posterior face of pro- podeum serrate ; anterior margin of propleura not defined by a carina; propleura with moderate, close, confluent punctures anteriorly, micropunctate posteriorly; mesopleura and meta- pleura micropunctate throughout; sides of propodeum with moderate, close, confluent punctures posteriorly, the punctures becoming sparser and shallower anteriorly, the anterior area micropunctate ; all the pleural areas pale micropubescent. Abdomen black, the anterior two-thirds of first tergite, large, ovate, lateral spots on second tergite, first sternite and second sternite, all ferruginous; pubescent pattern of tergites as de- scribed above ; first tergite with moderate punctures, close lat- erally and posteriorly, sparse medially and interspersed with fine punctures ; second tergite with moderate, close punctures interspersed with very small, dense punctures ; tergites three to five with moderately small, separated punctures interspersed with small, dense punctures ; pygidial area longitudinally rugose ; first sternite with the median, longitudinal carina pro- duced anteriorly into a strong, prominent tooth ; second sternite with moderately large, close, confluent punctures becoming dense anteriorly and laterally, the coarsely punctate area ter- minating distally at a narrow, transverse, submarginal, irregu- lar, glabrous area, the broad, distal margin slightly depressed, with moderate separated punctures, interspersed with fine, dense punctures and clothed with thick, appressed, pale pubes- cence ; sternites three to five with moderate, close punctures dis- tally, and each with an apical fringe of pale pubescence ; hypo- pygium ferruginous and with moderate, dense punctures. Legs ferruginous, except the tips of the femora, tibiae and tarsi, blackish; posterior femora darker ferruginous than the anterior and intermediate ones ; legs clothed with sparse, pale, glittering pubescence; calcaria ferruginous. Holotype. — Male, Dallas, Texas, in collection of American Ento- mological Society, Philadelphia. Allotype. — Female, Colorado County, Texas, August 21 (Grace 0. Wiley), in collection of University of Minnesota. 55 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. i Specimens examined. — Virginia: females, Seven Pines, August 8, 1916 (Wm. T. Davis). North Carolina: female, Raleigh, mid-July (C. S. Brimley) ; male, Raleigh, early September (C. S. Brimley). South Carolina: male, Clemson College, October 26, 1926 (D. Dunavan). Florida: male and female (in copula), Miami, June 2, 1928. Mississippi: female, Agricultural College, April 15, 1925 (G. R. Fulton) ; female, Agricultural College, April 13, 1921 (C. A. Rose) ; female, Agricultural College, July 26, 1915 (G. F. Arnold) ; male, Agricultural College, September, 1919 (W. W. Porter) ; two males, Agricultural College, October 5, 1919 (R. J. Smith) ; male, Agri- cultural College, October 7, 1920 (J. W. Hollandsworth) ; female, Agricultural College, November 16, 1917 (J. H. Williams) ; female, Jones County, July 20, 1910 (J. C. Reddoch). Louisiana : female, Tallulah, July 31, 1925 (B. E. Montgomery) ; male, Johnson’s Bayou, August 24, 1906 (J. D. Mitchell). Texas : male and female, Devers, June 21, 1917 ; male and female (in copula), Willis, June 18, 1903 (Bridwell) ; female, Bexar County, August 4, 1933 (H. B. Parks) ; two females, College Station, August 18, 1932 (S. Bromley) ; male, Paris, September 5, 1904 (F. C. Bishopp) ; male, Colorado County, June 3, 1922 (Grace O. Wiley) ; male, Colorado County, August 18, 1922 (Grace O. Wiley) ; male, Madison County, August 11, 1930 (Bibby and Tate) ; male and female, Dallas (Boll) ; female, Texas (Belfrage) ; four males. Oklahoma : male, Payne County, July 5, 1925 (W. J. Brown) ; female, Boise City, July 10, 1933 (R. Dahms). Kansas: female, Chautauqua County (R. H. Beamer) ; female, Cherrivale (H. B. Hungerford) ; female, McPherson; two females, Hamilton County (F. H. Snow) ; female, Hamilton County (S. J. Hunter) ; female, Sherman County, August 1, 1925 (R. H. Beamer) ; two females, western Kansas (Popenoe) ; female (Snow). South Dakota: female, Capa, September 11, 1917 (H. C. Severin) . (To be Continued on Page 57) 56 VOL. XVII (New Series) APRIL 1937 No. 2 A Journal of Entomo PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. cle la TORRE-BUEN 0, Editor CARL GEO. S IE PM ANN GEO. P. ENGELHARDT Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, Lime and Green Sts., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue, May 28, 1937 Entered as second-class matter at the Tost Office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Vol. XVII April, 1937 No. 2 THE MUTILLID WASPS OF THE GENUS TIMULLA WHICH OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO By Clarence E. Mickel UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA ( Continued from Page 56) The female averages larger in size than any of this genus occur- ring in North America north of Mexico, the length varying from 10 to 17 mm. The thorax of the larger specimens is slightly wider posteri- orly than anteriorly, as in the allotype, but in the smaller ones the width anteriorly and posteriorly is the same. The color of the abdo- men varies from the black described for the allotype to extensive fer- ruginous ; in the most ferruginous ones the second tergite except the distal margin, and all the sternites are entirely ferruginous. This female is very similar in appearance to the female of dubitata Smith but lacks the scutellar scale which is well developed in the latter, has the lateral margins of the thorax more strongly emargi- nate, and has the second tergite more strongly punctate. An attempt has been made to find some basis for separating the Kansas female specimens of barbigera from the others, as the male subspecies rohweri is known only from Kansas, but no differences could be found between the Kansas specimens and the ones from other states. Specimens from the series of males have been compared with the holotype and found to be the same. The pubescent brush of the scape, the Y-shaped carina of the last tergite in which the stem of the Y is shorter than the arms, and the absence of distinct tubercles on the fifth sternite are characters which will serve in distinguishing barbigera from species which superficially resemble it. 57 MAY 2 8 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 Distribution of Timulla ( Timulla ) barbigera subsp. barbigera (Bradley) x = males. • = females. Timulla ( Timulla ) barbigera subsp. rohweri 11. subsp. 1871. Mutilla rufa Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., iii, p. 257, male. 1886. Mutilla rufa Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xiii, pp. 201- 202, male. 1897. Mutilla rufa Fox, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxv, p. 271, male. Male. — Exactly like typical barbigera in the form of the scape and its pubescent brush, clypeus, tegulae, glabrous area and Y-shaped carina of last tergite, the tubercles of the sixth and seventh sternites, and the carinae of the hypopygium; differs in having the anterior fourth to third of the second abdominal tergite black, the second sternite almost entirely black, and the front, vertex, pronotum, mesonotum, scutellum, tegulae and the abdomen above and beneath (except the first tergite, first sternite and second sternite with sparse, erect, pale pubescence) all with erect and appressed, fulvous pubescence. Holotype.- — Male, Cat. No. 50947 U. S. National Museum, Kansas (Snow) . Paratypes. — Male, Russell County, Kansas, August 26, 1912 (F. X. Williams) ; male, Grant County, Kansas, July 23, 1911 (F. X. Williams) ; male, Grant County, Kansas, July 27, 1911 (F. X. Wil- liams) ; male, Stanton County, Kansas, July 30, 1911 (F. X. Wil- 58 April, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA liams) ; four males, Morton County, Kansas, August 5, 1911 (F. X. Williams) ; male, Wallace County, Kansas (F. II. Snow) ; four males, Kansas (Snow) ; male, Kenton, Oklahoma, June 26, 1933 (Edward Ivy) ; male, Boise City, Oklahoma, July 10, 1933 (A. E. Pritchard) ; two males, without locality data. The above synon3rmy is based on a single specimen without local- ity label in the American Entomological Society collection and labeled by Blake as Mutilla rufa Lep. This specimen is mentioned by Fox ^(1897) and tentatively accepted by him as rufa. I have examined this specimen and compared it with the specimens listed above and there is no doubt but that the two are the same. Speci- mens of this subspecies are known only from western Kansas and extreme western Oklahoma. The one specimen of barbigera which I have seen from central Oklahoma is without question the subsp. barbigera. The two are easily separated by the color of the pubes- cence as mentioned above. I am happy to dedicate this subspecies to my friend Mr. S. A. Rohwer who first recognized this form as distinct. Timulla (Timulla) compressicornis 11. sp. Male. — Head above the insertion of antennae, prothorax, meson otum, most of scutellum and abdomen beyond the first segment except the distal margin of the second, third and fourth segments, all ferruginous; head anterior to insertion of an- tennae, thorax except as above, first abdominal segment, distal margin of first and second tergite, and legs, all black ; mandibles not emarginate nor toothed beneath ; clypeus transversely con- cave, the elevated posterior margin arcuate ; first segment of flagellum conspicuously longer than the second, the whole of the first segment and proximal half of the second, strongly com- pressed; median, glabrous area of last tergite terminating in the arms of a strongly elevated Y-shaped carina ; sixth sternite with a pair of distinct, lateral tubercles; seventh sternite with a pair of prominent, cariniform, lateral tubercles ; hypopygium wtih a pair of distinct, oblique carinae on the proximal half ; wings fuliginous. Length, 14 mm. Head ferruginous, except anterior to the antennal tubercles, the caudal aspect of the head medially, and proximal half and extreme tips of mandibles, all black; head clothed with long, erect, sparse, black hairs and very short, sparse, inconspicuous, pale pubescence ; mandibles edentate at the apex and with a dis- tinct tooth within near the apex, the dorsal aspect with a high, 59 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 sharp, prominent, longitudinal carina, not at all emarginate nor toothed beneath ; median, glabrous area of clypeus slightly but distinctly, transversely concave, the elevated posterior mar- gin evenly arcuate ; scape clothed with sparse, black hairs, not conspicuously broadened distally, nor with a brush of pubes- cence beneath, bicarinate beneath but the two earinae approxi- mate and not distinct ; first segment of flagellum as well as the proximal half of the second strongly compressed and broadened, the flattened surface beneath with very short, thick, silky, pale pubescence ; first segment of flagellum distinctly longer than the second ; antennal scrobes distinctly carinate above ; front, vertex and genae with moderate, dense, more or less confluent punctures throughout ; ocelli small, the distance between the eye margins and the lateral ocelli equal to approximately three times the greatest diameter of the latter ; relative widths of head and thorax at the tegulae, 5.0 : 6.8. Thorax black, except the pronotum and most of propleura, an obscure spot at the median, anterior margin of the meso- pleura, the mesonotum entirely, and the scutellum except the posterior margin, all ferruginous; thorax clothed with sparse, erect, long, blackish hairs, the dorsal areas also with short, sparse, obscure ferruginous pubescence ; pronotum, mesonotum and scutellum with moderately large, dense, confluent punctures throughout ; parapsidal furrows distinct, deeper posteriorly than anteriorly; scutellum strongly convex; enclosed area of dorsum of propocleum deep, narrow, elongate, subtriangular, the sides more or less sinuate, the apex slightly but distinctly elevated into a tubercle ; dorsum and posterior face of pro- podeum otherwise strongly, deeply reticulate; propleura ob- scurely, confluently punctate, the broad posterior margin glabrous, micropunctate ; ventral and dorsal areas of meso- pleura separated by a deep, transverse furrow, with large, dense, confluent punctures ; mesosternal tubercles well developed, oblique ; metapleura glabrous, micropunctate, except for large, close punctures ventrally; sides of propocleum reticulate pos- teriorly, becoming shallowly reticulate medially and glabrous, micropunctate anteriorly ; tegulae dark ferruginous, large, con- vex, glabrous, impunctate, except the anterior and inner mar- gins punctate and black pubescent. Abdomen ferruginous, except the first segment entirely, and broad, distal margins of the second, third and fourth both above and below, black ; first sternite with sparse, long, pale hairs ; 60 April, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA second sternite except distal margin with long, sparse, pale ferruginous hairs ; second tergite except narrow anterior margin and broad posterior margin with sparse, long, erect, and sparse, short, subappressecl, pale ferruginous pubescence ; remainder of abdomen with sparse, erect, black pubescence, thicker at the distal margins of the second, third and fourth tergites ; first tergite with large, distinct punctures becoming smaller and closer posteriorly ; second tergite with moderate, distinct punc- tures becoming close and adjacent laterally, small and close at the posterior margin; tergites three to six with moderately small, distinct punctures ; median, glabrous area of last tergite with a median, elongate, depressed area posteriorly and termi- nating in the arms of a very strongly elevated Y-shaped carina, the arms of the Y much more strongly elevated than the stem and almost as long as the stem; first sternite with a median, longitudinal carina on the anterior three-fourths ; second ster- nite with moderately large, distinct punctures ; sternites three to six with moderately small, distinct punctures towards the distal margin ; fifth sternite without lateral tubercles ; sixth sternite with a pair of distinct lateral tubercles; seventh ster- nite with a pair of prominent, cariniform, lateral tubercles; hypopygium with a pair of distinct, oblique carinae on the proximal half. Wings fuliginous throughout ; cell 2nd R4 + R2 obscurely truncate at the apex ; cell R5 receiving vein M3+4 slightly beyond the middle ; cell R4 present but somewhat less distinct than R- and receiving vein M2 at almost four-fifths the distance from the base to apex. Legs entirely black, sparsely clothed with fuscous to black pubescence ; intermediate coxae with a distinct tubercle at the inner, posterior margin; calcaria pale. Holotype. — Male, Cat. No. 50951, U. S. National Museum, John- son’s Bayou, Louisiana, August 24, 1906 (J. D. Mitchell). Paratypes. — North Carolina: male, South Mills, September 16, 1931 (Brad- ley and Knorr). Florida : male, Gainesville, July 13, 1918 (P. W. Fattig) ; two males, 10-40 miles east of Everglades, August 30, 1931 (Bradley and Knorr) ; male. Texas : male. Without data : male. Related to barb ig era subsp. barbigera Bradley which it closely 61 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 Distribution of Timulla (Timulla) compressicornis n. sp. resembles. It differs from Bradley’s species in the strongly com- pressed first and second flagellar segments, less concave median area of clypeus, absence of pubescent brush on scape beneath, more coarsely reticulate propodeum, and the more highly elevated Y- shaped carina of the last abdominal tergite. The paratype from Texas has the head and pronotum heavily infuscated so that they appear blackish, only the vertex and large humeral areas of the pronotum appearing distinctly ferruginous. The paratypes vary in length from 12 to 19 mm. This may be the male sex of euterpe Blake. Timulla ( Timulla ) euterpe (Blake). (New combination) 1879. Mutilla Euterpe Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vii, p. 249, female. 1886. Mutilla euterpe Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xiii, p. 201, female. 1897. Mutilla euterpe, Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymen., viii, p. 38, female. 1899. Mutilla euterpe Fox, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxv, p. 272, female. 1903. Mutilla euterpe Andre, Gen. Ins., i, fasc. 11, p. 42, female. 1916. Mutilla {Timulla) euterpe Bradley, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xlii, p. 210, female. 62 April, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 1923. Timulla euterpe Mickel, 19th Rept. State Ent. Minnesota, p. Ill, female. Type. — Female, Enterprise, Florida, May, in collection of American Entomological Society, Philadelphia. Specimens examined. — Florida : female, Gainesville, May 16, 1926 (M. D. Leonard) ; female, Bell Glade, July, 1926 (M. D. Leonard). Louisiana : three females, New Orleans. Texas: female, Beaumont, July 1-5, 1918 (E. L. Diven). I have previously (1923) recorded a specimen of this species from Hennepin County, Minnesota, although expressing doubt as to the correctness of the locality label. I have now examined seven other specimens in addition to the holotype, all of which are from the Gulf Coast. I believe now that the alleged Minnesota specimen bears an incorrect locality label and that it should not be considered as a Minnesota species. Euterpe appears to be allied to barbigera snbsp. barbigera although this is not obvious on account of the color pattern of the abdomen. The thoraces of the two species are very similar, both being strongly constricted medially and both lacking a scutellar scale. Both species also have the median, longitudinal carina of the first sternite strongly elevated anteriorly. If these two species are related, as seems probable, then the male of euterpe 63 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 may be compressicornis which has a similar geographic distribution to euterpe. Timulla (Timulla) euphrosyne n. sp. Female.- — Ferruginous, except the antennae, first abdominal segment, posterior third of second tergite, broad distal margin of second sternite, third abdominal segment entirely, and legs, all black, the fourth abdominal sternite dusky ; lateral margins of thorax shallowly but distinctly emarginate medially ; scutel- lar scale entirely absent ; abdomen without pale pubescent markings except the second tergite with a narrow, distal band of thick, pale pubescence narrowly, conspicuously, angularly dilated anteriorly at the middle ; pygidial area faintly granu- late throughout and faintly longitudinally rugose anteriorly. Length, 9 mm. Head ferruginous, except the antennae and tips of mandibles black, clothed throughout with sparse, erect and recumbent, ferruginous pubescence ; mandibles edentate at the apex and with a small tooth within near the tip ; clypeus elevated pos- teriorly the elevated margin arcuate and with four evenly spaced, low, blunt teeth ; scape with close, fine punctures above ; first segment of flagellum approximately equal in length to the second and third segments united ; antennal scrobes distinctly carinate above ; front and vertex with moderate, dense, con- fluent punctures, the latter denser anteriorly on the front than posteriorly on the vertex; genae with moderate, shallow, sepa- rated punctures interspersed with fine punctures ; relative widths of head and thorax, 3.5 : 3.2. Thorax entirely ferruginous, the dorsum clothed with sparse, erect, ferruginous pubescence, the pleural areas with pale micro- pubescence ; humeral angles not prominent ; lateral margins of dorsum of thorax distinctly emarginate medially ; relative widths of thorax at humeral angles, immediately posterior to anterior spiracles, at propodeal spiracles, and greatest width of propodeum, 3.2, 2.8, 2.9, 3.1, respectively; dorsum of thorax with moderately large, dense, confluent punctures becoming reticulate and asperated on the posterior face of propodeum ; scutellar scale absent ; propleura with moderate, obscure punc- tures ; sides of propodeum with moderate punctures posteriorly ; remainder of pleural areas micropunctate and micropubescent. Abdomen ferruginous, except the first segment entirely, dis- tal third of second tergite, broad distal margin of second sternite 64 April, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA and third abdominal segment entirely, all black; first tergite with fine, close, shallow punctures throughout, clothed with sparse, erect, pale pubescence, except the distal fringe black; second tergite with fine and very small punctures intermixed throughout, clothed with sparse, ferruginous pubescence, except medially with sparse, black pubescence, the black distal third with black pubescence, and the distal margin with a narrow band of pale pubescence angularly dilated at the anterior mid- dle ; third tergite with very small, close punctures, clothed with sparse, fuscous to black pubescence except laterally with some pale pubescence ; tergites four and five with fine, close punctures and sparse, ferruginous pubescence; pygidial tergite clothed with ferruginous pubescence, the pygidial area faintly granu- late throughout and faintly, longitudinally rugose anteriorly; first sternite with a median, longitudinal carina somewhat ele- vated anteriorly ; second sternite with scattered moderate punc- tures, except the posterior margin with very small, close punc- tures, clothed with sparse, pale pubescence and a thin distal fringe of pale pubescence ; sternites three to five with fine and moderately small punctures intermixed at their distal margins and each with a thin, distal fringe of pale pubescence. Legs entirely black, sparsely clothed with pale pubescence, the spines of the tibiae dark ferruginous ; calcaria pale ferru- ginous. Holotype. — Female, Cat. No. 50953 U. S. National Museum, High Island, Texas, May 29, 1918 (E. L. Diven). Paratypes. — Female, Galveston, Texas, Ma}^ (F. TI. Snow) ; female, Dunedin, Florida, March 24, 1914 (W. S. Blatchley). Very similar in appearance to euterpe Blake on account of the three ferruginous terminal, abdominal segments, the black third abdominal segment and the similarity of the markings on the second segment. It also resembles euterpe in lacking a scutellar scale. This species can be easily separated from euterpe by the less deeply emarginate latero-dorsal margins of the thorax and the much finer, closer punctuation of the second tergite. Timulla ( Timulla ) vagans subsp. vagans (Fabricius). (New com- bination) 1798. Mutilla vagans Fabricius, Suppl. Entom. Syst., p. 282, female. 1804. Mutilla vagans Fabricius, Syst. Piezatorum, p. 439, female. 65 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 1811. 1836. 1859. 1865. 1865. 1871. 1871. 1871. 1871. 1885. 1886. 1886. 1886, 1886. 1887. 1897. 1897. 1897. 1897. Mutilla vagans Olivier, Encycl. method. Insect, p. 66, female. Mutilla hexagona Say, Bost. Jonrn. Nat. Hist., i. p. 295, male. (New synonymy.) Mutilla hexagona Leconte, Writ, of Th. Say, Entom., ii, p. 738, male. Mutilla hexagona Cresson, Proc. Entom. Soc. Pliila., iv, p. 430, male. Mutilla ornativentris Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., iv, p. 438, female. (New synonymy.) Mutilla Briaxus Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., iii, p. 277, male. (New synonymy.) Mutilla hexagona Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., iii, p. 228, male (in part). Mutilla ornativentris Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. iii, p. 230, female. Mutilla vagans Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., iii, p. 257, female. Mutilla Briaxus Radoskowski, Horae soc. ent. Rossicae, xix, p. 14, T. 2, f. 10, male. Mutilla hexagona Blake, Trans, Amer. Ent. Soc., xiii, 1^. 195, male (in part). Mutilla hexagona var. briaxus Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xiii, p. 195, male. Mutilla ornativentris Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xiii, pp. 196-197, female. Mutilla vagans Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xiii, p. 280, female. Mutilla canadensis Provancher, Add. et Corrections an vol. 2 de la Faune Entom. du Canada, Trait des hymen, p. 250, male. (New synonymy.) Mutilla hexagona var. briaxus Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymen., viii, p. 47, male. Mutilla ornativentris Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymen., vii, p. 69, female. Mutilla secunda Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymen., viii, p. 84, male. (New synonymy.) Mutilla vagans Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymen., viii, p. 95, female. Mutilla hexagona Fox, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxv, p. 270, male (in part). 66 1899. April, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 1899. Mutilla dubitata Fox, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxv, pp. 270-271, female (in part). 1900. Mutilla hexagona Ashmead, in John B. Smith’s Cata- logue of the Insects of New Jersey, p. 535, male (in part). 1900. Mutilla ornativentris Ashmead, in John B. Smith’s Catalogue of the Insects of New Jersey, p. 535, fe- male (in part) . 1903. Mutilla hexagona var. briaxus Andre, Gen. Ins., i, fasc. 11, p. 42, male. 1903. Mutilla secunda Andre, Gen. Ins., i, fasc. 11, p. 74, male. 1903. Mutilla vagans Andre, Gen. Ins., i, fasc. 11, p. 74, female. 1903. Mutilla hexagona Melander, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxix, p. 323, male (in part). 1903. Mutilla dubitata Melander, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxix, p. 323, female (in part). 1909. Mutilla ( Timulla ) briaxus Rohwer, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxxy, p. 132—133, male (not female). 1910. Timulla hexagona Viereck, in John B. Smith’s, The Insects of New Jersey, p. 665, male (in part). 1910. Timulla ornativentris Yiereck, in John B. Smith’s, The Insects of New Jersey, p. 665, female (in part). 1916. Mutilla ( Timulla ) briaxus Bradley, Trans. Amer. Ent, Soc., xlii, p. 207-208, male and female. 1923. Timulla briaxus Mickel, 19th Report of State Ento- mologist of Minnesota, 1922, p. Ill, male and female. 1928. Mutilla ( Timulla ) briaxus Bradley, in Leonard’s, A List of the Insects of New York, Mem. 101, Cornell Uni. Agri, Exp. Sta., p. 994, male and female. Type. — Female, Boreal America, in Zoologisk Museum, Copen- hagen, Denmark. Types of ornativentris Cresson and briaxus Blake in collection of American Entomological Society, Philadelphia. Type of canadensis Provancher, yellow label, 1409, in Provancher collection, Public Museum, Quebec, Canada. All of the above type specimens have been examined with the result that vagans and ornativentris were found to be identical ; and briaxus and canadensis were found to be the same as had been sug- gested by Bradley (1916). Ten instances ( i.e , the specimens) are before me of males and females taken in copula ; in all cases the fe- 67 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 male is the same as vagans Fabricius ancl the male is the same as briaxus Blake. Fabricius’ name of course has priority. The female assigned to briaxus by Rohwer (1909) is a different species (c/. dubitatiformis n. sp.) and not the same as the females which are in- variably taken in copula with the male of vagans. Say’s type of hexagona is apparently lost but there can be little doubt that it is the same as the male of vagans ; the latter is the only male Timulla occurring in Indiana and Missouri that agrees with Say’s description. Specimens examined. — • Canada: Ontario: two males, Toronto, July 12, 1891; three males, Toronto, July 17, 1891; two females, Toronto, August 1, 1893 ; male, Toronto, August 2, 1891 ; male, Toronto, August 5, 1888; female, Grimsby, July 31, 1894; male, July 21-31 (C. H. Kennedy). Canada : four males, two females. Vermont: female, Fairlee (C. M. Weed); female, Winooski, August 20, 1901. Massachusetts: two males, Woods Hole, August, 1922 (E. G. Anderson) ; male and female (in copula), Woods Hole, July 11, 1919 (W. T. M. Forbes); female, Southhampton, August 1, 1896; female, Nantucket, August 18, 1926 (C. W. Johnson) ; female, Nan- tucket, September 18, 1933 (J. M. Valentine) ; female, Springfield (Geo. Dimmock) ; female, West Springfield, September 10, 1915 (H. E. Smith). Connecticut : male, Lyme, July 4, 1911 (Kirk and Champlain) ; male, Lyme, July 22, 1918 (W. S. Fisher) ; two males, Lyme, July 23, 1918 (W. S. Fisher) ; female, Lyme, August 26, 1909 (A. Cham- plain) ; two males, Waterbury, August 10, 1932; two males, Black Point, July 28, 1896 ; two males, Hartford, July 30, 1893 ; female, Hartford, August 7, 1892 ; male, Hartford, August 16, 1893 ; female, Hartford, September 4, 1899 ; female, Hartford, September 15, 1896; female, East Hartford, August 29, 1904 (H. L. Viereck) ; female, New Canaan, September 10, 1908 (H. B. Walden) ; female, Yalesville, September 24, 1912 (H. B. Kirk) ; female, New Haven, July 26, 1904 (II. L. Viereck) ; female, New Haven, July 28, 1932; male, East Haven, July 25, 1923 (J. L. Rogers). New York : female, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, June 24, 1921 (E. G. Anderson) ; two females, Cold Spring Llarbor, Long Island, June 27, 1921 (S. H. Emerson) ; male and female, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, July 8, 1921 (E. G. Anderson) ; two females, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, July 9, 1921 (E. G. 68 April, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Anderson) ; female, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, July 28, 1921 (John Rowman) ; male, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, July 29, 1921 (S. H. Emerson) ; female, Cold Spring Harbor, Long- Island, August 4, 1921 (John Rowman) j female, Cold Spring Har- bor, Long Island, August 9, 1921 (E. G. Anderson) ; female, River- head, Long Island, May 30, 1933 (Roy Latham) ; female, Riverhead, Long Island, July 1, 1933 (Roy Latham) ; two females, Calverton, Long Island, June 19, 1932 (Roy Latham) ; female, Jessup Creek, Long Island, September 8, 1932 (Roy Latham) ; female, Sag Harbor, Long Island, May 6, 1932 (Roy Latham) ; female, Mattituck, Long- Island, August 1, 1926 (Roy Latham) ; female, Greenport, Long Island, September 3i 1933 (J. M. Valentine) ; female, Long Island; female, Crown Point, August; male, Ithaca, August, 1917 (E. G. Anderson) ; female, Ithaca, July 18, 1918 (E. G. Anderson) ; female, Ithaca, July 20, 1919 ; male, Ithaca, July 20, 1934 ; male, Ithaca, July 30, 1902; female, Ithaca, August 12, 1929 (H. Rahn) ; male, Taug-hanic Falls, August 3, 1931 (P. P. Babiy) ; male, Rochester Jc., July 14, 1911 (M. D. Leonard) ; female, Olcott, July 18, 1921 (H. Dietrich) ; female, Olcott, August 1, 1921 (H. Dietrich) ; female, Olcott, August 5, 1921 (H. Dietrich) ; female, Olcott, August 20, 1921 (H, Dietrich) ; female, Lockport, August 22, 1934 (L. L. Pechuman) ; male and female. Pennsylvania : male, Pike County, July, 1910 ; female, Phila- delphia, August 16 (Carl Ilg) ; two males, Chestertown, August 4, 1902; male, Chambersburg, July 12, 1922 (Craighead and Stear) ; female and male, Chambersburg, July 18, 1922 (Craighead and Stear) ; male, Columbia, July 14, 1908 (P. R. Myers) ; female, Harrisburg, August 8, 1909 (P. R. Myers) ; female, Rockville, August 15, 1915 ; female, Kennett Square, July 2, 1918 ; female, Leigh Gap, July 23, 1903 (J. C. Bradley) ; female, Inglenook, July 20, 1911 (W. S. Fisher) ; male, two females. Delaware : male and female. New Jersey: female and male, Fords, July 20, 1909 (W. T. Davis) ; female, Whitesville, July 13, 1911 (W. T. Davis) ; two females, Westville, August 30; female, Browntown, August 21, 1909 (W. T. Davis) ; male, Camden County, July 26, 1891; female, Cam- den County, July 27, 1890 ; four females, Camden County ; three males, Gloucester County, July 15 ; male, Gloucester County, Jnlv 5, 1891; male, Malaga, August 4, 1907 (G. M. Greene) ; male, Mer- chantville, July 15 ; male, Riverton, July 5, 1901 ; female, Riverton, September 11 ; male, Moorestown, August 6, 1927 ; male, Monmouth County, July 6, 1891; female, Weymouth, July 25, 1923; female, 69 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 Cape May County, August, 1910 (W. T. Davis) ; female, August 31, 1890 ; two females. Maryland : females, Chestertown, August 2, 1901 ; male, Chester- town, August 12, 1901 ; male, Poolesville, July, 1898 ; female, Balti- more, August, 1839; male, Beltsville, July 30, 1916 (Harold Mor- rison) ; two males, Riverdale, August 2, 1902; male, Camp Meade, May, 1919 (R. C. Shannon) ; male, Chautauqua (Chittenden). District of Columbia : female, Washington, July 20, 1929 ; two females, Washington, September, 1906; female, August, 1878; male, Washington, July 23, 1902; female, two males. Virginia: female, Great Falls, August 6, 1923; female, Rosslyn; male, nine females, Clifton, July 1-9, 1933 (J. C. Bridwell) ; male, two females, Clifton, July 15-23, 1933 (J. C. Bridwell) ; male, three females, Clifton, July, 1933 (J. C. Bridwell) ; female, Clifton, Au- gust 6, 1932 (J. C. Bridwell) ; male, two females, Clifton, August 20, 1933 (J. C. Bridwell) ; female, Barcroft, September 17, 1933 (J. C. Bridwell) ; male, Barcroft, September, 1926 (J. C. Bridwell) ; female, Falls Church, July 21, 1922 (R. A. Cushman) ; female, Falls Church, August 4, 1913 (H. B. Kirk) ; female, Falls Church, August 26, 1916 (G. M. Greene) ; female, Falls Church, September 4, 1915 (C. T. Greene) ; female, Glencarlyn, July 26 (N. Banks) ; female, Accotink, August 26 (H. S. Barber) ; female, Nelson County, June 26, 1914 (W. Robinson) ; female, Nelson County, July 10, 1925 (W. Robinson) ; female, Wingina (Wm. T. Davis) ; female, August 4, 1880; female, August 9, 1888 ; female, July 19 ; male. North Carolina : two females, Durham, August, 1902 (F. Sherman) ; male, Ivittrell, July 2, 1906 (R. S. Woglum) ; male, Ashe- ville, August 12, 1903 (S. W. Foster) ; male, Homestead, August 19, 1903 (S. W. Foster) ; female, Southern Pines, August 12, 1904 (G. M. Bentley). South Carolina : male, Clemson College, June 28, 1927 (D. Dunavan) ; female (Zimmerman). Georgia: male, female, Monticello (E. G. Titus) ; female, Pratts- burg, July 25, 1930 (R. H. Beamer) ; female, Atlanta, July 20, 1934 (P. W. Fattig) ; female, Atlanta, August 11, 1934 (P. W. Fattig) ; female, Atlanta, August 19, 1934 (P. W. Fattig) ; female, Atlanta, August 25, 1933 (P. W. Fattig) ; two females, Atlanta, August 26, 1932 (P. W. Fattig) ; female, Atlanta, September 23, 1934 (P. W. Fattig) ; female, Stone Mountain, August 3, 1913; female, Yonah Mt., July 28, 1934 (P. W. Fattig) ; three females, Griffin, September, 1902 ; female. 70 April, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Tennessee: male, Chattanooga, July 4, 1922 (T. H. Hubbell) ; three males, Cumberland County, July 8, 1922 (T. H. Ilnbbell) ; male, Cumberland County, July 15, 1922 (T. H. Hubbell) ; female, Fentress County, August 15, 1922 (T. H. Hubbell) ; male, Fentress County, August 20, 1922 (T. H. Hubbell) ; female, Fentress County, August 23, 1922 (T. H. Hubbell) ; male, Knoxville, July 14, 1920; male, Knoxville, July 19, 1923 (Geo. G. Ainslie) ; female, Knoxville; two females, Knox County (Geo. G. Ainslie) ; two females, Nash- ville, August 3, 1915 (Geo. G. Ainslie) ; female, Townshend, July 14, 1909; female, 1922 (Gill). Kentucky : male, female. West Virginia: female, Harper’s Ferry, September 2, 1922 (H. S. Barber). Ohio: four males, Hocking County, August (C. H. Kennedy) ; two males, Put-in-Bay, July 8, 1922; male, Highland County, Au- gust 9, 1926 (C. II. Kennedy) ; male, Lawrence County, August 23, 1926 (C. H. Kennedy) ; male, Cedar Point, July 8, 1918 (0. Gos- sard) ; female, Wauseon, August 5, 1896 ; female, Sandusky, August 8, 1924; female, Sandusky, August 10, 1924; female, Amherst, July, 1934 (H. J. Reinhard) ; male, Carbondale, July 27, 1932 (W. C. Stehr) ; male, Jug Run, Smithfield, August 4, 1927 (C. H. Ken- nedy) ; male, Amherst, July, 1933 (LI. J. Reinhard) ; female, Athens, July 17, 1932 (W. C. Stehr) ; two females, Athens, July 23, 1932 (W. C. Stehr) ; female, Athens, July 29, 1932 (W. C. Stehr) ; female, Athens, July 31, 1932 (W. C. Stehr). Michigan : two females, Jackson, July 22, 1925 (W. M. McComb and C. E. Matson) ; female, Jackson, July 24, 1925 (C. E. Matson) ; female, Jackson, July 27, 1925 (C. E. Matson) ; female, Jackson, July 28, 1925 (C. E. Matson) ; female, Jackson, August 5, 1925 (E. G. Anderson) ; two females, Jackson, August 12, 1925 (C. E. Matson) ; five females, Ann Arbor, July 16, 1925 (E. G. Anderson) ; female, Ann Arbor, August 14, 1925 (E. G. Anderson) ; three females, Ann Arbor, September 21, 1925 (E. G. Anderson) ; female, Dexter, July 3, 1923 (E. G. Anderson) ; fourteen males, Dexter, July 18, 1923 (E. G. Anderson) ; twenty-five males, Dexter, July 19, 1923 (E. G. Anderson); female, Dexter, July 27, 1924 (E. G. Anderson) ; fourteen females, Dexter, September 14, 1924 (E. G. Anderson) ; eleven females, Dexter, September 16, 1924 (E. G. Anderson) ; four females, Dexter, September 18, 1924 (E. G. Ander- son) ; sixteen females, Dexter, September 19, 1924 (E. G. Anderson) ; three females, Dexter, September 23, 1924 (E. G. Anderson) • female, Eloise, Wayne County, August 18, 1912 (F. E. McCain) ; 71 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 female, South Haven, September 15, 1914 ; male and female, Brees- ville (Nettie Fuller) ; female, Agricultural College, August 17, 1920 (L. J. Botimer) ; female, Agricultural College, August 11, 1887 ; three males, four females. Indiana: male, Bloomington, July 8, 1923 (E. G. Anderson) ; male and female, Bloomington, July 9, 1923 (E. G. Anderson) ; four males, Borden, July 16-18, 1913 (Harold Morrison) • five males, Corydon, July 20, 1913 (Harold Morrison) ; three males, Brown County, Indiana, August 2, 1913 (Harold Morrison) ; male, Wa- wasee, July 18, 1912 (Harold Morrison) ; female, Hebron, July 17, 1925 (E. G. Anderson) ; male and female, Harrison County, July 21, 1911 ; two males, female, Posey County, July 22-30, 1927 ; male, Posey County, July 31, 1927 ; male, Noblesville, July 4, 1913 (Har- old Morrison) ; male, Noblesville, July 4, 1914 (Harold Morrison) ; male, Noblesville, July 25, 1915 ; female, Marion County, June 30, 1910 (Harold Morrison) ; female, Mineral Springs, July 29, 1923 (Owen Bryant); female, Elkton City, July, 1895; female, Vin- cennes, August 16, 1924. Illinois : male, Urbana, July 15, 1915 ; female. Farina, August, 1917 (H. Andrews). Missouri: male, St. Louis, July 26, 1922 (P. Rau) ; female, St. Louis, August, 1877 ; female, St. Louis, August 8, 1922 (P. Rau) ; female, St. Louis (P. Rau) ; female, Jefferson City, September 16, 1925 (A. C. Burrill) ; female, Kansas City, July 10 (F. Rogers). Mississippi: male, Ocean Springs, June, 1910 (F. F. Bibby) ; male, Agricultural College, August 2, 1913 (J. G. Hester) ; male, Lakeview, July 16, 1914 (J. C. Bradley). Louisiana : female, Tallulah, July 15, 1925 ; two males, female, July 18, 1925; female, Tallulah, July 21, 1925; female, Tallulah, July 24, 1925; female, Tallulah; female, Tallulah, June 8, 1922 (R. C. Daney) ; male. Arkansas : female, Ridgeway, August 13, 1884 ; female, Imboden, July 9, 1925 (Byron C. Marshall) ; female, Imboden (Byron C. Marshall ) . Wisconsin : female. Iowa : two females, Iowa City, August 4, 1896 ; two females, Iowa City (Wickham) ; male and female (in copula), Ames, July 26, 1931 (H. A. Scullen) ; female, Sargents Bluff, July 7, 1931 (C. N. Ainslie) ; three males, three females, Sargents Bluff, July 8, 1933 (C. N. Ainslie) ; female, Sargents Bluff, July 9, 1931 (C. N. Ainslie) ; four males, five females, Sargents Bluff, July 25, 1933 (C. N. Ainslie) ; female, Sargents Bluff, July 28, 1930 (C. N. Ains- 72 April, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA lie) ; four females, two males, Sargents Bluff, August 3, 1933 (C. N. Ainslie) ; male, Sioux City, July 7, 1931 (C. N. Ainslie) ; male and female (in copula), Sioux City, July 10, 1917 (C. N. Ainslie) ; female, Sioux City, July 11, 1931 (C. N. Ainslie) ; female, Sioux City, July 12, 1933 (C. N. Ainslie) ; female, Sioux City, July 13, 1929 (C. N. Ainslie) ; female, Sioux City, July 13, 1931 (C. N. Ainslie) ; two males, Sioux City, July 17, 1931 (C. N. Ainslie) ; female, Sioux City, July 20, 1928 (C. N. Ainslie) ; female, Sioux City, July 20, 1933 (C. N. Ainslie) ; female, Sioux City, July 22, 1932 (C. N. Ainslie) ; female, two males, Sioux City, July 24, 1931 (C. N. Ainslie) ; female, Sioux City, July 24, 1933 (C. N. Ainslie) ; female, Sioux City, July 25, 1931 (C. N. Ainslie) ; female, Sioux City, July 26, 1928 (C. N. Ainslie) ; female, Sioux City, July 28, 1931 (C. N. Ainslie) ; male, Sioux City, August 4, 1923 (C. N. Ainslie) ; female, Sioux City, August 19, 1932 (C. E. Mickel) ; female, Sioux City, August 25, 1928 (C. N. Ainslie) ; female, Sioux City, September 1, 1923 (C. N. Ainslie) ; female, Sioux City, Octo- ber 1, 1932 (C. N. Ainslie) ; female. Minnesota: female and male (in copula), Lake City, August 14, 1918; male, Lake City, July 7, 1921 (A. A. Nicliol) ; female, Newport, July 18, 1922 (A. A. Nichol) ; female, Newport, July 18, 1922 (C. E. Mickel) ; male, Minneapolis, June 27, 1921 (A. A. Nichol). North Dakota: male, Marmarth, July 4, 1918 (0. A. Stevens) ; twelve females, thirteen males, Medora, August 3, 1923 (0. A. Stevens). South Dakota: fourteen males, Buffalo, July 31, 1924; two females, Buffalo, September 9, 1927 (H. C. Severin) ; female, Buffalo, August 17, 1926 (H. C. Severin) ; two males, Camp Crook, August 1, 1924; male, Hot Springs, July 7, 1924; female, Hot Springs, September 12, 1927 (H. C. Severin) ; male, Whitewood, July 23, 1924; male, Rapid City; female, Elk Point, August 15 (C. N. Ainslie) ; female, Smithville. Nebraska: male, South Sioux City, July 26, 1912 (L. T. Wil- liams) ; male, Omaha, July 11, 1914 (L. T. Williams) ; female, Omaha. July 14, 1914 (L. T. Williams) ; two males, Omaha, July 30, 1914 (L. T. Williams) ; female, Omaha, August 2, 1913 (L-. T. Williams) ; male, Omaha, August 13, 1914 (L. T. Williams) ; two females, Platts- mouth, September 3, 1923 (C. B. Philip) ; female, Lincoln, July 28, 1920 (R. W. Dawson) ; female, Lincoln, August 24, 1916 (M. H. Swenk) ; female, Lincoln, September; female, West Point, June 24; male, West Point, June 26; male, West Point, June, 1887; male, 73 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 West Point, July, 1887 ; male, two females, Meadow Grove, July 18, 1929 (C. N. Ainslie) ; male, Holt County, July 19, 1920 (F. C. Pel- let) ; male, Culbertson, July 3, 1911 (J. T. Zimmer) ; female, Benkelman, July, 1899 (L. Bruner) ; male, Imperial, July 1, 1911 (J. T. Zimmer) ; male, female, Wallace, July 2, 1933 (R. Roberts) ; five males, two females, Wallace, July 3, 1933 (R. Roberts) ; three males, female, Ogallala, June 24, 1913 (R. W. Dawson) ; female, Sutherland, June 20, 1932 (M: J. Oosthuizen) ; three males, Lodge- pole, August 6, 1934 (H. A. Scullen) ; male, Bridgeport, July 11, 1917 (C. E. Mickel) ; female, Scottsbluffs, August 5, 1923 (Leonard Worley) ; female, Mitchell, July 11, 1916 (C. E. Mickel) ; male Mitchell, July 20, 1916 (C. E. Mickel) ; female, Mitchell, July 22, 1913 (L. M. Gates) ; female, Mitchell, July 25, 1916 (C. E. Mickel) ; female, Mitchell, August 16, 1915 (E. M. Partridge) ; male, two females, Harrison, August 9, 1908 (R. W. Dawson) ; male, Glen, August 16, 1900; male, Monroe Canyon, August 6, 1908 (R. W. Dawson) ; female, Monroe Canyon, August 27, 1912 (E. J. Taylor) ; female, Hat Creek, August 14, 1911 (F. H. Shoemaker) ; female, Hat Creek, August ; female. Kansas : two females, Doniphan County, August 26, 1921 (W. J. Brown and Robt. Guenteft) ; female. Lawrence, August (E. S. Tucker) ; female, Lawrence, July 22, 1922 (C. H. Curran) ; female, Baldwin, June 27, 1906 (J. C. Bridwell) ; male, Baldwin, July 14, 1906 (J. C. Bridwell) ; male, Baldwin, July 24, 1906 (J. C. Brid- well) ; male, female, Baldwin, August 26, 1906 ( J. C. Bridwell) ; two males, Baldwin, July ( J. C. Bridwell) ; female, Douglas County, July 16, 1919 (Wm. E. Hoffmann) ; female, Douglas County, July 20, 1920 (Wm. E. Hoffmann) ; male, Douglas County, July 20, 1922 (W. J. Brown) ; female, Douglas County, July 29, 1919 (Wm. E. Hoff- mann) ; female, Douglas County, September 5, 1911 (F. X. Wil- liams) ; female, Douglas County, September 24, 1923 (R. H. Beamer) • male, Cherokee County (R. H. Beamer) ; two females, Ottawa, August 6, 1923 ; female, Wabaunsee County (Forrest Ander- son) ; female, Manhattan, August 19, 1930 (F. H. Walker) ; female, Riley County, June 26 (G. A. Dean) ; male, Riley County, July 4 (Popenoe) ; male, Riley County, July 16 (Popenoe) ; female, Riley County, July 18 (G. A. Dean) ; female, Riley County, July 22 (C. W. Pape) ; female, Riley County, July 24 (G. A. Dean) ; two females, Riley County, July (Marlatt) ; female, Riley County, July (Popenoe) ; male, Riley County, August 7 (Marlatt) ; female, Riley County, August 7 (Popenoe) ; female, Riley County, August 8 (J. B. Norton) ; female, Riley County, August 20 (P. J. Parrott) ; male, 74 April, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Riley County, August (Popenoe) ; female, Riley County, August (Marlatt) ; female, Riley County, September 6 (Popenoe) ; female, Riley County, September 12 (Popenoe) ; female, Riley County (Popenoe) ; female, Riley County (J. B. Norton) ; male, Riley County; three males, four females, Clay County, August, 1901 (J. C. Bridwell) ; male, female, Dickinson County (J. C. Bridwell) ; female, Republic County (R. II. Beamer) ; female, Wellington; female, Medora, August 28, 1925 (W. J. Brown) ; female, Haven, July (Searle) ; three females, central Kansas, August, 1898 (J. B. Norton) ; male, Ellsworth County, July 12, 1923 (L. C. Wood- ruff) ; male, Rice County, July 3, 1923 (R. H. Beamer) ; female, Onaga, July 13, 1925 (R. H. Beamer) ; male and female (in cop- ula), Onaga, July 13, 1925 (R. H. Beamer) ; male and female (in copula), Onaga, July 12, 1920 (Crevecoeur) ; male, Onaga, July 15, 1920 (Crevecoeur) ; female, Onaga, July 15, 1927 (Crevecoeur) ; female, Onaga, July 16, 1929 (Crevecoeur) ; male, Onaga, July 18, 1925 (Crevecoeur) ; male and female (in copula), Onaga, July 26, 1924 (Crevecoeur) ; male, Onaga, August 5, 1922 (Crevecoeur) ; female, Onaga, August 13, 1923 (Crevecoeur) ; female, Onaga, Sep- tember 17, 1926 (Crevecoeur) ; two females, Onaga, September 15, 1926 (Crevecoeur) ; female, Onaga, September 23, 1926 (Creve- coeur) ; male, Osborne County; male, Pratt County, June 27, 1911 (F. X. Williams) ; male, Kiowa County, July 6, 1911 (F. X. Williams) ; female, Kiowa County, July 14, 1923 (R, H. Beamer) ; female, Wellsville, July 23, 1901 ; two males, Norton County, July 5, 1925 (R. H. Beamer) ; female, Norton County, August 24, 1912 (F. X. Williams) ; female, Graham County, August 16, 1912 (F. X. Williams) ; male, Trego County, July 12, 1912 (F. X. Williams) ; female, Philipps County, August 30, 1912 (F. X. Williams) ; female, Ness County, July 5, 1912 (F. X. Williams) ; male, Dodge City, June 14 (Lantz) ; two males, four females, Meade County, July 10, 1911 (F. X. Williams) ; two females, Gray County, July 9-15, 1917; male, Gove County, July 1, 1885; male, Gove County (F. H. Snow) ; six males, female, Sheridan County (F. X. Williams); male and female (in copula), Sheridan County (F. X. Williams) ; six males, Decatur County (F. X. Williams) ; male, Rawlins County, July 4, 1925 (R, H. Beamer) ; male, Rawlins County (F. X. Williams) ; male, Thomas County (F. X. Williams) ; three females, Cheyenne County, July 5, 1925 (R. H. Beamer) ; male, Cheyenne County (F. X. Williams) ; female, Grainfield, Sep- tember 23 (Lantz) ; fifteen females, Sherman County, August 1, 1925 (R. H. Beamer) ; male, female, Sherman County (F. X. Wil- 75 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 liams) ; male, Logan County (F. X. Williams) ; female, Wallace county, July 8 ; six males, Wallace County, July, 1885 ; two females, male, Wallace County (F. X. Williams) ; twenty-four males, Wal- lace County (F. H. Snow) ; male, female, Wichita County (F. X. Williams) ; six males, Scott County, June 17, 1925 (R. H. Beamer) ; male, Scott County, June 19, 1925 (Howard Deay) ; male, Scott County, June 22, 1925 (R. H. Beamer) ; male, Scott County, July 25, 1925 (R. H. Beamer) ; female, Hamilton County, August 27 ; female, Stanton County (S. J. Hunter) ; male, female, Grant County, July 23, 1911 (F. X. Williams) • male, two females, Morton County, July 20, 1924 (C. 0. Bare) ; female, Morton County, August 2, 1924 (C. 0. Bare) ; female, Morton County, August 3, 1924 (C. 0. Bare) ; four females, Morton County, August 5, 1911 (F. X. Williams) ; two males, Morton County (F. H. Snow) ; male and female (in copula), Kanorado, July 26, 1933 (Rodeck and James) ; five males, three females, western Kansas (Popenoe) ; two males, western Kansas (Williston) ; five males, two females. Oklahoma: two males, female, Payne County, July 5, 1925 (W. J. Brown) ; female, Latimer County, June 20, 1931 (R. D. Bird) ; female, Latimer County, July 19, 1931 (W. Fisher) ; female, Lati- mer County, July 20, 1931 (W. Fisher) ; female, Latimer County, July 23, 1931 (W. Fisher) ; male, Pawnee County, July 20, 1932 (C. C. Deonier) ; male, Sequoyah County, July 27, 1931 (Costner and Davis) ; male, Sequoyah County, July 29, 1931 (Costner and Davis) ; male, Kenton, June 25, 1933 (A. E. Pritchard) ; male, Ken- ton, June 30, 1933 (W. Chiles) ; male, Hugo, June 20, 1934 (J. Stankavich) ; female, Okmulgee, July 25, 1931 (C. C. Deonier) ; female, Boise City, July 10, 1933 (W. Chiles) ; female, Boise City, July 9, 1933 (E. E. Ivy). Texas: female, Willis, April, 1903 (J. C. Bridwell) ; male, two females, Willis, May, 1903 ( J. C. Bridwell) ; female, Athens, June 4, 1906 (F. C. Bishopp) ; two females. New Mexico: male, Las Vegas, August 11 (Barber and Schwarz); five males, two females, Albuquerque; male, Albu- querque, June 27, 1931 (H. A. Scullen). Colorado: male, Julesburg, August 4, 1899; male, Lamar, July 6, 1932 (C. R. Jones); three males, Burlington, July 27, 1933 (Rodeck and James) ; male and female (in copula), Cheyenne Wells, August 9, 1929 (Klots) ; female, Sugar City, September 16, 1930 (H. Rodeck) ; male, Eads, July 29, 1933 (Rodeck and James) ; four females, Two Buttes, August 2, 1933 (Rodeck and James) ; male, Kit Carson, July 9, 1932 (C. R. Jones) ; female, Roggen, July 8, 76 April, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 1933 (M. and H. James) ; female, Colorado Springs, June 16, 1893; female, Denver, July 22, 1900 ; male and female, Boulder, July 24 (Cockerell) ; female, Bonlder, July 15 (Cockerell) ; male, Boulder, July 10 (Cockerell) ; male, Boulder, July 25, 1932 (M. T. James) ; female, White Rocks, Boulder County, October 4, 1924 (Bethel Blake) ; thirteen males, Fountain Valley School, Colorado Springs, July 12-19, 1932; three females, two males, Fort Collins, July 12, 1900; male, Fort Collins, July 16, 1903; female, Fort Collins, Sep- tember 27, 1931 ; thirteen males, six females. Montana : male, Huntley, July 19, 1917 ; male, Huntley, July 23, 1917 ; ten males, Huntley, August 23, 1915 ; male, Miles City, August 27, 1915; female, Glendive, September, 1928 (C. N. Ainslie) ; eight males, female. Canada : British Columbia : male, female, Okanagan, August ; two males, Osoyoos. Distribution of Timulla ( Timulla ) vagans subsp. vagans (Fabricius) This is the most widely distributed and abundant species of the genus Timulla in North America north of Mexico. The female has been confused with dubitata Smith in collections. The female may be recognized at once by the f ollowing combination of characters : sides of thorax distinctly emarginate medially, second tergite with a pair of anterior, more or less distinct, pale pubescent spots, and a distinct mesonotal-scutellar suture or groove just anterior to the scutellar scale. The male can be distinguished by the brush of white 77 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 hairs on the scape beneath, the dark fuscous wings, and the sparse, black pubescence of the abdominal tergites. The females as well as the males vary a great deal in size ; length of females varies from 6 to 14 mm. ; the males from 9 to 19 mm. Timulla ( Timulla ) vagans subsp. rufinota 11. subsp. Male. — Exactly like vagans except the pronotum and mesonotum entirely and the propodeum more or less, ferruginous. Length, 17 mm. Female. — Indistinguishable from vagans. Length, 9 mm. Holotype and allotype. — Male and female taken in copula, Cat. No. 51097 U. S. National Museum, Centreville, Florida, July 20. Paratypes. — Female, Gainesville, Florida, March 7, 1922 ; male, Gainesville, Florida, May 4, 1928 ; male, Gainesville, Florida, May 16, 1928; male, Gainesville, Florida, August 11, 1918 (P. W. Fat- tig) ; male, Gainesville, Florida, August 14, 1918 (P. W. Fattig) ; male, Gainesville, Florida, September 28, 1918 (P. W. Fattig) ; female, Pomona, Putnam County, Florida, September 7-8, 1917 (Rehn and Hebard) ; female, Ocala, Marion County, Florida, Sep- tember 19-20, 1917 (Rehn and Hebard) ; female, Lake Jackson, Leon County, Florida, June 22, 1922 (J. S. Alexander) ; male, Or- lando, Florida, July 10, 1907 (Russell) ; male, Orange County, June 29, 1939 (B. O. Hiers, Jr.) • female, Lutz, Florida, March 31, 1917 (Krautwurm) ; female, Dade City, Florida, May 13, 1910 (W. D. Hunter) ; male, Florida. The ferruginous color of the thorax of the males appears to be the only difference which can be used to distinguish this Florida subspecies. External structural characteristics are the same in both the type form and the Florida subspecies. The genitalia have been examined and while there are subtle differences, the latter are not different in nature than those found in various individual males of the type subspecies. The extent of ferruginous color on the thorax may be confined to the pronotum and mesonutum, or the scutellum may be slightly ferruginous anteriorly, the propodeum more or less ferruginous laterally and the first abdominal segment almost entirely ferruginous. The females are the same as in the subspecies vagans. Timulla ( Timulla ) grotei (Blake). (New combination) 1871. Mutilla Grotei Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., iii, p. 228, male. 1874. Mutilla fulviventris Gerstaecker, Archiv. f. Naturg., xl, p. 323, male. (New synonymy.) 1886. Mutilla Grotei Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xiii, pp. 195-196, male. 78 April, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 1894. Mutilla fulviventris Cameron, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Hymen., ii, pp. 286-287, male. 1897. Mutilla fulviventris Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymen., viii, p. 42, male. 1897. Mutilla grotei Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymen., viii, p. 45, male. 1899. Mutilla Grotei Fox, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxv, p. 271, male. 1903. Mutilla fulviventris Andre, Gen. Ins., i, fasc. 11, p. 42, male. 1903. Mutilla Grotei Andre, Gen. Ins., i, fasc. 11, p. 42, male. 1903. Mutilla Grotei Melander, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxix, p. 323, male. 1916. Mutilla ( Timulla ) grotei Bradley, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xlii, p. 207, male. Type. — Male, Colorado, in collection of American Entomological Society, Philadelphia ; holotype of fulviventris Gerstaecker in Zoo- logical Museum der Universitat, Berlin. I have examined the holotype of both grotei and fulviventris and find them to be the same. My examination of the type of grotei has also been checked by Mr. E. T. Cresson, Jr., who was kind enough to compare additional specimens for me. The two sexes have been taken together at Valentine, Texas, July 8, 1917 (H. H. Knight), the male carrying the female, and have also been taken at the same time and place in three other instances, once in Texas and twice in Utah. The female has heretofore been unde- scribed. Female.- — Head, scape, all the coxae, anterior femora, and thorax ferruginous ; head slightly wider than the thorax ; ab- domen black with pale pubescent markings; scutellar scale broad and conspicuous ; pygidial area longitudinally rugose on the proximal third, granulate on the distal two-tliirds. Length, 10 mm. Head ferruginous, sparsely clothed on the front and vertex with short fulvous hairs, on the genae and hind margin of the head with pale hairs; mandibles edentate, proximal half fer- ruginous, distal half black; posterior margin of clypeus ele- vated, the elevated margin crenulate ; scape ferruginous, flagel- lum piceous ; first segment of flagellum approximately equal in length to the second and third segments united ; antennal scrobes very weakly carinate above; front, vertex and genae coarsely and densely punctate ; genae not carinate posteriorly ; relative widths of head and thorax, 4.7 : 4.5. 79 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 Thorax ferruginous, clothed with sparse, recumbent, fulvous hairs, that on the posterior face of propodeum pale and erect; humeral angles rounded ; thorax distinctly narrowed medially ; dorsum of thorax coarsely, deeply and densely punctate ; poste- rior face of propodeum very deeply and densely reticulate, espe- cially above ; mesonotal-scutellar suture prominent ; scutellar scale broad and conspicuous ; pleura shining, impunctate, except the sides of the propodeum more or less coarsely punctate poste- riorly; lateral margins of posterior face of propodeum den- ticulate. Abdomen above black with pale pubescent markings ; first tergite with scattered, large punctures, the distal margin with a band of pale pubescence; second tergite with large, coarse punctures throughout concealed by the black pubescence except at the sides, entirely black except the lateral margins pale pubescent, and the distal margin with a broad band of pale pubescence, the anterior margin of the latter sinuate, not straight ; tergites three to five each with two quadrate spots of pale pubescence, those on tergite five almost touching at the distal margin, thus enclosing a cuneate spot of black pubescence on the median area of tergites three to five, the pale pubescent spots not extending to the lateral margins of the tergites ; pygidium longitudinally rugose on the proximal third, granu- late on the distal two-thirds ; venter of abdomen very dark fer- ruginous ; first sternite with a longitudinal carina ; second sternite coarsely punctured, more sparsely so at the distal middle; sternites three to five closely, moderately punctate at the distal margin ; sternites two to five with a thin distal fringe of pale pubescence. All the coxae, anterior trochanters, and anterior femora ex- cept at the apex, ferruginous; remainder of anterior, middle and hind legs piceous, clothed with sparse, pale hairs ; calcaria pale. Allotype. — Female, Trenton, Utah, August 17, 1931 (W. L. Thomas), in University of Minnesota collection. A male was taken at the same time and place. Specimens examined. — - Utah: female, Logan, July 31, 1925 (A. C. Burrill) ; female, Logan, August 28, 1925 (A. C. Burrill) ; female, Vineyard, Septem- ber 4 (Torn Spalding) ; male and female, Richfield, August 17, 1904 ; male, Far West, September 15, 1932 (Lowell Cutler) ; male, Trenton, August 17, 1931 (W. L. Thomas). 80 April, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Arizona: four males, Santa Rita Mts., July (F. H. Snow). Colorado : male, Tobe, August 4, 1933 (Rodeck and James). New Mexico : female, Jemez Springs, July 17, 1916 (John Wood- gate) ; male, Jemez Springs, July 28, 1914; female, Jemez Springs, August 17, 1916 (John Woodgate) ; female, Dripping Springs, Organ Mts., August 19 (Cockerell). Texas : three males, two females, Chisos Mts., Brewster County, June 10-12, 1908 (Mitchell and Cushman) ; female, Chisos Mts., September 7 ; male, Brewster County, June, 1929 ; three females, Cherry Canyon, Ft. Davis Quad, Davis Mts., June 29-July 1, 1916 (F. M. Gaige) ; male, Valentine, July 5, 1917 ; male and female taken together flying, Valentine, July 8, 1917 (H. H. Knight) ; female and four males, Limpia Canon, Davis Mts., July 7, 1917 ; male. This species has a wide distribution in North America, but only a small part of its range lies within the United States. I have seen specimens of both sexes from southern Mexico and Guatemala which are exactly like specimens from Utah, Colorado, Arizona, New Mex- ico and Texas. The species is closely related to vagans Fabricius. The scape of the antennae of the male is perhaps even more flattened and dilated than in vagans and has a conspicuous pubescent brush beneath. The outstanding characters distinguishing the two species have been used in the key. The female is related to suspensa Ger- staecker but differs in having the second tergite entirely black pubes- 81 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 cent except the pale pubescent band at the distal margin. The form of the thorax and the sculpture of the pygidium is the same in both. Timulla (Timulla) huntleyensis n. sp. Male. — Head, thorax, first abdominal segment, disk of second abdominal sternite, and legs, all black; remainder of abdomen fulvous; mandibles strongly emarginate beneath and with a prominent tooth near the base beneath; scape conspicuously dilated and flattened distally, the distal half beneath with a dense brush of long, pale, glittering hairs ; ocelli large, the dis- tance between the eye margins and the lateral ocelli equal to twice the greatest diameter of the latter ; last abdominal tergite with a median, elongate, glabrous area terminating in the arms of a strongly elevated Y-shaped carina, the stem of the Y slightly longer than the arms ; mesosternal tubercles transverse ; intermediate coxae with a conspicuous tooth 011 the inner, distal margin ; wings fuliginous. Length, 18 mm. Head entirely black, clothed with sparse, long, erect, fuscous pubescence intermixed with sparse, short, appressed, pale pubes- ence ; mandibles edentate at the tip, with a distinct tooth within remote from the tip, the dorsal surface with a strong, conspicu- ous, longitudinal carina, strongly emarginate beneath, and with a prominent tooth beneath near the base ; median area of clypeus transversely concave, glabrous, impunctate, the posterior mar- gin of the glabrous area evenly arcuate ; antennal tubercles prominent, strongly elevated; scape as above, the dorsal sur- face with small, dense punctures and sparse, erect, fuscous pubescence ; first segment of flagellum slightly but distinctly shorter than the second; antennal scrobes distinctly carinate above ; ocellar area elevated, the ocelli as above ; front with moderate, close, confluent punctures ; vertex with somewhat close, less confluent punctures than on the front ; genae with moderate, shallow, separated punctures intermixed with fine, shallow punctures ; relative widths of head and thorax including the tegulae, 6.2 : 8.0. Thorax entirely black, the pronotum, propleura, and an- terior fourth of the mesonotum with sparse, erect, pale fuscous pubescence, the remainder of thorax with sparse, erect, fulvo- fuscous pubescence ; pronotum, mesonotum and scutellum with moderately large, dense, confluent punctures ; mesonotum with a median, glabrous, longitudinal line on the anterior half, the parapsidal furrows present, strong and deep on the posterior 82 April, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA half of mesonotum; scutellum strongly convex; enclosed space of dorsnm of propodeum subtriangular, about as long as it is broad at the base ; dorsum and posterior face of propodeum with very large, dense, more or less confluent punctures, approach- ing reticulate ; propleura with scattered punctures ; dorsal and ventral areas of mesopleura separated by a distinct furrow; mesopleura micropunctate throughout, and also with moderate, close punctures except on the anterior fourth ; metapleura glabrous and micropunctate except ventrally with moderately large, close punctures and dorsally somewhat transversely rugose; sides of propodeum shallowly, narrowly reticulate ex- cept the anterior fourth glabrous and micropunctate; meso- sternal tubercules well developed, transverse; tegulae large, strongly convex, glabrous, impunctate except narrow anterior and inner margin^ punctate and pubescent. Abdomen fulvous, except the first segment and the disk of the second sternite black, clothed with erect, fulvous pubescence, except that on the first segment and second sternite pale, the distal fringe of the first tergite and the second sternite fulvous like the remaining tergites and sternites; first tergite with moderately large, more or less close punctures except the distal margin with fine, close punctures ; disk of second tergite gla- brous, sparsely punctate, the punctures moderate and becoming dense toward the margins except those towards the distal mar- gin small and close ; tergites three to six with moderate, close punctures distally; glabrous, impunctate area of last tergite strongly elevated posteriorly and terminating in the arms of a prominent Y-shaped carina, the stem of the Y slightly longer than the arms ; distal margin of last tergite biemarginate ; first sternite with a median, longitudinal carina on the anterior two- thirds, the carina slightly elevated anteriorly and posteriorly; second sternite with large, distinct punctures, the latter some- what smaller and sparser towards the distal margin; sternites three to six with moderate, close punctures towards the distal margin; sixth and seventh sternites with a pair of moderate, distinct, lateral tubercles; hypopygium with a pair of promi- nent, lateral earinae, the latter dentiform posteriorly, that is, terminating in a distinct tooth. Wings fuliginous ; cell 2nd Rx + R2 subtruncate at the apex; cell R5 receiving vein M3+4 slightly beyond the middle ; cell R4 present and receiving vein M2 three-fifths the distance from base to apex. 83 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 Legs entirely black, clothed with sparse, pale pubescence, the latter slightly tinged with fulvous ; intermediate coxae with a strong, prominent tooth at the inner, distal margin ; calcaria pale. Holotype. — Male, Huntley, Montana, August 23, 1915, in Uni- versity of Minnesota collection. Related to grotei Blake but differs in having larger ocelli, the hypopygial carinae dentiform posteriorly, more uniformly punctate second sternite, the black disk of second sternite and pale fuscous pubescence of the head and pronotum. It differs from the male of suspense/, subsp. sonora in the larger ocelli, darker pubescence of the head and pronotum, the greatly dilated scape with its dense brush of pubescence and the less developed lateral tubercles of the seventh sternite. Timulla (Timulla) suspensa subsp. suspensa (Gerstaecker) . (New combination ) 1874. Mutilla suspensa Gerstaecker, Arehiv. f. Naturg., xl, p. 299, female. 1894. Mutilla suspensa Cameron, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Hymen., ii, p. 268, female. 1897. Mutilla suspensa Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymen., viii, p. 89, female. 1903. Mutilla suspensa Andre, Gen. Ins., i, fasc. 11, p. 42, female. Type. — Female, Mexico (Koppe), in Zoological Museum der Universitat, Berlin. Specimens examined. — Arizona: female, Santa Rita Mts., July (F. H. Snow) ; female, Chiricahua Mts., August 5, 1932 (D. K. Duncan). Timulla ( Timulla ) suspensa subsp. sonora n. subsp. Female. — Head, thorax and legs ferruginous, abdomen fer- ruginous beneath, more or less blackish above ; first and second tergites with distal bands, the second also with a pair of lateral stripes extending from base to apex, of appressed, pale pubes- cence ; scutellar scale broad and distinct ; mesonotal-scutellar suture distinct; pygidium irregularly rugose on the basal half, the distal half granulate. Length, 9.5 mm. Head ferruginous; front and vertex with sparse, erect and recumbent, fulvous hairs, the genae with sparse, pale hairs; mandibles edentate, black distally; clypeus elevated, the ele- vated area smooth, polished, the elevated margin not dentate 84 April, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA laterally, the posterior area punctate and pubescent; first seg- ment of flagellum one and one-half times longer than the second ; antennal scrobes very weakly carinate above ; front and vertex coarsely, densely, confluently punctate, the genae with close, moderate punctures ; relative widths of head and thorax, 3.5 : 3.2. Thorax ferruginous ; dorsum clothed with sparse, erect and recumbent, fulvous hairs, the posterior face of propodeum with sparse, pale, erect hairs; humeral angles rounded; thorax not broader behind than in front, the mesonotal area distinctly con- stricted ; dorsum and upper half of posterior face of propodeum very coarsely, densely, confluently punctate, more so than the front, the punctures coarser and deeper towards the rear ; lower half of posterior face of propodeum with sparse, small punc- tures, the lateral margins dentate ; scutellar scale broad and distinct; mesonotal-scutellar suture distinct; anterior margin of propleura defined by an obscure carina ; propleura with a few punctures at the anterior angle; remainder of pro-, meso-, and metapleura smooth, shining, micropunctate, with fine, pale pubescence; sides of propodeum with close, almost confluent, large punctures posteriorly. Abdomen ferruginous beneath, blackish above; first tergite ferruginous, with large, scattered punctures, sparse, erect, pale hairs, and a distal band of appressecl, pale pubescence; second tergite with large, rather close punctures, indistinctly visible through the pubescence, with a pair of rather broad stripes extending from base to apex, lateral margins, and a broad, distal band of appressecl, pale pubescence; tergites three to five each with a pair of quadrate, lateral spots of appressed, pale pubes- cence, those on tergite five almost meeting medially at the distal margin; pygidium irregularly rugose on the proximal half, granulate distally ; first sternite with an anterior, small tubercle ; second sternite with large, close punctures ; sternites two to five finely, densely punctate at the distal margin, and each with a thin distal fringe of pale hairs. Legs ferruginous, sparsely clothed with pale hairs ; calcaria pale. Male. — Head, thorax, first abdominal segment, second ster- nite except lateral and distal margins, and legs, all black; re- mainder of abdomen fulvous; mandibles emarginate beneath and with a prominent tooth beneath near the base ; scape mod- erately dilated distally and with a thin brush of pale pubescence on the distal half beneath; vertex and pronotum clothed with 85 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 sparse, pale pubescence; last abdominal tergite with a median, glabrous, elongate area terminating in a Y-shaped carina; lat- eral tubercles of seventh tergite well developed and conspicu- ous ; lateral carinae of hypopygium dentiform posteriorly. Length, 17 mm. Head entirely black, clothed with sparse, long, erect, and short, appressed, pale pubescence, except the posterior area of front and anterior area of vertex with sparse, erect, fuscous pubescence ; mandibles edentate and with a distinct tooth within remote from the apex, the dorsal surface with a strong, promi- nent carina, strongly emarginate beneath and with a prominent tooth beneath near the base; median, glabrous area of clypeus subrectangular, transversely concave, the postero-lateral angles rounded and slightly reflexed ; scape as above, the dorsal surface with small, dense punctures and sparse, pale fuscous pubes- cence ; front, vertex and genae with moderate, more or less con- fluent punctures; ocelli moderate in size, the distance between the eye margins and the lateral ocelli equal to three times the greatest diameter of the latter ; relative widths of head and thorax including the tegulae, 5.5 : 7.2. Thorax entirely black, clothed with sparse, long, erect, pale pubescence, except the pronotum and anterior third of meso- notum also with sparse, appressed, pale pubescence, and the remainder of the mesonotum as well as the anterior half of the scutellum with sparse, long, erect, blackish pubescence; pro- notum, mesonotum and scutellum with moderately large, dense, confluent punctures; mesonotum with a median, longitudinal, glabrous line on the anterior half ; parapsidal furrows present and distinct, strong and deep on the posterior two-thirds; scu- tellum strongly convex; enclosed area of propodeum elongate, the sides sinuate, about twice as long as it is wide at the base ; dorsum and posterior face of propodeum narrowly reticulate ; propleura irregularly punctate with fine and moderate punc- tures; dorsal and ventral areas of mesopleura separated by a furrow, with moderate, dense, confluent punctures, except the anterior fifth glabrous, micropunctate ; metapleura micropunc- tate except ventrally with moderate, close punctures and dor- sally transversely rugose ; sides of propodeum narrowly re- ticulate, glabrous and micropunctate at the anterior margin ; mesosternal tubercles prominent and transverse ; tegulae large, convex, glabrous and impunctate except the anterior and inner margins punctate and black pubescent. 86 April, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Abdomen fulvous, except the first segment and the most of the second sternite black, clothed with sparse, fulvous pubes- cence, except the black areas with sparse, erect, pale pubescence, the apical fringe of the first tergite fulvous; first tergite with moderate, distinct punctures, the latter becoming smaller at the distal margin ; second tergite with moderate, distinct punctures, becoming dense and somewhat confluent anteriorly and lat- erally, smaller and shallower distally ; tergites three to six with moderately small, close, more or less confluent punctures, the latter becoming small and sparse at the distal margin ; median glabrous area of last tergite terminating in the elevated arms of a Y-shaped carina, the arms and the stem of the Y about equal in length; first sternite with a median, longitudinal carina on the anterior two-thirds, the carina elevated at its proximal and distal ends; second sternite with moderately large, close, dis- tinct punctures, the latter sparse along the mid line and on the broad, depressed, distal margin ; sternites three to six with moderate, close punctures distally; sixth sternite with a pair of weak, lateral tubercles ; seventh sternite with a pair of well- developed, conspicuous, lateral tubercles; hypopygium with a pair of prominent lateral carinae dentiform at the distal end. Wings fuliginops; cell 2nd R4 + R2j subtruncate at the apex; cell R5 receiving vein M3+4 three-fifths the distance from the base to apex ; cell R4 present and receiving vein M2 five-eighths the distance from base to apex. Legs- entirely black, sparsely clothed with pale hairs ; inner distal margin of intermediate coxae with a well-developed, con- spicuous tooth ; calcaria pale. Holotype. — Female, Cat. No. 50948 U. S. National Museum, Mesilla Park, New Mexico (Cockerell). Allotype— Male, Marathon, Texas, June 7, 1908 (Mitchell and Cushman), in United States National Museum. Paratypes. — -Female, Douglas, Arizona, July 20, 1933 (W. W. Jones) ; female, Douglas, Arizona, July 22, 1933 (W. W. Jones) ; female, Douglas, Arizona, August 1, 1933 (W. W. Jones) ; male, Douglas, Arizona, August 2, 1933 (W. W. Jones) ; male and female, Douglas, Arizona, August 4, 1933 (W. W. Jones) ; four males, Douglas, Arizona, August 7, 1933 (W. W. Jones) ; male, Douglas, Arizona, August 8, 1928 (W. W. Jones) ; two females, Douglas, Arizona, August 21, 1934 (W. W. Jones) ; male and female (in copula), Douglas, Arizona, August 22, 1933 (W. 87 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 W. Jones) ; female, Douglas, Arizona, September 1, 1933 (W. W. Jones) ; two males, Douglas, Arizona, September 20, 1933 (W. W. Jones) ; female, Douglas, Arizona, October 3, 1933 (W. W. Jones) ; female, Douglas, Arizona, October, 6, 1933 (W. W. Jones) ; male, Douglas, Arizona, October 8, 1927 (W. W. Jones) ; female, Douglas, Arizona, October 11, 1933 (W. W. Jones) ; female and two males, Douglas, Arizona, August (F. H. Snow) ; three males, Douglas, Arizona, San Bernardino Ranch, August (F. H. Snow) ; female, Douglas, Arizona (W. W. Jones) ; female, Huachuca Mts., Arizona, August ; female, male, Huachuca Mts., Arizona ; male and female (in copula), Huachuca Mts., Arizona; female, Tucson, Ari- zona, September 1, 1925; female, Tucson, Arizona, October, 1926 (F. Nichols) ; male, San Bernardino Ranch, Cochise County, Ari- zona, August (F. H. Snow) ; female, Gila Valley, Arizona, July 20, 1933 (F. H. Parker) ; female, Gila Valley, Arizona, July 29, 1933 (F. H. Parker) ; female, Gila Valley, Arizona (D. Iv. Duncan) ; six males, Arizona; female, Mesilla Park, New Mexico, October 1, 1899 (Cockerell) ; female, Mesilla Park, New Mexico, September 12 (Cockerell) ; female, College farm, Mesilla Park, New Mexico, July 18 (Cockerell) ; female, San Augustine, New Mexico, August 29 ; female, Organ Mts., New Mexico, September 2 ; male, Roswell, New Mexico, June 26, 1932 (R. H. Beamer) ; male, El Rito, New Mexico, August 5; male, Albuquerque, July 17, 1902 (Oslar) ; male and female, New Mexico; female, Lamar, Colorado, July 18, 1901; three males, Two Buttes, Colorado, August 1, 1933 (Rodeck and James) ; male, Eads, Colorado, July 29, 1933 (Rodeck and James) ; male, Rocky Ford, Colorado, July 9, 1904; male, Wichita County, Kansas (F. X. Williams) ; eight males, female, Grant County, Kan- sas, July 23, 1911 (F. X. Williams) ; male, Grant County, Kansas, July 27, 1911 (F. X. Williams) ; female, Seward County, Kansas, Au- gust 18, 1911 (F. X. Williams) ; male, Seward County, Kansas, August 16, 1911 (F. X. Williams) ; three females, five males, Meade County, Kansas, July 10, 1911 (F. X. Williams) ; female, two males, Meade County, Kansas, July 12, 1911 (F. X. Williams) ; two fe- males, Meade County, Kansas (S. J. Hunter) ; seven females, three males, Stanton County, Kansas, July 30, 1911 (F. X. Wil- liams) ; two females, male, Stanton County, Kansas (S. J. Hunter) ; seven females, ten males, Morton County, Kansas, August 5, 1911 (F. X. Williams) ; male, Morton County, Kansas, June, 1902 (F. H. Snow) ; male and female, western Kansas; male, western Kansas, August 1, 1877 ; male, Laverne, Oklahoma, August 4, 1933 (E. E. Ivy) ; male, Vinson, Oklahoma, July 9, 1934 (J. Stankavich) ; male, 88 April, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Shattuck, Oklahoma, August 12, 1933 (E. E. Ivy) ; male, Shatttuck, Oklahoma, August 14, 1933 (Reynold Dahms) ; male, Kenton, Okla- homa, June 26, 1933 (E. E. Ivy) ; male, Kenton, Oklahoma, June 26, 1933 (A. E. Pritchard) ; female, Optima, Oklahoma, July 23, 1933 (E. E. Ivy) ; female, El Paso, Texas, July 24, 1914 (J. C. Bradley) ; two males, Musquiz Canyon, Ft. Davis, Texas, July 6, 1917 ; male, Valentine, Texas, July 3, 1933 (S. E. Jones) ; two males, Valentine, Texas, July 8, 1917 ; male, Valentine, Texas, July 7, 1917 ; two females, Cherry Canyon, Fort Davis Quad, Davis Mts., Texas, June 28-29, 1916 (F. M. Gaige) ; male, Childress, Texas, June 8, 1906 (J. B. Mitchell) ; male, Marfa, Texas, June 8, 1908 (Mitchell and Cushman) | female, Alpine, Texas, June 28-30 (Wickham) ; female, Chisos Mts., Texas, July 16, 1911 (H. A. Wenzel) ; female, Dimmit County, Texas,. June 10, 1933 (S. E. Jones). Distribution of Timulla {Timulla) suspensa subsp. sonora 11. subsp. I have compared female specimens of this subspecies with the holotype of suspensa Gerstaecker and find the only difference is in the color of the legs, in subspecies suspensa black, and in subspecies sonora ferruginous; in pattern of pubescence, sculpture and punc- turation of body the two are identical ; the color of the abdomen of the female varies from distinctly black to distinctly ferruginous ; the series before me includes many intergrades between the two ; the male is almost identical with the male of cyllene Cameron, differing in having the second sternite black. The two sexes were taken in 89 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 copula at Douglas, Arizona, by Mr. W. W. Jones. The close rela- tionship of this female to suspensa Gerstaecker and of the male to cyllene Cameron leads me to the belief that the latter two are sexes of the same species, as mentioned above. The females vary in length from 8 to 13 nnn., the males from 14 to 19 mm. The male has been misidentified in collections as oajaca Blake. Timulla ( Timulla ) suspensa subsp. jonesi n. subsp. Male. — Head, thorax, first abdominal segment and legs en- tirely, black ; remainder of abdomen fulvous and clothed with fulvous pubescence ; mandibles strongly emarginate beneath and with a conspicuous tooth beneath near the base ; median, glabrous area of clypeus transversely concave, the posterior ele- vated margin arcuate, and the postero-lateral borders slightly reflexed ; scape with a single carina beneath, moderately dilated distally and with a thin brush of pale hairs beneath on the distal half; ocelli small, the distance between the eye margins and the lateral ocelli equal to slightly more than three times the greatest diameter of the latter ; head clothed with sparse, pale pubes- cence, except the posterior part of front and anterior part of vertex including the ocellar area with sparse, black, erect pubes- cence ; thorax clothed with pale pubescence, moderately dense on the pronotum except the posterior two-thirds of mesonotum and anterior, median half of scutellum with sparse, erect, black pubescence ; mesosternal tubercles transverse ; first abdominal segment with sparse, erect, pale hairs and a distal fringe of ful- vous pubescence ; median, elongate, glabrous area of last tergite terminating in the arms of a Y-shaped carina, the arms of the Y equal in length to the stem; sixth sternite with obscure, lat- eral tubercles; seventh sternite with distinct lateral tubercles; liypopygium with a pair of lateral, slightly oblique carinae, dentiform distally; wings fuliginous throughout; middle coxae with a distinct tooth at the apex within ; legs clothed with sparse, pale pubescence. Holotype. — Male, Douglas, Arizona, July 19, 1933 (W. W. Jones), in University of Minnesota collection. Paratypes. — Male, Douglas, Arizona, August 7, 1933 (W. W. Jones) ; male, Douglas, Arizona, August 22, 1933 (W. W. Jones) ; male, San Bernardino Ranch, Douglas, Arizona, August (F. H. Snow) ; male, San Antonio, Texas, October 13, 1905 (F. C. Pratt) ; male, Victoria, Texas, August 3, 1906 (J. D. Mitchell) ; male, (Texas) ; male, Victoria, June 19, 1913 (J. D. Mitchell) ; male, Bexar County, Texas, September 23, 1934 (H. B. Parks). 90 April, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Closely related to the male of subsp. sonora but differs in having the second abdominal sternite entirely ferruginous, the somewhat more dense, pale pubescence of the pronotum, and the slightly less reflexed postero-lateral angles of the clypeal glabrous area. Also similar to cyllene (Cameron) from Mexico but the latter has the postero-lateral angles of the clypeal glabrous area strongly reflexed and subangulate. Timulla (Timulla) ocellaria subsp. ocellaria n. sp. and n. subsp. Male. — Head, thorax, first abdominal segment, and legs, en- tirely black ; abdomen beyond the first segment ferruginous ; mandibles emarginate beneath and with a distinct tooth beneath near the base ; median area of clypeus subtriangular, only very slightly concave medially; ocelli very large, conspicuous, the distance between the eye margins and the lateral ocelli slightly less than the greatest diameter of the latter ; median, glabrous area of last tergite terminating in the arms of a Y-shaped Ca- rina ; fifth and sixth sternites without lateral tubercles ; seventh sternite with a pair of almost obsolete lateral tubercles; hypo- pygium with a pair of low, inconspicuous, lateral, oblique carinae on the proximal half ; wings fuscous throughout. Length, 14 mm. Head entirely black, clothed throughout with sparse, pale, glittering pubescence ; mandibles edentate at the tip and with a distinct tooth within near the tip, the dorsal surface with a high, prominent, longitudinal carina, emarginate beneath and with a distinct tooth beneath near the base ; median area of clypeus subtriangular, glabrous, impunctate, except the anterior margin and the posterior angle punctate and pubescent ; scape distinctly bicarinate beneath, clothed with sparse, pale pubescence; first segment of flagellum equal in length to the second when viewed from beneath ; antennal scrobes carinate above ; front and ver- tex and genae with moderate, close punctures interspersed with fine punctures, the moderate punctures on the genae more dis- tinct and separated than on the front and vertex; ocelli as above ; relative widths of head and thorax at the tegulae, 4.85:7.0. Thorax entirely black, sparsely clothed with pale, glittering pubescence, except the pronotum, mesonotum and scutellum with sparse, erect, fuscous to black pubescence ; pronotum, meso- notum and scutellum with moderately large, dense, more or less confluent punctures; parapsidal furrows distinct the entire 91 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 length of mesonotum, but somewhat deeper posteriorly than anteriorly ; dorsum of propodeum with an elongate, narrow, tri- angular enclosed space,' the sides of the latter sinuate; dorsum and posterior face of propodeum rather deeply reticulate ; pro- pleura with moderately large, close punctures, except the poste- rior border glabrous, micropun ctate ; ventral and dorsal areas of mesopleura separated by a slightly oblique furrow, with mod- erately large, close, somewhat confluent punctures, except at the anterior margin glabrous and micropunctate ; metapleura gla- brous, micropunctate except for moderate punctures ventrally ; sides of propodeum reticulate, the reticulations becoming shal- low and obsolete towards the anterior margin ; tegulae large, convex, glabrous, impunctate, except the anterior and inner margins punctate and black pubescent ; mesosternum not tuber- culate. Abdomen ferruginous, except the first segment black ; first and second tergites and all the sternites with sparse, erect, pale, glittering pubescence, the remainder of the tergites with sparse, erect, pale fuscous pubescence, except the first tergite with a thin, distal fringe of black hairs, tergites two, three and four with broad, distal, marginal bands of black pubescence, tergites five and six with sparse, scattered black hairs, and sternites two to six with very thin, distal fringes of fuscous to black hairs; first tergite with large, distinct punctures, except the narrow, distal margin with small, close punctures; second tergite with separated, distinct, moderate punctures on the disk, sparse medially, becoming close and adjacent at the sides, and the broad, distal margin with small, close punctures ; tergites three to six with moderate, distinct punctures anteriorly, becoming smaller and closer towards the distal margin ; median, glabrous area of last tergite terminating in the arms of a Y-shaped Ca- rina, the arms of the Y shorter than the stem ; first sternite with a median, longitudinal carina on the anterior three-fourths; second sternite with large, distinct punctures somewhat closer at the sides than at the middle and becoming moderate and close at the distal margin • sternites three to six with moderate, close punctures distally; fifth and sixth sternites without lateral tubercles ; seventh sternite with a pair of almost obsolete lateral tubercules; hypopygium with a pair of low, inconspicuous, lateral oblique carinae on the proximal half. Wings fuscous throughout ; cell 2nd Rx + R2 subtruncate at the apex ; cell R5 receiving vein M3 + 4 almost two-thirds the dis- 92 April, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA tance from base to apex ; cell R4 distinct and receiving vein M2 almost two-thirds the distance from base to apex; vein m-cn received by cell Cu distinctly anterior to vein M4 + Cu2. Legs entirely black, sparsely clothed with erect and ap- pressed, pale, glittering pubescence ; intermediate coxae with a small tubercle at the inner posterior margin ; calcaria pale. Holotype. — Male, Knoxville, Tennessee, August 16, 1927, in Uni- versity of Minnesota collection. Paratypes. — Male, Knoxville, Tennessee, July 11, 1928; two males, Knoxville, Tennessee, July 12, 1928 ; male, Knoxville, Ten- nessee, July 18, 1928, at light; two males, Knoxville, Tennessee, July 24, 1928, at light; male, Knoxville, Tennessee, July 25, 1928, at light; male, Knoxville, Tennessee, July 27, 1927; male, Knoxville, Tennessee, July 30, 1928, at light; male, Knoxville, Tennessee, Au- gust 2, 1927 ; male, Knoxville, Tennessee, August 9, 1927 ; male, Knoxville, Tennessee, August 14, 1928, at light ; two males, Knox- ville, Tennessee, August 21, 1928, at light; male, Knoxville, Ten- nessee, August 23, 1928, at light; two males, Knoxville, Tennessee, August 28, 1928, at light; male, Knoxville, Tennessee, August 30, 1927; male, Knoxville, Tennessee, September 10, 1928, at light; male, Knoxville, Tennessee, September 13, 1928, at light ; male, Knoxville, Tennessee, September 28, 1927 ; male, Knoxville, Ten- nessee, September 30, 1927 ; male, Knoxville, Tennessee, October 14, 1928, at light ; male, Knoxville, Tennessee, October 15, 1928, at light ; male, Knoxville, Tennessee (G. G. Ainslie) ; male, Columbus, Ohio, July 13, 1930 (Charles H. Hicks) ; male, Borden, Indiana, July 16-18, 1913 (Harold Morrison). Very similar in appearance to hollensis subsp. melanderi but differs in the mandibles being excised and toothed beneath and the extremely large ocelli. This species is evidently more or less noc- turnal since most of the paratypes were taken at light at Knoxville, Tennessee. The paratypes vary in length from 10 to 16 mm. Timulla ( Timulla ) ocellaria subsp. rufidorsa n. subsp. 1916. Mutilla ( Timulla ) sayi Bradley, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xlii, p. 214, male (nec Blake). Male. — Head, thorax except the prothorax, mesonotum and tegulae, first abdominal segment, and legs, all black ; prothorax, mesonotum and abdomen beyond the first segment, all ferrugi- nous ; tegulae dark ferruginous ; mandibles emarginate beneath and with a distinct tooth beneath near the base ; median area of clypeus subtriangular, only slightly concave medially; scape 93 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 bicarinate beneath ; ocelli very large, the distance between the eye margins and the lateral ocelli slightly less than the greatest diameter of the latter; median, glabrous area of last tergite terminating in the arms of a Y-shaped carina; fifth and sixth sternites without lateral tubercles ; seventh sternite with a pair of almost obsolete, lateral tubercles ; hypopygium with a pair of low, oblique, inconspicuous carinae on the proximal half ; wings fuscous throughout ; calcaria pale. Length, 13 mm. Holotype. — Male, Cat, No. 50950 U. S. National Museum Durant, Oklahoma, July 1, 1910, at light (Hunter). Paratypes. — Male, Baldwin, Kansas, July 31, 1906 (Bridwell) , two males, Seward County, Kansas, August 16, 1911 (F. X. Wil- liams) ; four males, Kansas; male, Durant, Oklahoma, July 1, 1910, at light (Hunter) ; male, Payne County, Oklahoma, July 1, 1926 (W. J. Brown); male, Paris, Texas, September 30, 1904; male, October 9, 1904 ; two males, Paris, Texas ; two males, Corsicana, Texas, July 19, 1905 (Hunter) ; male, Dallas, Texas, October 4, 1905 (C. K. Jones) ; two males, Terrell, Texas, June 19, 1904, at light; male, Columbia, Missouri, July 13, 1905; male, Columbia, Missouri, July 22, 1905 ; three males, Columbia, Missouri, July 29, 1905 ; male, Columbia, Missouri, September 2, 1905; male, Missouri; male, Agri- cultural College, Mississippi, June 10, 1913 (J. 0. Hester) ; male, Agricultural College, Mississippi, May 11, 1922 (S. F. Crawford). Exactly like ocellaria subsp. ocellarw except the prothorax and the mesonotum ferruginous with pale pubescence, and the tegulae dark ferruginous. Similar in appearance to sayi Blake with which it has been confused, but differs in the mandibles excised and toothed beneath, in the slightly larger ocelli, in the thorax being much less ferruginous and in the darker wings. This subspecies is also more or less nocturnal as several of the paratypes have been taken at light. Timulla (Timulla) kansana n. sp. Male. — Head entirely, thorax except pronotum, mesonotum and tegulae, first abdominal segment, and legs, all black; pro- thorax, mesonotum, tegulae, and abdomen except first segment, ferruginous ; narrow, thin, distal fringe of first tergite, band at distal margin of second and third tergites, and scattered hairs at distal fringe of fourth and fifth tergites, black ; remainder of abdominal pubescence pale and glittering; mandibles emargi- nate beneath and with a distinct tooth beneath near the base; median area of clypeus subtriangular, slightly concave medi- ally ; ocelli small ; enclosed area of dorsum of propodeum small 94 April, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA and inconspicuous; last abdominal tergite with the median, elongate, glabrous area terminating in the arms of a Y-shaped carina, the arms distinctly shorter in length than the stem ; hy- popygium with a pair of distinct, lateral, oblique carinae on the proximal half ; seventh sternite with a pair of obscure, lateral tubercles ; fifth and sixth sternites without lateral tubercles ; wings subfuscous. Length, 11 mm. Head entirely black, sparsely clothed throughout with pale, glittering pubescence, somewhat thicker on the front ; man- dibles edentate at the apex and with a tooth within near the apex, with a prominent longitudinal carina on the dorsal aspect, emarginate beneath and with a distinct tooth beneath near the base ; median area of clypeus subtriangular, mostly glabrous, the anterior margins and posterior angle punctate, the glabrous area slightly concave medially ; scape bicarinate beneath, sparsely clothed with pale, glittering pubescence ; first segment of flagellum slightly shorter than the second ; antennal scrobes carinate above ; front, vertex and genae with moderate, close, more or less confluent punctures, closer and more confluent on the front than elsewhere, and a small, glabrous, impunctate area present behind each lateral ocellus ; ocelli small, the distance between the eye margins and the lateral ocelli about equal to three times the greatest diameter of the latter ; relative widths of head and thorax at the tegulae, 4.0 : 5.2. Thorax black, except the prothorax and mesonotum, ferrugi- nous, and the tegulae dark ferruginous ; thorax clothed with sparse, pale, glittering pubescence, except the posterior five- sixths of mesonotum with very sparse, blackish pubescence ; pronotum, mesonotum and scutellum with moderately large, dense, confluent punctures ; scutellum slightly convex ; enclosed area of dorsum of propodeum small, elongate, subtriangular, inconspicuous ; dorsum and posterior face of propodeum deeply, narrowly reticulate; propleura micropunctate throughout, and indistinctly, moderately punctate posteriorly; ventral and dor- sal areas of mesopleura separated by a transverse furrow, with, moderate, close, more or less confluent punctures, except a nar- row area adjacent to the anterior margin only micropunctate ; metapleura glabrous, micropunctate and with a few moderate punctures ventrally ; sides of propodeum with large, close punc- tures, approaching reticulate, except the anterior margin only micropunctate ; mesosternum without well-defined tubercles ; tegulae large, convex, glabrous, impunctate, except the anterior and inner margins punctate and blackish pubescent. 95 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 Abdomen ferruginous, except the first segment entirely black, clothed throughout with sparse, mostly erect, pale, glittering pubescence, except the thin, distal fringe of the first tergite, a broad band of erect pubescence at the distal margin of the sec- ond and third tergites, and a very thin, distal fringe on the fourth and fifth tergites, all black ; first tergite with moderately large, distinct punctures becoming small and close at the distal margin ; second tergite with moderate, distinct punctures, very close distally and laterally, somewhat separated on the disk ; tergites three to six with moderate, distinct, close punctures, the latter even somewhat confluent laterally; median, elongate, gla- brous area of last tergite terminating in the arms of a high, sharp, Y-shaped carina, the arms of the Y distinctly shorter than the stem ; first sternite with a median, longitudinal carina on the anterior three-fourths | second sternite with large punc- tures, distinct and separated medially, close and somewhat con- fluent laterally; sternites three to six with moderately small, close punctures at the posterior margin ; fifth and sixth sternites without lateral tubercles ; seventh sternite with obscure lateral tubercles; hypopygium with a pair of lateral, oblique carinae on the proximal half. Wings subfuscous throughout; cell 2nd Rx + R2 subtruncate distally ; cell R5 receiving vein M3 + 4 slightly beyond the mid- dle ; cell R4 present but much less distinct than R5 and receiv- ing vein M2 at the middle. Legs black, sparsely clothed with erect, pale, glittering pubes- cence; intermediate coxae not toothed within but with a small tubercle at the inner posterior margin; calcaria pale. Holotype. — Male, McPherson County, Kansas, June 27, 1923 (Clarence Bare), in University of Kansas collection. Paratypes. — Male, Riley County, Kansas, September 11 (J. B. Norton) ; male, Riley County, Kansas, September 21 (E. E. Faville) ; male, Riley County, Kansas, October 1 (E. E. Faville). Similar in appearance to ocellaria subsp. rufidorsa but differs in the much smaller ocelli and the paler pubescence of the abdomen. Also very similar in appearance to sayi Blake but differs in having the mandibles emarginate and toothed beneath and in the much smaller ocelli. Timidla ( Timulla ) sayi (Blake). (New combination) 1871. Mutilla Sayi Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., iii, p. 229, male. 96 April, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 1886. Mutilla Sayi Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xiii, p. 197, male. 1897. Mutilla sayi Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymen., viii, p. 84, male. 1899. Mutilla Sayi Fox, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxv, p. 271, male (in part) . 1903. Mutilla Sayi Andre, Gen. Ins., i, fasc. 11, p. 42, male. 1916. Mutilla ( Timulla) hexagona Bradley, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xlii, p. 213, male (Texas specimens only). Type. — Male, Texas, in collection of American Entomological Society, Philadelphia. Specimens examined. — Texas: male, Plano, July (E. S. Tucker); two males, Plano, August (E. S. Tucker) ; male, Plano, October (E. S. Tucker) ; six males. Several species have been confused by previous writers under the name sayi; the latter is characterized by very large ocelli, so large that the space between the eye margins and the lateral ocelli is re- duced to a distance equal to or slightly less than the greatest diam- eter of the lateral ocelli. Only one other species has such large ocelli, namely, ocellaria, which has even larger ocelli and which has the mandibles strongly excised and toothed beneath. Ocellaria subsp. rufidorsa is superficially very much like sayi but the two are easily separated by the structure of the mandibles. The above specimens have been compared with Blake’s type and are identical with it. I have only seen specimens from Texas. Timulla (Timulla) suhhyalina 11. sp. 1899. Mutilla Sayi Fox, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxv, p. 271, male (in part, Colorado and Montana specimens). 1903. Mutilla Sayi Melander, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxix, p. 324, male (in part, Nebraska specimens). 1916. Mutilla ( Timulla ) hexagona Bradley, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xlii, p. 213 (in part, Colorado and Montana specimens) . Male. — Ferruginous, except the head, mesosternum and ven- tral area of mesopleura, first abdominal segment, and legs, all black ; mandibles not excised beneath nor toothed near the base beneath; median area of clypeus triangular, very slightly con- cave; ocelli moderately large, the distance between the eye margins and the lateral ocelli equal to about one and one-fourth times the greatest diameter of the latter; mesosternum not 97 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 tuberculate ; median, glabrous area of last tergite terminating in a Y-shaped carina, the arms of the Y distinctly shorter than the stem; fifth and sixth sternites without lateral tubercles; seventh sternite with the lateral tubercles practically obsolete ; hypopygium with a pair of obscure, oblique carinae on the antehior half ; wings subhyaline. Length, 11 mm. Head entirely black, clothed throughout with sparse, long and erect, as well as short and appressed, pale pubescence; mandibles edentate at the apex, with a distinct tooth within near the apex, the dorsal face with a distinct, longitudinal carina, and not at all excised nor toothed beneath ; median area of clypeus triangular, glabrous except the anterior margin and posterior angle punctate and pale pubescent, slightly concave medially; scape distinctly bicarinate beneath; first and second segments of flagellum approximately equal in length ; antennal scrobes carinate above; front, vertex and genae with moderate punctures thickly interspersed with fine punctures, the front and vertex with the moderate punctures close, the genae with the same punctures distinctly separated ; ocelli as above ; rela- tive widths of head and thorax at the tegulae, 4.1 : 5.2. Thorax ferruginous, except the ventral area of mesopleura and the mesosternum, black, clothed throughout with sparse, erect, pale pubescence, that on the mesonotum and scutellum tinged with ferruginous; pronotum, mesonotum and scutellum with moderate, dense, confluent punctures ; parapsidal furrows distinct throughout, though somewhat deeper posteriorly than anteriorly; enclosed area of dorsum of propocleum elongate, triangular, the sides slightly sinuate ; dorsum and posterior face of propodeum distinctly, shallowly reticulate ; propleura with moderate, sparse punctures interspersed with very fine punc- tures; ventral and dorsal area of mesopleura separated by a fur- row, with moderately large, close punctures interspersed with very fine punctures ; metapleura micropunctate except ventrally with moderate, close punctures, the ventral margin tinged with black; sides of propodeum shallowly reticulate, the meshes smaller and less distinct than elsewhere 011 the propodeum, almost shallowly, closely punctate, and with an obscure dark, oblique line at the region of the spiracle ; tegulae ferruginous, large, convex, glabrous, the anterior half and inner margin punctate and pale pubescent. Abdomen ferruginous, except the first segment blackish, clothed with sparse, pale pubescence, except the first, second and 98 April, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA third tergites with black pubescence at the distal margins, that on the first tergite a narrow fringe, that on the second and third tergites broad bands; first tergite with moderately large, close punctures, the latter becoming small at the distal margin; second tergite with moderate, distinct, separated punctures, sparser on the disk than laterally or anteriorly and becoming small at the distal margin ; tergites three to six with moderate, distinct punctures, the latter closer laterally than medially ; median, elongate, glabrous area of last tergite as above; first sternite with a median, longitudinal carina on the anterior three-fourths, elevated anteriorly and posteriorly; second ster- nite with moderately large, distinct, close punctures, the distal margin with small punctures ; sternites three to six with moder- ately small, close punctures towards the distal margin ; fifth and sixth sternites without lateral tubercles; seventh sternite with practically obsolete lateral tubercles; hypopygium with a pair of obscure, oblique earinae on the anterior half. Wings subhyaline ; cell 2nd R4 + R3 subtruncate at the apex, approximately equal in length to cell R + 1st Rt ; cell R5 receiv- ing vein Mo+4 at half the distance from base to apex; cell R4 present but less distinct than R5 and receiving vein M2 at eight- thirteenths the distance from base to apex; vein m-cu received by cell Cu slightly before the apex. Legs entirely black, sparsely clothed throughout with pale pubescence ; calcaria pale. Holotype. — Male, LeSeuer County, Minnesota, September 2, 1923 (Wm. E. Hoffmann), at light, in University of Minnesota collection. Paratypes. — Illinois: male, Lake Forest, August 22, 1906 (J. G. Needham). Iowa : male, Ames. Minnesota : male, St. Paul, August 16, 1930 (Dwight Buchanan) . North Dakota : male, Fargo, July 7, 1919 (0. A. Stevens) ; three males, Medora, August 3, 1923 (0. A. Stevens) ; male, Beach, August 15, 1921 (C. N. Ainslie). South Dakota : male, Lake Albert, August 22, 1923 ; male, Castle Rock, September 8, 1927 (H. C. Severin) ; male, Platte, July 20, 1923 (C. N. Ainslie) ; male, Nowlin County; two males. Nebraska: male, Plattsmouth, September 3, 1923 (C. B. Philip) ; male, West Point, June 24; male, West Point, July, 1887. Kansas: male, Riley County, June (Marlatt) ; male, Decatur County (F. X. Williams) ; male, Norton County, August 24, 1912 (F. X. Williams) ; male, Cheyenne County (F. X. Williams) ; male, Scott City, August 21 (Lantz). 99 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 Colorado : seventeen males. Montana: male, Huntley, July 23, 1917; two males, Huntley, August 23, 1915 ; six males. Oregon: male, Union, September 1, 1896 (C. V. Piper) ; male, Corvallis, July 20, 1925 (D. A. Wilbur) ; male, Corvallis, August 16, 1925 (D. A. Wilbur). British Columbia: male, Vernon, July 25, 1917 (Sladen). Without locality data : twenty-eight males. This species has been incorrectly identified in the past as hexa- gona Say and has also been confused with sayi Blake. Superficially it appears much like sayi, but has smaller ocelli, much paler wings, and almost entirely ferruginous thorax. It is easily recognized by these three characters. In the seventy-six specimens ranging in dis- tribution from Illinois, Minnesota and Kansas to Oregon and British Columbia, which have been examined, there is almost no variation in the color of the thorax or in the transparency of the wings, and while there is some variation in the size of the ocelli, it is slight and they are always distinctly smaller than in sayi. One specimen from Corvallis, Oregon, has the ocelli moderate in size ; space between eye margins and lateral ocelli equal to one and one-half times the diame- ter of the latter; the other has the ocelli large, i.e., the two dimen- sions approximately equal ; otherwise the two specimens are identi- cal. Although previous workers have believed this species to be the 100 April, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA same as Say ’s hexagona, that view is not tenable, since Say described the latter as having the thorax entirely black and the wings fuligi- nous. The specimens range in length from 9 to 16 mm. Timulla ( Timulla ) hollensis subsp. hollensis (Melander). (New combination) 1903. Mutilla Sayi var. hollensis Melander, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxix, p. 324, male. 1916. Mutilla ( Timulla ) hexagona Bradley, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xlii, p. 213, male (in part). Type locality, Wood’s Hole, Massachusetts. Location of type unknown. Specimens examined. — • Massachusetts : male, Nantucket, September 9 ; male, Nan- tucket, September 10 ; two males, Nantucket, September 12. New York : male, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, August 4, 1921 (E. G. Anderson) ; male, Yaphank, Long Island, September 22, 1911 ; male, Yaphank, Long Island, October 11, 1913. Maryland : male, Frederickstown. Without data : male. Very similar in appearance to sayi Blake from Texas, but differs in the fuscous to black color of the pubescence of the vertex, meso- notum and scutellum, the tegulae conspicuously darker in color than the mesonotum, and the smaller ocelli. Timulla ( Timulla ) hollensis subsp. melanderi n. subsp. 1916. Mutilla ( Timulla ) hexagona Bradley, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xlii, pp. 213-214, male (in part). Male. — Head, thorax, first abdominal segment, and legs, en- tirely black; remainder of abdomen ferruginous; head and thorax clothed with sparse, pale pubescence, except the meso- notum and anterior portion of scutellum with sparse, black pubescence ; thin, apical fringe of first abdominal tergite black ; second tergite with a broad, distal band of sparse, black pubes- cence; third and fourth tergites sparsely black pubescent dis- tally ; remaining tergites with mostly pale pubescence ; distance between eye margins and lateral ocelli approximately one and one-half times the greatest diameter of the latter ; mandibles not excised beneath ; wings dark fuscous. Length, 13 mm. Holotype. — Male, Falls Church, Virginia, August 7 (Nathan Banks), in collection Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Paratypes. — -Male, Falls Church, Virginia, September 4, 1915 (C. T. Greene) ; male, Plummer’s Island, Maryland, August 5, 1914 (R. 101 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 C. Shannon) ; male, Baltimore, Maryland, July, 1909; male, Clemen- ton, New Jersey, July 29, 1900 (G. M. Greene) ; male, Gloucester County, New Jersey, September 7, 1890; male, Philadelphia, Penn- sylvania, August 17, 1891 ; male, Bnola, Pennsylvania, August 20, 1910 (W. S. Fisher). Exactly like subsp. hollensis except the thorax entirely black, and the vertex and posterior part of scutellum with pale pubescence. Timulla (Timulla) dubitatiformis 11. sp. 1909. Mutilla ( Timulla ) briaxus Rohwer, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxxv, pp. 132-133, female (not male). 1909. Mutilla ( Timulla ) dubitatiformis mss. Rohwer, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxxv, p. 133, female. Female. — Ferruginous, the flagellum and legs blackish, broad distal margin of the first and second abdominal tergites, and exposed areas of tergites three to five, all black ; first tergite with a narrow, distal band of black pubescence ; second tergite with a narrow, distal band narrowly dilated at the anterior mid- dle, of dense, glittering, pale pubescence ; tergites three to five with distal bands of dense, glittering, pale pubescence, that on the third interrupted medially ; lateral margins of thorax slightly but distinctly emarginate medially ; thorax not broader posteriorly than anteriorly ; scutellar scale obscure, almost obso- lete; mesonotal-scutellar suture obscure; pygidial area weakly, longitudinally rugose, the surface granulate throughout. Length, 9 mm. Head ferruginous, the flagellum blackish, slightly tinged with ferruginous; tips of mandibles black; front and vertex with sparse, erect and recumbent, ferruginous pubescence, else- where the head with sparse, pale, glittering pubescence; man- dibles slender, edentate at the tips and with a slight tooth within near the apex ; posterior margin of clypeus strongly, arcuately elevated, the elevated margin obscurely serrate; surface of clypeus anterior to elevated margin concave, glabrous ; clypeus with a small, distinct, median tubercle immediately posterior to the elevated margin ; antennal tubercles approximate ; first seg- ment of flagellum slightly shorter than segments two and three united ; antennal scrobes distinctly carinate above ; front and vertex with moderate, dense, confluent punctures; genae with moderate, close punctures interspersed with very fine punc- tures ; relative widths of head and thorax, 3.8 : 3.5. Thorax entirely ferruginous, the dorsum clothed with sparse, 102 April, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA erect and recumbent, ferruginous pubescence, elsewhere with sparse, pale, glittering pubescence, that on the pleural areas appressed; lateral margins of dorsum of thorax slightly but distinctly emarginate ; humeral angles broadly rounded ; scutel- lar scale obscure, almost obsolete ; mesonotal-scutellar suture obscure; dorsum of thorax with moderately large, dense, conflu- ent punctures, the latter somewhat larger than on the front and vertex ; dorsum and posterior face of propodeum reticulate, the posterior half of the latter only very faintly reticulate ; lateral margins of posterior face of propodeum slightly crenulate; pleural areas micropunetate and micropubescent ; sides of pro- podeum with small, scattered punctures as well as micropunc- tate. Abdomen ferruginous, except the distal margin of the first tergite, broad, distal margin of second tergite, and exposed areas of tergites three to five, all black; first tergite with a narrow, distal band of black pubescence ; tergites two to five with pale, glittering pubescence at the distal margin as described above ; first tergite with moderate, separated punctures interspersed with fine punctures, clothed with sparse, erect, pale pubescence except at the distal margin ; lateral areas of second tergite with moderate, distinct punctures, the posterior third dilated at the anterior middle with fine, close punctures, clothed with sparse, erect and recumbent, dark ferruginous pubescence, the recum- bent pubescence black in certain lights, and both erect and re- cumbent pubescence becoming pale and glittering towards the lateral margins; distal margin of second tergite with a pale pubescent band as described above ; tergites three to five with fine, close punctures and sparse, erect and recumbent, dark pubescence except the distal bands as mentioned above ; pygiclial areas as described above ; first sternite with a median, longitu- dinal carina on the anterior two-thirds; second sternite with moderate, distinct punctures interspersed laterally and poste- riorly with fine punctures; sternites three to five with small, close punctures towards the distal margin; hypopygium with small, close punctures; all the sternites with sparse, pale, glit- tering pubescence, and sternites two to five each with a thin, distal fringe of pale pubescence. Legs very dark ferruginous, more or less blackish ; coxae, and femora beneath distinctly ferruginous; tibial spines ferrugi- nous ; legs clothed throughout with sparse, pale pubescence ; cal- caria pale. 103 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 Holotype. — Female, Cat. No. 18463 U. S. National Museum, Boulder, Colorado, May 26, 1908 (T. D. A. Cockerell). Paratypes. — Massachusetts: female, Nantucket, September 13, 1927 (C. W. Johnson). Connecticut: female, Lyme, May 13, 1911 (A. B. Champlain). New York: female, Orient, Long Island, May 22, 1933 (Roy Latham) ; female, Riverhead, Long Island, July 1, 1933 (Roy Latham) ; female, Riverhead, Long Island, August 7, 1933 (Roy Latham) ; female, Sag Harbor, Long Island, May 6, 1932 (Roy Latham) ; female, Calverton, Long Island, June 19, 1932 (Roy Latham) ; two females, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, June 17, 1923 (E. G. Anderson) ; female, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, June 22, 1921 (E. G. Anderson) ; three females, Cold Spring Har- bor, Long Island, June 27, 1921 (E. C. Anderson) ; female, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, June 27, 1921 (S. H. Emerson) ; female, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, August 9, 1921 (S. H. Emerson) ; female, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, September 13, 1922 (E. G. Anderson). New Jersey : female, Cold Spring, July 14, 1903. Maryland: female, Chesapeake Beach, July 27, 1913 (R. C. Shannon) ; female, College Park, August 23, 1925 (C. E. Green) ; female, Beltsville, July 4, 1912 (W. L. McAtee) ; female, Plummer’s Island, June 11 (H. S. Barber). Virginia: female, Arlington, May 15, 1925 (D. H. Blake); female, Clifton, May, 1933 (J. C. Bridwell) ; female, East Falls Church, June 18, 1912 ; female, Falls Church, August 2 ; female, Falls Church, August 4 (Nathan Banks) ; female, Falls Church, September 1, 1915 (C. T. Greene) ; female, Gunston Cove, June 4, 1922 (Budlong and Barber). Ohio: female, Athens, July 29, 1932 (W. C. Stehr) ; female, Columbus, April 13, 1902 (Bridwell). Georgia : female, Stone Mountain, August 16, 1913. Florida : female, Orange County, June 24, 1929 (A. J. Wafford). Mississippi: female, Agricultural College, April 21, 1918 (R. G. Prescott) ; female, Agricultural College, April 25, 1917 (E. E. John- son) ; female, Agricultural College, May 6, 1922 (H. G. Miller) ; female, Agricultural College, May 22, 1922 (Hewes) ; female, Agri- cultural College, July 8, 1913 (J. G. Hester) ; female, Agricultural College, July 11, 1913 (T. F. McGehee) ; female, Agricultural Col- lege, July 22, 1922 (W. C. Avens) ; female, Agricultural College, September 21 (S. R. Evans). 104 April, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Louisiana : two females, New Orleans. Missouri : female. Iowa: female, Iowa City (Wickham) ; female, Ames, August 18, 1926; female, Sioux City, September 5, 1927 (C. N. Ainslie). Minnesota: female, Fridley Sand Dunes, Anoka County, June 19, 1926 (R. W. Dawson). South Dakota: female, Medicine Lake, Florence, June 23, 1927 (H. C. Severin) ; three females. Nebraska: female, Plattsmoutli, September 3, 1923 (C. B. Philip); two females, Lincoln, June 21, 1912 (B. J. Taylor); female, Lincoln, September 9, 1924 (R. W. Dawson) ; female, West Point; female, Scribner, June 18, 1913 (L. T. Williams). Kansas: female, Riley County, June 24 (Popenoe) ; female, Riley County, July 24 (G-. A. Dean) ; female, Riley County (F. Marlatt) ; female, Baldwin, May (Bridwell) ; female, Baldwin, June (Bridwell) ; female, Baldwin, July 14, 1906 (J. C. Bridwell) ; female, Baldwin, August 5, 1906 ( J. C. Bridwell) ; female, Baldwin, August 16, 1906 (J. C. Bridwell) ; two females, Clay County, Au- gust, 1901 (Bridwell) ; female, Douglas County, May 21, 1922 (W. J. Brown) ; female, Ottawa, July 13, 1923 (W. J. Brown) ; female, Emporia, August 7, 1932 (R. C. Smith) ; female, Sumner County (R. H. Beamer) ; two females, Rawlins County (F. X. AVilliams). Oklahoma: female, Norman, April 11, 1932 (J. Smith). Texas : female, Madison County, August 22, 1932 (F. F. Bibby) ; two females. Colorado: female, Burlington, July 26, 1933 (Rodeck and James) ; female, Ft. Collins: two females. Montana : female, Forsyth. Without data : two females. Dubitatiformis differs from all other female Timullas north of Mexico except euterpe and euphrosyne in the distal black pubescent band of the first abdominal tergite. It is readily distinguishable from the two latter species by the dusky to black color of the last three abdominal tergites, and the pale pubescent markings of the same tergites. The almost obsolete scutellar scale and the absence of pale pubescent markings on the anterior half of the second abdom- inal tergite are additional characters which are of aid in identifica- tion. The paratypes vary in length from 5 to 10 mm. ; the color of the terminal abdominal segments varies from black to ferruginous, but they are clothed with pale pubescence, not with fulvous as in euterpe and euphrosyne. 105 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 Tliis female has an exceptionally wide distribution and no male of which the female is unknown has a similar distribution. I am of the opinion that one or all of the group of males including rufosig- nata, tolerata, subhyalina, hollensis subsp. hollensis, hollensis subsp. melanderi, and sayi represent the male sex. All of these have a more limited distribution than dubitatif ormis, and I have attempted with- out success to find some basis for separating the latter into geograph- ical groups which could be correlated with the above males. The situation may be that the males have differentiated into geographical groups, while the females have remained stable ; this has been found to be true of certain other species of Mutillidae both in the United States and the Philippine Islands. All that can be said at present is that the male will probably prove to be among those mentioned above. This female was recognized by Rohwer as new as early as 1909, and specimens were labeled by him as dubitatif ormis mss. Later Rohwer came to the conclusion that dubitatif ormis mss. was the female sex of briaxus Blake and published a description of his speci- men under the name briaxus. Through an oversight the name “ dubitatif ormis” was not changed to (( briaxus” in the last para- graph of his discussion (p. 133). Specimens of briaxus Blake (= vagans Fabr.) taken in copula with females have demonstrated that the latter are entirely different from Rohwer \s dubitatif ormis mss., thus leaving the species without a valid name. In order to 106 April, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA avoid confusion I have used Rohwer’s manuscript name dubitati- formis and based the description on the specimen selected and labeled by him as the holotype specimen. I am indebted to Mr. S. A. Rohwer and Miss Grace Sandhouse for the information regarding the manuscript name dubitatif ormis and the specimens on which it Avas based. Timulla (Timulla) contigua n. sp. Female. — Head, thorax, first abdominal segment except pos- terior half of tergite, and anterior two-thirds of second abdom- inal segment, all ferruginous, the remainder of abdomen, anten- nae and legs, black; head and dorsum of thorax contiguously but not coarsely punctured; scutellar scale entirely absent; sides of dorsum of thorax distinctly but weakly emarginate medially; second abdominal tergite finely punctured through- out, without anterior, pale pubescent spots; pygidium faintly, longitudinally rugose anteriorly, granulate posteriorly. Length, 9 mm. Head ferruginous, the antennae and tips of mandibles black, clothed with scattered, erect, fuscous hairs, and sparse, recum- bent, ferruginous pubescence, except that on the genae, pale ; mandibles edentate at the tips and with a small tooth A\rithin near the apex; clypeus strongly elevated posteriorly, the ele- vated margin strongly arcuate, slightly dentate at the lateral extremities and narrowly emarginate medially ; antennal tuber- cles approximate medially ; antennal scrobes distinctly carinate above; front, vertex and genae with moderate punctures, the latter close and confluent immediately behind the antennal scrobes, distinct and contiguous on the front and \rertex, sepa- rated and interspersed with fine punctures at the posterior mar- gin of A^ertex and on the genae ; relative widths of head and thorax, 3.4 : 3.1. Thorax entirely ferruginous, clothed with sparse, recumbent, ferruginous pubescence on the dorsum, with sparse, erect, pale hairs on the posterior face of propodeum and pale micropubes- cence on the pleural areas ; thorax subrectangular, elongate, the width in relation to length, 3.1 : 5.5, the lateral margins of the dorsum distinctly but shallowly emarginate medially; relative widths of thorax at humeral angles, middle of prothorax, ante- rior spiracles, middle of mesothorax, posterior spiracles and at dorsum of propodeum, 2.6 : 3.1 : 2.7 : 2.6 : 2.8 : 3.1 ; humeral angles rounded; dorsum of thorax with moderate, contiguous 107 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 punctures anterior to the mesonotal-scutellar suture, coarsely punctured merging into reticulate posterior to the latter ; scutel- lar scale entirely absent ; lateral margins of posterior face of propodeum denticulate ; propleura micropunctate and with ob- scure, moderate, shallow punctures ; meso- and metapleura micropunctate and with moderate, shallow, close punctures. Abdomen black, except anterior half of first tergite, first sternite entirely, anterior two-thirds of second segment, and the last two sternites, all ferruginous ; first tergite with an incon- spicuous, pale pubescent band at the posterior margin, second tergite with a broad, conspicuous band of pale pubescence at the posterior margin, the anterior margin of the band strongly, narrowly, angulately dilated medially ; tergites three to five each with a band of pale pubescence at the posterior margin not in- terrupted medially, that on the third tergite most prominent ; all the sternites with fringes of pale hairs at the posterior mar- gin ; second tergite with fine, distinct punctures interspersed with scattered, small punctures, the fine punctures becoming obsolete on the antero-lateral areas; tergites three to five with fine, distinct punctures interspersed with scattered, small punc- tures ; pygidium faintly, longitudinally rugose anteriorly, granulate posteriorly; first sternite with a strong, longitudinal, median carina on the anterior half ; second sternite with mod- erately small punctures on the disk, becoming interspersed with fine, distinct punctures at the lateral and posterior margins; sternites three to five with moderately small, close punctures posteriorly ; last sternite with moderately small, dense punc- tures. Legs entirely black, clothed with sparse, pale pubescence; calcaria pale. Holotype. — Female, Brownsville, Texas, May 25, 1934 (J. N. Knull), in collection of Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Paratype. — Female, Texas. Superficially resembles duhitatiformis but the thorax is more elongate, the scutellar scale is lacking, the front, vertex and dorsum of thorax are much less coarsely punctured, the punctures moderate and contiguous, not dense and confluent, and the first tergite with the posterior, marginal pubescent band pale instead of black. Also resembles euphrosyne in the color, puncturation and pattern of the second abdominal tergite, but that species has the head and thorax much more strongly punctured, the pubescent band at the posterior margin of the first tergite black, and has the last three abdominal 108 April, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA segments entirely ferruginous and clothed with ferruginous pubes- cence. Timulla ( Timulla ) rufosignata (Bradley). (New combination) 1916. Mutilla (Timulla) rufosignata Bradley, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xlii, p. 212, male. Holotype.— Male, Everglade, Florida, April 11, 1912 (Wm. T. Davis), in collection of Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Specimens examined.- — Georgia : two males, Tifton. Florida : male, Gainesville, Alachua County, May 13, 1914 ; male (paratype). Characterized by the very small ocelli, the mandibles not emargi- nate nor toothed beneath, the deeply, coarsely reticulated propo- deum, and the ferruginous pronotum and mesonotum. Timulla (Timulla) tolerata n. sp. Male. — Black, except the pronotum, mesonotum, anterior margin of scutellum, tegulae, and abdomen beyond the first segment, ferruginous ; mandibles not at all emarginate nor toothed beneath ; median area of clypeus triangular ; ocelli moderately small, the distance between the eye margins and the lateral ocelli equal to slightly more than twice the greatest diam- eter of the latter ; propodeum moderately reticulate ; mesoster- num not tuberculate ; median, elongate, glabrous area of last tergite terminating in a Y-shaped earina; fifth and sixth ster- nites without lateral tubercles ; seventh sternite with the lateral tubercles almost obsolete ; hypopygium with a pair of obscure, oblique carinae on the anterior half ; wings fuscous throughout ; legs clothed with black pubescence. Length, 12 mm. Head black, the mandibles subterminally, vertex, and genae tinged with ferruginous, clothed with sparse, intermixed pale and fuscous pubescence; mandibles edentate at the apex and with a small tooth within near the apex, the dorsal aspect with a distinct, longitudinal earina, not at all emarginate nor toothed beneath; median area of clypeus triangular, the anterior mar- gin and the posterior angle punctate, the remainder glabrous, impunctate ; scape distinctly bicarinate beneath ; first segment of flagellum approximately equal in length to the second; an- tennal scrobes carinate above ; front, vertex and genae with moderate, close, more or less confluent punctures, the latter more separated on the genae, close and confluent on the front and vertex; ocelli as above; relative widths of head and thorax at the tegulae, 4.05 : 5.00. 109 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 Thorax black, except the pronotum, mesonotum, anterior margin of scutellnm and tegulae, all ferruginous and the re- mainder of scutellnm tinged with ferruginous ; pronotum, meso- notum and scutellum with moderate, dense, confluent punctures, - clothed with sparse, erect, fuscous pubescence ; enclosed area of dorsum of propodeum elongate, subtriangular ; dorsum and posterior face of propodeum distinctly but moderately reticu- late, clothed with sparse, erect, pale pubescence; propleura ob- scurely punctate, clothed with sparse, pale pubescence ; ventral and dorsal areas of mesopleura separated by a deep furrow, with moderate, close punctures interspersed with fine, shallow punc- tures, and clothed throughout with sparse, pale pubescence; metapleura glabrous, micropunctate and micropubescent except ventrally with moderate, close punctures; sides of propodeum reticulate, the meshes small, almost reduced to large, shallow punctures ; mesosternum not tuberculate ; tegulae large, convex, glabrous, the anterior half with scattered, setigerous punctures, the hairs black. Abdomen ferruginous except the first segment entirely black and the distal margins of the second and third tergites infus- catecl, blackish ; first and second segments clothed with sparse, erect, pale pubescence, the broad, distal margin of the second tergite, the distal fringe of the second sternite and all the re- maining segments with erect, black pubescence ; first tergite with large, close punctures becoming small at the distal margin; second tergite with moderate, distinct punctures, more sepa- rated on the disk than laterally and becoming small at the distal margin; tergites three to five with moderately small, distinct, close punctures ; last tergite with the median, elongate, glabrous area terminating in the arms of a Y-shaped carina, the arms of the Y shorter than the stem; distal margin of the last tergite strongly biemarginate ; first sternite with a median, longitu- dinal carina on the anterior three-fourths ; second sternite with moderate, distinct, more or less separated punctures, and small punctures at the distal margin ; sternites three to six with mod- erately small, close punctures distally ; fifth and sixth sternites without lateral tubercles ; seventh sternite with obsolete, ob- scure, lateral tubercles ; hypopygium with a pair of low, obscure, oblique carinae on the anterior half. Wings fuscous throughout; cell 2nd Ri + Ih, subtruncate at the apex; cell R5 receiving vein M3+4 five-ninths the distance from base to apex ; cell R4 present but less distinct than R5 and 110 April, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA receiving vein M2l almost two-thircls the distance from base to apex. Legs entirely black, clothed with obscure, sparse, short, ap- pressed, pale pubescence, and sparse, erect, black hairs; inter- mediate coxae with an obscure tubercle at the inner posterior margin ; calcaria pale. Holotype. — Male, Cat. No. 50952 U. S. National Museum, St, Louis, Missouri (Rau) . Resembles rufosignata Bradley but the ocelli are larger, the reticulation of the propodeum is much less deep and coarse, and the pubescence of the legs is black. Toler at a also resembles sayi Blake but the ocelli of the latter are much larger and more elevated, the distal margin of the second and third tergites is not infuscated, the punctuation of the thorax is denser, and the pubescence of the legs is pale. Literature Cited Andre, E. 1898. Etude sur les Mutillides clu Museum cle Paris. Ann. soc. ent. France, lxvii, pp. 1-79. 1903. Mutillidae. Genera Insectorum, i, fasc. 11, pp. 1-77. Ashmead, W. H. 1899. Super-families in the Hymenoptera and Generic Synopses of the Families Thynnidae, Myrmosiclae, and Mutillidae. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., vii, pp. 45-60. 1899. Hymenoptera; in John B. Smith’s “Insects of New Jer- sey,” p. 535. Blake, Charles A. 1871. Synopsis of the Mutillidae of North America. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., iii, pp. 217-265. 1879. Catalogue of the Mutillidae of North America, with de- scriptions of new species. Trans. Amer. Ent, Soc., vii, pp. 243- 254. 1886. Monograph of the Mutillidae of North America. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xiii, pp. 179-286. Bradley, J. C. 1916. A Revision of Timulla Ashmead, a Subgenus of Mutilla Equivalent to the Species Group hexagona of Fox. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xlii, pp. 199-214. Cameron, P. 189F-1896. Biologia Centrali- Americana. Hymen- optera, ii, pp. 259-395. Cresson, E. T. 1865. Catalogue of Hymenoptera in the Collec- tion of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, from Colo- rado Territory. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., iv, pp. 428-442. 1887. Synopsis of the Families and Genera of the Hymenoptera 111 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 of America, North of Mexico. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Suppl. vol., pp. 106-107, 263—267. Dalla Torre, C. G. de. 1897. Catalogus Hymenopterorum, viii, pp. 1-99. Fabricius, J. C. 1798. Snpplementnm entomologiae systematicae, pp. 281-282. 1804. Systema Piezatorum, pp. 428-439. Fox, W. J. 1899. The North American Mutillidae. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxv, pp. 219-292. Gerstaecker, A. 1874. Mutillarum Americae meridionalis indige- narum synopsis systematica et synonymica. Arch, fur Natur- geschicte, xl, pp. 41-77, 299-328. Howard, L. O. 1904. The Insect Book, pi. viii, fig. 21. Leonard, M. D. 1928. A List of the Insects of New York, p. 994. Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau. 1845. ITistoire Naturelle des Insec- tes. Hymenopteres, iii, pp. 589-646. Melander, A. L. 1903. Notes on North American Mutillidae, with Descriptions of New Species. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxix, pp. 291-330. Mickel, Clarence E. 1923. Preliminary Notes on the Mutillidae of Minnesota. 19th Report State Entomologist of Minnesota, pp. 97-113. 1928. Biological and Taxonomic Investigations of the Mutillid Wasps. Bull. 143, U. S. National Museum, pp. 1-351. 1933. The Mutillidae of Formosa. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., xxvi, pp. 381-423. 1934. Mutillidae of the Philippine Islands. The Philippine Journ. Sci., liv, pp. 91-218. Olivier, A. G. 1811. Encyclopedic methodique. Histoire natu- relle. Insectes, viii, pp. 51-66, 129-130. Provancher, L. 1887. Additions et Corrections au Volume ii de la faune entomologique du Canada trait-ant des Hymenopteres, pp. 249-253. Radoszkowski, O. 1885. Revision des armures copulatrices des males de la famille de Mutillides. Horae Soc. Ent. Rossicae, xix, pp. 3-47. Rohwer, S. A. 1909. New Hymenoptera from Western United States. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxxv, pp. 130-134. Say, Thomas. 1836. Descriptions of New North American Hy- menoptera, and Observations on Some Already Described. 112 April, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., i, pp. 295-298. LeConte Ed., ii, pp. 738-741. Smith, Frederick. 1855. Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum, pt. 3, pp. 1-63. Viereck, H. L. 1909. Hymenoptera; in John B. Smith’s “Insects of New Jersey,” p. 665. Explanation of Plates Last abdominal tergite of the males of Timulla in North America north of Mexico. 113 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 Plate I Fig. 1. Timulla (Timulla) ferrugata (Fabricius). Fig. 2. Timulla {Timulla) ornatipennis (Bradley) . Fig. 3. Timulla (Timulla) barb at a (F ox) . Fig. 4. Timulla ( Timulla ) oajaca (Blake). Fig. 5. Timulla ( Timulla ) leona (Blake). Fig. 6. Timulla ( Timulla ) d\ibitaia subsp. fugitiva n. subsp. 114 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, (n. s.), No. 2, PL I CfQ OTQ CIO CIO, GTQ CTO ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 . 7. . 8. . 9. . 10. . 11. . 12. Plate II Timulla ( Timulla ) navasota subsp. nebulosa n. subsp. Timulla ( Timulla ) floridensis (Blake). Timulla ( Timulla ) navasota subsp. nebulosa n. subsp. Profile, lateral view. Timulla ( Timidla ) compressicornis n. sp. Timulla ( Timulla ) barbigera subsp. barbigera (Bradley). Timulla ( Timidla ) vagans subsp. vagans (Fabricius). 116 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, (n. s.), No. 2, Pl. II ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 2 Plate III Pig. 13. Timulla ( Timulla ) grotei (Blake). Fig. 14. Timulla ( Timulla ) ocellaria subsp. ruficlorsa n. subsp. Fig. 15. Timulla ( Timulla ) suspensa subsp. sonora n. subsp. Fig. 16. Timulla ( Timulla ) subhyalina n. sp. Fig. 17. Timulla (Timulla). rufo signal a (Bradley). 118 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, (n. s.), No. 2, PL III VOL. XVII (New Series) JULY 1937 No. 3 PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor CARL GEO. SIEPMANN GEO. P. ENGELHARD'!’ Published Quarterly tor the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, Lime and Green Sts., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue, November 22, 1937 Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Vol. XVII July, 1937 No. 3 STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE DAMSELFLY ISCHNURA VERTICALIS SAY, WITH NOTES ON CERTAIN PARASITES By Evelyn George Grieve ITHACA, N. Y. Introduction Although Ischnura verticalis is a common and widely distributed damselfly its biology has been little studied. In the present investi- gation more than one hundred nymphs were hatched from eggs laid in the laboratory, and each was reared in a separate container to make possible individual life history records. In conjunction with the rearing experiments, observations were made on oviposition, hatching, growth, molting and transformation, and on female poly- chromatism. There was discovered a disease, due to the presence of certain green protozoa in the rectum of the nymphs, that was associated with their high mortality. This led to a preliminary survey for parasites ; and the cercariae of two Distome Trematodes were found in many of the nymphs and adults, during part of the season. All these matters are discussed in the following pages. The Immature Stages Rearing work was begun with the full-grown nymphs which were collected early in the spring of 1931 from one of the trout ponds of the Cornell Experimental Fish Hatchery, at Ithaca, N. Y. From the first generation, which were the stock adults, eggs were obtained for the life history studies. 121 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 3 The females will oviposit in various soft-stemmed aquatic plants. The most convenient for my purpose was a round-stemmed spike rush, Eleocharis palustris, which was kept growing in the screen- covered tanks. These stems are flexible, and one or two could be bent into the water each day, and held down by the surface film. The females would oviposit only in these floating stems, and each day’s eggs could be conveniently removed and dated. I11 Fig. 1 E is shown a longitudinal section of a stem, with the eggs embedded in the plant tissue. The Egg and the Sperm. — Ripe spermatozoa were taken from the spermatheca of a mature female. Head and nucleus could not be clearly distinguished although the anterior third was blacker than the remainder of the sperm. The width is fairly uniform, though tapering slightly posteriorly; and the whole body of the sperm has an undulating, possibly spiral, form. It terminates in a short forked tail. The length, exclusive of the forked tail, averages about 0.04 mm., and the forks of the tail, approximately 0.007 mm. The eggs of this species are elliptical, slightly curved, the head end being a little enlarged and surmounted by an operculum or cap. The eggs are quite uniform in size, averaging 0.83 mm. long, and tapering in width from 0.18 mm. near the anterior end to 0.12 mm. near the posterior end. The length of the egg stage is quite uniform within any one lot of eggs, each lot consisting of all those collected from the oviposition tank in one day. It varies from twelve to twenty days, dependent apparently on temperature, with ratios as shown in the accompany- ing table. Duration of egg stage No. of days 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 No. of lots 1J 4i 3211111 Hatching. — The percentage of eggs which hatch is remarkably high. From one group of six hundred eggs, five hundred and sixty nymphs hatched, or ninety-three percent. The hatching of the Odonate nymph is interesting in that it has a pronymphal instar between the embryo and the first active nymph.1 In 1904 Pierre described the hatching from the egg, and the remark- able behavior of the pronymph of Lestes viridis. Balfour-Browne 1 The occurrence of a pronymphal instar in some species of Orthoptera is mentioned by Balfour-Browne (1909). And Smith (1920) records it for Corydalis cornuta. 122 July, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA followed in 1909 with a description of the phenomenon in Agrion pulchellum and Ischnura elegans. Tillyard (1917) gives an account of it for an anisopterous species, Anax papuensis. In the present study, observations were made on the hatching of some thirty-five pronymphs of 7. verticalis.2 A pulsating organ was observed, corresponding to the so-called “cephalic heart.” After reading Shafer’s (1923) description of molting in Anax, I was im- pressed by the resemblance of these pulsations to swallowing move- ments. Since the pronymph is quite transparent, it was possible to see that the organ was in the proper position for the fore-intestine, and that the pulsations began anteriorly in the mouth region and progressed backward. O11 one occasion, a pronymph was observed from the ventral sur- face (at magnifications of sixty and of one hundred and twenty) and the mouth was seen opening and closing rhythmically. The labrum, lying between the bases of the antennae, was being raised and low- ered. From the frontal aspect, peristaltic contractions could be seen passing along the pharynx and oesophagus, corresponding in point of time to the movements at the mouth. The end view of another specimen, observed under high magnification, while the pronymph was still within the embryonic sheath, revealed muscular movements in the dorsal part of the head, coinciding with movements in the mouth region. These continued until the head filled the capsule. Shafer’s (1923, pp. 321-324) assumption to the contrary, my im- pression of these dorsal contractions was that thej^ were of muscles originating in the head exoskeleton, and inserted in the pharynx.3 The visible phenomena of hatching commence when the tip of the egg capsule appears above the plant stem. The operculum sur- mounts an expanding vesicle, as shown in Fig. 1, F. The expanding vesicle is clearly not the whole egg, embryo and all, moving forward, but simply an anterior expansion of the shell filled with fluid. Tillyard suggested that the fluid might be blood — but if that were so, one should be able to see the corpuscles, for they are visible in transparent nymphs at a magnification of thirty. If it be only water, it must have been absorbed through the thin mem- brane of the vesicle by osmosis. Whether the vesicle represents merely the expanded egg shell, or whether the chorion has been ruptured, leaving the operculum stranded on top of an expanding 2 And in addition, quite a number were killed in fixing fluid, for subsequent study. 3 Verified by a study of sections. See — Grieve, (1937). 123 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 3 embryonic sheath, is not satisfactorily established. The latter view seems more logical, and is partially supported by the fact that by careful manipulation of needles, the operculum could be made to slip around as if over the surface of the expanding vesicle. Gradually the pronymph expands until the head fills the vesicle, as shown in Fig. 1, F. Here it is not a question of slipping forward bodily, but of stretching forward. Apparently the pronymph swal- lows the fluid which filled the vesicle, and uses it to produce the increased body pressure which causes the rupture of the embryonic sheath. In one individual the pulsations of the pharynx were counted. They numbered sixty-eight per minute and continued with decreasing rapidity for two minutes and thirty-five seconds. It is not certain whether the capsule always bursts in the same place, but sometimes, at least, the rupture is a dorsal longitudinal slit. After the capsule bursts and the pronymph begins to slip out, swallowing movements again become more rapid. They continue until the pronymph is about half out of the sheath, or for about thirty seconds. Then the anterior opening of the digestive tube is closed (Fig. 1, J), and as the pronymph bulges out through the opening in the stem of the plant, the visible part of the digestive tube swells noticeably. A dorsoventral movement of the pronymph takes place, in a series of little jerks, accompanied by forward peristaltic con- tractions of the abdomen. This continues until the pronymph is about two-thirds out of the sheath, requiring about one minute and thirty seconds. Then, the sphincter at the posterior end of the mid- intestine seems to be closed. Rhythmic contractions arise in the hind-intestine, first in the vestibule, then in the rectum, and act with a pumping motion, forcing the distended mid-intestine forward like a piston. This is accompanied by forward peristaltic contractions of the abdomen, which tend to force the whole digestive tube forward, and which produce the pronounced thoracic hump (Fig. 1, L), a distinctive feature of the brief pronymphal period. At this time, the anterior end of the mid-intestine extends up into the metathorax, and the crop and gizzard fill the remainder of the thorax. A dorsal longitudinal slit occurs in cuticula of the thorax, and the second instar nymph begins to swell out of the cleft. Gradually the sheath slips off the face ; but the thorax is still humped and the head bent forward, until the labium is released. The period from the splitting of the embryonic sheath until the splitting of the pronymphal sheath is considered as the duration of the pronymphal instar. It varied, in ten individuals that were 124 July, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Fig. 1. — A and B, Positions assumed by mature unmated females, to at- tract males. C and I), Positions assumed by females depositing eggs. E, Plant stem opened to show eggs embedded in the tissue. F, 1 to 7, The egg capsule expanding and becoming visible above the plant stem, previous to hatch- ing of the pronympli. G, Ventral view of the embryo at the stage represented in figures 4 and 5, F. H, I, J, K, Successive positions in the emergence of the pronymph. L, The ‘ ‘ thoracic hump ’ ’ phase, in which the pronymphal cuticula is ruptured, and the first molt commences. M, The second instar nymph emerg- ing from the skin. N, The second instar, or first active nymph. 125 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 3 timed, from one minute fifteen seconds to two minutes fifty seconds, with an average of two minutes four seconds. Following the bursting of the pronymphal sheath, the crop, giz- zard, and mid-intestine still occupy the entire body cavity from the mesothorax to the end of the seventh abdominal segment. The rectum continues pumping while the moutliparts and legs are with- drawn from the sheath, with a little backward wiggling of the body. Then the nymph sways forward, places its feet on the plant stem, rests for a minute or less, draws out its caudal gills from the pro- nymphal sheath, and uses its feet to push off the cast skin. The size and position of the various chambers of the digestive tract, relative to the body segments, varies slightly in different indi- viduals. At about forty minutes after molting, the midintestine has come to occupy three and a half or four abdominal segments, extend- ing from segment two to just past the middle of segment five. The yolk material then appears opaque, showing the outlines of the mid- intestine very distinctly, and constituting the “yolk plug” distinc- tive of very young nymphs. Rectal movements are characteristic of young nymphs when at rest, and may have a respiratory function. They consist of three, four, or five rapid pulsations of the vestibule, and the water is then expelled by a forceful contraction of the rectum. The number of intake movements is subject to considerable variation. In six indi- viduals timed, the counts ranged from thirty-four to forty-six per minute, with an average of thirty-nine. The Pronymph. — The appearance of the pronymph before hatch- ing is illustrated in figure 1, G (corresponding to figure 1, F, 4 or 5). The antennae lie close together, partially covering the mandibles and maxillae. The second maxillae are as yet not entirely fused to form the labium, and extend beyond the antennae. The three pairs of legs lie side by side, slightly curved, as shown. Those of the third pair, being longest, are folded back at about the junction of the tibia and tarsus, the latter lying forward below the tibia. The other two pairs lie straight, their termination marked by the slightly darker claws. The posterior abdominal segments curve ventrally, the tenth, ninth, and most of the eighth lying next to the shell on the ventral surface. The three long caudal appendages lie close together along the median line. They extend up under the labium, and are par- tially covered laterally by the first pair of legs. There is a slight difference here from the condition in 7. elegans , as described by Balfour-Browne. In that species, only the tenth 126 July, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA abdominal segment is turned forward, and the gills are said to lie between the legs and the shell. Another point of difference is that the pronymph does not emerge “in exactly the same position in which it has lain in the shell, the lamellae bent under the body, com- ing out points first. ’ ’ In I. verticalis it straightens out as it emerges, the tips of the caudal lamellae remaining within the egg shell even after the nymph has emerged from the pronymphal skin. The pronymphal sheath surrounds each appendage separately, as was clearly shown by examination of cast skins floating on the water ; and does not ‘ ‘ closely follow the form of all the limbs, which are held down by it, close alongside the body, ’ ’ as described for Anax papuensis by Tilly ard (1917). The most conspicuous structure in the transparent pronymph is the opaque central nervous system. The brain and the three-lobed suboesophageal ganglion almost entirely fill the head. The bi-lobed ganglia of the ventral nerve cord extend along the ventral surface of the body like a row of buttons. There is a ganglion in each of the thoracic segments and in each of the first eight abdominal segments. Since the pronymphal sheath appears to be of the same cuticular nature as all the other exuviae, there can be little doubt that the pro- nymph conforms with the accepted definition of a true larval instar. Hence the writer has followed Tillyard in considering the first active nymph as the second instar. The Mechanism of Molting. — This subject has been very ably dealt with by Shafer (1923) for two representatives of the order, Anax junius and Aeschna multicolor ; and by previous writers for other species of Odonata and Diptera. The present study of the molting and transformation of I. verticalis corroborates the main points of Shafer’s hypothesis, but differs in some details. Such points of difference were checked on Anax junius and Sympetrum vicinum, and these were found to correspond with I. verticalis. Some twenty-five or thirty specimens were studied. Most of them were killed in warm fixative, at various stages during and after transformation. At the final transformation, the nymph always crawls out of the water, and remains so for some time before molting. During this time air must be swallowed, for specimens killed during the act of transformation had the whole digestive tract (not simply the mid- intestine) distended to almost fill the body cavity. With reference to the morphology of the swallowing apparatus, previous authors seem to assume that the musculature of the fore- 127 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 3 intestine consists only of the circular and longitudinal muscles of the intestinal wall. But in addition to these there are, in I. verticalis, sets of dorsal, ventral and lateral dilators of the pharynx and buccal cavity, with their origin in the skeleton of the head. The slit in the thoracic cuticula is preceded by abdominal con- tractions of a peristaltic nature, which probably tend to force the body fluid into the thorax, under the increased pressure produced by the distended digestive tract. Apparent swallowing movements continue meanwhile. Then, due to the “developmental preparatory weakening” along the middorsal line of the thorax, the cuticula ruptures in this spot, and the thorax of the imago begins to swell out of the cleft. As the head is withdrawn from the nymphal skin, the cuticula of the fore-intestine is not drawn out through the mouth, as Shafer sup- posed, but becomes detached in the mouth region, and is subsequently swallowed. Hence the fore-intestine does not deflate at this time. Some individuals killed in fixative during transformation had the old cuticula loosened, but still lying against one wall of the still- distended fore-intestine. Just after the molt, the entire cuticula of the fore-intestine can be found, neatly folded in the anterior part of the newly formed peritrophic membrane. It is easily recognized by the cliitinized teeth of the proventriculus. Often the posterior end of this cuticula is still continuous with the anterior end of the peritrophic membrane of the previous instar. All of which is in accord with the recent findings (Wigglesworth, 1930, and Butt, 1934) regarding the structure and mode of forma- tion of the peritrophic membrane. In the liind-intestine, the cuticula is detached anteriorly (a sphincter closing off the mid-intestine), and as the molting insect slips forward out of the exuviae the cuticular lining is left behind in the cast skin. And yet, in certain of the dragonflies that were killed while the wings and body were still very soft, the rectum and pre- rectal ampulla were fully distended. Similarly in nymphs of I. verticalis that are very transparent just after molting, it can be seen that the hind-intestine is expanded in the same manner as the rest of the digestive tract. It might be refilled from the ventriculus, after the cuticula has been pulled out, or it might be filled by inhala- tion through the anus. The fact that in fixed specimens the pre- rectal ampulla was sometimes contracted although the rectum was distended, tends to indicate that the latter was refilled through the anus. The hind-intestine is then either held in a distended condition during transformation and while the body and wings harden, or it 128 July, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA may have a pumping action during actual transformation, similar to that of the pronymph. It may also be distended previous to the molt, as in the case of the pronymph. The presence of dilator mus- cles of the vestibule,4 acting in combination with the sphincters, makes it possible to draw in water at this end of the digestive tube. Hence I would revise Shafer’s hypothesis of the mechanism of molting as follows : The nymph swallows water, or air, until the whole digestive tube becomes distended. The blood pressure is consequently increased. Abdominal contractions of a peristaltic nature proceed from the pos- terior end forward, decreasing the lumen of the abdomen, and con- centrating the body fluid, under preessure, in the thorax. The rupture of the thoracic cuticula takes place subsequent to these contractions of the abdomen (which often are accompanied by apparent swallowing movements). As the thorax swells out through the cleft in the cuticula, the pressure in the head and legs is reduced, and they can be drawn out. When the head and thorax have reached their full size, the insect places its feet on the support and draws the abdomen out of the exuviae. A considerable additional quantity of air must be swallowed after the insect has come out of the exuviae, in order to stretch the body and wings, and maintain the tension until the chitin has hardened. Thus by swallowing water, or air, to increase the volume of the whole intestine, the muscular pharynx furnishes an important part of the motive power for emergence. Additional power is furnished by the abdominal contractions. j Rearing Procedure. — The most successful containers used for rearing young nymphs were the small “boats” pictured in figures A and B, of Plate III. It was necessary, if the nymphs were to retain all their appendages, that they be kept in separate vessels. The frame of the boat was of balsa wood which is very light and buoyant, and the “hold” of the vessel was made of silk, the meshes of which were small enough (144 threads to the inch) to confine both the nymph and its prey, while permitting the advantages of the more even temperature of a large vessel of water (figure B, of Plate III). The silk was fastened to the frame with paraffin, and the frame covered with a film of paraffin to prevent “water-logging.” The little “sail” was a tag used to keep a record of the dates of molting. During the eighth, ninth, or tenth instars, the nymphs were trans- ferred to tall glasses (figure C, of Plate III), provided with a piece 4 Described by Whedon (1918) for other members of the Order. 129 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 3 of wire screen to serve as a perch. Previous to transformation the glasses were covered with cheese-cloth, fastened down with an elastic band, thus making convenient emergence chambers in which to ob- serve the changes taking place. Aquarium cages (figures E and D, of Plate III) were used for individual adult specimens whose records were to be kept, and similar, larger cages for stock adults. The cage was made of wire screen, fitted to the dimensions of the aquarium. The opening for admitting specimens, food, etc., was protected by a cheese-cloth sleeve. After an unsuccessful trial of Paramecia as food for the very young nymphs, Chironomid larvae were used, and proved satisfac- tory for nymphs between the second and seventh instars. The method was to collect Chronomid egg-masses and, when they hatched, to transfer the newly hatched larvae with a pipette to the “boats” in which the nymphs lived. From the sixth or seventh to the ninth or tenth instars, the nymphs were fed Ceriodaphnia, and Daphnia pulex; after the ninth or tenth, the larger Daphnia magna. The adults, as they emerged, had to be fed living insects, prefer- ably Diptera. One method was to stock the tank of the rearing cage with large blood worms, so that the damselflies could feed on the emerging midges. Mosquito larvae and pupae were also introduced. But it often became necessary to supplement these with midges col- lected with a net in the woods. The Nymphs. — The grown nymph of I. verticalis has been de- scribed by Needham (1903), Garman (1917, 1927), and Howe (1921). The accompanying figure (Plate I, A) of a nymph in the early eleventh instar, illustrates the external structure, and such pattern as is common to all nymphs. In most respects the younger nymphs resemble the mature ones, but each instar has fewer specializations than the succeeding one. Previous developmental studies on various Odonata have shown that characters of labium, antennae, tarsi, genitalia, and wing buds, fur- nish means of differentiating successive instars. The accompanying table summarizes such characters. Inspection of it will show that instars II to VI are readily distinguishable, but that because of the variability of the mental setae, it is impossible to separate with cer- tainty instars VII, VIII, and IX. Instar X can be distinguished by the number of the lateral setae. In the cases of XI and XII, supplementary measurements of various dimensions are useful, but not infallible. 130 July, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Table I.— Diagnostic Characters of Nymphal Instars Instars II to XII Character II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Ant. seg. 3 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6, 7 7 Trs. seg. 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 Lat. set. 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 f2’ 1 '2+1, f3, f3, f 3+1, f 4+1, r 5, Men. set. 0 0 1 2 3 i 3+1 \ 3+1, f 4 1 5> f 5+1 l 1 1 U 1 [5+1 L Wing buds 0 0 0 0 vis. rud. rud. inc. inc. inc. inc. Body 1.* (ave.) 1.18* 1.6 1.9 2.6 3.8 4.6 5.2 6.6 9.0 11.9 12.5 % inc. 35.6 18.8 36.8 46.2 21.1 13.0 26.9 36.4 32.2 5.1 No. spec. 20 18 13 14 11 8 12 12 10 22 8 Body 1.* (max.) 1.30 1.90 2.17 2.79 4.28 5.10 5.71 7.95 10.54 14.30 15.0 % inc. 46.2 14.2 28.6 53.4 19.2 12.0 39.2 32.6 35.4 4.9 Body 1.* (min.) .99 1.30 1.77 2.23 3.16 3.94 4.76 5.78 7.34 10.0 10.9 % inc. Gill L* 31.3 36.2 26.0 41.7 24.7 20.8 21.4 27.0 36.2 9.0 (ave.) .96 1.2 1.6 1.9 2.5 3.2 3.7 4.2 4.7 5.9 6.0 % inc. Head wid.* 25.0 33.3 18.7 31.6 28.0 15.6 13.5 11.9 25.5 1.7 (ave.) .30 .43 .54 .75 1.0 1.3 1.55 1.85 2.1 3.1 3.3 % inc. 43.3 25.6 38.9 33.3 30.0 19.2 19.4 13.5 47.6 6.5 Abbreviations : Ant. seg Antennal segments. Trs. seg Tarsal segments. Lat. set Lateral setae of labium. Ment. set Mental setae of labium; 2+1, etc.,- 2 long, 1 short. vis Barely visible. rud Rudimentary. inc Increasing in size. No. spec ...lii.Number of specimens on which averages are based. * Measurements of length and width are in millimeters. Growth. — Measurements on body length were made daily on five nymphs during instars II to VII, to determine the increase between molts as well as at the molt. It was found that there was a definite 131 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 3 progression in size as the instar advances, followed by a slight step up at molt. The data on size, recorded in Table I are the maximum, minimum, and averages of measurements of a collection of nymphs chosen indiscriminately as to age, except that there were always some re- cently emerged, some on the verge of molting again, and some inter- mediate ones. In order to get an estimate of the rate of growth from instar to instar, the percentage of increase was calculated from the measurements given in the table. In every case, the percentage of increase fluctuates, as though growth occurred in cycles, rather than at a constant rate.5 But there was no very marked agreement be- tween the percentage of increase of the various structures measured, in any instar. Hence, in order to determine whether sets of measurements made at the same period in each instar would give more constant rates of growth, exuviae were examined — ten for each instar. Measure- ments were made on width of mentum and length of hind femur. These are sufficiently rigid structures to eliminate error from wrink- ling or collapse. The results, given in Table II, show a similar inconstancy. Table II. — Measurements of Parts of Exuviae Instars II to XI II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI Width of mentum* .48 .64 .82 .95 1.18 1.49 1.96 2.36 2.79 2.99 % increase 33.3 28.1 15.9 24.2 26.3 31.5 20.4 18.2 7.2 Length of femur* .68 .95 1.23 1.54 1.84 2.35 3.05 3.77 4.47 4.99 % increase 39.7 29.5 25.2 19.5 27.7 29.8 23.6 18.6 11.6 * Measurements in millimeters. Factors Affecting Length of Instars. — The duration of any instar is subject to the influence of a number of factors, the most obvious of which are temperature, food, and disease. My object was to simulate normal optimum conditions — as nearly as possible. It was comparatively easy to supply the nymphs with all the food they would eat. To avoid excessively high temperatures, the aquaria 5 Balfour-Browne (1909) distinguishes between “growth moults’’ and “developmental molts.” 132 July, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA were kept in a cool part of the insectary in hot weather, and they were moved out under the glass in the greenhouse when the weather was cool. The influence of disease was probably the most important factor affecting the period between ecdyses. During the latter part of August there was a noticeable lengthen- ing of the instars. Early in September the morality increased alarmingly. On September 20 inspection of a number of the dead nymphs revealed that in almost every one the post-abdomen was darkened. Upon dissection, each of these had three black plates in the rectum, corresponding to the pads of specialized tissue that are sometimes called rectal “glands.” Evidently this tissue is subject to some disease which may be fatal to the nymph. The diseased condition could be noted in the living nymphs as well, and a record was kept of their behavior. Sometimes after a molt the nymph seemed to be normal again and recovered. Other- wise death usually occurred within a day or two after the diseased nymph had molted. Duration of Instars. — The object of rearing a relatively large number of individuals was to determine the average length of each instar, and to insure having some of them complete the life cycle. Table III shows the data obtained. The instars are arranged hori- zontally. The ordinates are the instar periods, and the plotted fig- ures represent the numbers of individuals which molted within a given number of days. There is a fluctuation in totals in the early instars, due to the occasional loss of the cast skins, whereby the data on the instar period were lost, for the preceding and succeeding instars. It will be seen from inspection of these data that the first five instars show normal curves, sloping up sharply to a single peak, and down again a little more gradually. These instars presumably repre- sent an almost normal condition, with the most nearly optimum in the fifth, whose range is narrowest. The slightly longer period of the second instar, since it is uniform, must be influenced by some one factor, affecting all the individuals. A possible unfavorable factor might be the inaccessibility of food ; for even newly hatched Chironomid larvae were almost as large as the infant nymphs and therefore difficult for them to manage. How- ever, in the last lot in the experiment (a group of nineteen) the second instar period was shortened to a mean of 6.3 days, probably because of improved technique and feeding facilities. From which one may infer that if optimum conditions could be secured, the second instar would not be longer than the others. 133 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 3 Table III. — Duration of Nymphal Instars Vertical columns are the number of individuals per instar in each day-group Lower table gives the mean length of instars Period Instars m days II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI 2 .... 2 .... 1 .... 1 3 ...16 .... 7 ...15 .... 5 4 1 4 ....26 .45 ....33 ...19 6 2 4 2 5 4 21 29 . 28 24 21 8 8 6 14 .... 8 .... 6 .... 8 ...18 8 9 6 1 7 23 .... 5 .... 2 .... 3 ...11 10 9 4 6 8 20 .... 3 .... 3 7 6 2 4 1 9 14 .... 4 .... 1 4 4 2 3 1 10 10 .... 1 2 8 4 9 1 11 5 4 5 5 4 1 12 6 3 3 2 3 13 1 3 9, 1 6 14 1 2 2 15 2 3 2 16 1 1 1 17 1 4 2 1 1 18... 2 1 1 19 1 20 2 21 1 9 1 22 1 1 23 1 1 24 2 25 2 26 1 1 27 28 29 I i 30 31 32 33 1 Total no. individuals 91 85 91 87 82 76 70 55 36 81 Mean in days 7.8 4.8 4.5 4.4 5.3 7.1 7.9 10.9 11.5 13.7 0 1.7 1.6 1.1 .97 1.4 2.9 4.8 6.0 5.2 4.3 S. E ,18 .18 .11 .10 .16 .34 .59 .81 .87 1.0 The later instars, seven to eleven, show irregular curves, and pro- longed periods, indicating the influence of one or more unfavorable factors. And the irregularity coincides with the outbreak of disease. The very low error in proportion to the mean in instars II to VI shows the significance of these figures. In the later instars the de- 134 July, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA creasing number of individuals makes the value of statistical treat- ment doubtful, but the data are included to complete the present record. However, to show that the average period is fairly uniform for all stages up to the penultimate, I present the record of eight indi- viduals which I think may be considered normal. These were a group that maintained steady growth throughout, transforming early in September, at the end of eleven instars. Apparently they escaped the disease entirely. The data for these nymphs are given in table IV. There is nonconformity in the second instar as in all other individuals of the same age. But the following instars show a nice degree of uniformity, with a slightly lengthening period in the later instars, and a noticeable increase in X. The ultimate instar is remarkably constant at twelve to thirteen days. In these eight individuals, the total nymphal period ranged between fifty- seven and sixty-four days. Table IV. — Duration of Nymphal Instars of Eight Normal Individuals Vertical columns are number of individuals per instar in each day-group Period in days Instars 11 III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI 3 1 1 2 1 1 4 3 4 3 3 4 p 1 1 5 4 3 3 3 2 5 6 1 1 2 4 1 7 1 2 8 2 1 3 9 4 1 10 1 11 1 12 3 13 5 Average in days 8.5 4.4 4.3 4.1 4.5 5.0 5.3 5.3 7.8 12.6 Variation in the Number of Instars. — There were eight other nymphs, with a record of disease in August and September, in which the whole nymphal period was extended beyond the normal time for transformation. These all molted into the twelfth instar. One^ died from disease. Six others, finding themselves in an environment that continued the warm temperatures and abundance of food of summertime on into November and December, finally transformed 135 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 3 after a much prolonged ultimate instar, viz., thirty-eight to sixty days. Hence it would appear that eleven is the normal number of instars for the summer generation, and that twelve6 or thirteen is common for those (nearly mature ones) that live over the winter. One individual, however, molted into the thirteenth instar in Octo- ber, after nineteen days in the twelfth, and died shortly after from disease. Mortality. — The mortality figures are based on the actual number of nymphs in the experiment, beginning with 120. A few of the dead or missing were replaced at first, if individuals of the same age were still available. The mortality due to so-called natural causes and accidents de- creased from fifteen percent in the second, to three percent in the fifth. This would be expected as the nymphs grow stronger and better able to cope with circumstances. Obviously these nymphs were protected from adverse conditions to a much greater extent than in their natural habitat. The mortality rate in instars VI and VII was about stationary at six percent, but VIII began to show the effects of disease. There- after the rate increased to twenty percent, thirty-five percent, and fifty percent when the epidemic reached its peak. Instars II to XI II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI Total 120- HO- 98- 92- 89- 83- 78- 71- 54- 36- nymphs 102 98 93 89 83 78 71 55 36 18 % mort. 15 11 5 3.2 6.7 6 9 20 35 50 Pre-transformation Changes in the Ultimate Instar .7 — Early in the ultimate instar, the eye is similar in shape and position to that of the preceding instars (PL I, fig. A). Careful examination under the binocular shows that a considerably greater area of cuticula is marked off in minute facets (fig. B). Bands of black pigment (present also during several previous instars), are visible, as shown, extending to the margin of the facetted area. The ventral aspect is quite similar to the dorsal. The ocelli are inconspicuous at this time. Their position is marked by transparent areas in the cuticula. 6 Overwintered nymphs molt at least once in the spring, before transformation. 7 This record taken from those nymphs that transformed at the end of eleven instars. 136 July, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Usually about the fifth day, the conspicuous black part of the eye becomes somewhat longer, by increase along the inner margin, making the whole eye appear less lateral, and more frontal (Pl. I, fig. C). At the same time there are slightly darkened crescents in the region of the ocelli, and sometimes it is possible to see their nerve trunks leading from the brain. By the sixth or seventh day the eyes have assumed their oblong shape and frontal position. There are also certain changes in the shape of the whole head (PI. I, fig. D). The altered external ap- pearance of the eye is due no doubt to the growth and pigmentation of a great many new ommatidia, that will constitute a considerable part of the functional imaginal eye (Lew, G. T., 1934). By this time the ocelli are distinct, brownish, crescent shaped structures, beneath the cuticula (fig. D). Immediately following the development of the oblong eye, the wings change from their blade-like shape and overlapping position to a more cylindrical shape and a parallel position. Usually during the two or three days before transformation a certain definite color sequence can be noted. The wings take on a pale orange or brownish tint, and the thorax becomes brownish. The colors gradually deepen, and the day before transformation, the whole nymph is an orange-brown, the thorax darkest, sometimes forecasting the imaginal pattern; and the thoracic spiracles are conspicuously black. Several hours previous to the last molt the nymph climbs par- tially out of the water, either vertically with the head and thorax out, or horizontally, with one side of the thorax out. Sometimes this behavior was noted in the afternoon, in which case the nymph would transform the following morning. This probability indicates that the caudal gills have become non-functional, and that direct respiration has commenced, making first use of the thoracic spiracles. The Adult Reaumur (1734-42) gave us the first recorded description of the emergence of the odonate imago. Since then the phenomenon has been described for various members of both Anisoptera and Zygop- tera. The thesis (in Cornell University Library) of which this paper is a condensed version, contains a detailed description of the trans- formation of Ischnura verticalis. Female Poly chromatism. — There are records in the literature of at least four color variations in the adult females of 7. verticalis, with the male resembling one of them. The predominant colors of 137 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 3 the male are green and black, with a conspicuous blue marking on the tip of the abdomen. The four color forms of the female may be summarized as follows : Orange Forms: (1) ‘ ‘ Heterochromatic ” of Calvert,8 with blue- tipped abdomen. (2) “ Orange variety” of Garman8 and of Lyon,8 with dorsum of segments four to ten entirely bronze. Dark Forms: (1) “ Black variety” of Williamson8 and of Gar- man, like the male, but with dorsum of abdomen entirely dark. (2) ‘ ‘Homeochromatic” of Calvert; “blue- tipped” variety of Garman; “green form” of Ris ;8 resembling the male. Note: For additional descriptions of adult females, see : Say (1839) ; Hagen (1861) ; Selys-Longchamps (1876) ; Calvert (1893) ; Walker (1908) ; Garman (1917), and Needham and Heywood (1929). All agree that these forms all become pruinose with age. Of these four types of females, only the second, the non-blue- tipped orange variety seems (with a single individual exception) to be present at Ithaca, New York. This fact leads to the suggestion that the color differences may represent different geographic races, for it will be noted in the literature that the specimens described are from various parts of North America, over an extensive geo- graphic range. I11 the vicinity of Ithaca, N. Y., specimens showing varying degrees of confluence of the postocular spots are not uncommon and there is one specimen in the Cornell collection (collected at Ithaca in 1897), in which the postocular spots are entirely isolated from the pale color of the occiput. In this specimen the pale color is greenish brown and the dorsum of the abdomen is dark on all segments. It is, no doubt, the “black variety” of Garman and of Williamson, and it appears to be the only representative of any type other than the “orange variety” of Garman and of Lyon recorded from this vicin- ity. In the same individual, the antehumeral pale stripe is inter- rupted, forming an inverted exclamation mark, as in 7. posita. This latter variation was also occasionally noted among the specimens reared for experimental work. It occurred in both males and females. 8 Calvert (1915) ; Garman (1927) ; Lyon (1915) ; Williamson (1900) ; Ris (1903). 138 July, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA For observation on developmental changes in female coloration, adults were kept in aquarium cages (PL III, figs. E and D), both collectively and singly. They were fed daily, allowed to mate and oviposit, and were under constant observation during their entire adult life. Their color changes were noted carefully, especially during and immediately following transformation, and in no case was the abdomen of the female blue-tipped, nor were any specimens colored like the male. During and after transformation, the color sequence is as fol- lows : At first pale all over, until the imago has attained its full size (requiring three-fourths of an hour after actual emergence). Gradually the dark parts of the thorax assume an olivaceous hue, while the light parts are still buff. Then the dorsum of the abdomen becomes slightly olivaceous, an orange tint can be seen on segments one, two, and three, and on the thorax. After about one hour the imago begins to walk about and soon after is able to fly. A half hour later, the thorax is ochre yellow and dark brown, the dorsum of abdomen ochre yellow on segments one, two, and part of three, and dark olivaceous on the remainder. In some specimens there are light buff areas on the posterior margins of eight and nine, or only of eight. After two hours the colors are all somewhat darker. After four more hours, or about seven and one-half hours from emergence, the colors are mature, i.e., orange and bronze on the thorax, bronze on the dorsum of segments four to ten, with light strips on eight and nine (when present) scarcely noticeable. The blue tail pattern of the male is developed gradually, appear- ing orange at one hour from emergence, grey after four hours, pale blue after six and one-half hours, and mature blue the following day. It is not true that blue is present early in the life of orange females of this type, and later disappears. It must certainly be a condition present in some, and absent in others. It might even be, since in the ontogeny of the male orange or buff is a forerunner of blue, that those females with buff or tawny bands on eight or nine are intermediate forms in the evolution of the blue-tipped females. After wearing these colors for four to seven days, the orange becomes distinctly darker, and more reddish, followed by very dark brown, and at the same time the metallic bronze-black becomes dull, lustreless black. This transition phase has a duration of from one to two and a half days. Then the individual becomes pruinose, i.e., the orange markings are replaced by bluish-grey and the bronze areas become pollinose. The pruinose phase lasts for the remainder of adult life, which may be several weeks. 139 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 3 Dissection of females of various ages showed the ovaries imma- ture in the earliest imaginal state, while, at the time of color change, one egg at the end of each ovarian tube or egg string is mature. This fact explains the various records in the literature of slender ab- domens in the orange variety, and plump abdomens in the pruinose ones. Oviposition never occurred before the color change, but usu- ally directly after, hence color change is evidently more or less coincident with sexual maturity. The fact that imagos may live for over a month, and are in the pruinose phase for three-quarters of that time, accounts for the pre- dominance of these individuals in the latter part of the season. No doubt the generations overlap considerably, with more or less continual emergence of adults from May to August, but the cycle is probably as follows : Adults emerge in the latter part of May from overwintered nymphs, and adults emerge in early August from sum- mer nymphs to produce the next crop of winter nymphs. Mating and Oviposition.— Mating usually takes place during or just after the color change of the female, namely between the fourth and eighth days. The courtship behavior of unmated, mature, females is more con- spicuous than that of the males. The female, perched on a blade of grass, with the post-abdomen flexed ventrally (as shown in fig. 1, A and B) and wings fluttering, will, on the approach of a male, commence a vigorous fanning with her wings, to attract his attention. Oviposition may begin within a few hours after mating, or not for several days thereafter. I have records of first oviposition vary- ing up to ten days after transformation. Some females have been known to deposit eggs unfertilized. Plate I, figs. C and D show the positions assumed by females while depositing eggs. As many as four hundred eggs may mature simultaneously (viz., the terminal ones of all egg-strings of both ovaries), and are depos- ited in the course of a few hours. Then after an interval of about five days another lot is matured and deposited ; and this procedure may be repeated several times. I have a record of one veteran female which lived thirty-four days of adult life, and deposited eggs on five successive occasions, although the last lot, which was laid just before she died, was incomplete. Her total egg production amounted to approximately sixteen hundred fifty eggs. This female was fer- tilized but once, yet all the batches of eggs hatched. Parasites Trematodes. — While nymphs were being dissected, small flat- worms were frequently noticed in the haemoeoele. The fluke popu- 140 July, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA lation then became a matter of interest, and a preliminary investi- gation was undertaken. Both nymphs and imagos of I. verticalis are subject to invasion by certain immature stages of two quite dif- ferent trematodes, which may be described as follows : Fluke no. 1 is a tailless Distome cercaria, occurring in the haemocoele of nymphs and adults. Living specimens measure ap- proximately 1.5 mm. long, by 0.15 mm. wide, when fully extended, and about 0.55 mm. x 0.19 mm., when contracted. The Y-shaped excretory canal is conspicuous. Oral and ventral suckers are pres- ent ; the former measuring about 0.07 mm. and the latter 0.05 mm. in diameter. The piercing organ, if present, was not observed. A similar fluke, designated as Fluke no. 1A, a metacercaria of a Distome, was found encysted in the respiratory tissue of Anax junius and Sympetrum vicinum. When the metacercaria escapes from the cyst, it moves about actively, by means of its two suckers. The living individual is indistinguishable from Fluke no. 1. The size is ap- proximately the same. The following description is from preserved and stained material. There is an anterior oral sucker measuring 0.07 mm. to 0.08 mm. in diameter. The oral cavity opens into a short muscular pharynx about 0.05 mm. wide (PL II, G.) The esophagus is extremely short, dividing at once into a pair of intestinal coeca, which extend back to within an eighth of the body length from the posterior end. The Y-shaped excretory canal is dorsal to the in- testinal coeca where they cross, but it seems to be somewhat ventral at the extremities. The ventral sucker is situated slightly caudad to the middle of the body, just posterior to the forking of the excretory canal, and measures 0.05 mm. in diameter. Rudimentary gonads are present. The paired testes are located ventrally, behind the ventral sucker, and between the coeca, just posterior to the forking of the excretory canal. The left testis is slightly anterior to the right one. The ovary lies slightly to the left of the ventral sucker. Its extent is variable, and it is rather indis- tinct. Attempts at vital staining with neutral red have thus far been unsuccessful in demonstrating the penetration glands, but in some of the living material and in some preserved specimens it is possible to distinguish a structure which is indicated in PI. II, G, just in the crotch of the intestinal coeca. Whether this represents the remains of the penetration glands, or whether it is a rudimentary uterus, could not be ascertained. It seems to have a duct leading to the exterior at the anterior end of the animal, to the right of the oral sucker. 141 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 3 The above description, although incomplete, seems sufficiently similar to descriptions of other metaeercariae recorded from Odonate hosts, to warrant placing this form with them, in the family Plagior- chiidae. Fluke no. 2 is also a tailless Distome cercaria. It occurs within the mid-intestine of both nymphs and adults of 7. verticalis. Living specimens exhibit two conspicuous characteristics. There is an enormous bowl-shaped ventral sucker (see lateral view, in PI. II, J2). And the excretory canal appears to be an inverted V-shaped struc- ture, which probably represents the union anteriorly of the cornua of a Y-shaped canal, whose posterior portion is inconspicuous. The supposition is substantiated by a fairly definite median opening at the caudal extremity, in some of the preserved specimens. This type of excretory canal is said to be characteristic of only one family of Digena, the Hemiuridae. The extended, living cercaria measures about 1 mm. in length, with proportions as indicated (drawn to scale) in Plate II, K. The oral sucker, which is sub-apical, measures about 0.14 mm. x 0.07 mm. ; the large ventral sucker is 0.22 mm. in diameter, situated just behind the middle of the body. The oral cavity opens into a muscular pharynx, which in turn leads into a sac-like oesophagus. The intestinal coeca do not open directly out of the oesophagus, but are connected with it by means of a pair of lateroventral, bulb-like structures, which leave the oesopha- gus about midway of its length (see Plate II, L). The intestinal coeca are narrowed in the region of the ventral sucker, and they ex- tend almost to the posterior extremity of the body. The gonads appear as very rudimentary structures. The paired testes are ventrally located behind the ventral sucker, toward the lateral margins of the intestinal coeca, the right one slightly anterior to the left. A median structure near the posterior end of the body probably represents the ovary. Occurrence and Infestation — From July 10 to August 10 cer- cariae of Fluke no. 1 were found in the haemocoele of nymphs and adults of 7. verticalis, although with decreasing frequency. Nymphs commonly harbored six to. eight flukes, but there were seldom more than two or three in imagos. This fact may be an indication of a lethal dose. After the middle of August the flukes disappeared. Meanwhile the encysted metaeercariae, mentioned above as Fluke no. 1A had been discovered in great abundance in nymphs and imagos of the large Anisopterous dragonflies, Sympetrum vicinum 142 July, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA and A nax junius, and to a limited extent in Libellula pulchella and Plathemis lydia — all collected from the same pond from which the infected I. verticalis were taken. In these larger nymphs, the cysts were always found within the tracheal gills of the branchial chamber. There seems to be a prolif- eration of host tissue, in the nature of a gall, surrounding the trematode cyst. When carried over into the imaginal dragonflies, the cysts undergo a change of location. The branchial basket is no longer used for respiration when the insect becomes aerial, and the rectum is consequently greatly reduced. So, in the adult dragon- flies, the cysts are found thickly clustered around the reduced rectal region, held together by a connective-tissue-like structure. This trematode seems always to select a location within the host that will ensure it a ready supply of oxgen. In the older imagos it was especially noticeable that each cyst was connected with at least one fairly large trachea, and sometimes the cysts were located some- what away from the rectal region. Plate II (figure H) illustrates this remarkable response by the host to the trematode invasion. Tracheal ramifications completely envelope the cyst in a glistening white sheath, or gall. The figure shows two galls in the process of formation, one small gall from which the cyst has been removed, and one large gall showing the extensive ramifications of the tracheae. Occasional bulging of the sides of the gall indicated that the fluke was moving inside, and when this gall was opened, it revealed a thin- walled cyst of the same proportions as the others in the figure, namely about 0.3 mm. in diameter. It is important to state that in all cases of encystment, when the galls were opened carefully with dissecting needles, the thus liberated metacercariae were enclosed in a thin transparent sheath, or cyst wall. None were found with the thick striated wall possessed by a percent- age of the specimens recorded by Szidat (1926), Ono (1928), and Kotlan and Chandler (1927), for various Prosthogonimus sp. taken from odonate hosts. The significance of this point did not appear until the paper by Ono came to hand, which was only after some attempted infection experiments on domestic chickens had produced negative results. Ono observed that only the metacercariae from thick walled cyst pro- duced inflection. It may be that the thin-walled transparent cysts developed into the ones with the thick striated walls, or that the above mentioned authors have been dealing with more than one kind of trematode, as suggested by Kotlan and Chandler (1927). 143 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 3 Regarding the possible role of the damselflies in the life history of the fluke, assuming that Fluke no. 1 and Fluke no. 1A might be different stages of the same species, it has been noted above that long after the cercariae ceased to be present in the damselflies, the similar, encysted metacerariae continued to be abundant in dragonflies. In fact, infected nymphs were taken from the pond as late as December. It is possible that dragonflies could be infected by eating infected damselflies. This hypothesis is especially plausible since the larger dragonfly nymphs prefer insect prey to the small plankton organisms which form the diet of damselflies. Szinitzin (1907) records certain cercariae, having a form and mode of locomotion resembling Culex, being eaten by Agrion and Epitheca and producing infection in the latter. Hence it is theo- retically possible that Ischnura, and perhaps Anax also, could be infected in this manner. On the other hand Krull (1931) reports “active” infection by the cercariae of Pneumonoeces medioplexus and Pneumobites parvi- plexus. These cercariae enter the rectum, caught by the respiratory currents, and there they penetrate the gill tissue. The occurrence of Fluke no. 2 was first noted on July 16. It continued to be present until August 24, although with decreasing frequency after August 17. Of the sixty-two nymphs and adults of I. verticalis in which the presence or absence was noted, fifty-five percent were infected. The infection rarely exceeded six parasites per host. A Green Flagellate — The nymph infected by this protozoan may often be noted waving the tip of the abdomen back and forth in a restless manner. If the nymphal cuticula is transparent, microscopic examination shows that the interior of the posterior end of the ab- domen is dark greenish. The instar period of infected nymphs is always longer than that of normal individuals. When the infected nymph molts or transforms, the rectal cuticula of the cast skin contains a multitude of unicellular green organisms. Within two days the nymph again exhibits the uneasy, waving movements of the abdomen. Closer examination shows three elongate blackish structures within the posterior abdomen. These are the diseased “rectal pads.” Sectioned material shows that the rectal pads are badly disintegrated after infection, in spite of the fact that the protozoans do not penetrate the cuticula, but remain in the lumen of the rectum. 144 July, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA In the majority of cases the nymphs die before the fourth day after the molt. Occasionally they recover, if the infection has been slight. Studies were made of the living material in many stages of the life cycle as possible. Scarcely any two nymphs harbored proto- zoans of exactly the same phase of development. Both sessile and motile forms occur. The former may be attached to the cuticular lining of the rectum of the nymph, or may be free in the lumen of the rectum. The shape may be globular or ovoid ; the individuals may be separate, or in clusters loosely attached to a central matrix. The ovoid individuals exhibit limited metabolic movement. The periplast is transparent and colorless, and there is an irregular peripheral structure, diffusely green, with clear granules distributed through it. The nucleus is central and colorless in living material, but deeply staining in sections. A pair of reddish-brown pigmented bodies is present, centrally or eccentrically located (Plate II, C). Asexual re- production in the sessile stage is by fission or multiple cell formation, (Plate II, B1 and B2). The motile forms were obtained when ovoid organisms from cast skins were kept for one-half hour to several hours on a slide in a moist chamber. On several occasions individuals changed from the nonmotile to the motile phase while under observation. The motile form is a flagellate. Only one flagellum was seen, and it was longer than the body. The form is elongately cylindrical, with transparent periplast prolonged into an acute process posteriorly. The cell con- tents are green peripherally, as in the sessile forms, with clear granules distributed throughout. A transparent central nucleus, and a pair of dark pigmented bodies are present. Anteriorly a clear area seems to represent a gullet, opening into an anterior reservoir. Other Parasites or Epizoians — Unidentified gregarines were fre- quently found in the lumina of the mid-intestines of nymphs and adults of 7. verticalis. They lie between the peritrophic membrane and the intestinal wall, with the anterior tip of the organism buried in the epithelium. About forty percent of the insects examined for parasites were infected with gregarines, varying from one to twenty or thirty per damselfly. In about six percent of the nymphs ex- amined, round, opaque, white cysts were found. During mid-season it was common to find nymplial stages of aquatic mites attached to the Ischnura nymphs. Their favorite places of attachment were the ventral conjunctiva of the thorax, the bases of the legs, or occasionally the region between the wing pads 145 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 3 and the body. About thirty percent of the nymphs examined were infected, as many as twenty mites sometimes being present on one host. Through the kindness of Dr. Ruth Marshall, these mites have been identified as belonging to the genus Arrhenurus. A discussion of the parasites of I. verticalis would not be com- plete without mention of Hydrophylax aquivolans a minute Tricho- grammid egg-parasite, described by Matheson and Crosby (1912). Summary In this paper life history data have been compiled on all stages of the development of I. verticalis , beginning with one hundred twenty eggs, and ending with thirteen adults. The phenomenon of hatching, repeatedly observed, was found to be analogous with molting and transformation. The myth of a transient “cephalic heart” in the pronymph is replaced by the explanation that water is swallowed into the digestive tract, thus increasing the body pressure and assisting in the rupture of the embryonic or nymphal sheath. Diagnostic characters of the instars are described. Measure- ments were made on various body structures from instar to instar, to study growth. The duration of nymphal instar has a mean period of about five days under optimum experimental conditions. In the later instars, many of the nymphs were affected by a disease which produced a pronounced lengthening of the instars period and an increased mortality. The subject of female poly chromatism is discussed, and the fact established that only one of the four known color varieties is present in the Ithaca fauna. A brief study of the parasites of I. verticalis reveals a green protozoan, frequently fatal to the nymph inhabiting the rectal cav- ity ; and two widely different distome Trematode cercariae, one in the haemocoele and one in the mid-intestine, of both nymphs and adults. Bibliographic References A. Re Ischnura: Balfour-Browne, F. The Life History of the Agrionid Dragonfly. Proc. Zool. Soc. London. 1909, 1 : 253-285. Butt, F. H. The Origin of the Peritrophic Membrane in Sciara and the Honey Bee. Psyche. 1934, 41 : 51-56. Calvert, P. P. Comments on the Dimorphism of the Female of Ischnura verticalis. Ent. News. 1915, 26 : 62-68. 146 July, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA . Different Rates of Growth Among Animals, with Special Reference to the Odonata. Amer. Philosoph. Soc. Proc. 1929, 68 : 227-274. Garman, P. The Zygoptera or Damselflies of Illinois. Bull. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist. 1917, 12: 572-575. . The Odonata or Dragonflies of Connecticut. Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey. 1927, Bull. 39 : 41, 44—46. Grieve, E. G. The Muscles of the Head Stomodeum of an Odonate Nymph, Ischnura verticalis. Can. Ent. (in press), 1937. Howe, R. H. Zygoptera Nymphs. Illus. (in his Manual of the Odonata of New England. Mem. Thoreau Mus. Nat. Hist. Dec., 1921. Pt. 1, Mem. 2: 103-115). Lew, G. T. Head Characters of the Odonata, with Special Refer- ence to the Development of the Compound Eye. Entomologica Amer. (n. s.) 14: 41-97, 1934. Lyon, Mary B. Miscellaneous Notes on Odonata. Ent. News 1915, 26 : 56-62. Matheson, R. and Crosby, C. R. Aquatic Hymenoptera in Amer- ica. Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer. 1912, 5 : 65-67. Needham, J. G. Aquatic Insects of New York. Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 1903, 68 : 259-261. Pierre, A. L’eclosion des oeufs du Lestes viridis Van der Lind. Ann. Soc. Ent. France. 1904, 73: 477-484. Reaumur, R. A. Memoires pour Servir a l’Histoire Naturelle et a l’Anatomie des Insectes. Paris, 1734-42, vol. 6, Mem. XI. Ris, F. Note on a Small Collection of Dragonflies, (Odonata) from Baltimore, Maryland. Ent. News. Sept., 1903, 14: 216-220. Say, Thos. Description of New North American Neuropterous Insects. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1839, 8 : 37-38. Shafer, G. D. The Growth of Dragonfly Nymphs at Moult and between Moults. Stanford Univ. Pub. 1923, 3 : 307-337. Smith, R. C. The Process of Hatching in Corydalis cornuta. Linn. Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer. 1920, 13 : 70-74. Tilly ard, R. J. The Biology of Dragonflies, by R. J. Tillyard. Cambridge Univ. Press. 1917. vi p, 1, VII— XI., pp. 1-396. front, illus., fig. 1-188. 22 cm. Whedon, A. D. The Comparative Morphology and Possible Adap- tations of the Abdomen in the Odonata. Trans. Ent. Soc. Amer. 1918, 44 : 373-437. PI. 21-29. Williamson, E. B. The Dragonflies of Indiana. Geol. Survey of Inch Rept. 1899, 24 : 229-333. 147 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 3 Wigglesworth, V. B. The formation of the Peritrophic Membrane in Insects with Special Reference to the Larvae of Mosquitoes. Quart. Jour. Mire. Sc., 1930, 73 (4) : 593-616. B. Re Trematodes: Fuhrman, O. Hemiuridae. (in Handbuch der Zoologie. by Khkenthal und Krumbach. Berlin und Leipzig. W. De Gruyter und Co., 1923- ) Bd. 2 (2) 1928, pp. 108-109. figs. Kotlan, A. and Chandler, W. L. A Newly Recognized Fluke Dis- ease, (Prosthogonimiasis) of Fowls in the United States. Journ. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1925. 67. (20) : 756-763. . O11 the Role Played by Dragonflies in the Transfer of Prosthogonimiasis. Journ. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1927. 67. (23) : 520-523. figs. Krull, W. H. Life History Studies on Two Frog Lung Flukes, Pneumonoeces medioplexus, and Pneumobites parviplexus. Amer. Microsc. Soc. Trans. 1931, 50 : 215-277. figs. . Studies on the Life History of Pneumobites longiplexus. Zool. Anz. 1932. 99 : 231-239. 2 figs. Ono, Sadoa. The Life History of Prosthogonimus putschkowskii found in the Vicinity of Mukden, South Manchuria. Anax parthenope as the Intermediate Host, and Infection Experiment with Male Fowl. Jour, of Jap. Soc. of Vet. Sci. Dec. 1928, 7, (4) : 290-294. 6 figs. Szinitzin, D. Th. Observations sur.les Metamorphoses des Trema- todes. Archiv. de Zool. Expt. et Gen. Notes et Rev. 1907, 4 Ser. 7 : 21-37. Szidat, L. Der Uebertrager der Trematoden krankheit unserer Legenhuhner. Cetralbl. f. Bakt. und Parasit. I. Originale. 1926, 99 : 561-564. 6 figs. . Cordulia aenea L. ein neuer Hilfswirt fur Prosthogo- nimus pellucidus v. Linstow, der Erreger der Trematoden Krankheit der Legenhiihnen. Centralbl. f. Bakt. und Parasit. I. Originale. 1931, 119 : 289-293. Plate I Figure A. — A nymph in the early ultimate instar, with lateral view of the median gill. Figures B, C, and D. — Successive changes in the compound eye dur- ing the ultimate instar. 148 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, (n. s.), No. 3, PI. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 3 Plate II Figures A-E. — Green protozoan, drawn from living material. A. — Typical sessile form. Bl. — Division by fission. B2. — A late stage in multiple division. C and D. — Sessile ovoid pre-flagellate forms. E. — The flagellate. Figure F, 1-5. — Fluke no. 1. Cercaria from hemocoele of I. verti- cals. Sketches from living specimens, showing change of shape in locomotion. Figure G. — Fluke no. 1A. Metacercaria from cyst in Anax junius. Drawn from preserved and stained specimen. Ventral view x 120. Figure H. — Fluke no. 1A. Encysted metacercariae from Anax junius imago, x 120, showing formation of tracheated galls. Figurs J, K, L. — Fluke no. 2. Cercariae from lumen of mid-intes- tine of I. verticalis. Figure J, 1 and 2. — Sketches of dorsal and lateral views of living specimens. Figure K. — Dorsal view x 120 of extended living specimen. Figure L. — Ventral view x 120 of mounted and stained specimen. 150 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, (n. s.), No. 3, PI. II ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 3 Plate III Figure A. — Side view of a “boat” used for rearing small nymphs. About two-thirds natural size. Figure B. — Enamel tray with a group of “boats” floating in the water. Figure C. — Glass tumbler in which larger nymphs were kept, until transformation. Note nymph on lower side of bent screen perch. Figure D. — -Three such rearing cages on a bench in the greenhouse where the work was carried on. Figure E. — Aquarium covered by screen cage, used for rearing stock adults, and for oviposition. Note grasses and sedges growing in the water, and sleeve for removing insects, etc. Size of aquarium, 11" x 11" x 11" ; cage 12" x 12" x 24". 152 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, (n. s.), No. 3, PI. Ill VOL. XVII (New Series) OCTOBER 1937 No. 4 A Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor CARL GEO. SIEPMANN GEO. P. ENGELHARDT Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, Lime and Green Sts., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue, June 30, 1938 Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Vol. XVII October, 1937 No. 4 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE DESCRIBED LIFE- HISTORIES OF THE RHOPALOCERA OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO 1889-1937 By D. Davenport REED COLLEGE, PORTLAND, ORE. AND V. G. Dethier BIOLOGICAL LABORATORIES OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY Preface This work is an attempt to bring up to date the section on Rhopa- locera of the Bibliographical Catalogue published by Henry Edwards in 1889 (Bui. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 35). The specific names adopted are those used by the authors cited. We have no way of knowing if the authors’ names are correct and cannot be held responsible for their names. The generic names fol- low those of Edition III of Holland’s Butterfly Book, and the se- quence of genera and species is also as in that work. Although ento- mologists disagree on the use of some of these names, we have felt it most advisable to follow the arrangement in the manual most available to both amateur and professional entomologists. The priority and synonymy of names constitute a problem with which we are not concerned. The citations to Holland are to Editions I and III ; Edition II is a reprint of I. 155 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 4 We have endeavored to guard against any errors or omissions and shall appreciate having any called to our attention. Finally we are deeply indebted to Mr. L. E. Chadwick for his help and sug- gestions. D. D. Y. G. D. Danais plexippus (Linnaeus). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 724-726, 737-744; pi. 64, fig. 1; pi. 67, fig. 4; pi. 62, fig. 6; pi. 70, fig. 3; pi. 74, fig. 5; pi. 78, figs. 1-5; pi. 86, figs. 1, 37 ; pi. 78, figs. 10, 16; pi. 62, fig. 5; pi. 83, figs. 1-3 ; pi. 86, fig. 17 ; pi. 87, fig. 20, 1889 (life history). Frohawk, F. W. Entomologist, 44 (583) : pp. 377-382, 1911 (life his- tory). Aiken, J. Entomologist, 45 (588) : pp. 146-147, 1912 (larva, chrysalis). Girault, A. A. Ent. News, 23 (9) : p. 407, 1912 (metamorphosis). Figueroa, C. S. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33: pp. 49-53, fig. 13, 1929 (habits). Holland, W. J. Butter- fly Book, (1), p. 82; (1, 3) : pi. 3, fig. 5 ; pi. 4, figs. 1-3; figs. 4, 16, 24; pi. 7, fig. 1 (life history). Food plant : Asclepias, Apocynum androsaemifolium, Acer- ates. D. berenice strigosa Bates. Coolidge, K. R. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 51: pp. 27-33, 1926 (life history). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 31 (1): pp. 16-18, pis. 8, 9, 1932 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Nerium, Asclepias , Funastrum linear e hetero- phyllum, Vincetoxicum, Philabertia linearis, P. heterophylla, Stapelia. Heliconius charithonius (Linnaeus). Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 36 (1) : pp. 23, 24, 1937 (food plant). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 92; (3), p. 75 (food plant, chrysalis) . Food plant : Passiflora. Dione vanillae (Linnaeus). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1816-1819, 1889 (life history). Randolph, Y. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., 30: pp. 351-362, 1922 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pp. 97, 98; (3), p. 79 (larva, chrysalis). O’Byrne, H. Ent. News, 43 (4) : pp. 97- 99, 1932 (food plant). Parks, H. B. Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 30 (5) : p. 213, 1935 (food plant). Food plant : Passiflora. Euptoieta claudia (Cramer). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of 156 October, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA E. U. S. and Can., pp. 523-527, pi. 64, fig. 23 ; pi. 67, fig. 8 ; pi. 75, figs. 6, 7; pi. 79, fig. 1; pi. 84, fig. 89, 1889 (life history). Giacomelli, E. An. Soc. Cient. Argent., 78: p. 171, 1914 (larva). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pp. 99, 100; (3), pp. 80, 81 (life history). Food plant: Viola, Passiflora, Sedum, Desmodium, Portu- laca, Podophyllum. E. hegesia (Cramer). Swainson, E. M. J. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 9 (2) : p. 79, 1901 (larva). Food plant: wild yellow primrose.” Argynnis idalia (Drury). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 540-541, 542-543, pi. 64, fig. 34; pi. 67, fig. 19; pi. 72, fig. 10; pi. 75, fig. 10; pi. 79, fig. 2; pi. 84, fig. 4, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 103, pi. 5, fig. 4; (3), p. 84 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant: Violaceae. A. diana (Cramer). Scudder, S*. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1800-1802, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 104; (3), pp. 84, 85 (life history). Food plant : Violaceae. A. nitocris nigrocaerulea Cockerell, and Cockerell. Skinner, H. Ent. News, 18 (7) : p. 318, 1907 (egg, larva). Cockerell, W. P. Ent. Rec., 22 (3) : p. 72, 1910 (oviposition). Food plant : Violaceae. A. apacheana (Skinner). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 27 (3) : p. 89, pi. 17, 1928 (egg, larva). Food plant : Violaceae. A. cybele (Fabricius). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 558-562, pi. 64, fig. 39; pi. 67, fig. 12; pi. 75, fig. 4; pi. 79, figs. 4—6; pi. 84, figs. 1-3, 1889 (life history). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Argy. 11, figs, a-i, 1897 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 106, pi. 5, figs. 1-3, (3), pp. 86, 87 (life history). Food plant : Violaceae. A. cybele carpenterii Edwards. Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Argy. 11, 1897 (life history). Food plant : Violaceae. A. aphrodite (Fabricius). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 566-569, pi. 64, fig. 35 ; pi. 67, fig. 11 ; pi. 72, fig. 5; pi. 79, fig. 3; pi. 85, fig. 5, 1889 (life history). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Argy. 5, figs, a-h, 1897 (life history). Forbes, W. T. M. J. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 15 157 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 4 (1) : p. 56, 1907 (larva). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 107, pi. 5, fig. 5; (3), p. 88 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Violaceae. A. alcestis Edwards. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1803-1805, 1889 (life history). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Argy. 6, figs, a-g, 1897 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 108; (3), pp. 88, 89 (life history). Food plant : Violaceae. A. atlantis Edwards. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 574-577, pi. 64, fig. 22; pi. 67, fig. 13; pi. 84, fig. 6, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 109, pi. 5, fig. 6; (3), p. 90 (life history). Food plant : Violaceae. A. semiramis Edwards. Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bnl. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 30 (2) : p. 44, 1931 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant: Violaceae. A. macaria Edwards. Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bnl. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 30 (2) : pp. 40-41, pi. 18, 1931 (larva, chrysa- lis). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 33 (1) : p. 34, pi. 14, 1934 (egg). Food plant : Violaceae. A. callipe Boisdnval. Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 30 (2) : pp. 42-44, pis. 19, 20, 1931 (egg, larva, chrysalis). Food plant: Violaceae. A. liliana Hy. Edwards. Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 120; (3),pp. 98, 99 (egg, larva). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Argy. 3, (pi. V), figs, a, b, 1897 (egg larva) . Food plant : Violaceae. A. atossa Edwards. Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 30 (2) : p. 42, 1931 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Violaceae. A. egleis Boisduval. Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Argy. 9, figs, a-d, 1897 (life history). Brenthis myrina (Cramer). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 596-600, pi. 64, fig. 28; pi. 67, fig. 18; pi. 72, fig. 2; pi. 75, figs. 2, 3; pi. 79, figs. 7-9; pi. 86, fig. 81; pi. 84, figs. 12-14, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book. (1), pp. 129-130, pi. 5, figs. 12-14; (3), p. 106 (life history). Food plant : Violaceae. 158 October, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA B. montinus Scudder. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp, 604-607, pi. 64, fig. 38 ; pi. 67, fig. 16, 1889 (egg), dos Passos, C. F. Can. Ent, 68 (11) : pp. 239-241, pi. 1, 1936 (egg, larva). Food plant: Violaceae. B. frigga Thunberg. Sheldon, W. G. Entomologist, 46 (598) : pp. 80, 81, 1 fig., 1913 (life history). Food plant. Sallow, Violaceae. B. bellona (Fabricius). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 611-617, pi. 64, fig. 27 ; pi. 67, fig. 17 ; pi. 75, figs. 1, 5 ; pi. 79, figs. 10, 11; pi. 84, figs. 10, 11, 1889 (life history). Mc- Murray, N. Ent. News, 37 (2) : pp. 57, 58, 1926 (oviposition, egg). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pp. 134, 135, pi. 5, figs. 10, 11; (3), p. 112 (life history). Food plant : Violaceae. B. alberta (Edwards). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Argy. 7, figs, a, b, 1897 (egg, larva). Melitaea phaeton (Drury). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 693-701, pi. 64, figs. 37, 43 ; pi. 75, fig. 11 ; pi. 79, figs. 29-31; pi. 82, fig. 3; pi. 84, figs. 7, 15, 16, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pp. 138-139, pi. 5, figs. 15, 16; p. 4, fig. 8; (3), p. 115 (life history). Food plant : Chelone glabra, Lonicera ciliata. M. chalcedona Doubleday and Hewitson. Ramsay, L. Psyche, 13 (6) : p. 136, pi. 8, 1906 (chrysalis). Cooliclge, K. R. Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 19 (2) : p. 45, 1924 (food plant). Hol- land, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 139; (3), p. 116 (life history) . Food plant : S crophulariaceae, Rosa, Mimulus, Castilleja. M. quino Behr. Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 26 (3) : p. 67, 1927 (egg). M. magdalena Barnes and McDunnough. Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 34 (2) : pp. 145-147, pis. 38-40, 1935 (life history). Food plant : Plantago. M. sierra Wright. Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 20 (2) : pp. 46-47, pi. A, 1921 (larva, chrysalis). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 36 (1) : p. 19, 1937 (food plant). Food plant : Mertensia ciliata v. stomateclioides. M. taylori Edwards. Danby, W. H. Can. Ent., 22 (6) : pp. 121, 122, 1890 (food plant). Food plant : Plantago lanceolata. 159 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 4 M. baroni Edwards. Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Melitaea 1, figs, a-f, 1897 (life history). M. gabbi Behr. Coolidge, K. R. Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 19 (2) : pp. 45-47, 1924 (egg, larva). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci, 30 (1) : pp. 15-17, pi. 5, 1931 (life history). Com- stock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 30 (3) : p. 89, 1931 (egg, larva). Food plant: Corethrogyne filaginifolia var. bernardina, Hazardia squarrosa. M. neumoegeni Skinner. Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 22 (2) : p. 69, pi. 15, 1923 (larva, chrysalis). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 27 (2) : p. 66, pi. 5, fig. C. 1928 (egg, oviposition, larva, food plant). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 30 (1) : p. 18, pi. 6, 1931 (larva). Food plant : Aster tortifolius. M. harrisi Scudder. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 677-682, pi. 64, fig. 41; pi. 67, fig. 14; pi. 72, fig. 1; pi. 75, figs. 13, 14; pi. 79, figs. 20-24; pi. 82, fig. 8; pi. 86, figs. 54-57; pi. 84, figs. 17, 18, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pp. 144, 145, pi. 5, figs. 17, 18 ; (3), p. 127 (life history). Food plant : Aster , Diplop appus umbellatas. M. pola Boisduval. Sperry, J. L., and Sperry, G. H. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 31 (1) : p. 8, 1932 (larva, food plant). Food plant : Penstemon alpinus. M. theoria bollii Edwards. Comstock, J. A., Sperry, G. H., and Sperry, J. L. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 32 (3) : pp. 99-101, pis. 42, 43, 1933 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Castilleja lanata. M. leanira wrighti Edwards. Comstock, J. A., and Hammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 31 (1) : pp. 9-11, pis. 3, 4, 1932 (life history) . Food plant : Cordylanthus pilosus, Castilleja foliolosa. M. fulvia Edwards. Comstock, J. A., Sperry, G. H., and Sperry, J. L. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 32 (3) : pp. 102-104, pis. 44, 45, 1933 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Castilleja. M. chara Edwards. Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 28 (3) : pp. 50-52, pis. 25, 26, 1929 (life history). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 33 (1) : p. 35, pi. 15, 1934 (larva). Food plant : Beloperone calif ornica. Phyciodes tharos (Drury). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. 160 October, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA and Can., pp. 634—641, pi. 64, figs. 29, 31 ; pi. 67, fig. 15 ; pi. 72, fig. 6; pi. 75, figs. 8, 9; pi. 79, figs. 12—15 ; pi. 84, figs. 20-22, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 153, pi. 5, figs. 20-22; (3), p. 135 (life history). Food plant: Compositae, Actinomeris helianthoides, Aster novae angliae. P. nycteis (Doubleday and Hewitson). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 661-666, pi. 64, fig. 32; pi. 75, figs. 12, 15; pi. 79, figs. 16-19; pi. 84, fig. 19, 1889 (life history). Hol- land, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 152, pi. 5, fig. 19; (3), p. 136 (life history). Food plant: Helianthus, Actinomeris. P. phaon (Edwards). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 28 (2) : pp. 22, 23, pi. 8, 1929 (larva, chrysalis, food plant). Food plant : Lippia nodiflora , L. lanceolata. P. campestris (Behr). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 28 (3) : p. 53, pi. 27, 1929 (egg). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 29 (3) : pp. 136-138, pi. 29, 1930 (life history). Food plant: Aster foliaceus v. hesperius. P. mylitta (Edwards). Dyar, H. G. Can. Ent., 23 (10) : pp. 203- 204, 1891 (larva, chrysalis). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 155; (3), p. 138 (life history). Food plant : Carduus. P. picta (Edwards). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 156; (3), p. 139 (life history). Food plant : Aster. P. ismeria (Boisduval and Leconte). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., p. 1811, 1889 (larva, chrysalis). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 152; (3), p. 139 (larva, chrysalis) . Food plant : Helianthus tracheliifolius. P. gorgone (Hubner). Handford, R. H. Can. Ent., 65 (4) : p. 95, 1933 (habits). Food plant: Helianthus scab err imus. P. carlota (Reakirt). Dyar, H. G. Can. Ent., 25 (4) : p. 93, 1893 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Quercus chrysolepis. Chlosyne janais (Drury). Dyar, H. G. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 13: p. 228, 1911 (larva). C. lacinia (Geyer). Edwards, W. H. Can. Ent., 25 (11) : pp. 288-291, 1893 (life history). Cockerell, T. D. A. Ent. News, 11 (6): p. 503, 1900 (food plant). Dyar, H. G. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 13: p. 228, 1911 (larva). 161 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 4 Food plant : Helianthus annuus, H. cilialis, Polypteris liook- eriana, Xanthium canadense. C. calif ornica (Wright). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 28 (3) : pp. 53-55, pi. 28, 1929 (larva, chrysalis). Poly gonia int err ogationis (Fabricius). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 325-329, pi. 64, figs. 16, 17 ; pi. 74, figs. 23, 27 ■; pi. 78, figs. 37-41 ; pi. 83, figs. 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 40, 1889 (life history). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Am., 3rd Ser., Grapta 1, figs, a-d, 1897 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 3, figs. 23, 27 ; pi. 4, figs. 21, 22, 24-26, 40 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Humulus, Ulmus, Urtica, Tilia, Boehmeria. P. comma (Harris). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 336-341, pi. 64, figs. 18-20; pi. 74, fig. 38; pi. 78, fig. 36 ; pi. 81, fig. 9 ; pi. 86, fig. 67 ; pi. 83, figs. 27, 29, 30, 39, 46-48, 1889 (life history). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Grapta 1, 1897 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butter- fly Book, (1), pi. 3, fig. 38; pi. 4, figs. 27, 29, 30, 39, 46-48 (larva). Food plant : Urticaceae. P. satyrus (Edwards). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 346-347, pi. 74, fig. 33 ; pi. 83, figs. 41, 42, 1889 (larva, chrysalis). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 3, fig. 33; pi. 4, figs. 41, 42 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Urtica. P. faunus (Edwards). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 351-356, pi. 64, fig. 21; pi. 67, fig. 10; pi. 70, fig. 8; pi. 74, fig. 32 ; pi. 78, figs. 42-46 ; pi. 86, fig. 82 ; pi. 83, figs. 31, 33-35, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 3, fig. 32; pi. 4, figs. 31, 33-35 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant: Salix , Betula. P. gracilis (Grote and Robinson). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., p. 360, 1889 (egg). P. progne (Cramer). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. TJ. S. and Can., pp. 366-371, pi. 64, fig. 25; pi. 74, fig. 31; pi. 78, figs. 47-49; pi. 86, fig. 68; pi. 83, figs. 32, 37, 38, 1889 (life history). Food plant : Grossulaceae, Bibes, Ulmus. Aglais j-album Boisduval and Leconte. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 383-386, pi. 83, figs. 36, 44, 45, 1889 (life history). Denton, S. W. Can. Ent., 21 (9) : pp. 164, 165, 1889 (larva, chrysalis, food plant). Dawson, P. M. Can. Ent., 21 (9) : pp. 179, 180, 1889 (larva, food plant). Fletcher, J. 162 October, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Can. Ent, 32 (9) : pp. 273-276, 1900 (larva, chrysalis). Durand, N. N. Psyche, 9 (292) : p. 87, 1900 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Salix, Betula alba, B. papyrifera. A. calif ornica Boisduval. Grinnell, F. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 12 : pp. 14^17, 1913 (habits). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 31 (1) : p. 17, pis. 10, 11, 1932 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant: Ceanothus thyrsiflorus. A. milberti (Godart). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 423-428, pi. 64, figs. 36, 40; pi. 74, fig. 36; pi. 78, figs. 54-57; pi. 81, figs. 3, 4; pi. 86, fig. 66; pi. 83, figs. 43, 49, 50, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 3, fig. 36 ; pi. 4, figs. 43, 49, 50 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : TJrtica. A. antiopa (Linnaeus). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 400-407, pi. 64, figs. 26, 33; pi. 67, figs. 3, 6; pi. 70, fig. 12 ; pi. 74, fig. 28 ; pi. 78, figs. 50, 51 ; pi. 81, fig. 1 ; pi. 86, figs. 83, 84; pi. 87, figs. 13, 21 ; pi. 83, figs. 51, 58, 59, 1889 (life history). Scudder, S. H. Psyche, 5 (167, 168) : pp. 330-332, 1890 (habits). Weeks, A. C. J. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 8 (3) : pp. 181-182, 1900 (oviposition) . Field, W. L. W. Ent. News. 15 (1) : pp. 6-9, 1904 (metamorphosis). Fletcher, J. Can. Ent., 38 (12) : pp. 411-412, 1906 (habits). Florsheim, C. Ent. Rec., 19 (12) : pp. 275-277, 1907 (life history). Weed, C. M. Bui. N. H. Exp. Sta., 67: pp. 123-141, fig. 19 (larva). Girault, A. A. Ent. News. 23 (9) : pp. 407-411, 1912 (metamorphosis). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 5, fig. 11 ; pi. 3, fig. 28; pi. 4, figs. 51, 58, 59 (life history). Food plant : Salix, Populus, TJlmus. Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 445-452, pi. 64, fig. 24; pi. 70, fig. 10; pi. 74, fig. 35 ; pi. 78, figs. 58, 59 ; pi. 81, figs. 2, 6 ; pi. 86, figs. 61-65 ; pi. 83, figs. 52, 53, 55, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 3, fig. 35; pi. 4, figs. 52, 53, 55 (larva, chrysalis). Schindler, P. Ent. Zeitschr., 46 (6): p. 69, 1932 (life history). Food plant: Humulus, Boehmeria, TJrtica, Parietaria. V. huntera (Fabricius). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can, pp. 461-468, pi. 74, fig. 34; pi. 78, figs. 52, 53, 60; pi. 81, fig. 11; pi. 83, figs. 53, 54, 64, 1889 (life history). Hol- land, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 3, fig. 34; pi. 4, figs. 54, 63, 64 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Gnaphalieae. 163 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 4 V. cardui (Linnaeus). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 475-477, 481-485, pi. 64, fig. 30; pi. 67, fig. 7 ; pi. 74, fig. 37; pi. 78, figs. 61-63; pi. 81, fig. 10; pi. 86, figs. 69-73; pi. 83, figs. 60-62, 1889 (life history). Rowland-Brown, H. En- tomologist, 40 (535) : pp. 292, 293, 1907 (food plant). Hol- land, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 3, fig. 37 ; pi. 4, figs. 60-62 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Carduus, Urtica, Cnicus, Althaea, Echium vul- gare, Lappa, Gnaphalium, Parietaria, Filago, Nonnea, Silybum, Helichrysum, Eryngium, Chenopodium, Malva sylvestris. V. carye (Hiibner). Dyar, H. G. Can. Ent., 21 (12) : pp. 237, 238, 1889 (life history). Rivers, J. J. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2 (6) : p. 77, 1903 (food plant). Giacomelli, E. An. Soc. Cient. Argent., 78: p. 172, 1914 (larva, chrysalis). Heguenin, J. C. Ent. News, 32 (7) : pp. 216, 217, 1921 (life history). Coolidge, K. R. Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 20 (3) : pp. 146, 147, 1925 (food plant). Food plant : Malvaceae, Fabaceae, Urtica holosericea, Lava- tera assargentiflora. Junonia coenia Hiibner. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 497-498, 500-501, pi. 64, fig. 14; pi. 74, figs. 29, 30; pi. 78, figs. 64-66; pi. 83, figs. 56, 57, 65-67, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 173, pi. 3, figs. 29, 30; pi. 4, figs. 56, 57, 65-67; (3), p. 156 (life history). Food plant : Plantago, Gerardia, Antirrhinum. J. genoveva (Cramer). Swainson, E. M. J. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 9 (2) : p. 79, 1901 (larva). Anartia jatrophae (Linn, and Johans.). Scudder, S. H. Proc. Amer, Acad. Sci., 27 : p. 289, 1892 (larva, chrysalis). Bates, D. M. Fla. Entomologist, 7 (3) : p. 42, 1924 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Lippia. Callicore clymena Cramer. Scudder, S. H. Proc. Amer. Acad. Sci., 27 :p. 241, 1892 (life history). Eunica monima (Cramer). Dyar, H. G. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 14: p. 54, 1912 (larva). Food plant : Zanthoxylum pentanome. Timetes chiron Fabricius. Scudder, S. H. Proc. Amer. Acad. Sci., 27: p. 249, 1892 (food plant). Food plant : Maclura tinctoria, Morus. Athena peleus (Sulz). Scudder, S. H. Proc. Amer. Acad. Sci., 27 : p. 247, 1892 (larva, chrysalis, food plant). Bates, D. M. Fla. Entomologist, 7 (3) : p. 43, 1924 (food plant). Robertson-Mil- 164 October, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA ler, E. Fla. Entomologist, 15 (2) : pp. 34, 35, 1931 (larva, chrysalis). Robertson-Miller, E. Fla. Entomologist, 18 (2) : pp. 29, 30, 1934 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Ficus, Anacardium. A. pellenis Godt. Scudder, S. H. Proc. Amer. Acad. Sci., 27 : p. 248, 1892 (food plant). Food plant : Ficus. Basilarchia arthemis (Drury). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 297-303, pi. 54, fig. 15 ; pi. 67, fig. 5 ; pi. 74, fig. 26 ; pi. 78, figs. 21-24 ; pi. 81, fig. 5 ; pi. 83, figs. 14, 23, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 184, pi. 3, fig. 26; pi. 4, figs. 14, 23; (3), p. 164 (life history). Food plant: Crataegus, Salix, Betida, Popidus. B. astyanax (Fabricius). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 283-287, pi. 64, fig. 12 ; pi. 74, figs. 17, 21, 25 ; pi. 78, fig. 30; pi. 86, fig. 60; pi. 83, figs. 12, 13, 1889 (life history). Scudder, S. H. Psyche, 8 (265) : p. 210, pi. 5, 1898 (larva). Unzicker, R. Lepidopterist, 1 (12) : pp. 93, 94, 1917 (food plant). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pp. 183, 184, pi. 3, figs. 17, 21, 25; pi. 4, figs. 12, 13; (3), p. 164 (life history). Food plant: Tilia, Cerasus, Ribes, Quercus, Salix. B. weidemeyeri (Edwards). Edwards, W. H. Can. Ent., 24 (5) : pp. 107-108, 1892 (egg, larva). Bruce in Edwards, W. H. , Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Supplementary Notes, 1897 (life history). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 33 (3) : pp. 113, 114, 1933 (egg, larva). Food plant : Populus, Salix. B. archippus (Cramer). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 269-276, pi. 64, fig. 13 ; pi. 67, fig. 9 ; pi. 70, fig. 7 ; pi. 74, figs. 19, 22, 24; pi. 78, figs. 31-35; pi. 81, figs. 7, 8; pi. 86, figs. 58, 59; pi. 83, figs. 18-20, 1889 (life history). Girault, A. A. Ent. News, 24 (2) : pp. 58, 59, 1913 (larva, chrysalis). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 3, figs. 19, 22, 24; pi. 4, figs. 18-20 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Salix, Popidus. B. obsoleta (Edwards). Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bui. 5, Cal. Acad. Sci., 32 (1) : pp. 27-35, pi. 5, 1933 (life history). Food plant: Salix, Populus. B. lorquinii (Boisduval). Dyar, H. G. Can. Ent., 23 (8) : pp. 172- 174, 1891 (life history). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Supplementary Notes, 1897 (egg, larva). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 30 (3) : pp. 87, 89, pi. 27, fig. C, 1931 (egg). 165 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 4 Food plant : Populus, Prunus demissa, Salix, Quercus. Heterochroa bredowi calif ornica Bntler. Comstock, J. A., and Dam- mers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 30 (3) : pp. 83-87, pi. 26, 1931 (life history). Food plant : Quercus. Asterocampa celtis (Boisduval and Leconte). Scudder, S. H. But- terflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1789-1792, 1889 (life history). Food plant: Celtis Occident alis. A. clyton (Boisduval and Leconte). Murtfeldt, M. E. Ent. Am., 2 (9, 10) : pp. 180, 181, 1887 (habits). Scudder, S. H. Butter- flies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 244G247, pi. 64, figs. 6, 7 ; pi. 74, fig. 20; pi. 87, fig. 7; pi. 83, figs. 15-17, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 3, fig. 20; pi. 4, figs. 15-17 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Celtis Occident alis. A. flora (Edwards). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Apatura 1, figs, a-h, 1897 (life history). Food plant : Celtis integrifolia. Ageronia fornax Hiibner. Scudder, S. H. Proc. Amer. Acad. Sci., 27 : p. 250, 1892 (life history). Food plant : Dalechampia. Victorina steneles (Linnaeus). Scudder, S. H. Proc. Amer. Acad. Sci., 27: p. 238, 1892 (larva, food plant). Bates, D. M. Fla. Entomologist, 7 (3) : p. 43, 1924 (larva). Food plant : Blechuni. Historis orion Fabricius. Scudder, S. H. Proc. Amer. Acad. Sci., 27 : p. 245, 1892 (larva, chrysalis, food plant). Food plant : Cecropia. Anaea andria Scudder. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1795-1798, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 8, fig. 21 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Croton capitatum. Enodia portlandia (Fabricius). Scudder S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 184-186, pi. 64, fig. 4; pi. 70, fig. 9 ; pi. 74, fig. 16; pi. 78, figs. 17-20; pi. 83, fig. 6, 1889 (life history). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Debis I, figs, a-i, 1897 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 3, fig. 16; pi. 4, fig. 6 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant: Grasses. Satyrodes eurydice (Linn, and Johans.). Scudder, S. H. Butter- flies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 195-198, pi. 64, fig. 10; pi. 67, fig. 166 October, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 2; pi. 70, fig. 1; pi. 74, fig. 9; pi. 78, figs. 9—11 ; pi. 86, figs. 19, 38; pi. 83, fig. 9, 1889 (life history). Food plant : Grasses. $. canthus (Linnaeus). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Satyrodes 1, figs, a-h, 1897 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 3, fig. 9; pi. 4, fig. 9 (larva, chrysalis) . Food plant : Grasses. Euptychia Cornelius (Fabricius). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1783-1785, 1889 (life history). E. gemma Hiibner. Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 202; (3), p. 179 (life history). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Neonympha 1, figs, a-h, 1897 (life history). Food plant : Grasses. E. henshawi (Edwards). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 202; (3), p. 179 (egg). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Neonympha 1, fig. i, 1897 (egg). E. phocion (Fabricius). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 205-207, pi. 64, fig. 9; pi. 70, fig. 11; pi. 74, figs. 8, 12; pi. 78, figs. 15, 16; pi. 83, figs, 10, 11, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 3, fig. 8; pi. 4, figs. 10, 11 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Grasses. E. areolatus (Smith and Abbot). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Neonympha 2, figs, a-h, 1897 (life history). Food plant : Grasses. E. eurytus (Fabricius). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 216-221, pi. 64, figs. 5, 11; pi. 70, fig. 4; pi. 74, figs. 3, 6, 10, 13, 14; pi. 78, figs. 25-29; pi. 86, figs. 40, 42; pi. 83, fig. 28, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 203, pi. 3, figs. 3, 6, 10, 13, 14; pi. 4, fig. 28; (3), p. 180 (life history). Food plant : Grasses. E. sosybius (Fabricius). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1787-1788, 1899 (life history). Coenonympha galactinus Boisduval. Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Coenonympha 1, figs, a-g, 1897 (life history) . Neominois ridingsii Edwards. Edwards, W. II. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Neominois 1, figs, a-g, 1897 (life history). Cercyonis alope (Fabricius). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 166-169, pi. 67, fig. 1; pi. 70, fig. 6; pi. 167 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 4 74, fig. 18; pi. 78, figs. 12, 13; pi. 86, fig. 39, 1889 (life history). C. alope nephele (Kirby). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 4, figs. 7, 8 (chrysalis). C. nephele (Kirby). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 173, 174, pi. 64, fig. 3; pi. 83, figs. 7, 8, 1889 (life his- tory). C. meadi (Edwards). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pp. 216, 217 ; (3), p. 190 (life history). Edwards, W. H. Butter- flies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Satyrus 2, figs, a-d, 1897 (life his- tory). Food plant : Grasses. C. charon (Edwards). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pp. 217-218; (3), p. 192 (life history). Edwards, W. H. Butter- flies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Satyrus 3, figs, a-h, 1897 (life his- tory). Oeneis gigas Butler. Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Chionobas 11, figs, a-d, 1897 (egg, larva). 0. calif ornica (Boisduval). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Chionobas 12, figs, g-k, 1897 (egg, larva). 0. iduna (Edwards). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Chionobas 12, figs, a-f, 1897 (egg, larva). 0. macounii (Edwards). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1776-1777, 1889 (egg, larva). Beutenmuller, W. Can. Ent., 21 (8) : p. 160, 1889 (egg, larva). Fletcher, J. Insect Life, 2 (2) : pp. 45-46, 1889 (larva). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Chionobas 10, figs, a-f, 1897 (egg, larva). 0. invallda (Mead). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Supplementary Notes, 1897 (egg, larva). 0. chryxus (Westwood). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Chionobas 1, figs, a-h, 1897 (life history). 0. jutta (Hiibner). Holmgren, E. Ent. Tidskr., pp. 151-154, 1 fig., 1886 (egg, larva). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pi. 64, fig. 2; pi. 70, fig. 2; pi. 74, fig. 11; pi. 78, fig. 14; pi. 84, figs. 17, 18, 1889 (life history). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Chionobas 5, figs, a-g, 1897 (life history). 0. uhleri (Reakirt). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Chionobas 3, figs, a-h, 1897 (life history). 0. varuna (Edwards). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Chionobas 13, figs, a-h, 1897 (life history). 0. daura (Strecker). Comstock, J. A., Sperry, J. L., and Sperry, 168 October, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA G. H. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 35 (3) : pp. 165-169, pis. 37, 38, 1936 (egg, larva, food plant). 0. alberta Elwes. Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Chionobas 14, figs, a-g, 1897 (life history). 0. crambis (Edwards). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Chionobas 7, fig. a, 1897 (egg). 0. brucei (Edwards). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Chionobas 6, figs, a-g, 1897 (life history). 0. oeno (Boisduval). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Chionobas 13, figs, i-o, 1897 (life history). 0. semidea (Say). Scudder, S. II. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 137-139, 141-145, pi. 64, fig. 8; pi. 70, fig. 5; pi. 74, figs. 1, 2, 4, 7, 15 ; pi. 78, figs. 6-8 ; pi. 83, fig. 45 ; pi. 86, fig. 18 ; 1889 (life history). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Chionobas 9, figs, a-e, 1897 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 3, figs. 1, 2, 4, 7, 15; pi. 4, figs. 4, 5 (larva, chrysalis). 0. melissa semidea. Scudder, S. II. Psyche, 9 (301) : pp. 195-197, pi. 1, 1901 (habits). Erebia discoidalis (Kirby). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Supplementary Notes, 1897 (egg). E. epipsodea Butler. Lyman, H. H. Can. Ent., 28 (11) : pp. 274- 278, 1896 (life history). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Erebia 3, figs, a-g, 1897 (life history). Ed- wards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Supplementary Notes, 1897 [egg (correction)]. E. epipsodea brucei Elwes. Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Erebia 3, 1897 (life history). E. magdalena Strecker. Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Erebia 1, figs., a-c, 1897 (egg, larva). Food plant : “It is believed that the larvae of the Satyrinae feed exclusively on various species of Grasses and Carices” (Edwards). Libythea bachmanni Kirtland. Scudder, S. II. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 762-763, 765-766, pi. 64, fig. 42; pi. 75, fig. 19; pi. 84, figs. 23, 24, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 5, figs. 23, 24 (chrysalis). Food plant : Celtis. L. carinenta (Cramer). Seitz, A. Stet. Ent. Zeit., 51: p. 2, 1890 (habits). Apodemia mormo (Felder). Coolidge, C. R. Ent. News, 17 (4) : p. 140, 1906 (correction of life history). 169 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 4 A. mormo virgulti (Behr). Coolidge, C. R. Ent. News, 17 (4) : p. 140, 1906 (correction of life history). Coolidge, K. R. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 50: pp. 324-329, 1925 (life history). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 29 (1) : p. 22, pi. 4, 1930 (chrys- alis). A. palmerii marginalis (Skinner). Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 31 (2) : pp. 37-40, pis. 17-19, 1932 (life history). Food plant : Beloperone calif ornica, Prosopis juliflora v. glandulosa. Polystigma nais (Edwards). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 231; (3), p. 215 (life history). Food plant : Prunus. Calephelis borealis Grote and Robinson, dos Passos, C. F. Can. Ent., 68 (8) : pp. 167-170, pi. 1, 1936 (life history). Food plant : Senecio obovatus. C. multicum McAlpine. Bui. B. E. S., 32 : pp. 43-50, pi. I, 1937 (life history, food plant). Food plant : Cirsium muticum. C. nemesis (Edwards). Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci, 31 (1) : pp. 12-15, pis. 5-7, 1932 (life his- tory). Food plant: Baccharis glutinosa. C. australis (Edwards). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci, 27 (3) : pp. 80-82, pis. 9-11, 1928 (life history). Thecla halesus (Cramer). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can, p. 1828, 1889 (larva, chrysalis). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci, 30 (3) : pp. 87, 88, pi. 27, fig. A, 1931 (egg). Haskin, J. R. Ent. News, 44 (3) : pp. 72-74, 1933 (life history). Food plant : Quercus, Phoradendron flavescens. T. augustus Kirby. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can, pp. 844—845, 1889 (larva, chrysalis). Cook, J. H, and Cook, H. Can. Ent, 36 (5) : p. 136, 1904 (larva, chrysalis). Cook, J. H. Can. Ent, 38 (7) : pp. 214-217, pi. 3, 1906 (life history). Cook, J. H. Can. Ent, 39 (5) : pp. 145-149, pi. 3. 1907 (larva, chrysalis, food plant). Food plant: Vaccinium, Kalmia angustifolia. T. iroides Boisduval. Comstock, J. A, and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci, 32 (2) : pp. 77-79, pis. 19-22, 1933 (life his- tory). Food plant : Sedum, Cuscuta. 170 October, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA T. irus (Godart). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 838-841, pi. 65, figs. 9, 10; pi. 68, fig. 8; pi. 75, figs. 22, 23, 28; pi. 79, fig. 42; pi. 84, figs. 26, 32-34, 1889 (life history). Cook, J. H. Can. Ent., 38 (5, 6) : pp. 141-144, 181-185, pis. 1, 2, 1906 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 5, figs. 32-34 (chrysalis). Food plant: Prunus, Vaccinium corymbosum. T. henrici Grote and Robinson. Cook, J. H. Can. Ent., 39 (6, 7) : p. 181-187, 229-234, pis. 4, 5, 1907 (life history). Food plant : Prunus. T. polios Cook and Watson. Cook, J. II. Can. Ent., 39 (12) : pp. 405-409, pi. 5, 1907 (life history). Cook, J. H. Can. Ent., 40 (2) : pp. 37-43, pi. 2, 1908 (life history). Food plant : Arctostaphylos. T. niphon (Hiibner). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 831-833, pi. 65, fig. 7 ; pi. 68, fig. 7 ; pi. 75, fig. 24; pi. 84, figs. 38, 40, 1889 (life history). Cook, J. II. Can. Ent., 39 (8, 9) : pp. 257-260, 293-295, pis. 6, 9, 1907 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 5, figs. 38, 40 (chrys- alis). Food plant : Pinus. T. dumetorum Boisduval. Coolidge, K. R. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 50: pp. 329-335, 1925 (life history). Food plant : Hosackia, Eriogonum, Syrmatium. T. m— album Boisduval and Leconte. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1825, 1826, 1889 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Quercus, Astragalus. T. nelsoni Boisduval. Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 31 (3) : pp. 88, 89, pi. 24, 1932 (life history). Food plant : Thuja. T. loki Skinner. Coolidge, K. R. Ent. News, 35 (6) : pp. 199-204, 1924 (life history). Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 31 (2) : pp. 40-42, pis. 20, 21, 1932 (life history) . Food plant : J uniperus calif ornica. T. damon (Cramer). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 864-866, pi. 65, fig. 4; pi. 17, fig. 3 ; pi. 75, figs. 30, 31; pi. 79, fig. 27 ; pi. 84, figs. 30, 31, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 5, figs. 30, 31 (chrysalis). Food plant: J uniperus virginiana, Smilax. T. adenostomatis Hy. Edwards. Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 34 (3) : pp. 212, 213, pis. 51a, 52, 171 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 4 1935 (larva, chrysalis, food plant). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sea., 36 (1) : pp. 19-20, pi. 6, 1937 (egg). Food plant: Cercocarpus betuloides. T. saepium Boisdnval. Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 32 (3) : pp. 105-107, pis. 46-48, 1933 (life history). Food plant : Ceanothus cuneatus. T. auretorum spadix Hy. Edwards. Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci, 33 (2) : pp. 79-81, pis. 23-25, 1934 (life history). Food plant : Quercus. T. grunus Boisduval. Dyar, H. G. Can. Ent, 25 (4) : p. 94, 1893 (larva, chrysalis, food plant). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 238; (3), p. 234 (larva, chrysalis). Comstock, J. A, and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci, 34 (1) : pp. 81, 82, pi. 7, 1935 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Quercus chrysolepis. T. edwardsi Saunders. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can, pp. 894-897, pi. 65, fig. 2; pi. 68, fig. 2; pi. 75, fig. 25; pi. 84, fig. 29; 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 5, fig. 29 (chrysalis). Food plant : Quercus. T. calanus (Hiibner). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 887-890, pi. 65, fig. 3; pi. 68, fig. 1; pi. 75, figs. 20, 26; pi. 84, figs. 25, 27, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 5, figs. 25, 27 (chrysalis). Food plant : Quercus. T. melinus (Hiibner). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can, pp. 852-855, pi. 65, figs. 5, 6; pi. 68, fig. 3; pi. 75, fig. 21; pi. 84, fig. 39, 1889 (life history). Cockerell, T. D. A. Ent. News, 11 (8) : p. 578, 1900 (larva). Rivers, J. J. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci, 1 (4) : pp. 41, 42, 1902 (larva, chrysalis, food plant). Coolidge, Iv. R. Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, 18 (5) : pp. 160, 161, 1923 (food plant). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 5, fig. 39 (chrysalis). Food plant : Humulus, Echinocactus intertextus, Lupinus, Malva, Sphaeralcea, Polygonum , Hyptis. T. Ontario Edwards. Clark, A. H. Ent. News, 46 (5) : pp. 123, 124, 1935 (larva). Food plant : Quercus obtusiloba. T. liparops Boisduval and Leconte. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can, pp. 880-883, pi. 65, fig. 17 ; pi. 71, fig. 2; pi. 172 October, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 75, figs. 27, 32 ; pi. 79, fig. 26 ; pi. 86, fig. 27 ; pi. 84, fig. 28, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 5, fig. 28 (chrysalis). Food plant: Quercus, Ericaceae, Crataegus, Vaccinium. T . acadica Edwards. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 900-902, pi. 65, fig. 1; pi. 75, figs. 16-18; pi. 79, fig. 25; pi. 84, fig. 35, 1889 (life history) . Holland, W. J. Butter- fly Book, (1), pi. 5, fig. 35 (chrysalis). Food plant : Salix. T. calif ornica Edwards. Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 32 (3) : pp. 114-117, pis. 54, 55, 1933 (larva, chrysalis, food plant). Food plant : Quercus. T. sylvinus Boisduval. Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 33 (3) : pp. 137, 138, pis. 40, 41, 1934 (life history) . Food plant : Salix. T. laeta Edwards. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 821, 822, pi. 65, fig. 8, 1889 (egg). Mousley, H. Can. Ent., 55 (2) : pp. 26-29, 1923 (egg, larva, food plant). Food plant : Fagus. T. fidiginosa (Edwards). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 32 (3) : p. 114, 1933 (egg, oviposition, food plant). Food plant : Lwpinus. T. columella (Fabricius). Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 34 (2) : pp. 120-123, pis. 16-18, 1935 (life history). Food plant : Sida hederacea. T. leda Edwards. Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 35 (1) : pp. 6-8, pis. 2, 3, 1936 (life history). Food plant : Prosopis juliflora v. glandidosa. T. avalona Wright. Coolidge, K. R. Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 18 (5) : p. 160, 1923 (egg). Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 32 (3) : pp. 107-110, pis. 49, 50, 1933 (life history). Food plant : Lotus argophyllus v. ornithopus. T. behrii Edwards. Williams, F. X. Ent, News, 19 (10) : pp. 476- 483, 1908 (larva, chrysalis). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 26 (3) : pp. 67, 68, pi. 15, 1927 (egg, food plant). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 27 (2) : pp. 63, 64, pi. 2, 1928 (larva, chrysalis, food plant). Food plant : Lotus glaber, Astragalus, Purshia glandidosa. 173 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 4 T. titus (Fabricius). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 811-815, pi. 65, fig. 11 ; pi. 68, fig. 4 : pi. 75, fig. 35 ; pi. 84, fig. 37, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 5, fig. 37 (chrysalis). Food plant : Rosaceae. Feniseca tarquinius Fabricius. Riley, C. Y. Am. Nat., 20 : pp. 556, 557, 1886 (life history). Riley, C. Y. Ent. Nachr., 12 (14) : pp. 219, 229, 1886 (larva). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can, pp. 1019-1024, pi. 65, fig. 24; pi. 68, fig. 9 ; pi. 75, figs. 33, 34, 41, 43; pi. 79, figs. 43-45, pi. 84, figs. 45, 46, 1889 (life history). Scudder, S. H. Ent. News, 7 (7) : p. 193, pi. 8, 1896 (chrysalis). Scudder, S. H. Psyche, 8 (258) : p. 123, pi. 3, 1897 (food, chrysalis). Good, A. I. Can. Ent, 33 (8) : p. 228, 1901 (food). Winn, A. F. Ottawa Nat,, 25 (6) : pp. 100, 101, 1911 (larva). Clark, A. H. Ann. Report Smith- son. Inst, pp. 492-505, figs. 1-5, 1925 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 5, figs. 45, 46; (3), pi. 76, fig. 23 (chrysalis). Food : Aphids. Chrysophanus arota (Boisduval). Dyar, H. G. Can. Ent, 23 (10) : pp. 204, 205, 1891 (larva, chrysalis). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci, 26 (3) : p. 67, pi. 14, 1927 (egg, food plant). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci, 27 (2) : pp. 64, 65, pis. 3, 4, 1928 (larva, chrysalis, food plant). Food plant : Ribes. C. hermes Edwards. Comstock, J. A, and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci, 34 (2) : pp. 124-126, pis. 19-21, 1935 (life history). Food plant : Rhamnus crocea. C. xanthoides (Boisduval). Comstock, J. A, and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci, 34 (3) : pp. 213-217, pis. 53-56, 1935 (life history). Food plant : Rumex hymenosepalus. C. gorgon (Boisduval). Grundel, J. G. Ent. News, 15 (3) : p. 97, 1904 (egg, larva). Coolidge, K. R. Can. Ent, 40 (10) : pp. 346, 347, 1908 (life history). Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci, 33 (1) : pp. 25-27, pis. 3-5, 1934 (life history). Food plant : Eriogonum elongatum. C. thoe (Boisduval). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can, pp. 979-981, pi. 65, fig. 19; pi. 68, fig. 13; pi. 84, fig. 50, 174 October, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 5, fig. 50 (chrysalis). Food plant : Rumex, Polygonum. C. mariposa (Reakirt). Coolidge, K. R. Can. Ent., 42 (9) : p. 316, 1910 (egg). Newcomer, E. J. Can. Ent., 43 (3) : pp. 83, 84, 1 fig., 1911 (life history). C. helloides (Boisduval). Coolidge, K. R. Ent. News, 35 (9) : pp. 306-312, 1924 (life history). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 28 (3) : p. 55, pi. 29, 1929 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Polygonum, Rumex, Oxytheca spergulina, Gayophytum diffusum. C. dorcas (Kirby). Newcomb, W. W. Can. Ent., 41 (7, 8) : pp. 221-229, 293, 1909 (oviposition). Newcomb, W. W. Can. Ent., 43 (5) : pp. 160-168, 1911 (life history). Food plant : Potentilla fruticosa. C. epixanthe (Boisduval and Leconte). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 987-989, pi. 65, figs. 16, 23 ; pi. 68, fig. 11; pi. 79, fig. 41, 1889 (egg, larva, food plant). Cook, J. H., and Batson, F. E. Can. Ent., 40 (3) : pp. 85-88, 1908 (ovi- position) . Food plant: Vaccinium macrocarpus. C. hypophlaeas Boisduval. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1002-1006, pi. 65, fig. 21 ; pi. 68, fig. 10 ; pi. 71, fig. 1 ; pi. 75, fig. 42 ; pi. 79, figs. 39, 40 ; pi. 84, fig. 49 ; pi. 86, fig. 33, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 225, pi. 5, fig. 49 ; (3), p. 251 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Rumex acetosella. C. heteronea (Boisduval). Williams, F. X. Ent. News, 21 (1) : p. 37, 1910 (larva, chrysalis). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 26 (3) : pp. 67, 68, pi. 15, 1927 (egg, food plant). Food plant : Eriogonum fasciculatum, E. microthecum. Lycaena pseudargiolus Boisduval and Leconte. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 934—935, 937-942, pi. 65, figs. 14, 15, 18; pi. 68, fig. 6; pi. 75, figs. 29, 39, 40, 45; pi. 79, fig. 28; pi. 87, figs. 14, 19, 1889 (life history). Fletcher, J. Can. Ent., 36 (1) : p. 4, 1904 (oviposition, food plant). Wheeler, W. M. Ants, pp. 352, 357-360, figs. 210, 211, 1910 (larva). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 268, pi. 5, figs. 36, 43, 44, pi. 4, fig. 7 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Cornus flowers, Actinomeris, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum. 175 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 4 L. violacea Edwards. Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Supplementary Notes, 1897 (breeding experiment). Pood plant: Cornus flowers. L. piasus Boisduval. Coolidge, K. R. Can. Ent., 40 (10) : pp. 347, 348, 1908 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Aeceulus, Lupinus. L. icarioides evius Boisduval. Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 34 (1) : pp. 82-84, pis. 8-10, 1935 (life history). Food plant : Lupinus. L. fulla Edwards. Newcomer, E. J. Can. Ent., 43 (3) : pp. 85-88, 1 fig., 1911 (life history). Food plant: Lupinus meionanthus. L. antiacis Boisduval. Williams, F. X. Ent. News, 19 (10) : pp. 476-483, figs. 1, 2, 1908 (life history). Food plant : Lotus glaber , Lupinus arboreus, L. micranthus, Astragalus menziesii. L. couperi Grote. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., p. 955, 1889 (larva, food plant). Food plant : Vicia cracca. L. lygdamus Doubleday. Bower, H. M. Ent. News, 22 (8) : pp. 359-363, pi. 12, 1911 (life history). Edwards, W. H. Butter- flies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Supplementary Notes, 1897 (larva). Food plant : Lathyrus ochroleucus, L. caroliniana. L. lygdamus australis Grinnell. Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 28 (1) : pp. 6, 11, pi. 5, 1929 (egg). Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 34 (2) : pp. 127-128, pi. 22, 1935 (larva, chrysalis, food plant). Food plant : Lotus scoparius. L. scudderii Edwards. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 966-969, pi. 65, figs. 12, 13; pi. 71, fig. 4; pi. 75, figs. 36, 38 ; pi. 79, figs. 32-35 ; pi. 86, figs. 14-16 ; pi. 84, fig. 41, 1889 (life history). Lyman, H. H. Can. Ent., 34 (5) : pp. 126-128, 1902 (egg, larva). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 5, fig. 41 (chrysalis). Food plant : Lupinus perennis. L. melissa Edwards. Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 27 (2) : p. 66, pi. 5, figs, a, b, 1928 (egg). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 28 (2) : p. 24, pi. 9, 1929 (larva, chrysalis, food plant). Food plant: Astragalus, Aster, Glycyrrhiza lepidota. L. emigdionis Grinnell. Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci.. 176 October, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 29 (1) : p. 23, pi. 5, 1930 (egg, food plant). Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bnl. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 31 (3) : pp. 92- 94, pis. 27-28, 1932 (life history). Food plant : Atriplex. L. neurona Skinner. Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bnl. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 32 (2) : pp. 79-81, pis. 23, 24, 1933 (life his- tory). Food plant : Eriogonum wrightii. L. battoides bernardino Barnes and McDnnnongh. Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 33 (1) : pp. 27- 29, pis. 6, 7, 1934 (life history). Food plant : Eriogonum fasciculatum. L. speciosa Hy. Edwards. Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 29 (1) : p. 23, pi. 6, 1930 (egg, food plant). Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 31 (3) : pp. 90, 91, pis. 25, 26, 1932 (life history). Food plant : Oxytheca perfoliata. L. sonorensis Felder. Comstock, J. A., and Coolidge, C. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 29 (1): pp. 16-21, pi. 2, 1930 (life history). Food Plant: Sedum. L. amyntula Boisduval. Coquillett, D. W. J. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 7 (2) : p. 211, 1899 (larva). Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci, 34 (3) : pp. 218-219, pis. 57, 58, 1935 (life history). Food plant : Astragidus crotalariae. L. comyntas (Godart). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can, pp. 913-917, pi. 65, fig. 20; pi. 68, figs. 5, 12; pi. 71, fig. 5; pi. 75, figs. 37, 44; pi. 79, figs. 36-38; pi. 84, figs. 42, 47, 48, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 5, figs. 42, 47, 48 (chrysalis). Food plant: Leguminosae, Lespedeza ■, Phaseolus, Desmo- dium. L. hanno (Stoll). Haskin, J. R. Ent. News, 44 (6) : pp. 155, 156, 1933 (life history). Food plant : Chamaecrista brachiata, C. aspera, Abrus pre- catorius. L. gyas Edwards. Comstock, J. A, and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci, 33 (3) : pp. 139-140, pis. 42-44, 1934 (life his- tory). Food plant : Prosopis, Medicago. L. marina Reakirt. Coolidge, C. R. Psyche, 18: p. 32, 1911 (egg). 177 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 4 L. theonus Lucas. Haskin, J. R. Ent. News, 44 (6) : pp. 154, 155, 1933 (life history). Food plant: Galactia pilosa. L. exilis Boisduval. Coquillett, D. W. J. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 7 (2) : p. 211, 1899 (larva). Coolidge, K. R. Ent. News, 35 (4) : pp. 115-121, 1924 (life history). Food plant : Atriplex, Petunia parviflora. Neophasia menapia Felder. Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Neophasia 1, cut a, 1897 (life history). Food plant : Finns ponderosa, Pseudotsuga mucronata. Pieris beckerii Edwards. Coolidge, K. R. Ent. News, 34 (8) : pp. 225-231, 1923 (life history) . Food plant : Cruciferae. P. occidentalis Reakirt. Cockerell, T. D. A. Ent. News, 12 (1) : p. 18, 1901 (food plant). Food plant : Cleome serrulata. P. protodice Boisduval and Leconte. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1166, 1168, 1169, pi. 65, fig. 26; pi. 76, fig. 7 ; pi. 79, fig. 49; pi. 84, figs. 66, 67, 1889 (life history). Keith, E. D. Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 9 (1) : p. 13, 1914 (ovi- position). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 2, fig. 7; pi. 5, figs. 66, 67 (larva, chrysalis). Querci, 0. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 62: pp. 37-47, 1936 (oviposition, egg). Food plant : Cruciferae. P. napi (Linnaeus). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 2, figs. 8, 9; pi. 5, figs. 57, 63, 64 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant: Cruciferae. P. oleracea Harris. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1194-1195, 1198-1203, pi. 65, fig. 27; pi. 68, fig. 15; pi. 76, figs. 8, 9; pi. 79, figs. 50-52; pi. 86, figs. 32, 44; pi. 84, figs. 57, 63, 64, 1889 (life history). Food plant : Cruciferae. P. virginiensis Edwards. Klots, A. B. J. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 43 (2) : pp. 139-142, figs. 1, 2, 1935 (life history). Food plant : Dent aria diphylla. P. rapae (Linnaeus). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1208-1211, pi. 65, fig. 28; pi. 68, figs. 16, 17; pi. 72, fig. 4; pi. 76, figs. 11, 12; pi. 79, fig. 53; pi. 86, figs. 31, 36, 43; pi. 84, figs. 58, 65, 1889 (life history). Schwartz, E. A. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 1: pp. 250, 251, 1899 (food plant). Forbes, W. T. M. Psyche, 16 : pp. 73, 74, 1909 (egg, larva). Coolidge, Iv. R. Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 18 (5) : p. 159, 1923 (food 178 October, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA plant). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 2, figs. 11, 12; pi. 5, figs. 58, 65 (larva, chrysalis). Querci, 0. Ent. Rec., 44 (12) : pp. 168-176, 1932 (habits). Food plant : Cruciferae. Nathalis iole Boisduval. Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 27 (3) : pp. 86-88, pis. 14-16, 1928 (life history). Berry, L. M. Ent. News, 45 (9) : pp. 252, 253, 1934 (egg, larva). Food plant : Bidens pilosa, Stellaria media. Euchloe ausonides Boisduval. Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 283; (3), p. 284 (larva). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Supplementary Notes, 1897 (breeding experiment). Coolidge, K. R., and Newcomer, E. J. Ent. News, 19 (5) : pp. 204-210, 1 fig., 1908 (life history). Food plant : Cruciferae. E. creusaky antis (Edwards). Coolidge, K. R. Ent. News, 36 (3) : pp. 65-68, 1925 (life history). Food plant : Cruciferae. E. creusa lotta Beutenmiiller. Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 31 (2) : pp. 35-37, pis. 15, 16, 1932 (life history). Food plant : Sisymbrium altissimum. E. olympia (Edwards). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Supplementary Notes, 1897 (egg, larva). Schull, C. A. Ent. News, 18 (3) : pp. 73—82, pi. 1, 1907 (life history). Food plant : Arabis lyrata. E. cethura (Felder). Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 31 (2) : pp. 33-35, pis. 13, 14, 1932 (life his- tory). Food plant : Sisymbrium pinnatum, Thelypodium longiros- tris, Streptanthus in flatus. E. sara (Boisduval). Coolidge, K. R., and Newcomer, E. J. Can. Ent., 41 (2) : pp. 45-47, 1909 (life history). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Supplementary Notes, 1897 (breeding experiments). Food plant : Brassica nigra, B. campestris. E. sara reakirti (Edwards). Minot, G. R. Ent. News, 13 (5) : p. 158, 1902 (egg). Comstock, J. A., Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 30 (3) : pp. 90-92, pis. 28, 29, 1931 (life history). Food plant : Brassica, Thysanocarpus curvipes. E. pima (Edwards). Coolidge, K. R. Psyche, 15: p. 81, 1908 (chrysalis) . E. genutia (Fabricius). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. 179 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 4 and Can., pp. 1148-1152, pi. 65, fig. 29 ; pi. 73, fig. 9 ; pi. 76, fig. 5; pi. 79, fig. 54; pi. 84, fig. 59, 1889 (life history). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Anthocaris 1, figs, a- h, 1897 (life history). Smyth, E. A. Ent. News, 11 (5) : pp. 465-468, 1900 (larva). Hornig, H. Ent. News, 14 (8) : p. 252, 1903 (egg, larval habits). Grossbeck, J. A. Ent. News, 16 (5) : pp. 131-133, 1905 (habits). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 2, fig. 5; pi. 5, fig. 59; pi. 4, fig. 6 (larva, chrysalis) . Food plant : Sisymbrium, Arabis, Cardamine, Cruciferae. E. lanceolata (Boisduval). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Anthocaris 1, fig. x, 1897 (larva, chrysalis). Coolidge, K. R. Can. Ent., 40 (4) : pp. 130, 131, 1908 (chrys- alis). Coolidge, K. R. Psyche, 15: p. 81, 1 fig., 1908 (chrys- alis). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 285; (3), p. 288 (larva). Food plant : Turritis. E. lanceolata australis (Grinnell). Coolidge, K. R. Can. Ent., 42 (9): p. 315, 1910 (egg, larva, food plant). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci, 29 (1) : pp. 21, 22, pi. 3, 1930 (egg). Food plant : Cruciferae. Callidryas eubule (Linnaeus). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1056-1059, pi. 65, fig. 30; pi. 76, figs. 2, 4; pi. 79, fig. 67; pi. 84, figs. 60-62, 1889 (life history). Hol- land, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 2, figs. 2, 4; pi. 5, figs. 60- 62 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Cassia. C. sennae (Linnaeus). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., p. 1833, 1889 (chrysalis). Zerene cesonia (Stoll). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1837-1839, 1889 (life history). Food plant : Trifolium, Amorpha. Z. eurydice (Boisduval). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Colias 1, figs, a-k, 1897 (life history). Food plant : Amorpha calif ornica. Colias philodice Godart. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1115-1117, 1119-1123, pi. 65, fig. 25; pi. 68, fig. 14; pi. 72, fig. 3; pi. 76, fig. 10; pi. 79, figs. 46-48; pi. 86, figs. 13, 42; pi. 84, figs. 54, 55; pi. 87, fig. 4, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 291, pi. 2, fig. 10; pi. 5, figs. 54, 55; (3), p. 293 (egg, larva). Food plant : Trifolium, Astragalus. 180 October, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA C. harfordii Hy. Edwards. Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Colias 2, figs, a-g, 1897 (life history). Coin- stock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 25 (2) : pp. 63, 64, figs. 8, 10, 11, 1926 (life history). Food plant : Astragalus. C. interior Scudder. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1107-1110, 1889 (egg, larva, food plant). C. alexandra Edwards. Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 292; (3), pp. 294, 295 (larva, chrysalis). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Supplementary Notes, 1897 (life history). Food plant : Astragalus, Thermopsis, Trifolium repens. C. scudderi Reakirt. Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Supplementary Notes, 1897 (larva). Food plant: Populus, Vaccinium, Salix. C. Christina Edwards. Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Supplementary Notes, 1897 (larva). Food plant : Trifolium. C. eury theme Boisduval. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1129-1130, 1132, pi. 65, fig. 22; pi. 76, fig. 1, pi. 79, fig. 61; pi. 84, fig. 53, 1889 (life history). Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Colias 3, 1897 (breeding experiments). Wildermuth, V. L. U. S. Dept. Agric. Ent. Circular, 133, pp. 1-14, figs. 1, 4, 5, 1911 (habits). ’Wilder- muth, Y. L. Bui. U. S. Dept. Agr., 124: pp. 1-28, figs. 2, 5-7, 13, 17, 1914 (life history).. Wildermuth, Y. L. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmer’s Bui., 1094: pp. 3-7, figs. 3-5, 1920 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 2, fig. 1; pi. 5, fig. 53 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Trif olium, Melilotus alba, Astragalus, Medicago sativa. C. meadii Edwards. Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Supplementary Notes, 1897 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Trifolium. C. elis Strecker. Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Supplementary Notes, 1897 (larva, chrysalis). C. hecla Lefevre. Sheldon, W. G. Entomologist, 47 (610) : pp. 82-85, 1914 (egg, larva). Klots, A. B. Ent. News, 46 (2) : p. 58, 1935 (ovoviviparity). Food plant : Astragalus alpinus. C. nastes Boisduval. Sheldon, W. G. Entomologist, 45 (587) : pp. 122-125, 1912 (life history). Food plant : Astragalus alpinus, Trifolium repens. 181 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 4 C. behrii Edwards. Comstock, J. A. Bid. S. Cal. Acad. Sci, 25 (2) : p. 64, 1926 (food plant). Food Plant : V actinium caespitosum , Gentiana newberryi. Eurema nicippe (Cramer). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1069-1072, pi. 65, fig. 31; pi. 76, fig. 6; pi. 79, fig. 68 ; pi. 84, figs. 51, 52, 1889 (life history). Ainslie, G. C. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 19: p. 78, 1917 (chrysalis). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 25 (2) : pp. 64-65, figs. 9, 14, 1926 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 2, fig. 6; pi. 5, figs. 51, 52 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Cassia, Leguminosae. E. lisa (Boisduval and Leconte). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can, pp. 1089-1090, 1092-1094, pi. 65, fig. 32 ; pi. 76, fig. 3; pi. 79, fig. 55; pi. 84, fig. 56, 1889 (life history). Skinner, H. Ent. News, 1 (1) : p. 8, 1890 (oviposition). Hol- land, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 2, fig. 3; pi. 5, fig. 56 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Cassia, Trifolium. E. demoditas Hubner. Haskin, J. R. Ent. News, 44 (6) : pp. 153- 154, 1933 (life history) . Food plant : Aeschynomene viscidula, Stylosanthes biflora. Parnassius smintheus Doubleday and Hewitson. Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer, 3rd Ser, Parnassius 1, figs, a-h, 1897 (life history). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci, 25 (2) : p. 62, figs. 6, 7, 1926 (egg, larva). Comstock, J. A. Bull. S. Cal. Acad. Sci, 29 (3) : pp. 135-136, pi. 28, 1930 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant: Sedum, Saxifraga. Papilio polydamas Linnaeus. Dyar, H. G. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash, 13 : p. 227, 1911 (larva). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 316 (larva). Food plant : Aristolochia. P. polydamas lucayus Rothschild and Jordan. Comstock, J. A, and Grimshawe, F. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci, 34 (1) : pp. 76-80, pis. 3-6, 1935 (life history). Food plant : Aristolochia pentandra, A. macrophylla, A. grandiflora gigas, A. ringens. P. philenor Linnaeus. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can, pp. 1244-1245, 1248-1250, pi. 66, figs. 4, 8 ; pi. 72, fig. 7 ; pi. 76, figs. 13, 20, 21; pi. 80, figs. 1-5; pi. 85, figs. 14G17, 20, 1889 (life history). Scudder, S. H. Psyche, 8 (265) : p. 207, pi. 5, 1898 (larva). Girault, A. A. Can. Ent, 39 (6) : pp. 182 October, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 209-211, 1907 (larva, chrysalis). Florsheim, C. Ent. Rec., 21 (6-8) : pp. 146-148, 157, 158, 1909 (larval habits). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 2, figs. 13, 20, 21; pi. 6, figs. 14, 17, 20 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Aristolochia sipho, Aristolochia serpentaria. P. polyxenes Fabricius. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1357-1362, pi. 66, fig. 2; pi. 72, fig. 11; pi. 76, figs. 17, 24, 27 ; pi. 79, figs. 56-60 ; pi. 85, figs. 13, 18, 19, 1889 life history). Soule, C. G. Psyche, 8 (284) : p. 435, 1899 (ovi- position, larva). Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dept. Agr. Ent. Bui., 82 (2) : pp. 20-24, figs. 5, 6, 1909 (life history). Food plant : Umbelliferae. P. asterias Cramer. Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 2, figs. 17, 14, 27 ; pi. 6, figs. 13, 18, 19 (larva, chrysalis). Meiners, E. P. Ent. News, 47 (10) : p. 269, 1936 (habits, food plant). Food plant : Umbelliferae. P. americus Kollar. Meiners, E. P. Ent, News, 47 (10) : p. 269, 1936 (habits, food plant) . Food plant: Umbelliferae. P. brevicauda Saunders. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1852-1854, 1889 (life history). Food plant : Umbelliferae. P. brucei Edwards. Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Papilio 4, 1897. Food plant : Artemisia dracuncidoides. P. zolicaon Boisduval. Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Papilio 3, figs, a-g, 1897 (life history). Coolidge, K. R. Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 19 (2) : pp. 44, 45, 1924 (egg, food plant). Food plant : Umbelliferae. P. indra Reakirt, Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Supplementary Notes, 1897 (egg, larva). Food plant : Artemisia dracuncidoides. P. indra pergamus Hy. Edwards. Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 27 (3) : pp. 82-86, pis. 12, 13, 1928 (life history). P. thoas Linnaeus. Engelliardt, G. P. Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 13 (1) : p. 22, 1918 (food plant). Food plant: Ptelea, Xanthoxylon , Citrus , Ruta graveolens. P. cresphontes Cramer. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1337-1339, 1341-1343, pi. 66, fig. 3 ; pi. 68, fig. 19 ; pi. 73, fig. 1 ; pi. 76, fig. 16 ; pi. 79, figs. 62-66 ; pi. 85, figs. 8-10, 1889 (life history). Scudder, S. H. Psyche, 8 (265, 266) : pp. 183 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 4 210, 221-224, pi. 5, 1898 (larva). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 2, fig. 16; pi. 6, figs. 8-10 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Ptelea, Xanthoxylon, Citrus. P. glaucus Linnaeus. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1291-1294, 1296-1300, pi. 66, fig. 1; pi. 68, fig. 18 ; pi. 76, figs. 15, 26, 28; pi. 80, figs. 7-10; pi. 85, figs. 1-4, 1889 (life history). Scudder, S. H. Psyche, 8 (265) : p. 208, pi. 5, 1898 (larva). Jeheber, E. Ent. News, 16 (4) : pp. Ill, 112, 1905 (food plant). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 310, pi. 2, figs. 15, 26, 28; pi. 6, figs. 1-4; p. 4, fig. 3 (life history). Food plant : Prunus, Cerasus, Liriodendron, Populus, Fraxinus. P. daunus Boisduval. Edwards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer., 3rd Ser., Supplementary Notes, 1897 (larva). Food plant : Rosaceae, Populus. P. eurymedon Boisduval. Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 25 (2) : p. 65, figs. 12, 13, 1926 (larva, chrysalis). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), p. 309; (3), p. 320 (larva). Food plant : Rhamnus calif ornica. P. troilus Linnaeus. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1317-1325, pi. 66, fig. 13; pi. 68, fig! 20; pi. 72, figs. 8, 9; pi. 76, figs. 18, 19, 22; pi. 79, figs. 69-73; pi. 82, figs. 4-6; pi. 86, figs. 24, 25 ; pi. 85, figs. 5-7 ; pi. 86, figs. 22, 23, 34, 35, 74-80 ; pi. 87, figs. 6, 15, 24, 1889 (life history). Scudder, S. H. Psyche, 8 (265) : p. 209, pi. 5, 1898 (larva). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 2, figs. 18, 19, 22; pi. 6, figs. 5-7 (larva, chrysalis) . Food plant : Sassafras, Laurus. P. palamedes Drury. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can, pp. 1848-1851, 1889 (life history). Food plant : Magnolia, Lauraceae, Citrus. P. ajax Linnaeus. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can, pp. 1269-1278, pi. 66, fig. 5; pi. 73, fig. 12; pi. 76, fig. 14; pi. 80, figs. 13-16 ; pi. 85, figs. 11, 12, 1889 (life history) . Ed- wards, W. H. Butterflies of N. Amer, 3rd Ser, Papilio 5, 1897 (breeding experiments). Scudder, S. H. Psyche, 8 (265) : p. 208, pi. 5, 1898 (life history). Rowley, R. R. Ent. News, 17 (5) : pp. 175-177, 1906 (egg). Rowley, R. R. Ent. News, 18 (7) : pp. 306-308, 1907 (habits). Florsheim, C. Ent. Rec, 21 (5) : pp. 113-115, 1909 (larva). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 2, fig. 14; pi. 6, figs. 11, 12 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Asimina triloba. 184 October, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA P. rudkini Comstock. Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bnl. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 36 (1) : pp. 13-18, pis. 2-5, 1937 (life history). Food plant : Thamnosma montana, Foeniculum. Phocides batabano (Lucas). Dyar, H. G. Can. Ent., 22 (10) : pp. 211, 212, 1890 (metamorphosis). Food plant : Rhizophora mangle. Polygonus amyntas (Fabricius). Dyar, H. G. Ent. News, 8 (7) : pp. 182, 183, 1897 (egg, larva, food plant). Food plant : Piscidia erythrina. Epargyreus tityrus Fabricius. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1402-1410, pi. 73, fig. 8; pi. 76, figs. 30, 31, 33, 35; pi. 80, figs. 19-22; pi. 82, figs. 9, 11; pi. 85, figs. 22, 25, 26; pi. 86, fig. 26; pi. 87, figs. 1, 11, 12, 1889 (life history). Skinner, H. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 37 : pp. 192, 193, 1911 (larva, chrysalis, food plant). Girault, A. A. Ent. News, 24 (5) : pp. 195, 196, 1913 (larval habits). Holland, W. J. But- terfly Book, (1), pi. 2, figs. 30, 31, 33; pi. 6, figs. 22, 25, 26 (larva, chrysalis). Sim, K. J. J. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 44 (4) : p. 316, 1936 (food plant). Food plant : Wistaria, Robinia pseudacacia, Acacia , Amorpha, Lespedeza, Lathyrus , Apios, Desmodium, Amphi- carpaea, Pueraria hirsuta. Eudamus proteus (Linnaeus). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1389-1392, pi. 66, fig. 6; pi. 76, fig. 34; pi. 80, figs. 11, 12; pi. 85, fig. 23, 1889 (life history). Chittenden, F. H. Bui. U. S. Dept. Agr. Ent., 33: pp. 92-96, fig. 20, 1902 (life history). Skinner, H. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 37: pp. 195, 196, 1911 (larva, chrysalis, food plant). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 2, fig. 34; pi. 6, fig. 23. Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 31 (1) : p. 18, pi. 12, 1932 (egg). Food plant : Wistaria, Clitoria, Phaseolus, Desmodium. Tliorybes pylades (Scudder). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1438-1443, pi. 66, fig. 7; pi. 69, fig. 5; pi. 73, fig. 5 ; pi. 76, figs. 25, 29 ; pi. 80, figs. 25-29 ; pi. 86, fig. 45 ; pi. 85, fig. 28, 1889 (life history). Skinner, H. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 37; pp. 176, 177, 1911 (larva, chrysalis, food plant). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 2, figs. 25, 29; pi. 6, fig. 28 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Lespedeza, Desmodium, Trifolium. T. bathyllus (Smith and Abbot). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1434-1436, pi. 66, fig. 9 ; pi. 76, fig. 32 ; pi. 185 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 4 80, fig. 6 ; pi. 85, fig. 24, 1889 (life history). Skinner, H. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 37: p. 179, 1911 (larva, chrysalis, food plant). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 2, fig. 32; pi. 6, fig. 24 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant: Rhynchosia, Tephrosia, Centrosema. T. mexicana Herrich-Schaeffer. Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bnl. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 32 (3) : pp. 110-112, pis. 51-53, 1933 (life history). Food plant : Amorpha California. Achalarus lycidas (Smith and Abbot) . Scudder, S.*H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can, pp. 1420-1422, pi. 66, fig. 16; pi. 73, fig. 6; pi. 76, fig. 23; pi. 80, figs. 17, 18, 23, 24; pi. 85, fig. 21, 1889 (life history). Skinner, H. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 37 : pp. 188, 189, 1911 (larva, chrysalis, food plant). Holland, W. J. But- terfly Book, (1), pi. 2, fig. 23; pi. 6, fig. 21 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Desmodium, Indigo , Indigofera, Ipomaea. Rhabdoides cellus (Boisduval and Leconte). Scudder, S. H. But- terflies of E. U. S. and Can, pp. 1855, 1856, 1889 (larva, chrys- alis). Skinner, H. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 37: p. 190, 1911 (larva, chrysalis, food plant). Clark, A. H. Science, 80 (2068) : pp. 163, 164, 1934 (life history). Clark, A. H. Smith- son. Misc. Coll, 95 (7) : pp. 1-50, 8 pis, figs. A-H, 1936 (life history). Food plant : Breweria aquatica. Hesperia scriptura (Boisduval). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci, 28 (2) : p. 26, 1929 (food plant). Food plant : Sida hederacea. H. montivaga (Reakirt). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can, pp. 1539-1542, pi. 77, figs. 14, 17 ; pi. 80, fig. 45; pi. 85, fig. 35; 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 6, fig. 35 (chrysalis). H. ericetorum (Boisduval). Coolidge, K. R. Ent. News, 34 (5) : pp. 140-146, 1923 (life history). Food plant : Sphaeralcea, Malva, Althea. Pholisora catullus (Fabricins). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can, pp. 1521-1522, 1524, 1526, pi. 66, fig. 21 ; pi. 69, fig. 2; pi. 77, figs. 16, 21, 23; pi. 80, figs. 43, 44; pi. 85, figs. 29, 36, 41, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 6, figs. 29, 36, 41 (chrysalis). Comstock, J. A, and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci, 33 (3) : p. 141, pi. 45, 1934 (egg). Food plant : Chenopodium album, Amaranthaceae, Ambrosia . 186 October, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA P. libya Scudder. Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 31 (3) : pp. 96, 97, pis. 31, 32, 1932 (life history). Food plant : Atriplex canescens. P. alpheus Edwards. Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 28 (2) : pp. 25, 26, pis. 10, 11, 1929 (life history). Food plant : Atriplex expansa. P. hayhurstii Edwards. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1857, 1858, 1889 (life history). Thanaos brizo Boisduval and Leconte. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1503-1506, pi. 66, fig. 12; pi. 69, fig. 4; pi. 77, figs. 12, 18; pi. 85, fig. 38, 1889 (life history). Hol- land, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 6, fig. 38 (chrysalis). Food plant : Quercus, Galactia. T. icelus (Scudder and Burgess). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can, pp. 1509-1514, pi. 77, fig. 1; pi. 85, fig. 27, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 6, fig. 27 (chrysalis). Food plant : Quercus, Populus tremuloides, Hamamelis vir- giniana. T. lucilius (Scudder and Burgess). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can, pp. 1461-1467, pi. 66, fig. 14; pi. 69, figs. 3, 6; pi. 73, fig. 2; pi. 77, figs. 8, 9; pi. 80, figs. 31-35; pi. 82, fig. 10; pi. 86, figs. 28-30, 46, 47; pi. 85, figs. 30-32, 1889 (life his- tory). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 6, figs. 30-32 (chrysalis). Food plant : Aquilegia canadensis. T. persius (Scudder). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can, pp. 1471-1475, pi. 66, fig. 11; pi. 69, fig. 1 ; pi. 77, figs. 7, 15; pi. 80, figs. 37-41; pi. 82, fig. 7; pi. 85, fig. 34, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 6, fig. 34 (chrysalis). Food plant: Galactia, Quercus ilicifolia, Popidus. T. persius afranius (Lintner). Comstock, J. A, and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci, 31 (3): pp. 94, 95, pis. 29, 30, 1932 (life history). Food plant: Lotus americanus, Ceanothus divaricatus. T. martialis (Scudder). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can, pp. 1496-1498, pi. 66, fig. 16; pi. 69, fig. 9; pi. 77, fig. 13 ; pi. 85, fig. 37, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butter- fly Book, (1), pi. 6, fig. 37 (chrysalis). Food plant : Indigofera, Amaranthus. 187 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 4 T. juvenalis (Fabricius). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1480-1485, pi. 77, figs. 2-6, 10, 11 ; pi. 80, figs. 30, 36, 42 ; pi. 82, figs. 1, 2 ; pi. 86, figs. 48-51 ; pi. 85, fig. 33, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 6, fig. 33 (chrysalis). Food plant : Leguminosae, Quercus. T. horatius (Scudder and Burgess). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1488, 1489, 1889 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Wistaria frutescens. T. tristis Boisduval. Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 31 (2) : pp. 42-45, pis. 22, 23, 1932 (life history). Food plant : Quercus. T. funeralis (Scudder and Burgess). Cocpdllett, D. W. J. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 7 (2) : pp. 211, 212, 1899 (larva). Coolidge, K. R. J. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 31 (4) : pp. 175-181, 1923 (life history). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci, 29 (1) : p. 24, pis. 7, 8, 1930 (life history). Food plant : Nemophila, Hosackia glabra, Medicago sativa. Pamphila mandan Edwards. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can, pp. 1571-1574, 1889 (egg, larva). Fletcher, J. Can. Ent, 21 (6) : pp. 113-116, 1889 (egg, larva). Food plant : Grasses. Oarisma garita (Reakirt). Gibson, A. Can. Ent, 42 (4) : pp. 145- 147, 1910 (egg, larva, food plant). Food plant : Poa pratensis. Amblyscirtes vialis (Edwards). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can, pp. 1583-1587, pi. 66, fig. 17; pi. 69, fig. 7; pi. 77, fig. 24; pi. 80, figs. 46-50, 53; pi. 85, fig. 40, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 6, fig. 40 (chrysalis). Food plant: Grasses. A. samoset (Scudder). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can, pp. 1590-1592, pi. 77, fig. 29 ; pi. 85, fig. 45, 1889 (larva, chrysalis). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 6, fig. 45 (chrysalis). Food plant : Grasses, Sorghum. A. bellus (Edwards). Coolidge, K. R. Can. Ent, 43 (1) : pp. 7, 8, 1911 (egg, larva). Food plant : Grasses. Anclyoxypha numitor Fabricius. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can, pp. 1560-1562, pi. 66, figs. 22, 25 ; pi. 69, fig. 188 October, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 8; pi. 73, fig. 4; pi. 80, fig. 51, 1889 (life history). Beutemiiller, W. Can. Ent., 21 (8), p. 160, 1889 (egg). Food plant : Grasses. Copaeodes aurantiaca (Hewitson). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 28 (2) : pp. 28, 29, pi. 14, 1929 (life history). Food plant : Capriola dactylon. Pseudocopaeodes eunus (Edwards). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 30 (3) : pp. 87, 88, pi. 27, fig. b, 1931 (egg). Erynnis juba (Scudder). Lindsey, A. W. J. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., 20: pp. 121-125, pi. 16, 1923 (egg, larva). E. sassacus (Harris). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1643-1645, pi. 66, figs. 19, 23 ; pi. 69, fig. 12 ; pi. 73, fig. 7, 1889 (egg, larva). Food plant : Grasses. E. metea (Scudder). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1652-1653, pi. 66, fig. 30; pi. 80, fig. 52, 1889 (egg, larva). Food plant : Grasses. E. leonardus (Harris). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1675-1677, pi. 66, fig. 33; pi. 69, fig. 11; pi. 73, fig. 10; pi. 77, figs. 32, 33; pi. 80, figs. 66, 67, 1889 (egg, larva). Food plant : Grasses. Hylephila phylaeus (Drury). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1633-1634, pi. 85, fig. 39 ; pi. 77, fig. 19, 1889 (larva, chrysalis). Coquillett, D. W. J. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 7 (2) : p. 211, 1899 (larva). Coolidge, K. R. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 50: pp. 319-324, 1925 (life history). Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 32 (2) : p. 82, pi. 25, 1933 (life history). Food plant : Grasses. Augiades sylvanoides (Esper). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 28 (2) : p. 27, pi. 13, 1929 (larva, chrysalis). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 28 (3) : p. 55, 1929 (egg). Food plant : Grasses. A. nemorum (Boisduval) . Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 28 (3) : p. 56, pi. 30, 1929 (egg). A. agricola (Boisduval). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 26 (3) : pp. 68, 70, pi. 18, 1927 (egg, larva). Pollies verna (Edwards). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1744-1745, pi. 66, fig. 35; pi. 77, figs. 25, 26; pi. 80, fig. 65, 1889 (egg, larva). Food plant : Grasses. 189 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 4 P. manataaqua (Scudder). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1722-1724, pi. 66, fig. 26; pi. 69, fig. 14; pi. 73, fig. 3; pi. 80, figs. 63, 64; pi. 86, fig. 52, 1889 (egg, larva). Food plant : Grasses. P. taumas (Fabricius). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1727-1730, pi. 66, fig. 29; pi. 77, figs. 27, 35; pi. 80, figs. 60-62; pi. 86, fig. 53; pi. 85, fig. 44, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 6, fig. 44 (chrysalis). Food plant : Grasses. P. peckius (Kirby). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1686-1688, pi. 66, fig. 28; pi. 80, fig. 57, 1889 (egg, larva). Food plant : Grasses. P. sabuleti comstocki (Boisduval). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci, 28 (2) : p. 26, pi. 12, 1929 (egg, larva, food plant)'. Food plant: Capriola dactylon. P. mystic (Scudder). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1707-1710, pi. 66, figs. 20, 24; pi. 69, fig. 13; pi. 80, figs. 58, 59, 1889 (egg, larva). Food plant: Grasses. P. brettus (Boisduval and Leconte). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1703-1704; 1889 (life history). Food plant : Grasses. Atalopedes Huron (Edwards). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1664-1666, pi. 66, fig. 31; pi. 77, figs. 28, 30, 31; pi. 80, figs. 68-71; pi. 85, figs. 43, 47, 1889 (life his- tory). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 6, figs. 43, 47 (chrysalis) . Food plant : Grasses. A. campestris (Boisduval). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 28 (2) : pp. 30, 31, pis. 16, 17, 1929 (life history). Food plant : Grasses, Capriola dactylon. Catia aetna Scudder. Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can, pp. 1698-1700, pi. 66, fig. 27; pi. 73, fig. 11; pi. 77, fig. 34; pi. 85, fig. 42, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butter- fly Book, (1), pi. 6, fig. 42 (chrysalis). Food plant : Grasses. Atrytone logan (Edwards). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can, pp. 1615-1616, 1889 (larva, chrysalis). Food plant : Erianthus alopecuroides. A. metacomet (Harris). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can, p. 1741, 1889 (egg). 190 October, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Poanes zabulon (Boisduval and Leconte). Scndder, S. H. Butter- flies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1620-1624, pi. 66, fig. 18; pi. 69, fig. 10; pi. 77, fig. 22; pi. 80, figs. 5L-56, 1889 (life history). Food plant : Grasses. P. melane (Edwards). Comstock, J. A., and Daumiers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 30 (1) : pp. 20-22, pi. 8, 1931 (life history). Food plant : Grasses, Capriola dactylon. Lerema accius (Smith and Abbot). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1769-1771, pi. 66, fig. 36 ; pi. 77, fig. 36; pi. 85, fig. 46, 1889 (life history). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 6, fig. 46 (chrysalis). Food plant : Zea mays, Erianthus. Lerodea eufala Edwards. Coolidge, K. B. Ent. News, 33 (10) : pp. 305-309, 1922 (life history). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 28 (2) • pp. 29, 30, pi. 15, 1929 (larva, chrysalis). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 28 (3) : p. 56, pi. 31, 1929 (egg). Food plant : Grasses. Oligoria maculata (Edwards). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., p. 1763, 1889 (larva, chrysalis). Prenes panoquin (Scudder). Skinner, H. Ent. News, 1 (1) : pp. 8, 9, 1890 (egg). P. errans (Skinner). Comstock, J. A. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 29 (3) : pp. 139-141, 1930 (life history). Food plant : Capriola dactylon. Calpodes etklius (Cramer). Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of E. U. S. and Can., pp. 1752-1756, pi. 66, fig. 34; pi. 69, fig. 15; pi. 77. fig. 20; pi. 80, figs. 72-74; pi. 85, fig. 48, 1889 (life history)! Chittenden, F. H. Bui. U. S. Dept. Agr. Ent., 54: pp. 54-58, fig. 18, 1905 (metamorphosis). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), pi. 6, fig. 48 (chrysalis). Food plant : Canna. Megathymus yuccae (Boisduval and Leconte). Holland, W. J. Butterfly Book, (1), fig. 182; (3), figs. 196-198 (life history). Food plant : Yucca. M. yuccae navajo Skinner. Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bui. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 33 (2) : pp. 87-92, pis. 31-35, 1934 (life history) . Food plant: Yucca hrevifolia. M. streckeri Skinner. Leussler, R. A. Ent. News, 41 (1) : pp. 7-9, 1930 (oviposition, egg, larva, food plant). Food plant: Yucca. 191 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 4 M. mariae Barnes and Benjamin. Bonniwell, J. C. Ann. Carn. Mus., 20 (2) : pp. 264, 265, 1931 (metamorphosis). M. stephensi Skinner. Comstock, J. A., and Dammers, C. M. Bnl. S. Cal. Acad. Sci., 33 (2) : pp. 79-86, pis. 26-30, 1934 (life history) . Food plant : Agave deserti. INDEX OF GENERA Achalarns, 186 Acolastus (see Polygonus) Adopaea (see also Pseudocopae- odes) Aganisthos (see Historis) Ageronia, 166 Aglais, 162 Agraulis (see Dione) Amblyscirtes, 188 Amphichlora (see Ageronia) Anaea, 166 Anosia (see Danais) Anartia, 164 Anclyoxypha, 188 Anthocharis (see Eucliloe) Anthomaster (see Erynnis) Apatnra (see Asterocampa) Apodemia (see also Polystigma), 169 Argynnis (see also Brenthis), 157 Ascia (see Pieris) Asterocampa, 166 Atalopedes, 190 Athena, 164 Atlides (see Thecla) Atrytone (see also Poanes), 190 Atrytonopsis (see Polites) Augiades, 189 Basilarchia, 165 Brenthis, 158 Brephidium (see Lycaena) Calephelis, 170 Callicore, 164 Callidryas, 180 Callipsyche (see Thecla) Callophrys (see Thecla) Calpodes, 191 Carterocephalus (see Pamphila) Catia, 190 Catopsilia (see Callidryas) Celtiphaga (see Asterocampa) Cercropterns (see Rhabdoides) Cercyonis, 167 Charidryas (see Phyciodes) Chionobas (see Oeneis) Chlorippe (see Asterocampa) Chlosyne, 161 Chrysophanus, 174 Cinclidia (see Melitaea) Cissia (see Euptychia) Cocceius (see Thorybes) Coenonympha, 167 Colias, 180 Copaeodes, 189 Cyaniris (see Lycaena) Cynthia (see Vanessa) Danais, 156 Danans (see Danais) Debis (see Enodia) Diaethria (see Callicore) Dione, 156 Dryas (see Argynnis) 192 October, 1937 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Enodia, 166 Epargyreus, 185 Epidemia (see Chrysophanus) Erebia, 169 Erora (see Thecla) Erycides (see Papilio) Erynnis (see also Thanaos), 189 Euchloe, 179 Eudamus (see also Epargyreus, Thorybes, Achalarus, and ■ Rhabdoides), 185 Engonia (see Aglais) Eunica, 164 Euphoeades (see Papilio) Enphydryas (see Melitaea) Euphyes (see Atrytone and Polites) Euptoieta, 156 Euptychia, 167 Eurema, 182 Enrymus (see Colias) Euvanessa (see Vanessa) E veres (see Lycaena) Feniseca, 174 Glaucopsyche (see Lycaena) Goniurus (see Eudamus) Grapta (see Vanessa, Polygonia, and Aglais) Habrodais (see Thecla) Heliconius, 156 Heliopetes (see Hesperia) Heodes (see Chrysophanus) Hemiargus (see Lycaena) Heraclides (see Papilio) Hesperia (see also Erynnis), 186 Heterochroa, 166 Historis, 166 Hylephila, 189 Hypatus (see Libythea) Incisalia (see Thecla) Iphiclides (see Papilio) Jasoniades (see Papilio) Junonia, 164 Laertias (see Papilio) Lemonias (see Melitaea and Apo- demia) Lephelisca (see Calephelis) Leptotes (see Lycaena) Lerema, 191 Lerodea (see also Oligoria), 191 Libythea, 169 Limenitis (see Basilarchia) Limochores (see Polites) Lycaena (see also Chrysophanus and Thecla), 175 Lycaenopsis (see Lycaena) Marpesia (see Athena) Mastor (see Amblyscirtes) Megathymus, 191 Melitaea, 159 Mitoura (see Thecla) Nathalis, 179 Neominois, 167 Neonympha (see Euptychia) Neophasia, 178 Nisoniades (see Thanaos) Nomiades (see Lycaena) Nymphalis (see Aglais) Oarisma, 188 Ochlodes (see Augiades) Oeneis, 168 Oligoria, 191 Pamphila (see also Erynnis and Prenes), 188 Pamphilidia (see Pamphila) ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII, No. 4 Papilio (see also Basilarchia) , 182 Parnassius, 182 Phaedrotes (see Lycaena) Philotes (see Lycaena) Phocides, 185 Phoebis (see Callidryas) Pliolisora, 186 Phyciodes, 160 Pieris, 178 Plebejus (see Lycaena) Poanes, 191 Polites, 189 Polygonia, 162 Polygonus, 185 Polystigma, 170 Pontia (see Pieris) Prenes, 191 Pseudocopaeodes, 189 Pyrameis (see Vanessa) Rhabdoides, 186 Rusticus (see Lycaena) Satyrium (see Tliecla) Satyrodes, 166 Satyrus (see Cercyonis and Neo- minois) Semnopsyche (see Argynnis) Speyeria (see Argynnis) Staphylus (see Pholisora) Strymon (see Thecla) Syncbloe (see Closyne) Terias (see Eurema) Thanaos, 187 Tharsalea (see Chrysopbanns) Thecla, 170 Thorybes, 185 Thymelicns (see Pamphila, Po- lites, and Catia) Timetes (see also Athena), 164 Uranotes (see Thecla) Urbanns (see Hesperia) Vanessa (see also Aglais), 163 Victorina, 166 Xanthidia (see Eurema) Zegris (see Enchloe) Zerene, 180 194 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Index to Vol. XVII (n.s.), 1937 Note : For generic index of Rhopalocera (not included in the fol- lowing), see pp. 192-194; § indicates animals other than insects; Roman letters indicate valid species ; bold face, new forms ; Italics , synonyms. Aeschna multicolor, 127 Agrion, 144 pulchellum, 123 Anax, 144 junius, 127, 141, 143 papuensis, 123, 127 §Arrhenurus, 146 Brachycistis, 6 §Ceriodaphnia, 130 Chyphotes, 6 Corydalis cornuta, 122 Culex, 144 §Daphnia pulex, 130 § magna, 130 Dasymutilla lepelletieri, 19 Epitheca, 144 Hydrophylax aquivolans, 146 Ischnura elegans, 123, 126 verticalis, 121-153 Lestes viridis, 122 Libellula pulchella, 143 Mutilla (see also Timulla), 3, 4, 5, etc. briaxus, 66, 67, 68, 102, 106 canadensis, 66, 67 dubitata, 5 subsp. dubitata, 31-39 dubitata, 67, 77 ferrugata, 15 fulviventris, 78, 79 hexagona, 3, 4, 32, 100, 101 hexagona, 5, 39, 66, 67, 97, 101 nestor, 49, 51 ornativentris, 66, 67 promethea, 15, 18, 19 rufa, 15, 32, 39, 58, 59 sayi, 93, 97 secunda, 66 Photopsis, 6 Plathemis lydia, 143 § Pneumobites parviplexus, 144 §Pneumonoeces medioplexus, 144 §Prosthogonimus, 143 Sympetrum vicinum, 127, 141 Timulla, 1 et seqq. amulae, 29 ardens, 24 armatipennis, 8, 13, 19-20 barbata, 8, 20-21 barbigera, 57 subsp. barbigera, 10, 14, 54- 58, 59, 61, 63 rohweri, 10, 58-59 compressicornis, 9, 59-62, 64 195 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVII (n. s.) contigua, 14, 107-109 cyllene, 91 dubitata, 4, 43, 57s subsp. dubitata, 9, 14, 20 fugitiva, 9, 39^1 dubitatiformis, 14, 67, 102- 107, 109 euphrosyne, 14, 64^65, 105, 109 euterpe, 13, 62-64, 65, 105 ferrugata, 7, 8, 12, 15-19, 20 floridensis, 11, 12, 52-54 grotei, 10, 14, 78-82, 94 hollensis spbsp. hollensis, 12, 101, 102, 106 melanderi, 12, 93, 101-102, 106 hortensis, 6 huntleyensis, 6, 10, 82-84 kansana, 11, 94^96 leona, 8, 13, 21-25, 26, 27 minor subsp. minor, 8 navasota, 7 subsp. navasota, 8, 13, 27- 29 nebulosa, 9, 13, 29-31 neobule, 11, 44—46 nicholi, 13, 47-48 nitela, 11, 43-44, 46 oajaca, 11, 12, 25, 29, 46, 48- 52 ocellaria, 6, 97 subsp. ocellaria, 11, 91-93, 94 rufidorsa, 11, 93, 96, 97 prominens, 24, 25 rufosignata, 12, 106 sayi, 6, 12, 94, 96-97, 100, 106 subhyalina, 6, 12, 97-101, 106 suspensa subsp. jonesi, 10, 90- 91 sonora, 10, 13, 84-90 suspensa, 13, 84 tolerata, 12, 106, 109-111 tyro, 8, 13, 25-27 vagans, 81 subsp. rufinota, 10, 14, 78 vagans, 10, 14, 25, 65-78 wileyae, 13, 41-43, 44 Tiphia lucida, 8 Trogaspidia, 4, 7 New species and other forms in this index, 18. 196 Americana A Journal of Entomology. Volume XVIII (New Series) 1938 PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. DE LA TORRE-BUENO Editor CARL G. SIEPMANN G. P. ENGELHARDT PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA VOL. XVIII (n.s.) CONTENTS Plates I-X. A Review of the Genus Scaphinotus , subgenus Scaphinotus Dejean, Eclwin C. Van Dyke 93-131 The American Patrobini, P. J. Darlington, Jr 135-182 The Genera Lasiopogon Loew and Alexiopogon Curran in North America, E. R. Cole and J. Wilcox 1-91 VOL. XVIII (New Series) JANUARY, 1938 No. 1 AMERICANA A Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor CARL GEO. SIEPMANN GEO. P. ENGELHARDT Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue, August 10, 1938 Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Vol. XVIII January, 1938 No. 1 THE GENERA LASIOPOGON LOEW AND ALEXIOPO- GON CURRAN IN NORTH AMERICA (DIPTERA-ASILIDAE) By F. R. Cole, redlands, calif., and J. Wilcox, DIVISION OF TRUCK CROP AND GARDEN INSECT INVESTIGATIONS, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT QUARANTINE, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The robber flies now included in the genera Lasiopogon Loew and Alexiopogon Curran were all formerly included in the genus Lasi- opogon. In this paper keys and descriptions to all the known North American species are given and 21 species are described as new. Since Back’s monograph of 1909 (I),1 in which descriptions of the 6 species then known were given, 10 species have been described, namely: drabicolum Cole (3); cinereus Cole {4, p. 229); actius, aldrichii, delicatidus, fumipennis, monticola, ripicola, and trivittatus Melander ( 9 ); and littoris Cole (5). Schaeffer (11) described arizonensis in Lasiopogon, but the writers were informed by the late Dr. J. M. Aldrich, of the United States National Museum, where the type is now on deposit, that the specimen has a distinct curved tibial spur and runs to Cophura in the keys. Melander ’s key (9) has been of great help in establishing most of the species described up to 1923. The Palearctic species were treated by Bezzi (2) in 1916, 16 species being listed together with descriptions and keys. Loans of material and assistance have been received from several sources.2 From the limited quantity of material in most collections, 1 Numbers in italics in parentheses refer to Bibliography at end. 2 The writers are especially indebted to Nathan Banks and Rich- 1 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. i one would judge that the species are rare. In the West this is certainly not the case, as the writers and Charles H. Martin have collected several thousand specimens in the past few years, and friends, especially S. E. Crumb, Wm. W. Baker, M. W. Stone, R. E. Dimick, and the late F. S. Carr, have contributed hundreds of additional specimens. The species for the most part are usually taken near water ; thus arenicola (Osten Sacken), actius Melander, bivittatus Loew, dimicki and pacificus, new species, and probably littoris Cole, are taken on the dry sands of the sea beach and in open spots in the woods near the ocean; cinereus Cole, drabicola Cole, ripicola Melander, willa- metti and pugeti, new species, and sometimes aldrichii Melander, are taken resting on sand, rocks, or logs along streams and rivers and in open places in the woods adjacent thereto; monticola Melander, aldrichii Melander, and fumipennis Melander are usually taken at higher elevations in open spots in the forest not necessarily adjacent ard Dow for making comparisons with the Loew types in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, and to the late Dr. J. M. Aldrich for examining the type of Lasiopogon arizonensis Schaeffer in the United States National Museum. For generous loans of material they are greatly indebted to the following: Edward S. Thomas and C. F. Walker, Ohio State Mu- seum; J. McDunnough and G. S. Walley, Canadian National Collec- tion; C. H. Curran, American Museum of Natural History; Vasco M. Tanner, Brigham Young University; Ezra T. Cresson, Jr., Acad- emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; C. S. Brimley, North Carolina Department of Agriculture ; Franklin Sherman, Clemson Agricultural College ; Richard Dow, Boston Society of Natural His- tory; J. C. Bradley, Cornell University; H. B. Hungerford and R. H. Beamer, University of Kansas; the late J. M. Aldrich, United States National Museum ; Maurice T. James and Charles Hicks, Uni- versity of Colorado ; Nathan Banks, Museum of Comparative Zool- ogy; E. P. Van Duzee, California Academy of Sciences; G. Allen Mail and J. H. Pepper, Montana State College ; R. H. Painter, Kansas State College; R. E. Dimick, Oregon State College; the late F. S. Carr, Medicine Hat, Alberta ; C. H. Martin and Randall Latta, Sumner, Wash. ; S. E. Crumb, Wm. W. Baker, and C. W. Getz- endaner, Puyallup, Wash. ; M. C. Lane, Walla Walla, Wash. ; F. H. Shirck, Parma, Idaho ; M. W. Stone and R. Sloop, Alhambra, Calif. ; H. H. Kiefer, Sacramento, Calif. ; S. W. Bromley, Stamford, Conn. ; Hugh B. Leech, Salmon Arm, British Columbia; G. P. Engelhardt, Hartsdale, N. Y. ; F. S. Blanton, Babylon, N. Y. ; A. Earl Pritchard, Oklahoma A. and M. College ; and Owen Bryant, Tucson, Ariz. 2 January, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA to water, resting on rocks, logs, and twigs, frequently on the ground, and occasionally on foliage; delicatulus Melander was taken in an open alpine meadow on bare spots between the low-growing plants, while and shortly after the snow was melting ; chaetosus and albidus, new species, were taken in the dry sagebrush country resting on the ground, albidus in an especially sandy location. Frequently two or three species can be taken in the same habitat at the same time. The immature stages of Lasiopogon and Alexiopogon apparently have not been studied in this country. Lundbeck (8, p. 39) says: “The larvae live in the ground on sandy localities, and the pupae are found in the same places. The larvae hibernate, and the trans- Figure 1. Lasiopogon pugeti, new species. formation to pupa and the development of the imago take place in the following spring.” Additional information on the immature stages of the robber flies will be found in the papers by Melin (10,, p. 115-166) and Seguy (12) . The male hypopygium is especially valuable in the identification of the species. The two parts that are heavily sclerotic and exposed so that they can readily be seen without dissection or preparation are the surstyli and the hypandrium. The surstyli have been defined by Cole (6, p. 404-405) as follows: “The lateral portions of the ninth segment may be prolonged and form accessory clasping organs, which may be known as surstyli. The dististyli and surstyli often have spines or ridges on the surface to aid in holding the females 3 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. i more securely.” Melander (9). refers to the surstyli as the “lower valves,” and Lundbeck calls them the “upper or large forceps.” According to Cole (6, p. 401), “the term hypandrium for the plate or sternite below the genitalia is a useful term proposed by Cramp- ton. ...” Melander ( 9 ) refers to the hypandrium as the “dorsal side” and the posterior margin of the hypandrium as the “dorsal notch” and “dorsal incision.” In Lasiopogon the hypopygium is inverted and the hypandrium, which in most genera is ventral in position, is dorsal in position in this genus and bears a prominent posterior fringe of hairs ; and the surstyli occupy the entire lower sides and ventral surface. The epandrium is absent. Lundbeck (8, p. 36-37) calls attention to this inversion of the hypopygium and says that in an examination of a mature pupa he found the large forceps lying dorsally. In this paper, therefore, the hypandrium (ninth sternite) will be described and figured as it appears on the species, i. e., dorsally ; and the surstyli will be referred to as the parts are found in position on the specimen. Figures have been drawn illustrating the. two general types of hypopygium found. Lasiopogon pacificus, new species (fig. 2) is A B C D Figure 2. Lasiopogon pacificus, new species, male genitalia: A, Ventral view of the surstyli ; B, Dorsal view of the hypandrium and surstyli ; C, Lateral view of the hypandrium and surstyli; D, Apical view of the surstyli. an example of a species that has the hypandrium bulging, not much wider than long, and with the posterior margin deeply emarginate or V shaped; and with the surstyli in lateral view not much longer than wide and ventrally with a basal umbo or swelling. Lasiopogon gabrieli, new species (plate III, fig. 33) is an example of a species that has the hypandrium transverse, much wider than long, and with the posterior margin shallowly and widely emarginate; and with the surstyli in lateral view more than twice as long as wide and ventrally deeply emarginate but without a basal umbo. The female ovipositor also offers some characters of value in the differentiation of the species. This organ has not been studied sufficiently to show the true relationship of the parts; so a figure 4 January, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA (fig. 3) of the ovipositor of Lasiopogon pad ficus, new species, has Figure 3. Lasiopogon pacificus , new species, lateral view of the ovipositor. been prepared showing the parts referred to in the present descrip- tions and keys. Apparently there has been some confusion in the literature with reference to the areas of the mesonotum, so a figure (fig. 4) has been median stripe / Centra/ str/pxe Figure 4. Lasiopogon pugeti, new species, dorsal view of the mesonotum. 5 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. i prepared showing the definitions of the areas and bristles used in this paper. Key to Genera Dorsocentral bristles present, usually well defined but in some species inconspicuous; long marginal scutellar bristles or hairs present; abdomen pollinose, at least narrowly, on the posterior margins of most segments Lasiopogon Loew, p. 6. Dorsocentral bristles absent ; scutellum bare, at most with a few short, fine, apical hairs, abdomen pollinose only on the pos- terior corners of most segments .... Alexiopogo Curran, p. 82. Lasiopogon Loew Lasiopogon Loew, Linn. Ent., v. 2, p. 508, 1847. Daulopogon Loew, Berlin Ent. Ztschr., 18, p. 377, 1874. Lasiopogon Lundbeck, Diptera Danica, v. 2, p. 35-40, 1908. Lasiopogon Back, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., v. 35, p. 296, 1909. Lasiopogon Bezzi, Bot. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. R. Scuola Super. Agr. Portici, v. 11, p. 250-281, 1916. Lasiopogon Melander, Psyche, v. 30, p. 135-145, 1923. Black or brown species of small to medium size, of com- paratively long body structure, and only moderately haired; ground color more or less obscured by grayish or brownish pollen, which on the posterior portions of the abdominal seg- ments is often grayish white. Head of moderate width, ob- viously broader than high; face broad, but clearly narrowed above, on the lower half with a large protuberance which is wholly covered with a long and moderately thick haired mystax. Antennae approximate, first two joints short, about equal or the second shorter than the first, both with stout hair ; third joint elongate oval, of medium length; style distinct, from less than one-half to nearly as long as the third joint and terminated by a fine bristle. Front much broader at the vertex than at the antennae, saddle-shaped. Front, ocellar tubercle, and upper occiput with hair and bristles varying in number and stoutness. Palpi with fine hair. Thorax but little arched, moderately hairy, and with well-developed lateral and dorsocentral bristles ; scutellum with marginal bristles ; pleura usually without pile, but with a well-developed row of hypopleural bristles. Abdomen cylindrical, flattened, moderately bare, with well-developed lateral bristles on the 6 January, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA first segment. Legs rather slender; hind femora not much longer than front ones. The first tarsal segment longer than the following ones but still, properly speaking, not long; the stout bristles of the tibiae and tarsi of medium length, those on the femora very short and situated chiefly on the upper side toward the tip. Front tibia without terminal clawlike spur; pulvilli normal. Wings usually grayish hyaline, with all the submarginal and posterior cells wide open (fourth posterior cell sometimes narrowed or closed) ; anal cell closed at the margin or slightly petiolate. The above is taken from Back’s ( 1 ) description with slight amend- ments. Genotype : Dasypogon pilosellus Loew ; see Coquillett (7, p. 558). Melander ( 9 ), in commenting on Lasiopogon, says: “The species of Lasiopogon and Cyrtopogon have the face strongly gibbose, thus forming a natural group in the Dasypogoninae. At first sight they appear to intergrade, but the two genera are quite distinct in several characters. The species of Lasiopogon are browner in general color, and have the abdomen nearly parallel-sided. They possess a vertical row of setae on the hypopleura, lack the short first segment of the arista, and have the anal cell closed just within the margin. Cyrtopogon presents a more tapering abdomen, usually more pilose, the hypopleura with patch of fine pile, the trichostichal hairs, in place of bristles, the basal joint of the arista usually distinct, and the anal cell usually narrowly open. The male genitalia are different in the two genera ; in Lasiopogon the lateral valves [surstyli] are most prominent, the lower valves being undeveloped, the dorsal side [hypandrmm] is deeply emarginate and furnished with a distinctive fringe; in Cyrtopogon the lower valves [ epan - drium\ are usually large and there is no dorsal fringe of setae.” Back (1, p. 297) says: “After establishing the generic name Lasiopogon, Loew discovered that it was already used as such in botany, and so changed the name to Daulopogon, which was adopted by Osten Sacken in his Catalogue (1878). As there is no rule de- manding such a change, Dr. Williston was justified in restoring the older name in his Manual of N. Am. Diptera (1896).” Key to the Species of Lasiopogon* 1. Scutellar bristles white ; at least some bristles of legs and * Includes all species but is especially applicable to the males ; see the supplementary key to the females, page 13. 7 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. i thorax white ; mystax and hypoplenral bristles always white 2 Scutellar bristles black ; bristles of legs and thorax black ; mystax and hypopleural bristles variable 7 2. Thorax quadrivittate, the central and dorsocentral stripes mak- ing four vittae (Intermountain species) 3 Thorax bivittate on the dorsocentral rows or evittate (Pacific Coast species) 4 3. Three anterior dorsocentral bristles present; apex of surstyli triangular in side view ; bristles except on tarsi all white ; length 9-11 mm. (Nebraska, Alberta, Montana, North Dakota) quadrivittat us Jones No anterior dorsocentral bristles present ; apex of surstyli trun- cate ; only a few of leg and thoracic bristles white, mostly black; length 12 mm. (New Mexico) aridus, n. sp. 4. Arista longer than short third antennal joint; no vitta on meso- notum; length 5.5 mm. (California) (only male known). littoris Cole Arista shorter than third antennal joint; thorax bivittate on dorsocentral rows 5 5. Lateral bristles of thorax and leg bristles mostly black; upper angle of surst3di obtuse, apical margin evenly rounded, con- vex ; arista two-thirds length of third antennal joint; length 7-12 mm. (Washington, Oregon) actius Melander Bristles of thorax and legs all white or whitish 6 6. Apical margin of surstyli slightly emarginate, upper angle rectangular; first two antennal joints together about two- thirds as long as third joint ; length 7-8 mm. (California) . arenicola (Osten Sacken) Apical margin of surstyli convex, evenly rounded, with a small triangular projection above apical angle ; first two antennal joints together subequal in length to third joint; length 8- 10 mm. (Washington) albidus, n. sp. 7. Myst ax mostly white 8 Mystax mostly black 13 8. With at least eight strong anterior dorsocentral bristles; hairs below on the first antennal joint, and sometimes on the second, white ; most of frontal hairs white ; hypopygium yellowish red with yellowish hairs except for posterior fringe, which is mostly black ; tibiae and tarsi yellowish red, sometimes tibiae darker; length 10-12 mm. (Washington). chaetosus, n. sp. 8 January, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA With not more than 3-4 anterior dorsocentral bristles 9 9. Large species, 12 mm. or more in length 10 Smaller species, 9 mm. or less in length 11 10. Without anterior dorsocentral bristles; hypoplenral and lateral bristles on first abdominal segment white; length 12 mm. (New Mexico) aridus, n. sp. With three anterior dorsocentral bristles; hypopleural and lateral bristles on first abdominal segment black ; length 12 mm. (Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Alberta). ripicola Melander 11. Thorax evittate; third antennal joint broad, little more than twice as long as wide ; basal half of abdominal segments shining black, apically grayish pollinose ; mystax of males white, of females black on upper half ; length 6 mm. (Wash- ington) delicatulus Melander Thorax definitely vittate, especially on dorsocentral rows 12 12. Thorax trivittate, median stripe undivided ; abdominal segments with narrow white pruinose fasciae along hind margins; hypopleural bristles black; nearly bare species; length 7 mm. (Montana) (only female known) ...trivittatus Melander Thorax quadrivittate, median stripe plainly divided ; sides and posterior half of abdominal segments grayish pollinose ; hypopleural bristles usually white; pilose species; length 8-9 mm. (Oklahoma) oklahomensis, n. sp. 13. Knob of halteres with dorsum distinctly blackish 14 Knob of halteres white or yellowish, sometimes brownish 16 14. Basal three-fourths of third antennal joint yellowish red ; hairs of surstyli entirely yellow; dorsocentral bristles well de- veloped ; length 8 mm. (New Hampshire, North Carolina, Connecticut, Georgia, Maine, Massachusetts). currani, n. sp. Third antennal joint black ; most of hairs of surstyli black ; dorsocentral bristles short, poorly defined 15 15. Fringe on hypandrium black ; legs black, at most middle and hind tibiae dark reddish ; length 7-9 mm. (Washington, Oregon, British Columbia, California, Idaho, Colorado). fumipennis Melander Fringe on hypandrium mostly golden yellow ; all tibiae more or less reddish; length 7-9 mm. (Washington, British Colum- bia) fumipennis olympia, 11. subsp. 16. Eight or more strong anterior dorsocentral bristles ; humeri with short bristles ; tibiae and tarsi more or less reddish ; length 10-12 mm. (Washington) chaetosus, n. sp. 9 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. i Usually only 3-4 weak anterior dorsocentral bristles; humeri wit li out bristles 17 17. At least basal one-half and usually basal two-thirds of tibiae reddish ; male genitalia entirely reddish 18 Legs black ; at least surstyli of male genitalia black 19 18. Posterior fringe of hypandrium black; only basal one-half to two-thirds of tibiae reddish ; style two-thirds length of third antennal joint ; surstyli without basal umbo ; length 8.5-11 mm. (South Carolina, North Carolina) shermani, n. sp. Posterior fringe of hypandrium, in part at least, golden yellow ; tibiae and tarsi entirely reddish; style less than one-half length of third antennal joint ; surstyli with a well-developed basal umbo; length 8 mm. (California) testaceus, n. sp. 19. Eastern species 20 Western species, including Alaska and Yukon Terriroty 23 20. Style four-fifths length of third antennal joint 21 Style about one-half length of third antennal joint 22 21. In lateral view surstyli about three times as long as wide and sharply bent down apically ; hairs of tibiae and tarsi black ; length 10 mm. (New Hampshire, New Jersey, Virginia). slossonae, n. sp. In lateral view surstyli not more than twice as long as broad and evenly rounded above and below apically; hairs of tibiae and tarsi mostly white ; length 8-10 mm. (North Carolina, South Carolina) carolinensis, n. sp. 22. Thorax quadrivittate ; hypopleural and lateral bristles on first abdominal segment mostly black; upper apical angle of surstyli acute; length 8-10 mm. (Canada, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York). tetragrammus Loew Thorax indistinctly bivittate on dorsocentral rows ; hypopleural and lateral bristles on first abdominal segment mostly white ; apex of surstyli above with a small emargination ; length 8 mm. (Illinois, Ohio, Maryland, North Carolina, Virginia). opaculus Loew 23. Not more than posterior one-fourth of abdominal segments pol- linose, remainder polished black (Alaskan and northern species) 24 At least posterior one-third of abdominal segments pollinose, remainder usually subshining brownish 26 24. Lateral bristles on first abdominal segment black; knob of halteres white ; hypandrium bulging, shining black 25 10 January, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Lateral bristles on first abdominal segment white ; knob of halteres brownish ; hypandrium transverse, more or less reddish ; snrstyli evenly rounded apically, heart-shaped between margins in ventral view ; length 8-10 mm. (Alaska) hinei, n. sp. 25. Upper apical angle of surstyli produced into a cone-shaped tubercle, apical margin concave, ventral angle slightly flanged, rounded apically in ventral view ; apical one-fourth of abdominal segments pollinose ; legs shining black ; length 11 mm. (Yukon Territory, Canada) (only male known). yukonensis, n. sp. Upper angle of surstyli not forming tubercle, apical margin slightly convex and with a complete narrow flange, in ven- tral view broad, nearly square ; apical one-fifth of abdominal segments pollinose ; legs, especially femora, pollinose ; length 9-10 mm. (Alaska) canus, 11. sp. 26. Surstyli with a strong umbo below at base and in side view not more than 1| times as long as wide ; genitalia from dorsal view wider than abdomen 27 Surstyli without basal umbo and in side view at least twice as long as wide ; genitalia from dorsal view not noticeably wider than abdomen 29 27. Hind coxae with a sharp spur on anterior side; surstyli with a prominent broad flange on lower half at apex ; hypandrium less bulging, posterior margin U-shaped; surstyli thinly pollinose; length 10 mm. (Washington, Oregon). pugeti, n. sp. Hind coxae without spur ; surstyli without apical flange 28 28. From side view surstjdi club-shaped, much wider at apex than at base ; mesonotum golden brown pollinose, all stripes prominent; style about one-third length of third antennal joint ; short hairs above and most of longer hairs below on hind femora black ; length 10-11 mm. (Oregon, Washington, British Columbia) pacificus, 11. sp. From side view surstyli not greatly wider at apex than at base ; mesonotum mostly gray pollinose, lateral stripes only vaguely indicated; style one-half length of third antennal joint ; hairs of hind femora mostly white or yellowish ; length 8 mm. (Idaho, Washington, Oregon, Alberta, Colo- rado) aldrichii Melander 29. Surstyli from lateral view about three times as long as broad ... 30 Surstyli from lateral view about twice as long as broad 31 11 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. i 30. Surstyli shining black and with a shallow emargination above at apex; wings uniformly deep brown; style three-fourths length of third antennal joint, third joint only slightly more than twice as long as broad; length 9-11 mm. (Oregon). atripennis, n. sp. Surstyli gray pollinose with but a slight emargination above at apex; wings hyaline; style one-half length of third antennal joint, third joint at least three times as long as broad; length 8-12 mm. (Oregon, Washington, Alberta, Wyoming, Montana, Utah, California) drier eus Cole 31. Style of antennae at least two-thirds length of third joint 32 Style of antennae one-half length of third antennal joint 34 32. Surstyli shining black with a broad semicircular emargination above at apex ; anterior cross vein at or beyond middle of discal cell ; style two-thirds length of slender third antennal joint; length 10-12 mm. (California, Oregon, Washington). bivittatus Loew Surstyli densely pollinose and without broad apical emargina- tion 33 33. Surstyli from ventral view deeply rounded ; style subsequal in length to third antennal joint; at least posterior half of abdominal segments pollinose; length 6-7 mm. (California). gabrieli, n. sp. Surstyli from ventral view not at all rounded ; style two-thirds length of third antennal joint; only about posterior one- fourth of abdominal segments pollinose ; length 8-9 mm. (California) zonatus, n. sp. 34. Surstyli with a prominent tooth on ventral margin before base, upper apical angle rectangular ; anterior cross vein at two- fifths length of discal cell; nearly posterior half of ab- dominal segments pollinose ; length 8-9 mm. (Washington, Idaho, Oregon, British Columbia, Utah). monticolci Melander Surstyli without tooth below near base 35 35. Posterior half of abdominal segments 2 to 5 pollinose, pollen extending forward on dorsum to or nearly to anterior margin and to anterior margin on sides, so that these seg- ments appear marked with two anterior semicircular sub- shining brown spots 36 Only sides and posterior margins of abdominal segments pol- linose 39 36. Large, robust species, 10-12 mm. in length ; antennal hairs mostly black (Northwestern species) 37 12 January, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Smaller species, 7-9 mm. in length ; hairs below on first two antennal joints white; mystax black, white, or mixed (Cali- fornia) drabicola Cole 37. Lower margin of snrstyli in side view nearly semicircular, and in ventral view the two parts but slightly separated, nearly parallel ; hairs below on first antennal joint white ; length 10-11 mm. (Washington) martinensis, n. sp. Lower margin of surstyli in side view only slightly curved, and in ventral view the margins rounded on about apical half ; antennal hairs black 38 38. Mystax black; longer hairs on abdomen mostly white and not contrasting in color with beard ; normally 5 lateral bristles on the first abdominal segment; length 9-12 mm. (Oregon, Washington) willametti, n. sp. Lower hairs of mystax yellowish or with yellowish tips ; longer hairs on abdomen mostly yellow and strongly contrasting in color with hairs of beard; normally at least 10 lateral bristles on first abdominal segment ; length 10-11 mm. (Oregon) dimicki, n. sp. 39. Hairs on first antennal joint, humeri, and middle anterior part of mesonotum white ; surstyli evenly rounded apically above and below; length 9-11 mm. (California). californicus, n. sp. Hairs mentioned above black ; surstyli emarginate above apically 40 40. Normally 5 lateral bristles on first abdominal segment ; longer hairs of abdomen mostly white; length 10-12 mm. (Wash- ington, British Columbia) willametti puyallupi, 11. sp. Normally 10 lateral bristles on first abdominal segment ; longer hairs of abdomen yellow; length 10-11 mm. (Oregon). dimicki, n. sp. Supplementary Key to the Females* 1. Scutellar bristles white ; at least part of bristles of legs and thorax white; mystax and hypopleural bristles always white 2 Scutellar bristles black; bristles of legs and thorax entirely black ; mystax and hypopleural bristles variable 6 2. Thorax quadrivittate, the 2 dorsocentral stripes and the divided * Does not include lift oris Cole or yukonensis, new species, which are known only from a single male specimen each. 13 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. i central stripe making the 4 vittae (Intermountain spe- cies) 3 Thorax bivittate on dorsocentral rows (Pacific Coast species) ... 4 3. Bristles of thorax, legs, and scutellum all white except for a few of the tarsal bristles; anterior dorsocentral bristles well developed ; second joint of antennae longer than first ; wings hyaline ; white hairs on sides of abdomen long and abun- dant; length 9-11 mm. (Nebraska, Alberta, North Dakota, Montana) quadrivittata Jones Usually only a few of the thoracic and leg bristles white ; anterior dorsocentral bristles absent ; first and second antennal joints subequal in length; wings tinged with red; white hairs on sides of abdomen very short and inconspicuous ; length 12 mm. (New Mexico) aridus, n. sp. 4. Most of leg bristles and those on lateral margins of thorax black ; some of hairs below on second antennal joint black ; style of antennae about one-half length of third joint; length 7-12 mm. (Washington, Oregon) actius Melander Bristles of legs and thorax entirely white ; hairs of body entirely white 5 5. Hairs on sides of abdominal segments 2 to 3 about as long as lateral bristles on first segment ; face and front gray pol- linose ; ninth sternite black, at most with a small brownish spot at base; third antennal joint one and one-half times length of first two joints together; tarsi entirely black; length 7-9 mm. (California) arenicola (Osten Sacken) Hairs on sides of abdominal segments 2 to 3 less than half as long as lateral bristles on first segment; face and front with a golden tinge; ninth sternite mostly amber colored; third antennal joint but slightly longer than first two joints to- gether ; tarsal joints narrowly yellowish basally and api- cally; length 8-10 mm. (Washington) albidus, n. sp. 6. Posterior half of abdominal segments 2 to 5 pollinose, pollen extending triangularly forward on dorsum to or nearly to anterior margins and to anterior margins on sides, so that these segments appear marked with two anterior semicir- cular subshiuing brown, spots 7 Usually only narrow posterior margins pollinose, at least pollen not extending forward on dorsum 13 7. Large robust species, 10-12 mm. in length 8 Smaller species, 7-9 mm. in length 12 8. Eight or more strong anterior dorsocentral bristles ; humeri with 14 January, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. short bristles ; hairs below on first antennal joint and some- times on second white; length 10-12 mm. (Washington). chaetosus, n. sp. Only 3-4 anterior dorsocentral bristles; humeri without bris- tles 9 Mystax largely white; length 12 mm. (Washington, Oregon, Alberta, Idaho) ripicola Melander Mystax largely black 10 Hairs on first antennal joint, humeri, and anterior discal portion of mesonotum white ; some of hairs on last two ventral seg- ments of abdomen black; length 9-11 mm. (California). californicus, n. sp. Antennal, humeral, and thoracic hairs all black ; hairs on venter of abdomen white 11 Normally 7 or less black lateral bristles on first abdominal seg- ment; long hairs on abdominal segments 1 to 3 white and not contrasting in color with beard; color yellowish gray pollinose; length 10-12 mm. (Oregon, Washington, British Columbia) willametti, n. sp. Normally 10 or more black lateral bristles on first abdominal segment ; long hairs on sides of abdominal segments 1-3 yel- low, contrasting in color with beard ; color brown subshin- ing; length 10-11 mm. (Oregon) dimicki, n. sp. Hairs below on first two antennal joints white ; hypopleural and lateral bristles on first abdominal segment mostly black; length 7-9 mm. (California) drabicola Cole All antennal hairs black ; hypopleural and lateral bristles on first abdominal segment mostly white; length 8 mm. (Illinois, Ohio, Maryland, North Carolina) opaculus Loew Mystax largely white 14 Mystax largely black 17 Large species ; thorax quadrivittate ; anterior dorsocentral bris- tles absent; length 12 mm. (New Mexico) aridus, n. sp. Smaller species, 9 mm. or less in length 15 Thorax evittate; legs only thinly pollinose; at least basal half of abdominal segments shining dark brown ; upper hairs of mystax black; length 6 mm. (Washington). delicatulus Melander Thorax plainly vittate 16 Thorax trivittate with brown ; legs densely coated with gray pollen ; abdominal segments 2 to 7 fulvous over greater por- tion ; length 7 mm. (Montana) (only female known). trivittatus Melander 15 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. i Thorax quadrivittate ; legs only thinly pollinose ; at most basal half of abdominal segments subshining brown; length 8-9 mm. (Oklahoma) oklahomensis, n. sp. 17. Eastern species 18 Western species, including Alaska 22 18. Eighth sternite entirely or entire ventral portion of ovipositor reddish ; tibiae and tarsi usually more or less reddish 19 Ovipositor black, at most somewhat brownish basally on eighth sternite ; legs black 20 19. Knob of halteres with dorsum distinctly black ; style of antennae not more than one-half length of third joint, basal two- thirds of third joint yellowish red; entire ventral part of ovipositor reddish ; length 7-9 mm. (New Hampshire, North Carolina, Georgia, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Maine). currani, n. sp. Knob of halteres yellowish red; style of antennae two- thirds length of third joint, only basal one-fifth of third joint red- dish; only eighth sternite of ovipositor reddish; length 11 mm. (North Carolina, South Carolina) shermani, n. sp. 20. Ilypopleural and lateral bristles on first abdominal segment usually entirely white ; style of antennae four-fifths length of third joint; hairs on ovipositor and seventh sternite black 21 Hypopleural and lateral bristles on first abdominal segment usually entirely black; style of antennae about one-half length of third joint; hairs on ovipositor and seventh ster- nite white; length 10-11 mm. (Canada, New York, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Massachusetts). tetragrammus Loew 21. Thorax broadly bivittate on dorsocentral rows ; hairs on tibiae and tarsi mostly white; ovipositor in lateral view of even width; length 8-10 mm. (North Carolina, South Carolina). carolinensis, n. sp. Thorax indistinctly bivittate on dorsocentral rows; hairs on tibiae and tarsi mostly black; ovipositor in lateral view extremely wide basally and narrowed apically; length 10 mm. (New Hampshire, New Jersey, Virgina). slossonae, n. sp. 22. Alaskan species 23 Other western species 24 23. Knob of halteres white; lateral bristles on first abdominal seg- ment black ; abdomen shining black, posterior margins 16 January, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA densely gray pollinose ; ventral portion of ovipositor more or less reddish ; dorsum with long yellow hairs ; length 10 mm. (Alaska) canus, n. sp. Knob of halteres brown ; lateral bristles on first abdominal seg- ment white ; abdomen shining dark brown, its very narrow posterior margin yellow and posterior half of segments obscured by a thin layer of gray pollen ; only ninth sternite reddish ; dorsum of ovipositor almost devoid of hair ; length 10 mm. (Alaska) hinei, n. sp. 24. At least ninth sternite reddish or amber colored 25 Ovipositor entirely black 32 25. Knob of halteres distinctly black on dorsum 26 Knob of halteres white or yellowish 27 26. Basal one-fourth of dorsum of ovipositor reddish ; all tibiae and tarsi more or less reddish; length 8 mm. (Washington, British Columbia) fumipennis olympia, n. subsp. Only ventral part of ovipositor red ; legs usually entirely black ; length 8 mm. (Washington, Oregon, British Columbia, Cali- fornia) fumipennis Melander 27. Thorax evittate, only indistinctly brown vittate on dorsocentral rows ; third antennal joint short and broad ; lower hairs of mystax white; : length 6 mm. (Washington). delicatulus Melander Thorax distinctly vittate, at least on dorsocentral rows; larger species, 8-10 mm. in length 28 28. Basal two-thirds of dorsum of ovipositor red ; venter entirely red- dish ; wings evenly tinged with red ; tibiae and tarsi entirely reddish; style of antennae short, one-third length of third joint; length 8 mm. (California) testaceus, n. sp. Dorsum of ovipositor dark brown or black and only ninth ster- nite reddish or amber colored ; legs black 29 29. Hairs on lateral margins of last three abdominal segments white ; ninth sternite amber colored; style of antennae two-thirds length of third joint; length 9 mm. (California). zonatus, n. sp. Hairs on lateral margins of last three abdominal segments black ; ninth sternite reddish ; style of antennae not more than one- half length of third joint 30 30. Hind coxae with a sharp spur on anterior side; ninth sternite shorter than eighth in ventral view; length 10 mm. (Wash- ington, Oregon) pugeti, 11. sp. No spur anteriorly on hind coxae; ninth sternite longer than eighth in ventral view 31 17 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. i 31. Median line of thorax narrow and of even width ; dorsocentral stripes narrow, usually light brown ; most of hairs on hind femora white; hairs on the seventh sternite short and yel- lowish, usually with a few black hairs ; usually only six hairs posteriorly on mesopleura, and six scutellar and five hypo- pleural bristles; length 8 mm. (Washington, Idaho, British Columbia, Oregon) aldrichii Melander Median line of thorax broad, somewhat narrowed anteriorly; dorsocentral stripes broad and usually dark shining brown ; most of hairs on hind femora black ; hairs on seventh ster- nite long and golden ; usually 12 hairs posteriorly on meso- pleura, and 8 to 10 scutellar and 7 hypopleural bristles; length 10 mm. (Oregon, Washington, British Columbia). pacificus, n. sp. 32. Cinereous species ; face, thorax, and legs densely so 33 Golden to brown pollinose species 34 33. Knob of halteres brown; thorax uniformly cinereous pollinose except light-brown dorsocentral stripes ; front cinereous ; style of antennae about one-half length of third joint; length 8-12 mm. (Oregon, Washington, Alberta, Wyoming, Montana, Utah) cinereus Cole Knob of halteres white ; central stripe of thorax black, obscured by a thin coating of gray pollen and bisected by a broad gray line ; front with some golden pollen ; style of antennae sub- equal in length to third joint; length 6-7 mm. (California). gabrieli, n. sp. 34. Style three-fourths length of third antennal joint 35 Style about one-half length of third antennal joint 36 35. Wings deep brown all over; only narrow posterior margins of abdominal segments pollinose; anterior cross vein well be- fore middle of discal cell; length 9-11 mm. (Oregon). atripennis, n. sp. Wings clear hyaline ; posterior margins of abdominal segments broadly pollinose ; anterior cross vein at or beyond middle of discal cell ; length 10-12 mm. (California, Oregon, Wash- ington) bivittatus Loew 36. Long white lateral hairs of abdomen continuing on to fourth abdominal segment, hairs on venter all white ; numerous long, slender, black bristles on scutellar margin; length 9-12 mm. (Washington, British Columbia). willametti puyallupi, n. sp. Long white lateral hairs of abdomen extending only on to base 18 January, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA of third segment, hairs on venter of segments 4 to 7 mostly short black; usually not more than 8 to 10 black marginal bristles on scutellum ; length 9 mm. (Washington, Oregon, Idaho, British Columbia, Utah) monticola Melander In the list of localities following each species, the museums or collections in which the specimens are located are abbreviated as shown below. Where no abbreviation is given, the specimens are in the writers’ collections. A.E.P. — A. Earl Pritchard. A.M.N.H. — American Museum of Natural History. A. N.S.P. — Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. B. S.N.H. — Boston Society of Natural History. B. Y.U. — Brigham Young University. C. A.C. — Clemson Agricultural College. C.A.S. — California Academy of Sicences. C.H.M.— Charles H. Martin*. C.N.C. — Canadian National Collection. C.U. — Cornell University. F.S.B. — F. S. Blanton. M.C.Z. — Museum of Comparative Zoology. M. T.J. — M. T. James. N. C.D.A. — North Carolina Department of Agriculture. O. S.C. — Oregon State College. O.S.M. — Ohio State Museum. R.H.P. — R. H. Painter. R. L.I — Randall Latta. S. W.B. — S. W. Bromley. U. K. — University of Kansas. U.S.N.M. — United States National Museum. Lasiopogon actius Melander (Plate I, Figure 4) Lasiopogon actius Melander, Psyche, v. 30, p. 138-139, 1923. Lasiopogon actius Cole, Pan-Pacific Ent., v. 1, p. 7, 1924. “Male. — Length 7-9 mm. Front and upper occiput dusted with brownish, face with white, hairs of upper part of head and of antennae with yellowish tinge ; style three-fifths as long as third antennal joint. Notum rather closely pollinose, changing in color according to incidence of light, dorsocentral vittae dis- tinct, dark brown, curved, the broad undivided middle stripe yellowish brown, sides fulvous brown, connecting with the dorso- 19 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. i central vittae behind the gray humeri; scutellum, postalar cal- losities and a vitta extending forward from each callosity cinereous ; hairs and bristles of mesonotal disk and of scutellar margin yellowish, lateral bristles stout and black ; pleura cinereous, the mesopleura brownish, hairs of meso-, sterno- and liypopleura pale. Abdomen quite dull, first segment gray, 2-7 segments marked with paired basal semicircular brown spots and apical gray band, vestiture abundant and whitish ; hypopy- gium slightly wider than abdomen, dorsal piece centrally pol- ished, not emarginate, fringe fulvous becoming almost golden laterally, valves lightly dusted and with abundant yellowish hair, curved, over twice as long as wide and parallel-sided as seen obliquely from above, their apex rounded and furnished with short blackish hairs, base below strongly widening and then narrowed at attachment; venter cinereous, the coating thinner posteriorly. Legs gray dusted, hairs and femoral bristles whitish, bristles of tibiae black and whitish mixed, of tarsi black, claws reddish, tipped with black. Halteres with pale yellow knob, wings hyaline veins blackish, crossvein a little before middle of discal cell. “ Female . — Third antennal joint even shorter, the style two- thirds or three-fourths the length of the third joint; ovipositor shining black, the terminal rosette consisting of long black hooks. “Types. — Sixteen specimens, collected on the dry sands of the seabeach near Seaview and Nahcotta, Washington, May to July. (Melander.) The species is closely related to L. arenicola, but that specie^ has a less patterned thorax, subshining scutellum and abdo- men, wholly pale bristles, yellow rosette on ovipositor and a different construction of the hypopygium. The lateral valves of arenicola are squared off at the end or even emarginate, the dorsal fringe is golden, and the dorsal piece is polished. ’ ’ The above is a copy of Melander ’s description and remarks. Cole records the species from Rockaway, Oreg., Aug. 19, 1919. (M. M. Reeher.) Specimens are on hand from the following localities : Oregon: Canon Beach, VI-9 ’27 (E. C. Van Dyke), C.A.S.; De Lake, IX-2 ’32 (Wm. W. Baker) ; Rockaway, VIII-19 ’19 (M. M. Reeher) ; Seaside, V-29 ’33 (Wm. W. Baker) ; Waldport, VI-5 ’25 (H. A. Scullen), O.S.M. ; Waldport, VI-6 ’25 (E. P. Van Duzee), C.A.S. ; Waldport, VII-6 ’25 (J. E. Davis). Washington: Nahcotta, V-27 ’17 (A. L. Melander), U.K. ; West- 20 January, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA port, V-5 to IX-8 ’32 to ’35 (Wm. W. Baker, G. P. Engelhardt, S. E. Crumb, C. W. Getzendaner, C. H. and D. Martin, Itol J. and J. Wilcox) . Lasiopogon albidus, n. sp. (Plate I, Figure 6) Male: Length 9 mm. Head black; palpi, proboscis, and lower cheeks shining; face, front, and upper occiput densely golden-gray pollinose; lower occiput densely gray pollinose. Mystax and hairs and bristles on front, ocellar tubercle, upper occiput, and antennae yellowish white; beard and sparse hairs of palpi and proboscis white. Antennae dull black, thinly golden pollinose; first and second joints subequal in length, third If times length of first two joints together ; style one-half length of third joint. Thorax brown in ground color; scutellum, humeri, lateral stripes, dorsocentral stripes, and area immediately behind humeri connecting lateral and dorsocentral stripes, golden pollinose; central stripe and intermediate area gray pollinose; central stripe indistinctly bisected, and dorsocentral stripes at most angles plainly brown. Hairs and bristles all yellowish white ; 4 or 5 anterior and 3 or 4 posterior dorsocentral, 1 post- humeral, 3 presutural, 4 supra-alar, 3 postalar, and about 12 marginal scutellar bristles. Pleura golden gray pollinose, be- coming more gray on lower pleura and coxae ; hairs and bristles yellowish white, about 7 hypopleurals. Abdomen gray pollinose, anterior angles golden-brown pollinose, giving a rather faint appearance of two anterior semicircular spots on each segment. Hairs whitish, about 8 yellowish-white bristles on each side of first segment. Hypan- drium transverse, brown, shining, very thinly golden pollinose ; hairs white, posterior fringe yellowish white. Surstyli brown, thinly covered with golden pollen ; hairs yellowish white ; from side view about twice as long as wide ; lower and upper apical angles evenly rounded but with a small triangular projection above before apex; ventrally but slightly curved from base to apex. Legs black except a trace of yellowish red at base of tibiae and all tarsal joints at base and apex; densely covered with gray pollen ; hairs white ; bristles yellowish white ; claws black at tip, reddish basally; empodium black; pulvilli whitish with streaks of brown. 21 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. i Halteres yellowish white, basal portion of stem brown. Wings faintly tinged with brown ; veins dark brown, first vein and basal portion of second light brown; anterior crossvein at one-third distance from base to apex of discal cell; fourth posterior cell slightly narrowed. Female: Length 10 mm. Similar to male. Dorsum of ovi- positor and eighth sternite shining black, ninth sternite mostly light brown or amber colored ; hairs white ; apical spines amber colored. Third antennal joint but slightly longer than first two joints together; style nearly as long as third joint. Holotype: Male, 8 miles east of Kiona, Wash., IV-23 ’33 (J. Wilcox) ; deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. Allotype: Female, same data (Itol Josephine Wilcox) ; deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. Paratypes: About 80 specimens, both sexes, same data and collectors. This wholly white or yellowish-white-haired and bristled species was taken in a sandy part of the sagebrush country. In habitat it is more closely related to quadrivittatus, but structurally it is closer to arenicola. The form of the surstyli of the male and the amber- colored ninth sternite of the female ovipositor, as well as the reddish bases and apices of the tarsal joints, distinguish it from the closely related species. Lasiopogon aldrichii Melander (Plate II, Figure 23) Lasiopogon aldrichii Melander, Psyche, v. 30, p. 139-140, 1923. Lasiopogon aldrichii Cole, Pan-Pacific Ent., v. 1, p. 7, 1924. “Male. — Length 8 mm. Entirely black, the halteres yellow, calypteres yellowish, front brownish-gray pollinose, the pollen of face slightly more yellowish, mystax black, hairs of face and lower occiput cinereous pollinose with long silky white pile; style thick, one-half as long as third joint of antenna. The usual pair of anteriorly diverging stripes of mesonotum distinct and blackish, the immediate brownish stripe medially bisected by a distinct blackish line, lateral stripes vaguely represented by darkenings above root of wings ; bristles and sparse hairs black; scutellum dusted at base, its hairs and bristles black; pleura dull gray pollinose ; the hypopleural fringe consisting of a single row of long black bristles. Major portion of abdomen 22 January, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA polished black, the hind margins of the individual segments grayish-pollinose, lateral hairs whitish, becoming black on pos- terior segments; genitalia large, forming a club-like globular termination to the abdomen, hairs rather short and black, the lateral valves strongly convex, nearly quadrate, the apical edge crenulate-truncate, lower basal angle not toothed but with an umbo, dorsal incision deep and U-shaped, the marginal fringes black, the hairs obliquely crossed ; venter uniformly dark grayish-pollinose, subshining, the short sparse hairs pale. Legs entirely black, the coxae pollinose and concolorous with pleura, remainder of legs shining, very lightly dusted, the hairs and bristles black except the fine pile at base of femora beneath, pulvilli fuscous. Wings lightly infumated, veins black, ante- rior crossvein slightly before middle of discal cell. “ Female . — Pile of lower occiput more sordid white; lateral whitish hairs of abdomen shorter and confined to basal segment, ovipositor highly polished, short-conical, the ventral keel brown. “Types. — Male and female, Moscow Mountains, Idaho, June 29, 1918 (Melander). Sixty paratypes from same locality (Melander) and from the Blue Mountains of southwestern Washington (Piper and Melander) and Nahcotta, Washington (Melander). The two specimens from Nahcotta, male and female, are indistinguishable from the others, notwithstanding their totally different provenience. These specimens have been taken on almost every visit to Moscow Mountain. They occur along the trails and frequent rocks on the summit. It is a pleasure to dedicate this species in honor of Dr. J. M. Aldrich, and in memory of the many trips we have made to- gether to this interesting collecting ground. The species is evidently very closely related to L. bivittatus Lw. but is constant in showing the bisected median stripe of the thorax. ’ ’ The above is a copy of Melander ’s description and remarks for this species. Cole records taking 18 specimens of this species on Moscow Mount, Idaho, June 23, 1919, in company with Dr. Aldrich and Dr. Melander. Many specimens are on hand from the following localities : Alberta: Banff, VII-5 ’22 (C. B. D. Garrett), C.N.C. Colorado: Veta Pass, VI-21 (J. M. Aldrich), U.S.N.M. Idaho: Long Valley, Alpha, VI-24 ’34 (C. H. and D. Martin), C.H.M.; Moscow, VI-25 ’95, U.K. ; Moscow Mt., VI-29 ’18 (A. L. Melander), U.K., VI-4 ’10 and VII-1 ’32 ( J. M. Aldrich), U.S.N.M., VI-26 (F. M. Hull), R.H.P., and VI-23 ’19 (Cole). 23 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. i Oregon: Anthony Lake, VII-11 ’31 (R. H. Beamer, J. Notting- ham), U.K. ; Blue Mountains, Tollgate, 5,000 feet, VIII-4 ’29 (M. C. Lane) ; Fish Lake, Steins Mountains, 7,000 feet, VII-11 ’27 (H. A. Scullen) ; Haines, VII-10 ’31 (L. D. Anderson), U.K. ; Mount Hood, 3,000-6,000 feet, VI-22 ’25 (E. C. Van Dyke), C.A.S. ; Mount Hood National Forest, Sherwood Forest Camp, VI-29 ’30, VI-26 ’32, VI-22 ’35 (S. E. Crumb, Wilcox); Strawberry Mountain, Grant County, 8,600 feet, VIII-23 to IX-2 ’32 (D. K. Frewing) ; Sumpter, VI-9 ’34 (C. H. Martin), C.H.M. ; Wallowa Lake, Aneroid Lake Trail, 6,200 feet, VII-22 ’29 (H. A. Scullen). Utah: Beaver Creek, VI-23 ’31 (Joe Schuh), O.S.C. Washington: Blue Mountains, VII-15 ’96 (C. V. Piper), O.S.M.; Signal Peak, VII-16 ’33 (S. E. Crumb, Wilcox), VII-20 ’33 (P. M. Eide) ; White Rock Springs, Stevens Pass, Cascade Mountains, VII-13 ’30 (E. C. Van Dyke), C.A.S. Lasiopogon arenicola (Osten Sacken) (Plate I, Figure 3) Daulopogon arenicola Osten Sacken, West. Dipt., p. 310, 1877. Lasiopogon arenicola Back, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., v. 35, p. 297-298, 1909. Lasiopogon arenicola Melander, Psyche, v. 30, p. 136, 1923. Lasiopogon arenicola Cole, Pan-Pacific Ent., v. 1, p. 8, 1924. “J1 J. — Length 7-8 mm. — Brownish-gray; abdominal seg- ments 2-6 each with a pair of semi-circular spots at the base. “ Brownish-gray, sometimes with a tinge of yellowish; the mystax and the few hairs on the vertex and on the upper part of the occiput yellowish- white ; those on the lower part of the occiput pure white; antennae black. Thorax with two, rather distant, brown stripes, expanded and somewhat diverging an- teriorly ; the hairs and bristles on the dorsum whitish ; scutellum with a quantity of long, erect, whitish hairs on its edge ; a semi- circular impressed line parallel to this edge is very distinct. Abdominal segments 2-6 at the base each with a pair of semi- circular brown spots, gradually diminishing in size on each sub- sequent segment ; a vestige of such spots is also visible on the seventh segment. Hypopygium of the male black, beset with whitish pile and with an appressed tuft of yellow hairs above the forceps. In the female, the eighth segment is black pol- ished. Legs yellowish-gray, with short appressed whitish pile and yellowish- white bristles. Wings with a slight brownish 24 January, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA tinge ; the small cross vein before the middle of the discal cell ; second posterior cell sometimes very narrow, in some specimens even petiolate ; the fourth posterior in some specimens, coarctate toward the end, even closed; these characters are very incon- sistent. “Type. — M.C.Z. Four males and four females; two pairs of which are in coitu. “Habitat. — San Francisco, Cal., on the sands about Lone Moun- tain, April 6, and again June 29. (Osten Sacken). ‘ ‘ This species and opaculus are similar in size and in spots of the abdomen, but arenicola possess more pile and bristles than opaculus, and they are wholly pale, while the bristles of opaculus are chiefly black.” The above is Osten Sacken ’s description as given by Back; the remarks are Back’s. Fairly large series of specimens at hand from the following localities : California : Pacific Grove, Monterey County, IX-20 (F. E. Blais- dell), C.A.S. ; San Francisco, IV-9 to VI-6 (M. C. Van Duzee, E. P. Van Duzee, E. C. Van Dyke, and C. L. Fox), C.A.C. ; San Francisco, IV-10 ’07 (E. C. Van Dyke), V-12 ’15 (M. C. Van Duzee), sand dunes, VI-12 ’23 (Carl D. Duncan), O.S.M. ; San Francisco, sand dunes (Cole) and one male cotype (Osten Sacken) ; San Francisco, III-29 and IV-4 ’20 (A. J. Basinger), C.H.M. ; Santa Cruz, V-2 to 29 (R. Latta), R.L. ; Santa Cruz, XI-3 ’19 (E. P. Van Duzee), C.A.S. Most closely related to actius Mel. and albidus, n. sp. ; see notes under these species. Lasiopogon aridus, n. sp. (Plate I, Figure 1) Male: Length 12 mm. Head black, lower cheeks, upper part of palpi, and middle of proboscis shining black; sides of oral margin, base of palpi and proboscis, and tip of proboscis yellow- ish red. Face densely white pollinose ; front, vertex, and upper occiput densely yellowish brown pollinose; lower occiput gray pollinose. Mystax, hairs of front, and most of hairs of ocellar tubercle, vertex, and occiput yellowish white ; 2 long black hairs on the ocellar tubercle, and from 3 to 5 short, stout, blackish bristles on each side of upper occiput ; beard and sparse hairs of palpi and proboscis white. Antennae black, thinly gray polli- nose; first and second joints somewhat reddish, subequal in length and black-haired ; third joint about twice as long as first two joints together ; style less than one-half length of third joint. 25 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. i Thorax black in ground color, thickly gray, golden, and brown pollinose. Central bisecting stripe, humeri, inner part of intermediate area, and posterior area before scutellum gray pollinose; median stripes and outer half of intermediate area dark brown; dorsocentral stripes light brown; lateral stripes golden pollinose. Very short hairs of humeri white; anterior three-fourths of dorsum with numerous very short recumbent black hairs. Bristles black ; no anterior and 2 posterior dorso- central, 2 presutural, 2 supra-alar, and 1 or 2 postalar bristles. Scutellum densely gray pollinose, with 1 strong black bristle and 2 moderately long black hairs on each side. Pleura and coxae black, densely gray pollinose with a slight yellow tinge on meso- pleura, hairs yellowish white except 2 or 3 short black hairs on posterior margin of mesopleura; 5 long yellowish white hypo- pleural bristles. Abdomen black ; narrow posterior margins reddish ; densely gray pollinose on posterior half and sides of all segments, an- teriorly brown pollinose. Hairs entirely white and, except for a few longer appressed ones on lateral margin of all segments and on sides of first two segments, very short, appressed. Ven- ter uniformly gray pollinose, with short, sparse, white hairs; margins reddish. Hypandrium transverse, shining dark red- dish brown, subshining on sides through the gray pollen ; short hairs black ; posterior fringe black. Surstyli in side view about twice as long as wide, upper apical angle about rectangular, with a shallow emargination on lower half of apex; in ventral view one small rounded emargination; no basal umbo; densely grayish yellow pollinose and mostly black pilose, some yellow hairs on lower half. Legs black; tarsi more or less dark reddish; claws red with black tips; empodium slender, black, nearly as long as claws; pulvilli light brown. Hairs on femora white, on tibiae mostly golden, and on underside of tarsi golden, otherwise black. Most of the bristles black, but some of those on each femur and tibia partly or entirely yellowish white. Base of halter es brown ; stem and knob yellowish red. Wings slightly but evenly infumated with reddish brown ; veins dark brown; anterior crossvein at two-fifths distance from base to apex of discal cell. Female: Length 12 mm. Similar to male. Most of short hairs on front black, and most of stout hairs and bristles on upper occiput black or blackish; hairs on first antennal joint 26 January, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA yellowish white. Thorax densely gray pollinose, central stripes blackish, dorsocentral stripes brown. Bristles and hairs as in male; 2 black scutellars on each side, and 4 yellowish hypo- pleurals. Hairs of abdomen all short, recumbent, yellowish white ; 4 strong lateral yellowish white bristles on first abdominal segment. Ovipositor dark brownish black, with touches of red above at apex, and below a apex and base, of eighth sternite; sparse hairs yellowish ; terminal spines black. Legs with yel- lowish white bristles only on femora, otherwise bristles black. Wings like those of male; fourth posterior cell somewhat nar- rowed. Holotype: Male, Jemez Springs Mountains, N. Mex., VI-17 ; in the Ohio State Museum. Allotype: Female, same data, in the Ohio State Museum. Paratypes: Male and female, same data except that the male is labeled “May. ” The female paratype is the same as the allotype except that some of the tibial bristles are white. The male paratype shows considerable variation from the holotype ; the hairs and bristles on the front, ocellar tubercle, and occiput are entirely yellowish white, and the hairs on the first antennal joint are white. Some of the thoracic bristles are yellowish white or have whitish tips, and the scutellar bristles are entirely yellowish ; the hairs of the hypopygium are all yellowish and the posterior fringe of the hypandrium is yel- low; most of the bristles of the femora and tibiae are yellow, and also some of those on the tarsi. In spite of these variations, the absence of any long hairs on the dorsum of the thorax and the com- plete absence of anterior dorsocentral bristles are constant in the material at hand, and are characters not found in any of the closely related species. Lasiopogon atripennis, n. sp. (Plate III, Figure 27) Male: Length 8 mm. Head black ; palpi, proboscis, and lower cheeks shining ; face thickly covered with gray pollen, obscuring the ground color ; front thinly gray pollinose ; vertex and upper occiput golden pollinose ; lower occiput yellowish-gray pollinose. Mystax and hairs of front, vertex, and occiput, all black ; beard and hairs of palpi and proboscis white, a tuft of 6 or 7 prominent erect hairs on the ocellar tubercle; black hairs long except on the upper occiput ; no definite bristles. Antennae black, thinly gray pollinose ; first joint slightly longer than second, both black- 27 * ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. i haired; the third but very slightly longer than the first two together, and only slightly longer than twice its own width; style three-fourths length of third joint. Thorax shining brown, more or less obscured by golden, brown, and gray pollen. Humeri gray pollinose ; central stripe mixed golden brown and gray and bisected by a narrow yet dis- tinct brown line ; dorsocentral stripes brown ; narrow area just outside of dorsocentral stripes gray, abbreviated before and behind; broad lateral margins golden brown. Numerous short black hairs on humeri and anterior half of dorsum ; bristles black, 3 anterior and 3 posterior dorsocentral, 2 presutural, 2 supra- alar, and 2 postalar. Scutellum densely golden gray pollinose, at most angles the disk appearing gray and the margin golden ; 4 strong black marginal bristles and a few shorter bristle-like hairs. Pleura mixed gray and golden pollinose, the gray more intense anteriorly and ventrally and on coxae ; hairs of pro- thorax, coxae, and sternopleura long, abundant, and white ; 6 or 7 long black hairs and several shorter ones on posterior and dorsal margins of mesopleura ; 7 to 9 long black hypopleurals. Abdomen shining dark brown ; first segment almost entirely, anterior margin of second and narrow hind and lateral margins of second and remaining segments silvery-golden pollinose. Hairs on lateral margins yellowish white, inside of these on each segment some long blackish brown hairs, making a cluster on broader sides of the first three segments ; five long black bristles on sides of first segment. Venter uniformly grayish-golden pollinose and long yellowish-white pilose. Hypandrium trans- verse, polished black with black hairs; fringe black. Surstyli polished black with a very thin layer of golden pollen and covered with numerous long black hairs 1 in side view more than three times as long as wide, above at apex with a long, shallow emar- gination ventrally only gently curved from base to apex; no basal umbo. Legs shining black, covered with a very thin layer of grayish golden pollen ; claws brown with black tips. Long hairs below on femora golden and black mixed, some short golden pile on under- side of tibiae, and some short whitish pile on underside of tarsi, otherwise hairs and bristles black. Halteres with base and lower stem brown, knob and upper stem mostly light reddish brown mixed with white. Wings uniformly dark brown ; veins black ; anterior crossvein at two- fifths distance from base to apex of discal cell. 28 January, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Female: Length 9 mm. Similar to male. Dorsocentral stripes a little more prominent, mesonotal bristles the same ; 8 hypopleurals, 5 scutellar, and 3 or 4 lateral bristles on first abdominal segment. Hairs on sides of abdomen yellowish white only on first three segments ; longer black hairs on these segments the same as in male ; segments 4 to 7 and dorsum of first three covered with short black hairs. Ovipositor shining black ; eighth tergite slightly longer than seventh, covered with short, sparse yellow hairs, the usual spines at apex black, a tuft of yellow hairs at tip below spines, and a tuft of rather black stout hairs below on each side near apex. Wings somewhat lighter than in male, but still definitely brown. Holotype: Male, Smith River, Douglas County, Oreg., IX-14 ’32 (D. K. Frewing) ; deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. Allotype: Female, same data; deposited in the California Acad- emy of Sciences. Paratypes: 26 specimens, both sexes, same data and from Scots- burg, Douglas County, Oreg., IX-19 ’32 (D. K. Frewing). This species at first appeared to be a melanic form of cinereus Cole, but besides the different coloration of the body and wings, structurally the surstyli are slightly more emarginate at the apex above and the third antennal joint is only two-thirds as long as the third joint of cinereus, and broader. Lasiopogon bivittatus Loew (Plate III, Figure 29) Lasiopogon bivittatus Loew, Dipt. Amer. septentrionalis (II), p. 93, 1865-72. Lasiopogon bivittatus Loew, Berlin Ent. Ztschr., v. 18, p. 370, 1874. Daulopogon bivittatus Osten Sacken, West. Dipt., p. 310, 1877. Lasiopogon bivittatus Back, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., v. 35, p. 298-299, 1909. Lasiopogon bivittatus Melander, Psyche, v. 30, p. 138, 1923. ‘ ‘ J. — Length 8 mm. — Translation. Black ; brownish-gray pruinose, the two narrow thoracic stripes black, separated by a broad interval, the median transverse vein of the vein [wing?] projecting beyond the middle of the discal cell. Length of body 4 lin ; of wing 3-7-12 lin. “ Wholly black; mystax, pile of palpi, antennae, front and 29 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. i vertex, black; beard whitish. Thoracic dorsum covered with brownish bloom, black pilose, and marked with two narrow black stripes, separated by a broad interval, diverging anteriorly and subabbreviated; scutellum of the same color, black pilose, with the same depressed line as Osten Sacken mentions in his descrip- tion of arenicola ; pleura more grayish pruinose, with a little white pile ; pile in front of the wings and the trichostical bristles black. Abdomen black, polished ; the first segment almost wholly, the posterior margin and sides of the remaining seg- ments, broadly grayish-white pruinose. Pile of the abdomen rather longer, sordid whitish; the posterior margin of the first segment toward the sides with a few black bristles. Venter grayish pruinose with whitish pile. Hypopygium large, black, polished, with black pile. Legs wholly black, all the bristles and pile of the tibiae and tarsi and of the apical third of the femora black; the pile of the rest of the femora sordid white; femora slightly grayish pruinose. Wings grayish hyaline, veins blackish, the transverse median vein a little further removed from the base of the discal cell than from the apex. 1 1 Type. — M.C.Z. A single female in the Loew collection is proba- bly the type. There are, in addition, four male and three female specimens in Osten Sacken ’s collection, which are probably those which he mentions in Western Diptera. “Habitat. — California (type) ; near San Francisco, March 28 (Osten Sacken) ; Los Angeles County, Cal. (Coquillett) ; Mount Hood, Oregon (June 9). “This species and tetragrammus are similar in the coloration of the abdomen but markedly different in the stripes of the dorsum of the thorax. ’ ’ The above is copied from Back. Specimens on hand from the following localities : California: Carmel, III-26 ’30 (L. S. Slevin), C.A.S. ; San Francisco, Lake Merced, IV-9 ’16 (E. C. Van Dyke), O.S.M. ; San Francisco, III-20 to V-29 (C. L. Fox, E. P. Van Duzee, E. C. Van Dyke, and M. C. Van Duzee), C.A.S. ; San Francisco, III-29 to V-2 (Basinger). Oregon: Newport, VI-8 ’25 (E. P. Van Duzee and E. C. Van Dyke), C.A.S. ; Newport, V-24 ’31, V-22 ’32, V-12 ’35 and VI-5 ’32 (R. E. Dimick, S. E. Crumb and J. Wilcox) ; Waldport, VI-5 ’25 (E. P. Van Duzee), C.A.S. Washington : Westport, V-28 ’33 (C. H. Martin), C.H.M. See note under aldrichii. 30 January, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Lasiopogon californicus, new species (Plate III, Figure 34) Male: Length 9 mm. Head black, lower cheeks, palpi, and proboscis shining; face densely golden gray pollinose; front, vertex, and upper occiput heavily golden-brown pollinose ; lower occiput gray pollinose. Mystax and hairs of front black, ex- cepting a few fine white ones along the orbits, ocellar tubercle, vertex, and upper occiput ; beard and sparse hairs of palpi and proboscis white. Antennae black, golden-brown pollinose ; first and second joints subequal in length, the first white-haired, the second black-haired; third about H times length of first two; style one-half length of third. Thorax and humeri densely golden-brown pollinose except central and dorsocentral stripes and outer two-thirds of inter- mediate area, which are brown, subshining. Fine hairs of humeri and those on anterior part of dorsum in middle white, otherwise black ; bristles black, 3 anterior and 3 posterior dorso- central, 1 posthumeral, 3 presutural, 3 supra-alar, and 3 post- alar. Scutellum densely golden pollinose with some black hairs and about 12 black marginal bristles. Coxae gray, pleura golden excepting mesopleura golden brown pollinose, hairs white except 8 to 10 black ones on posterior margin of meso- pleura, 10 black hypopleural bristles. Abdomen shining brown ; narrow posterior margins yellow- ish ; sides and posterior two-fifths of each segment densely gray pollinose. Hairs on sides and lateral margins on the dorsum shorter, appressed black; 3 strong black bristles on each side of first segment. Venter densely golden brown pollinose and white pilose. Hypandrium transverse, somewhat bulging in side view; dorsum shining dark brown; sides golden brown pollinose; hairs and posterior fringe black. Surstyli golden- brown pollinose, subshining; hairs black; in side view twice as long as wide, evenly rounded at apex above and below, the api- cal fourth wider than at middle ; ventrally gently curved from base to apex ; no basal umbo. Legs brown, golden-brown pollinose, outer fifth of tarsal joints reddish ; claws dark reddish brown with black tips ; em- podium dark brown, about as long as claws; pulvilli brown. Hairs on femora and tibiae white except golden pile on anterior side of fore tibiae ; most of tarsal hairs black ; bristles black. Base and lower stem of halteres brown, upper stem yellow, knob yellowish red. Wings uniformly lightly tinged with 31 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. i brown; veins dark brown; anterior crossvein at one-third dis- tance from base to apex of discal cell; fourth posterior cell slightly narrowed. Female: Length 11 mm. Similar to male. Hairs of front entirely black ; 14 to 16 scutellar bristles ; 8 or 9 hypopleurals. Pollinose bands of abdomen extending forward in middle so that brown area appears as two anterior semicircular spots on each segment; hairs on lateral margins and sides of first four segments white, otherwise black; 4 or 5 black bristles on sides of first segment; venter white pilose, except a few black hairs on posterior margin of sixth and most of those on seventh seg- ment, which are black. Ovipositor dark shining brown ; lower basal part of ninth sternite reddish brown ; hairs white ; apical spines black. Brown of wings a little more intense along veins. Holotype: Male, Stanford University, Calif., V-12 ’21 (F. R. Cole) ; deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. Allotype: Female, same data, V-20 ’21; deposited in the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences. Paratypes : 2 males, 1 female, same data, IV— 30 to V— 5 ’20 and ’21; 1 male, Sunol, Calif., V-15 ’22 (Cole); 4 specimens, Clover- dale, Calif., V-9 ’26 (M. C. Van Dnzee Coll.), C.A.S. ; 1 specimen, Lagunitas, Calif., III-21 ’25 (H. H. Keifer), C.A.S. ; Hopland, Calif., V-9 ’26 (M. C. Van Dnzee Coll.) ; Bradley, Calif., V-23 ’20 (E. P. Van Duzee), C.A.S. Two specimens, Mesa Grande, Sonoma County, V- ’08 (J. P. Baumberger), A.N.S.P., are doubtfully referred here. Kern County (H. K. Morrison), U.S.N.M. ; Palo Alto, ’06 (J. M. Aldrich), U.S.N.M.; and Santa Rosa, V-4 ’25, S.W.B. ; Yosemite, V-13 to V-29 (E. C. Van Dyke) ; Oroville, IV-30 (Keifer) ; Guerneville, V-31 (Van Dyke) ; Sacramento, VI-4 (M. C. Van Duzee) ; Reno, Nevada, VI-27 (E. P. Van Duzee), C.A.S. Lasiopogon canus, n. sp. (Plate III, Figure 25) Male: Length 9 mm. Head black; lower cheeks, palpi, and proboscis shining. Face gray pollinose ; front and upper occiput along orbits golden pollinose ; front very thinly gray pollinose ; vertex and occiput gray pollinose. Mystax entirely black ; front, vertex ocellar tubercle, and upper occiput with long black hairs ; beard and sparse hairs on palpi and proboscis gray. Antennae black, gray pollinose except style, which is dark reddish brown ; first and second joints subequal in length, both with black hairs ; 32 January, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA third joint wider in middle and narrowed at both ends, about one and one-half times length of first two together, and on dorsum at two-thirds distance from base to apex with two short black hairs ; style less than one-half length of third joint. Thorax black, uniformly gray pollinose; median bisecting line and dorsocentral stripes light brown, lateral stripes with a brownish tinge. A number of short and long black hairs on humeri and anterior part of dorsum ; bristles black, 2 anterior and 3 posterior dorsocentral, 1 posthumeral, 2 or 3 presutural, 2 supra-alar, and 3 postalar. Scutellum shining black, thinly gray pollinose ; 8 black marginal bristles and some black hairs on margin and disk. Pleura and coxae densely grayish-golden pollinose, shining black in ground color ; hairs white except some black ones on posterior margin of mesopleura ; 10 long black hypopleural bristles. Abdomen polished black, narrow posterior margins yellow- ish ; posterior half of first segment and about posterior one-fifth of remaining segments gray pollinose, not extending along sides of segments, 4 to 6 black lateral bristles on first abdominal segment. Hairs on lateral margins of all segments and on sides of first and second segments yellowish white ; beginning with third segment, hairs on sides brownish black ; hairs on dorsum of all segments short and black. Venter shining black; all mar- gins more or less yellowish red ; sparse long hairs white. Hypo- pygium shining black, with short, sparse black pilosity, except on apical margin of surstyli, which has short golden-brown hairs. Hypandrium bulging in side view ; posterior margin U-shaped, posterior fringe black. Surstyli in side view about twice as long as wide ; lower margin evenly curved ; a narrow flange around complete apex ; upper margin emarginate ; ventrally with a small basal umbo. Legs shining black except tarsi, which are more or less yel- lowish, anterior ones more so ; femora and tibiae thinly gray pollinose; claws and empodium reddish, claws with black tips; empodium less than one-half length of claws ; pulvilli brownish. Hairs on the femora and on anterior side of fore tibiae yellowish ; otherwise hairs and bristles black. Halteres with base and stem brown, knob yellow. Wings nearly hyaline with a slight reddish tinge; veins dark brown, anterior crossvein at two-fifths distance from base to apex of discal cell ; fourth posterior cell somewhat narrowed. Female: Length 10 mm. Similar to male. Venter of ab- domen with a coating of gray pollen; ovipositor shining black 33 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. i and short yellow pilose ; ninth sternite yellowish red, apical spines black. Wings lightly infnmated and clouded on cross- veins ; fourth posterior cell closed in margin of wings. Holotype: Male, Savonoski, Naknek Lake, Alaska, July 1919 (J. S. Hine) ; in the Ohio State Museum. Allotype: Female, same data; in the Ohio State Museum. Paratypes: 1 female, same data, O.S.M. ; and 1 female, Healy, Alaska, VI-26 ’21 (J. M. Aldrich), 3 females, Fairbanks, Alaska, VII-1 (Aldrich), and 1 female, Camp 334, Alaska Eng. Comm., VI 1-4 (Aldrich) , U.S.N.M. This species and hinei, new species, were received from the Ohio State Museum labeled “ Lasiopogon canus,” apparently a manuscript name of the late Prof. James S. Hine. In general appearance these Alaskan species resemble the European forms rather than the North American species. Lasiopogon carolinensis, n. sp. (Plate II, Figure 18) Male: Length 8 mm. Head shining dark brown; lower cheeks, palpi, and proboscis this color ; face covered with a fairly dense coating of grayish golden pollen ; front, vertex, and upper occiput fairly densely golden-brown pollinose ; lower occiput densely gray pollinose. Mystax black; hairs of front, vertex, ocellar tubercle, and upper occiput abundantly long,, black; beard and sparse hairs of palpi and proboscis white. Antennae dark brown; first joint shining, the remainder grayish-golden pollinose; first two joints black haired; third joint about li times length of first two joints together ; style four-fifths length of third joint. Thorax shining dark brown, uniformly covered with golden- brown pollen. Dorsocentral stripes and intermediate area ap- pearing shining brown in certain lights, dorsocentrals widened anteriorly ; broad central stripe not definitely bisected and dull brown in color with golden next to dorsocentrals ; lateral stripes lighter golden-brown pollinose with a touch of gray below supra- alars, also a grayish spot on dorsocentrals at transverse suture; humeri grayish-golden pollinose. Hairs on humeri yellowish white ; a number of short and long black hairs on anterior part of thorax.; bristles black, 3 anterior and 2 posterior dorsocentral, 1 posthumeral, 3 presutural, 2 supra-alar, and 2 postalar. Scu- tellum densely grayish golden pollinose, with 6 strong black 34 January, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA bristles and some shorter black hairs on posterior margin. Pleura and coxae grayish golden pollinose, the golden more intense above ; hairs all white except about 5 black ones on pos- terior margin of mesopleura ; 6 long white hypopleural bristles. Abdomen shining dark brown, hind margins yellowish, and about the posterior one-sixth of each segment gray pollinose with a slight golden color anteriorly, lateral margins golden pollinose. Hairs on lateral margins of all segments white, longer on first four segments and extending on sides ; hairs on dorsum of first four segments and on dorsum and sides of remaining segments short, appressed, black; 4 yellowish- white bristles on each side of first abdominal segment. Venter uniformly grayish-golden pollinose; hind margins yellowish; hairs white. Hypandrinm transverse, dark brown, dorsum gray pollinose except posterior margin, which is shining, sid^s grayish-golden pollinose, hairs and posterior fringe black. Surstyli shining dark brown, coated with grayish golden pollen, and with dense, long, black hairs ; in side view more than twice as long as wide and evenly rounded apically above and below; ventrally but slightly curved from base to apex ; no basal umbo. Legs shining black, somewhat dulled by a thin coating of yellowish-gray pollen ; claws dark red with black tips ; empodium slender, black, nearly as long as claws ; pulvilli light dull brown. Hairs on femora, on anterior side of fore tibiae, and below on fore and middle tarsi yellowish white, otherwise black; bristles black. Base of halteres brown, stem light reddish brown, knob yel- lowish white with a tinge of reddish brown in some lights. Wings lightly infumated, veins dark brown, anterior crossvein at two-fifths distance from base to apex of discal cell. Female : Length 9 mm. Similar to male. Hypopleural and lateral bristles on first abdominal segment yellowish white, other- wise bristles all black. White hairs of abdomen confined to lateral margins and sides of first three segments ; otherwise short, black ; posterior margins gray pollinose in some lights, otherwise abdominal segments entirely covered with a thin layer of golden- brown pollen; ovipositor entirely shining brown, except apex of eighth sternite and base and ventral margin of ninth sternite, which are yellowish red ; hairs entirely brownish ; apical spines black. Hairs on all legs mostly yellowish white. Fourth pos- terior cell of wing considerably narrowed. Knob and upper stem of halteres reddish. 35 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. i Holotype: Male, Raleigh, N. C., late in April, 1908 (F. Sherman) ; in the Ohio State Museum. Allotype : Female, same data ; in the Ohio State Museum. Paratypes: 1 male, same data, O.S.M. ; 19 specimens, both sexes, type locality, IV-5 to V-17 (C. S. Brimley and M. R. Smith), N.C.D.A. ; 1 male labeled “N. Carolina, C.II.Lot 35, 275, Cornell U., lot 60, Sub. 275, C.U.”; Little River, Salem, S. Carolina, IV-21 ’29 (0. L. Cartwright), C.A.C.; Chesterton, Ind., VI-2 ’16 (J. M. Aldrich), U.S.N.M. A male labeled “Ohio” and a female with no data, A.N.S.P., are doubtfully referred to this species. Lasiopogon chaetosus, n. sp. (Plate I, Figure 9) Male: Length 11 mm. Head black; lower cheeks, palpi, and proboscis shining ; outer half of proboscis reddish brown ; face, front, vertex, and upper occiput densely grayish-golden polli- nose; lower occiput gray pollinose. Mystax white and amber color, upper three-fourths with bases of hairs brownish ; numer- ous fine white hairs on front, 2 or 3 stronger black or brownish hairs near orbits and slightly in front of ocellar tubercle ; about 8 to 10 strong, black, curved bristles on vertex and upper occiput, shorter on sides of upper occiput ; hairs of ocellar tubercle black, at least 2 of which are longer than others ; beard and fine hairs of palpi and proboscis white. First and second antennal joints and inner basal one-fifth of third reddish brown, remainder of third and style black; first and second joints about equal in length, third li times length of first 2 joints together, and style slightly more than one-half length of third ; hairs below on first two joints mostly yellowish white, above black. Thorax black, densely pollinose, the broad dorsocentral stripes golden brown; median bisecting line, humeri, area in back of humeri, narrow inner margin of intermediate area broadening at transverse suture, and lateral stripes grayish- golden pollinose ; central stripes and intermediate area thinly gray pollinose, subshining, appearing blackish. Very short fine hairs of humeri and dorsum white; bristles black, 4 or 5 short humeral, 13 anterior and 4 posterior dorsocentral, 2 posthumeral, 3-4 presutural, 3 supra-alar, and 4-5 postalar. Scutellum densely grayish-golden pollinose with about 8 strong black mar- ginal bristles and some short, fine, white hairs. Pleura and coxae densely grayish- golden pollinose and white pilose, except 36 January, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 1-2 short bristle-like black hairs posteriorly on mesopleura ; 7-8 hypopleural bristles, mostly yellowish, 1-2 on one side brownish and some of the others with brownish bases. Abdomen densely gray pollinose, narrow posterior margins yellowish; segments 2 to 5 with anterior semicircular golden- brown spots. Hairs all white, longer on lateral margins of all segments and on sides of segments 1 to 3 ; 6 or 7 bristles on each side of first segment, 4 on each side brown or black and the others white. Venter uniformly gray pollinose and white pilose. Hypandrium transverse, entirely shining yellowish red; hairs yellowish white; posterior fringe mostly black with some yel- lowish hairs on sides. Surstyli yellowish red except narrow apical margin and apical half of ventral margin, which are black; sides thinly gray pollinose; in lateral view about twice as long as wide; apical margin rounded below, upper angle obtuse ; ventral margin considerably cupped to basal one-third ; no basal umbo ; hairs long, numerous, yellowish white. Femora dark brown, pollinose ; tibiae and tarsi yellowish red, the fore and middle ones darker ; basal two-thirds of claws yel- lowish red, tip black ; empodium about as long as claws, reddish brown ; pulvilli light brown. Hairs all white ; numerous bristles black. Base and lower stem of hal teres brown, upper stem and knob white. Wings hyaline with a very slight reddish-brown tinge ; veins brown ; anterior crossvein at two-fifths distance from base to apex of discal cell ; fourth posterior cell slightly narrowed. Female: Length 12 mm. Similar to male. Face and front densely grayish pollinose with only a slight yellowish tinge on front. First and second antennal joints black and only hairs below on first joint white. Ovipositor black except eighth ster- nite and basal part of ninth sternite, which are reddish brown ; short fine hairs white; spines black. Femora and tibiae some- what darker than in male. Wings tinged with brown, especially along veins ; anterior crossvein at one-third distance from base to apex of discal cell. Holotype: Male, Lind, Wash., IV-26 ’19 (Cole) ; deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. Allotype: Female, Adrian, Wash., IV-29 ’19 (M. M. Reeher) ; deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. Paratypes : More than 100 specimens of both sexes, Moses Coulee, Wash., IV-22 ’33, IV- ’35 (Itol J. and J. Wilcox). As many of the 37 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. i specimens have the mystax entirely black, the species has been in- cluded in the key twice. The extreme development of bristles, espe- cially on the thorax, should at once separate this species from the remainder of the North American species. Lasiopogon cinereus Cole (Plate III, Figure 26) Lasiopogon cinereus Cole, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, v. 9, p. 229, 1919. Lasiopogon cinereus Melander, Psyche, v. 30, p. 137, 1923. “Male: Length 8 mm. Head black, gray pollinose, except a faint yellowish tinge on upper occiput ; mystax, and hairs of frons, antennae and upper occiput black; a few white hairs on side of mouth opening; pile of lower occiput and proboscis white ; antennae black, the third joint slightly longer than first two ; pointed style about as long as first joint. “Thorax black, gray pollinose, with a faint yellowish, nar- row median stripe and a heavy brown stripe on either side, diverging anteriorly and expanded at the end; scutellum with black upcurved hairs ; pile and bristles of thoracic dorsum black ; bristles in front of wings and halteres black; pile of pleura white ; halteres yellowish, the knob brown. “Abdomen black, densely gray-pollinose, except on the genitalia ; a large blackish brown, semi-shining spot on base of each segment, leaving only the lateral and posterior margins gray-pollinose; these spots rounded posteriorly; first four seg- ments with rather long white pile ; the pile of the other segments black and shorter, that on the genitalia black and heavier; a conspicuous tuft of black hair on the dorsum of the genitalia just behind the seventh segment (Fig. 11a). “Legs black, gray-pollinose, with black bristles; coxae and femora with white pile ; wings very faintly infuscated ; anterior cross-vein slightly before the middle of the discal cell. “Female : Very similar to the male. There is a faint brown line above the dorsocentral suture and some black pile on the posterior margin of the second, third and fourth abdominal segments ; eighth segment black with some red on the genitalia ; the circlet of blunt bristles black. Genitalia peculiar in shape (Fig. lib). “Holotype (No. 476), male, collected at Hood River, Ore., Sept. 24, 1918 (F. R. Cole), and allotype (No. 477), female, taken at Hood 38 January, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA River, Oregon, July 28, 1917 (F. R. Cole), in the Museum of the California Academy of Sciences. “Paratypes from Corvallis and Parkdale, Oregon, in the author’s collection. ‘ ‘ This species is very near opaculus but differs in having distinct thoracic stripes and also in the abdominal markings. ’ ’ The above is a copy of Cole’s description of the species. Melander records it also from Washington. Specimens are on hand from the following localities : Alberta: Banff (N. B. Sanson), and Frank, VIII-18 ’26 (F. H. Strickland), C.N.C. California: Tuolumne Meadows, Yosemite Park, VII-4 ’27 (J. M. Aldrich), U.S.N.M. Montana : edge of Musselshell River, Winnecook, VIII-15 ’24 (S. S. Berry) . Oregon: Hood River, IX-24 ’17 (L. Childs) ; Joseph; Lebanon, V-27 ’31 (Wilcox) ; Mehama, VI-19 ’32 (Wilcox) ; Mt. Hood, O.S.M. ; Mt. Hood National Forest, Sherwood Forest Camp, VI-26 ’32 (Wilcox) ; Wallowa Lake, IX-9 ’32 (Itol J. Wilcox). Washington: Blewett, VI-12 ’32 (C. H. Martin and Wilcox) ; Buckley, VI-15 ’32 (Wilcox) ; Cle Elum, VI-12 ’32 and VIII-19, ’35 (Martin, S. E. Crumb, Jr., and Wilcox) ; VII-M ’32 (Wm. W. Baker) ; Gaynor, IX-3 ’33 (Martin), C.H.M. ; Goldendale, VI-23 ’35 (S. E. Crumb and Wilcox) ; Kalama River, VII-21 ’31 (J. Notting- ham), U.K. ; Lake Cushman, Mason County, VIII-6 ’19 (F. M. Gaige), O.S.M. ; Mt. Rainier, Ipsut Creek Camp, VIII-14 ’32 (Baker) ; Mt. Rainier, Old White River Entrance, VIII-14 ’31 and VII-31 ’32 (Martin and Wilcox) ; Mt. Rainier, White River Camp, IX-3 ’32 (Wilcox) ; Naches, VII-10 ’32 (Wilcox) ; Rainier National Forest, Indian Flat Camp, VII-10 ’32 (Martin and Wilcox) ; Rainier National Forest, Lodgepole Camp, VIII-16 ’32 (S. E. Crumb and Baker) ; Satus Creek, VI-23 ’35 (Crumb and Wilcox) ; Virden, VII- 4 and IX-5 ’32 (Martin and Wilcox) ; Virden, IX-4 ’33 (Martin), C.H.M. ; Walla Walla, VIII-18 ’23 (A. L. Melander), U.K. Utah: Uinta Mountains, VI-26 (Truman Swallow); Duchesne Mountain, No. 2037, VII-’26 (Vasco M. Tanner) ; Sheep Creek, Duchesne County, VI-5 ’26 (Clarence Cottan) ; B.Y.U. Wyoming: near Lander, 5,000-8,000 feet, VII (Roy Moodie), O.S.M. ; Thumb Station, Yellowstone National Park (Vasco M. Tanner), B.Y.U. One specimen from Hood River, Oreg., has the mystax almost entirely white. See note under atripennis. 39 ENTOMOLOGXCA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. i Lasiopogon currani, n. sp. (Plate II, Figure 15) Male : Length 7 mm. Head brown ; lower cheeks, palpi, and proboscis shining ; face densely grayish-golden pollinose ; front very thinly golden-brown pollinose ; vertex and occiput gray pollinose. Mystax, hairs of front, vertex, ocellar tubercle, and upper occiput black; beard and hairs of palpi and proboscis white. First and second antennal joints brown, the first shin- ing, 1^ times length of second, hairs of both joints black ; third joint 1J times length of first two joints together, brown apically, basal four-fifths yellowish, a short hair on upper side at two- thirds length from base to apex; style dark brown, about one- half length of third joint. Thorax black, densely gray pollinose, dorsocentral, lateral stripes, and a broad area behind humeri nearly connecting dorso- central and lateral stripes, light brown; humeri gray, brownish at some angles; inner half of intermediate area also showing a brownish tinge at some angles. Short hairs of humeri and most of those on anterior part of notum yellowish white, otherwise black ; bristles black, 3 anterior and 2 posterior dorsocentral, 1 presutural, 1 supra-alar, and 1 long and 1 short postalar. Scu- tellum gray pollinose, with 4 black marginal bristles and some shorter yellowish white hairs. Pleura and coxae gray pollinose with a tinge of golden on mesopleura ; hairs white except 3 or 4 short blackish ones on mesopleura ; 5 black hypopleural bristles on each side plus a shorter black one on one side and a white one on the other. Abdomen black; narrow posterior margins yellowish red, apical half of most segments, greater portion of segments 1, 6, and 7, and sides of all segments gray pollinose ; otherwise light brown pollinose, subshining. Hairs and lateral bristles on first segment yellowish white, longer on sides of first three segments, shorter and appressed otherwise. Venter with reddish margins, densely gray pollinose and with long yellowish white hairs. Hypopygium shining dark reddish brown, sides of hypandrium and basal half of surstyli thinly gray pollinose, hairs entirely yellowish white. Hypandrium somewhat bulging, posterior margin broad V-shaped, posterior fringe deep golden yellow. Surstyli in side view nearly twice as long as wide, ventrally with a small emargination near apex, evenly curved to base, and with a good-sized basal umbo. ( Continued ) 40 VOL. XVIII (New Series) APRIL, 1938 No. 2 A Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor CARL GEO. SIEPMANN GEO. P. ENGELHARDT Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue, August 12, 1938 Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Vol. XVIII April, 1938 No. 2 THE GENERA LASIOPOGON LOEW AND ALEXIOPO- GON CURRAN IN NORTH AMERICA (DIPTERA-ASILIDAE) By F. R. Cole, redlands, calif., and J. Wilcox DIVISION OF TRUCK CROP AND GARDEN INSECT INVESTIGATIONS, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT QUARANTINE, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ( Continued from January Issue) Legs thinly dusted with gray pollen ; femora black ; tibiae and tarsi dark reddish brown, fore ones nearly black; base of claws reddish, tips black ; empodium black ; pulvilli brown. Hairs on femora, on underside of all tibiae, on anterior side of fore tibiae, and on underside of fore and middle tarsi yellowish white; otherwise black; bristles black. Base, stem, and underside of halteres and narrow basal margin of knob from brown to light brown, dorsum of knob distinctly black. Wings lightly infumated with reddish ; veins brown, anterior crossvein at one-third distance from base to apex of discal cell ; fourth posterior cell slightly narrowed. Female: Length 9 mm. Similar to male. One or two hairs of mystax at sides at oral margin white. Golden pollen of front extending on vertex and narrowing on upper occiput. Antennae grayish-golden pollinose ; first two joints brown ; third joint and style as in male. Short hairs on anterior part of thorax black ; only humeri, central stripes, postalar calli, and scutellum gray pollinose ; remainder mostly brown pollinose, central stripe plainly bisected by a narrow brown line. Abdomen as in male, 41 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 2 gray posterior bands not quite so wide, hairs entirely yellowish white, longer on first three segments. Ovipositor shining brown on dorsum, ventrally entirely yellowish red, sparse short hairs yellowish, apical spines black. Legs black, only a slight tinge of brown on tibiae and tarsi. Halteres brown, except black dorsum of knob. Wings as in male. Holotype: Male, Melrose Highlands, Mass., V-22 ’18 in the mu- seum of the Boston Society of Natural History. Allotype: Female, Newton, Mass., VI-7 ’14; in the museum of the Boston Society of Natural History. Paratypes: More than 50 specimens from the following localities : Connecticut: New Haven, VI-11 ’14 (C. W. Johnson and B. H. Walden), B.S.N.H. Georgia: Burton, 1,800 feet, V-21 ’ll (J. C. Bradley), O.S.M. Maine: Monmouth, VI-16 (C. A. Frost), B.S.N.H. Massachusetts: Auburndale, V-22, V-24 ’08 and VI-16 ’08 (C. W. Johnson), B.S.N.H, VI-26 ’04 and VI-29 ’07, R.H.P. ; Chester, V-21 and 28 ’12 (C. W. Johnson), B.S.N.H.; Douglas Woods, V-24 ’30 and V-25 ’32, S.W.B. ; Riverside, V-22 ’04, S.W.B.; Sherborn, VI-11 ’16 (C. A. Frost), C.A.S. North Carolina : Lake Toxaway (Mrs. A. T. Slosson), Ac. 23226, A.M.N.H. ; “N. C.” (Coquillett) , U.S.N.M. New Hampshire: Franconia (Mrs. A. T. Slosson), Ac. 26226, A. M.N.H, B.S.N.H, U.S.N.M. ; Jaffrey, VI-16 ’24 (C. W. Johnson), B. S.N.H. New York: Dix Hills, L. I, V-18-19 ’35, Half Way Hollow Hills, L. I, V-18 ’35 and West Hills, L. I, VI-1 ’35 (Blanton and Borders), F.S.B. Named in honor of C. H. Curran, who had planned to describe this species but on learning of the writers’ projected paper kindly sent the specimens to them for description. Apparently this is the most common of the eastern species and the species that has been going under the name opaculus Loew. The writers have received it from several sources named opaculus, and it would run to opaculus in Melander’s key. Charles Dow and Nathan Banks have examined the Loew types and agree with the present writers’ designation of that species, from which it is quite different, being closely related to the Pacific Coast forms fumipennis Melander and testaceus, new species. This species and fumipennis are the only North American forms that have the dorsum of the knob of the halteres distinctly black ( immaculatum from Europe has 42 April, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA the halteres so marked and is very close to cur rani) . It differs from fumipennis in having well-developed dorsocentral bristles, in the vellowish-red third antennal joint, and in having all the hairs of the male genitalia and the female abdomen yellow (only the first two segments of the female abdomen of fumipennis have yellowish hairs). Lasiopogon delicatulus Melander (Plate I, Figure 10) Lasiopogon delicatulus Melander, Psyche, v. 30, pp. 140- 141, 1923. “Male. — Length 6 mm. Ground color entirely black, hal- teres yellow, the root of wing and the calypteres light brownish. Vertex dusted with dull yellowish-gray, face almost silvery, mystax and rather sparse facial hairs white, upper occiput brownish dusted, lower occiput becoming whitish, the lower hairs short silky and white, hairs and bristles of upper part of head short and black, style scarcely one-half the length of the broad third joint of antenna. Thorax brownish-pollinose, the dorsocentral stripes only vaguely indicated, middle stripe not divided, bristles black, scutellum completely dusted, bare except for the few marginal hairs ; lower pleura becoming grayish-blue, hypopleural fringe consisting of about five black setae. Ab- domen slender, mostly shining, the hind margin of the segments narrowly whitish and with thinner cinereous pollen extending across the posterior two-fifths of each segment and also triangu- larly filling the extreme sides, first segment entirely cinereous pollinose, hairs very sparse, short and whitish ; hypopygium of same diameter as abdomen, the lateral valves curved, two and one-half times as long as the width of the apical half, abruptly broader on basal half so as to form rectangular projection at middle beneath, apex of valves rounded, hairs rather sparse long and black, dorsal notch broad and deep, fringe of each side with black hairs; venter uniformly grayish dusted, its hairs fine, short, sparse and whitish. Legs entirely black, lightly dusted, the coxae cinereous, the hairs of femora and coxae white, of tibiae and tarsi black, bristles strong and black, pulvilli piceous. Wings hyaline, veins black, anterior crossvein a little before middle of discal cell. “Female. — Hairs of face in large part black, the polished ovipositor as long as sixth segment, blunt, ventral keel castaneous. 43 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 2 “Types. — Mount Rainier, Washington. Six specimens from Alta Yista, Crystal Mountain, and Van Trump Park, July and August, 1922 (Melander). “The collection of these specimens was largely made possible through a grant from the Elizabeth Thompson Science Fund for a study of the alpine insect fauna of Mt. Rainier. ’ ’ The above is a copy of Melander ’s description and remarks. A large number of specimens of this unique little species are at hand from the following localities: Mt. Rainier, Paradise, Wash., VIII-15 ’33 (C. H. and D. Martin), C.H.M. ; Mt. Rainier, Sunrise, 6,500 feet, VII-17 to VIII-14 ’32 to ’35 (Wm. W. Baker, C. H. and D. Martin, Itol J. and J. Wilcox). The last-named specimens were collected largely on the slopes of Burroughs Mountain, on bare gravelly spots in an open flower meadow. Lasiopogon dimicki, n. sp. (Plate III, Figure 35) Male. — Length 10 mm. Head black; lower cheeks, palpi and proboscis shining; face densely, front and vertex thinly, and upper occiput densely, golden-brown pollinose ; lower half of occiput gray pollinose. Mystax black, lower hairs on sides yellow, those along oral margin black with yellow tips ; numer- ous hairs of front, vertex, ocellar tubercle and upper occiput black, about 4 long, curved, black bristles on each side of upper occiput, beard white ; sparse hairs of palpi and proboscis yellow. Antennae black, golden pollinose; first and second joints with black hairs ; third about 1| times length of first two together ; style rather broad basally, one-half length of third joint. Thorax dark brown, shining, thinly golden-brown pollinose, in some lights dorsocentral stripes showing distinctly shining brown and central stripe and intermediate area, except their margins, more shining brown than remainder ; humeri and lateral stripes more densely pollinose. Hairs of hnmeri and numerous short and long hairs of dorsum black; bristles black, 4 strong anterior and 4 strong posterior dorsocentral and numerous stout hairs, 2 or 3 posthumeral, 3 presutural, 3 or 4 supra-alar, and 3 or 4 postalar. Scutellum shining brown, disk densely golden-brown pollinose, about 20 long black bristle-like hairs and numerous shorter ones on margin. Pleura and coxae golden-gray pollinose, golden color more intense above; hairs yellow except about 10 black hairs above on posterior margin of mesopleura, and 8 to 10 long black hypopleural bristles. 44 April, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Abdomen brown, shining; the sides, posterior margins, and dorsum with golden-gray pollinosity, the dorsum thinly pol- linose, so that the shining spots occupy two semicircular areas on anterior edge of each segment. Hairs on lateral margins and sides of all segments long and yellow, on dorsum short, black, appressed, 10 black bristles on sides of first segment. Venter uniformly golden-gray pollinose and long yellow haired. Hy- pandrium transverse, shining black with numerous black hairs and black posterior fringe. Surstyli shining black with a thin layer of pollen on basal half ; in side view about twice as long as wide ; apex emarginate on upper half ; upper angle obtuse and lower corner evenly rounded ; in ventral view only slightly rounded from base to apex, no basal umbo ; hairs long, abundant, black. Legs black, densely golden-gray pollinose ; claws reddish brown with black tips; pulvilli light brown; empodium reddish brown and about as long as claws. Hairs on femora and tibiae yellow, on tarsi black ; numerous bristles, black. Base and stem of halteres brown, knob white. Wings hyaline, veins dark brown, anterior crossvein at one-third dis- tance from base to apex of discal cell ; fourth posterior cell nearly closed. Female. — Length 11 mm. Similar to male. Central stripe of thorax faintly bisected by a narrow pollinose line. Long yellow hairs on lateral margins and sides of abdomen confined to first three segments, on second and third segments not extend- ing far up on sides, being replaced by shorter and stouter black hairs; some short yellowish hairs on lateral margins of all seg- ments; otherwise hairs entirely short, black. Ovipositor pol- ished black, with short yellowish hairs except apical spines and a tuft of hairs above on sides of ninth sternite, which are black. Wings faintly infumated, especially on crossveins; anterior crossvein at two-fifths distance from base to apex of discal cell, fourth posterior cell closed at margin on one side and narrowly open in the other. Holotype: Male, Newport, Oreg., V-24 ’31 (Wilcox) ; deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. Allotype: Female, same data, V-3 ’31; deposited in the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences. Paratypes : More than 200 specimens, both sexes, taken in the type locality in May and June, 1930, 1931, 1932, and 1935 (R. E. Dimick, S. E. Crumb, Itol J. and J. Wilcox) ; Waldport, Oreg., (J. 45 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 2 E. Davis) ; Devils Lake, Oreg., V-17 ’31 (S. C. Jones) ; Newport, VI-8, 9 ’25 (E. C. Van Dyke, E. P. Van Dnzee), Waldport, VI-7 ’25 (E. P. Van Duzee), C.A.S. Named in honor of R. E. Dimick, who collected the first specimens of this species seen by the writers and a number of other species in Oregon. Closely related to willametti, new species, and it may be the coastal form of that species. Differs in the characters given in the key; is more bristly all over and has the pile of the abdomen and thorax strongly contrasting with that of the beard, while in willametti there is no such contrast; much less pollinose all over; fourth posterior cell usually narrowed or closed ; and in the females the hairs on the sides of the second abdominal segment are partly black while those in willametti are entirely white. Lasiopogon drabicola Cole (Plate I, Figure 8) Lasiopogon drabicolum Cole, Psyche, v. 23, p. 65, 1916. Lasiopogon drabicola Melander, Psyche, v. 30, p. 137, 1923. “J1, Length, 8-9 mm. Ground color black. Densely gray pollinose. The pollen of head and thorax with a yellowish tinge. A great deal of white pile on the body. Ocellar bristles black and white mixed and very slender. Occipito orbitals black. One black bristle above on second joint of antenna. The rest of the antennal bristles fine and white in color. Two very faint brown stripes on thoracic dorsum of J. Two dark brown widely separated stripes on thorax of wide at the shoulders and narrowing toward the center of the dorsum where it disappears. Pile of palpi white. In both £ and 2 the pile of front is white and black mixed. Short white pile on thorax. Abdomen covered with short whitish oppressed pile, longer at lateral margins. The mystax black and white and quite heavy. Eighth abdominal segment of J polished black. A circlet of black bristles on genitalia. Scutellum flat, with a semi-circular impressed line as in arenicola. Several spines on margin of scutellum, the stronger ones long, black and up- curving. Hypopygium black, slightly pollinose, and covered with white pile and black hair. Legs black, gray pollinose, with white pile and slender black bristles. Tarsi of £ dark reddish brown almost black in front. Tarsi of 5 blackish. Wings gray- ish hyaline with brownish black veins. Venation normal, the 46 April, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA anal cell closed. Anterior crossvein not much before middle of discal cell. In these specimens all the posterior cells wide open. “Type. — -U.S.N.M., Cat. No. 20183. One male and one female specimen. “Habitat.— Redlands, Cal., 1913. “These small robberflies were collected on wild flowers, and one of them was observed capturing a small cecidomyiid.” The above is a copy of the original description. Numerous speci- mens are on hand from the following localities : California: Artesia, 11-10 ’35 and III-27 ’34 (M. W. Stone) ; Burbank, III-23 ’33 (Charles H. Hicks), M.T.J. ; El Monte, San Gabriel River Wash, 11-17 to III-31 ’33 to ’35 (R. Sloop and Stone) ; Griffith Park, Los Angeles, V-26 ’32 (Stone) ; Los Cerri- tos, III-21 to IY-9 ’15 (M. C. Van Duzee), O.S.M. and C.A.S. ; Rio Hondo, Los Angeles County, III— 31 ’30 (C. H. Martin), C.H.M. ; Santa Ana Canyon, III— 21 ’34 (Stone) ; Whittier, III-25 ’30 (Cole). Typical specimens have the frontal, thoracic and abdominal hairs mostly white; several specimens have been seen which have the frontal and thoracic hairs mostly black as well as most of those on the last four abdominal segments of the females. All specimens seen, however, have the hairs below on the first two antennal joints white. Lasiopogon fumipennis Melander (Plate II, Figure 16) Lasiopogon fumipennis Melander, Psyche, v. 30, p. 141- 142, 1923. Lasiopogon fumipennis Cole, Pan-Pacific Ent., v. 1, p. 7, 1924. “Female. — Length 8 mm. Black in ground-color, heavily dusted. Upper part of head brownish, hairs short, sparse, fine and black, face cinereous, pile long, abundant and black, pile of lower occiput fine dense and white ; style one-third the length of the third joint of antenna. Mesonotum thickly brown-polli- nose, dorsocentral vittae widely separated, moderately narrow and brown, median stripe not divided ; humeri and pleura cinereous, no pile, four black setae in hypopleural row, no dorsocentral bristles' two prealar black bristles, anterior part of notum with scattered, minute appressed black setulae, no 47 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 2 hairs ; scutellum brownish gray pollinose, its sparse marginal hairs black. Posterior two-fifths of abdominal segments cinere- ous pollinose, anterior portion nearly black and snbshining, first segment alone with outstanding hairs which on the hind margin are setiform and black and white mixed, remainder of abdomen with minute black setulae ; ovipositor polished black, nearly as long as sixth and seventh segments combined, the ven- tral keel castaneous. Legs black, very lightly dusted, the poste- rior tibiae with brownish tinge, hairs of femora very short, sparse and whitish, of tibiae black, bristles black, two pre- apical extensor bristles on front femur, one on anterior face of middle femur, an imperfect row along upper front face of hind femur, under side of femora with about three straggling long white setiform hairs. Pulvilli alutaceous; wings infumated, veins black, anterior crossvein at middle of discal cell ; halteres yellow, the upper side of knob with distinct black center, calypteres yellow. “Types. — Paradise Park, Mount Rainier, Washington, Aug. 1921 (Melander). Two paratypes, same locality and south slope of Mount Adams, Washingxon (Melander).” The above is a copy of Melander ’s description of the female. Cole described the male as follows : “ Lasiopogon fumipennis Melander. Among the specimens studied there are two females from Horse Lake, Oregon, altitude 6000 feet, taken by J. C. Bridwell, July 25, 1909 ; one female, taken by the writer at Hood River, Oregon, July 2, 1917. Melander had only females, and as the male is worthy of description some notes are given below and one specimen is made a neallotype. “Male. Length 5-6 mm. Very nearly like the female, but differs in the generally lighter color of pollen and the paler wings. Head more gray pollinose than brown. The male geni- talia are remarkable, being broader than the abdomen and shin- ing, dark red in color, with the usual patch of pile on the ninth sternite black in color; the genital styles are rounded and bulging (see fig. 1). “Neallotype, male, No. 1574, in collection of California Academy of Sciences, taken July 1, 1919, by C. L. Fox. “The specimen designated was taken in the type locality, Para- dise Valley, Mt. Rainier, Washington, 8,000 feet elevation.” 48 April, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA More than 300 specimens on hand from the following localities : California : Fallen Leaf Lake, elevation 6,300 feet, VI-21 ’30 (Arthur T. McClay), C.H.M. Colorado : near Ward, VI-2 to 9 ’33 (H. G. and H. E. Rodeck) ; So. St, Vrain, Lyons, VI-9 ’33 (H. I. Gibbons), M.T.J. British Columbia: Agassizi, V-7 and 10 ’26 (R. Glendenning), C.N.C. Oregon: Hood River, V-14 (A. L. Lovett), and VII-2 (Cole) ; Horse Lake, VII-25 (J. C. Bridwell) ; Mt. Hood National Forest, Sherwood Forest Camp, VI-29 ’30 and VI-26 ’32 (Wilcox). Idaho: Long Valley, Alpha, VI-10 ’34 (C. H. and D. Martin), C.H.M. Washington : Easton, V-30 ’32 ( Wm. W. Baker) ; Mount Rai- nier, Sunrise, elevation 6,400 feet, VII-23 to IX-14 ’32 (S. E. Crumb, Wm. W. Baker, C. H. and D. Martin, C. W. Getzendaner, Itol J. and J. Wilcox) ; Mt. Rainier, White River Camp, IX-14 ’32 (Baker) ; Olympia, V-14 to VI-4 ’32 (Martin and Wilcox) ; Para- dise Park (R. Latta) • Preston, VI-5 ’32 (Martin) ; Roy, IV-29 ’32 (R. Latta), R.L. ; Seattle, V-20 ’13, O.S.M. ; Tenino, V-15 ’32 (Martin) ; Tipsoo Lake, VII-28 ’32 (Martin and Wilcox). This species, although distinct, is variable. The specimens from the lower elevations taken earlier in the season at Olympia, Tenino, Seattle, Roy, Wash., and Agassizi, B. C., are designated as variety olympia. They have the tibiae of all the legs more or less reddish, the posterior fringe of the hypandrium of the males partly golden yellow, and the eighth tergite of the female with some red near the base. The specimens from Colorado are designated as variety colora- densis. They have the legs entirely black, well-developed anterior and posterior dorsocentral bristles, male genitalia entirely black, and only the ninth sternite of the female genitalia reddish. See notes under currani and testaceus, new species. Lasiopogon gabrieli, n. sp. (Plate III, Figure 33) Male: Length 6 mm. Head black; lower cheeks, palpi, and proboscis shining ; face densely gray pollinose ; front, vertex, and upper occiput densely grayish-golden pollinose ; lower oc- ciput gray pollinose. Mystax black except for a few yellowish- white hairs on oral margin ; front, vertex and occiput densely long, black pilose ; beard and sparse hairs of palpi and probos- 49 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 2 cis white. Antennae black, densely light golden pollinose ; first two joints snbeqnal in length, the first with pale hairs below, above, and the second joint entirely with black hairs ; the third li times length of the first two joints together; style subequal in length to third joint. Thorax black in ground color, densely gray pollinose with touches of golden ; dorsocentral stripes brown ; central stripe blackish and divided by a gray line; lateral margins grayish golden ; intermediate space between central stripe and lateral margins thinly gray, subshining ; humeri gray pollinose. Hairs on humeri white ; sparse short and long hairs on anterior part of notum black ; bristles black, 3 strong and 2 or 3 weak anterior and 3 strong and 1 weak posterior dorsocentral, 1 posthumeral, 2 presutural, 2 supra-alar, and 2 or 3 postalar. Scutellum densely gray pollinose, margin subshining; 8 strong black mar- ginal bristles and a number of long black hairs, and on the sides several short yellowish hairs. Pleura densely gray pollinose with a touch of golden above; hairs of prothorax, sternopleura, and coxae yellowish white, about 5 long black hairs and several shorter yellowish ones below on posterior margin of mesopleura, 5 long black hypopleurals, 1 shorter black one on one side and 1 shorter white one on the other. Abdomen polished brown, the posterior borders yellowish ; sides and apical half of each segment except the first, which is almost entirely so, gray pollinose. Numerous long yellowish white hairs on lateral margins and extending onto sides of first four segments, shorter hairs on dorsum of these segments and on remainder anteriorly, appressecl, yellowish white ; beginning on posterior margin of fourth and increasing in extent on fol- lowing segments, short, appressed, black; 4 long bristle-like hairs on sides of first segment, 2 of which on one side are black, the remainder yellowish white. Venter uniformly gray polli- nose, posterior margins yellowish, long yellowish-white pilose. Hypandrium transverse, polished black centrally, densely gray pollinose on sides; hairs and fringe black. Surstyli densely gray pollinose and sparsely black pilose ; in side view slightly more than twice as long as wide and evenly curved apically; ventrally the margins run at a sharp angle to about two-thirds distance to base, thence mesally nearly to middle, and then evenly curved to base ; no basal umbo. Legs black, densely gray pollinose ; claws and empodium black, of equal length ; pulvilli brownish. Hairs everywhere on 50 April, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA femora and tibiae yellowish white, except short heavy pile on apical posterior surface of hind tibiae, which is black; dense hairs below on anterior tarsi yellowish white, above and on the sides black; hairs on middle and hind tarsi mostly black; bristles black. Base and lower stem of halteres brown ; knob and upper stem yellowish. Wings hyaline, veins dark brown, anterior crossvein at one-fourth distance from base to apex of discal cell. Female: Length 6 mm. Similar to male. Pollen all over appearing more yellowish, but with gray predominating; 2 or 3 anterior and 3 posterior dorsocentral, 1 posthumeral, 2 pre- sutural, 2 supra-alar, 2 postalar, 8 strong scutellar, 6 hypo- pleural, 1 white on each side; and 4 lateral bristles on first ab- dominal segment, 3 on one side being black. Long white hairs of abdomen confined to lateral margins and sides of first three segments, hairs on remainder and on dorsum of first three short, somewhat recumbent, black. Ovipositor polished dark brown and short, sparsely yellow pilose ; apical spines black, tuft of hairs below these yellowish ; longer hairs on posterior margin of eighth sternite yellow. Most of hairs on fore tarsi yellowish, and some yellowish hairs above on middle and hind tarsi. Holotype: Male, San Gabriel River Wash, near Whittier, Calif., 11-27 ’32 (C. H. Martin) ; deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. Allotype: Female, same data; deposited in the California Acad- emy of Sciences. Paratypes: More than 50 specimens, both sexes, same data, 11-22 to III-5 ’32 (C. H. and D. Martin and F. R. Cole) ; Azusa, III— 1 ’25, S.W.B. ; San Gabriel Canyon, 11-16 ’30 (R. Latta) ; slope north of San Bernardino, Calif., 11-22 (Cole) ; Redlands, Calif., 11-19 (Cole) ; Riverside, 1-27 ’35 (M. W. Stone) ; La Quinta, near Red- lands, Calif., III-28 (Cole) ; Alpine, Calif., IV-8 ’15 (M. C. Van Duzee), O.S.M. ; San Gabriel River Wash, near El Monte, Calif., I, II and III, ’34 and ’35 (M. W. Stone), and XII-31 ’34 (Wilcox). This species is closest to opaculus Loew and drabicola Cole, but its smaller size, markings of the abdomen, structure of the antennae, and male genitalia separate it definitely. Lasiopogon hinei, n. sp. (Plate II, Figure 22) Male: Length 9 mm. Head shining black; face and occiput 51 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vcl. XVIII, No. 2 densely gray pollinose, the ground color plainly evident at cer- tain angles; front and vertex thinly gray pollinose. Lower one-fourth of mystax yellowish white ; remainder of mystax and numerous long hairs on front, vertex and occiput black ; beard, hairs of palpi and proboscis white. Antennae black, gray polli- nose, apex of the second joint and basal one-fifth of third yel- lowish ; first two joints subequal in length, the first with 2 short black hairs below and the second with 4 below and 1 above ; the third 1-j times length of first two together ; style one-half length of third, pointed apically. Thorax in ground color shining dark brown, thinly gray pollinose, dorsocentral stripes light brown, and indistinct bi- sected median stripe and indistinct lateral stripes above supra- alars brown. Long hairs, black, numerous on fore part of notum ; humeral hairs golden. Bristles black, 3 rather weak anterior and 4 posterior dorsocentral, 2 presutural, 2 supra- alar, and 3 postalar. Scutellum densely gray pollinose, margin thinly so, appearing shining brown ; disk transversely im- pressed shortly before margin ; about 8 long bristle-like and a number of shorter black marginal hairs. Pleura and coxae gray pollinose, more golden and shining above ; hairs long, abundant, white ; about 7 long black hairs and some shorter golden ones posteriorly on mesopleura ; 6 or 7 long black hypo- pleurals. Abdomen shining brown, the narrow posterior margins yel- low, the slightly wider posterior margins and the sides, and the first segment entirely, gray pollinose. Numerous long white hairs on first three segments, merging into slightly shorter and heavier, golden brown hairs on fourth segment, and continu- ing so on the following segments ; five long white bristlelike hairs on sides of first segment. Venter shining brown, hind margins yellowish red, thinly gray pollinose ; hairs on segments 1 to 5 long and white, on segments 6 and 7 golden brown, and on segment 7 a posterior row of black hairs. Hypandrium transverse, shining reddish brown, gray pollinose on sides; short black hairs on dorsum, the rather sparse posterior fringe black. Surstyli darker shining reddish brown, gray pollinose and long black pilose ; in side view slightly longer than twice its width, evenly rounded at apex below, upper apical angle acute ; ventrally the inner area heart-shaped, with wider part toward base. 52 April, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Lags shining black, tarsi dark reddish brown ; claws reddish brown with black tips. Hairs and bristles black; long hairs below on femora white ; a few short ones on anterior-dorsal sur- face of femora and below on tibiae and tarsi golden. Base of stem and knob of halteres brown, intermediate por- tion yellow. Wings hyaline, veins dark brown, anterior cross- vein at two-fifths distance from base to apex of discal cell. Female: Length 10 mm. Similar to male. Posterior half of abdominal segments obscured by a thin coating of gray pollen ; hairs white on segments 1 to 4, short, sparse, black on remaining segments. Ovipositor on posterior margin above, and on apex, sides and base below, yellowish red; otherwise shining brownish black ; hairs short, golden-brown to black ; spines black. Tibiae as well as tarsi more or less reddish brown. Wings infumated all over. Holotype: Male, Katmai, Alaska, July 1917 (J. S. Hine) ; in the Ohio State Museum. Allotype: Female, same data; in the Ohio State Museum. Paratypes: 3 males, 4 females, same data, O.S.M. Named in honor of the late Prof. James S. Hine, the collector. See note under canus. Lasiopogon littoris Cole (Plate I, Figure 5) Lasiopogon littoris Cole, Pan-Pacific Ent., v. 1, p. 8, 1924. “Male. Length 5.5 mm. A small, black, silvery gray polli- nose species, with pile and bristles all white. Antennae black, rather unusual in shape (see fig. 2), the arista slightly longer than the third joint, pile beneath the first and second joints white. Facial convexity reaching almost to the antennae, the mystax long and white. Head whitish gray pollinose, the frons, occiput, and beard white pilose. Palpi very small, black, with- out long pile. “Thorax and scutellum silvery white pollinose, with scant white pile and white bristles. No vittae on mesonotum. Disc of scutellum flattened. Halteres yellowish white, the base of stem brownish. “Abdomen silvery gray pollinose and sparsely white pilose, the bases of second to fifth tergites semishining black, appearing more definite from certain angles. Genitalia black, gray polli- nose and white pilose, with a characteristic fringe of dense white 53 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 2 pile on the hypandrium; the tergal style (surstyli) very large, rounded at the ends, but with a sharp angle below (see fig. 3). Legs black, gray pollinose, with white pile and bristles. “Holotype, male, No. 1575, in collection of California Academy of Sciences, taken April 25, 1919, by E. P. Van Duzee. ‘ ‘ Type locality, Pismo, California. “The species is described from an unique male. It is a very distinct form. In a recent table of species published by Melander (Psyche, Oct., 1923) it would run to couplet 4, but is quite different from actius and arenicola. The antennal structure is suggestive of the genus Lissoteles, but the face and genitalia are typical of Lasio- pogon.” The above is a copy of the original description; no other speci- mens have been seen. Lasiopogon martinensis, n. sp. (Plate III, Figure 30) Male: Length 10 mm. Head densely grayish pollinose with a yellowish tinge on front and vertex; cheeks, palpi, and pro- boscis shining black. Mystax, hairs of front, of ocellar tubercle, of vertex, those above on first antennal joint, and those on second, and the occipital bristles, black; beard, hairs of palpi, of proboscis, a few on sides of oral margin, and below on first antennal joint white. Antennae black, grayish pollinose, first two joints subequal in length, third 1J times length of first two joints together, style one-half length of third joint. Mesonotum densely grayish pollinose, central stripes and the intermediate area appearing blackish, and narrow dorsocentral stripes light brown. Hairs black; bristles black, 4 or 5 very short fine anterior and 3 or 4 strong posterior dorsocentral, 2 presutural, 2 supra-alar, and 3 postalar. Scutellum gray polli- nose with a few white hairs on disk and 6 black bristles and some black hairs on posterior margin. Pleura and coxae grayish pollinose and white pilose except some short black hairs above and a few strong black hairs posteriorly on mesopleura; 5-6 black hypopleural bristles. Abdomen densely grayish pollinose and segments 2 to 5 with anterior semicircular subshining brownish spot on each side. Hairs entirely white, longer on sides of segments 1 to 4 ; 4 or 5 black lateral bristles on first segment. Plypandrium transverse, shining brown, laterally yellowish gray pollinose, hairs and 54 April, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA fringe black except a few on sides basally which are white. Surstyli densely yellowish gray pollinose, in side view not quite twice as long as wide, lower margin nearly semicircular, upper apical angle obtuse, ventrally the two sides but slightly sepa- rated and nearly parallel ; no basal umbo. Legs black, densely gray pollinose, narrow apices of tarsal joints yellowish ; hairs of femora and of tibiae largely white, of tarsi black; bristles black; claws dark reddish, tips black; empodium black ; pulvilli brown. Halteres light brown, basal part of stem darker brown. Wings hyaline, veins dark brown, anterior crossvein at one-third distance from base to apex of discal cell. Female: Length 10 mm. Similar to male. Hairs on dorsum of the second abdominal segment, on sides and dorsum of third, and on remaining segments all black. Ovipositor, shining black, white pilose, apical spines black. Anterior crossvein at two- sevenths distance from base to apex of discal cell. Holotype: Male, Pasco, Wash., IV-17 ’34 (C. II. Martin), deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. Allotype: Female, same data (Dorothy Martin), deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. Paratypes: 12 specimens both sexes, same data, in collections of C. H. Martin and the writers. Named in honor of Mr. and Mrs. C. H. Martin, who by their diligent collecting have contributed much to the completeness of this paper. Lasiopogon monticola Melander (Plate III, Figure 31) Lasiopogon monticola Melander, Psyche, v. 30, p. 142-143, 1923. Lasiopogon monticola Cole, Pan-Pacific Ent., v. 1, p. 8, 1924. “Male. — Length 9 mm. General color brownish-gray due to heavy coat of pollen, vertex and upper occiput dusted with brown, face cinereous brown, mystax entirely black, hairs of lower occiput fine silky and white, of upper occiput black ; style two-fifths the length of third antennal joint, thorax marked only with the narrow dorsocentral brown stripes which diverge anteriorly, median space not divided, bristles black, two lat- eral bristles in front of suture, above five on postalar callus, 55 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 2 about five presutural dorsocentrals ; scutellum margined with about eight black bristles in addition to interspaced black hairs, bare on disc; six bristles in hypopleural row, mostly black, four black hairs at posterior margin of mesopleura. Anterior half of abdominal segments piceous, posterior half cinereous brown, hairs white, becoming black at apex, five black bristles in lateral row of first segment; hypopygium globose black shining, somewhat wider than termination of abdomen, the dorsal incision very broad, its fringe black, lateral valves very broad, less than twice as long as wide, truncate at apex, the lower margin with very strong tooth, hairs coarse and black, venter concolorous with posterior portions of tergites, its hairs fine and whitish. Hairs of femora white in large part, the outer half of femora with about five extensor setae, the upper front face of hind femora setose ; tarsi concolorous with remainder of legs, claws piceous with black apex, pulvilli alutaceous. Hal- teres and calypteres yellowish; wings lightly cinereous, veins black, anterior crossvein slightly before middle of discal cell. “ Female . — Ovipositor short, ventral keel black, hairs of abdomen short and mostly black. “Types. — Mount Adams, Washington, July 24, 1921 (Melander). Other localities, Moscow Mountain, Idaho, and Mount Rainier, Washington. Thirty specimens.” The above is a copy of Melander ’s description of the species. Cole in addition records it from Horse Lake, Oreg., July 25, 1909 (J. C. Bridwell). Large series of specimens are on hand from the follow- ing localities : British Columbia: Creston, VII-12 ’20 (W. B. Anderson), C.N.C.; Hope Mts., VII-19 ’06 (R. V. Harvey), O.S.M. Idaho: Long Valley, Alpha, V-20 to VI-17 ’34 (C. H. and D. Martin), C.H.M. ; Moscow Mt., VI-10 ’30 (J. M. Aldrich), U.S.N.M., VI-23 ’19 (Cole), and VII-9 ’ll, paratype, U.K. Oregon: Aneroid Lake, Blue Mts., 7,500 feet, VII-24 ’29 (H. A. Scullen) ; Frog Meadows, Lane County, 4,300 feet, VII-18, ’32 (D. K. Frewing) ; Haines, VII-10 ’31 (R. H. Beamer), U.K. ; Horse Lake, VII-25 (J. C. Bridwell) ; Horseshoe Lake, Blue Mts., VII-26 ’29 (H. A. Scullen), O.S.M. ; Mt. Hood, 3,000-6,000 feet, VIII-5 ’25 (C. L. Fox), C.A.S. ; Sumpter, VI-9 ’34 (C. IL Martin), C.H.M. Utah: Park City, VII-3, ’22 (E. P. Van Duzee), C.A.S. Washington: Mt. Adams, 6,000 feet, VII-3 ’25 (M. C. Lane) ; Mt. Rainier, Ohanepecosh, VII-14 ’35 (Wm. W. Baker) ; Mt. Rai- 56 April, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA nier, Paradise, YII-1 ’19 (C. L. Fox) and VII-17 and 25 ’20 (E. C. Van Dyke), C.A.S. ; Mt. Rainier, Sunrise, YII-25 to YIII-28 ’32 to ’35 (C. H. and D. Martin, Wm. W. Baker, S. E. Crumb, Itol J. and J. Wilcox) ; Mt. Rainier, White River Camp, YII-20 to IX-4 ’32 to ’35 (C. H. and D. Martin, Itol J. and J. Wilcox). The prominent tooth on the ventral margin of the surstyli read- ily separates the males of this species from all the other forms. Lasiopogon oklahomensis, n. sp. (Plate I, Figure 12) Male: Length 8 mm. Black; palpi, proboscis, and cheeks shining ; face densely grayish pollinose with a yellowish tinge ; front, vertex, ocellar tubercle, and upper occiput densely golden-brown pollinose ; lower occiput gray pollinose. Mystax, beard, and hairs on palpi, proboscis, a few on vertex, and part of those below on first antennal joint white; hairs of front, ocellar tubercle, and remainder of hairs on first two antennal joints and occipital bristles black. Antennae black, first two joints subequal in length, third but slightly longer than first two joints together, and style two-thirds length of third joint. Mesonotum densely pollinose, central stripes, clorsocentral stripes, and outer half of intermediate area brown; median line and narrow area between central and dorsocentral stripes slightly lighter brown ; humeri, inner half of intermediate area, and lateral margins yellowish brown. Humeral hairs white, remainder black; bristles fine black, 3 or 4 anterior and 2 or 3 posterior dorsocentral, 2 presutural, 1 supraalar, and 1 post- alar. Disk of scutellum brown and posterior margin gray pol- linose ; hairs white ; 6 black marginal bristles. Pleura and coxae grayish-golden pollinose and white pilose except 2 or 3 black hairs posteriorly on the mesopleura; 6 or 7 white hypopleural bristles. Abdomen densely grayish pollinose with brown semicircular subshining spots basally on each side of segments 2 to 7 ; hairs white, longer on sides of segments 1 to 3 ; 3 or 4 white lateral bristles on first segment. Hypandrium transverse, shining dark brown, grayish pollinose laterally; hairs and posterior fringe black. Surstyli black, densely grayish pollinose; hairs black ; in side view not quite twice as long as wide, apical mar- gin evenly rounded, ventral margins deeply cupped; no basal umbo. 57 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 2 Legs black, thinly gray pollinose, apices of tibiae and the tarsal joints reddish ; hairs of femora and a few of those basally on middle and hind tibiae white, otherwise hairs and bristles black ; claws reddish brown, tip black ; empodinm black ; pulvilli brown. Halteres dull yellowish, basal part of stem and outer half of dorsum of knob brown. Wings hyaline, veins brown, anterior crossvein at two-fifths distance from base to apex of discal cell. Female : Length 9 mm. Similar to male. Central stripes of mesonotum very much lighter than dorsocentral stripes, and central stripe and inner half of intermediate area gray polli- nose. Very short sparse hairs on sides of abdominal segments 5 to 7 black; only about posterior half of segments plainly grayish pollinose ; ovipositor shining black, white pilose, eighth sternite reddish brown, and apical spines black. Hairs poste- riorly on fore tibiae, mostly on middle tibiae, and all those on hind tibiae white. Holotype : Male, Ripley, Okla., IV-21 ’34 (A. E. Pritchard) ; deposited in the U. S. National Museum. Allotype : Female, same data (apparently in copula with holo- type) ; deposited in the U. S. National Museum. Paratypes : 23 specimens representing both sexes, same data as types; Norman, Okla., V-4 ’30 (Dennis), Payne County, IV— 16 ’33 (C. Sooter), and Stillwater, IV-21 to 23 ’35 (C. Sooter and A. E. Pritchard), in A. E. Pritchard’s and the writers’ collections. Some of the paratypes have a few of the upper hairs in the mystax and the hypopleural bristles in part or largely black. Some of the females have the eighth sternite largely black. Lasiopogon opaculus Loew (Plate II, Figure 17) Lasiopogon opaculus Loew, Berlin Ent. Ztsch., v. 18, p. 367, 1874. Lasiopogon opaculus Back, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., v. 35, p. 299-300, 1909. Lasiopogon opaculus Melander, Psyche, v. 30, p. 137, 1923. ‘ ‘ J. — Length 8-9 mm. — Black ; thoracic stripes obsolete ; terminal segment of abdomen polished black and black pilose; rest of the body wholly obscured by a grayish-brown bloom, but the anterior angles of the several abdominal segments broadly brownish. 58 April, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA “Translation. Ground color of body is without exception, black; head, thorax and abdomen with a denser dull bloom, but the last abdominal segment wholly without bloom and polished black. The bloom of the head and thorax yellowish- gray, almost brownish-gray; distinct thoracic stripes are not perceptible on the specimen described, yet the space between the middle and the lateral stripes appears darker than the surrounding color usually is. The abdomen, excepting the last segment, is covered with a grayer bloom and entirely dull ; from the second segment on, the anterior angles of the several segments are broadly brownish, which color is first on the fifth segment less in degree, on the sixth segment somewhat broad- ened on the fore part, likewise not very dense and gradually shades off into the gray, so that it is indistinctly defined, whereas it has a sharp distinctive limit on the preceding seg- ments, which one distinctly notices when one looks at the abdomen from behind. Halteres yellowish. Wings grayish, venation normal; veins brownish-black; the anterior crossvein is considerably before the middle of the discal cell. The hair and bristles are as usual in this genus ; mystax, hair of the first two antennae segments, of the front and of the upper part of the occiput black; the hair on the large lower half of the occi- put, on the mentum and on the under side of the proboscis white ; that on the lateral borders of the mouth opening pale yellowish. Prothorax with more whitish hair, thoracic dorsum and scutellum with more blackish hair. Hair on the pleura whitish only in front of the mesopleural suture ; beneath the base of the wing there is some stouter black hair. The hair on the first three abdominal segments is whitish, almost yellowish- white; on the gray pruinose area of the second segment there are numerous black hairs which also extend over onto the third segment ; the short hair on the following segments, not except- ing the last, is exclusively black. The prevailing black hair and the small amount of white hair of legs is arranged as usual ; all the bristles of the legs black, as in the other species. “Type. — M.C.Z. Single female type. “Habitat. — Illinois (type) ; N. J. (Am. Ent. Soc.) ; Veta Pass, Col. (June 21).” The above is copied from Back ; the male is described below : Male : Length 9 mm. Mystax black ; front narrow, with black hairs ; beard white. Antennae black with a touch of red 59 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 2 on inner sides of second joint and at base of third; hairs on first two joints black, first joint slightly longer than second; third H times length of first two joints together ; style one-half length of third joint. Humeri with a touch of reddish yellow below; mesonotum grayish brown, dorsocentral stripes and intermediate area brown, but not prominent. Hairs black; bristles black, 2 or 3 anterior and 3 posterior dorsocentrals, 2 presuturals, 2 or 3 snpra-alars, 2 postalars, 8 scutellars, and 7 or 8 black or brownish hypopleurals. Abdomen light brown, subshining; each segment with two anterior semicircular spots at base this color ; sides, posterior margins, and dorsum of segments densely yellowish gray polli- nose; hairs entirely white or yellowish, longer on sides of first three segments, very short on dorsum and sides of remainder ; 5 yellowish bristles on each side of first segment. Hypandrium transverse, dark reddish brown, in middle shining, sides polli- nose; posterior fringe and hairs black. Surstyli yellowish pol- linose, in side view about twice as long as wide with a slight emargination at upper apical angle, evenly rounded below; ventrally deeply cupped in middle ; no basal umbo, hairs entirely black. Legs black, femora white or yellow haired, rest of legs black or brown haired except pile on anterior side of fore tibiae, which is golden. Stem and base of halteres light brown, knob yellowish white. Wings hyaline with a slight reddish tinge ; veins brown, an- terior crossvein at two-fifths distance from base to apex of discal cell ; fourth posterior cell slightly narrowed. Described from the Maryland specimen listed below. Specimens on hand from the following localities : Maryland : near Plummers Island, V— 6 ’16 (J. C. Crawford), N.C.D.A. North Carolina: Blantyre, early May ’08 (F. Sherman), O.S.M. Ohio: Columbus (J. S. Hine), Cincinnati, V-22 (Dnry), VI-9 to 16 ’01 ; Sugar Grove, VI-10 ’28 ; Ira, Summit County, VII-1 ’20 (Hine) ; Londonville, VI-6 ’15; all in O.S.M. The specimen from North Carolina is in rather poor condition, as the thorax is crushed, but shows the following differences : Mys- tax entirely white and basal half of tibiae reddish. This species, and currani and slossonae, new species, were all received from different sources labeled opaculus. Nathan Banks 60 April, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA and Richard Dow have examined the type and compared specimens for the writers. See note under cur rani. Lasiopogon pacificus, n. sp. (Text Figures 2 and 3) Male: Length 9 mm. Head black; broad lower cheeks, palpi, and proboscis shining ; tip of proboscis reddish ; face gray pol- linose with a golden tinge in some lights; front, vertex, and upper occiput thinly golden-brown pollinose ; lower occiput densely gray pollinose. Mystax and dense hairs of front and upper occiput black; beard and sparse hairs of palpi and pro- boscis white. Antennae black, golden pollinose ; first two joints subequal in length, black haired; the third 1^ times length of first two together, on upper side at two-thirds distance from base to apex with two short black hairs ; style less than one-third length of third joint. Thorax shining brown; broad dorsocentral stripes, lateral stripes, and broad median bisecting line brown; central stripes anteriorly, humeri and a narrow area behind humeri, and in- termediate area and transverse suture cutting into dorsocentral stripes, gray pollinose, humeri more densely so ; posterior two- thirds of central stripes and inner margins of intermediate area golden-brown pollinose. Hairs on humeri and numerous short hairs on anterior part of notum black; bristles black, 3 or 4 anterior and 3 or 4 posterior dorsocentral, 1 posthumeral, 3 presutural, 1 strong and 1 weak supra-alar, and 1 strong and 2 weak postalar. Scutellum shining brown, disk densely golden- brown pollinose, some short and long black hairs on disk and margin, 8 black marginal bristles. Pleura and coxae gray pol- linose with a light golden tinge ; hairs golden except 15 to 20 short black hairs on mesopleura and 9 black hypopleural bristles. Abdomen shining brown, narrow posterior margins dull golden, sides and posterior margins gray pollinose. Hairs on lateral margins and sides mostly long golden yellow, some black hairs on sides of segments 4 to 7 ; hairs on dorsum short, ap- pressed, black. Venter uniformly gray pollinose with golden margins and long yellow hairs. Hypandrium bulging, shining black, dorsum brownish, hairs black ; posterior margin V-shaped, posterior fringe black, oblique ; hairs slightly crossing at middle. Surstyli shining black with only a trace of brown pollen on 61 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 2 sides near base ; in side view but slightly longer than wide, api- cally with three emarginations ; ventrally with a basal umbo; hairs black, sparse hairs on ventral-apical margin golden. Legs dark brown, shining, with hairs and bristles black ex- cept on underside and base of femora and anterior side of fore tibiae, where they are yellow ; femora lightly dusted with golden pollen ; claws reddish brown with black tips ; pulvilli brown; empodium black, about two-thirds length of claws. Base and lower stem of halteres brown, knob and upper stem white. Wings lightly and evenly infumated, a little more intense on crossveins; anterior crossvein at two-fifths distance from base to apex of discal cell; fourth posterior cell nearly wide open. Female: Length 10 mm. Similar to male. Face more golden ; bristles as in male except that there are 4 scutellar and 8 hypopleural bristles. Hairs on lateral margins of first four segments and on sides of first three of abdomen, golden yellow, otherwise black ; 4 or 5 black bristles on sides of first segment ; ovipositor shining dark brown, ninth sternite reddish, sparse hairs yellow, apical spines black. Wings more deeply infu- mated than in male, fourth posterior cell slightly narrowed but still quite broadly open. Holotype: Male, Newport, Oreg., V-24 ’31 (J. Wilcox) ; depos- ited in the California Academy of Sciences. Allotype: Female, same data; deposited in the California Acad- emy of Sciences. Paratypes: More than 30 specimens as follows: Type locality, V-3 ’31 (Wilcox), V-22 and VI-5 ’32 (R. E. Dimick and Wilcox), and V-12 ’35 (S. E. Crumb and Wilcox) ; Newport, Oreg., VI-9 ’25 (E. P. Van Duzee), C.A.S. ; Waldport, Oreg., VI-5 ’25 (Don C. Mote), O.S.M.; Forks, Wash., VII-5 ’20 (E. C. Van Dyke) ; Olym- pia, Wash., V-15 to VI-4 ’32 (C. H. Martin and Wilcox), VI-10 ’33 (R. Latta), R.L. ; Westport, Wash., V-15 ’32 (Wilcox) ; Steel- head, B. C., V-31 to VI-20 ’33 (Hugh B. Leech), C.N.C. This species is very close to aldrichii Melander and very likely the same as the specimens he had from Nahcotta, Wash. Lasiopogon pugeti, n. sp. (Plate II, Figure 24 and Text Figures 1 and 4) Male: Length 10 mm. Head black in ground color; lower cheeks, palpi, and proboscis shining ; tip of proboscis red ; face 62 April, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA densely light golden pollinose ; front, vertex, and upper occiput thinly golden-brown pollinose ; lower occiput grayish-golden pollinose. Mystax black, 2 or 3 weak white hairs on sides at oral margin ; front, vertex, and upper occiput densely long black pilose ; beard and hairs of palpi and proboscis gray. Antennae black, golden pollinose ; first and second joints subequal in length, black haired ; third l\ times length of first two together, with a short black hair above at three-fourths its length; style slightly less than one-half length of third joint, polished black. Thorax shining dark brown, dorsocentral stripes, median broad bisecting line, and lateral margins this color; central stripes grayish-golden pollinose, golden color more intense on sides and anteriorly; area between dorsocentral and lateral brown stripes mainly grayish golden-brown pollinose, the golden brown more intense on sides and a large spot of this color behind humeri ; transverse suture gray pollinose breaking into dorsocentral and lateral stripes; narrow lateral margins golden-brown pollinose; humeri gray pollinose. A number of moderately long black hairs on anterior part of notum ; bristles black, 3 anterior and 3 posterior dorsocentral, 2 or 3 presutural, 1 supra-alar, and 1 postalar. Scutellum shining brown, the disk densely golden-brown pollinose, the margin very thinly so ; 6 strong black bristles and a number of black hairs on mar- gin. Pleura light golden and gray pollinose, the gray more evident below and on coxae; hairs yellowish white, about 6 medium long black ones on mesopleura, and 8 bristles in hypo- pleural row, 2 on one side white, the others black but some of these with yellowish tips. On anterior side of hind coxae near apical margin, a sharp, inwardly directed spur. Abdomen polished dark brown, narrow posterior margins yellowish, posterior half of first and posterior third and sides of remaining segments, grayish-golden pollinose. Hairs on lateral margins of all segments and on sides of first four yel- lowish white; otherwise short, black, and golden, seventh seg- ment entirely short, golden haired; 5 black bristles on sides of first segment. Venter uniformly grayish-golden pollinose, posterior margins yellowish ; hairs yellowish, rather short. Hypandrium shining dark brown, nearly black, somewhat bulg- ing in side view, posterior margin U-shaped, hairs and fringe black. Surstyli shining black, very thinly grayish-golden polli- nose, densely black haired with some golden hairs along apical 63 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 2 and ventral margins ; in side view 1J times as long as wide, but slightly narrowed basally, and with a prominent, rather wide, flange on lower half of apical margin; ventrally evenly curved from apex of flange to base, with a large basal umbo. Legs shining black, thinly golden pollinose ; middle part of claws reddish, base and tip black ; pulvilli light brown ; empo- dium half length of claws. Some yellowish white hairs below on femora, otherwise hairs and bristles black. Base and lower stem of halteres brown ; knob and upper stem whitish. Wings slightly infumated, more so on cross- veins; veins dark brown; anterior crossvein at one-third the distance from base to apex of discal cell. Female: Length 10 mm. Similar to male. Dorsocentral stripes prominent, widened anteriorly; 3 anterior and 3 poste- rior dorsocentral, 2 presutural, 2 supra-alar, 2 postalar, 6 strong scutellar, and 6 lateral bristles on first abdominal segment. Hairs on sides and lateral margins of first three abdominal seg- ments long and yellowish, otherwise short and black ; ovipositor dark shining brown with short yellow hairs, spines black, ninth sternite entirely reddish, eighth sternite reddish brown, apically dark reddish, eighth tergite twice length of seventh. Wings hyaline, slightly clouded on crossveins; fourth posterior cell narrowed. Holotype: Male, Sumner, Wash., VI-17 ’32 (J. Wilcox) ; de- posited in the California Academy of Sciences. Allotype: Female, same data; deposited in the California Acad- emy of Sciences. Paratypes: More than 60 specimens taken in the type locality from V-28 to VI-21 ’32 and ’33 (C. H. and D. Martin, R. Latta, Wm. W. Baker, and Wilcox) ; Forks, VII-23 ’33 (Martin and Wil- cox) ; Olympia, V-13 to 28 ’32 (Martin and Wilcox) ; Puyallup, V-15 to VI-20 ’32 to ’35 (Wm. W. Baker, Paul M. Eide and Wil- cox) ; Mt. Rainier, Carbon River Entrance, VIII-7 ’32 (Wilcox) ; and Electron, VI-26 ’33 (Baker and Wilcox) ; all these localities in Washington and Morgan’s Park, Portland, Oreg., VIII-28 ’32 (Joe Schuh), O.S.C. This species is closely related to pacificus and aldrichii, but is unique in having a sharp spur on the anterior side of the hind coxae in both sexes, and in the male by the broad flange on the lower apical half of the surstyli. 64 April, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Lasiopogon quadrivittata Jones (Plate I, Figure 2) Lasiopogon quadrivittatus Jones, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., y. 33, p. 278, 1907. Lasiopogon quadrivittatus Back, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., v. 35, p. 302-303, 1909. Lasiopogon quadrivittata Melander, Psyche, v. 30, p. 136, 1923. “Near L. arenicola O. S. J. Length 9-11 mm. Black, cov- ered everywhere with dense grayish pollen. Front broad, densely gray pollinose, hair everywhere whitish, that of occiput with a more decided yellowish tinge, beard and hair on occipital margin fine, silky and pure white. Face in profile with a strong gibbosity reaching more than half the distance from the oral margin to the base of the antennae. Antennae black, first two joints nearly equal, second a trifle longer than the first, third longer than the first two together, style about one-half as long as the third joint, first two joints of the antennae with whitish hair. Thorax black, covered with dense grayish pollen and very fine white pile, a few light colored bristles on the lateral mar- gins and posterior part of the dorsum, four brownish nearly median stripes on the dorsum, diverging anteriorly, the pollen on the margins brownish, forming an obscure stripe. The in- terval between the inner stripes is wider than that between the others so that there appear to be two geminate stripes. Scu- tellum flat, covered with pollen similar to that of the thorax, and with a row of light colored bristles on the posterior margin. Pollen of the pleura gray, with a brownish tinge. Halteres yellowish, the fan-like row of hairs in front white. Abdomen black, covered with dense grayish pollen and very fine, short, decumbent whitish pile, anterior margins of the second, third and fourth segments reddish-brown, last segment shining black. Bristles on the posterior lateral margins of the first segment whitish. Legs black, covered with dense, fine, whitish pile, longer on the underside of the femora, and interspersed with a few light colored bristles. Coxae and legs with brownish-gray pollen, thicker on the coxae, coxae with long white pile. Wings hyaline, anal cell closed and petiolate, fourth posterior cell slightly narrowed at the margin of the wing, anterior cross-vein at the middle of the discal cell. 11 Type. — One female from Halsey, Nebraska, June 1, 1906 (H. S. Smith). 65 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 2 “ Paratypes. — One female from War Bonnet Canon, Sioux Co., Nebraska, May 27, 1901 (M. A. Carriker) ; and one female from Bad Lands, Mouth of Monroe Canon, Sioux Co., Nebraska, May 28, 1900 (L. Bruner). “This species can be readily distinguished from L. arenicola 0. S. in being more densely pollinose and not so densely pilose as that species. The thoracic stripes will also serve to separate them, and my specimens of L. arenicola from Southern California have a few black bristles on the lateral margins of the thorax which quad- rivittatus does not have. ’ ’ The above is a copy of the original description and remarks. Specimens the writers have identified as this species have been seen from the following localities : Alberta: Calgary, V-20 ’24, C.N.C. ; Medicine Hat, V-8 ’26 (F. S. Carr), C.N.C., and V-24 to VI-1 ’33 (F. S. Carr). Montana: Labeled “Montana, C. U.,” O.S.M. North Dakota: Bismarck, VI-14 ’18 (J. M. Aldrich), U.S.N.M. Lasiopogon ripicola Melander (Plate I, Figure 7) Lasiopogon ripicola Melander, Psyche, v. 30, p. 143-144, 1923. “Male. — Length 10 mm. Dull brownish-gray, heavily polli- nose and rather densely pilose species, upper part of head alu- taceous, with abundance of black hairs but no bristles, face whitish, the dense hairs nearly white with slightly yellowish tinge, with a few black hairs intermixed on upper portion, lower occiput heavily white pilose, antennal hairs black, third joint compressed cylindrical, slightly more than twice the length of the acuminate style. Dorsum of thorax brownish- gray, the dorsocentral vittae widely separated, dark brown and rather narrow, bearing about six very fine black setae of which three are presutural, humeri cinereous, lateral markings very distinct, three prealar bristles; scutellum dark cinereous, the apical fine bristles black and hairs white ; pleura cinereous with faint yellow tinge, mesopleura with black hairs behind, sterno- pleura with fine white hairs, hypopleural fringe consisting of a few white and black bristle-like hairs. Abdomen not shining, the segments dark brown with apical two-fifths cinereous, the brown color intensified as two semicircular spots, the gray color extending forward triangularly between the brown markings, 66 April, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA pile conspicuous and whitish', long on sides of second and third segments, sides of first segment with a cluster of black bristles in addition to the pile ; hypopygium larger than diameter of end of abdomen, black, snbshining, mainly black-hairy, dorsal fringe transverse and black, declivous beneath fringe and not emarginate but with strong central broad projection, lateral valves spoon-shaped, the inferior margin entire, without tooth below but with slight basal umbo, venter uniformly gray polli- nose and with an abundance of fine whitish hairs. Legs coated with gray pollen, front femora with two preapical extensor bris- tles, hind femora with a complete row of black bristles along upper anterior face, bristles of tibiae and tarsi black, hairs of legs abundant, fine and white, pulvilli alutaceous. Wings hya- line, veins black, anterior crossvein at two-fifths the length of the discal cell, halteres yellow, the base brown, calypteres and fringe yellow. “ Female . — Facial hairs more yellowish, ovipositor black polished, short, carina usually black. “Types. — Wawawai, Washington, May 20, 1911 (Melander). Eighteen paratypes from same locality and from Wilbur, and Yakima (Jenne), Wash. Most of the specimens were taken in the month of April.” The above is a copy of Melander ’s description. Large series are on hand from the following localities : Oregon: The Dalles, V-2 ’27 (H. A. Scullen). Washington : Wawawai, IV ; female paratype, Wawawai, VII- 20, U.K. ; Pasco, IV-23 ’33 (Itol J. and J. Wilcox), about 200 speci- mens taken in about an hour on the banks of the Snake River ; Pasco, IV-16 to 17 ’34 (C. H. and D. Martin) ; and Cashmere, V-12 ’35 (C. W. Getzendaner) . Idaho : Lewiston, V-12 ’01, IV-26 ’12 along R. R. tracks ( J. M. Aldrich), U.S.N.M. Lasiopogon shermani, n. sp. (Plate II, Figure 20) Male: Length 8.5 mm. Head black; lower cheeks, palpi, and proboscis shining ; face densely golden-gray pollinose ; front and upper occiput densely golden-brown pollinose ; lower two- thirds of occiput gray pollinose. Mystax black, hairs on oral margin white or with white tips ; hairs of front, of ocellar 67 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 2 tubercle, and of upper occiput, black, rather long, about 5 long curved hairs on upper occiput ; beard and sparse hairs of palpi and proboscis white. Antennae black, gray pollinose, basal fifth of third joint yellowish red; first and second joints sub- equal in length, fine white haired below, on sides and above stouter black ; third 1 J times length of the first two together ; style nearly two-thirds length of third joint. Thorax brownish black with the following pattern : Humeri golden gray pollinose; central stripes, outer half of inter- mediate area, and dorsocentral stripes brown, dorsocentrals darker and more shining; narrow median bisecting line, outer sides of central stripes, and lateral stripes extending in back of humeri and shortening intermediate area, golden brown pol- linose; inner half of intermediate area gray pollinose, extend- ing into dorsocentrals and into outer intermediate area at transverse suture. Short hairs of humeri white ; numerous short hairs anteriorly on notum black; bristles black, 2 or 3 anterior and 3 strong posterior dorsocentral, 1 posthumeral, 2 presutural, 2 supra-alar, and 3 postalar. Scutellum dark brown, disk slightly concave, densely golden-gray pollinose, posterior margin more golden, subshining; 2 pairs of strong black bristles on posterior margin and a number of black hairs. Pleura and coxae densely golden and gray pollinose, upper half golden; hairs white, about 5 long black ones on meso- pleura ; 6 hypopleural bristles, 3 black and 3 white on one side, 4 black and 2 white on the other. Abdomen dark brown, shining, with narrow posterior mar- gins yellowish red, sides and posterior half of each segment gray pollinose except first, which is wholly so. Hairs all yellowish white, longer on lateral margins of all segments and on sides of first three, some of the short hairs on sides of last three seg- ments black; 2 or 3 black bristles on sides of first segment. Venter gray pollinose, sides and margins yellowish red, hairs yellowish white. Hypandrium transverse, reddish yellow, gray pollinose on sides, disk shining; hairs and fringe black. Sur- styli reddish yellow, gray pollinose ; in side view slender, more than twice as long as wide ; apically evenly rounded above and below, angle before apex on dorsum obtuse ; ventrally but slightly curved from base to apex, narrow ventral margin black ; no basal umbo ; hairs long and numerous, black. Legs gray pollinose, black except narrow base and apex of femora, basal three-fourths of tibiae, and basal half and nar- 68 April, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA row apex of tarsi, which are reddish yellow ; claws brown with black tips ; pulvilli brown ; empodium black, about three-fourths length of claws. Fine hairs on femora, most of those on fore and middle tibiae, and a few on hind tibiae white ; usual golden pile on anterior side of fore tibiae ; otherwise hairs and bristles black. Base and lower stem of halteres brown, upper stem and lower part of knob light brown, remainder of knob white. Wings hyaline; veins dark brown; anterior crossvein at two- fifths distance from base to apex of discal cell ; fourth posterior cell slightly narrowed. Female': Length 11 mm. Similar to male. Style of anten- nae about two-thirds length of third joint, first joint slightly longer than second ; hairs below on first and most of those below on second white ; basal fifth of third yellowish. Thorax lighter in color all over, making central and dorsocentral stripes more prominent ; humeri, median bisecting stripe, and inner half of intermediate area gray pollinose. Bristles as in male except hypopleurals, 4 strong black ones and 2 or 3 weaker white ones on each side. Abdomen somewhat greased but ap- parently marked as in male ; long hairs on sides and lateral margins of first three segments and shorter hairs on lateral margins of remainder white, shorter appressed hairs on dor- sum black ; 5 black bristles on each side of first segment ; venter entirely with short white hairs. Ovipositor shining, short yel- low pilose with the usual apical black spines ; eighth tergite brown with posterior and lateral margins reddish ; eighth ster- nite reddish brown ; ninth sternite dark brown, nearly black. Legs as in male except that most of the hairs on the hind tibiae are white. Halteres darker; upper stem and knob yellowish red. Fourth posterior cell of wings more broadly open. Holotype, male, and allotype, female, on the same pin; Long- creek, S. C., Ill — 26 ’32 (0. L. Cartwright) ; in the Clemson Agricul- tural College. Paratypes: 1 male, Little River Salem, IV-21 ’29 (0. L. Cart- wright), C.A.C.; 1 male, Raleigh, N. C., IV-20 ’32 (C. S. Brimley), N.C.D.A. Named in honor of Prof. Franklin Sherman, who kindly allowed us to study the Clemson Agricultural College material. The specimen from North Carolina has all the hairs below on the first two antennal joints black, only the basal half of the tibiae red- 69 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 2 dish, only the narrow bases and apices of the tarsi reddish, and the fourth posterior cell of the wings quite narrowed. The reddish legs separate it from the other eastern species. Lasiopogon slossonae, n. sp. (Plate II, Figure 19) Male: Length 10 mm. Head black; lower cheeks, palpi, and proboscis shining; face densely grayish-golden pollinose; front, vertex, and upper occiput densely golden-brown pollinose ; lower occiput gray pollinose. Mystax black, a few hairs on sides below golden brown; front, vertex, ocellar tubercle, and upper occiput with long black hairs, a pair of longer black hairs on ocellar tubercle; beard and sparse hairs of palpi and proboscis grayish white. Antennae black ; apex of second joint and immediate base of third on inner side reddish; first and second joints subequal in length, both black haired ; third about 1-J times length of first two together; style four-fifths length of third. Thorax brown, densely golden-brown pollinose with touches of gray; dorsocentral stripes, central stripes, and most of in- termediate area brown, subshining; median bisecting stripe, lateral stripes, and dorsocentral stripes in some lights golden brown ; humeri, anterior sides of median stripe and inner fourth of intermediate area grayish-golden pollinose. Hairs of humeri yellowish; sparse hairs on anterior part of notum black; bris- tles black, 1 strong and 1 weak anterior and 3 posterior dorso- central, 1 or 2 rather weak posthumeral, 3 presutural, 2 supra- alar, and 2 postalar. Scutellum densely gray pollinose, 6 strong black marginal bristles and a number of shorter black hairs. Coxae and lower pleura gray pollinose, upper pleura golden pollinose, mesopleura golden-brown pollinose ; hairs white, about 5 black ones on mesopleura, 3 brown and 3 yellowish hypopleural on each side. Abdomen shining dark brown; posterior margins narrowly yellowish ; posterior fourth and sides of all segments gray polli- nose, except first, which is largely so ; some thin golden pollen on dorsum and sides of all segments, and segments 6 and 7 mostly this color obscuring the gray. Hairs on lateral margins of seg- ments 1 to 4 and on sides of 1 to 3 white ; remainder short, black haired ; about 6 long yellowish white bristles on sides of first seg- ment. Venter uniformly grayish golden pollinose, margins yel- lowish red, long white haired. Hypandrium transverse, rather 70 April, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA wide longitudinally; central portion shining reddish brown, dorsum thinly and sides densely grayish-golden pollinose ; dense hairs and sparse posterior fringe black. Surstyli densely gray- ish-golden pollinose and densely long black haired ; in side view about three times as long as wide, apical fourth bent down; apical margin slightly emarginate, upper angle obtuse; ven- trally the margin sharply curves mesad near the apex, from which it slightly curves to the base, no basal umbo. Legs black, thinly gray pollinose; claws reddish with black tips; empodium black, three-fourths length of claws; pulvilli brown. Hairs on underside and above at base of femora white ; on anterior side of fore tibiae golden ; otherwise black ; bristles black. Stem and knob of halteres yellowish white, the base brown. Wings evenly infumated with reddish, lighter posteriorly; veins dark brown ; anterior crossvein at three-sevenths distance from base to apex of discal cell; fourth posterior cell nearly closed. Female: Length 10 mm. Face dull golden pollinose; mys- tax entirely black. Style of the antennae nearly as long as third joint. No posthumeral and 2 presutural bristles. Hypo- pleurals entirely yellowish white except a blackish one on one side. Lateral bristles on first abdominal segment entirely yel- lowish white. White hairs on abdomen confined to sides and lateral margins of first three segments, otherwise short black. Venter of seventh segment partly black haired, remainder yellowish-white haired. Ovipositor shining black, exceptionally broad in lateral view, somewhat narrowed apically ; short black haired, those below black apical spines yellowish. Stem of hal- teres light brown, knob yellow. Anterior cross vein at one- third distance from base to apex of discal cell ; fourth posterior cell nearly closed in one wing, narrowly open in the other. Holotype: Male, Franconia, N. H. (Mrs. A. T. Slosson), Ac. 26226 ; in the American Museum of Natural History. Allotype: Female, same data; in the American Museum of Natural History. Paratypes: 4 specimens (2 on one pin), same data, A.M.N.H. ; 2 males, 2 females, Bretton Woods, N. H., VI-26 and 28 ’13 (C. W. Johnson), B.S.N.H. ; 3 specimens, Clementon, N. J., V-9 ’97 (C. W. Johnson) and Bretton Woods, N. H., VI-28 ’13 (C. W. Johnson), M.C.Z.; 1 male, Glencarlyn, Va., V-21 ’17 (C. T. Greene), U.S.N.M. This species was received labeled both as opaculus and tetragram- 71 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 2 mus. The male is unique in having the surstyli extremely long and noticeably bent down apically. Lasiopogon testaceus, n. sp. (Plate II, Figure 13) Male: Length 8 mm. Head black; lower cheeks, palpi and proboscis shining; face, front and upper occiput densely dull- golden pollinose ; lower occiput grayish-golden pollinose. Mys- tax black, a few yellowish-white hairs on oral margin ; hairs of front, ocellar tubercle, vertex, and upper occiput black; beard and hairs of palpi and proboscis white. Antennae black; first joint shining, second and third golden pollinose; first two sub- equal in length, black haired ; third 1^ times length of first two together, with 2 or 3 short black hairs on upper side near apex ; style about one-third length of third joint. Thorax and scutellum densely brassy-golden pollinose ; dorsocentral stripes faintly brownish. Hairs of humeri yellow- ish, otherwise sparse hairs black; bristles black, 3 anterior and 3 posterior dorsocentral, 1 or 2 posthumeral, 2 presutural, 2 supra-alar, and 2 postalar. Scutellum with about 9 black bristles and a few black hairs on posterior margin. Pleura and middle and posterior coxae colored like the mesonotum, anterior coxae gray pollinose; hairs white, 4 black ones posteriorly on mesopleura; 6 strong black hypopleural bristles on each side plus 1 or 2 weaker ones. Abdomen brown ; first segment entirely and remaining seg- ments with the sides and posterior two-fifths dull-golden polli- nose ; anteriorly thinly brownish pollinose, subshining. Hairs on sides and lateral margins whitish, longer on first three seg- ments; on dorsum short, recumbent, black; 3 black bristles on each side of first segment. Venter uniformly pollinose and whitish pilose. Hypopygium entirely bright orange red, nar- row ventral and apical margins black; entirely short black pilose; hypandrium bulging, posterior margin V-shaped, sparse posterior fringe black. Surstyli in side view about twice as long as wide, upper apical angle obtuse, lower angle evenly rounded ; ventral margin evenly curved from base to apex except for a shallow emargination at two-thirds distance from base to apex; small basal umbo. Femora except extreme base and apex black, remainder of legs, including trochanters, reddish; claws reddish with black tips ; pulvilli light brown. Hairs and bristles black, hairs below on femora and short pile on anterior side of fore tibiae yellowish. 72 April, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Base of halteres brown, remainder whitish except for a touch of brown at base of knob on dorsum. Wings uniformly tinged with red, basal and anal cells and anal angle white ; veins brown, anterior cross vein at two-fifths distance from base to apex of discal cell ; fourth posterior cell quite open. Female: Length 9 mm. Similar to male. A faint narrow median brown bisecting stripe on mesonotum. White hairs of abdomen confined to sides of first two segments and on lateral margins to about middle of third segment, otherwise short, black; 5 black bristles on each side of first segment; narrow posterior margins of segments yellowish (these obscured by pollen in male) ; hairs on venter of segments 1 to 5, whitish, on segments 6 to 7 mostly black. Ovipositor reddish orange, except outer third and lateral margins of eighth tergite, which are black, and ninth sternite, which is somewhat brownish ; short sparse hairs white; apical spines brown. Wings uniformly reddish brown. Holotype: Male, Angora Park, Tahoe, Calif., VII-8 (E. P. Van Duzee) ; in the California Academy of Sciences. Allotype: Female, Fallen Leaf Lake, Lake Tahoe, Calif., VII ’15 (L. S. Rosenbaum) ; in the California Academy of Sciences. Paratypes: 1 male, 1 female, same data as allotype, O.S.M. ; 1 female, same data as allotype, C.A.S. ; and 1 male, Pinecrest, Tuolumne County, Calif., V-23 ’31 (A. C. Browne). This species is quite close to fumipennis Melander and cur rani, new species, differing from both by the halteres being whitish with- out the dorsum of the knob being black ; by the male genitalia being a brighter orange red and the basal two-thirds of the eighth tergite of the ovipositor the same color; and by the tibiae and tarsi being also more reddish than in the above species. Lasiopogon tetragrammus Loew (Plate II, Figure 21) Lasiopogon tetragrammus Loew, Berlin Ent. Ztsch., v. 18, p. 368, 370, 1874. Lasiopogon tetragrammus Back, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., v. 35, p. 301-302, 1909. Lasiopogon tetragrammus Melander, Psyche, v. 30, p. 137, 1923. “J. — Length about 9 mm. — Translation. Black; the usual thoracic stripes fuscous, the intermediate one narrowly bisected, 73 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 2 the lateral ones much abbreviated anteriorly, and the lateral ones of the same color ; the space between the lateral and intermediate stripes and the last segment of the abdomen polished black, the latter white pilose, the rest of the body black pilose ; the several segments of the abdomen grayish pruinose on the posterior mar- gin. Length of body 4-7-12 lin., of wing 4 lin. “Not greatly unlike L. bellardi Jaen., but the bloom of the head and thorax, with the exception of the more yellow of the face, yellowish-brown or almost deep brownish. The bisected middle thoracic stripe blackish-brown, sharply defined, the lat- eral stripes greatly abbreviated anteriorly, of the same color, but less sharply defined ; between the middle and lateral stripes on each side is inserted a blackish-brown stripe, the fore part of which is bent outward and extends as far as the grayish pruinose humeri. Abdomen black, only moderately polished; the first segment everywhere, and the six following ones only on the sides and hind border, grayish pruinose ; the last segment wholly without bloom and highly polished. Halter es yellowish. Wings grayish, the venation normal, veins brownish-black; the small cross- vein lies considerably before the middle of the discal cell. The arrangement of the hair and bristles is as usual in this genus. Mystax, hair on the first two antennal segments, the front and upper part of the occiput black; the hair on the larger lower part of the occiput and on the under side of the proboscis white ; that on the lateral oral margins yellowish- white. The prothorax only on the sides with more whitish, above with more black hair ; dorsum of mesothorax and scutellum with black pile and bristles ; the scant pile on the pleura whitish in front of the mesopleural suture, the fine hairs and the trichostical hair black. The first abdominal segment whitish pilose, on the pos- terior lateral margins with black bristles ; the pile on the whole lateral margin of the second segment and on the outermost lateral edge of the third segment is white ; the pile of the rest of the second and third and of the following four segments is wholly black ; that of the last segment whitish ; on each segment, beginning with the second, there is a transverse row of perhaps four conspicuous black bristles. The prevailing black and sharply-defined white hair of the legs is arranged as usual ; all the bristles are black. “Type. — M.C.Z. A single female type specimen from Canada (Provancher) . 74 April, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA “ Habitat . — Canada; White Mts., N. H. ‘ ‘ Osten Sacken has named a male and a female Lasiopogon from the White Mountains opaculus with a question mark. They are not opaculus. I believe they are tetragrammus. They agree with the type of the latter in size, general coloration of abdomen, but the geni- talia are rather large, grayish-brown pruinose, with black pile. ’ ’ The above is a copy of the description given by Back. The male is described below. Male: Length 9 mm. Head black; face densely golden- brown pollinose; front and vertex dull brown pollinose, with some golden along orbits ; upper occiput golden gray pollinose ; lower occiput gray pollinose. Lower hairs of mystax yellowish white, upper hairs black, mostly with yellowish- white tips ; hairs of front, vertex, ocellar tubercle and upper occiput black, some on inner occiput stout curved ; beard and sparse hairs of palpi and proboscis white. Antennae black, the first joint shining, otherwise golden-brown pollinose ; joints 1 and 2 black haired ; third 1^ times length of first two together ; style one-half length of third joint. Thorax black, densely pollinose; central and dorsocentral stripes and outer two-thirds of intermediate area brown, sub- shining; humeri, area behind humeri, lateral stripes, and area between central and dorsocentral stripes on anterior half golden gray pollinose ; inner third of intermediate area and somewhat broadening at transverse suture, and broad central bisecting stripe, gray pollinose. Hairs short, black; bristles black, 3 anterior and 3 posterior dorsocentral, 1 posthumeral, 2 or 3 presutural, 2 supra-alar, and 2 or 3 postalar. Scutellum densely golden-gray pollinose, transversely impressed in middle, 2 strong and 6 weak black marginal bristles and a number of short black hairs on margin and a few as far back as impression. Pleura and coxae densely golden-gray pollinose and yellowish- white pilose, 2 to 4 black hairs posteriorly on the mesopleura, 6 or 7 black hypopleural bristles. Abdomen broad, shining brown, narrow posterior margins yellowish, and sides and posterior fourth of segments gray pol- linose, excepting first, which is largely so. Hairs yellowish white, longer on lateral margins and on sides of first three seg- ments, remaining very short appressed ; 5 black bristles on sides of first segment. Venter golden-gray pollinose and yellowish- white pilose, some short brownish hairs on apical margin of sev- 75 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 2 enth sternite. Hypandrium transverse, shining reddish brown ; sides gray pollinose ; hairs and fringe black. Surstyli brownish black with some red at base on sides, densely gray pollinose and black pilose ; in side view about twice as long as wide, truncate apically, lower angle rounded, upper angle rectangular; ven- trally deeply curved ; no basal umbo. Legs black, gray pollinose ; apices of tarsi appearing reddish ; claws reddish brown with black tips ; empodium black ; pulvilli brown. Hairs on femora and anterior side of fore tibiae yellow- ish white ; otherwise black ; bristles black. Base and lower stem of balteres brown, upper stem and knob yellowish white. Wings lightly tinged with brown ; veins brown; anterior crossvein at one-third distance from base to apex of discal cell ; fourth posterior cell slightly narrowed. Described from a male with the following data, Peru, N. Y., VI-8 and 10 ’16 (C. R. Crosby and W. T. M. Forbes), C.U. Specimens have been seen from the following localities : New York : Peru (see data above) ; Blackbrook, Clinton County, VI-21 ’15, C.U. Connecticut: Avon Old Farms, Avon, VI-25 ’29 (C. H. Cur- ran), A.M.N.H. ; Poquonock, V-22 ’06 (B. H. Walden), B.S.N.H. Massachusetts: Sunderland, V-29 ’23 (C. W. Johnson), B.S.N.H. New Hampshire: Intervale, VI-16 ’06 (G. M. Allen), B.S.N.H. Quebec: Lanoraie, V-24 ’33 (Chagnon), C.H.M. This species was at first thought to be new, as none of the speci- mens seen bad the bristles on the second and following abdominal segments as given in Back’s description. Richard Dow and Nathan Banks have kindly examined the type and report that there are no such bristles on the abdomen. The specimens from New Hampshire mentioned by Back are probably slossonae, new species. Lasiopogon trivittatus Melander Lasiopogon trivittatus Melander, Psyche, v. 30, p. 144-145, 1923. “ Female . — Length 7 mm. Entirely black in ground color, the halteres and calypteres pale fuscous, the carina of the ovi- positor castaneous, upper part of head yellowish-gray, bristles and hairs black, face whitish, its hairs nearly white with slightly yellowish tinge, lower pile of occiput fine and white. Thorax thickly coated with cinereous pollen, the dorsocentral stripes 76 April, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA full brown, a median stripe of similar brown color and supra- alar indications of lighter brown ; bristles prominent and black, a strong presutural dorsocentral present, scattered black setulae on anterior portion of mesonotum ; scutellum densely cinereous, bare except for black marginal bristles and setula ; pleura heav- ily coated with cinereous, almost pruinose, a slight tinge of yel- lowish developed beneath root of wing. Abdomen scarcely at all shining, first segment wholly cinereous, second to seventh segments fulvous over greater portion, the posterior margins narrowly cinereous, the gray color extending forward at the sides merge into the fulvous, no long pile, hairs appressed, whit- ish, becoming black on posterior segments, ovipositor slightly longer than seventh segment, polished, blunt, but little tapering ; venter heavily cinereous pollinose. Legs densely coated with gray pollen, femora with a few whitish long bristle-like hairs beneath, no coating of pile but the short hair of femora and under side of tibiae white, hairs of remainder of tibiae and of tarsi and bristles black, pul villi brownish. Wings nearly hyaline, veins blackish, anterior crossvein slightly before middle of discal cell. “ Holotype. — Gold Creek, Montana, July 29, 1918 (Melander).” The writers have not seen this species. Lasiopogon willametti, n. sp. (Plate III, Figure 32) Male: Length 10 mm. Face densely, front and upper occi- put thinly, golden pollinose ; lower occiput gray pollinose. Mystax black, a few of lower hairs white or black with white tips; hairs on front and upper occiput black; beard and hairs on palpi and proboscis gray. Antennae black, thinly pollinose ; first two joints black haired ; third joint 1^ times length of first two together ; style slightly more than half length of third. Thorax shining brown, densely golden-brown pollinose, espe- cially dense on central portion and on lateral margins; dorso- central stripes shining brown, only apparent for their full length by rotating the specimen; central stripe bisected but rather vaguely indicated owing to layer of pollen ; intermediate area shining brown, thinly pollinose, not nearly so evident as dorsocentral stripes. Hairs black; bristles black, 3 strong and 4 rather weak anterior and 4 posterior dorsocentral, 1 post- humeral, 2 or 3 presutural, 2 supra-alar, and 3 postalar. Scu- 77 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 2 tellum densely golden pollinose, numerous black slender bristles on posterior margin. Pleura and coxae densely golden pol- linose, merging somewhat with gray below ; hairs white, a cluster of short stout black hairs posteriorly on mesopleura, 6 or 7 black hypopleural bristles. Abdomen shining dark brown, narrow posterior margins white; first segment entirely, and sides, posterior margins, and median part of remaining segments grayish-yellow pollinose, so that these segments are marked with two anterior semicircular shining spots. Long hairs on sides of all segments white, on dorsum short, appressed, black ; 7 black bristles on sides of first segment. Venter densely grayish-yellow pollinose with long white hairs. Hypandrium transverse, shining black dorsally, golden pollinose on sides, numerous short hairs black, fringe black with a tendency toward golden. Surstyli densely golden pollinose and black haired, in side view about twice as long as wide, apically evenly rounded below and shallowly emarginate above ; ventral margins but slightly curved ; no basal umbo. Legs entirely black ; claws black basally and apically, reddish in middle. Many short appressed hairs on sides and dorsum of femora, and longer hairs below on femora and tibiae, yellowish white; otherwise hairs of tibiae and tarsi black; bristles black. Base and stem of halteres brown, knob light yellowish brown. Wings hyaline, veins dark brown, anterior cross vein at one- third distance from base to apex of discal cell. Female: Length 12 mm. Central bisected stripes of meso- notum more prominent. White hairs on abdomen confined to first three segments and to anterior lateral angles of segments 4 or 5, otherwise short and black. Ovipositor shining black, short white pilose; apical spines black. Knob of halteres red- dish brown but lighter than base and stem. Fourth posterior cell of wings slightly narrowed. Holotype: Male, Kiger’s Island, Benton County, Oreg., IV-19 ’30 ( J. Wilcox) ; deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. Allotype: Female, same data, IV-8 ’30; deposited in the Califor- nia Academy of Sciences. Paratypes : More than 200 specimens, representing both sexes, from the following localities : Oregon : type locality, April and May (R. E. Dimick and Wilcox) ; Albany and Crabtree, V-15 ’31 (Wil- cox) ; Lebanon, V-27 ’31 (Wilcox) ; Corvallis, V- ’31 (Dimick and Wilcox); Wheatland, V-10 ’31 (Wilcox); Washington: Sumner, 78 April, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA IV-27 to VI-17 (R. Latta, C. H. Martin and Wilcox) ; Roy, IV-19 to 29 ’32 (Martin and Latta) ; Auburn, V-10 ’32 (Wilcox) ; Enum- claw, V-12 ’32 (Wilcox) ; Buckley, VI-14 ’32 (Wilcox) ; Mt. Rainier, Ipsut Creek Camp, VI-26 ’32 (Wm. W. Baker) and VII-23 ’35 (S. B. Crumb, Jr., and Wilcox) ; Forks, Clallam County, VII-2 ’20 (E. P. Van Duzee), C.A.S.; British Columbia: Agassizi, V-18 ’27 (H. H. Ross), C.N.C. This species is collected early in the spring on the banks of the Willamette and Santiam Rivers in Oregon and on the banks of the Puyallup and White Rivers in Washington, usually taken on the dry sands. Some of the specimens taken in Washington are designated as variety puyallupi ; they have only the sides and posterior half of the abdominal segments pollinose, the basal half shining ; and the pollen all over tends to be gray rather than golden. See note under dimicki, new species. Lasiopogon yukonensis, n. sp. (Plate III, Figure 28) Male: Length 11 mm. Head black; lower cheeks and pro- boscis shining ; face and occiput light but evenly gray pollinose ; front dull black (greased?). Mystax and numerous hairs on front, vertex, ocellar tubercle, and upper occiput black; beard and hairs of proboscis white. Antennae black, third joint thinly pollinose ; first two black haired, subequal in length ; third about twice length of first two together, widest at middle, with a short black hair on upper side near middle ; style broad, about half length of third joint, acute at tip. Thorax black, thinly gray pollinose, narrow median bisecting line and dorsocentral and lateral stripes brown; intermediate area more shining. Numerous hairs black ; bristles black, about 4 anterior and 4 posterior dorsocentral, 1 posthumeral, 3 or 4 presutural, 4 or 5 supra-alar, and 2 or 3 postalar. Scutellum black, shining, grayish-golden pollinose, with numerous black bristles and hairs on posterior margin. Pleura and coxae black, subshining, thinly gray pollinose, hairs white, a few black ones posteriorly on mesopleura; hypopleurals mostly black, 9 black on one side, 6 black and 2 pale weaker ones on the other. Abdomen black ; narrow posterior margins yellowish ; apical half of first and apical fourth of remaining segments gray polli- nose, this pollen apparently not extending along lateral margins anteriorly. Hairs entirely golden white, longer on sides and 79 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 2 lateral margins, shorter and recumbent dorsally ; 6 black bristles on sides of first segment. Venter thinly gray pollinose and yellowish-white pilose. Hypopyginm shining black with thick, short, black hairs ; hypandrium bulging, posterior margin V-shaped, fringe black; surstyli about 1J times as long as wide, wider apically than at base, upper apical angle produced into a short cone-shaped projection, apical margin slightly concave, lower angle evenly rounded, slightly flanged; ventrally but slightly curved from base to apex, with a small basal umbo. Legs shining black ; claws black, reddish brown at base ; pul- villi light brown. Hairs on femora and on anterior side of fore tibiae yellowish white, otherwise black ; bristles black. Base and lower stem of halteres brown, knob and upper stem dull yellow. Wings nearly hyaline, faintly brownish all over ; veins dark brown ; anterior crossvein at one-third distance from base to apex of discal cell; fourth posterior cell somewhat narrowed. Holotype: Male, Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, Canada, Fish Lake Bench, VI-16 ’23 ( J. A. Kusche) ; in the California Academy of Sciences. A unique specimen and, although not perfect for description, differing from all other species by having the upper apical angle of the surstyli produced into a conelike projection or tubercle. Lasiopogon zonatus, 11. sp. (Plate I, Figure 11) Male: Length 8 mm. Cheeks, palpi, and proboscis shining black ; face and lower occiput gray pollinose ; front, vertex, and upper occiput yellowish-gray pollinose. Mystax, hairs, and bristles on front, on ocellar tubercle, on vertex, and on upper occiput black; beard and hairs of palpi and proboscis white. Antennae black, thinly gray pollinose; first joint with white hairs below, above and second joint black haired; third joint but slightly longer than first two joints together; style two- thirds length of third. Thorax brown, subshining ; central stripes, dorsocentral stripes, and intermediate area of this color; remainder yel- lowish-gray pollinose ; humeri, transverse suture, and lateral stripes behind suture gray pollinose. Hairs on humeri mostly white; the 3 or 4 longer hairs on humeri and those on notum black; bristles black, 3 or 4 anterior and 4 posterior dorso- 80 April, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA central, 1 posthumeral, 3 presntnral, 2 snpra-alar, and 2 to 4 postalar. Scutellum yellowish-gray pollinose, with about 18 rather weak black marginal bristles. Pleura and coxae yel- lowish-gray pollinose, white haired, a row of black ones pos- teriorly on mesopleura, and 8 black hypopleural bristles. Abdomen mostly shining dark brown; sides and posterior fourth of segments gray pollinose with a yellowish tinge at some angles. Hairs on sides and lateral margins of first three seg- ments and lateral margins of remaining segments white; re- mainder short black haired ; 5 or 6 black bristles on sides of first segment. Venter yellowish-gray pollinose and with rather long white hairs. Hypandrium somewhat bulging, dorsum shining black, thinly and sides densely yellowish-gray pollinose, hairs and posterior fringe black. Surstyli densely yellowish-gray pollinose and black haired ; in side view about twice as long as wide, evenly rounded below apically, upper angle rectangular slightly rounded; ventrally the margin nearly straight from base to apex, the intervening area narrowly V-shaped. Legs black, densely yellowish-gray pollinose; tarsi a dirty yellowish red at bases and apices, claws reddish with black tips ; pulvilli light brown; empodium black. Hairs below and near base and shorter ones dorsally on femora white ; anterior side of fore tibia short yellowish pilose, otherwise the hairs black; bristles black. Knob of halteres yellowish white ; stem and base brown. Wings with a uniform grayish tinge; veins dark brown; anterior crossvein at one-third distance from base to apex of discal cell ; fourth posterior cell quite open. Female: Length 9 mm. Ovipositor shining brown dorsally and at base of eighth sternite, remainder of eighth and the ninth sternite lighter reddish brown ; short sparse hairs white ; apical spines black. Most of hairs below on femora and tibiae white. Holotype: Male, Santa Ana Canyon, Orange County, Calif., IV- ’33 (M. W. Stone) ; deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. Allotype: Female, same data, IV-1 ’33 (K. Sloop, and M. W. Stone) ; deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. Paratypes : About 50 specimens, representing both sexes, from the type locality, same data as types and III-ll to 21 ’34 (M. W. Stone) ; Whittier, Calif., Ill— 31 ’32 (C. H. Martin) ; Artesia, Calif., III-27 ’34 (M. W. Stone) ; and Los Angeles County, Calif. (Coquil- lett), U.S.N.M. 81 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 2 This species is very similar to calif ornicus and may be the south- ern form of that species. The zonate appearance of the abdomen; the more numerous and longer hairs on the legs ; and, in the females, the absence of black hairs on the lateral margins of the last three abdominal segments and on the venter of the last segment, and the reddish ninth sternite, serve to separate it from calif ornicus. Alexiopogon Curran Alexiopogon Curran, North Amer. Dipt., p. 183, 1934. “Distinguished from Lasiopogon Loew by the absence of dorsocentral bristles. The figures of Lasiopogon will also serve for this genus. Genotype: — Lasiopogon terricola Johnson.” Genotype : Daulopogon terricola Johnson. Additional characters for separating the two genera are given in the key on page 6. Only the type species, terricola Johnson, can be included according to the writers ’ understanding of the genus. Alexiopogon terricola (Johnson) (Plate II, Figure 14) Daulopogon terricola Johnson, Ent. News, v. 11, p. 326, 1900. Lasiopogon terricola Back, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., v. 35, pp. 300-301, 1909. Lasiopogon terricola Melander, Psyche, v. 30, p. 136. 1923. “J'J. — Length 5-7 mm. — Black, head and thorax grayish- brown pruinose; the abdomen polished black, the posterior margins and corners of all the segments except the first, and the legs more or less reddish-brown; the posterior lateral margins of the abdominal segments grayish pruinose. ‘ ‘ Head grayish pruinose ; the front, except narrowly along the orbits, and the upper portion of the occiput brownish ; the antennae and proboscis black; the mystax, fine pile on lower half of occiput and the proboscis beneath white ; the bristly hair of the basal segments of the antennae, frontal orbits, ocellar tubercle and upper occiput black. Thoracic dorsum yellowish-brown pruinose, the humeri and scutellum more grayish ; pleurae grayish pruinose, more brownish on the meso- pleurae. On either side of the middle of the dorsum is a rather indistinct line of a much browner bloom. The short hair and bristles of the dorsum and the trichostical bristles blackish; a patch of pile on the lower part of the prothorax and on the coxae white. Abdomen polished black, thinly white pilose and finely 82 April, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA punctate; segments from the second on, with their posterior borders and posterior angles, brownish, but this color on the latter is more or less obscured by a grayish bloom ; side of the first segment and the venter grayish pruinose. Genitalia of male brownish, with whitish pile ; spines of the female ovipositor black. Legs brownish ; the coxae, front, and usually the middle femora, except at tip and base, and the terminal segments of the tarsi blackish ; the coxae and femora more or less obscured by a whitish bloom ; pile of coxae and legs short, fine, white, the under side of all femora with longer pile ; all the bristles of the legs black. Wings grayish hyaline ; the veins dark brown, sometimes slightly bordered with fuscous ; the anal cell closed on the mar- gin, all the posterior and submarginal cells open. Halteres whitish-yellow. “Type. — Collection of Prof. C. W. Johnson, Curator of the Bos- ton Society of Natural History. There are two metatypes in the collection of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. “Habitat. — Chicopee, Mass. (May 18-24, F. Knab) ; Ocean County (J. B. Smith), Clementon (May 9, 30), Wenonah (May 14) and Riverton (May 29), N. J. “Prof. C. W. Johnson, who is responsible for the last three refer- ences, states that this is a quite common species during the spring on the low damp ground of southern New Jersey, where he has taken it in good numbers.” The above is copied from Back. Specimens have been seen from the following localities : Alberta: Medicine Hat, Y-24 ’33 (F. S. Carr). Indiana : Bare sand, Lafayette, V-2-27 ’16, U.S.N.M. Maryland: Plummer’s Island, IV-28, V-10 ’16 (J. M. Aldrich and W. L. McAtee) ; Beltsville, V-2 ’15 (W. L. McAtee), U.S.N.M. Massachusetts : Amherst, V-13 ’23, S.W.B. New Jersey : Clementon, V-12, U.K. and V-9 ’97, R.H.P. ; Lahaway, Ocean County, O.S.M. ; Riverton, V-4 (C. W. Johnson), S.W.B. and R.H.P. North Dakota : Mott (C. N. Ainslee), C.N.C. Ohio: Pine Creek, Hocking County, sand bar, VI-17 ’31 (E. S. Thomas), O.S.M. Virginia: Great Falls, IV-30 and V-19 (N. Banks). BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Back, E. A. The Robber-Flies of America North of Mexico, 83 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 2 Belonging to the Subfamilies Leptogastrinae and Dasy- pogoninae. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., v. 35, p. 137-396, 1909. 2. Bezzi, M. Bol. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. R. Scuola Super. Agr. Portici, v. 11, p. 250-281, 1916. 3. Cole, F. R. New Species of Asilidae from Southern California. Psyche, v. 23, p. 63-69, 1916. 4. , and Lovett, A. L. New Oregon Diptera. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (Ser. 4), v. 9, p. 221-255, 1919. 5. . Notes on the Dipterous Family Asilidae, with De- scriptions of New Species. Pan-Pacific Ent., v. 1, p. 7-13, 1924. 6. . A Study of the Terminal Abdominal Structures of Male Diptera (Two-Winged Flies). Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (Ser. 4), v. 16, p. 397-499, 1927. 7. Coquillett, D. W. The Type-Species of the North American Genera of Diptera. No. 1719, U. S. Nat. Mns. Proc., v. 37, p. 499-647, 1910. 8. Lundbeck, W. Diptera Danica. . . . Part II, Asilidae, Bombyliidae, Therevidae, Scenopinidae, 164 p. Copen- hagen, 1908. 9. Melander, A. L. The Genus Lasiopogon (Diptera, Asilidae). Psyche, v. 30, p. [135]-145, 1923. 10. Melin, D. Contributions to the Knowledge of the Biology, Metamorphosis, and Distribution of the Swedish Asilids. Zoologiska Bidrag Fron Uppsala, Bd. 8, p. 1-317, 1923. 11. Schaeffer, Chas. New Diptera of the Family Asilidae with Notes on Known Species. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., v. 24, p. 65-66, 1916. 12. Seguy, E. Faune de France, no. 17, Dipteres (Brachyceres) (Asilidae). Federation des Societes de Sciences Natur- elles. 190 p. Paris, 1927. 84 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 2 Plate I Note: In the following figures of the male genitalia (figs. 1-35, Pis. I-III), the upper figure in each case is a ventral view of the surstyli with the apex toward the top of the page, and the lower figure is a lateral view of the surstyli with the apex toward the left- hand side of the page. aridus, new species. quadrivittatus Jones. arenicola (Osten Sacken). actius Melander. littoris Cole. 6. — Lasiopogon albidus, new species. 7. — Lasiopogon ripicola Melander. drabicola Cole. chaetosus, new species. delicatulus Melander. zonatus , new species. oklahomensis, new species. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 1. — Lasiopogon 2. — Lasiopogon 3. — -Lasiopogon 4. — Lasiopogon 5. — Lasiopogon 8. — Lasiopogon 9. — Lasiopogon 10. — Lasiopogon 11. — Lasiopogon 12. — Lasiopogon 86 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, (n. s.), No. i, PI. I 9 10 12 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 2 Plate II Fig. 13.- Fig. 14.- Fig. 15.- Fig. 16.- Fig. 17.- Fig. 18.- Fig. 19.- Fig. 20.- Fig. 21.- Fig. 22.- Fig. 23.- Fig. 24.- -Lasiopogon testaceus, new species. -Alexiopogon terricola (Johnson). -Lasiopogon currani, new species. -Lasiopogon fumipennis Melander. -Lasiopogon opaculus Loew. -Lasiopogon carolinensis, new species. -Lasiopogon slossonae, new species. -Lasiopogon shermani, new species. -Lasiopogon tetragrammus Loew. -Lasiopogon hinei, new species. -Lasiopogon aldrichii Melander. -Lasiopogon pugeti, new species. 88 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, (n. s.), No. i, Pl. II 21 22 23 24 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 2 Fig. 25. — Lasiopogon Fig. 26. — Lasiopogon Fig. 27. — Lasiopogon Fig. 28. — Lasiopogon Fig. 29. — Lasiopogon Fig. 30. — Lasiopogon Fig. 31. — Lasiopogon Fig. 32. — Lasiopogon Fig. 33. — Lasiopogon Fig. 34. — Lasiopogon Fig. 35. — Lasiopogon Plate III canus, new species. cinereus Cole. atripennis , new species. yukonensis, new species. bivittatus Loew. martinensis, new species. monticola Melander. willametti, new species. gabrieli, new species. calif or nicus, new species. dimicki , new species. 90 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, (n. s.), No. i, PI. Ill 32 33 34 35 VOL. XVIII (New Series) JULY, 1938 No. 3 A Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor CARL GEO. SIEPMANN GEO. P. ENGELHARDT Published Quarterly tor the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, N. Queen. St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue, September 10, 1938 Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Vol. XVIII July, 1938 No. 3 A REVIEW OF THE GENUS SCAPHINOTUS, SUBGENUS SCAPHINOTUS DEJEAN (COLEOPTERA- CARABIDAE) By Edwin C. Van Dyke UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA There has been great need for a restudy of this group of beetles, for some time, for though Roeschke completely monographed the tribe to which they belong in 1907,1 the work was written in German and published in Hungary, therefore not readily accessible to most of our workers. Besides much more material has been accumulated since this work was published, necessitating a changed viewpoint with regard to certain of the species, also several new species discov- ered as well as much new information gathered, rendering that splen- did work somewhat obsolete. I have, therefore, felt that the time was ripe for the publication in English of a work which would be more up to date. The material that has served as the basis for this work has been my own collection which has been built up over a period of many years and which contains the Charles Leng Collection as well as many specimens secured from early collectors. I have also used freely the general collection of the California Academy of Sciences and been aided by the following persons : H. P. Loding, F. H. Parker, Owen Bryant, R. T. Kellogg, M. A. Cazier and E. S. Ross who have either generously supplied me with specimens or placed their collections at 1 Monograph d. Carab. tribus Cychrini, by Hans Roeschke, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung., V, pp. 99-277, pt., 1907. 93 7i 93* ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 3 my service. I have also examined critically all the types that are in this country as well as a portion of those which are abroad. I am, therefore, under obligations to many institutions and many friends, for without their aid, I could not have properly done the work. The drawings have been made by Mrs. Frieda Abernathy. Scaphinotus was established by Dejean2 in 1826, with Cy citrus elevatus Fab. as its only species. Since that time numerous other forms have been described by various authors, some of which have remained in our catalogues as good species while others have been relegated to subspecific rank or even to synonymy. At first Scaphinotus was considered by most American authors, Le Conte and George Horn in particular, as merely a subgenus of the Old World genus Cy citrus, but in 1920, was again elevated to generic rank by Leng in his catalogue. Roeschke in 1907, had amplified it to include most of the North American Cychrini, treating Scaphino- tus in its restricted sense as a subgenus of this. I am more or less in agreement with Roeschke in believing that most of our American species belong in one large genus, Scaphinotus, and that this large polymorphic genus is made up of a number of somewhat divergent subgenera, Scaphinotus sensu stricto, being one of these. Only by so considering them can one properly evaluate them and show their true relationships, for their differences or divergent features are small in comparison with their points of resemblance. Classification is primarily concerned with stressing relationships, not divergencies. Scaphinotus as considered in this paper, in its restricted sense, is a subgenus of the genus Scaphinotus. As such it is restricted to the territory east of the Rocky Mountains but in the Southwest ex- tends into southwestern Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona, and along the Sierra Madre Mountains at least as far south as the State of Durango in Mexico. In the more eastern parts of its range, the . species are generally to be found at lower elevations while in the Southwest they are almost entirely confined to the mountains, gen- erally along the streams or scattered over the damper areas near the summits. The subgenus as limited is characterized in particular by having the head elongate, infrequently punctured, genae simple, not dilated and without a tooth or an incisure in front of eyes ; clypeus without lateral grooves; labrum deeply bilobed, with base of emargination with four setae and inner margin entirely confined to it, not invad- 2 Species general des Coleoptera, by le Compte Dejean, II; p. 17, 1826. 94 July, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA ing the clypeus; labial palpi with more than two setae; antennae long and with the first three or four segments glabrous; prothorax large with sides of pronotum wide, wing like and more or less reflexed and the margin with or without a seta near the middle ; the proster- nal process inflexed at apex; the proepisternum and epimeron dis- tinctly separated by a groove ; the elytra with fourteen more or less distinct striae ; the epipleura as a rule thickened and coarsely punc- tured and the epipleural groove terminating in an expansion before the apex; the middle coxae with marginal seta and the hind coxal plate generally with one or two posteriorly placed setae ; the third ventral segment with setiferous punctures; and the upper side of tarsi with a few short erect hairs and the front tarsi in males more or less dilated, generally widely, and papillose beneath. The species are among the most attractive of our Carabidae, generally somewhat metallic, lilac or cupreous in color and readily recognized b}^ the wide and often greatly reflexed sides of the pro- notum. In some species there is a fair degree of constancy but in most, particularly the more western, there is a great amount of indi- vidual variation as to size, sculpturing and particularly the breadth and degree of elevation of the wings or sides of the pronotum. The more eastern species are limited in number, have a wide range but break up to a certain degree into more or less well marked races or subspecies, each of which is confined to a definite territory. In the Southwest, particularly in New Mexico and Arizona where the moun- tains are more or less isolated from one another, the species which are restricted to them are more or less limited in their distribution, sometimes confined to a single mountainous area. Roeschke consid- ered the presence or absence of certain setae as of specific importance. That may be so as regards certain species but large numbers of speci- mens have shown that certain of these setae as those near the middle of the side margin of the pronotum vary greatly, therefore are of less diagnostic value than was at first thought. The degree of union of the ventral sclerites at the sides, a character used by Roeschke, I am also unable to find of any great value. Key to Species 1. Pronotum more or less densely and coarsely punctured, gen- erally with seta near middle of side margin; epipleura, meso- and metapleura and sides of basal segments of abdo- men coarsely punctured 2 Pronotum generally rugose and with a limited number of punc- tures at most, the lateral seta present in a few cases though generally absent 5 95 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 3 2. Prothorax small as compared with afterbody, with rather nar- row and but slightly reflexed side margins especially in front ; elytra about a third longer than broad 3 Prothorax large as compared with afterbody, but little narrower than elytra, and with side margins wide and considerably reflexed 4 3. Reflexed side margins of pronotum thickened, but little more than a marginal bead in front and but little wider behind, the infolded bead extending backwards well beyond middle ; elytral punctures large and deep, the intervals well elevated and markedly crenulated, the general surface somewhat reticulate snowi Reflexed side margins of pronotum more than a bead in front and quite broad posteriorly, the infolded bead hardly ex- tending posteriorly behind middle ; elytral punctures some- what shallow, generally confined to striae and producing but a slight crenulation of intervals, the latter also but moderately elevated roeschkei 4. Reflexed side margins of pronotum fully as wide in front as behind, front margin deeply emarginate as result of marked forward extension of front angles ; elytra one third longer than broad, striae distinctly impressed with punctures large and deep, the intervals sharply outlined, crenulate and often transversely united kelloggi Reflexed side margins of pronotum wider behind than in front, front margin but moderately emarginate, the front angles broadly rounded; elytra proportionally broader, never a third longer than broad, discal sculpturing variable. vandykei 5. Pronotum punctured if at all only posteriorly, reflexed side margins or wings variable as to size ; elytra either with striae and intervals moderately well defined and strial punctures rather fine or the intervals and striae somewhat obliterated, epipleura discretely punctured; fourth anten- nal segment always more or less pubescent, at least towards apex ; male front tarsi very broad, the second broader than long 6 Pronotum either dull and finely or coarsely rugose, not dis- tinctly punctured, or smooth with coarse punctures limited to depressions, reflexed side margins wide throughout ; elytra with continuous and sharply defined striae and inter- vals, the strial punctures close together, the lateral margin 96 July, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA at humeri very broadly reflexed, epipleura densely punc- tured and rugose; fourth antennal segment glabrous like preceding segments; male front tarsi less broad, segments never broader than long 13 6. Basal portion of pronotum with a limited number of punctures, sometimes vague ; fourth antennal segment sparsely pubes- cent towards apex ; violaceous or metallic species 7 Pronotum sericeous, with punctures absent or but obscurely defined; fourth antennal segment entirely glabrous like preceding segments; black species or with but a faint violaceous tint 10 7. Elytral striae and intervals well defined and quite regular, strial punctures rather fine and confined to striae ; smaller, more elongate species with prothorax much narrower than elytra, the reflexed side margins narrow; elytra about one third longer than broad 8 Elytral striae vague, punctures large and well spaced, intervals but little elevated if at all, the disk therefore more or less even; more robust species with the prothorax not much narrower than elytra, the reflexed side margins broad and elytra less than a third longer than broad 9 8. Apex of pronotum feebly emarginate, reflexed side margins narrow in front, but little more than a beading, gradually wider posteriorly and with seta near middle of margin, front angles narrow and close to emargination, hind angles acute and projecting back of base to a moderate degree; elytral intervals sharply defined, rather regular except for an occasional transverse connection and striae rather deep with fine strial punctures which hardly indent the inter- vals grahami, 11. sp. Apex of pronotum shallowly emarginate, reflexed side margin moderately wide, almost as broad in front as at middle, front angles broadly rounded, the lateral seta generally absent, hind angles blunt or rounded at apices and project- ing back of base to but a slight degree ; elytral striae distinct but shallowly impressed and with punctures rather large, indenting the intervals so that they are crenulated as well as sinuous petersi var. catalinae 9. Apex of pronotum deeply emarginate, reflexed side margins broad and markedly elevated, fully as wide in front as one fourth width of disk and as wide in front as at middle, marginal seta generally absent; elytra with prominently 97 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 3 reflexed margin at humeral angle, striae vague or absent and strial punctures large and well spaced ; epiplenra and sides of basal abdominal segments coarsely, deeply punc- tured petersi Apex of pronotum shallowly emarginate, reflexed side margin in front much less than one fourth width of disk, gradually wider from apex to base, without marginal seta ; elytra with but moderately reflexed margin at humeral angle, striae poorly defined and strial punctures moderate in size and shallowly impressed; epipleura shallowly punctured and rugose biedermani 10. Elytral striae, intervals and strial punctures always distinct; hind angles of prothorax blunt and rounded, extending to but a moderate degree beyond base 11 Entire upper surface more or less smooth; the elytral striae obliterated but the strial punctures very fine and regularly impressed; hind angles of prothorax acute and projecting considerably behind base 12 11. Elytral striae always distinctly impressed, with punctures to a great extent confined to striae, indenting the convex inter- vals but feebly ; reflexed side margins of pronotum not twice as wide posteriorly as in front mexicanus Elytral striae feebly impressed, the punctures rather large and distinctly indenting the hardly elevated intervals ; reflexed side margins of pronotum about twice as wide behind as in front corvus 12. Hind angles of prothorax extending one third the length of prothorax beyond its base ; elytra one third longer than broad, quite smooth above, with obsolete striae yet with strial punctures observable though minute ; general surface above with a violaceous gloss macrogonus Hind angles of prothorax extending one third the length of prothorax beyond its base ; elytra one fifth longer than broad, with striae faintly indicated and strial punctures distinct though fine ; general surface above a coal black. horni, n. sp. 13. Pronotum finely or coarsely rugose, punctuation at most shallow and vague, breadth rarely less than two thirds breadth of elytra, the posterior area of hind angles, flat, not sulcate; species averaging 25 mm. in length and with elytra violet or cupreous elevatus Pronotum with disk somewhat smooth but coarsely punctured 98 July, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA apically and basally and on reflexed sides, breadth gen- erally less than two thirds breadth of elytra, the posterior area of hind angles with a broad and distinct sulcus paral- lel to hind margin ; species averaging 3 cm. in length and with entire upper surface a deep violet or black with a feebly violet gloss unicolor Scaphinotus snowi (Le Conte) (Plate IV, fig. 4) Cychrus ( Scaphinotus ) snowi Lee., Trans. Kansas Acad. Soc., VII, 74, 1881. Scaphinotus snowi Roesch., Anns. Mus. Nat. Hung., V, 135, 1907. Scaphinotus snowi Nicolay and Weiss, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XLII, 193-195, PL XIII, 1934. Moderate in size, somewhat elongate, black, upper surface a deep violet with elytra often with a cupreous lustre. Head with front smooth except for a few, fine, sparsely placed punc- tures and minute transverse rugae; antennae with three basal segments and basal half of fourth smooth, the apical half of fourth pubescent as are the following segments. Prothorax about 1 mm. broader than long, apex feebly emarginate, sides evenly arcuate or somewhat straight and convergent posteriorly, the reflexed sides twice as broad in front as the beading, gradu- ally wider posteriorly from the middle, hind angles right angled and in typical specimens projecting about .5 mm. behind base, thus making the base rather deeply emarginate, and generally with a seta near the middle of lateral margin ; disk feebly con- vex, with median longitudinal line sharply impressed and coarsely, rather densely punctured throughout. Elytra more than three tenths longer than broad and three fifths longer than prothorax, oblique laterally at base, sides feebly arcuate at middle, arcuate and narrowed from posterior third to apex, the reflexed margin slightly broader and feebly subangulate at humeri, elsewhere narrow, disk moderately convex, striae well impressed, rather regular within but irregular towards sides, with large, somewhat closely placed and well impressed punc- tures, the intervals convex, sharply defined, crenulate as the result of the indenting by the strial punctures and transversely united here and there by short cross bars; epipleura coarsely and irregularly punctured and feebly rugose. Beneath smooth 99 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 3 in front, mesoepimeron, metaepisterna and epimera and sides of basal abdominal segments coarsely punctured, abdominal sutures distinct throughout; the hind coxal plates with two posterior setae. Length 16-17 mm., breadth 17-18 mm. Males with terminal segments of palpi triangularly dilated and spoon-shaped ; first three segments of front tarsi dilated and papillose beneath, the first entirely with the exception of short shank, the second feebly transverse. Holotype male in Le Conte Collection, Mu. Comp. Zoo., Cam- bridge, Mass., paratype female in Snow Coll., Kansas Univ., both collected by Prof. F. H. Snow in Sante Fe Canon, N. Mex., alt. 7000 ft., in 1880. Other specimens listed are a series of nine specimens in the Phil. Acad, of Nat. Sci., collected by Dr. H. A. Pilsbury in the Black Range, Sierra Co., N. Mex., 8000-9000 ft. alt. ; two others noted by Darlington (see Nicolay and Weiss), one from the vicinity of Durango, La Plata Co., Col, 5500-7000 ft., July 23-Aug. 8, 1885, in Bowditch Coll, of Mu. Comp. Zoo., Cambridge, Mass., and the other from the Blue Mts., La Sal Nat. Pk., Monticello, Utah, collected July 20, 1933, by W. S. Creighton, in Darlington Collection; and a male, figured by Nicolay and Weiss, from Diamond Creek, White Mts., Ariz., collected by D. K. Duncan, July, 1926, in Nicolay Collection. Besides the above, I may mention the following specimens in my own collection now deposited in the Calif. Acad, of Sciences in San Fran- cisco, a series of ten specimens from the type locality, the Sante Fe Canon, N. Mex., collected by myself, three specimens, a male and two females, July 22, 1926, and seven specimens, three males and four females, June 12, 1935 ; three specimens from southern N. Mex., two specimens from the original series collected by Dr. Pilsbury, one somewhat injured given to me by Dr. Henry Skinner and one re- ceived with the C. W. Leng collection, and the third from the Black Mts., Grant Co., N. Mex., coll. Aug. 11, 1935, by R. T. Kellogg; be- sides a series of eight specimens from the White Mts. of Ariz., coll. July 10, 1936, by F. IJ. Parker. I have also examined other speci- mens from the White Mts. in the collections of F. H. Parker and Owen Bryant. The general distribution of the species is thus shown as western New Mexico, eastern Arizona, southwestern Colorado and southeastern Utah. This species like its relatives is very variable. I consider that the Sante Fe Canon specimens should be considered as the most typical. In these the hind angles of the prothorax extend backwards to an appreciable degree beyond the median portion of the base pro- 100 July, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA ducing a definitely emarginate base as mentioned by Le Conte and as indicated in the figure. The hind angles are also definitely angu- late apically and the apical margin of prothorax is also rather feebly emarginate. The specimens from southern New Mexico are gener- ally larger, proportionally more elongate and with the apex of pro- thorax more deeply emarginate and the hind angles blunter apically. The White Mts., Arizona, specimens average about the same size as the Sante Fe Canon specimens but have the apex of the prothorax more deeply emarginate, the reflexed side margins less broad, more bead like, and the hind angles often less projecting and more rounded at apices. There are in fact two phases or varieties of the beetle from the White Mts., the normal type which approaches very close to the typical form and a second which I am describing as a variety as follows : Scaphinotus snowi var. parked Van Dyke, new variety (Plate V, fig. 9) Similar in size and general proportions to typical snowi but having the prothorax as a whole proportionally smaller and flatter, the anterior margin more deeply emarginate, the reflexed sides but little more than a bead throughout, barely broader behind than in front and the hind angles well rounded and hardly extending at all beyond median basal margin of pro- thorax so that the basal margin as a whole is almost straight or but feebly emarginate. Holotype male (No. 4679, Mns. C. A. S. Ent.) and two male para- types, collected in the White Mts. of Arizona, by F. H. Parker, the first July 7, 1933, the others July 10, 1933. The two latter were taken in company with numerous more typical specimens. This variety contrasts quite strongly with the usual forms. Whether it is a more alpine phase I cannot say. The male figured by Nicolay and Weiss is of this variety. In one of my paratypes there are two well developed setae near the middle of each side mar- gin and in my holotype, two on the left side only and in the other paratype, two on the right side only. In a specimen of the more typical phase, there are at least four short setae on each side. This seems to indicate that the lateral setae are of less value in defining species than claimed by some, also that the multiple setae seem to suggest a more definite relationship with the subgenus N omaretus where this multiple condition is most evident and likewise claimed by certain students to be of fundamental importance. 101 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 3 Scaphinotus roeschJcei Van Dyke (Plate V, fig. 12) Scaphinotus roeschkei Van Dyke, Anns. Mus. Nat. Hung., V, 135-136, 1907. Somewhat smaller in general than the preceding and with the upper surface a deep violet color. Head with front showing a few minute transverse rugae and a number of small punc- tures; antennae with three and a half basal segments smooth. Prothorax about .5 mm. broader than long, apex slightly emargi- nate, sides evenly arcuate in front, almost straight and some- what convergent behind, the reflexed side margins twice as wide in front as beading and gradually wider from apex to base, front angles broadly rounded and somewhat projecting in front, hind angles slightly acute and extending backwards about .5 mm. beyond base, lateral setae present or absent ; disk feebly convex, the median longitudinal impressed line distinct, the general sur- face alutaceous and subopaque and with rather large though shallow punctures, rather densely and irregularly distributed over entire area. Elytra somewhat elliptical, slightly over a third longer than broad and about two and a half times length of prothorax, oblique at base laterally, sides arcuate and gradu- ally narrowed towards apex, reflexed margin quite wide at humeri but narrow elsewhere ; disk moderately convex, striae distinctly though shallowly impressed and with punctures of moderate size, well but not deeply impressed, mostly confined to striae and but slightly indenting the convex intervals which are in general quite regular ; epipleura coarsely and irregularly punctured. Beneath smooth in front, mesoepimeron and epi- sterna and sides of basal abdominal segments coarsely punc- tured, abdominal sutures distinct throughout, hind coxal plates with two posterior setae. Length 13-14 mm., breadth 5.5-6 mm. Males with terminal segments of palpi dilated as in snowi, three basal segments of front tarsi dilated and papillose beneath except for the short shank, the second about as broad as long. Holotype male collected by Prof. P. H. Snow from Humphrey’s Peak (25 miles S. W. of Flagstaff), Arizona, at 9500 ft. alt. in August. This specimen was kindly given to me by Prof. Snow, later loaned to Dr. Roeschke of Berlin, where it now is. A paratype male and female collected at the same time and place are now in the Snow Collection at the University of Kansas. I also have in my collection 102 July, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA a series of eight specimens, four males and four females from San Francisco Peak, Ariz., one collected in July, 1910, by Wm, Mann, the others collected June 4, 1935, by myself. This species is as indicated a species restricted to the high moun- tains of northern Arizona. It is quite closely related to snowi, hav- ing the same general shape though with the prothorax as a rule proportionally smaller, the apex of pronotum more deeply emargi- nate, the reflexed side margins more abruptly elevated and in gen- eral broader, at least from the middle backwards, the front angles more prominent, the hind angles more acute and projecting, the disk more shining and with punctures shallower, and the elytra with the strial punctures less coarse and deeply impressed and the intervals much less elevated. Scaphinotus kelloggi (Dury) (Plate IV, fig. 3) Cychrus kelloggi Dury, Journ. Cincinn. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXI, p. 104, 1912. Moderate in size, somewhat elongate and parallel sided, black with upper surface a deep violet color. Head minutely alutaceous under high magnification, with a few scattered punc- tures and fine rugae, antennae with three basal segments and basal half of fourth smooth, the apical half of fourth and fol- lowing segments pubescent. Prothorax only .5 mm. broader than long, broadest in front of middle, apex deeply emarginate, sides broadly arcnate in front, oblique and convergent behind, the reflexed side margins very broad, at least 1 mm. wide in front and behind and but little less at middle, front angles sub- angulate, extending 1 mm. forward beyond apex of pronotum, hind angles acute and projecting well beyond base, median mar- ginal setae rarely present ; disk feebly convex, with medial longi- tudinal linear impression sharply defined, the general surface shining, alutaceous under magnification, and coarsely, irregu- larly and more or less closely punctured throughout, the punc- tures extending on to the reflexed margins as far as the marginal beading, and with well marked, transverse impressions near apex and in front of base. Elytra three-elevenths longer than broad and over twice as long as prothorax, feebly oblique at base laterally, humeral angles obtuse, sides moderately arcuate, re- flexed side margins broad and much reflexed at humeri, else- where narrow; disk slightly convex, striae shallowly impressed *103 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 3 but strial punctures coarse, well impressed yet irregularly spaced and more or less irregularly arranged towards apex and sides, the intervals well defined but feebly convex and distinctly crenulated as a result of the indenting by the punctures; epi- pleura coarsely punctured. Beneath smooth in front, meso- epimeron, metaepisterna and sides of basal segments of abdomen coarsely and rather sparsely punctured. Length 16 mm., breadth 7.5 mm. Males with terminal palpal segments irregularly dilated and spoon shaped ; first three front tarsal segments broadly dilated and papillose beneath, the first completely papillose beneath except for short shank, the second segment appreciably transverse. Holotype collected by R. T. Kellogg in Box Canon, upper Gila River, New Mexico, in the Charles Dury Collection, now in the possession of his son in Cincinnati, Ohio. Fourteen specimens are now in my collection: two paratypes collected in Grant Co., New Mexico, July 4, 1915, by R. T. Kellogg, one of which was received from Charles Dury and the other obtained with the Charles Leng collection; the other specimens collected in Grant Co., New Mexico, July 4, 1933, Aug. 8, 1935, and other dates, by R. T. Kellogg, and received from him. Numerous other specimens are also known to have been collected and distributed by Mr. Kellogg. This very elegant and distinct species can always be readily recog- nized by the fact that the pronotum is much broader in front of the middle and the rather broad reflexed sides as broad in front as be- hind. The coarsely, densely punctured pronotum associates it with the two preceding species. It is apparently quite restricted in dis- tribution, being found in the mountains of southwestern New Mexico, in Grant Co., and other places in the neighborhood of Silver City. 1 believe that R. T. Kellogg is the only person who has collected it. Scaphinotus vandykei Roeschke Scaphinotus vandykei Roesch., Anns. Mus. Nat. Hung., V, 136-137, 1907. Somewhat small, rather broad and robust, black with the upper surface a brilliant violet. Head with minute transverse rugae, antennae with three basal segments and basal half of fourth smooth, the apical half of fourth sparsely pubescent, the following densely pubescent as usual. Prothorax in general about .5 mm. broader than long, slightly broader just in front 104 July, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA of middle, apex quite evidently emarginate, sides arcuate in front, oblique and moderately convergent behind, the reflexecl sides rather broad, close to 1 mm. in width, gradually wider behind the middle and considerably reflexed, with marginal setae generally present, front angles well rounded and extend- ing well forward, hind angles acute and projecting backwards at least 1 mm. beyond base; disk feebly convex, with median longitudinal linear impression fairly well marked, surface densely, coarsely yet shallowly punctured throughout with punctures on margins vague, and with moderately well defined subapical and subbasal transverse impressions. Elytra at least 1.5 mm. longer than broad and about twice as long as prothorax, with basal margin quite transverse, humeral angles rounded, sides feebly arcuate, reflexed lateral margin broad at humeri, narrow posteriorly; disk moderately convex, striae well im- pressed and in general separated from each other by intervals of their own width which are rather convex, sharply outlined, crenulate as the result of being indented by the strial punc- tures, and also transversely united here and there, the strial arrangement likewise more irregular at sides and apex as usual ; epipleura coarsely, deeply punctured. Beneath smooth in front, mesoepimeron, metaepisterna and epimeron and sides of basal segments of abdomen generally more or less coarsely punc- tured, abdominal sutures distinct throughout; posterior coxal plates with two posterior setae. Length 15-16 mm., breadth 6. 5-7. 5 mm. Males with terminal segments of palpi irregularly dilated and spoon shaped; the three basal segments of front tarsi broadly dilated and papillose beneath, the first completely papillose beneath except for short shank, the second segment definitely transverse. The holotype collected by Prof. F. H. Snow on the headwaters of the Santa Maria River, in Arizona, in October, is in the collection of Dr. Roeschke in Berlin. Other specimens in Dr. Roeschke’s col- lection were also collected by Prof. Snow but from Oak Creek Canon (south of Flagstaff), Arizona, at 6000 ft. alt., during August. I have the f ollowing series of twenty-eight specimens : one from the Monte Christo Mine, near Phoenix, July 8, 1909 ; five from near Phoenix, May, 1910; three from Groom Creek, Yavapai Co., 8000 ft., June 9, 1910, and one from Granite Creek, Yavapai Co., June 10, 1910, all collected by J. August Kusche ; besides two from south- 105 July, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA ern Arizona collected in Aug., 1902, by Prof. F. H. Snow, four from Oak Creek Canon, Sept. 12, 1933, ten from the same locality, col- lected June 3, 1935, by myself, and one from Payson, Ariz., collected by D. K. Duncan. Numerous other specimens are in the collections of various entomologists throughout the country. The species is a very variable one, differing not only as to size but especially as to the width of the reflexed sides of the pronotum and the degree to which these are reflexed or elevated. It is readily separated from the species discussed previously by the proportion- ately greater width of elytra and the widely reflexed sides or wings of the pronotum. From petersi it differs primarily by having the pronotum rather uniformly punctured, the punctuation in petersi being either sparse or irregularly disposed. The elytral striae are also very definitely impressed in vandykei while vague in petersi. The species vandykei seems to be confined to southern Coconino and Yavapai counties in Arizona, being found both on the mountains and along the margins of the cold water streams coming from them. A form of this species described by Roeschke as a distinct species, I am considering as but a variety. It is the following : Scaphinotus vandykei var. fuchsi Roeschke Scaphinotus fuchsi Roesch., Anns. Mus. Nat. Hung., V, p. 570, 1907. This variety, for a considerable number of specimens proves that it is such and not a subspecies, has all the important characters of vandykei and only differs by possessing a pronotum with the side margins less reflexed or much more depressed, thus making the pro- thorax as a whole much broader, little narrower in fact than the elytra, whereas in typical vandykei it is considerably narrower. I11 fuchsi the hind angles of the prothorax are also less acute and extend backwards a shorter distance than they do in vandykei, and the elytral striae are in general less well impressed, in this regard sug- gesting petersi. Specimens of fuchsi have always been taken in company with typical vandykei. The holotype of fuchsi was collected near the Mt. Union Cash Mine, Arizona, on Sept. 12, 1907, presented to Dr. Roeschke by Charles Fuchs of San Francisco and is now in the collection of Dr. Roeschke in Berlin. Presumably the specimen was collected by J. August Kusche. I have in my own collection thirty-five specimens of this variety, collected near the Cash Mine, Crown King, Groom Creek, and other places in the mountains near Prescott, Arizona, all by J. August Kusche. Mr. Kusche widely distributed his material so that this variety is now represented in many collections. 106 July, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Scaphinotus grahami Van Dyke, n. sp. Rather small, and delicate, somewhat narrow and elongate, black with the upper surface a very deep violet, almost black in poor light. Head smooth, with a few minute punctures, antennae with three basal segments and basal half of fourth smooth. Prothorax barely broader than long, apex feebly emarginate, sides moderately arcuate in front, oblique and slightly convergent behind, the reflexed sides about twice as broad in front as the beading, gradually wider posteriorly until behind the middle then more abruptly wider, front angles nar- row and close to apical margin, hind angles acute and extending backwards to a slight degree, a seta near middle of lateral mar- gin ; disk slightly convex, with median longitudinal linear im- pression distinct, the subapical and subbasal transverse impres- sions well marked, the general surface finely rugose with a few punctures scattered over the basal half and behind the apical margin. Elytra somewhat elliptical, about three-tenths longer than broad and two and a half times as long as prothorax, oblique at base laterally, sides rounded at humeri, moderately arcuate at middle, the reflexed margin rather broad at humeri, elsewhere narrow; disk slightly convex, striae rather deeply impressed with the punctures fine, somewhat more than their own width apart and confined to striae, hardly indenting the intervals which are quite regular, convex and transversely united here and there by transverse bars ; epipleura irregularly and not deeply punctured. Beneath smooth in front, meso- epimeron, mesoepisternum and metaepimeron and sides of basal segments of abdomen sparsely punctured, abdominal sutures distinct throughout ; hind coxal plates with two posterior setae. Length 16 mm., breadth 7 mm. Males with terminal segments of palpi irregularly dilated and spoon shaped ; first three segments of anterior tarsi dilated and papillose beneath, the first entirely so with exception of shank, the second segment transverse. Holotype male (No. 4680, Mus. C. A. S. Ent.), collected by F. H. Parker on Graham Mt., Arizona, July 25, 1933. I have also studied three similar paratypes, collected by Owen Bryant on Graham Mt., Arizona, one on Aug. 12, the others 011 Aug. 16, 1933. This attractive species differs from its fellows by its much finer punctuation, both above and below. It most closely simulates cata- linae but its strial punctures are always finer and the elytral inter- 107 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 3 vals more regular and less crenulated as a result. It seems to be confined to the Pinaleno Mts., an isolated mountain mass. Scaphinotus peter si Roeschke (Plate V, fig. 7) Scaphinotus petersi Roesch., Anns. Mus. Nat. Hung., V, 137-138, 1907. Moderate in size, robust, broad and much flattened, black with entire upper surface a deep violet color, and shining. Head shining with a few weak transverse rugae back of eyes; antennae with three basal segments and base of fourth smooth, the apical area of fourth sparsely pubescent. Prothorax barely broader than long, apex quite deeply emarginate, sides arcuate to middle thence straight or feebly sinuate and convergent pos- teriorly, the setae near middle of side margin generally absent, front angles broadly rounded and projecting well forward in front of apex, basal angles broad, acute at apex and extending over one mm. behind base, the reflexed lateral margin about 1 mm. wide in front, widening rapidly behind middle and obliquely elevated ; disk moderately convex with median longi- tudinal linear impression sharply defined, the general surface smooth or minutely alutaceous with a limited number of punc- tures at base or extending forwards in the lateral depressions, subapically and sometimes obscurely indicated on the reflexed sides, the subapical and subbasal transverse impressions distinct. Elytra three-elevenths longer than broad and about twice as long as prothorax, almost transverse at base, with sides feebly arcuate medially, more broadly so and convergent posteriorly, the reflexed margin broad at the obtusely rounded humeri where about 1 mm. wide, gradually narrowed to middle and from there narrow to apex ; disk moderately convex, striae feebly impressed or more often obscure, the strial punctures, however, coarse, well impressed and well spaced, the intervals feebly convex or gen- erally flattened and not well outlined; epipleura coarsely, ir- regularly punctured and somewhat rugose. Beneath smooth in front but with coarse punctures on mesoepimera, metaepister- num and epimera and sides of basal segment of abdomen, abdom- inal sutures distinct throughout, hind coxal plates with two posterior setae. Length 18-20 mm., breadth 8-9.5 mm. Males with terminal palpal segments broadly irregularly dilated and spoon shaped as usual ; the three basal segments of 108 July, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA anterior tarsi dilated and papillose beneath, the first with shank and margins towards base smooth, the second barely transverse. The holotype male of this species, now in the collection of Dr. Roeschke at Berlin, was collected by Dr. E. D. Peters, a companion of H. P. Wickham, in the Pinal Mts. of Arizona, during 1890 and by the latter transmitted to Dr. Roeschke. Four or five other speci- mens were also taken at the same time, most of which are now, no doubt, in the Wickham collection at the U. S. National Museum. Since this time other specimens have been collected by various work- ers. I have in my own collection several typical specimens from the Pinal Mts., collected, six on June 18, 1934, and one on Aug. 20, 1933, by F. H. Parker. I also have a specimen from the Sierra Ancha Mts., Ariz., collected in August by D. K. Duncan which is of this species though having the pronotum more generally punctured and the elytral striae distinctly defined. In the Santa Catalina Mts., large numbers of specimens have also been taken. I have five speci- mens from a large series collected at Soldiers Camp near the top of Mt. Lemmon, 7700 ft. alt., Aug. 18, 1934, by Ian Moore and the Cali- fornia Academy has two specimens collected by J. R. Slevin, one from Marshall’s Gulch, the other from the summit of Mt. Lemmon, June 6, 1912. A series of sixty-six specimens collected by M. A. Cazier and an almost equal number collected by E. S. Ross, on July 1, 1936, from near the summit of Mt. Lemmon, have been loaned to me for study purposes. As a result of studying this large number of specimens, I find that there is a very great deal of variation within the species, not only as to size and general proportions which is great, but as to proportionate breadth of prothorax, width and degree of reflexion of side margin of prothorax, denseness of pronotal punc- tuation and degree of impression of the elytral striae and prominence of elytral intervals. The large series collected by Cazier and Ross within a few acres of territory, shows all of the above-mentioned variations and brings out the fact that there are in general two quite contrasting assemblages of forms, one series of which includes what might be called more or less typical petersi as described above, speci- mens of considerable breadth with the sides of pronotum wide and much reflexed, quite flattened elytra with the striae feebly impressed at most but with the strial punctures conspicuous; the other series comprising somewhat depauperized specimens such as I described some years ago as catalinae, which are in general narrower and pro- portionally more elongate than petersi, with prothorax proportion- ally narrower, the side margins narrower and less reflexed, the hind 109 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 3 angles less acute and shorter and the elytra more elliptical, the striae better impressed, strial punctures finer and the intervals more regu- lar. These two forms I was at first inclined to consider as distinct species but the large series mentioned above shows that they inter- grade in every imaginable manner. There are specimens with the typical petersi afterbody and catalinae forebody as well as specimens intermediate in regard to all features. A large series of specimens with the genitalia dissected out of both males and females shows that these organs though variable as to minor details are of essentially the same type in the two forms. The typical petersi seems to be distributed throughout the mountains of southwestern Gila County and extends south into eastern Pinal and northeastern Pima County. It is the broadest, most flattened and generally most robust of our southwestern species. The variety catalinae as I am now consider- ing it is, however, so distinct when of the extreme form, that I am going to redescribe it in order to have it contrasted with the more typical petersi. Scaphinotus petersi var. catalinae Van Dyke (Plate V, fig. 13) Scaphinotus catalinae Van Dyke, Pan-Pacific Entom., I, 2, 1924. Rather small, more or less elongate, black with the usual violet color above. Antennae with the three basal segments and basal half of fourth smooth, the apex of fourth sparsely pubes- cent. Prothorax at least .5 mm. broader than long, apex feebly emarginate, reflexed sides narrow in front, gradually wider behind middle, but slightly reflexed or elevated with front angles well rounded but close to apical margin and hardly projecting beyond it, the hind angles triangular, acute at apex and extend- ing backwards not more than .5 mm. beyond basal margin, the marginal setae rarely present ; disk with punctures sparse and generally confined to basal area. Elytra somewhat elliptical, reflexed margin rather wide at humeri but narrow elsewhere; disk slightly convex, with striae distinctly impressed, strial punctures fine, not deep, intervals well elevated and convex, more or less regular and but feebly indented by strial punc- tures ; epipleura coarsely punctured. Beneath as in petersi and male tarsal characters likewise similar. Length 15-18 mm., breadth 6.5-8 mm. 110 July, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA The above description was drawn from one of the original para- types which comprised a series of more or less uniform small speci- mens. In this series there were ten specimens collected June 9-10, 1912, by J. K. Slevin, from near the top of Mt. Lemmon, Santa Cata- lina Mts., Ariz. The California Academy of Sciences also has a series of seventeen specimens from the same locality, collected July 26, 1924, by J. 0. Martin, which are quite uniform with the type series. In the lot collected by Cazier and Boss, the series of this variety is large, fifty or sixty in number, but it is not uniform as to character. The specimens are generally larger than are those men- tioned before and a large number are intermediate in structural details between typical catalinae and typical petersi as mentioned previously. The variety catalinae, I am inclined to consider as but a depauperized phase of petersi which is to be found only on the higher levels of the Santa Catalina Mountains of Arizona. The Slevin and Martin specimens were all collected high up near the top of Mt. Lemmon, and as stated are all rather small and of quite a uni- form type. The Cazier, Martin and Moore specimens were collected near Soldiers Camp and other localities at a lower level, at an alti- tude which, I am inclined to believe, was the maximum for typical petersi so that high altitude influences were already beginning to have their effect in producing the more alpine, depauperized, phases. The specimens of catalinae that are most typical are as stated, quite distinct from petersi and much more like specimens of snowi and roeschkei. They differ from these latter, however, by not hav- ing the disk of the pronotum uniformly, rather densely punctured, but with the punctures sparser and to a great extent confined to the basal area. Scaphinotus biedermani Roeschke Scaphinotus biedermani Roesch., Anns. Mus. Nat, Hung., V, 571-572, 1907. This species collected in the Huachuca Mts. of southern Arizona was supposed to differ from petersi in having the sutures at the sides of the abdominal segments somewhat obliterated. I11 all other essen- tial regards it was much like petersi. The description was based upon two males received from Biederman. I have in my own collec- tion a female, likewise received from Biederman and from the same locality from whence the males came. I have critically compared this with numbers of petersi and cannot see any great differences; the abdominal sutures seem to be distinct in all. Other characters which were used to separate them, supplementing the above, are 111 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 3 such as are very variable. In the large series of petersi which I have had the opportunity to study this variability is distinctly brought out. As far as I know, no specimens of biedermani have been collected in recent years. As indicated above, I am inclined to consider this as nothing more than a weak variety of petersi, but I believe that until more examples can be secured to finally settle its status, it should be allowed to stand as a species. S.caphinotus mexicanus (Bates) (Plate IV, fig. 5) Cychrus mexicanus Bates, Anns. Mag. Nat. Hist., IX, 320, 1882. Cychrus mexicanus Bates, Biol. Cent. Amer., Ins. Col., I Pt. 1, Suppl. 263, t XIII, f. 16, 1884. Moderate iu size, somewhat elongate, black with at times a faint violaceous color. Head smooth, front feebly transversely wrinkled, antennae with three basal segments smooth, the fourth pubescent but to a lesser degree than the following segments. Prothorax barely broader than long, apex slightly emarginate, sides moderately arcuate in front, straight and feebly con- vergent behind, the reflexed sides somewhat more than .5 mm. wide in front, gradually wider behind, quite obtusely elevated, front angles sharply rounded and close to apical margin, hind angles broadly angulate with apex somewhat acute and extend- ing back almost 1 mm. beyond basal margin, the median longi- tudinal linear impression fine and but feebly impressed, the subapical and subbasal transverse impressions well marked, the general surface finely alutaceous and somewhat opaque, finely transversely rugose medially and impunctate. Elytra somewhat elliptical, one-third longer than broad, one-sixth longer than prothorax, almost transverse at base, sides mod- erately arcuate from humeri to beyond middle thence more evidently arcuate and convergent, reflexed margins rather wide at humeri but narrow elsewhere ; disk moderately convex, striae well impressed with strial punctures fine, rather close together and confined to striae, the intervals convex, regular except at sides and apex and but feebly indented by punctures ; epipleura coarsely, shallowly punctured. Beneath smooth in front, sides of abdominal sclerites with a few scattered punctures, the sutures at sides somewhat connate, hind coxal plates with two posterior setae. Length 19 mm., breadth 8 mm. 112 July, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Males with the usual dilated and spoon shaped terminal seg- ments of palpi ; front tarsi broadly dilated and papillose be- neath, the first segment entirely papillose beneath except for short shank, second segment broadly transverse. Holotype in the Bates Collection, now in the possession of R. Oberthiir at Rennes, France. It was collected at Milpas, Ciudad, in Durango, alt. 5900 ft. (Forrer). Other specimens are in the British Museum. I have in my own collection the following: one specimen, somewhat injured, collected by 0. T. Baron in Mexico, many years ago and given to me by J. J. Rivers; and a series of twenty-two specimens, several immature, collected by M. A. Embury and Albert R. Mead, at Juan Manuel, El Salto, Durango, Mex., at an altitude of 9000 ft., June 15, 1937. Scaphinotus corvus (Fall) Cychrus corvus Fall, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., XXXVI, No. 2, 89-90, 1910. Of moderate size, elongate, black with a faint violaceous tinge above. Head smooth in front, obscurely transversely rugose behind ; antennae with three basal segments glabrous, the fourth pubescent though not as densely so as following segments. Prothorax .5 mm. broader than long, apex rather deeply emargi- nate, sides arcuate to middle thence straight and moderately convergent posteriorly, the reflexed side margin almost one mm. wide in front and as far as middle, thence rather suddenly wider posteriorly, anterior angles rounded but narrow and extending forward to but a slight degree, hind angles prominent, somewhat acute at apices and projecting from .5-1.5 mm. posteriorly be- hind base, the median lateral setae often present; disk feebly convex, with well defined but not deeply impressed median longitudinal line, subapical and subbasal transverse impressions distinct, the general surface dull, somewhat sericeous, with ob- scure and minute transverse rugae, and a limited number of obscure punctures in the sulci at the base of the obtusely re- flexed side margins. Elytra subelliptical, three tenths longer than broad, and from two to three times as long as prothorax, depending on specimen, transverse ait base, sides slightly arcuate at first and gradually more arcuate and convergent towards apex, the reflexed margin somewhat broad at humeri, gradually narrower to middle thence uniformly narrow to apex; disk 113 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 3 slightly convex, striae feebly impressed but strial punctures moderate in size, placed their own width apart and here and there longitudinally separated from each other by cross bars, the intervals feebly convex, regular near center but often quite con- fused towards sides ; epipleura rather coarsely, irregularly punc- tured and rugose. Beneath smooth in front, including meso- pleura, the metapleura and sides of abdominal segments coarsely to finely punctured, abdominal sutures distinct throughout, the usual two setae on the hind coxal plates behind. Length 16-18 mm., breadth 7-7.5 mm. Males with terminal segments of palpi strongly triangularly dilated and spoon shaped as usual; the front tarsi strongly dilated and papillose beneath, the first segment entirely so ex- cept for short shank, the second segment somewhat transverse. The type is a male in H. C. Fall’s Collection, which was collected in the ‘‘Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona. A single male specimen collected and given me by my friend Mr. V. W. Owen of Los Angeles.” In my own collection are seven specimens, one male and six females, all collected along Cave Creek, Chiricahua Mts., Cochise Co., Ariz., as follows : the male, Aug. 14, 1927, five females June 21, 1927, and one female June 24, 1927, all by J. August Kusche. Be- side these I have studied three more specimens, two males and a female, collected by E. R. Ross, in the Chiricahua Mts., Ariz., July 10, 1936. There is considerable variation observed in the series studied, most of the specimens having the reflexed side margins of the prothorax very obtusely elevated, with hind angles extending less than one mm. behind base of prothorax, and the disk of elytra rather convex and the intervals feebly convex and quite regular. Presumably these are like Fall’s type. In my male, the reflexed sides of the prothorax are much more upright and prominent and the hind angles very acute, projecting fully 1.5 mm. behind base of prothorax, while the elytral striae are less deep and regularly im- pressed. I11 regard to the prothorax, especially the hind angles, this specimen approaches the Mexican macrogonus and horni. In my other divergent specimen, a female, the prothorax is much smaller than usual, with reflexed side margins narrower, but little bit more than the lateral beading in front, and the elytra much flattened with the strial punctures more prominent and the cross bars joining the intervals very numerous producing a somewhat reticulate appear- ance. 114 July, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA This species is rather closely related to mexicanus, undoubtedly arising from the same common stock. Mexicanus is in general larger, with the elytral striae deeper and more regular, the strial punctures finer and less conspicuous and the intervals more elevated, convex and regular. The extreme degree of plasticity of corvus as of most species of Scaphinotus, is indicated by the fact that in the Chiricahua Mts. is to be found Cardbus forreri Bates, not at all distinguishable from the specimens found in the mountains of Durango, Mexico, while Scaphinotus corvus of the Chiricahua and Scaphinotus mexi- canus of Durango, two species undoubtedly having a common origin, and living under somewhat similar conditions with Carabus forreri, in both places, have become quite divergent so that they are now easily distinguishable species. Scaphinotus macro gonus Bates (Plate V, fig. 11) Scaphinotus macro gonus Bates, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond., Pt. II, June, No. IX, 229-230, PI. XIII, f. 5, 1891. Scaphinotus macrogonus Roesch., Anns. Mus Nat. Hung., Y, 138-139, 1907. Moderate in size, elongate black or rufopiceous (immature) with the upper surface violaceous. Head smooth with a few vague transverse rugae; antennae with three basal segments glabrous, the fourth fully as pubescent as following. Prothorax including hind angles as long as broad, apex quite deeply emar- ginate, sides arcuate to middle thence almost straight and feebly convergent to apices of hind angles, the reflexed margins quite upright, rather broad in front, .75 mm. wide, and from middle rather suddenly wider, anterior angles rounded, not broad and projecting but slightly beyond apex, hind angles very prominent and very acute, extending about 2 mm. beyond base, median lateral setae absent; disk flattened, with fine, feebly impressed median longitudinal line, with subapical and subbasal transverse impressions quite well marked, the general surface somewhat dull, alutaceous under magnification, and without punctures. Elytra subelliptical, one fourth longer than broad and twice as long as prothorax, base transverse, sides arcuate, gradually more rounded and convergent towards apex ; disk feebly convex, quite flattened towards suture and smooth, the striae obliterated, strial punctures minute but in most cases observable under magnifica- tion and serially arranged, intervals not sharply demarked from 115 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 3 the generally smooth surface ; epipleura shallowly, rather finely punctured. Beneath generally smooth, even the side pieces of metapleura smooth and but few vague punctures at sides of abdomen, abdominal sutures distinct, the two posterior setae on hind coxal plates present. Length 20 mm., breadth 8 mm. Males with characters of following species. The type, collected by Hoge, from Refugio in Durango, Mexico, passed with many of the Bates types into the hands of Rene Oberthiir of Rennes, France, and it presumably is still there. I11 the British Museum there are other specimens collected by Hoge at Refugio and a single female specimen of the original series was kindly given to me by the authorities of the British Museum through Dr. K. G. Blair. In this connection it is well to quote Bates as follows : ‘ ‘ All the numerous examples of Scaphinotus, labelled by Herr Hoge with the above locality, are conformable to the diagnosis given above, while all those ticketed ‘Ciudad’ belong to S. mexicanus, in which the hind angles of the thorax are only moderately produced, i.e., not pro- longed into a fine point, and the elytra closely and strongly punctate- striate with narrow raised intervals.” This very distinct species may be readily separated from all of its fellows, by its elongate body, smooth and somewhat violaceous upper surface, and very long and acute hind angles to the prothorax. It is most closely related to the following. Scaphinotus horni Van Dyke, n. sp. (Plate V, fig. 10) Medium sized and sooty black throughout, similar in struc- ture to the preceding but shorter and proportionally broader. Head smooth ; antennae with but three basal segments glabrous. Prothorax about .5 mm. broader than long, apex slightly emargi- nate, sides arcuate to middle, thence almost straight and slightly convergent backwards, the reflexed sides very obtusely elevated, about .75 mm. wide in front and rapidly wider behind the mid- dle, front angles rather broadly rounded and slightly extending forwards, hind angles very prominent and very acute at apices, projecting fully 1 mm. beyond base, seta absent from middle of lateral margin; disk flattened with median longitudinal line finely impressed and subapical and subbasal transverse impres- sions well marked, the general surface opaque, alutaceous under good magnification and without punctures. Elytra cordiform. 116 July, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA three elevenths longer than broad and somewhat more than twice as long as prothorax, basal margin oblique laterally, humeral angle subangulate and rounded and convergent pos- teriorly, the reflexed margin broad at humeri, narrowed behind and slightly though gradually narrower from basal fourth to apex ; disk moderately convex, with striae vaguely impressed and strial punctures fine, rather regularly arranged and about twice their own diameter apart, the intervals and general surface smooth, flat and subopaque; epipleura distinctly though rather shallowly punctured. Beneath generally smooth and impunc- tate, abdominal sutures distinct throughout and the usual two posterior coxal setae present. Length 17 mm., breadth 8 mm. Male with last palpal segments broadly dilated and irregu- larly spoon shaped ; the front tarsi broad and papillose beneath, the first completely so except for shank, the second transverse. Holotype, a unique male in the Kraatz Collection of the Deutsches Entomologische Institut at Berlin-Dahlem, bearing the label “Mex- ico,” kindly referred to me for study and description, by Dr. Walther Horn. This species is rather closely related to macrogonus but somewhat shorter and proportionately broader, with the reflexed sides of pro- notum more acutely elevated, the hind angles long and acute but slightly less lengthened and spinose, the strial punctures of elytra more evident, and the general color a sooty black in contrast to the distinctly violaceous color of macrogonus. There was some doubt as to the correctness of the locality Mexico, as expressed to me by Dr. Horn, but from its close relationship to macrogonus , I believe that it could have come from nowhere else. It is with great pleasure that I name this fine species after my old and dear friend, Dr. Wal- ther Horn. Scaphinotus elevatus (Fabricius) Carabus elevatus Fabr., Mant. Ins. I, p. 198, 11. 37, 1787. Carabus elevatus Fabr., The Fabrician Types of Insects, Staig, Cambridge, 13-15, PI. 6, 1931. Carabus elevatus Oliv., Entom. Ill, No. 35, 46, Carabus PI. VII, f. 82, 1789. Cyclirus elevatus Fabr., Syst. Eleuth. 7, 166, 1801. Cyckrus elevatus Knoch, Neue Beitrage I, 188, t. 8, f. 12, 1801. Cyclirus elevatus Say, Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., II (new series), 7, PI. 45, f. 4, 1825. 117 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 3 Cychrus elevatus Blatch., Col. of Indiana, 43, 1910. Scaphinotus elevatus Dej., Spec. Gen., II, 17, 1826. Scaphinotus elevatus Horn, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., VII, 172, 1878. Scaphinotus elevatus Roesch., Anns. Mus. Nat. Hung., V, 140-143, 1907. Scaphinotus elevatus Leng, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XXII, 139-142, 1914. Scaphinotus elevatus (Fabr.) is a widely distributed species in eastern North America, occurring from Nebraska, eastern Colorado, Sante Fe and the Sacramento Mts. of New Mexico in the west to the Atlantic seaboard and thence extending from New York to Florida. Within this area it is, however, quite variable, breaking up into numerous more or less definable subspecies and races. As much as the species cannot be properly characterized without having refer- ence to these dissimilar elements, it seems best to fully describe the first made known or so-called typical form, then compare the various subspecies with this, noting wherein they resemble and how they differ. The variety described by Leng as floridensis, from Florida, is not a variety of elevatus as described but of unicolor as will be shown later. Key to Subspecies of S. elevatus 1. Apex of prothorax rather distinctly emarginate and with front angles projecting lobe like well in front of it ; the reflexed sides or wings very wide, 1 mm. or more in front and much wider behind, more or less obtusely elevated and with prominent hind angles which extend at least 1 mm. behind basal margin 2 Apex of prothorax shallowly emarginate, the front angles pro- jecting but slightly forward; the reflexed sides much nar- rower, less than 1 mm. wide in front and the hind angles not extending back behind basal margin as much as 1 mm. 5 2. Elytra brilliantly metallic, cupreous or cupreous violet, contrast- ing strongly with the head and pronotum 3 Elytra deep violet, sometimes shining, but not contrasting greatly against the head and pronotum 4 3. Reflexed sides of prothorax elevated posteriorly at least 30 de- grees ; disk finely transversely rugose and opaque. elevatus (sens, str.) 118 July, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Reflexed sides much less acutely elevated, rarely as much as 30 degrees ; disk rather coarsely irregularly rugose flammeus 4. Reflexed sides of prothorax but moderately convergent pos- teriorly ; elytral striae deeply impressed and coarsely, closely punctured tenebricosus Reflexed sides of prothorax strongly elevated and convergent posteriorly; elytral striae less deeply impressed and more finely punctured, the intervals also less carinate, in general more flattened lengi 5. Elytra brilliantly cupreous or cupreous violet as in typical ele- vatus, the intervals very regular but slightly crenulate as result of strial punctures being fine and to a great extent confined to striae coloradensis Elytra deep violet, almost black, the intervals very sinuous and crenulate, often broken, as the result of the coarse strial punctuation neomexiccinus Scaphinotus elevatus (Fabricius), sensu stricto (Plate IV, fig. 2) Medium size, broad and robust, black, with the epipleura a deep violet, the head and prothorax above dull black or bluish black and the elytra brilliantly cupreous or cupreous violet in color. Head with fine transverse rugae, often faint; antennae with four basal segments glabrous. Prothorax averaging one fourth broader than long, apex with well defined emargination, sides arcuate and diverging to beyond middle then somewhat straight and feebly convergent posteriorly, without marginal setae, the reflexed margin elevated posteriorly at about a 30 degree angle, very broad, generally over 1 mm. wide in front and markedly increasing in width from about the middle to hind margin, the front angles in the form of small, well rounded lobes, close to apex and projecting slightly^ forward, the hind angles broadly angulate with apices somewhat acute, generally depressed at tip and extending backwards beyond base to the extent of about 1 mm., the hind marginal area always flattened; disk with median longitudinal line finely impressed, the sub- apical and subbasal transverse impressions shallow yet distinct, the general surface densely, finely, transversely rugose, of a dull black color or obscurely violaceous, the inner surface of wings coarsely, shallowly, irregularly punctured and rugose, and the flattened base rarely more than two thirds as wide as the 119 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 3 hind margin of posterior angles. Elytra about one sixth longer than wide and twice as long as prothorax, somewhat transverse at base, with humeral angles subangulate yet rounded and broadly reflexed, the sides moderately arcuate until near apex then almost straight or feebly sinuate to suture, the reflexed margins narrow behind humeri and gradually narrower towards apex ; disk evenly but not strongly convex, punctate-striate, the striae deeply impressed with close set, rather coarse punctures, with as a rule fourteen quite regular intervals besides several irregular ones near margin, which are abruptly elevated, convex and with sides finely crenulate or indented by the strial punc- tures. Beneath smooth in front, epipleura coarsely, densely punctured and rugose, the meso- and metapleura and sides of first and second ventral segments also somewhat punctured ; the hind coxal plates with the usual two posterior setae present. Length 15-23 mm., breadth 10 mm. Males with the terminal palpal segments broadly, irregularly dilated and spoon shaped and the front tarsi dilated and papil- lose beneath, the first segment fully two and a half times as long as broad with papillose area, an elongate triangular patch cloth- ing the apical two thirds and leaving the rather long shank naked, the second segment quadrate and distinctly longer than broad. This the typical and first described form is of course somewhat variable, the variability being shown most in the degree of elevation of the reflexed sides of the prothorax, the degree of convergence of these reflexed margins posteriorly, the sculpturing of the disk of the pronotum, and the color and to a slight extent the sculpturing of the elytra. It is generally found along the Atlantic seaboard ranging from New York to about North Carolina. I have a specimen before me from Lawrence, Kansas (Benedict Coll.) from the Blaisdell Col- lection which belongs here. The pronotum is a deep violet and the reflexed margins of prothorax are quite markedly elevated and hind angles very acute. Normally, the specimens from this territory would be of the subspecies flammeus. Scaphinotus elevatus flammeus Haldeman Cychrus flammeus Halcl., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., II, 54, 1844. Cychrus dilatatus Lee., Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., X, 398, 1853. 120 July, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Scaphinotus flammeus Lee., Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y., IY, 440, 1848. Scaphinotus elevatus flammeus Roesch., Anns. Mus. Nat. Hung., V, 141, 1907. Scaphinotus elevatus flammeus Leng, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XXII, 140-141, 1914. In this subspecies we have an insect which is generally proportion- ally broader than the more typical form, with the reflexed margins of the prothorax less acutely elevated so that a cross view gives it the appearance of being much flatter; the disk of the pronotum is also generally more coarsely rugose and the punctuation on the re- flexed margins also much coarser and the general surface likewise more rugose. The Haldeman type was from Marietta, Ohio, on the Ohio River and was described as follows: “ Elytra pale brilliant violet, distin- guished from elevatus by the wide prothorax and elytra and lighter color; profile flatter above when viewed laterally.” Because of the stated “pale brilliant violet,” Le Conte later 011 described a specimen from St. Louis, Missouri, as dilatatus. These were no doubt but slight variants of the same thing. The lighter color could easily be caused by immaturity. The violet color as contrasted with the gen- erally cupreous color is not of great moment in this species for the color varies considerably. This subspecies ranged from Ohio south to Tennessee and west through Iowa to Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri and Arkansas. The Nebraska and Missouri specimens which are fairly common in collections, are in general in agreement with Le Conte’s dilatatus. Exceptions do occur, however, as noted previ- ously. The subspecies grades gradually into typical elevatus along its eastern boundary and into coloradensis along its western boun- dary. The gradation is noted especially as regards the size of the papillose area of the first segment of the front tarsi of the males. The material that I have studied consists of some twenty-six speci- mens from Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri and Arkansas. Scaphinotus elevatus tenebricosus Roeschke Scaphinotus elevatus tenebricosus Roesch., Anns. Mus. Nat. Hung., V, 141, 1907. Scaphinotus elevatus tenebrosus auct. Scaphinotus unicolor Lee. (nee. Fab.), Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. X, 398, 1853. Scaphinotus heros Lee. (nec. Harris), Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y., 440, 1848. 121 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 3 The specimens of this subspecies differ from the typical elevatus, primarily by having the elytra dark, a deep violet, almost black, thus offering very little in the way of a color contrast to the forebody. Other features as judged by my specimens are that the reflexed sides of the pronotum are generally more acutely elevated, the hind angles more convergent ; the elytra often proportionately broader, the disk a bit more convex, the intervals generally more carinate and crenu- late, the latter produced by the apparently more decidedly impressed strial punctures. There is a great deal of individual variation, though, and specimens even from the same region may vary greatly, particularly as to the character of the reflexed sides of pronotum. In general this subspecies might be considered as but a melanotic race of elevatus. Roeschke did not state from what locality his type specimen came, merely mentioning the fact that the subspecies ranged along the coast from New Jersey to South Carolina. The series of specimens that I have studied consists of fourteen, four from Newport News, Virginia; four from Southern Pines, North Carolina (Manee Coll.) ; one from Wilkesbarro, Virginia, the others simply labeled “ Va. ’ ’ It is apparently confined to the more maritime or coastal portion of the South Atlantic States, replacing almost entirely the typical phase in its area of distribution. Scaphinotus elevatus lengi Van Dyke, new subspecies. At first sight and because of its distribution, this subspecies would be placed as but an extreme example of the above. It has the same uniform dark color but is somewhat narrower, has the reflexed sides of pronotum more upright, the hind angles more acute and much more convergent, the pronotal disk more finely, transversely rugose, the hind margin of disk more narrowed, hardly two thirds width of hind margin of hind wings and the elytra slightly flatter, with the striae regular, much more shal- lowly impressed than usual in the species and the strial punc- tures fine, close together and practically confined to the striae with the result that the intervals which are not sharply elevated are straight or feebly sinuous, not strongly crenulate as in tene- bricosus or in fact any of the other subspecies. The punctuation of the epipleura is also less dense than in the latter. The male has similar palpal characters to the above but the front tarsi are but slightly dilated, the first segment over three times as long as broad, with a long narrow shank so that the papillose area beneath covers but little more than half of the 122 July, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA segment, the second segment is also elongate triangular, not quadrate as in the other subspecies. Holotype male (No. 4681, Mus. C. A. S. Ent.), a unique, received with the Charles Leng Collection but collected by G. P. Engelhardt in the Dismal Swamp of Virginia, on July 22. Scaphinotus elevatus coloradensis Van Dyke (Plate V, fig. 6) Scaphinotus elevatus coloradensis Van Dyke, Anns. Mus. Nat. Hung., V, 141-142, 1907. This subspecies is rather closely related to the subspecies flam- meus, sharing the less strongly reflexed margin, the cupreo- violet elytra, and the general appearance. It is, however, generally smaller, proportionately narrower, the prothorax always much nar- rower, the reflexed sides in particular, the hind margin of posterior angles barely wider than the base of the disk, the sculpturing of the disk much finer and the strial punctuation of the elytra also much finer. The males have the first segment of the front tarsi much more extensively papillose beneath, the papillose area covering the entire under surface except for a short shank, and the second segment is almost as broad as long whereas in flammeus and most of the other subspecies of elevatus, the males have the first tarsal segment of the front tarsi papillose beneath for but little more than two thirds of its length and the second segment is decidedly longer than broad. With this subspecies I have included a race from Sioux Co., Nebraska, that differs from the usual coloradensis by having the elytra in gen- eral of a deep violet color, the strial punctures of the elytra very coarse and the intervals as a result much crenulated and in places quite irregular, and the pronotum rather coarsely rugose. The original description of coloradensis was based upon speci- mens in the American Museum of Natural History at New York collected in eastern Colorado, and the designated holotype is there. I now have in my own collection six specimens, one collected along Williams Creek near Manitou, Colorado, June 20, 1926, and five collected in Santa Fe Canon, New Mexico, June 22, 1926, by myself, besides a specimen which came to me with the C. W. Leng Collection with a Julich label on it, from Colorado. This last I am inclined to believe was from the same lot from whence the type specimens came. I have also had the opportunity to study two specimens from the Fenyes Collection, that were collected in Santa Fe Canon, New 123 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 3 Mexico, as well as a series of sixteen specimens, mentioned above, in the Owen Bryant Collection that were collected by F. H. Shoemaker in Warbonnet Canyon, Sioux Co., Nebraska, June 27, 1911. Scaphinotus elevatus neomexicanus Van Dyke Scaphinotus elevatus neomexicanus Van Dyke, Pan-Pacific Ent., I, 1, 1924. The original description of this subspecies is as follows : 4 4 This subspecies differs from the typical elevatus by being of a deep violet black color, by being proportionally narrower, the prothorax smaller, less than two-thirds as long at the middle as broad, with a broad somewhat convex and cordate disc, the lateral wings abruptly ele- vated from the sides, not gradually as in the other, but little arched and with the margin almost equally thickened throughout ; the elytra with the margins only moderately explanate in the humeral region and rather narrow elsewhere, the disc broadly convex and quite flat- tened at the middle, and the striae deep and closely crenulately punc- tured. When viewed from behind, the contrast in outline between this and the typical form is most marked. Length 19 mm., breadth 8.5 mm.” 4 4 Type, female in my collection, collected at Cloudcroft, Sacra- mento Mountains, New Mexico, altitude 8000 feet, July 5, 1917, by Professor W. M. Wheeler and by him kindly presented to me. ’ ’ The holotype is now in the Entomological Collection of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, where my entire collection is permanently deposited. This subspecies because of its uniform coloration superficially suggests the subspecies tenebricosus but can always be readily sepa- rated from that as from all of the unicolorous species by the markedly sinuous and crenulated elytral intervals and the very coarse strial punctuation. The type and only specimen seen is a female, so I cannot give the male characters. Scaphinotus unicolor (Fabricius) (Plate IV, fig. 1) Carabus unicolor Fabr., Mant. Ins., 198, n. 38,. 1787. Carabus unicolor Fabr., Staig. The Fabrician Tj^pes of Insects, Cambridge, 16-17, pi. 6, 1931. Carabus unicolor Oliv., Entom. Ill, No. 35, 47, pi. 6, f. 62, 1789. 124 July, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Cychrus unicolor Knoch, Neue Beytrage, 187, 5, 8, f. 1, 1801. Scaphinotus unicolor Roesch, Anns. Mus. Nat. Hung. V, 142-143, 1907. Scaphinotus unicolor Leng, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XXII, No. 2, 141-144, 1914. Cychrus her os Harris, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., 196-197, 1839. Scaphinotus heros Roesch., Anns. Mus. Nat. Hung., V, 142- 143, 1907. Scaphinotus unicolor heros Leng, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XXII, No. 2, 141-142, 1914. Scaphinotus unicolor shoemakeri Leng, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XXII, No. 2, 141-142, 1914. Scaphinotus elevatus var. floridanus Leng, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist, XXXIV, 564, 1915. This splendid species is found on both sides of the Alleghany Mountains, on the east side from the District of Columbia and Mary- land to Florida and on the west side in Ohio, Indiana and Missouri. There has been for a long time confusion with regard to it, many of the early workers confusing it with viduus Dej. even though Say recognized the difference when he sent a specimen of the latter to DeJean to be described, and with elevatus Fabr. In recent years numerous specimens of both have been collected so that a study of these in connection with the original description and those types which still exist has made it possible to clear up the confusion. Roeschke and Leng have been chiefly responsible for this. I11 a species that is rather widely spread it is not surprising to find that it breaks up into several divergent forms or weak subspecies which are, however, sufficiently different to be recognized. These I will now attempt to define. Key to Subspecies of S. unicolor 1. Rather large, 25 mm. or more in length 2 Somewhat smaller, 21 mm. in length and with reflexed sides of prothorax but slightly elevated floridanus 2. Unicolorous, shining black or in strong light a very deep violet, the reflexed sides of pronotum strongly elevated so that the transverse diameter of prothorax is very much less than that of the elytra ; the latter with margins at middle very feebly sinuate if at all unicolor 125 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 3 Deep violet above, the elytra generally lighter in color and more brilliant than the forebody, the reflexed sides of pronotum generally more obtusely elevated so that the transverse diameter of prothorax is but little narrower than base of elytra 3 3. Side margin of elytra behind middle very feebly if at all emargi- nate and sinuate keros Side margin of elytra behind middle very distinctly emarginate and sinuate shoemakeri Scaphinotus unicolor (Fabricius) sensu strict 0 Large, robust, black and shining above with but the faintest violaceous tint in strong light. Head with front smooth, eyes but moderately convex, first four antennal segments glabrous. Prothorax generally somewhat broader than long, 1 mm. or over, apex rather deeply and abruptly emarginate, apical angles narrow yet well rounded and close to apical margin, sides broadly arcuate and gradually divergent to beyond middle then almost straight or feebly arcuate and slightly convergent pos- teriorly, the reflexed sides of moderate width in front and much incurved and rather broad behind the middle where also less acutely elevated than in front and much flatter and with bead- ing less pronounced, hind angles broad, subacute but rounded at apices, extending fully 1.5 mm. behind base and with shallow sulcus parallel to and within hind margin; disk feebly convex, more or less smooth, with median longitudinal impression linear and well marked, the subapical and subbasal transverse impres- sions distinct, and rather strongly, sparsely punctured apically, basally and along the base of the reflexed sides as well as upon the inner face of the sides themselves. Elytra one third longer than broad, transverse at base, with sides moderately arcuate, side margin straight or feebly sinuate back of middle, and gradually convergent and feebly sinuate before apex, the re- flexed margin broad at humeri and narrow behind; disk mod- erately convex, striae regular and well impressed medially, irregular or confused at sides, and with fine, rather closely placed punctures, the intervals slightly broader than striae, feebly crenulate and but moderately convex. Beneath smooth in front ; epipleura coarsely, closely punctured and rugose ; meso- and metapleura and sides of three basal abdominal seg- ments sparsely and gradually more finely punctured pos- teriorly, the remainder of abdomen smooth ; hind coxal plates 126 July, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA with only one posterior seta. Length 25-28 mm., breadth 12- 14 mm. Males with terminal segments of palpi broadly dilated and spoon shaped as usual ; the anterior tarsi elongate and but very little dilated, the first segment about four times as long as broad and with but a small papillose area near apex beneath, hardly more than a fourth of the length of segment, the second seg- ment about twice as long as broad and this as well as the two following segments somewhat cuneate and papillose beneath. The typical unicolor as described above was first described by Fabricius in 1787 from a specimen in the Hunterian Collection at Glasgow. Recently Staig (1931) restudied the type, redescribed and figured it in his work on “The Fabrician Types of Insects.” No locality was given for the specimen, but the probabilities are that it came from the South Atlantic States as surmised by Leng. Re- cently H. P. Loding has collected quite a number of specimens of this species in northern Alabama, which agree in every regard with the original description as well as that given by Staig. These speci- mens as indicated in my description are unicolorous black with but the faintest violaceous tint in strong light. I11 Staig ’s work the illustration is too highly colored. Dr. Staig has informed me, how- ever, that the type itself is not so brightly colored. I am inclined to believe that these black Alabama specimens are typical. In ex- amining a number I also find that there is a good deal of variation, chiefly as regards the degree to which the reflexed margins of the prothorax are elevated ; in some where they are more widely sepa- rated and flattened, the apices of the hind angles are about 8 mm. apart while in others, the margins are much more abruptly elevated and closer together with the hind angles but 5 mm. apart. In all of these specimens the sides of elytra back of middle are feebly emarginate and sinuate. Scaphinotus unicolor shoemakeri Leng Scaphinotus unicolor shoemakeri Leng, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XXII, 143, fig., 1914. This very weak subspecies differs primarily from the more typical form by being generally larger; of a decidedly violaceous color with the elytra quite brilliant and contrasting with the darker pronotum, hence somewhat bicolored; and by having the sides of elytra behind the middle more definitely emarginate and sinuate. The reflexed margins of prothorax are also somewhat variable as 127 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 3 to degree of elevation. The type which is now in my collection, deposited in the California Academy of Sciences, and most of the specimens in collections have been collected near Washington, D. C., either on the Maryland or Virginia side of the Potomac River. Other specimens seen which cannot be separated from the above, have been collected at Monte Sano, Madison Co., Alabama, by H. P. Loding, indicating that the subspecies range along the eastern flanks of the Alleghanies for a considerable distance. In Alabama certain specimens also show that it grades gradually into the typical unicolor. I consider it but a very weak subspecies at most. Scaphinotus unicolor her os Harris Scaphinotus keros Harris, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., 196- 197, 1839. The type of keros Harris which came from Ohio has been lost. Prom the description, however, I am inclined to agree with Leng (1914) that it is not absolutely identical with unicolor but a very weak race or subspecies of the same characterized by having the elytra a pronounced violet color, quite shining, and contrasting with the somewhat duller forebody as does slioemakeri, and by having the sides of elytra behind the middle with but the feeblest indication of an emargination or sinuation, in this latter regard approaching the typical unicolor. The degree of reflection of the sides of pronotum is so variable among individuals that I consider it of no great value for defining races. All specimens from west of the Alleghanies as from Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee and Missouri might be considered as of this subspecies. It is, however, a very weak one like slioemakeri. Scaphinotus unicolor floridanus Leng Scaphinotus elevatus var. floridanus Leng, Bull. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXIV, 564, 1915. As indicated previously, I consider floridanus as but a depauper- ized variety or subspecies of unicolor not a variety of elevatus as supposed by Leng. The type is now in my collection, deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. A careful examination shows that the posterior portion of the hind angles of the prothorax has a feeble sulcation parallel to the hind margin, a diagnostic character of unicolor, not flattened as in elevatus. The pronotal sculpturing and type of male tarsi is also that of unicolor, not that of elevatus. The characters that separate it from typical unicolor are its smaller 128 July, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA size, length 21 mm., the reflexed side margins of prothorax but little elevated and with the beading very much thickened and the discal area strongly punctured at sides. In color it is a very deep violet, almost black and unicolorous, thus in agreement with typical uni- color. As stated by Leng, the type of floriclanus was originally in the Schaupp collection, then passed into the hands of Luetgens and later to Leng and finally to me. 129 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 3 Explanation of Plate IV Fig. 1. Scaphinotus unicolor (Fabr.), with greatly magnified 1st seg. of lCf front tarsus. Fig. 2. Scaphinotus elevatus (Fabr.), with greatly magnified 1st seg. of $ front tarsus. Fig. 3. Scaphinotus kelloggi (Dury). Fig. 4. Scaphinotus snowi (Lee.), with greatly magnified 1st seg. of front tarsus. Fig. 5. Scaphinotus mexicanus (Bates). Figures magnified five times. 130 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, (n. s.), No. 3, PI. IV ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 3 Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 13. Figur Explanation of Plate V Body of Scaphinotus elevatus coloradensis Van Dyke, with greatly magnified 1st segment of front tarsus. Body of Scaphinotus petersi Roesch. Body of Scaphinotus biedermanni Roesch. Body of Scaphinotus snowi var. parkeri Van Dyke. Body of Scaphinotus horni Van Dyke, with greatly mag- nified 1st seg. of $ front tarsus. Body of Scaphinotus macrogonus Bates. Prothorax of Scaphinotus roeschkei Van Dyke. Prothorax of Scaphinotus petersi var. catalinae Van Dyke, with greatly magnified 1st segment of front tarsus. es magnified five times. 132 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, (n. s.), No. 3, PI. V No. 4 VOL. XVIII (New Series) OCTOBER, 1938 A Journal of Entomology.* PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor CARL GEO. SIEPMANN GEO. P. ENGELHARDT Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue, November 7, 1938 Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Vol. XVIII Americana October, 1938 No. 4 THE AMERICAN PATROBINI (COLEOPTERA, CARABIDAE) By P. J. Darlington, Jr. MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. CONTENTS Page Introduction and acknowledgments 136 Nomenclatorial units (species and subspecies; subgenera) 136 Genitalia (structure, function of parts, use in taxonomy) 138 Inner wings 141 Island forms 142 Geographical distribution 142 Methods 143 Key to tribes 143 (Thalassotrechus footnote 3) 143 Key to genera 145 Patroboidea 145 Platypatrobus 146 Platidius 147 Patrobus 152 Zoogeography of Patrobus 170 Bibliography 173 Explanation of plates 174 135 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 4 Introduction and Acknowledgments This paper is intended to revise the American genera and species of the Carabid tribe Patrobini, a group badly in need of revision as a result of the arch-conservatism of George Horn and the vile “Observations” of T. L. Casey, and then to utilize taxonomic and other data to reconstruct, so far as possible, the history of the species of Patrobus in America. Coleopterists are so far from agreement on the conceptions and methods underlying taxonomy, however, that a good deal of discussion of generalities is necessary before the real work of the paper can be begun. The material I have used is, first, that in the Museum of Com- parative Zoology, Harvard University. This includes Leconte’s types ; probable cotypes of several species received by Leconte from Eschscholtz, Mannerheim, and Motschulsky; and series from Labra- dor (Asa S. Packard and Samuel Henshaw) and Newfoundland (Percy . Gardner Bolster). During the course of the work I have visited the United States National Museum, which contains the Casey Collection as well as much other material; the American Museum of Natural History; and the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, which contains the George Horn Collection. I have bor- rowed material for further study from some of these institutions and from the California Academy of Sciences, the Canadian National Collection, and the University of Kansas, as well as from Mr. John Carr (collection of P. S. Carr), Dr. H. C. Pall, Mr. C. A. Frost, Dr. M. H. Hatch, Mr. Ralph Hopping, Mr. H. B. Leech, Mr. Howard Notman, Mr. J. B. Wallis, Mr. G. Stace Smith, and Miss Edith Mank. I am indebted also, for various favors, to Dr. E. C. Van Dyke, Dr. Walther Horn, Mr. W. J. Brown, Mr. L. L. Buchanan, Mr. H. P. Loding, Mr. M. W. Sanderson, and Dr. P. M. Carpenter. I have used, also, material from my own collection, including Labra- dor specimens given me by Mr. John D. Sherman, Jr. Several Euro- pean Patrobus have been received by exchange from Dr. Carl H. Lindroth and Dr. Walther Horn, and other Old World species have been purchased from Staudinger and Bang-Haas. Nomenclatorial Units The criteria which I have used to decide whether given forms should be called species or subspecies, in cases where morphological differences are not decisive, are these : two closely allied forms are species if their ranges overlap without definite inter gradation {Plati- dius aterrimus and filicornis, PI. 4, map A) ; subspecies, if their 136 October, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA ranges are complementary or nearly so, especially if there is intergra- dation at the boundary ( Patrobus fossifrons dimorphicus and P. f. stygicus ; see discussion under latter), or if the two forms occupy similar but discontinuous habitats and are unquestionably slightly modified forms of a single original stock, even if their ranges are not in contact and if no intergradation occurs (Thalassotrechus bar- barae barbarae and T. b. nigripennis, footnote 3). These criteria work reasonably well, although there is room for differences of opinion in some cases. They make the subspecies a purely geo- graphical concept, usage which is becoming more or less standardized in zoology. Non- geographical variations, often called varieties or aberrations, are here regarded as not worth special names, by which, of course, I do not mean that they are not worth study. Too many coleopterists make no distinction between what is worth examining and recording and what is worth naming. The Patrobini, like many other boreal Carabidae, are often extremely variable individually,1 so that it is necessary to be conservative in making subspecies. In certain species there are minor, average, inconstant differences which distinguish series from nearly every different locality. Such local resemblances are probably of about the same significance as family resemblances among human beings. To attempt to distinguish and name such indefinite forms (as Casey tried to do) would lead to endless confusion. Sometimes, too, species show slight, continuous geographical variation in certain structures ( e.g the development of the tooth near the apex of the phallobase in males of Patrobus longi- cornis), but I do not believe that this justifies a division into sub- species unless there is a distinct break in the range of variation. Subgenera can probably be usefully employed in several ways. They may be geographical, like subspecies; i.e., groups of species inhabiting different geographical areas may conveniently be treated as subgenera if the groups are natural but not distinct enough to stand as full genera. Subgeneric names may profitably be used, too, to designate poorly defined but natural groups of species in large genera which would otherwise be unwieldy. Or subgenera may be used, as in Patrobus in this paper, to emphasize important phylogenetic relationships. On the other hand, it seems to me that neither the subspecies nor the subgenus should be used, as they sometimes are, merely to desig- 1 This is perhaps the result of alternate periods of isolation and mixing of poorly defined local forms in the north, during and immedi- ately following successive Pleistocene glaciations. 137 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 4 nate groups about which an author is doubtful or ignorant. The description of these categories should require more rather than less knowledge than the description of full species and full genera, for to describe the latter it is not absolutely necessary to know more than that they are different from previously described forms, while the proper description of subspecies and subgenera requires a thorough knowledge of relationship and of difference. Properly employed, the concepts of subspecies and subgenus are very useful, but, if they are improperly used, they are likely to make an already confusing system of taxonomy still more confusing. Genitalia The male copulatory organs of Patrobini, as usual among Cara- bidae, consist of a median lobe and a pair of lateral lobes or para- meres. Text Figs. 1 & 2. Diagrams of middle lobe of male genitalia of Patrobus, from left. Fig. 1, with eversible sac re- tracted as it usually is in museum specimens ; fig. 2, with eversible sac extended. The median lobe (Text figs. 1 and 2) is derived from a single con- tinuous tube which is, however, modified to form a basal piece or phallobase (called also the tegmen), an eversible sac, and an ejacu- latory duct. The phallobase is an asymmetrical, strongly chitinized, trough- like or tube-like organ with a hook-shaped base. It is open pos- 138 October, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA teriorly and dorsally, or the sides may overlap dorsally, but without fusing. I11 repose, the phallobase lies on its right side in the abdo- men ; at such times it contains and protects the delicate eversible sac. During copulation the phallobase is exserted and performs the first entry into the abdomen of the female. The hooked basal portion of the phallobase then serves to hold the tip of the abdomen of the male securely to that of the female while the sac is everted through the apical trough- or tube-like portion. The function of the phallobase is, therefore, that of an anchor and protective casing through which more delicate organs perform insemination. The eversible sac is extremely variable even in the single tribe Patrobini, but some part of it is always so lightly chitinized that it can be reversed like the finger of a glove as the sac is drawn out of or back into the phallobase. Rarely the sac is simple and little dif- ferentiated (Patrob oidea) , more commonly it is divided into a soft eversible portion and a chitinized apical spine or plate. The eversi- ble portion may be divided in turn into a less and a slightly more chitinized (but still pliable) part, and the latter may be provided with many small bristles ( Platidius ), or the sac may be provided with one or two conspicuous accessory spines and sometimes with special, pigmented, localized patches of bristles (Patrobus) . (See Text figs. 1 and 2 for diagrams; PI. 1, figs. 1-4 for drawings of eversible sacs of Platidius and Patrobus.) The accessory spines and bristles are, I think, invariably adaptations to aid in the folding and unfolding of the sac. I have not studied the muscles of the eopulatory organs, but it is obvious that the sac is everted chiefly by fluid pressure, not by muscles. The accessory spines, which emerge from the phallobase point first and then turn backwards, must act as levers aiding both the drawing out and, later, the refolding of the sac into the phallobase. They probably tend to prevent the sac from crumpling irregularly, as a simple sac operated partly by fluid pres- sure might do. The areas of bristles are probably creeping organs which help to carry the unfolding sac into the vaginal cavity of the female and which may help also in orderly refolding. The apical plate of the eversible sac may be simple and spine-like (Platidius) or very complex (Patrobus) . Through its base, but not always through its whole length, the sperm is actually discharged, and it is sometimes, therefore, called the “ transfer apparatus.” However, this is probably not a good term, for it implies more than is really known about the organ ’s function. Its primary function is probably that of an apodeme which strengthens the eversible sac at the point where the ejaculatory duct is attached, and which may 139 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 4 serve also as an attachment for retracting muscles. In some Patro- bini I think the apical plate has, for one of its functions, merely to simplify the folding and unfolding of the eversible sac. A mecha- nism consisting of two telescoping tubes (phallobase and apical plate of Patrobus) connected by a membrane is probably much simpler in operation than a single tube into and out of which a voluminous undifferentiated sac must be forced partly by fluid pressure. This is more than a guess. I have found it much easier artificially to evert sacs with well developed than with poorly developed apical spines or plates. For example, it is easier to push out with a blunt pin the sac of Platidius aterrimus, which has a stiff apical spine, than of P. filicornis, in which the apical spine is membranous, and the sac of Patrobus foveocollis , which has an enormous apical plate, is the easiest of any of the Patrobus to evert. The ejaculatory duct is a slender tube running from the testes through the phallobase and eversible sac, and attached to the apex of the latter, to the base of the apical plate or spine if one is present, so that the duct is drawn out when the sac is everted. The duct, of course, actually carries the sperm; all the other parts of the copu- latory apparatus serve merely to draw out the duct and later to return it to its place in the male abdomen. The lateral lobes or parameres of the male copulatory organs articulate with the base of the phallobase (left paramere outlined in PI. 1, fig. 6; PL 2, figs. 18, 28, 38; PI. 3, figs. 55, 70, 77). In the Patrobini the right and left parameres are approximately equal. They are tipped with setae, and are probably tactile organs. In the female there are three pairs of retractile, chitinized plates at the tip of the abdomen. These are often called the female geni- talia, but functionally they are probably as much concerned with excretion, oviposition, and other activities involving the tip of the abdomen as with copulation. It is better to call them retractile plates than genitalia. The latter name should probably be reserved for the vaginal cavity, the ovaries, and the other parts of the true genital system. The latter sometimes is not even mentioned in papers on “female genitalia”! The male copulatory organs are extremely useful in taxonomy of Patrobini. The form of the apex of the phallobase, beyond the sub- apical orifice, yields useful specific characters. The position and form of the plates and spines of the eversible sac frequently distin- guish species and genera, and are particularly useful in showing true relationships among groups of superficially similar species. Details of the phallobase and eversible sac are often too unstable to 140 October, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA be used in classification of higher categories, but the parameres are more stable and yield tribal as well as generic characters. There are slight and inconstant differences also in the form of the retractile plates of female Patrobus of different species, but the differences are of little practical use and add nothing to our knowledge of phylogeny. There are variations also in the structure of the vaginal cavity of different Patrobus. These variations seem to be somewhat correlated with the form of the apical plate of the male copulatory organs, but it is difficult to make proper dissections, and the females can be identified better by other characters. It should be noted that there is often great variability in the geni- talia of single species of Patrobini. The variation is both individual and geographic, and occurs in both sexes. For this reason genitalic characters in the Patrobini must be tested as carefully as any other characters, by examination of series of specimens and correlation with other structures.2 Inner Wings Recently (1936) I have described the variation of the wings of certain Carabidae and the correlations which usually exist between the state of the wings and the habitat of the insects. The wings of different American Patrobini range from a uniformly full, through dimorphic, to a uniformly vestigial condition, and the correlation between the state of the wings and the habitat of the insects is about as described in the paper cited. The majority of the species (those of Patroboidea, Platypatrobus , and Platidius, and Patrobus septen- 2 The very fact that striking genitalic characters so often distin- guish otherwise similar species of insects suggests that the genitalia are more variable than other parts of the body, for rapid evolution of differences practically requires great individual variation. In some cases the variation can be seen in nature. For example, in Platidius aterrimus the apex of the phallobase of the male genitalia (PI. 3, figs. 89-92) is more variable than any other part of the insect. It seems probable that the genitalia of insects, like their wings, may sometimes undergo mutation and dimorphism, and that two or more distinct forms of genitalia may exist in one species at one time and place. The difference in form of the apex of the phallobase in Patrobus fossifrons dimorphicus and P. /. stygicus (see discussion under latter) is very suggestive of mutation and dimorphism overlain by a certain amount of other variation. It would be interesting to see certain recent taxonomic papers reviewed with the possibility of mutation and dimorphism in mind. 141 ENTOMOLOGIC A AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 4 trionis) are probably always fully winged and capable of flight, and are probably all strictly riparian hydrophiles, except that Patrobus septentrionis is merely a facultative hyclrophile, and that the habits of Platypatrobus are unknown. The wings of the remaining Ameri- can species of Patrobus are dimorphic, but not uniformly so. Patro- bus longicornis is probably dimorphic throughout its entire range. Typical lecontei of north-central North America is dimorphic, too, but its subspecies gravidus of Newfoundland has the wings uniformly vestigial in the small series seen. The three subspecies of Patrobus fossifrons show the whole range from uniformly vestigial (typical fossifrons of islands off Alaska), through dimorphic (subspecies dimorphicus of western continental regions), to uniformly full wings (subspecies stygicus of central and eastern boreal America) . Finally Patrobus foveocollis of the Aleutian Islands, and its North American subspecies tenuis, have uniformly vestigial wings, but a subspecies from islands off Kamchatka has the wings uniformly full, although it is otherwise indistinguishable from tenuis. All the American species of Patrobus are less strict hydrophiles than the fully winged genera of Patrobini, but they are still facultative hydrophiles, except that foveocollis, the only species which is always flightless in America, seems to have become a more or less strict mesophile. Island Forms There is an obvious tendency for several species of Patrobus to develop large insular subspecies on the islands of Unalaska and Newfoundland. This might be an interesting subject for special study. The state of the wings in some insular Patrobus is of interest, too. I have been accumulating data on the wings of mountain and island Carabidae for several years, and hope eventually to publish a paper on the subject. Geographical Distribution Most American Patrobini have moderately wide or very wide ranges. In mapping them (Plates 4 & 5) I have shown not only specific localities, but the approximate gross ranges of the species, to enable the reader to appreciate more easily both the extent of different ranges and their interrelationship. It must not be for- gotten that the gross ranges are only approximate. It should be remembered especially that I have seen very little material from the far north between the coast of Labrador and that of southern Alaska, so that the northern limit of range of the arctic species is almost unknown. 142 October, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA If the maps are looked at obliquely from the direction of the lines which mark any given range, it will be found that that range will stand out more sharply than the others. Methods My descriptions have been drawn from small series of each species, selected to show extremes of variation, but important charac- ters have been checked in all material. All relative proportions of parts of the body (e.g., the width of the head in relation to the pro- thorax) have been determined by actual measurements made with a ruled ocular in a binocular microscope. As for the male copu- latory organs, the tip of the phallobase is often sufficiently exerted for identification in ordinary museum specimens. When not, the specimens have been relaxed, the abdomens removed, and the copu- latory organs dissected out from above. Both the organs and the abdomens have usually then been mounted with shellac on points under the specimens. This has the advantage of allowing the state of the inner wings to be seen from below. Genitalia to be dissected or everted or drawn in detail have been softened in 10% caustic potash (half an hour or more, cold), manipulated in alcohol, drawn in alcohol or xylol, and finally mounted on slides. The references cited under the different species do not include incidental references or records from faunal lists. So many of the species of Pairobus (except longicornis) have been misidentified in the past that most published records are worthless. The tribe Pogonini of Horn (1881, p. 135) and others, which is the same as the Trechini of Sloane (1923, p. 245), is unnatural and must be divided into three groups, each of which is usually now called a tribe. The American representatives of the three may be separated as follows : Key to Tribes 1. Frontal foveae deep, regular, curving around behind eyes ; ligula 8-setose at apex; (parameres of $ genitalia symmetrical or nearly so, compact, without elongate bases) Trechini - Frontal foveae not extending behind eyes ; ligula 2-setose. 2 2. Head without basal constriction; (parameres very asymmetri- cal, left moderately large, right very small, both compact, without elongate bases) Pogonini 3 3 Besides Pogonus, Pogonistes, and Diplochaetus, Thalassotrechus goes in the Pogonini, as might be inferred from Van Dyke’s (1918, 143 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 4 - Head more or less constricted basally; (parameres approxi- mately symmetrical, articulating by means of relatively slender basal projections) Pat rob ini The tribe Patrobini as thus defined is equivalent to the Patro- bidae of Chaudoir (1871, p. 39). I am not prepared to discuss the affinities of the Patrobini, ex- cept to say that they are probably with some group of the Ptero- stichini rather than with the true Trechini. pp. 303-304) discussion, although Horn first described barbarae as a species of Trechus. Thalassotrechus is not Pogonits-like in ap- pearance, it lacks the internal elytral plica of typical Pogonini (notwithstanding Horn’s and Sloane’s classifications, Pogonus and its allies and Patrobus and its allies have this plica well developed), and it has the hind coxae slightly separated. However, these anomalies are probably merely the natural results of the adaptation of Thalassotrechus to an intertidal habitat. The inner wings of the insect have atrophied, as they have in so many seaside beetles; the metathorax has been reduced as a consequence of the loss of the wing muscles ; and the elytra have at the same time been narrowed across the humeri, the narrowing being accompanied by a coaptive narrowing of the base of the prothorax. All this has resulted in a change from a Pogonus- like to a Trechus-like form. The change in shape of the metathorax may well have resulted in the slight change which has occurred in its relation to the hind coxae. And the loss of the elytral plica may conceivably be due to a change or partial loss of function of the elytra following the atrophy of the wings. The genitalia of Thalassotrechus (PI. 1, fig. 5) are defi- nitely of the Pogonus type. Since I have had series of both known forms of Thalassotrechus for study, I give the following notes on their taxonomy. The two are best considered subspecies. T. barbarae barbarae (Horn) was described from Santa Barbara, California, and was rediscovered there a few years ago by the late Dr. J. G. Gehring. T. barbarae nigripennis Van Dyke, of which Dr. Van Dyke has very kindly supplied me with topotypes, was described from Moss Beach, just south of San Francisco, California, and is known from two or three other localities in the San Francisco region, which is about 300 miles by coast north of Santa Barbara. It is a very distinct subspecies, differing from typical barbarae in having the elytra duller and black rather than rufo-testaceous or castaneous. There is 110 constant difference in width of prothorax, but the anterior angles of the latter are minutely more flattened and more prominent in barbarae than in nigripennis. The J' genitalia of the two are not distinguishable. 144 October, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Key to American Genera of Patrobini4 1. Elytra each with numerous dorsal setigerous punctures on third interval, with additional punctures basally on first and fifth intervals; (male unknown) 2. Platypatrobus gen. n. - Each elytron with 3 (rarely 4) dorsal setigerous punctures on third stria or outer edge third interval 2 2. Palpi with apical segments subconical; genae longer than eyes; total length of insect less than 6 mm.; (^ genitalia with apices of parameres relatively short ; phallobase open above; eversible sac without distinct apical plate or spine). 1. Patroboidea Van Dyke - Palpi with apical segments subcylindrical, subtruncate ; genae shorter than eyes; total length over 8 mm. (apices of para- meres longer ; sides of phallobase overlapping above ; ever- sible sac with apical plate or spine) 3 3. Relatively depressed; occipital constriction shallow; basal foveae of pronotum shallow; middle groove of pronotum faint or obsolete at base ; mesosternal epimera broadly triangular ; (eversible sac of J1 genitalia with simple spine at apex, without accessory spines) 3. Platidius Chcl. - More convex ; occipital constriction deep ; basal foveae of pro- notum deep ; middle groove of pronotum very coarse basally; mesosternal epimera narrow; (eversible sac with complex apical plate and 1 or 2 accessory spines). 4. Patrobus Dej. 1. Patroboidea Van Dyke Van Dyke 1925, p. 67. Genotype: Patroboidea rufa Van Dyke (PI. 1, figs. 6-8) Van Dyke 1925, p. 69. There is no point in repeating Dr. Van Dyke’s recent good de- scriptions of genus and species. The male genitalia are like those of other Patrobini but with parameres only briefly produced at apex, sides of phallobase not meeting above, and eversible sac without dis- 4 Dr. Hatch (1935, p. 118) has recently pointed out that his Monillipatrobus is a synonym of Psydrus. This genus probably belongs with the primitive Pterostichini, but is not very closely related to the Patrobini. The $ genitalia of Psydrus have the para- meres symmetrical but are otherwise unlike those of the Patrobini. A proper understanding of the relationships of the Pterostichini and related groups would require an enormous amount of study and dissection, especially of exotic genera. 145 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 4 tinct apical plate or accessory spines, but apparently with several strong, parallel bristles near base. Type: From Monroe, Washington State (California Acad. Sci.) (not seen by me). Distribution: I have seen specimens from Stanley and Spious Creek, B. C. (the latter Van Dyke’s paratype, now in the Canadian Nat. Coll. ; the former received for the M. C. Z. through the kindness of Mr. Ralph Hopping) and Ft. Yukon, Alaska (Coll. H. C. Fall). The species seems to be rare everywhere. It is found under cover by streams. 2. Platypatrobus gen. 11. A typical member of the Patrobini (= Patrobiclae) as charac- terized by Chaudoir (1871, p. 39). Characterized within the tribe by rather depressed form ; excessively prominent eyes ; genae very short, with deep basal constriction of head immedi- ately behind eyes ; vertex and sides of head not hairy ; frontal sulci well impressed; apical segments of palpi subcylindrical and subtruncate ; prothorax with side margins plurisetose, basal foveae deep, middle groove very coarse basally; elytra with numerous setigerous punctures on intervals 1, 3, and 5 ; meso- sternum plurisetose between coxae, with epimera moderately broadly triangular; appendages slender (general structure as in Patrobus) ; tarsi not hairy above, 4th segment of two anterior pair moderately broad, emarginate. This genus does not fit very well into any of the subtribal groups proposed by Chaudoir ( l . c.) . The form and appearance are very Nebria- like. The extra setae of margins of prothorax and of the mesosternal process suggest the European genus Deltomerus, but in the latter the eyes are very much less prominent, much removed from the basal constriction of the head, and the vertex and sides of head are hairy. The new genus resembles Patrobus but is more depressed, with more prominent eyes, with more setae on thoracic margins, elytral intervals, and mesosternum, and with broader meso- sternal epimera. Until the male is found and the copulatory organs examined it is useless to guess at the true relationships of the new genus. Genotype: Platypatrobus lacustris sp. 11. (PI. 1, fig. 9). Form as figured, rather broad, depressed; dark rufous; appendages slender, rufo-testaceous ; head and prothorax shin- ing, elytra finely alntaceous. Head t°q width prothorax; eyes very prominent; frontal sulci well impressed, not punctate, 146 October, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA curved outward posteriorly, ending about opposite middle of eyes ; front not transversely impressed ; basal constriction deep, slightly punctate ; antennae with 3rd segment between 3 and 4 times long as wide; maxillary palpi with apical segment \ longer than subapical; sides of neck below punctate; gular puncture weak. Prothorax cordate, not quite \ wider than long; sides arcuate anteriorly, strongly sinuate before right posterior angles; latter weakly carinate; side margins moder- ate, left with 4, right with 3 setae before middle, and each with seta at basal angle ; basal f oveae slightly punctate ; anterior transverse impression moderate but not well defined posteriorly, with a few coarse punctures. Elytra not quite f wider than prothorax ; humeri moderately rounded, slightly narrowed ; striae entire, slightly impressed, very finely punctate on disk; 3rd interval with 11 or 12 (over entire length), 1st with 1 or 2 (basally, outside scutellar stria), 5th with 5 or 6 (basal -J) setigerous punctures. Inner wings full. Prosternum with a few punctures at sides anteriorly ; mesosternum distinctly, metasternum less distinctly, punctate at sides; abdomen impunctate, alutaceous. Measurements : 2 just over 11 by 4.4. mm. Type: Holotype $ (M. C. Z. no. 21, 781) unique from “Bachwng B,”5 Lake Superior, dated “15.8” (presumably August 15), from Hubbard and Schwarz in the Leconte Collection in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Distribution : Known only from the type locality. It is astonish- ing to find so distinct a new form from such a locality, but there is no reason to doubt the label. The genus is not very close to any- thing previously known even outside of America. 3. Platidius Chd. Chaudoir 1871, p. 51. Genotype: Patrobus aterrimus Dej., by present designation (. Platidius originally described for this species and P. depressus Gebler of Asia). Platidius has been combined with Diplous Mots. (Asiatic), appar- ently as the result of some indecisive notes by Bates (1873, p. 295), but I prefer to follow Chaudoir until the synonymy can be settled 5 Spelled Bachewauung, Bachewauaung, Batchawaung, and Batchawana Bay on various maps. It is a part of Whitefish Bay, eastern end of Lake Superior, Ontario, Canada. 147 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 4 more definitely. The genus is a natural one, related to Patrobus but differing in many details, the more important of which are given in the key to genera, above. The American species are mutually similar in appearance, depressed form, black color (elytra often brownish in aterrimus) , full inner wings, and most other asexual characters, as well as in the general structure of the male copulatory organs. The males of our four species are easily separable by secondary sexual and slight genitalic characters ; the females can usually be placed by the relatively slight asexual characters. All four species (I have taken them all) live in coarse gravel or among stones or under other cover beside brooks and rivers. Key to American Species of Platidius Chd.6 1. hind trochanters J (rarely slightly less) to equal length of femora ; J' hind tibiae curved at base ; front femora tuber- culate or angulate (sometimes faintly) below near middle; front tibiae curved; (prothorax subquadrate; average size larger) 1. calif ornicus (Mots.) - hind trochanters or less length of femora ; J' hind tibiae not curved at base ; ^ front femora denticulate or subangulate about J from base , or not modified ; J1 front tibiae straight ; (prothorax more cordate; average size smaller) 2 2. J1 hind trochanters usually pointed, about J length femora (but somewhat variable) ; J1 front femora angulate or dentate; (pronotum less rugosely punctate) (western America) 3 - J1 hind trochanters more blunt, about length femora; $ front femora simple ; (pronotum more rugosely punctate across base and apex) (eastern America) 4. rugicollis (Rand.) 3. Apex of phallobase (middle lobe) £ genitalia truncate, with left side irregular, angulate, or hooked ; apical spine of eversible sac entirely chitinized; (body slightly larger, more de- pressed, with intervals of elytra usually flatter and duller. ) 2. aterrimus (Dej.) - Apex phallobase rounded, left side not angulate nor hooked; apical spine of eversible sac chitinized only at base, mem- branous apically; (slightly smaller, less depressed, elytra! intervals usually more convex and more shining) . 3. filicornis Csy. 6 The following species are incorrectly cited as Platidius (or Diplous) in the Leng and Junk Catalogues: obtusiusculus Chd., stygicus Click, angusticollis Mann. They will be found below under Patrobus. 148 October, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 1. Platidius calif ornicus (Mots.) (Male genitalia, Pl. 3, figs. 80-88 ; range, PL 4, map A) Patrobus calif ornicus Mots. 1859, p. 123 (listed previously in Kaefer Russl. 1850, p. 6) ; Lee. 1869, p. 375; Horn 1875, p. 131 : Patrobus trochantericus Lee. 1869, p. 375 : Platidius calif ornicus Csy. 1918, p. 399 : latipennis Csy. 1918, p. 399 : incisus Csy. 1918, p. 399 : strenuus Csy. 1918, p. 400 ; rectus Csy. 1918, p. 400 : sierranus Csy. 1918, p. 401 : breviusculus Csy. 1918, p. 401. The important characteristics of this species are given in the key. The male genitalia have the apex of phallobase rounded, left side not hooked nor angulate; apical spine of eversible sac rounded- spatnlate at apex, with base flatter and less trough-like than in other Platidius. Measurements: $ 10.57-17 by 4.1-5. 6 ; J 12-17 by 4.3-5. 5 mm. Types: Calif ornicus was described by Motschulsky from near San Francisco, California; the type(s) are probably now in the Moscow Museum; there is a J from Motschulsky in the Leconte Collection which may be a cotype (type no. 8,232). Leconte’s trochantericus was from Fort Crook, northern California [in the upper Sacramento Valley] ; the type is, of course, in the M. C. Z., no. 5,593. Casey’s latipennis was from Mendocino and Humboldt Cos., California; incisus , south of San Francisco; sierranus, California (Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras Co.) and Nevada (Reno) ; rectus and breviusculus, Reno, Nevada; strenuus, Washington State. The Casey types are all in the U. S. N. M. ; I have seen them. Distribution: “South of San Francisco,” California, to southern British Columbia, east to western Nevada and Montana. Including material borrowed, I have had 108 specimens of this species at the M. C. Z. for study, and have seen many additional elsewhere. Discussion : There is a good deal of variation in size, development of male secondary sexual characters, exact shape of prothorax, rela- tive lengths of segments of maxillary palpi (apical longer to scarcely longer than subapical), exact form of apex of phallobase (examined in more than 40 males) and of apical spine of eversible 7 Casey gives 9 mm. for the unique type of his breviusculus. This is correct for the specimen in its present position. However, with characteristic lack of discrimination, and in spite of the fact that he makes size one of the first characters in his key description of breviusculus, Casey fails to mention that the specimen is hunched up, and would measure at least 10.5 mm. if it were straightened. 149 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 4 sac (examined in several males from well scattered localities), and in some other characters, but I have been unable to divide the species into satisfactory subspecies. 2. Platidius aterrimus (Dej.) (Male genitalia, Pl. 3, figs. 89-97 ; range, PL 4, map A) Patrobus aterrimus Dej. 1828, p. 32 ; Horn 1875, p. 130 (part) : Patrolms fulcratus Lee. 1869, p. 374: Platidius aterrimus Chd. 1871, p. 51 ; breviceps Csy. 1918, p. 402 \tenuitarsis Csy. 1918, p. 403 : coloradensis Csy. 1918, p. 403 : reflexus Csy. 1918, p. 403. Distinguishing characters given in key. Male genitalia with apex of phallobase truncate, left side before apex irregular, angulate, or hooked; apical spine of eversible sac rounded or pointed at tip, more or less folded or trough-like at base, entirely chitinized. Measurements : ,<$ 9-12.5 by 3. 3-4.4; § 10-13 by 3. 6-4. 5 mm. Types: Described by Dejean from specimen (s) received from Eschscholtz, from Norfolk Straits, northwest coast of North America ; type probably now in Oberthiir Coll. This type locality is probably the old Norfolk Sound, near Sitka ; there is a J in the Leconte Collec- tion labeled, “P. aterrimus ! Sitka Esch. ” which may be a cotype. Leconte’s fulcratus (type in M. C. Z., no. 5,594) was from Vancouver Island; all of Casey’s species (types seen by me, all in U. S. N. M.), from Colorado, where no Platidius except aterrimus is known to occur. Coloradensis is more specifically from Red Cliff ; breviceps , from Boulder Co. Distribution: Southern Alaskan coast south to central Oregon, east to Edmonton, Alberta, and southeast to Colorado. Altitudinal range is from sea level on the coast to from 7,000 to 10,000 ft. in Colorado (extremes of 10 Colorado localities of which altitudes are given). I have had 178 specimens (many borrowed) at the M. C. Z. and have seen more in other museums. Discussion: My identification of aterrimus is based upon speci- mens from Sitka, which is certainly very near the type locality. Besides Eschscholtz’ female mentioned above, I have seen and dis- sected a male collected at Sitka by T. Eincaid and now in the U. S. N. M. I think that the present species is the only Platidius which occurs as far north as the Sitka region. There is a good deal of individual variation in size, in color, and in form of apex of phallo- base of male genitalia. Some of the variation is indefinitely geo- graphic— coastal specimens run smaller and blacker than those from Alberta, and coastal males usually have the apex of the phallobase 150 October, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA only weakly angulate on the left side, but coastal specimens can be matched in all characters by some of those from the interior, espe- cially from Colorado and Utah. Individual variation is so great that I cannot define recognizable subspecies. Males from single localities in southern British Columbia show almost the entire range of varia- tion of apex of the phallobase. I have examined this character in practically all the males I have had for study; the spine of the eversible sac has been examined in relatively few specimens, but from well scattered localities. 3. Platidius filicornis Csy. (Male genitalia, PI. 3, figs. 98-101 ; range, PL 4, map A) Patrobus aterrimus Horn 1875, p. 130 (part) : Platidius filicornis Csy. 1918, p. 404. Differs from aterrimus as described in key above and in discussion below. Male genitalia with apex of phallobase rounded, left side before apex oblique, not angulate nor hooked ; apical spine of eversi- ble sac irregularly rounded or spatulate at tip, more or less folded at base, strongly chitinized only at base, membranous apically. Measurements : 8.5-11.5 by 3.2-3. 9 ; J 10-11.7 by 3. 7-4.1 mm. Type: A J from Redwood Creek, Humboldt Co., California, in U. S. N. M. ; I have seen it. Distribution: Besides the type, I have seen 40 males, 24 females, from northern California to southern British Columbia. As com- pared with the related aterrimus in the coastal part of its range, filicornis seems usually to occur along smaller brooks and at higher altitudes. It is characteristic of the streams on the slopes of Mt. Hood and Mt. Rainier, for instance, and sometimes ranges up nearly to the foot of the glaciers (White River Glacier and Zigzag Canon, Mt. Hood). However, its range probably overlaps that of aterrimus, for filicornis occurs also below 1,000 ft. In several cases the two species are known from the same localities; I have males of each, well characterized by both external and genitalic characters, from Spious Creek and from mountains between Hope and Okanagan, British Columbia. Discussion : This species averages smaller than aterrimus, slightly more convex, with elytral intervals almost always more convex, although there is some variation in both species. Individual varia- tion in form of prothorax, presence or absence of carinae in basal angles, development of male secondary sexual characters, and in some other details is much greater within each species than any difference between the two. I consider filicornis a species rather than a sub- 151 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 4 species of aterrimus because the two remain distinct even where their gross ranges overlap. In filicornis as in aterrimus I have examined the apex of the phallobase in practically every male specimen I have seen. I have dissected out the spine of the eversible sac in only a few specimens, but from well distributed localities. 4. Platidius rugicollis (Rand.) (Male genitalia, PL 1, fig. 1 ; PL 3, figs. 77-79) Patrobus angieollis Rand. 1838, p. 1 (misprint) : rugicollis RancL 1838, p. 560 (list errata); Horn 1875, p. 130: Patrobus longipalpus Notman 1919, p. 231. Sufficiently defined in key. Male genitalia with apex of phallo- base rounded, left side not angulate nor hooked; apical spine of eversible sac more or less pointed at tip, folded at base, entirely chitinized. Measurements : 10-11 by 3. 7-4.0; 2 9.5-12.0 by 3. 5-4.2 mm. Types: Randall’s type, from Hallow#!, Maine, is probably lost; I here designate as neotype a male from Grafton Notch, near Bethel, Maine, collected by Dr. J. G. Gehring (type no., M. C. Z. 23,357). Notman ’s type, a 5 from Keene Heights, Essex Co., New York, is in Mr. Notman ’s collection, where I have seen it. Distribution: Northeastern North America. I have seen a good series from Nova Scotia (Port-au-Pique) and “ Canada,” Maine (Bethel), Vermont (Clarendon), New Hampshire (various localities in the White Mts.), New York (including Adirondack and Catskill Mts. ) , and ‘ ‘ Pennsylvania. ” In the White Mts. the species is usually found locally beside large streams in the ‘ ‘ notches ’ ’ or at the foot of the larger mountains, at 1,000 or 2,000 ft. altitude. It has been recorded also from the summit of Mt. Washington, but is certainly not established there. Discussion: The proportions of the segments of the maxillary palpi (apical i longer than subapical) used by Notman to distinguish his species from rugicollis (apical segment relatively shorter) are within the range of variation of rugicollis from New Hampshire. I have no doubt of the synonymy. 4. Patrobus Dej. Dejean 1821, p. 10. Genotype: Caraibus atrorufus Stroem.8 This genus is sufficiently defined in my generic key ; for a bibliog- 8 The name Patrobus was first proposed by Megerle in corre- spondence. So far as I can find, however (and Dr. Walther Horn 152 October, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA raphy of the genus see the Junk Catalogue , Yol. 2, p. 337 (Pars 98, by E. Csiki, 1928). The following is not a definition of the genus but a discussion (for the American species) of some characters which can be disposed of more economically by generalities than by repe- tition under the species. Form, including degree of ventricosity, often variable, usually not dependable in classification; surface of head and pronotum always nearly smooth and shining (except as punc- tate in impressions or foveae), that of elytra finely alutaceous. Under high power the alutaceous micro-sculpture of the elytra is seen to consist of very fine reticulations which are strongly transverse in longicornis, more weakly or not transverse in other species. Head: eyes moderately prominent, but sometimes variable in individuals ; front between eyes not or slightly trans- versely impressed (variation individual in all species) ; basal transverse constriction deep, more or less punctate ; antennae uniform in general structure, variable in stoutness in different species (third segment 4 or more times long as wide in longi- cornis, between 2 and 3 times in foveocollis, intermediate in other species) ; maxillary palpi slender, apical segment longer has very kindly checked this for me), the name was not published until it was listed in the ‘ ‘ Catalogue de la Collection des Coleopteres de M. le Baron Dejean, ” 1821, p. 10. Five species were listed under Patrobus in this catalogue: rufipes [Fab.], excavatus Payk., fovei- collis Esch., rufipennis Hoff., and americanus Dej. The last three were at that time unpublished manuscript names, but the first two were previously described species, and their citation validates Patrobus Dej., 1821. One of these two previously described species must be taken as the genotype of Patrobus, and Curtis (1827, p. 192) has fixed the genotype as the first, Carabus rufipes Fab. All this would be simple enough except that Carabus rufipes Fab. turns out to have been misidentified by Dejean and Curtis and to be not what we call Patrobus at all, but a species of Calathus. Neverthe- less, Patrobus has invariably been applied to the insects now known by that name, and its meaning ought not to be changed by a techni- cality. I shall, therefore, follow Curtis and Andrewes (1935) in considering as the genotype of Patrobus the insect which Dejean and Curtis incorrectly called Carabus rufipes Fab., which is the insect now known as Patrobus atrorufus (Stroem). If this is not quite in accord with the rules for fixation of genotypes set forth by the International Committee on Zoological Nomenclature, it is to be hoped that a suspension of the rules may be obtained and the name Patrobus preserved in the sense in which it has always been used. 153 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 4 than subapical (J or less longer in longicornis, about longer in other species) ; frontal foveae moderate, except subobsolete in foveocollis ; sides of neck below punctate; single coarse gular puncture (concealed by prosternum if head depressed) present, except usually absent in septentrionis. Prothorax cordate or subcordate, often individually variable ; median groove of pro- notum very coarse basally ; basal foveae large, deep, punctate ; pnnctation of anterior transverse impression variable, as de- scribed for species below; basal angles finely carinate; lateral margins narrow (narrowest in foveocollis) . Elytra with humeri always moderately prominent (never so narrowed as in some European species) ; striae entire, except usually obsolete at extreme apex in foveocollis, slightly impressed on disk (most impressed in longicornis) , rather finely punctate (most coarsely so in longicornis) ; outer edge each third interval 3-punctate, rarely 4-punctate.9 Inner wings (Pl. 1, figs. 10-17) full, vestigial, or simply and asexually dimorphic; when vestigial, wing is narrow, strap-shaped, unfolded, reaching to or beyond middle of elytra in all species except longicornis, in which vestiges are much shorter. Pnnctation of prosternum varies as described in species below; meso-, metasternum, and first ventral more or less lightly punctate at sides; abdomen other- wise impunctate, alntaceons ; metepisterna always elongate, never so shortened as in some European species; last ventral segment with apex not or slightly emarginate ;10 legs uniform in general structure, most slender in longicornis, stoutest in foveocollis. Males slightly smaller and slightly narrower (average) than females; anterior femora slightly stouter; first two segments each front tarsus moderately dilated, biseriately squammulose; 1 submarginal puncture each side last ventral (2 in 5) ; copulatory organs as described and figured, varying as described in following key. 9 There are 4 setigerous punctures on the left, 3 on the right third interval in Leconte’s type of rufipes ( =lecontei ) ; 4 on each side in a specimen of foveocollis from Russian America, although 3 is the normal number in the species. There are several published records of 4-punctate Patrobus ; such individuals are probably to be expected occasionally in all species. 10 111 longicornis, lecontei, and fossifrons the last ventral is usually emarginate, uncommonly not (both sexes) ; in septentrionis the reverse is true; in foveocollis the last ventral seems always to be entire. 154 October, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Key to American11 Subgenera and Species of Patrobus12 1. Anterior transverse impression of pronotum, and middle of pro- sternnm anteriorly, without distinct coarse punctures; (J* genitalia with phallobase angulate, denticulate, or hooked on left side near apex; eversible sac twisted to left when within phallobase, long; apical plate moderate; accessory spine single, simple, deeply withdrawn into phallobase, not hinged to latter) (Neopatrobus subgen. 11.) 2 11 A key to the European species of Patrobus, which are distin- guished by very different characters from the American ones, has been published by Roubal and Schauberger (1928, p. 86). All the European species (about 5, all seen by me) belong to Patrobus s. s. and are closely related to septentrionis. 12 Besides the living Patrobus, the following four fossil species have been described from the Pleistocene interglacial deposits of Ontario and Illinois. Patrobus gelatus Scudder (1890, p. 530, PI. 1, fig. 48) from the interglacial clays of Scarboro, Ontario. Known from a single pro- notum (the type) in good condition, Scudder number 14,586, now in the M. C. Z . I have examined this specimen and find it repre- sents a species extremely close to and possibly identical with the living Patrobus fossifrons stygicus Chd. which is widely distributed in northeastern North America to-day. Patrobus decessus Scudder (1900, p. 73, PL 7, fig. 4) from inter- glacial deposits at Reservoir Park (Toronto) and Scarboro, Ontario. Known from 10 elytra : the type (by present designation) is the specimen figured by Scudder (his number 16,782), now in the M. C. Z. This species was supposed by Scudder to be related to the living Patrobus ( = Platidius ) rugicollis Rand. However, I have examined the fossil type and find that the humerus is formed as in typical Patrobus, much less prominent than in Platidius, and various details of sculpture (including the presence of a conspicuous ocellate puncture at base of elytron between the first and scutellar striae) show that this fossil species, like the preceding, was really similar to the living Patrobus fossifrons stygicus. Patrobus frigidus Scudder (1900, p. 74, PI. 7, fig. 6), also from Reservoir Park, Toronto. The type is a single elytron, Scudder number 16,793, and is in the M. C. Z. It is distorted, but is cer- tainly a true Patrobus, 11 ot related to Platidius rugicollis as supposed by Scudder, and is in all probability the same species as the pre- ceding. The profuse red speckling of the elytron is probably not natural but due to some accident of preservation. Patrobus henshaivi Wickham (1917, p. 140, 110 fig.) from the interglacial Sangamon Peat near Mahomet, Illinois. Known from the head, prothorax, and part of an elytron of one individual, the 155 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 4 - Pronotum anteriorly and/or prosternum at middle anteriorly with coarse pnnctation ;* 1 2 * * * * * * * * * * i3 (left side of apex of phallobase neither angulate, dentate, nor hooked)14 4 2. Anterior transverse impression of pronotum very deep, sharply defined; legs strikingly pale 1. longicornis (Say) - This impression shallow and poorly defined 3 3. Legs rufous; base of prothorax usually or more wider than head across eyes (by measurement) 2. lecontei Chd. - Legs dark; base of prothorax usually about equal to width of head across eyes15 3. fossifrons (Esch.) 4. Frontal foveae normal ; wings full ;16 (apex of phallobase beyond orifice short, not strongly sinuate ; eversible sac not twisted when within phallobase, short; apical plate short; acces- sory spine single but with dilated base, hinged to phallo- type, formerly in the museum of the University of Illinois, but said now to be lost. I can say nothing about the true relationships of the species. It comes from about the same horizon as Scudder’s species and is about the same size. In my opinion, Scudder’s three fossil Patrobus are all based on fragments of a single species which was very similar to, and perhaps the same as, the living P. fossifrons stygicus. The true position of Wickham’s species is unknown. I therefore propose the following tentative synonymy of North American fossil Patrobus: 1. Patrobus gelatus Scudder ( decessus Scudder) ( frigidus Scudder) ( ? fossifrons stygicus Chd. (Recent) ) 2. (?) Patrobus henshawi Wickham 13 In American septentrionis the front of the pronotum in the region of the anterior transverse impression is usually rather closely punctate, the middle of the prosternum anteriorly often less so; in foveocollis the front of the pronotum is rarely almost impunctate, but the middle of the prosternum anteriorly is almost always con- spicuously punctate. The punctation character used in the key is not quite infallible, but it fails in probably less than 1% of American specimens of Patrobus. 14 In some European relatives of septentrionis ( Patrobus s. s.) the phallobase is angulate or hooked on left side at apex. 15 The relative widths of head and of base of prothorax do not quite always separate fossifrons and lecontei — rare individuals of both species are intermediate — but the measurements are very help- ful in most cases. 16 In some European relatives of septentrionis ( Patrobus s. s.) the wings are vestigial. 156 October, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA base by a lightly chitinized plate visible only when sac is everted, never deeply withdrawn into phallobase) (Patrobus s. s.) 4. septentrionis Dej. - Frontal foveae more or less obsolete; wings vestigial in Amer- ican specimens ; (apex of phallobase long, sinuate ; eversible sac not twisted within phallobase, long; apical plate very long and complex ; two simple accessory spines more or less hinged to phallobase, not deeply withdrawn into latter) (Geopatrobus subgen. n.) 5. foveocollis (Esch.) Genotypes of Subgenera: for Neopatrobus, longicornis as here defined; for Geopatrobus, foveocollis as here defined; for Patrobus s. s., same as for genus (the genotype, atrorufus Stroem, has the male genitalia almost identical in general structure with those of septentrionis) . The essential characters of the subgenera are in the armament of the eversible sac of the male genitalia. They can be seen most clearly in PL 1, figs. 2-4. 1. Patrobus (N eopatrobus) longicornis (Say) (Wings, PI. 1, figs. 11-12 ; male genitalia, PI 2, figs. 18-27 ; range, PI. 5, map C) Feronia longicornis Say 1825, p. 40 ; 1859, p. 466 : Patrobus amer- icanus Dej. 1828, p. 34: Patrobus longicornis Chd. 1871, p. 48 ; Horn 1875, p. 130 ; Schaupp 1882, p. 56 ; 1882a, PL 1, figs. 2, 2a-d; Blatchley 1910, p. 87, fig. 55; Csy. 1918, p. 395 ; Dari. 1936, p. 143, Pl. 1, figs. 12a, b. Description: Rather broad, elytra rather broadly oval, not distinctly ventricose ; body black or piceous, legs rufous to testa- ceous; head and pronotum exceptionally shining. Head f (slightly zb) width prothorax; frontal sulci normal, impunc- tate; basal constriction slightly or not distinctly punctate at bottom; antennae of maximum length for genus, 3rd segment 4 or more times long as wide ; maxillary palpi long, but apical segment only \ or less longer than subapical. Prothorax cor- date, (slightly =b) wider than long; base slightly narrower than head; sides more or less strongly sinuate before right or slightly obtuse basal angles; anterior impression very deep, groove-like, impunctate. Elytra f (zb) wider than prothorax; humeri broadly rounded but not much narrowed; striae more impressed and more coarsely punctate than in other species; intervals finely, strongly transversely alutaeeous. Inner wings 157 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 4 dimorphic, vestigial form shorter than in other species. Pro- sternnm punctate only at sides anteriorly. Legs of maximum slenderness for genus. Male copulatory organs as described in key above; phallobase relatively longer than in other Neo- patrobus, with snbapical tooth or angulation submarginal rather than marginal ; eversible sac with variable dark spot beside accessory spine, caused by a scaly thickening and patch of bristles. Measurements: 9.2 (exceptional) -13 by 3. 3-5.0; J 10.6- 14.3 by 4.2-5.4 mm. Types: Say’s type locality is not exactly specified, nor is Dejean’s, but their specimens probably came from eastern United States. Say’s type is probably lost; Dejean’s should be in the Oberthiir Collection. To replace Say’s type I have labeled and here designate as neotype of Patrobus longicornis (Say) a J' from Arlington, Mass., type no. 22,982 in the M. C. Z . Distribution: Newfoundland (several localities in south and west) to southern British Columbia (many localities, but none quite coastal), south to Florida (Jacksonville) and Arizona (foot of Pinal Mts.). Not at high altitudes (probably not regularly above 2,000 ft.) in either the White or Appalachian Mts.; four Colorado localities with definite altitudes range from 4,800 to 8,000 ft., which is low for that region. The species is already known from every province of southern Canada and it is not unlikely that it occurs in some part of every one of the United States, being absent only in a narrow coastal strip around the Gfulf of Mexico and in a small area in the south and southwest. It is not yet recorded, however, from California, Nevada, Louisiana, Mississippi, nor Alabama. Common ; usually under cover (by day) on the upper banks of rivers or ponds, or in damp woods away from water. Discussion: A distinct and universally recognized species, although not so isolated phylogenetically as some of the species lumped by Horn under septentrionis. Unique in appearance, slenderness of appendages, depth of anterior pronotal impression, depth of elytral striae and coarseness of strial punctures, strongly transverse elytral microsculpture, small size of vestigial wings in short winged individuals, minor details of male genitalia, and temperate rather than arctic or subarctic distribution. There is no significant geographical variation in size, although Colorado speci- mens run rather small. In southeastern specimens the basal angles of the prothorax tend to be a little more prominent than usual, but the difference is slight and inconstant. As I have shown recently 158 October, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA (1936, p. 143), the wings are vestigial in more than 90% of individ- uals, but fully winged specimens (about 9%) occur probably throughout the species’ range. (See also Pl. 5, map C, below.) In the male genitalia the apex of the phallobase (examined in about 60 specimens) varies geographically ; northern and western specimens have the apex strongly toothed about as in PI. 2, figs. 20 or 23, but with some variation ; males from central New England to Iowa have it about rectangularly, but also somewhat variably, denticulate or angulate ; those from the southeast have it obtusely and inconspicu- ously angulate (fig. 26). The transition is gradual, however, and variation prevents the separation of distinct subspecies. On the whole, and in spite of what has just been said, there is distinctly less individual variation in this species than in any of those which follow. 2. Patrobus ( N eopatrobus ) lecontei Chd. (Wings, PI. 1, figs. 13-14; male genitalia, PI. 2, figs. 28-37 ; range, PI. 5, map C) (a) P.l. lecontei Chd. Patrobus rufipes Lee. 1863, p. 18 (not Duft.) : lecontei Chd. 1871, p. 47 (part) : septentrionis Horn 1875, p. 130, and others (part) : canadensis Csy. 1924, p. 67. (b) P. 1. gravidus subsp. n. Patrobus lecontei Chd., 1. c. (part). Description ( species as a whole) : Form average, not dis- tinctly ventricose except in extreme females; black or piceous, legs rufous to testaceous. Head f or slightly less width pro- thorax ; frontal sulci normal, with bottoms somewhat irregular but not distinctly punctate ; basal constriction slightly punctate at bottom. Prothorax relatively large, J (slightly ±) wdder than long ; base slightly wider than head ; sides arcuate anteri- orly, usually only slightly or faintly sinuate before nearly right or slightly obtuse basal angles ; anterior transverse impression shallow, indefinite, usually impunctate, rarely with slight fine punctation. Elytra f wider than prothorax in ventricose females, slightly narrower in other specimens ; humeri broadly rounded but not much narrowed except in ventricose females. Inner wings dimorphic. Prosternum obsoletely punctate, but only at sides anteriorly. Male copulatory organs as described for subgenus; scarcely distinguishable from some fossifrons (especially subsp. dimorphicus) except that accessory spine of eversible sac is twisted in lecontei and not in fossifrons; sac without dark spot in specimens examined. 159 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 4 2a. P. ( N .) lecontei lecontei CM. Average size smaller; basal foveae of prothorax less punc- tate ; elytra slightly less dull in female. Wings dimorphic : vestigial in about f or more of individuals, full in \ or less. Measurements: 27 8.5-10.8 by 3.2-4.0; 25 $? 9.5-11.5 by 3. 7-4.2 mm. Types: Patrobus lecontei is expressly stated by Chaudoir to be a new name for the preoccupied rufipes Lee. Leconte’s type (M. C. Z. no. 5,592) is a J from the North Red River (southern Manitoba or the Minnesota-Dakota line), and this must be considered the type locality of lecontei in spite of the fact that Chaudoir ’s specimens were from Newfoundland. Casey’s types (U. S. N. M.) were from Edmonton, Alberta; I have seen them. Distribution : Typical lecontei occurs in the north-central region, from Colorado (Gunnison, 7,500; Poncha Springs, 7,400 ft.) to Alberta (Edmonton and other localities), western Lake Superior, and “Hudson Bay.” Mr. J. B. Wallis writes that specimens of lecontei which he took at Roche Percee, Saskatchewan, were under logs and other cover near ponds, often in company with Dytiscus pupae. 2b. P. (A.) lecontei gravidus subsp. n. Larger than typical lecontei ; basal foveae of prothorax a little more closely and coarsely punctate ; elytra slightly duller in female. Wings vestigial in all specimens seen. Measurements : 5 10.2-11.2 by 3. 8-4.2; 2 11.5-12.5 by 4.5-4. 7 mm. (Chaudoir: both sexes, 11-12 mm.). Types and distribution: Newfoundland, holotype <£ (M. C. Z. no. 21,782) and 4 2 J J paratypes (M. C. Z., 1 in Canadian National Collection) all from Little River, southwest Newfound- land, July 10-18, 1905 & 1907, collected by the late Percy Gardner Bolster. Chaudoir ’s specimens were from St. Pierre Island, south coast of Newfoundland. Discussion: The relationship of lecontei (both subspecies) and fossifrons (below) is closer than that of any two other American Patrobus. The color of the legs is diagnostic in clean, mature speci- mens. Upon comparison, lecontei is seen to be a distinctly stouter species, with relatively narrower head and more ample prothorax, the sides of which are usually less sinuate before the base. The form of the tip of the phallobase in lecontei males is almost exactly like that of Patrobus fossifrons dimorphicus of western North America, but is much less barbed than in fossifrons stygicus, the subspecies 160 October, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA of fossifrons with which lecontei occurs over most of its range ex- cept Colorado. The size difference between the two subspecies of lecontei is, on an average, more than 10% of the total length in each sex, but extremes of the two subspecies overlap in size. The other characters are of minimum subspecific value in this variable genus. 3. Patrobus ( Neopatrobus ) fossifrons (Esch.) (Wings, PI. 1, figs. 15-16; male genitalia, PL 1, fig. 2 & PL 2, figs. 38-54; range, Pl. 5, map C) (a) P. /. fossifrons (Esch.) Platysma fossifrons Esch. 1823, p. 104; Fisch. 1823, p. 128, Pl. 19, fig. 4: Patrobus fossifrons Mann. 1843, p. 194 (not Dej. 1828, p. 31; not Chd. 1871, p. 44) : longiventris Mann. 1853, p. 145 ifulvus Mann, 1853, p. 145 : latiusculus Chd. 1871, p. 46 : septentrionis Horn 1875, p. 130, and others (part) . (b) P. f. dimorphicus subsp. n. Patrobus latiusculus Chd. 1871, p. 46 (part) : septentrionis Horn 1875, p. 130, and others (part). (c) P. f. stygicus Chd. Patrobus stygicus Chd. 1871, p. 46: septentrionis Horn 1875, p. 130, and others (part) : tenuis Csy. 1920, p. 186 (not Lee., not Csy. 1918, p. 396). Description ( species as a whole) : Form average to slender, sometimes distinctly ventricose in female, sometimes not ; black or piceous, rufo-piceous below, legs not or not much paler. Head f (slightly d=) width prothorax; frontal sulci normal, usually impunctate; basal constriction finely punctate at bot- tom. Prothorax rather variable, i to f wider than long; base as wide as or slightly narrower, or rarely wider, than head; sides arcuate anteriorly, broadly but usually not strongly (sometimes scarcely) sinuate before right or slightly obtuse posterior angles; anterior transverse impression shallow or obliterated, usually impunctate, rarely with some fine puncta- tion. Elytra | (considerably =h) wider than prothorax; hu- meri moderately rounded, not much narrowed except in ventri- cose females. Prosternum below with sides anteriorly (almost entire sides in some individuals) more or less superficially and finely punctate. Male copulatory organs as described for sub- genus ; dark spot beside accessory spine of eversible sac variable, sometimes nearly absent. 161 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 4 3a. P. (A.) fossifrons fossifrons (Esch.) Of maximum size and stoutness for species, with prothorax of about maximum width. Wings uniformly vestigial in all speci- mens (about 60) seen. Male with phallobase usually only ob- tusely angulate on left side near apex. Measurements: (Unalaska )<$ 10-11 by 3.6— 3.9 ; 2 10.3-11 by 3. 9-4. 2 mm.: (Kodiak Is.) £ 9.5-10.7; 2 10-10.7 mm. (One smaller male seen from Kodiak Is.) Types: Eschscholtz described fossifrons from Unalaska Island and Kamchatka; I here designate Unalaska the type locality; the types should be in the Moscow Museum. Mannerheim described both longiventris and fulvus from Kodiak Island ; the types should be at the University of Helsingfors, or possibly with Chaudoir’s specimens in the Oberthiir Collection; there is a probable cotype of longiventris from Mannerheim in the Leconte Collection (M. C. Z. no. 5,591). Chaudoir’s latiusculus was from Kodiak Island and Oregon; I here designate Kodiak Island as the type locality; the types should be in the Oberthiir Collection. Distribution: Islands of the Bering Sea and adjacent regions, and Kodiak Island. Seen by me from Unalaska (19 J®|| 19 22? most collected by Dr. E. C. Van Dyke), Kodiak Is. (16 7 25, from various sources), St. Paul’s Is. in the Pribilof group ( 1 J*), and R(ussian) A(merica) (several specimens) ; the species is recorded also from Kamchatka in Asia. Dr. Van Dyke writes that his U11- alaskan fossifrons were generally taken in old, dried up ponds or bogs, as contrasted with the higher and somewhat less water satu- rated habitat of foveocollis. Discussion: The works of Eschscholtz and Fischer appeared in the same year, each referring to the other, but Fischer’s description is quoted from Eschscholtz, who is to be considered the authority. The original description is good, and I can find no justification for Chaudoir’s statement that Fischer’s description applies partly to some other species. Dejean’s fossifrons is, according to the very definite description, Eschscholtz’ foveocollis ; Chaudoir’s fossifrons is equally unmistakably septentrionis. The fact that all three of these species occur on Unalaska probably led to the confusion. Manner- heim apparently recognized fossifrons correctly, but described longi- ventris and fulvus on differences of no taxonomic importance. Chaudoir, misidentifying fossifrons and overlooking the name longi- ventris, renamed the species latiusculus because it seemed to him that fulvus , based on an immature specimen, was not appropriate ! 162 October, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 3b. P. (A.) fossifrons dimorphicus subsp. n. Very variable in size and form. Specimens from the Pacific coastal region run smaller than typical fossifrons. Specimens from Utah, Colorado, and Idaho are as large as or rarely even slightly larger than typical fossifrons, but frequently have the prothorax narrower. Wings are vestigial in about f, full in about i of individuals ; the fully winged as well as the vestigial form occurs probably throughout the range of the subspecies (PI. 5, map C), in every region from which adequate series have been seen. The vestigial wings are unusually variable in this subspecies, varying from somewhat smaller to considerably larger than the example figured (PI. 1, fig. 15). 17 In male genitalia the phallobase varies from obtusely to acutely angu- late on left side near apex, more or less bridging the gap be- tween the obtuse angulation of true fossifrons and the very acute barb of the following subspecies ( stygicus ), but usually nearer the former. Measurements : $ 8.3-10.5 by 3. 0-3. 7 ; 2 9-11.5 by 3.2-4. 3 mm. Types: Holotype J1 (M. C. Z. no. 22, 983) and 12 paratypes (in M. C. Z., Canadian National Coll., and my own collection) from near Victoria, Vancouver Island, British Columbia; collected by myself Aug. 11, 1927. Also 6 paratypes from the same locality from the Hubbard and Schwarz Collection in the U. S. N. M., and 1 from the same locality in the P. S. Carr Collection. The holotype has full wings, but some other specimens of the type lot have vestigial wings. Because of the variability of this subspecies, I have confined the type series to specimens from a single locality. Distribution : South coast of Alaska to northern California (Tal- lac, Bridgeport, and Eagle L.), east to Colorado (Ouray, 7,500- 8,000; Hesperus, 8,300 ft.). I have seen more than 160 specimens; the species is especially common in southern British Columbia. The specimens (types) which I found near Victoria were in coarse gravel and among stones near the edge of a river. Discussion: Under the description of latiusculus, Chaudoir made it plain that the name was to apply to Kodiak Island specimens ; a single specimen from Oregon was identified with reservations, and cannot very well be designated as the type. The western mainland 17 The vestigial wings of typical fossifrons are more constant, and are usually about the size of the smallest wing vestiges found in dimorphicus, but individual variation in the latter is so great that the size of the wing vestige can hardly be used as a subspecific character. 163 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 4 subspecies of fossifrons, therefore, has been without a name until now. This variable subspecies would not be worth separating from typical fossifrons except for the state of the wings. However, the existence of a considerable proportion of fully winged individuals on the mainland and the apparent complete absence of such individ- uals on the islands seems to me sufficiently interesting and important to justify the separation, even though no single character can be depended upon to distinguish every individual. 3c. P. (A.) fossifrons “stygicus Chd. Form, as compared with subspecies dimorphicus, usually slightly more slender and less often ventricose. Wings always full. Male genitalia with apex of phallobase produced, strongly and acutely barbed or hooked on left side near apex. Measurements: 8.3-11.1 by 3.0-3. 9; § 9-12 by 3.4-4.4 mm. Type: Chaudoir’s type was from the south side of Newfound- land, and should be in the Oberthiir Collection. Casey’s specimens of “tenuis” (1920) were from Marquette, Michigan. Distribution: Boreal America from the interior of Alaska (“ ?nr. Ruby?”) to the coast of Labrador and Newfoundland; south to extreme southeastern British Columbia, southern Alberta and Mani- toba, and Lake Superior; not in the mountains of New England; limit of range in north unknown. Mr. W. J. Brown writes that the large series of specimens which he collected along the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence were, “ Under drift on the seashore and under old boards resting on moss covered rocks near the houses of the fishermen. The country is granitic rock covered in part by moss, Empetrum, etc., with no trees except stunted spruce and willows in protected places.” Discussion: The ranges of this subspecies and of fossifrons dimorphicus are essentially complementary, but there is some inter- gradation (or possibly overlapping) in southern British Columbia and Alberta. For example, T have seen two female specimens from as far east as Crow’s Nest, southwestern Alberta (F. S. Carr Coll.) which look like dimorphicus and have the wings vestigial, and a winged male from Cypress Hills, north of Medicine Hat, Alberta (also Carr Coll.) has the left side of apex of phallobase only rectan- gularly angulate like dimorphicus , although another winged male from the same locality has the phallobase acutely barbed. O11 the other hand, I have examined 5 males, 10 females from Copper Mt., southern British Columbia (collected by Mr. G. Stace Smith, one labeled “ meadow; 4,300 ft.”) which are typical stygicus in form of male phallobase and which are fully winged except that one female 164 October, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA has vestigial wings. Copper Mt. is well within the gross range of dimorpliicus. Whether stygicus and dimorphicus are really sub- species as I suppose, or whether they are closely related full species, is very hard to decide from museum specimens. Perhaps field obser- vation of the behavior and habitat of the insects will settle the matter eventually. The possibility that mutation and dimorphism occur in the genitalia of these forms has been discussed earlier in this paper. The wings are full in every one of the 93 specimens of stygicus which I have examined — this is not including the doubtful series from Copper Mt., of course. Specimens of stygicus from Newfoundland (11 6 JJ) average larger than those from the mainland, even than those from just across the Straits of Belle Isle (17 J'J', 10 22 )> but extremes overlap. 4. Patrobus (s. s.) septentrionisDej. (Wing, PI. 1, fig. 10; male genitalia, PL 1, fig. 4 & PL 3, figs. 55-69; range, Pl. 4, map B) ? Tenebrio fossor 0. Fab. 1780, p. 190 (not L.) : Patrobus sep- tentrionis Dej. 1828, p. 29; Dej. & Boiscl. 1837, p. 266, Pl. 106, fig. 2; Chd. 1871, p. 43; Horn 1875, p. 130, and others (part) : hyperboreus Dej. 1828, p. 30: fossifrons Chd. 1871, p. 44 (not Esch.) : labradorinus Csy. 1918, p. 395 : minuens Csy. 1918, p. 396 : tenuis Csy. 1918, p. 396 (not Lee., not Csy. 1920) : tritus Csy. 1920, p. 186. Description : Form average, not distinctly ventricose; black, sometimes pieeous or rufescent, especially on elytra ; legs not distinctly paler. Head f to f width prothorax; eyes varying from very prominent to much less so ; frontal sulci normal, not distinctly to (especially in large 22) distinctly punctate; basal constriction moderately to strongly punctate ; gular puncture usually weak or obliterated. Prothorax i to f wider than long ; base wide as head (slightly ±) ; sides arcuate anteriorly, usually strongly (individually less strongly) sinuate before usually very prominent right (slightly =h) posterior angles; anterior transverse impression indefinite, almost always con- spicuously punctate, rarely only slightly or not punctate. Elytra \ or somewhat less wider than prothorax ; humeri mod- erately rounded but more prominent than usual in genus. Wings always full. Prosternum coarsely and conspicuously punctate, especially latero-basally, but almost always with some coarse punctures at middle anteriorly (I have seen no specimen with punctures lacking both at front of pronotum and at middle 165 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 4 of prosternum anteriorly) ; sides of meso- and metasterna rather variably but usually more strongly punctate than in other species. Male copnlatory organs as described in key. Measurements: £ 8. 2-9. 5 by 2. 9-3. 5; 5 9-11 by 3. 2-4.0 mm. Types: Tenebrio fossor was described from Greenland; like the rest of the 0. Fabricius Collection, the type is probably no longer in existence. Dejean’s types of septentrionis were from Lapland, northern Sweden, and Siberia ; I here designate Lapland as the type locality ; the types should be in the Oberthiir Collection. P. hyper- boreus Dej. was from Greenland, and also should be in the Oberthiir Collection. Of Casey’s species, labradorinus and minuens were from West St. Modest, Labrador; tritus, from Marquette, Michigan; the types of all are in the U. S. N. M., where I have seen them. Distribution: Circumpolar. I11 America, on the Aleutian Islands including Unalaska ; St. Paul and St. George in the Pribilof Islands ; and from Alaska to Labrador and Newfoundland, south to Colorado, the Great Lakes and northern Maine (Greenville), but not in the White Mts. ; northern limit of range unknown. The only Colorado locality with altitude given is Leavenworth Valley, 10- 11,000 ft., but the species ranges down to sea level in the north. Widely distributed also in northern Europe and Asia. Besides 98 American specimens I have seen 3 2 from Europe (including Lapland) ; several from Iceland; a pair from Greenland; and a male from Copper Island, off Kamchatka. I do not know the habits of the species in America, but in Europe it is said to occur in both northern wooded and high alpine regions, and the records suggest that it has the same range of habitat here. In Iceland it favors damp meadows below 300 meters (Lindroth 1931, p. 172). Discussion: Tenebrio fossor , if it is a Patrobus, is probably the earliest name for this species, for the black color with fulvescent elytra and abdomen, and the presence of obvious inner wings (which are mentioned in the description) are practically diagnostic. How- ever, the name is not available because of an earlier, different Tene- brio fossor L. The name hyperboreus Dej. is applied by Chaudoir to the form of septentrionis with rufous elytra, which he calls a variety. It is, however, no more than an individual variation. In Iceland it has been observed copulating with typical black specimens (Lindroth, l. c.). If Chaudoir ’s application of the name is correct, Dejean’s statement that hyperboreus is apterous requires confirma- tion. Casey’s three species are all within the rather wide range of individual variation of septentrionis. American specimens usually have the front of the pronotum more punctate and the basal angles 166 October, 1938 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA more prominent than European ones, although there are many ex- ceptions. The most coarsely punctate series I have seen is from the Aleutian Islands; the least punctate specimens, oddly enough, are among a series from the neighboring Pribilof Islands; mainland specimens, however, also show nearly the whole range of variation. There is a little individual variation in the form of the apex of the phallobase and much variation in the form of the accessory spine of the eversible sac of the male genitalia. Series from single locali- ties often have the accessory spine of a form recognizably different from that in series from other localities not very far away, but some of the variation is individual and it is quite impossible to use the spine to define useful subspecies. There is no significant geograph- ical variation in size. The wings are full in the 98 American speci- mens I have examined and are said always to be full in European specimens too. 5. Patrobus (Geopatrobus) foveocollis (Esch.) (Wing, PI. 1, fig. 17 ; male genitalia, PL 1, fig. 3 & PL 3, figs. 70-76; range, Pl. 4, map B) (a) P. ( G .) foveocollis foveocollis (Esch.) Platysma foveocollis Esch. 1823, p. 105 ; Fisch. 1823, p. 129, Pl. 19, fig. 5: Patrobus foveocollis Dej. 1828, p. 30; Mann. 1843, p. 194; fossifrons Dej. 1828, p. 31 (not Esch.) : fovei- collis Chd. 1871, p. 45 (part) : septentrionis Horn 1875, p. 130, and others (part). (b) P. ( G .) foveocollis tenuis (Lee.) Pterostichus tenuis Lee. 1850, p. 207 : Patrobus angusticollis Mann. 1853, p. 146: foveicollis Chd. 1871, p. 45 (part): tenuis Chd. 1871, p. 46 (not Csy. 1918 nor 1920) : ? ob- tusiusculus Chd. 1871, p. 43 : septentrionis Horn 1875, p. 130, and others (part) : laeviceps Csy. 1918, p. 397 : insularis Csy. 1918, p. 397. Description ( species as a whole) : Form average to slender, not or slightly ventricose, more convex than usual ; dark piceous to (more commonly) rufescent to strongly rufous, legs not or slightly paler. Head | to -J (slightly ±) width prothorax; eyes noticeably variable in prominence; frontal sulci rather variable, relatively shallow and poorly defined, partly obliter- ated posteriorly, not or slightly punctate ; basal constriction punctate; gular puncture distinct. Prothorax | (slightly ±) wider than long; base wide as head (slightly d=) ; sides arcuate anteriorly, moderately to strongly (rarely only faintly) sinuate 167 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XVIII, No. 4 before obtuse or nearly right basal angles; side margins finer than in other species ; anterior transverse impression indefinite or obsolete, variably punctate, rarely almost impunctate. Elytra J (slightly d=) or rarely J wider than prothorax; humeri moderately rounded, slightly narrowed; striae usually briefly obliterated at extreme apex. Wings always vestigial in Ameri- can specimens.18 Prosternum anteriorly coarsely and conspicu- ously punctate at sides, varying from equally to much less closely, but still usually distinctly, punctate at middle anteri- orly. Legs of maximum stoutness for genus. Last ventral never emarginate at apex. Male copulatory organs as described in key. 5a. P. (Cr.) foveocollis foveocollis (Esch.) Larger than following subspecies. Measurements : 9.7-10 by 3.6 ; 2 25 10.3-10.7 by 3. 7-3. 9 mm. Type and distribution: Confined to Unalaska and probably other islands in the Aleutian group ; the type was from Unalaska and should be in the Moscow Museum. I have seen 3 J'J', 1 2 from Un- alaska and 1 septentrionis < > foveocollis fossi frons sfnicus c/i Voryj A >'cu 5 C^r3.vi