/ A Journal of Entomology. Volume XIX (New Series) 1939 PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. DE LA TORRE-BUENO Editor CARL G. SIEPMANN G. P. ENGELHARDT PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA VOL. XIX (N.S.), 1939 CONTENTS Plates I-XVI. A Revision of the North American Species of the Phoberia- Melipotis-Drasteria Group of Moths, A. Glenn Rich- ards, Jr 1-98 Revisional Notes on the Danainae, Win. T. M. Forbes 101-140 A Synopsis of the Hemiptera Heteroptera of America North of Mexico — Part I — Families Scutelleridae, Cydnidae, Pentatomidae, Aradidae, Dysodiiclae and Termitaphi- didae, J. R. de la Torre-Bueno 141-304 VOL. XIX(New Series) JANUARY, 1939 No. 1 n Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor CARL GEO. SIEPMANN GEO. P. ENGELHARDT Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue, March 9, 1939 Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Vol. XIX Americana January, 1939 No. 1 A REVISION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE PHOBERIA-MELIPOTIS-DRASTERIA GROUP OF MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA, PHALAENIDAE) By A. Glenn Richards, Jr. BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT, COLLEGE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, NEW YORK, N. Y. For some years the author has been studying the species of the relatively homogeneous group of quadrifid Phalaenidae (Noctuidae) comprising the genera Phoberia, Litocala, Cissusa (& Ulosyneda ), Melipotis (& Lyncestis), lanius, Asyneda, Forsebia, Drasteria (& Syneda auct), Bidia, Boryzops and Lois (plus a few genera not occurring in North America). A generic synopsis with tentative rearrangement of the species has already been published (Richards, 1936c) and also revisions of the small genera Bulia (Richards, 1936b) and Forsebia and Asyneda (Richards, 1936a). This specific revision of the remainder of the group is now presented, in neces- sarily brief style. Monotypical genera are only briefly mentioned as they may be separated by the generic key. The paucity of bio- logical and life history data is regrettable but it has seemed advisable to confine such notes to the author’s own observations or to data from specimens which he has determined. Dates are given from the author’s notes but are far from complete. Pending settlement of what is to be done about Hubnerian names of the Erste Zutraege, acceptance of which would result in radical changes in the moths which it does not seem desirable to impose on 1 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 the literature, these names are used herein in the currently accepted sense. The names concerned in this group are : Phoberia at omaris Hbn. (in Erste Zutraege as Ascalapha at omaris), Drasteria grapliica Hbn. (in Erste Zutraege as Euclidia grapliica), and Melipotis jucunda Hbn. (in Erste Zutraege as Heliotliis jucunda). The first two of these names of the Erste Zutraege ( Euclidia and Ascalapha) contained more than one species, and although the dates of actual validation of the species enters in, it seems that subsequent designa- tion will probably preserve the names Phoberia and Drasteria in the sense used in this paper. For the third name of the Erste Zutraege {Heliothis) , jucunda was the sole included species and yet due to the Zweite Zutraege is currently cited as the type of Melipotis Hubner. Acceptance of the Erste Zutraege, judging from a hasty checking of Hemming ’s books, would result in replacing Melipotis with Heliothis and hunting up another name for the species now placed under Heliothis and also for the subfamily that bears this name. In 1870 Behr described eleven species from the west coast in this group : adumbrata, diver gens, edwardsi, hadeniformis, maculosa, mexicana, nubicola, ochracea, socia, stretchii and tejonica. His col- lection was subsequently destroyed in the San Francisco fire and the descriptions being poor some of the names have proved troublesome. Of three of these, Behr sent cotypes to Strecker and they are now preserved in the Field Museum ( adumbrata , diver gens and stretchii). An illustration of one of these, presumably a cotype, was published in the Whitney Geological Survey {diver gens) . Henry Edwards saw the Behr collection, and there are now pre- served in his collection at the American Museum of Natural History specimens of two of these marked in Edwards’ handwriting “Agrees with Behr’s type” (a female of tejonica and a male of stretchii — of the latter a cotype is in the Field Museum) . Edwards also included photographs of seven of Behr’s species in his Pacific Coast Lepidop- tera, at least in the bound copy at the American Museum of Natural History {adumbrata, diver gens, edwardsi, ochracea, socia, tejonica and a photo of stretchii labeled “howlandi” presumably following the then accepted synonymy proposed by Grote). Unfortunately Edwards does not indicate whether these photos are from Behr’s types or other specimens but inasmuch as Behr’s types were then available to him they would seem to represent authentic material, especially as the ones that can be checked to cotypes or descriptions are indubitably correct. It must be added concerning this plate 2 January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA that the figures are not numbered and that the legend does not fol- low the same sequence but the assignment of names to the various figures seems nevertheless rather definite. Another species was dis- posed of by making a topotypical specimen a neotype in the revision of the genus Bulia ( mexicana ; Richards, 1936b). Three names remain. Of these, hadeniformis has been seemingly satisfactorily identified as a yellowish Californian race of Melipotis jucunda (Barnes Collection, U. S. National Museum). The other two names (■ maculosa and nubicola) are still somewhat uncertain though both names seem to apply to a northern Californian mountain race of Drasteria hudsonica (see discussion under these names). In connection with Henry Edwards’ papers, Dr. Alexander B. Klots has called the author’s attention to the fact that the last sev- eral parts of Henry Edwards’ Pacific Coast Lepidoptera never appeared in the Proceedings of the California Academy of Science, despite being so labeled, for the simple reason that this journal sus- pended publication in 1876. This does not affect the validity of the names concerned but only the correct reference to be used for them. The author regrets that the high cost of illustrations has forced a considerable crowding of the figures, the use of small figures, the frequent use of partial figures and the omission of many figures he has and would like to include. In so far as possible text and figures that have been given in other recent papers are omitted. The author has had available for study in addition to his own collection, either by loan or visits, the material in the collections of the U. S. National Museum (including the Neumoegen and Barnes Collections), American Museum of Natural History (including the Henry Edwards Collection), Cornell University, and some material and notes on types in the British Museum, Canadian National Col- lection, Field Museum (including the Strecker Collection), Museum of Comparative Zoology, Los Angeles Museum, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and a number of private collections. The author’s thanks are due the curators and owners of these collections for their assistance. Artificial Key to Genera and Sub-genera 1. Fore tibiae with terminal claws or claw-like spines 2 1. Fore tibiae unarmed 5 2. Middle tibiae without spines 3 2. Middle tibiae spined (species all palearctic) Leucanitis 3 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 3. Frons smooth; fore tibiae produced into claw-like spines at apex; palpi obliquely ascending; hind wing solid brown. Phoberia 3. Frons rough or with slight truncated prominence; palpi up- turned; fore tibiae with outer and inner claws (macro- setae) ; hind wing not solid brown 4 4. Frons with truncated prominence with transverse ridges; sac- culus of male genitalia reduced ; hind wing white with ter- minal black band and incomplete anal lunule Forsebia 4. Frons rough and rounded out, without transverse ridges. Hind wing various Drasteria (part) 5. Thoracic vestiture composed entirely of hair; first and some- times second segment of palpus fringed below; hind wing fuscous, somewhat lighter basally ; eyes lashed behind only 6 5. Thoracic vestiture composed of hairs and scales mixed ; first and second segments of palpus fringed below; eyes heavily lashed ; hind wing black with three yellow or whitish spots. Litocala 5. Thoracic vestiture composed largely or entirely of scales ; second segment of palpus usually smoothly scaled, rarely fringed below ; eyes not lashed ; hind wing various but never black with three spots 7 6. Male antennae fasciculate Cissusa subg. Cissusa 6. Male antennae bipectinate, the apical part serrate. Cissusa subg. TJlosyneda 7. Frons without pointed conical prominence 8 7. Frons with long pointed conical prominence 17 8. Hind tibiae each with two pairs of spurs; middle tibiae uri- spined 9 8. Hind tibiae each with only one pair of spurs ; middle tibiae with few spines hidden in the vestiture; abdomen with basal crest of scales; third segment of palpus long, dilated at apex Boryzops 9. Second segment of palpus long, blade-like, upturned, reaching vertex of head; third segment porrect. Bulia ( Cirrhobolina ) 9. Second segment of palpus shorter, when reaching beyond mid- dle of front the third segment erect 10 10. Orbicular a white spot defined by black Ianius 10. No orbicular spot present 11 4 January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 11. Third segment of palpus erect 12 11. Third segment of palpus porrect or almost so 14 12. Third segment of palpus long, two or more times its width ; frons smooth and flat; uncus of male genitalia modified (pi. 6, fig. 14) ; sacculus reduced distally; hind wing black and white, brown or fuscous 13 12. Third segment of palpus shorter, when nearly twice its length the frons distinctly rough and rounded out; uncus long and cygnated (pi. 7, fig. 8, etc.) ; sacculus well developed distally; hind wing distinctly banded or fuscous. Drasteria (part) 13. Second segment of palpus smoothly scaled. Melipotis subg. Melipotis 13. Second segment of palpus with large triangular tuft of scales. Melipotis subg. Lyncestis 14. Second segment of palpus tufted above, triangular in outline ; hind wing yellowish-orange and black ( Hypocala ) 14. Second segment of palpus not tufted ; hind wing not yellow and black 15 15. Fore legs heavily fringed with scales; third segment of palpus scarcely longer than broad Boryza 15. Fore legs smoothly scaled; third segment of palpus 2-3 times as long as broad 16 16. Frons with low roughened prominence ; third segment of palpus about three times as long as broad ; hind wing dirty white in basal half followed by black-brown outer half Asyneda 16. Frons smooth and flat ; third segment of palpus about two times as long as broad ; hind wing solid brown Panula 17. Prothorax and abdomen without crests of scales; fore tibiae smoothly scaled Bulia 17. Prothorax and abdomen with crests of scales ; fore legs heavily fringed with scales Lois Bhoberia Hiibner atomaris Hiibner Bhoberia atomaris Hiibner. 1818. Zutr. exot. Schm., 1: 16, ff. 75, 76. Type locality : Georgia. Types : Lost but figured. Lyssia orthosioides Guenee. 1852. Spec. Gen. Lepid., 7 : 296- 297, pi. 23, fig. 1. 5 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 Type locality : North America. Type : U. S. National Mu- seum. Poaphila ingenua Walker. 1858. Cat. Br. Mus., Het., 14 : 1472. Type locality : United States. Type : British Museum. Poaphila porrigens Walker. 1858. Cat. Br. Mus., Het., 14: 1474. Type locality : East Florida. Type : British Museum. Figures : Maculation : PL 1, fig. 1. Also colored figures by Hubner and Guenee and in Holland’s Moth Book (PL 36, fig. 14). Genitalia and tympanum : in Richards, 1936c. Readily identified by the figure given herein or better by the colored figure in Holland’s Moth Book. It is the only species in the whole group in which the fore tibiae are apically continued into a projection or spine. It seems to the author not readily confused with anything else but in several collections Colorado specimens have been found placed under the name of one or another of the species of Cissusa. Expanse : 38-45 mm. Dates : March-April in south ; April-May in north. Distribution : New York, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Georgia, Florida, Missouri, Nebraska, Colorado, Texas and no doubt inter- mediate points. Litocala Harvey sexsignata Harvey Lit a sexsignata Harvey. 1875. Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., 2 : 280. Type locality : Nevada. Types : British Museum. Litocala sexsignata var. deserta Henry Edwards. 1881. Pa- pilio, 1 : 25. Type locality : Arizona. Types : 3 at Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Figures : Maculation : Pl. 1, fig. 2. Also colored figure in Hol- land’s Moth Book (Pl. 30, fig. 39). Genitalia: in Richards, 1936c. Readily identified by the figures cited as there is no other species with three yellow or white spots on a black hind wing. There is considerable variation in the amount of white mottling on the fore wing, some specimens being almost black with the lines barely trace- able ; also variation in the size and color of the spots on the hind wings above and below. Edwards’ variety is based on this variation and is supposed to be the form with more contrasty fore wings, postreniform area white and spots of the hind wing larger and yel- 6 January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA lower. It is no more distinct than the opposite extreme of variation (unnamed) and is here relegated to synonymy. Expanse : 28-40 mm. Dates : February-May. Distribution : Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico and southern California. Cissusa Walker (& subgenus TJlosyneda Smith) The species of this genus are not well known, and no satisfactory revision can be given by this author until more data are at hand bear- ing on certain of the names that have been proposed. The names that are relegated to synonymy seem certainly synonyms, and there seem surely at least four valid species ( spadix , mucronata, indiscreta and valens). A number of the species placed in this genus by various workers up to and including the Barnes and McDunnough Check List (1917) have been removed to Drasteria because of their genitalia and the scaly rather than hairy thoracic vestiture. These are biformata, inepta, sabulosa and scrupulosa. Appended is a tentative key to the various names. It is probably only of slight value. All that can be said is that it fits the few notes and specimens at hand. Key to the Species of Cissusa and Ulosyneda 1. Thoracic vestiture composed of scales See generic key 1. Thoracic vestiture composed entirely of hair 2 2. Subterminal line distinct from costa to inner margin 3 2. Subterminal line obsolete or indicated by only a few black preced- ing spots near costa 6 3. Subterminal line faint and incomplete or indicated by lighter spots, sometimes preceded by a few dark scales; t. a. line excurved from anal vein to inner margin indiscreta 3. Subterminal line complete, when faint t. a. line incurved from submedian fold to inner margin 4 4. Reniform obsolete ; black shading beyond t. p. line at least oppo- site cell ; male antennae bipectinate valens 4. Reniform distinct with black basal line ; no black shading beyond t. p. line 5 5. T. p. line absent subtermina 5. T. p. line complete, sometimes faint but distinct throughout. mucronata 7 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 6. Moderate black or reddish spot before subterminal line between veins 6 and 7, smaller spots between veins 3 and 4 and be- tween 7 and 8 spadix 6. No definite spots before the subterminal line 7 7. Reniform distinct, with light basal line, filled with brown and defined by light scales outwardly indiscreta 7. Reniform obsolete or practically so. Male antennae bipecti- nate 8 8. Subterminal line light, never totally lost, some black shading be- yond the t. p. line at least opposite cell valens 8. Subterminal line completely absent, no definite black shading be- yond t. p cervina spadix Cramer Phalaena spadix Cramer. 1780. Pap. exot., 3: 149, pi. 275, fig. F. Type locality: “Virginia.” Types: Lost but figured. Panula remigipila Guenee. 1852. Spec. Gen. Lepid., 7 : 60. Type locality : Florida. Types : 1 J', probably in British Museum. Taeniocampa vegeta Morrison. 1875. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 27 : 432-433. Type locality : Dallas, Texas. Types : Recorded for Tepper Collection. Figures : Maculation : PI. 1, fig. 3. Colored figures given by Cramer and in Holland’s Moth Book (pi. 30, fig. 9). Female geni- talia : in Richards, 1936c. The type of spadix was, according to the figure, grey-brown with three black spots before the subterminal line near the apex, whereas remigipila, according to a colored figure of the type, is red-brown and lacks the spots before the subterminal line. Nevertheless they seem to be synonymous. The type of vegeta is unknown to the author. Expanse : 38-42 mm. Dates: May. Distribution : Florida, Mississippi, Missouri and Texas. Stray- ing northwards (reported by Forbes from Massachusetts, and in Kearfott collection from Cleveland, Ohio). mucronata Grote Synedoida mucronata Grote. 1883. Can. Ent., 15 : 121. Type locality : Arizona. Type : Neumoegen Coll. (U. S. N. M.). 8 January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Figures : Maculation : Pl. 1, fig. 4. Male genitalia : in Richards, 1936c. The type of mucronata is grey-brown and without spots before the subterminal line. In the U. S. National Museum there is a speci- men labeled “ punctella Grote, type” ( non descr.) ; this specimen is greenish-brown and has two small spots before the subterminal line. These notes give an indication of the variation. Expanse : 40 mm. Dates : March. Distribution : Arizona. The author has one female from McMinn- ville, Oregon, that was received in a small lot of specimens that had been recently collected and seemingly correctly labeled. indiscreta Henry Edwards Phoberia indiscreta Henry Edwards. 1886. Ent. Amer., 2 : 170-171. Type locality: Havilah, Kern Co., Calif. (Stretch). Type: 1 2, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Figure : Maculation : PI. 1, fig. 5. A rare but distinct species. The type is a female and so this species has always been placed in the subgenus Ulosyneda (species with pectinated antennae) but the author has recently seen some males and finds the antennae clearly not pectinated. Dates : March. Distribution : California. subtermina Smith Synedoida subtermina Smith. 1900. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 22 : 492. Type locality: San Diego Co., Calif. Type: 2 2$, U. S. Natl. Mus. This name seems to the author probably a synonym of indiscreta Hy. Edw., judging from a superficial examination of the types. valens Henry Edwards Synedoida valens Henry Edwards. 1881. Papilio, 1 : 119-120. Type locality : Kanab, Utah. Type : 1 :Cf, U. S. Natl. Mus. Synedoida insperata Grote. 1882. Can. Ent., 14: 176. Type locality : Arizona. Type : U. S. Natl. Mus. Figures : Maculation : PI. 1, fig. 6. Also colored figure of male in Holland’s Moth Book (pl. 30, fig. 12). Genitalia : in Richards, 1936c. This seems to be the commonest species in collections. It is char- 9 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 acterized by the complete subterminal line, the absence of the reni- form and the black shading beyond the t. p. line. The females are less maculate and have less black suffusion and also the suffusion may be reddish-brown rather than black. This and presumably the following are the only species with pectinated antennae in the male sex (subgenus Ulosyneda) . Expanse : 38-45 mm. Dates : May. Distribution : Arizona, Utah and Colorado (also recorded as from Wyoming). Larva: Described by Dyar (Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 25: 381- 382. 1902). Pood plant: Young oak leaves. cervina Henry Edwards Synedoida cervina Henry Edwards. 1882. Papilio, 2 : 129. Type locality: Arizona (coll, by H. K. Morrison). Type: 1 U. S. Natl. Mus. This name seems to the author probably a synonym of valens Hy. Edw., judging from a superficial examination of the type. Melipotis Hubner This is fundamentally a neotropical genus, with only one species limited to North America ( jucunda Hbn.). Twelve other species are known to extend or stray into the United States, sometimes stray- ing into the northern states or even reaching southern Canada. One species (indomita Wlk.) is sometimes a pest on mesquite in the southwest. Following Hampson’s unpublished revision the author listed 40 species in the generic revision (Richards, 1936c). Many more synonymous names are involved. The types are largely in the British Museum and so unavailable to the author. The ' identifica- tions used herein are from the U. S. National Museum, and hence determined from material named by Dr. Wm. Schaus. The follow- ing is not intended as a partial revision of the genus but rather as a presentation of data possibly of use to North American collectors and collections (and so many synonyms unfamiliar to North Amer- ican literature are omitted). The names pallescens, fumosa and brunneifasciata, included in Melipotis in the 1917 Check List of Barnes and McDunnough, have been transferred to Drasteria. 10 January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Key to the Species of Melipotis Recorded from the United States 1. Third segment of palpus scarcely or not longer than broad. (See generic key) 1. Third segment of palpus two or more times as long as broad 2 2. Second segment of palpus with tuft of scales below making this segment triangular in outline; fore wing grey, markings mostly obsolete; hind wing white with black border that extends only a little beyond vein 2 ( Cn2 ) acontioides 2. Second segment of palpus smoothly scaled ; color not as above 3 3. T. p. line produced into long inwardly directed point on vein 2 (Cn2) 4 3. T. p. line various but never strongly angled in on vein 2, when obsolete ground color brown (not grey) 5 4. Small white orbicular defined by black ; all lines complete. ( Ianius mo sea) 4. No orbicular ; lines more or less incomplete jucunda 5. Basal half of hind wing white (margins may be dark) 6 5. Hind wing fuscous, darker apically 16 6. T. a. line obsolete or nearly so, t. p. line obsolete except near costa, basal half of fore wing olivaceous (first line across wing is median line) fasciolaris 2 6. T. a. line straight and outwardly oblique or somewhat concave from costa to inner margin 7 6. T. a. line strongly waved, distinctly excurved in both discal and submedian folds 13 7. T. p. line obsolete around postreniform area; subterminal line obsolete except near costa fasciolaris 7. T. p. line and subterminal line distinct throughout, occasionally faint but always traceable 8 8. Small white orbicular defined by black; all lines complete. (I anus mosca) 8. No orbicular 9 9. Fore wing rather uniformly dark grey-brown, the lines slightly darker, without white dash at base of the crescentic reni- form; t. p. line rounded around postreniform area and widely separated from the subterminal line prolata 9. Fore wing contrastingly colored ; more or less distinct light line at base of reniform; t. p. line angled out on vein 6 (Mx) or close to subterminal line 10 10. T. p. line angled back to base of reniform along vein 3 (Cui). contorta £ 11 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 10. T. p. line extending well beyond vein 3 and then abruptly curved back to it or to near it 11 11. T. p. a contrasting black line interrupted on veins 3, 4 and 6 (Mi, M3 & Cui) ; also t. p. line distinctly angled out on vein 6 (Mi) indomita 11. T. p. line not so black, not interrupted, with only faint outward angulation on vein 6 12 12. Subterminal line defined only by preceding black dashes in costal half of the fore wing nigrobasis 12. Subterminal line a light line defined by preceding dark ground color; no black dashes p erp endicula ris 13. Inner margin of hind wing pure white agrotoides 13. Inner margin of hind wing fuscous (cilia may be white) 14 14. T. p. line angled out on vein 3 (Cui) in male ; female with mark- ings faint, t. p. line more or less obsolete; no greenish scales in reniform no vanda 14. T. p. line incurved from vein 4 (M3) across vein 3; when t. p. line faint in female there are greenish scales in reniform .15 15. T. p. line curved back to base of reniform along vein 3 ; no green- ish scales in reniform contorta § 15. T. p. line extending clearly beyond vein 3 and then curving back to it at base of reniform; greenish scales in reniform. famelica 16. T. a. line inwardly oblique from costa to inner margin; hind wing almost uniformly fuscous cellaris 16. T. a. line not inwardly oblique, sometimes faint or obsolete 17 17. T. p. line angled back to base of reniform along vein 3 (Cui) ; females more or less immaculate januaris 17. T. p. extending well beyond vein 3 and then abruptly curved back to it or to near it ; females maculate or at least with this recurvation of the t. p. line discernible 18 18. T. p. black, interrupted on veins 3, 4 and 6 (M1? M3 & Cui). indomita 18. T. p. black, brown or obsolete opposite cell but never appearing as a series of black dashes between the veins ; females some- times nearly immaculate perpendicular is acontioides Guenee Bolina acontioides Guenee. 1852. Spec. Gen. Lepid., 7 : 61-62. Type locality: Unknown to Guenee. Type: Probably in British Museum. Melipotis sinualis Harvey. 1877. Can. Ent., 9 : 94-95. Type locality : Bosque Co., Texas. Type : British Museum. 12 January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Figures: Maculation: PL 1, fig. 7. Also a colored figure in Hol- land’s Moth Book (pi. 30, fig. 23). Male genitalia: in Richards, 1936c; one harpe herein, PL 6, fig. 1. This is the only species of Melipotis in the new world that has a tuft on the second segment of the palpus making this segment tri- angular in outline, and also making this species the only New World representative of Lyncestis which Hampson classed as a separate genus but which the author placed as a subgenus in his generic revi- sion. The species is equally distinct in general appearance. It varies considerably in size but should be readily recognized from the figures cited. Some specimens show a black suffusion along the inner margin or throughout the fore wing and the author has seen two specimens from Peru with the black margin of the hind wing reduced to about one-third of that figured herein. Sexes alike. Genitalia: The male genitalia (Pl. 6, fig. 1) are characterized among the species treated in this paper by having well-developed scale pouches at the base of the harpes and a heavy, forked clavus. In the female genitalia the ductus bursae is shorter than the length of segment VIII ; the two supporting sclerites of the ductus are both short, the one near the vulva quite short ; the bursa is wrinkled and bears many minute micro-trichia which become somewhat larger near the ductus bursae but are not localized into any signum-like patch. Expanse : 40-50 mm. One dwarf only 32 mm. Dates : May-November. Distribution: From Florida and Texas southwards; sometimes straying north as shown by specimens from “Nevada, Iowa” and ‘ ‘ Didsbury, Alberta. ’ ’ agrotoides Walker Bolina agrotoides Walker. 1857. Cat. Br. Mus. Het., 13 : 1166-1167. Type locality: Venezuela. Type: British Museum. Bolina agrotipennis Harvey. 1875. Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., 2 : 280. Type locality : Texas. Type : British Museum. Figures : Maculation : Pl. 1, figs. 8-9. Male genitalia : Pl. 6, fig. 3. Another large species characterized by the pure white basal two- thirds of the hind wing including the inner margin. The male has the broad median area contrastingly light and continuous below the reniform with the similarly and evenly colored postreniform area; the whole fore wing is in greys and browns with the terminal area brown. The female has the whole wing lightly colored. 13 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 Genitalia: The male genitalia (PL 6, fig. 3) are of the same type as those of acontioides but have very long scale pouches at the base of the harpes, a slim, unforked clavus, and a heavy spine at the end of the aedaeagns with two more internally. The female genitalia are similar to those of acontioides but have a somewhat longer ventral sclerite on the ductus, and the area of the bursa near the ductus is clearly sclerotinized. Expanse : 48-50 mm. Dates : May. Distribution : From Texas southward. novanda Guenee Bolina novanda Guenee. 1852. Spec. Gen. Lepid., 7 : 64. Type locality : Colombia. Types : Probably in British Museum. Figures : Maculation : PI. 1, figs. 10-11. Male genitalia : PI. 6, fig. 2. Very similar to agrotoides Wlk. from which it is most readily separated by the slight fuscous strip along the inner margin of the hind wing. Also in the male the median area is less or not con- tinuous with the postreniform area; veins 3 and 4 (M3 & Cui) are streaked with white ; the fore wing is more bluish-grey with black and the terminal area distinctly bluish-grey. The female resembles that of agrotoides but is darker, more nearly immaculate and more bluish. Genitalia : The male genitalia (Pl. 6, fig. 2) are quite similar to those of agrotoides but the scale pouches at the base of the harpes are much shorter and there are no heavy teeth on the vesica. The female genitalia are also similar to those of agrotoides but the sclerites of the ductus bursae are longer and the bursa is membranous throughout. Expanse : 40-50 mm. Distribution : Previously recorded only from the neotropics. The Barnes Collection (U. S. Natl. Mus.) has eleven specimens from southern Arizona and one from Boulder, Colorado. Also Mr. S. E. Crumb has recently bred the species. Food plant: Cat Claw ( Acacia sp.) (teste S. E. Crumb). contorta Guenee Bolina contorta Guenee. 1852. Spec. Gen. Lepid., 7 : 64—65. Type locality : II St. Thomas. Type : Probably in British Museum. 14 January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Figures: Maculation: Pl. 1, figs. 12-13. Male genitalia: PI. 6, fig. 4. A large species, predominantly brown with more or less black suffusion, especially in the male. In the male the t.a. line is straight and oblique, in the female waved. This species is nearest famelica from which it may be separated by the brown color of thorax and wings, the absence of greenish scales in the reniform, the course of the t. p. line which is much more produced on vein 4 (M3) than 6 (MJ and which curves back to the base of the reniform along vein 3 (Cui), and by the complete subterminal line. Genitalia: The male genitalia (PI. 6, fig. 4) are of the same gen- eral type as those of acontioides but (like the following three species) lack the definite scale pouch and have only flat or slightly swollen areas for these scale tufts ; clavus heavy and with small distal prong, and the clasper arises very near the clavus. The female genitalia are similar to those of acontioides but the two supporting sclerites of the ductus bursae are of approximately equal size, the one near the vulva very slightly larger. Expanse : 45-55 mm. Distribution: Southern Florida (Richards, 1937) and southwards. famelica Guenee Bolina famelica Guenee. 1852. Spec. Gen. Lepid., 7 : 62. Type locality : Campeche, Mexico. Type : Probably in British Museum. Figures : Maculation : PI. 1, figs. 17-18. Male genitalia : PI. 6, fig. 5. A moderately large species usually distinguished by the mottling of grey and brown and by the greenish scales in the reniform. In addition it is distinguished from contorta by the t. a. line being waved in both sexes, the grey ground color of thorax and wings, the course of the t. p. line which is scarcely more produced at vein 4 than at vein 6 and which extends well beyond vein 3 and then curves back to it at the base of the reniform, and by the subterminal line becoming weak or obsolete towards the inner margin. Genitalia: The male genitalia (PI. 6, fig. 5) are very close to those of contorta but the clavus is single (without distal prong). The female genitalia are too close to those of contorta to make brief notes possible. Expanse : 40-45 mm. Dates : March. Distribution : From southern Florida and Mexico southwards. 15 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 prolata Walker Gerespa prolata Walker. 1857. Cat. Br. Mus., Het., 13 : 1169. Type locality: Jamaica. Type: British Museum. Figures : Maculation : PI. 1, fig. 14. Male genitalia : PL 6, fig. 6. A distinct species which in general appearance reminds one of certain unrelated European species (Aedia sericea, alchymista , etc.), an appearance that is aided by the relatively broad rounded wings of this species. The body, fore wings and outer half and margins of the hind wings are a dark grey-brown. The black t. p. line bends in around the end of the cell but is widely separated from the jagged subterminal line which is defined on its inner side by some black scales. The base of the hind wing, except the margins, is pure white as are also the cilia at the apex and inner angle. Genitalia: The male genitalia (PI. 6, fig. 6) are of the same type as the preceding but the clavus is longer and definitely forked near the tip. The female genitalia are also similar to the previous species but the ductus bursae is somewhat longer and the sclerite nearer the vulva is definitely the longer one. Expanse : 32-35 mm. Distribution: Southern Florida (Richards, 1937) and southwards. jucunda Hiibner Melipotis jucunda Hiibner. 1818. Zutr. exot. Schm., f. 81. Type locality : Georgia. Type : Lost but figured. Bolina cinis Guenee. 1852. Spec. Gen. Lepid., 7 : 62. Type locality : North America. Type : Probably in British Museum. Melipotis jucunda var. versabilis Harvey. 1877. Can. Ent., 9 : 94. Type locality : Alabama. Type : British Museum. jucunda race hadeniformis Behr Bolina hadeniformis Behr. 1870. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 3: 25. Type locality : California. Type : Destroyed. Cirrhobolina tetrica Henry Edwards. 1878. Pac. Coast Lepid., no. 29, p. 10. Type locality : California. Type : 1 § at Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Figures : Maculation : PL 1, figs. 19-20. Also colored figures by Hiibner and in Holland’s Moth Book (pi. 30, fig. 24). Genitalia: 16 January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Male: PL 6, figs. 7 & 14; both male and female figured in generic revision (Richards, 1936c). This, the only species limited to North America, has no relatives that are likely to cause confusion. The sexes are different, the females being largely immaculate though the inward angulation of the t. p. line on vein 2 (Cui) seems always discernible. The males vary greatly in the degree of maculation of the fore wings, develop- ment of a contrasting median area and amount of brown. The synonymy as given here was discussed in the generic revision (Richards, 1936c, footnote on p. 354). The author is somewhat dubious of the value of a separate racial name for the Pacific coast specimens though in series they do appear somewhat different. Genitalia : The male genitalia (PI. 6, figs. 7 & 14 ; and in Richards, 1936c) are characterized by having the clasper divided into two wholly separate pieces. The female genitalia (figured in Richards, 1936c) are characterized by the short ductus bursae with a char- acteristically shaped dorsal sclerite near the vulva. Expanse : 35-47 mm. Dates : April-October in the south ; May-June in the north. Distribution: New York to southern Florida and west to Texas, California, Idaho and British Columbia, and extending southwards as far as central Mexico. Food plant : Salix bonplandia, $. wrightii and Acacia sp. (teste S. E. Crumb). indomita Walker Bolina indomita Walker. 1857. Cat. Br. Mus., Het., 13 : 1161. Type locality : Brazil. Type : British Museum. Aedia nigrescens Grote & Robinson. 1866. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., 6 : 20-21, pi. 3, fig. 4. Type locality : Texas. Type : 1 2 at Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci. Bolina ochreipennis Harvey. 1875. Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat., Sci., 3 : 12, fig. 10. Type locality : Texas. Type : 1 <$ at British Museum. Melipotis ochreifascia Grote, non descr. (lapsus typogr. for ochreipennis Harvey) 1875. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 5: 117. Melipotis flavipennis Grote, non descr. (lapsus typogr. for ochreipennis Harvey) 1883. Can. Ent., 15 : 5. Figures : Maculation : PL 1, figs. 21-22. Also the female figured by Grote & Robinson, and the male by Harvey in their descriptions. Male genitalia : Pl. 6, fig. 8. 17 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 This well-known sexually dimorphic species is a pest on mesquite in parts of the southwest. The straight oblique t. a. line, the black t. p. line interrupted on veins 3, 4 and 6, and the cream, dusky or fuscous base of the hind wing are ample for separation from other North American species. Genitalia: The male genitalia (PI. 6, fig. 8) are readily recog- nized by the bifurcate clavns, the long clasper located far out on the harpe, and the vesica with only small spines. The harpe is mem- branous with an irregular, somewhat folded margin. This and all the following species lack the membranous area bearing long scales at the base of the harpes. The female genitalia have the ductus bursae longer than segment VIII ; both of the supporting sclerites long, the dorsal one longer and dilated near the vulva; the bursa is minutely spined but without signum-like patches. Expanse : 40-55 mm. Dates : May-J uly . Distribution : Texas and Arizona and southwards, straying east to Georgia and north to Colorado, Delaware and New York. Larva : Described by Dyar (Bull. Brook. Inst. Arts & S’ci., 1 : 201. 1906) and again by Brisley (Pan-Pacific Ent., 1 : 94. 1924.). Food plant: Mesquite ( Prosopis glandulosa) . fasciolaris Hubner Aedia fasciolaris Hubner. 1825. Zutr. exot. Schm., 3 : 15, f . 443. Type locality : Bahia, Brazil. Type : Lost but figured. Bolina cunearis Guenee. 1852. Spec. Gen. Lepid., 7 : 70. Type locality : Cuba. Type : Probably in British Museum. Figures : Maculation : PI. 1, figs. 23-24. Also colored figure in Hubner ’s original description, and colored figure of female in Hol- land’s Moth Book (pi. 30, fig. 22). Male genitalia: PL 6, fig. 9. The sexes of this species are greatly different and likely to be taken for two species. In the male the thorax, the base of the fore wing to the t. a. line, the triangular space between the median line and the reniform and the costa to the subterminal line are dark red- brown with some black ; the t. a. line is straight and oblique ; the median light area narrow, and the t. p. and subterminal lines obso- lete from a little below the costa. In the female the t. a. line is absent or almost so, and the thorax and base of the wing to the oblique median line is olivaceous ; the apical part of the fore wing is reddish- brown with the pattern vague. In both sexes there is a heavy fuscous border to the hind wing, preceded by pure white, the base being fuscous. 18 January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Genitalia: The male genitalia (Pl. 6, fig. 9) are similar to those of indomita but the clavus is not forked though it does have a small distal lobe, and the vesica has heavier spines pins one long curved spine over half as long as the aedaeagus (PI. 6, fig. 9a). In the female genitalia the ductus bursae is much longer than segment VIII ; the supporting sclerites both long, the ventral one much longer (longer than segment VIII) and somewhat dilated near the vulva; bursa minutely spined. Expanse : 35-48 mm. Distribution : Florida, Texas and Arizona and southwards ; some- times straying north (recorded by Latham from Orient, Long Island. Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., 28: 198. 1933). perpendicular is Guenee Bolina perpendicularis Guenee. 1852. Spec. Gen. Lepid., 7 : 65-66. Type locality : Colombia. Type : Probably in British Mu- seum. Melipotis stygialis Grote. 1878. Bull. Geol. Survey, 4: 184. Type locality: “Illinois'” Type: Unknown to author. Figures: Maculation: PI. 1, figs. 26-28. Male genitalia: PI. 6, fig. 10. The males are readily separated by the broad, oblique, more or less ruddy median area and the solid black t. p. line which extends well beyond vein 3 (Cui) and then curves back to it at the base of the reniform. The females are very variable and immaculate ones difficult to separate from immaculate females of januaris except by the larger size ; when the t. p. line can be traced they may be sepa- rated readily. The name stygialis Grote, still an unplaced name in American check lists, stands as a synonym under perpendicularis in the neo- tropical collection at the U. S. National Museum. A colored figure of the type of stygialis in the Barnes Collection (U. S. N. M.) con- firms this placement, and shows the type of stygialis to have been a large, rather poorly marked female of this species. Genitalia : The male genitalia (PI. 6, fig. 10) are of the same type as the preceding two species, and are separated from indomita most easily by the heavier spines on the vesica, and from fasciolaris by the bifurcated clavus and lack of a long spine in the aedaeagus. The female genitalia (figured in Richards, 1936c) have a long ductus bursae, and the bursa definitely wrinkled and with a large, band- like signum-like patch of microtrichia almost surrounding the open- ing of the ductus into the bursa. 19 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 Expanse : 40-50 mm. Distribution : Throughout the neotropics with scattered records from Texas, Arizona and southern Florida (Richards, 1937). Grote ’s type of stygialis was supposed to have been caught in Illinois. cellaris Guenee Bolina cellaris Guenee. 1852. Spec. Gen. Lepid., 7 : 66. Type locality : Colombia. Type : Probably in British Mu- seum. = Panula inconstans of Grote and subsequent North American lists but not of Guenee. Figures : Maculation : PL 1, fig. 25. Also colored figure in Hol- land ’s Moth Book (pi. 30, fig. 21) under name of “Panula incon- stans.” Male genitalia: PL 6, fig. 11; entire male genitalia figured in Richards, 1936c. A lightly built species readily separated by the fuscous hind wing, the straight t. a. line which is slightly oblique inwardly from the costa to the inner margin, and the t. p. line which is incurved in the submedian fold. Sexes alike. Genitalia: The male genitalia (Pl. 6, fig. 11; and in Richards, 1936c) are characterized by the narrow, curved tegumen, the very slim and long clavus, and the divided clasper that extends far out on the harpe, the exact distance varying somewhat. There is also a moderate sized spine inside the aedaeagus, about one-third the length of that in the aedaeagus of fasciolaris relatively. The female genitalia are similar to those of perpendicularis but the signum-like patch in the bursa is a short, straight band on one side; the bursa wrinkled and with microtrichia. Expanse : 35-40 mm. Dates : February, June and September. Distribution : Arkansas to Texas and southwards (Richards, 1937). nigrobasis Guenee Bolina nigrobasis Guenee. 1852. Spec. Gen. Lepid., 7 : 65, pl. 13, fig. 8. Type locality : Mexico. Type : Probably in British Museum. Figures : Maculation : Pl. 1, figs. 29-30. Also colored figure in original description. Male genitalia : PL 6, fig. 12. A distinctive species that cannot be confused with anything else recorded from the United States. The fore wing is brown overlain with black scales ; the black dashes in the costal half of the fore wing beyond the t. p. line are distinctive. 20 January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Genitalia: The male genitalia (Pl. 6, fig. 12) are similar to those of cellaris but the clavus is much heavier and swollen just before the tip (rudimentary prong ?). The female genitalia are also similar to those of cellaris but the bursa is smooth and without mi- crotrichia. Expanse : 35-38 mm. Distribution : Previously recorded only from the neotropics. The U. S. National Museum has a short series from Brownsville, Texas (February, May, July and August, collected by Geo. Dorner) and from San Benito, Texas (March, July and August). januaris Guenee Bolina januaris Guenee. 1852. Spec. Gen. Lepid., 7 : 67. Type locality : Haiti. Type : Probably in British Museum. Figures : Maculation : PI. 1, figs. 15-16. Male genitalia : PI. 6, fig. 13. This is a very variable species. Normally the males are well marked and the females poorly marked, but some males are very lightly marked and some females rather well marked. Also, some females show a dark patch on the costa between the t. p. and sub- terminal lines, the rest of the wings being lighter (compare females of perpendicular is) . The fuscous hind wing leaves no room for con- fusion except with perpendicularis from which it is readily sepa- rated by the t. p. line when that line is discernible, when in females that line can not be traced size is about the best character. Genitalia: The male genitalia (PI. 6, fig. 13) have a narrow curved tegumen and may be readily recognized from the drawings but are best characterized by being the only species of Melipotis treated herein which has the juxta covered with small teeth laterally. Also there are three lobes at the base of the harpe, two seemingly the clavus with a basal lobe, the third a prong from the basal end of the line of chitinization that leads out to the clasper (but this line to the clasper usually begins at the base of what is called here the clavus). The female genitalia have the ductus bursae about as long as segment VIII, the two supporting sclerites of about equal length ; the bursa minutely spined but without signum-like patches. Expanse : 32-42 mm. Dates : May-July. Distribution: From southern Florida southwards (Richards, 1937). Panula Guenee The author has already pointed out above and in a previous paper (Richards, 1937) that the Panula inconstans of Grote, Hol- 21 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 land, Barnes and MeDnnnough Cheek List, etc., is Melipotis cellaris Guenee (as was pointed ont by Butler in 1892). So far as is known true P. inconstans does not occur or stray north to the United States. It resembles a small species of Melipotis in appearance from which it differs in palpi and genitalia. It may also be separated by the uniform brown color of the hind wing and lower surfaces (see PI. 1. fig. 31). Panula scindens Walker has been recorded from the United States by Barnes & Benjamin (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 28 : 19-20. 1926) but, as they suggested, does not belong in this genus. Re- cently the author has examined this species and the male and female genitalia at the U. S. National Museum and agrees with Barnes & Benjamin in removing it to the Isogona group where for the present at least it may be placed in the genus Isogona itself. Ianius, gen. nov. Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely ascending, first segment fringed below, second segment reaching middle of frons, third segment erect or almost so and almost three times as long as broad ; frons protruding and slightly roughened, not tufted;* antennae simple and ciliated in both sexes; femora fringed with long scales ; tibiae heavily scaled, not spined, mid- dle tibiae of male swollen and enclosing a tuft of long scales; fore wing with orbicular spot present ; thoracic vestiture scaly, slight metathoracic tuft ; abdomen smoothly scaled ; venation as in Melipotis. Genitalia: Male (PI. 6, fig. 16) : uncus long and cygnated; base of sacculus with heavy row of macrosetae ; sacculus rudimentary distally. Female (PI. 6, fig. 15) : sternite VIII a single band-like sclerite. Genotype and sole species : Melipotis mosca Dyar. This species was described in the genus Melipotis but looks rather out of place wherever put. With Forsebia perlaeta and Asyneda mendozina it occupies an anomalous position between Phoberia-Lito- cala-Cissusa-Melipotis and Drasteria-Leucanitis. These three species have much in common and yet are quite different from one another as comparison of the above generic diagnosis with the original de- scriptions of Forsebia and Asyneda will show (Richards, 1936a). They all agree with Drasteria and differ from Melipotis in the very characteristic shape of the uncus and the presence of heavy macro- setae at the base of the sacculus, and agree with Melipotis and differ from Drasteria in habitus and in having the sacculus rudimentary 22 January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA distally. The author would not be inclined to place much reliance in the above characters were it not for two facts: (1) These char- acters hold universally in this group of genera named above, and, excepting these three species above mentioned, divide the group into two clear-cut subgroups (plus the anomalous Panula and Bulia and the doubtfully included Boryza, Boryzops and Lois). (2) These three species are all of somewhat anomalous appearance and no one of them so far as the author knows has any close relatives in either Melipotis or Drasteria. The author’s first impression on examining the genitalia of mosca was to include it in the subgenus Asyneda of Forsebia, but there are so many differences between these three species that despite the similarities it seems necessary to use separate generic names. Named after the author’s son who is too young either to approve or object. mosca Dyar Melipotis mosca Dyar. 1911. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 38 : 253. Type locality: Mexico City, Mexico (Sept.-Nov., R. Mul- ler). Types: 1 4 J, U. S. National Museum. Figures : Maculation : PI. 1, fig. 35. Genitalia : Male : PI. 6, fig. 16 ; female : pi. 6, fig. 15. This species is readily recognized from the figure. It looks like a peculiar species of Melipotis but may be distinguished from all other species of the Melipotis-Drasteria group by the presence of a definite orbicular spot (white outlined by black). Sexes similar but median area lighter and brighter in the male. Genitalia: The male genitalia (PI. 6, fig. 16) are more or less in- termediate between those of perlaeta and mendozina-, sacculus with heavy row of setae at base, rudimentary beyond clasper; clavus bi- furcated with long basal lobe ; vinculum long ; aedaeagus with ridges poorly developed, one ending in a recurved point, the other almost straight (not serrated). The female genitalia (PI. 6, fig. 15) are similar to those of mendozina but differ in that sternite VIII is a single narrow sclerite and that the bursa is smooth (unspined) near the entrance of the ductus bursae and has only minute microtrichiae over the remainder of the surface. Expanse : 35-40 mm. Distribution : Previously recorded only from the neotropics. The U. S. National Museum has a series of 18 perfect specimens (ex Barnes Collection) collected at Alpine, Texas in April, May, June and July, 1926, by 0. C. Poling (called to the author’s attention by 23 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 Mr. J. F. Gates Clarke to whom thanks are due for permission to incorporate the records here). Asyneda Richards mendozina Hampson Syneda mendozina Hampson. 1926. Lepid. Phal. N. G, & Spec. Noct., p. 44. Type locality : Mendoza, Argentina. Types : J' & 5, British Museum. Figures : Maculation : PI. 1, fig. 34. Genitalia : Male and female genitalia figured in Richards, 1936a. Distribution : Mendoza and La Rioja, Argentina. Included here for comparison of photograph with other species. Sexually dimor- phic ; females with reduced maculation. Forsebia Richards perlaeta Henry Edwards Melipotis perlaeta Henry Edwards. 1882. Papilio, 2 : 14. Type locality : Prescott, Arizona. Types : U. S. National Museum. Synedoida aegrotata Henry Edwards. 1884. Papilio, 4 : 47. Type locality: Arizona. Types: 1 1 $, U. S. National Museum. Syneda flavofasciata Strecker. 1898. Lepid. Rhop. Heter., Suppl. 1, p. 12. Type locality : Arizona. Types : 1 Field Museum (Chicago). Figures : Maculation : PI. 1, figs. 32-33. Also colored figure of female in Holland’s Moth Book as a species of Melipotis (PI. 30, fig. 26). Genitalia: Male and female genitalia figured in Richards, 1936a. The figures are ample for determination of this sexually dimor- phic species, especially in combination with the spined fore tibiae. Distribution : Texas, Arizona and California. Drasteria Hubner In the generic revision (Richards, 1936c) the lengthy reasons why the author groups all these species together instead of splitting into two or more genera on a basis of the presence or absence of spines at the tip of the fore tibiae are given in detail. In his new Check List McDunnough largely follows the rear- rangement of the North American species suggested in the generic 24 January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA revision by the present author, but the present author cannot agree to his use of the generic name 8 'ynedoida. To understand the situa- tion one must remember that the name Syneda must be dropped (same genotype as Drasteria) , and also hold in mind two tendencies of Dr. McDunnough : (1) that he likes small genera, many genera and no subgenera, and (2) that whenever possible he will hold that the nearctic species of any group are not congeneric with the pale- arctic species of the same group. This leads to a dilemma in this group ; for with the name Syneda unavailable and with none of the palearctic names acceptable to Dr. McDunnough, there are only two names available for the North American species and the genotypes of both have spined fore tibiae (unless more generic names are to be proposed, which McDunnough has not seen fit to do). The geno- types of these two names, despite the spined fore tibiae are not closely related but are in fact each closely related to a different group of unspined species. McDunnough tries to circumvent these facts by using Drasteria in the old restricted sense, and 8 'ynedoida1 for its spined genotype ( scrupulosa ) and all the unspined species. It is true that Synedoida scrupulosa is very close to some of the un- spined species {inepta, sabulosa) , but the catch comes in the fact that Drasteria mirifica is even more closely related to what McDunnough calls “ Synedoida” howlandi and tejonica (perfecta) . Such incon- sistency cannot be accepted by the present author. There seems to the present author to be three ways that would be more satisfactory. Either make all possible genera : this would mean restricting Drasteria to graphica, occulta, ingeniculata, mirifica and eubapta, restricting Synedoida to the single species scrupu- losa, and erecting several new generic terms (one for inepta, one for grandirena, and at least one for the remaining unspined species). Or, the second alternative and the one followed by the author in his generic revision, group all these species into one genus and recognize three subgenera and a number of unnamed species groups : Drasteria and Synedoida for the spined species and Aleucanitis (accepting the palearctic name2) for the unspined species. The type of Aleucanitis ( cailino Lef., pi. 5, fig. 15) is structurally similar to our peculiar species grandirena ( limbolaris ) and except for its smooth flat front 1 Incidentally McDunnough cites Bolina Dup. as a homonomous name under Synedoida, seemingly overlooking the fact that it has the same genotype as Aleucanitis Warren which he refuses to accept because palearctic. 2 For convenience of comparison a few photographs of palearctic species have been included. See pi. 5, figs. 15-18. 25 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 also seems congeneric with other nearctic species ( pallescens , hud- sonica, etc. ) . Or, a third alternative conforming to the grouping of species given herein, use the name Synedoida (as of either generic or subgeneric rank) for the first species group including the spined genotype scrupulosa and the unspined but otherwise closely related inepta, sabulosa, ochracea and biformata and include with these or make a separate group for pallescens, fumosa, divergens and ed- wardsi; use Aleucanitis for the single North American species gran- direna, and use Drasteria for the unspined hudsonica, petricola , perplexa, adumbrata, stretchii, pidchra, howlandi and tejonica and for the spined but closely related mirifica, eubapta, graphica, occidta and ingeniculata. Any of these alternatives allows an arrangement of the species which in so far as linear tabulation permits will show both relationships and differences without doing injustice to either. (See below under “Species groups in Drasteria.”) There are two groups of species as yet not satisfactorily “speci- ated.” In the first of these ( sabidosa-abrupta-nichollae ) very little material is available except for Colorado specimens of sabulosa sabu- losa, and wide gaps exist between the points of collection outside of Colorado. In the second case ( howlandi versus tejonica) long series are available for study but still no convincing arrangement has been made (see under howlandi). To this list one might add in a lesser sense : mirifica versus eubapta and graphica atlantica versus occidta. The other species seem understandable. Races, when such occur, are usually not clear-cut and variation is considerable. There is a strong temptation to describe distinct looking forms known only from one section, locality or collection lot. In the past this has ac- counted for a considerable portion of our present synonymy. In this category are included the dark grey specimens of inepta col- lected around Logan, Utah (no other form occurring there when the author collected in 1933) ; the somewhat larger and darker speci- mens of ochracea found in the northern part of its range (note that most of the variation in this respect is sexual) ; the darker, almost melanic form of edwardsi that is commoner in the northern part of the range of this species although rarely occurring in the southern part ; the yellow hind-winged form of howlandi known to the author only from two specimens from Montana, etc. None of these are de- scribed herein (nor other forms that seem surely individual vari- ants) partly because of what seems to me inadequate material but largely because the variation in this genus is so complex that such names would seem to have little value unless based on a large amount of carefully analyzed ecological data or on genetic analyses corre- 26 January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA lated with field data. Needless to add neither of the above is available. In at least two species there seem to be good races occupying the same regions but different habitats. The surer of these is the case of the plains versus mountain race of hudsonica. The less sure one is divergens versus soda, the suggestion being based on the two being seldom taken together. There is unsatisfactory evidence that similar races may occur in certain other species. Then, of course, there is the case of northern versus southern races of graphica (female maculate versus immaculate). It should be noted that there is a great range of intraspecific variability in the genital armature of the various species. The brief notes under each species are necessarily somewhat indefinite because of this considerable range of variation. For instance, in the males of some species the clasper of the left harpe is bifurcated. In some ( adumbrata , pallescens and edwardsi) this is a constant character though the size of the clasper and its two parts varies ; in another species ( perplexa ) the left clasper is usually single but occasionally has a rudimentary costal piece; in still others ( stretchii and mi- rifica) this clasper is usually bifurcated but some specimens show the costal piece rudimentary or even absent (similar variation occurs in pulchra and possibly in eubapta but too few slides are available to say which is usual). The other genitalic characters of the male also show wide intraspecific variation but with the exception of occulta, eubapta, tejonica and nichollae the genitalia of each species seem always separable from those of related species. Some of these vari- ations may be seen by comparing the figures herein. In this connection it might be well to note that the most difficult character to determine is whether or not a patch of spines is present on the aedaeagus near the tip. There is really a graded series from spines on a chitinized hump or swelling ( perplexa , adumbrata and stretchii) to spines on a normally chitinized aedaeagus ( inepta , bi- formata, sabulosa, scrupulosa and ochracea), to species in which there are some small spines on a membranous area in this region which becomes continuous with the spined vesica ( hudsonica and especially howlandi and tejonica). The author would like to call attention to the necessity of a uni- form method of mounting male genitalia in this genus. Slight dif- ferences in the degree of spreading of the harpes make considerable differences in the appearance of the characters. This is well shown by plate 8, figures 1 and 2 (adumbrata race alleni) which are almost identical genitalia but which at first glance appear widely different 27 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 due to the manner of arranging the harpes. On the whole it seems to the author best to remove the aedaeagus and spread the valves wide and flat, obtaining a considerable distortion of the vinculum and jnxta and a seeming reduction of the basal shelf -like projection of the sacculus but showing clearly the clavus. Whatever may be the best method of mounting these genitalia, one must take the posi- tion of the harpes into consideration in using the figures given in this paper and in comparing different slides. The female genitalia present few characters for specific differ- entiation. The principal ones mentioned under each species are the two sclerites supporting the ductus bursae. These two are (1) a sclerite near the bursa copulatrix which is located on the dorsal side of the ductus bursae and extends down the lateral sides of the ductus and usually more or less across the ventral surface, particularly from the left side. This sclerite near the bursa is herein referred to as the “ dorsal sclerite.’’ (2) A sclerite located on the ventral side of the ductus near the opening of the same to the outside and sepa- rated from the preceding sclerite by an area of membrane. This second sclerite is herein referred to as the ‘ ‘ ventral sclerite. ’ ’ The female genitalia, like the male genitalia, vary greatly in these differential characters (see figures, PL 11, figs. 1-5). Frequently satisfactory characters for identifying slides of the female genitalia are lacking in this genus. Species-Groups in Drasteria The North American species seem to fit most naturally into three groups though some may not approve such listing because two of the groups contain species both with and without spines (macrosetae) at the tip of the fore tibiae. No key to these groups can be given readily but considering all characters including genitalia and habi- tus the species seem best arranged in the following manner (within the limits of linear arrangement). Group I. (Subgenus Synedoida, type scrupulosa) Includes : (1) scrupulosa, inept a, sabulosa (and abrupta) , nichollae (& garthi), biformata, ochracea, (2) edwardsi, (3) pallescens, fumosa (& brunneifasciata) and divergens (& socia). Scrupulosa has the unbanded hind-wing and genitalia of the type shown by inept a-sabulosa: claspers of the male genitalia reduced, obsolete on the right harpe, sacculus reduced basally, greatly devel- oped apically, aedaeagus spined on the dorsal side near the tip, but the male antennae are shortly ciliated and the fore tibiae, unlike all others of this group, are armed with spines (macrosetae) at the tip. Inepta has the markings of the fore wing obsolescent, male genitalia 28 January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA with small claspers and not so greatly developed apical parts of the sacculus, but the aedaeagns is spined dorsally at the tip and the male antennae are somewhat fasciculate and slightly serrated and the middle tibiae of the male (unlike all other species of this genus) are normal and without an enclosed tuft of sex-scales. Sabulosa (& abrupt a) has a well-marked fore wing, male genitalia with claspers and sacculus reduced and aedaeagus spined on the dorsal side near the tip ; male antennae not serrate and with somewhat shorter cilia than inepta; the middle tibiae of the male are swollen and enclose a moderate tuft of sex-scales. Biformata has the hind wing un- banded, male genitalia of more normal looking type with claspers and sacculus moderately developed and aedaeagus with patch of spines on the dorsal side near the tp ; male antennae ciliated about as in sabulosa. Ochracea is a distinctive species with reduced macu- lation of the fore wing but unlike the preceding species has clearly banded hind wings; male genitalia with reduced claspers (obsolete on left harpe), moderate sacculus, peculiar heavy uncus and spined aedaeagus. The above species agree in having distinct spines on a strongly sclerotinized aedaeagus, usually a reduction of the claspers of the male genitalia, and all except ochracea having unbanded hind wings. Edwardsi is a distinctive species not closely similar to any other in either the new or old world. It has distinct maculation and banded hind wings ; claspers well developed, bifurcated on left harpe, sacculus moderate, left harpe of unique shape and aedaeagus with- out external spines. Edwardsi is placed here because of the simi- larity of the male genitalia to those of pallescens but whatever place- ment is given this species at present would have to be admittedly arbitrary. Pallescens has a white hind wing which is dark fuscous or black in the outer half or less (though the males show a reduced banding) ; claspers well-developed, bifurcated on left harpe, sacculus moderate, clavus long, especially on right harpe, and aedaeagus without ex- ternal spines; female genitalia with the ventral sclerite moderate. This species is clearly related to both the sabulosa group and to fumosa though having its own peculiarities. Fumosa agrees with the preceding in maculation, especially of the hind wing, and also is similar to sabulosa abrupta- male genitalia with long single claspers, clavus and sacculus moderate, and aedaeagus without external spines ; the female genitalia are intermediate in type between those of pallescens and divergens and serve to link the latter here. Di- ver gens (& soda) are structurally more related to the above than to 29 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 the other species with yellow and black banded hind wings (Group III). Group II. (Subgenus Aleucanitis, type cailino Lef. of Europe). From the North American species the author places in this group only the single peculiar species grandirena ( limbolaris ) which dif- fers from other nearctic species in maculation and in having a smooth flat front; male antennae minutely ciliated and male geni- talia with a swollen uncus. On the whole this species seems to re- semble the European representatives of the cailino-obscurata group rather than anything in the New World (see PI. 5, figs. 15-18), but the markings of the lower surfaces of grandirena might be used as an argument for closer affinity to graphica , etc. Group III. (Subgenus Drasteria, type graphica). Includes: petricola (and athabasca) , hudsonica (and its races), perplexa, ad- umbrata (and alleni), stretchii , pulchra, kowlandi, tejonica, mirifica (and its races), eubapta, graphica (and atlantica), occidta, and ingeniculata. Petricola (and race athabasca and form crockeri) is the only species in which the veins on the underside of the fore wing in the terminal area are streaked with black. The male genitalia are some- what reduced and heavily cliitinized, claspers small and single, sac- culus rudimentary basally on right harpe and basal lobes of the clavus very small (in last two characters agreeing with sabidosa, etc.). Hudsonica and its races (presumably including the names nubi- cola and maculosa) are northern and fairly high altitude forms with one race occurring in the northern plains. The male genitalia are normal with single claspers, moderate sacculus the basal half of which is recurved in outline, and aedaeagus with minute, scarcely discernible points on the dorsal side near the tip. The next eight species form a beautiful series beginning with perplexa and adumbrata in which the aedaeagus has a large dorsal hump covered with heavy spines, through stretchii which has the pattern of adumbrata and the color of howlandi and a spined swell- ing rather than hump on the aedaeagus, through pulchra which has the facies of howlandi and tejonica and an unswollen but spined aedaeagus to howlandi and tejonica which have a smooth aedaeagus with scarcely discernible points on the dorsal side near the tip, to mirifica and eubapta which seem to lack these spines or points on the aedaeagus but otherwise to be very similar. Other differences may of course be seen by studying the genitalic figures, some of them such as the bifurcation of the claspers not following the above se- 30 January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA quence. Also note that in passing from tejonica to mirifica one passes from species with nnspined fore tibiae to ones with spines (macrosetae) at the tip. The genitalic and habitus similarity seem to this author to force including the above all in one sequence despite the cropping up of spined tibiae. Somewhat distinct from the above are the other three species with spined fore tibiae: graphica (and race atlantica), occulta and ingeniculata. These agree in the female possessing a short ovipositor and a large ventral sclerite on the ductus bursae. The male geni- talia of graphica and occulta have short blunt harpes, while those of ingeniculata are long and rounded. Key to the Species of Drasteria of North America 1. Fore tibiae unspined 2. 1. Fore tibiae with spines (macrosetae) on the outer and inner sides of apex 32. 2. Hind wing white in basal half, dark fuscous or black in outer half (sometimes much less than half) except for cilia and median white lunule ; subterminal line not sharply angled in opposite cell 3. 2. Hind wing fuscous, creamy, pinkish or dirty white, darker out- wardly; when whitish at base subterminal line sharply angled in opposite cell 5. 2. Hind wing of various colors but always with distinct postme- dian and terminal bands or spots and usually with distinct discal spot 11. 3. Thorax and base of fore wing pinkish-grey, contrasting with abdomen and rest of wing pallescens. 3. Thorax and fore wing mottled gray 4. 4. Cilia distinctly checkered on fore wing fumosa fumosa. 4. Cilia of fore wing uniform smoky fumosa brunneifasciata. 5. T. a. and t. p. lines obsolete or almost so throughout most of their course inept a. 5. T. a. and t. p. line black, distinct throughout 6. 6. T. a. line outwardly oblique from costa to beyond cell, then in- curved across anal vein ; terminal line absent ; underside without dark bands biformata. 6. T. a. line excurved in discal and submedian folds or evenly ex- curved from costa to inner margin ; terminal line faint but present; undersides particularly of fore wings with dark bands (sometimes rather faint) 7. 31 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 7. Thorax and base of fore wing pinkish-grey, contrasting with abdomen and rest of wing pallescens (part). 7. Thorax and base of fore wing not contrasting pinkish-grey 8. 8. Subterminal line obsolete below vein 7 (R5) or very faint 9. 8. Snbterminal line irregular but distinct and clear to inner margin 10. 9. Pore wing with uniform bluish-grey ground color, markings black nichollae nichollae. 9. Pore wing more bluish, median and terminal areas more con- trasting nichollae garthi. 10. T. p. line erect or concave below cell (southwestern). sahulosa abrupta. 10. T. p. line excurved below cell (southern Rocky Mtns.). sabulosa sabulosa. 11. Hing wing largely black, terminal band not narrowed opposite cell, remainder of hind wing white or light cream above and below grandirena. 11. Hind wing not as above 12. 12. Underside of fore wing with veins 7-3 (R5-Cui) streaked with black in terminal area 13. 12. Veins of underside of fore wing not streaked with black 14. 13. Hind wing and undersides bright orange-yellow (S. Rocky Mtn.) petricola petricola. 13. Hind wing and undersides light yellow or white (N. Rocky Mtn.) petricola athabasca. 14. Area between reniform and t. p. line concolorous with area between the t. p. and subterminal lines 15. 14. Area between reniform and t. p. line light, contrasting with the area between the t. p. and subterminal lines, usually white scales beyond reniform and extending along some veins in the postreniform area 18. 15. Pore wing grey, all markings including reniform obscure; hind wing and lower surfaces light cream or whitish. hudsonica heathi $. 15. Fore wing with at least the reniform distinct ; hind wing yellow or orange 16. 16. T. a. line single, sharply defined, excurved across cell then erect or slightly excurved to inner margin edwardsi (part). 16. T. a. double, sometimes weak, excurved in discal and submedian folds 17. 17. T. p. line faint, when traceable not bent back to lower end of reniform ochracea. 32 January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 17. T. p. line black except sometimes near margins, clearly bending back to lower end of reniform adumbrata (part). 18. Discal spot of bind wing connected to postmedial band by black suffusion at least along cubital veins (see PI. 3, figs. 2 & 16) ; hind wing usually yellowish-orange, yellow, cream or white 19. 18. Discal spot of hind wing not connected to postmedial band, sometimes absent; hind wing usually (not always) red, reddish-orange or pink and white 25. 19. T. a. line conspicuous, single, almost erect from cell to inner margin; subterminal line completely obsolete below vein 5 (M2) edwardsi. 19. T. a. line more or less distinctly double, excurved below cell. 20. 20. Hind wing light cream or white 21. 20. Hind wing distinctly yellow or orange 22. 21. Fore wing highly mottled, sexes alike (mountains). hudsonica (part). 21. Fore wing not so mottled, female with fore wing almost im- maculate (plains of northwest) hudsonica heathi. 22. Fore wing grey or blue-grey, highly mottled, brown largely con- fined to median area or absent hudsonica (part). 22. Fore wing not mottled, usually predominantly brown 23. 23. Veins 3 and 4 (M3 & Cui) clearly outlined by white in postreni- form area; collar with distinct dark brown or black streak on both sides. Usually 36-44 mm. in wing expanse 24. 23. Veins 3 and 4 usually not outlined by white in postreniform area or only faintly so ; collar usually concolorous, occasion- ally with faint brown streaks; subterminal line usually excurved across vein 7 (R5). 30-38 mm. in wing expanse.? adumbrata and alleni. 24. Hind wing yellow, the black markings heavy. divergens divergens. 24. Hind wing pinkish-orange, the black markings lighter. divergens form socia. 25. Hind wing vermilion, the black markings very light and the discal spot faint or absent ; the contrasting median band of the fore wings narrow in submedian fold (2 mm.) ; t. p. line curving back to base of reniform just below vein 3 (Cui). pulchra. 3 No one of these characters holds rigidly for all specimens but the combination works fairly well. Compare to figures or examine genitalia. 33 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 25. Hind wing not vermilion throughout or median space broader (3 mm.) and other characters different 26. 26. Collar concolorons or at most with very faint streaks ; t. p. line curving back to base of reniform along vein 3 (Cui) 27. 26. Collar with contrasting dark streaks through it on both sides; t. p. line usually extending clearly beyond vein 3 and then curving back to it at or before reniform 30. 27. T. p. line definitely touching subterminal line at veins 3 and 4 (M3 & Cui) ; veins 3 and 4 not streaked with white in post- reniform area; no distinct black dashes before subterminal line near costa perplexa. 27. T. p. line separated from subterminal throughout though some- times very close to it at veins 3 and 4; or veins 3 and 4 streaked with white in postreniform area ; usually with black dashes before subterminal line near costa 28. 28. T. p. line strongly excurved below cell then incurved across anal vein (see PL 4, figs. 4-13) cf. 31. 28. T. p. line straight or only moderately excurved below cell (see PL 3, figs. 15-19) , 29. 29. Hind wing reddish or salmon, the black markings light (Pl. 3, fig. 19 ) ; reniform defined by clear white outwardly ; aedae- agus with spined swelling (Pl. 9, fig. 1) stretchii. 29. Hind wing yellow or orange, the black markings heavier (Pl. 3, figs. 15-18) ; reniform not clearly defined by white out- wardly; aedaeagus with distinct “hump” covered with spines (Pl. 8, fig. 1) adumbrata (part). 30. T. p. line outwardly oblique below cell or only slightly ex- curved; subterminal line not strongly incurved between veins 4 and 7 (R5 & M3). (See Pl. 3, fig. 2.) socia (part). 30. T. p. line excurved below cell ; subterminal line usually strongly incurved between veins 4 and 7 (see Pl. 4, figs. 4-13) 31. 31. Sexes alike ; hind wing yellow, orange or reddish (Rocky Mtns.). howlandi. 31. Male with hind wing white above and below at least in basal half; female reddish-orange or even vermilion (Texas to Calif.) tejonica. 32. Basal half or more of hind wing white, outer part dark with white lunule near center of termen; no discal spot (Pl. 1, figs. 32-33) ( Forsebia perloeta). 32. Hind wing dusky, darker in outer part scrupulosa. 32. Hind wing clearly banded in outer part ; discal spot present though sometimes small 33. 34 January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 33. Fore wing with white line defining outer edge of reniform and usually more or less streaked along veins 3 and 4 (M3 & CuO 34. 33. Fore wing with postreniform area concolorous, the reniform not defined by a white line which contrasts with the rest of the postreniform area 37. 34. Hind wing white or nearly so, discal spot faint, postmedial band rufous and fused with terminal band at apex, a contrasting black spot at middle of termen eubapta. 34. Hind wing usually not white above, discal spot more distinct, bands and spots of hind wing of same color, and postme- dian and terminal bands separate throughout 35. 35. Postmedial band of hind wing thick throughout (N. Pacific states) mirifica hasting si. 35. Postmedial band of hind wing distinctly thinner or broken between veins 2-4 (M3 to Cu2) 36. 36. Underside of hind wing white or with only very faint pink flush (southwestern: Calif., Nev. & Ariz.). mirifica mirifica. 36. Underside of hind wing suffused with salmon-pink except along costa (Rocky Mtn. : Colo., Nebr., Utah & northern N. Mex.). mirifica klotsi. 37. Ground color of hind wing salmon-pink or red ingeniculata. 37. Ground color of hind wind white above and below (see eubapta). 37. Ground color of hind wing yellow or yellowish-orange 38. 38. Subterminal line defined only by preceding dark ground color occulta. 38. Subterminal line light, defined by preceding dark ground color and succeeding dark irregular line, or subterminal repre- sented by series of light points 39. 39. Fore wing of female almost immaculate (southern) graphica graphica. 39. Fore wing of female maculate like male (northern) graphica atlantica. scrupulosa Henry Edwards Synedoida scrupulosa Henry Edwards. 1878. Pac. Coast Lepid., no. 29, p. 9. Type locality: Havilah, Kern Co., California (collected by R. H. Stretch). Cotypes : 1 J1, 2 $2, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. ; 2 JV?, U. S. Natl. Mus. (cotypes). 35 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 Figures: Maculation: PL 2, fig. 1 (cotype) ; photo presumably of cotype in Edwards’ bound volume of Pac. Coast Lepid. Genitalia: Male genitalia figured in generic revision (Richards, 1936c) ; female genitalia, pi. 10, fig. 1. A rare and distinctive species. Readily distinguished as the only species of the genus with spined fore tibiae and a fuscous hind wing which is darker apically. Thorax and fore wing grey; t. a. line black, excurved in discal and submedian folds and below anal vein ; brown median line ; t. p. line black, distinct, widely separated from the subterminal line; reniform distinct, outlined by black; postreniform area concolorous with rest of wing; subterminal line faint or complete ; terminal line reduced to a series of black points between the veins. Genitalia: In the male genitalia (Richards, 1936c) the uncus normal for genus; harpes narrow, relatively short; clasper greatly reduced on left harpe, absent on right harpe ; clavus with small basal lobe ; sacculus greatly reduced basally but with large broad terminal prongs widely fused to harpe near apex; aedaeagus with patch of spines on dorsal side near tip ; vesica spined. In the female geni- talia (pi. 10, fig. 1) the dorsal sclerite of the ductus bursae of mod- erate length; ventral sclerite small, narrow, somewhat produced medially. Expanse : 40-45 mm. Dates: July. Distribution : California, Nevada, Utah and Colorado. inept a Henry Edwards Synedoida inepta Henry Edwards. 1881. Papilio, 1 : 27. Type locality: Southern Colorado. Cotypes: (according to original descr. 5 specimens) Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, and U. S. Natl. Mus. Synedoida morbosa Henry Edwards. 1881. Papilio, 1 : 27-28. Type locality: Colorado, Arizona, Utah and Florida (the last seems surely an error). Cotypes: Amer. Mus. Natl. Hist, and U. S. Natl. Mus. Syneda violescens Hampson. 1926. Lepid. Phal. N. G. & Spec. Noct., p. 45-46. Type locality : Palmerlee, Huachuca Mtns., Arizona. Type : 1 5, British Museum. Figures: Maculation: PI. 2, figs. 2-4. Also colored figure in Holland’s Moth Book where the species is given under the genus Cissusa (pi. 30, fig. 10). Genitalia: Male pi. 7, fig. 5; female pi. 10, %• 2. 36 January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA The general color of the fore wing varies from reddish-grey {inept a) to grey, to brown-grey and ochreons ( morbosa ), to dull violaceous {violescens) to dark grey. The hind wing is fuscous or smoky, darker apically, and so the only species with which it might be confused is sabulosa. From this it differs in the almost or quite concolorous collar, the indistinctness of the t. a. and t. p. lines which are never clear black lines, the terminal line being usually reduced to a series of points between the veins, and the cilia concolorous. Racial differentiation in this species is questionable. From some localities only one color form has been , collected (for instance the author found only very dark grey specimens in northern Utah near Logan in June, 1933) but from other localities a variety of color forms may be obtained. Sometimes one obtains a hodge-podge of colors from one place, but sometimes the colors are more nearly the same and tend to resemble the color of the rocks on which the adults rest during the day. Genitalia: The male genitalia (pi. 7, fig. 5) have short harpes which are rather strongly sclerotinized ; claspers small ; clavus moderate, the one on the right harpe longer, basal lobes of clavus moderate ; sacculus reduced in various degrees, sometimes with moderate shelf -like projections basally, sometimes with very small projections which seem separated from the more distal parts of the sacculus ; aedaeagus with patch of few or numerous spines on dorsal side near tip; vesica spined. Female genitalia (pi. 10, fig. 2) with dorsal sclerite of ductus bursae of moderate length ; ventral sclerite rather narrow, slightly thicker at middle. Expanse : 40-48 mm. Rarely to 35 and 52 mm. Dates : April, June, July, August and September. Distribution: Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Arizona. (One cotype of morbosa recorded from Florida but this seems certainly an error.) This species is a denizen of open rocky hillsides where it rests on the ground and rocks during the daytime, the specimens frequently tending to match more or less the color of the rocks of the vicinity. It is found at rather low elevations (4000-6000 ft. usually) in coun- try that becomes quite dry in middle and late summer. The adults fly mostly from early June to mid-July. sabulosa Henry Edwards Synedoida sabidosa Henry Edwards. 1881. Papilio, 1 : 26-27. Type locality : Southern Colorado. Types : Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, and U. S. National Museum (4 specimens according to original description). 37 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 sabulosa race abrupta Barnes & McDunnough Syneda abrupta Barnes & McDunnough. 1918. Contrib. Nat. Hist. N. A. Lepid., 4 : 119-120, pi. 19, figs. 12 & 14. Type locality: Palmerlee, Huachuca Mtns., Arizona (some of paratypes from Jemez Springs, New Mexico). Types: 2 J'J', 3 5$, U. S. National Museum. Figures: Maculation : PL 2, figs. 5-7. Also colored figures of sabulosa sabulosa in Holland’s Moth Book (PI. 30, fig. 11) and in Grote’s Illustrated Essay (PL 4, fig. 39. 1882), and photographs of both sexes of sabulosa abrupta in original description. Genitalia : Male : Pl. 7, fig. 6 ; female : pi. 10, fig. 4. This and the following species are separated from all others by having the hind wing fuscous or dirty white suffused with fuscous basally, darker apically, the banding discernible below but scarcely visible above ; collar with prominent dark streaks on both sides ; the t. a. and t. p. lines black; the subterminal line sharply angled in opposite cell, and the cilia of the fore wing more or less distinctly checkered. The chief possibilities for confusion are between females of the race abrupta and fumosa (see under fumosa), and with the following species (see under nichollae). Division of sabidosa, abrupta, nichollae and their variants into species or races is one of the hardest tasks in revising this genus, no doubt partly due to insufficiency of material (except of the Colo- rado form) and to the wide gaps between points of collection. The genitalia are inseparable, or at least the differences extremely slight. And I have found no characters for constant key separation of the forms although I must admit they present a somewhat different habitus which I find difficult to describe without colored figures. The maculation characters, as frequently the case in this genus, vary greatly and intergrade. For instance, much use has been made in descriptions of the course of the t. p. line from the reniform to the inner margin (excurved in submedian fold or not) but in the series the author has had for study all intergrades are shown from evenly incurved to evenly excurved. And, while on the subject of habitus, it might not be amiss to mention that there are two different color forms in Colorado. The types (both at U. S. N. M. and A. M. N. H.) are distinctly grey, whereas virtually all the other specimens seen have been distinctly brown. The two races may be compared as follows: sabulosa: color of body and fore wings grey or brown ; median area broad, not sharply contrasting with rest of wing; postreniform area with some white scales or with reniform defined by white outwardly which also out- 38 January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA lines veins 3 and 4; t. p. line usually clearly excurved below cell; subterminal line principally defined by preceding dark ground color, strongly incurved opposite cell; cilia faintly checkered; hind wing fuscous at base, darker outwardly, cilia brownish or smoky. Abrupt a: fore wing grey suffused with black; median area contrast- ingly lighter than basal and terminal areas; reniform defined out- wardly by white which also outlines veins 3 and 4; t. p. line erect or (usually) slightly excurved below cell; subterminal line as in sabulosa; cilia clearly checkered ; hind wing dirty white basally, dark outwardly, cilia mostly white or whitish (see also under nichollae). Genitalia: The male genitalia (Pl. 7, fig. 6) have the clasper on the left harpe small, on right harpe absent, its position indicated by slightly heavier sclerotization and setae; clavus moderate, longer on right side, basal lobe small and arising well above base of clavus; sacculus on left harpe with small or moderate shelf -like projection basally which is more or less separated from the rudimentary termi- nal part of the sacculus ; sacculus on right harpe with shelf -like pro- jection greatly reduced or absent (position indicated by patch of setae), the terminal half strongly sclerotized; aedaeagus with spines on dorsal side near tip; vesica spined. The female genitalia (PI. 10, fig. 4) have the dorsal sclerite of the ductus bursae of moderate length ; ventral sclerite rather narrow, somewhat irregular and some- what produced medianly. Expanse : 32-40 mm., some specimens of abrupt a reaching 44 mm. Distribution: sabulosa sabulosa: Colorado, New Mexico and Utah. sabulosa abrupta: Arizona, New Mexico and south- ern California. Dates : June, July and September. nichollae Hampson Syneda nichollae Hampson. 1926. Lepid. Phal. N. G. & Spec. Noct., p. 45. Type locality: Ashnold, British Columbia (Mrs. Nicholl). Types : 3 J?, British Museum. Figures : Maculation : PI. 2, figs. 8-10. Male genitalia : PI. 7, fig. 7. This species is differentiated from the preceding by the subtermi- nal line which becomes barely traceable or obsolete below vein 7 (Rs) . The body and fore wings are grey or bluish-grey suffused with brown and black especially in basal area and beyond t. p. line ; median area contrasting with basal and subterminal areas; reniform with some 39 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 white scales beyond it but veins 3 and 4 not clearly defined by white ; t. p. line erect below cell or slightly incurved ; cilia faintly checkered ; hind wing smoky-grey at base, darker outwardly ; cilia cream or light brown. After having placed nichollae as a race of sabulosa in the generic revision, the author is forced to re-establish it as a species, despite genitalic similarity, partly because of the subterminal line but largely because of the distribution. The author has seen nichollae from scattered localities from northern California to southern Brit- ish Columbia and east and south to Montana with thence a gap across Wyoming and Colorado and then a series of three specimens col- lected at Alpine, Texas, by 0. C. Poling (at U. S. N. M.). The gap from southern California to Colorado is occupied by sabulosa and its race abrupta. Inasmuch as there seems no reason for question- ing the data on the short series collected by Poling, it seems that nichollae must for the present at least be classed as a distinct species since one race can scarcely exist on both sides of another race of the same species when there are no apparent habitat differences. Judg- ing from some of the other species in this genus, genitalic similarity is not necessarily indicative of specific identity (note eubapta, occulta and tejonica). Genitalia: (PL 7, fig. 7) Not separable from sabulosa, q. v. Expanse : 33-40 mm. Dates : June and July. Distribution : Washington, southern British Columbia, Idaho, Montana (Hamilton) and Texas (Alpine). Race garthi: Yosemite, California. nichollae race garthi, race nov. Figures : Maculation : PL 2, figs. 9-10. Male holotype : Fore wing with the ground color distinctly blue-grey ; basal area suffused with brown ; basal line black ; t. a. line double, outer line black, excurved in discal and submedian folds; median space narrow, contrastingly ochreous except at costa and inner margin where it is bluish-grey; median line single, brown; reniform brown, basally defined by a few black scales and preceding white line, outwardly defined by white which is faintly extended along veins 3 and 4; t. p. line black, angled out on vein 7 and bluntly across veins 3 and 4, extend- ing back to base of reniform along vein 3, thence almost erect to near inner margin where it is excurved; subterminal line de- fined by preceding dark ground and by two black dashes near 40 January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA costa, barely traceable as waved line of lighter spots below vein 7 ; terminal area blue-grey ; terminal line complete ; cilia faintly checkered. Hind wing fuscous; light crescent across cubitals beyond faint postmedian band ; cilia light. Beneath fore wing light powdered with dark scales, oblique dark shade from reni- f orm to inner angle and dark dash from near apex towards inner margin ; cilia distinctly checkered ; hind wing light with darker irroration; dark discal spot, faint postmedian and incomplete terminal lines. Female allotype : Like the male but t. a. line not so distinctly excurved across cell; median area grey; median line faintly double ; t. p. line recurved from vein 4 without angle on vein 3 ; subterminal line lost below vein 7. Beneath markings same but more distinct and complete. Male Holotype : Yosemite, California, June 28, 1933 (collected by John S. Garth). Female Allotype : Same data (both Holo- and Allotype deposited in U. S. National Museum). Mr. Garth collected six specimens of this race, all at the same time and place, but only the above two are before the author for inclusion in the type series. This race is distinguished from nymotypical nichollae by the bluer color, the much more colorful and contrasty fore wing, and perhaps by the narrower median area. biformat a Henry Edwards Synedoida biformata Henry Edwards. 1878. Pac. Coast Lepid., no. 29, p. 9. Type locality : Havilah, Kern Co., California. Types : 2 J'J', 1 J, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, and U. S. National Museum. Figures: Maculation: PI. 2, fig. 14. Genitalia: Male: PL 7, fig. 8 ; Female : PL 10, fig. 5. A rare and distinctive species. Basal line black; t. a. line black, oblique to middle of submedian fold, sometimes not straight but never excurved in cell, incurved or angled in across anal vein; median area rather concolorous, no definite median line; reniform indistinct with faint basal line; postreniform area concolorous without distinct white lines; t. p. line black, following usual course around reniform, angled back to base of reniform just below vein 3 (Cui), then erect to middle of submedian fold and then abruptly angled outwards to inner margin ; subterminal line faint, sinuous, defined only by the 41 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 slightly darker preceding ground color; terminal line faint or absent; cilia concolorous with the terminal area. Hind wing light at base, cream or faded pink in outer part; discal spot very faint or absent ; postmedian band not traceable ; some dif- fuse fuscous scales at apex and middle of termen. Beneath the hind wing uniform light pinkish cream without black markings. Genitalia : The male genitalia (PL 7, fig. 8) have the claspers single, short and broad; clavus normal, somewhat longer on right harpe, the basal lobes about three times as long as broad ; sacculus well-developed and with a large terminal prong on both harpes ; aedaeagus with patch of spines on dorsal side near tip. The female genitalia (Pl. 10, fig. 5) have the dorsal sclerite of the ductus bursae rather long ; the ventral sclerite narrow except medianly where it is produced in both directions. Expanse : 37-40 mm. Distribution : California. ochracea Behr Syneda ochracea Behr. 1870. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 3 : 25. Type locality: San Francisco & Marion Co., California. Types : all lost. Figures : Maculation : Pl. 2, figs. 15-16. Also a photo, perhaps type or compared with type, in Edwards’ bound copy of Pacific Coast Lepidoptera. Male genitalia : Pl. 9, fig. 3. A distinctive species. Females larger and darker than males. Thorax and fore wing greyish or ochreous ranging to medium dark brown; t. a. line weak, double, excurved in discal and submedian folds; reniform defined by black and connected by two lines to the costa; t. p. line very faint or obsolete, when traceable not angled back to reniform but strongly angled in on vein 2 (Cu2) ; subtermi- nal line faint or obscure ; some black streaks or suffusion between veins at apex. Hind wing orange with usual black discal spot and postmedian and terminal black bands ; base sometimes suffused with black. Underside of forewings orange with solid black reniform which is not connected to the subapical fuscous band. It is possible that slightly differentiated desert and mountain races exist in this species. Genitalia: The male genitalia (Pl. 9, fig. 3) have a very heavy uncus with unusually long black bifurcated setae ; clasper small on right harpe, absent on left harpe ; clavus much longer on right side and with a longer basal lobe, basal lobe on left clavus small ; sac- culus well-developed as shown; aedaeagus with patch of spines on 42 January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA dorsal side near tip ; vesica spined. The female genitalia are similar to those of inepta. Expanse : 40-48 mm. Dates: May, June and Jnly. Distribution : California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Mon- tana, Idaho and southern British Columbia. edwardsi Behr Syneda edwardsi Behr. 1870. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 3 : 28. Type locality: Alameda and other parts of Contracosta, California. Types : all lost. Figures : Macnlation : PL 3, fig. 12. Also colored figure in Hol- land’s Moth Book (PI. 30, fig.* 37) and a photo in Edwards’ bound copy of his Pacific Coast Lepidoptera. Genitalia : Male : PI. 7, fig. 4 ; Female : PI. 10, fig. 3. Another distinctive species readily recognized from the figures and the key to species. As usual in this genus there is considerable variation. The hind wing varies from yellow through orange to almost vermilion, and the black margins on this wing vary consid- erably in breadth. The fore wing is usually as in Holland’s figure and the photo given herein but the author has seen a number of specimens in which the fore wing was rather uniformly dark (pow- dered and suffused with black), the usual markings visible but with no contrasts. Genitalia: The male genitalia (PI. 7, fig. 4) have harpes of dif- ferent size and shape ; the right harpe short and blunt, the left harpe longer and oblique to end of long sacculus; clasper bifurcated on left harpe, single on right ; clavus of moderate length but basal lobes usually vestigial (sometimes present as small lobes on left clavus) ; sacculus well-developed, elongated distally and with small terminal prongs ; aedaeagus without external spines ; vesica spined. The female genitalia (PI. 10, fig. 3) have the dorsal sclerite of the ductus bursae long ; the ventral sclerite rather narrow with a blunt median projection extending to the opening of the ductus bursae. Expanse : 30-38 mm. Dates: May, June, July and August. Distribution: Arizona, California (northern and southern), Oregon and Washington. pallescens Grote & Robinson Melipotis pallescens Grote & Robinson. 1866. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., 6 : 21-22, pi. 3, fig. 5. 43 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 Type locality: Texas (E. T. Cresson). Types: 1 Phila. Acad. Sci. Melipotis tenella Henry Edwards. 1881. Papilio, 1 : 26. Type locality: N. W. Texas (J. Boll). Types: $ and 2, U. S. National Museum. Figures : Maculation : PI. 2, figs. 11-12. Also figure in original description of pallescens, and a colored figure in Holland’s Moth Book (PI. 30, fig. 25). Genitalia: Male: PL 7, fig. 3; Female: PI. 10, fig. 6. This is one of the two species of this genus which have the basal part of the hind wing white, the apical part dark fuscous or black, but with the banding incomplete or obscured and the discal spot lacking. Superficially it resembles a species of Melipotis from which it may be separated by the structure of the palpi and genitalia. From fumosa, the other species with a similar hind wing, it may be separated by the usually pinkish-grey thorax and base of the fore wing, the usually evenly excurved t. a. line (sometimes very slightly excurved in discal and submedian folds), the uniform cilia, and the incomplete white lunule at the middle of the termen of the hind wing. Some specimens have some dark suffusion in the basal half of the hind wing, especially along the veins of the lower part of the cell. The name tenella is based on specimens in which the black band on the hind wing is greatly reduced. It occurs rarely in diverse localities. Genitalia: The male genitalia (PL 7, fig. 3) has the left clasper broadly bifurcated, right clasper long; clavus very long, with long basal lobe arising near extreme base of clavus ; sacculus varying in size of the shelf -like projection, terminal prong small; aedaeagus normal, without external spines; vesica moderately spined. The female genitalia (Pl. 10, fig. 6) have the dorsal sclerite of the ductus bursae moderately long; ventral sclerite narrow and medianly pro- duced into a point. Expanse : 35-48 mm. Dates : May, June, July, August and September. Distribution: Texas, Arizona, Lower California (Mexico), Cali- fornia, Nevada, Utah, Idaho and Montana. fumosa Strecker Syneda fumosa Strecker. 1898. Lepid. Rhopal. & Heter., Suppl. 1 : 12. Type locality: Texas (Bern. Gerhard). Type: 1 2> Field Museum (Chicago). 44 January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA fumosa race brunneifasciata Barnes & McDunnough Syneda brunneifasciata Barnes & McDunnough. 1916. Con- trib. Nat. Hist. N. A. Lepid., 3 : 17, pi. 1, fig. 4. Type locality : Camp Baldy, San Bernardino Co., Califor- nia (July 16). Types: 1 lCf, 1 5, U. S. National Museum. Figures : Maculation : PL 2, fig. 13. Also photograph of brun- neifasciata in the original description. Genitalia : Male : PL 7, fig. 1 ; Female : Pl. 10, fig. 7. A rare species that differs from pallescens in having the thorax and base of the fore wing mottled grey-brown, the t. a. line excurved in both discal and submedian folds, and the hind wing without a distinct white lunule at the middle of the termen. Reniform also defined outwardly by white which is more or less streaked onto veins 3 and 4, and in nymotypical fumosa the cilia of the fore wing are checkered. Females may be confused with sabulosa abrupta, but in abrupta the dark outer part of the hind wings on the undersides is curved and not sharply set-off from the lighter base whereas in fumosa the line of separation is sharper and straight. This species varies widely, and in view of the few dozens of speci- mens known it is questionable whether or not to hold the name brun- neifasciata as a distinct race. The series at the U. S. National Museum shows a considerable degree of intergradation and led the author to place brunneifasciata in synonymy in the preliminary list- ing given in the generic revision. Conservatism and an attempt to define races leads the author now to place it, still tentatively, as a Californian race. The type of fumosa has the median band of the fore wing grey and the cilia checkered black and white; the types of brunneifasciata have the broad median band ruddy-brown and the cilia uniformly smoky. The maculation of the fore wings of this species reminds one of divergens, with which the genitalia also relate it. Genitalia: The male genitalia (Pl. 7, fig. 1) have the claspers about twice as long as broad, single, the one on the left harpe pointed, the one on the right harpe blunt ; basal lobe of clavus only about as long as broad; sacculus with well-developed shelf -like projection, narrow beyond this and with a small distal prong, similar on the two harpes ; aedaeagus without external spines ; vesica spined. The female genitalia (Pl. 10, fig. 7) have the dorsal sclerite of the ductus bursae very short; the ventral sclerite long and broad (compare divergens) . Dates : July and August. Distribution: fumosa fumosa: Texas. fumosa brunneifasciata: Arizona and California. 45 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 divergens Behr Syneda divergens Behr. 1870. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 3 : 27-28. Type locality: Foothills of the Sierra Nevada, California. Types : those in Behr collection destroyed ; 1 J cotype (para- type) in Field Museum (Chicago). divergens form socia Behr Syneda socia Behr. 1870. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 3 : 27. Type locality : Ft. Tejon, California. Types : all lost. Figures: Maculation: PL 3, figs. 1-2. Also colored figures of both in Holland’s Moth Book (PI. 30, figs. 32 & 38), figure presum- ably of a type of divergens in the Whitney Geological Survey Report, and photos of both, perhaps from types, in Edwards’ bound copy of his Pacific Coast Lepidoptera. Genitalia : Male : Pl. 7, fig. 2 ; Female : Pl. 10, fig. 8. A large species that can be most readily spotted from the figures. Despite the obvious placement of most specimens by comparison it has been difficult to try to find an unvarying character to separate this species from adumbrata in the maculation key. The difficulty is due primarily to the enormous range of variation of adumbrata. The forms divergens and socia intergrade but both names seem worthy of retention. They are perhaps best separated by the ground color of the hind wing ; less serviceable characters include the amount of black on the hind wing, and the contrastiness of the fore wing, especially the median and terminal areas. Some specimens of socia have the discal spot of the hind wings separate from the postmedial band. Both forms are wide-spread in California, especially socia, which is seldom matched by specimens from elsewhere, but the author has no positive records of these two having been captured flying together and very few records of their having been taken at the same place. Superficially socia looks like a valid race, but the distributional records are such that it seems better to place it as a color form. Genitalia: The male genitalia (Pl. 7, fig. 2) have the claspers single, the one on the left harpe very small ; clavus long and slender, longer on the right side, basal lobe small or very small ; sacculus reduced, variable but always present, terminal prong of sacculus small or absent; aedaeagus without external spines; vesica spined. The female genitalia (Pl. 10, fig. 8) have the dorsal sclerite of the ductus bursae of moderate length ; the ventral sclerite very long and broad (compare fumosa). 46 January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Expanse : Normally 36-44 mm., but dwarfs as small as 30 mm. Dates : February to September in Arizona and California ; April to August farther north. Distribution: divergens diver gens: Arizona, California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah and Colorado, diver- gens socia: common throughout California and a few similar speci- mens seen from Washington, Utah and Colorado. Early stages : Dodge. Lepidopterist, 3 : 117. 1920. Food plant: Elder (Sambucus glauca) — teste Mr. S. E. Crumb. Judging from the locality labels this species occurs in a wide range of elevations. The records seem largely from mountainous country, and the one time the author collected this species in Utah it was in open woods in upper Canadian zone. It is usually found, at least in the eastern half of its range, together with adumbrata. grandirena Haworth Phytometra grandirena Haworth. 1809. Lepid. Britt., p. 264. Aedia limbolaris Geyer. 1827. Zutr. exot. Schm., 4: 23, figs. 689 & 690. Type locality : Georgia. Types : lost but figured. Figures : Maculation : PL 4, fig. 3. Also figured in colors in Hol- land’s Moth Book (PL 30, fig. 27) and in the original description of limbolaris. Genitalia: Male: Figured in generic revision (Richards, 1936c) ; Female: Pl. 11, fig. 11. Readily recognized from the figures. Resembles a species of Melipotis in general appearance. This species is equally distinctive by the maculation, smooth front and genitalia ; it has no close rela- tives (but the maculation of the undersides of the hind wings remind one of graphica and occulta which have quite different genitalia). Genitalia: The male genitalia (see generic revision for figure) have a greatly swollen uncus covered with unusually long black bi- furcated setae ; claspers single ; clavus with small basal lobe ; sac- culus with a broad shelf -like projection, distally with a free prong ; aedaeagus without external spines ; vesica spined. The female geni- talia (Pl. 11, fig. 11) have the dorsal sclerite of the ductus bursae very long, broader near the bursa ; the ventral sclerite narrow, some- what wider medianly ; bursa with more sclerotized patch with spines near the ductus bursae. Expanse : 35-40 mm. Dates : April, May, August and October in the south ; May to August in the north. 47 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 Distribution : New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama and Florida (including southern part). Although this species is frequently captured and all collections have it in series, still specimens are almost always taken singly and the author has no record of a series having been taken anywhere at any time. The author has taken the species only at light but Mr. Otto Buchholz says he has taken about a dozen specimens, repre- senting both sexes, always singly, in open spots close to woods on top or near the top of the Orange and Ramapo Mountains, New Jersey. petricola Walker Euclidia petricola Walker. 1858. Cat. British Mus., 14: 1462. Type locality : ‘ ‘ Rocky Mountains. ’ r Type : British Museum. petricola race athabasca Neumoegen Syneda athabasca Neumoegen. 1883. Papilio, 3 : 143-144. Type locality: Belly River, N. W. British Columbia (Capt. Gedder) . Types : Denver, Colorado, no date; 1 2, Golden, Colorado, Aug.- Sept. (Pummel) ; 2 2 2? Platte Canon, Colorado, May (Oslar) ; 2 .J1, 13 2? Colorado (Bruce) ; 1 .J', 4 2, Colorado (various sources but no further data) ; 1-2, Garden City, Kansas, June 10, 1935 (H. B. Walkden) ; 1 J1, Deming, New Mexico; 1 Mesilla, New Mexico. Location of types : Holotype, allotype and most of the paratypes in the collection of the U. S. National Museum ; other paratypes in the collections of the American Museum of Natural History, British Museum, Canadian National Collection, Los Angeles Museum, Cor- nell University and of the author. Distribution : Colorado, Nebraska, Kansas and New Mexico. In- termediates to mirifica mirifica in eastern Arizona. This eastern or Rocky Mountain race is readily distinguished from race hastingsi, which it resembles in coloration of the fore wing, by the light postmedian band of the hind wing which becomes greatly narrowed or interrupted at the center. From mirifica mirif- ica, with which it intergrades in eastern Arizona, it is separated by the salmon-pink of the undersides of the hind wings and the more uniformly colored fore wing. The type of mirifica mirifica has the undersurfaces of the hind wing white or nearly so and the basal half of the upper surfaces of the hind wing white and the distal half with only a pink flush, but many specimens of mirifica mirifica have the entire upper surface of the hind wing uniformly reddish and only slightly lighter basally; accordingly this character is not ade- quate for the separation of race klotsi. Occasional specimens of mirifica mirifica also show a pinkish tinge to the undersides of the hind wings but always have very contrasty fore wings. Also race klotsi averages smaller than mirifica. 65 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 eubapta Hampson Drasteria eubapta Hampson. 1926. Lepid. Phal. N. G. & Spec. Noct., p. 38-39. Type locality: Yuma, Arizona (Clemence). Types: 1 1 British Museum. Figures : Maculation : PI. 4, fig. 19. Genitalia : Male : PI. 9, figs. 5-6; Female: PL 11, fig. 6. A very rare species which may be distinguished from the other species with spined fore tibiae by the pure white hind wing and undersides, and by the fuscous postmedian band of the hind wing which extends to the termen at the costal margin and is connected with the faint discal spot and contrasts with the black spot at the termen between veins 2 and 4 (M3 and Cu2). The cilia of the fore wing are also distinctly checkered (white and rufous). A full description of the maculation is given by Hampson. Genitalia: The male genitalia (PL 9, figs. 5-6) are not clearly separable from slides of the male genitalia of mirifica ( q . v.). The female genitalia (Pl. 11, fig. 6) also are not separable from those of mirifica ( q . v.). Expanse : 30-38 mm. Distribution: There are only nine specimens (3 J'J1, 6 22) known. The author has studied five of these (2 J'J', 3 £$)• There are 2 J'J' and 3 22 collected by Clemence at Yuma, Arizona, April, 1910, one pair of which furnished Hampson ’s types, the other three specimens now being in the Canadian National Collection (ex Dod Collection) ; and 1 £ and 3 22 collected by Willett in the Imperial Valley, Imperial Co., California, March 10, 1932 (now in the collec- tion of the Los Angeles Museum) . graphica Hiibner Drasteria graphica Hiibner. 1808. Erste Zutraege Exot. Schm., p. 3 (non descr., cites figs. 11 & 12 not yet pub- lished) ; 1809. Zweite Zutr. Exot. Schm., figs. 11 & 12 (non. nom.) ; 1818. Zweite Zutr. Exot. Schm., 1: 18. Type locality : Georgia. Types : lost but figured. Euclidia capiticola Walker. 1858. Cat. Br. Mus., Heter., 14: 1461-1462. Type locality : East Florida. Type : British Museum. Syneda graphica var. media Morrison. 1875. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 18 : 125. 66 January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Type locality: Florida. Type: Meyer Coll, (unknown to present author). Syneda faceta Henry Edwards. 1881. Papilio, 1 : 119. Type locality : Indian River, Florida. Type : 1 2, Amer. Mns. Nat. Hist. (Not as given in original description and catalogue of American Museum types.) graphica race atlantica Barnes & McDunnough Drasteria graphica race atlantica Barnes & McDunnough. 1918. Contrib. Nat. Hist. N. A. Lepid., 4: 118-119, pi. 19, figs. 1-2. Type locality: Rock Beach, L. I., N. Y. Types: c? & 2, U. S. National Museum. Figures : Maculation : PI. 5, figs. 1-3. Also colored figure of male in Holland’s Moth Book (PI. 30, fig. 30), and in original descrip- tion of graphica. Photographs given by Barnes & McDunnough, Contrib. Nat. Hist. N. A. Lepid., vol. 4, pi. 19, figs. 1-2, 1918. Col- ored figure of larva (after Abbott MS) by Guenee, Sp. Gen. Noct., vol. 3, pi. 2, fig. 10, 1852. Genitalia : Both sexes figured in generic revision (Richards, 1936c). The male of the nymotypical form and both sexes of atlantica may be readily recognized by Holland’s colored figure, and all the forms by the photographs given by Barnes & McDunnough and herein. Southern females have the markings of the fore wings greatly reduced or obscured; they may be separated from all other nearly immaculate forms by the subterminal line which is repre- sented by a series of light points on the veins and by the hind wing both above and below. Hind wing yellow and black ; in some south- ern specimens reddish and black. This species differs from its nearest congener, occulta Hy. Edw., by the subterminal line being a series of light, more or less con- nected spots ( graphica graphica) or a light line defined by the pre- ceding dark ground color and by a succeeding faint or distinct brown or greyish line ( graphica atlantica ), but some specimens of atlantica have this outer line nearly or quite obsolete. Genitalia: The male genitalia (figured in generic revision, Rich- ards, 1936c) have short harpes which are oblique at the apex; clasp- ers single ; clavus moderate with moderate basal lobes ; sacculus well developed; aedaeagus without external spines; vesica spined. The female genitalia (see generic revision for figure) have the dorsal sclerite of the ductus bursae long; the ventral sclerite long and broad, with a slight median projection. 67 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 Expanse : 30-36 mm. Dates : March to May in south ; April to June and August in north. Distribution : graphica graphica : southern Atlantic states, speci- mens seen from Florida, Georgia and North Carolina, graphica atlantica: northern Atlantic states, specimens seen from Massachu- setts, Long Island (New York), Staten Island (New York) and New Jersey, Early stages: Colored figure of larva (after Abbott MS) given by Guenee (Sp. Gen. Noct., vol. 3, p. 72, pi. 2, fig. 10. 1852). Larva of occulta erroneously described as of this species by Phipps and by Crumb (see under occulta). This species is found mostly among the coastal sand dunes and flying out over the adjacent salt marshes. occulta Henry Edwards Syneda occulta Henry Edwards. 1881. Papilio, 1 1 118-119. Type locality : Recorded as Texas, see below. Type : 1 J, U. S. National Museum. Figures : Maculation : PL 5, fig. 4. Also colored figure given by Phipps, Maine Agric. Expt. Sta., Bull. 356, 1930 ; and photograph by Barnes & McDunnough, Contrib. Nat. Hist. N. A. Lepid., vol. 4, pi. 19, fig. 3, 1918. Differs from graphica atlantica by the more even appearance and by the subterminal line which is defined only by the contrast of the preceding dark ground color with the succeeding light terminal area. There seem to be no appreciable constant differences between the male and female genitalia of occulta and those of graphica, but the maculation is sufficiently different to warrant continuing to class them as distinct species. Expanse : 32-38 mm. Dates : May in New Jersey. June in New York and Maine. Distribution: Maine, Massachusetts, New York (Long Island), New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The unique type of this species is labeled “ Texas’ ’ (collected by J. Boll) but the present author ques- tions this locality label as the many specimens he has studied have all been collected from Maine to Pennsylvania. Early stages: Larva described first as “alleni,” then as “graph- ica” but Dr. Phipps loaned the author his entire bred series and they are all typical occulta as also is the colored figure he published. However, as implied above, graphica and occulta may possibly not be distinct species although they appear to be. For description of 68 January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA larva see: Phipps, C. R., Journ. Econ. Ent., 22: 137-140, 1929 (under name of “alleni”) ; Phipps, C. R., Bull. 356, Maine Agric. Expt. Sta., pp. 176-178, 1930 (under name of “ graphica”) ; and Crumb, S. E., Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., 27 : 80, 1932 (larvae from Phipps; under name of “graphica”) . Foodplant : Blueberry, a minor pest in Maine (Phipps). ingeniculata Morrison Syneda ingenicidata Morrison. 1875. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 27 : 435. Type locality : Dallas, Texas. Type : Museum Comparative Zoology (Harvard). Figures : Maculation : PI. 5, figs. 5-6. Also photograph by Barnes & McDunnough in Contrib. Nat. Hist. N. A. Lepid., vol. 2, part 1, pi. 5, fig. 1, 1913. Male genitalia : PL 9, fig. 4. Another rare and distinctive species. Even without looking for the spines on the fore tibiae it cannot be confused with anything else. Thorax and ground color of the fore wings bluish-grey; collar with two dark streaks ; basal line double ; t. a. line double, oblique to below cell then incurved; median area broad, not strongly contrasting; reniform defined only by preceding black basal line and black spot in center of outer edge; postreniform area small and concolorous; t. p. line not strongly angled out on veins 3, 4 and 6 ; subterminal line an irregular faint light line; terminal line reduced to a series of points between the veins; cilia and terminal area concolorous. Hind wing salmon-pink with the usual black markings. Genitalia: The male genitalia (PI. 9, fig. 4) have long rounded harpes; claspers single (in some slides with faint indication of what may be rudimentary costal piece to left clasper) ; clavus long with long basal lobes ; sacculus with moderate shelf -like projection, on left harpe this is separate from the narrow marginal band-like distal part of the sacculus which lacks a terminal prong. The female genitalia are similar to those of graphica and occulta. Expanse : 38-42 mm. Distribution : Texas and Kansas. Bulia Walker (= Cirrhobolina Grote) A full revision of this genus with keys, descriptions, references and figures of genitalia has already been published (Richards, 1936b) . Photographs and a new race are given herein. 69 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 confirmans Walker Figures : Maculation : PI. 5, figs. 7-9. Distribution : Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, San Domingo, Marguerite Island, British Guiana, Costa Rica and Venezuela. similaris Richards Bulia similaris Richards. 1936. Ann. Ent. Soc., Amer., 29 : 433-434, figs. 8-9. Type locality : San Benito, Texas. Types : & J, U. S. National Museum. Figures : Maculation : PL 5, figs. 13-14. Distribution : Texas and Baboquivari Mountains, Arizona. At the time of description of this species the author noted that the specimens from California deserts were of distinct appearance and, to quote, were ‘ ‘ perhaps worthy of a racial name. ’ ’ Since then a considerable number of additional specimens have been seen from other localities in the southwest, and these lead the author to propose a separate racial name for the specimens from the deserts of western Arizona, southern California and Lower California (Mexico). similaris race californica, race nov. This race (PI. 5, fig. 14) is distinguished from the dark nymo- typical race from Texas by the lighter color and slightly larger size. In the males the ground color of the fore wings is light cream (in- stead of dark brown) with black or dark brown maculation and some sprinkling of dark scales. In the female the fore wing is much more mottled in appearance ; the ground color usually a light cream ; the markings faint or obsolete; reniform distinct, sometimes filled in solidly with fuscous and then being a contrasting dark blotch on a light wing ; frequently with light brown between reniform and t. p. line, below reniform and in terminal area (similar to variant vulpina of deduct a). This race is not as well differentiated in the male sex as in the female ; accordingly a female has been selected as holotype. Holotype female : Jacumba, San Diego Co., California, April 28, 1935 (G. P. Engelhardt) ; in collection U. S. National Museum. Allotype male : Loma Linda, San Bernardino Co., California, April 16-23. (ex Barnes collection, in collection of American Mu- seum of Natural History.) Paratypes : The Californian specimens made paratypes of simi- laris, viz. : 7 5 JJ, Loma Linda, San Bernardino Co., Californa, April and May; 1 j1, 1 5? Palm Springs, Riverside Co., California, 70 January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA April 16-23 ; 1 <$, Sheep Creek, San Gabriel Mountains, California, April 25, 1931 ; and 1 5, San Diego Co., California, April. Additional paratypes: 2 22> Indian Wells, Coachella Valley, California, April 26, 1938 (Miss P. W. Work) ; 2 52» same locality, April 29, 1938 ; 2 22> Cathedral City, Riverside Co., California, late April, 1938 (Miss P. W. Work) ; 1 §, Arizona; 2 J'J', 1 J, “Rosarito,” Lower California, Mexico ; 2 52, ‘ ‘ Punta Prieta, ’ ’ Lower California, Mexico; 2 J'.J', Jacumba, San Diego Co., California, April 28, 1935 (G. P. Engelhardt). The author has also seen a dozen or so more specimens of this race in various collections. Paratypes distributed to the U. S. National Museum, American Museum of Natural History, British Museum, Los Angeles Museum, Canadian National Collection, Cornell University Collection, and the collections of Mrs. V. H. Dos Passos and the author. deducta Morrison Figures : Maculation : PL 5, figs. 10-12. Also colored figures in Holland’s Moth Book (PI. 30, fig. 36) and in the National Geo- graphic Magazine, vol. 52, no. 1, pi. 12, fig. 3, 1937. Distribution : Arkansas, Colorado, Texas, New Mexico, Utah, Arizona, California and Mexico. Foodplant: Mesquite ( Prosopis sp.), bred by S. E. Crumb. Boryzops Richards purissima Dyar Iscadia purissima Dyar. 1911. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 38 : 252. Type locality : Misantla, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. Type : 1 2, U. S. Natl. Mns. Figures : Maculation : PL 5, fig. 20. Also colored figure of type given by Hampson, Cat. Lepid. Phal., vol. 11, pi. 186, fig. 15, 1912. Male genitalia: figured in generic revision (Richards, 1936c). Since recording this species from a single specimen from Florida City, Florida (Richards, 1937), the author has seen another speci- men from the same locality (in collection of Mr. Otto Bnchholz) and has heard from Dr. F. M. Jones that he and Dr. Blatchley caught three specimens at the Royal Palm State Park, Florida, at bait in March and April. The photograph published herein was kindly furnished by Dr. Jones. 71 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 Lois Dyar lorina Druce Polia ( ?) lorina Druce. 1890. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 515. Type locality : Presidio de Mazatlan, Mexico. Type : Brit- ish Museum. Catocala juanita Schaus. 1894. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 21 : 241. Type locality : Paso de San Juan, Mexico. Type : U. S. National Museum. Figures : Maculation : PL 5, fig. 19. Also colored figure given by Druce in Biol. Centr. Amer., Heterocera, vol. 2, pi. 94, fig. 15. The synonymy is from Barnes & Benjamin (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 28: 20. 1926). These authors doubtfully recorded this species from Florida. A single specimen has subsequently been captured at bait by Dr. W. S. Blatchley at the Royal Palm State Park, Florida, on April 12, 1927. The photograph published herein was kindly furnished by Dr. Jones, who also furnished the author with the above record. Bibliography (exclusive of original descriptions in non-revisional papers) Barnes, Wm. & McDunnough, J. [Numerous notes and photo- graphs in the Contributions to the Natural History of North American Lepidoptera. See volumes 2, 3 and 4.] Barnes, Wm. & McDunnough, J. 1917. Check List of the Lepi- doptera of Boreal America north of Mexico. 392 pp. Herald Press, Decatur, Illinois. (See pp. 84-85.) Butler, A. G. 1892. Revision of the Noctuid Genus Melipotis Hiibn., with descriptions of two new species. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 10, pp. 315-327. Dyar, H. D. 1902. A List of North American Lepidoptera and Key to the Literature of this Order of Insects. U. S. National Museum, Bull. 52. (See pp. 219-223.) Graef, E. L. 1878. Notes on Syneda Gue., Leucanitis Gue., and Bolina Dup. Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., 1 : 53-54. Grote, A. R. 1874. List of the Noctuidae of North America. Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., 2: 1-77. (See pp. 39-40.) Grote, A. R. 1882. New Check List of North American Moths. New York. (See p. 39.) Grote, A. R. 1890. Revised Check List of North American Noc- tidae, Part I, Thyatirinae-Noctuinae. Bremen. 72 January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Hampson, G. F. 1926. Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Lepidoptera Phalaenae of the Subfamily Noctninae (Noc- tnidae) in the British Museum. Publ. by British Museum. (See pp. 33-46.) Hampson, G. F. . [A copy of the listing of Hampson ’s ar- rangement as in the British Museum in 1932. Prepared for the author by Dr. Wm. T. M. Forbes.] Holland, W.' J. 1903. The Moth Book. Doubleday Page & Co., New York. (See pi. 30.) McDunnough, J. 1938. Check List of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America. Part I. Macrolepidoptera. Memoir S. Calif. Acad Sci., vol. 1, pt. 1. Richards, A. G., Jr. 1935. Notes on the structure and position of Drasteriodes Hampson (Noctuidae). Ent. News, 46: 129-131. 2 figs. Richards, A. G., Jr. 1936a. Forsebia — A new genus of American Erebinae (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). Canadian Ent., vol. 67 (1935), pp. 264—267. 1 plate. Richards, A. G., Jr. 1936b. A revision of the Noctuid genus Bulia Walker (= Cirrhobolina Grote). (Lepidoptera.) Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 29 : 431-437. 1 plate. Richards, A. G., Jr. 1936c. A generic synopsis of the Phoberia- Melipotis-Drasteria-Boryza series of Erebinae (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). Revista de Entomologia, 6: 338-374. 16 figs. Richards, A. G., Jr. 1937. Notes on some tropical Noctuids in North America. Canadian Ent., 69 : 218-219. Smith, J. B. 1893. Catalogue of the Lepidopterous Superfamily Noctuidae found in Boreal America. U. S. National Museum, Bull. 44. (See pp. 320-328.) Smith, J. B. 1903. Check List of the Lepidoptera of Boreal Amer- ica. Publ. by the Amer. Ent. Soc., Philadelphia. (See pp. 53-54.) Warren, W. 1913. [Genera: Anumeta, Aleucanitis and Leu- canitis.] In Seitz, Gros. Schm., palearctic, 3 : 341-342, 387-393, plates 62 & 70. 73 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 Plate I (All figures on this plate reduced to about seven-eighths natural size) 1. Phoberia at omaris Hbn. Specimen from Omaha, Ne- braska, March 23, 1918 (R. A. Leussler). 2. Litocala sexsignata Harv. J1. (This specimen the one of Edwards’ cotypes that bears the type label of var. deserta.) Normally this species has less contrasty median and postreniform areas. Specimen from Ari- zona (in collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). 3. Cissusa (Cissusa) spadix Cramer. 2- Specimen from Mis- sissippi (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). 4. Cissusa ( Cissusa ) mucronata Grote. 2, compared with type. Specimen from McMinnville, Oregon, March 31, 1930. 5. Cissusa ( Cissusa ) indiscreta Hy. Edw. 2, compared with type (t. a. and t. p. lines slightly heavier in type). Specimen from Paso Robles, San Luis Obispo Co., California, 3-5-38 (V. L. Clemence). 6. Cissusa ( Ulosyneda ) valens Hy. Edw. Females have the lines faint and with little or no suffusion around them. Specimen from Colorado, March. 7. Melipotis (Lyncestis) acontioides Gn. 2- Specimen from Nevada, Iowa, May 29, 1915. 8. Melipotis ( Melipotis ) agrotoides Wlk. 2- Cilia of hind wing all white, not visible in this photograph. Speci- men from Brownsville, Texas, March 11 (Geo. Dorner). 9. Melipotis ( Melipotis ) agrotoides Wlk. Cilia of hind wing all white, not visible in this photograph. Speci- men from San Benito, Texas, May 1-7. 10. Melipotis ( Melipotis ) novanda Gn. J1. Cilia of hind wing mostly white, not visible in this photograph. Specimen from Hereford, Arizona, Sept. 22 (Barnes Collection). 11. Melipotis ( Melipotis ) novanda Gn. 2- Cilia of hind wing mostly white, not visible in this photograph. Specimen from Baboquivari Mtns., Pima Co., Arizona, Sept. 15- 30, 1923 (0. C. Poling, in Barnes Collection). 12. Melipotis ( Melipotis ) contorta Gn. <£. White cilia not visible. Specimen from Indian River, Florida (ex Slosson Collection). 13. Melipotis ( Melipotis ) contorta Gn. 2* White cilia not visible. Specimen from Biscayne Bay, Florida (ex Slosson Collection). 74 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, (n. s.), No. 1, PI. I ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 Fig. 14. Melipotis ( Melipotis ) prolata Wlk. An excellent pho- tograph. Females slightly larger and even more solidly black and immaculate. Specimen from Florida (ex Slosson Collection). Fig. 15. Melipotis ( Melipotis ) januaris Gn. J*. Great variation in amount of contrast and strength of markings. Speci- men from Florida City, Florida, July 20, 1934 (Mrs. L. E. Forsyth). Fig. 16. Melipotis ( Melipotis ) januaris Gn. 2- Very variable (see text). Specimen from Miami, Florida, July 18, 1934 (Mrs. L. E. Forsyth). Fig. 17. Melipotis ( Melipotis ) famelica Gn. $. The characteristic green scales in the reniform naturally do not show. ' ^ Specimen from Florida City, Florida, March 17, 1934 (Mrs. L. E. Forsyth). Fig. 18. Melipotis ( Melipotis ) famelica Gn. J*. Specimen from Royal Palm State Park, Florida (photograph by cour- tesy of Dr. F. M. Jones). Fig. 19. Melipotis ( Melipotis ) jucunda Hbn. qy. Technically this would be race hadeniformis though probably not same color form. Considerable variation but t. p. line always as here. Specimen from Olinda, California, June 24, 1933 (E. Walter). Fig. 20. Melipotis ( Melipotis ) jucunda Hbn. 2- (This specimen is the unique type of ‘ ‘ Cirrhobolina tetrica Hy. Edw. ”) Some females more maculate ; t. p. line as in male. Fig. 21. Melipotis ( Melipotis ) indomita Wlk. Photograph too dark but does show maculation except interruption of t. p. line on veins 3, 4 and 6. Specimen from San Antonio, Texas, July 5, 1928. Fig. 22. Melipotis ( Melipotis ) indomita Wlk. 2* Most specimens somewhat lighter. Specimen from San Antonio, Texas, June 10, 1933 (G. P. Engelhardt). Fig. 23. Melipotis ( Melipotis ) fasciolaris Hbn. <£. Specimen from Jalapa, Mexico. Fig. 24. Melipotis ( Melipotis ) fasciolaris Hbn. 2- Note t. a. line barely visible; the contrasting line is the medial line (compare <$) . Specimen from Orizaba, Vera Cruz, Mexico, June (Kearfott Collection, Amer. Mus. Natl. Hist.). Fig. 25. Melipotis ( Melipotis ) cellaris Gn. <£. Sexes alike. Speci- men from Brownsville, Texas, 2-11 (Geo. Dorner). 76 January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Fig. 26. Fig. 27. Fig. 28. Fig. 29. Fig. 30. Fig. 31. Fig. 32. Fig. 33. Fig. 34. Fig. 35. Melipotis ( Melipotis ) perpendicularis Gn. J'. Unusually small specimen, also median area frequently broader. Specimen from Royal Palm State Park, Florida (pho- tograph by courtesy of Dr. F. M. Jones). Melipotis ( Melipotis ) perpendicularis Gn. J. A large, strongly maculate specimen (similar to drawing of type of stygialis Grote). Specimen from Hereford, Arizona (Barnes Collection). Melipotis (Melipotis) perpendicularis Gn. J. (This speci- men the type of brunnearis Gn., British Museum.) Shows type of immaculate maculation of this species. (Photograph by courtesy of Mr. W. H. T. Tams.) Melipotis ( Melipotis ) nigrobasis Gn. Note subter- minal line defined by only preceding black dashes near costa. Specimen from Brownsville, Texas, 2-11 (Geo. Dorner, in Barnes Collection). Melipotis (Melipotis) nigrobasis Gn. J. Specimen from San Benito, Texas, Aug. 1-7 (Barnes Collection). Panula inconstans Gn. Upper side on right, under side of same on left. Note solid brown hind wing and undersides. Female with markings light or obso- lescent. Specimen from Petionville, Haiti (0. Fulda). Forsebia perlaeta Hy. Edw. J. This specimen light but some have subterminal and terminal areas dark (com- pare fig. 33). Specimen from Bill Williams Fork, Arizona, August (F. H. Snow). Forsebia parlaeta Hy. Edw. J'. Upper side on right, under side of same on left. Species varies from light grey to quite dark but never immaculate in male ; median area contrastingly ochreous; hind wing white. Specimen from Wenden, Yuma Co., Arizona, July 5-13. Asyneda mendozina Hmpsn. holotype (British Mu- seum). The female of this species is nearly immacu- late. (Photograph by courtesy of Mr. W. H. T. Tams.) lanius mosca Dyar J. Note small white orbicular spot. Sexes alike. Specimen from Alpine, Texas, Aug. 1-6, 1926 (0. C. Poling, in Barnes Collection). 77 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX No. I Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 13. Plate II (All figures on this plate natural size) Drasteria ( Synedoida ) scrupulosa Hy. Edw. 5, cotype (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Upper side on right, under side of same on left. Drasteria ( Synedoida ) inept a Hy. Edw. cotype (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Upper side on right, under side of same on left (photograph of under side printed darker than upper side). Specimen from “Southern Colo- rado.” Drasteria ( Synedoida ) inepta Hy. Edw. 2- (This speci- men a cotype of mor~bosa Hy. Edw.) Specimen from “Southern Colorado.” Drasteria ( Synedoida ) inepta Hy. Edw. §. (This speci- men the holotype of violescens Hmpsn., British Mu- seum.) (Photograph by courtesy of Mr. W. H. T. Tams.) Drasteria ( Synedoida ) sabulosa Hy. Edw. 2, cotype (labeled “Type 2”) (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.) . A dark print ; the specimen is grey, not brown. Undersides of preceding (figure 5). Drasteria ( Synedoida ) sabulosa abrupta B. & Mc.D. 2? compared with types. Upper side on left, under side of same on right. Specimen from “Arizona, 1923.” Drasteria ( Synedoida ) nichollae Hmpsn. 2? holotype British Museum (photograph by courtesy of Mr. W. H. T. Tams). Drasteria ( Synedoida ) nichollae garthi, race nov. J', holo- type (see description). Drasteria ( Synedoida ) nichollae garthi, race nov. 2? a^°" type. Print rather poor, see description. Drasteria ( Synedoida ) pallescens G. & R. J'. Upper side on right, under side of same on left. Thorax and base of fore wing pinkish-grey ; hind wing black and white. Specimen from Jacumba, San Diego Co., California, April 28, 1933 (G. P. Engelhardt). Drasteria ( Synedoida ) pallescens G. & R. 2- Upper side on right, under side of same on left. Specimen from Globe, Arizona, July 6, 1935 (Parker). Drasteria ( Synedoida ) fumosa brunneifasciata B. & McD. 2, compared with types. Upper side on left, under side 78 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, (n. s.), No. 1, PI. II ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 Fig. 14. Fig. 15. Fig. 16. Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. of same on right. Specimen from Mt. Lowe, Califor- nia, Aug. 1, 1924. Drasteria ( Synedoida ) biformat a Hy. Edw. $, cotype (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Specimen somewhat rubbed as can be seen particularly near apex of fore wing. Upper side on left, under side of same on right. Light- ing from behind causes maculation of upper side to show faintly on lower view. Drasteria ( Synedoida ) ochracea Behr. J. Upper side on right, under side of same on left. Specimen from Wal- lace, Idaho, May 16, 1930 (0. Huelleman). Drasteria ( Synedoida ) ochracea Behr. J'. Hind wing of this specimen visibly torn at center. Specimen from Globe, Arizona. Plate III (All figures on this plate natural size) Drasteria ( Synedoida ) divergens Behr. ,J'. Upper side on right, under side of same on left. Hind wing yellow and black. Specimen from Wallace, Idaho, Aug. 6, 1931 (0. Huelleman). (Compare PI. 2, figs. 7 and 13.) Drasteria ( Synedoida ) divergens form socia Behr. J'. Hind wing yellowish with pink cast. Specimen from Los Angeles Co., California, Sept. 7, 1930 (J. A. Com- stock). Drasteria ( Drasteria ) petricola petricola Wlk. Upper side on right, under side of same on left. Note black on veins in terminal area on under sides. Specimen from La Sal Mtns., Utah, July 20, 1936 (A. B. Klots). Drasteria ( Drasteria ) petricola athabasca form crockeri B. & Benj. J. Upper side on right, under side of same on left. Specimen from Beulah, Manitoba. Drasteria ( Drasteria ) hudsonica hudsonica G. & R. J', type (Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci.). Upper side on right, under side of same on left. (Photograph by courtesy of Mr. J. W. Cadbury.) Drasteria ( Drasteria ) hudsonica race (?) seposita Hy. Edw. J, cotype (labeled “Type 2,” Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). The brown median shade line scarcely shows here. 80 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, (n. s.), No. 1, PI. Ill Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 13. Fig. 14. Fig. 15. Fig. 16. Fig. 17. Fig. 18. Fig. 19. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 Drasteria ( Drasteria ) hudsonica race. J. This is the specimen referred to in the text as probably represent- ing nubicola Behr and macidosa Behr (see text). Underside of preceding (fig. 7). Drasteria ( Drasteria ) hudsonica heathi B. & McD. J*. (This specimen the holotype of pedionis Hmpsn., Brit- ish Museum.) (Photograph by courtesy of Mr. W. H. T. Tams.) Drasteria ( Drasteria ) hudsonica heathi var. J'. A large variant of the plains race. Upper side on right, under side of same on left. Specimen from Clear Lake, Cherry Co., Nebraska, July 25, 1911 (F. H. Shoe- maker). Drasteria ( Drasteria ) hudsonica heathi B. & McD. §• Specimen from Hebron, North Dakota, Aug. 12, 1930. Drasteria ( Synedoida ) edwardsi Behr. Upper side on left, under side of same on right. Specimen from Menlo Park, California, May 24, 1932 (Kusche). Drasteria ( Drasteria ) perplexa Hy. Edw. ,J'. Upper side on right, under side of same on left. A lightly colored specimen from Paonia, Colorado, 1-5-1927. Drasteria ( Drasteria ) perplexa Hy. Edw. J'. Upper side on right, under side of same on left. A dark speci- men from Paonia, Colorado, 6-19-1925. Drasteria ( Drasteria ) adumbrata adumbrata Behr. J1. Upper side on right, under side of same on left. Hind wing yellow and black. Specimen from Deerpark, Placer Co., California, July 13, 1909 (E. J. Newcomer). Drasteria ( Drasteria ) adumbrata alleni Grote. Upper side on left, under side of same on right. Specimen from Mt. Katahdin, Maine, June 29, 1938 (A. B. Klots). Drasteria ( Drasteria ) adumbrata saxea Hy. Edw. J, co- type (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Specimen from Colo- rado. Drasteria ( Drasteria ) adumbrata saxea Hy. Edw. J1. Contrasty, light specimen from vicinity of Warner Ranger Station, La Sal Mtns., Utah, elev. 9200 ft., July 8, 1933 (A. G. Richards, Jr.). Drasteria ( Drasteria ) stretchii Behr. (This specimen labeled “Agrees with Behr’s type, Henry Edwards. ” Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Upper side on right, under side of same on left. Specimen from Nevada (Ed- wards’ Collection number 14959). 82 January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Plate IV (All figures on this plate natural size) Pig. 1. Drasteria ( Drasteria ) pulchra B. & McD. compared with type. The vermilion hind wing photographed white in this light print. Specimen from Jacumba, San Diego Co., California, April 28, 1935 (G. P. Engel- hardt) . Pig. 2. Underside of preceding (fig. 1) printed quite dark to bring out the faint discal spot. Fig. 3. Drasteria ( Aleucanitis ?) grandirena Haw. §. Hind wing and undersides black and white. Upper side on right, under side of same on left. Specimen from Big Indian Valley, Catskill Mtns., N. Y., July 28, 1913 (R. F. Pearsall). Fig. 4. Drasteria ( Drasteria ) howlandi Grote. J. A light print of the normal form ; hind wing reddish-orange. Speci- men from Fountain Valley School, Colorado Springs, Colorado, July 20, 1933 (L. E. Chadwick). Fig. 5. Drasteria ( Drasteria ) howlandi Grote. J. (This specimen the holotype of exquisita Hmpsn., British Museum.) (Photograph by courtesy of Mr. W. H. T. Tams.) Fig. 6. Drasteria ( Drasteria ) howlandi Grote. <$. Upper side on right, under side of same on left. Hind wing almost yellow in this specimen. Specimen from Miles City, Montana, July 27, 1932. Fig. 7. Drasteria ( Drasteria ) howlandi var. g. A contrasty specimen, the color values good in this photograph (compare fig. 5). Upper side on right, under Hide of same on left. Specimen from Colorado (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Fig. 8. Drasteria (Drasteria) howlandi race. J. Upper side on left, under side of same on right. Specimen from Pateros, Washington, April 21, 1930 (see text). Fig. 9. Drasteria ( Drasteria ) tejonica Behr. J'. Upper side on left, under side of same on right. Specimen from Dixieland, Imperial Co., Galifornia, April 20, 1922 (0. C. Poling). Fig. 10. Drasteria ( Drasteria ) tejonica var. Unique in the course of the t. a. line and the narrowness of the median space. The black banding of the hind wing and under sides are as in the synonymous nigromarginata. Speci- 83 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, (n. s.), No. 1, PI. IV January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 13. Fig. 14. Fig. 15. Fig. 16. Fig. 17. Fig. 18. Fig. 19. men from “Rosarito,” Lower California, Mexico, March 28, 1935 (ex collection Mrs. V. H. Dos Passos). Under sides of preceding printed somewhat darker (fig. 10). Drasteria ( Drasteria ) tejonica Behr. J. (This specimen labeled “Agrees with Behr’s type, Henry Edwards.” Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Upper side on right, under side of same on left. Specimen from Havilah, Cali- fornia (Edwards’ Collection number 14981). Drasteria ( Drasteria ) tejonica Behr. J. Shows macula- tion of fore wing better than preceding. Specimen from Yuma, Arizona, April 25, 1935 (G. P. Engel- hardt). Drasteria ( Drasteria ) mirifica klot si, race nov. J1, holo- type. Upper side on right, under side of same on left. Drasteria ( Drasteria ) mirifica Mot si, race nov. J, allotype. Drasteria ( Drasteria ) mirifica hastingsi Hy. Edw. J, holo- type (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Right fore wing rubbed near apex ; left fore wing above renif orm. Underside of preceding (fig. 16). Drasteria ( Drasteria ) mirifica mirifica Hy. Edw. J, cotype (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Neither fore wing is perfect but comparison of the two sides shows all points. Drasteria ( Drasteria ) eubapta Hmpsn. allotype (Brit- ish Museum; photograph by courtesy of Mr. W. H. T. Tams). 85 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 Plate V (All figures on this plate natural size) Fig. 1. Drasteria ( Drasteria ) graphica graphica Hbn. J'. Hind wing yellow and black. Specimen from Belleair, Flor- ida (ex Slosson Collection). Fig. 2. Drasteria ( Drasteria ) graphica graphica Hbn. §. Hind wing yellow and black. Specimen from St. Peters- burg, Florida. Fig. 3. Drasteria ( Drasteria ) graphica atlantica B. & McD. §. Sexes alike. Upper side on left, under side of same on right. Outer line defining subterminal line very faint in this photograph. Specimen from Pennequid Barrens, Coram, L. I., N. Y., June 2, 1921. Fig. 4. Drasteria ( Drasteria ) occulta Hy. Edw. §. Hind wing yellow and black. Upper side on left, under side of same on right. Specimen from Clementon, New Jer- sey, May 19, 1912 (J. H. West). Fig. 5. Drasteria ( Drasteria ) ingeniculata Morr. J'. A good photograph. Specimen from Texas. Fig. 6. Drasteria ( Drasteria ) ingeniculata Morr. 5- A dark female. Specimen from Texas. Fig. 7. Bulia confirmans Wlk. (This specimen holotype of propria Wlk., British Museum; this and following two figures by courtesy of Mr. W. H. T. Tams). Fig. 8. Bulia confirmans Wlk. 5, holotype (British Museum). Fig. 9. Bulia confirmans Wlk. 5 (This specimen holotype of umbrosa Wlk., British Museum). Fig. 10. Bulia deducta Morr. lCf, compared with type. Hind wing dirty white, lunule yellow. Specimen from Globe, Arizona. Fig. 11. Bulia deducta Morr. §. Light grey form. Specimen from Indio, California, May 14, 1921. Fig. 12. Bidia deducta Morr. J. This represents the synonymous vidpina Hy. Edw. Specimen from Baboquivari Mtns., Pima Co., Arizona, July 1-15, 1923. Fig. 13. Bulia similaris similaris Rich. J', paratype (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Females of this race similar to male. Upper side on right, under side of same on left. Speci- men from Bee Co., Texas. Fig. 14. Bulia similaris calif ornica, race nov. $, holotype. Fig. 15. Drasteria (Aleucanitis) cailino Lef. Upper side on right, under side of same on left. Hind wing and 86 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, (n. s.), No. 1, PL V ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 1 undersides black and white. Specimen from Digne, Bass. Alp., Prance (Standinger & Bang-Haas). Fig. 16. Drasteria ( Aleucanitis ) catocalis Stgr. g. Specimen from Korla, Turkestan (Staudinger & Bang-Haas). Hind wing yellow and black. Fig. 17. Drasteria ( Aleucanitis ) sesquilinea Stgr. Hind wing dirty white, darker apically. Specimen from “Uramt- schi, Thianshan” (Standinger & Bang-Haas). Fig. 18. Leucanitis picta Christ. Specimen from “Navidu- Stgn., S. E. Russia” (Staudinger & Bang-Haas). Fig. 19. Lois lorina Druce. Specimen from Royal Palm State Park, Florida, April 12, 1927, at bait (W. S. Blatch- ley). (Photograph by courtesy of Dr. F. M. Jones.) Fig. 20. Boryzops purissima Dyar. Specimen from Royal Palm State Park, Florida. (Photograph by courtesy of Dr. F. M. Jones.) 88 January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Plate VI Fig. 1. Right valve from male genitalia of Melipotis ( Lyncestis ) acontioides Gn. Specimen from the vicinity of Chil- pancingo, Guerrero, Mexico, November, 1929. Fig. 2. Same from Melipotis ( Melipotis ) novanda Gn. Specimen from Hereford, Arizona, Sept. 22 (Barnes Collection). Fig. 3. Same from M. (M.) agrotoides Wlk. Specimen from San Benito, Texas, May 1-7. Fig. 4. Same from M. (M.) contort a Gn. Specimen from Indian River, Florida. Fig. 5. Same from M. (M.) famelica Gn. Specimen from Petion- ville, Haiti, May-June, 1930. Fig. 6. Same from M. (M.) prolata Wlk. Specimen from Florida (ex Slosson Collection). Fig. 7. Same from M. (M.) jucunda Hbn. Specimen from Hope, Arkansas, July 7, 1931 (Knobel). Fig. 8. Same from M. (M.) indomita Wlk. Specimen from Globe, Arizona. Fig. 9. Same from M. (31.) fasciolaris Hbn. Specimen from Petionville, Haiti, May-June, 1930. Fig. 9a. Aedaeagus of M. (M.) fasciolaris Hbn. showing internal spine. Fig. 10. Right harpe from M. (M.) perpendicular is Gn. Speci- men from Port au Prince, Haiti, Jan. 1-8, 1922. Fig. 11. Same from M. (M.) cellaris Gn. Specimen from Browns- ville, Texas, 2-11 (Geo. Dorner)., Fig. 12. Same from M. (31.) nigrobasis Gn. Specimen from Brownsville, Texas, 2-11 (Geo. Dorner, in Barnes Collection). Fig. 13. Same from 31. (M.) januaris Gn., but with the dorso-basal parts including the clavns drawn at greater magnifica- tion alongside. Specimen from Florida City, Florida, May 22, 1933 (Mrs. L. E. Forsyth). Fig. 14. Lateral view of uncus of M. (M.) jucunda. Fig. 15. Female genitalia (ventral view) of Ianius mosca Dyar. Specimen from Alpine, Texas, Ang. 1-7, 1926 (0. C. Poling, in Barnes Collection). Fig. 16. Male genitalia of Ianius mosca Dyar. Aedaeagus drawn below and enlarged mesal views of clavi drawn on their respective sides. Specimen from Alpine, Texas, July 15-21, 1926 (0. C. Poling, in Barnes Collection). 89 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, (n. s.), No. 1, PI. VI m osca January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 8 Plate VII . Male genitalia of Drasteria ( Synedoida ) fumosa brunnei- fasciata B. & McD. Aedaeagns of same drawn along- side. Specimen from Supai, Havaisu Canyon, Ari- zona, Ang. 2, 1934 (E. L. Bell, in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). . Male genitalia of Drasteria ( Synedoida ) diver gens Behr. Specimen from Southern Utah, June, 1900 (0. C. Poling). . Male genitalia of Drasteria ( Synedoida ) pallescens G. & R. Specimen from Zion National Park, Utah. :. Male genitalia of Drasteria ( Synedoida ) edwardsi Behr. Specimen without data. . Male genitalia of Drasteria ( Synedoida ) inept a Hy. Edw. Specimen from Jemez Springs, New Mexico, Aug. 10, 1920 (Woodgate). . Male genitalia of Drasteria ( Synedoida ) sabidosa Hy. Edw. Fig. 6a. Aedaeagus of same drawn alongside. Specimen from Glenwood Springs, Colorado, 6-5-94 (Cornell Univ. Collection, ex Barnes Collection). . Male genitalia of Drasteria ( Synedoida ) nichollae Hmpsn. Specimen from Seton Lake, Lillooett, British Colum- bia, June 28, 1926 (in Canadian National Collection). . Male genitalia of Drasteria ( Synedoida ) biformata Hy. Edw. Cotype. Aedaeagus of same drawn alongside. (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.) 91 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, (n. s.), No. 1, PI. VII January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGXCA AMERICANA Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Plate VIII Male genitalia of Drasteria ( Drasteria ) adumbrata alleni Grt. Specimen from Mnskoka, Ontario, July 18, 1934. Male genitalia of Drasteria ( Drasteria ) adumbrata alleni Grt. These genitalia very similar to those shown in figure 1, the seeming differences largely due to position of parts in mounting. Specimen from Peru, Adiron- dacks Mtns., New York, June, 1924 (in Cornell Univ. Collection). Male genitalia of Drasteria ( Drasteria ) perplexa Hy. Edw. Specimen from Colorado (ex Colorado Agric. College Collection). Male genitalia of Drasteria ( Drasteria ) petricola athabasca Nenm. Specimen from Kelwood, Manitoba, July 1, 1924 (J. F. May). This specimen really form crockeri. Male genitalia of Drasteria ( Drasteria ) howlandi Grt. Specimen from Three Forks, Montana, July 12, 1929. Male genitalia of Drasteria ( Drasteria ) tejonica Behr. Specimen from Esmeralda Co., Nevada (ex Barnes Collection). Male genitalia of Drasteria ( Drasteria ) hudsonica hud- sonica G. & R. Specimen from Banff, Alberta. Male genitalia of Drasteria ( Drasteria ) hudsonica heathi B. & McD. Specimen from Miles City, Montana. Male genitalia of Drasteria ( Drasteria ) pulchra B. & McD. Specimen from Jacumba, San Diego Co., California, April 28, 1935 (G. P. Engelhardt). Male genitalia of Drasteria ( Drasteria ) pulchra B. & McD. Same data as preceding. 93 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, (n. s.), No. 1, PI. VIII January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 8 Plate IX . Male genitalia of Drasteria ( Drasteria ) stretchii Behr. Fig. la. Aedaeagus of same. Specimen from Nevada (In Henry Edwards’ Collection at the Amer. Mns. Nat. Hist., and labeled “agrees with type, H. E.”). I. Portion of left harpe of another specimen of Drasteria ( Drasteria ) stretchii Behr. Specimen without data. . Male genitalia of Drasteria ( Synedoida ) ochracea Behr. Specimen from Globe, Arizona. . Male genitalia of Drasteria ( Drasteria ) ingeniculata Morr. Specimen from Texas. . Male genitalia of Drasteria ( Drasteria ) euhapta Hmpsn. Specimen from near Salton Sea, Imperial Valley, Cali- fornia, March 10, 1932 (Los Angeles Museum). . Portion of left harpe of specimen of Drasteria ( Drasteria ) eubapta Hmpsn. Specimen from Yuma, Arizona (same lot as types; in Canadian National Collection). . Male genitalia of Drasteria ( Drasteria ) mirifica mirifica Hy. Edw. Specimen from Loma Linda, San Ber- nardino Co., California, Aug. 8-16 (ex Barnes Collec- tion) . . Male genitalia of Drasteria ( Drasteria ) mirifica hasting si Hy. Edw. Specimen from Ft. Klamath, Oregon. 95 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, (n. s.), No. 1, PI. IX January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 8 Plate X . Female genitalia of Drasteria ( Synedoida ) scrupulosa Hy. Edw. Cotype. (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.) . Female genitalia of Drasteria ( Synedoida ) inept a Hy. Edw. Specimen from Jemez Springs, New Mexico, July, 1920 (Woodgate). . Female genitalia of Drasteria ( Synedoida ) edwardsi Behr. Specimen from Menlo Park, California, July 10, 1932. . Female genitalia of Drasteria ( Synedoida ) sabidosa sabu- losa Hy. Edw. This specimen a cotype from Southern Colorado (Amer. Mns. Nat. Hist.). . Female genitalia of Drasteria ( Synedoida ) biformat a Hy. Edw. Cotype (Amer. Mns. Nat. Hist.). . Female genitalia of Drasteria (Synedoida) pallescens G. & R. Specimen from Miles City, Montana, July 27, 1931. . Female genitalia of Drasteria (Synedoida) fumosa brun- neifasciata B. & McD. Specimen from Mt. Lowe, Cali- fornia, Ang. 1, 1924. . Female genitalia of Drasteria (Synedoida) divergens form socia Behr. Specimen from Verdugo, Los Angeles Co., California. 97 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, (n. s.), No. 1, PL X January, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 13. Plate XI Female genitalia of Drasteria ( Drasteria ) mirifica hast- ing si Hy. Edw. (This specimen the unique type of perpallida Hy. Edw.) Part of bursa omitted. Female genitalia of Drasteria ( Drasteria ) mirifica mirifica Hy. Edw. Cotype (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Bursa omitted. Vulval region of female genitalia of Drasteria ( Drasteria ) mirifica hastingsi Hy. Edw. Specimen from Pateros, Washington, April 21, 1930. Same of another specimen ( hastingsi ) from Pateros, Wash- ington, August 15, 1930. Same of Drasteria ( Drasteria ) mirifica klotsi, race nov. Paratype from Colorado. Female genitalia of Drasteria ( Drasteria ) eubapta Hmpsn. Specimen from Imperial Co., California, March 10, 1932 (in Los Angeles Museum). Female genitalia of Drasteria ( Drasteria ) hudsonica hud- sonica G. & R. Specimen from Bozeman, Montana, July 11, 1932. Female genitalia of Drasteria ( Drasteria ) hudsonica heathi B. & McD. Specimen from Miles City, Montana, July 27, 1931. Vulval region only. Female genitalia of Drasteria ( Drasteria ) howlandi Grote. Specimen from Ackmen, Colorado, Aug. 3, 1930. Vulval region of female genitalia of Drasteria ( Drasteria ) howlandi var. Specimen from Pateros, Washington, April 21, 1930. Female genitalia of Drasteria ( Aleucanitis ?) grandirena Haw. Specimen from Rochester, New York, July 14, 1932 (A. G. Richards, Jr.). Female genitalia of Drasteria ( Drasteria ) stretchii Behr. Compare figure 13. Specimen from Nevada (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). Lateral view of part of female genitalia of Drasteria ( Dras- teria) adumbrata Behr. Compare figure 12 which is a ventral view (the female genitalia of adumbrata and stretchii are not separable) . 99 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, (n. s.), No. 1, PL XI VOL. XIX (New Series) APRIL, 1939 No. 2 Americana A Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor CARL GEO. SIEPMANN GEO. P. ENGELHARDT Published Quarterly lor the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue, May 22, 1939 Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa.t under the Act of March 3, 1879. Vol. XIX April, 1939 No. 2 REVISIONAL NOTES ON THE DANAINAE (LEPIDOPTERA) By Wm. T. M. Forbes DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY, CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, NEW YORK This paper consists primarily of a classification of the true Danaids, which I hope may give a clearer idea of their internal relationships and phytogeny. I have also included keys to the genera and to what I believe are the true species (save in the very large Old World genus Euploea, where the material in American collections is insufficient) ; — further, to the subspecies and leading forms in the New World fauna. Hulstaert’s revision in the Genera Insectorum, fasc. 193, 1931, is considered basic ; and commentary, whether modifications or opinions, may be referred to it as a standard. In the New World fauna, almost all the recognized forms have been examined, but only about a third of those in the Old World; I believe, however, that these are sufficient to validate the generic descriptions and general groupings. Subfamilies The primary character for the Danaids has been generally taken to be the preservation of 3rd A in the fore wing as a small but tubular vein. This is shared by the Pierella group of the Satyrinae, so that the character ‘ ‘ subcosta not strongly swollen ’ ’ must be added. I should consider personally the Danaids and Satyrids alike as groups of less than family value, rather subfamilies of the large family 101 m u m ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 2 Nymplialidae. Other useful characters are the naked shaft of the antenna and the pair of pencils at the apex of the male abdomen, but the former is shared by a few other Nymphalid genera (particu- larly the Acraeinae) and the latter is inconspicuous and confined to the male sex. The larva of the restricted Danainae is always naked with paired subdorsal filaments (save in Clothilda, apparently) and the pupa is stout, with the middle of the abdomen much swollen and terminal segments shortened. On this definition the subfamily must include Clothilda (Anelia) , a genus in fact close to Lycorea and Ituna, though not yet modified by mimicry (Bates, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 78: 148, 1935). With it are universally associated two other subfamilies, which have the tubular 3rd A, though not the anal pencils, — the Ithomiinae and Tellervinae. Of the characters usually given to separate them the position of R2 is inconstant in both directions, the palpal differences are intangible, and the others are sexual ; so I should prefer to make primary a neglected character of the middle and hind legs, and would offer the following Key 1. Middle and hind tarsi, and less conspicuously hind tibiae, densely clothed with fine spines (among the scales) above as well as below, the tarsal spines below not ordered, or in vague trans- verse series ; male abdomen without pencils 2 - Tibiae and tarsi unarmed above or with a few irregularly scat- tered and much heavier spines on both tibiae ( Clothilda ) or hind ones only ( Danaus , Ideopsis), spines of tarsi below in four longitudinal rows, male sex-scaling when present of dense mealy areas on hind wing, or inner area of fore wing below, without pencils ; R2 generally free in fore wing ; abdo- men generally falling short of margin of hind wing; first segment of palpus moderate (variable) ; admarginal spots of hind wing two to an interspace (absent in C. cubana). Male abdomen with a pair of retractile terminal pencils. Danainae 2. Male sex-scaling obscure, on upper side of fore wing; R2 arising well before end of cell ; first segment of palpus minute ; fore wing broad with costal veins widely spaced ; admarginal white spots one to an interspace. (Old World.) Tellervinae1 - Male with modified sex-scaling on costal area of hind wing above and also one or two hair-pencils; first segment of palpus moderate, reaching forward to middle of loop of tongue; 102 April, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA admarginal spots various; costal area with more crowded venation ; R2 stalked, except occasionally in the more primi- tive genera. (New World) Ithomiinae1 Subdivision of the Danainae Adding Clothilda, we find eight genera almost universally accepted in this subfamily, and these eight are clearly homogeneous and on the whole well defined. Only in England (following Moore) and by a few American workers (following Scudder) are the two large and varied genera Danaus and Euploea subdivided. Ideopsis also, 1 Not discussed further. 103 April, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA while doubtless homogeneous, is too close to Danaus, subgenus Radena, and should probably be reduced to a subgenus. Amauris, while equally close to Danaus in the imago, has a distinct larva. The separation into a Danaus group, an Euploea group and an American group is also generally accepted. They may be treated as tribes : Danaini, Euploeini, Lycoreini. The accompanying diagram indicates what I believe to be their true relationships, and the char- acters by which they are generally distinguished. I have divided the Genealogy of the Danainae The height of the name indicates the degree of divergence from Clothilda , which is considered the most primitive surviving genus. Changes which take place only once 1. Larva develops filaments on mesothorax; pattern of imago becomes simple. 2. Abdomen becomes fully as long as hind wing; pattern con- verges with Ithomiine type. 3. M3 and Cui of hind wing become approximate and ldcv. of hind wing becomes vertical. 4. Larva develops filaments on 8th segment of abdomen; lower discocellular of hind wing becomes nearly straight. 5. Hind wing loses humeral cell, and humeral vein migrates out on Sc. 6. Sex-scaling developed on costal area of hind wing above and inner area of fore wing below. 7. Sex-scaling develops toward inner margin of hind wing above ; tarsal claws enlarged and pulvilli vestigial. 8. Cells M3 and Cui of fore wing develop paired subterminal dots, as on hind wing. 9. Male with sex-pocket below Cu2 of hind wing. Changes which develop more than once a. Larva develops filaments on metathorax. b. Larva develops filaments on 2d segment of abdomen (not yet in Danaus erippus). c. Hair in cell of fore wing below lost (also a few Parantica) . d. Fore wing with Sc and Ri anastomosing. e. R2 arising well back from end of cell. f . Hind wing with udcv. longest and nearly longitudinal. g. Hind wing with ldcv. much the shortest and vertical. 104 April, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA latter into two categories, those which have developed once only (num- bered) and those which have appeared repeatedly (letters). For theoretical reasons it would seem better to consider the larva with many subequal pairs of filaments primitive ( Amauris with five pairs) but it seems impossible to draw up a reasonably consistent tree on this basis. In every other way Amauris is as advanced as D. ( Par an - tica ) or more. For the separation of the genera the characters are also generally agreed on, but there are some exceptional species that will give trouble in Hulstaert’s key. We must allow for Ly corea pasinuntia, which has his key character for Ituna, for the species of Euploea and Danaus with Sc and Ri anastomosing and the Asiatic species of Danaus with R2 arising well back from the end of the cell, as in Amauris. Also Clothilda must be added, the long wings of a few Danaus (the Monarch and the Celebesian species, e.g.) must be allowed for ; and the very gradual change of shape of the antennal club reduces its value. I prefer, therefore the following Key 1. Middle and hind tarsi with large pulvilli and paronychia, and short, sharply curved claws 2 - Middle and hind tarsi with long straight claws, curved only near the tip, and rudimentary pulvilli and paronychia 6 2. Abdomen (in the spread butterfly) extending beyond hind margin of hind wings 3 - Abdomen falling short of hind wings 4 3. Hind wing with m-cu very short or absent ; udcv. also very short, and mdcv. and ldcv. continuing their general direction, much longer and subequal ; scaling of light markings re- duced, spaced and semierect ; R2 normally arising very close to end of cell Ituna - Hind wing with m-cu and udcv. about as long as mdcv. and ldcv., the two latter set at a decided angle ; scaling all similar and dense; R2 normally arising about half the length of mdcv. back from end of cell Ly corea 4. Humeral cell of hind wing minute or slender, but present, humeral arising from its outer end practically opposite the forking of Sc and R ; pattern of cell below complex, with wavy trans- verse bands, etc. ; club of antenna strong (Central America). Clothilda - Humeral cell absent; humeral vein arising from Sc well beyond its separation from R; cell of fore wing with a simple pat- tern of a few streaks or spots, or none (Old World) 5 105 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 2 5. Large species, expanding well over 100 mm. (4 in.), Sc and Ri of fore wing connected or anastomosing ; hind wing with costal cell narrow, humeral vein turning sharply outward ; ground white, the pm. spots when present rounded and separate. Hestia - Sc and Ri of fore wing separate except in one or two species ex- panding less than 75 mm. ( Calliploea ) ; hind wing with humeral cell broad, humeral vein transverse more than half its length, and then forked or turning abruptly out ; ground almost always dark, with light markings, when light with the pm. area heavily blackish Euploea 6. Hind wing with the upper discocellular longest, the middle shorter and curved, lower not extremely short, though straight; fore wing with Sc and Ri anastomosing. (Larva with two pair of filaments) 7 - Upper discocellular shorter, sometimes much shorter than middle or lower or both; Sc very rarely anastomosing with Rx ( aglea ) 8 7. Fore wing with R2 more than half length of mdcv. back from end of cell2 Ideopsis - Fore wing with R2 close to end of cell or even stalked. Danaus ( Radena ) 8. Hind wing with lower discocellular long, Cu2 arising opposite Mi ; cell of fore wing hairy below. (Africa) (Larva with 4 or 5 pair of filaments) A mauris - Hind wing with lower discocellular much shorter than middle one or else without hair on cell of fore wing below; Cu2 opposite R in the primitive species that have hair in the cell and lack the sex-pocket ; none of the latter African. (Larva with 2 or 3 pair of filaments) Danaus (residue) Clothilda Blanchard This genus is one of the curious types common to the Greater Antilles and Central America without close relatives elsewhere in the world. It stands apart from the rest of the Danainae and yet does not really approach any other subfamily of the Nymphalidae, the complex pattern being merely primitive, and not distinctively Nymphaline. The larva (as quoted by Gundlach and Bates from Poey) is without filaments, white, with black head, and it would seem, with the usual transverse stripes reduced to two on the prothorax. The pupa is Danaoid. 2 Fails in I. endora, which has large round black spotting. 106 April, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA By good fortune all the forms have been examined, even the ex- ceedingly rare C. jaegeri from the north coast of Haiti, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The key is fundamentally that of Salvin (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1869, 391-397) supplemented by Hall (Ent. 58: 161, 1925; 63: 13, 1930) and Bates (Bull. M.C.Z. 78 : 148, 1935), but has been checked, modified and expanded. Key 1. Fore wing with crimson at least below. Ground of upper side and outer half of fore wing below dark with pale post- medial spots down to M2, then apparently joining the st. series, — the true lower pm. spots being red or partly pale and incorporated with the crimson base, and the true st. spots being minute above. Hind wing with pm. series mostly close to cell, with a small one in base of cell M3, and st. series mostly diffuse (Synalpe Boisduval) 2 - Ground tawny, without any crimson, the pm. and st. spots dark, not abruptly changing their character; hind wing below with pm. series far beyond cell, a large spot in Ma, and out- lined with white, doubly on the pm. series ( Clothilda ) 5 2. Under side with blurred bands, the postmedial slightly darker and slightly oblique in cells Cui and Cu2 when visible, hardly defined with slightly paler; black postmedial spots on the crimson of fore wing rounded or fusing, st. spots rounded, short and completely defined, terminals short and single on fore wing, diffuse or absent on hind wing (An- tilles) 3 - Pm. spots narrow, blackish, contrastingly defined with whitish, the bar in Cui and 2 if visible strongly oblique ; pm. spots L-shaped, extending out above Cui and Cu2, st. spots ex- tending out at least in cells M3-Cu2, fusing with the double terminal spots, which are also double, yellow, and elongate on hind wing (Mainland) 4 3. Postmedial and subterminal bands above white, continuous except for the black veins, the st. spot in cell M2 small, outside the band. St. of hind wing broad, continuous above, absent below, no crimson subcostal spot below (Cuba) cubana - Pm. and st. bands of fore wing yellow, more or less suffused ; of small separate spots, the two spots in cell M2 equal; sub- terminal of hind wing absent above. Base of fore wing dull crimson with distinct black pm. spots. Terminal spots distinct (Haiti) jaegeri 107 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 2 4. Hind wing with pm. lunules in cells R, Mx and less definitely in M2 above, also in M3 and Cui below ; the wing above grad- ually paler toward outer margin, but dark on dorsal half, (northern Central America) t. thirza - Hind wing with a broad whitish postmedial patch on dorsal half, formed by the suffusion of the pm. lunules (Costa Rica and western Panama) /. insignis 5. Hind wing with three series of black spots between the cell and the black border, the inner series incomplete ( numidia ) 6 - Hind wing with only two series (the inner incomplete) the inner st. series being absent ( pantherata ) 7 6. Inner series of spots on hind wing with a large spot in cell Cui, terminal spots cream, large; chestnut shade on under side of fore wing in cell and below, contrasting (Haiti). n. numidia - Inner series with the spot in cell Cui usually minute ; terminal lunules tawny and usually small, dark shading on under side of fore wing more diffuse (Cuba) n. briar ea 7. Inner row on hind wing of four distinct spots, the terminal spots distinct, pale tawny (Haiti & S. Domingo) p. pantherata - Inner row with distinct spots only in cells Mx and M3, only a couple of tawny marginal spots toward costa ( numida in error of Seitz 83: e4) (Cuba) p. clarescens C. jaegeri. I have only seen the series collected by Darlington in extreme northern Haiti, now in the M.C.Z. This species, cubana and the mainland types represent each other locally but are doubtless good species. C. thirza. I have seen the type form only from Guatemala and Honduras, the variety from Costa Rica and Chiriqul, Nicaragua doubtless shows the intermediate conditions. C. numidia and pantherata. These have been much confused, but can be easily separated by the presence of one or two rows of subterminal black spots. The respective races in Cuba and Haiti vary in the same way, so probably some form of Mullerian mimicry is involved. Ituna Doubleday & Hewitson This genus and the following are very close, and probably differ mainly because they have entered different mimicry groups (Dir- cenna and Melinaea respectively) . They are frequently made a sepa- rate tribe or even subfamily, but in fact are very close to Clothilda except for the mimetic features. The key-character used by Hul- 108 April, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA staert fails in L. pasinuntia, but can be used in the modified form given in the key. The larva is about like that of Lycorea.3 The slight difference in venation makes us recognize two species, but they represent each other locally. The distinction of northern races marked with tawny, and southern ones which are black and translucent yellow only, is repeated in Dircenna, Olyras, Eutresis and Aprotopus. I recognize the following forms : 1. Hind wing with M3 and Cui almost invariably short-stalked; antenna with base of club as well as whole shaft black; light parts honey yellow (Brazil and Paraguay) ilione - Hind wing with M3 and Cui a little separated ; antenna with the whole club yellow ( phenarete ) 2 2. More than half of antennal shaft black; ground generally all honey yellow ; hind wing with M3 and Cui arising extremely close together 3 - More than half of antennal shaft yellow ; ground of wings usually shaded with tawny; M3 and Cux generally a little further apart 5 3. Basal half of fore wing solid blackish or only with narrow fully scaled reddish streaks 1. lamirus (complete) 4 - Fore wing with a broad translucent whitish streak in basal part of cell, at least 4 4. Fore wing streaky looking, like Dircenna klugi ; a continuous translucent stripe from base of cell below Cu2 to near margin, the dark on Cu being linear and the st. spot prac- cally absorbed in the stripe by the loss of the st. bar. Hind wing about J yellow in the specimen examined albescens - Fore wing much less streaky, the streak which starts from base of cell cut by black bars just beyond cell, subterminally, or both fenestrata 5. Fore wing with a brown streak and hind wing with a brown tri- angular patch near inner margin ; yellow on antenna tend- ing to extend down to middle (E. Peru and Bolivia). 1. lanassa 3 Hempel, Chacaras e Quintaes 21 (4) : 373 ; Monte, Bull. agr. zoo. vet. Bello Horizonte 7 : 3-12 ; — summarized by Costa Lima in his Terceiro Cat. Ins. que vivem nos Plantas do Brasil, 206, Rio Janeiro, 1936. It feeds on Ficus like Lycorea. 4 This analysis follows Haensch in Seitz ix, 116. Original de- scriptions are vague and types have not been examined. The forms are only partly local, and doubtless controlled by Mendelian factors. 109 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 2 - Fore wing with markings wholly black 6 6. Bands more sharply defined, outer margin of hind wing more dentate; postmedial black band strong; about a third of antennae yellow (Eastern Peru to Bolivia) 1. phenarete - Bands less sharply defined, outer margin of hind wing less den- tate; postmedial band running out below; toward half of antenna yellow (western Ecuador) 1. decolorata Ly corea Doubleday and Hewitson There are two structurally distinct species, in fact L. pasinuntia will not run to Ly corea in Hulstaert’s key, the cell of hind wing being too short. I must leave Fabricius’ name eva uncertain, it is certainly not the eva of authors ( pasinuntia ), but might be an extreme form of L. p. brunnea. I have seen nothing at all like it. I believe the forms with normal structure (long cell) are all forms of a single species. L. demeter differs in the smoky cryptically col- ored under side, whereas all the other forms, even the Haitian, are colored about the same above and below. Curiously Hulstaert does not make much of demeter. The other forms of ceres merely ring the changes on the following characters : ground tawny or chestnut, median area of hind wing concolorous or yellow, band and border of hind wing separate or fused, fore wing with 3 or 4 apical spots (the fourth sometimes fused with the corresponding postmedial one), postmedial fascia continuous, only cut by the fine black veins, or separated into three spots by heavy black bars (rarely suffused with black). The black markings are narrower below than above, save in Haitian cleobaea and (faintly) in Cuban demeter. Cornell has a striking aberration from the upper Cauca Valley, Colombia, with the black areas much reduced, mostly represented by heavy bars on the veins, and the rest of the postmedial black replaced by tawny. It is dwarfed but not as much as one normally marked specimen. The following key will allocate the named varieties in the tradi- tional way, but does not allow for many transitions and recombina- tions of characters. The forms of ceres are only partially racial : demeter from Cuba only ; cleobaea , Hispaniola (though similar more lightly colored specimens occur on the mainland) ; halia, S. Brazil; cinnamomea, Teffe, Upper Amazons ; but the Amazons also have fasciata, ceres and referrens ; Obidos on the middle Amazons shares referrens with Bolivia ; ceres is found on the lower Amazons, as well as Guiana, fasciata from the upper Cauca, Colombia, as well as the lower Amazons, and discreta from both Para and southern Brazil ; — 110 April, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA but pales may really be limited to S. E. Peru, Bolivia and the upper Jurua region. L. c. atergatis is found everywhere, and the few specimens I have seen labelled “Florida” (none very authentic) are of this form. Key 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 8. 9. Lower discocellnlar vein of hind wing nearly vertical, angled above its middle ; fore wing above with the yellow or tawny medial area as much beyond the cell as in it ( pasinun - tia) 2 Lower discocellular longer and strongly oblique inward ; the yel- low or tawny medial spots or fascia not extending beyond the cell on costal part of wing {ceres) 5 Hind wing with a discal black loop, separate from the black border 3 Hind wing with the black discal loop and border fused into a large dorsal patch 4 Medial fascia of fore wing yellow (p. eva of authors) Medial area of fore wing tawny, concolorous p. concolor Medial fascia of fore wing yellow p. pasinuntia Medial area concolorous tawny p. brunnea Medial area black, the tawny limited to two basal streaks and two submarginal patches (according to original description, — not seen) p. eva Fabricius Under side of hind wing suffused with blackish, much darker than upper side, which is also rather dark (Cuba). c. demeter Under side of hind wing like upper side or with ground a little paler, the markings sharply defined and black 6 Fore wing with a continuous median fascia, cut only by the fine black veins 7 Fore wing with three yellow spots (rarely tawny) separated by heavy black bars 10 Middle part of hind wing, inside the black loop, yellow; three apical spots c. halia Ground of hind wing all reddish 8 Ground light mahogany brown ; hind wing with separate loop and border (Lower Madeira) (not seen) c. transiens Ground tawny 9 Fore wing with three apical yellow spots, making a band ; hind wing with black border and loop separate c. referrens Fore wing with four apical spots; hind wing with border and loop separate c. fasciata 111 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 2 - Fore wing with four spots ; hind wing black, with reddish sub- marginal streak and streak in cell only c. ceres 10. Ground mahogany brown, sometimes almost black, the black loop and border tending to be suffused at least above ; fore wing with four large yellow snbapical spots, the lower sometimes connected with the corresponding postmedial spot. c. cinnamomea5 - Ground tawny 11 11. Apical part of fore wing almost wholly black, with small yellow spots (but the one in cell M3 almost always distinct) ; the spot in end of cell also almost obliterated in the black area ; black of hind wing on the contrary reduced and loop fre- quently broken c. pales - Fore wing with strongly developed yellow spots, including a large squarish spot in end of cell ; loop of hind wing stronger 12 12. Medial area of hind wing bright yellow, contrasting ; four well developed snbapical yellow spots; under side of hind wTing with black banding rather heavier than upper side (Haiti). c. cleobaea - Medial area of hind wing frequently tawny or shaded with tawny; black banding on under side of hind wing weaker than on upper side 13 13. Medial area of hind wing concolorous tawny; four well devel- oped snbapical spots c. atergatis - Medial area of hind wing somewhat yellowish, the subterminal spot of cell M3 of fore wing usually absent c. discreta 6 L. pasinuntia Dru. This is commonly called eva F., but the original description of eva is like nothing I ever saw, and may per- haps not even be a Ly corea. The forms are not local to any extent, though the specimens I have seen without yellow (concolor) are from the southwest of the area of distribution, — eastern Peru to Matto Grosso. Most specimens come from the Amazons and Guiana. L. p. brunnescens Tess. was based on a strain of concolor with the black markings on base of fore wing and disc of hind wing reduced, and may be compared with L. c. pales. The uncertain use of the name 5 Two of the three specimens examined from Teffe are light mahogany, and would be transitional to c. iransiens. 6 Mainland specimens occasionally have the yellow in the loop of hind wing as light as in c. cleobaea, but the black banding of the under side is lighter and there are as often 3 as 4 subapical spots. 112 April, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA eva has caused a snarl in the Lep. Cat. L. eva of that work is made up mainly of pasinuntia (“eva” so far as not based merely on Fabricius7 original description, concolor, brunnescens, etc.) but also of the original indeterminate “eva” of Fabricius and even ceres (the ceres of D. & H. being merely a catalogue citation of ceres Cr.) L. ceres Cr. This species is more often called cleobaea Gdt., but ceres has many years priority and is definitely a race, no mere aber- ration. Hulstaert, and also Bryk in the Lep. Cat. 80, divide this into several species : ceres, cleobaea, halia ; and have gone wrong on the localities of the few varieties that are really locally limited, giv- ing Haiti as well as Cuba for demeter and Central America instead of Haiti for typical cleobaea. They also assign forms somewhat at random to their three “ species,” e.g., discreta, which is superficially almost like true cleobaea, and domingensis which is a strict synonym of cleobaea, to halia. It is a little curious that forms with a complete fascia on the fore wing (demeter, referrens, fasciata, ceres, halia) or with yellow band on hind wing (cleobaea, discreta, halia) occupy the extremes of distribution, but not in a strictly parallel way. Euploea Fabricius I make no attempt at a full analysis of this large genus. The forms are innumerable, there is no obvious clue to indicate which are true species, and less than half are available. As compared with typical Danaus it is about equally advanced on a different line, as shown by the primitive feet but more specialized humeral arrange- ment of hind wing and distinctive sex-scaling. As filaments of the larva increased it is evidently the one on metathorax that appeared before the one on A2, since the latter is still missing in the type group of Euploea. Presumably this increase in number of filaments is an orthogenetic tendency in the Danainae, for everything shows it took place independently in Euploea, Danaus and Amauris. The pupa of Euploea lacks the sharp abdominal keel of typical Danaus, but too few of the more primitive Danaus are clearly figured to indicate if this is a tribal character or one that has arisen in the Danaus stock itself. I repeat the subgenera recognized by Hulstaert in tabular form. They seem to be the most distinctive of the many “genera” proposed by Moore on details of male wing form and coloring. Key 1. No special sex-patch on hind wing (though usually a diffuse silky area) 2 113 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 2 - Costal part of hind wing with a large area of velvety scales, with a yellowish androconial patch in center 3 2. No sex-scaling on fore wing above; cell with a recurrent vein; a single simple pair of short anal pencils {Vonona) Moore - Pore wing with one bar of sex-scaling (sometimes indicated more by change of color than any distinctive change in structure. ( Crastia ) Hiibner - Pore wing with two bars of sex-scaling ( Stictoploea ) Hiibner 3. Pore wing without sex-scaling above 4 - Pore wing with a bar of sex-scaling below Cu2 (hardly more than a change of color in E . leucostictos) ; hind wing with andro- conial patch extending above cell ; anal pencils complex. {Salpinx) Hiibner 4. Androconial patch in center of sex-area of hind wing small, in cell; anal pencils simple ( Trepsichrois ) Hiibner - Androconial patch large, extending in front of cell; four anal pencils 5 5. Sc and Ri of fore wing separate ; a short M-spur in cell. ( Euploea ) - Sc and Ri anastomosing ; no M-spnr ( Calliploea ) Butler {Vonona) The distribution of this subgenus covers the range of the genus. The reports of Euploea from the Ethiopian region appear to be incor- rect, since while a few species are found in the isolated islands of the Indian Ocean — the Seychelles, Mauritius, Rodriguez and Bourbon,-- none of them is authentically known from Madagascar. About a third of the 45 species have been examined. They divide primarily into two groups, a primitive one with inner margin of fore wing straight {helcita) or nearly so, and one with the inner margin arched, and a distinct sex-patch on the under side. In each group we have species with well marked st. spots on the upper side in outlying areas, in the first group goudoti from Bourbon (Reunion) , euphon from Mauritius and desjardinsi from Rodriguez, in the sec- ond eichhorni from Australia, alecto from New Guinea and their relatives. The residue of the first group divide into species with the st. spots (beneath) in a regular series, so far as preserved, including climene, obscura, batesi and wallacei, with decreasing development of the st. spots; the others, typified by helcita and cratis, with the spot at M2 or M3 deeply offset inward. The second group contains three types : 1, eichhorni and alecto with a very large though obscure 114 April, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA patch of sex-scaling, covering the cell (best visible at 15 U 0; 30 IT 07), and well developed or even enormous st. spots on hind wing; 2, with the st. spot on the fore wing in cell R5 (sometimes Mi also) noticeably enlarged, — such as moorei and crameri; 3, without either of these features. This group includes cameralzemcin with both wings blue, modesta with fore wing blue and hind wing bronze, and such species as cerberus and malayica with no distinct iridescence. ( Crastia ) A further specialization of the second group of Vonona, with a distinct spot of more or less specialized scales on the upper as well as under side of fore wing. It extends even further east, to Fiji, Tahiti and Samoa, but is represented in the Indian Ocean only by rogeri Geyer from the Seychelles, of which I have only the ancient record. Color forms parallel those of the other groups, as often noted, e.g., eichhorni and eleutho in north Queensland. The species may be divided into three groups ; 1, those with the st. series of spots offset out at M2, the spot above it weak or absent and outer margin concave or notched at middle. ( This includes schmeltzi, eleutho and baudiniana) ; 2, those with st. series even and strong blue irides- cence,— amymone and part of deione, and 3, those with st. spots regu- lar when distinct and no iridescent blue or violet (though diana has some matt violet on the dorsal area). In the latter group a few of the species have distinctive marks, e.g., eurianassa, with a continuous white st. band, cut only by the black veins ; tobleri with under side of hind wing white, marked with black spots and veins, like Hestia ; abjecta with subterminal spots in M3 of both wings lengthened, dagger-like, but the pm. spots absent ; diana with the pm. spots in cells M3 and Cui of fore wing much enlarged and conspicuous; morosa with stigma of fore wing far out toward margin (beneath farther out than the dot in cell Cui) ; alcathoe with the st. spots of hind wing largely fused into a patch which reaches almost in to the cell; andamanensis , with ground clay color and white markings enlarged ; nechos with enormous stigma on fore wing. More than half of the 41 species listed by Hulstaert have been examined. (Stictoploea) I believe this subgenus is formed merely of the local races of a single plastic species, except for E. martini, in which the upper scent stripe is much smaller than the lower one. This species should be 7 See Ent. News XL : 40-44, 1939. 115 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 2 transferred here from Salpinx. Hulstaert lists over 60 races and forms ; the following key to his ‘ 1 species ’ ’ will fairly represent the main racial types (exerges of Verity). Key 1. Upper scent stripe much smaller than lower one; sex-patch of hind wing velvety brown ; st. spots conspicuous, more or less fused with the terminals, on a velvety black ground ( Sumatra ) martini - Upper scent stripe but little smaller than lower one 2 2. Ground blue (N. India to Wetter and Japan) dufresne - Ground not blue, dull 3 3. Pore wing dark brownish, with no trace of purple ; hind wing with strong st. and terminal dots (S. India and Ceylon) cor eta - Both wings dark, very faintly purple in the best light ; st. and t. dots absent or present only toward apex of fore wing (Moluccas and New Guinea) melina (with immaculata). - With a complete series of st. dots, and with minute terminal dots below 4 - St. series of one spot to a cell, broad and continuous on hind wing but spot M2 of fore wing skipped (Wetter to Australia) . Sylvester 4. Larger, less spotted below ; st. series on hind wing closer to outer margin (1/6 way in) (Aru) palla - Smaller, more spotted below on disc, but st. spots sometimes re- duced; st. spots on hind wing farther from margin (New Hebrides) tristis ( Trepsichrois ) This also comes pretty close to being a single species with local forms, but the different populations, while still almost wholly local, differ in their sex-scaling, and must be considered true species. Key 1. Border of hind wing blue, with pale blue st. spots, like fore wing ; stigma of hind wing large, extending half way across cell and connected with a pale patch to base, the remaining sex- scaling obscure (Celebes) euctemon - Hind wing wholly dull, the fore wing often blue and contrasting ; stigma smaller, extending about 1/3 way across cell and completely surrounded with black; sex-scaling (except per- haps in Cordelia) thick and velvety 2 116 April, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 2. Dull brown-black, without purple ; sex-patch round, not extending to fork of R (Celebes, not seen) Cordelia - Pore wing blue (except M. semperi from Philippines, which is large with a triangular sex-spot), larger 3 3. Stigmal velvety scaling extending down into costal edge of cell M3 and sometimes even base of Ciii ; stigma proper shorter, thicker and yellower (Lombok to Flores) gelderi - Stigmal scaling less extensive ; stigma proper triangular, wedge- like or wing-like (India to Formosa and Java) mulciber ( Calliploea ) This group is also composed of recent segregates, and no doubt was a single species not too long since, but the forms can now coexist, and therefore are fully established species. How many is not yet certain. The following key will separate most of the species, but the status of the forms on the islands between the Lesser Sundas and New Guinea is confused by the report of three on the small island of Babber. Possibly hyems and visenda are merely series of races, and the three colorings on Babber indicate the blend zone. Key 1. Fore wing with white pm. band, hind wing with white disc, both cut by broad black vein-lines (Celebes) hyacinthus - No portion of fore wing ground white ; with small light spots only or white border 2 2. Both wings with large white st. spots, one to an interspace, or suffused with white to border 3 - White st. spots when present smaller, and two to an interspace, at least on dorsal half of hind wing 5 3. Spots suffused into a very broad white border, but leaving some trace of large white st. spots in cells R and Mx of hind wing below (Key & Banda Ids.) liopjjeri - Spots distinct or the lower ones suffused to margin by a narrower white border 4 4. Fore wing with slight violet iridescence ( Timor to Babber Ids. ) . hyems8 and menamoides - Fore wing without iridescence (Babber to Key Ids.) visenda 8 The forms with the white suffusing out toward the margin occupy the smaller islands in the middle of the range, well separated from the range of hopfferi. 117 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 2 5. White postmedial dashes on both wings below; st. spots of fore wing with the one at anal angle largest (Solomon Ids.). pyres - No white pm. dashes below; st. series strongest toward costa of fore wing, often lost on hind wing 6 6. Blue and white st. spots elongate, pointed at their outer ends (Saleyer, near Celebes) nautilus - Bine and white or white st. spots squarely or roundly cut off at outer ends, often small 7 7. St. spots emphasized toward costa of fore wing above, often white overlaid with blue iridescence (widespread) tulliolus - St. spots not noticeably larger toward costa of fore wing, but tend- ing to disappear toward inner margin of hind wing 8 8. St. series complete on under side of hind wing (Moluccas). trimenii - St. series with only the first four spots on hind wing below; abdomen beneath contrastingly striped with black and white salabanda (Moluccas) pumila (New Guinea, etc.) vulcania (Vulcan Id. off New Guinea) (. Euploea ) As noted by Hulstaert, the nearly 50 forms probably represent only a single species, varying locally. They may be grouped in the following series (nominal species) : Key 1. Ground generally light; pm. and st. spots generally small, the former practically lost in c. celebica, the latter in c. corus (India to Celebes) corus - Pm. spots larger than half the width of a cell, typically largest in cell Cux ; ground nearly black, the spots partly blue (For- mosa and Mindanao) althaea - Pm. spots large and blue on costal half of wing, broken off and continued by the enlarged blue st. spots below (Sumbawa to Flores) eucala - Brown-black, the spots much reduced and blue, frequently only 2 or 3 st. spots (Moluccas) phaenarete - Fore wing heavily shaded with bright iridescent blue in pm. area, hind wing brown and spotted like typical corus (New Guinea and smaller islands) callithoe - All spots obsolescent or lost, ground brown-black, without blue, 118 April, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA or violet black with brown veins ( browni ) or heavily blue over disc of wing ( barippa ) (Bismarcks and Solomons). unibrunnea (Salpinx) This is the third large and varied group of Euploea, the color forms running in general parallel to those of Vonona and Crastia. The distinguishing character is supposed to be the presence of both a patch of highly modified sex-scales on the hind wing and a bar on the upper side of the fore wing, but the latter in several species is hardly developed, being really only a discolored patch in such species as leucostictos. In contrast E. midamus has definitely developed special scales. A few of the species have striking special characters, such as the white patch in end of cell of diocletianus or the large buff discal patch of usipetes, but most need further study, not only to bring out the distinctions of superficially very similar species, but to determine even what are species. Hestia Hiibner This genus needs little discussion, being easy to recognize, well defined structurally and universally accepted. The resemblance to Ideopsis, as now generally realized, is purely superficial, since Hestia shows all the special characters of Euploea except the sex-scaling, while Ideopsis is almost identical with the primitive Badena group of Danaus. It also has a weaker club to the antenna than any other Danaine, and narrower costal area of the hind wing. The larva is as in Euploea, with pencils on metathorax as well as 2d and 8th seg- ments of the abdomen. The genus is usually divided into two subgenera ( Hestia and Nectaria) on the position of R2, but H. hypermnestra is transitional, with the broad wings of Nectaria but the exact pattern of Hestia ; R2 is most often as in Nectaria but individually variable. In both sections the base of Mi. in cell of hind wing is marked with black, as in no other Danaine. The following key is intended to separate the recognized species. There is some instability in the characters for idea, aza and urvillei, but these represent each other locally, and are probably no more than subspecies. Key 1. Hind wing with two postmedial spots in cell Cui, and a spot in outer part of discal cell ; cell Sc with 2 or 3 spots, the second always free from R; R2 arising well before apex of cell (ex- 119 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 2 cept sometimes in hypermnestra) ; ldcv. of hind wing short ( Hestia ) 2 - Hind wing with only a single pm. spot in cell Cui or none, and no spot in cell ; cell Sc without spots, or if with two, the second farther out and in contact with the stem of R {Nectar ia) 4 2. Hind wing with only 2 spots in cell Sc hypermnestra - Hind wing with a third spot, sometimes small, resting on free part of R ; fore wing with outer margin concave 3 3. Outer margin not strongly concave ; hind wing with ldcv. about as long as m-cu and over half as long as mdcv. ; fore wing with inner black spot in fold much larger than outer, bar in cell a heavy oblique splash, except in very light specimens ; both spots in cell Sc of hind wing below free from veins jasonia - Outer margin strongly concave and sinuous; ldcv. of hind wing much shorter than m-cu and less than half as long as mdcv. ; fore wing with spots in fold subequal, spot in cell rounded and not oblique ; basal spot in cell ; Sc of hind wing resting on R except in very light specimens lynceus ( logani )9 4. Hind wing with regular rounded postmedial black spots (fre- quently connected in a zigzag band in Philippine speci- mens), and two rounded spots in cell Sc below10 5 - Hind wing with streaks running in from border to postmedial region, without separate pm. spots, the spots in cell Sc almost always absent, but in typical idea small and on under side only 6 5. Outer margin of fore wing strongly sinuate in male, distinctly concave at middle in female (E. Mindanao)* 11 (not seen). electra - Pore wing with outer margin convex in general course (Japan to Java) leuconoe 9 Pruhstorfer separates specimens with white ground color and small black spots as logani and Hulstaert follows him. Corbet and Pendlebury feel doubtful. Perhaps Pruhstorfer ’s earlier opinion that they represent wet and dry forms is correct, but only local study can determine. 10 All the N ect arias represent each other locally and are doubt- less recent segregates. 11 As shown by the studies of the Rehns, based on the Orthoptera, eastern Mindanao has strong traces of a special fauna and was obvi- ously a separate island in the not too distant past. 120 April, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 6. Hind wing without marginal chain-pattern, at most with slight dashes leading off from the vein-streaks; the border fre- quently fuscous or even black (Celebes, etc.) blanchardi - Hind wing with a marginal chain, composed of streaks on and between veins, crossed by a black st. line 7 7. A continuous black band across fore wing ; marginal chain usually continuous to anal angle (New Guinea, etc.) urvillei - Separate black spots across middle of fore wing, or a narrow and constricted band not reaching anal angle 8 8. Subterminal line broken up on dorsal part of hind wing, only the more costal white spots completely enclosed (southern Moluccas) idea - Subterminal line continuous to anal angle, cutting off a complete series of white marginal spots (northern Moluccas) aza Ideopsis This is hardly more than a plastic species, since all the forms represent each other locally. The character of R2 becomes intangible in the western part of the range, leaving it separated from Badena by hardly more than habitus, but it is these western forms that are most modified in pattern by convergence with Hestia. I cannot see the grouping advanced by Hulstaert, but am much more impressed by the distinctness of the eastern “exerge” typified by vitrea. The residue are more closely related, but the development of the pm. and st. spots suggests a grouping into three rather than two species, making a distinct group of the Javan gaura and the Eastern Mindanao glaphyra and messala , and possibly adding costalis from Nias. Key 1. Postmedial line on hind wing continuous, strongest toward costa and far in toward cell, frequently ending abruptly at or just above Cu2 ; ground generally shaded with yellow but more strongly in the subterminal than the basal area, when there is any difference ; R2 well back from angle of cell, Mx sometimes connate (Celebes to New Guinea, etc.) vitrea - Postmedial series of spots more or less distinct and rounded, at least on hind wing, not joining end of cell but frequently joined to the marginal pattern ; yellow shading when present strongest toward base of wing; R2 usually nearer end of cell and Mx stalked 2 2. Discal dots large and almost round, the one on hind wing extend- ing down to base of Cux, postmedial spots rounded in both 121 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 2 wings; st. dots in hind wing pear-shaped, joining the ter- minal dots in middle of each cell, on fore wing minute or obscure. Mx decidedly stalked (Indomalayan) endora - Discal spots smaller, oblong or irregular and tending to be less well set off from the venation ; postmedial spots on fore wing arrow-head shaped, their tips connected to border ; st. spots at least on hind wing triangular or mushroom shaped, the lateral ends with a strong tendency to connect to the black vein-stripes and thus to the margin, in dark forms produc- ing a heavy black border with two small white spots to an interspace 3 3. Pm. spots of fore wing very large in three lower interspaces, en- closing large white spots, small in cell M2, and above that minute or indistinguishably incorporated in border; discal bar of fore wing elongate or suffused, connected with the first of the large pm. spots or running out on Cui ; male usually white, with lemon yellow basal shading, female more buffy; R2 usually well back from end of cell (Philippine Ids. ) anapis - Pm. spots more regularly decreasing in size on fore wing, the discal bar not enlarged ; marginal chain of hind wing usually with elements pretty completely fused (at least in male) R2 usually close to end of cell and Mi stalked (Java and Mindanao) gaura I. anapis Felder. Forms glaphyra and messala show neither the exaggeration of the discal dash nor the weakening of the margin of the hind wing of the other Philippine races, and should be rejected. I. gaura Horsf. True gaura does not show R2 arising from the end of cell, as stated in Hulstaert ’s definition of sg. Ideopsis, and thus differs from endora, which has been confused with it. Using the characters here given gaura is much closer to anapis than to endora ( daos ). I should list as races of it only glaphyra and messala from Mindanao. I. costalis from Nias is somewhat transitional, and it is most probable that all are a single species, in spite of the differences of R2 and pattern. This is obviously the primitive stock from which the other three types are derived. L. endora Gray. I should use this name to include the strikingly spotted species from the whole Indomalayan region except the Philip- pines and Java. Daos, perakana, ardana, sonia, endora, nigrocostalis and costalis have been examined, and only the latter is transitional to gaura. The pm. spots differ in position as well as form, being defi- nitely farther from the margin. 122 April, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA L. vitrea Blanchard. In this complex Hulstaert separates off ribbei and inuncta as species, but their range is included in that of vitrea and they differ only by the lack of yellow in the ground. Ribbei is from the islands off Celebes, inuncta from those off New Guinea. Fruhstorfer would also separate klassika Mart, from Ceram as a species. In it the fore wing is black except for limited yellow markings. The rest of the Moluccas have fairly normal vitrea races. Danaus Linnaeus Regardless of technical rules this name was proposed by Linnaeus, in a sense inclusive of the present one, was definitely characterized as a major subdivision of a genus, and since then has been con- tinuously in use, with only minor variations of spelling ( Danais , Danaida). Those who follow a recent decision of the Commission must forget this use and credit the name to Kluk, as Hemming has done. Of the numerous subdivisions proposed, four are sharply definable on characters of both sexes, and I believe it will give a much clearer idea of the genus to treat only these four as subgenera. They are : Danaus ( Anosia , Limnas, Tasitia, Nasuma), Tirumala (Melinda), Parantica (Ravadeba, Chittira) and Radena. The first two and last two each make a pair, and may possibly be separately derived from their common ancestor (which would also be that of Amauris ) since the first two agree against the last two in having two subterminal dots to each interspace in both wings, and having developed the sex- pocket. The subgenera may be keyed as follows. Key 1. Hind wing with either upper discocellular very long or lower very short, the middle and lower meeting at a distinct angle ; fore wing beneath with much loose hair in base of cell Sc and costal part of discal cell (except pumila and melusine ) ; st. spots one to a cell at least on fore wing, lying in the center of each cell (lost by fusion with terminals in pumila) ; male sex-scaling diffuse or concentrated along veins. (Larva spotted as far as known; pupa with a rounded keel on abdomen or none) 2 - Hind wing with upper discocellular vein shortest, middle in line with lower (except chrysippus) , the lower at least twice as long; subcostal area and cell of fore wing on under side closely scaled (except on veins) ; male with a sex-pocket below Cu2 ; fore wing with two st. spots to a cell in both 123 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 2 parts of both wings (rarely with a single spot far above the center of the cell by the loss of lower one). (Larva transversely striped ; pupa with a sharp abdominal keel) ... 3 2. Cell of hind wing with udcv. much lengthened, longer than either mdcv. or ldcv. which are not far from equal and bent at a moderate angle ; mdcv. moderately bent near middle ; fore Aving with Sc and R anastomosing. Postmedial light spots in cells M3 and Cui simple. Male with a diffuse mealy area wholly below the fold ( Radena ) - Cell of hind wing with ldcv. less than half as long as mdcv. as a rule, vertical and meeting it at a sharp angle; udcv. vari- able, rarely as long as mdcv. (very short in melusine) ; mdcv. bent well above middle; fore wing with Sc and Ri approximate, but anastomosing only in aglea (s.l.) ; post- medial spots in cells M3 and Cui more or less distinctly divided (very rarely lost in the light ground). Male with areas of highly specialized sex-scaling, usually across Cu2, if lower very conspicuous ( Parantica ) 3. Fore wing with Sc and Ri well separated and parallel; subter- minal spots close to margin on both wings, pm. spots simple when distinct; male sex-pocket close to Cu2, not more con- spicuous below than above. (Larva except erippus s.l. with 6 filaments) ( Danaus ) - Fore wing with Sc and Ri approximate ; st. spots far back from margin in both wings, in the fore wing so far back as to eliminate the spot in cell R4; sex-pocket far from Cu2 and surrounded by an area of special scaling above. (Larva with 4 filaments) ( Tirumala ) ( Radena ) Moore The key defines this group adequately. The three nominal species are extremely close but overlap widely in distribution. Hulstaert is inclined to transfer several of the “races” of juventa which coexist with more ordinary forms to obertkurii, but gives no tangible char- acters. The following key makes the conventional separation. Key 1. Basal part of wings with an extended white area, in strong con- trast with the almost wholly blackish outer third 2 - Basal part with heavy veins, the outer part with extensive light markings, not contrasting similis 2. Fore wing with a transverse pm. white band, cut off from the 124 April, 1939 ENTOMOLOGXCA AMERICANA inner marginal area by a heavy black bar on Cui, a similar bar also on Cu2; terminal spots very weak or absent, bnt inner st. spots well developed and outer pm. again absent (Sumba and Sumbava) oberthuri - White area not so distributed, being continuous to near apex or more or less limited to dorsal part of wing; terminal dots normal, conspicuous juventa (. Parantica ) Moore In the more normal species of Parantica the postmedial area of the fore wing is crossed by a black bar, cutting the pm. spots into two series, at least in cells M3 and Cui. In Radena there is always a single long spot in each of these cells. But this character often fails, e.g., in pumila, and males of vitrina, gloriola, periphas and schenki. I should make two principal divisions of Parantica, rather than three, basing them on the position of the sex-patch, whether or not there is a conspicuous oval patch bisected by Cu2. The true Paran- ticas have the patch, and also the majority of species put by Fruh- storfer in Ravadeba ; but in Chittira, and the curious melusine and pumila (placed by Fruhstorfer in Ravadeba) the sex-scaling is almost wholly below the fold. The latter are also queer in losing the hair on the under side of the fore wing, and most of the smaller markings. Key 1. Fore wing with Sc and Ri anastomosing; pattern much like I). albata aglea - Fore wing with Sc and R, merely approximate 2 2. General color of hind wing pattern brown, much warmer than fore wing ; sex patch variable in different races, sometimes almost wholly below Cu2 (tytioides) sit a - Dark pattern of fore and hind wings the same color 3 3. Outer part of hind wing and border of fore wing mostly black above, the cell M3 of fore wing in particular almost wholly black (the hind wing may be lighter when the fore wing is almost wholly black) 4 - Border of hind wing narrower, usually with white terminal and sub terminal spots ; cell M3 of fore wing usually with two good sized spots of the light ground (white, green, yellow or hyaline) 7 4. Cell Cui light for at least the basal 2/5, not even with suffused dark veins, the border broader below Cu2; no hair in cell of fore wing below 5 125 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 2 - Cell Cui also mainly black, with two small white spots, the border narrow below Cu2 ; cell of fore wing1 below hairy 6 5. Ground transparent white; st. white spots conspicuous above (New Guinea, etc.) melusine - Ground transparent yellow; st. spots invisible above on both wings, but some of them present below (New Caledonia to New Hebrides) pumila 6. Wings squarish ; hind wing white with spotted black border (not seen) weiskei - Wings elongate, sinuate; hind wing blackish, except for white cell, a ray beyond it and st. white spots fumata 7. Subterminal spots on upper half of hind wing double (at least with the one in cell M2 almost wholly and that in Mi partly divided) 8 - St. spots in upper half of hind wing single, at least the one in Mi, that in M2 sometimes partly divided 11 8. Ground of hind wing at least bright yellow 9 - Ground of both wings white, greenish or bluish 10 9. Postmedial area in cells M3 and Ciii of hind wing also divided in two aspasia - Post medial areas simple, but black border much widened, reach- ing 2/3 way in to cell in female and further in male cleona 10. Sex-patch astride of Cu2 ; fore wing shorter ; white streaks in cells P3 and M3 broadly separate; at least traces of black streaking in cells and fold eryx 12 - Sex-patch in anal area ; white in cells R5 and Mi separated from each other and the neighboring areas by the black veins only. Wings dominantly white albata 11. Ground of wings yellow or heavily shaded with yellow toward base 12 - Ground of wings not yellowish 13 12. Hind wings of male with cell reaching 2/3 way to margin, ground transparent bright yellow; cell Cui of fore wing mostly of the light ground schenkii 13 - Cell of hind wing normal, scaling dense, bulfy ; cell Cui of fore wing mainly dark menadensis 14 12 If correctly determined in our collection, D. maghaba agrees with eryx, in the characters given above, but with as much white as most albata. 13 Apparently the more eastern representative of vitrina. 14 Perhaps a local representative of luzonensis. 126 April, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 13. Dominantly black, even in basal part of wings (sex-patch astride of Cu2) 14 - Cells in basal part of wing dominantly of the ground color, though the discal cell is often invaded with black from the costal side 15 14. Large, with two postmedial spots or dots each in cells M3 and Cui of hind wing crowleyi - Small, only the basal of these two spots preserved, the rest of the cell very heavily black nilghiriensis 15. Border of hind wing not wider than distance between it and end of cell ; markings of under side of hind wing dead black. vitrina group - Border of hind wing extending far in toward cell ; markings of under side with a distinct brown tint 16 16. Body blackish, under side grayish with a slight olive tint ; spot in cell Mi of fore wing short and broad, 4 or 5 times as long as wide, less than twice as long as the rounded spot in cell M2, and filling the width of its cell ; st. spot in M2 minute or absent ; separate pm. spots in. cells M3 and Cui of hind wing. Sex-patch astride Cu2 phyle - Body tawny ; spot in cell Mi of fore wing about 3 times as long as spot in M2, slender, not filling its cell, and defined by wide dark stripes above and below ; st. spot in cell M2 normal ... 17 17. Chestnut below; fore wing sinuate with extended apex, streak in cell Mi extending 2/3 way to margin; sex-patch large, astride Cu2 melaneus - Deep umber below, almost as dark as upper side; fore wing hardly sinuate, the streak in Mi only extending 3/5 way to margin ; sex-patch on 2d A luzonensis D. (P.) aspasia F. The yellow and white races do not seem to be consistently distributed. I have seen white ones from Sumatra, Borneo and Celebes ; yellow ones from J ava, Engano and Nias. D. (P.) vitrina Fid. This appears to me a good species as against the preceding, to which Hulstaert sinks it. Of the numerous forms, typical vitrina from the Philippines is transparent white, while gloriola, citrina, periphas and schenki are yellow. D. (P.) gloriola Butler, which is at hand, should be a distinct spe- cies from vitrina , as indicated by the extremely large cell in hind wing of male. Talboti Huls. certainly goes with it, to judge by the figure in Gen. Ins. ( 1 : 7 ) , but I cannot say how many other of the “schenki” forms. D. (P.) cleona Stoll. The different wing-form, heavier scaling 127 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol.XIX,No.2 and coarser pattern indicate this is also a good species from the Moluccas and Celebes. If National Museum determinations are correct luciplena, tigrana and lutescens belong to it. D. ( P .) melusine Bdv. This species and pumila , which is obvi- ously related, are the only exception found to the rule that all Danaus species without scent pockets have hair on the under side of the fore wing near the base. Marcia of Joicey and Talbot differs so much from melusine that I should be inclined to rate it as a species. It will tend to run out of the key and go down to 15, but shows its rela- tion to melusine in the large single st. spots (on hind wing as well as fore wing) and contrast between the nearly black filled cell M3 and largely transparent cell Cui ; Cu2 is again dark, as in pumila, but the veins are heavily black-lined. D. (P.) maghaba Fruh. looks almost exactly like gglea, and may be an aglea form, as generally placed, but it has Sc and Ra separate, and as I have drafted the key will run to eryx. The two species are much closer in pattern than they look. D. (P.) melaneus Cr. and luzonensis Fid. The key characters here used would redistribute the forms of this group, but in a way I believe more natural than those of Fruhstorfer and Hulstaert. As determined in the National Museum, banksii, praemacaristus, panai- tius and larissa belong to luzonensis, also I believe the “aglea” of Piepers and Snellen’s Rhopalocera of Java, pi. 13: fig. 20. On the other hand his fig. 19 (“larisca”) is a pretty obvious melaneus. The different sex spots show that two real species are involved. In sum this subgenus needs drastic revision, as to subdivision, species boundaries and species content ; or else a very high proportion of records, both published and unpublished, are based on misdeter- minations. ( Tirumala ) Moore The survival of an area of sex-scaling about the pocket and the position of the pocket in line with the fold are primitive characters ; the exaggerated form of the pocket, curved Ri of fore wing and migration inward of the st. spots are specializations, as compared with typical Danaus. The few species divide into an African group (Melinda) and an Asiatic group which has secondarily invaded Africa ( petiveranus ) but all are closely related. Key 1. Submedian area of fore wing solid color, except for a sub terminal 128 April, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA and one or two marginal spots ; fore wing with outer margin more sinuous and apex extended ( Melinda ) (Africa). formosa - Submedian area with a large median pale spot at least; outer margin less sinuous and apex blunter ( Tirumala ) 2 2. Cell of hind wing wholly of the pale ground, without black central streak or wedge; basal part of submedian area also clear except in very dark specimens; abdomen mostly white. choaspes - Cell of hind wing with a central black streak, often forked ; sub- median area with a heavy black streak ; abdomen red-brown or black 3 3. Postmedial spots in cells R5 and Mx and subterminal in M2 rounded, roughly twice as long as wide 4 - Pm. spots in R5 and Mi and subterminal in M2 streak-like, three or four times as long as wide (Asia) 5 4. Ground decidedly green; submedian area of fore wing with a single green spot above fold, or with a slender separate sub- basal streak below fold also (Africa) petiverana - Ground white, usually with very faint or no green tinge; sub- median area with a large double spot, composed of an oval spot above, and a longer streak below the fold (Asia and Islands) limniace 5. A pale species ; cell as well as interspaces about it dominantly light green and marginal pattern well developed ; or if darkened with outer part of cell divided into three green stripes by two black stripes (Indochina and Nicobars) gautama - Basal half of wings dominantly light green, save that the cell of the fore wing is dominantly blackish; outer half mostly blackish, contrasting; body redder (Philippines and Celebes) ishmoides - Markings about evenly developed, the marginal pattern usually complete ; cell of fore wing dominantly black, the outer green spot single, or once emarginate on outer side; sub- median area darker, its two green antemedial streaks sepa- rate or connected by both joining the postmedial spot (wide- spread) melissa D. ( T .) formosa Godm. This still stands in our lists as three species. I think in fact few would deny it is made up of four local forms of one; the fore wing darkening and hind wing becoming duller from formosa, through neumanni and mercedonia to morgeni ; but formosa and mercedonia overlap, so perhaps two species are pres- ent,— formosa with more spotting on hind wing and brighter base of 129 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 2 fore wing, mercedonia with no pm. yellow spots on hind wing and dark brown on fore wing. D. (T.) petiverana, etc. If Martin is right there are four species in this group in Asia, all existing together in the Celebes. Determi- nations are confused, partly through failure to realize the wide range of melissa forms, but I think the characters given in the key will usually work. D. petiverana is evidently not quite a modern immi- grant to Africa, since it combines features of both the commoner Asiatic species, e.g., the green color of melissa with the shorter thicker spots of ground, of limniace. ( Danaus ) Linnaeus This group is commonly divided into five, but three of these are composed of a single aberrant and variable species each ( Anosia with erippus, Nasuma with ismare and Limnas with chrysippus) . The other two names merely represent the Old World and American mem- bers of a single homogeneous series, which show no differences of structure, pattern or larva. The following key separates what I con- sider to be distinct species. I believe my analysis of the American forms is correct, but am not quite so sure in the case of the Old World lotis group. The chief divergences from Hulstaert are the realloca- tion of the American normal series to three names only instead of six or seven; the combining of the northern Monarch with erippus (whose distribution is quite incorrectly given) associating cleophile with the gilippus rather than the erippus subgroup, and the realine- ment of the Old World species which have both tawny and white in the patterns of the under side as discrete elements. Key 1. Cell of hind wing lengthened, by the lengthening of the lower halves of mdcv. and ldcv., extending more than f way to margin ; fore wing long, with sinuate outer margin. Tawny, with black border and veins and white spotting ; rarely with a white spot in cell Mt (Larva with 4 filaments) ( Anosia ) 2 - Cell of hind wing not extending f way to margin, the outer part not lengthened 3 2. Inner margin of fore wing tawny, or somewhat darkened in females with very dark ground, never much darker than ground erippus 15 - Inner margin of fore wing black below A, strongly contrast- ing megalippe15 3. Fore wing elongate and outer margin sinuate ; white postmedial 15 Probably conspecific. 130 April, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA spots beyond cell formed of two similar series of streaks, the one in cell Cui small, all diffuse and concolorous with the whitish ground ; a conspicuous white apical spot. No brown or tawny (Nasuma) ismare - Fore wing short and blunt, white postmedial spots beyond cell and in cell Cui sharply defined when distinct, frequently contrasting with a tawny ground; apical white spot less conspicuous (Old World) or absent (New World) (Larva with 6 filaments) 4 4. Mdcv. of hind wing sharply angulated above middle and marked by a conspicuous black spot; veins not marked with black ( Limnas ) chrysippus - Mdcv. of hind wing moderately bent about middle and not marked with a black spot; veins of Old World species con- spicuously striped with black (Dana us) 5 5. White postmedial spots in cells Mi and M2 of the shape of longi- tudinal oblongs, commonly only separated by the fine black veins, much larger than the white spots just beyond the cell, and forming part of a conspicuous oblique fascia (Old World) 6 - White pm. spots in cells Mi and 2 rounded, always well sepa- rated, and similar to the ones just beyond cell (mostly New World) ' 11 6. Under side of hind wing with a series of tawny postmedial spots, largely enclosed in black, and contrasting with the white or whitish ground ; the terminal area brown ; veins of hind wing above thin affinis - Ground of under side of hind wing more often tawny, never with a series of definite discolorous tawny spots, though some- times shading imperceptibly from white into tawny ; ground of terminal stripe black ; veins of upper side heavily black . 7 7. Fascia pointing at the pm. spot in cell M3 ; the latter opposite the outer end of the spot in cell M2 when that spot is long (as usual) genutia - Fascia further out, the pm. spot in cell M2 opposite its inner end, or obliquely in from it when small ; — its outer end continu- ous with the upper st. spot 8 8. Under side nearly evenly deep chestnut brown (with the usual white spots) the terminal area concolorous, the upper side almost as even (New Guinea) molyssa 16 16 The National Museum has a race or closely related species from Sumbava, intermediate to haruhasa ; under a ms. name of Neu- moegen ’s. 131 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 2 - Terminal stripe of liind wing below black, contrasting with disc 9 9. Veins of hind wing above broadly black, much broader than on fore wing ; under side with broad shades of tawny, as in some genutia forms 10 - Veins of hind wing above thinner than on fore wing, linear in cen- ter of wing. All specimens seen with deep mahogany ground, and mostly with sharply defined white spots and rays about end of cell below philene 10. Ground at least of fore wing tawny or brown melanippus - Ground of both wings white lotis 11. Body black above with yellow rings. Fore wing with white spotting reduced, the pm. with 4 dots (in cells Mi-Cui) only, and the st. and t. dots also obsolete, except for a strong apical dot below ; ground fuscous shading into dull clay. haruhasa - Body even or broadly shaded, usually red-brown, rarely black {cleophile) , or white when the hind wings are white; mark- ings of fore wing as strong as on hind wing; the st. and t. dots numerous 12 12. Old World. Apical white dot much more conspicuous than the others ; ground dark red-brown, evenly laid on mytilene - New World. Apical white dot not or scarcely enlarged, not at all distinctive ; ground of fore wing light enough so that the blackish border contrasts decidedly 13 13. Ground of abdomen and inner margin of fore wing black. cleophile - Abdomen and inner margin of fore wing tawny or brown, con- colorous 14 14. Under side of hind wing with a series of small contrasting white postmedial spots plexaure - Under side with a series of very large, faintly paler spots. eresimus - Under side with no trace of postmedial markings, sometimes with white spots grouped about end of cell gilippus D. erippus Cramer. The famous milkweed butterfly, or Monarch, is in a complete state of nomenclatorial snarl, since the oldest refer- erences to it were invariably confused with other related or similar species. Linnaeus included it in plexippus, but that name is claimed by the Old World genutia with at least equal right. I am inclined to drop it as of hopelessly uncertain identity ; whatever the name may 132 April, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA have meant to Linnaeus it is certainly a composite. Next we have erippus of Cramer, an undisputed name, but belonging to the extreme southern representative of the group generally treated as a distinct species. Then comes arckippus, but this was intended for the Vice- roy, and its use for the Monarch must be treated as a homonym, or more probably a misdetermination. Next comes Hiibner’s “Ver- zeichniss.” He proposes the name of menippe, including in it the North American race of the Monarch, but unfortunately his first citation under it is Cramer ’s figure of erippus ; — he transfers the name erippus to Berenice. If we accept Kirby’s restriction (in Hiibner’s Samml. Exot. Schm. ed. ii, vol. 3, p. 4) this is the name we must use for the northern Monarch, otherwise it is nameless. On a later plate (ii, pi. 220, 1826) Hiibner proposes the name megalippe for the race from northern South America. The following key brings out the normal differences between the three chief races, but they intergrade completely. The northern one is well known to be a migrant, but the central one varies so much from place to place that it is evidently sedentary as a rule. Austin Clark reports (in lit.) that race megalippe exists in a definite colony in eastern Virginia. If so its failure to be lost among the normal Monarchs shows it must be sedentary here. Of the minor names, fumosus Hulst. was intended for an aberra- tion of the North American race ; in fact it is the dominant female also in the races from Lima, Peru, and Vieques Id. and St. Thomas. From the latter island Butler gave it the name of leucogyne. In Porto Rico only a few miles away, the female is normal. The name americanus Gund. was given to a suffused aberration, nivosus Guild, (not nivosus G. & S.) to one with white ground. Haensch overlooked the name megalippe, and renamed it nigrip- pus. Hulstaert also failed to recognize the synonymy, and besides gives Central and South America and the Antilles wrongly for erippus, which seems in fact to occur only south of the Amazon. Key 1. Inner margin of fore wing concolorous, or somewhat suffused with darker brown (South America from Para south) erippus - Inner margin of fore wing black 2 2. Postmedial spots of fore wing light tawny, but little paler than ground (U. S. ; Cuba and Mexico— with the following ; intro- duced widely in Old World) e. menippe - Postmedial spots of fore wing cream or white ; the border more solidly black (West Indies to Amazons and Peru, perhaps sporadic colonies in U. S. — Virginia) e. megalippe 133 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 2 D. cleophile Godart. This species has always been compared with the preceding, on account of the black body and inner margin of the fore wing, but in wing-form, venation and presence of a postmedial white spot in cell Mx of fore wing it agrees with the following. The latter spot is absent in a single specimen seen and minute in two more. The species differs from all the other Danai known to me in having a large contrasting pale patch in the fork of Sc below, though D. affinis has a white splash at the same place. Hulstaert gives the locality as ‘ ‘ Antilles ’ ’ but all the specimens I have seen with authen- tic locality are from Haiti and San Domingo. A stray female labelled “ Jamaica, Thaxter” looks exactly like normal Haiti speci- mens and is doubtless the victim of an accident in labelling. D. gilippus Cramer. As Bates notes (The Butterflies of Cuba, Bull. M.C.Z. 78 (2) : 146, 1935) this is certainly a single locally variable species, covering the gilippus, Berenice, hermippus, xanthip- pus and cleothera of Hnlstaert and others. M. LeCerf has kindly lent me an authentic cleothera from the Paris Museum, and it is plainly this species, not eresimus as apparently assumed by Hall in describing kaempfferi. The distribution of the races is erratic, espe- cially in the Antilles, where the Haitian cleothera has nothing special in common with the Cuban Berenice or Jamaican jamaicensis, and these latter represent the two extremes of the berenice “exerge.” There are three main groups of races; the berenice group, rather evenly Indian red, with weak veins and little white spotting; the true gilippus, with similar ground color, but much white spotting about end of cell, and the cleothera types with more orange-tinted ground and heavy dark veins. The first two occupy the ends of the distribution area, while the third is typical of the middle, but areas interlock, and there is a good deal of blending of the two northern types in the Andean region. Hall gives the absence of the lower discal spots on under side of fore wing as a point to distinguish kaempfferi ( i.e ., typical cleothera) from the other races; the differ- ence holds normally but not strictly, like so many racial differences. Key 1. Hind wing above with a group of 3 to 6 white spots about disco- cellulars. Ground pale Indian red with narrow but dis- tinct black veins (Brazil, from Para south) gilippus - Hind wing above without white spots at end of cell, below at most with weak spots, or with white streaks along the veins17 2 17 The National Museum has a female from Loja, Ecuador, and one without locality that are transitional, with the group of white 134 April, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 2. Ground color mostly orange-ochre to tawny, the apex and costa contrasting dark red-brown ; veins heavily dark 3 - Ground color rather Indian red, without orange tint, varying from light leather color to deep mahogany, the costa as a rule not noticeably darker 4 3. Fore wing at least on under side, with white pm. spots in cells Cui and Cu2 (Colombia to Trinidad)18 xanthippus - Fore wing without these two spots (Haiti) . cleothera ( kaempfferi ) 4. Hind wing with black veins thickened, strongly contrasting, the white edging when present suffused 5 - Hind wing with black veins linear, not at all contrasting, the ac- companying white lines when present, also linear 6 5. White spotting on fore wing moderate (Colombia) hermippus 19 - White spotting of fore wing very large, the pm. spots larger than the space between them, the st. dots also enlarged at middle of wing (W. Colombia to N. Peru) nivosus 19 6. Ground deep mahogany red (Fla., Cuba, Bahamas, and Isle of Pines; Costa Rica and Panama)20 Berenice - Ground pale Indian red, the veins of hind wing normally edged with white (Arizona to Costa Rica)20 strigosa - Ground evenly pale leather brown, the black border frequently obsolete; generally small (Jamaica) jamaicensis I judge thersippus Bts., from Panama to be merely the normal dark berenice like the Costa Rica specimens examined. If there is any difference it will serve for the Costa-Rican subrace, berenice for that from Florida and the Antilles. I take centralis J. & T. to be spots, but a still paler color, approaching nivosus. They probably represent a case of parallel variation, not continuous with the general area of g. gilippus. 18 Omitted from Kaye’s list, but in the Hope Museum from La Brea, Trinidad; also reported by Joicey and Talbot, as centralis J. & T. 19 These forms inter grade and interlock in distribution and also interlock with g. xanthippus ; but any one block of specimens runs relatively constant. The National Museum also has an ultra-form of nivosus from Cuzco, Peru, with the ground almost wholly white except the cell of the fore wing, and the st. and t. spots also much enlarged. 20 The difference in color is more striking when viewed in an ex- tremely dim light, then the ground of berenice goes black, while strigosa seems even paler. 135 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol.XIX,No.2 merely xanthippus, since my specimen from Pitotan, Venezuela, not too far from the type locality, is as light as normal xanthippus. D. plexaure Gdt. This species replaces eresimus locally, but the difference is so striking that I treat it as a good species. The Tring Museum reports a specimen transitional to gilippus, but I have never seen one. Para to Corrientes, Argentina. D. eresimus Cramer. The color forms of this show a distinct tendency to parallel those oi gilippus, — except its type race, which matches the range of D. plexaure. While the key difference is clean- cut, and almost always easy to see, it is frequently overlooked (I sup- pose because it is visible only below) and few collections show pure series. The series that I treat as e. eresimus can be further divided, especially in the shade of brown ground, for instance Cuban speci- mens are much darker than those from Haiti and Jamaica. These lighter ones are perhaps kaempfferi Hall, but he does not mention the spots below, and the description suggests cleothera rather than eresimus. The new race from the Middle Amazon is the most dis- tinct of all. Most of the specimens seen may belong to a single col- lection (they were distributed through dealers) but very few have locality labels of any value. Key 1. Wings above heavily shaded with black between the two series of marginal spots and along border, at least ; hind wing below warmly colored, tawny to red-brown 2 - Wings above with black shading confined to extreme margin and costa; hind wing above with outer part noticeably lighter tawny, below leather brown without orange or red tint; white markings conspicuous, sometimes with the st. and t. dots on fore wing partly fused (Amazons) dilucida, n. ssp. 2. Hind wing with subterminal as well as terminal white dots con- spicuous, apex of fore wing more black, hind wing more tawny (arid West Peru and West Ecuador) erginus - Hind wing with subterminal dots largely lost, terminal series sometimes incomplete ; ground usually even brown, with less black in apical area (Florida to Amazons) eresimus Danaus eresimus dilucida (Stgr. ms.), new race. Ground mahogany brown, shading into bright tawny toward anal angle of fore wing and on outer third of hind wing ; apex of fore wing also lightened. White spots in the usual positions, pure white, large and strongly contrasting, the ground about 136 April, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA them somewhat darkened toward costa but not black; st. and t. series fairly complete on fore wing, the middle st. ones somewhat enlarged, and occasionally joining the corresponding terminal ones ; outer margin shading into dark brown. Hind wing with the pm. spots of under side repeated as vague pale shades, and also sometimes with similar pale shades about end of cell; st. dots mostly faint or obsolete in the tawny ground, but terminals more distinct, usually a complete series but not really white. Beneath, fore wing except apex as above, but with even less dark shading; apex and hind wings pale dull brown, with fine black veins ; the st. and t. spots in a complete series and white on both wings, the ground not at all darkened around them. Postmedial patches on hind wing pale dirty buff, not at all shaded with paler or defined with darker, sometimes with smaller similar spots grouped at end of cell. Expanse 60-80 mm. Type male and 3 paratypes, Santarem, Amazons, Brazil (F. Knab) in U. S. National Museum ; 12 other paratypes without authen- tic localities in U. S. National Museum, Museum of Comparative Zoology and Cornell University Collection. One is labelled “Ama- zon” one “Brazil” and two bear the determination “ dilucida.” Cornell has one specimen of eresimus from Bocas, Panama, with the ground evenly as dark as the local Berenice, and the usual white pm. spots in cells M3 and Cua lost. It may possibly represent a fourth distinct race. From Godman and Salvin’s remark in the Biologia they probably included such specimens in “ cleother a.” The Old World species of true Danaus appear to be a homo- geneous group, though hardly worth a subgenus ( Danaus against Tasitia) as the only tangible difference is the emphasized apical dot on the fore wing. The key separates most of the species along the lines recognized by Hulstaert, except in the case of genutia ( plexip - pus). This is certainly two species, marked by the different relation of the white fascia and the spot in M3, the fascia being continued by the postmedian spot in genutia , the subterminal in philene. I have entered the names of molyssa and mytilene in the key, but believe them only rather divergent pattern-types of philene. D. ismare Jcotoshonis Mats. ( kotoshoensis on the plate) in Ins. Mats, iii 4: 1, is obviously not a form of ismare but a normal Danaus. I believe it is affinis, though the under side is neither described nor figured. D. genutia Cr. Normal forms of this species run as far east as Tenimber in the Lesser Sunda Ids., but stop short of the Celebes, which have a couple of large races with the pm. fascia more erect than the others (though the spot in M3 is in line) and the cell of the 137 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol.XIX,No.2 hind wing white. From the Moluccas and east the philene group of forms come in. D. philene Cr. Fruhstorfer makes three species out of this com- plex, Hulstaert combines all three with genutia, as plexippus. While Fruhstorfer gives genitalic differences in “Seitz” he sometimes allowed too little for individual variation and the characters should be checked. Typical philene is Moluccan, but philene- like forms reappear in eastern New Guinea; the intervening strains, mainly from Dutch New Guinea, tend to be darker. For analysis see Fruh- storfer in Berl. Ent. Zeit. 44: 64-83, 1899; Iris 19: 161-202, 1906; Seitz’ Macrolep. World 9: 197-199, 1910. D. melanippus Cr. and lot is Cr. are hardly more than representa- tive species, but the distributions interlock, and Fruhstorfer reports both from the Natuna Ids. In some strains of lotis the veins are no darker on the hind wing than the fore wing, but only when both are very heavily shaded. D . affinis F. Hulstaert questions the distinctness of this species from philene. I believe the latter is rather the representative of genutia , while affinis overlaps the distribution area of both and remains distinct. The orange spotting on the border below varies in extent, but so far as I have seen is always separated either by a black line or a sharp change of color from the paler areas of ground color. Many of the races have been assigned without any note of this char- acter, and I suspect some of the names should be interchanged between affinis and genutia-philene. D. haruhasa Doh. A very distinct species from melanippus and lotis, between which it now stands. The wings are lengthened and coloring dull. It plainly belongs to the Celebesian fauna in char- acters, but instead is found in the Lesser Sunda Ids., which generally when they have special forms vary in the opposite direction. Note Cethosia myrina and lamarcki just a. D. ( Limnas ) chrysippus L. This species needs no comment. D. ( Nasuma ) ismare Stoll. The usual exaggerated type to be ex- pected in the Celebes. Matsumura’s race kotoshonis must be ex- cluded, being a normal D. ( Danaus ). The wing form suggests Anosia, but the more important characters do not, and I fully believe the larva will be found similar to genutia, with 6 filaments. Amauris Hubner A slight variant of Danaus, intermediate in most characters between D. ( Danaus ) and D. ( Parantica ). It would hardly have 138 April, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA been held so long were it not for the different caterpillar and the fact that no primitive Danaus are found in Africa to make the connec- tion. Of the four main subgroups it comes nearest to typical Danaus, though it lacks any trace of the pocket, and therefore cannot be derived from it. Aurivillius’ analysis in the Rhopalocera Aethiopica 34—40, and in Seitz 13 : 73-78, is so complete that further comment would be out of place. Plate XII Explanation of Symbols Danaus erippus Dotted Vertical ruling menippe (Monarch)] megalippe J > megalippe exerge Horizontal ruling erippus erippus exerge D. eresimus and plexaure Vertical ruling Cross-hatched Oblique ruling eresimus erginus dilucida \ | eresimus Horizontal ruling plexaure plexaure D. gilippus Dotted Heavy dots Open circles strigosa berenice jamaicensis J | berenice exerge Cross-hatched Oblique ruling Vertical ruling cleothera nivosus etc. j xanthippus J j* cleothera exerge Horizontal ruling gilippus exerge 139 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, (n. s.), No. 2, PI. XII A Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor CARL GEO. SIEPMANN GEO. P. ENGELHARDT Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue, December 14, 1939 Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Vol. XIX July, 1939 No. 3 A SYNOPSIS OF THE HEMIPTERA— HETEROPTERA OF America North of Mexico By J. R. de la Torre-Bueno PART I Families Scutelleridae, Cydnidae, Pentatomidae, Aradidae, Dysodiidae and Temitaphididae Contents page Preface 142 Introduction 143 Structures 144 Keys 152 Key to the Families of the Heteroptera 153 Key to Family I — Scutelleridae 164 II — Cydnidae 175 III — Pentatomidae 196 IV — Aradidae 258 V — Dysodiidae 270 VI — Termitaphididae 276 References, with List of Species therein newly described 277 Plates 286 141 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 Preface For the average entomologist, the determination of Heteroptera is becoming more and more difficult. Descriptions of species mul- tiply ; and it becomes almost impossible for anyone without an exten- sive library and much time to spare to do the work. This Synopsis is intended to lighten the labor and research demanded for naming specimens. The arrangement of the families and genera follows closely Van Duzee ’s 1917 Catalogue. Species within genera may be systemati- cally arranged in the collection in their linear order according to Van Duzee, or by any monograph since that date. Nomenclature also adheres closely to this Catalogue. Where any changes have been made, they follow synonymies or descriptions since that time, except where such changes have not been established satisfactorily or are matters of opinion, in which cases Van Duzee has been accepted. This Synopsis introduces no innovations of its own, either in classi- fication or in nomenclature — the author believes that all such changes should be made only in monographic, revisional or avowedly syno- nymical work, thoroughly documented and reasonably established. Such changes should also be independent of personal bias or pre- possession, and thus completely objective. Synonymy is already sufficiently cluttered with ‘ ‘ emendations ” and new names, the fruit of personal likes and dislikes or of the application of rules which should not and do not apply. Changes should neither be made nor accepted just because some type, or alleged type, is lost or destroyed. As an example of such methods, take Gerris : Because this name was applied to sundry genera in various families, Stal rejected it and termed the water-striders Hygrotrechus, just for that reason. If this idea be applied univer- sally, stability in nomenclature vanishes, rules or no rules. Mani- festly, such a point of view leads to endless change, because anyone can pick out a number of generic names which have been variously employed, reject them, and establish an entirely new series of such names. Meditate on what would happen to Cimex Linne if the principle of lost types were applied to that name ! There is no type extant ; it does not agree with the original description since it does not have four wings; and the name has been indiscriminately employed in other families. Let us, therefore, in the modern manner term it Bedbugius ; let us call the pentatomid genera Feldbugius, Wanzenus, ad lib. But there is far too much work to be done in insect bionomics to waste time in such preciosities. 142 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA The only departure from the Van Duzee arrangement is in the Subfamily Thyreocorinae, in which McAtee and Malloch are followed in the order of the genera and in the nomenclature. The keys for this group closely follow theirs, except for the changes necessary to restrict them to the genera and species north of Mexico only. The McAtee and Malloch keys are hard to use in practice; and these recasts will be found no simpler. In general, these keys in the Synopsis are either original or ex- panded recasts of extant keys, in a uniform manner. The author’s indebtedness to the many writers past and present, whose work has so largely helped in their preparation, is here sincerely acknowledged. These number Stal, Horvath, Uhler, Hungerford, Barber, Van Duzee, Parshley, McAtee, and Malloch — men whose pioneer work has laid the broad foundation on which their successors may build. Introduction The purpose throughout this Synopsis has been to use only such characters and structures as are readily accessible, plainly visible, and clean-cut ; in other words, to be clear. Wherever it has not been done, it has been because no specimens were in hand and the char- acters have been abstracted from descriptions. So far as possible, all keys have been tested for workability in actual practice, with specimens in hand. The use of abstruse or hidden characters hard to put into words, such as genitalia, trichobothria, intestinal caeca, hami in the hind wings, venation of hind wings, etc., etc., has been avoided. Such char- acters in themselves are taxonomically perfectly valid and are in no way questioned. But they demand special techniques, not commonly known; they are time- wasting ; and at best uncertain except in the hands of the most expert entomologists, which few of us are. Fur- thermore, many of us working with heretofore not seen forms, need at hand a ready and comprehensible means of naming such specimens without undue labor. In working up these keys, it has been found that there are no com- prehensive ones for any major group — far too often references in catalogues are to other catalogues, or even only to bare faunal lists ; some of these refer only to the original generic or specific character- izations, which become more succinct and fragmentary as we go back in time. As an example, go back 100 years to the Hope Catalogue, by Westwood. Nowhere in these pentatomid descriptions do we find a structural character, with the sole exception of the length! Now and then we come across descriptions within the last 20 years which do not mention even that ! 143 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 Certain of these descriptions, ancient and modern, run something like this: “Similar to suppositus (ante) but larger; may not be a different species; length, 7 mm.” In Van Duzee’s Catalogue there are many questioned references to Walker ian species. A number of these had to be omitted from the keys because of their uncertainty. Again, the sole reference is to Walker; and while to judge from the extended records, the species might seem to be widespread, nowhere has anyone seen fit to make a new or intelligible description. In the end, this leaves us entirely dependent on some named specimen, which may have been misidentified at that. It would be prolix to list ex- amples, but anyone who has access to Van Duzee’s great Catalogue may find them there by the dozen. When it comes to the ancients, without particularizing names, let us take one well-known species. There are seventeen references to this, beginning with Fabricius in 1775 and ending with Zimmer in 1912. Five of these references are to bare faunal lists; the remaining seven antedate Stall And its four synonyms with another ten references, go back to Fabricius in 1803 and Palisot de Beauvois in 1805, coming down to Walker in 1867 and Stal in 1868. In none of these is there an adequate descrip- tion of the species ! The first good description of the species is Stoner’s, in Scutelleroidea of Iowa, in 1920! In the interval be- tween, we either took it on faith, or we endeavored to dig it out of this early fog ! Or take another species. This has four references — to Westwood’s original description in 1837, to Dallas 1851, to Stal 1872, and to Herrich-Schaeffer 1853 (a synonym), and to three faunal lists, one annotated. And nothing since ! The principal purpose of this Synopsis is to overcome these diffi- culties, which have done so much to retard the progress of hemipter- ology here and abroad. Consider : there are only four adequate synopses of Heteroptera extant — Saunders, for the British Isles; Puton for France; Fieber for Europe ; and Stal for Africa ! Everything else is monographic work for families or genera, or else is scattered descriptions of single species or of groups of species. Even Biologia Centrali Americana goes but little further than this fragmentary descriptive stage 1 Structures This Synopsis is intended to be a ready, simple, accurate and direct means by which to identify unknown specimens. The better to carry out this purpose, here follows an explanation or description of the structures used in the keys. These apply to the Heteroptera only. General terms are not included ; such may be found in full in 144 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA “A Glossary of Entomology,” published by the Brooklyn Entomo- logical Society. While this is true also of the names of structures, these are here defined more strictly, or explained more at length. For ready reference, these structures are listed alphabetically, rather than in the natural sequence or relation of the structures one to the others. To further clarify the terms, diagrammatic but true figures are also given. These figures are to be used as guides to the structures and parts, and are not to be considered as exact reproductions of any one specimen. Their purpose is to bring out structure, form and position. The number of the figure showing the structure fol- lows its definition. In these figures and in the keys, all segments are numbered from base to apex in Roman numerals (I, II, etc.). (Note : It has not been possible to give the width, and in some instances, the length, of species unknown to me from specimens, because one or the other is not given in the original or other descrip- tions. ) Abdomen — the third and last of the three major divisions of the insect body; used in the keys in that sense only. (Figs. 1 and 2.) Anastomosing — running into each other and touching, or merging into one. Abdominal groove — in Pentatomoidea (and in other groups), a linear median longitudinal channel on the venter, in which the rostrum lies, in certain instances, when it is extended onto the venter. Acetabidum — the cup-shaped cavity in each of the thoracic sterna into which a coxa fits. Alveolus — a cell similar to that of a honeycomb. Antennae — the paired, long, segmented anterior appendages of the head; the feelers. (Figs. 2, 7, etc.) Antennal tubercles — the elevated places or structures from which the antennae arise, to which these are connected by a joint. (Fig. 7.) Anteocular — on the head, in front of the eyes. Apex — that part of any organ or structure farthest from the body, from its point of attachment, or from its own base. Apical — of the apex, or at or near it. Appendage — any part, segment, structure or organ attached to the body or to any main structure by a joint; such as legs, antennae, arolia, etc. Apterous — wholly without wings. Areola, areole — any small closed cell ; specifically on the wings, espe- cially in the membrane of the hemelytra in Heteroptera. 145 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 Arolia — cushion-like pads on the tarsi, between the claws ; sometimes reduced to bristles. Armature — the spiny, hard, chitinous outgrowths or processes of the legs, wings or body of an insect. Asymmetrical — unevenly developed on either of the two sides about an axis. Asymmetry — an uneven development in the two sides of any body segment or segments, or in any appendage. Articulation — the place or joint where segments are united to each other, or by or at which they are attached to the body; a joint. Basal — at or pertaining to a base, or to the point of attachment to or nearest to, the main body. Base — that part of any segment nearest to the body or to its point of attachment ; of the head, its attachment to the thorax ; of the seg- ments of the thorax, that part nearest to the abdomen ; of the scu- tellum, that part at the suture between it and the pronotum ; of the abdomen, that part at its attachment to the thorax ; of the abdomi- nal segments, that part nearest to the thorax; of the genital seg- ment, that part at its attachment to the abdomen. Body — the trunk ; the thorax and abdomen taken together, as distin- guished from the head. Brachium — the cubitus, which see. Brachypterous — short- winged. Bucculae (sing., buccida) — the more or less elevated ridges or plates on the under side of the head, on each side of the rostrum. (Figs. 1 and 17.) Callosity, callus — a thick swollen lump on the hard outer parts of the body; a somewhat flattened elevation. Carina — an elevated ridge, not necessarily high or sharp ; a keel. Cell — any area of the wing between or bounded by veins, any closed area ; any part of the membrane of the hemelytra surrounded by a vein or veins. (Figs. 6, 7, 14, 15.) Cilia (sing., cilium) — a long, slender, pointed hair, similar to an eye- lash; series of such hairs arranged in tufts or single lines, or fringes. Claval suture — the suture at the base of the hemelytra which sepa- rates the clavus from the corium. (Fig. 7.) Claval vein — the longitudinal vein or thickening of the clavus, run- ning close to, nearly parallel or at a slight angle to the claval suture. (Fig. 7.) Clavus — the long, pointed cell in the hemelytra, lying close to the lateral margin of the scutellum when the wing is closed (Figs. 2, 7, 16.) 146 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Claw — the hook-like structure or appendage at the apex, or near the apex, of the last tarsal segment. (Figs. 2, 8.) Clypeus— the middle part or division of the head, to which the ros- trum is attached or from which it arises, bounded laterally by the juga. (Figs. 2, 10, 16.) Closed cell — in the hemelytra, a cell entirely surrounded by a vein or veins ; specifically, in the membrane, a cell cut off before reach- ing the margin by the peripheral vein, the vein which goes entirely around the membrane at a short distance from its margin or edge in certain groups. (Figs. 7, 15.) Collar — the narrow, ring-like anterior part of the prothorax, next to the head, generally set off by a groove. (Figs. 7, 10, 16, 17.) Collum — see neck. Commissure — the straight line of meeting of the hemelytra at the clavus and behind the apex of the scutellum. (Figs. 6, 7, 16.) Compound eye — the large lateral eye on each side of the head, made up of a varying number of small eyes or lenses, termed ommatidia. (Figs. 1, 2.) Connexivum — the prominent, more or less flattened, margin of the abdomen in the Heteroptera, at the juncture of the dorsal and ventral plates. (Fig. 2.) Coriaceous — leather-like, thick, tough and stiff. Corium — the thickened basal part of the hemelytra, as distinguished from the membrane, the thin, more or less transparent apical part. (Figs. 2, 5, 6, 7, 10, 15, 16, 17.) Costa, costal vein — the vein extending along the outer margin of the hemelytra. (Fig. 7.) Costal area — the area in the hemelytra lying between the costal vein and the costal margin. Costal margin — the outer margin of the hemelytra. Coxa — the small basal segment of the leg; the first segment of the leg which forms the connection with the body, that is, with the thorax. (Figs. 1, 10, 11, 17.) Coxal cavity — the acetabulum, q.v. Coxal cleft — a slit in the wall of the acetabulum, perpendicular to its edge. (Fig. 17.) Crown — in the eggs of certain Heteroptera, the series of erect fila- ments surrounding the upper or micropylar end. Ctenidia (sing., ctenidium) — combs of short flat spines. (Fig. 3.) Cubitus — the vein on the corium nearest the claval suture, continued on the membrane to bound the areoles; also called brachium. (Fig. 7.) 147 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 Cuneus — the small triangular or wedge-shaped area at the end of the embolium of the hemelytra. (Fig. 7.) Disc, discal area — in any surface, the middle area ; all the area within a margin. Discal elevation — in Tingitidae, the middle area of the hemelytra, raised above the surrounding areas. (Fig. 11.) Discoidal cell — any outstanding closed cell in the wings. Dorsum — the back ; the upper surface ; the upper surface of the abdo- men, as distinguished from the lower, termed the venter. Embolium — the narrow area along the outer margin of the hemelvtra. (Fig. 7.) Empodium — a process or structure set between two claws. (Fig. 8.) Epistoma — the lower face between the mouth (or rostrum) and the eyes ; the clypeus in Heteroptera. Evaporative area — a more or less marked area about an ostiole and its canal, generally dull and more or less striated or pitted. Exocorium — a narrow lateral area of the hemelytra ; the outer margin of the corium. Eyes — the compound eyes, q.v. Feet — in general, the legs; the tarsi with the claws. (Fig. 2.) Femur (ph, femora) — the first long segment of the leg, following the coxa and trochanter ; the third segment from the foot, counting the tarsal segment and its parts as one. (Figs. 2, 6, 17.) Flabella — flattened extensions of the margins of the body. Fossorial — adapted or formed for digging ; applied to the thick and spiny front legs of certain Cydnidae. Fracture — in Miridae, the suture or indentation in the hemelytra separating the cuneus from the corium. (Fig. 7.) Frenum (ph, frena) — the lateral groove in the under side of the mar- gin of the scutellum into which fits or catches the channeled lock- ing device on the upper edge of the clavus. (Note : This definition corrects that in “A Glossary of Entomology,” p. 107.) Front — the anterior part of the head between the bases of the anten- nae and below, or in front of, the ocelli. (Fig. 2.) Fidcrum — see trochantine. Gena (ph, genae ) — the cheeks ( not the jugum) ; that part of the head on each side, below the eyes, extending to the gular suture. (Fig. 10.) Genital segment — the complicated last segment of the abdomen, char- acteristic of the sexes. (Fig. 1.) Glandular opaque spots — in Lygaeidae, two or three spots on the sides of the venter on the fourth segment (segment IV), near the spiracles of ventral segments III and IV. (Fig. 17.) 148 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Gula — the throat; the sclerite forming the central part of the head beneath, laterally bounded by the genae. Gular suture — the suture separating the gula from the gena on each side. Ramus — a hook ; specifically, the spur or short vein, sometimes acute, going or projecting into the middle cell of the hind wing in Heter- optera. (Fig. 14.) Head — the first of the three main divisions of the insect body, which bears the rostrum and sense organs. (Figs. 1, 2, etc.) Hemelytra, hemielytra — -the anterior wing in the Heteroptera, which has the basal part more or less hardened and coriaceous and the apical part membranous; sometimes entirely membranous, as in the Tingitidae and Enicocephalidae ; the first spelling is used throughout ; the terms elytra and tegmina are rejected. (Fig. 1, etc.) Hood — in Tingitidae, that part of the pronotum which extends more or less over the head. (Fig. 12.) Humerus— the shoulder; in Heteroptera, the outer lateral angle of the prothorax. (Figs. 1, 2.) Humeral angle — see humerus above. Insertion — the point or place at which a movable part is inserted or set into another. Joint — the flexible point at which any two segments are united. Juga (sing., jugum) — the lateral lobes of the head at each side of the tylus. (Figs. 2, 16.) Keel — a carina, q.v. ; an elevated ridge on a structure. Leg — one of the jointed segmented appendages for walking or swim- ming, from the coxa to the claws. (Fig. 2.) Linear — line-like ; extremely narrow and long. Lobe — any prominent rounded process on a margin or on a structure. Lunate vitta — see strigose lunate vitta. Macropterous — long or large winged; in Heteroptera, having fully developed wings. Median furrow — in Heteroptera, an impression which separates the embolium from the rest of the corium. Membrane — any thin tissue ; in Heteroptera, the thin more or less transparent apical area of the hemelytra, as distinguished from the opaque corium. (Fig. 2, etc.) Mesosternum — the lower side of the mesothorax. Metasternum — the lower side of the metathorax. Mesothorax — the second ring of the thorax, which bears the middle legs and the hemelytra or first pair of wings. 149 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 Metathorax — the third or posterior ring of the thorax, which bears the hind or third pair of legs and the hind wings. Micropterous — small winged; in the Heteroptera, having very small wings as compared to the fully developed wings in the species; sometimes wrongly used in the same sense as brachypterous. Monilif orm — beaded like a necklace ; specifically, of antennal seg- ments. Mucro — a straight or curved, stout, pointed process. Mucronate — terminating in a sharp point or mucro. Neck — the contraction of the head back of the eyes, where it connects to the thorax; the collum. (Fig. 16.) Notum — the back or tergum. Occiput — the back of the head between the vertex and the neck. Ocelli (sing., ocellus) — the simple eyes, of which there are two in certain families of the Heteroptera, generally set on top of the head, near the large compound eyes. (Fig. 2.) Orificial canal — ostiolar canal, q.v. Omphalium — in certain families of the Heteroptera, the elevated median stink- gland-opening in the metasternum posteriorly; an unpaired median ostiole. Ostiole — in the Heteroptera, one of the lateral openings of the scent gland in adults, on the metasternum, near the coxae ; in the nymph, these openings are paired and dorsal on the abdomen. (N.B.— In general, this is the most certain way to distinguish nymphs from apterous adults). (Fig. 1.) Ostiolar canal — a furrow, groove or channel, sometimes with high sides, leading from an ostiole. (Figs. 1, 17.) Ostiolar peritreme — the thickened and sometimes furrowed border or area about an ostiole. (Fig. 9.) Ovipositor — the egg-laying structure, generally a sharp slender piece or complex structure hidden in a slit at the end of the abdomen beneath. Pala — the shovel-shaped, or scoop-shaped anterior tarsal joints in Corixidae. (Fig. 4.) Paranota — in Tingitidae, the flattened or laminate margins of the pronotum, more or less upwardly bent. (Fig. 12.) Peritreme — the horny area, sometimes raised, surrounding a spiracle or other body opening. (Fig. 9.) Pleuron (ph, pleura) — the side of the thorax ; the side of any segment of the body, lying between the dorsum and the sternum. Proboscis — the rostrum, q.v. Pronotum — the dorsal or upper part of the prothorax. 150 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Prosternum — the lower or ventral surface of the prothorax, between the anterior legs. Prothorax — the first or anterior segment or ring of the thorax; it bears the anterior legs, but no wings; in Heteroptera, commonly termed “the thorax” ; cf. pronotum. Radius — the third of the longitudinal veins of the hemelytra. (Fig. 7.) Rostrum — the segmented, long structure in Heteroptera, arising from the anterior part of the head, in which the modified mouth-parts (stylets) are carried. (Figs. 1, 10, 11, 17.) Scutellum — the more or less triangular part of the mesonotum, gen- erally lying between the bases of the hemelytra; in some groups more or less rounded and overlapping them or covering them com- pletely. (Figs. 2, 6, 7, 10, 12, 16, 17.) Segment — a ring or division of the body or any of its appendages, lying between areas of flexibility. Spiracle — the opening of the respiratory system in the body-wall, in the segments; stigma. (Figs. 1, 10, 17.) Stenopterous — with short or narrow but complete wings. Sternum — the middle part of the lower surface of the thorax, be- tween the coxal cavities ; the entire ventral division of any segment. Stigma (pi., stigmata) — a spiracle, q.v. Stink-gland — the internal structure which secretes the malodorous protective fluids in the Heteroptera, opening externally by an ostiole. Strigil — in Corixidae, a structure on the abdomen above, usually shaped like a currycomb. (Fig. 5.) Strigose lunate vitta — in Lygaeidae, a crescent-shaped roughened area or stripe on the venter, running lengthwise on segments II and III. (Fig. 17.) Structure — any of the parts of an insect, but particularly the appen- dages and growths therefrom. Stylet — one of the highly-modified trophi or mouth parts of the Heteroptera, enclosed in the rostrum, sometimes visible. Subcostal area — in Tingitidae, the narrow part or section of the hemelytra next to the costal area. (Fig. 13.) Sutural area — in Tingitidae, the area of the hemelytra occupying the inner and apical regions, narrow in the short-winged forms, ex- panding into the apical area in the long- winged; corresponds to the membrane of the hemelytra in the other families. Suture — a seam or impressed line indicating the division of distinct parts of the body-wall. 151 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 Swimming hairs — in the aquatic Heteroptera, the hair fringes of the swimming legs. Tarsus (pi., tarsi) — the foot; the jointed appendages consisting of several, generally 2 or 3, segments, lying at the ends of the tibiae and bearing the claws and pulvilli. (Fig. 2.) Tergal — at the upper part or dorsal surface of an insect ; pertaining to that part or aspect. Tergum — the upper part, back or dorsum of the body of any insect, or of any body segment. Thorax — the second of the three main divisions of the insect body, bearing the legs and wings. In the Heteroptera it is sometimes used for the prothorax. Tibia — the part of the leg between the tarsus and the femur; the second of the two principal segments of the leg. (Fig. 2.) Trochanter — a small variously shaped segment in the leg, lying be- tween the coxa and the femur. (Fig. 10.) Trochantine — the basal part of the trochanter when it is divided into two parts ; in older works on the Heteroptera termed the fulcrum. (Fig. 10.) Tylus — the anterior central lobe of the head in Heteroptera, bounded laterally by the juga, from which it is separated by lateral sutures. (Figs. 2, 16.) Trichobothria — symmetrically arranged seta-bearing structures on the venter in many Heteroptera. Vein — one of the thickenings of the wings of insects, which serve to stiffen them. Venter — the lower surface of the abdomen as a whole. Ventral spine — in certain Pentatomoidea, a more or less acute pro- jection from the first or second ventral segment, directed toward the head and lying between or toward the coxae. (Fig. 1.) Vertex — the top of the head between the eyes, the front and the occi- put. (Fig. 2.) Xyphus — a spinous or triangular process in the mesosternum of many Heteroptera. The Keys These keys are arranged in the form of pure dichotomies — that is, in directly contrasting couplets. They are also on a uniform plan. The given order of the structures as named is the same in each of the two members of a couplet. It will be noted that in one or the other term of a couplet, certain parts are enclosed in parentheses. These enclosed parts contain supporting characters, additional to the key 152 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA characters. These secondary characters are designed to cut off as far as possible any similar form that might lead to that member of the couplet. Couplets are all numbered from 1 on. In some long keys next to the serial number of the couplet there is another number in paren- theses ; this is the number of the antecedent couplet which led to this point. This is given to make it simple and easy to go back to the antecedent couplet for any purpose. ORDER HEMIPTERA SUBORDER HETEROPTERA Key to the Families (The Old World Families Leptopodidae, Aepophilidae and Helo- trephidae are not included in this key; the first will run to Saldidae, and the last to Pleidae herein.) 1. Eyes, ocelli and scutellum absent; clypeus forming a mov- able apical lobe ; at least head with ctenidia ; hemelytra always short, without membrane ; rostrum 3-segmented, shorter than the head ; length, 2.5-4 mm. ; parasitic on bats. XXIII. Polyctenidae Westwood 1874 Eyes always present, although the two ocelli may be absent ; scutellum always present, although in some groups concealed ; clypeus not forming a movable lobe ; rostrum visibly 3- or 4-segmented ; no ctenidia on head or thorax ; apterous, brachypterous, stenopterous or macropterous ; of varying food habits 2 2 ( 1 ) . Antennae shorter than the length of the head, simple, digi- tate or palmate, generally hidden in foveae beneath the head; metasternal orifices or ostioles absent; aquatic or littoral forms ( CRYPTOCERATA Fieber 1851) ... 3 Antennae as long as or longer than the head, fully exposed ; with or without metasternal orifices or ostioles; land, littoral and water surface forms ( GYMNOCEBATA Fieber 1851) 10 3(2). With ocelli, which are set between the large compound eyes ; legs long and slender, adapted for running ; not over 12 mm. long; species living on the margins of ponds or streams, usually found running over muddy places or concealed among pebbles and in the shore sand, in small holes made in the mud or sand 4 153 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 Without ocelli between the compound eyes; hind legs gen- erally flattened and fringed with swimming hairs (ex- cept in Pleidae, where the hind tibiae are round, and spiny or setose) ; of varying lengths, from 2 mm. to 40 mm. or 50 mm. or over ; subaquatic species ; predacious or phytophagous 5 4 ( 3). Antennae free and visible, simple, 4-segmented; all legs long and slender ; velvety-looking insects, black, marked and mottled with blue and yellow ; rostrum long and slender, extending behind the posterior coxae ; length, 3.5-5 mm. ; predacious. XXXIY. 0 chteridae Kirkalcly 1906 Antennae very short, simple, digitate or palmate, 3- or 4- segmented, concealed in foveae under the head ; anterior legs raptorial; anterior femora stout or incrassate; rostrum short and stout, not extending much beyond the anterior coxae ; rough-surfaced insects, mottled and colored in dull hues to harmonize with the sandy shores on which they live ; size averaging 6-12 mm. ; egg broadly oval, deposited loosely in the sand ; predacious on other small insects. XXXV. Nerthridae Kirkaldy 1906 ( Gelasiocoridae Kirkaldy 1897) 5 ( 3 ) . Posterior tarsi with only one claw ; anterior femora greatly incrassate; insects less than 18 mm. long; (hind tibiae fringed with swimming hairs) 6 Posterior tarsi with two claws 7 6 ( 5). Head overlapping the thorax dorsally, scutellum concealed or visible ; back flat or but slightly convex ; more or less smooth and shining insects, marked in linear or vermi- culate patterns of yellow, browns and black; rostrum short, unsegmented, or at most with two segments, con- cealed beneath the epistoma ; membrane of the hem- elytra without veins ; metathorax with parapleura ; sec- ond pair of legs long, slender, third natatorial, fringed with swimming hairs; ventral segments of male asym- metrical ; venter without long hairs or a ventral longi- tudinal keel ; anterior tarsi 1-segmented, more or less flattened, palaeform ; length, 2-12 or 14 mm. ; cling to objects at the bottom of the water by the middle legs, which have long claws ; eggs pedunculate, attached to water-plants or to certain crustaceans ; feed on algae, 154 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA which they scrape off objects by means of the broad- ened anterior tarsi. XLI. Corixidae Leach 1815 Head not overlapping the thorax, inserted into it ; back quite convex and boat-shaped; anterior femora more or less rounded, with a single claw, tarsi not palaeform ; body more or less dull on the upper surface, which is covered with a fine micropubescence (Notonecta) , or glassy and shining, with a few scattered fine hairs (Buenoa) vari- ously colored, but not in yellows; front coxae inserted at the posterior margin of the prosternum; abdomen with a median ventral longitudinal keel, from which arise long hairs to meet a similar series arising from the sides of the abdomen ; anterior legs more or less rounded, prehensile, the tibiae in Buenoa fringed with stiff bristles; anterior tarsi with one claw; length, 5-18 mm. ; predacious, swim back down. XXXIX. Notonectidae Leach 1815 7 ( 5). Hind tibiae not flattened, nor furnished with swimming hairs ; anterior femora not thickened ; two claws of pos- terior tarsi small ; body very convex, boat-shaped ; hem- elytra entirely coriaceous, sometimes connate ; with neither abdominal keel nor hairs; length not over 3 mm. ; eggs inserted into the soft tissues of water-plants ; predacious on Entomostraca and other small aquatic organisms. XL. Pleidae Fieber 1851 Posterior tarsi with two large and conspicuous claws; an- terior femora greatly thickened; anterior tarsi with only one large claw in the adult (for North American genera only), or with two minute claws (Abedus) 8 8 ( 7). Small insects, not over 20 mm. long; (rostrum without fili- form appendages; posterior coxae cardinate) ; mem- brane of the hemelytra large and conspicuous, but with- out veins ; (hind legs not flattened for swimming, fringed with stiff hairs or spines; predacious; length, 6-20 mm. or over; eggs ellipsoid, fastened to water plants). XXXVI. Naucoridae Fallen 1814 Large insects, more than 12 mm. long and generally larger ; membrane of the hemelytra sometimes vestigial but always with veins 9 155 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 9 ( 8). Abdomen with two long non-retractile filaments at the apex (the two halves of a respiratory tube) ; hind legs round, slender ( Ranatra ) or thick and more or less angulate ( Nepa and Curicta) , fringed or not with sparse, long, fine hairs, not flattened for swimming; rostrum project- ing forward from head, not bent under it; eggs ellip- soid, with two filaments apically (Ranatra), 7 (Nepa), or 15 (Curicta), inserted into soft or decayed plant tissues in the water ; live concealed among water plants at or near the surface, or under stones and debris at the bottom in shallow places; length, including air- tube, over 20 mm. ; predacious. XXXVII. Nepidae Latreille 1802 Abdomen with two short more or less retractile strap-like terminal abdominal appendages, for respiration at the surface when submerged ; hind tibiae flattened for swimming and heavily fringed on one edge with long hairs ; rostrum stout or slender, bent under the head ; eggs more or less ellipsoid, fastened about the stems of water plants (Benacus)-, or deposited under stones or other objects in damp places on the shore (Lethocerus) , or on the back of the male by the female (Belostoma Abedus) ; over 10 mm. to 40 or 50 mm. long; highly predacious. XXXVIII. Belostomatidae Leach 1815 10 ( 3). Head shorter than the length of the pronotum and the scu- tellum taken together 11 Head much longer than the pronotum and scutellum taken together ; very slender insects with thread-like antennae and legs, all tarsi with two terminal claws ; rostrum long and slender ; compound eyes set about the middle of the head ; mostly apterous but sometimes brachypterous or macropterous ; more or less 12 mm. long ; eggs long and spindle-shaped, attached by one end singly to plants growing out from the water, just above the water-line; found walking on the surface of the water, in still ponds or marshes, near the shore ; predacious on Entomostraca and small insects entrapped in the surface film. XXX. Hydrometridae Billberg 1820 11 (10). At least the anterior tarsal claws set above the apex of the last tarsal segment, which is cleft, the claws of the other two pairs of legs at the apex of the last tarsal 156 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA segment ; body more or less velvety in appearance, espe- cially on the lower side, which is clothed with a thick sericious pile ; omphalium (unpaired median stink- gland opening) present; littoral forms, living on the surface of water 12 All tarsal claws terminal, i.e., at the apex of the last tarsal segment, which is never split; rostrum slender and straight, or quite thick and sometimes curved, always lying under the head when at rest; body not velvety beneath; stink gland openings (ostioles), when present, paired, metasternal ; land insects only 13 12 (11). Apex of posterior femora extending greatly beyond the apex of the abdomen ; anterior coxae remote from the middle coxae, middle and posterior coxae close together; ros- trum short and stout, bent under the head; apterous, brachypterous, or macropterous ; 7 to nearly 25 mm. long; row about on the surface of the water by means of the middle legs, supported by the front legs and steered by the hind pair ; eggs more or less oval, glued to water plants growing at the surface; highly pre- dacious. XXXI. Gerridae Amyot & Serville 1843 Apex of posterior femora extending but slightly beyond the apex of the abdomen (except in the Antillean Micro- velia longipes, in which they are very much longer) ; coxae placed at about equal distances apart (except in Rhagovelia, in which the terminal tarsal segment of the second pair of legs is split lengthwise for some distance, with a group of long feathery hairs within the split) ; length 2 mm. or less to 8 or 10 mm. or over; eggs deposited in vegetation at the surface, attached by glue in clusters or rows; highly predacious; walk on the water by steps, row only when in great haste, except Rhagovelia. XXXII. Veliidae Amyot & Serville 1843 13 (11). Antennae 5-segmented, not counting any intercalary minute segments (apparently 4-segmented in Merragata through the fusion of two joints into one) 14 Antennae 4-segmented, not counting any minute intercalary segments, nor the segments of the many segmented last segment in certain groups 15 14 (13). Antennal segments I and II stouter than the remaining seg- 157 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 ments ; body velvety-looking ; minute in size, from less than 2 mm. to slightly over 2 mm. long; ordinarily found walking in humid places about the shores of bodies of fresh water ( Naeogeus ) or on the underside of floating vegetation (Merragata) . XX. Naeogexdae Kirkaldy 1902 Antennal segments I stout, II slender (margin of head cari- nate above insertion of the antennae ; insect more or less shield-shaped) ; not velvety in appearance ; strictly land insects ; small to large in size (more or less 2 mm. to 25 mm. or over in length) 38 15 (13). Apex of rostrum in a sulcus, cross-striated for stridulation ; rostrum short, more or less stout, curved under the head, 3-segmented; insect not less than 5 mm. long, up to 25-30 mm. ; found mostly on vegetation or under loose bark, or under stones; predacious on other insects, or haematophagous on man and animals ( Triatoma ) 16 Apex of rostrum not lying in a stridulatory sulcus, rostrum 3- or 4-segmentecl ; of varying lengths, from more or less 2 mm. to 30 mm. or over 17 16 (15). Apical segment of antennae stout, fusiform; anterior legs greatly modified, very stout, raptorial ; body more or less angulate, especially the pronotum ( Phymata and allies), or smooth-margined ( Macrocephalus ) ; hemely- tra narrower than the abdomen, on which they lie in a depression ; colors mostly black and greenish or yellow ; length about 6-10 mm. ; eggs more or less oval, deposited in masses glued together ; highly predacious ; generally found concealed in flowers, with other insects and spid- ers seized in their front legs. XVII. Phymatidae Laporte 1832 Apical segment of the antennae filiform, very slender, some- times consisting of a number of faintly separated or indicated minute segments ; anterior legs more or less similar to the others, although the anterior femora may be more incrassate than the others; legs simple, spiny or hairy; eggs with a cap, deposited in clusters fastened together on plants, or with a crown of fila- ments, deposited singly in the earth ; mostly moderate sized or large insects, 5 or 6 mm. to 30 mm. or more in length; highly predacious. XVIII. Reduviidae Latreille 1807 158 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 17 (15). Hemelytra reticulately veined, veins more or less elevated, which gives the insect a more or less lace-like or pitted (Piesmidae) appearance; small insects not over 6 mm. long; phytophagous 18 Hemelytra not netted-veined ; or both wings absent or re- duced in the adult 19 18 (17). Juga free, longer than the tylus, surpassing the apex of the head; membrane of the hemelytra not netted-veined; rest of dorsum pitted, including the corium of the hem- elytra; small species, not greatly over 3 mm. long; found on the under surface of leaves ; phytophagous. XIV. Piesmidae Amyot & Serville 1843 Juga not prominent, not longer than the tylus; head some- times spinose above, the spines retrorse or not; hem- elytra of the same membranous texture throughout, much reticulated, veins prominent; head with a more or less large membranous hoodlike structure above; rarely longer than 5 mm. ; eggs deposited singly but close together in clusters on the underside of the leaves of the food-plant, or inserted singly close to the main ribs of the leaf ; phytophagous. XV. Tingitidae Laporte 1832 19 (17). Pronotum divided into three lobes; head long and con- stricted behind the eyes ; hemelytra entirely membran- ous and transparent, with a few distinct longitudinal veins ; delicate narrow insects, not over 6 mm. long ; predacious ( ? ) ; found flying in swarms like midges. XVI. Enicocephalidae Stal 1860 Pronotum never divided into more than two lobes; hemely- tra present, composed of corium and membrane; head in general short, except in a few Lygaeidae 20 20 (19). Rostrum with three visible segments, or actually only 3-seg- mented 21 Rostrum with four segments, all visible, segment I short .. 28 21 (20). Body convex ventral ly, above flat or slightly concave (in the apterous form) ; greenish in color; entire hemelytra, when present, membranous, with the principal veins coarse and prominent in the corium, the membrane without veins, corium slightly thickened; about 6 mm. long; eggs long, ellipsoid, curved at the opercular end, inserted into floating vegetation by means of an ovi- 159 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 positor ; predacious ; live on floating plants (water lilies, duck- weed beds, etc.). XXI. Mesoveliidae Douglas & Scott 1867 Body thin, more or less flattened, venter not or but slightly convex, in the apterous not concave above ; color not green or greenish (in American forms) ; terrestrial or living in damp places on the banks and shores of waters ; hemelytra when present, with corium and membrane .22 22 (21). Tarsi two-segmented 23 Tarsi three-segmented 26 23 (22). Ocelli present; membrane without veins; claws with arolia; arboreal; on under side of leaves of the royal palm; phytophagous ; 1. 8-2.5 mm. long. XIII. Thaumastocoridae Reuter 1912 Ocelli absent; membrane, when present, with veins; claws without arolia (in American species) ; live under bark or concealed in Termite nests ; length, 3 mm. or over.. 24 24 (23). Tylus at end of a deep incision which extends posteriorly from the anterior margin of the head ; bucculae forming no appreciable rostral sulcus; margin of the body fur- nished with lobes, separate or fused, which form a prac- tically continuous lamina encircling the entire insect; more or less 3 mm. long ; live in Termite nests. VI. Termitaphididae Myers 1924 Tylus forming the anterior projection of the head; bucculae forming a rostral sulcus; margin of the body more or less simple or furnished with well-separated lobes or crenulations ; much flattened species from 3-12 mm. long, sometimes over ; live in colonies under loose bark of dead or living trees, or under scales on the trunk or limbs of living ones ; eggs ellipsoid, fastened in clusters either to the underside of the bark or scale, or to the wood itself under the bark ; supposed to feed on fungi 25 25 (24). Postocular part of head behind the eyes scarcely wider than the anteocular part ; eyes very prominent ; antennal seg- ment I short, stout, the base suddenly narrowed into an extremely short, oblique style ; trochanters connate with the femora ; abdominal stigmata placed near the basal margins of the ventral segments. IV. Aradidae Spinola 1837 160 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Postocular part of the head wider than the anteocular ; eyes scarcely or very slightly prominent beyond the post- ocular part of the head; antennal segment I with the base barely, or less abruptly, narrowed; trochanters distinct; abdominal stigmata remote from the basal margins of the abdominal segments. V. Dysodiidae Reuter 1912 26 (22). With ocelli 27 Without ocelli ; (wings reduced and showing as small scales under the posterior margin of the pronotum, without a membrane ; more or less 3 mm. long ; parasitic on man and other mammals or on birds). XXII. Cimicidae Latreille 1804 27 (26). Ilemelytra with a cuneus; membrane in the macropterous without long closed cells, sometimes without veins ; macropterous, brachypterous or apterous; not over 4 mm. long ; predacious ; found on plants or under loose bark of dead trees. XXIV. Anthocoridae Amyot & Serville 1843 Hemelytra without a cuneus; membrane with four or five long closed cells; generally macropterous, sometimes brachypterous; rostrum long and slender, segment I short and stout ; length over 2 mm. to about 8 mm. ; predacious ; live on the shores of bodies of water, or in muddy places, one group on sea beaches ; eggs elliptical cylindrical, hidden among leaves of shore mosses or under leaves of grass. XXXIII. Saldidae Amyot & Serville 1843 28 (20). Without ocelli 29 With ocelli (except certain Lygaeidae, which are readily distinguishable by wing venation and structure) 31 29 (28). Membrane of the hemelytra with two large cells at the base, next to the corium, from which arise about eight longi- tudinal branching veins ; hemelytra without a cuneus ; somewhat stout forms ; length from about 6 or 8 mm. to 12 or 14 mm. ; phytophagous. XII. Pyrrhocoridae Fieber 1860 Membrane with one or two small basal cells, very rarely with longitudinal veins; cuneus distinct; size from more or less 2 mm. to 10-12 mm. long; phytophagous or pre- dacious; live on plants 30 30 (29). Segment I of rostrum longer than broad, extending gener- 161 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 ally somewhat beyond the posterior margin of the head ; membrane with two basal cells, or, rarely with one. XXIX. Miridae Hahn 1831 Segment I of rostum little or not longer than broad, extend- ing posteriorly not further than the middle of the eyes ; membrane with one basal cell ; length, 2.8-4 mm. XXVIII. Termatophylidae Reuter 1884 31 (28). Hemelytra with a cuneus; small mirid-like forms .32 Hemelytra without a cuneus, not mirid-like ; large or small 33 32 (31). Head porrect or vertical; rostrum 4-segmented; antennal segments III and IV without long hairs, II longer than the others taken together; membrane of the hemelytra with one or two closed cells; less than 2.8 mm. long; arboreal, living on lichens. XXVII. Isometopidae Fieber 1860 Head usually strongly declivent ; rostrum 3-segmented ; an- tennal segments III and IV usually very slender and beset with numerous long spreading hairs; membrane absent or poorly defined ; without ostioles ; less than 1.8 mm. long; terrestrial, in damp places. XXV. Dipsocoridae Dohrn 1859 33 (31). Anterior legs not raptorial, generally similar in structure to the others; anterior femora sometimes incrassate and armed with a few teeth ; rostral segment I generally longer than wide 34 Anterior legs raptorial, with spiny tibiae and femora, the spines set in rows, which mesh when the joints are flexed one on the other for grasping; anterior femora more or less incrassate, their spines sometimes replaced by close-set even setae ; rostral segment I short ; propor- tionally comparatively narrow ; length from 6-12 mm. or slightly over; eggs long, cylindrical, more or less curved toward the opercular end, inserted in grass stems ; predacious ; hunt in vegetation, principally grasses and sedges and small weeds, some are arboreal. XIX. Nabidae Costa 1852 34 (33). Body and legs extremely slender, linear; antennae genicu- late, with two segments apically enlarged ; eyes distant from the base of the head; femora apically enlarged; 3-18 mm. long ; eggs ellipsoid, inserted in plants ; phy- tophagous. X. Neididae Kirkaldy 1902 162 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Body and legs not extremely slender ; antennae not genicu- late nor linear, nor with two apically enlarged seg- ments 35 35 (34). Membrane of hemelytra with numerous more or less anasto- mosing veins; antennae set high on the head, usually above a line drawn from the middle of the eye to the anterior end of the buccula 36 Membrane with five usually simple longitudinal veins, which are neither branched nor anastomosing; antennae set low in the head, below, or on, a line drawn from the middle of the eye to the apex of the buccula ; 1 mm. to 15-18 mm. long, sometimes more ; hemelytra sometimes absent or reduced ; predacious or phytophagous ;. live on plants, run about on bare places on the earth, or hide under fallen leaves and other debris. XI. Lygaeidae Schilling 1829 36 (35). Metasternal orifices (ostioles) generally obsolete, when pres- ent set between the middle and posterior coxae near the median line, with two diverging furrows running out- ward ; colors usually light, with closely scattered small pits dorsally; membrane more or less hyaline; length, less than 10 mm. ; phytophagous. IX. Corizidae Mayr 1868 Metasternal orifices distinct, set further outward from the median line ; colors usually dark ; generally over 10 mm. long 37 37 (36). Head much narrower and shorter than the pronotum; buc- culae extending to behind the insertion of the antennae ; length from 10 mm. to 30-50 mm. ; eggs (those known) more or less angulate, with a metallic lustre, deposited on leaves or stems of plants; phytophagous; generally live on plants, some species on the ground. VII. Coreidae Leach 1815 Head much wider than the anterior margin of the pronotum, the vertex much wider than the scutellum ; bucculae anterior to the insertion of the antennae ; 10-15 mm. long; eggs ( Protenor ) angulate, metallic shining brown, dropped singly; certain nymphs (Alydus) run on the ground in company with ants, which resemble them in color, size and form; phytophagous. VIII. Alydidae Amyot & Serville 1843 (Coriscidae Blatchley 1926) 163 ENTOMOLOGXCA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 38 (14). Scutelhim generally large, covering almost the entire abdo- men, usually very convex; if the scutellum is smaller and flatter, then the tibiae are very spinose; pronotal angles not toothed 39 Scutellum of moderate size, rarely covering the entire abdo- men, the tip more or less narrowed; if the scutellum covers the abdomen, then the colors of the insect are bright and contrasting, or there is a prominent tooth or point just before the lateral angles of the pronotum ; tibiae not strongly spinose, even though there may be small spines or spine-like hairs along them ; from 5 mm. to 20-30 mm. long; eggs barrel-shaped, the upper end surrounded by a circlet of filaments, glued in clusters to leaves or plant stems; phytophagous or predacious (subfamily Asopinae). III. Pentatomidae Leach 1815 . 39 (38) . Tibiae thickly spinose with strong dark spines ; corium nar- row or acute or rounded apically ; length, 2-8 mm. ; black, brown or metallic blue in color; phytophagous; live on plants or under leaves and debris, or dig into the loose earth at the base of plants. II. Cydnidae Billberg 1820 Tibiae not strongly spinose; corium broad at apex; length, 4-16 mm. ; brownish, dark or light colored, variegated sometimes with black; live on trees, shrubs and in grasses at the roots, some in the loose earth about the roots. I. Scutelleridae Leach 1815 Family I. SCUTELLERIDAE Leach 1815 Key to Subfamilies A. Venter in males and females with an elongated finely and densely striated stridulatory area (sometimes not very evident) on each side of the disc, traversing at least ventral segments IV and V ; (transverse incisures of the ventral disc either straight or sinuate, sharply curved on each side; ostioles evident, prolonged or not in a groove). Subfamily Tetyrinae Stal 1873 B. No striate stridulatory ventral areas in either sex. Subfamily Odontotarsinae Stal 1872 164 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 1(2 & 3) 2(1). 3 (1). 4 (3). 5(4). Subfamily 1. Tetyrinae Stal 1873 Key to Genera . Pronotum with a distinct transverse impression at about the middle ; head as well as the upper part of the body, quite convex 2 Pronotum without a transverse median impression; head frequently only slightly convex 3 Lateral margins of the head and especially of the pronotum, denticulated ; head strongly declivous, very obtuse, with the tylus more elevated than the juga, shorter than the pronotum, which is not twice as wide as long; eyes prominent. Y. Acantholoma Stal 1867, p. 168 Lateral margins of the head and pronotum entire, not den- ticulated ; head less declivous, more gradually elongate, frequently at least as long as pronotum, which in gen- eral is at least twice as wide as long; eyes scarcely prominent. IV. Camirus Stal 1862, p. 168 Ostioles as near to the sides of the sternum as to the pos- terior coxae, or nearer to the sides than to the coxae, very rarely prolonged into a sulcus 4 Ostioles further, sometimes only slightly, from the sides of the sternum than from the posterior coxae, most fre- quently extended in a sulcus or canal 6 Scutellum exposing the costal margin of the hemelytra at the base only ; edges of the body not depressed, convex up to the lateral margin ; (body glabrous above ; edges of the abdomen entire, not erose). III. Chelysoma Bergroth 1891, p. 167 Hemelytra with the costal margin exposed to beyond the . middle ; edges of the venter depressed, margins sharp, the apical margins of the segments somewhat pro- duced 5 Scutellum not concealing the extreme edge of the abdomen nor covering it completely ; head entirely rounded an- teriorly ; pronotum and scutellum spotted with red. II. Pachycoris Burmeister 1835, p. 167 Scutellum leaving the connexivum exposed; head obliquely truncate anteriorly on each side ; pronotum and scutel- lum not spotted with red. I. Tetyra Fabricius 1803, p. 166 165 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 6 (3). Ostioles not prolonged into a canal, or the canal barely indi- cated; tibiae with two grooves or snlci on the upper aspect, which are separated by a marked longitudinal ridge ; (ventral segment VI of the male produced so as to conceal the genitalia). VI. Diolcus Mayr 1864, p. 168 Ostioles prolonged into a canal equalling at least -J of the width of the metasternum ; tibiae with the upper aspect simple with one wide long sulcus, except in Stethaulax, in which it has two sulci or grooves and the ostiolar canal is very long 7 7 (6). With two sulci on the upper aspect of the tibia. VII. Stethaulax Bergroth 1891, p. 169 With only one more or less pronounced sulcus on the upper aspect of the tibiae; (head shorter than pronotum) 8 8 (7). Ostiolar canal curved ; scutellum not exposing the costal margin of the hemelytra beyond the middle 9 Ostiolar canal straight, nearly transverse, the margins par- allel ; scutellum exposing the costal margins of the hemelytra beyond the middle; (ventral segment VI about twice as long through middle as along the lateral margin). X. Symphylus Dallas 1851, p. 171 9 (8). Ostiolar canal enlarging gradually, recurved at the end in a right angle; margins of the mesosternal sulcus cari- nate. VIII. Sphyrocoris Mayr 1864, p. 169 Ostiolar canal not or scarcely enlarging, gradually curved or abruptly recurved toward the end; margins of the mesosternal sulcus not carinate. IX. Ilomaemus Dallas 1851, p. 170 Genus I. Tetyra Fabricius 1803 Key^to Species 1. Abdomen without a distinct median ventral furrow or sulcus, or only slightly sulcate basally ; rostrum reaching only to mid- dle of ventral segment II (the first entirely visible ventral segment) ; length, 15 mm., width, 8 mm. antillarum Kirkaldy 1 909 ( arcuata Fabricius 1794) Florida; on Solanum verbascifolium (sec. Blatchley). 166 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Abdomen with a broad, distinct median ventral furrow or sulcus ; rostrum passing ventral segment II 2 2. Pronotum with two large lateral calloused yellow areas, one on each side of the disc, which are partly surrounded and in- vaded by close set black punctures, deeper and larger than the smaller shallow punctures of the disc ; ostiole small, scarcely produced into a small narrow auricle, the evapora- tive area small and vague in outline ; rostrum reaching mid- dle of ventral segment III ; length, 11-14 mm., width, 8-9 mm robust a Uhler 1897 New Mexico, Utah, Arizona. Pronotum without yellow calloused areas, the entire surface fairly evenly punctate with moderate sized dark punctures ; ostiole evident, fairly large, with a narrow somewhat produced auricle ; evaporative area large, deeply rugose longitu- dinally, its exterior margin truncate, nearly straight, and nearly parallel to the outer margin of the mesosternum; rostrum reaching to or passing the anterior margin of ven- tral segment VI ; length, 12-17 mm., width 8-10 mm. bipunctata Herrich Schaeffer 1839 New York to Texas and Mexico ; in the pine belt ; stridulates quite audibly. Genus II. Pacliycoris Burmeister 1835 P. torridus Scopoli 1772 ( fabricii Tigny 1813) Vars. aquila H.S. 1839, decoratus Perty 1830, klugii Burmeister 1835, linnaei Westwood 1837, schaefferi Schouteden 1904, schousboei Fabricius 1803. The characters in the key will distinguish this genus and its one North American species. The varieties are color forms, a key to which will be found in Stal, Enumeratio Hemipterorum I, pp. 5 and 6. The other species of the genus are Neotropical. In general, the color of the species is black or purplish, spotted with flavous or orange or red, the spots varying in size. The head is distinctly punctulated, anterior margins slightly sinuatecU'to base ; body beneath aeneous or sordid testaceous or flavescent with a violaceous tinge ; length 12.5-16 mm. Doubtfully recorded from California. Genus III. Chelysoma Bergroth 1891 ( Orsilochus Stal 1867) C. guttata Herrich Schaeffer 1839. In addition to the key characters of the genus, it may be recog- 167 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 nized by the bright smooth yellow markings on the head, pronotum, and scutellum; rostrum reaching middle of ventral abdominal seg- ment II ; antennal segment II one-half of itself shorter than either IV or V, which are the longest and stoutest segments; length, 11-13 mm., width 7-8 mm. This is the one species of this predominantly Neotropical genus found thus far in America north of Mexico. So far as records go, it is peculiar only to our Atlantic and Gulf States from North Caro- lina to Florida and Alabama. On Ipomoea pes-caprae, the goat’s foot morning glory; hibernates among roots of grass clumps (sec. Blatchley). Genus IV. C amir us Stal 1862 Key to Species A. Carinate margin of head nearly straight, becoming evanescent posteriorly; anterior angles of pronotum distinctly angu- lated; length, 5 mm consocius Filler 1876 Texas, Arizona, California. B. Carinate margin of the head percurrent and abruptly bent before the eye ; anterior angles of the pronotum distinctly rounded ; length, 4-4.5 mm., width, 3 mm porosus Germar 1839 Florida, Texas, California, Vancouver Island; in shrubbery in open places in pine woods in Florida (sec. Blatchley). Genus V. Acantholoma Stal 1870 A. denticulata Stal 1870 Recognition characters for this, the single species in the genus, additional to those in the generic key are : antennal segment II twice the length of III ; scutellum with a levigate round pale spot at each side of the base; oblong-oval in form, dull black in color, minutely pubescent with yellowish prostrate hairs; length, 5. 3-5. 8 mm., width, 3-3.5 mm. New York, New Jersey, Indiana, Illinois, Kansas; found occa- sionally in lake beach drift. Genus VI. Diolcus Mayr 1864 Key to Species A. Head relatively shorter and broader, three-fifths wider than long, forming with the juga a bluntly rounded apex; pronotum punctate to edge ; conspicuous greenish punctures on head and pronotum ; scutellum with a round black spot laterally ; 168 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA venter profusely punctate on both sides of disc ; length, 8-9 mm., width, 6-7 mm chrysorrhoeus Fabricius 1803 North Carolina, South Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Texas. B. Head relatively longer, somewhat over one-quarter wider than long, forming with the jnga a more acute angle ; not punc- tate with green ; pronotum not punctate along pale, lightly reflexed lateral margins; venter smooth, with large, scat- tered brown punctures ; length, 8-9 mm., width, 6-6.5 mm. irroratus Fabricius 1775 Florida, (West Indies) ; on black mangrove ( Rhizophora mangle) on the keys and along edges of tidewater lagoons in Florida (sec. Blatchley). Genus VII. Stethaulax Bergroth 1891 ( Aulacostethus Uhler 1871) St. marmoratus Say 1831 ( simulans Uhler 1876) So far, this is the only known species of the genus, which is con- fined to America north of Mexico. Additional characters to those in the key are : rostrum reaching middle of ventral segment II ; antennal segment II nearly one-half longer than III ; length, 6-7 mm., width, 4.5-5. 5 mm. New Jersey, New York, Maryland, North Carolina, Georgia, Illinois, Texas, California; said to occur in cedar (sec. Blatchley). Genus VIII. Sphyrocoris Mayr 1864 Key to Species A. Antennal segment II equal to or sub equal to III ; (head broadly triangular, apex rounded, a narrow median stripe and two smaller ones running to ocelli, both levigate ; anterior mar- gin of the prosternum hardly dilated, very slightly rounded; apical angles of the abdominal segments hardly prominent) ; length, 8-8.5 mm., width, 5-5.5 mm. punctellus Stal 1862 (Mexico.) Arizona; on wild cotton. B. Antennal segment II longer than III ; (head shorter, more rounded, wider than long; humeri produced into blunt points; stigmata with white calloused spots) ; length, 7 mm. obliquus Germar 1839 Florida, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, (West Indies, Neotropical). 169 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 (N. B. — It is practically impossible to construct an adequate key for these two species, so meticulously described by color both in the primary and in the secondary descriptions. This practice in descriptions has been shown conclu- sively to be a failure in the majority of the Scutelleridae which, even when brightly colored, are extremely variable in pattern in one and the same species, as for example, Augocoris gomesii Burmeister or Tectocoris diophthalmus Thunberg. The former has three named color varieties; and the latter no less than eight, all named, with fourteen synonyms in addition to the varietal names, everyone de- scribed as a species on the basis of color! There is no adequate modern structural description of either Sph. obliquus or Sph. punctellus ; at the most, there are fleeting remarks by Van Dnzee and Hart. These remarks presup- pose actual possession of both species and at best are but vague indications of differences. Blatchley, in spite of an extensive color description, is no better. So, whether we are dealing with two species, or with one, or with several, will remain a question until the genus is completely and adequately revised. Mayr, however, from an examination of Germar’s type, confirms the fact that in obliquus the third joint of the antennae is shorter than the second. This key is given for what it may be worth; it gives the only structural characters directly comparable with each other mentioned in the two original descriptions. Genus IX. Homaemus Dallas 1851 Key to Species 1. Dilated anterior margin of the prosternum when viewed ver- tically from below forming a distinct but obtuse angle below the antenniferous tubercles; (posterior half of the lateral margin of each abdominal segment black) 2 Dilated margin of prosternum rounded, not angulate, viewed from below 3 2 (1). Length 4—5 mm. ; (segments II and III of antennae subequal, V longer than IV ; pronotum proportionally broader and shorter than in proteus; middle of venter with but few punctures ; clothed with a minute pale pubescence ; ostiolar canal less curved than in proteus; rostrum reaching hind coxae) ; length, 4—5 mm. variegatus Van Dnzee 1914 170 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA California; on Adenostoma and manzanita ( Arcto - staphylos pungens) (sec. Van Dnzee). Length more than 5.5 mm.; (length, 6.5-7 mm.) proteus Stal 1862 Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California; on grasses near or at roots. 3 (1). Ostiolar canal regularly curved at apex, not abruptly bent; size small; color pale; length, 4.2-6 mm., width, 3-4 mm parvulus G-ermar 1839 (. grammica Wolff 1811) North Carolina, Florida, Indiana, Kansas, Colorado, Texas, Arizona, California ; in grasses, near roots. Ostiolar canal abruptly bent forward at apex, the bent part nearly parallel to the outer margin of the meta- pleura 4 4 (3). Lateroanterior margins of the pronotum concavely arcuate; anterior prolongation of ventral segment VI broader, distinctly angulate ; head generally bronze-black with- out pale margins; length, 7-9 mm., width, 5-6 mm. aeneifrons Say 1824 Quebec, east and west to New Mexico and California; on carices and swamp grasses, and on Solidago. Lateroanterior margins of the pronotum straight or feebly convexly arcuated; anterior prolongation of ventral segment VI distinctly rounded ; head generally with a broad submarginal pale vitta; length, 6.5-8 nun., width, 4.5-5 mm bijugis Uhler 1870 ( consors Uhler 1876) Dakotas west and south to California and Arizona ; in prairies and pastures, on grasses, near the roots. Genus X. Symphylus Dallas 1851 8. carribeanus Kirkaldy ( deplanatus auctt,., nec H. S.) The single species of a Neotropical genus known from America north of Mexico. Additional characters to those in the key are : disc of pronotum with a small nodule near each hind angle and a large shallow impression behind each front angle; length, 8-11 mm., width, 5-7 mm. Florida; on wax myrtle ( Cerothamnus ceriferus ) (sec Blatchley). 171 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 Subfamily 2. Odontotarsinae Stal 1872 Key to Genera 1. Ostiole distinct, continued in a quite evident narrow canal ; con- nexivum rather broadly exposed; (mesosternum without crests or tubercles) I. Eurygaster Laporte 1832, p. 172 Ostiole indistinct, without evident canal 2 2. Head gradually narrowed before the eyes to the apex, not trun- cate anteriorly; (body silky-pubescent above and below; sides of head very obtuse, without an evident carina; sutures separating the juga from the tylus parallel or nearly parallel, to the apex). II. Fokkeria Schouteden 1904, p. 173 Head in front truncate or subtruncate and broad, the angles rounded 3 3. Anterolateral margins of pronotum sinuate, lateral angles notched or incised 4 Anterolateral margins of pronotum feebly arcuate, lateral angles entire V. V anduzeeina Schouteden 1904, p. 174 4. Surface nearly smooth, pronotal collar slightly arcuate; tibiae longitudinally sulcate above ; rostrum reaching to apex of intermediate coxae ; antennal segment IV longer than V ; scutellum not carinate . III. Phimodera Germar 1839, p. 173 Surface above corrugated, pronotal collar elevated hoodlike over base of head ; tibiae scarcely sulcate above, or entirely flat ; rostrum reaching to apex of posterior coxae ; antennal seg- ment IV shorter than V ; scutellum carinate. IV. Euptychodera Bergroth 1908, p. 174 Genus I. Eurygaster Laporte 1832 Key to Species A. Lateral margins of head nearly straight, not forming a practi- cally continuous line with the anterolateral margins of the prothorax; humeri entirely rounded; posterolateral mar- gins of the pronotum nearly straight, at most slightly sinuate, posterior margin straight or with a barely per- ceptible outward curve, a narrow, median impunctate line on the prothorax running from the base of the head to about the middle of the scutellum; antennal segment III shortest, V longest, about equal to III and IV taken to- gether; length, 6.5-10 mm alternatus Say 1828 Distributed throughout the United States, but not re- 172 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA corded from some ; generally found in grasses and sedges, preferably in damp or wet ground. B. Lateral margins of head slightly sinuate, forming a practically straight line with the anterolateral margins of the thorax ; humeri somewhat narrowly rounded with a slight but noticeable angulation; posterolateral margins of the pro- notum strongly sinuate, posterior margin straight, a much broken and hardly distinguishable line of laevigate whitish dots on the pronotum ; on the scutellum a distinct laevigate line, wider at base and becoming carinate from the poste- rior margin of the tumid area at the base to about the middle of the scutellum; antennal segments II, III, and IV subequal, V longest; length 10-12 mm. shoshone Kirkaldy 1909 ( carinatus Van Duzee 1904) Idaho, Utah, Nevada. Genus IL Fokkeria Schouteden 1904 F. product a Van Duzee 1904 The generic characters in the key are supplemented by the fol- lowing : Black, densely covered with cinereous hairs above and be- low; bucculae rounded; sides of pronotum very feebly sinuated ( not arcuated) ; length, 5 mm. Colorado. It should be stated that the original description is nearly entirely based on color — an unstable factor in these small Graphosomatinae. The only structural character given being the head, which is com- pared with that of Camirus conicus Germ., a Neotropical scutel- lerine. Genus III. Phimodera Germar 1839 Key to Species 1. Clypeus anteriorly elevated for about half its length; marginal tubercles of the abdomen not very prominent 2 Clypeus elevated for its whole length ; marginal tubercles of the abdomen quite prominent; (anterior angles of the pro- notum obtuse, not broadly rounded, anterior margin more or less lightly but distinctly sinuated) ; length, 6.75 mm., width, 4 mm torpida Walker 1867 (Reuter 1906) Saskatchewan, Colorado. 2. Anterior angles of the pronotum subacute, anterior margin straight ; marginal tubercles quite small; length, 6.25-7 173 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 mm., width, x-4 mm binotata Say 1824 Michigan, Nebraska, Colorado. Anterior angles of pronotum obtuse, rounded, anterior margin quite strongly sinuated between the eyes ; marginal tuber- cles slightly prominent; length, 6. 5-6. 7 mm., width, 3. 6-3. 7 mm torrida Reuter 1906 Nevada. Genus IV. Euptychodera Bergroth 1904 E. corrugata Van Duzee 1904 These are in addition to the characters in the key: Antennae black with pale incisures, segment II about as long as IV, III slightly if at all longer than I, which reaches about to the apex of the head; posterior trochanters unarmed ; length, male, 5 mm., female, 6.5 mm. Colorado and Utah ; matures about June. Genus V. Vanduzeeina Schouteden 1904 Key to Species 1. Head long, slightly oblique, sides more parallel ; (vestiture very short) ; more than 6 mm. long 2 Head short, vertical, narrowed apically; less than 6 mm. long 3 2. Transverse median pronotal impression distinct ; apex of scutel- lum in female with a large oblong pale spot margined with black ; dorsum with pale line incomplete or absent ; rostrum reaching apex of ventral segment II ; length, 6-7 mm. calif ornica Van Duzee 1925 California. Transverse median pronotal impression nearly obsolete ; apex of scutellum in female with a smaller and less distinct pale spot not outlined with black; dorsum with pale line dis- tinct ; rostrum reaching apex of ventral segment II ; length, 7.5-8 mm borealis Van Duzee 1925 3. Pronotum with margins sharply carinate and straight; head produced; (pronotum narrow, sides depressed; scutellum with a more or less distinct, slightly oblique, black vitta on either side of the disc ; rostrum almost reaching hind mar- gin of ventral segment II) ; length, 5-6 mm. senescens Usinger 1930 California. Pronotum with the margins broadly flattened ; head shorter and broader at base with the apex broadly rounded 4 174 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 4. Vestiture short; connexivum alternated with black and white; pronotnm broad behind, margins arcuate; (rostrum reach- ing posterior coxae ; scutellum without an apical pale spot) ; length, 5-6 mm balli Van Duzee 1904 Colorado, Wyoming. Vestiture long; connexivum very feebly marked with lighter color behind each incisure ; margins of pronotum more nearly parallel, rectilinear or very slightly arcuated ; (ros- trum reaching posterior coxae) ; length, 6.5 mm. slevini Usinger 1930 California. Family II. CYDNIDAE Billberg 1820 Key to Subfamilies Scutellum subtriangular, not reaching the apex of the abdomen; frena long ; corium exposed, broadly triangular ; hind wing lobes about equal, separated by a shallow notch. Subfamily Cydninae Dallas 1851, p. 175 Scutellum covering the abdomen to its apex; frena short; corium largely membranous, the exposed opaque part narrow; hind wing lobes deeply incised, the second lobe large and very prominent. Subfamily Thyreocorinae Van Duzee 1904, p. 184 Subfamily 1. Cydninae Dallas 1851 Key to Tribes Margin of the head and the lateral margin of the pronotum above without bristles or spines ; rostrum not lying between two parallel ridges on the prosternum. Tribe 2. Sehirini Stal 1864, p. 183 Margin of the head and lateral margin of the pronotum above with bristly hairs or spines ; rostrum lying between two parallel ridges on the prosternum. Tribe 1. Cydnini Stal 1864, p. 175 Tribe 1. CYDNINI Stal 1864 Key to Genera 1. Anterior tibiae cultrate and flattened, tarsus inserted before the apex of the tibia; rostrum short, not going beyond the anterior coxae, (segment II swollen) ; posterior tibiae short, incrassate, truncate at the apices. I. Scaptocoris Perty 1830 (2 Neotropical species — S. terginus Schiodte and $. casta- neus Perty. ) 175 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 Anterior tibiae neither cultrate nor flattened, fossorial; tarsus inserted at the apex; rostrum passing much beyond the anterior coxae ; posterior tibiae long, more or less cylin- drical 2 2. Without ocelli; (anterior margin of the head with comb-teeth). IX. Psectrocephalus Van Duzee 1922, p. 182 With ocelli 3 3. Ostiole with auricle or overhanging ledge not extending to near body margin in a long narrow canal 4 Ostiolar canal long, narrow and distinct, reaching three-fourths of the distance from the ostiole to the body margin; (an- terior margin of the head with a row of short thick comb- teeth; apex of the scutellum mucronate, i.e., with a spine or process) X. Amnestus Dallas 1851, p. 182 4. No deep groove on the head above, just within the reflexed margin 5 With a distinct groove on the head above, just within the reflexed margin, beset with bristles and short spinules 8 5. Hind tibiae slender, terete or angulate in section, nearly straight, uniformly spined on both upper and lower sides 6 Hind tibiae very much flattened and curved; lower side bristly, upper side beset with bristles and short stout spinules; (ostiole with only a small external auricle). II. Cyrtomenus Amyot & Serville 1843, p. 177 6. Pronotum without an impressed submarginal line anteriorly 7 Pronotum with an impressed submarginal line anteriorly. VI. Pangaeus Stal 1862, p. 179 7. Pronotum of male with a deep broad impunctate cavity on middle of the apical half ; ostiole prolonged as a distinct short closed canal ; 5 mm. or more long. VIII. Geocnethus Horvath 1919, p. 182 Pronotum of male without a deep impunctate cavity anteriorly; ostiolar canal slender, two-thirds the length of the meta- sternal plate ; species less than 4.3 mm. long. VII. Geotomus Mulsant & Rey 1862, p. 181 8. Pronotum distinctly margined in front 9 Pronotum not distinctly margined in front; (ostiole not extended in a canal but in a flattened oblique plate). V. Aethus Dallas 1851, p. 178 9. Scutellum about as long as broad, apex acuminate ; (ostiolar canal reaching almost to the outer margin of the evaporative area, its tip flat, clavately rounded). III. Macroporus Uhler 1876, p. 177 176 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Scutellum longer than broad, the apex narrowly rounded. IV. Homaloporus Uhler 1877, p. 178 Syllobus emarginatus Stal 1862 has been tentatively recorded from Florida. The genus (and its species) may be separated from the other North American forms by the deeply emarginate head, the juga projecting conspicuously beyond the tylus and being pointed; the sides of the head are markedly sinuate. The one species is the largest North American cydnid known to me ; it is over 13 mm. long. Genus II.* Cyrtomenus Amyot & Serville 1843 Key to Species A. Body very convex above; antennae with short, stout, nearly moniliform segments, II much shorter than III and more slender than the others; rostrum not quite reaching inter- mediate coxae; prothorax wider than long, with a marked transverse dorsal impression; hemelytra with a broad hya- line or yellow membrane ; general color a reddish chestnut, venter reddish; length, 8-9 mm. mirabilis Perty 1834 ( castaneus Amyot & Serville 1843) New York, New Jersey, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Illinois to Texas ; on Cy perus esculent us. B. Body oval, not very convex above; all segments of the antennae of nearly equal length ; rostrum reaching posterior coxae ; prothorax nearly square, the transverse impression not well- marked; membrane a clear golden yellow; general color a deep shining black, venter rusty black ; length, 11 mm. teter Spinola 1840 ( aethiops Amyot & Serville 1843) California, (Neotropical). Genus III. Macroporus Uhler 1876 The following are additional to the key characters : Margins of the head and of the pronotum sparsely ciliate ; juga with the margins broadly reflexed, with a distinct submarginal groove beset with short erect spines ; antennal segment II one-half as long as III ; anterior angles of the pronotum rounded, prolonged to beyond the middle of the eyes. The one species known in the genus thus far is : * Genus I — Scaptocoris not keyed ; Neotropical only. 177 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 M. repetitus Uhler 1876 Additional specific characters are : Submarginal groove of head with long hairs in addition to the spines; transverse impression of the pronotum vague, thickly punctate; sides of the pronotum and the posterior half thickly punctate, apical half of the disc almost smooth ; scutellum with a faint median carina ; length, 3.5-4 mm. Maryland, California, New Mexico. Genus IV. Homaloporus Uhler 1877 Additional characters for the genus, from Uhler ’s original de- scription, are : Submargin of head grooved, set with minute teeth and slender bristles, juga not quite meeting in front of the tylus; antennal segments I and II slender, very short, III enlarged apically, IV and V subequal, thicker, long oval ; segment I of rostrum shorter than the bucculae, II longest ; ostiolar canal more than one-half the length of the episternum ; margin of the venter remotely ciliated. There are two species in this genus, one of which, H. pangaei- formis Signoret 1881 is doubtfully recorded from Texas, hence omitted. The other North American species is H. congruus Uhler 1877 In this the head is almost flat on the sides, with at least three grooves on each side of the tylus, anteriorly and laterally with deep, distinct, moderately large pits, those next the eyes large and shallow ; surface not apparently punctured ; rostrum reaching the inter- mediate coxae; pronotum wider than long, the sides straight, the disc with one or two shallow lateral pits ; propleura, outer area of the sternum and disc of the venter highly polished, smooth, the venter faintly rugulose laterally; length, 5 mm., width, 3 mm. Nebraska, Colorado, Texas. Genus V. Aetkus Dallas 1851 Key to the Species 1. Scutellum broadly rounded, not narrowed at apex 2 Scutellum triangular , narrowed at apex 4 2. Ostiolar canal obsolete, sulcate, with raised margins; (rostrum reaching behind anterior coxae) (subgenus Trichocoris Uhler 1876) ; length, 5. 5-6. 5 mm conformis Uhler 1876 California. Ostiolar canal short, enlarged at apex into a circular auricle ; rostrum reaching intermediate coxae (subgenus Microporus Uhler 1876) 3 3. Membrane milk-white ; head with a rounded fovea next each eye, 178 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA and another on each side of the tylus, near its apex ; length, 4-4.5 mm., width, 2. 5-2.8 mm obliquus Uhler 1872 New York and New Jersey west to Oregon, California, and southwest to Arizona and Texas ; at roots of plants in sandy places. Membrane pale brownish; a pit behind each eye, and a series of six pits across the head ; length, 4.5 mm. testudinatus Uhler 1876 Indiana, Colorado, New Mexico, California, (Mexico). 4. Collar of pronotnm with an impressed, deeply arcuated sub- marginal line; ostiolar canal wide, very prominent, about half the length of the episternum 5 Collar of pronotum without an impressed submarginal line; ostiolar canal narrow, not very prominent, less than one- half the length of the episternum 6 5. Pronotum smooth, not punctured, transverse impression absent, (with marginal cilia); evaporative area striate-punctate; length, 6-7.5 mm., width, 3.5-4 mm communis Uhler 1877 Indiana, Florida, Texas, (Cuba). Pronotum with a few obsolete punctures on the median trans- verse impression ; evaporative area entirely smooth, neither striate nor punctate ; length, 7 mm., width, 4.25 mm. politics Signoret 1882 California. 6. Ostiolar canal short, narrow, subfusiform, with the ostiole at the apex (subgenus Bhytidoporus Uhler 1877) ; tylus extending to the apex of the head ; costal margin of the corium with one setigerous puncture; length, 5. 5-6. 5 mm., width, 2- 2.5 mm indentatus Uhler 1877 Florida, (Cuba). Ostiolar canal obsolete, shorter than the coxae, narrow, ligulate (subgenus Cryptoporus Uhler 1877) ; tylus a little shorter than the juga, which are almost in contact in front of it; costal margin of the corium closely pitted and fringed with cilia ; length, 5 mm compactus Uhler 1877 Texas. Genus VI. Pangaeus Stal 1872 Key to Species 1. Length less than 6.5 mm 2 Length 6.5 mm. or more 3 2. Costal margin of hemelytra at base with 3 setigerous punctures; 179 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 the three submarginal pits of the head smaller than the middle pit, the pit next to the eye the largest; (antennal segment II slightly shorter than III) ; length, 5.5 mm- 6 mm uhleri Signoret 1882 ( rugifrons Uhler 1877) North Carolina, Georgia, Texas. Costal margin of the hemelytra with only 1 or 2 setigerous punc- tures; pits of head obsolete; length, 5 mm. piceatus Stal 1862 Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California. 3. Transverse impression of pronotum interrupted in the middle; ocelli, minute, set far back; (pronotum deep black, highly polished ; outer submargin of venter remotely ciliated ; antennal segment II distinctly longer than or subequal to III ; costal margin of corium with 7 setigerous punctures) ; length, 7-8.5 mm discrepans Uhler 1877 Indiana, Tennessee, Idaho, Colorado, California, Oklahoma, Texas. Transverse impression of pronotum uninterrupted ; ocelli large 4 4. Antennal segment II longer than III 5 Antennal segment II shorter than III ; (ocelli on a line with the base of the eyes; venter ciliated on margin) 6 5. Transverse impression of the pronotum terminating in a distinct fovea before the submargin, irregularly punctate; costal margin of the corium with 3 or 4 setigerous punctures ; coal black, highly polished ; length, 7-8 mm. bilineatus Say 1825 Quebec, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, North Carolina, Alabama, Okla- homa, Texas. Transverse impression of the pronotum ill-defined ; costal margin of the corium with 9 or 10 erect bristles ; chestnut-brown to piceous ; length, 9.3-10 mm., width, 4.8-5 mm. calif ornicus Blatchley 1929 California. 6. Transverse impression of pronotum deeply indented; (remotely punctate) ; color piceous black, polished; length, 7-9 mm. margo Dallas 1851 Arizona , ( N eotropical ) . Transverse impression of the pronotum ill-defined ; costal margin length, 6.5 mm., width, 3.3 mm. spangbergi Signoret 1882 Texas, Arizona. 180 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Genus VII. Geotomus Mulsant & Rey 1862 Key to Species 1. Head closely and distinctly punctate 3 Head minutely or obsoletely punctate 2 2. Pronotum closely shallowly punctate, with a large vague smooth area on each side; length, 3. 3-3. 7 mm. noctivagus Van Duzee 1923 Arizona, (Mexico, Lower California). Pronotum impuuctate anteriorly, behind the middle with fine, remote, elongate punctures; sides closely punctate; length, 3. 2-3. 7 mm., width, 1.8-2 mm. pennsylvanicus Signoret 1883 ( picinus Uhler 1877) Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Georgia, Illinois. 3. Length, 3.75 mm. or more 4 Length, less than 3.75 mm 5 4. Scutellum minutely, sparsely and almost invisibly punctate ; pronotum without a transverse impression, disc impunc- tate ; sides densely and finely punctate ; length, 4-4.2 mm., width, 2. 1-2.3 mm subpunctatus Blatchley 1926 Maryland, North Carolina, Florida. Scutellum anteriorly remotely coarsely punctate, posteriorly more finely so ; pronotum with the transverse impression faint but evident, surface coarsely and closely punctate, obso- letely so on a small median area of the disc; length, 3.75- 4.2 mm., width, 2-2.2 mm robustus Uhler 1877 5. Length 3.5 mm. or over 6 Length 3 mm. ; (pronotum densely punctate) 7 6. Scutellum polished, minutely punctate ; anterior part of the disc of the pronotum polished, minutely rugulose, the rest coarsely punctate ; length, 3.5 mm. parvulus Signoret 1883 ( elongatus Uhler 1876) Arizona, California. Scutellum and pronotum coarsely punctured; length 3.65 mm. subglaber Walker 1867 “North America.” 7. Pronotum entirely densely punctate except for two small glabrous spots on anterior disc; length, 3-3.2 mm., width, 1.5-1. 7 mm uhler i Signoret 1883 Florida. 181 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 Pronotum with the posterior margin smooth; length, 3 mm., width, 1.5 mm punctatissimus Signoret 1883 “ Sitka.” Genus VIII. Geocnethus Horvath 1919 The following generic characters are abstracted from Horvath’s monograph (see Bibliography) : Antennae 5-segmented, longer than the pronotum, segments II and III equal or subequal, IV distinctly longer than either; tylus and juga equal ; rostrum going to intermediate or to posterior coxae ; pronotum distinctly wider than the head with the eyes ; posterior femora unarmed beneath, always without a preapical tooth. The single species from America north of Mexico, so far known, is : G. cavicollis Blatchley 1924. Among the specific characters given in the original description are : Rostrum reaching the middle coxae ; pronotal disc in the female with a vague wide transverse impression; submargins of head and pronotum with a few scattered erect bristly hairs ; scutellum with a submarginal row of fine punctures and a few coarser ones scattered on the apical half ; membrane not reaching the apex of the abdomen in either sex ; length, 5-6 mm. North Carolina, Alabama, Florida. Genus IX. Psectrocephalus Van Duzee 1922 Generic characters in addition to those in the key are : Antennal segment II longest; pronotum laterally ciliated, the disc without a transverse impression ; costa ciliate to near apex ; connexivum ciliate beyond this point. The type species only known : Ps. caecus Van Duzee 1922. Selected specific characters are: Vertex and tylus nearly smooth, juga rugosely punctate, anterior submargin of head with a long bristle on each side of the base at the bucculae ; corium deeply punc- tate; beneath, polished, impunctate; punctures of upper surface coarse ; color black ; length, 5 mm. California. Genus X. Amnestus Dallas 1851 Key to Species 1. Color a uniform dark chestnut brown; length, 3.2-4 mm., width, 2 mm spinifrons Say 1825 Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 182 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Maryland, Georgia, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Nebraska, Kansas, Texas. Color in part, or wholly, pale yellowish- or reddish-brown; length, not over 2.7 mm 2 2. Elevated anterior part of the pronotum rather evenly and coarsely punctate; (juga with 4 submarginal teeth) 3 Elevated anterior part of the pronotum sparsely, finely and un- evenly punctate d 3. Form elongate-oval; length, 2. 2-2.5 mm., width, 1.3-1. 5 mm. pusillus Uhler 1876 New England to Colorado south to Florida and Texas. Form elongate-quadrangular; length, less than 2 mm. (1.8 mm., width, 1 mm.) pusio Stal 1860 Florida, (West Indies, Brazil). 4. J uga with 5 submarginal teeth each ; color a nearly uniform pale yellowish-brown; length, 2. 2-2. 7 mm., width, 1.1-1. 3 mm. pallidus Zimmer 1910 Massachusetts west to Nebraska ; on Antennaria plantagini- folia. Juga with 4 irregular submarginal teeth each; color, head, pro- notum and scutellum dark reddish- to chestnut-brown, hemelytra brownish-yellow; length, 2. 5-2.7 mm. subf errugineus Westwood 1837 Florida, (West Indies). Tribe 2. SEHIRINI Stal 1864 Key to Genera Lateral margins of the body and of the pronotum black ; pronotum much wider anteriorly than at the base; rostrum reaching middle of abdomen; head very large, much longer than wide, subtriangular ; ostiole set far out on the episternum, near its margin I. Lobolophus Bergroth 1891 ( Lobonotus Uhler 1877) Lateral margins of the pronotum and of the hemelytra ivory-white ; pronotum narrower anteriorly than at the base; (veins of the hindwing conspicuously dark and thick) ; rostrum not reaching the abdomen; ostiolar canal broad, curved, reaching two-thirds of the distance from the ostiole to the margin of the body. II. Sehirus Amyot & Serville 1843 Genus I. Lobolophus Bergroth 1891 In addition to the key characters the following may be noted for 183 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 this monotypic genus : Much widened anteriorly, head long, narrow, triangular, much longer than wide ; tylns narrow, raised above the lateral lobes, juga not as long as tylns ; eyes almost enclosed by the produced anterior pronotal angles ; antennae slender ; rostrum long and slender, segment I stout ; pronotum wider anteriorly than at the base, the anterior margin deeply sinuate, the transverse impression broad and shallow ; ostiole near the outer margin of the episternum ; corium long and narrow. The single species in the genus is L. anthracinus Uhler 1877. In this, the rostrum reaches ventral segment V (sec. Signoret) ; the pronotum is polished, with a large impunctate callosity on each side of the anterior lobe ; connexivum flattened, the margin broadly compressed and very thin ; length, 5 mm., width, 3 mm. Texas, (Mexico). Genus II. Sehirus Amyot & Serville 1843 The following are in addition to the key characters for the genus : Without marginal hairs; juga equal to or slightly longer than the tylns, the margins narrowly reflexed, neither ciliate nor dentate; antennae slender, the segments gradually increasing in length from the base to the apex ; rostrum reaching middle coxae ; scutellum equi- laterally triangular, the apex depressed, bluntly rounded; veins of the membrane few and fine ; ostiolar canal curved, reaching nearly to the margin of the metasternal plate ; anterior tibiae enlarged but not flattened, all tibiae with a few short spines. There are a number of species of the genus in the Old World, but the only one known from America thus far is S. cinctus Palisot de Beauvois 1805. This has the juga not meeting in front of the tylus, finely, closely and confluently punctate; the disc of the pronotum with a broad, vague, shallow transverse impression ; middle of the abdomen almost smooth ; length, 4—7 mm., width, 2. 5-3. 5 mm. Quebec and New England west to British Columbia and Nebraska and south to Florida, Mississippi and Texas (into Mexico) ; on Monarda punctata and other mints, sweet clover, nettles, raspberry, wild cherry, blue grass, timothy. Subfamily 2. Thyreocorinae Van Duzee 1904 Key to Genera 1. [Apices of juga contiguous, enclosing the tylus at its apex; eyes 184 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA globose, distinctly projecting beyound the margin of the head ; tibiae sulcate above ; femora without spines ; Euro- pean genus (Thyreocoris Schrank)] Apices of juga hardly contiguous, or separated; tylus percur- rent; eyes outwardly longitudinally convex, their outer margins scarcely going beyond the margin of the head, or continuous with it ; tibiae rounded, without a sulcus ; Amer- ican genera 2 2. Lateral margins of the pronotum and of the chitinized parts of the hemelytra with long slender bristles or hairs; (apices of the chitinized parts of the hemelytra obtuse ; hind tibiae with long spines on five surfaces ; at least anterior and pos- terior femora without spines). II. Cydnoides Malloch 1919, p. 189 Lateral margins of the pronotum and chitinized parts of the hemelytra without long hairs 3 3. Pronotum and scutellum (viewed from the side), forming a con- tinuous convex line, their bases on the same plane; costal margin of the corium always margined; pronotum and scutellum never rastrate; (eyes immersed, not at all or hardly going beyond the margin of the head ; exocorium divided from the mesocorium by a longitudinal impressed line; coriaceous part of the hemelytra distinctly narrowed posteriorly, apex of the corium acuminate, rounded or truncate; median area of the mesocorium very slightly narrowed inwardly posteriorly ; scutellum reaching or nearly reaching the apex of the abdomen, widened pos- teriorly and wider at the middle than at the base; body oval, sides arcuate, exocorium with two, sometimes only one, costae; femora with stout spines, posterior surface of tibiae with a linear ridge along its entire length). I. Galgupha Amyot & Serville 1843, p. 186 Pronotum and scutellum (viewed from the side) not forming a continuous convex line with each other, the base of the pronotum posteriorly and of the scutellum anteriorly being convex-declivous ; costal edge of the corium immarginate or marginate, in the latter case, both the pronotum and scu- tellum are rastrate 4 4. Pronotum and scutellum rastrate, costal edge margined, exo- corium bicostate and distinctly set off from the mesocorium by a very distinct longitudinal impressed line; head ob- tusely angnlately rounded, somewhat flattened; eyes im- 185 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 mersed, scarcely projecting beyound the margin of the head ; anterior tibiae spinose above as well as laterally. III. Amyssonotum Horvath 1919, p. 191 Pronotum and scutellnm punctate, never rastrate; lateral edge of the corium immarginate, exocorinm calloused, without costae and separated from the corium merely by an im- pressed and extremely obsolete rudimentary line ; head subtriangular, slightly convex; eyes more or less projecting beyond the margin of the head; upper aspect of the an- terior tibiae hardly spinulose; femora with a few slender bristly hairs, tibiae without a longitudinal ridge. IV. Corimelaena White 1839, p. 191 ( Eucoria Horvath 1919) ( Allocoris McAtee & Malloch 1933) Genus I. Galgupha Amyot & Serville 1843 Key to Subgenera and Species (Exocorial vein always well-defined at base as an impressed line, and never less deeply impressed than the basal part of the cubital vein. ) 1. Blue forms, 5-6 mm. long coerulescens Stal 1862 ( cyanea Uhler 1863) Black species 2 2. Hind tibiae without a carinate line on the entire length of the posterior surface; [anterior tibiae without a series of spines on the postero ventral surface ; exocorial vein distinctly fur- cate at some distance from the base, its base always quite distinct, distant from the cubital vein apically (subgenus 1. Gyrocnemis McAtee & Malloch 1933)] 3 Hind tibiae with a carinate line on the entire length of the pos- terior surface ; (rostrum normal in length, rarely extending beyond the posterior margin of the metasternum, segment 1 1 usually straight and not extending to the posterior margin of the prosternum, III shorter than the hind femur ; middle tibiae usually with a distinct posterior carinate line ; if the rostrum extends nearly or quite to beyond the base of ven- tral segment III, or even to the apex of the abdomen, the form is more ovate, the head less pointed, and the anterior lateral bristle is present in ventral segments III-V) 6 3. Space between the mesocorial and the cubital veins at its narrow- est point not as wide as that between the cubital vein and 186 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA the costal margin ; pronotum entirely dark ; vertex coarsely punctate 4 Space between the mesocorial and the cubital vein at its narrow- est point as wide as or wider than that between the cubital vein and the costal margin at the same point; (mesocorial vein stopping opposite the apex of the clavus ; corium partly yellow; length, 3. 2-A.2 mm.) guttiger Stal 1862 Texas, (Mexico, Cuba). 4. Corium entirely black or brownish-black, without a conspicuous pale yellowish basal mark; sternites without pale lateral marks ; ventral segment VI in the male quite sharply annu- late in the middle of the anterior margin and with a dense transverse strip of brownish-black erect hairs close to the apex, in the central one- third or more, the extreme apex with a transverse groove on almost its entire extent ; vertex in female moderately deeply punctured, carinate on its entire extent in front ; length, 3-3.8 mm. diminuta Van Duzee 1923 Arizona, California. Corium reddish or yellowish at the base and sometimes with a small subapical pale spot on the exocorium; ventral seg- ments with the pale lateral marks usually absent on segment II ; segment VI in male without preapical brush-like hairs, without a transverse apical groove; vertex coarsely punc- tate 5 5. Corium with a small subcostal yellow spot near the apex in addi- tion to the larger basal mark ; length, 3.5-4 mm. punctifer McAtee & Malloch 1933 Texas, (Neotropical). Corium with the basal yellow mark only ; length, 4 mm. texana McAtee & Malloch 1933 Texas. 6. Anterior outline of the head bluntly angulate on each side of the tylus, head tumid between these angulations, concave be- tween the prominences and the eyes ; anterior tibiae ivith an anterodorsal series of closely set black spinules in addition to the usual pale bristles, on almost its entire length ; [ocelli set well behind the posterior transocular line ; length, 4-4.5 mm.; (subgenus 2. Orocoris McAtee & Malloch 1933)]. arizonensis Van Duzee 1923 Anterior outline of the head not angulate on each side of the 187 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 tvlus nor tumid beneath ; anterior tibiae without spinules in addition to the usual pale bristles; (corium narrowly rounded or pointed at apex, the branches of the exocorial vein nearly or quite united at their apices; mesocorium without veins; posterior tibiae without a deep longitudinal groove just exterior to the carinate line) 7 7. Lateral area of the metapleuron smooth, impunctate ; (subgenus 3. Galgupha Amyot & Serville 1843) 8 Lateral area of the metapleuron distinctly punctured adjacent to the ostiolar surface ; [ (scutellum generally entirely black, only one species with coccinelloid coloration ; corium acute) ; (subgenus 4. Nothocoris McAtee & Malloch 1933) ] 13 8. Disc of pronotum and scutellum obsoletely punctate 9 Disc of pronotum and scutellum distinctly punctate 11 9. Scutellum ungulate apically; length, 4.5-5 mm. denudata Uhler 1863 Virginia and District of Columbia to Louisiana, Florida and Texas. Scutellum broadly rounded apically; (inner margin of female genital plates almost as long as the posterior plates which are decidedly oblique and concave) 10 10. Outline as seen from above noticeably more narrowly rounded posteriorly than anteriorly; dorsal rim of the male hypo- pygium with a conspicuous carinate elevation on each inner side anteriorly ; length, 4.5-6 mm. carinata McAtee & Malloch 1933 Maryland and Tennessee to Louisiana, Oklahoma and Texas. Outline as seen from above scarcely more rounded posteriorly than anteriorly ; dorsal rim of the male hypopygium without carinae, broadly basin-like, at times not so; anterior fem- ora with 4 anteroventral spines; anterior tibiae with 5 or 6 strong spines and 1 or 2 weak setulae ; (length, 4.5-6 mm., width, 3.2-4 mm.). atra Amyot & Serville 1843 Ontario and New England west to Wisconsin and North Dakota and south to Florida, Texas, Arizona and Colorado ; on barley and Plantago aristata. 11. Branches of the exocorial vein subparallel; scutellum as viewed from the side abruptly declivous apically 12 Branches of the exocorial vein noticeably divergent; scutellum from the side usually rounded apically; (male hypopygium with a fringe of hairs ; antennal segment III less than twice 188 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA the length of II ; seutellum not abruptly declivous beyond the middle; length, 4.6 mm., width, 3 mm.) ovalis Hussey 1925 Massachusetts, District of Columbia and Virginia, south to Georgia, Florida and Texas, (Mexico and Guatemala). 12. Hind margins of the male hypopygium as seen from below shal- lowly concave for most of its width, dorsal rim narrow and abruptly declivous anteriorly, with unusually long hairs forming a conspicuous fringe ; length, 4-5 mm. ; width, 3-3.2 mm aterrima Mai loch 1919 Canada and Maine to New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Illinois, Indiana, to Wisconsin and Oklahoma. Hind margin of the male hypopygium abruptly concave at the middle, the dorsal rim flat and broad anteriorly, without long hairs ; length, 4. 5-5. 5 mm. hesperia McAtee & Malloch 1933 California. 13. Female : genital plates not longer on the inner margins than ventral segment V at the middle, sometimes distinctly shorter; (prosternal sulcus nearly or quite reaching the anterior margin of the anterior acetabula, almost parallel- sided, deep, the lateral ridges carried well up to past the posterior end of the sulcus ; anterior margin of ventral seg- ment VI angulate at middle ; male : vertex of head with large deep punctures, contiguous on anterior half or more, giving it there a reticulate appearance; length, 4-4.5 mm.) niticluloides Wolff 1802 Ontario and New England west to Colorado and south to North Carolina, Texas, (Guatemala) ; on Plantago purshii. Female genital plate distinctly longer on the inner margins than ventral segment V at middle 14 14. Seutellum dull, crowded punctate, more or less rugose and rastrate peripherally ; mesocorium punctate posteriorly ; length, 4-5 mm bakeri McAtee & Malloch 1933 Colorado. Seutellum polished, only moderately punctate; mesocorium im- punctate posteriorly ; length, 3.5 mm. eas McAtee & Malloch 1933 Texas. Genus II. Cydnoides Malloch 1919 Key to Subgenera and Species 1. Hind tibiae without a carinate line on the posterior surface; 189 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 exposed corium about as wide at the apex as at the base (subgenus 2. Sayocoris McAtee & Malloch 1933) 2 Hind tibiae with a definite carinate line on the posterior surface ; exposed corium not nearly as wide at apex as at base ; (pro- sternal sulcus shallow, much widened in front; corium rounded at apex) (subgenus 1. Cydnoides Malloch 1919) 4 2. Pronotum pale yellow on the lateral margins, the anterior discal part varying from yellowish-brown to piceous, posterior margin and scutellum testaceous; (head convex above, all chitinized parts of the hemelytra white) ; length, 3.5-4 mm. albipennis Say 1831 ( sayi Van Duzee 1904) Kansas, Colorado ; on Glycyrrhiza lepidota. Pronotum dark on the lateral margins, the disc and the scutellum testaceous to piceous 3 3. Form more narrowed anteriorly; head produced about one and one-half times the length of the eye beyond the anterior transocular line ; hind margins of the genital plates almost straight and transverse ; general color above piceous ; length, 3 mm peregrinus McAtee & Malloch 1933 Lower California, Mexico. Form less narrowed anteriorly; head produced about the length of the eye beyond the anterior transocular line ; hind mar- gins of the genital plates more or less concave and oblique ; color above piceous anteriorly, castaneous or paler posteri- orly; (chitinized part of the hemelytra ivory-yellow, with a small blackish spot before the apex) ; length, 3.5 mm. obtusus Uhler 1894 California, Arizona ; under Euphorbia polycarpa. 4. Corium entirely fuscous to black, no part whitish ; hind tibiae with at least 5 posterodorsal bristles; length, 4-5.2 mm., width, 3-3.5 mm. ; (2 subspecies, ciliatus Uhler, and orientis McAtee & Malloch 1933) ciliatus Uhler 1863 (subsp. orientis McA. & M.) Minnesota, Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, Colorado, Florida, Texas; (subsp. ciliatus Uhl.) Oregon, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, California; burrows in sand ; also found under Euphorbia spp. and on Cassia marilandica. Corium partly white or cream-colored ; hind tibiae with not more than 4 anterodorsal bristles 5 5. Corium immaculate cream colored, except on its inner margin near middle, where there is a fuscous mark ; clavus fuscous 190 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA on inner margin only, scntellum in profile evenly rounded subapically ; length, 4 mm. confusus McAtee & Malloch 1933 New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, (Colima, Mexico, in the Tierra Caliente). Corium cream colored basally, fuscous apically, the intermediate area sometimes with dark punctures; clavus entirely fus- cous ; scutellum in profile rather angularly declivitous sub- apically ; length, 3.25 — 4.25 mm renormatus Uhler 1895 Illinois, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Texas. (N.B. — Cydnoides arizonensis Van Duzee is transferred by McAtee & Malloch, op. cit., to Galgupha A. & S., subgenus Orocoris Me A. & M.) Genus III. Amyssonotum Horvath 1919 To the divisional characters in the generic key may be added, from Horvath ’s original characterization of the genus : Body very broad oval ; ocelli separated from each other more than three times as far as from the eye ; rostrum extending to posterior coxae ; corium noticeably narrowed posteriorly, the apex obtuse ; exocorium costate, punctate ; tibiae terete, without a sulcus ; pronotum, except the apex, and the scutellum from each side toward the middle, densely verj^ finely rastrate. The one species and type of the genus is A. rastratum Stal 1860 The original description sets forth the following characters : Head twice as long as broad, very punctate, base nearly smooth ; pronotum with the anterolateral margins rounded, behind the middle obviously emarginate, anteriorly densely punctate, disc and posteriorly very densely longitudinally rastrate, basally nearly smooth ; beneath densely punctate, ventral disc smooth ; length, 3.6 mm., width, 2.5 mm. Texas, (Neotropical). Genus IV. Corimelaena White 1839 {Allocoris McAtee & Malloch 1933) Key to Subgenera and Species 1. Spiracles of ventral segments III to VI below the lateral carina (subgenus Corimelaena White — Allocoris McA. & M.) 2 Spiracles of some of segments III to VI in or above the lateral carina 15 191 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 2. Apex of corium acute 11 Apex of corium rounded or obtusely pointed 3 3. Corium entirely dark distinctly punctured to the end of the edge of the costa ; margins of vertex slightly but distinctly re- flexed; median transverse impression of pronotum very faint ; anterior tibiae with 5 posterodorsal spines in addition to the apical spine; (length, 4—4.8 mm.) nigra Dallas 1851 (anthracina Uhler 1876) Hudson Bay and British Columbia to Oregon, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, Michigan, New York ( ?). Corium more or less pale and almost or quite impunctate along the costa ; margins of the vertex usually not reflexed 4 4. Pale margin of corium widened basally, extending over the cubital vein and almost filling the cell between the cubital vein and the claval suture, sometimes with a broad median interruption ; less than 4 mm. long 9 Pale margin of the corium of almost uniform width, not extend- ing over the cubital vein at any point ; species averaging 4 mm. in length 5 5. # Last tergite in females nearly always more or less pale margined ; genital plates with large deep punctures 6 Last tergite of males not pale margined 7 6. Subgenital plates half as long as genital plate ; last tergite not pale margined ; length, 4 mm. feminea McAtee & Malloch 1933 Texas. Subgenital plates not more than one-third as long as the genital plates, last tergite more or less pale margined ; (costa black on the inner part of the ventral exposure) 8 7. Genital plates nearly as long on the inner as on the posterior margin; penultimate ventral segments before the genital plates with a sharp lateral carina ; disc of dorsum distinctly punctured; length, 3. 5-4.2 mm., width, 2.7-3 mm. lateralis Fabricius 1803 ( gillettii Van Duzee 1904) Massachusetts west to Nebraska and south to Florida and Texas, (Mexico). Genital plates distinctly shorter on the inner than on the pos- terior margin ; disc of the dorsum only obsoletely punctured ; (pale lateral edges of ventral segments V and VI thick- ened, somewhat tumid, embracing the spiracles) ; penulti- # This couplet exactly as in McAtee and Malloch. 192 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA mate ventral segment before the genital plates without a sharp lateral carina ; length, 4 mm. polita Malloch 1919 Texas. 8. Dorsal rim of hypopygium obviously broadest at the lateral angles; (costal stripe narrowed, posteriorly somewhat obso- lete, not extending to the cubitus, and not as wide as the mesocorium, costa black on the inner part of the ventral exposure; ventral segments polished medially, but not broadly; length, 3. 5-4.2 mm., width, 2.7-3 mm.) lateralis Fabricius 1803 Dorsal rim of the hypopygium as broad as, or broader anteriorly than at the lateral angles ; (pronotum and scutellum almost evenly punctate ; anterior rim of the hypopygium nearly flat ; ventral exposed surface not deeply sulcate, flange low ; length, 3.5-4 mm.) contrasta McAtee & Malloch 1933 Arizona, (Mexico). 9. Pale marking of the corinm broadly interrupted by black near the middle ; (posterior tibiae with two or three postero- dorsal bristles; disc of the pronotum and the scutellum glossy, almost impunctate ; hind margin of hypopygium dis- tinctly convex medially; the corial mark usually yellowish, not sharply margined internally and scarcely reaching the mesocorial vein basad of the central black interruption; length, 3-3.5 mm.) interrupt a Malloch 1919 Texas, (Mexico and Central America). Pale markings of corium not interrupted 10 10. Hind tibiae without posterodorsal bristles; sides of the head in front of the eyes slightly emarginate ; length, 3-3.5 mm. alpina McAtee & Malloch 1933 New York (Adirondack Mts.). Hind tibiae with 1 to 3 short posterodorsal bristles ; sides of the head in front of the eyes distinctly emarginate, especially in the male ; (male hypopygium with two longitudinal con- vergent carinae or their vestiges, across the anterior rim, bounding an area shaped like the keystone of an arch upside- down ; anterior margin of the pronotum as distinctly punc- tured as the posterior part of the head) ; length, 2. 7-3. 2 mm., width, 2-2.2 mm pulicaria Germar 1839 Quebec and New England west to British Columbia and Colorado, and south to Mississippi, Florida and Texas; on Ceanothus americanus , Veronica peregrina, cultivated ber- ries, etc. 193 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 11. Pale markings of the corium widened near the base, extending over the cubital vein and almost filling the cell between the cubital vein and the claval suture 12 Pale markings of the corium not extending over the cubital vein at any point 13 12. Male with the entire upper surface with uniform large deep punctures with narrow ridges between giving a honey- combed effect ; hind margin of the hypopygium deeply con- cave emarginate ; female with the entire upper surface with uniform deep punctures; length, less than 2.5 mm. minuta Uhler 1863 Texas, (West Indies). Male with the disc of the pronotum and the scutellum with sparse punctures, or almost impunctate ; emargination of the hind margin of the hypopygium transverse at the bottom and with the yellow margin much narrower than the exposed black part below it ; tibiae pale : female with the disc of the pronotum and of the scutellum sparsely and shallowly punc- tured; ventral segment VI distinctly longer than the pre- ceding segments taken together; tibiae dark; length, 2.8- 3.1 mm barberi Me A tee & Mai loch 1933 Texas, (Mexico, Central America). 13. Inner margin of the pale costal stripe straight; margin of male hypopygium not broadly yellow; species not over 3 mm. long 14 Inner margin of the pale costal stripe slightly angulated near the middle ; margin of the male hypopygium broadly yellow ; (body very robust) ; length, 3^ mm. ...agrella McAtee 1919 Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky. 14. Male hypopygium broadly exposed, its hind margin convex medially, concave sublaterally ; sides of vertex only slightly sinuate ; (dorsal ring of male hypopygium shallowly basined, smooth) ; head not almost angularly emarginate before the eyes, slightly concave; length, 2.5 mm. harti Malloch 1919 Maryland, Virginia, Georgia, Illinois. Male hypopygium almost entirely concealed from below by ven- tral segment VI, its hind margin slightly concave; sides of vertex distinctly, almost triangularly emarginate before the eyes; length, 2-2.7 mm., width, 1.3-1. 7 mm. marginella Dallas 1851 ( nanella McAtee 1919) 194 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, Indiana, Florida ; on Arisimina parvifolia. 15. Spiracles of segments V and VI in the carina, of segments III and IV below the carina (subgenuus 2 — Termapora McAtee & Malloch 1933) ; (pale border of the corium entire, tibiae as pale as the tarsi ; venter with a narrow impunctate discal area; length, 2.5-3 mm.) minutissima Malloch 1919 Mississippi, Texas, (Mexico). Spiracles of segments III and IV in the carina (subgenus 3 — Parapora McAtee & Malloch 1933) 16 16. Corium with a dark mark on the costa beyond the middle ; length, 3 mm calif ornica Van Duzee 1929 California. Corium entirely yellow 17 17. Male : dorsal rim of the hypopygium essentially flat, neither decidedly sloping nor excavated interiorly ; (female : genital plates decidedly shorter on the inner than on the posterior margins ; posterior tibiae without evident posterodorsal bristles; posterior margin of the scutellum and the tibiae pale; greatest width of the opaque area behind the ostiole barely exceeding the width of the ostiole and not half as wide as the glossy part of the metapleuron behind it ; length, 2-3.25 mm.) cognata Van Duzee 1907 Arizona. Male : dorsal rim of the hypopygium decidedly sloping or exca- vated interiorly ; (sides of proriotum rounded ; lateral mar- gins of venter except segment VI distinctly carinated, incon- spicuously yellow; posterior margins of the hypopygium concolorous; vertex behind the eyes punctae) 18 18. Male: anterior rim of the hypopygium sloping inwardly, a rounded carina following its inner side ; (female : genital plgtes decidedly shorter on the inner than on the posterior margins ; hind tibiae with two or more posterodorsal bristles, which are about as long as the diameter of the tibia; pos- terior margin of the scutellum concolorous ; tibiae concolor- ous; greatest width of the opaque area behind the ostiole much greater than that of the ostiole, and about equal to that of the glossy part of the metapleuron behind it ; length, 3.5-4 mm.) extensa Uhler 1863 ( montana Van Duzee 1909) South Dakota and Iowa to Washington and California, Utah, Nevada, Arizona; on wild tobacco ( Nicotiana sp.). 195 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 Male : Anterior rim of the hypopygium depressed or bevelled off anteriorly, forming a nearly straight carina along its inner side 19 19. Carina of the hypopygium with a more or less pronounced setu- lose elevation on each side posteriorly ; length, 3.5-4 mm. virilis McAtee & Malloch 1933 Idaho, Utah, California, Arizona. Carina of the hypopygium without lateral setulose elevations; (female: genital plates nearly as long on the inner as on the posterior margins) ; length, 2.75-3.5 mm. incognita McAtee & Malloch 1933 British Columbia and Colorado south to California and Texas, (Mexico). Family III. PENTATOMIDAE Leach 1815 Key to Subfamilies 1. Scutellum U-shaped, very large, nearly or quite reaching apex of abdomen ; no indication of frena ; opaque part of the corium narrow, triangular, the apical margin very oblique. 1. Graphosomatinae Jakovlev 1884, p. 197 Scutellum subtriangular, or somewhat U-shaped, rarely approach- ing apex of abdomen ; frena at least \ as long as scutellum ; opaque part of the corium broad and subtriangular 2 2. Spiracle of ventral segment II ( i.e the first segment visible under the posterior edge of the metasternum), exposed, not hidden by the metapleura, a short but evident distance from their posterior margin ; (bucculae subparallel or slightly converg- ing posteriorly; segment I of rostrum contained in the groove or partly free and projecting at an angle). 3. Tessaratominae Stal 1864, p. 243 Spiracle of ventral segment II concealed by the metapleura, rarely exposed just at the posterior margin of the meta- sternum 3 3. Bucculae subparallel, not united posteriorly ; segment I of rostrum not free, lying within the groove between them, at least posteriorly 4 Bucculae convergent and united behind; segment I of rostrum stout, free, directed away from the head, only its base lying between the bucculae 5. Asopinae Spinola 1851, p. 245 4. Sternum longitudinally carinate between the coxae for its entire length ; venter subcarinate for its entire length, with a long acute spine or process projecting anteriorly from ventral 196 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA segment II between the hind coxae ; (prosternum anteriorly produced into a plate, the inner margin of the plate re- flexed) ; tarsi 2-segmented. 4. Acanthosomatinae Stal 1864, p. 244 Sternum and venter without a carina or ridge ; tarsi always 3-seg- mented; prosternum not produced; (exceptionally, the sternum and venter may be carinate or subcarinate, or the sternum may be produced, but the tarsi are always 3-seg- ment ed) 2. Pentatominae Stal 1864, p. 199 Subfamily 1. Graphosomatinae Jakovlev 1884 Tribe PODOPINI Dallas 1851 Key to Genera 1. Cheeks flattened, thin, a little longer than tylns ; antennal tubercles prominent beyond sides of head, armed on the outer side with a curved spine; (angles of pronotum armed with a short acute tooth; no metasternal carina). II. Podops Laporte 1832, p. 197 Cheeks convex, tumid, much longer than and contiguous before tylus; antennal tubercles scarcely prominent beyond sides of head, unarmed 2 2. Anterior angles of pronotum armed with a prominent denticulate rounded or quadrangular lobe ; without a metasternal carina I. Oncozygia Stal 1872, p. 197 Anterior angles of pronotum without lobes ; provided with a dis- tinct metasternal carina .III. Weda Schouteden 1905, p. 198 Genus I. Oncozygia Stal 1872 A monotypic genus, whose one species is 0. clavicornis Stal 1872 In addition to the key characters are the following : antennae short, segment II reaching apex of head, I and IV subequal ; rostrum reaching middle coxae ; length, 3.5-5 mm. Nothing seems to be known about it other than its occurrence in Virginia, Florida, Texas and Vancouver Island! This distribution is too scattered to be real. Genus II. Podops Laporte Key to Species 1. Tooth or projection near humeral angle of pronotum very promi- nent, subcylindrical, surpassing the humerus by a distance 197 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 equal to length of eye, its apex and anterior margin curved • margin of pronotum in front of humeral tooth deeply sinu- ate or concave 2 Tooth near humeral angle of pronotum much less prominent, but only slightly surpassing the humerus, subtriangular, its apex obtuse or subacute; margin of pronotum in front of tooth feebly sinuate or straight 3 2. Lobe or tooth at the anterior angle of pronotum very large, sur- passing eye by one third or more of its length, its apex obtuse; rostrum reaching or slightly surpassing posterior coxae, rostral segments II and III subequal, each one-half longer than IV ; femora wholly piceous-black ; length, 7-9 mm diibius Palisot cle Beauvois 1805 New York?, New Jersey?, Virginia, Georgia, Florida, Texas, (West Indies) ; in sedges, in axils of leaves (sec. Blatchley). Tooth at anterior angle of pronotum much smaller, not surpass- ing eye, its apex subacute ; rostrum scarcely reaching inter- mediate coxae; rostral segment II nearly as long as III and IV taken together ; femora paler annulated ; length 5-5.5 mm 'peninsular is Blatchley 1924 Florida; under boards and among grass roots at the edges of ponds (sec. Blatchley). 3. Disc of abdomen sparsely irregularly punctate; margin of pro- notum between apical and humeral projections distinctly but not deeply sinuate ; outer apical angles of male genital plate produced and visible from above beyond the apex of the scutellum ; length, 6-6.5 mm cinctipes Say 1828 Quebec and New England States west to Minnesota and Nebraska and south to New Jersey and District of Colum- bia; in sandy places (Hart) ; at grass roots in New Jersey. Entire abdomen deeply uniformly punctate throughout; margin of pronotum between the projections straight ; outer apical angles of male genital plate short, obtuse, not visible from above ; length, 5-5.5 mm parvulus Van Duzee 1904 Quebec, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Nebraska, Kansas, Illinois, Colorado. Genus III. Weda Schouteden 1905 This is another monotypical genus, apparently known only from the type specimen which is in Europe. In addition to the key char- acters, the following will help to recognize the genus ; absence of lobes on pronotum and presence of a distinct metasternal carina, which set it off from Oncozygia Stal. 198 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA W. horvathi Schouteden 1905 the only species in the genus may be known by the juga being slightly longer than the tylus and contiguous before it ; eyes peduncu- lated; antennal segment I not reaching apex of head, distinctly longer than III, a little longer than II and subequal to IV, V longest and equal to III and IV taken together ; rostrum not passing anterior coxae; length, 5.6 mm., width, 3 mm. Colorado. Subfamily 2. Pentatominae Stal 1864 Key to Tribes 1. Juga laterally toothed near apex; (venter with a shallow longi- tudinal sulcus medianly ; head very long ; anterolateral mar- gins of pronotum usually with coarse teeth). 4. Halyini Stal 1872, p. 201 Juga not toothed laterally near the apex 2 2. Segment I of rostrum not evident between the bucculae anteriorly, apparently emerging behind the middle of the head, reach- ing the anterior coxae. 1. Discoceplialini Pieber 1861, p. 200 Segment I of rostrum resting about parallel to under surface of head, its basal end evidently in front of the middle of the head 3 3. Body very flat, regularly ovate, broadest behind middle, margins all explanate; head flat above with a thin dilated margin, about as wide as the scutellum; scutellum broad, scarcely narrowed apically ; sides of tergum rather broadly exposed. 2. Sciocorini Amyot & Serville 1843, p. 200 Body not extremely flat, usually broadest at humeri, margins not uniformly explanate ; head not very widely dilated, convex above if as wide as scutellum, but generally narrower ; sides of tergum narrowly or not at all exposed 4 4. Metasternum with a median smooth elevated area, strongly notched behind to receive the ventral spine, and prolonged anteriorly as a bifid process; (juga usually meeting broadly in front of tylus) 6. Edessini Kirkaldy 1909, p. 242 Metasternum with no more than a simple median carina 5 5. Venter with first three segments on each side of middle with a curved stridulatory band, finely and densely cross-striated ; body elongate, about four times as long as its greatest width. 3. Mecidiini Distant 1902, p. 201 Venter without a finely striated band on each side of the middle 199 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA of the venter near the base ; body not over three times as long as its greatest width; (juga without lateral teeth). 5. Pentatomini Stal 1872, p. 207 Tribe 1. DISCOCEPHALINI Fieber 1861 Key to Genera A. Head narrower than the anterior margin of pronotum; side of head with a spinose prolongation in front of eyes. I. Dryptocephala Laporte 1832, p. 200 B. Head as broad as the anterior margin of pronotum ; side of head without spinose prolongation in front of eyes. II. Platycarenus Fieber 1861, p. 200 Genus I. Dryptocephala Laporte 1832 This genus is Neotropical, and apparently unknown from the United States until Hart (Pentatomidae of Illinois) noted nymphs seemingly of this genus from Brownsville, Texas, on the Gulf of Mexico, near the mouth of the Rio Grande. Genus II. Platycarenus Fieber 1861 Key to Species A. Lateral margins of thorax and exterior margin of corium entirely punctate ; apex of scutellum without a very minute levigate spot; a small levigate, long, suboblique corial spot; length, 8 mm., width, 4 mm. (female) clypeatus Stal 1862 Texas, Arizona, (Mexico) ; in earth at roots of plants. B. Lateral margin of thorax and base of outer margin of corium impunctate ; apex of scutellum with a small levigate spot; small levigate spot of corium subrotundate ; male and female, length, 9 mm., width, 5 mm. marginellus Dallas 1851 Mexico. Tribe 2. SCIOCORINI Amyot & Serville 1843 Genus Sciocoris Fallen 1829 To the key characters, these may be added for the genus : juga meeting in front of tylus ; ocelli very small ; scutellum reaching the middle of the dorsum, with its apex rounded ; connexivum very wide, almost wholly exposed. This is an Old World genus represented in America north of Mexico by one Palaearctic species, which ranges across central Europe into China and Siberia; this is 200 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 J8. microphthalmus Flor 1860 Specific characters are : thickly fusco-punctate, punctures forming small blotches here and there ; antennae slender, segment II slightly longer than III, segments IV and V subequal ; length, 5 mm. Ontario, New Hampshire, Maine, New York, Michigan, Min- nesota, North Dakota — a clearly cold climate insect, found apparently in North America in mountainous parts, i.e., White Mountains, Green Mountains, Adirondack Mountains — all of which have a distinctly boreal air. It is found here in weeds and grasses along edges of woodland streams. In Europe, the various species are found at the roots of plants in sandy or stony places. Tribe 3. MECIDIINI Distant 1902 Genus Mecidea Dallas 1851 This tribe has been erected for one genus, and its single species. The genus may be further distinguished by having on the venter on each side near the spiracles a densely transversely strigose vitta, which crosses the three basal ventral segments. No further differen- tial characters for the species M. longula Stal 1856 would seem to be needed ; length, 11-13 mm., width, 3-3.5 mm. Iowa, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Arizona ; supposed to occur in sand areas ; taken in Arizona on grasses at the borders of canyon streams, and on Senecio. Tribe 4. HALYINI Stal 1872 Genus Brochymena Amyot & Serville 1843 Key to Species 1. Humeral projections of pronotum subquadrate, prominently toothed ; basal quarter of scutellum distinctly elevated ; ostiole merely an inconspicuous pit without a canal or auricle of any kind, or the auricle is extremely small, no dull evaporative area evident 2 Humeral projections subtriangular with small teeth, rounded or otherwise, but never subquadrate with prominent teeth; basal quarter of scutellum hardly elevated; ostiole with an oblique crateriform base and a distinct, usually very prominent laterally extending auricle, this sometimes with a partial spiral twist, a dull subtriangular evaporative area about the ostiole and canal 9 201 July, 1939 2( 1). 3 ( 2). 4 ( 3). 5( 2). 6 ( 5). 7 ( 6). ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Juga longer than tylus by at least the width of one jugum at that point : 3 Juga subequal to tylus, if longer never b}^ one half of one jugum at that point 5 Anterior tibia stout and short, dilated from about the mid- dle to apex ; (humeral teeth long and very acute ; length, 13.5-14 nun., width, 8 mm.) barberi Ruckes 1939 Arizona. Anterior tibiae not or but feebly dilated 4 Base of scutellum distinctly gibbous ; only antennal in- cisures pale ; humeral teeth long and acute ; length, ? aculeata Distant 1889 Mexico (Sonora). Base of scutellum raised but never exceedingly tumid or gibbous; basal half of each antennal segment pale; humeral teeth blunt; length, 12-19 nnn., width, 8-10 mm poeyi Guerin 1857 Florida, (West Indies). Anteocular tubercle attenuated into a strong tooth or spine ; Length, 11 mm apiculata Van Duzee 1923 Mexico (Sonora). Anteocular tubercle either small and inconspicuous, or en- entirely obsolete 6 Anterior tibia short and stout, shorter than anterior femora, dilated from about the middle to the apex; (juga not or but slightly longer than tylus) 8 Anterior tibia long and slender, longer than anterior femora, if at all dilated, the dilation is restricted to the very apex 7 Juga sometimes slightly longer than the tylus; horizontal sulcus between the humeral teeth and the dorsal aspect of the humerus usually very pronounced ; tibial sulcus shallow, its edges indistinct; anterior and posterior angles of the ventral abdominal segments with a black triangular or elongate spot; length, 12-17 mm., width, 8-10 mm arborea Say 1825 Ontario and New England to Kansas, Florida, Texas and Mexico. Juga subequal to tylus, rarely very slightly longer ; no hori- zontal sulcus between the humeral teeth and the dorsal aspect of the humerus; tibial sulcus distinct, its edges raised and quite evident ; anterior and posterior angles 202 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 of the abdominal segments without black triangular or elongate spots, or, if spots are present, obsolescent; length, 14-18 mm., width, 8.5-10 mm. florida Ruckes 1939 Florida. 8 ( 6). Lateral edges of juga in front of subapical tooth with the tylus, forming a continuous arc around apex of head, which is not truncated or triangular in outline ; length, 12-15 mm haedula Stal 1862 Texas, Arizona, Mexico. Lateral edges of juga in front of subapical teeth straight and converging, so that the apex of head is triangular or narrowly truncated in outline; length, 13.5-14 mm., width, 8 mm. barberi, var. diluta Ruckes 1939 Texas. 9 ( 1). Metasternal evaporative area somewhat impressed in its surrounding plate; antennal segment III distinctly longer than II 10 Metasternal evaporative area not impressed in its surround- ing plate ; antennal segment III variable 12 10 ( 9). Lateral margins of pronotum pale, calloused, with somewhat small conical or blunt teeth; humeri unarmed and somewhat smooth; (two pale callosities on disc of pro- notum and two larger ones near basal angles of scutel- lum) ; visible margin of connexivum lowTer than costal edge of hemelytra; length, 18-22 mm., width, 9.5-11 mm myops Stal 1872 North Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico, (Mexico). Lateral margins of the pronotum not pale calloused, con- colorous with the disc and provided with small irregu- lar conical teeth; humeri unarmed or retrorse-serrate, prominently elevated above rest of pronotum; visible border of connexivum distinctly elevated above the costal margin of hemelytra, so that these appear sunken into the dorsum 11 11 (10). Apex of head triangular in front of teeth; narrow edge of connexivum alternated, not a pale continuous smooth line; discal point of hemelytra pale; length, 8-18 mm., width, 7-11 mm. carolinensis Westwood 1837 (annulata Fabr. 1775) 203 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Atlantic Coast States to Florida, Alabama. Apex of head sub truncate in front of teeth ; (teeth blunt but their sinuses still evident) ; entire edge of connexivum and the abdominal incisures pale dull yellow, discal point of hemelytra obsolete or inconspicuous; length, 21 mm marginella Stal 1872 Florida, Texas. 12 ( 9). Juga distinctly longer than the tylus, exceeding it by at least the width of one jugum at that point 13 Juga subequal in length to the tylus, never exceeding it by the width of one jugum at that point 15 13 (12). With an irregular band of deep large black pits extending obliquely across each basal corner of scutellum just inside each basal angle; color not light brownish-yel- low; markings on membrane dark fuscous, very dis- tinct 14 Without an irregular band of deep black pits across basal angles of scutellum ; scutellum with no large prominent pits at all, except the two triangular excavations at the basal angles ; ground color pale yellowish-brown ; mark- ings on membrane frequently faint and obsolete ; length, 13 mm pilatei Yan Duzee 1934 14 (13). Membrane of hemelytra clear hyaline; color usually brown- ish to fuscous; male genital cup without a transverse sulcus ; length, 8-18 mm., width, 6-11 mm. quadripustulata Fabricius 1775 Quebec and New England to Oregon, California, Utah, Colorado, Arizona and Texas ; noted as preying on tus- sock and brown-tail moths. Membrane milky hyaline ; color more grayish with a distinct whitish bloom ; male genital cup with a deep transverse sulcus ; length, 12-15 mm. sulcata Van Duzee 1918 California. 15 (12). Propleuron and lateral one- third of pronotum quite tumid so their continued surface appears to be subspherical ; [marginal pronotal teeth small, stout, separated and few in number (usually about 3) ; length, 12-15 mm.]. tenebrosa Walker 1867 Texas, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, California, Oregon, Mexico. Propleuron and lateral one-third of pronotum not so swollen 204 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 3 and the margin between these two surfaces acute and thick 16 16 (15). Segment III of antennae sub equal to or longer than seg- ment II 17 Segment III of antennae shorter than II 21 17 (16). Antehumeral sinus evident; humeri prominent, acute or rectangular • tibia always with a median annulus which bears a darker central blotch 18 Antehumeral sinus weak or obsolescent; (pronotal teeth flattish; blunt and retrorse) ; tibia stout and reddish- fuscous without an evident pale median annulus and a dark blotch; [apex o,f head before the teeth rounded arcuate (subtruncate in some males) ; outline of ab- domen almost orbicular and wider than diameter across the humeri; length, 17.5-18.25 mm., width, 9-9.5 mm.] dilata Ruckes 1938 Arizona. 18 (17). With longitudinal white or ivory pale stripes across pos- terior pronotum and basal corners of scutellum ; (body form elliptical; length, 16-16.25 mm., width, 8-8.5 mm.) lineata Ruckes 1938 Arizona, New Mexico. Pronotum and scutellum not marked as above 19 19 (18). Diameter of head just in front of eyes one-quarter greater than distance from that line to apex of head; head truncated in front of teeth and not much produced; color usually reddish-brown ; hemelytra with numerous scattered stellate pale spots; length, 15-17 mm. punctata Van Duzee 1909 Indiana, Virginia, Georgia. Diameter of head just in front of eyes equal to or slightly less than distance from that line to apex of head ; head less truncated in front of teeth, tending to be produced into an obtuse triangle ; color not reddish-brown, usually much darker 20 20 (19). Color mostly black or very dark; antennal segments I and II dark fuscous to black, segment II two-thirds of III ; lateral margin and teeth of pronotum rufous; juga tending to overlap the tylus or their tips to converge ; length, 12-14 mm hoppingi Van Duzee 1921 Colorado, Utah. Color lighter; antennal segments I and II rufous, segment 205 July, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA II subequal to III but not one-third shorter; lateral margin of pronotum and teeth pale but not distinctly reddish; juga more or less parallel and hardly con- verging; length, 13-16 mm., width, 7-8 mm. affinis Van Duzee 1904 Iowa, Washington, California. 21 (16). Apex of head decidedly and acutely triangular; sinus be- tween jugum and tooth obtuse; well-mottled species, contrastingly colored light and dark; length, 17-19 mm., width, 8.5-12 mm carlo sa Stal 1872 Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, Florida, Louisiana, Texas. Apex of head subtruncated ; sinus between jugum and tooth obsolete; color not so contrastingly mottled; length, 13-15 mm., width, 7-9 mm pallida Blatchley 1926 Florida. 206 VOL. XIX (New Series) OCTOBER, 1939 No. 4 k A Journal of Entomology. \\ ’ PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor CARL GEO. SIEPMANN GEO. P. ENGELHARDT Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue, December 14, 1939 Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Vol. XIX AmeriqAna October, 1939 No. 4 A SYNOPSIS OF THE HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO By J. R. de la Torre-Bueno ( Continued from no. 3, p. 306) Family III — PENTATOMIDAE ( continued ) Tribe 5— PENTATOMINI Stal 1872 Key to Genera 1. Juga straight, acute (sometimes obtuse), surpassing tylus but not converging before it; humeral angles of pro- notum acute or acutely spinose 2 Juga obtuse, equalling tylus or converging and nearly or quite meeting in front of it; mesosternum without a prominent carina prolonged anteriorly 4 2 (1). Ventral segment II anteriorly produced at middle into a stout spine projecting between the posterior coxae; mesosternum with a very prominent median carina prolonged anteriorly. XXIX. Arvelius Spinola 1837, p. 240 Ventral segment II not produced into a spine ; mesosternum with a low median, carina 3 3 (2). Femora unarmed XX. Chlorocoris Spinola 1837, p. 233 Femora acute at middle of apex above, ending in a minute spine XXI. Loxa Amyot & Serville 1843, p. 234 4 ( 1 ) . Metasternum with a large, smooth, flattened plate, bifid or notched posteriorly; (rostrum long, extending on to venter ; humeral angles prominent ; anterolateral mar- 207 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 gins of pronotum with several long teeth; distinctly pilose dorsally). XXX. Neopharnus Van Dnzee 1910, p. 240 Metasternum without a smooth plate; (jnga rarely con- tiguous) 5 5 (4). Ventral segment II produced anteriorly toward or between hind coxae at middle in a stout spine or well-defined tubercle 6 Ventral segment II sometimes convexly prominent at middle, but not produced forward in a stout spine or tubercle 12 6 (5). Jnga not exceeding tylus 7 Jnga surpassing tylus and nearly or quite meeting in front . of it 11 7 (6). Ventral spine passing middle coxae, [spiracles large, black or concolorons ( tinctus Dist., W. I.)]. XXVIII. Piezodorus Fieber 1861, p. 239 Ventral spine not reaching middle coxae 8 8 (7). Antennal segment I surpassing apex of head. XXIII. Vidsirea Spinola 1837, p. 235 Antennal segment I not surpassing apex of head 9 9 (8). Antennal segment II more than half as long as V 10 Antennal segment II less than half as long as V ; (ventral spine sometimes reduced to a broad tubercle). XXVII. Banasa Stal 1860, p. 237 10 (9). Ostiolar prolongation acuminate, reaching over halfway to the body margin. XXVI. Acrosternum Fieber 1861, p. 236 Ostiolar prolongation subtruncate, reaching less than one- tliird the distance to the body margin. XXV. Nezara Amyot & Serville 1843, p. 236 11 (6). Ostiolar sulcus drawn out laterally and tapering into a narrow ridge at apex. ( XXXI. Dendrocoris Bergroth 1891, p. 242 (XXXII. Odmalea Bergroth 1915, p. 242 Ostiolar sulcus short, truncated. XXXIII. Brepholoxa Van Duzee 1904, p. 242 12 (5). Ostiole without a distinct anterior auricle, the margin of the orifice V-shaped at inner end, exteriorly drawn out into a tapering canal often evanescent apically into a narrow acuminate ridge rising from the posterior side of the canal 13 208 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Ostiole with the rounded, rarely elongate, orifice on the outer side of a low elevation, which extends around its anterior side and outwardly, usually as a short raised auricle with a more or less free obtusely rounded apex 18 13 (12). Frena exceeding midscutellum ; evaporative area well developed 14 Frena not reaching midscutellum; evaporative area very small and ill-defined. II. Trichopepla Stal 1867, p. 212 14 (13). Ostiolar prolongation short, reaching about one-third the distance from the ostiole to the lateral margin of the metasternum; juga not surpassing tylus ( Pentatoma auct.) 16 Ostiolar prolongation reaching half-way or more to the lateral margin of the metasternum 15 15 (14). Juga not surpassing tylus. XIX. Thyanta Stal 1862, p. 230 Juga surpassing tylus and meeting in front of it. I. Peribalus Mulsant & Rey 1866, p. 211 16 (14). Anterolateral margins of pronotum distinctly reflexed 17 Anterolateral margins of the pronotum acute or carinate, not reflexed II A. Liodermion Kirkaldy 1904, p. 213 (Lioderma Uhler 1871) 17 (16). Rostral segment III shorter than II and about equal to IY IY. Chlorochroa Stal 1872, p. 213 Rostral segment III about equal to II and longer than IY. III. Rhytidolomia Stal 1872, p. 213 18 (12). Head at least over four-fifths to seven-eighths as wide as scutellum; (prothorax with a large plate-like produc- tion of the anterior margin on each side ventrally, which curves ridgelike mesad of coxa but does not extend posteriorly beyond the latter) 19 Head less than seven-eighths as wide as scutellum 20 19 (18). Pronotum with a median ridge only ; (lateral extension of prothorax on venter not going beyond anterior margin of eye) XIY. N eottiglossa Kirby 1837, p. 226 Pronotum three-ridged, sides straighter; (lateral margins of prothorax on venter extending much beyond anterior margin of eye) XIII. Aelia Fabricius 1803, p. 225 20 (18). Ostiole with inner end nearly in line with the outer sides of the adjacent coxae, without an evident raised auricle or canal or the usual large opaque evaporative area. XXII. Murgantia Stal 1862, p. 234 209 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 Ostiole about as far to the side of the outer sides of the coxae as the coxal diameter, terminating in a canal or an evident raised auricle and with a well-defined large opaque evaporative area present, rarely one or the other not developed 21 21 (20). Bucculae short, extending as far as anterior margin of eyes ; anterior and lateral margins of pronotum strongly impressed and reflexed; (canal from ostiole distinct but short, not reaching middle of metasternum, terminating abruptly; large red-and-black species). XXIV. Bunibia Stal 1861, p. 235 Bucculae extending quite or nearly to base of head ; ante- rior and lateral margins of pronotum not strongly impressed or reflexed; (ostiole auriculate exteriorly, without a distinct canal ) 22 22 (21). Posterior tibiae smoothly rounded above, at least on basal half 23 Posterior tibiae flattened or feebly or strongly sulcate above, at least on basal half 26 23 (22). Bucculae strongly arcuate, much exceeded posteriorly by rostral segment 1 24 Bucculae nearly straight-edged, not exceeded posteriorly by rostral segment 1 25 24 (23). Width of scutellum at the apices of the frena fully twice the length of the frena. XV. Cosmopepla Stal 1867, p. 227 Width of scutellum at apices of frena at most little more than the length of the frena. VI. Mormidea Amyot & Serville 1843, p. 217 25 (23). Tylus rounded at apex, not surpassing juga; eyes and pronotum contiguous. VII. Solubea Bergroth 1891, p. 218 Tylus acute at apex, strongly surpassing juga; eyes distant from pronotum abput as far as their diameter. X. Proxys Spinola 1837, p. 224 26 (22). Posterolateral margins of the pronotum emarginate near the humeri XVIII. Prionosoma Uhler 1863, p. 229 Posterolateral margins of the pronotum not emarginate .27 27 (26). Bucculae sloping off at posterior end, without an evident posterior lobe 28 Bucculae elevated at posterior end into a distinct lobe, end- ing abruptly behind 31 210 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 28 (27). Margins of pronotum arcuate and. explanate ; veins of mem- brane anastomosing. XVII. Menecles Stal 1867, p. 228 Margins of pronotum sinuate; veins not anastomosing 29 29 (28). Frena reaching^well beyond mid-scutellum 30 Frena not reaching beyond mid-seutellum ; pronotal margin entire XVI. Eysarcoris Hahn 1834, p. 228 30 (29) . Anterolateral margin of pronotum sinuate, serrate or crenu- late anteriorly, if smooth ( integer Stal), straight and slightly reflexed. VIII. Euschistus Dallas 1851, p. 219 Anterolateral margins of pronotum not serrate, entire. IX. Padaeus Stal 1862, p. 223 31 (27). Tylus not more prominent above than juga, which con- verge over it at apex. V. Carpocoris Kolenati 1846, p. 217 Tylus throughout more prominent than juga, which are parallel 32 32 (31). Apical part of the scutellum narrower than hemelytra. XII. Hymenarcys Amyot & Serville 1843, p. 224 Apical part of scutellum broader than hemelytra. XI. Coenus Dallas 1851, p. 224 Genus I. Peril) alus Mulsant & Rey 1866 Key to Species 1. Scutellum broad and concolorous to, sometimes pallescent at, the apex, without a white tip; (connexivum alternated with black ; head deeply and closely black punctate, juga longer than tylus; length, 7.75-43.5 mm.). tristis Van Duzee 1904 Vancouver Island, California, Washington. Scutellum with a white tip 2 2. Connexivum alternated ; scutellum moderately broad; length, 8-9.5 mm abbrevialus (Uhler)l872 Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Utah, Montana', Arizona, Cali- fornia, British America; on Prosopus -juliflora. Connexivum black with a pale margin 3 3. Scutellum broad ; body strongly convex, broadest behind middle ; length, mm piceus Dallas 1851 Iowa, Colorado, Montana, Ontario. Scutellum not broad ; body not broadest behind the middle. 211 4 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 4. With short stiff gray hairs; length, 9 mm. hirtus Van Duzee 1927 California. Without such hairs; (scutellum narrow at tip; form more de- pressed and narrowed posteriorly) ; length, 7.5-9 mm., width, 4.5-5 mm limbolarius Stal 1872 Common throughout North America into Mexico ; on Solidago. Pentatoma dubia Dallas, from “N. Am.,” not included; it does not appear to have been recognized since described — a doubtful species. Genus II. Trichopepla Stal 1867 Key to Species 1. Anterolateral margins of pronotum carinate, sometimes quite roundedly reflexed or expanded 2 Anterolateral margins of pronotum calloused, not carinate, con- tinuing the slope of the disc 6 2. Head longer than its width across the eyes, apex narrower and more produced, sides approaching before the anteocular sinus ; rostrum at least attaining apex of hind coxae 3 Head not longer than its width across the eyes, rounded at apex with the sides parallel for a space before the anteocular sinus ; rostrum not surpassing the base of the hind coxae 4 3. Head distinctly longer than its width across eyes ; apex narrow, parabolic, but little arcuated ; antennal segment II obvi- ously longer than III ; membrane infuscated ; posterior disc of pronotum coarsely irregularly punctured; male genital segment trisinuately excavated ; calloused lines on the base of the scutellum more or less broken and obscured ; length, 6-8 mm semivittata Say 1832 Ontario to Colorado and Texas. Head scarcely longer than width across eyes, apex broadly rounded; antennal segments II and III subequal; mem- brane whitish-hyaline ; posterior disc of pronotum closely finely punctured ; male genital segment deeply roundedly excavated; three calloused lines on base of scutellum very distinct and regular; length, 7-8.5 mm. vandykei Yan Duzee 1918 California. 4. Connexivum plainly or indistinctly alternated with black at the incisures 5 212 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Connexivum black, its margin broadly pale ; length, 8 mm., width, 5 mm atricornis Stal 1872 Illinois to Wisconsin, California, British Columbia (Alaska ?). 5. Cheeks more rounded at apex; whole surface finely punctured; width of pronotum two and one-third times its greatest length, sides more oblique and slightly arcuated ; male genital segment deeply excavated, its lateral margins trun- cated ; (rostrum attaining base of hind coxae ; osteolar canal long, flat and obtuse at apex) ; length, 6 mm. pleyto Van Duzee 1921 California. Cheeks wider at apex; whole surface coarsely punctured; width of pronotum twice its greatest length, sides less oblique ; male genital segment shallowly excavated, sinuate ; length, 6.5-8 mm calif ornica Van Duzee 1918 California, Idaho, Washington, British Columbia ; (Mexico). 6. Antennal segments II, III and IV subequal, III only slightly shorter than the other two ; length, 6 mm., width, 4.5 mm. (maximum for both sexes) klotsi Ruckes 1937 Wyoming. Antennal segment II distinctly longer than III ; length more than 7 mm 7 7. Apex of rostrum reaching intermediate coxae; margins of con- nexivum broadly pale; (juga slightly exceeding tylus) ; length, 9-10 mm. (males and females). grossa Van Duzee 1918 Idaho, California. Apex of rostrum just passing intermediate coxae ; connexivum alternated with black; length, 8J-9 mm. (males). aurora Van Duzee 1918 California, Montana. Genus III. Bhytidolomia Stal 1872 IIIA. Liodermion Kirkaldy 1904 IV. Chlorochroa Stal 1872 (These three genera or subgenera, are treated together, as they are certainly closely related.) Key to Genera and Species 1. Anterolateral margins of pronotum carinated but not distinctly reflexed ( Liodermion Kirkaldy, n.n. for Lioderma Uhler) 2 213 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 Anterolateral margins of pronotnm acutely carinated, sharply reflexed, either broadly or narrowly 5 2. Antennal segment II longer than III, IV and V subequal; (rostrum reaching ventral segment III, rostral segment II very long, reaching middle coxae ; form oval, triangularly produced in front; green or olive-green in color, margins, including head and apex of scutellum pale; length, 8-9 nun., width, ? 1 l, ) viridicata Walker 1867 Montana, Nebraska, Colorado, (Mexico). Antennal segment II not longer than III, or subequal to it ... 3 3. Antennal segment II shorter than III, IV one-third longer than II, (V not quite one-third longer than IV ; rostrum nearly reaching posterior margin of ventral segment II, its seg- ment II slightly longer than III, which in turn is slightly longer than IV ; ostiole with a very short anteriorly curved canal; length, 9.5 mm.) ; color sordid testaceous schotti Barber 1927 Alabama. Antennal segments II and III subequal ; color olive green or brown 4 4. Costal area of hemelytra broadly pale, bordered within by a black line on corium; length, 9.5-12 mm., width, 6-6.5 mm. saucia Say 1831 New England and New York to Florida; in salt marshes, on grasses and sedges. Costal area of hemelytra not bordered by a black line on corium, concolorous; (antennal segment I shortest, II and III sub- equal [16: 15], IV slightly longer than the two preceding segments, V longest, more than twice as long as I [propor- tion of the segments, 10 : 16 : 15 : 18 : 22] ; rostrum reaching middle of ventral segment II, segments I and III equal, II one-half longer than either, IV two-fifths of II, [pro- portion of segments, 20 : 30 : 20 : 12] ) ; length, 12 mm. rita Van Duzee 1934 Arizona. 5. Rostral segments II and III equal or subequal, (IV shorter than III) ; form more elongated and produced anteriorly (Ehytidolomia Stal) 6 Rostral segment II shorter than III ; form proportionally broader and less produced anteriorly ( Chlorochroa Stal) 9 6. Color pale stramineous, hemelytra deep piceous or black; (an- 214 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA tennal segments IV and V subequal ; rostrum reaching almost to base of ventral segment III ; evaporative surface large, pale, dull; tylus subequal to juga; ocelli about as far as their diameter from the posterior margin of the head; anterior tibiae with a strong spine at the inner aspect of the apex; length, 13 mm., width, 8 mm.) osborni Van Duzee 1904 Colorado, Arizona, Texas. Color green or olive 7 7. Color uniform dark olive brown or somewhat greenish, margins of pronotum and hemelytra paler; (juga sinuate beyond eyes, slightly exceeding tylus; rostral segment IV three- quarters of III ; distance between ocelli six times their distance from the inner margins of the eyes, ocelli on or below a line drawn between the anterior angles of the pro- notum ; anterior angles of pronotum almost dentate ; seg- ment II of antennae one-quarter longer than III ; length, 16-19 mm., width, 7-8 mm.) senilis Say 1831 New England south to Virginia; in salt marshes. Color green or olive brown ; entire margins behind the head and a median line on the scutellum (sometimes almost obsolete), pale; form proportionally broader, more oval ... 8 8. Antennae black, segments I and II, and base of III, green ; apex of genital segment of male deeply concavely exca- vated ; outer angles subacute ; length, 11 mm. faceta Say 1824 “Dakota,” Nebraska, Colorado, Utah, California, Arizona. Antennae black, segment I only green; (costal edge of hemely- tra beyond middle blackish) ; apex of genital segment of male feebly concave with a rounded median tooth; outer angles obtuse; length, 13-16 mm., width, 7.5-10 mm. belfragii Stal 1872 Canada, Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska. 9. Form elongate-oblong ; outer margins, apex of scutellum, three large dots at its base and numerous smooth calloused points on the scutellum, pronotum and hemelytra whitish, the narrow margins sometimes tinged with red ; length, 11 mm., width, 6.5 mm sayi Stal 1872 Montana, Idaho, Kansas, Nevada, Colorado, Arizona, Cali- fornia. Form broader ; three smooth dots at base of scutellum, if present, inconspicuous 10 215 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 10. (Form broad oval; color deep clear green) ; entire margins be- hind the head, and the tip of the scutellum, reddish-yellow or even crimson; male genital segment strongly produced on the ventral surface; (antennal segment II one-half as long as III; rostrum reaching middle of ventral segment II; length, 13-14 mm., width, 6.5-7 mm.) persimilis Horvath 1908 ( ? uhleri Stal) Margins of entire body and tip of scutellum usually incon- spicuously pale; if strongly contrasted or red, then the male genital segment is not produced on the ventral sur- face .11 11. Form oblong; outer margins and apex of scutellum conspicu- ously pale or even crimson ; pronotum, scutellum and heme- lytra distinctly marked with smooth pale dots; ventral punctures dark; length, 12.5-15 mm., width, 7.3-8 mm. ligata Say 1831 Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Van- couver Id. ; on cotton, alfalfa, grapes, corn, chile peppers, tomato, peaches, milo, maize, sorghum, peas, figs, Prosopis beans, Yucca , Ribes, Solanum elaeagnifolium. Form more ovate; pale outer margins inconspicuous; ventral punctures concolorous 12 12. Antennal segment II twice as long as III, which is much the shortest; rostrum reaching posterior coxae, segment I a little shorter than the head, II longer, reaching middle coxae, III and IV subequal ; pale outer margins and apex of scutellum inconspicuous ; male genital segment produced on the ventral surface; form ovate; length, 9-12 mm., width 5. 5-6. 5 mm congrua Uhler 1876 Idaho, Montana, Utah, Colorado. Antennal segment II much longer than III ; rostrum extending to posterior coxal margins, segment II much longer than III, which is subequal to IV ; pale outer margins and points on hemelytra moderately conspicuous, the latter sometimes a little paler than the surrounding surface ; length, 11-15 mm., width, 6. 5-8. 5 mm uhleri Stal 1872 ( ? persimilis Horvath) Quebec and Ontario to New Jersey, Nebraska, Montana, Idaho to California and Mexico, Alaska, Texas ; on nastur- tium, willow, juniper, Grindelia squarrosa, Opuntia, Juni- 216 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 'perns sabina, Chrysopis, Kuhnia, Ambrosia psylostachya , Lespedeza capitata, grasses. Genus V. Carpocoris Kolenati 1846 Key to Species A. Head a little longer than its width across eyes ; cheeks narrower ; sides of pronotum a little sinuated ; scutellum with a deep groove behind the pronotal margin; membrane surpassing abdomen for nearly one-half its length beyond tip of corium; rostrum attaining apex of hind coxae, segment I scarcely surpassing apex of bucculae ; antennal segment II little if at all longer than III ; length, 9-10 mm. sulcatus Van Duzee 1918 California. B. Head a little shorter than width across eyes ; sides of pronotum arcuated ; no deep groove in scutellum ; membrane not or but slightly surpassing abdomen; rostrum reaching to or but slightly surpassing middle coxae, I slightly surpassing apex of bucculae ; antennal segment II about one-half longer than III ; length, 9-10 mm remotus Horvath 1907 Colorado, Utah, Arizona, North Dakota, Montana, Cali- fornia, Northwest Territory (Canada). Genus VI. Mormidea Amyot & Serville 1843 Key to Species 1. Head quite deflexed anteriorly, black, bucculae concolorous; pro- notum before the middle with a narrow abbreviate calloused fascia; anterior angles without a small outwardly directed tooth; lateral margins of venter subcalloused; apical mar- gins of the segments scarcely prominent, except segment VI in males; (subgenus Melanochila Stal 1872); length, 5.5- 6.5 mm lugens Fabricius 1775 Quebec to Texas, east of the Rocky Mountains. Head scarcely or slightly deflexed anteriorly, bucculae pale ; some- times black punctate • pronotum without a continuous trans- verse ruga before the middle, anterior angles with a small, or minute, or blunt outwardly pointing tooth ; apical angles of the ventral segments most often more or less distinctly prominent (subgenus Mormidea s.s.) 2 2. Scutellum marked on each side of the base with a large calloused 217 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 spot, or with a calloused line or vitta between the antero- lateral margins, which is frequently flavescent ; (membrane embrowned; sternum black, pleura heavily and the venter trivittate with fuscous ; calloused intramarginal line of scu- tellum subequal to frenum, or extended as far as frenum) ; length, 5.5-6 mm., width, 3.25-3.5 mm. pictiventris Stal 1862 Florida, Texas. Scutellum marked on the basal angles with a minute calloused spot, frequently pale, or without such spot 3 3. Pale testaceous punctured with black ; white and calloused — the narrow apex of the scutellum and three basal points, two points on disc of pronotum anteriorly, the slender outer margins of the pronotum and the base of the hemelytra; a median ventral vitta ; connexivum not maculated ; antennae more or less pale-marked ; length, 5.5-6 mm., width, 3.3- 3.5 mm cubrosa Dallas 1851 ( sordidula Stal 1872) New Mexico, Texas. White markings as above much reduced ; connexivum maculated ; venter without a vitta ; antennae entirely black or narrowly pale at joints; length, 7 mm., width, 4 mm. tetra Walker 1868 ( griscescens Stal 1872) Texas, Arizona, (Mexico). Mormidea punctifer Walker 1867, recorded as from California is omitted from this key; Van Duzee says (1904) “Unrecog- nized by recent students. ” Genus VII. Solubea Bergroth 1891 Key to Species A. Humeri armed with long anteriorly directed spines; anterior tibiae longitudinally sulcate ; spiracles black ; anterior mar- gin of male hypopygium (ventral view) broadly concave; length, 10-12 mm., width, 4.5-5 mm. pugnax Fabricius 1775 Connecticut and New York, to Florida, Texas and Arizona, (Mexico and West Indies to Brazil) ; on grains (injurious to rice), corn, wheat, Panicum, Set aria, said to attack cotton worm. B. Humeri with short spines ; anterior tibiae longitudinally sulcate ; 218 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA spiracles not black; posterior margin of male hypopygium (ventral view) very strongly lobate in center; not over 8-9 mm. ; length, 7-9.5 mm., width, 5-5.5 mm insularis Stal ( Mormidea guerini Blatchley 1926, nec Amyot & Serville 1843) Florida, (Cuba). Genus VIII. Euschistus Dallas 1851 Key to Species 1. Anterolateral margins of pronotum straight, neither crenate nor dentate, entire (subgenus Paraschistus Kirkaldy 1909) ; (anterolateral margins of pronotum very nar- rowly and slightly reflexed; basal and apical angles of the ventral segments black; connexivum black with a median flavescent fascia ; tylus surpassing juga ; anten- nal segment II slightly shorter than III; humeri scarcely prominent, obtusely rounded-angular ; femora scantily black punctate ; length, 10 mm., width, 6 mm.). integer Stal 1872 Arizona, (Mexico). Anterolateral margins of pronotum crenate or dentate ; fre- quently sinuate (subgenus Euschistus Dallas) 2 2 (1). Margin of abdomen calloused, pale 3 Margin of abdomen neither calloused nor entirely pale 4 3 (2). Connexivum wholly pale, without a black inner line, con- spicuously broad; angles of ventral abdominal seg- ments darker, but without conspicuous black points; (juga longer than tylus, making head distinctly incised anteriorly; antennal segments II, III, IV and V sub- equal, V and distal part of IV black, I attaining at least to apex of tylus ; membrane immaculate ; length, 14.5- 15 mm., width, 8-9.5 mm.) (females only). latimarginatus Zimmer 1910 Nebraska, Colorado. Connexivum narrowly black inside the pale borders; (pro- notum quite convex behind; apical ventral segments with two smooth points; apex of male genital segment with a large, quite deep sinus) ; length, 9-10 mm. comptus Walker 1868 Texas, (Neotropical). 4 (2). Membrane obscure fuscous, basal margin sometimes palles- 219 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 cent ; antennal segments I, II and III conspersed with black; (juga exceeding tylus); length, 10-12 mm., width, 6-6.5 mm hi for mis Stal 1862 Arizona, (Mexico). Membrane griseous or somewhat infuscate ; antennae wholly, or at least segments I, II and III pale, impnnctate or very obsoletely fuscous punctate ; (apex of tylus obtuse ; impressions at basal angles of scutellum generally less distinct ; thorax before middle of disc without two punc- tiform callous spots; anterior femora unarmed; ante- rior angles of prosternum frequently with a very minute black spot) 5 5 (4). Juga with a few sparse punctures along the lateral margins and between the ocelli; (disc of pronotum and of hem- elytra largely impnnctate ; antennae pale ; tylus as long as juga, slightly acuminate, juga narrowed anteriorly; antennal segment II a little shorter than III ; antero- lateral margins of pronotum slightly sinuate with a few small crenulations anteriorly; humeri produced in a short tooth, not very acute; length 10 mm., width, 7 mm.) subimpunctatus Malloch 1919 Illinois. Juga above densely punctured 6 6 (5). Membrane normally distinctly dotted with fuscous; tergum in fully developed examples black 7 Membrane without dots; tergum rarely fuscous or black, generally croceous or rufescent 17 7 (6). Margin of venter with a minute black dot or point in or at each incisure 8 Margin of venter immaculate, angles of segments concolor- ous 16 8 (7) . Body strongly convex, especially below ; [anterolateral mar- gins of the pronotum serrate nearly to the humeri, which form short, acute but abrupt spines, distinctly inclined anteriorly ; (scutellum rather broad at apex; membrane with oblong convex black dashes between the veins (sometimes absent) ; length, 10.5-11.5 mm., width, 6-6.5 nun.)] crassus Dallas 1851 North Carolina, Georgia, Florida ; on weeds and grasses. Body less convex, sometimes obviously depressed 9 9 (8). Juga distinctly produced beyond the rounded apex of the tylus, subacute; apex of head strongly incised; hem- elytra as wide or nearly as wide as the abdomen, nearly 220 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA or quite covering the connexivum; length, 12-15 mm., width, 7-8.5 mm euschistoides Vollenhoven 1868 Quebec to Vancouver Island, Montana, Colorado, and south through New York to Florida and Texas. Juga very little, if at all, longer than the tylus ; hemelytra narrower than the abdomen, leaving the maculate con- nexivum exposed 10 10 (9). Form not distinctly depressed, the sides of the pronotum sometimes a little expanded and reflexed before the humeri, in which case the venter is marked with a row, sometimes incomplete, of black spots 11 Form distinctly depressed, especially within the lateral mar- gins of the pronotum ; venter without black spots 11 11 (10). Venter without distinct black spots on the median line; length, 12-14 mm 12 Venter with a median row of black spots, wThich sometimes are almost obsolete ; length, less than 12 mm 13 12 (11). Humeri prominent, acute or rounded, never spinose; upper surface rather closely irregularly punctured; (juga equalling or slightly surpassing tylus ; antennae wholly pale; connexivum broadly exposed); length, 12.5-15 mm., width, 7-9 mm servus Say 1831 Massachusetts and Ohio to Kansas, and south to Texas and New Mexico. Humeri acutely spinose; upper surface paler; punctures more distinct and regularly disposed; length, 12 mm., width, 7 mm impictiventris Stal .1872 Vancouver Island, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Texas; on Medicago sativa, pest on cotton, other cultivated plants. 13 (11). Humeri prominent, rounded; antennal segment V and api- cal one-half of IV black; length, 10-12 mm., width, 6. 5-7. 5 mm tristigmus Say 1831 Northern Canada to southern Mexico ; on potato, rasp- berry and many other field crops and plants. Humeri produced, acute or spinose ; antennae entirely pale or rufous ; size as above tristigmus Say 1831 var. pyrrhocerus Herrich Schaeffer 1842 14 (10). Over 10 mm. long; (punctures on upper surface forming round scattering black dots, more noticeable on the hemelytra) ; male genital segment broadly concave arcuated 15 Less than 10 mm. long; (head above with a dark margin; 221 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 anterolateral margins of pronotum almost straight, pale, defined within by black punctures; no median ventral spots) ; genital segment of male with a rather deep V-shaped or rounded median notch and a much smaller notch on each side; length, 8-9.5 nun., width, 5. 5-6. 2 mm politus Uhler 1897 New Hampshire, Massachusetts to Maryland, Ohio, Tennessee; on scrub oak on Long Island, New York. 15 (14). Legs dotted with black; apical half of antennal segment V blackish (dusky — Uhl.), barely longer than IV, II much shorter than III, which is subequal to IV ; length, 11-12 mm., width, 6-6.5 mm conspersus Uhler 1897 Vancouver Island, Washington, California. Legs punctured with fuscous, femora with not more than about 4 black points beneath; antennal segments IV and V dusky, II and III subequal ; length, 11-13 mm., width, 7-8 mm. (rostrum reaching to posterior coxae). in flatus Van Duzee 1903 Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Arizona. 16 (7). Pronotum with a raised calloused somewhat irregular line between the humeri; (hemelytra without round dark spots; humeri acute or ending in a sharp spine) ; in- cisures without a small black spot ; genital segment of male without a black spot at its base; color reddish- brown; length, 10.5-12.5 mm., width, 7.5-8 mm. ictericus Linne 1763 Northern United States and Canada to Florida, Texas and Oklahoma; on grasses in damp or wet ground. Pronotum without a continuous calloused somewhat irregu- lar line between the humeri; without marginal spots or dots on venter ; male genital segment with a black- ish basal spot; length, 11.5-14 mm., width, 8-9 mm. variolarius Palisot de Beauvois 1805 All over United States ; omnivorous, economic. 17 (6). Antennae concolorous or subinfuscate toward apex; humeri distinct, always prominent, frequently acutely pro- duced; (antennae long; segment I of rostrum reach- ing to or slightly exceeding apex of bucculae) 18 Antennal segments I, II and III black punctate, IV and V black, their bases pale ; humeri obtusely rounded, scarcely prominent; length, 9-10 mm. spurculus Stal 1862 Arizona, (Mexico). 222 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 18 (17). Over 10 mm. long (11-12 mm.) ; (punctures finer and closer on the head and anterior part of pronotum, leaving an obvious but somewhat irregular pale vitta between the prominent subacute humeri, these punc- tures segregated so as to form scattering round black dots on the hemelytra ; posterior angles of female ven- tral segment VII acuminate and produced; length, 10.5-12 mm., width, 7-8 mm.). obscurus Palisot de Beauvois 1805 ( bifibulus of American authors) Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Texas. Length 10 mm., or less 19 19 (18). Form broad ovate; (pronotum without a pale transverse fascia; humeri prominent, acute) ; upper surface with scattering pale points on scutellum and hemelytra; male genital segment rounded at apex, feebly emargi- nated at middle; (apical angles of female ventral seg- ment VII not attenuated or produced) ; length, 9-9.5 mm., width, 5-5.5 mm crenator Fabricius 1794 Florida, Texas, Arizona, California, (West Indies, Mexico). Form oblong; upper surface regularly and closely punc- tured ; male genital segment broad at apex and feebly trisinuated ; length, 8-9 mm. zopilotensis Distant 1890 Texas, (Mexico). Genus IX. Padaeus Stal 1862 This is Stal’s characterization of the genus: Body oval, quite convex below. Head triangular, median lobe slightly longer than the lateral lobes, bucculae percurrent, posteriorly abruptly abbre- viated. Basal segment of rostrum (I) slightly shorter than the bucculae, II shorter than III and IV taken together. Apex of scutellum quite narrow. Mesosternum carinate. Abdomen slightly wider than the hemelytra. Legs unarmed. Recorded north of Mexico is the one species. P. viduus Vollenhoven 1868. This species is black, with abundant white guttulae ; legs cereous (wax-colored), black-spotted; abdominal segments with a median white guttula in each ; length, 12 mm. Arizona, (Neotropical). 223 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 Genus X. Proxys Spinola 1837 Key to Species A. Feet pale, black consperse, femora and tibiae entirely concolor- ons ; length, ?;?■?? mm. albopunctulatus Palisot cle Beauvois 1805 Southern States (Uhler) ; swampy forest where mangroves grow. B. Entire femora, or at least apices, and apices and bases of tibiae black, the latter immaculate conspersed with a scant few black spots ; length 11-13 mm., width, 6.5-7 mm. punctidatus Palisot de Beauvois 1805 Southern Indiana and Illinois, to Georgia, Florida, Okla- homa, Texas and Arizona (Mexico) ; on cotton. Genus XI. Coenus Dallas 1851 To the distinctive characters in the key may be added : Tylns as long as juga; rostrum reaching hind coxae; ostiole with a very short auricle ; tarsi sulcate above ; scutellum broad, slightly sur- passing corium. The one species in the genus is C. delius Say 1831 This is oval in shape, somewhat flattened above and strongly convex below ; dull yellowish above, thickly and evenly marked with fuscous punctures ; antennal segment I shortest, V longest, II three- fourths length of III; pronotum with the apex deeply emarginate; veins of membrane anastomosing; length 8.5-10.5 mm., width, 4.5- 6 mm. Quebec, and New England west to British Columbia and Mon- tana, south and west to Oklahoma and Texas ( ? ) . On timothy and clover, moth mullein, bine grass; generally found in weeds and small growth. Genus XII. Hymenarcys Amyot & Serville 1843 Key to Species 1. Sides of head parallel before middle ; (thorax obtusely impressed near anterolateral margins, thoracic margins straight or nearly straight, somewhat obtuse ; antennal segments I and II subequal) 2 Head narrowed in front 3 224 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 2. Apex of head rounded, entire , tylus subprominent ; apex of scutellum moderately broad; veins of membrane simple, scarcely anastomosing, parallel; length, 6.5-9 mm., width 3. 5- 4.5 mm aequalis Say 1831 New England west to Colorado, Montana, Saskatchewan, New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Ohio, Kansas, south and west to Oklahoma and Texas. Apex of head slightly emarginate ; apex of scutellum broader; veins of membrane reticulate ; length, 8-10 mm., width, 4.5- 6 mm reticulata Stal 1872 Arizona, (Mexico). 3. Anterolateral margins of pronotum slightly rotundate, subex- planate ; length, 8.5-11.5 mm., width, 5.5-7 mm. nervosa Say 1832 Quebec and New England to Nebraska and Dakota, south to Maryland and North Carolina and southwest to Okla- homa and Texas ; on cotton. Anterolateral margins of prothorax nearly straight, strongly reflexed; (antennal segment II longer than I; jnga longer than tylus) ; length, 11-12 mm crassa Uhler 1897 Arizona. Genus XIII. Aelia Fabricius 1803 This is a brief description of the genus derived from original characterizations and from material in hand : Head basally wide, much produced anteriorly, as long as or longer than pronotum medi- ally, juga surpassing tylus and more or less meeting in front of it, leaving apex of head incised or not; rostrum exceeding the inter- mediate coxae, segment I not as long as head, II longer, III and IV short, more or less subequal ; prothorax trapezoidal, humeri some- what prominent but rounded ; prosternum anteriorly produced in a thin rounded lamina, sometimes covering base of antennae ; corium nearly equal to membrane, membrane with a few feeble longitudinal veins; abdomen quite flat above, quite convex below. There is one North American species thus far known : Aelia americana Dallas 1851. Some of its distinguishing characters, derived from specimens, are : Head as long as pronotum, juga contiguous in front of tylus, a median punctate callous vitta from apex of tylus, where it is nar- row, to base of head ; bucculae angulate ; antennal segment I very short, one-half as long as the distance from its base to the apex of the 225 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 head, II and III subequal to I, IY slightly longer, V longest ; rostrum slightly exceeding intermediate coxae, segment I passing the base of the head, II a little longer than III and IV taken together; thorax more than twice as wide as long, anterior angles obtusely prominent, anterolateral margins calloused, with a few evanescent punctures, yellow, humeri rounded and slightly indented posteriorly, postero- lateral margins rounded, basal margin slightly sinuate, anterior margin straight, a yellow calloused impunctate median vitta ex- tending from the anterior margin and percurrent on the scutellum, narrowing and vanishing a short distance from its apex and bounded by a black deeply punctate vitta on each side on the scutellum ; scu- tellum slightly longer than wide at its base ; corium brown, deeply black-punctate, black-margined at costal margin, which is wide, yel- low, somewhat calloused and feebly punctured with concolorous punctures, membrane hyaline, veins light brown ; ostiole small, black, without a canal; stigmata black; the whole insect punctured above and below; length, 8.5 mm., width, 4.5 mm. at humeri. Dakota, Montana, Manitoba, Nebraska, Colorado, Arizona. Genus XIV. Neottiglossa Kirby 1837 Key to Species 1. Sides of head less tumescent within the margins ; ostioles con- tinued outward in an obsolete ruga ( Neottiglossa s.s.) 2 Sides of head more tumescent within the margins; ostioles con- tinued outward in a distinct ruga. ( Texas Kirkaldy 1904), ( Melanostoma Stal 1872) 3 2. Antennal segment III three-quarters the length of II ; head not black, rather finely, not densely and deeply, punctate, vertex with a narrow median pale line, extending back- ward on the pronotum ; (upper surface of head almost flat transversely, not tumidly elevated within the margins) ; length, 4.5-5. 5 mm., width, 3-3.5 mm undata Say 1831 Northeastern United States and Canada, west to Vancouver Island, New Jersey, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Colorado; on grasses, red clover, mullein (Verbascum) , wild grape. Antennal segment III five-sixth the length of II ; head entirely black, feebly bronzed, deeply and densely punctate ; vertex without a pale line ; length, 5-6.25 mm. trilineata Kirby 1837 Nova Scotia, Michigan, Dakota, British Columbia, Ne- braska, California. 226 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 3. Deflected anterior part of the head a little impressed on each side of the tylus, not forming an excavated basin; tylus quite distinctly elevated to the apex; length, 4-5 mm., width, 2.5-3 mm sulci f rons Si a! 1872 New Jersey, North Carolina, Georgia, Iowa, Indiana, Ne- braska, Kansas, New Mexico, Texas; on blue grass and timothy. Deflected anterior part of the head strongly impressed, forming an excavated basin in which the tylus is not at all elevated ; length, 4-5 mm., width, 2.5-3 mm cavifrons Stal 1872 Indiana, Illinois, Utah, Texas, Arizona, California ; on blue- grass, Lespedeza, Pycnanthemum. Genus XV. Cosmopepla Stal 1867 Key to Species 1. Scutellum very obtusely rounded at apex; frenum very short, not quite one- third length of scutellum ; broadly oval 2 Scutellum less obtusely rounded at apex ; frenum reaching almost one-half the length of the scutellum; body proportionally longer; (above slightly brassy and thickly punctured) 3 2. Scutellum black with a red spot on each side near apex; trans- verse fascia and longitudinal central spot of pronotum narrow, linear ; abdomen above narrowly edged with red ; length, 5-6 mm bimaculata Thomas 1865 ( carnifex Fabricius 1798, lintneriana Kirkaldy 1909) Eastern United States and Canada to Texas, Colorado, Mississippi, and Washington; on Scrophularia, nodosa , Ranuncidus, Bubus, Mentha, Verbascum thapsus, Stachys, Brassica nigra, Daucus carota, potato, thistle, currant, poke- berry, bouncing bet, goldenrod, ragweed, etc. Scutellum entirely concolorous, transverse fascia of pronotum irregular, widened in the middle, slightly elevated; ab- domen beneath broadly edged with ochraceous, this margin inwardly sinuated opposite each stigma; length, 5.5-6 mm., width, 3.5 — 4 mm uhleri Montandon 1893 Nevada, California. 3. Transverse yellowish fascia of pronotum irregular, slightly ele- vated ; scutellum punctured to apex, apically narrowly edged with yellow ; yellow margin deeply sinuated on each segment; (stigmata black; length, 4-7.5 mm., width, 3-5 mm.) conspicillaris Dallas 1851 Vancouver Island to Mexico and Lower California. 227 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 Transverse yellow fascia of pronotum shining, regular; apex of scutellum more broadly edged with yellowish ochraceous 4 4. Scutellum punctured near apex on the yellowish-ochraceous part ; transverse fascia of pronotum extended backward to near its base, two dark spots in the middle of the fascia ; abdomen beneath with the lateral margins broadly pale ochraceous ; a segmental series of small rounded dark spots covering the stigmata ; length, 7 mm Mnotata Distant 1889 Arizona. Apex of scutellum shining, impunctate on the yellowish-ochra- ceous part; transverse fascia of pronotum not extended backward, impunctate, slightly elevated; abdomen beneath with pale ochraceous lateral margin of equal width, includ- ing stigmata ; length, 6.25 mm., width, 3.6 mm. decorata Hahn 1834 Texas, Arizona; (Neotropical). Genus XVI. Eysarcoris Hahn 1834 To the generic key characters may be added : Scutellum somewhat broadened behind frena, sometimes large or moderate; ostioles mar- ginate or subauriculate ; juga rounded. The one North American species so far known is E. intergressus Uhler 1893 ( melanocephalus Uhler 1876) This is dull fulvous clouded with darker ; juga wide, slightly longer than tylus and indented near its apex; rostrum slender, reaching behind posterior coxae ; antennal segment I stout, not quite reaching apex of head, II and III longer, subequal, IV a little longer; pro- notum with a small fovea near each side of middle disc and an in- dented spot nearer the outer margin, margins slender, reflexed; pleural and epipleural segments black, polished, punctate ; membrane milky- whitish, veins pale piceous; length, 5.5-6 nun., width, 3.5-4 mm. Has somewhat the aspect of Cosmopepla conspicillaris (Uhler). Kansas, California. Genus XVII. Menecles Stal 1867 A monotypical genus ; characters in addition to those in the key are : Head deeply inserted in thorax ; antennae slender ; rostrum reaching base of ventral segment III ; ostiole without a canal but with a prominent curved auricle. Its single species is M. insertus Say 1831. Added specific characters are : Broadly oval, depressed ; antennal segment I shorter than head, II to IV subequal, V longest; rostral 228 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA segment II as long as III and IV taken together ; veins of membrane anastomosing; connexivum broadly exposed; length, 12-14 mm., width, 6.5-8 mm. New England and Ontario west to Nebraska and Kansas, south- west to Arizona and California, North Carolina, New Jersey, Arkansas. This is an arboreal species. Genus XVIII. Prionosoma Uhler 1867 The references to this genus are solely to the original description in Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad., for 1863, pp. 363-365. Since this is a relatively inaccessible paper here is a recasting, in standard terms, of the original description : Head long, narrow, juga prominent, ex- ceeding tylus but not contiguous before it, lateral margins sinuate in front of the antennae, tylus forming a prominent median ridge; antennal segment I just reaching apex of head, constricted basally, much stouter than the remaining segments, segments II and IV sub- equal, all segments with numerous stiff hairs; eyes hemispherical , prominent; ocelli widely separated, set near the eyes and base of head ; bucculae extending onto prosternum, narrow, enlarging toward base of head, subtrunc&ted ; rostrum very slender in middle, segment II as long as III and IV taken together, III much broader than the other segments, depressed, a little longer than IV, IV 2/3 the length of III and not quite so stout ; thorax eight- sided, broader than long, anterior lobe very abruptly narrowed laterally and emarginated, humeri projecting, with a subacute process outwardly, posterior margin truncate; scutellum broad, a little longer than corium, not abruptly sinuated laterally, bluntly rounded at apex ; corium almost equally broad throughout, interior apical margin obliquely rounded, middle of apex emarginated, membrane with seven longitudinal sinuate veins ; abdominal segments laterally with projecting thorn- like blunt processes; venter obtusely convex; sternum sulcate to re- ceive rostrum ; anterior tibiae prismatic, with a spine on inner aspect. The single species thus far known is P. podopioides Uhler 1863. These are the structural characters and color picture in the original description : Pale testaceous with fuscous markings, covered with heavy pile ; head with a few deep coarse punctures and several irregular longi- tudinal ridges ; antennae with long stiff white hairs ; rostrum reach- ing middle coxae ; thorax anteriorly deeply emarginate, with a blunt small tooth at anterior angles, humeral projections a little curved 229 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 posteriorly, smooth, bearing a tooth-like process apically, behind this emarginated, sides regularly rounded from the emargi nation to the basal margin, which is subtruncated, smooth; scutellum irregularly erodedly closely punctured, surface uneven, with a Y-shaped eleva- tion, the stem of which runs toward the apex, a short levigate line at basal middle and a few levigate areas, yellow ; corium with a levigate callous lenticular yellowish spot beyond middle; membrane pale brown, veins white-margined; posterior angles of the connexivum and the processes yellow, otherwise blackish ; beneath very hairy, closely fusco-punctate, punctures grouped in patches near legs and arranged in two indistinct longitudinal vittae on each side of venter, median line yellow, stigmata dark brown ; length, 9 mm., width 5 mm. California (original description), Arizona; in yucca. Genus XIX. Thyanta Stal 1862 Key to Species 1. Antennal segment III one-quarter longer than II, III to Y sub- equal; (ventral segments without black spots at the in- cisures or on the sides ; humeral angles obtuse ; connexivum very narrowly or not at all exposed) ; length, 7-8 mm., width, 4-5 mm pseudocasta Blatchley 1926 Florida. Antennal segment III not or but slightly longer than II 2 2. Humeri produced into long acute spines anteriorly directed ; lat- eral margins of the pronotum concavely arcuate from the anterior margin to the apex of the spine ; anterior disc of the pronotum with two small black spots ; incisures with two minute black spots ; male hypopygium with the central lobe cleft in the center; length, 9-13 mm., width, 6-7 mm perditor Fabricius 1794 Florida. Humeri rounded or angulatecl, sometimes produced into the form of small acute spine; male hypopygium without a central lobe 3 3. Antennal segment II but little or not longer than III ; species at least 8 mm. long 4 Antennal segment II much longer than III ; much smaller species, rarely 7 mm. long 6 4. Ocelli exceptionally large, the distance between their lateral margin and the inner margin of the eye not greater than the width of the ocellus ; antennal segment II shorter than 230 October, 1939 ENTOMQLOGXCA AMERICANA III ; punctation coarse, not very dense, intervening surface rugosely uneven; edge of abdomen with black points; humeri usually angulated; hairs on tibiae of both sexes moderately long, not noticeably irregular; (male hy- popygium with a large rounded protuberance just below the inner margin of the opening ; without a conspicuous concave area on each side of apex) ; length 8-9 mm., width, 5-5.5 mm casta Stal 1862 Florida, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Mexico, Texas, (Neotropical). Ocelli small, the distance between their lateral margins and the inner margins of the eyes distinctly greater than the width of an ocellus; punctation close and regular, intervening surface even or with a few raised points ; humeri rounded or acute but not spined; edge of abdomen sometimes pale but without distinct black points; (male hypopygium flat- tened for a considerable distance below the upper margin of the opening, with a conspicuous concave area on each side at the apex) 5 5. Lateral margins of pronotum glossy black, vertically rugose ; (male hypopygium with a slight but distinct elevation in the center of the upper margin) ; length, 9-10 mm., width, 5.5-6 mm calceata Say 1831 New England to Illinois and Florida. Lateral margins of pronotum rarely black, not vertically rugose ; (male hypopygium transverse in center, or almost so) ; length, 9-12 mm., width, 5-6.5 mm. custator Fabricius 1803 Quebec and New England to British Columbia, Indiana, Colorado, Arizona, Texas, Mexico ; on oats, corn, sorghum, cotton squares and bolls, sugar beets, asparagus, grasses, red clover, etc. 6. Ostiolar canal not longer than the distance from its apex to the lateral margin of the mesosternum ; ( connexivum immacu- late or with nearly obsolete spots ; black points on venter absent ; posterior margin of male hypopygium with a small notch in the center) ; length, 5-7 mm., width, A- 4.5 mm rugulosa Say 1831 Montana and Nebraska to Utah, Colorado, Oregon, Cali- fornia, Arizona, Texas ; on Bumelia angustifolia Nutt, and wild gooseberry. Ostiolar canal much longer than the distance from its apex to the lateral margin of the mesosternum 7 231 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 7. Head much longer than its greatest width; dorsum green with conspicuous yellowish-white longitudinal stripes on head, scutellum and hemelytra; pronotum with a broad con- spicuous median transverse depression; length 6 mm. (male), 7 mm. female elegans Malloch 1919 Texas. Head as broad as long , or the dorsum without yellowish-white stripes and the pronotum having no well-defined median transverse depression 8 8. Abdominal venter in both sexes with a transverse row of black dots or spots near the posterior margin of each segment; anterolateral margins of pronotum snbcarinate only in the posterior half or less; (head with the sides straight for a considerable distance; mesosternum with a black spot or patch on each side of the central ridge; lower margin of hypopygial opening in male with a deep or shallow central Y-shaped notch) ; length, 6-7 mm., width, 3.5-4 mm. punctiventris Van Duzee 1904 North Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, Utah, California, Texas. Abdominal venter without a transverse row of black dots or spots ; anterolateral margins of pronotum sharply carinate in whole or in part ; (male hypopygium without a notch) 9 9. Mesosternum with a large black patch on each side of central ridge; pronotum sharply carinated on anterolateral mar- gins from posterior to near anterior margin; head short, narrowed before eyes to the rounded apex, the sides not at all parallel; (surface closely and evenly punctate); length, 5.5 mm., width, 3 mm brevis Van Duzee 1904 Colorado, Utah, Idaho, California, Arizona, Texas ; on Atriplex. Mesosternum without a large black patch on each side of the cen- tral ridge ; pronotum with lateral margins sharply carinate only on posterior half or less ; sides of the head distinctly parallel before the antennae, apex broad, rounded ; length, 5.5-7 mm., width, 4 mm antiguensis Westwood 1837 Florida, Texas, Arizona, California, (Neotropical). Note : From this key are omitted : T. pallidovirens Stal 1859, which is not clearly delimited ; there are no other records of this than the original by Stal and one or two tentative records by Van Duzee; all other rec- ords appear to be repetitions of Stal’s California record; has been made a variety of custator, and resurrected; an obscure species. 232 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGXCA AMERICANA T. acerra McAtee 1919, which was described as a variety of calceata and variously attributed to that species or to custator; Blatchley regards it as a good species; it falls within the limits of size of custator, i.e., length, 9-11 mm., width, 5-6 mm. ; the original description is entirely by color. Genus XX. Chlorocoris Spinola 1837 Key to Species 1. Ventral sulcus of abdomen entirely absent; (head short and coni- cal; humeri spinose) ; length, 15 mm., width, 8 mm. subrugosus Stal 1872 Arizona, (Mexico). Ventral sulcus more or less evident 2 2. Head long, triangular, with juga more acute; humeral angles drawn into very acute spines; (rostrum reaching base of abdominal segment III) ; length, 20 mm. atrispinus Stal 1862 New Mexico, (Neotropical). Head shorter, snbconical with the apices of the juga more or less evidently rounded; lateral margins of pronotum straight, humeral angle a right angle 3 3. With distinct median, slightly calloused, longitudinal pale line running through the entire length of the pronotum and scutellum; lateral margins of pronotum serrated almost throughout ; ventral abdominal sulcus shallow, faintly out- lined to base of abdominal segment VI ; length, 15-17 mm. hebetatus Distant 1889 Arizona, (Mexico). Apical half of scutellum with a prominently elevated, pale smooth ridge; lateral margins of pronotum distinctly ser- rated only half-way ; ventral sulcus much deeper and more evident to base of abdominal segment VI 4 4. Lobes of head not of equal length, tylus shorter than juga, giving the head an incised aspect; antennal segment II subequal to III, not or only slightly longer; length, 19-20 nun., width, 9.5 mm flaviviridis Barber 1914 Arizona. Lobes of head of equal length ; antennal segment II longer than III; length, 19 mm rufopictus Walker 1867 Mexico. 233 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Voi XIX, No. 4 Genus XXI. Loxa Amyot & Serville 1843 Key to Species A. Rostrum not reaching base of abdominal segment II ; juga very acute, laterally slightly curved at apex, nearly touching in front of the tylus, which is very narrow at apex; humeri produced into long, acute, anteriorly directed spines ; apices of femora produced into a distinct spine above; posterior angles of abdominal segments acutely, almost spinously produced, posterior angle of segment VI pro- duced into a long acute spine; length, 19.6-22 mm., width, 12.2-15 mm. (at humeri, including spines). flavicollis Drury 1773 Florida, (West Indies and Mexico, south to Brazil and Bolivia) . B. Rostrum passing apex of abdominal segment III ; juga not greatly produced beyond tylus, not curved or converging in front of it; humeri produced into short, outwardly directed spines ; apices of femora angulate above, not spined ; posterior angles of abdominal segments minutely spined, posterior angle of segment VI with a short spine; length, 22 mm., width, 12-13 mm. ... florida Van Duzee 1909 Florida. Genus XXII. Murgantia Stal 1862 1. Antennae short, stout, black, shorter than the length of the pro- notum and scutellum taken together, segment I shortest, III slightly longer than II, IV and V subequal; anterior angles of pronotum rounded, anterior margin deeply exca- vate to receive head, anterolateral margins calloused on anterior half, raised, not explanate, posterior margin straight; (rostrum not reaching posterior coxae); legs black, an apical yellow spot on femora ; body black below ; length, 9-12.5 nun., width, 5. 5-6. 5 mm. histrionica Hahn 1834 New England, west to Colorado, south to Florida and west to Texas and California; on Cruciferae, especially culti- vated cabbage, on Cleome pentaphylla in Cuba. Antennae long and slender, longer than scutellum and pro- notum, segment I shortest, V longest, III and IV subequal ; (antennal tubercles apically slightly produced) ; anterior angles of pronotum angulate with a more or less acute 234 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA tubercle, anterior margin straight, anterolateral margins widely reflexly carinate; legs pale, more or less black- spotted and lined ; body pale or flavescent below 2 2. Rostrum reaching apex of ventral segment III ; humeri slightly angulately rotundate ; (median pale line of scutellum reaching apex) ; membrane fuliginous with hyaline mar- gins; length, 7. 5-8.5 mm., width, 4.5-5 mm. violascens Westwood 1837 Florida. Rostrum reaching apex of ventral segment IV ; humeri smoothly rounded ; entire membrane hyaline, except close to the corial margin; length, 8.25-10 mm., width, 4.9-5.75 mm. varicolor Westwood 1837 (munda Stal 1861) Colorado, (Mexico). Note: M. angularis Walker, questioned by Van Duzee, omitted. Genus XXIII. VBsirea Spinola 1837 Other generic characters not stated in key are : Head small ; rostrum reaching between hind coxae ; mesosternum with a distinct carina; ventral surface smooth, feebly convex. This is a Neotropi- cal genus, of which only one species has thus far been recorded north of Mexico, namely, V. violacea Fabricius 1803 Further structural characters are : broadly oval, widest behind middle ; antennal segments III to V more or less subequal ; posterior conuexival angles prominent, not acute; length, 12-18 mm., width, 7-10.5 mm. Florida, (Neotropical). Genus XXIV. Runibia Stal 1861 The following generic characterization is derived from the key in which Stal sets up the genus (Stett. Ent. Zeit., XXII: 139) : Margins of the stigmata of the metasternum elevated, exteriorly united and more or less longly carinate-produced and abbreviated nearly at the middle of the side of the metastetliium, apex often elevated, not noticeably evanescent; antennal segment I (basal) exceeding head. Basal segment of the rostrum (I) much longer than the bucculae. Base of venter unarmed. The one species in the genus recorded north of Mexico is 235 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 B. proxima Dallas 1851 In this, the body is croceons, together with the head, or rufes- cent; above spotted with black, sometimes with a vitta in place of spots ; connexivum black-spotted ; length, ? ? ? ? mm. Texas. Genns XXV. Nezara Amyot & Serville 1843 Genus XXVI. Acrosternum Fieber 1861 Key to Genera and Species 1. Ostiolar canal short and truncate at apex, not or scarcely reach- ing the middle of the metapleura ; ventral spine short and obtuse ; [ abdomen with a low median carina ; rostrum reaching or surpassing middle of hind coxae (Genus Ne- zara A. & S.) ; length, 14—17 mm., width, 7-8.5 mm.]. viridula Linne 1758 New York (adventitious?), Virginia, Louisiana, Florida; (Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia) ; on Celtis, Morns , rice, sugar cane, cotton, potato, soy beans, oranges, sweet potato, and many other plants; a serious plant and fruit pest in Florida. Ostiolar canal long and curved, becoming gradually evanescent; nearly reaching the posterolateral angles of the meso- pleura; ventral spine distinct (Genus Acrosternum Fieber 1861) 2 2. Short oval, broad in general aspect ; anterolateral margins of the pronotum strongly arcuated ; head wider across the eyes than long ; juga surpassing tylus ; margins of abdomen con- colorous with black points at the incisures; (abdomen with- out a median ridge ; rostrum scarcely reaching middle coxae) ; length, 13.5-15 mm., width, 9-10 mm. pennsylvanicum DeGeer 1773 Quebec to Florida, Iowa; on Ceanothus. Elongate oval ; anterolateral margins of pronotum almost straight ; head not or but little wider than long ; tylus equalling juga; margins of abdomen fulvous with black points at the incisures 3 3. Spine of ventral segment II hardly attaining middle of posterior coxae; (abdomen with a smooth median ridge); apex of male genital segment nearly transverse, distinctly trisinu- ate, the outer apical angles acute ; (rostrum reaching hind coxae) ; length, 13-19 mm., width, 7.5-10 mm. hilaris Say 1832 236 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Eastern States to Florida, Indiana to Pacific States, Ari- zona, Texas ; on golden rod, linden, hazel, wild cherry, wild grape, basswood, cotton (economic), tomatoes, egg-plant, turnips, mustard, peas, oranges, beans, corn, peaches, okra, mesquite pods. Spine of ventral segment II reaching or passing the anterior margin of the posterior coxae ; apex of male genital seg- ment quite deeply and subacutely emarginate, very ob- scurely sinuated, the outer apical angles obtuse; (tip of scutellum more broadly rounded) ; length, 14—15 mm., width, 8-8.5 mm marginatum Palisot de Beauvois 1805 Florida, Texas, California, Arizona. Genus XXVII. Banasa Stal 1860 Key to Species 1. Apical angles of the last abdominal segment slightly acuminate at the apex, the remaining angles somewhat acutely sub- prominent; (scutellum without a large levigate pale spot in the basal angles ; lateral angles of the prothorax hardly or but slightly prominent) (subgenus Banasa s.s.) 2 Apical angles of last abdominal segment somewhat obtuse, the apex hardly acuminate, the remaining abdominal segments hardly or very obsoletely prominent (subgenus Atomosira Uhler 1871) 7 2. Incisures of abdomen without black points 3 Incisures with small or large black points 4 3. Antennal segment II scarcely shorter than III; (abdominal disc longitudinally smooth) ; length, 8-9 mm., width, 5-5.5 mm. subrufescens Walker 1867 New Mexico, (Neotropical). Antennal segment II much shorter than III (not more than one- half as long as III); (rostrum reaching posterior coxae; lateral margins of the pronotum reflexed, impunctate ; tibiae grooved; juga obliquely strigose) ; length, 8.5-12 mm., width, 5-6 mm lenticularis Uhler 1894 Florida, (West Indies) ; on Xalisma ferruginea. 4. Black points of the incisures small, or minute and hardly visible, but present, when larger, sometimes with a suffused dark point or spot on the anterior margin of the following seg- ment 5 Black points of connexivum conspicuous; (antennal segment II 237 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 three-quarters length of III ; head apically narrow ; abdo- men almost smooth; length, 11.5-12 mm., width, 6 mm.) calva Say 1832 ( catinus Dallas 1851) New England and New York, west to British Columbia and Montana and Oregon, and south to Colorado, North Caro- lina and Georgia ; on holly and Citrus aurantium. 5. Ventral spine extending to middle coxae; short oval; head api- cally narrowed, with a narrow black margin; juga and tylus obsoletely rugosely punctate, tylus narrowly black- margined; (color largely yellow); length, 9.5-11.5 mm., width, 6( ?)-6.25 mm wibuta Walker 1867 Texas, (Mexico). Ventral blunt tubercle only, barely attaining posterior coxae; long oval in form; head apically broad, not black-mar- gined ; juga and tylus densely coarsely punctate, tylus not black-margined 6 6. Juga rugosely punctate; rostrum reaching base of ventral seg- ment II ; antennal segments I and II subequal, each about one-half as long as III ; color in general green ; length, 8-11 mm., width, 4.8-6 mm dimidiata Say 1831 Quebec and New England west to the Pacific and south to Northern Florida, Oklahoma, Texas; on birch and other trees, hazel, chokeberry. Juga coarsely punctate, not rugose; rostrum almost reaching posterior margin of posterior coxae ; antennal segment II three-quarters as long as III ; color mostly pale, much suffused with red ; length, 10-12 mm., width, 5.5-6 mm. subcarnea Van Duzee 1935 Arizona, California. 7. Scutellum with a small somewhat smooth pale spot on the basal angles, or with none ; membrane fuscous-spotted 8 Scutellum with a large levigate subcallous spot at the basal angles; membrane vitreous, unspotted; (antennal segment II distinctly not shorter than III ; rostrum reaching base of ventral segment III ; color clear green ; length, 9-11 mm., width, 5. 5-6. 5 mm.) euchlora Stal 1872 Maryland, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Iowa, Okla- homa, Texas, Indiana, North Carolina, Alabama, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Illinois, Colorado ; on cedar. 8. Very unevenly remotely large black punctate above ; antennal segment II one-third III (sec. Stal), (scarcely more than 238 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGXCA AMERICANA one-half III, sec. Blatchley) ; incisures without a black spot ; rostrum reaching base of ventral segment III ; color ferruginous; length, 10.5-11.5 mm., width, 5.5-6 mm. packardii Stal 1872 New Jersey to Florida; on Juniperus virginiana. Quite densely, very finely and quite regularly black punctate above; (apex of tylus subimpressed) ; antennal segment II three-quarters of III ; incisures with a black spot ; rostrum reaching middle of ventral segment III ; color pale sub- olivaceous flavescent ; length, 10-11.5 mm., width, 6-7.5 mm sordida Uhler 1871 Massachusetts, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Washington, Vancouver Island. Genus NXVIII. Piezodorus Fieber 1861 Key to Species (One Cuban species added, which might be found in Florida) 1. Ventral spine projecting anteriorly to the middle of meso- sternum, which is sulcate longitudinally, not carinate ; spiracles not black-rimmed; length, 8-10 mm. tinctus Distant 1889 (Panama and Antilles.) Ventral spine not projecting to the middle of the mesosternum, reaching intermediate coxae ; mesosternum carinate ; spira- cles black rimmed 2 2. Rostrum markedly overlapping the apex of the ventral spine; pronotum without a transverse levigate subcalloused pale band between the humeri, unicolorous, evenly punctate everywhere ; color dark green ; a stouter appearing species ; length, 11.5-12.5 mm., width, 6-6.5 mm. lituratus Fabricius 1794 Florida, (all over Europe into Asia and Africa, Madeira Id.). Apex of rostrum contiguous to apex of ventral spine or slightly overlapping it; pronotum between the humeri with a levi- gate subcalloused pale, sometimes reddish, band with a very few scattered punctures, generally light anteriorly to the band, darker posteriorly; a light yellow-green, almost stramineous in color; a narrower species; length, 9.5-11.5 mm., width, 5-6 mm guildinii Westwood 1837 Georgia, Florida, New Mexico, (Neotropical). 239 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 Genus XXIX. Arvelius Spinola 1837 Further characters for distinguishing the genus are : Juga nar- row, much longer than tylus, acutely pointed ; rostrum slender, at least reaching base of ventral segment IV ; humeri spinose ; veins of membrane simple; mesosternum with a prominent median carina; abdomen carinate ; ostiole prominent, with the auricle more than one-half the length of the tube. Of the two species catalogued, one only is known north of Mexico, which is A. albo'punctatus DeGeer 1773 These are characters additional to the generic given above and in the key: Dull greenish-yellow, with a few large widely scattered metallic blue or green punctures ; mesosternal carina prominent, extending anteriorly between the anterior coxae and posteriorly between the posterior coxae, where it is notched apically to receive the apex of the prominent ventral spine; abdomen with an obtuse median ventral carina, ventral segments with hind angles acute, segment VI produced spinously; length, 14-16 mm., width, 9-10 mm. Florida, Texas, Arizona, California, (Mexico into South America). Genus XXX. N eopharnus Van Duzee 1910 In this genus, there are the following characters additional to those in the key : Juga broad, deeply sinuate before the eyes ; rostrum reaching apex of ventral segment III ; anterolateral margins of pro- notum eroded, with several filamentous teeth ; humeri produced into an outwardly projecting rounded lobe; tibiae sulcate; ostiolar canal reaching middle of metasternal plate. The only species so far known is N. fimbriatus Van Duzee 1910 Specifically characterized as follows (in part) : Broadly oval, punctate and hairy ; legs annulate with fuscous ; four or five teeth on anterolateral margins of pronotum, the teeth at the anterior angles reaching to the anterior margin of the eyes, humeri nodular; ab- domen with a broad flat longitudinal carina in a wide shallow de- pression; ostiolar canal straight; length, 12 mm., width, 8 mm. Florida. Genus XXXI. Dendrpcoris Bergroth 1891 Genus XXXII. Odmalea Bergroth 1915 Key to Species 1. Head inclined in front, with juga not in contact ( Odmalea Berg- 240 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA roth) ; (humeri strongly prominent and very acute ; length, male, 5-6 mm., female, 6-7 mm., width, male, 4—4.5 mm., female, 5-5.5 mm.) schaefferi Barber Texas. Head rounded in front, with juga more or less in contact ( Den - drocoris Bergroth) 2 2. Humeri rounded, not at all prominent, barely projecting beyond lateral margins of hemelytra; (anterolateral margins of the prothorax somewhat convexly arcuate ; length, 5-8 mm.) pini Montandon 1898 Texas, California, Colorado, Arizona. Humeri more or less rounded or obtuse, projecting well beyond the costal margins of the hemelytra 3 3. Anterolateral margins of prothorax concavely arcuated 4 Anterolateral margins of prothorax nearly straight 5 4. Anterior half of pronotum infuscated; connexivum without a small black spot at incisures; length, 4—4.5 mm. contaminatus Uhler 1897 Texas, Arizona, California. Anterior half of pronotum concolorous ; connexivum with a black spot or band at incisures; length, 6. 5-8. 5 mm., width, 4.5- 5.25 mm humeralis Uhler 1877 Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl- vania, Maryland, West Virginia, Ohio, Iowa, Kansas, Colo- rado, New Mexico, California, Georgia ; predacious ; found in oak, hickory and hazel. 5. Veins of membrane reticulated; anterolateral margins of pro- notum impressed and impunctate; length, 6 mm. (male), 7.5 mm. (female), width, 4 mm reticulatus Barber 1911 Arizona. Veins of membrane not reticulated; surface of pronotum punc- tured to the margins, which are not impressed 6 6. Stigmata, extreme apical angle of abdominal segments above and below, and a large spot on each incisure of the connexivum, next the costal margin, black; length, 6. 5-8. 5 mm., width, 4.5-6 mm fruticicola Bergroth 1891 North Carolina, Florida; on scrub oaks. Stigmata concolorous ; extreme apical angle of abdominal seg- ments below and a band at base and apex of each abdominal of the connexivum, black or fuscous; length, 7.5 mm. (male), 8.5 mm. (female) arizonensis Barber 1911 Arizona. 241 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 Genus XXXIII. Brepholoxa Van Duzee 1904 A few additional characters to those in the key are as follows : J uga exceeding tylus anteriorly ; antennae slender ; hucculae with a prominent tooth at their apical one-third; rostrum passing middle coxae; humeri acute; spine on ventral segment II; ostiole with an auricle ; tibiae not sulcate. Only the type species of the genus is known, B. heidemanni Van Duzee 1904 A few of the specific characters are : Elongate oval, subdepressed ; above and below a uniform pale dull yellow; head, pronotum and scutellum finely punctate with numerous narrow transverse rugae between the rows of punctures ; antennal segment II one-half longer than III, which is subequal to IV, V slightly shorter ; rostral seg- ments II and III subequal, IV shorter; anterolateral margins of pronotum finely crenulate ; connexivum broadly exposed ; ventral spine reaching hind coxae ; length, 11-12 mm., width, 6-7 mm. Florida; from black mangrove and shrubbery along edges of brackish bayous. Tribe 6. EDESSINI Ivirkaldy 1909 Genus I. Edessa Fabricius 1803 Key to Species A. Antennal segments II and III, and IV and V respectively, sub- equal ; ostiolar canal extending beyond middle of meta- pleura, apically attenuated ; metasternal plate wide an- teriorly, arms long and broad, the sinus between them wide, obtuse, somewhat shallow; male hypopygium seen from below quite narrowly and deeply excavated, margins of sinus not sinuate ; eighth tergite in female distinctly angu- lated posteriorly; green in general color ; length, 13-15 nun., width, 7-8.5 mm bifida Say 1832 Florida and Southern States to Texas and occasionally north to Maryland. B. Antennal segments II and III equal, V a little longer than IV, (II twice as long as I) ; ostiolar canal not attaining middle of metapleura, truncate at apex ; metasternal plate narrow, anterior arms rather short, roundedly acute, not extended to middle of mesosternum, sinus between arms narrow, deep ; male hypopygium seen from below broadly but not deeply excavated, margins of sinus slightly sinuate ; eighth 242 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA tergite in female not distinctly angulated posteriorly ; color testaceous, fusco-punctate, hemelytra stramineous yel- low with a ferruginous streak; length, 13 mm., width 7 mm florida Barber 1935 Florida. Subfamily 3. Tessaratominae Stal 1864 Genus Piezosternum Amyot & Serville 1843 The following selected characters are given to aid in the recog- nition of the genus : Body large, obovate ; head small, triangular, juga longer than the tylus and contingous before it, antenniferous tubercles entirely visible from above, unarmed ; bucculae quite high, of equal height throughout; antennae 5-segmented, not very long, terete, segment I exceeding apex of head, II longer than III ; rostrum passing anterior coxae, segment I slightly exceeding bucculae pos- teriorly ; anterolateral margins of the pronotum very narrowly reflexed, base posteriorly produced ; scutellum triangular, as broad as long, apex acute, frena extending beyond middle of scutellum; apical margin of the corium sinuate, the exterior apical angle acute ; prosternum simple; metasternum quite elevated, posteriorly trun- cate, anteriorly quite produced, anterior production noticeably com- pressed-angulate, extending to anterior coxae ; apical angles of the abdominal segments produced in prominent teeth; ventral segment II subelevated at middle and touching the truncated posterior part of the metasternum ; tibiae slightly sulcate above. This genus is divided by Kirkaldy into two subgenera, the typical subgenus with two recorded species, is Neotropical ; the subgenus Piezosternias Kirkaldy, with three species, is Ethiopian, one species of these being Madagascan : The single species recorded north of Mexico is P. subulatum Thunberg 1783 A few additional characters to recognize the species are : Antero- lateral margins of pronotum sinuate, humeri produced; scutellum apically produced into a slender spine; length, 20-22.5 mm., width, 12.5 mm. I have met with a reference to this species as found in Texas, but cannot relocate it. However, since this big species ranges from Brazil north into Mexico and the Antilles (Cuba, etc.), it will doubt- less sooner or later be found once more in Texas, or even in Louisiana and Florida. 243 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 This subfamily is represented in America by one other genus, Pantochlora Stal, its one species, vivida Stal, being known from Mexico to Nicaragua ; and this may extend even into the Gulf Strip. The other American species of Piezosternum, thunbergi Stal, appears to be known only from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Subfamily 4. Acanthosomatinae Stal 1864 Key to Genera A. Posterolateral margins of the pronotum depressed and ampli- ated ; posterior angles of the pronotum angularly projecting posteriorly; ostioles rather short, shorter than twice the distance from their apices to the anterior angles of the metasternum I. Meadorus Mulsant & Rev 1866, p. 244 B. Posterolateral margins of the pronotum neither depressed nor ampliated; posterior angles of the pronotum obtuse, not projecting posteriorly; ostioles about three times as long as the distance between their apices and the anterior angles of the metasternum II. Elasmostethus Pieber 1861, p. 244 Genus I. Meadorus Mulsant & Rey 1866 (Elasmucha Stal 1864) ( Acanthosoma Van Duzee 1904) Generic characters additional to those in the key are : Postero- lateral margins of the pronotum depressed, emarginate ; tylus slightly longer than the juga; rostrum slender, passing posterior coxae ; anterior angles of the pronotum dentate ; ostiolar canal short, broad, curved. The one species so far discovered with us is M. lateralis Say 1831 To the generic may be added these selected characters : Oblong oval ; greenish-yellow with coarse reddish-brown punctures ; segments II and III of the rostrum subequal, IV shorter than either ; length, 7-9 nnn., width, 4.5-5 mm. Quebec and New England west to the Pacific Coast, New York; an abundant species on white birches and on beeches in New York and Massachusetts. Genus II. Elasmostethus Fieber 1861 Key to Species 1. Antennae piceous or shining black with the incisures pale; (pro- 244 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA notal punctures fine, concolorous anteriorly, a dark narrow series posteriorly) ; length, 9-10 mm., width, 5-5.5 mm. atricornis Van Duzee 1904 Quebec, New York, Maryland, Indiana, Montana; on Aralia racemosa. Antennae pale except for the more or less darker apical seg- ment 2 2. Pronotal punctures coarse, almost like foveoles, widely sepa- rated; venter without a lateral row of black spots, one to each segment, from ventral segment II to VI ; length, 7-11 mm., width, 4.9-6 mm cruciatus Say 1831 (and var. cooleyi Van Duzee 1904) Quebec, New England and New York to Montana, Oregon and Vancouver Island, and south to North Carolina, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Texas and California. Pronotal punctures small, pnnctiform fairly close together ; ven- tral segments II to VI each with a lateral black spot on each side; length, 10.6 mm., width, 4.9 mm. inter stinctus Linne 1758 Northwest Canada, Alaska, (Europe, on birch; across northern Asia into Japan). Subfamily 5. Asopinae Spinola 1851 Key to Genera 1. Scutellum reaching nearly to the apex of the abdomen, sur- passing the corium and very broad, at least twice as wide at the middle as the free part of the corium ; apex broadly rounded (Tribe Discocerini Schouteden 1907). I. Stiretrus Laporte 1832, p. 247 Scutellum shorter than abdomen, never surpassing the corium and in general shorter than that, rarely as wide beyond the frena as the free part of the corium, the part beyond the frena in general narrower, tip of scutellum rounded, trun- cate-rounded or angulate (Tribe Asopini Schouteden 1907) 5 2. Eyes not contiguous to the anterior margin of the pronotum; head nearly as long as pronotum; (all femora unarmed; juga much longer than tylus ; humeri emarginate, not very prominent; base of scutellum not prominent). II. Heterosceloides Schouteden 1907, p. 248 Eyes contiguous to the anterior margin of pronotum; head 245 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 rarely as long as pronotum; (juga never dilated nor strongly elevated) 3 3. Only anterior femora with an anteapical spine or tubercle below ; (venter at base with a prominent tubercle or a more or less long spine ; body more convex below than above ; frena attaining at least middle of scutellum ; antennal seg- ment I not attaining apex of head ; ventral spine neither bifid nor incised at apex) 4 Anterior femora unarmed 8 4. Ventral spine broad, depressed, roundedly truncate at apex, reaching only to the metasternum; (humeri sharply and prominently spinecl ; male without pubescent patches on venter) III. Alcaeorrhynchus Bergroth 1891, p. 248 Ventral spine either round or laterally compressed 5 5. Frena not going beyond middle of scutellum 6 Frena going beyond middle of scutellum ; (ventral spine not going beyond intermediate coxae ; juga equalling tylus in length, not converging; anterior tibiae not dilated, some- times compressed; anterior femora with only a tubercle). VI. Andr alius Bergroth 1905, p. 250 6. Ventral spine reaching at least to the intermediate coxae; apex of scutellum quite broad ; ( frena about \ length of scu- tellum) IV. Oplomus Spinola 1837, p. 249 Ventral spine not produced anteriorly beyond the posterior coxae ; scutellum apically narrowed 7 7. Anterolateral margins of the pronotum with a distinct carina; tibiae with a very distinct groove or sulcus below. V. Per illus Stal 1862, p. 249 Anterolateral margins of pronotum not carinate ; tibiae without a distinct sulcus VII. Perilloides Schouteden 1907, p. 249 8. Segment II of rostrum as long as or longer than III and IV taken together, III equal to IV or nearly twice as long; (venter without an acuminate tubercle or spine at base) ! 9 Segment II of rostrum shorter than III and IV taken together. 10 9. Segment III of rostrum distinctly longer than IV, II more than twice III ; bucculae quite elevated ; juga not meeting in front of tylus; (antennal segment II only slightly longer than III ; anterolateral margins of pronotum obtuse, humeri produced into a stout spine, which is apically truncate- emarginate ; apex of scutellum with sides subparallel) ; osti- 246 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA ole with a distinct curved canal; (anterior tibiae more or less dilated ; colors metallic blue or green with red to brown markings) VIII. Euthyrhynchus Dallas 1851, p. 251 Segment III of rostrum not longer than IV ; bucculae strongly elevated, in side view overhanging behind ; jnga meeting in front of the tylns ; ostiolar canal subobsolete. VII. Bhacognathus Pieber 1861, p. 251 10. Segment IV of rostrum very distinctly longer than III ; venter with a basal spine which is not produced beyond the pos- terior coxae; (bucculae quite strongly elevated; antero- lateral margins of pronotum straight, obtuse, not carinate ; tibiae rounded above beyond middle ; above black with a red or yellow pattern) IX. Mineus Stal 1867, p. 252 Segment IV of rostrum equal to or shorter than III ; venter with or without a basal spine 11 11. Venter with a long, distinct, laterally compressed spine at base ; reaching at least to the intermediate coxae ; (mesosternum with a longitudinal median carina ; metasternum not cari- nate ; posterior angles of pronotum without a spine ; juga either equal in length to tylus, or slightly longer and con- verging before it; humeri acuminate and rounded). X. Apateticus Dallas 1851, p. 253 XA. Podisus Herrich Schaeffer 1853, p. 253 Venter without a basal spine or prominent tubercle 12 12. Anterolateral margins of pronotum denticulate, humeri out- wardly produced, prominent, sharply spined; (frena f the length of the scut el linn ) . IV. Andrallus Bergroth 1905, p. 250 Anterolateral margins of pronotum entire, smooth ; humeri not prominent; (segment II of rostrum one-half longer than III ; juga not meeting in front of tylus ; ostiole with a dis- tinct curved canal ; ventral segment II not more elevated than I; metallic dark blue or bronzy above). XI. Zicrona Amyot & Serville 1843, p. 258 Tribe 1. DISCOCERINI Schouteden 1907 Genus I. Stiretrus Laporte 1832 These are a few generic characters added to those in the key: Rostrum surpassing middle coxae ; humeri obtusely angulate ; osti- olar canal broad ; ventral segment II with a spine ; anterior tibiae dilated ; scutellum broad, U-shaped. 247 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 St. anchorago Fabricius 1781 Our one North American species is further characterized thus: Broad oval; blue-black above, patterned more or less with yellow, orange or red; antennal segments II, IV and V subequal, III one- third shorter than any one of them; ostiolar canal curved; length, 8-11.5 mm., width, 5-7 mm. Four varieties are listed, differing in color. New England west to Iowa, Pennsylvania ( ?), Indiana, Georgia, Florida, Texas, and Kansas; highly predaceous, attacking among others larvae of Galernca, Doryphora, Papilio. Tribe 2. ASOPINI Schouteden 1907 Genus II. Heterosceloides Schouteden 1907 This is an abstract of the original generic characterization of Schouteden : Juga as long as tylus ; eyes prominent, with a small tubercle behind, not touching pronotum ; rostrum reaching to inter- mediate coxae, segment I shorter than bucculae ; antennae simple, segment I not attaining apex of head ; humeri prominent and sharply incised, anterior margin of the pronotum narrower than head with eyes; ostiole distinct, short, straight; metasternum with two acute oblique carinae ; venter with a small spine reaching only to posterior coxae. Our one species north of Mexico is H. lepida Stal 1862 In this the anterior tibiae are strongly widened apically, and bear a small spine ; a short, light-colored longitudinal carina on the posterior lobe of the pronotum ; base of scutellum reddish ; length, 6 mm. Texas. Genus III. Alcaeorrhynchus Bergroth 1891 Key to Species A. Clypeus nearly as wide anteriorly as at its greatest width (nearly three-quarters as wide) ; juga not calloused at the anterior margin; femora not infuscate apically, if slightly so, not biannulate ; abdominal spine flat, narrowed at tip, rounded ; humeral spines not or very slightly, anteriorly directed; length, 18-24 mm., width 12-14 mm. (female). phymatophora Palisot de Beauvois 1805 Florida, (Neotropical). B. Clypeus much narrower than at its greatest width (about one- half as wide) ; anterior margin of juga calloused; femora 248 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA infuscate apically, generally biannulate ; abdominal spine flat, broad at tip, nearly truncate; humeral spines notice- ably directed anteriorly; length, 18-24 mm., width, 12-14 mm grandis Dallas 1851 Florida, Texas, (Neotropical). Genus IV. Oplomus Spinola 1837 Key to Species 1. Head with the apex distinctly narrowed; prosternum dilated on each side into a rounded lamina (subgenus Polypoecilus Stal 1870) ; (a levigate longitudinal line on pronotum, ex- tending to anterior one-quarter of the scutellum; length, 14.5-15 mm.) dichrous Herrich Schaeffer 1839 Arizona, (Mexico). Apex of head truncate ; posternum not dilated ; [posterior femora with two small teeth or tubercles apically (sub- genus Oplomus s.s. Spinola)] 2 2. Membrane entirely dark, aeneous or blackish; (lateral angles of thorax very slightly prominent, apex rounded) ; with a levigate line (may or may not be carinate) on pronotum and on apical one-half of scutellum ; connexivum concolor- ous; length, 11.5-13 mm tripustulatus Fabricius 1803 Florida. (Neotropical). Membrane in greater part subhyaline, pale toward the apex; a distinct levigate carina on the pronotum and on the apical one-half of the scutellum ; connexivum white-spotted ; length 10.5 mm mundus Stal 1862 Texas, Mexico. Genus V. Perillus Stal 1862 (and Perilloides Schouteden 1907) Key to Species 1. Somewhat depressed ; pronotum scarcely elevated above level of scutellum ; tibiae sulcate above ; length, 10 mm. confluens Herrich Schaeffer 1839 Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona. More convex; pronotum quite strongly convex above base of scutellum; tibiae not sulcate^^o^^ 2 2. Anterior femora with a blunt a tubercle in place of a spine; length, 5-7.5 mm., width, 4.5-5 mm exaptus Say 1825 Widespread throughout United States. Anterior femora with a stout spine ttc. 249 3 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 3. Surface finely and closely punctured; anterior margins of ven- tral segment VI broadly rounded; (antennae black with metallic green reflections; length, 8.5 mm., width, 4.7 mm.) splendidus Uhler 1861 Texas, Colorado, California, (Mexico). Surface coarsely punctured ; anterior margin of ventral segment VI quite distinctly produced in a more or less obvious angle 4 4. Antennae black, only basal joint and incisures pale ; abdominal segments with a row of black spots; length, 8.5-11.5 mm., width, 5.5-7 mm hioculatus Fabricius 1775 Ontario to Arizona and California, etc. ; preys on larvae of Doryphora. Antennae black, first two joints and basal half of III rufous; abdomen without black spots; length, 9-11 mm., width, 5-6 mm circumduct us Stal 1862 New York, Illinois, Ontario and New England to Manitoba, Nebraska and Dakota. Genus VI. Andr alius Bergroth 1905 (= Audinetia Ellenrieder 1862) The following characters additional to those in the key will help to recognize this species : Head shorter than pronotum, nearly flat, apex roundedly truncate, juga scarcely or not longer than tylus; antenniferous tubercles visible from above ; bucculae very high, evanescent posteriorly ; rostrum reaching posterior coxae, segment I reaching base of head, II shorter than III and IV taken together; antennal segment I not reaching apex of head, II slightly longer than III ; anterolateral margins of pronotum anteriorly dentate, humeri produced laterally in a bidentate point, posterior angles not dentate, but obtusely prominent; hemelytra surpassing greatly the apex of the abdomen ; membrane with simple or bifurcate veins ; ostiolar canal sharply defined, quite short, subtransverse ; inter- mediate femora spined, or with a tubercle ; anterior tibiae not dilated, all tibiae with a pronounced longitudinal sulcus above ; apical seg- ments of venter not prominent ; lateral stridulatory area on the ven- tral disc larger than usual, on segments III to VI. The one species in the genus is A. spinidens Fabricius 1787 (= Apateticus ludovicianus Stoner 1917) This may be readily distinguished by the generic characters; length, 13-16.5 mm., width, 7-8.75 mm. 250 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Louisiana, Texas; this is a widely distributed species, known from Africa, Madagascar, British India, Malaysia, New Caledonia, Fiji, Tahiti and Mexico ! Genus VII. Rhacognathus Fieber 1861 Further generic characters than those given in the key are : Head not or scarcely longer than wide including eyes, shorter than the pronotum ; juga not or hardly longer than tylus, not contiguous, or longer than tylus and contiguous or nearly so ; bucculae elevated ; antennae simple, segment I not reaching apex of head, III sub- equal to II ; rostrum thick, not surpassing intermediate coxae, seg- ment I reaching base of head, II reaching mesosternum, longer than the following segments taken together, III and IV short, subequal; humeri scarcely prominent, posterior angles of pronotum denticu- late ; ostioles effaced, short, close to the anterior margin of metaster- num; all femora unarmed, tibiae with an evident sulcus, anterior scarcely flattened ; no silky areas on venter of male. There is one species in America, namely Rh. americanus Stal 1870 This is broad oval; fuscous or dull clay yellow (luteous) ; con- nexivum spotted ; head longer than broad, apex rounded, juga contiguous before tylus; rostral segment II slightly shorter than III and IV taken together, these being subequal ; antennal segments II and III subequal, IV one-third longer than either, V longest; anterolateral margins of pronotum finely crenulate; ventral seg- ment II and anterior femora unarmed ; tibiae flat above ; length, 9-11 mm., width, 5. 5-6. 5 mm. Massachusetts, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Manitoba. Genus VIII. Euthyrhynchus Dallas 1851 In addition to the key characters are the following : Head shorter than pronotum ; juga and tylus of equal length ; bucculae little elevated, evanescent posteriorly; rostrum passing posterior coxae, thick, I slightly surpassing base of head, II longer than III and IV taken together and attaining metasternum, III longer than IV ; an- tennal segment I not reaching apex of head, II a little longer than III ; anterior angles of pronotum prominent, humeri prolonged into a quite narrow process truncately emarginate at apex, posterior angles of pronotum simple ; hemelytra not or but slightly longer than ab- domen; ostiolar canal not very long, quite narrow, distinct, trans- verse and curved ; mesosternum with a very distinct carina which 251 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 enlarges anteriorly and posteriorly ; metasternum not sulcate ; inter- mediate femora unarmed, anterior tibiae more or less distinctly dilated, intermediate and posterior tibiae with a very distinct sulcus above ; no silky areas in male. There is one species : E. floridanus Linne 1767 which may be known by these characters : Elongate oval ; above bluish-black, more or less marked with red; apex of head subtrun- cate, juga equalling tylus, margins feebly sinuate in front of eyes ; antennal segments II to V subequal ; anterolateral margins of pro- notum crenulate, humeri ending in an oblong spine apically nearly truncate, slightly bifid; ventral segment II and anterior femora unarmed ; length, 12-17 mm., width, 6.5-8 mm. Florida; on Garberia fructicosa Nutt, and on shrubbery along hammocks in Florida (Blatchley) ; supposedly predacious. Genus IX. Mineus Stal 1867 This monotypical genus is further characterized as follows : Head shorter than pronotum, about as wide as long ; juga and tylus equal; bucculae elevated, meeting posteriorly; rostrum reaching posterior coxae, not very thick, segment I reaching prosternum, II shorter than III and IV taken together, subequal to IV, which is twice as long as III ; antennal segment I reaching apex of head, II notably longer than III ; anterior angles of the pronotum salient, humeri not prominent, posterior angles not denticulate ; ostiolar sulcus close to mesosternum, moderately long, distinct; femora un- armed, anterior tibiae not dilated, all tibiae without a sulcus, except vaguely apically; a silky area on each side of disc of. abdomen in male. The one species: M. strigipes H.S. 1853 May be known by these structures: Elongate suboval; blue- black, shining, narrow edges of the head and basal half of the hemelytra yellow, otherwise edged with orange at margins ; antennal segment II and V subequal, III and IV shorter, subequal ; rostral segments II and IV subequal, III shorter; ostiolar canal long, curved, very narrow; ventral spine short, slender, reaching hind coxae; length, 9-10 mm., width, 4.5-5 mm. Massachusetts to Illinois and south, New York, New Jersey, District of Columbia, Maryland, North Carolina, Florida; on Ceano- thus (Jersey tea) ; supposedly predacious. 252 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGXCA AMERICANA Genus X. Apateticus Dallas 1851 XA. Podisus Herrick Schaeffer 1853 Key to Genera, Subgenera and Species 1. Male venter with an opaque rugulose area on each side of the median line of the disc, extending from ventral segments IV to VI ; apical angles of ventral segment VI not promi- nent; (frena going beyond middle of scutellum) ; juga in general a little longer than the tylus, with their inner angles distinctly acute and converging toward each other; venter without a median row of black spots ; tibiae sulcate ; over 14 mm. long 2 Male venter without rugose areas ; apical angles of ventral segment VI acuminate ; juga not longer than tylus, with rare exceptions; venter with a median row of black spots; (female genital segment with two basal plates ventrally) ; tibiae sulcate or not; length less than 14 mm 7 2. Humeri not, or hardly, prominent and not acute ; anterolateral margins of pronotum straight at base and thence convexly curved anteriorly, posterior angle spined ; female genital segment with two basal plates ventrally; (Genus Apateti- cus Dallas 1851) 3 Humeri acuminate, more or less prominent; anterolateral mar- gins of pronotum nearly straight or concavely sinuated, posterior angles of pronotum without or with a very small tooth or spine ; female genital segment with three basal plates ventrally: (Subgenus Apoecilus Stal 1870) 4 3. Anterolateral margins of pronotum outwardly curved in a smooth curve, calloused, pale, edge crenulate, humeri rounded ; basal one-third or more of the costal margin of the hemelytra calloused, smooth, impunctate ; basal angles of scutellum without calli ; all tibiae entirely black or dark ; (strigose vitta in male with long silky hairs) ; length, 13- 13.5 mm., width, 7 mm marginiventris Stal 1870 (. gillettei Uhler 1895) Nebraska, Colorado, Arizona, (Mexico). Anterior one-half of the anterolateral margins of the pronotum outwardly curved, coarsely dentate, posterior one-half slightly sinuate, with a narrow calloused edge, humeri angulately rounded ; costal margin of the hemelytra neither calloused nor pale, anteriorly slightly explanate ; basal angles of scutellum with long narrow calli, smooth except 253 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 for one or two deep punctures ; all tibiae black with a broad pale annulus; length, 13-17 mm., width, 7-9 mm. lineolatus Herrich Schaeffer 1839 (Italy s auctt.) Florida, Texas, (Mexico, Neotropical). 4. Antennal segments III and V equal or sub equal; median genital plate of female quadrangular 5 Antennal segment III shorter than Y ; median genital plate of female triangidar ; (posterior angles of abdominal segments not acute, of last segment rounded) 6 5. Lower (ventral) appendage of male short, rather broad, flat- tened, narrowed apically but blunt, not attenuated, more or less cultrate ; upper appendage palpus-like, small, nearly straight, about one-half the length of lower ; juga markedly surpassing tylus ; humeri acute, slightly more or less than half of a right angle ; (posterior angles of pro- notum not spined or dentate ; posterior angles of the ab- dominal segments acute, last segment bluntly angidate; length, 17-20 mm., width, 8.5-11 mm.) cynicus Say 1831 Quebec to Texas and Arizona. Lower appendage of male vertical for one-half its length, then abruptly bent outwardly at apex and produced into a nearly terete black member ; upper appendage of male long, straight (as long as rostral segment III) ; juga somewhat surpassing tylus but not meeting before it; humeri sub- acute; (rostrum reaching base of hind coxae); length, 15-18 mm anatarius Van Du zee 1934 Arizona. 6. Humeri acute, more or less one-half of a right angle, not cal- loused at tip ; posterior angles of pronotum acute, spine, if present, minute ; posterior angles of abdominal segments not prominent, rounded ; male genital lower appendage narrow, flattened, markedly attenuated apically to an acute point, more or less cultrate ; upper appendage much longer than lower ; length, 13-17 mm., width, bracteatus Fitch 1856 Quebec, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Nebraska, Idaho, Vancouver Island. Humeri blunt, slightly more or less than a right angle, tips calloused ; posterior angles of pronotum with a small sharp tooth; (rostrum reaching behind the middle coxae) ; male genital lower appendage narrow, flattened, markedly at- 254 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGXCA AMERICANA tenuated apically to an acute point, more or less cultrate ; posterior angles of abdominal segments not acute ; length, 13-18 mm., width, 8-10 mm crocatus Uhler 1897 Oregon, Washington, Minnesota, Utah, Arizona, California, Michigan, Illinois, New York, Nantucket Island, Mass. ; Manitoba, Vancouver Island, Colorado. 7. Scutellum without, or with very small, callous spots at base ; frena distinctly surpassing its middle ; tibiae with a dorsal canal or sulcus; ostiole long, curved; (genus Podisus Her- rich-Schaeffer 1853 Eupodisus Schouteden 1916) 8 Scutellum with one basal transverse callosity, or with lateral and median calloused spots, the latter sometimes not well marked ; frena not surpassing middle of scutellum ; tibiae without a dorsal sulcus; ostiolar canal short, not curved; (head broadly rounded in front, tylus slightly exceeding juga; lateral angles of pronotum acute, with large sharp spines, posterior angles of the pronotum with a small tooth) (subgenus Tylospilus Stal 1870) ; length, 7.5-10 mm., width, 4.75-6 mm acutissimus Stal 1870 New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, (Mexico) ; taken on Holcus halepensis. 8. Humeri acutely spined, the long dark spines strongly directed forward; anterolateral margins and two distinct spots on pronotum, and the apex of the scutellum distinctly cal- loused and white; (membrane entirely fuliginous, not vit- tate ; ventral spine reaching anterior margins of hind coxae ; antennal segment I one-half length of head before the eyes, II longest, III two-thirds the length of IV and about equal to V ; rostrum reaching to hind coxae ; length, 8.5-11.5 mm., width, 4.5-6. 5 mm.) . mucronatus Uhler 1897 Florida, (Neotropical) ; from cabbage palmetto and other trees. Humeri obtuse or acute, if spined, the spines directed outward; anterolateral margins of pronotum and apex of scutellum not conspicuously calloused 9 9. Humeri blunt, almost rounded; membrane without a dusky vitta; (form oblong, broader posteriorly than usual in the genus) 10 Humeri produced, acute or spined ; membrane with a longitudi- nal dusky vitta, which is sometimes obsolete or only faintly indicated in some individuals, exceptionally 11 10. Venter normally with two rows of black points on each side; 255 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 membrane concolorous, without a distinct dusky vitta; ventral spine reaching posterior coxae; (antennal segment II three times as long as I ; head black-margined ; a pale, more or less calloused line from the anterior margin of the pronotum to the apex of the scutellum) ; length, 9-11 mm., width, 5-6 mm placid us Uhler 1870 Quebec, Ontario, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Michigan, Iowa, Nebraska, Illinois, Colorado ; preys on tent caterpillar and other lepidopterous larvae and on larvae of Galerucella luteola. Venter without lateral black spots or points (although there are lor own lateral spots, sometimes faint) ; membrane with a smoky elongate spot on the basal angles; basal spine of venter long, extending between the hind coxae ; (humeri rounded, not spined ; teeth of anterolateral margins of pronotum large, coarse and irregular) ; length, 12.5-14.1 mm., width, 6.75-7 mm fretus Olsen 1916 Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, North Carolina, Indiana, Michigan ; on trees. 11. Humeri distinctly but not deeply emarginate posteriorly, a little before the apex of the black humeral spine ; apex of scutel- lum not noticeably pale 12 Humeri produced, acute or spinose, entire, not emarginated posteriorly; apex of scutellum noticeably pale 13 12. Head rounded anteriorly ; juga not exceeding tylus ; anterolat- eral margins of the pronotum finely crenulate or dentate ; posthumeral tooth small, acute, humeri slightly anteriorly inclined ; no smooth median longitudinal line on pronotum and scutellum ; length, 11.5-12 mm., width, 6.4-7 mm. sagitta Fabricius 1794 Texas, (Mexico). Head slightly incised anteriorly, juga slightly exceeding tylus ; anterolateral margins of pronotum in front coarsely crenu- late or dentate ; posthumeral tooth blunt, almost like a tubercle, humeri somewhat posteriorly inclined ; a smooth median longitudinal line from the middle of the pronotum to the disc of the scutellum, not continued to its apex; length, 12.5 mm., width, 7.2 mm fuscescens Dallas 1851 Texas, (Mexico). 13. Humeri produced, but not spined or acute, apex rounded or blunt ; legs immaculate 14 Humeri very acute or spinose ; femora marked with dark points or a subapical annulus 15 256 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 14. Ventral spine short, not reaching hind coxae; rostrum reaching to or between posterior coxae; antennal segment II about four to five times the length of I, and one-quarter longer than III ; black mark on last ventral segment more or less round, sometimes long, or obsolete; length, 7-11.5 mm., width 4.5-6.25 mm modesties Dallas 1851 Ontario to New York and Georgia, Ohio, Illinois, Dakota, Nebraska, Montana, Iowa, Colorado, British Columbia, (West Indies?) ; preys on tent caterpillar. Ventral spine long, going between posterior coxae; rostrum not reaching posterior coxae; antennal segment II about four times as long as I and twice as long as III ; black mark of last ventral segment elongate, sometimes obsolescent ; length, 9.5-12 mm., width, 5.9-7 mm pallens Stal 1859 California. 15. Ventral spine very short, not reaching posterior coxae ; antennal segment II four times as long as I and one-third longer than III ; pale anterolateral margins of pronotum denticu- late ; color dark, quite strongly tinged with rufous, especi- ally on the legs and antennae ; femora darker toward the apex, and sometimes with an obscure darker subapical annulus ; median row of ventral black spots growing larger posteriorly; (a dark spot or mark on the disc of the heme- lytra and one on base of scutellum) ; length, 9-12 mm., width, 5-6.5 mm serieventris Uhler 1871 Quebec to New Jersey, south to North Carolina and west to Minnesota, Montana, Colorado, Vancouver Island; preys on noctuid larvae. Ventral spine long, extending between posterior coxae; (ros- trum reaching middle of posterior coxae) ; antennal seg- ment II one-half or more longer than III, IV and V shorter, subequal; anterolateral margins of pronotum denticulate, narrowly margined with yellow, a calloused impunctate median line from anterior margin of pronotum to apex of the scutellum ; color more gray or brown ; legs with two black points near apex of femora ; median row of ventral dark spots small, with the posterior one much the larger ; length, 10-14 mm., width, 6-8 mm. macidiventris Say 1881 Nearly all United States to Arizona and California, Que- bec, Ontario, Manitoba, Vancouver Island; preys on many coleopterous and lepidopterous larvae. 257 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 Genus XI. Zicrona Amyot & Serville 1843 Additional generic characters to key are : Head shorter than pronotum, scarcely as long as wide, juga and tylns equal; rostrum thick, reaching posterior coxae, segment I reaching the prosternum, II slightly shorter than III and IV taken together, III snbeqnal to IV ; antennal segment I not reaching apex of head, II longer than III; pronotum twice as wide as long, humeri and posterior angles not prominent; prosternum not dilated anteriorly; ostiolar canal distally effaced, but little curved ; mesosternum with a distinct carina; intermediate femora unarmed, anterior tibiae not dilated, tibiae not srdcate ; no silky areas in male, but ventral segments III- V depressed medially. One species in the genus : Zicrona caerulea Linne 1758 ( cuprea Dallas 1851) This is oblong-oval ; dark purplish bine or metallic green ; rostral segment II one-half longer than III ; anterolateral margins of pro- notum obtuse, humeri not prominent; ostiolar canal lying close to anterior margin of metasternal plate; length, 7-9 mm., width, 3.5- 4 mm. Hudson’s Bay, Maine, New Hampshire, Michigan west to British Columbia, California and Arizona ; in high altitudes or latitudes ; supposed to be predaceous. This insect is found from Europe east to Siberia. Family IV. ARADIDAE Spinola 1837 Genus Aradus Fabricius 1803 Key to Species 1. Rostrum not reaching base of head ; lateral margins of pronotum not explanate, (pronotum more or less trapezoidal in shape) (subgenus Quilnus Stal 1873) 2 Rostrum extending beyond base of head; lateral margins of pronotum more or less explanate (subgenus Aradus s.s.) 4 2 (1). Antennae thicker than front femora; postocular tubercles obsolete 3 Antennae more slender than front femora ; postocular tubercles distinct; length, 6.75-7.8 mm. heidemanni Bergroth 1906 British Columbia and Rocky Mountain region. 3 (2). Length of antennal segment II about two-thirds of the width of the head between the eyes, III enlarged toward the apex; sides of the scutellum feebly ele- 258 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGXCA AMERICANA 4 5 6 7 8 vated ; length, of female less than 7 mm. ; length, 5- 6.5 mm niger Stal 1873 Eastern United States, Colorado, Mexico; on Pinus palustris. Length of antennal segment II more than three-quarters of the width of the head between the eyes, III cylin- drical; sides of scutellum moderately but distinctly elevated ; length of female more than 7 mm. ; length, 7.6 mm nigrinus Parshley 1921 Arizona. (1). Median carinae of pronotum slightly developed, obsolete anteriorly; (antennae scarcely longer than the head, very robust, segment III not twice as long as I) ; length, 3-5 mm cinnamomeus Panzer 1794 United States east of the Rockies, California ; on Pinus , Picea, Alnus, Betula, Juniperus. Median carinae very distinct, extending to anterior margin of pronotum 5 (4) . Rostrum not extending beyond apical one-fifth of the pro- sternum; (sides of the pronotum strongly angulate, concave-arcuate anteriorly; length, 3.75-4.5 mm.) insoletus Van Duzee 1916 Pacific Coast. Rostrum extending at least to front coxae 6 (5) . Antennal segment II about as long as III, both slender and cylindrical ; length more than 8 mm ‘ 7 Antennal segment II generally distinctly longer than III, often one or both not cylindrical 8 (6) . Lateral margins of abdomen almost entire; pronotum widest slightly behind middle ; length, 8.2-10 mm. aequalis Say 1832 Eastern and southern North America. Lateral margins of abdomen strongly crenate; pronotum widest well before middle ; length, 8-11 mm. crenatus Say 1832 Eastern North America, Mexico ; Palaearctic ; on Platanus, Pyrus, Quercus, Fagus, Betula, Abies, maple, hickory, Liriodendron. (6). Antennal segment III three-quarters the length of II, yellow in apical half, both cylindrical, II one-half thicker than III ; length, 11-11.3 mm. ampliatus Uhler 1876 California, Utah. 259 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 Antennae not as in the preceding above ; size usually smaller 9 9 (8). Antennal segment III only slightly, if at all, thicker than II 10 Antennal segment III enlarged, about one-half thicker than II; length, 7.5-9 mm quadrilineatus Say 1825 Eastern North America, west across Canada ; on Quercus. 10 (9). Antennae very robust, at the widest part most distinctly thicker than anterior femora 11 Antennae more slender, often cylindrical, not or but slightly thicker than front femora 23 11 (10). Pronotum with three polished black areas behind the middle ; head and pronotum dark, contrasting with the pale hemelytra and abdomen; length, 5-6.3 mm. ornatus Say 1832 Pennsylvania, District of Columbia, Maryland, Vir- ginia, Ohio, Indiana. Pronotum without polished areas; color generally other- wise 12 12 (11). Antennal segment III largely yellow; body black; prono- tum two-thirds as long as head; (abdomen almost cir- cular ; length 5.8 mm.) curticollis Bergroth 1913 North Carolina, Georgia. Antennal segment III concolorous, or pale toward apex only; body brownish; pronotum longer 13 13 (12). Scutellum pentagonal, sides moderately elevated; color generally almost uniform brown; (female genital lobes as viewed from above either very short and transverse, or long and widely separated) 14 Scutellum triangular, sides generally strongly elevated; colors often variegated 15 14 (13). Head longer than pronotum; sides of scutellum elevated to apex; length, 5.2-7 mm behrensi Bergroth 1886 Pacific Coast. Head as long as pronotum ; sides of scutellum scarcely ele- vated beyond middle ; length, 5.5-7 mm. robustus Uhler 1871 North America east of Rockies ; on Quercus. 15 (13). Width of antennal segment III about equal to one-half the distance between the eyes; length, 4.4-4. 6 mm. coarctatus Heidemann 1907 California. 260 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Width of antennal segment III much less ; length over 5.1 mm 16 16 (15). Sides of pronotum serrate or dentate 17 Sides of pronotum entire or finely granulated 18 17 (16). Antennal segment III more than twice longer than broad, II unicolorous or with very slight paleness at apex; length, 5. 5-6. 7 mm fuscomaculatus Stal 1859 Pacific Coast ; on Picea sitchensis, live oak. Antennal segment III less than twice longer than broad ; length, 5.5-6 mm pannosus Van Duzee 1920 California. 18 (16). Antennal segment II distinctly shorter than the distance between the eyes; (only brachypterous known) ; length 6 mm intectus Parshley 1921 Wyoming, Colorado, Yukon Territory, Canada ; Mani- toba. Antennal segment II at least as long as the distance between the eyes; (only macropterous known) 19 19 (18). Pronotum widest in basal third 20 Pronotum widest at or near middle ; (rostrum not reaching mesosternum ; genital lobes long, rounded posteri- orly) 21 20 (19). Pronotum slightly shorter than the head; rostrum scarcely reaching middle of mesosternum; length, 5. 7-6. 5 mm. apicalis Van Duzee 1920 California ; on Pinus jeffreyi. Pronotum three-quarters the length of the head; rostrum not quite reaching the hind margin of the prosternum ; length, 7 mm. (female) vandykei Van Duzee 1927 Oregon. 21 (19). Sides of scutellum slightly raised 22 Sides of scutellum strongly raised, higher than the basal elevation; (pronotum widest at middle) median carinae sinuate; length, 5. 8-6. 3 mm. implanus Parshley 1921 Northeastern North America. 22 (21). Basal elevation of the scutellum higher than its sides; pro- notum_widest behind middle ; median carinae of pro- notum nearly parallel ; length, 6-6.7 mm. duzeei Bergroth 1892 Northeastern North America to Indiana ; on Pinus. 261 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 No basal elevation in scutellum, sides higher than the disc; pronotum widest at middle; (margins of pronotum angulately projecting, rather than rounded) ; median carinae of pronotum slightly converging; length, 5.1- 5.5 mm leachi Van Du zee 1929 California. 23 (10). Anterolateral margins of the pronotum distinctly serrate, never deeply , sinuate ; corium in the macropterons always strongly dilated at base, never straight later- ally 24 Margins of pronotum entire, sometimes evenly granulate, very rarely denticulate, often deeply sinuate; corium either dilated at base (lateral margin sinuate), or not so dilated (lateral margin straight) 48 24 (23). Antennal segment III almost three-quarters of II; color uniform dull black; length, 8-8.3 mm. montanus Bergroth 1913 Quebec, Colorado (altitude 10,000 ft.). Antennal segment III one-half, or less, as long as II 25 25 (24). Antennal segment II at middle, almost or quite as thick as anterior femora; antennae bicolorous 26 Antennal segment II at middle distinctly more slender than anterior femora, never with a pale ring in the middle 27 26 (25). Antennal segment II black; disc of scutellum dark in api- cal half ; length, 5-6.5 mm depictus Van Duzee 1917 Pacific coast ; on live oak. Antennal segment II brown, biannulate ; disc of scutellum pale reddish ; length, 4—6 mm. concinnus Bergroth 1892 Southern California ; on Platanus. 27 (25). Antennal segment II cylindrical, at least from near the base to the middle, often enlarged a very little near the apex 28 Antennal segment II distinctly clavate, gradually enlarg- ing from near base to apex, rarely cylindrical in apical one-third, or suddenly enlarged in apical one-third and about twice as thick at apex as at middle 40 28 (27). Antennal segment II longer than the head; length, 8.5-11.5 mm debilis Uhler 1876 Massachusetts, New York, Western States, British Columbia ; on Cryptoporus valvatus on Pinus. 262 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Antennal segment II shorter than the head 29 29 (28). Antennae very small, scarcely longer than the head, slender; scutellum broad, sides arcuate, apical half pale; length, 5.8 mm parvicornis Parshley 1921 Oregon, New Mexico, California ; on Polyporus valva- tus growing on Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi. Antennae much longer than head ; scutellum otherwise ... 30 30 (29). Antennal segment III pale in apical two-thirds; disc of pronotum strongly elevated before and behind trans- verse impression; length, 5. 8-6. 7 mm. cincticornis Bergroth 1906 Alabama. Antennal segment III unicolorous or narrowly pale at apex ; disc of pronotum either flat or as above 31 31 (30). Disc of pronotum rather flat, the transverse depression slight and ill-defined 32 Disc of pronotum strongly elevated before and behind the very distinct transverse impression 38 32 (31). Sides of abdomen rather strongly crenate; pronotum wid- est at middle ; length, 7.6 mm. (female). consors Parshley 1921 Massachusetts. Sides of abdomen notched or entire ; pronotum widest well behind middle 33 33 (32). Scutellum much longer than head (about one-quarter longer) ; length, 7. 5-8. 5 mm furvus Parshley 1921 Arizona. Scutellum not much longer than the head, or shorter 34 34 (33). Rostrum not passing base of prosternum; length, 7.5-9 mm. taylori Van Duzee 1920 California, Utah, Vancouver Island. Rostrum extending on to mesosternum 35 35 (34). Rostrum extending almost or quite to middle of mesoster- num; (granulation of the head rough; antennal seg- ment II about equal in length to the width of the head including one eye, rarely slightly longer ; anterolateral margin of pronotum usually straight, oblique, with variably coarse teeth; form elongate; length, 6-9.7 mm.) proboscideus Walker 1873 Alaska, Hudson’s Bay, British Columbia, south to Colorado and Arizona, Northern States and New England ; on spruce and Pinus. 263 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 Rostrum not passing anterior one-quarter of mesosternum. 36 36 (35), Scutellum shorter than head ; (granulation of head smooth; antennal segment II at least equal to the width of the head including both' eyes; sides of the pronotum slightly arcuate, with very fine irregular teeth; form broad ; length, 7-8.3 mm basalis Parshley 1921 Maine, New Hampshire, New York (in mountains). Scutellum sub equal to head in length 37 37 (36). Rostrum reaching anterior margin of mesosternum; an- tennae subequal in length to, or slightly shorter than, the length of the head and the pronotum taken to- gether, segment II not quite twice III ; length, 5.6-6.23 mm intermedins Usinger 1936 California. Rostrum reaching anterior one-quarter of the mesoster- num ; antennae slightly longer than length of the head and pronotum taken together ; antennal segment II nearly two-and-one-half times as long as III ; length, 9.38 mm., width, 4.29 mm. (female). serratus Usinger 1936 Alberta; on Polyporus valvatus on Pinus ponderosa and Abies concolor. 38 (31). Vertex finely and evenly granulated; lateral expansions of pronotum moderate, very narrow anteriorly, hardly reflexed; length 6.4— 7.5 mm. persimilis Van Duzee 1916 Rocky Mountains; on Douglas spruce. Vertex with two rows of coarse granules; lateral expan- sions wide, continued more broadly to anterior angles, somewhat reflexed 39 39 (38). Antennal segment II equal in length to width of the head with one eye; marginal teeth of pronotum large and irregular; length, 6. 9-8. 6 mm. medioximus Parshley 1921 Pacific coast. Antennal segment II equal to width of head with both eyes; marginal teeth of pronotum small and even; length, 8.2-9.75 mm vadosus Van Duzee 1920 British Columbia, Montana. 40 (27). Antennal segment II about equal to the distance of the head between the eyes, rarely slightly greater; length, 264 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 4. 5-8. 5 mm similis Say 1832 United States east of the Rocky Mts. ; on Betula, elm, maple, Polyporus hetulinus. Antennal segment II at least equal to the width of the head including one eye 41 41 (40). Antennal segment II not or hut very slightly more than three times as long as III 42 Antennal segment II distinctly more than three times as long as III 45 42 (41). Rostrum extending to middle of prosternum; antennal seg- ment II about twice as long as III ; anterolateral mar- gins of pronotum straight, oblique; length, 6.5-7. 1 mm. opertaneus Parshley 1921 Minnesota. Rostrum extending to mesosternnm ; antennal segment II more than twice as long as III ; sides of pronotum arcuate 43 43 (42). Black; (pronotal margins with numerous fine teeth) ; anten- nal segment II moderately clavate, shorter than the width of the head including both eyes; length, 6. 8-8. 8 mm shermani Heidemann 1907 Quebec, Ontario, North Carolina to Georgia. Brown; antennal segment II strongly clavate, equal to or greater than width of head including both eyes 44 44 (43). Blackish-brown with obscure yellow markings ; antennal segment II equal to the width of head including both eyes; rostrum extending nearly to middle of meso- sternnm ; scutellum longer than pronotum ; length, 7-9.6 mm acutus Say 1832 United States; on Quercus. Light brown ; antennal segment II longer than the width of the head including both eyes; rostrum extending behind middle of mesosternum; scutellum as long as the pronotum; length, 8-9.5 mm. paganicus Parshley 1929 British Columbia, Ontario ; on Pinus ponderosa. 45 (41). Antennal segment II gradually enlarged from near base. 46 Antennal segment II cylindrical from base to near middle, strongly enlarged in apical third ; length, 8-11 mm. approximatus Parshley 1921 Maine, New Jersey, Georgia, Mississippi; on Pinus. 265 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 46 (45). 47 (46). 48 (23). 49 (48). 50 (49). 51 (50). Antennal segment II nearly cylindrical beyond middle, sometimes very slightly enlarged at apex, III more slender than II at middle; grayish grannies of dorsal surface dense ; length, 7.5-10 mm. hesperius Parshley 1921 Colorado, Arizona. Antennal segment II evenly enlarged from near base to apex, III thicker than II at middle ; grayish granules sparse, if present 47 Pronotum nearly flat, transverse depression slight, carinae feeble, sides scarcely reflexed ; rostrum not reaching middle of mesosternum; color uniformly reddish- to grayish-brown; length, 8.5-10 mm. inornatus Uhler 1876 Quebec and New England west to Wisconsin and South Dakota and southeast to Georgia. Pronotum uneven, transverse depression distinct, carinae well developed, anterolateral margins reflexed ; ros- trum extending nearly or quite onto metasternum; coloration more or less distinctly variegated; length, 9-10.5 mm blaisdelli Van Duzee 1920 West of the Rockies ; on Poria sp. on Pinus ponderosa. Corium strongly dilated at base, width of hemelytra at this point greater than the width of the pronotum, even in brachypterous forms ; pronotum sometimes widest well before middle 49 Corium slightly, or not, dilated at base, its width about equal to that of the pronotum, which is very rarely widest much before middle 58 Antennal segment III pale 50 Antennal segment III concolorous 53 Pronotum widest behind middle; (antennal segment II slightly thicker than the anterior femora; length, 5 mm.) insignitus Parshley 1921 Massachusetts. Pronotum widest at or before middle 51 Antennal segment III two-thirds the length of II ; rostrum reaching middle of anterior coxae ; length, 8 mm. (female) patibidus Van Duzee 1927 California. Antennal segment III more or less one-half length of II ; rostrum reaching beyond middle of anterior coxae ... 52 266 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 52 (51). Rostrum reaching almost to posterior margin of anterior coxae ; head longer than broad ; length, 10.2 mm. linsleyi Usinger 1936 California. Rostrum reaching almost to posterior margin of proster- num; head as long as broad ; length, 4.7-5. 5 mm. uniformis Heidemann 1904 Eastern United States ; on Finns. 53 (49). Antennal segment II almost cylindrical, about as long as head 54 Antennal segment II distinctly clavate, shorter than the head; (sexes similar) 55 54 (53). Blackish-brown; antennal segment II longer than the dis- tance between the eyes ; rostrum reaching just beyond the apex of the mesosternum (J1) or to the middle of the mesosternum (2) ; pronotum much reduced (this is a stenopterous and brachypterous $ form) ; length, 7.5 (male)-10.7 mm. (female). orbiculus Van Duzee 1920 Western States; on lodgepole pine. Light brown; antennal segment II equal in length to the width of the head with both eyes ; rostrum just reach- ing the mesosternum ; pronotum with the lateral mar- gins broadly expansed, (reflexed and entire, with very fine denticulations) ; macropterous ; length, 7.5 mm. gracilis Parshley 1929 Alberta. 55 (53). Pronotum widest well behind middle; length, 6.5-8 mm. borealis Heidemann 1909 Quebec and Maine to Saskatchewan and California. Pronotum widest near middle 56 56 (55). Antennal segment II slightly enlarged from near base; length, 8-9.5 mm compressus Heidemann 1907 Western North America ; on Pinus contorta murrayana. Antennal segment II cylindrical toward base, enlarged from near middle ; length, less than 8 mm 57 57 (56). Black, except spots of connexivum; sides of scutellum strongly sharply elevated ; length, 6. 5-7. 3 mm. tuberculifer Kirby 1837 Across northern North America, south through the Rocky Mountains. 267 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 Brown; corinm marked with yellow; sides of scutellum moderately elevated; length, 7.5 mm. parshleyi Van Duzee 1920 British Columbia, California. 58 (48). Scutellum distinctly pentagonal, broad, sides very strongly and sharply elevated; sides of pronotum parallel in basal half ; length, 5.7-8 mm funestus Bergroth 1913 Distributed as A. tuberculifer , Arizona. Scutellum and pronotal margins otherwise ; less than 6 mm. long 59 59 (58). Antennal segment III about two-thirds as long as II 60 Antennal segment III distinctly less than two-thirds, usu- ally not more than one-half the length of II 62 60 (59). Antennae pale brown ; anterolateral margins of pronotum straight; male genital segment with ventral orifice; length, 3.7-5 mm falleni Stal 1860 Neogaeic ; on Finns. Antennae black-and-white ; anterolateral margins of pro- notum moderately sinuate; male segment without ori- fice 61 61 (60). Apical half of antennal segment II yellowish- white ; ros- trum extending over anterior third of the mesoster- num ; length, 3.75-4.5 mm snowi Van Duzee 1920 Arizona, New Mexico. Apical one-third of antennal segment II white; rostrum extending over anterior one-fifth of the mesosternum; length, 4.5 mm mexicanus Usinger 1936 Mexico. 62 (59). Antennal segment II at base nearly as broad as an eye; strongly flattened, narrowed only at extreme base; length, 5-5.7 mm angustellus Blanchard 1852 South America. Antennal segment II otherwise 63 63 (62). Antennae moderately robust, segment II strongly nar- rowed at basal third 64 Antennae slender, segment II slightly and gradually en- larged from near base, sometimes rather abruptly thickened near apex 65 64 (63). Scutellum at middle narrower than the corium at the same level, the discal elevation extending beyond this point ; female genital lobes convexly arcuate posteriorly ; length, 4.5-6. 4 mm lugubris Fallen 1807 Holarctic. 268 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Scutellum at middle wider than the corium, discal eleva- tion not extending beyond this point; female genital lobes concavely arcuate posteriorly; length, 5.4 mm. arizonicus Parshley 1921 Arizona. 65 (63). Pronotum widest well behind middle; posterolateral mar- gins rounded or nearly parallel 66 Pronotum widest slightly behind middle ; posterolateral margins straight and distinctly convergent 71 66 (65). Antennae biannulate with white; corium not hyaline 70 Antennae not biannulate with white ; corium largely hya- line, without distinct transverse veinlets 67 67 (66). Head about as long as the pronotum 68 Head much longer than the pronotum; (antennae longer than the head and pronotum taken together ; antennal segment II more than twice III, subequal in length to the width of the head with both eyes) ; length, 4.5- 6.1 mm., width, 1.55-2.5 mm furnissi Usinger 1936 California ; on Pinus ponderosa, P. lambertiana, Pseu- dotsuga taxifolia. 68 (67). Antennal segment II slightly longer than the width of the head including one eye, slightly more than twice as long as III ; (rostrum reaching anterior margin of the mesosternum ; lateral margins of the pronotum granulate, without anterior teeth; length, 5.15 mm.) fuscipennis Usinger 1936 Washington. Antennal segment II subequal in length to width of head with one eye 69 69 (68). Pronotum widest at basal third, margins finely granulate; length, 4—5 mm hrunnicornis Blatchley 1926 North Carolina, Florida. Pronotum widest before basal third, margin evenly granu- late, with a few coarse teeth anteriorly; (rostrum ex- tending to middle of mesosternum) ; length, 4.7-5. 8 mm., gracilicornis Stal 1873 Georgia, Mississippi, Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, Cuba; on Taxodium distichum. 70 (66). Genital lobes of female extending beyond second genital segment; length, 4. 6-5. 9 mm abbas Bergroth 1889 Nearctic ; on Taxodium and Pinus. Genital lobes of female truncate, not extending beyond 269 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 apex of second genital segment; (male unknown); length, 5 mm breviatus Bergroth 1887 Florida. 71 (65). Brown; pronotum and corium extensively marked with yellow; antennal segment II equal to width of head between the eyes ; length, 4—5 mm. marginatus Uhler 1893 Utah. Black; pronotum concolorous; antennal segment II longer 72 72 (71). Antennal segment III pale in apical one-third; corium not hyaline; length, 4.2-5 mm. uniannulatus Parshley 1921 New York, District of Columbia, Michigan, Alberta. Antennal segment III entirely black; corium largely hya- line; length, 3. 7-4.5 mm. ... evermanni Van Duzee 1920 Southwestern States. Family V. DYSODIIDAE Reuter 1912 Key to Subfamilies A. Scutellum large, extending much beyond the middle of the ab- domen, covering the hemelytra, with an obtuse longitudinal carina; antennae short, the two basal segments extremely short, taken together shorter than the apical process of the head Subfamily 1. Calisiinae Stal 1873, p. 276 (One genus only, Calisius Stal 1860) B. Scutellum moderate, triangular or rounded at the apex, heme- lytra free, corium distinct ; antennae moderately long, segment I hardly or but little shorter than the apical pro- cess of the head, II always going beyond the process Subfamily 2. Mezirinae Van Duzee 1916, p. 271 Subfamily 1. Calisiinae Stal 1873 Genus Calisius Stal 1858 Key to Species A. Antennal segment I slightly surpassing apex of the antenni- ferous spine ; anterior pronotal carinae parallel ; scutellum with a transverse series of 8 or 9 black granules close to the apical margin; length, 3. 7-3. 8 mm. cotub ernalis Bergroth 1913 Florida, West Indies. 270 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA B. Antennal segment I scarcely reaching the apex of the antenni- ferous spine ; the two convergent carina of the anterior lobe of the pronotum connected at their apex by a transverse ridge ; scutellnm without a transverse series of grannies, its apical margin distinctly crenulated ; length, 3.8 mm. anaemus Bergroth 1913 ( pallipes Heidemann 1904) Florida. Subfamily 2. Mezirinae Van Duzee 1916 Key to Genera 1 (2). Scutellum triangular not, or hardly, transverse; antennal segment IV not, or but slightly, longer than III, gener- ally shorter ; margins of rostral sulcus straight, gener- ally parallel 2 Scutellum broad apically, obtusely rounded, transverse ; an- tennal segment IV much longer than III ; rostral sul- cus lanceolate VII. Aneurus Curtis 1825, p. 275 2 (1). Venter slightly convex, without a slight ruga or carina near the lateral margins and at base of segments III, IV and V 3 Venter mostly-strongly depressed and flat or flattish, with a subtle ruga or carina near the basal margins of seg- ments III, IV and V, frequently also with a longitu- dinal carina or series of granules near the lateral margins VI. N^uroctenus Mayr 1866, p. 275 3 (2). Pronotum with a truncate base, lateral margins biemar- ginate or bisinuate near middle, or with a small lobe or tooth ; rostral sulcus lanceolate 4 Pronotum with a sinuate base before the scutellum, or lobate or sublobate before the basal angles of the scutellum; lateral margins straight or unisinuate at or near mid- dle, neither bisinuate nor armed with a lobe or small tooth; rostral sulcus mostly linear 5 4 (3). Antennal segment I extending beyond the apical process of the head by nearly one-half its own length; thorax anteriorly produced into a very distinct collar, antero- lateral margins produced beyond the collum in a dis- tinct lobe ( Carventus Stal 1866) Antennal segment I nearly reaching the apex of the apical 271 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 process of the head; apex of the thorax scarcely pro- duced into a collar, lateral margins anteriorly form- ing an abrupt obtuse angle, not lobate. I. Proxius Stal 1873, p. 272 5 (3). Spiracles proportionally less distant from lateral margins of venter, spiracle of segment Y close to the margin; ( antennal segment I subequal to III or slightly longer ; posterior femora without large spines). ( Hesus Stal 1862) Spiracles very distant from margins, spiracle of segment V not close to margin 6 6 (5). The greater part of antennal segment I extended beyond the very short anterior process of the head; (antennal segment I shorter than III, last three segments some- what thick, all pilose ; antennal segment II shorter than IV) ; veins of membrane absent; (abdominal margins entire) II. Aphleboderrhis Stal 1860, p. 273 Antennal segment I scarcely exceeding the long or longish apical process, or going beyond it by hardly more than one-half of itself ; veins of membrane always distinct. 7 7 (6). Veins of membrane scarcely distinguishable; base of thorax faintly roundedly-truncate. III. Pictinus Stal 1873, p. 273 Veins of membrane quite distinct; base of thorax truncate or sinuate in front of scut el lum 8 8 (7). Base of pronotum trisinuate in front of scutellum; ventral spiracles nearer to the side margins than to the an- terior and posterior margins of the segments; length less than 4 mm IV. Nannium Bergroth 1898, p. 273 Base of pronotum truncate in front of the scutellum; ven- tral spiracles equidistant from lateral, anterior and posterior margins of the segments; (antennal segment III distinctly longer than II) ; length 5 mm. or more.. V. Mezira Amyot & Serville 1843, p. 274 Genus I. Proxius Stal 1873 A. Antennal segment III one and one-half times as long as II ; middle of scutellum with a T-shaped elevation; length, 3.5-4 mm gypsatus Bergroth 1898 Florida to Panama and Venezuela. 272 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA B. Antennal segment III twice as long as II ; middle of scutellum with an inverted T-shaped elevation ; length, 4.5 mm. schwarzii Heidemann 1904 Florida. (Known only from the type.) Genus II. Aphleboderrhis Stal 1860 To the key characters may be added the following from Stal’s original characterization: Body oblong, subovate; head subquadrate, median lobe triangular little produced, slightly incised ; head behind eyes roundedly truncate, laterally subspinose ; pronotum laterally sinuate ; membrane of hemelytra veined. There is one North American species recorded north of Mexico : A. pubescens Walker 1873 In this the anterior angles of the pronotum are not dilated ; the head is as long as broad, the apical process parallel, not cleft at the tip ; antennal segment IV longer than III ; antennae, legs and body with erect bristly hairs; length, 5-6 nun., width, 2.1-2.7 mm. Texas. Genus III. Pictinus Stal 1873 In this genus, in addition to the key characters, are the following few: Scutellum triangular (which distinguishes it from Aneurus Curtis) ; margins of the rostral sulcus straight, parallel; venter convex; antennal segment I hardly exceeding the apical process of the head; veins of the membrane hardly discernible (in which it resembles Aneurus). The single species recorded north of Mexico is P. aurivillii Bergroth 1887 In this species the apical process of the head is simple, conical; antennal segment III evidently longer ; anterior angles of the pro- notum always simple, hardly lobate; feet rufotestaceous, concolor- ous; length, 4.5 mm. Georgia, Florida, Louisiana. Genus IV. Nannium Bergroth 1898 Additional to the key characters for the genus are : The prono- tum is distinctly toothed on each side at the apex below, and has two prominent tubercles anteriorly ; the venter is convex ; the meso- sternal orifices prominent and surrounded by a raised carina. The one North American species is 273 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 N. pusio Heidemann 1909. These few characters are taken from the original description: Short apical process of the head feebly emarginate ; antenniferous tubercles prominent, sharply pointed ; antennae as long as head and thorax taken together, segment II shorter than I, III longest, IV pyriform, as long and as stout as I ; rostrum reaching base of head ; pronotal margins finely serrate ; length, 3-3.6 mm., width, 1-1.2 mm. Ohio ; appears thus far to be known only from the type locality. Genus V. Mezira Amyot & Serville 1843 Key to Species 1. Small species, not over 5.5 mm. in length 2 Larger species, at least 6.5 mm. in length 3 2. Scutellum densely and evenly granulated, without an elevation at the base, the median carina very faint or obsolete; length, 4.8-5. 5 mm granulata Say 1832 Eastern and southern United States to Texas, Mexico and Cuba. Scutellum with a smooth transverse elevation at the base, the disc divided by a distinct entire longitudinal median carina; length, 4.5-4.8 mm novella Blatchley 1924 Florida. 3. Apical margin of corium evenly rounded 4 Apical margin of corium sinuate 6 4. Lateral margins of pronotum deeply notched before the middle ; anterior lobe of pronotum narrower than the posterior lobe, its sides lamellately expanded laterally and anteriorly; carinae strongly elevated ; whole upper surface very rough, pubescent; length, 7. 5-8. 5 mm lobata Say 1832 United States, to Texas and California. Lateral margins of the pronotum evenly or abruptly narrowed in their anterior half, but not with a distinct notch ; upper surface rather smooth, evenly granulate 5 5. Oblong-ovate ; lateral margins of the pronotum rather abruptly narrowed in their anterior half and slightly projecting forward at the anterior angles; carinae moderately dis- tinct; length, 8-9 mm emarginata Say 1832 North Carolina to Texas and west to California. Sides not ovate, subparallel ; lateral margins of pronotum evenly narrowed anteriorly, straight or only slightly sinuate at middle ; anterior angles not at all projecting in front ; length, 6.72-7.15 mm vanduzeei Usinger 1936 Arizona. 274 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 6. Antennal segment I going beyond the apical process of the head by at least one-third its length, only moderately thickened in its apical two-thirds; length, 7.46-7.69 mm. pacified Usinger 1936 ( moesta of Am. authors, not Stal) Washington to California and Idaho. Antennal segment I scarcely surpassing the apical process of the head, very abruptly and strongly thickened in its apical two-thirds; length, 7.5-8 mm reducta Van Duzee 1927 California. Genus VI. Neuroctenus Fieber 1861 Key to Species 1. Apex of head not distinctly cleft; juga rounded and contiguous in front of the tylus 2 Apex of head distinctly cleft; juga surpassing tylus, not con- tiguous in front of it 3 2. Scutellum without trace of a carina in the apical half ; antennal segment III slightly longer than II; length, 4.5-6 mm. simplex Uhler 1876 New York to Florida. Scutellum with a faint median carina in apical half ; antennal segments subequal ; length, 5. 5-6. 5 mm. elongatus Osborn 1903 Ohio to North Carolina. 3. Abdomen broadly ovate ; entire disc of scutellum granulate, not rugose ; spinous processes behind eyes distinct, acute ; length, 6-7 mm pseudonymus Bergroth 1898 ( ovatus Bergroth 1887) Indiana, Ohio, North Carolina, District of Columbia. Abdomen with sides parallel ; posterior part of the scutellum transversely rugose, anterior part granulose ; head behind eyes rounded, without spinous processes (antennal segment III longest and slenderest) length, 5. 8-6. 2 mm. hopkinsi Heidemann 1904 Maryland, Georgia. Genus VII. Aneurus Curtis 1825 Key to Species 1. Antenniferous spines absent, or very short and obtuse 2 Antenniferous spines distinct, short, acute 3 275 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 2. Antennal segments I, II, III, subequal; IV as long as II and III taken together; postocular spines prominent, acute; length, 4.5-4.T mm politus Say 1832 Florida, West Indies, Central America. Antennal segments I to IV gradually increasing in length ; post- ocular spines obtuse ; length, 3.7-4 mm. tenuicornis Champion 1898 Florida, Georgia, Central America. 3. Antennal segment III three-quarters or more the length of IV ; length, 5. 5-6. 3 mm inconstans Filler 1871 Quebec and New York to Indiana. Antennal segment III not more than one-half length of IV ; not more than 5.3 mm. in length : 4 4. Antennal segment II distinctly longer than I ; IV more than twice as long as III ; length, 5-5.3 mm. simplex Uhler 1871 Oregon east to Massachusetts; (a northern species). Antennal segment II not longer than I, IV not more than twice III 5 5. Antennal segment II as long as I, I not as broad a tylus ; length, 4.S-4.8 mm septentrionalis Walker 1873 Canada. Antennal segment II shorter than I, I broader than tylus 6 6. Head slightly wider than long ; disc of pronotnm rugose or tuberculate anteriorly, finely granulate posteriorly; (color pale reddish-brown) ; length, 2.7-3 mm. minutus Bergroth 1886 Florida and Georgia to Texas, Arizona, Mexico, West Indies. Head slightly longer than wide ; disc of pronotum very finely granulose, vaguely rugose posteriorly ; length, 3.6-4 mm. fiskei Heidemann 1904 New York to Georgia and Indiana ; from hickory limbs. Family VI. TERMITAPHIDIDAE Myers 1924 Key to Genera A. Body egg-shaped, surrounded by a strongly incurved and up- curved dorsolateral segmentally divided lamina, the edges of which are further divided into distinct, often quite distantly separated lobules, each with a long fine, almost smooth flagellum Termit aphis Wasmann 1902 276 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA (Only one species of this genus so far known, T. circum- vallata Wasmann 1902, from Colombia, South America.) B. Entire body strongly flattened above and below and surrounded by a flat lateral segmentally divided lamina, the margin of which is crenulate forming short non-separated lobules, each provided with a short circular, clavate or lanceolate flabellum with serrate edges T ermitaradus Myers 1924 Genus T ermitaradus Myers 1924 Key to Species (To females only of the American species of the genus) 1. Twelve lobes only to body margin on each side. insularis Morrison 1923 Trinidad, B. W. I. ; in the nests of Leucotermes tenuis Haglund. Thirteen to 14 lobes on the body margin on each side 2 2. Lobules of abdominal lobes II to VI not more than four. trinidadensis Morrison 1923 Trinidad, B. W. I. ; in nests of Leucotermes tenuis Haglund. Lobules of abdominal lobes II to VI, six or more 3 3. Flabella elongate, much more than twice as long as broad, lanceolate, very acute at apex; (abdominal lobe VIII with three lobules) ; length (male), 2.35 mm., (female), 2.40 mm panamensis Myers 1924 Panama; in nests of Leucotermes tenuis Haglund and L. convexinotatus Snyder. Flabella short and rounded, at most hardly more than twice as long as broad 4 4. Abdominal lobe VIII with two lobules ; anterior abdominal seg- ments with normally seven or more lobules on each margin ; (lobules of abdominal lobes II to VI not more than seven; flabella rounded) mexicana Silvestri 1911 Mexico; in nests of Leucotermes tenuis Haglund. Abdominal lobe VIII with three lohides; anterior abdominal segments with normally six or fewer lobules on each mar- gin guianae Morrison 1923 British Guiana; lives in nests of Leucotermes crinit us Emerson. References This list contains only those references since the Van Duzee Catalogue of 1917, which describe new genera, new species and other 277 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 forms in the families in this part of the Synopsis, only. The genera, species and other forms described are noted, together with their distribution and page reference. However, to avoid repetition of references in subsequent parts, all other descriptions in these references are similarly cited, except those in the family Miridae, all of which are omitted and will be referred to in the corresponding part. Synonymical, distributional, habitat and food-plant refer- ences are likewise omitted, as well as revisions of groups which contain no North American species. Omitted also are references which deal only with families in the following parts. So far as it goes, this list supplements the Van Duzee Catalogue. Barber, H. G. 1927. Two New Species of Pentatomidae from the southern United States. Bui. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., XXII : 241/244. Describes : Euschistus atromaculosus Barber (= E. bifibulus Van Duzee 1904, nec Palisot de Beauvois 1805) (Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Texas, p. 241) ; Bhytidolomia schotti Barber (Alabama, p. 243). 1932. Two Palearctic Hemiptera in the Nearctic Fauna. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXXIV: 65/66. Synonymizes var. cooley i Van Duzee of Acanthosoma cruciata Say with Elasmostethus interstinctus Linne. 1935. A New Edessa from Florida. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXXVII: 48/49. Describes: Edessa florida Barber (Florida, p. 48). Blatchley, W. S. 1924. Some apparently New Heteroptera from Florida. Ent. News, XXXV : 85/90. Describes: Geotomus cavicollis Blatchley (Florida, p. 85); Podops peninsularis Blatchley (Florida, p. 87) ; Mezira novella Blatchley (Florida, p. 88) ; Ptochiomera ( Carpilis ) barberi Blatchley (Florida, p. 89) ; Cnemodus hirtipes Blatchley (Florida, p. 90). 1926. Heteroptera or True Bugs of Eastern North America, with especial reference to the Faunas of Indiana and Florida. Pp. 1-1116. Describes : var. kansiana Blatchley, of Acantholoma denticulata Stal (Kansas, p. 50) ; Aradus brunnicornis Blatchley (Florida, North Carolina, p. 311) ; Arctocorixa abjecta Blatchley (Florida, p. 1075) ; Asthenidea semipicta Blatchley (Florida, p. 632) ; Blissus validus Blatchley (Indiana, p. 370) ; Brochymena pal- lida Blatchley (Florida, p. 101) ; var. viridipes of Catorhintha borinquensis B&rloer (Florida, p. 247) ; Corixa pidchra Blatch- 278 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA ley (Florida, p. 1085) ; Corythaica floridana Blatchley (Florida, p. 471) ; Empicoris palmensis Blatchley (Florida, p. 522) ; var. floridanus Blatchley of Geocoris bullatus Say (Florida, p. 375) ; Geotomus subpunctatus Blatchley (Florida, North Carolina, Maryland, p. 78) ; Iscltnodemus atramedius Blatchley (Florida, p. 366) ; I. robustus Blatchley (Florida, p. 366) ; Lasiochilus gerhardi Blatchley (Florida, p. 627) ; Melanorhopala reflexa Blatchley (Indiana, p. 492) ; Metapterus umbrosus Blatchley (Florida, p. 535) ; Myodocha annulicornis Blatchley (Florida, p. 389) ; Nannocoris arenaria Blatchley (Florida, p. 651) ; Ozophora reperta Blatchley (Florida, p. 416) ; Pnirontis brimleyi Blatchley (North Carolina, p. 545) ; Pseudaxysta Blatchley (p. 497) ; var. palosi Blatchley of Rheumatobates rileyi Bergroth (Indiana, Illinois, p. 484) ; Thyanta pseudocasta Blatchley (Florida, p. 120). 1929. Two New Heteroptera from Southern California. Ent. News, XL: 74/76. Describes: Pangaeus calif ornicus Blatchley (California, p. 74) ; Nobis edax Blatchley (California, p. 75). Britton, W. E. (and others). 1923. The Hemiptera or Sucking Insects of Connecticut, State Geological and Natural History Survey, Bulletin 34, £p. 1/807. Describes: Gelastocoris barberi Torre-Bueno (Illinois, p. 396) (Miridae omitted). Hart, C. A. (and J. R. Malloch). 1919. The Pentatomoidea of Illinois with Keys to the Nearctic Genera. Natural History Survey of Illinois, XIII, art. VII : 157/223. Describes: Euschistus subimpunctatus Malloch (Illinois, p. 190) ; Cynoides Malloch (p. 208) ; Galgupha aterrima Malloch (Maryland, Illinois, p. 210) ; Corimelaena polita Malloch (Texas, p. 213) ; C. interrupta Malloch (Texas, p. 214) ; C. minutissima Malloch (Texas, p. 214) ; C. nanella McAtee (Mary- land, p. 215) ; C. harti Malloch (Maryland, Virginia, Illinois, p. 215) ; C. agrella McAtee (Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, p. 216) ; Thyanta elegans Malloch (Texas, p. 218). Hussey, R. F. 1925. Some New or Little-known Hemiptera from Florida and Georgia. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XXXIII : 61/69. Describes: Galgupha ovalis Hussey (Georgia, p. 62) ; Protenor australis Hussey (Georgia, Florida, p. 64) ; Zelus ( Pindus ) angustatus LIussey (Florida, p. 67) ; Rhagovelia choreutes Hussey (Florida, p. 66). McAtee, W. L. and J. R. Malloch. 1933. Revision of the Sub- 279 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 family Thyreocorinae of the Pentatomidae. Ann. Carng. Mus., XXI : 191/411. Describes (species from America North of Mexico only listed) : Galgupha texana McA. & M. (Texas, p. 269) ; snbgenns Ctenopoda McA. & M. (p. 270) ; subgenus Orocoris McA. & M. (p. 272); both of Galgupha A. & S. ; G. (0.) ari- zonensis McA. & M. (Arizona, p. 273) ; G. ( G .) carinata McA. & M. (Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma, Mississippi, Ala- bama, Georgia, Virginia, Maryland, Tennessee, p. 282) ; G. ( G .) hesperia McA. & M. (California, p. 284) ; subgenus Nothocoris McA. & M., of Galgupha A. & S. (p. 290) ; G. (A.) bakeri McA. & M. (Colorado, p. 297) • G. ( N .) eas McA. & M. (Texas, p. 301) ; subspecies texensis McA. & M. of G. ( N .) nitiduloides Wolff (Texas, p. 309) ; subspecies orientis McA. & M., of Cydnoides ( C .) ciliatus Uhler (Florida, Texas, Minne- sota, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Colorado, p. 340) • C. ( C .) confusus McA. & M. (New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, Mexico, p. 341) ; subgenus 8 'ayocoris McA. & M., of Cydnoides Hart (p. 342) ; Allocoris McA. & M., n.n. for Corimelaena of all authors (p. 358) ; A. (A.) alpina McA. & M. (New York, p. 363) ; A. (A.) barberi McA. & M. (Texas, Costa Rica, p. 365) ; A. (A.) contrasta McA. & M. (Arizona, Mexico, p. 366) ; subgenus Ter- mapora McA. & M. of Allocoris McA. & M. (p. 359) ; subgenus Parapora McA. & M. of Allocoris McA. & M. (p. 359) ; A. (P.) incognita McA. & M. (Colorado, British Columbia, south to Texas, California, Arizona, Mexico, p. 386) ; A. (P.) virilis McA. & M. (Arizona, California, Idaho, Utah, p. 388). (Note: Only new genera, subgenera and species in our restricted fauna is here listed.) Myers, J. G. 1924. On the Systematic Position of the Family Termitapliididae (Hemiptera, Heteroptera), with Descriptions of a New Genus and Species from Panama. Psyche, XXXI : 259/278. Establishes the new family name Termitaphididae for Termitocoridae Silvestri 1911 ; gives keys to genera and species; and describes Termitaradus panamensis Myers (Pan- ama, p. 273) ; included in this list of references as it appears in the keys ; and since from the abundance of Termitidae in the United States, in the Southwest, there is every chance that some of the species may be found here. Parshley, H. M. 1921. Essay on the American Species of Aradus. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XLVII : 1/106. Describes: var. incomptus Parshley of Aradus pannosus Van 280 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Duzee (California, p. 39) ; var. insignis Parshley of A. ro- bustus Uhler (Texas, Nebraska, North Carolina, Michigan, p. 42) ; A. intectus Parshley (Colorado, Wyoming, p. 43) ; A. implanus Parshley (Quebec, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Michigan, p. 45) ; A. basalis Parshley (New Hampshire, Maine, New York, p. 55) ; A. furvus Parshley (Arizona, p. 55) ; A. consors Parshley (Massachusetts, p. 56) ; A. parvicornis Parsh- ley (Oregon, New Mexico, p. 62) ; A. opertaneus Parshley Minnesota, p. 63) ; A. hesperius Parshley (Arizona, Colorado, p. 71) ; A. approximates Parshley (Maine, Mississippi, New York, New Jersey, Georgia, p. 72) • A. insignitus Parshley (Massachusetts, p. 75) ; A. arizonicus Parshley (Arizona, p. 83) ; A. uniannulatus Parshley (Alberta, New York, Michi- gan, District of Columbia, p. 90) ; subspecies antennalis of A. cinnamomeus Panzer (British Columbia, Washington, Cali- fornia, Nebraska, p. 97) ; A. nigrinus Parshley (Arizona, p. 101). 1929. New Species and New Records of Aradidae. Can. Ent., LXI : 243/246. Describes: Aradus paganicus Parshley (British Columbia, p. 244) ; A. gracilis Parshley (Alberta, p. 245) ; subspecies cana- densis Parshley, of A. nigrinus Parshley (Alberta, p. 246). Ruckes, Herbert. 1937. — Trichopepla klotsi, a New Species of Pentatomid from Wyoming. Am. Mus. Nov. no. 235 : 1/2. Describes : above new species from Wyoming, p. 1. 1938. Two New Species of Brochymena from Arizona. Bui. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., XXXIII : 236/242. Describes: Brochymena lineata Ruckes (Arizona, p. 236); B. dilata Ruckes (Arizona, p. 239). 1939. Three New Species of Brochymena from the United States and Mexico. Bui. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., XXXIV: 111/118. Describes: Brochymena barberi Ruckes (Arizona, p. Ill) ; B. var. diluta Ruckes, of B. barberi Ruckes above (Texas, p. 113) ; B. humeralis Ruckes (Mexico, p. 116) ; B. using eri Ruckes (Mexico, p. 114) . 1939. Brochymena florida, a New Species of Pentatomid from Florida. Bui. Bkln. Ent. Soc., XXXIV : 236/239. Describes: Brochymena florida Ruckes (Florida, p. 236). Stoner, Dayton. 1917. A New Species of Apateticus from Louisi- ana. Ent. News, XXVIII : 462/3. Describes: Apateticus ludovicianus Stoner (Louisiana, p. 462) ; (Synonym of Andrallus spinidens Ellenrieder) . 281 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 Usinger, R. L. 1930. Two New Species of Vanduzeeina from California. Pan Pac. Ent., VI: 131/133. Describes: Vanduzeeina senescens Usinger (California, p. 132) ; V. slevini Usinger (California, p. 132) ; key to genus, pp. 132/ 133. 1936. Studies in the American Aradidae with Descriptions of New Species. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., XXIX: 491/516. Describes: Aradus linsleyi Usinger (California, p. 493) ; A. ser- ratus Usinger (Alberta, p. 496) ; A. intermedins Usinger (Cali- fornia, p. 498) ; A. furnissi Usinger (California, p. 502) ; A. mexicanus Usinger (Mexico, p. 503) \ A. fuscipennis Usinger (Washington, p. 504) ; Mezira pacifica Usinger (California, Washington to Mexico, p. 506) ; M. vanduzeei Usinger (Ari- zona, p. 507) ; M. carinata Usinger (Mexico, p. 509) ; M. nigri- pennis Usinger (Paraguay, S. A., p. 511) ; Pictinus dominions (Santo Domingo, p. 512). Van Duzee, E. P. 1917. Report upon a Collection of Hemiptera made by Walter M. Giffard in 1916 and 1917, chiefly in Cali- fornia. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4) VII: 249/313. Describes: Aradns depictus Van Duzee (California, p. 524); Corytliucha maculata Van Duzee (California, Utah, Colorado, p. 257) ; C. bullata Van Duzee (California, Arizona, p. 258) ; Physatocheila ornata Van Duzee (California, p. 259) ; (Miridae omitted). 1918. New Species of Hemiptera, chiefly from California. Op. cit., VIII : 271/308. Describes: Trichopepla vandykei Van Duzee (California, p. 271) ; T. calif ornica Van Duzee (Washington, Idaho, Califor- nia, British Columbia, Mexico, p. 272) ; T. aurora Van Duzee (California, p. 273) ; T. grossa Van Duzee (Idaho, California, p. 274) ; Carpocoris sulcatns Van Duzee (California, p. 275) ; Brochymena sulcata Van Duzee (California, p. 276) ; Harmo- stes angustatus Van Duzee (California, Arizona, p. 277) ; Teleo- nemia vidua Van Duzee (California, p. 279) ; (Miridae omitted). 1920. New Hemipterous Insects of the Genera Aradus, Phyto- coris and Camptobrochys. Op. cit., IX: 331/356. Describes: Aradus apicalis Van Duzee (California, p. 311); A. pannosus Van Duzee (California, p. 332) ; A. Maisdelli Van Duzee (California, p. 332) ; A. vadosus Van Duzee (Vancouver Island, p. 334) ; A. taylori Van Duzee (Vancouver Island, p. 335) ; A. parshleyi Van Duzee (British Columbia, p. 337) ; A. 282 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA orbiculus Van Duzee (California, p. 337) ; A. evermanni Van Duzee (California, p. 338) ; A. snowi Van Dnzee (Arizona, p. 339) ; (Miriclae omitted). 1921. Characters of some New Species of North American He- mipterous Insects with one New Genus. Op. cit., XI : 111/134. Describes: Brochymena hoppingi Van Duzee (Colorado, p. Ill) ; Trichopepla pleyto Van Duzee (California, p. 112) ; Tollius quadratics Van Dnzee (California, p. 113) ; Ischno- demus macer Van Duzee (Arizona, p. 114) ; Plinthisus martini Van Duzee (California, p. 114) ; Eremocoris semicinctus Van Duzee (California, p. 115) ; E. dimidiatus Van Duzee (Colo- rado, p. 116) ; E. opacus Van Duzee (California, p. 117) ; Mer- ragata slossoni Van Duzee (Florida, p. 133) ; (Miridae omitted). 1922. A New North American Genus of Cydnidae. Ent. News, XXXIII: 270/271. Describes: New genus Psectrocephalus Van Duzee (p. 270) ; P. coecus Van Duzee (California, p. 271). 1923. A Rearrangement of our North American Thyreocorinae. Ent. News, XXXIV : 302/305. Describes: Cydnoides arizonensis Van Duzee (Arizona, p. 304) ; Euryscytus diminutus Van Duzee (California, p. 305). 1927. Notes on Western Aradidae. Pan Pac. Ent., Ill : 132/142. Describes: Aradus vandykei Van Duzee (Oregon, p. 139) ; A. patibulus Van Duzee (California, p. 141) ; Mezira reducta Van Duzee (California, p. 142). 1925. New Hemiptera from Western North America. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4) XIV: 391/425. Describes: Vanduzeeina calif ornica Van Duzee (California, p. 391) ; V. borealis Van Duzee (British Columbia, p. 392) ; Margus repletus Van Duzee (California, p. 393) ; Cy damns abditus Van Duzee (Arizona, p. 394) ; (Miridae omitted). 1929. Some New Western Hemiptera. Pan Pac. Ent., V : 186/ 191. Describes: Aradus leachi Van Duzee (California, p. 186); Lygaeus foederatus Van Duzee (Arizona, p. 187) ; L. defessus Van Duzee (Lower California, p. 188) ; Arpknus tristis Van Duzee (Nevada, p. 189) ; A. profectus Van Duzee (California, p. 190). 1927. A Few New Hemiptera. Pan Pac. Ent., XIII: 25/31. Describes: Peribalus hirtus Van Duzee (California, p. 25); Darmistus crassicornis Van Duzee (Texas, p. 28) ; D. duncani 283 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 Van Duzee (Arizona, p. 29) ; Trapezonotus vandykei Van Dnzee (Colorado, p. 30) ; (several other species in this paper not in our fauna are omitted). 1934. An Apparently New Pentatomid. Pan Pac. Ent., X : 96. Describes: Rhytidolomia rita Van Duzee (Arizona, p. 96). 1934. A New Brochymena. Pan Pac. Ent., X : 22. Describes: Brochymena pilatei Van Duzee (Arizona, Califor- nia, p. 22). 1935. Pour hitherto Undescribed Hemiptera. Pan Pac. Ent., XI : 25/29. Describes: Banasa subcarnea Van Duzee (Arizona, p. 26); Apateticus anatarius Van Duzee (Arizona, p. 27) ; Malezonotus grossus Van Duzee (California, p. 28). Explanation of Plates (All figures in Plates XIII-XVI redrawn from Hemiptera of Connecticut by Theodore de la Torre-Bueno, except figure 3, Plate XIV, redrawn by J. R. de la Torre-Bueno from Ferris and Usinger, The Family Polyctenidae.) 284 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 Plate XIII Fig. 1. Apateticus bracteatus, ventral view. R — rostrum ; all segments in Roman numbers, numbered from base. F — femur. TR — trochanter. COX — coxa. PRST — prosternum. MSST — mesosternum. Fig. 2. The same, dorsal view. ANT — antenna ; segments numbered from base in Roman. TY — tylus. J — jugum. AR — arolium. CL — claw. EY — compound eye. OC — ocellus. AA — anterior angle of the pronotum. AM — anterior margin of the pronotum. CAL — callus. ALM — anterolateral margin of the pronotum. PNT — pronotum. DISC— disc of pronotum; disc of scutellum. HA — humeral angle • the humerus. PLM — posterolateral margin of the pronotum. MTST — metasternum. SPI — abdominal spine. 0 — ostiole. OS — ostiolar sulcus or canal. SP — spiracle. TB — trichobothria. GS — genital segment. M — membrane. BA — basal angle of the pro- notum. BASE — base of the pronotum; base of the scutellum, respectively. APEX — apex of scutellum. BAS — basal angle of the scu- tellum. F — femur. T — tibia. TAR — tarsus; segments num- bered from base in Roman. S C — scutellum. CL — clavus. CLS — claval suture. COR — corium. EMB — embolium. CON — connexivum ; segments numbered from base in Roman. M — membrane. 286 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XIII ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 Plate XIV Fig. 3. Eoctenes (Family Poly ctenidae). CT — ctenidia. Fig. 4. Palae of Corixidae ( Arctocorixa lucida and A. parshleyi). Fig. 5. Arctocorixa interrupta, dorsal view; wings of one side removed to show : STR — strigil. Fig. 6. Pentacora ligata, dorsal view. COM — commissure. CC — closed cells of mem- PV — peripheral vein. brane. Fit 7. Lygus vanduzeei, dorsal view. AT — antennal, or antennifer- R — radius. tubercle. ous, CR — collar. CL — clavns. EMB — embolium. CLV — claval vein. CLS — claval suture. Fig. 8. The same, claws. AR- COM — commissure. COV — costal vein. FR — fracture. CU — cuneus. BR — brachium, or cubitus. CC — closed cell. -arolium. Fig. 9. The same, part of metasternum more enlarged to show: 0 — ostiole; PT — ostiolar peritreme. 288- ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, (n. s.), No. 4, Pi. XIV S ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 Plate XY Pig. 10. The same, from side. CR — collar. CL — clypeus. G — gena. TRE — trochantine. TR — trochanter. F — femur. COX — coxa. Fig. 11. Corythucha ciliata, side view. DE — discal elevation; BUC — bnccnla. Fig. 12. The same, dorsal view of head and thorax. HD — hood ; PAN — paranota. Fig. 13. Pliysatochila plexa, hemelytron ; sketch. SA — subcostal area. Fig. 15. Pygolampis pectoralis, hemelytron. CC — closed cells. 290 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XV CTQ crq ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 Plate XVI . 14. Nabis ferus, hind wing. HAM — hamus. . 16. Ligyrocoris diffusus, dorsal view. TY — tylns. J— jugum. COL — collnm or neck. CR — collar. Fig. 17. The same, side view. BUC — buccula. CR — collar. CCL — coxal cleft. CL — clavus. CLS — claval sntnre. COM — commissure. STLV — strigose lunate vitta. GOS — glandular opaque spots. 292 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, (n. s.), No. 4, PL XVI INDEX to Genera and Species to Synopsis of Hemiptera-Heteroptera. (This index is not repeated in the general Index; it includes also plants, indicated by an * all synonyms in Italics. ) Abedus, 155, 156 # Abies, 260 concolor, 265 Acantholoma, 165, 168 denticulata, 168 Acanthosoma, 245 Acrosternum, 208, 236 hilaris, 236 marginatum, 236 pennsylvanicum, 237 ^Adenostoma, 171 Aelia, 209, 225 americana, 225 Aethus, 176, 178 (Cryptoporus), 179 comp actus, 179 (Microporus), 178 communis, 179 obliquus, 179 politus, 179 testudinatus, 179 (Rhytidoporus), 179 indentatus, 179 (Trichocoris), 178 conformis, 178 Alcaeorrhynchus, 246, 248 grandis, 249 phymatophora, 248 Allocoris, 186, 191 *Alnus, 259 Alydus, 163 ^Ambrosia, psylostachia, 217 Amnestus, 176, 182 pallidus, 183 pusillus, 183 pusio, 183 spinifrons, 182 subferrugineus, 183 Amyssonotum, 191 rastratum, 191 Andr alius, 246, 248, 250 ludovicianus, 250 spinidens, 250 Aneurus, 271, 275 fiskei, 276 inconstans, 276 minutus, 276 politus, 276 septentrionalis, 276 simplex, 276 tenuicornis, 276 *Antennaria plantaginifolia, 183 Apateticus, 247, 253 ludovicianus, 250 (Apateticus), 253 gillettei, 253 halys, 254 lineolatus, 254 marginiventris, 253 (Apoecilus), 253 anatarius, 254 bracteatus, 254, 286 crocatus, 255 cynicus, 254 Aphleboderrhis, 272, 273 pubescens, 273 Aradus, 258 (Aradus), 258 abbas, 269 295 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 acutus, 265 aequalis, 259 ampliatus, 259 angustellus, 268 apicalis, 261 approximatus, 265 arizonicus, 269 basalis, 264 behrensi, 260 blaisdelli, 266 borealis, 267 breviatus, 270 brunnicornis, 269 cincticornis, 263 cinnamomens, 259 coarctatus, 260 compressus, 267 concinnus, 262 consors, 263 crenatns, 259 curticollis, 260 depictns, 262 debilis, 262 duzeei, 261 evermanni, 270 falleni, 268 funestus, 268 furnissi, 269 furvus, 263 fnscipennis, 269 fuscomaculatus, 261 gracilicornis, 269 gracilis, 267 heidemanni, 258 hesperius, 266 implanus, 261 inornatus, 266 insignitus, 266 insoletus, 259 intectus, 261 intermedins, 264 leachi, 262 linsleyi, 267 lugubris, 268 marginatus, 270 medioximus, 264 mexicanus, 268 montanus, 262 niger, 259 nigrinus, 259 orbiculus, 267 opertaneus, 265 ornatus, 260 paganicus, 265 pannosus, 261 parshleyi, 268 parvicornis, 263 patibulus, 266 persimilis, 264 proboscideus, 263 quadrilineatus, 260 robustus, 260 serratns, 264 shermani, 265 similis, 265 snowi, 268 taylori, 263 tuberculifer, 267 uniformis, 267 uniannulatus, 270 vadosus, 264 vandykei, 261 (Quilnus), 258 heidemanni, 258 niger, 259 nigrinus, 259 *Aralia racemosa, 245 Arctocorixa lucida, 288 parshleyi, 288 interrupta, 288 #Arctostaphylos pugens, 171 *Arisimina paryifolia, 195 Arvelius, 207, 240 albopunctatus, 240 Atomosira, see Banasa *Atriplex, 232 296 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Audinetia, 250 Augocoris gomesii, 170 Aulacostethus, 169 Banasa, 208, 237 (Banasa), 237 calva, 238 cat inns, 238 dimidiata, 238 imbuta, 238 lenticularis, 237 subcarnea, 238 subrufescens, 237 (Atomosira), 237 euchlora, 238 packardi, 239 sordida, 239 Belostoma, 156 Benacus, 156 #Betula, 259, 265 #Brassica nigra, 227 Brepholoxa, 208, 242 heidemanni, 242 Brochymena, 201 aculeata, 202 annulata, 203 apiculata, 202 arborea, 202 affinis, 205 barberi, 202 v. diluta, 203 cariosa, 205 carolinensis, 203 dilata, 205 florida, 203 haedula, 203 hoppingi, 205 lineata, 205 marginella, 204 myops, 203 pallida, 205 pilatei, 204 poyei, 202 punctata, 205 quadripustulata, 204 sulcata, 204 tenebrosa, 204 Buenoa, 155 #Bumelia angustifolia, 232 Calisius, 270 anaemus, 271 cotubernalis, 270 pallipes, 271 Camirus, 165, 168 conicus, 173 consocius, 168 porosus, 168 Carpocoris, 211, 217 remotus, 217 sulcatus, 217 Carventus, 271 # Cassia marilandica, 190 #Ceanothus americanus, 193, 236 •Celtis, 236 #Cerothamnus ceriferus, 171 Chelysoma, 165, 167 guttata, 167 Chlorochroa, 209, 213, 215 congrua, 216 ligata, 216 persimilis, 216 sayi, 215 uhleri, 216 Chlorocoris, 207, 233 atrispinus, 233 flaviviridis, 234 hebetatus, 233 rufopictus, 234 subrugosus, 233 *Chrysopis, 217 Cimex, 142 * Citrus aurantium, 238 *Cleome pentaphylla, 234 Coenus, 211, 224 delius, 224 297 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 Corimelaena, 186, 191 (Corimelaena), 191 agrella, 194 alp ina, 193 anthracina, 192 barberi, 194 contrasta, 193 feminea, 192 gillettii, 192 barti, 194 interrupta, 193 lateralis, 192, 193 marginella, 194 minuta, 194 nanella, 194 nigra, 192 polita, 193 pulicaria, 193 (Parapora), 195 calif ornica, 195 cognata, 195 extensa, 195 incognita, 195 montana, 195 virilis, 195 (Termapora), 195 minutissima, 195 Corythucha ciliata, 290 Cosmopepla, 210, 227 bimaculata, 227 binotata, 228 carnifex, 227 conspicillaris, 228 decorata, 228 lintneriana, 227 uhleri, 227 Cryptoporus, see Aethus #Cryptoporns valvatus, 262 Curicta, 156 Cydnoides, 185, 189 (Cydnoides), 190 ciliatus, 190 subsp. ciliatus, 190 subsp. orientis, 190 (Sayocoris), 190 albipennis, 190 confusns, 191 obtnsus, 190 peregrinus, 190 renormatus, 191 sayi, 190 Cydnoides arizonensis, 191 ^Cyperus esculentus, 177 Cyrtomenus, 176, 177 aethiops, 177 castaneus, 177 mirabilis, 177 teter, 177 #Daucus carota, 229 Dendrocoris, 208, 240 arizonensis, 241 contaminatus, 241 fruticicola, 241 burner alis, 241 pini, 241 reticulatus, 241 Diolcus, 166, 168 chrysorrhoeus, 169 irroratus, 169 Dorypbora, 248 Dryptocephala, 200 Edessa, 242 bifida, 242 florida, 243 Elasmostethus, 244 atricornis, 245 cruciatus, 245 var. cooleyi, 245 interstinctus, 246 Elasmucha, 244 Eoctenes, 288 Eucoria, 186 298 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA ^Euphorbia polycarpa, 190 spp. 190 Eupodisus, 255 Euptychodera, 172, 174 corrugata, 174 Eurygaster, 172 alternatus, 172 carinatus, 173 shoshone, 173 Euschistus, 211, 219 (Euschistus), 219 biftbulus, 223 biformis, 220 comptus, 219 conspersus, 222 crassus, 220 crenator, 223 euschistoides, 221 fissilis, 221 ictericus, 222 impictiventris, 221 inflatus, 222 latimarginatns, 219 obscurus, 223 politns, 222 servus, 221 spnrculus, 222 subimp unctatus, 220 tristigmus, 221 var. pyrrbocerus, 221 variolarius, 222 zopilotensis, 223 (Paraschistus), 219 integer, 219 Euthyrhynchus, 247, 251 floridanus, 252 Eysarcoris, 211, 228 intergressus, 228 melanocephalus, 228 *Fagus, 259 Pokkeria, 172, 173 producta, 173 Galeruca, 248 Galerucella luteola, 256 Galgupha, 185, 186, 191 (Galgupha), 188 aterrima, 189 atra, 188 carinata, 188 coerulescens, 186 cyanea, 186 denudata, 188 hesperia, 189 ovalis, 189 (Gyrocnemis), 186 diminuta, 187 guttiger, 187 punctifer, 187 texana, 187 (Nothocoris), 188 bakeri, 189 eas, 189 nitiduloides, 189 (Orocoris), 187 arizonensis, 187, 191 *Garberia fructicosa, 252 Geocnethus, 176, 182 cavicollis, 182 Geotomus, 176, 181 elongatus, 181 noctivagus, 181 parvulus, 181 pennsylyanicus, 181 picinus, 181 punctatissimus, 182 robustus, 181 subglaber, 181 subpunctatus, 181 uhleri, 181 Gerris, 142 ^Glycirrhiza lepidota, 190 *Grindelia squarrosa, 217 Hesus, 272 Heterosceloides, 245, 248 lepida, 248 ^Holcus halepensis, 255 299 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 Homaemus, 166, 170 aeneifrons, 171 bijugis, 171 consors, 171 grammica, 171 parvulus, 171 proteus, 170, 171 variegatus, 170 Homaloporus, 177, 178 congruus, 178 pangaeiformis, 178 Hygrotreclius, 142 Hymenarcys, 211, 224 aequalis, 225 crassa, 225 nervosa, 225 reticulata, 225 Mpomoea pes-caprae, 168 * Juniper us, 259 sabina, 217 virginiana, 239 *Kuhnia, 217 *Lespedeza, 227 capitata, 217 Lethocerus, 156 Leucotermes convexinotatus, crinitus, 277 tenuis, 277 Ligyrocoris diffusus, 292 Lioderma, 209, 213, 214 Liodermion, 209, 213, 214 rita, 214 saucia, 214 schotti, 214 viridicata, 214 *Liriodendron, 259 Lobolophus, 183 an thr acinus, 184 Lobonotus, 183 Loxa, 207, 234 flavicollis, 234 florida, 234 Lygus vanduzeei, 288 Macrocephalus, 158 Macroporus, 176, 177 repetitus, 178 Meadorus, 244 lateralis, 244 Mecidea, 201 longula, 201 ^Meclicago sativa, 221 Melanostoma, 226 Menecles, 211, 228 insertus, 229 *Mentha, 227 Merragata, 157, 158 Mezira, 272, 274 emarginata, 274 granulata, 274 lobata, 274 moesta, 275 novella, 274 pacifica, 275 reducta, 275 vanduzeei, 274 Microporus, see Aethus Microvelia longipes, 157 Milieus, 247, 252 strigipes, 252 #Monarda punctata, 184 Mormidea, 210, 217 (Melanochila), 217 lugens, 217 (Mormidea), 218 cubrosa, 218 grisescens, 218 pictiventris, 218 fpunctifer, 218 sordidula, 218 tetra, 218 Mormidea guerini, 219 300 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA *Morus, 236 Murgantia, 210, 234 angularis, 235 histrionica, 234 munda, 235 varicolor, 235 violascens, 235 Nabis ferns, 292 Naeogeus, 158 Nannium, 272, 273 pusio, 274 Neopharnus, 208, 240 fimbriatus, 240 Neottiglossa, 209, 226 (Neottiglossa) , 226 trilineata, 226 undata, 226 (Texas), 226 cavifrons, 227 sulcifrons, 227 Nepa, 156 Neuroctenus, 271, 275 elongatus, 275 hopkinsi, 275 ovatus, 275 pseudonymus, 275 simplex, 275 Nezara, 208, 236 viridula, 236 *Nicotiana sp., 195 Nothocoris, see Galgupha Notonecta, 155 Odmalea, 208, 240 schaefferi, 241 Oncozygia, 197, 198 clavicornis, 197 Oplomus, 247, 249 (Oplomus), 249 mundus, 249 tripustulatus, 249 (Polypoecilus), 249 dichrous, 249 *Opuntia, 217 Orocoris, see Galgupha Orsilochus, 167 Pachycoris, 165, 167 fabricii, 167 torridus, 167 var. aquila, 167 decoratus, 167 klugii, 167 linnaei, 167 schaefferi, 167 schousboei, 167 Padaeus, 211, 223 viduus, 223 Pangaeus, 176, 179 bilineatus, 180 calif ornicus, 180 discrepans, 180 margo, 180 piceatus, 180 rugifrons, 180 spangbergi, 180 uhleri, 180 *Panicum, 219 Pantochlora vivida, 244 Papilio, 248 Parapora, see Corimelaena Paraschistus, see Euschistus Pentacora ligata, 288 Peribalus, 209, 211 abbreviatus, 211 ?dubia, 212 hirtus, 212 limbolarius, 212 piceus, 211 tristis, 211 Perilloides, 246, 249 Perillus, 246, 249 bioculatus, 250 301 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 circumcinctus, 250 confkiens, 249 exaptus, 249 splendidus, 250 Phimodera, 172, 173 binotata, 174 torpida, 173 torrida, 174 Phymata, 158 Physatochila plexa, 290 #Picea, 259 sitchensis, 261 Pictinus, 272, 273 aurivillii, 273 Piezodorus, 208, 239 guildinii, 239 lituratus, 239 tinctus, 239 Piezosternum, 243 subulatum, 243 thunbergi, 243 #Pinus, 259, 263, 267, 268 contorta murrayana, 267 jeffreyi, 261, 263 lambertiana, 269 palnstris, 259 ponderosa, 263, 264, 265, 269 #Plantago aristata, 188 purshii, 189 #Platanus, 259, 262 Platycarenus, 200 clypeatus, 200 marginellus, 200 Podisus, 253, 255 (Podisus), 256 fretus, 256 fuscescens, 256 maculiventris, 257 modestns, 257 mucronatns, 255 pallens, 257 placidus, 256 sagitta, 256 serieventris, 257 (Tylospilus), 255 acutissimus, 255 Podops, 197 cinctipes, 198 dubius, 198 parvulus, 198 peninsularis, 198 Polyp oecilns, see Oplomus #Polyporus betulinus, 265 valvatus, 263, 264 *p0ria, 269 Prionosoma, 210, 229 podopioides, 229 *Prosopis, 216 juliflora, 217 Protenor, 163 Proxius, 272 gy psatus, 272 schwarzii, 273 Proxys, 210, 224 albopunctulatus, 224 punctulatus, 224 Psectrocephalus, 176, 182 coecus, 182 *Pseudotsuga taxifolia, 269 *Pycnanthemum, 227 Pygolampis pectoralis, 290 *Pyrus, 259 ^Qnercns, 260r, 265 Ranatra, 156 ^Ranunculus, 227 Rhacognathus, 247, 251 americanus, 251 Rhagovelia, 157 #Rhizopliora mangle, 169 Rhytidolomia, 209, 213, 214 belfragii, 215 faceta, 215 302 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA osborni, 215 senilis, 215 Rhyticloporus, see Aethus #Ribes, 216 •Rubus, 227 Runibia, 210, 235 proxima, 235 Sayocoris, see Cydnoides Scaptocoris, 175 castaneus, 175 terginus, 175 Sciocoris, 200 microphthalmus, 201 #Scrophularia nodosa, 227 Sehirus, 183, 184 cinctns, 184 #Setaria, 219 *Solanum elaeagnifolium, 216 verbascifolum, 166 *Solidago, 212 Solubea, 210, 218 guerini, 219 insularis, 219 pugnax, 218 Sphyrocoris, 166, 169 obliquus, 169, 170 punctellus, 169, 170 *Stachys, 227 Stethaulax, 166, 169 marmoratus, 169 simnlans, 169 Stiretrus, 246, 248 anchorago, 248 Syllobus emarginatus, 177 Symphylus, 166, 171 caribbeanus, 171 deplanatus, 171 *Taxodium distichum, 269 Tectocoris diopbthalmus, 170 Termapora, see Corimelaena Termitaphis, 276 circumvallata, 277 Termitaradus, 277 guianae, 277 insularis, 277 mexicana, 277 panamensis, 277 trinidadensis, 277 Tetyra, 165, 166 antillarum, 166 arcuata, 166 bipunctata, 167 robusta, 167 Texas, see Neottiglossa Tliyanta, 209, 230 acerra, 233 antiguensis, 233 brevis, 232 calceata, 231, 233 casta, 231 custator, 231, 233 elegans, 232 pallidovirens, 233 perditor, 230 pseudocasta, 230 punctiventris, 232 rugulosa, 232 Thyreocoris, 185 Triatoma, 158 Trichocoris, see Aetbus Trichopepla, 209, 212 atricornis, 213 aurora, 213 californica, 213 grossa, 213 klotsi, 213 pleyto, 213 semivittata, 212 vandykei, 212 Vanduzeeina, 172, 174 balli, 175 303 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 borealis, 174 calif ornica, 174 senescens, 174 slevini, 175 *Verbascum, 226 thapsus, 227 * Veronica peregrina, 193 Vulsirea, 208, 235 yiolacea, 235 Weda, 197, 198 horvathi, 199 #Xalisma ferruginea, 237 #Yucca, 216 Zicrona, 247, 258 coerulea, 258 cuprea, 258 304 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX (n.s.), 1939 Index to Genera and Species of animals and plants. (Arranged alphabetically throughout; valid species in Roman; new species in bold face; synonyms in Italics; * indicates plants; for Index to Heteroptera, see pp. 295-304; ante — not included in this index.) * Acacia, 14, 17 Aedia alchymista, 16 fasciolaris, 18 limbolaris, 47 nigrescens, 17 sericea, 16 Aleucanitis, 25 carlino, 25 grandirena, 25 limbolaris, 25 Amauris, 104-106, 113, 138 Anelia, 102 Anosia, 130, 138 Aprotopus, 109 Ascalapha, 2 atomaris, 2 Asyneda, 1, 5, 22, 23 mendozina, 22-24 Bolina, 25 acontioides, 12, 14 agrotipennis, 13 agrotoides, 13, 14 cellaris, 20 cinis, 16 contorta, 14, 15 cunearis, 18 famelica, 15 hadeniformis, 16 indomita, 17 januaris, 21 novanda, 14 ochreipennis, 17 prolata, 16 Boryza, 5 Boryzops, 1, 4, 71 purissima, 71 Bulia, 1, 4, 5, 23, 69 confirmans, 70 dedncta, 70, 71 var. vulpina, 70 mexicana, 3 similaris, 70 race calif ornica, 70 Catocala juanita, 72 Cirrkobolina, 4 tetrica, 16 Cissusa, 1, 4, 6 (Ulosynecla) cervina, 8, 10 indiscreta, 7-9 insperata, 9 inner onata, 7, 8 punctella , 9 spadix, 7, 8 subtermina, 7, 9 valens, 7-9 Clothilda, 102, 103, 105, 107, 108 cubana, 102, 107, 108 jaegeri, 107, 108 n. briarea, 108 n. nnmidia, 108 p. clarescens, 108 p. pantherata, 108 thirza, 108 t. insignis, 108 t. tirsa, 108 305 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 Danaida, 123 Danais, 123 Danaus, 102-106, 113, 119 (Danaus) affinis, 131, 134, 137, 138 americanus, 132 archippus, 133 berenice, 133, 134, 135, 137 berenice, 134 centralis , 135 cethosia nigrina, 138 chrysippus, 131 cleophile, 132, 134, 136 cleothera, 134, 135, 137 cresinus, 134 eresimus, 132, 136 ssp. dilucida, 136, 137 eresimus, 136, 137 erginus, 136 erippus, 130, 132, 133 meglippe, 130, 133 menippe, 133 fumosus, 133 genutia, 131, 132, 137, 138 gilippus, 132, 134—136 haruhasa, 131, 132, 138 hermippus, 134, 135 jamaicensis, 134, 135 kaempfferi, 134, 135, 136 lamarcki justa, 138 leucocygne, 133 lotis, i30, 132, 138 melanippus, 132, 138 molyssa, 131, 137 mytilene, 132, 137 nivosus, 133, 135 philene, 132, 137, 138 plexaure, 132, 136 plexippus, 132, 137 strigosa, 135 thersippus, 135 xanthippus, 134, 135, 136 (Limnas) chrysippus, 138 (Nasuma) ismare, 131, 138 kotoshonis, 137 (Paralitica) 125, 138 albata, 126 aglea, 125, 128 aglea, 128 aspasia, 126, 127 cleona, 126, 127 luciplena, 128 lutescens, 128 tigrana, 128 crowleyi, 127 eryx, 126, 128 fumata, 126 gloriola, 127 larisca, 128 luzonensis, 126, 127, 128 banksi, 128 larissa, 128 panaistius, 128 praemacaristus, 128 maghaba, 126, 128 marcia, 128 melaneus, 127, 128 melusine, 126, 128 menadensis, 126 nilghiriensis, 127 phyle, 127 pumila, 126, 128 sita, 125 talboti, 127 vitrina, 126, 127 f. citrina, 127 f. periphas, 127 f. schenkii, 126, 127 weiskei, 126 (Radena), 106, 124 juventa, 124 oberthuri, 124 similis, 124 (Tirumala), 124 306 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA choaspes, 129 formosa, 129 gautama, 129 ishmoides, 129 limniace, 129, 130 melissa, 128, 130 mercedonia, 129, 130 morgeni, 129 neumanni, 129 petiverana, 128-130 Dircenna, 108, 109 klugi, 109 Drasteria, 1, 2, 4, 5, 22-25 perfecta, 25, 59, 60 (Aleucanitis) cailino, grandirena, 25, 26, 32, 47 limbolaris, 25, 30, 47 obscurata, 30 (Drasteria) adumbrata, 26-55 race alleni, 30-69 race saxea, 54, 55 eubapta, 25-27, 30, 35, 40, 66 graphica, 2-69 g. graphica, 35 r. atlantica, 30, 31, 35, 67, 68 howlandi, 25-62 hudsonica, 3, 26, 27, 30, 32, 50, 52 r. heathi, 32, 49, 50, 51 r. seposita, 50, 51 ingeniculata, 25, 26, 30, 35 mirifica, 25-63 race hastingsi, 35, 62-64 perpallida, 63 race klotsi, 35, 63-65 race mirifica, 35, 62-66 maculosa, 3-53 nubicola, 3, 30, 50-53 oculata, 25-69 perplexa, 26, 27, 30, 33, 53 petricola, 26, 30, 32, 48 race athabasca, 30, 48, 49, 54 form crockeri, 30, 48, 49 pulchra, 30-59 stretchii, 26-59 tejonica, 26-61 (Synedoida) biformata, 7, 26- 29, 31, 41 divergens, 26-29, 33, 45-47, 55 socia, 28-29, 34, 46, 47 edwardsi, 26-29, 32, 33, 43 fumosa, 10, 26, 28, 29, 38, 44, 45 brunneifasciata, 10, 28, 31, 45 fumosa, 31, 45 inepta, 7-37 morbosa, 37 n. nichollae, 27, 28, 32, 38- 41 u. garthi, 28, 32, 40 ochracea, 26-29, 32, 42 pallescens, 10, 26-29, 31, 32, 43, 45 scrupulosa, 7, 25-29, 31, 37, 43 sabulosa, 7, 25-30, 32, 37- 39 abrupta, 28, 29, 32, 38, 39, 45 #Eriogonum, 60, 64 Euclida, 2 capiticola, 66 graphica, 2 pertricola, 48 Euploea, 101-119 (Calliploea), 117 hopferi, 117 hyacinthus, 117 hyems, 117 307 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 menamoides, 117 nautilus, 118 pumila, 118 pyres, 118 solabanda, 118 trimenii, 118 tulliolus, 118 visenda, 117 vulcania, 118 (Crastia), 115, 119 abjecta, 115 alcathoe, 115 amymone, 115 andamanensis, 115 baudiniana, 115 deione, 115 diana, 115 eleutho, 115 eurianassa, 115 nechos, 115 rogersi, 115 schmeltzi, 115 tobleri, 115 visenda, 117 (Euploea), 118 althaea, 118 barippa, 119 browni, 119 callithoe, 118 celebica celebica, 118 c. corus, 118 eucala, 118 phaenarete, 118 unibrunnea, 119 (Salpinx), 119 diocletianus, 119 leucostictos, 119 midamus, 119 usipetes, 119 (Stictoploea), 135 coreta, 116 dufresne, 116 immaculata, 116 martini, 115, 116 melinna, 116 palla, 116 Sylvester, 116 tristis, 116 (Trepsichrois), 116 cordelia, 116, 117 euctemon, 116 gelderi, 117 mulciber, 117 (Vonona), 114, 119 alecto, 114 batesi, 114 cameralzaman, 115 cerberus, 115 climene, 114 crameri, 115 desjardini, 114 eichhorni, 114, 115 euphon, 114 helcita, 114 goudoti, 114 malayica, 115 modesta, 115 morei, 115 obscura, 114 wallacei, 114 Eutresis, 109 *Ficus, 109 Forsebia, 1, 4, 22-24 perlaeta, 22-24, 34 Gerespa prolata, 16 Heliothis, 2 jucunda, 2 Hestia, 106, 119, 121 (Hestia), 119, 120 hypermenestra, 120 jasonia, 120 308 October, 1939 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA logani, 120 (Nectaria), 119, 120 aza, 121 blanchardi, 121 electra, 120 idea, 120, 121 leuconoe, 120 lynceus, 120 urvillei, 121 Hypocala, 5 Ianius, 1, 4, 22 mosca, 22, 23 Ideopsis, 102, 103, 106, 119, 121 anapis, 122 f. glaphyra, 122 f. messala, 122 ardana, 122 costalis, 121, 122 endora, 106, 122 daos, 122 gaura, 121, 122 glaphyra, 121, 122 inuncta, 122 klassika, 122 nigrocostalis, 122 perakana, 122 ribbei, 122 sonia, 122 vitrea, 121, 123 Ituna, 102, 105 albescens, 109 completa, 109 fenestrata, 109 ilione, 109 1. lamirus, 109 1. lanassa, 109 1. decolorata, 110 1. phenarete, 110 Leucanitis, 3 Limnas, 131 Lit a sexsignata, 6 Litocala, 1, 4 sexsignata, 6 var. deserta, 6 Lois, 1, 5, 72 lorina, 72 Lycorea, 102, 105, 109, 110 doming uensis, 113 c. atergatis, 111, 112 c. ceres, 110-113 c. cinnamomea, 110, 112 c. cleoboea, 110, 112, 113 c. demeter, 110, 111, 113 c. discreta, 110, 112, 113 c. fasciata, 110, 111, 113 c. habia, 110, 111, 113 c. pales, 111, 112 c. referrens, 110, 111, 113 c. transiens, 111, 112 p. brnnnea, 110, 111 p. brunnescens, 112, 113 p. concolor, 111, 113 p. eva, 110, 111, 113 p. passinuntia, 105, 109-111, 113 Lyncestis, 1, 5, 13 Lysia orthosoides, 5 Melenaea, 108 Melipotis, 1, 2, 5, 22, 47 acontioides, 11, 12, 15 agrotoides, 13 cellaris,, 20, 21 collaris, 12 contorta, 11, 12, 14, 15 fameliva, 12, 15 fasciolaris, 11, 18, 19, 20 flavipennis, 17 indomita, 10, 12, 17, 19 januaris, 21 jucunda, 2, 10, 11, 16 var. versabilis, 16 race hadeniformis, 3, 16 309 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XIX, No. 4 nigrobasis, 12, 20 novanda, 12, 14 ochreifascia, 17 pallescens, 43 perpendicularis, 12, 19-21 prolata, 11, 16 sinuatis, 12 stygialis, 19, 20 (Ianius) mosca, 11, 22, 23 Nasuma, 131 Olyras, 109 Panula, 5, 21, 23 inconstans, 22 inconstans, 20 remigipila, 8 scindens, 22 Phalaena spadix, 8 Phitometra grandirena, 47 Phoberia, 1, 2, 4 atomaris, 2, 5 indiscreta, 9 Pierrella, 101 Poaphila ingenua, 6 porrigens, 6 ?Polia lorina, 72 *Prosopis glandulosa, 18 sp. 71 Radena, 106, 119, 121 *Salix bonplandia, 17 wrightii, 17 Salpinx, 116 #Sambucus glauca, 47 Synalpe, 107 Syneda, 1, 25 abrupta, 38 adumbrata, 53 var. saxea, 54 alleni, 54 athabasca, 48 f. crockeri, 48 brunneifasciata, 45 decepta, 60, 61 divergens, 46 exquisita, 58, 59 faceta, 67 flavofasciata, 24 fumosa, 44 grapliica, 66 var. media, 66 howlandi, 58 budsonica, 49 race heathi, 49 maculosa, 52 mendozina, 24 mirifica, 62 nichollae, 39 nigromarginata, 60, 61 nubicola, 51 occulta, 68 ocbracea, 42 pedionis, 50 perfecta, 60 perplexa, 53 pulchra, 57 seposita, 50 socia, 46 stretchii, 55 tejonica, 61 Synedoida, 25 aegrotata, 24 biformata, 41 indiscreta, 9 inepta, 36 morbosa, 36 sabnlosa, 37 scrupulosa, 25, 35 valens, 9 violescens, 36 Taeniocampa vegeta, 8 Tasitia, 137 Ulosyneda, 1, 34 310 AMERICANA A Journal of Entomology. Volume XX (New Series) 1940 PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. DE LA TORRE-BUENO Editor CARL G. SIEPMANN G. P. ENGELHARDT PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1940 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA VOL. XX (N.S.), 1940 CONTENTS Plates I-XY. A Revision of the Grasshoppers of the Genus Orphulella Giglio-Tos from America North of Mexico, Ashley Buell Gurney 85-157 Podalonia (Hymenoptera : Sphecidae) of North and Cen- tral America, William Donald Murray 1- 84 Taxonomic Studies in Cantharis (Coleoptera: Canthari- dae), John Wagener Green 159-217 VOL. XX (New Series) JANUARY, 1940 No. 1 fjT°lLUGlC^ ' Americana A Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor CARL GEO. SIEPMANN GEO. P. ENGELHARDT Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue, May 15, 1940 Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Vol. XX January, 1940 No. 1 PODALONIA (HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE) OF NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA* f By William Donald Murray Introduction The North American wasps of the genus Podalonia were mono- graphed in 1927 by H. T. Fernald. In this work Fernald noted several problems which were still unsolved. One problem centered around luctuosa. Over 350 specimens of luctuosa were examined, but only one male which could be considered to belong to this species was seen. One mated pair came to the attention of Fernald. The female of this pair had the black abdomen of luctuosa, but the male had the red and black abdomen of violaceipennis. As a possible explanation, Fernald proposed the theory that the female violacei- pennis is sometimes dimorphic, luctuosa being one of these forms, and that in rare instances the male also becomes entirely black. As a conclusion, Fernald stated : ‘ ‘ On the whole it seems best to leave luctuosa as a species separate from violaceipennis, for the present, until more pairs have been captured and the evidence they may give becomes available. ’ ’ In 1931 Fernald believed he had sufficient evidence to conclu- * A thesis submitted to the faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Minnesota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. f Paper No. 1780 Scientific Journal Series, Minnesota Agricul- tural Experiment Station, St. Paul. 1 ENTOMOLOGXCA AMERICANA Vol. XX, No 1. sively place luctuosa as one of the forms of the dimorphic species violaceipennis. His evidence was : two mated pairs, in both cases the female with the abdomen black but the male with the abdomen red and black; a reared male. The reared specimen was reported to Fernald by Walter Carter. Carter observed several female luc- tuosa digging and storing their nests. He marked these nests and later collected three or four cocoons from them. From one of these cocoons there emerged a red and black male. Other problems still to be solved concerned several species of uncertain position. Additional evidence was needed before the position of these species, namely, jason (Cam.), mexicana (Saus.), morrisoni (Cam.) and piceiventris (Cam.), could be determined with certainty. The writer, on examination of wasps determined as luctuosa in the University of Minnesota collection, discovered that this species had been collected commonly in the northern part of Minnesota but never in the southern part of this state. In view of the value of the study of male genitalia in separating closely related species, the writer desired to undertake a critical study of these structures in the species of this genus. When the genitalia of a long series of males determined as violaceipennis were examined, it was found that they were not all alike. One type was quite distinct from all the others. The males which possessed this type were placed to- gether, and, of the specimens collected in Minnesota, it was at once apparent that every one had been taken in the northern part of the state. The remarkable correlation between the collecting data of luc- tuosa and the series of males whose distribution in Minnesota was limited to the northern part of the state, and the distinctness of the male genitalia of this series as compared with the genitalia of other specimens determined as violaceipennis, raised the question as to whether luctuosa was one form of a dimorphic species ok whether it was a distinct species the male of which had never been deter- mined. Through the courtesy of Dr. J. Bequaert and Mr. C. F. W. Muesebeck, the writer was able to examine the specimens of luctuosa reported by Fernald as having been taken in mating. A study of these showed that, contrary to Fernald ’s conclusion, the genitalia of the males were quite distinct and separable from the genitalia of violaceipennis males. A comparison of figures 1 and 16 makes this evident. In view of these findings, the writer believed it would be desirable and worthwhile to make an exhaustive study of the genus Podalonia and to prepare a revision of this genus. 2 January, 1940 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Methods and Materials The male genitalia in the genus Podalonia are usually hidden by the abdominal segments. To extract the genitalia, the specimen is relaxed in a jar containing a liberal amount of relaxing fluid. The relaxing fluid which proved to be very satisfactory is a mixture of equal parts of ethyl acetate, 95% ethyl alcohol, and distilled water. A drop of this fluid is placed on the tip of the abdomen to assist in the softening of the genitalia and the posterior abdominal segments. When the specimen is sufficiently relaxed, it is removed from the relaxing jar and an insect pin is inserted into the abdomen immedi- ately ventrad of the genitalia. This is to insure a slight opening. Another insect pin, the tip of which has been bent to form a hook, is inserted into this opening, and with the aid of the hook the geni- talia are extracted. Since the genitalia are usually rather heavily sclerotized, it is desirable to clear them in potassium hydroxide in order to see easily some of the structures. When sufficiently cleared, they are washed in distilled water and placed in a small vial containing glycerine. This vial is then placed on the same pin as the specimen from which the genitalia are extracted. When it is desired to make a study of the genitalia, they are removed from the vial and placed in a small watch glass containing distilled water. Approximately 5050 specimens have been examined in the course of this study. The writer has examined the holotypes of the follow- ing species: communis (Cresson), pacifica (Melander & Brues), nicholi (Carter), valida (Cresson), robust a (Cresson), and argenti- frons (Cresson). The allotypes of valida (Cresson) and grossa (Cresson), and paratypes of alpestris (Cameron), atriceps (Smith) ■J1, montana (Cameron), jason (Cameron), and compact a Fernald have also been examined. Through the courtesy of Dr. J. Carl of the Museum of Natural History of Geneva, a male and a female of the type series of mexicana (Saussure) have been examined and designated as lectotype and lectoallotype respectively. Dr. R. B. Benson made comparisons with the following types located in the British Museum (Natural History) : luctuosa (Smith), alpestris (Cameron), piceiventris (Cameron), montana (Cameron), jason (Cameron), quaclridentata (Cameron), sonorensis (Cameron), cement aria (Smith) and atriceps (Smith) The only types not seen by either Dr. Benson or the writer are violaceipennis (LePele- tier), morrisoni (Cameron) and atriceps (Smith) Violaceipen- nis was described from Philadelphia, and since only one species of Podalonia has ever been taken in this vicinity, that species receives 3 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XX, No 1. the name violaceipennis. The holotype male of morrisoni has ap- parently been lost. The male genitalia of morrisoni are figured by Cameron, and the drawing compares favorably with specimens examined by the writer (see note below on Cameron’s drawings). The holotype female of atriceps has apparently been lost, but the description indicates strongly that it is not a Podalonia but a Sphex. Some doubt must be placed on two of Cameron’s species, quadri- dentata and %)iceiventris. In the taxonomic part of this paper each of these species has been placed in synonymy with another species, quadridentata with montana and piceiventris with communis. However, each of these species varies from the typical and because of the lack of specimens other than the holotypes it is not possible to decide definitely on their validity as distinct species. A note is necessary here regarding the figures of male genitalia in Cameron’s work on Central American species. The legends for some of these drawings have apparently been incorrectly associated with the figures. The clue that such a possibility exists was found in the drawings of morrisoni and montana. Morrisoni, as deter- mined by the writer from the original description, has a strong tooth at the base of each penis valve. It is the only species of this genus in the New World having this tooth. But Cameron’s figure of mon- tana shows this tooth while his figure of morrisoni does not show it. The figure of morrisoni resembles closely the genitalia of montana, and so it becomes apparent that the legends for these two species have been reversed. Cameron’s figure of Ammophila varipes has sagittae resembling those of Podalonia and entirely different from Sphex. Further, the penis valvae and the sagittae closely resemble those structures as they occur in communis or communis subspecies alpestris. It thus seems that this drawing with the legefid Ammo- phila varipes is actually a figure of Podalonia communis subspecies alpestris. The drawing with the legend alpestris is almost certainly that of luctuosa, judging from the penis valvae and sagittae. Where Cameron obtained the specimen cannot be determined at present. The writer has not seen any specimens of luctuosa which were col- lected south of the United States, and if this species does occur in Mexico or Central America it must be exceedingly rare. Detailed data for the specimens studied during the preparation of this revision are recorded and deposited in the library of the Uni- versity of Minnesota. Because of the need for economy, detailed data for the commoner species have been omitted from this paper. Where they are included, the present location of each specimen is indicated in brackets following the citation of other data concerning 4 January, 1940 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA the specimen. Initial letters are used to designate institutional and individual collections as follows : AES — American Entomological Society, Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. AMNH — American Museum of Natural History, New York, N. Y. BM — British Museum (Natural History), London, England. CAS — California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Calif. CH— Dr. C. H. Hicks, Burbank, California. CNM — Canadian National Museum, Ottawa, Canada. CS — Colorado State College, Fort Collins, Colorado. CU — Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. HF — Dr. H. T. Fernald, Winter Park, Florida. INHS — Illinois State Natural History Survey, Urbana, 111. IWC — Iowa Wesleyan College, Mount Pleasant, Iowa. JB — Dr. Joseph Bequaert, Harvard School of Tropical Medi- cine, Boston, Mass. KS — Dr. K. S. Salman, Berkeley, California. KSC — Kansas State College, Manhattan, Kansas. KU — Kansas University, Lawrence, Kansas. MC — Massachusetts State College, Amherst, Mass. MCZ — Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. MHNG — Museum d’Histoire Naturale de Geneve, Geneva, Swit- zerland. MSC — Montana State College, Bozeman, Montana. OAC — Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallis, Oregon. OAMC — Oklahoma Agr. & Mech. College, Stillwater, Oklahoma. OS — Dr. 0. A. Stevens, Fargo, North Dakota. OSU — Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. KB — Mr. R. H. Baker, College Station, Texas. RD — Dr. Richard Dow, Boston, Mass. RMB — Mr. R. M. Bohart, University of California, Los Angeles, California. ROMZ — Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. RR — Mr. R. R. Dreisbach, Midland, Michigan. SD — South Dakota State College, Brookings, South Dakota. UA — University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. UAES — Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Utah. UBC — University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia. UC — University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado. UM — University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XX, No 1. UN- — University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska. USNM — -United States National Museum, Washington, D. C. USPH — United States Public Health Service, Hamilton, Mont. WJ — Mr. W. W. Jones, Douglas, Arizona. WS — Dr. W. C. Stehr, Athens, Ohio. WSC — Washington State College, Pullman, Wash. Acknowledgments The writer wishes to express his deep appreciation to all those who have so willingly assisted in one way or another in the prepara- tion of this paper. The writer is particularly indebted to Dr. C. E. Mickel for his constructive criticisms and valuable suggestions given during the preparation of this paper. The writer wishes to ex- press his thanks to those persons and institutions who made this revision possible by the loan of specimens for study. A complete list of the persons and institutions who made these loans is given under the section “Methods and Materials.” Special acknowledg- ment should be given to Dr. R. B. Benson. This revision would not have been possible had it not been for his willing cooperation in carefully studying the types of this genus which are located in the British Museum (Natural History). Acknowledgments would not be complete without mention of the continuous invaluable and sympathetic aid afforded by my wife during the accumulation of the data and their subsequent presentation. Morphology Fernald (1927) has given a good account of the general struc- ture of these wasps. In the present discussion it is necessary to consider several points not touched upon by Fernald. Among other morphological characters, the male genitalia usually possess char- acters which are of much taxonomic value. Not only do these characters assist in the separation of many of the species, but they also show relationships among the species. Detailed drawings of these genitalia have been prepared in place of involved descriptions. The most useful characters are found in the penis valvae, the sagit- tae, and the volsellae. The metanotal flange, first mentioned by the writer (1938) in a paper on Sphex, is of much importance in separating the species. It is a thin, almost membranous process with a texture almost iden- tical with that of the tegula. It begins below and extends behind the hind wing on the metanotum. It is entirely absent in some species. When present, it may be small, moderate, or large in size, 6 January, 1940 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA and may or may not be emarginate. The species in this genus which possess this flange seem to possess a clear phylogenetic relationship to each other. The species which do not possess it seem to be divided into at least two and probably more groups, on the basis of geni- talia and other characters. Immediately in front of the anterior ocellus, the frons usually forms a slight depression which is more or less attenuated ante- riorly. The size and shape of this depression is of some importance in the separation of the species. The female genitalia are so uniform in their structure that they appear to be of no taxonomic value. It is sometimes necessary to use a combination of characters in order to definitely determine a female specimen. Several characters in the females of luctuosa and communis illustrate why this is true. In luctuosa the arolium is usually extremely small, while in communis it is small but usu- ally distinctly larger than in luctuosa. The average size of the arolium in luctuosa is definitely smaller than the average size in communis, but some specimens of both species are found in which the arolium is intermediate in condition between the two species. The punctation of the mesopleuron presents a similar situation. In communis the punctures on this plate are quite large and round, while in luctuosa they are generally smaller, elongated posteriorly, and there are frequently fine, forward-slanting striae between these punctures. But some specimens of either species may be found in which the punctation of the mesopleuron is intermediate in con- dition between the two species. The characters which have been found to be of value in the separation of the female luctuosa from the female communis are : the punctation of the clypeus, the frons near the frontal suture, and the mesopleuron, the shape of the clypeus, the strength of the suture marking the upper edge of the clypeus, the strength and depth of the frontal suture, the size of the arolium, the shape of Cell R4 (third submarginal), and a few others. All of these characters occasionally exhibit intermediate conditions between communis and luctuosa, but each character varies entirely independently of the other characters. In a given specimen the arolium may show an intermediate condition between luctuosa and communis , but the punctation of the mesopleuron may show very clearly which species is concerned. Occasionally both these characters exhibit an intermediate condition in the same specimen. It is then necessary to use some of the other characters mentioned. It is theoretically possible for all of these characters to show an intermediate condition in the same specimen, but the 7 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XX, No 1. chances for this to occur are too slight to cause much concern. The writer has been able to determine without hesitation every one of the females of these two species, 1521 females of communis and luctuosa having been examined. Biology The biology of these solitary wasps has been studied rather care- fully by several writers, and numerous persons have recorded in- teresting observations on their habits. It is unfortunate that speci- mens observed in the field are not more often caught and definitely labelled with a record of the observation. The habits of some of the species are unquestionably different from the habits of others, but it is almost impossible to point to any of the records of the habits or biology of these wasps and say what species is concerned. Nevertheless, all of the biological observations which are recorded in the literature are of much value in giving us an insight into the private lives of these solitary wasps. Species of Podalonia are somewhat timid or wary, but if caution is observed, the females may be approached closely and so can be easily observed. To be impatient or in a hurry will mean that results will be difficult or impossible to obtain. The most complete observations have been made on luctuosa, Newcomer (1930) and Hicks (1931b, 1932) having published rather lengthy accounts of this species. The following discussion is based on their observations, and must be taken to represent the habits of communis as well as luctuosa, since both species were under obser- vation but were not distinguished. The wasp comes forth and starts nesting as soon as the sun has sufficiently warmed the earth in the spring. This is before few other insects have emerged. The search for and capture of the prey, which consists of cutworms, is usually the first task of the wasp in nesting. Among the deter- mined species of cutworms taken by this wasp are Lycophotia saucia Hubn., Lycophotia margaritosa Haw., Cliorizagrotis agrestis Grt., Euxoa testula Sm. These cutworms, being nocturnal feeders, hide by day, concealed beneath the soil or some suitable object, and it is a task for the wasp to find them. The wasp hunts rapidly, almost feverishly, running from one grass clump to another, and inspecting the ground carefully. When searching for a larva, she follows a different method than she does when searching for a place to dig a nest. In the former case, she does not dig at any one spot to any great depth, but seems to carefully scour the ground but little below the surface. Also, she often snoops around stones, pulls away dead stems of plants, and looks beneath rubbish, all of 8 January, 1940 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA which she does not do while looking for a place to dig a nest. When a wasp finds a spot where she seems to suspect prey, she often works very excitedly for a time, even though she may not unearth a cutworm at that particular site. Again, she may begin digging in a given place but not stay long enough to secure her cutworm even though one is present. The typical female continues her nesting as follows. After she finds a larva and brings it to the surface, she usually takes a few minutes to brush herself off. She then returns to the larva, grasps it just back of the head, and twists her abdomen towards its head on the ventral side. There she stings it between its first pair of true legs. She then advances progressively backward, moving the tip of her abdomen along the ventral side and appearing to feel with its tip before inserting the sting. The wasp may sting the larva many times, each time in a different segment of the ventral side. When she has finished, the larva is limp and motionless. Then the wasp begins a period of malaxation. Held ventral side up, her jaws open and close in the region back of the larva’s head, while her short tongue laps the liquid issuing from its mouth. After the period of malaxation, the female grasps the cater- pillar firmly by the neck, ventral side up, and, straddling it, pro- ceeds to run with it. The wasp usually carries her worm up into a clump of grass or weeds and hangs it over the axil of a leaf, or sometimes she hangs it in the crotch at the base of a low twig. After hanging up the worm, she looks for a place to dig her nest, and though the place selected is usually close by, it may be as far as twenty feet from the worm. The wasp uses her mandibles and forelegs to dig with, kicking the dirt out behind with her middle and hind legs. As the digging proceeds, she brings up load after load of soil particles held tightly between her mandibles and fore legs. These are dropped at the entrance, and are often kicked some distance as the wasp starts back into the hole. While the digging is going on in the nest the wasp’s wings buzz loudly, but they are quiet when she is outside. The construction of the nest, which is about two inches deep and somewhat enlarged at the bottom, requires from ten minutes to half an hour. The work is usually continuous, though sometimes the wasp will flatten herself out at the entrance of the hole for a brief rest. When the nest has been completed, the wasp returns to her cutworm, and she may have to search for a long time before finding it. When she arrives at her nest with the cutworm, she drops it with its head at the mouth of the nest, enters the hole, turns around, 9 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XX, No 1. comes up, and drags the cutworm down after her. When the worm is at the bottom of the nest, she deposits an egg on it. The process of filling the hole usually requires only about five minutes, but sometimes takes longer, and frequently sticks and stones of various sizes are seized and placed in it. The wasp may then place her head against the stones and press them against the dirt, while her feet are braced and her wings buzzing. She does not, however, hold the stone in her mandibles as some Sphex do. These stones are always left in the hole. When the hole has been filled, there follows a rather indiscriminate scratching of dirt on the surface. Newcomer saw one female continue this apparently aimless scratch- ing for nearly half an hour, her accuracy gradually becoming more vague until finally she got entirely away from the location of the hole. After having completed the nest, a wasp may immediately begin a search for another cutworm or she may fly off and feed at mustard blossoms or other flowers. There is apparently never more than one larva and one egg to a given nest, although the wasp is an industrious worker and provisions many cells. Hicks states that one female wasp dug and provisioned seven burrows over a period of time. Newcomer observed one wasp which demonstrated that its in- stincts were not iron bound. While digging her nest, a wasp was interrupted by Newcomer, who placed an active cutworm near the hole. She would not use this worm, and became so confused that she could not find the worm she had previously caught. Finally she started in search of another worm, and on finding it in a clump of grass, returned to her nest and cleaned it out, and then buried the worm in it. Thus she was capable of reversing the process, and going in search of another worm with which to pro- vision the nest she had already constructed. To the writer this last observation seems to indicate how the habits of Sphex may have originated. In Sphex the nest is con- structed first and then a search is made for the worm. It would certainly seem that the method which Sphex uses is more recent and highly evolved than the method which Podalonia uses. There are other evidences which indicate that Sphex has evolved from Podalonia or from the stock of Podalonia. Sphex exhibits more intelligence in picking up stones and using them as tools in pound- ing down the earth. Podalonia does not hold the stones, but may press against them with her head. The egg is attached to one of the anterior or medial segments of the worm. In twenty cases which Newcomer recorded, one egg 10 January, 1940 ENTOMOLOGXCA AMERICANA was placed on the third segment, one on the fourth, three on the fifth, ten on the sixth, and five on the seventh. Under artificial conditions at room temperature the egg hatches in eight or ten days. The larva ’s head is at the end of the egg attached to the worm, and, when fully developed, the larva merely makes a hole in the shell and starts to feed. Larval growth requires about nine days under artificial condi- tions. The larva then spins a cocoon of brown silk, the construc- tion of which requires a couple of days. Newcomer apparently believed that these wasps overwintered in these cocoons, as he had not noticed any adults after May. However, collecting data for several thousand specimens studied during the course of the present research show that luctuosa and communis are taken in abundance throughout the summer. During the summer, however, they are feeding and mating, but seldom if ever are they nesting, so they would therefore be found about flowers and seldom about their nest- ing grounds. Collecting data bring to light another very significant fact. The females of luctuosa and communis always occur later in the fall than the males, and they always occur much earlier in the spring than the males. This indicates the following life cycle : the females are fertilized during the summer and fall ; the males die in late summer or early fall, while the females seek places in which to hibernate over the winter; in the spring the females emerge from hibernation and begin nest-building ; the wasps which emerge from these nests consist of both males and females, and thus both sexes are found throughout the summer. The Peckhams made careful studies of the habits and life his- tories of a great many different genera of social and solitary wasps. Their observations, however, were limited almost entirely to the region about Milwaukee, Wisconsin. In the introduction of their book “Instincts and Habits of the Solitary Wasps,” they give a brief generalized life history of solitary wasps. They infer that these wasps overwinter in the cocoon, and make the following state- ment : ‘ ‘ Probably no solitary wasp lives through the winter, those that come out in the spring or summer perishing in the autumn. ’ ’ Hicks (1931a) made some very significant observations on the overwintering of luctuosa females. He has observed this wasp begin her capture of subterranean larvae very early in the spring or late winter (she may nest as early as December in southern California). This wasp is active very early in the season when few other insects are abroad. Near Owens Lake, at Boulder, Colorado, on September 15, Hicks made the following observation. A wasp was seen to make 11 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XX, No 1. her way to an open tunnel at the edge of a mound of sand. Reach- ing the entrance, she went in. Hicks then dug the mound away, exposing the tunnel. This tunnel was found to be almost vertical in position, with a nearly even diameter of 9 millimeters, and a total length of 17 centimeters. At the bottom was the wasp under obser- vation and three more females resting together. During the active nesting season Podalonia females are distinctly solitary and very pugnacious whenever they have a chance meeting. This tunnel, in contrast to those constructed for prey which seldom measure more than three inches in length and usually less, was more than seven inches in length and more vertical in position. It appeared that it had been especially constructed or appropriated for winter quarters. On September 26, Hicks watched another female enter a long tunnel. This one was nearly ten inches deep. That these females were not decrepit nor near the end of their days was evidenced by the fact that they lived for many weeks in cages in a greenhouse under conditions of high temperature and humidity. Near Burbank, California, females were observed by Hicks dur- ing the winter, previous to Christmas. On December 28, a female was found already with captured prey. The weather was chilly, but she provisioned her nest. She was less active at this cool tem- perature and rested more often than usual. She soon made her way, in an erratic manner, to the edge of a plowed area some fifteen feet away, and suddenly disappeared into a tunnel. The tunnel was nearly 10 centimeters long. This place of refuge was the more interesting because of the fact that the soil in which it had been dug had been plowed not later than a month before. Since few wasps other than this species were about at this time, it seemed highly probable that she had constructed it. Collecting data accumulated during the present research reveal that males have been collected extremely rarely in April, only occa- sionally in May, but abundantly in June, July, and August. They are present but scarce in September, and a straggler has been picked up in October. Females have been collected or observed every month of the year in California, and as early as the middle of March in Colorado. They become very abundant in April and May. Over the entire country the females are generally collected a month and a half to two months before any males are taken. This is about the length of time necessary for development of the wasp from egg to adult. These collecting data added to Hicks ’ observations provide rather conclusive proof that luctuosa and communis overwinter in the adult stage. However, they do not prove that these two species 12 January, 1940 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA majr not overwinter also as pupae or prepupae in their nests. The principal evidence at present that these two species clo overwinter exclusively in the adult stage is found in the observation by New- comer, namely, that there appears to be but one generation a year, as these wasps were never seen nesting after May. At least some of the species of Podalonia differ in their biology from luctuosa and communis in that they nest at a different time of the year, and select different ecological areas for nesting. Balduf (1936) reported an observation made on August 26 at Lake Winni- bigoshish, Minnesota, on Podalonia violaceipennis (examination of this material shows that robust a is also concerned) . The wasps were seen dragging mature larvae of the notodontid moth, Symmerista albifrons S. & A. over the broad sandy beach. The caterpillars were buried near the water under the low growth of willow and poplar. The caterpillars had developed on the oaks bordering the lake, and the wasps dragged them for as much as 275 feet to get them to suit- able nesting places. Krombein (1936) made observations on P. violaceipennis about June 23 at Buffalo, New York. This species was noted nesting in only one situation : in little pockets of soil formed between two roots of several uprooted stumps. On August 11, at Universal City, California, Hicks (1933) ob- tained a nest of a species of Podalonia, then considered to be viola- ceipennis but now believed to have been sericea. Norman Appleton, parasitologist in charge of the Tent-cater- pillar Laboratory at Santa Fe, New Mexico, sent several specimens of occidental is to the writer and reported that this species was work- ing with much effectiveness on the tent-caterpillar. He said that this species was active in June. Thus some of these other species of Podalonia nest in mid or late summer. Collecting data of the commoner species show that the females and males both make their appearance at about the same time in the late spring or summer. It therefore seems almost cer- tain that these species overwinter as pupae or prepupae. Wasps of the genus Podalonia are affected either directly or indi- rectly by several parasites or predators. In the act of nest pro- visioning, the wasp hangs the caterpillar on a small twig or branch, or over the axil of a leaf, while she digs her nest. This habit seems to be a method of protecting the caterpillar from ants or other scavengers. Newcomer (1930) observed ants actually taking the caterpillar from the wasp while the wasp was trying to take the caterpillar to her nest. These wasps appear to be unable to recognize a caterpillar which 13 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XX, No 1. has been parasitized, and so may store their nests with one of these parasitized worms. Hicks (1932) dug up one wasp nest and kept the caterpillar in the laboratory. Seventeen larvae of the ichneu- monid parasite, Meteor us vulgaris, emerged from the caterpillar and pupated, and the adults subsequently emerged. The Podalonia egg hatched and the larva developed to maturity, and a normal female was produced except that she was smaller than the average. In another case eight larvae of the fly Wagneria carbonaria Panz. emerged, and in this case as before the wasp developed to an under- sized adult. Hicks (1933) also discovered a parasite which destroys the wasp larva completely. A species of Podalonia, then considered to be violaceipennis, takes as prey Zale lunata (Drury) and Homoptera salicis Behr. But sometimes a species of Paniscus, possibly semi- rufus Hgn., has already placed an egg on the caterpillar. In one case both parasites began development on the same host larva, Paniscus between the fore legs and Podalonia on an abdominal seg- ment. Each fed in its respective position until about half grown, when the food gave out. The Paniscus larva attacked the Podalonia larva and devoured it. It was then able to complete its develop- ment to an adult. Observations indicated that in all cases the wasp larva was completely destroyed and devoured by the ichneumonid. While the female Podalonia is preparing its nest, flies of the Sarcophagid tribe Miltogrammini have been frequently observed. Newcomer (1930) records the following observations. The common- est of these inquilines is Hilar ella hilar ella (Zett.). Often it is seen closely following a wasp that is carrying a cutworm, making short flights and alighting on convenient weeds to watch the progress of the wasp. Frequently when a wasp is constructing her nest, one or more of these flies may be seen on a grass blade or a stone, always facing the wasp. This fly deposits living young in the wasp’s nest. It is always done after the wasp has dragged her prey into the hole, or while she is pulling it down the hole and before she has come out again. The fly alights at the mouth of the hole at the proper mo- ment, almost instantaneously drops a few maggots into if, and imme- diately flies off. The fly larvae are sticky and adhere readily to the cutworm. They usually destroy the wasp egg in a very few min^ utes. In several cases, however, both maggots and wasp larvae were found feeding on the cutworm. However, the wasp larva invariably dies before it is very old. From two to seven maggots have been found in a single nest. Another fly, Taxigramma heteroneura (Meig.), has similar hab- 14 January, 1940 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA its. A third species is Metopia leucocepkala (Rossi). This species has been found attacking other species of Hymenoptera. It is not as common as the other two. This fly sits on a grass blade or a convenient stone and watches the construction of the nest. When the wasp has finished this and has gone for the cutworm, the fly crawls down the hole, deposits its young at the bottom and comes out before the wasp returns. The wasp never seems to be aware of the existence of any of these inquilines. The flies usually keep at a certain distance and are not active while the wasp is watching. Classification Genus Podalonia Spinola Fernald in 1927 gave a careful review of the history of the genus Podalonia. In view of the present findings, it seems desirable to consider the validity of Podalonia as a genus distinct from Sphex. There is no doubt but that the two groups are very closely related, but the present work shows that they can be separated by characters which the writer believes to be of true phylogenetic significance. The genitalia of Sphex and Podalonia are quite similar but for one invariable exception : the sagittae are distinctly different in shape in the two genera. A glance at any of the drawings of the genitalia of these two genera will demonstrate this fact. As a character to be used in both sexes, the shape of the first abdominal t-ergite is the best character which can be used. In Podalonia the petiole is com- posed of part of the first abdominal sternite, and the first abdominal tergite is considerably expanded posteriorly. This tergite is gen- erally more expanded in the females than in the males, but in both sexes the condition is distinct from that in Sphex. In Sphex the petiole is composed of the entire first abdominal segment including both dorsal and ventral parts, the first tergite being only slightly expanded posteriorly. The spiracle of this first tergite is found at about the middle of the plate in Podalonia, and about two-thirds of the way back in Sphex. Several other characters have been found to be useful but they are not very reliable. The characters men- tioned have been found to be reliable in every species of Sphex and Podalonia which the writer has seen, and it is almost certain that they will be found to be reliable over the entire world. Key to Species In species with an * it is necessary to examine the genitalia (in doubtful specimens). 15 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XX, No 1. 1. Males. Inner margin of eyes converging below; antennae 13- segmentecl; 7 visible abdominal segments 2 Females. Inner margin of eyes parallel or nearly so ; antennae 12-segmented ; 6 visible abdominal segments 25 2. Abdomen entirely black or blue-black 3 Abdomen entirely red, red and black, or red and blue 10 3. Abdomen distinctly black 4 Abdomen distinctly blue or blue-black 6 4. With a metanotal flange melaena Without a metanotal flange 5 5. Clypens slightly reflexed, scarcely bending down to lateral margin; pilosity of thorax entirely black. sonorensis differentia Clypeus not at all reflexed, almost flat across the central part but bending down to lateral margin ; pilosity of thorax partly white communis intermedia 6. Head and thorax entirely blue caemdea Head and thorax entirely or almost entirely black 7 7. Without a metanotal flange sonorensis differentia With a metanotal flange 8 8. Pleura very coarsely punctate, metapleuron and propodeal side appearing very coarsely reticulate ; frontal suture usually appearing extremely wide; frons granulate, with a great many large deep punctures *argentifrons Pleura moderately punctate, metapleuron and propodeal side more or less prominently ridged; frontal suture usually distinct but not extremely wide ; large punctures of frons sparse to moderate in number 9 9. Mesopleuron with a moderate number of large and a great many tiny punctures, short white sericeous hairs arising from the tiny punctures ; surface of mesopleuron between punc- tures scarcely or not at all creased, but distinctly reticu- late ; extreme southwestern United States *parallela Mesopleuron with a moderate number of large but only a few tiny punctures, rarely with short sericeous hairs arising from the tiny punctures; surface of mesopleuron creased into more or less prominent ridges ; distributed throughout most of the western half of North America *mexicana 10. A spur at apex of fore coxa within 11 No spur at apex of fore coxa within 12 11. Legs at least partly bright red; without a metanotal flange. morrisoni Legs entirely black ; with a metanotal flange valida 16 January, 1940 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 12. Without a metanotal flange 13 With a metanotal flange (in some individuals this may be im- perfectly developed, and a careful examination is neces- sary) 16 13. Ctypeus more or less broadly transverse (fig. 48) ; abdomen red and black Huctuosa Clypeus narrowly transverse (figs. 45, 46, 47) 14 14. Clypeus slightly reflexed, scarcely bending down to lateral margin ; pilosity of thorax usually entirely black ; abdomen usually red and dark blue *sonorensis Clypeus not at all reflexed, almost flat across central part but bending down to lateral margin ; pilosity of thorax at least partly white ; abdomen red and black 15 15. Pilosity of clypeus entirely black ; distributed throughout most of western half of North America communis Pilosity of clypeus partly white ; Mexico and Central America. communis alpestris 16. Propodeum with a dense pubescent patch on each side of petiole attachment; metapleuron glossy, with many large deep punctures; moderately large species pubescens Propodeum with a rather thin pubescent patch on each side of petiole attachment, or with none at all 17 17. Propodeum with a rather thin pubescent patch on each side of petiole attachment; clypeus broadly transverse as in fig. 43 ; very large species montana Propodeum without a pubescent patch ; moderate-sized spe- cies 18 18. Head and pleura very coarsely punctate, metapleuron and pro- podeal side appearing very coarsely reticulate; abdomen red and blue ; clypeus as in fig. 36 *puncta Head and pleura moderately punctate, metapleuron and pro- pocleal side more or less ridged 19 19. Metapleuron with many large deep punctures, approximately anterior half highly glossy ; metanotal flange quite large ; thoracic pilosity entirely black; clypeus as in figure 27. *clypeata No such combination of characters 20 20. Metanotal flange very large, usually with a strong emargi- n at ion *violaceipennis Metanotal flange moderate or small, or if large without a prominent emargi nation 21 21. Metanotal flange small; thoracic pilosity mostly white; cell R4 (3rd submarginal) almost always twice as wide at bot- 17 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XX, No 1. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. tom as at top ; clypeus usually broadly transverse ; abdomen red and black *occidentalis No such combination of characters 22 Mesopleuron glossy, with abundant white sericeous hairs ; frontal depression deep and well-marked ; metapleuron rather crinkly ; pilosity of thorax mostly white ; metanotal flange usually large *sericea Mesopleuron distinctly reticulate, with no sericeous hairs, or with a few very short hairs; frontal depression moderate or small 23 Pilosity of thorax usually partly white except in eastern United States; abdomen usually red and dark blue; metapleuron more or less distinctly ridged * robust a Thoracic pilosity almost without exception entirely black ; abdomen red and black 24 Metanotal flange usually moderately large ; petiole about equal in length to hind coxa and trochanter together mickeli Metanotal flange always small ; petiole distinctly shorter than hind coxa and trochanter together ; Western Coast only. compact a Abdomen entirely black or blue-black 26 Abdomen entirely red, red and black, or red and blue 34 Clypeal margin with two small teeth (fig. 35) ; abdomen dark blue sonorensis differentia Clypeal margin without teeth 27 Abdomen distinctly black 28 Abdomen distinctly blue or blue-black 31 With a metanotal flange ; metapleuron with large distinct punc- tures, flat-topped ridges, and a glossy surface melaena Without a metanotal flange 29 Frontal suture rather deep to anterior ocellus; frontal depres- sion granulate, rather dull ; punctures of mesopleuron usually moderate in size, shallow and elongated posteriorly ; arolium very small, barely projecting beyond base of claws (fig. 28) luctuosa Frontal suture obsolescent in frontal depression ; frontal de- pression with smooth reticulation, frequently glossy ; punc- tures of mesopleuron usually large, round ; arolium dis- tinctly projecting between claws 30 Arolium medium to small in size (fig. 29) ; clypeus broadly, but not very strongly, bulging ; North America and Mexico. communis 18 January, 1940 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Arolium large (fig. 30) ; clypeus rather strongly bulging in center ; Central America communis alpestris 31. Clypeus highly glossy, moderately bulging, with a great many rather uniformly-sized large round punctures; frontal de- pression smoothly reticulate, crescent-shaped, well-defined by large punctures which are very abundant over all of frons except in the depression puncta Ctypeus with a moderate number of variable-sized punctures; frontal depression attenuated anteriorly, not well-defined by large punctures 32 32. Pleura very coarsely punctate, metapleuron and propodeal side appearing very coarsely reticulate; frontal suture usually appearing extremely wide ; frons granulate, with a great many large deep punctures argent if rons Pleura moderately punctate, metapleuron and propodeal side more or less prominently ridged; frontal suture usually distinct but not extremely wide; large punctures of frons sparse to moderate in number 33 33. Mesopleuron with surface creased into more or less prominent ridges; clypeus slightly to moderately bulging and with smooth reticulation; distributed throughout most of west- ern half of North America mexicana Mesopleuron with surface between punctures scarcely or not at all creased, but distinctly reticulate; clypeus usually moderately bulging and distinctly reticulate ; extreme southwestern United States parallela 34. Clypeal margin with teeth 35 Clypeal margin without teeth 39 35. A spur at apex of fore coxa within 36 No spur at apex of fore coxa within 37 36. Legs at least partly bright red ; clypeal margin with two small teeth ; without a metanotal flange morrisoni Legs black ; clypeal margin with several strong teeth ; with a metanotal flange valid a 37. Without a metanotal flange ; abdomen red and dark blue ; clypeal margin with two small teeth (fig. 39) sonorensis With a metanotal flange ; abdomen red and black or entirely red; clypeal margin with broad, strong teeth 38 38. Metanotal flange very large, slightly emarginate ; metapleuron with a very glossy surface between the punctures; length 15-18 mm clypeata ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XX, No 1. Metanotal flange moderately large; metapleuron with many large punctures, little surface between these punctures; length 20 mm montana 39. Propodeum with prominent pubescent patch on each side of petiole attachment pubescens Propodeum without prominent pubescent patch on each side of petiole attachment 40 40. Metanotal flange very large and with a strong emargination ; clypeus bulging only slightly in center, with many large and tiny punctures, distinctly reticulate, giving a dull appearance ; metapleuron with almost no regular ridges, anterior part reticulate or granulate, occasionally glossy. violaceipennis Metanotal flange moderate or small, or if large without a strong emargination 41 41. Clypeus bulging only very slightly in center, with many large punctures, surface reticulate ; abdomen red and black ; cell R4 (3rd submarginal) almost always twice as wide at bot- tom as at top ; metanotal flange small occidentalis No such combination of characters 42 42. Clypeus strongly bulging, reticulate, with many large punc- tures; mesopleuron with a great many tiny punctures and a smooth, highly glossy surface; frontal depression deep and fairly well marked ; metanotal flange usually large ; abdomen usually red and dark blue, rarely red and black. rarely entirely red sericea No such combination of characters 43 43. Petiole slender, distinctly longer than hind coxa ; clypeus moder- ately to rather strongly bulging, peak of bulge below mid- dle of clypeus dorso-ventrally ; clypeus reticulate through- out ; abdomen red and dark blue, rarely red and black. robust a Petiole rather stout, very slightly longer than hind coxa or even shorter; clypeus glossy between peak of bulge and margin ; abdomen red and black 44 44. Metanotal flange usually moderately large ; petiole about equal in length to hind coxa or slightly longer ; clypeus strongly bulging mickeli Metanotal flange always small; petiole distinctly shorter than hind coxa; clypeus moderately bulging; Western Coast only com pact a 20 January, 19^0 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA SYSTEMATIC TREATISE OF THE SPECIES 1. Podalonia morrisoni (Cameron) (Figures 5, 34, 39, 57) 1888. Ammophila morrisoni Cameron, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Hym. 2: 21. Male. 1903. Ammophila morrisoni Melander, Psyche 10: 156-164. Male. 1924. Psammophila nicholi Carter, Ent. News 35: 366. Female. 1927. Podalonia nicholi Fernald, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 71, Art. 9, pp. 17-20. Female, male. 1927. Podalonia morrisoni Fernald, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 71, Art. 9, p. 38. Male. Male. — (See figure 5 for genitalia.) Length 17 mm. Head : clypeal margin broadly truncate, central part arcing upwards slightly; clypeus somewhat reflexed; entire front of head be- tween eyes unusually narrow for genus; frontal suture dis- tinct and broad up to the moderately deep frontal depression, but obsolete in this depression ; frontal depression very minutely reticulate, with many tiny but no large punctures, rest of frons with many moderate-sized and tiny punctures ; pilosity of head white. Thorax: collar rather narrowly rounded; mesopleuron with many moderate-sized punctures, most of these with a small crescent-shaped ridge in front of them, and with very many tiny punctures ; metapleuron and propodeal side with the punc- tures confused, in no definite arrangement, surface more or less scratchy; propodeal disk with sharply defined ridges, those of anterior part slanting posteriorly from median line, those of posterior part running almost transversely ; no metanotal flange ; pilosity of thorax white, quite dense. Legs; fore coxa with spur on inner side; coxae and trochanters black, anterior por- tion of front and middle femora red, posterior portion black, hind femora entirely black except for red tip ; front and middle tibiae entirely red, hind tibiae red anteriorly and black pos- teriorly ; tarsi black. Petiole : black, with white pilosity an- teriorly. Abdomen : first segment red with several dorsal black spots, second and third segments red, fourth red ventrally and black dorsally, rest of abdomen black. Female.- — Length 18 mm. Head : clypeus very broadly but not strongly bulging ; clypeal margin with two teeth, each tooth about as close to middle of clypeal margin as to nearest eye ; eyes slightly converging below; frons with a moderate number of 21 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XX, No 1. large punctures, a very large number of tiny punctures, the tiny punctures almost giving a reticulated appearance to the surface ; frontal suture evident to anterior ocellus, but tending to become obsolescent in frontal depression; pilosity of head white. Thorax : a weak silvery pubescent patch beside petiole attachment; pilosity of thorax white, not as heavy as in male. Legs : all coxae, a line on posterior side of fore and middle and all of hind trochanters, black, otherwise legs red. Abdomen: entirely red. Redescribed from a male collected in Imperial Co., California, May 1911 (J. C. B rid well) ; female redescribed from the holotype of P. nicholi (Carter), collected in Tucson, Arizona, April 5, 1924 (A. A. Nichol) ; both are located in the collection of the University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn. Holotype. — Male, Northern Sonora, Mexico (Morrison). Ac- cording to H. T. Fernald, and confirmed by R. B. Benson, the type specimen cannot be located in the British Museum, and a specimen labelled “ Ammo pliila morrisoni Cam. Type” is a female sonorensis. The figure of the genitalia (see note on Cameron’s drawings under the section “Methods and Materials”) and the original description are available for comparisons. Allotype. — Female, Tucson, Arizona, April 5, 1924 (A. A. Nichol). The holotype of nicholi Carter becomes the allotype of morrisoni. Fernald (1927) designated an allotype male of nicholi. This specimen was collected in Southern California, and is deposited in the collection of the American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, Pa. Specimens examined : 1 J*, 6 § ; total specimens 7. California: Imperial Co., 4 $, May 1911 (J. C. Bridwell) [USNM, UM] ; Los Angeles Co., '§ [USNM]. Variations. — Female: margin of clypeus may become worn and cause teeth to show less distinctly ; larger punctures of mesopleuron may be practically absent; mesopleuron may have short, moderately strong ridges ; posterior trochanters may be partly red. The series of specimens examined indicates that only one species is involved, and that nicholi must become a synonym of morrisoni. This is substantiated by the original descriptions of morrisoni and nicholi and the genitalia drawing by Cameron as compared with specimens at hand. 22 January, 1940 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 2. Podalonia luctuosa (Smith) (Figures 1, 28, 48, 63) 1856. Ammophila luctuosa Smith, Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus. 4: 224. Female. ?1865. Ammophila communis Cresson, Proc. Phila. Ent. Soc. 4: 462. Male (in part). 1865. Ammophila luctuosa Cresson, Proc. Phila. Ent. Soc. 4: 462. Female (in part). ?1867. Ammophila luctuosa Saussure, Reise d. Novara, Zool. 2, pt. 1, Hym., p. 25. Female. 1882. Ammophila luctuosa Provancher, Natural. Canad. 13: 13. Female. 1882. Ammophila communis Provancher, Natural. Canad. 13: 13. Male (in part). 1883. Ammophila luctuosa Provancher, Faun, entom. Canad. Hym. 2: 614. Female. 1883. Ammophila communis Provancher, Faun, entom. Canad. Hym. 2: 614. Male (in part). ?1888. Ammophila luctuosa Cameron, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Hym. 2: 23. Female. 1902. Psammophila luctuosa Melander & Brues, Biol. Bui. 3: 40-42. Female (in part). 1902. Psammophila communis Melander & Brues, Biol. Bui. 3: 40-42. Male (in part). 1902. Psammophila pacifica Melander & Brues, Biol. Bui. 3: 40-42. Male. 1903. Ammophila luctuosa Melander, Psyche 10: 156-164. Female (in part). 1903. Ammophila pacifica Melander, Psyche 10: 156-164. Male. 1903. Ammophila violaceipennis Melander, Psyche 10: 156-164. Male (in part). 1908. Psammophila luctuosa H. S. Smith, Univ. Nebr. Studies 8: 330-331. Female (in part). 1917. Psammophila violaceipennis Mickel, Univ. Nebr. Studies 17: 87-88. Male (in part). 1917. Psammophila luctuosa Mickel, Univ. Nebr. Studies 17: 87-88. Female (in part). 1917. Psammophila violaceipennis Rohwer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 53: 241. Male only. ?1917. Psammophila luctuosa Rohwer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 53: 241. Female (in part). 23 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XX, No 1. 1917. Psammophila luctuosa Rohwer, Conn. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv. 22: 681. Female. 1917. Psammophila violaceipennis Rohwer, Conn. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv. 22: 681. Male (in part). 1925. Psammophila luctuosa Carter, Canad. Ent. 57: 132. Female only (in part). ?1925. Psammophila violaceipennis Carter, Canad. Ent. 57: 132. Male (in part) . 1927. Podalonia luctuosa Fernald, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 71, Art. 9, pp. 21-26. Female only (in part). 1927. Poclalonia violaceipennis Fernald, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 71, Art. 9, pp. 30-37. Male only (in part). 1929. Podalonia violaceipennis Bequaert, Bui. Brook. Ent. Soc. 24: 220-221. Male, female (in part). ?1930. Podalonia luctuosa Newcomer, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 31 : 17-43. Female (in part). 1931. Podalonia violaceipennis form luctuosa Fernald, Canad. Ent. 63: 278-279. Female (in part). ?1931. Podalonia luctuosa Hicks, Pan-Pacific Ent. 8: 49-51. Female. ?1931. Podalonia luctuosa Hicks, Bui. Southern Calif. Acad. Sci. 30: 75-82. Female. ?1932. Podalonia violaceipennis form luctuosa Hicks, Psyche 39: 150-154. Female. Male. — (See figure 1 for genitalia.) Length 17 mm. Head : clypeus broadly truncate, with no central emargination ; frontal suture distinct to anterior ocellus; a broad and quite shallow frontal depression; surface of frontal depression finely reticu- late and with very many small punctures, rest of frons with only a few small punctures but with numerous large punctures ; pilosity of head black. Thorax : collar narrowly rounded ; rec- tangle with rather shallow, moderate-sized punctures, meso- pleuron with these punctures elongated ; metapleuron with the moderate-sized punctures elongated and with fine ridges be- tween them ; propodeal side with many moderate-sized to small punctures, fine ridges as on metapleuron ; tiny punctures scarcely evident anywhere on thorax, but the surface is rough- ened or reticulate ; no metanotal flange ; pilosity of thorax en- tirely white except on anterior part of prothorax, where it is black. Wings: vein R5 (2nd transverse cubital) nearly per- pendicular to vein Rs (radial). Abdomen : first two, and ante- rior half of third, segments red, rest of abdomen black. 24 January, 1940 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Female. — Length 16 mm. At first glance appearing quite different from male; structurally, however, practically identi- cal except for usual sexual differences. Head : clypeus slightly to very moderately bulging in middle, sloping gradually to upper edge, which is curved and not very distinctly marked ; surface of clypeus with many large punctures, very few small punctures, distinctly reticulate on upper half but rather glossy on lower part ; frontal depression distinctly reticulate. Thorax : pilosity black. Legs : arolium very small, barely projecting beyond base of claws. Abdomen : entirely black. Redescribed from a male and a female located in the collection of the University of Minnesota at St. Paul, Minn. Male, Parkdale, Colorado, June 15, 1926 (E. G. Anderson) ; female, Westcliff, Colo- rado, June 19, 1926 (E. G. Anderson). Holotype. — Female, Rocky Mountains. It is located in the Brit- ish Museum (Natural History) in London. Allotype. — Male; the holotype of pacifica becomes the allotype of luctuosa. It was collected at Pacific Grove, California, July 9, 1897, by Miss Rose Patterson, and is now located in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass. Specimens examined: 722 747 5; total specimens 1469. Luctuosa has been collected in the following states and provinces : Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Michigan (May 21-Oct. 12), Wisconsin, Minnesota (May 16-Sept. 15), North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Montana (Apr. 26-Aug. 16), Wyoming, Colorado (Mar. 20-Nov. 1), New Mexico, Utah (Mar. 11-Oct. 4), Arizona, Idaho, Nevada, Washington (Mar. 21-Sept. 9), Oregon, California (Jan.- Dee.), Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia, Yukon Territory. Variations. — Rarely with a very slight metanotal flange; rarely with frontal suture obsolescent or entirely obsolete ; in eastern speci- mens rectangle usually with fine ridges running forwards and down- wards, these not usually present in western specimens ; in some west- ern specimens punctures of rectangle may be rather large, deep and round, almost as in communis. Male : length 12-20 mm. ; in eastern United States and Canada pilosity usually entirely black, in western United States and Canada pilosity usually white on most of thorax ; all gradations between the two conditions found in Minnesota; clypeal margin occasionally not broadly truncate but more rounded, sometimes making an extra bend before extending transversely to center; frontal depression sometimes with only a few punctures; 25 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XX, No 1. rarely pilosity of cheeks white, though with a few hairs black basally, and tips of a few hairs on frons white, otherwise head black pilose. Female : length 12-20 mm. ; clypens rarely almost flat, with no bulge whatever ; upper edge of clypeus occasionally not defined at all ; arolium sometimes large enough to be confusing with communis ; one female with dull red spots on dorsum of first, second, and third abdominal segments. Luctuosa is extremely closely related to communis. The most reliable characters to use in separating these two species are given following the description of communis. 3. Podalonia communis (Cresson) (Figures 2, 29, 47, 62) 1865. Ammophila communis Cresson, Proc. Phila. Ent. Soc. 4: 462. Male (in part). 1865. Ammophila luctuosa Cresson, Proc. Phila. Ent. Soc. 4: 462. Female (in part). ?1867. Ammophila luctuosa Saussure, Reise D. Novara, Zool. 2, pt. 1, Hym., p. 25. Female. ?1888. Ammophila luctuosa Cameron, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Hym. 2: 23. Female. f 1888. Ammophila piceiventris Cameron, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Hym. 2: 22. Female. 1888. Ammophila piceiventris var. Cameron, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Hym. 2: 22. Female. 1902. Psammophila luctuosa Melander & Brues, Biol. Bui. 3: 40-42. Female (in part). 1902. Psammophila communis Melander & Brues, Biol. Bui. 5: 40-42. Male (in part). ?1903. Ammophila piceiventris Melander, Psyche 10: 156-164. Female. 1903. Ammophila luctuosa Melander, Psyche 10: 156-164. Female (in part). 1903. Ammophila violaceipennis Melander, Psyche 10: 156-164. Male (in part). 1908. Psammophila luctuosa H. S. Smith, Univ. Nebr. Studies 8: 330-331. Female (in part). 1917. Psammophila violaceipennis Mickel, Univ. Nebr. Studies 17: 87-88. Male (in part). 1917. Psammophila luctuosa Mickel, Univ. Nebr. Studies 17: 87-88. Female (in part). 1917. Psammophila luctuosa Rohwer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 53: 241. Female. 26 January, 1940 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 1925. Psammopltila luctuosa Carter, Canad. Ent. 57: 132. Female only (in part). ?1925. Psammopltila violaceipennis Carter, Canad. Ent. 57: 132. Male (in part). 1927. Podalonia luctuosa Fernald, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 71, Art. 9, pp. 21-26. Female only (in part). 1927. Podalonia violaceipennis Fernald, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 71, Art. 9, pp. 30-37. Male only (in part). 1929. Podalonia violaceipennis Bequaert, Bnl. Brook. Ent. Soc. 24: 220-221. Male, female (in part). 1930. Podalonia luctuosa Newcomer, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 31 : 17-43. Female (in part). ?1931. Podalonia luctuosa Hicks, Pan-Pacific Ent. 8: 49-51. Female. ?1931. Podalonia luctuosa Hicks, Bui. Southern Calif. Acad. Sci. 30: 75-82. Female. 1931. Podalonia violaceipennis form luctuosa Fernald, Canad. Ent. 63: 278-279. Female (in part). ?1932. Podalonia violaceipennis form luctuosa Hicks, Psyche 39 : 150-154. Female. Male. — (See figure 2 for genitalia.) Length 15 mm. Head : clypeal margin narrowly transverse, transverse part about equal in length to each side part; clypeus almost flat across central part, but bending down to lateral margin ; frontal suture weak, entirely obsolete in front of ocellus ; frontal depression small, smoothly reticulate and with many small punctures, rest of frons similar but also with many large punctures; pilosity of head black. Thorax: collar narrowly rounded; rectangle with many large round punctures, surface reticulate and without ridges; mesopleuron with many large round punctures, those lower down tending to elongate slightly ; metapleuron with the moderate-sized punctures slightly elon- gated and with fine ridges between them; propodeal side with many moderate-sized punctures, fine ridges as on metapleuron ; tiny punctures scarcely evident anywhere on thorax, but the surface is roughened or reticulate ; no metanotal flange ; pilosity of prothorax and mesonotum black, of rest of thorax white. Wings : vein R5 (2nd transverse cubital) slanting somewhat out- wardly from junction with vein Rs (radial). Abdomen: first, second, and anterior half of third segments red, rest of abdomen black. Female. — Length 15.5 mm. At first glance appearing quite different from male ; structurally, however, practically 27 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XX, No 1. identical except for the usual sexual differences. Head : cly- peus moderately bulging in middle, receding as much laterally as ventrally, receding more rapidly dorsally to form a dis- tinctly marked upper edge ; frontal depression smoothly reticu- late, somewhat glossy. Thorax : pilosity black. Legs : aro- lium small, but showing entirely free between claws. Abdo- men : entirely black. Redescribed from a male and a female located in the collection of the University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn. Male, Pingree Park, Larimer Co., Colorado, Ang. 20, 1926 (R. W. Dawson) ; female, Westcliff, Colorado, June 9, 1926 (E. G. Anderson). The male was compared with the holotype. Holotype. — Male, Colorado. It is in the collection of the American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, Pa. Allotype. — The female described herein is designated as the allotype. Piceiventris was described by Cameron, the description appear- ently being based on one female specimen. R. B. Benson found that this agrees with communis in structure, and believed it to be merely a variety of that species. The type was collected at Quetz- altenango, Guatemala. It is not possible to decide conclusively whether or not piceiventris should rank as a distinct species until additional specimens have been collected from this geographical region. Specimens examined: 592 J1, 774 J; total specimens 1366. Com- munis has been collected in the following states, provinces, and countries: North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado (Mar. 19-Sept. 7), New Mexico, Utah (Apr. 8-Oct. 3), Arizona, Idaho, Nevada, Washington (Mar. 17-Oct. 15), Oregon, California (Apr. 8-Nov. 1), Alberta, British Columbia (Apr. 5-Nov. 10), Mexico. Variations. — Rarely with a very slight metanotal flange; oc- casionally frontal suture very distinct to anterior ocellus, some- times suture entirely absent except for short distance between the antennal bases ; pleura sometimes with very coarse irregular ridges. Male : length 12-18 mm. ; abdomen occasionally all black except for red on apex of first and base of second segments; transverse part of clypeal margin sometimes curved upwards in middle. Female : length 11-18 mm. ; lower margin of clypeus sometimes quite ir- regular ; in one specimen first dorsal abdominal segment dark red. Communis is very closely related to luctuosa. The males of these two species are best and most easily separated by the male 28 January, 1940 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA genitalia and by the shape of the clypeal margin, which is narrowly transverse in communis and broadly transverse in luctuosa. It is frequently necessary to use a combination of characters in order to separate the females. In communis: frontal suture obsolescent in frontal depression ; frontal depression with smooth reticulation, fre- quently glossy ; punctures of mesopleuron large and round ; arolium small, but distinctly projecting between claws; vein R5 (2nd trans- verse cubital) slanting somewhat outwardly from the junction with vein Rs (radial) ; upper edge of clypeus distinctly and rather deeply marked. In luctuosa: frontal suture rather deep to an- terior ocellus ; frontal depression granulate, rather dull ; punctures of mesopleuron moderate in size, elongated posteriorly and fre- quently with fine ridges between them ; arolium very small, barely projecting beyond base of claws; vein R5 (2nd transverse cubital) nearly perpendicular to vein Rs (radial) ; upper edge of clypeus frequently not very distinctly marked. 4. Podalonia communis subspecies intermedia new subspecies (Figure 62) Male. — Length 14 mm. Head, thorax and abdomen black. Pilosity of head, prothorax, mesonotum and part of meso- pleuron black, of most of mesopleuron and metapleuron white ; propodeum with bluish-black and black pilose hairs, with a few white hairs; petiole with black pilosity. Female. Unknown. Holotype. — Male, Dist. Fedrl., Mexico (L. Conradt). It is de- posited in the United States National Museum, Washington, D. C. This subspecies is structurally identical with the typical com- munis. Its abdomen is entirely black instead of red and black, and the pilosity is black over a greater part of the thorax than in com- munis. The holotype is the only known specimen of this subspecies. 5. Podalonia communis subspecies alpestris (Cameron) (Figures 30, 46, 62) 1856. Ammophila atriceps Smith, Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus. 4: 221. Male only. 1888. Ammophila alpestris Cameron, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Hym. 2: 21. Male. 1903. Ammophila alpestris Melander, Psyche 10: 156-164. Male. 1927. Podalonia violaceipennis Fernald, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 71, Art. 9, pp. 30-37. Male (in part). 29 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XX, No 1. Male. — Length 14 mm. Clypeal margin narrowly trans- verse, the central part arcing upwards slightly; pilosity of head mixed black and white on clypeus, black on frons and vertex, white on cheeks. Female. — Length 16 mm. Clypeus slightly more bulging in middle than in typical communis ; arolium large, being con- siderably larger than in typical communis and almost as large as. in violaceipennis. The description of the male is from Cameron’s paratype, this having been compared with the holotype by Dr. R. B. Benson; data for this specimen: Volcan cle Cliiriqui, 4000-6000 ft. (Champion). It is located in the British Museum (Natural History) in London. The description of the female is from a specimen located in the United States National Museum, Washington, D. C. ; data for this specimen: La Carpentera, Costa Rica, April 1924 (H. W. Atkinson). Holotype. — Male, Volcan de Chiriqui 4000-6000 ft. (Cham- pion). It is located in the British Museum (Natural History), London. Allotype. — The female described herein is designated as the allotype. Ammophila atriceps was described by Smith in 1856 from a female and a male collected in Mexico. According to Fernald (1927), and confirmed by R. B. Benson (in lit.), the holotype can- not be located in the British Museum. Therefore the original de- scription only is available for comparison. Since Smith described the female of atriceps first, the female must stand as the type of the species on the basis of priority. The description of the female indicates, however, that Smith did not have a specimen of Poda- lonia but instead a specimen of Sphex. Smith mentions that the thorax has long thin griseous pubescence, and in North America this occurs in the female of only one species of Podalonia, namely P. morrisoni. The description indicates that morrisoni could not be the species in question. Further, his description of atriceps is placed among the descriptions of other species of Spliex, and he does not mention the petiole as being short. He mentions that the petiole is short in all the species of New World Podalonia which he personally studied. The species atriceps must therefore be placed in the genus Sphex. There is one male specimen, located in the British Museum, which may be considered as the male type of atriceps. This male, however, is a Podalonia. In the males of Podalonia the first ab- dominal tergite is not as conspicuously expanded as it is in the 30 January, 1940 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA females. Smith apparently confused this condition with the con- dition in Sphex. The female and male of atriceps were appar- ently collected at the same locality and Smith assumed them to belong to the same species. Dr. Benson studied the male type of atriceps and found it to be conspecific with Podalonia alpestris. Specimens examined : 21 J1, 4 2 ; total specimens 25. Costa Rica: La Carpentera, 19 April 1924 (W. M. Mann) [USNM, UM] ; San Jose, 1928 (M. Valerio) [USNM] ; Volcano Arazu, 2, Feb. 23, 1902 (L. Bruner) [UN] ; Volcano Arazu, 2 2? June 22, 1902 (M. Cary) [UN]. Variations. — Male: clypeal margin more variable than in com- munis, in some specimens margin exactly as in typical communis, in others more broadly truncate and frequently arcing upwards in center. There may be some question as to whether alpestris should rank as a subspecies of communis or as a distinct species. There are not enough data at present to give a conclusive decision. Present data show that alpestris has a distribution range which is adjacent to that of communis but does not overlap it. Several structural char- acters show slight modifications, but the genitalia are identical with communis. The modifications exhibited by alpestris may be at least indirectly caused by the extension of communis far into the tropical region. 6. Podalonia sonorensis (Cameron) (Figures 3, 35, 45, 53) 1888. Ammophila sonorensis Cameron, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Hym. 2: 21. Male, female. 11903. Ammophila sonorensis Melander, Psyche 10: 156-164. Female. ?1903. Ammophila violaceipennis Melander, Psyche 10: 156- 164. Male (in part). 1927. Podalonia sonorensis Fernald, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 71, Art. 9, pp. 20-21. Female. 1927. Podalonia violaceipennis Fernald, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 71, Art. 9, pp. 30-37. Male (in part). Male. — (See figure 3 for genitalia.) Length 10 mm. Head : clypeal margin extending downwards and somewhat inwards from eyes for a short distance, then slightly more inwards for about an equal distance, then transversely to center, transverse part about one-third length of entire mar- gin; clypeus appearing slightly concave below middle from 31 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XX, No 1. nearly one side to the other, giving a reflexed appearance; frontal suture weak, a very thin line visible to anterior ocellus ; frontal depression very slight, granulate; rest of frons reticu- late, with large punctures, only a very few tiny punctures; pilosity of head black. Thorax : collar rather narrowly rounded ; rectangle with many large punctures, some with short ridges between them; meso- and metapleura and propo- deal side with many large punctures so close together as to give a very coarsely reticulated appearance; no metanotal flange ; pilosity of thorax black. Petiole : black, slightly bulg- ing ventrally on posterior half. Abdomen: first two and an- terior half of third segments red, rest of abdomen dark bluish- black. Female. — Length 14 mm. Head : clypeus quite bulging in middle dorso-ventrally, bulge receding quite strongly above; clypeus with many large deep punctures, a few small punc- tures; surface of dorsal and lateral areas shallowly reticulate, rest of clypeus glossy; clypeal margin with a small tooth far out on each side. Petiole ■ about as long as hind coxa. Ab- domen : first segment dark blue-black with a red border, second and third red with some dorsal black markings, the third with a black posterior border, rest of abdomen dark blue. Redescribed from a male collected at Las Vegas, New Mexico, now located in the collection of Massachusetts State College, and from a female collected at Starkville, Colorado, June 13, 1919, now located in the collection of the American Museum of Natural His- tory at New York. Both were compared with the type located in the British Museum (Natural History) by R. B. Benson. Holotype. — Female, Northern Sonora, Mexico (Morrison). It is located in the British Museum (Natural History), London. In the British Museum is a female labelled “ Ammophila morrisoni Cam. Type” which is not that species at all but is a female sonor- ensis, this having been determined by Dr. R. B. Benson. Allotype. — Male, Northern Sonora, Mexico (Morrison). This was apparently deposited in this museum, but, according to Fernald, all that remains is a mount of the genitalia. Specimens examined : 2 J1, 1 § ; total specimens 3. Colorado: West cliff, [HF]. This species is related to communis, though the relationship is not a very close one. The female can be distinguished from com- munis by the small clypeal teeth and the red on the abdomen. The male can be distinguished from the male of communis as follows. 32 January, 1940 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA In sonor ensis: clypeus slightly reflexed; pleura with large punc- tures so numerous and close together as to give a very coarsely reticulated appearance; pilosity of thorax entirely black. In com- munis: clypeus almost flat across central part but bending down to lateral margin; pleura with many punctures which are well separated ; pilosity of prothorax and mesonotum may be black, but that of rest of thorax almost always entirely white. 7. Podalonia sonor ensis subspecies differentia new subspecies (Figure 53) 1927. Podalonia luctuosa Fernald, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 71, Art. 9, pp. 21-26. Male. 1927. Podalonia argentifrons Fernald, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 71, Art. 9, pp. 26-30. Male (in part). 1931. Podalonia violaceipennis form luctuosa Fernald, Canad. Ent. 63: 278-279. Male. Male. — Length 10 mm. Head and thorax black. Legs piceous. Abdomen dark bluish-black. Female. — Length 14 mm. Head and thorax black. Ab- domen dark bluish-black. Holotype. — Male, Troublesome, Colorado, June 9, 1908 (S. A. Rohwer), located in the United States National Museum at Wash- ington, D. C. Allotype. — Female, Yellowstone Nat. Park, Wyoming, July 9, 1930, located in the American Museum of Natural History, New York. Specimens examined : 5 lCf, 2 § ; total specimens 7. Paratypes. — Colorado: Powderhorn, June 23, 1926 (E. G. Anderson) [UM]. Montana: J [AES]. North Dakota: Bowman, J', June 23, 1918 (O. A. Stevens) [OS]. Alberta: Lethbridge, 2 June 5, 29, 1922 (W. Carter) [CNM, UM]. Variations. — The piceous color of the legs of the holotype is merely a superficial variation. The abdomen is sometimes decid- edly bluish. Male : length 10-12 mm. Except for the color differences of the abdomen, this subspecies is identical with sonorensis in all important characters, including the male genitalia. Since both sonorensis and differentia occur over a wide but scarcely overlapping geographical range, and because of the lack of any structural differences, it is believed best to consider them as subspecies of the same species. 33 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XX, No 1. The holotype male has caused confusion by the belief that it was the long sought male of luctuosa. It was caught at the same time and place as a female of communis, but it was not in copulation with it and has no connection with that species. The male resembles communis subspecies intermedia superficially, but differs by the same structural characters that separate sonorensis from communis. The female resembles communis and luctuosa, but is easily dis- tinguished by the shape of the clypeus and by the clypeal teeth. 8. Podalonia melaena new species (Figures 9, 37, 40, 51) 1927. Podalonia argentifrons Fernald, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 71, Art. 9, pp. 26-30. Male, female (in part). ?1927. Podalonia luctuosa Fernald, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 71, Art. 9, pp. 21-26. Female (in part). Male. — (See figure 9 for genitalia.) Length 19 mm. Head : clypeal margin very broadly truncate, a very slight central emargination ; distal part of clypeus prominently reflexed ; frontal suture distinct to anterior ocellus, though weaker in the slight frontal depression; frontal depression finely reticulate and with tiny punctures, rest of frons similar but with many large punctures ; pilosity of head black. Thorax : collar rather narrowly rounded; mesopleuron with many deep large punc- tures ; from some of the tiny punctures arise short white seri- ceous hairs ; mesopleuron very finely and indistinctly reticulate and moderately glossy ; metapleuron with deep large punctures arranged more or less in rows, coarse flat-topped ridges between most of these rows, this flat surface rather glossy and with occasional tiny punctures ; propodeal side with large punctures more numerous than on metapleuron, in more regular rows, and with ridges more numerous, more regular, and more sharply defined ; metanotal flange moderate in size ; pilosity of thorax black or bluish-black. Petiole: black, long, curved slightly before junction with first abdominal tergite. Abdomen: en- tirely black with no bluish reflection ; white sericeous hairs quite abundant on latter part of first, all of second, and anterior part of third tergites. Female. — Length 17 mm. Head : clypeus only slightly bulging in center, large punctures irregular in size and shape, most numerous on sides, tiny punctures scattered, surface weakly reticulate. Thorax: short ridges anterior to most of the large punctures on mesothorax, very few tiny punctures on 34 January, 1940 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA this plate ; surface of entire pleura rather glossy. Abdomen : slender, black, but in certain lights several of the segments, especially the fourth and fifth, may have an almost indiscernible bluish tint. Holotype. — Male, Boulder, Colorado, July 3, 1922; it is located in the American Museum of Natural History at New York. Allotype. — Female, Kits Peak Rincon Baboquivari Mts., Arizona, Aug. 1-4, 1916 ; it is located in the American Museum of Natural History, New York. Specimens examined : 11 J1, 7 5 ; total specimens 18. Paratypes. — - Arizona : Santa Cruz Village, Cobabi Mts., $, Aug. 10-12, 1916 [AMNH] ; Tucson, J (F. H. Snow) [KU] ; Tucson, July 10, 1938 (R. H. Baker) [RB] ; Chihuahua City, 2, Aug. 16-18, *1906 (P. P. Calvert) [HF]. Variations. — Male : length 15-18 mm. ; clypeal margin somewhat variable, in some cases with a broad central emargination ; propodeal side sometimes with some surface between the punctures. Female : length 16-22 mm. ; large punctures on upper part of frons occasion- ally elongated. One female which was stylopized shows strong tendencies towards maleness ; the dorsal part of the third and fourth, and all of the fifth and sixth segments are black, and the sericeous hairs of the head and pleura are more developed than usual for the females. The prominent pubescent patches on the propodeal end are very distinctive for this species. The male of montana, however, has a slight patch on the propodeum on each side of the petiole attach- ment, and also conspicuous sericeous hairs on the pleura, and might cause confusion. The shape of the clypeus is useful in separating the males of these two species, being more nearly flat in montana and with the margin more smoothly bending laterally and with a broader transverse section. The genitalia of these two species are 48 April, 1940 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA quite similar. The female of montana is at once distinguished from the female of pubescens by the toothed clypeus. 15. Podalonia clypeata new species (Figures 10, 27, 33, 54) ?1908. Psammophila grossa H. S. Smith, Univ. Nebr. Studies 8: 330-331. Female (in part). ?1908. Psammophila violaceipennis H. S. Smith, Univ. Nebr. Studies 8: 330-331. Male (in part). 1917. Psammophila grossa Mickel, Univ. Nebr. Studies 17: 87-88. Female (in part) . 1917. Psammophila violaceipennis Mickel, Univ. Nebr. Studies 17: 87-88. Male (in part) . 1927. Podalonia violaceipennis Fernald, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 71, Art. 9, pp. 30-37. Male (in part). Male. — (See figure 10 for genitalia.) Length 14 mm. Head : clypeal margin extending downwards and somewhat inwards for a short distance, then bending and extending farther inwards for a longer distance, this part with a very slight upward curve, then bending inwards to the middle, with a conspicuous central emargination ; clypeus strongly bulging in center, distinctly concave between center and margin ; fron- tal suture moderately strong; frontal depression very small, evident immediately in front of anterior ocellus only; frons with many large punctures and a great many tiny ones, surface glossy, pilosity of head black. Thorax .- collar moderately rounded ; mesopleuron with large punctures abundant and quite deep and distinct, and with scattered tiny punctures, surface with smooth reticulation, almost glossy; metapleuron with a great many large punctures, some tending to form rows, almost no tiny punctures; anteriorly with surface glossy, posteriorly reticulated and weakly ridged; propodeal side with large punc- tures extremely numerous and forming more or less distinct rows separated by ridges, surface between punctures glossy; metanotal flange very large, slightly emarginate; pilosity of thorax entirely black. Wings : almost hyaline. Abdomen : first two segments red, third red except for a narrow posterior band, rest of abdomen black ; abdomen somewhat compressed, rather unusual for the genus. Female. — Length 15 mm. Head : clypeal margin with two broad emarginate teeth ; clypeus quite bulging in center, with many large and tiny punctures, surface faintly reticulate later- 49 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XX, No. 2 ally, glossy elsewhere ; pilosity of head black. Wings : moder- ately fuliginous. Abdomen : with the slightly compressed appearance as in male; first three and anterior half of fourth segments bright orange-red, rest of abdomen black. Holotype. — Male, Halsey, Nebraska, Aug. 29, 1924 (B. W. Daw- son) ; it is deposited in the collection of the University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn. Allotype. — Female, Middle Biver, Minnesota, Aug. 9, 1935 (D. G. Denning) ; it is deposited in the collection of the University of Minnesota. Specimens examined : 11 24 2 ; total specimens 35. Paratypes. — Kansas: 2 [AES] • $, Aug. 28, 1898 [AES] ; Graham Co., 2, Aug. 16, 1912 (F. X. Williams) [KU] ; Phillips Co., 2> Aug. 30, 1912 (F. X. Williams) [KU, UM] ; Biley Co., Sept. 11 (G. A. Dean) [UM] ; Biley Co., Sept. 30 (J. B. Norton) [KSC] ; Trego Co., 2, July 12, 1912 (F. X. Williams) [KU] ; Wallace, 2, July 1885 [KSC] ; Wichita Co., 2 (F. X. Williams) [KU]. Minnesota: Anoka Co., Sand Dunes, 2? Aug. 3, 1933 (A. C. Hod- son) [UM]. Montana: 2 [AES] ; Hamilton, J', July 30, 1928 [MSC] . Nebraska: Halsey, J', 2 2? Aug. 11, 14, 15, 1925 (B. W. Dawson) [UM, BM] ; Halsey, 2 2, Aug. 12, 1912 ( J. T. Zimmer) [UN] ; Mon- roe Canon, Sioux Co., 4 2? Aug. 3, 21, 1908 (B. W. Dawson) [UN] ; Monroe Canon, Sioux Co., Aug. 9, 1908 (L. Bruner) [UM] ; Sioux Co, 2 2 [UN] ; West Point, 2 2 [UN]. Oklahoma: Cherokee, 2? July 4, 1934 (A. E. Pritchard) [OAMC]. Oregon: Camp Umatilla, June 27, 1882 [MCZ]. Washington : Colville V, Loon Lake, July 25, 1882 [MCZ] ; Little Spokane, 3 July 26, 1882 [MCZ, UM]. Unlabeled: 2> Aug. 28, 1898 [AES]. Variations. — Male: length 14— 16 mm. ; some variation in extent of red on abdomen; rarely surface of metapleuron mostly wavy, glossy only anteriorly. Female : length 15-18 mm. ; wings some- times almost hyaline; occasionally mesopleuron with moderately strong ridges, the glossy surface being quite reduced in extent; abdomen sometimes very strongly compressed. The male of this species is most similar to the male of violacei- pennis. In clypeata: clypeal margin conspicuously emarginate in center, curving of margin distinctive as shown in figure 27 ; only a slight frontal depression, and surface of almost entire frons glossy ; almost entire anterior half of metapleuron glossy ; metanotal flange 50 April, 1940 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA conspicuously but not deeply emarginate. In violaceipennis: clypeal margin scarcely if at all emarginate in center; a large and distinct frontal depression, surface of depression finely reticulate and dull ; anterior part of metapleuron usually finely reticulate ; metanotal flange large and deeply emarginate. Tlie female of this species is distinct from the females of all other species except montana by the shape of the clypeal teeth. The size and shape of the metanotal flange, as well as other structural char- acters, separate this species from montana. Small specimens of valida might be confused with this species, but that species has a spur on the anterior coxa. 16. Poclalonia violaceipennis (LePeletier) (Figures 16, 22, 49) 1845. Ammophila violaceipennis LePeletier, Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym. 3: 370. Female. 1856. Ammophila violaceipennis Smith, Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus. 4: 224. 1856. Ammophila cementaria Smith, Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus. 4: 224. Female. 1902. Psammophila violaceipennis Melander & Brues, Biol. Bui. 3: 40-42. 1902. Psammophila communis Melander & Brues, Biol. Bui. 3: 40-42. Male (in part). 1903. Ammophila violaceipennis Melander, Psyche 10: 156- 164. Male, female (in part). ?1903. Ammophila grossa Melander, Psyche 10: 156-164. Fe- male (in part). 1908. Psammophila violaceipennis H. S. Smith, Univ. Nebr. Studies 8: 330-331. Male (in part). ?1911. Ammophila sp. Turner, Psyche 18: 13-14. Female. 1915. Psammophila violaceipennis Parker, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 17: 70-77. Female. 1917. Psammophila violaceipennis Mickel, Univ. Nebr. Studies 17 : 87-88. Male, female (in part). ?1917. Psammophila grossa Mickel, Univ. Nebr. Studies 17 : 87- 88. Female (in part). 1917. Psammophila violaceipennis Rohwer, Conn. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv. 22: 681. Male, female (in part). 1927. Podalonia violaceipennis Fernald, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 71, Art. 9, p. 17. Male, female (in part). 51 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XX, No. 2 1936. Podalonia violaceipennis Balduf, Canad. Ent. 68: 137- 138. Female (in part). ?1936. Podalonia violaceipennis Krombein, Ent. News 47: 93- 99. Female. Male. — (See figure 16 for genitalia.) Length 16 mm. Head : clypeal margin extending downwards and somewhat in- wards for a short distance, then bending and extending inwards for an equal distance, then bending and running almost trans- versely but slightly upwards to center; clypeus slightly and very broadly depressed above margin, rather bulging on upper part ; frontal suture distinct to anterior ocellus ; frontal depres- sion moderately deep ; surface in frontal depression coarsely granulate, rest of frons with a moderate number of large and a considerable number of tiny punctures, surface more or less finely reticulate ; pilosity of head long, dense and black. Thorax : collar broadly rounded ; mesopleuron with many large punctures, tiny punctures moderately abundant on lower part of mesopleuron, surface rather dull, reticulate; metapleuron with many large punctures, those on posterior part rather elon- gated, almost no regular ridges, surface on extreme anterior part smooth and glossy, remainder of plate scratchy and rather dull ; propodeal side with many large punctures and broken ridges between them on the lower posterior part; pilosity of thorax entirely black. Petiole : slender. Abdomen : first seg- ment except at base, all of second, all except posterior dorsal part of third segments red, rest of abdomen black. Female. — Length 16 mm. Head : clypeus bulging only slightly in center, many moderate-sized punctures, surface prominently reticulate giving a dull appearance, tiny punctures very abundant and tending to blend in with the surface reticu- lation ; upper edge of clypeus weakly marked, smoothly rounded. Thorax : surface of metapleuron not as wavy as in male, distinctly reticulate except at extreme anterior end. Petiole : rather slender, length compared with length of hind coxa being 1.27 for petiole to 1 for coxa. Redescribed from a male and a female in the collection of the University of Minnesota; male, Halsey, Nebraska, Aug. 14, 1925 (R. W. Dawson) ; female, Hennepin Co., Minnesota, Aug. 5, 1930 (C. E. Mickel) . Holotype. — Female, Philadelphia; located in the Serville collec- tion. C. E. Mickel, while studying in Europe, found that the Ser- ville Hymenoptera collection containing many of LePeletier’s types 52 April, 1940 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA now forms a part of the Spinola collection. Therefore the type of violaceipennis is very probably in the Spinola collection which forms a part of the collections of the Mnseo Zoologia et Anatomia Com- parata della R. Universita, Torino, Italy. The holotype of viola- ceipennis has not been seen by any worker on this group since its original description. Since it was collected at Philadelphia, and since only one species of Podalonia has ever been taken near this region, this species is given the name violaceipennis. Allotype. — The male described herein is designated as the allo- type. Specimens examined : 94 J', 149 J ; total specimens 243. Violaceipennis has been collected in the following states and prov- inces : New Hampshire, Massachusetts (June 25-Oct. 4), New York, New Jersey (May 30-Oct. 4), Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina (Apr. A-Nov. 6), Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota (June 3-Sept. 25), North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Ontario. Variations. — Male : length 11-20 mm. ; clypeal margin sometimes slightly emarginate in middle, at other times broadly truncate ; in one small specimen margin appearing almost rounded ; frontal suture usually not distinct its entire length; frontal depression sometimes rather deep, and small punctures sometimes extend over entire depression ; area of metapleuron which is glossy varying from only a very small anterior part to about one-third of plate ; rarely thoracic pilosity partially white. Female : length 13-20 mm. ; in large specimens clypeus occasionally bulging nearly as much as in some specimens of robusta ; sometimes surface of clypeus with very little reticulation, thus being rather glossy; upper edge of clypeus sometimes showing a very slight tendency towards being V-shaped, but almost never distinctly so. Rarely several punctures on meso- pleuron run together and tend to form weak ridges; metapleuron occasionally with short ridges in front of large punctures; length of petiole in comparison with hind coxa somewhat variable, in one specimen this proportion being 1.1 for petiole to 1 for coxa. Violaceipennis is most closely related to occidentalis, robust a, mickeli and clypeata. Violaceipennis and occidentalis are best dis- tinguished as follows. In the male violaceipennis: metapleuron without prominent ridges, but with moderate-sized punctures and a reticulate or granulate surface, anterior surface smoother and occasionally even glossy; metanotal flange very large and rather deeply emarginate; cell R4 (third submarginal) usually not much 53 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XX, No. 2 wider at bottom than at top. In the male occidentalis : punctures and ridges of metapleuron rather confused ; metanotal flange quite small and not emarginate ; cell R4 usually about twice as wide at bottom as at top. In the female violaceipennis : clypeus with many medium-sized punctures, surface reticulate and dull ; other charac- ters as in male. In occidentalis : punctures of clypeus quite large, surface reticulate but rather glossy. Violaceipennis and robust a are best distinguished as follows. In the male violaceipennis : clypeal margin more rounded, first bend from the eye being rather slight; metapleuron without prominent ridges; metanotal flange very large and rather deeply emarginate. In the male robusta: clypeal margin not evenly rounded, first bend from the eye being rather sharp ; metapleuron with distinct ridges, though they may be more or less broken ; metanotal flange moderate in size, broadly and weakly emarginate. In the female violaceipen- nis: clypeus only slightly bulging, and at least in center with only moderate-sized and tiny punctures; upper edge of clypeus only lightly marked ; other characters as in male. In the female robusta: clypeus moderately bulging, some punctures large; upper edge of clypeus very distinctly marked. The characters given in the key are most useful in separating violaceipennis from mickeli. If confusing variations occur it will be necessary to check the complete descriptions. The most useful char- acters to use in separating violaceipennis from clypeata are given following the description of clypeata. 17. Podalonia occidentalis new species (Figures 12, 24, 50) 1865. Ammopkila robusta Cresson, Proc. Phila. Ent. Soc. 4: 461-462. Female (in part). 1865. Ammopkila communis Cresson, Proc. Phila. Ent. Soc. 4: 461-462. Male (in part). ?1902. Psammopkila communis Melander & Brues, Biol. Bui. 3: 40-42. Male, female (in part). ?1903. Ammopkila grossa Melander, Psyche 10: 156-164. Male, female (in part). 1903. Ammopkila violaceipennis Melander, Psyche 10: 156-164. Male, female (in part). 1927. Podalonia violaceipennis Fernald, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 71, Art. 9, pp. 30-37. Male, female (in part). Male. — (See figure 12 for genitalia.) Length 14 mm. Head : clypeal margin extending downwards and slightly in- 54 April, 1940 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA wards for a short distance, then bending and extending almost transversely but slightly downwards for a shorter distance, there with a slight rounding, the margin then extending trans- versely to middle; clypeus moderately bulging above middle, slightly and broadly concave below middle ; a moderate, not well-defined crescent-shaped depression in front of anterior ocellus ; frontal suture distinct to ocellus, though much weaker in depression ; surface of depression as well as of rest of frons granulate ; frons with very large punctures, almost no tiny punctures ; pilosity of head black. Thorax : collar moderately rounded; mesopleuron reticulate, with many large punctures, a few tiny punctures, a few short white sericeous hairs on lower part; metapleuron and propocleal side with many large punc- tures and confused ridges; metanotal flange small; pilosity of prothorax and mesonotum black, of rest of thorax white. Wings: cell R4 (3rd submarginal) about twice as wide at bot- tom as at top. Abdomen: first except at base, all of second, third except posterior dorsal part, and ventral half of fourth segments red, rest of abdomen black. Female. — Length 16 mm. Clypeus bulging only very slightly in center, with many large punctures, surface reticu- late; upper margin of clypeus well-marked in the form of a broad, shallow V. Thorax : pilosity entirely black. Abdomen : first, second, third, and ventral part of fourth segments red, rest black with an almost indiscernible bluish tint. Holotype. — Male, Sargent, Colorado, June 24, 1929 (E. G. Ander- son) ; it is located in the collection of the University of Minnesota at St. Paul, Minn. Allotype. — Female, 22 mi. E. of Klamath Falls, Oregon, July 24, 1930 (H. A. Scullen) ; it is located in the collection of Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallis, Oregon. Specimens examined : 46 J1, 57 2 ; total specimens 103. Paratypes.- — Arizona: ^ [AES] ; Mt. Lemmon, Santa Catalina Mts., J, July 27, 1917 [RD]. California: Fallen Leaf Lake, El Dorado Co., J, July 1931 (0. H. Swezey) [CAS] ; Hackamore, Modoc N. F., J, June 3, 1931 (K. A. Salman) [USNM] ; Huntington Lake, 2 2, July 15, 1919 (F. E. Blaisdell) [CAS, UM] ; Huntington Lake, 3^,2, July 7, 12, 23, 1919 (E. P. Van Duzee) [CAS, UM] ; Modoc N. F., 2, June 26, 1931 (K. A. Salman) [USNM] ; Mt. Fallao, J', July 1931 (0. H. Swezey) [CAS] ; Sequoia Nat. Park, Giant Frst-Mrble Fk Kings R 55 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XX, No. 2 trail, July 24, 1907 (J. C. Bradley) [CU] ; Strawberry Valley, El Dorado Co., 2 ?, July 7, Aug. 18, 1912 (E. C. Van Dyke) [CAS]. Colorado: 5 J1, 11 $ [USNM, UM, AES, HF, KU, INHS] ; 2 (T. D. A. Cockerell) [USNM] ; 2 2, July (B. C. Kimball) [KSC, UM] ; Creede, 2? June 24, 1926 (E. G. Anderson) [UM] ; Chimney Gulch, (N. Banks) [MCZ] ; Elbert, #, June 9-11, 1922 [AMNH] ; Half- way House, Pikes Peak, J', Sept. (Cockerell) [UC] ; Halfway House, Pikes Peak, J1, 2, July 16-18, 20, 1902 (H. H. Newcomb) [MCZ] ; 5 mi. NW. of McCoy, cf, 2 2, July 31, Aug. 8, 13, 25, 1930 (H. A. Scullen) [OAC, BM] ; Crater Lake Park, nr headquarters, J1, July 30, 1930 (F. Lyle Wynd) [OAC, UM] ; 22 mi. W. of Crater Lake, Medford Road, 2, Aug. 7, 1930 (H. A. Scullen) [OAC] ; Hood R., 2> July 17, 1931 (J. Nottingham) [KU] ; Lake of the Woods, Klamath Co., 2, July 18, 1930 (C. L. Godava) [OAC] ; Lake of the Woods, Klamath Co., 3 Sept. 24, 1923 (E. P. Van Duzee) [CAS] ; Mt. Shasta, 2, June 29, 1935 (E. J. Beamer) [KU] ; Needles, 2 2, Dec. 3, 1921 ( J. A. Kusche) [CAS, UM] ; Pasadena, 2, June 21, 1891 (R. W. Doane) [WSC] ; Sacramento, 2 J', 2, Sept. 27, 28, Oct. 6, 1916 (L. Bruner) [UN] ; Santa Ana R., San Bernardino Mts., 2 June 14, Aug. 1, 1907 (J. Grinnell) [USNM, UM]. Colorado: 3 2 [USNM, UN, CS] ; 2, May 27 [KSC] ; 2 [AES] ; Boulder, June 18, 1933 (H. I. Gibbons) [UC] ; Clear Creek, 2 (Osier) [MCZ] ; Colorado Springs, J', May 25, 1934 [CS] ; Craig, Aug. 29, 1912 (J. T. Zimmer) [UN] ; Mitchell, 2, Sept. 12, 1916 (R. W. Dawson) [UN] ; Mitchell, 2, Aug. 31, 1915 (E. M. Partridge) [UN] ; Monroe Canon, Sioux Co., 2? Aug. 13, 1912 (R. W. Dawson) [UN]. Nevada: 3 Aug. 11, 1939 (E. H. Strickland) [UA] ; Medicine Hat, 2, Aug. 9, 1939 (E. H. Strickland) [UA]. British Columbia: Armstrong, 2? July 4, 1931 (A. N. Gartrell) [CNM] ; Copper Mtn., 2, Aug. 7, 1928 (W. Stace Smith) [CNM] ; Lytton, 2, Aug. 2, 1931 (L. D. Anderson) [KU] ; Merritt, 8 2? Aug. 3, 1931 (J. Nottingham) (R. H. Beamer) [KU, UM] ; Okanagan Falls, 2, July 24, 1917 (Sladen) [CNM] ; Princeton, July 10, 1909 [MCZ] ; Shingle Cr. Road, Keremeos, 2> July 30, 1933 (A. N. Gartrell) [CNM]. Manitoba: Aweme, <£ 2, Sept, 11, 1925 (R. D. Bird) [CNM]. Saskatchewan: Radisson, 2, July 30, 1907 (J. Fletcher) [CNM]. Unlabeled: 2 2 [CS, USNM] ; $ (Snow) [KU] ; June 8, 1932 (Lyle Seiko) [UN] ; Holt Co., 2 [UN] ; Lin- coln, July 3, 1912 (L. T. Williams) [UN] ; West Point, 2, Sept. 20* [UN]. New Mexico: Alto, June 24, 1932 (K. C. Doering) [KU]. North Dakota : Beach, 7 3 2, Aug. 17, Sept. 3, 5, 1921, Sept. 16, 1922, May 20, 1926 (C. N. Ainslie) [UM, BM] ; Binford, 2 in copu- lation, Aug. 25, 1919 (O. A. Stevens) [UM] ; Bottineau, 2, Aug. 25, 1919 (C. N. Ainslie) [UM] ; Fargo, 2 2 ?, July 31, Aug. 10, 1910, Sept, 15, 1911 [OS, UM] ; Gascoyne, 2 J1, June 16, 1918 (O. A. Stevens) [OS] ; Monango, 2? July 3, 1913 (O. A. Stevens) [OS] ; Sheldon, 2> June 12, 1934 (O. A. Stevens) [OS] ; Turtle Mts., J', July 8, 1917 (0. A. Stevens) [OS]. Oregon : Camp Umatilla, June 26, 1882 [MCZ] ; Drake Peak, Lake Co., 2, July 26, 1930 (H. A. Scullen) [OAC]. South Dakota: Brookings, J1, 4 2 [MCZ] ; Brookings, 3 <$, 2> May 26, 1891 [MCZ] ; Buffalo, 2, Sept. 9, 1927 (H. C. Severin) [SD] ; Custer, 2 $ [MCZ, UN] ; Elmira, 2 [SD] ; Hecla, 2, June 19, 1933 (H. C. Severin) [SD] ; Hot Springs, [AES] ; Martin, 2 2, Aug. 25, 1929, Sept. 15, 1931 (H. C. Severin) [SD] ; Rapid City, 2 2 [AES, UM, SD] ; Sylvan Lake, % Sept. 1, 1924 (H. C. Severin) [SD] ; White River, Stanley Co., 2, Sept. 1-5, 1913 (W. H. Over) [USNM]. ‘ Washington: Gulf of Georgia, 2 (A. Agassre^TMCZ] ; Ilwaco, 2? July 1918 (0. E. Miner) [WSC] ; Little SpokanS^July 26, 1882 [MCZ] ; Pullman, $ [WSC] ; Seaview, 2> Sept. 12, r9i8 (H. K. Plank) [USNM]. Washington Territory : 10 2 2 [AES, UM] . Wyoming: Bridge Basin, 2 (S. Garman) [MCZ] ; New Castle, J1, July 1, 1911 (F. C. Bishopp) [USNM] ; Yellowstone N. Park, 2, July 23, 1930 [AMNH] . Alberta: Beaverlodge, 2? July 19, 1931 (E. H. Strickland) [UM] ; Gleichen, J1, July 30, 1929 (H. L. Seamans) [CNM] ; Lethbridge, c?, 2, July 7, 1909 (J. B. Wallis) [MCZ]. 71 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XX, No. 2 British Columbia: Peaehland, J', July 21, 1909 (J. B. Wallis) [MCZ] ; Victoria, $ [AES]. Manitoba: Aweme, §, July 3, 1917 (N. Criddle) [CNM] ; Aweme, c?, June 10, 1926 (R. M. White) [CNM]. Saskatchewan: Regina, 2, Aug. 8, 1886 (J. Fletcher) [CNM]; Rudy, ?, July 19, 1907 (J. Fletcher) [CNM]. Mexico: Escuinapa, Sinaloa (State), 2 (J. H. Batty) [AMNH] ; Meadow Vy., 2 2 (Townsend) [USNM, UM]. Unlabeled : J1, 2 2 [UM] . Variations. — Male : length 10-16 mm. ; margin of clypeus vari- able, sometimes appearing broadly transverse with a central emargi- nation, sometimes appearing broadly rounded without any bending ; frontal suture sometimes obsolescent in depression ; some specimens with an obsolescent episternal suture below rectangle, and in one specimen this suture completely absent between rectangle and ven- tral side of thorax ; fine sericeous hairs occasionally present on lower side of mesothorax ; propodeal side and metapleuron sometimes with long distinct ridges ; these plates occasionally heavily punctured giving them a very coarsely reticulated appearance; occasionally metanotal flange quite small ; in a few specimens pilose hairs of meso- and metapleura and propodeum black basally and white apically, and very rarely pilosity entirely white on these plates. Female : length 12-18 mm. ; very rarely clypeus slightly reticulate on lower part of bulge, in these cases not as glossy as typically; upper edge of clypeus sometimes scarcely marked. This is one of the most difficult species to identify, due to its variations over its wide range. Only careful attention to a number of minute characters will separate mickeli from several closely re- lated species in this genus. This is especially true in the males. The most closely related species are compacta, robusta , sericea and Occident alis. In the male mickeli: pilosity of head, and especially of clypeus, very dense ; frontal depression short and crescent-shaped, otherwise frontal suture not depressed below rest of frons; meta- pleuron and propodeal side very heavily punctured, ridges not well- defined due to this punctation ; metanotal flange moderate to large ; petiole stout, heavier in middle below, thus with ventral side curving upwards posteriorly; dark part of abdomen always black; pilosity of thorax almost always entirely black. In the male robusta: pilosity of head only moderately dense ; frontal depression elongated anteriorly, frontal suture depressed below rest of frons ; ridges on metapleuron and propodeal side fairly distinct, large punctures not so abundant on these plates; metanotal flange moderate to small; 72 April, 1940 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA pilosity of thorax almost always white in specimens taken in the distribution range of mickeli; petiole slender, not distinctly bulging below; dark part of abdomen almost always a bluish-black or some- times even a bright blue. In the female mickeli: clypeus very bulging, peak of bulge at about center of clypeus dorso-ventrally, area between peak of bulge and anterior margin glossy and without reticulation; area above bulge with a great many large punctures and many long black pilose hairs arising from them; petiole only slightly longer than hind coxa, stout, especially in middle below. In the female robust a: clypeus moderately bulging, peak of bulge being normally below center of clypeus dorso-ventrally, area between peak and anterior margin reticulate and not glossy; upper part of clypeus with only a few large punctures and only a few black pilose hairs ; petiole distinctly longer than hind coxa, slender. See also the notes following the descriptions of compacta and occidentalis. 23. Podalonia compacta Fernald (Figures 20, 67, genitalia as in 17) 1927. Podalonia violaceipennis var. compacta Fernald, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 71, Art. 9, p. 33. Male, female. Male. — (Genitalia as in figure 17.) Head: clypeal margin extending downwards and inwards for a short distance, then bending and extending inwards but slightly downwards for the same distance, then curving upwards to center, forming a slight central emargination ; lower part of clypeus with a slight sug- gestion of a reflexed condition; frontal suture distinct to an- terior ocellus ; a moderately long crescent-shaped frontal depres- sion, surface granular and with no large punctures; except in frontal depression, frontal suture not depressed below level of frons ; frons with many large and tiny punctures and a reticu- late surface ; pilosity of head moderately heavy, black. Thorax : collar narrowly rounded at top ; episternal suture tending to become obsolescent below rectangle ; mesopleuron with many large punctures, almost no tiny punctures, surface reticulate; metapleuron with prominent ridges which slant downwards and considerably forwards; propodeal side with prominent ridges, those on anterior part running forwards, remainder running forwards and downwards ; metanotal flange quite small ; pilosity of thorax black. Petiole : distinctly shorter than hind coxa and trochanter together, though longer than hind coxa alone ; stout, and almost straight. Abdomen : first and second segments red, ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XX, No. 2 third red with black markings clorsally and laterally; rest of abdomen black. Female. — Length 15 mm. Head : clypeus moderately bulg- ing, with many large punctures, some tiny punctures, and a smooth glossy surface ; upper edge of clypeus scarcely marked. Thorax : metapleuron with ridges running almost due forwards. Petiole : stout, distinctly shorter than hind coxa, proportionate lengths being .91 for petiole to 1 for coxa. Abdomen : first, second, and third segments red, rest of abdomen black. Eedescribed from a male and a female deposited in the collec- tion of Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; <$, 2, Harris, Hum- boldt Co., California, June 29, 1907 (J. C. Bradley). Holotype. — Female, Sausalito, California; it is deposited in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History, New York. Allotype. — Male, Sausalito, California; it is deposited in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History, New York. Specimens examined : 5 J', 9 J ; total specimens 14. California : 3 4 $ [AES, UM] ; $ [MCZ] ; Harris, Humboldt Co., ^,411116 29,1907 (Bradley) [CU]. Oregon: Corvallis, 2 2, July 1, 1910 (J. C. Bridwelll [USNM]. Unlabeled: 2 [HF]. Variations. — Male: length 12-15 mm. Female: in one specimen first five abdominal segments red. This species is most closely related to mickeli. The best char- acters to use in separating these two species are as follows. In the male compacta: metanotal flange small; petiole distinctly shorter than hind coxa and trochanter together. In the male mickeli: flange moderately large (in some specimens it is small) ; petiole about equal in length to coxa and trochanter, or slightly longer. In the female compacta: clypeus moderately bulging; proportion of petiole to hind coxa .91 to 1. In the female mickeli: clypeus strongly bulging; proportion of petiole to hind coxa 1.1 to 1. The male genitalia of these two species appear to be identical. BIBLIOGRAPHY Aldrich, J. M. 1891. Note on Ammopltila rolusta. Canad. Ent. 23: 136-137. Balduf, W. V. 1936. Observations on Podalonia violaceipennis (Lep.) (Sphecidae) and V espula maciilata (Linn.) (Vespidae). Canad. Ent. 68: 137-138. Bequaert, J. 1929. Podalonia violaceipennis (LePeletier), a di- 74 April, 1940 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA morphic fossorial wasp (Hymenoptera). Bui. Brook. Ent. Soc. 24: 220-221. Cameron, P. 1888. Biologia Centrali-Americana, Hymenoptera 2: 20-23. Carter, W. 1924. A new species of Psammophila Dahlbom and the allotype of Psammophila valida Cresson (Hym.). Ent. News 35: 365-367. Carter, W. 1925. Records of Alberta Sphecoidea with descrip- tions of new species of Crabronidae. Canad. Ent. 57: 131-136. Cresson, E. T. 1865. Catalogue of Hymenoptera in the collection of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, from Colorado Territory. Proc. Phila. Ent. Soc. 4: 461-463. Cresson, E. T. 1872. Hymenoptera Texana. Trans. Amer. Ent, Soc. 4: 209. Fernald, H. T. 1927. The digger wasps of North America of the genus Podalonia ( Psammophila ). Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 71, Art. 9. Fernald, H. T. 1931. On color dimorphism in Podalonia violacei- pennis (Lep.). (Hym.: Sphecini). Canad. Ent. 63: 278-279. Fox, W. J. 1894. Second report on some Hymenoptera from Lower California, Mexico. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 4: 101, ser. 2. Hicks, C. H. 1931a. On the digger wasp, Podalonia luctuosa (Smith). Pan-Pacific Ent. 8: 49-51. Hicks, C. H. 1931b. The hunt and capture of the prey of a dig- ger wasp. Bui. Southern Calif. Acad. Sci. 30: 75-82. Hicks, C. H. 1932. Notes on the prey and inquilines of Poda- lonia violaceipennis form luctuosa (F. Smith). Psyche 39: 150-154. Hicks, C. H. 1933. Note on the relationship of an Ichneumonid to certain digger wasps. Pan-Pacific Ent. 9: 49-52. Kohl, F. F. 1906. Die Hymenopterengruppe der Sphecinen. III. Monographic der Gattung Ammophila W. Kirby (sens lat. = Ammophilinae Ashmead). Abteilung A. Die Ammophilinen der palaarktischen Region. Annalen des k. k. Naturhistor- ischen Hofmuseums 21: 228-382. Wien. Krombein, K. V. 1936. Biological notes on some solitary wasps (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Ent. News 47: 93-99. LePeletier, A. 1845. Histoire Naturelle des Insectes 3: 370. Melander, A. L. and Brues, C. T. 1902. New species of Gasterup- tion, Trigonalys, Parnopes and Psammophila. Biol. Bui. 3: 35-42. 75 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XX, No. 2 Melander, A. L. 1903. Synopsis of the North American species of Ammophila. Psyche 10: 156-164. Mickel, C. E. 1917. A synopsis of the Sphecoidea of Nebraska (Hymenoptera). Univ. Nebr. Studies 17: 87-88. Murray, W. D. 1938. Some revisions in the genus Sphex, with one new species, a new subspecies, and a new name. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 31: 17-43. Newcomer, E. J. 1930. Notes on the habits of a digger wasp and its inquiline flies. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 23: 552-563. Parker, J. B. 1915. Notes on the nesting habits of some solitary wasps. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 17 : 70-77. Peckham, G. W. and E. G. 1898. On the instincts and habits of the solitary wasps. Wisconsin Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey 2, Scientific Ser. n. 1. Provancher, L. 1882. Faune canadienne. Le Naturaliste Cana- dienne 13: 13. Provancher, L. 1883. Petite faune entomologique du Canada, precedee d’un traite elementaire d ’entomologique. Yol. 2: 614. Rohwer, S. A. 1917a. A report on a collection of Hymenoptera (mostly from California) made by W. M. Giffard. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 53: 241. Rohwer, S. A. 1917b. The Hymenoptera, or wasp-like insects of Connecticut. Conn. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Snrv. 22: 681. Saussure, H. 1867. Reise d. Novara, Zool. 2, pt. 1, Hym., p. 25. Smith, F. 1856. Catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the col- lection of the British Museum. Part 4: 221-224. Smith, H. S. 1908. Sphegoidea of Nebraska. Univ. Nebr. Studies 8: 330-331. Turner, C. H. 1911. A note on the hunting habits of an Ameri- can Ammophila. Psyche 18: 13-14. Williams, F. X. 1928. The Sphecid wasp, Podalonia violaceipen- nis (Lep.). Proc. Hawaii Ent. Soc. 7: 163. 76 April, 1940 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA EXPLANATION OF PLATES I-Y Figures 1 through 18. Male genitalia, ventral view. Figure 14. Drawing of genitalia of valida enlarged three-fifths as much as drawings of the other species. Figure 19. Tip of aedeagus or penis valve of robusta , ventral view. Figures 20 through 27, 31 through 39, and 42 through 48. Out- line of clypeal margin. Figures 28 through 30. Arolium and tarsal claws. Figures 40 and 41. Lateral view of clypeus, showing a reflexed condition in melaena and a slightly bulging condition in mexicana. Figures 49 through 67. Maps showing distribution of species. Figure 53. For sonorensis nigra read sonorensis differentia. 77 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XX, (n. s.), No. 2, PI. I ARGENTIFRONS CAERULEA MELAENA ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XX, (n. s.), No. 2, PI. II VIOLACEIPENNIS MICKELI ROBUSTA ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XX, (n. s.), No. 2, PI. Ill COM PACTA o* MICKEM o' VIOLACEIPENNIS o' OCCIDENTALS o’ 25 MEXICANA o" LUCTUOSA COMMUNIS? ALPESTRIS? MONTANA $ 40 MELAENA o’ MEXICANA a* ALPESTRIS o' MELAENA o' CLYPEATA