Americana A Journal of Entomology. Volume XXI (New Series) 1941 PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. DE LA TORRE-BUENO, Editor CARL G. SIEPMANN G. P. ENGELHARDT PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA VOL. XXI (N.S.), 1941 CONTENTS Plates I-XIII. A Monograph of the Genus City phot es (Hymenoptera, Mutil- lidae), Albert Walter Bnzicky 201 A Revision of the Genus Bttprestis of North America North of Mexico (Coleoptera, Buprestidae), Jacques R. Heifer 123 A Synopsis of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of America North of Mexico — Part II, J. R. de la Torre-Bueno 41 The American Bees of the Snbgenns Halictus, Grace A. Sand- house 23 The Genus Dioctria Meigen in North America (Diptera-Asil- idae) , J. Wilcox and C. H. Martin 1 VOL. XXI (New Series) JANUARY, 1941 No. 1 BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor CARL GEO. SIEPMANN GEO. P. ENGELHARDT Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue, April 2, 1941 Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Vol. XXI January, 1941 No. 1 I THE GENUS DIOCTRIA MEIGEN IN NORTH AMERICA (DIPTERA-ASILIDAE) By J. Wilcox Division of Truck Crop and Garden Insect Investigations, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, United States Department of Agriculture and C. H. Martin Ohio State Experiment Station* In this study of the genus Dioctria Meigen in North America, several species and subspecies are described as new, a division of 1 We are indebted to R. H. Beamer, University of Kansas, the late E. P. Van Duzee, California Academy of Sciences, F. R. Cole, Redlands, Calif., C. H. Curran, American Museum of Natural His- tory, Nathan Banks, Museum of Comparative Zoology, G. Stuart Walley, Canadian National Collection, C. L. Fluke, University of Wisconsin, H. A. Scullen, Oregon State College, Hugh B. Leech, Vernon, British Columbia, S. W. Bromley, Stamford, Conn., F. S. Blanton, Babylon, L. I., N. Y., A. Earl Pritchard, University of Minnesota, S. E. Crumb and Wm. W. Baker, Puyallup, Wash., Ran- dall Latta, Washington, D. C., M. T. James, Colorado State College, G. P. Engelhardt, Hartsdale, N. Y., L. L. Pechuman, Ithaca, N. Y., and G. Steyskal, Ann Arbor, Mich., either for assistance or for the loan of specimens. 1 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 1 the genus into subgenera is proposed, and keys to the subgenera, species, and subspecies are given. Osten Sacken2 is apparently the only writer who has previously commented on the variation of the American species from the typical species of the genus. He refers to D. albius Walker and D. resplendens Loew as rather aberrant forms, and says: “A third species, D. pusio n. sp., from California, is remarkably small, but nearer to the normal type of the genus than the other two.” The genus Dioctria Meigen and the new snbgenera proposed by the writers can be separated by the characters given in the following key. Key to the Subgenera of Dioctria 1. Hind tibiae slender, elongate, apical part enlarged; hind meta- tarsi enlarged, elongate, or both, longer than joints 2-4 to- gether; scutellum more or less convex with short recumbent discal and marginal pile ; anterior branch of third vein reach- ing margin at or below apex of wings; wings elongate, nar- row, axillary cell and alulae greatly reduced in size 2 Hind tibiae normal, in some species slightly narrowed on basal half ; hind metatarsi normal, subequal in length to joints 2-3 together ; scutellum more or less flattened, bare, or disc bare and with long erect marginal hairs ; anterior branch of third vein reaching anterior margin before apex of wing; wings normal or very broad, axillary cell and alulae well devel- oped 3 2. First antennal joint longer than second, third of uniform width, and style about equal in diameter to third joint ; face concave, oral margin and antennal base more or less prominent. Dioctria Meigen First and second antennal joints subequal in length, third nar- row basally and quite broad at middle, style minute ; face in profile slightly convex, oral margin and antennal base not at all prominent Neodioctria, new subgenus 3. Scutellum bare of pile ; hind femora and tibiae and usually mid- dle and anterior ones with numerous small setigerous tubercles below Eudioctria, new subgenus Scutellum with quite numerous, long, erect, marginal hairs; femora and tibiae without setigerous tubercles. Metadioctria, new subgenus In addition to the foregoing characters, there is considerable variation in the male genitalia. In Eudioctria the genitalia are of 2 Western Diptera : 287, 1877. 2 January, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA especial value in differentiating the species. However, as the hypo- pygium is apparently rotated in copulation, the form of the various parts must be known before they can be used for this purpose. The epandrium (normally the dorsal plate) is always divided into two apical lobes which may be short or long, wide or narrow, or flattened or cylindrical, and in certain species may be emarginate apically or bear an inner apical tooth and an outer tuft of hairs ; the cerci usually project up between the lobes. On either side below the epandrium are the surstyli, which are usually broad basally and narrow into finger-like projections apically. Ventrally between the bases of the surstyli is the hypandrium, an undivided plate which is usually longer than broad but varies considerably in size and shape in the various species. In Dioctria and N eodioctria the epandrium is not definitely lobed, but in some species there are slender, lateral, apical projections. Metadioctria has the epandrium similar, but the parts are larger and more plainly seen. Dioctria Meigen Dioctria Meigen, Illig. Mag., II : 270, 1803. Dioctria Meigen, Syst. Beschr., II : 180, 1820. Dioctria Macquart, Hist. Nat. Dipt. 1 : 289, 1834 Dioctria Schiner, Fauna Austr. 1 : 119, 1862. Dioctria Coquillett, Canad. Ent. XXV : 80, 1893. Dioctria Back, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XXXV : 250-251, 1909. Dioctria Melander, Psyche XXX : 212-216, 1923. The principal characters of the genus are given in the key. These characters will suffice for the American forms. However, in one species from Tunis the first antennal joint is not longer than the second, and in some of the Palearctic species the anterior branch of the third vein reaches the margin before the apex of the wing; the characters of the face, scutellum, and hind legs hold for all the material at hand. Genotype : Asilus oelandicus Linnaeus.3 The American species that belong here are poorly known, as each of the six indigenous species was described from a single specimen. The seventh species, D. ~baumkaueri Meigen, an introduced species from Europe, was first discovered in this country by the late Charles 3 Coquillett, D. W. The Type-Species of the North American Genera of Diptera. No. 1719, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXXVII : 533, 1910. 3 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 1 W. Johnson in Boston in 1916, and in recent years has been taken in large numbers on Long Island by F. S. Blanton and in Connec- ticut by S. W. Bromley. Fourteen Palearctic species have been seen and in addition con- siderable material is at hand from New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, California, and Washington. It seems unwise to describe all the forms on hand that appear to be new, until the status of the de- scribed species is better known, as there is undoubtedly considerable variation in the extent of the black, yellow, and brown areas on the legs and abdomen. Key to the Species of Dioctria 1. The pollinose band extending from the fore coxae to the base of the wings broadly interrupted at the suture between the pro- pleura and mesopleura 2 The above pollinose band entire 4 2. Third and following abdominal segments reddish ; posterior crossvein longer than discal crossvein; first antennal joint slender, nearly twice as long as second joint; length 4.5-6 mm. (Calif., Oreg., Wash., Idaho, Colo.) pusio Osten Sacken Abdomen largely black or third and following segments in part black and yellow 3 3. Abdomen largely black, at most the sides and posterior corners of segments somewhat reddish; discal crossvein longer than posterior crossvein; first antennal joint rather stout and about one and one-half times as long as second ; length 6 mm. (Wash.) henshawi Johnson Abdominal segments 3-4 with anterior and posterior margins, and remaining segments with posterior margins narrowly, yellowish; length 5.5 mm. (Oreg., Wash.) vertebrata Cole 4. Coxae black ; legs largely black ; mesonotum densely golden pol- linose and pilose except narrow central stripes and inter- mediate spots, black ; abdomen black ; length 12-14 mm. (Mass., N. Y., Conn., Mich.) baumhaueri Meigen Coxae yellowish ; legs largely yellowish ; smaller species 5 5. Humeri reddish yellow; style of antennae small, less than one- sixth length of third joint; abdomen black, the second and following segments in part yellowish; length 8 mm. (Fla.). seminole Bromley Humeri black; style of antennae at least one-fourth length of third joint 6 6. All femora above black; abdomen largely black; length 7 mm. (Calif.) vera Back 4 January, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Legs largely yellowish ; abdomen in large part yellowish ; length 8 mm. (Calif.) pleuralis Banks Dioctria baumhaueri Meigen Dioctria baumhaueri Johnson, Psyche XXV : 102, 1918. Dioctria baumhaueri Melander, Psyche XXX : 213, 1923. Johnson described this European species from specimens col- lected in Boston, Mass., June 28, 1916, and Rawson Road, Aspinwall Hill, Brookline, Mass., July 6, 1917, and July 4, 1918. American specimens have been seen from the following localities : Conn.: Stamford, VI-7 to 13 ’35 (S. W. Bromley). Mass.: Brookline VII-4, ’18 (C. W. Johnson) ; W. Roxboro?, VII-9 ’30 (L. R. Taylor). N. Y. : Babylon, L. I., VI-5 to 21 ’33 and VI-9 ’34 (F. S. Blanton) ; Farmingdale, L. I., VII-1 ’33 (Blanton) ; Flushing, L. I., V-30 ’31 (K. W. Cooper) ; Lockport, VI-13 to VII-3 ’34 (L. L. Pechuman) ; Nepperhan, VI- ’32 (Bromley). Mich.: Oakland County, VI-30 ’35 (G. Steyskal). Dioctria henshawi Johnson Dioctria flavipes Banks, Psyche XXIV : 119, 1917. Dioctria lienshawi Johnson, Psyche XXV : 103, 1918 (new name for flavipes Banks, not Meigen). Dioctria henshawi Melander, Psyche XXX : 214, 1923. Described from a single female specimen taken at Yakima, Wash- ington, July 2, 1882 (Samuel Henshaw). Specimens are on hand with the following data : Wash. : Tieton, VII-4 ’33 (S. E. Crumb, Itol J. and J. Wilcox). Dioctria pleuralis Banks Dioctria pleuralis Banks, Psyche XXIV : 118-119, 1917. Dioctria pleuralis Melander, Psyche XXX : 214, 1923. Described from a single female specimen from Los Angeles, Cali- fornia (Clarke coll.). We have quite a large series of specimens from California, Nevada, and Arizona which might be placed here but because of the variations in the color of the abdomen and legs we cannot determine for sure that they belong here. Dioctria pusio Osten Sacken Dioctria pusio Osten Sacken, West. Dipt. : 288, 1877. Dioctria pusio Williston, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XIII : 288, 1886. Dioctria pusio Back, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XXXV : 254, 1909. 5 ENTOMOLOGXCA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 1 Dioctria pusio Melander, Psyche XXX : 214, 1923. Described from a single female specimen with the following data : Sonoma County, California, July 4. Williston described a male specimen from Colorado. Specimens on hand from the fol- lowing localities : Calif.: Lake City, Modoc County, VIII-1 ’22 (C. L. Fox); Lucerne, VII-7 ’35 (R. H. Beamer) ; Monrovia Canyon, VII— 19 ’31 (C. H. Martin) ; Oroville,V-30 ’28 (H. H. Keifer) ; Sequoia National Park, VI-2 ’29 (A. T. McClay) ; Sequoia National Park, Potwisha, 2,000-5,000 feet, V-26 ’29 (E. C. Van Dyke). Colo.: Manitou, VI- 19 and 23 ’28 (Van Dyke). Idaho: Bliss, VII-7 ’31 (R. H. Beamer). Oreg. : Antelope Mt., Grant County, 5,500 feet, VIII-12 ’32 (D. K. Frewing) ; Grants Pass, V-4 ’25 (G. R. McGinnis), and VII-12 ’35 (Beamer). Wash.: Signal Peak, Ranger Station, VII- 20 ’34 (Wm. W. Baker). Dioctria seminole Bromley Dioctria seminole Bromley, Occas. Pap. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. V : 125-126, 1924. Described from a single female specimen with the following data: Tallahassee, Florida, May 2, 1915 (C. S. Spooner), in the Cornell University collection. Dioctria vera Back Dioctria vera Back, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XXXV : 256-257, 1909. Dioctria vera Melander, Psyche XXX : 213, 1923. Described from a single female specimen with the following data: Monterey County, California, July 2, 1892 (W. M. Wheeler), in the American Museum of Natural History. Dioctria vertebrata Cole Dioctria vertebrata Cole, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. IX (4th series) : 230, PI. 16, fig. 12, 1919. Dioctria vertebrata Melander, Psyche XXX : 214, 1923. Dioctria vertebrata Cole, Pan-Pac. Ent. 1 : 9, 1924. Described from a single female specimen with the following data: Parkdale, Oregon, July 12, 1917 (Cole). In 1924 Cole says this may prove to be a variety of pusio Coquillett? (Osten Sacken) as he has both forms from California but no males of vertebrata. A specimen we place here is at hand from the following locality : Wash. : Rainier National Forest, Sawmill Flat, VII-20 ’34 (Wm. W. Baker). 6 January, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Neodioctria, new subgenus Similar to Dioctria Meigen, differing mainly by the char- acters given in the key. Genotype : Dioctria (N eodioctria) albicornis, new species. The only species included here is described below. Dioctria (Neodioctria) albicornis, n. sp. Male: Length 8 mm. Face and front densely silvery white pollinose; vertex, ocellar tubercle, upper occiput, palpi, and • proboscis shining black; lower occiput and along eye margins above gray pollinose. Hairs and bristles white, 6 long ones and 2 shorter ones on oral margin forming the mystax. First two antennal joints and basal one-third of third joint yellowish white, remainder brownish black; first two joints subequal in length, the joints about 1J times as long as broad, fine sparse white haired ; third joint broadest at middle, gradually tapering apically, basal one-third quite strongly narrowed; style cylin- drical, truncate apically, about one-seventh length of third joint, with a short apical black bristle. Mesonotum and scutellum shining black, humeri, lateral margins, postalar calli, and narrow posterior margin yellowish. Short sparse hairs yellowish ; bristles yellow, 1 presutural and 1 postalar. Pleura yellowish, mesosternum and metasternum black below, mesopleura brownish below; coxae, propleura, mesosternum anteriorly and a spot on posterior corner above, mesopleura above and narrowly posteriorly, hypopleura, and metanotum grayish white pollinose; band of pollen extending from base of wings to fore coxae interrupted below on meso- pleura; sparse hairs white. Abdomen brown, sides and narrow posterior margins yel- lowish ; sparse hairs white, longer on sides of first two segments. Genitalia brown, hairs white; a rather long, sparse posterior fringe on epandrium. Legs yellowish, hind legs largely brownish and outer joints of fore and middle tarsi brownish. Hairs and bristles white; claws brown. Squamae and halteres yellowish white, the former with short white hairs. Wings hyaline, veins brown ; anterior crossvein at one-third distance from base to apex of discal cell ; posterior crossvein nearly twice as long as discal crossvein ; anterior branch of third vein reaching margin at apex of wing. Female: Length 8 mm. Similar. Hind femora only brownish near middle and hind tibiae only brownish below. 7 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 1 Holotype: Male, Giant Forest, Calif., VII-28 ’29 (R. H. Beamer) ; in the Snow Collection, University of Kansas. Allotype: Female, same data; in the Snow Collection, University of Kansas. Paratypes: 2 specimens, same data, in the writers’ collections; and 1 female, Round Cioni f, Calif, f, Sept. 1, in the California Academy of Sciences. The latter specimen has the middle legs as well as the hind legs largely brownish. Eudioctria, new snbgenns The entirely bare, flattened scutellum and the presence of nu- merous setigerous tubercles below on the hind femora and tibiae separate this group from the others. Genotype : Dioctria albius Walker. The species in this subgenus tend to be dimorphic in the male sex. This group is represented by several species in the Eastern States and a number of other species in the Pacific Coast States, but so far no species are known from the Middle Western States. Key to the Species of Eudioctria 1. Eastern species 2 Western species 10 2. Third antennal joint 1^ times as long as first two joints together, style subequal in length to second joint; mesopleura en- tirely and mesonotum largely bare of pollen ( banksi John- son) 3 Third antennal joint at most 1J times as long as first two joints together, style shorter than second joint ; mesopleura above and mesonotum more extensively pollinose 4 3. Legs wholly black ; length 7-9 mm. (Va., Md.) banksi Johnson All tibiae reddish on basal half ; length 7-9 mm. (Va., Md.). banksi tibialis Banks 4. Legs entirely black 5 At least tibiae in part yellowish or brownish 9 5. Humeri entirely shining black, mesonotum largely shining black; third antennal joint 1J times as long as first two joints together; face of males coppery, of females yellow; length 8-10 mm. (N. Y., N. J., N. C., Pa., Tenn.). brevis Banks Humeri largely pollinose, mesonotum largely or entirely pol- linose ; third antennal joint subequal in length to first two joints together 6 8 January, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 6. Mesonotum entirely pollinose; posterior margin of mesoplenra pollinose; length 9 mm. (Que.) propinqua Bromley ? Mesonotum with a shining black spot on either side ; mesopleura below bare of pollen (alb ins Walker) 7 7. Females : Face golden pollinose albius Walker Males 8 8. Face white pollinose (N. Y., Ont., Wis., Que.) albius Walker Face golden pollinose (Wis., Ont.). albius aurifacies, new form 9. Mesonotum with a spot on either side bare of pollen and pos- terior margin of the mesopleura below bare of pollen ; fore femora below and tibiae largely yellowish ; wings yellowish on basal two-fifths; length 8 mm. (Wis.). albius xanthopennis, new form Mesonotum wholly pollinose, posterior margin of mesopleura below pollinose ; female femora wholly black, basal half of tibiae pale brownish; male fore femora below and tibiae largely yellowish ; male wings yellowish on basal two-fifths ; length 9-11 mm. (Mass., N. S., N. Y., Que.). propinqua Bromley ? 10. Legs entirely black 11 At least the tibiae in part reddish or yellowish 15 11. Wings yellowish on basal half, blackish on apical half ; length 4 mm. (Calif.) parvula Coquillett Wings not markedly yellowish basally 12 12. Large species; mesonotum entirely pollinose with rather long and quite numerous orange hairs and bristles; posterior margin of mesopleura pollinose ; lobes of epandrium cylin- drical, the vertical diameter greater than the horizontal; length 14-16 mm. (Calif.) beamed, n. sp. Smaller species, less than 10 mm. in length; mesonotum with sparse hairs and bristles 13 13. Mesonotum entirely pollinose; hairs of front and vertex and bristles of mesonotum black 14 Humeri and sides of mesonotum largely shining black ; hairs of front and vertex and bristles of mesonotum golden; lobes of epandrium narrow, tapering and curved inward toward each other apically ; hypandrium shorter than epandrium ; length 6-7 mm. (Calif.) monrovia, n. sp. 14. Humeri almost wholly pollinose, posterior margin of meso- pleura below bare of pollen ; lobes of epandrium of uniform width, truncate apically, flattened ; hypandrium as long as " 9 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 1 epandrium, rather broad; length 7-9 mm. (Calif., Oreg., Wash.) media Banks Humeri largely shining black, narrow posterior margin of meso- plenra below pollinose ; lobes of epandrium slender, cylin- drical, with an outer apical pencil of hairs and a short, blunt, black tooth on inner side apically; hypandrinm much shorter than epandrium; length 7-8 mm. (Idaho, Wash., Oreg., Calif., B. C., Mont.). sackeni rivalis Melander 15. Smaller species, 8 mm. or less in length; lobes of epandrium slender, cylindrical, with an apical inner black tooth and a tuft of black hairs ( sackeni Will.) 16 Larger species, 11 mm. or more in length; lobes of epandrium broad, flattened, without tooth or tuft of hairs apically ... 17 16. Male fore and middle femora and sometimes hind femora below yellowish ; female femora sometimes yellowish below at tips but usually entirely black; face of both sexes golden; length 7-8 mm. (Wash., Oreg., Calif., B. C., Idaho, Mont.). sackeni Williston Femora entirely black; face of males silvery. sackeni rivalis Melander 17. Posterior margin of mesopleura pollinose ; face of males usually silvery, of females golden ; hairs of antennae, front, ocellar tubercle, and upper occiput in both sexes golden; lobes of epandrium deeply emarginate on inner side apically, the epandrium broad basally; length 13-16 mm. (Calif.). doanei Melander Posterior margin of the mesopleura below bare of pollen; face of both sexes brassy; hairs mentioned above black; lobes of epandrium truncate apically and epandrium narrowed basally; length 11-13 mm. (nitida Will.) 18 18. Femora entirely black; mesonotum entirely pollinose (Wash., Oreg., Calif., B. C.) 2 nitida Williston Male fore femora below yellowish ; mesonotum with a denuded spot on either side (Calif.) nitida denuda, new form Dioctria ( Eudioctria ) albius Walker Dioctria albius Walker, List II : 301, 1849. Dioctria albius Osten Sacken, West. Dipt. : 287, 1877. Dioctria albius Williston, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XI : 8, 1884. Dioctrici albius Back, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XXXV : 251-253, 1909. 10 January, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Dioctria albius Banks, Psyche XXIV : 117, 1917. Dioctria albius Melander, Psyche XXX : 212, 1923. Osten Sacken records specimens from Catskill Mts., N. Y., White Mts., N. H., and from the Palisades, N. J., and similar specimens from San Rafael, Marin County, Calif., May 29, Sonoma County, Calif., July 4, and Vancouver Island (G. R. Crotch). Williston records specimens from Washington Territory and Connecticut which were apparently the same. Back gives the following addi- tional distribution : Amherst, Mass., June 13 and July 28 ; Conn. ; N. J., July 19, 20, 24, 29, 30 (E. Daecke) ; Montgomery County, Pa., May 30 (C. W. Johnson) ; Potomac Cr., Va., May 22 and Dixie Landing, Va., June 1 ; N. C., Ga., Fla. Just how many of the above records can apply to albius is not known, as Banks in 1917 described two eastern species and a species from California all of which formerly had been called albius. Our material has been divided into several forms which are indicated below. Dioctria ( Eudioctria ) albius albius Walker Male: Length 9-11 mm. Face white pollinose; mystax and hairs of head and mesonotum largely black ; mesonotum with an elongate spot on either side crossing the suture denuded of pollen ; posterior margin of mesopleura below bare of pollen ; legs entirely black; wings brown, anal angle somewhat lighter. Females: Length 9-10 mm. Similar except that the face is light golden pollinose and the anal angle is the same color as the remainder of the wings. Specimens on hand from the following localities : N. J. : Alpine, VI-19 ’18 (J. Bequaert). N. Y. : Ringwood, Tompkins County, VII-25 ’28 (H. A. Scullen). Ontario: Guelph, VI-22 ’13 and VII-26 ’15 (C. H. Curran) ; Jordan, VI-13 ’20 (Cur- ran). Pa.: Montgomery County, VI-4 ’92 (C. W. Johnson). Quebec: Montfort, VII-11 ’16. Wis. : Madison, VI-26 ’29 (C. L. Fluke). Dioctria ( Eudioctria ) albius aurifacies, new form Male: Length 8 mm. Similar to the typical form except that the face is golden pollinose and the anal angle is not notice- ably lighter than the remainder of the wings. Holotype: Male, Madison, Wis., VI-26 ’29 (C. L. Fluke), in the writers’ collection. Paratypes: Male, same data, VI-17 ’31, in the writers’ collection 11 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 1 and male, Guelph, Ontario, VI-27 ’13 (C. H. Curran), in the Cana- dian National Collection. Dioctria ( Eudioctria ) albius xanthopennis, new form Male: Length 10 mm. Differs from the typical form in having the face golden pollinose; the mystax and hairs of the head and mesonotum largely golden ; the fore femora below and the tibiae except their tips yellowish; and the basal two-fifths of the wings and the veins in this portion yellowish. Holotype: Male, Forest County, Wis., VI-17 ’31, in the writers’ collection. Dioctria ( Eudioctria ) banksi Johnson Dioctria longicornis Banks, Psyche XXIV : 118, 1917. Dioctria banksi Johnson, Psyche XXV : 103, 1918 (new name for longicornis Banks, not Meigen). Dioctria banksi Melander, Psyche XXX : 212, 1923. Described from specimens from Chain Bridge, Glencarlyn, and Dead Run, Virginia. Johnson records additional specimens from Long Branch, N. J., June 9, 1913, and Philadelphia, Pa., June 22, 1893. Specimens on hand from the following locality : Md. : Cabin John, VI-29 (F. R. Cole). Dioctria ( Eudioctria ) banksi tibialis Banks Dioctria longicornis tibialis Banks, Psyche XXIV : 118, 1917. Dioctria banksi tibialis Melander, Psyche XXX : 212, 1923. Described from two male specimens taken at Chain Bridge, Vir- ginia. Specimens on hand from the following locality : Md. : Cabin John, VI-29 (F. R. Cole). Dioctria ( Eudioctria ) brevis Banks Dioctria brevis Banks, Psyche XXIV : 118, 1917. Dioctria brevis Johnson, Psyche XXV : 103, 1918. Dioctria brevis Melander, Psyche XXX : 213, 1923. Described from specimens taken in the following localities : Sea Cliff, N. Y. ; Medina, Ohio ; Englewood, N. J. ; and north fork Swan- nanoa River, Black Mountains, N. C. Johnson records specimens from the following localities : Mt. Tom, Mass., July 14, 1905 ; Dela- ware Gap, N. J., July 11, 1895 ; and Aquia Creek, Va., May 24, 1896. Specimens are on hand from the following localities : Mass.: Forest Hills (J. Bequaert). N. J. : Englewood (Osten Sacken). N. Y. : Babylon, L. I., VII-1 ’34 (F. S. Blanton) ; Dix 12 January, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Hills, L. I., VI-11 ’33 and VI-10 ’34 (Blanton and Borders) ; Hollis, L. I., VI-17 ’17 ; Wildwood Park, L. I., VI-11 ’33 (Blanton). Pa. : Greensburg, VI-26 ’34 (D. H. Cross) ; Hummelstown, VII-6 (J. N. Knull). Tenn. : Unaka Mts., VI-19 and 23 ’29 (C. L. Fluke). Dioctria ( Eudioctria ) propinqua Bromley Dioctria propinqua Bromley, Occas. Pap. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. V : 125, 1924. Described from a single female specimen with the following data : Dorchester, Mass., June, in the Boston Society of Natural History. A pair of specimens that we doubtfully place here are at hand from the following locality : Nova Scotia: Barrington Passage (C. H. Young), in the Cana- dian National Collection. The male is very similar to D. albius xanthopennis except that the mesonotum is entirely pollinose and the posterior margin of the mesopleura below is pollinose. The mystax and hairs of the head and mesonotum of the male are largely golden, and of the female largely black. About the basal half of the fore and middle tibiae of the female is brownish, and the female femora are wholly black. Three female specimens on hand agree well with the above speci- men except that the legs are wholly black. They were taken at Montfort, Quebec, VII-12 and 14 ’16, and Upper Ausable Lake, Essex County, N. Y., VII-30 ’20 (J. Bequaert). A male specimen which agrees well with the characters for these females was taken at White Mts., N. H., Valleys (Osten Sacken). It will be necessary to have more material before this species can be separated from albius satisfactorily. Dioctria (Eudioctria) beamed, n. sp. Male: Length 14 mm. Palpi, proboscis, cheeks, and ocellar tubercle black, remainder of head densely golden pollinose. Mystax black, bristles of oral margin yellowish; remainder of hairs of head yellow. Antennae black, first two joints subequal in length and yellow haired, each not quite twice as long as broad; third joint 1\ times length of first two joints together, narrowed on basal third; style about one-fifth length of joint, concave and shorter behind, bearing a short blackish bristle in the convexity. Thorax shining black, mesonotum uniformly thinly golden pollinose, central and dorsocentral stripes appearing darker. A narrow central row, dorsocentral rows, and broad sides in- 13 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 1 eluding humeri and postalar calli and posteriorly yellow haired, somewhat longer posteriorly. Scutellum shining black, flat- tened, without pile or pollen. Pleura and coxae shining black, broad sides of coxae yellowish white pollinose and pilose ; pro- pleura entirely, mesosterna with a large spot above, upper half and narrow posterior margin of mesopleura, hypopleura, and posterior half of metasterna golden pollinose; hairs yellowish. Abdomen shining black with metallic blue, purple, and green reflections; short, sparse, yellow pilose, longer on sides of first three segments. Genitalia black, basal portion of epandrium polished and bare of hairs, lobes cylindrical, vertical diameter slightly greater than horizontal, short blackish and brownish pilose ; surstyli broad basally, tapering apically, brownish pilose; hypandrium broader basally, slightly emarginate api- cally, and with an apical fringe of quite long fulvous hairs. Legs black; hairs and bristles entirely golden except that the hind tibiae and tarsi have short, recumbent, black hairs; femora on sides and below and tibiae below with numerous small setigerous tubercles ; claws black, narrowly brownish basally ; empodium brownish ; pulvilli light brownish black. Halter es dull yellowish, brown basally. Wings uniformly brown, darker in costal and axillary cells, and along anterior margin of first basal cell ; veins black, anterior crossvein slightly before middle of discal cell. j Female : Length 14 mm. Similar. Halteres brownish. Holotype: Male, Giant Forest, Calif., VII-28 ’29 (R. H. Beamer), in the Snow Collection, University of Kansas. Allotype: Female, same data, in the Snow Collection, University of Kansas. Paratypes : 5 males and 10 females, same data (Beamer, P. W. Oman, L. D. Anderson), in the Snow and the writers’ collections; 1 male, Giant Forest, Sequoia National Park, Calif., VII-21 to 26 ’07 6,000-7,000 feet (J. C. Bradley), 3 males, Potwisha, Sequoia National Park, Calif., 3,000-5,000 feet, V— 8 to 24 ’29 (E. C. Van Dyke), 1 male, Hot Springs, Tulare County, Calif., VI-29 ’25 (E. R. Leach), and 1 female, Green Horn Mts., Tulare County, Calif., V-7 ’31 (E. C. Van Dyke), in the California Academy of Sciences. Dioctria ( Eudioctria ) doanei Melander Dioctria doanei Melander, Psyche XXX : 214, 1923. Dioctria doanei Cole, Pan-Pac. Ent. 1 : 9, 1924. Described from two male specimens taken at Pasadena, Califor- 14 January, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA nia, June 6, 1895 (R. W. Doane). Cole records a male swept from Ceanotkus, near the Summit of Mt. Wilson, California, July 6, 1916 (Harold Morrison). The female is described below. Female: Length 14 mm. Similar to the male except that the face is golden pollinose and the anal cell and anal angle of the wings are brown, not lighter as in the male. Described from a specimen with the following data : Monrovia Canyon, Calif., VI 1-6 ’30 (C. H. and D. Martin), in Martin’s collec- tion. Additional specimens on hand from the same locality, V— 3 to 31 ’31 and VII-4 ’30 (C. H. and D. Martin). A few of the males appear to have the face golden instead of white pollinose. Dioctria ( Eudioctria ) media Banks Dioctria media Banks, Psyche XXIV : 118, 1917. Dioctria media Johnson, Psyche XXV : 103, 1918. Dioctria media Melander, Psyche XXX : 213, 1923. Described from five specimens taken in the following localities : Sonoma County, Calif., July 4 (Osten Sacken) ; San Raphael, Calif. (Osten Sacken), and California (H. Edwards). Johnson reports a specimen from Seattle, Washington (0. B. Johnson). Specimens on hand from the following localities : Calif. : Grass Valley, 12 mi. So., V-18 ’30 (E. P. Van Duzee) ; Lafayette, VII-14 ’33 (R. H. Beamer) ; Mill Valley, Marin County, V-24 and VI-25 (C. L. Fox and Van Duzee) ; Oroville, IV— 17 and V-26 ’28 (H. H. Keifer) ; Pentz, Butte County, V-22 ’28 (Keifer) ; Siskiyou National Forest, VII-14 ’35 (Beamer) ; Weott, Humboldt County, VII-13 ’19 (E. C. Van Dyke). Oreg. : Brookings, VII-8 ’25 (H. A. Scullen and G. R. McGinnis) ; Corvallis, VII-8 ’26 (Wil- cox) ; Niger’s Island, VI-11 ’25 (Wilcox). Dioctria (Eudioctria) monrovia, new species Male: Length 7 mm. Head densely golden pollinose, the palpi, proboscis, and occiput except along the eyes shining black. Hairs and bristles golden except about the upper half of the mystax, black. First two antennal joints subequal in length, thinly golden pollinose and golden haired ; third joint and style dull black, third joint 1-| times length of first two joints together, style about one-fourth length of third joint. Mesonotum shining black, inner third of humeri and a tri- angular area behind humeri densely golden pollinose, remainder except lateral spots thinly covered with golden pollen. Scu- 15 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 1 tellum flattened, shining black, bare of pile or pollen. Pleura shining black with golden pollinose spots and pile, coxae in part grayish yellow pollinose and pilose. Abdomen shining black and short, sparse, golden haired, hairs on sides of first segment longer. Genitalia shining black and quite long golden brown haired ; lobes of epandrium short, tapering apically and curved toward each other apically ; hypandrium about half as long as epandrium. Legs shining black, hairs and bristles golden, those on hind tarsi brown; claws black; pnlvilli brown. Hind femora very strongly swollen and all femora and tibiae bearing ventral setigerous tubercles. Halteres dull yellowish, base and lower stem brown. Wings brown, anal angle white; veins brown, anterior crossvein at one-third distance from base to apex of discal cell. Female: Length 7 mm. Similar. Mystax black except for one golden bristle and anal angle brown like remainder of wings. Holotype: Male, Monrovia Canyon, Calif., VII-20 ’30 (C. H. and D. Martin), in Martin’s collection. Allotype: Female, same data, VII-12 ’30, in Martin’s collection. Paratypes : 1 male and 1 female, same data, VII-6 ’30; 1 male, and 1 female, San Onofre, Calif., V-12 ’27 (A. C. Davis), in the California Academy of Sciences ; 1 male, Laguna Mts., Calif., VII-6 ’29 (R. H. Beamer), and 1 male and 1 female, San Jacinto Mts., Calif., VI-30 ’33 (Beamer), in the Snow Collection, University of Kansas ; and 1 male and 2 females, Los Angeles County, Calif., June (Coquillett), in U. S. National Museum. Diociria ( Eudioctria ) nitida Williston Dioctria nitida Williston, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XI : 8, 1884. Dioctria nitida Back, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XXXV : 253, 1909. Dioctria nitida Melander, Psyche XXX : 213, 1923. Described from specimens of both sexes from Washington Ter- ritory. Back gives the following localities: Seattle, Washington, May 1; California (Hy. Edwards) ; and San Gabriel, Los Angeles County, California, June. Specimens on hand from the following localities : British Columbia: Steelhead, VII-24 and VIII-1 ’33 (Hugh B. Leech); Victoria, VI- ’19 (P. N. V.). Calif.: Meadow Valley, Plumas County, 5,000-6,000 feet, VI-20 ’24 (E. C. Van Dyke) ; Orick, Humboldt County, VII-4 ’31 (Van Dyke) ; Shasta County, VI-26 ’21 (J. A. Kusche). Oreg. : Alsea, V-23 ’31 (H. A. Scullen) ; 16 January, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Alsea Grade, Benton County, VI-12 ’25 (Van Dyke) ; Corvallis, IV- 25 ’28 (H. Richmond), and IV-28 ’18; Hood River, VI-2 ’17 (F. R. Cole) ; Rock Creek, VI-16 ’13 (A. L. Lovett) ; Triangle Lake, V- 24 ’25 (Scullen) ; Waldport, VI-5 ’25 (Van Dyke). Wash.: Cle Elum, VII-3 ’33 (G. P. Engelhardt) ; Olympia, V-28 ’32 and VI- 10 ’33 (C. H. and D. Martin) ; Puyallup, V-12 and VI-1 ’32 (Wm. W. Baker) ; Sumner, VI-18 ’28; Toppenish, VII-8 ’35 (R. H. Beamer). A new form is described below. Dioctria (Eudioctria) nitida denuda, new form Male: Length 11 mm. Differs from the typical form in hav- ing the fore femora below yellowish, a spot on either side of the mesonotum crossing the suture bare of pollen, and the hairs of the front and mesonotum shorter. Female : Length 10 mm. Similar except that the femora all black. Holotype: Male, Yosemite, Calif., VI-11 ’21 (E. C. Van Dyke), in the California Academy of Sciences. Allotype: Female, same data, VI-21 ’21, in the California Acad- emy of Sciences. Paratypes : Female, same data, VI-25 ’21 ; 3 females, Meadow Valley, Plumas County, Calif., 3,500-4,000 feet, VI-11 to 15 ’24 (Van Dyke), male, Yosemite Valley, Calif., VII-11 ’25 (E. H. Nast), and 1 male, near Mather, Tuolumne County, Calif., VII-13 ’29 (E. C. Zimmerman), in the California Academy of Sciences. Dioctria ( Eudioctria ) parvula Coquillett Dioctria parvula Coquillett, Canad. Ent. XXV : 80, 1893. Dioctria parvula Back, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XXXV : 253-254, 1909. Dioctria parvula Melander, Psyche XXX : 212, 1923. Described from two male specimens taken in Los Angeles County, California (D. W. Coquillett). A hasty examination of the types indicate that this may be the same as resplendens Lw. but it will be necessary to study the types of both species before this can be established. Dioctria ( Eudioctria ) sackeni Williston Dioctria sackeni Williston, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XI : 8, 1884. Dioctria sackeni Back, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XXXV : 255- 256, 1909. 17 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 1 Dioctria sackeni Banks, Psyche XXIV : 119, 1917. Dioctria sackeni Melander, Psyche XXX : 213, 215, 1923. Described from three male specimens taken in Washington Ter- ritory. Back records a typical specimen from North Mt., Pa., June 9 (C. W. Johnson) and thinks sackeni will prove to be a male variety of albius ; and other specimens from Mt. Hood, Oreg., and White Mts., N. H. (Osten Sacken and Geo. Dimmock). Banks says the specimen from the White Mts., N. H., reported by Osten Sacken is a male and has genitalia similar to those of albius. Melander records taking typical males at Priest Lake, Idaho, and Nelson, British Columbia. Specimens are on hand from the following localities : British Columbia: Buccaneer Bay, III-16 ’16 (R. C. Treherne) ; Departure Bay, B. C. Biol. Sta., VII-24 ’09; Eberts, VI-19 ’14 (R. H. Crystal) ; Goldstream, VI-28 ’23 (W. Downes) ; Kaslo, VIII-11 ’12 (R. C. Osburn) ; Steelhead, VIII-7 ’33 (Hugh B. Leech) ; Vic- toria, VI-20 and 25 ’23, VII-25 ’26 (Downes and K. F. Auden) ; Wellington, VI-3 and 28 ’08. Calif. : Meadow Valley, Plumas County, 4,000-5,000 feet, VII-8 ’24 (E. C. Van Dyke). Idaho: Coolin, Priest Lake, VII-24 ’27 (Van Dyke) ; Long Valley, Alpha, VII-8 ’34 (Martin) ; Moscow (C. V. Piper) ; Moscow Mts., 3,000 feet, VII-27 ’25 (C. L. Fox). Oreg.: Dodge Park, VI-18 ’30 (R. Latta) ; Dodson, VII-8 ’23 (C. D. Duncan). Wash.: Forks, Clal- lam County, VII-4 ’30 (E. P. Van Duzee) ; Mineral, VII-14 ’35 (Wm. W. Baker) ; Mt. Rainier, Ohanapecosh, VII-14 ’35 (Baker) ; Olympia, VII-9 to 20 ’32 (Martin and Wilcox) ; Puyallup, VI-19 and VII-30 ’33, and VII-19 and 30 ’32 (Baker and Wilcox) ; Rainier National Forest, Lodgepole Camp, VIII-16 ’32 (S. E. Crumb) ; Spanaway, VI-29 to VII-3 ’33, VI-10 ’34 and VII-15 ’30 (Baker and Wilcox) ; Sumner, VI-2 ’33 (Martin) ; Vashon Island, VII-25 ’33 (Baker) ; Yelm, VII-6 and 15 ’32 (Martin and Wilcox) . Dioctria ( Eudioctria ) sackeni rivalis Melander Dioctria sackeni rivalis Melander, Psyche XXX : 215-216, 1923. Dioctria sackeni rivalis Cole, Pan-Pac. Ent. 1 : 9, 1924. Described from specimens from the following localities : Priest Lake, Idaho, Aug., 1920; Coeur d’Alene, Moscow Mt., Avon, Idaho; Big Fork, Mont.; Friday Harbor, Quilcene, Wash.; Nelson, B. C. (Melander) ; Stuart Island, Wash. (H. S. Davis) ; Wolf Fork of Touchet River, Wash. (V. Argo). Cole records specimens from Dodson, Oregon, July 8, 1923 (C. D. Duncan). Specimens on hand from the following localities: 18 January, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA British Columbia: Kaslo, VIII-11 ’12 (R. C. Osburn) ; Nanaimo, Biol. Station, VI-17 ’30 (E. P. Van Duzee). Calif.: Shasta County, VII— 6 ’21 (J. A. Kusche). Wash.: Mt. Rainier, VIII-12 ’27 (L. A. Stephenson) ; Olympia, VI-25 to VII-20 ’32 (Martin and Wilcox) ; Puyallup, VII-30 ’32 (Wilcox) ; Sumner, VI-15 ’33 (R. Latta) ; Yelm, VII-15 ’33 (Martin). Metadioctria, new subgenus The rather long, erect marginal hairs on the scutellum sepa- rate this group from the others. Additional characters are given in the key to the subgenera. Genotype : Dioctria rubida Coquillett. Key to the Species of Metadioctria 1. First antennal joint longer than second; third vein branched before or opposite discal crossvein 2 First two antennal joints subequal in length ; third vein branched beyond discal crossvein; entirely black in ground color, mystax and thoracic and abdominal hairs fulvous; length 5 mm. (Calif.) resplendens Loew 2. Mystax and mesonotal, scutellar, and abdominal hairs fulvous; femora entirely and tibiae in part yellowish ; length 7 mm. (Calif.) rubida Coquillett Hairs mentioned above black 3 3. Legs entirely black; length 7 mm. (Calif.). rubida atripes, new form Femora entirely and tibiae in part yellowish; length 7 mm. (Calif.) rubida nigripilosa, new form Dioctria ( Metadioctria ) rubida Coquillett Dioctria rubidas Coquillett, Canad. Ent. XXV : 80, 1893. Dioctria rubida Back, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XXXV : 255, 1909. Dioctria rubida Melander, Psyche XXX : 213, 1923. Described from three male specimens taken in Los Angeles County, California (D. W. Coquillett). Specimens of both sexes on hand from the following localities : Calif. : Idyllwild, VIII-3 ’35 (Jack Beamer) ; Mill Creek Can- yon, VII-20 ’20 and VII-4 ’22 (F. R. Cole) ; Monrovia Canyon, VIII-2 ’31 (Martin). Dioctria (Metadioctria) rubida nigripilosa, new form Male: Length 7 mm. Face and occiput along eye margins 19 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 1 yellowish gray pollinose, otherwise the head shining black. Hairs black, the beard and those below on the proboscis whit- ish. Antennae black, first two joints black haired, first joint 1J times length of second, second broader than first; third joint of nearly uniform width and li times length of first two joints together; style one-fifth length of third joint, concave behind above. Mesonotum shining black, inner third of humeri yellowish gray pollinose. Numerous short erect hairs black; bristles black, 1-2 presutural, 3 snpra-alar, 2-3 postalar, and 4—5 dorso- central. Scntellum shining black, flattened, bare, with 8-10 rather long, erect, black, marginal hairs. Pleura and coxae shining black, sides of coxae, pro-, meso-, and metasterna, and mesopleura above yellowish pollinose ; hairs yellowish. Abdomen shining black and black haired ; posterior corners of second segment, anterior and posterior margins of segments 3-4, posterior margin of segment 5, segment 6 largely, and remainder of abdomen and genitalia yellowish red; genitalia black haired, hypandrium acute apically. Femora and about basal fourth of fore and middle and narrow base of hind tibiae yellowish red, remainder black; bristles, claws, and empodium black; pulvilli brown. Hairs black, those below on femora, the short pile anteriorly on fore tibiae, and hairs below on hind tibiae fulvous. Halteres reddish brown, the base brown. Wings brown, lighter apically and posteriorly; axillary cell and alulae whit- ish. Veins dark brown; anterior crossvein at two-fifths dis- tance from base to apex of discal cell; third vein branched before discal crossvein ; posterior crossvein somewhat longer than discal crossvein. Holotype: Male, Idyllwild, Calif., VI-29 ’28 (E. C. Van Dyke), in the California Academy of Sciences. Paratypes : Male, same data, and male, Tahquitz Canyon, River- side County, Calif., VI-22 ’28 (Van Dyke), in the California Acad- emy of Sciences; and 2 males, Idyllwild, Calif., VIII-3 ’35 (Jack Beamer), in the Snow Collection, University of Kansas. Dioctria (Metadioctria) rubida atripes, new form Male: Length 7 mm. Differs from ruhida nigripilosa in that the legs are entirely black. The second abdominal seg- ment is also entirely black, but this character is probably variable. 20 January, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Holotype: Male, Monrovia Canyon, Calif., VIII-3 ’30 (C. H. Martin), in Martin’s collection. Paratypes: 6 males, same locality, VII-19 and 20 ’30 (C. H. and D. Martin). Dioctria ( Metadioctria ) resplendens Loew Dioctria resplendens Loew, Cent. X : 21, 1872. Dioctria resplendens Osten Sacken, West. Dipt. : 288, 1872. Dioctria resplendens Back, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XXXV : 255, 1909. Dioctria resplendens Melander, Psyche XXX : 212, 1923. Described from a single male specimen with the following data : California (Hy. Edwards). Osten Sacken mentions seeing a speci- men in Mr. Burgess’s collection in Boston. Back records another specimen from California (C. A. Stearns), in the U. S. National Museum. We have not definitely identified this species but Mr. Nathan Banks has kindly examined the type and indicated its proper place in the key. Specimens that we doubtfully place here are listed below ; they have short, sparse, recumbent discal hairs on the scutellum in addition to the erect marginal hairs. Calif. : Mint Canyon, VII-6 ’33 (R. H. Beamer) ; Ukiah, III— 31 ’31 on grass (C. C. Wilson). Explanation of Plate I Diagrammatic sketches of characters of taxonomic value of the asilid genus Dioctria. The dotted circles indicate the position of the bases of the cerci. The antennae and male genitalia of all species, except the antenna of D. seminole, are drawn to a scale of 12 x, the legs 7 x, and the wings about 3 x. 21 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 1, (n. s.) No. 1, PI. I II THE AMERICAN BEES OF THE SUBGENUS HALICTUS By Grace A. Sandhouse1 Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, U. S. Department of Agriculture This paper is a review of the species of Halictus belonging to the typical subgenus Halictus which occur in the Americas. Thirty- four names of species or varieties have been proposed, of which 2 are homonyms, 2 names were proposed to replace these homonyms, 22 are synonyms, and 8 are here recognized as separate species. One new species is described, bringing the total number of species to 9. The collection in the United States National Museum has served as a basis for this study, but it was supplemented by loans from other institutions as well as private collections. To Mr. P. H. Timberlake, of the Citrus Experiment Station at Riverside, Calif., I am indebted for the comparison of specimens with the types which are deposited there and for the privilege of including in this paper a species of which he had a description in manuscript. As in my other papers, the terminology of structures is essen- tially as found in Snodgrass’ Anatomy and physiology of the honey- bee (1925) and Principles of insect morphology (1935). The names for the parts of the male genitalia were kindly furnished by Mr. Snodgrass,2 who has in press a comprehensive paper on the genitalia of the Hymenoptera. The structures are very similar to those found in Agapostemon and Augochlora; and while it seems unneces- sary to describe all of them, some explanation of the parts of the male genitalia may be pertinent, especially since the terminology differs in some respects from that customarily used for those genera. Male genitalia. — The basal part of the genitalia consists of a basal ring to which are attached the bases of the lateral parts, or parameres. The basal ring is ovate with the ventral portion much narrower than the dorsal portion. The base of each paramere is a hollow, subcylindrical structure which is slightly compressed; on 1 Died November 9, 1940. 2 Since this paper was sent to press ‘ ‘ The Male Genitalia of Hymenoptera,” by R. E. Snodgrass, has been published as Smith- sonian Institution Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 99, No. 14. 23 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 1 the basal part of the mesal surface is a concavity into which extend the base of the volsella and a basal process of the sagitta of the aedeagus; just laterad of the insertion of the volsella in the wall of the paramere is a longitudinal ridge, at the apex of which there is usually a projection which is described under each species ; the bases of the parameres are attached dorsally and ventrally, the ventral junction being much shorter than the dorsal one; the apex of the paramere is greatly modified and will be described under each species, as it furnishes the best characters for the separation of species. The aedeagus, or middle organ, with the heavily sclero- tized pair of sagittae, lies between the parameres and dorsad of the volsellae and is rather constant in form ; the apical half of the sagitta is decimate, and at the base of this portion there is a ventral digiti- form projection. The volsella is a subrectangular, flat structure with the lateral portion inserted into the opening of the paramere ; the basal angles are somewhat rounded, and the apical margin is provided with a notch, the sides of which are thickened and papil- lose; mesad of this notch the apical margin projects considerably beyond that of the lateral portion. As considered here, the subgenus Halictus contains those species of the genus Halictus, both black and metallic greenish, which have apical fasciae of hair on the abdominal tergites and corresponds to the genus Halictus as treated by Robertson in his Synopsis of Halic- tinae (Can. Ent., vol. 34, pp. 244 and 245, 1902). Later (Ent. News, vol. 29, p. 91, 1918), Robertson erected Seladonia for the greenish species and Odontalictus for H. ligatus Say. Key to the American Species of Halictus 1. Black, entirely without metallic tints. Sixth abdominal sternite of male without a median furrow or depression 2 Green, blue-green, or black with metallic tints of dark greenish blue which are strongest on the face and dorsum of thorax. Sixth abdominal sternite of male with a median furrow or depression 5 2. Vertex behind ocelli rather strongly convex, ocelloccipital line subequal to ocellocular line. Basal portions of wings yel- lowish infumate, apices infumate. Sides of mesoscutum contiguously punctured. (Head, dorsum of thorax, and abdominal tergites with interspaces between punctures strongly aciculate. Transverse carina of seventh tergite of male truncate medially.) parallelus Say Vertex behind ocelli weakly convex or flat, ocelloccipital line 24 January, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA about two-thirds as long as ocellocular line, or female with a tooth at inferior-posterior angle of temple. Basal por- tions of wings not yellowish, apices not so deeply infnmate. Sides of mesoscutum with shiny interspaces between punc- tures 3 3. Dorsal surface of propodeum dull and granular, length in the middle nearly twice that of metanotum. Male: Ventral surface of seventh tergite subtriangular, half as long as wide ; flagellum uniformly dark. Female : Platelet at base of hind tibia with apex rounded ; inner calcar with posterior edge serrate farinosus F. Smith Dorsal surface of propodeum shiny between irregular rugae, length in the middle subequal to that of metanotum. Male : Ventral surface of seventh tergite about one-fourth as long as wide ; flagellum fulvotestaceous beneath. Female : Plate- let at base of hind tibia with apex pointed ; inner calcar with posterior edge dentate 4 4. Female: Head wider than thorax, inferior-posterior angle of temple projecting down as a toothlike process, or at least sharply angulate ; clypeus nearly flat. Male : Transverse carina of seventh tergite projecting at the middle; tergites 1 to 5 each with an apical fascia of white hair ; apical mar- gins of fourth and fifth sternites truncate, no band of erect hair on fourth; first flagellar joint two-thirds as long as second ligatus Say Female : Head not wider than thorax, temple rounded posteri- orly, clypeus rather strongly convex. Male : Transverse carina of seventh tergite emarginate at the middle ; tergites 1 to 4 each with an apical fascia of white hair ; apical mar- gin of fourth sternite concave and with a submarginal band of suberect hair, fifth deeply emarginate at the middle ; first flagellar joint half as long as second rubicundus (Christ) 5. Black, tinged with a very dark greenish blue which is most con- spicuous on the face and thoracic dorsum. Dorsal surface of propodeum with irregularly anastomosing rugae. Ab- dominal tergites indistinctly punctured. Male : Supra- orbital line extending just below anterior ocellus. virgatellus Cockerell Brassy or bluish green. Dorsal surface of propodeum with the rugae on the lateral portions principally longitudinal. Ab- dominal tergites with fine but distinct punctures (except harmonius, which has the tergites brown). Male: Supra- orbital line coinciding with postocellar line 6 25 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 1 6. Dorsal surface of propodeum with rugae on middle portion prin- cipally transverse. Male : Apices of abdominal tergites not constricted; apical margin of fourth sternite truncate, not bordered by a band of suberect hair; sixth sternite with a median furrow. Female : Posterior portion of hypostomal carina higher than the anterior portion (in some specimens forming a subtriangular projection). (Southern Mexico and Central America.) agilis F. Smith Dorsal surface of propodeum with rugae on middle portion more irregular and principally longitudinal. Male : Apices of abdominal tergites constricted, especially at the sides; api- cal margin of fourth sternite slightly concave and bordered by a band of suberect hair; sixth sternite with a median pit in basal half. Female : Hypostomal carina uniform. (North America, North of Mexico.) 7 7. Dorsal surface of propodeum with posterior margin truncate medially. Thorax rather coarsely punctate, the punctures separated by about a puncture ’s width. Olive or brassy green. Male : Apical margin of fifth sternite emarginate in the middle provancheri Dal la Torre Dorsal surface of propodeum subcrescentic. Thorax rather finely punctate, the punctures usually separated by twice a puncture’s width. Bluish green. Male: Apical margin of fifth sternite truncate (in tripartitus ; male of harmonius unknown) 8 8. Female : Clypeus and supraclypeal area rather sparsely but dis- tinctly punctured ; labrum with a median furrow ; flagellum relatively slender, joints 4 to 9 as long as wide. Mandible rufopiceous, with a band of rufotestaceous about half way between base and apex. Length 5 to 8 mm., usually 7 mm. tripartitus Cockerell Female : Clypeus and supraclypeal area practically impunctate ; labrum without a median furrow; flagellum stouter, joints 4 to 9 at least one and one-half times as wide as long. Man- dible rufotestaceous with apex rufopiceous. Length 4 mm. harmonius, n. sp. 1. Halictus ( Halictus ) ligatus Say Plate II, Figure 15 Halictus ligatus Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 396, 1837 ; female, male. — Le Conte, The complete writings of Thomas Say on the entomology of North America, vol. 2, 26 January, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA p. 774, 1859. — Cockerell, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 25, p. 185, 1898. — Michener, Pan-Pacific Ent., vol. 12, p. 169, 1936. Odontalictus ligatus Robertson, Ent. News, vol. 29, p. 91, 1918. Halictus poeyi Lepeletier, Histoire natnrelle des insectes. Hymenopteres, vol. 2, p. 271, 1841 ; male. (New sy- nonymy. ) Halictus capitosus F. Smith, Catalogue of hymenopterous in- sects in the collection of the British Museum, pt. 1, p. 67, 1853; female. — Cockerell, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 31, p. 351, 1905. (New synonymy.) Halictus armaticeps Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, p. 250, 1872 ; female. — Hicks, Univ. Colorado Studies, p. 222, 1926. Halictus texanus Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, p. 251, 1872 ; female, male. Halictus ornatipes Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, p. 252, 1872; male. (New synonymy.) Halictus townsendi Cockerell, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 18, p. 293, 1896; female. (New synonymy.) The female of ligatus is readily distinguished by its wide head, with the clypeus and the supraclypeal area flat and wide, as well as by the toothlike projection at the inferior-posterior angle of the temple. The male may be separated from those of all the other black species by the more sparsely punctured mesoscutum and scutellum, the longer hair on the second and third abdominal ster- nites, the nearly truncate posterior margin of the sixth sternite, and the very short ventral portion of the seventh tergite; from paral- lelus, by the shorter vertex and dorsal surface of the propodeum; and from both farinosus and rubicundus by the paler flagellum. In ligatus the submarginal band of erect hair on the fourth sternite and the median emargination of the fifth, which characterize rubi- cundus, are lacking. Male genitalia. — Paramere without a ventral process; apex of basal portion (in lateral view) obliquely truncate; apical process (in lateral view) narrowest at base and progressively wider to tip, apex somewhat Y-shaped, with two arms, of which the ventral one is the larger, between these arms a subcircular membranous flap which extends considerably beyond the ends of the arms and has the mesal surface densely pubescent. Volsella with basal margin more strongly rounded than in parallelus; mesal projection of api- cal margin more nearly triangular. Ventral digitiform projection of sagitta of aedeagus much shorter than in parallelus. 27 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 1 Types. — Of ligatus, lost; of armaticeps and ornatipes, in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; of capitosus, in the British Museum; of t exanus, not located; of poeyi, “Musee de M. Serville”; of townsendi, in the U. S. National Museum. Type localities. — Of ligatus, United States; of armaticeps, Texas; of capitosus, St. John’s Bluff, Fla.; of t exanus, Texas; of poeyi, Cuba; of ornatipes, Texas; of townsendi, San Rafael, Vera Cruz, Mexico. Distribution. — Widely distributed in North America south of 50 degrees latitude and extending through Central America to Colombia, South America, and to Cuba and Jamaica, West Indies. I have seen specimens from the following: Canada (Ontario); United States (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut* New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Idaho, California, Oregon, and Washington) ; Mex- ico (Baja California, Durango, Jalisco, Nuevo Leon, Vera Cruz, and Oaxaca); Honduras (Tegucigalpa); Guatemala; Panama (Canal Zone) ; Colombia (Vista Nueva and Agua Dulce, San Lorenzo Moun- tains) ; Cuba and Jamaica. Remarks. — This species exhibits considerable diversity in size. The inferior-posterior angle of the temple of the female usually has a toothlike projection but in some specimens is merely angulate. 2. Halictus ( Halictus ) rubicundus (Christ) Plate II, Figure 6 Apis rubicunda Christ, Naturgeschichte, Klassification und Nomenclature der Insecten vom Bienen, Wespen und Ameisengeschlecht. . . . Hymenoptera, p. 190, pi. 16, fig. 10, 1791 ; female. Halictus rubicundus Stephens, A systematic catalogue of Brit- ish insects, p. 388, No. 5249, 1829. — Kirby, Fauna Boreali- Americana, vol. 4, p. 267, 1837 ; female. — Bluthgen, Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr., p. 390, 1925. — Atwood, Canad. Journ. Res., vol. 9, p. 451, 1933, vol. 10, p. 216, figs. 3 and 17, 1934. Halictus lerouxi Lepeletier, Histoire naturelle des insectes. Hymenopteres, vol. 2, p. 272, 1841; female. — Robertson, 28 January, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 20, p. 146, 1893. — Hicks, Univ. Colo. Studies, p. 222, 1926. — Brittain, Canad. Dept. Agr. Bull., No. 162 (n. ser.), p. 94, 1933. Halictus ( Halictus ) lerouxii Lovell, Psyche, vol. 15, p. 34, 1908. Halictus ( Agapostemon ) lerouxi Yiereck, Ann. Kept. N. J. State Mus., p. 688 (1909), 1910. Halictus parallelus Say of F. Smith, Catalogue of hymenop- terous insects in the collection of the British Museum, pt. 1, p. 72, 1853. Halictus lerouxi var. ruborum Cockerell, Canad. Ent., vol. 30, p. 52, 1898 ; female. — Canad. Ent., vol. 69, p. 88, 1937 ; female. (New synonymy.) Halictus lupinelli Cockerell, Pan-Pacific Ent., vol. 12, p. 158, 1936; female. (New synonymy.) Halictus leurouxi lupinelli Michener, Pan-Pacific Ent., vol. 12, p. 170, 1936. — Cockerell, Canad. Ent., vol. 69, p. 88, 1937. Kirby was the first to report the species rubicundus from Boreal America. Smith commented upon the similarity of rubicundus and lerouxi but separated them on trivial differences. Bliithgen, how- ever, was the first definitely to establish their synonymy. Cockerell (1937) suggested that his lerouxi variety ruborum might be the same as rubicundus and that lerouxi and lupinelli might be sub- species, but in this study of a large series of specimens no limits for the separation of subspecies were found. The female of rubicundus resembles most closely that of farino- sus, from which it is distinguished by the narrower apical fasciae on the abdominal tergites, the more coarsely rugose dorsal area of the propodeum, the more uniformly punctured mesoscutum, and the more sharply pointed apex of the platelet at the base of the hind tibia. The male is readily distinguished by the submarginal band of suberect hair on the fourth sternite, the deep median emargina- tion of the fifth sternite, and the median notch in the transverse fold of the seventh tergite. Male genitalia. — Paramere with ventral process short and sub- triangular; basal portion (in lateral view) with apical margin sub- truncate, apical-dorsal portion of outer surface striate ; apical process (in lateral view) rectangular but constricted at base, dorsal margin undulating, mesa! surface with a dorsal, subcrescentic, mem- branous flap which is densely pubescent, with pubescence denser at base, and ventrad of which extend several large, curved, spatulate bristles. Volsella and ventral projection of sagitta very similar to those of parallelus but apex of projection of volsella truncate. 29 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 1 Type. — Of rubicundus, not located; of lerouxi, “Musee de M. Serville”; of ruborum , in Cockerell’s collections; of lupinelli, in the California Academy of Sciences. Type localities. — Of rubicundus, Europe; of lerouxi, ‘ ‘ Amerique septentrionale ” ; of ruborum, Seattle, Wash.; of lupinelli, Garber- ville, Calif. Distribution. — Holarctic, in North America occurring in Can- ada, Newfoundland, and the United States (except the lower part of the Mississippi Valley). I have seen specimens from Newfound- land; Canada (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Alberta, British Columbia, and the Mackenzie District) ; and the United States (Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Vir- ginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Colo- rado, Arizona, Utah, Idaho, Nevada, California, Oregon, and Washington). Remarks. — This species exhibits some difference in size (but not so much as in ligatus) and in the color of the legs, which in some specimens are reddish. 3. Halictus ( Halictus ) parallelus Say Plate II, Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Halictus parallelus Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 397, 1837 ; female. — Le Conte, The complete writings of Thomas Say on the entomology of North America, vol. 2, p. 775, 1859. — Robertson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 20, p. 145, 1893. Halictus occidentalis Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, p. 250, 1872 ; female, male. In both sexes parallelus is readily distinguished by the long and somewhat convex vertex, the strongly aciculate interspaces between the punctures, the long and granular dorsal area of the propodeum, and the yellowish wings with infumate apices. The male agrees with that of ligatus in having the flagellum yellowish beneath but differs by the more rounded apical margin of the sixth sternite and the longer ventral portion of the seventh tergite. (The males of rubicundus and farinosus have the flagellum uniformly dark brown. ) Male genitalia. — Paramere with ventral process more nearly digitiform than in rubicundus; apical margin of basal portion of 30 January, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA paramere subtruncate and slightly oblique; apical process (in lat- eral view) not so regularly rectangular as in rubicundus ; mem- branous flap extending beyond distal portion of dorsal margin, mesal surface with several coarse, curved, spatulate bristles. Vol- sella with mesal projection of apical margin rather broad. Ventral digitiform projection of aedeagus rather long (in ventral view), wide, with tip rounded. Types. — Of parallelus, lost; of occidentals, in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Type localities. — Of parallelus, Indiana; of occidentals, Texas. Distribution. — In the United States from Pennsylvania south to Georgia and west to New Mexico and Montana. I have seen speci- mens from Pennsylvania, Maryland, North Carolina, Georgia, Ala- bama, Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, Montana, Colorado, and New Mexico. Remarks. — This species exhibits practically no variation. Al- though parallelus is rather widely distributed, it is represented in collections by relatively few specimens. 4. Halictus ( Halictus ) farinosus F. Smith Plate II, Figures 9, 10 Halictus farinosus F. Smith, Catalogue of hymenopterous in- sects in the collection of the British Museum, pt. 1, p. 69, 1853 ; female. — Cockerell, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 31, p. 350, 1905; female. — Crawford, Canad. Ent., vol. 38, p. 300, 1906. Halictus montanus Crawford, Canad. Ent., vol. 34, p. 234, 1902 ; female, male. Paranomia venablesii Ashmead, Canad. Ent., vol. 35, p. 243, 1903 ; female. Halictus denticulus Vachal, Bull. Soc. Scient., Hist, et Arch. Correze, vol. 26, p. 469, 1904; female, male. Halictus procerus Vachal, Bull. Soc. Scient., Hist, et Arch. Correze, vol. 26, p. 469, 1904; male. The female of farinosus superficially resembles that of parel- lelus, from which it is readily separated by the shorter and less con- vex vertex, the more widely separated punctures, and the shorter dorsal area of the propodeum. The male has an unusually long ventral portion of the seventh tergite. Male genitalia. — Very similar to those of parallelus but differ- ing as follows: Ventral process of paramere considerably wider at 31 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 1 base, membranous flap at apex of paramere narrower with pubes- cence denser on basal portion, spatulate bristles on mesal surface of apical portion of paramere finer and more abundant ; mesal pro- jection of apical margin of volsella longer. Types. — Of farinosus, in the British Museum of Natural His- tory; of montanus and venablesii, in the U. S. National Museum; of denticulus, in the Hof museum, Vienna ; of procerus, not given. Type localities. — Of farinosus, California ; of montanus, Almota, Wash.; of venablesii, Vernon, British Columbia; of denticulus, Nevada; of procerus, Spence’s Bridge, British Columbia. Distribution. — From New Mexico west to California and north to British Columbia and Montana. I have seen specimens from New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, Utah, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. Remarks. — This species exhibits practically no variation. It apparently replaces parallelus in the Western States. 5. Halictus ( Halictus ) agilis F. Smith Plate II, Figures 13, 14 Halictus agilis F. Smith, Descriptions of new species of Hy- menoptera in the collection of the British Museum, p. 37, 1879; male. — Vachal, Bull. Soc. Scient., Hist, et Arch. Correze, vol. 26, p. 470, 1904; male, female.— Cockerell, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 31, p. 352, 1905; male. Halictus vagans F. Smith, Descriptions of new species of Hy- menoptera in the collection of the British Museum, p. 37, 1879; female. (New synonymy.) Halictus errans Ritsema, Tijdschr. Ent., vol. 23, p. xcvii, 1880. (Proposed for Halictus vagans F. Smith 1879, not 1858.) (New synonymy.) This species is readily separated from the other greenish species by its weakly punctured thorax and abdominal tergites, with the interspaces shining ; the transverse rugae on the middle of the dor- sal surface of the propodeum ; and the weakly constricted apices of the tergites. The female has the posterior portion of the hypo- stomal carina higher than the anterior portion; in some specimens a subtriangular projection is formed. The male has a median carina on the sixth sternite instead of the median pit found in the other greenish species. Male genitalia. — Paramere without a ventral process ; basal por- tion of paramere similar to that of parallelus ; apical portion (in lateral view) nearly square, apical-dorsal angle with a slender 32 January, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA process which is more heavily sclerotized than the membranous flap of farinosus, on the mesal surface just basad of process a whorl of bristles with a number of coarser bristles at its base (bristles finer than in farinosus) . Volsella with basal -lateral angles and projec- tion mesad of emargination in apical margin more rounded than in parallelus. Digitiform process on ventral surface of aedeagus shorter and slenderer than in the species which precede (except ligatus). Types. — Of agilis and vagans, in the British Museum of Natural History. Type localities. — Of agilis and of vagans, Oaxaca, Mexico. Distribution. — From southern Mexico south through Central America to Colombia, South America. I have seen specimens from the following: Mexico (Vera Cruz and Oaxaca) ; Guatemala (Gua- lan, Zacapa, and Guatemala City) ; Honduras (Tegucigalpa) ; Nicaragua (San Antonio and Chinandega) ; Costa Rica (San Mateo) ; Panama (Taboga Island and Canal Zone) ; and Colombia (Cincinnati). Remarks. — This is the only greenish species of this subgenus known to occur in Central America. There is little variation except in the elevated posterior portion of the hypostomal carina of the female. 6. Halictus ( Halictus ) provancheri Dalla Torre Plate II, Figures 16, 17 Halictus constrictus Provancher, Nat. Canad., vol. 13, p. 202, 1882; male. — Petite faune entomologique du Canada et particulierement de la Province de Quebec, Hymenop- teres, p. 702, 1883; male (not female). — Additions et cor- rections au volume II de la faune entomologique du Canada traitant des Hymenopteres, p. 316, 1888 ; female. Halictus provancheri Dalla Torre, Catalogus Hymenopterorum . . . , vol. 10, p. 77, 1896. (Proposed for Halictus con- strictus Provancher 1882, not F. Smith 1853.) — Crawford, Canad. Ent., vol. 38, p. 303, 1906; female. — Bliithgen, Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr., p. 390, 1925. — Brittain, Canada Dept. Agr. Bull., No. 162 (n. ser.), p. 94, 1933.-— Atwood, Canad. Journ. Res., vol. 9, p. 452, 1933; vol. 10, p. 216, fig. 4, 18, 1934. Halictus ( Halictus ) provancheri Lovell, Psyche, vol. 15, p. 33, 1908. Halictus flavipes Fabricius of F. Smith, Catalogue of hymenop- 33 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 1 terous insects in the collection of the British Museum, pt. 1, p. 48, 1853 (in part). Halictus coactus Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, p. 254, 1872 • female, in part. Halictus fasciatus Nylander of Robertson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 22, p. 117, 1895. Halictus nearcticus Yachal, Bull. Soc. Scient., Hist, et Arch. Correze, vol. 26, p. 470, 1904; female, male. Halictus arapahonum Cockerell, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 17, p. 316, 1906 ; female. — Hicks, Canad. Ent., vol. 68, p. 48, 1936. (New synonymy.) Halictus ( Chloralictus ) olivarius Sandhouse, Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., vol. 65, No. 2532, p. 10, 1924; female. (New synonymy. ) Both sexes of provancheri are readily separated from tripartitus and harmonius (female) as follows: Head and thorax more coarsely punctured, head longer and narrower, posterior margin of dorsal surface of propodeum truncate medially, brassy or olive rather than bluish green; the male with the flagellum longer and yellowish be- neath and the joints more strongly curved, the trochanters yellowish and the apical margin of fifth sternite emarginate medially. Male genitalia. — Paramere with ventral process much larger than in agilis and widest at tip; basal portion of paramere rather strongly rounded; apical portion expanded along ventral edge to apex; dorsal edge some distance basad of apical-lateral angle with a slender process which extends only slightly beyond angle; mesal surface with a tuft of rather long hairs, just basad of which are several coarse, curved bristles. Volsella and aedeagus as in agilis. Types. — Of constrictus, in the Quebec Provincial Museum; of nearcticus, in the Paris Museum; of arapahonum and olivarius, in the U. S. National Museum. Type localities. — Of constrictus, Canada; of nearcticus, “Amer. septentr. (Castelnau) ” ; of arapahonum, Boulder, Colo.; of oli- varius, Jumbo Reservoir, Logan County, Colo. Distribution. — In North America from New Brunswick south to North Carolina and west to New Mexico and Washington. I have seen specimens from Canada (New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, and Saskatchewan) and the United States (Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illi- nois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Louisiana, Texas, Kan- sas, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Oregon, and Washington). 34 January, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Remarks. — This species is more widely distributed than the other greenish species and is the only metallic species occurring east of the Rocky Mountains. Variation in size or color is slight. 7. Halictus ( Halictus ) tripartitus Cockerell Plate II, Figures 11, 12 Halictus tripartitus Cockerell, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 16, p. 63, 1895; female. Halictus meliloti Cockerell, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 16, p. 67, 1895 ; female. — Pan-Pacific Ent., vol. 11, p. 54, 1935. (New synonymy.) Halictus ( Seladonia ) meliloti Cockerell, Psyche, vol. 35, p. 234, 1928 ; female. Halictus catalinensis Cockerell, South. Calif. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 84, 1903; female. (New synonymy.) Halictus ( Seladonia ) catalinensis Cockerell, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 14, p. 191, 1925 ; female. Halictus ( Seladonia ) meliloti catalinensis Cockerell, Pan- Pacific Ent., vol. 13, p. 151, 1937. The characters in which tripartitus differs from provancheri are discussed under that species. Male genitalia. — Paramere with ventral process uniformly slender, and slightly curved; apical portion of paramere rather similar to that of parallelus, but the apical projection more heavily sclerotized and sparsely pubescent. Volsella and aedeagus as in agilis. Types. — Of tripartitus and catalinensis , in the U. S. National Museum; of meliloti, in the collection of the Citrus Experiment Station at Riverside, Calif. Type localities. — Of tripartitus, Santa Fe, N. Mex. ; of meliloti, College Farm, Mesilla Valley, N. Mex. ; of catalinensis, Avalon, Cata- lina Island, Calif. Distribution. — In the western part of the United States from Washington and Idaho south to California and Texas. I have seen specimens from Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Idaho, Nevada, California, Oregon, and Washington. Remarks. — The females of tripartitus exhibit greater variation in size than do the males. Some females have the head somewhat wider, but in a series intergrading forms are found. This species apparently replaces provancheri in the western portion of the United States. 35 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 1 8. Halictus (Halictus) harmonius, n. sp. This species resembles rather closely small females of tri- partite, from which it differs as follows : Clypeus and supra- clypeal area practically impunctate, basal portion of labrum without a median furrow; flagellum stouter, posterior portion of dorsal surface of propodeum without rugae, platelet at base of hind tibia with apex more sharply pointed. Female. — Length 4 mm. Head and thorax metallic bluish green, labrum and mandible rufotestaceous (tip of mandible rufous), apex of clypeus nearly piceous, flagellum and legs brown, tegula testaceous, abdomen brownish and somewhat iridescent. Wings hyaline and strongly iridescent, veins tes- taceous. Pubescence white. Punctures on head and thorax fine and well separated, interspaces between punctures shiny. Abdomen indistinctly punctured. Type. — Holotype, U. S. National Museum No. 55161. Paratypes in the U. S. National Museum and the collection of P. H. Timberlake. Type locality. — Mill Creek, San Bernardino Mountains, Calif. Distribution. — Described from the following female specimens all collected in California by P. H. Timberlake : Holotype and three paratypes from the type locality, taken at an altitude of 4,000 ft., August 21, 1939, on Erigonum gracile ; two paratypes taken at Idyllwild, San Jacinto Mountains, one, July 14, 1912, and one, July 22, 1933, on Asclepias eriocarpa. Remarks — The name harmonius was given this species in manu- script by Mr. Timberlake, who permitted the inclusion of the species in this paper. 9. Halictus ( Halictus ) virgatellus Cockerell Plate II, Figures 7, 8 Halictus virgatellus Cockerell, Psyche, vol. 9, p. 284, 1901; female. Halictus sansoni Crawford, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, p. 267, 1911; female. (New synonymy.) Halictus fraserae Cockerell, Entomologist, vol. 49, p. 100, 1916 ; female. (New synonymy.) Halictus typographies Cockerell, Entomologist, vol. 51, p. 261; male. (New synonymy.) Halictus ( Seladonia ) ororyctes Cockerell, Ann. Ent. Soc. America, vol. 26, p. 40, 1933; female. (New synonymy.) This is the only American species of the subgenus which has 36 January, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA obscure metallic tints only on the face and thorax. The malar space is longer (especially in the male), and the dorsal surface of the propodeum has irregularly anastomosing rugae. The male has the sixth sternite provided with the median depression which is char- acteristic of the more strongly metallic species but is readily distin- guished by its longer face, blackish abdominal tergites with indis- tinct punctures, and dark femora as well as spots on the tibiae. Male genitalia. — Paramere with ventral process narrower than in provancheri, tip rounded and mesal surface rather densely pubes- cent; basal portion of paramere similar to that of parallelus ; apical portion resembling rather closely that of provancheri but longer, with the process much longer and its tip expanded. Volsella and aedeagus similar to those of agilis and provancheri. Types. — Of virgatellus, sansoni, fraserae, and typographies, in the U. S. National Museum; of ororyctes, in the collection of the Citrus Experiment Station at Riverside, Calif. Type localities. — Of virgatellus, top of Las Vegas Range, N. Mex. ; of sansoni, Banff, Alberta ; of fraserae , Tolland, Colo. ; of typographicus, Pikes Peak, Colo. ; of ororyctes, Pingree Park, Colo. Distribution. — In western North America from the Mackenzie District south to New Mexico and east to Alberta. I have seen specimens from Canada (Alberta, Mackenzie District, and British Columbia) and the United States (Colorado, Oregon, and New Mexico). 37 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 1 Explanation of Plate II1 Fig. 1. Halictus parallelus Say. Male, genitalia in dorsal view. Fig. 2. Halictus parallelus Say. Male, genitalia in ventral view. Fig. 3. Halictus parallelus Say. Male, apex of paramere in api- cal-lateral view. Fig. 4. Halictus parallelus Say. Male, volsella in dorsal view. Fig. 5. Halictus parallelus Say. Male, sagitta in lateral view. Fig. 6. Halictus rubicundus (Christ) . Male, apex of paramere in apical-lateral view. Fig. 7. Halictus virgatellus Cockerell. Male, apex of paramere in apical-lateral view. Fig. 8. Halictus virgatellus Cockerell. Male, apex of paramere in apical-dorsal view. Fig. 9. Halictus farinosus F. Smith. Male, apex of paramere in apical-lateral view. Fig. 10. Halictus farinosus F. Smith. Male, apex of paramere in apical-dorsal view. Fig. 11. Halictus tripartitus Cockerell. Male, apex of paramere in apical-dorsal view. Fig. 12. Halictus tripartitus Cockerell. Male, apex of paramere in apical-lateral view. Fig. 13. Halictus agilis F. Smith. Male, apex of paramere in api- cal-lateral view. Fig. 14. Halictus agilis F. Smith. Male, apex of paramere in api- cal-dorsal view. Fig. 15. Halictus ligatus Say. Male, apex of paramere in apical- dorsal view. Fig. 16. Halictus provancheri Dalla Torre. Male, apex of para- mere in apical-lateral view. Fig. 17. Halictus provancheri Dalla Torre. Male, apex of para- mere in apical-dorsal view. Explanation of Symbols Applied to the Male Genitalia BR, Basal ring. Sagf, Sagitta. Par., Paramere. Vol ., Volsella. Aed., Aedeagus. 1 The drawings were made, under the author’s supervision, by Mrs. Eleanor A. Carlin of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. On account of the diversity of size of the male geni- talia, it was impossible to draw all the figures to the same scale. 38 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 1, (n. s.) No. 1, PI. II VOL. XXI (New Series) APRIL, 1941 No. 2 A Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor CARL GEO. SIEPMANN GEO. P. ENGELHARDT Published Quarterly ior the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue, July 16, 1941 Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. AmericAna Vol. XXI April, 1941 No. 2 A SYNOPSIS of the HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA of America North of Mexico By J. R. de la Torre-Bueno ( Continued from vol. XIX , no. I, p. 310) PART II Families Coreidae, Alydidae, Corizidae, Neididae, Pyrrhocoridae and Thaumastotheriidae Contents page Foreword 42 Key to Family VII — Coreidae 44 VIII — Alydidae 78 IX — Corizidae 88 X — Neididae 101 XII — Pyrrhocoridae 107 XIII — Thaumastotheriidae 119 References, noting Genera and Species newly described therein 121 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 Foreword This is Part II of my Synopsis of the Heteroptera, now in prog- ress. As in Part I, all keys are cast in a pure dichotomy and after a standard pattern. In many instances, the couplets, or halves of couplets, are actual redescriptions of species from individual speci- mens, with which descriptions other specimens of the species have been compared and checked. Such specimens are so labelled in my collection. These specimens become in effect plesiotypes of the species, as defined by Banks and Caudell. It must be borne in mind that these keys have no pretensions to a monographic status — they are designed solely for the practical end of naming specimens un- known or unrecognized by the users of the keys. These keys are the distillation of widely scattered data, to make such facts available in one place. In other words, their purpose is to make extensive research unnecessary in identifying specimens. This statement, however, is not to be taken to mean that all reference to original descriptions, if available, should be neglected. In this part also, the greater number of the keys are original, mostly from specimens in hand. In the groups keyed, there are not many reliable antecedent keys, with the exception of Staffs partial keys in his many works ; and not many of such keys are on a basis of structure. The keys to genera and higher groups are recast of ne- cessity from extant keys, wherein are the primary definitions of such aggregations ; these keys are sometimes expanded, but all the origi- nal characters are preserved,, as for example, Staffs restrictions of the subgenera in Rhopalus ( Corizus ). They are literal, even though recast in form. It is assumed that the authors who made these pri- mary keys knew what they were saying and doing. In this Part II are included in the keys many species recorded from Mexico (but not all), but not as yet known from the United States. Experience and records cropping up indicate that there is a substantial number of such species likely to be found north of Mexico, particularly in the Gulf strip and southern border of Texas, and in Arizona and California. West Indian species are included occasionally, since many of these have been recorded from Florida, and others may appear. In the family Corizidae, Van Duzee is adhered to in family and generic and subgeneric names. It should be pointed out that Corizus Fallen has been shown to be the same as Therapha A. & S. ; and that the correct name for the aggregation known as Corizus is Rhopalus Schilling. This is merely pointed out, since the old prac- 42 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA tice is followed, because this Synopsis is in no sense a revision — it simply reflects current practice, right or wrong. It is impossible to clear up this condition without a complete revision of this genus, which nobody seems to have done as yet. In the family Pyrrhocoridae, the keys to Euryophthalmus (olim Largus) and to Dysdercus have been drawn up newly on a struc- tural basis from specimens determined by Dr. R. F. Hussey, who worked over the species in my collection for his pending monograph of the Family. These determinations have been accepted as correct. For the preceding reason, it will be possible later to readily control and synonymize the species, in view of the structural character of the keys. It is to be remembered that in this part, as in Part I, all struc- tures used are easily to be seen at x 20. If a greater magnification is used or required, it will be specifically stated. Measurements and proportions are by eye-piece micrometer and true to 1/20 mm. However, all such are conditioned by individual variation, and can be nothing but averages about a norm peculiar to each form. Further, as far as possible, the keys are on a strictly structural basis. Where color is used as a character, it is either because there were no authentically named specimens from which to construct the key ; or because color is a striking characteristic and aid to prompt recognition of a species. Otherwise, as will be abundantly evident, color is not considered in any degree. Color varieties are omitted, and also subspecies on such a flimsy basis. Widths of insects are not given in many instances, either because they are not significant within many groups, or because they have not been given in the descriptions used to make keys. All other information on the keys, on structures used in them, and on definition of terms, will be found in Part I. 43 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 Family VII. COREIDAE Leach 1815 (Subfamily Coreinae olim) Key to Subfamilies 1. Veins of membrane arising from a transverse vein remote from the apical margin of the corium; entire upper surface, except the membrane, thickly beset with small seta-bearing (hispid) granules ; posterior coxae contiguous or nearly so ; (antennal segment I always shorter than the head). 3. Pseudophloeinae Stal 1867 Veins of membrane arising directly from the apical margin of the corium; entire upper surface not thickly beset with small hispid granules (except in Nissoscolopocerus) ■ posterior coxae widely separated ; (antennal segment I rarely shorter than the head) 2 2. Apex of the posterior tibiae ending beneath in a short projecting spine ; (antennal segment IV longer than II and III taken together) ; posterior femora recurved, strongly clavate, basal half very slender, apical half much thickened and spined beneath ; length, in general, 9 mm. or less. 1. Merocorinae Stal 1870 Apex of posterior tibiae without a projecting spine; posterior femora not, or rarely, curved and strongly clavate; (head much narrower and shorter than the pronotum; bucculae reaching behind the insertion of the antennae) ; length, in general, 10 mm. or more 2. Coreinae Stal 1867 Subfamily 1. Merocorinae Stal 1870 Genus I. Merocoris Perty 1830 ( Corynocoris auctt.) This is the only genus in the subfamily recognized from north of Mexico. It may be further known by the following generic charac- ters, in addition to those given for the subfamily in the key : Pubes- cent; head much shorter than the pronotum and bearing a short spine above, near the base of each antenna; rostrum going beyond the anterior coxae; humeri acute; scutellum triangular, its apex acute ; posterior angles of the pronotum produced into a short erect blunt spine ; ostiole set in front of the posterior coxae, without a canal or an auricle ; posterior coxae distant, practically lateral. 44 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Key to Species (or Subspecies) 1. Head nearly square, not prolonged in front ; antennal segment I constricted basally only, hairs of antennae thick and bristle- like ; rostrum not, or just, reaching intermediate coxae 2 Head subtriangular, prolonged anteriorly between the bases of the antennae; antennal segment I subclavate, tapering to- ward the base from the middle, finely pubescent; rostrum reaching beyond intermediate coxae; length, 7-8 mm., width, 2.7-3 mm typhaeus Fabricius 1798 Virginia, North Carolina, Florida, Alabama, (Florida only, according to McAtee) ; on Per sea gratissima. 2. Antennal segment IV subequal to or longer than II and III taken together, over 5 to over 7 times as long as its own diameter; length, 7. 5-8. 7 mm., width, 3-3.5 mm. distinctus Dallas 1852 New England, New York to Virginia, Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, Iowa to Kansas and Oklahoma. Antennal segment IV shorter than II and III taken together, 3 to 4.5 times as long as its own diameter; length, 8.25 mm., width, 3.1 mm curtatus McAtee 1919 Arizona, California, New Mexico, Colorado, Texas. N.B. — These three forms are variously considered as distinct species, or as subspecies of typhaeus Fabricius. The distribution is as given in the literature. Subfamily 2. Coreinae Stal 1867 Key to Tribes 1. Posterior tibiae in both sexes dilated on one or both sides in the form of a thin foliaceous plate 2 Posterior tibiae simple, terete, subcylindrical or somewhat flat- tened, not foliaceously dilated 3 2. Tylus longer than the juga, compressed and upwardly projecting between the antenniferous tubercles in the form of a tri- angular spine ; antennal segment I at least one-half longer than the head 1. Acanthocephalini Stal 1870 Tylus longer than the juga, compressed and de flexed in front of them; antennal segment I but little, if at all, longer than the head 2. Anisoscelini Amyot & Serville 1843 3. Head as long, or nearly as long, as the pronotum, distinctly nar- rowed and prolonged in front of the bases of the antennae ; femora armed beneath 4 45 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 Head not over two-thirds the length of the pronotum, little pro- duced in front of the bases of the antennae 5 4. Antennal segments II and III not 3-angled or 3-sided. 3. Leptoscelini Stal 1867 Antennal segments II and III 3-angled or 3-sided. 7. Chelinidini Blatchley 1926 5. Posterior femora armed beneath with numerous teeth, strongly incrassate in males, slender or but slightly thickened in females; anterolateral margins of the pronotum toothed or crenulate 4. Mictini Stal 1867 Posterior femora with only two or three small spines beneath, or unarmed, not much thickened in either sex; anterolateral margins of the pronotum unarmed, or with distinct teeth... 6 6. Antenniferous tubercles very prominent, head appearing incised anteriorly, juga and tylus strongly, abruptly deflexed 8 Antenniferous tubercles not prominent, neither juga nor tylus strongly deflexed, head not appearing incised 7 7. Spiracles of the intermediate abdominal segments equidistant from the anterior and posterior margins of the segments, or at most, not twice as far from the posterior as from the anterior margin of the segments; rostrum long, reaching beyond the anterior coxae 8. Coreini Stal 1867 Spiracles of the intermediate abdominal segments at least twice as far from the posterior as from the anterior margins of the segments, more distant from the lateral than from the anterior margin of the segments; rostrum short, barely reaching anterior coxae or just beyond them. 9. Discogastrini Stal 1867 8. Antennal segment III not dilated at or near its apex; antenni- ferous tubercles without a spine; (anterolateral margins of the pronotum not toothed) ; broad oval in shape. 5. Corecorini Van Duzee 1917 (Menenotini Bergroth 1913) Antennal segment III lamellately expanded near its apex ; antenniferous tubercles with a distinct spine above their bases; elongate narrow in shape 6. Chariesterini Stal 1867 Tribe 1. AC AN TH 0 CEPHALINI Stal 1870 Genus I. Acanthocephala Laporte 1832 This, the only North American Genus in the tribe is further characterized as follows: Head small, porrect, shorter than the 46 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA pronotum and narrower than its anterior margin ; rostrum reaching at least to the intermediate coxae ; antennal segment III shortest, the other three subequal, I stout, somewhat curved ; pronotum wider at its base than the hemelytra, much narrowed anteriorly, its antero- lateral margins straight, strongly converging from the prominent humeri to the narrow apex, which is but little wider than the head, the margins with nodules or blunt teeth; scutellum small, nearly triangular, its sides of nearly equal length, apex acute ; hind tibiae with large laminate dilations, the outer dilation longer and wider than the inner ; ostiole large, with a short curved auricle. Key to Species 1. Pronotum greatly expanded beyond the margins of the abdomen and of the hemelytra, concave ; outer dilation of the pos- terior tibiae broad almost to the apex (subgenus Acantho- cephala s.s.) ; scutellum with a marginal sulcus; length, 28-34 mm., width, 11-12 mm declivis Say 1832 North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, Ari- zona, (Central America) ; on Per sea borbonica. Pronotum wider than the abdomen, but not greatly expanded nor prominently concave; outer dilation of the tibiae not wide at or near the apex (subgenus Metapodiessa Kirkaldy 1902) £ 2. Outer dilation of the posterior tibiae in both sexes broad almost to the apex of the tibia, but not widened apically ; length, 24 mm., width, granulosa Dallas 1852 Texas, Arizona, California. Outer dilation of the posterior tibiae not wide at or near the apex of the tibia, much narrowed if extended to near the apex 3 3. Dilation of the posterior tibiae in both sexes extending but two- thirds or slightly more of the entire length of the tibia, deeply scalloped; (antennal segment IV pale) ; length, 18- 22 mm., width, 6-7 mm terminalis Dallas 1852 ( instabilis Uhler 1871) New England west to Colorado and south to Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas; on Solidago and Joe-pye-weed ( Eupa - torium purpureum) . Dilation of the posterior tibiae extending distinctly more than two-thirds the length of the tibia, sometimes nearly to the apex ; 23 mm. or more in length 4 47 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 4. Pronotum prominently tuberculate ; outer dilation of the tibia in the male without distinct scallops; posterior femora of the male prominently thickened and curved, with a long stout spine beneath; antennae concolorous; length, 25- 28 mm., width, 9-10 mm femorata Fabricius 1775 North Carolina to Florida, Texas, Oklahoma and Minne- sota, (Mexico). Pronotum minutely tuberculate or granulate; outer dilation of the tibia in the male with distinct scallops ; posterior femora of the male nearly or quite straight and not much enlarged, median tooth or spine not enlarged ; antennal segment IV reddish; length, 23-25 mm., width, 9-10 mm. confraterna Uhler 1871 Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Texas. Tribe 2. ANISOSCELINI Amyot & Serville 1843 Key to Genera 1. Antennal segment I shorter than the length of the head. III. Narnia Stal 1862 Antennal segment I long, as long as, or longer than the head 2 2. Antennal segment I equal to the length of the head, or but slightly longer ; antennae simple, without dilations. II. Leptoglossus Guerin 1838 Antennal segment I very much longer than the head, II and III dilated on both sides I. Chondrocera Laporte 1832 Genus I. Chondrocera Laporte 1832 To the characters of this monotypic genus, as given in the key, may be added : Head longer than wide, apically pointed ; juga wider than the tylus; pronotum strongly declivent anteriorly, antero- lateral margins straight and converging apically from the acute humeri, anterior lobe separated from the posterior by a strong carina, declivent posteriorly; legs elongate, especially the anterior femora, hind tibiae with the outer expansion angulate near the middle, the outer nearly three times as wide as the inner expansion. Its one species is reported north of Mexico : C. laticornis Laporte 1832 In this the antennae are nearly as long as the body, segment I 3-angled, longer than the head, distinctly curved, the margins of the dilations of segments II and III finely serrate ; pronotum closely 48 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA and unevenly finely reticulate-punctate, the scutellum and hemelytra more coarsely so; length, 16-18 mm., width, 3.12 mm. Florida, (West Indies). Genus II. Leptoglossus Guerin 1838 Key to Species 1. Rostrum reaching just to or slightly past middle coxae; (anten- nal segment II one and one-half times as long as III, IV longest; posterior tibial dilation more than one-half but less than two-thirds the length of the tibia, with 3 teeth in both sexes; length, 12-14 mm., width, 5 mm.). brevirostris Barber 1918 Arizona, California. Rostrum extended much beyond middle coxae, generally on to the abdomen 2 2. Apex of head (tylus) extended into a long spine-like projec- tion; length, 16-20 mm., width, 4^6 mm. clypealis Heidemann 1910 Oregon, California, Arizona, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico ; on ornamental pomegranate. Apex of head pointed or rounded, tylus not extended into a long spine-like projection 3 3. Pronotum very coarsely punctate or rugose, almost alveolate; (hemelytra without a pale transverse fascia ; length, 18-25 mm., width, 6-9 mm.) fulvicornis Westwood 1842 ( magnoliae Heidemann 1910) Massachusetts and New York to Florida and Alabama ; on magnolia fruit. Pronotum not rugose, finely punctate only 4 4. Antennal segment IV equal to or shorter than III 5 Antennal segment IV longer than III 6 5. Outer expansion of posterior tibiae lanceolate, not scalloped, reaching almost to the apex of the tibia ; rostrum reaching to or passing ventral segment III ; (pronotum with large dark dots) ; length, 16-19 mm., width, 4.5-6 mm. corculus Say 1932 New Jersey south to Georgia and west to Colorado, Arizona and California. Outer expansion of posterior tibiae reaching only two-thirds the length of the tibia, foliaceous; length, 16-18 mm., width, 4—6 mm occidental is Heidemann 1910 British Columbia, Idaho, California, Colorado. 49 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 6. Posterolateral margins of the pronotnm more or less crenulate or dentate 7 Posterolateral margins of the pronotum not crenulate or dentate ; (transverse fascia of the hemelytra, if present, a mere trace ; length, 18-20 mm., width, 5-6 mm.) oppositus Say 1932 New York west to Indiana and Minnesota and Oklahoma, south to Florida and Texas, (Mexico) ; on cucurbits, fruits, and garden vegetables, also on Yucca filament osa. 7. Posterior angles of the pronotum terminating in a prominent spine; pronotum with a curved transverse line anteriorly, which is sometimes reduced to two small spots ; (length, 16- 19 mm., width, 5-6.5 mm.) gonagra Fabricius 1775 Florida, Texas. Posterior angles of the pronotum not terminating in a prominent spine ; pronotum without a transverse yellow line 8 8. Pronotum margined all around with bright orange ; foliations of the posterior tibiae short; (antennal segments II and IV subequal, IV the longer, each more than one and one-half times as long as III ; rostrum hardly reaching the posterior coxae, segment IV twice III; length, 14-16.5 mm., width, 5-6 mm.) ; (upper surface covered with fine hairs). ashmeadi Heidemann 1909 Florida; on Phoraclendron flavescens (mistletoe). Pronotum without an orange border ; foliations of posterior tibiae large and long 9 9. Transverse fascia of the hemelytra solid, not wavy; pubes- cence of upper surface short, not tomentose and not heavy ; pronotum concolorous ; scutellum with a fine sparse pubes- cence; antennal segment IV about one and two-fifths the length of I ; body beneath with a fine short silvery pile ; length, 17.5-20 mm., width, 5.5-6 mm. phyllopus Linne 1767 New York to Florida, Mississippi, Texas, Oklahoma, Ari- zona; on cotton bolls; fruit, potatoes, etc., and on Carduus spinosissimus. Transverse fascia of the hemelytra wavy, the veins only white, and a solid small patch on the costal margin; pubescence of upper surface long, heavy, nearly tomentose; two light colored areas on the pronotum anteriorly, with a few large black dots in them ; scutellum with close, very thick silvery 50 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA hairs ; antennal segment IV one and four-fifths times as long as I ; length, 17-21 mm., width, 5.25 to 7 mm. zonatus Dallas 1852 Arizona, California, (Mexico) ; on ornamental pome- granate. Genus III. Narnia Stal 1862 Key to Species 1. Surface of body with a close grayish mottled pubescence; form narrow; head proportionally long; connexivnm narrow; antennae long and slender; median carina of pronotnm not pronounced ; lateral margins of the pronotnm not very distinctly carinated ; hemelytra without a transverse white band, or with obsolete vestiges of such a band (subgenus Narnia s.s) 2 Surface of body not covered with a close grayish pubescence; head proportionally short; connexivum broad; antennae short and stout; median carina of the pronotum distinct; margins of the pronotum distinctly carinated; hemelytra with a transverse white band (subgenus Xerocoris Van Duzee 1906) 3 2. Dilations of hind tibiae reaching three-quarters the length of the tibia; (no distinct red coloration) ; length, 19.5 mm., width, 5.5 mm inornata Distant 1892 Arizona, California, (Mexico). Dilations of hind tibiae reaching two-thirds the length of the tibia; length, 15-17 mm., width, 4-5 mm. femorata Stal 1862 ( pallidicornis Stal 1870) New Mexico, Arizona, California, Texas, (Mexico) ; on cactus. 3. Dilations of hind tibiae two-thirds the length of the tibia, rather broad ; hemelytra ferruginous with a distinct broad white transverse band; length, 14.3-16.5 mm., width, 4.25-4.9 mm snowi Van Duzee 1906 Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California. Dilations of hind tibiae three-quarters the length of the tibiae, almost linear ; (apex of the head, antennal segment I and the legs ferruginous or red; antennal segment I hardly surpassing the apex of the head) ; hemelytra black, the costa parrowly pale; length, 12 mm. wilsoni Yan Duzee 1906 California. 51 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 Tribe 3. LEPTOSCELINI Stal 1867 A. Humeral angles prominent, acute ; posterior tibiae as long as or longer than the posterior femora I. Pkthia Stal 1862 B. Humeral angles hardly prominent, rounded; posterior tibiae shorter than the femora II. Amblyomia Stal 1870 Genus I. Plithia Stal 1862 To the characters in the key may be added these generic : Head including the eyes wider than the anterior margin of the pronotum ; antennal segment I almost straight, as long as or slightly longer than the head ; apical margin of the pronotum with a collar ; femora slender, the apices of the posterior passing the apex of the abdomen, posterior tibiae simple ; spiracles set at the middle or nearly be- hind the middle of the ventral segments. The only species of this subtropical genus so far recorded for North America is P. picta Drury 1770. Selected specific characters are: Anterolateral margins of the pronotum straight, finely toothed, humeri subacute or subtruncate, the disc, together with the scutellum and the hemelytra finely and densely punctate ; abdominal spiracles equidistant from the anterior and the posterior margins of the ventral segments; length, F4-16 mm., width, 4-5 mm. Florida, Texas, California, (ranges through Mexico south to Brazil). N.B. — There are numerous color varieties of this which will be found listed by McAtee in the Bulletin of the Brooklyn Ento- mological Society for 1919, p. 13. Genus II. Amblyomia Stal 1870 The principal generic characters, from Stal’s original char- acterization (Enumeratio II: 171), are: Head slightly exserted, a little shorter than the pronotum ; juga and tylus produced in front of antenniferous tubercles ; ocelli close to the eyes ; rostrum reach- ing to posterior coxae, segment I extended behind the eyes; pronotum with a collar, anterolateral margins obtuse, convex ; humeral angles hardly prominent, rounded ; scutellum equilateral ; femora granulated, beneath biseriately spinose, posterior in male incrassate, subf usif orm ; tarsi short, stout, segment I of posterior tarsus subequal to the two terminal segments taken together. The one species is 52 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA A. bifasciata Stal 1870 The original description, from the Latin, reads : ‘ ‘ Black, glossy ; thorax, scutellum, hemelytra, pleura (except the anterior half of the mesosternum and the metasternum) strongly punctate; thorax levigate anteriorly, collar, and median fascia of the corium, flaves- cent; a broad subarcuate fascia behind the middle of the thorax, as well as two apical spots in ventral segments III, IV and Y, sanguineous; male, length, 13 mm., width, 4 mm.” Doubtfully recorded by Van Duzee from “West. States”; may occur along the southern borders of Texas, Arizona and California ; Barber states (1926) that it does not occur in the United States. Tribe 4. MICTINI Stal 1867 Key to Genera -s* c co***#^0* ,vcjff r*9-* 1. Antennal segment III compressed or dilated, (shorter than II) ; large species, over 35 mm. long; brightly colored. I. Thasus Stal 1865 Antennal segment III cylindrical, not compressed or dilated, (shorter than II?) ; smaller species, less than 35 mm. long; in dull colors 2 2. Antennal tubercles spined on the outer side ; head with a distinct tubercle behind each eye 3 Antennal tubercles without a spine on the outer side; head not tuberculate behind the eyes 4 3. Posterior coxae covered by a lamellate process. VI. Hymeniphera Laporte 1832 Posterior coxae not covered by a lamellate process; (antennal segment II shorter than III) — VII. Euthochtha Mayr 1865 4. Posterior margin of the pronotum not wider that the base of the scutellum ; posterior femora in the male not incrassate 5 Posterior margin of the pronotum distinctly wider than the base of the scutellum; posterior femora in the male distinctly incrassated 6 5. Posterior tibiae in the male curved, with one large spine and several smaller ones in the inner aspect, in the female terete, straight, unspined ; posterior femora in both sexes more or less spined in both aspects, conspicuously so in the male; pronotum granulose IV. Archimerus Burmeister 1835 Posterior tibiae in both sexes straight, flattened finely dentate from near base to apex; posterior femora not spined on outer (or upper) aspect; pronotum not granulose. V. Mamurius Stal 1862 53 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 6. Mesosternum longitudinally snlcate near the anterior coxae. II. Mozena Amyot & Serville 1843 Mesosternum not longitudinally sulcate. III. Capaneus Stal 1862 Genus I. Tkasus Stal 1865 This genus is further characterized thus, from Stal’s original description: Body oblong, large; head subquadrate, antenniferous tubercles but little distant, base of the lobes deflexed, hardly pro- duced in front of the antenniferous tubercles ; rostrum short, stout ; antennal segment III dilated ; thorax with a collar, humeri rounded or angular; scutellum equilateral; apical angle of the corium not produced ; membrane with longitudinal veins ; legs robust, posterior quite distant; posterior femora in male incrassate, posterior tibiae in both sexes dilated above and below. The single species recorded north of Mexico is T. acutangulus Stal 1858 In this the antennal segments I and IV are equal, III shortest, II one and one-seventh the length of III ; rostral segments I and II laterally compressed, more or less ovate, IV longest, cylindrical, II not extending beyond the anterior margin of the prosternum; anterolateral margins of the pronotum dentate anteriorly from the acute humeri, which are tuberculate ; veins of corium thick, smooth, yellow, as are the marginal thickenings of the corium, corium sparsely silvery pubescent ; pubescence of scutellum longer and more abundant; posterior angles of abdominal segments III, IV and V with a strong spine at the apical angles, spine of VI set midway of the segment between the base and apex, that on III shortest, on VI longest. Length, 35-40 mm., width, 11-14 mm. Arizona, New Mexico; on mesquite (Prosopis) . N.B. — T. gigas is the only species recorded north of Mexico in Van Duzee’s Catalogue, but is not included here as probably a misidentification. Genus II — Mozena Amyot & Serville 1843 Key to Species 1. Abdomen widely dilated, ampliate, much wider at the widest part than at the humeri; humeri projecting acutely out- ward ; antero-lateral margins of the pronotum straight or very obtusely sinuated (subgenus Rhomb ogaster Dallas 54 CORRECTION TO A SYNOPSIS OF THE HEMIPTERA- HETEROPTERA OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO By J. R. de la Torre-Bueno, Tucson, Ariz. The key to the genera of the Tribe Mictini in my Synopsis [Ent. Am. XXI (n.s.), pp. 53-54], on extensive use has been found to be unworkable and in part wrong. This key was derived from certain of the literature in which differential characters were not sharply delimited. To replace this unsatisfactory key the following is of- fered, which has been in part derived, recast and expanded from that of Stal (Hemiptera Mexicana, 1862, Stett. Ent. Zeit. XXIII, pp. 277-278). Tribe 4. MICTINI Stal 1867 Key to Genera 1. Antennal segment III compressed and dilated (and shorter than II) ; large species, over 35 mm. long; brightly colored. I. Thasus Stal 1865 Antennal segment III cylindrical, not compressed or dilated; smaller species, less than 35 mm. long ; in dull colors 2 2. Antennal tubercles spined on the outer side ; head with a distinct tubercle behind each eye 6 Antennal tubercles without a spine on the outer side; head not tuberculate behind the eyes 3 3. Mesosternum anteriorly, and behind the anterior coxae, with a longitudinal groove or sulcus which has more or less ele- vated margins; (base of pronotum and posterolateral mar- gins rounded in a continuous line, and without definite posterior angles) II. M ozena Amyot & Serville 1843 Mesosternum not, or hardly, grooved or sulcate anteriorly 4 4. Posterior angles of the pronotum rounded, not distinctly angu- late, the posterolateral margins and the base frequently forming a continuous curve, in which case the posterior angles are not defined III. Capaneus Stal 1862 Posterior angles of the pronotum distinct, its posterior margin straight or nearly straight, and wider than the base of the scutellum, with the posterolateral margins more or less distinctly sinuated near to the posterior angles 5 5. Median lobe of the head obtuse, slightly produced anteriorly as seen from the side ; posterior coxae twice as far from each other as the intermediate coxae from each other ; posterior tibiae in the male curved at or behind the middle, and armed on the inner side with a tooth. IV. Archimerus Bnrmeister 1835 Median lobe of the head carinate-elevated and somewhat promi- nent; (head not spiiied) ; posterior coxae slightly more dis- tant from each other than are the intermediate coxae from each other ; posterior tibiae in the male quite straight, with- out a large tooth on the inner side; (body hardly de- pressed ; spiracles set a little further from the apices of the ventral segments than from their bases). V. Mamurius Stal 1862 6. Posterior coxae covered by a lamellate process. VI. Hymeniphera Laporte 1832 Posterior coxae not covered by a lamellate process; (antennal segment II shorter than III). VII. Euthochtha Mayr 1865 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 1852) ; [antennal segments I, III and IV snbeqnal, II longest, antennae little longer than the head and pronotum taken together ; humeri very slightly prominent, obtuse or angular; abdomen with a small prominent sharp spine or tooth at the posterior angle of each segment ; length, 20-22 mm., width (humeral), 8-9 mm., (at abdomen), 10 mm.?] obtusa Montandon 1899 Kansas, Nebraska, Mississippi, Florida. Abdomen moderately dilated, not ampliate, not wider at the widest part than at the humeri, which are either greatly extended anteriorly Innately or not great projecting later- ally, or rounded; anterolateral margins of the pronotum obviously sinuated (subgenus Mozena s.s.) 2 2. Humeral angles obtuse, acute or subacute, not anteriorly directed nor lunate 3 Humeral angles very acute and markedly lunate and anteriorly produced 4 3. Humeri acute, outwardly projecting but short; anterolateral margins of the pronotum sparingly tuberculate, tubercles prominent anteriorly, low posteriorly; apical angles of abdominal segments III, IV and V prominently acutely produced; posterior femora in male with four rows of small, whitish tubercles above, two rows of teeth beneath ; length, 18.5 mm., width at humeri, 7.8 mm. nestor Stal 1862 Arizona. Humeri neither acute nor outwardly produced, sublunately prominent, barely curved anteriorly, acuminate at the ex- treme tip ; anterolateral margins unevenly and coarsely serrated or tuberculate; apical angles of abdominal seg- ments III, IV and V acute but not prominent; posterior femora with three rows of pale tubercles above and two rows of teeth beneath ; length, 17-20 mm., width, 6.5-7 mm. obtusa Uhler 1876 Arizona. 4. Length 25 mm. or over; [pronotal angles very wide and flaring; antennal segment I long, black ; anterior lobe of pronotum with a very few small black tubercles, tubercles of the ante- rolateral margins coarse, pale, that of the anterior angle not much larger than the others, posterolateral margins with distinct small teeth ; anterior and intermediate femora with two large apical spines, in the anterior preceded by 55 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 several smaller or obsolete ones; length, 25 mm. (male), 28 mm. (female), width, (male), 12.5 mm.] brunnicornis Herrich-Schaeffer 1842 {spinier us A. & S. 1843) Arizona, (Mexico). Length less than 23 mm 5 5. Anterior femora in male with two large lateral apical spines, preceded by three or four small spines or hispid tubercles, in females with the apical pair of spines only; (pronotum anteriorly with several small whitish points or tubercles, anterolateral margins with small teeth ; posterior femora above with two rows of small tubercles and two rows of spines beneath; connexivum spotted; antennal segment I conspicuously longer than II ; length, 16.7-17.9 mm., width, 8.5 mm.) affinis Dallas 1852 Texas, (Mexico). Anterior femora in both males and females with only two lateral apical spines 6 6. Antennal segment I one and two-thirds length of III, IV about one and one half times the length of III, I, II and III black above, pale below, IV wholly pale; pronotum with many white tubercles of varying size anteriorly and two large ones at the transverse groove, teeth of the anterior angles large, coarse, truncate; length, 20-22.25 mm., width, 8.5-9 mm lunata Burmeister 1835 Texas. Antennal segment I about one and one-fifth times the length of III, IV equal or subequal to III; segments I, II and III pale, IV pale at base, the remainder dusky; anterior lobe of the pronotum with a very few very small tubercles, and no prominent tubercles, teeth at anterior angles conical and not much larger than the other marginal teeth ; length, 17- 20 mm., width, 7-8.5 mm. — lineolata Herrich-Schaeffer 1842 Arizona; on mesquite ( Prosopis ). N.B. — Mozena lurida Dallas 1852 is omitted because unidentifiable from the description, and because of the absence of speci- mens through which to differentiate it. 56 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Genus III. Capaneus Stal 1862 Key to Species 1. Antennal segment I tuberculate; disc of pronotum tuberculate, margins with stout teeth; [antennal segment I longer than II ; femora dentate above and below, tibiae with spines or tubercles above ; abdomen slightly ampliate, venter later- ally of the discs of segments II to Y with a slightly raised tubercle, abdominal segment VI in the male slightly but noticeably narrowed posteriorly, its apex ronndedly pro- duced, its apical angles square or slightly acute, the apical angles of the preceding five segments with a stout acute tooth ; posterior tibiae in the male somewhat curved at mid- dle, below with a large tooth; (subgenus Acantholohus Stal 1870)] ; length, 20 mm ( A .) multispinus Stal 1862 Mexico. Antennal segment I unarmed or granulate, not tuberculate ; disc of pronotum not tuberculate, its margins more or less dentate or granulate 2 2. Antennal segment I without tubercles or granules, smooth 3 Antennal segment I granulate 7 3. Antennal segment I longer than II ; abdomen in male hardly, in female slightly ampliate, apical angles of the segments with a very minute spine; anterior femora unarmed, pos- terior tibiae in the male bidentate below at the middle, [(tibiae above unarmed; last abdominal segment in the male noticeably subrotundate-angustate, its apex narrowly truncate, its apical angles obtuse ; venter without tubercles ; anterior femora unarmed, posterior femora as far from each other as from the sides; posterior tibiae in the male distinctly curved at middle, straight before, below at middle strongly bidentate (subgenus Acidomus Stal 1870) ; length, 24 mm.)] (A.) achilles Stal 1862 Mexico. Antennal segment I hardly longer than II ; abdomen in the male with sides subparallel, in female slightly ampliate and somewhat wider than the hemelytra, (ventral segment III in male as seen from the side tuberculate near its base) ; femora below near apex with two distinct or largish spines followed by numerous small spines, posterior femora some- what further from each other than from the sides ; posterior tibiae in the male somewhat curved behind the middle, be- 57 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 low with a stout tooth, arcuate before the middle, above unarmed (subgenus Capaneus Stal 1870) 4 4. Anterolateral margins of the pronotum minutely denticulate 5 Anterolateral margins of the pronotum anteriorly granulate or obsoletely crenulate 6 5. Posterior femora (incrassate), above and below distinctly spined or acutely tuberculate; humeri rounded, not auriculate, (anterolateral margins of the pronotum not spined) ; all femora spined; (angles of the abdominal segments neither spined nor prominent) ; posterior tibiae in the male curved, with one long spine close to the apex, in the female straight, unspined; length, 18-20 mm., width, 6 mm. (0.) odiosus Stal 1862 Mexico, Central America to Panama. Posterior femora above and below with small tubercles; humeri subacutely prominent, not auriculate ; all femora unspined , the posterior much incrassate with a single tubercle toward the apex; posterior tibiae in male flattened, curved, with one large spine beyond the middle and a number of smaller ones toward the apex; length, 18-20 mm., width, 6 mm. (0.) tetricus Stal 1862 Mexico, Gua ,ala. 6. Anterolateral margins of the pronotum obsoletely granulate an- teriorly, humeri subrotundate, slightly prominent ; pos- terior femora with three obtuse spines above toward the apex, the middle one smaller than the other two, below with two to three tubercles in series; posterior tibiae below ob- tusely denticulate behind the large tooth; (abdomen some- what wider than the hemelytra, apical angles of segments II to Y slightly dentate-prominent) ; length, 26 mm., width, 7.5 mm (C.) rubronotatus Stal 1862 Mexico, Guatemala. Anterolateral margins of the pronotum crenulate anteriorly; humeri rounded, not prominent; posterior femora above with three distinct acute tubercles, below behind middle outwardly with several small tubercles, inwardly with three conical tubercles ; posterior tibiae curved, flattened, with a coarse spine beyond the middle; length, 28 mm., width, 8 mm (O.) vates Stal 1862 Mexico. 7. Antennal segment I hardly granulate, hardly or but little longer than II; abdomen in both sexes quite rotundate laterally, 58 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA much wider than the hemelytra, the apical angles of the segments 'prominent, the venter without tubercles ; all femora spined below with many somewhat prominent spines, the posterior femora equally distant from each other and from the sides; posterior tibiae in the male dis- tinctly curved at the middle, with a large tooth below, and before the middle straight and tuberculate above (sub- genus Xuthus Stal 1870) ; anterolateral margins of the pronotum with obtuse small spines, quite sinuate at middle, thence suddenly quite ampliate, humeri somewhat obtuse, auriculate; length, 20-22 mm., width, 7-7.5 mm. (X.) auriculatus Stal 1862 Texas, New Mexico, Mexico, Guatemala. Antennal segment I shorter than II, granulate ; abdomen in both sexes somewhat ampliate, wider than the hemelytra, venter without tubercles, ventral segment VI in the male notice- ably quite narrow, the apex obtusely rounded, its apical angles produced into a tooth; femora tuberculate, the anterior with many spines below, the posterior equally distant from each other and from the sides ; posterior tibiae in the male hardly curved, below at middle with a large tooth (subgenus Rhyparopharus Stal 1870) ; (antennae short, segments III and IV equal, each shorter than I) ; anterolateral margins of the pronotum very slightly sinu- ate, denticulate, the humeri quite obtusely rotundate, hardly prominent ; abdomen somewhat rotundate-ampliate laterally, nearly one-half wider at the middle than at the base, apices of the ventral segments distinctly spinose- prominent ; femora tuberculate, the posterior straight, quite incrassate, below at middle bispinose ; posterior tibiae slightly curved, somewhat widened, below before the middle with a distinct spine, beyond this with a number of small unequal spines; length, 19 mm., width, 9 mm. ( R .) spurcus Stal 1862 Mexico, Guatemala. N.B. — This key contains all the species of Capaneus described by Stal in Hemiptera Mexicana (Stett. Ent. Zeit. XXIII : 280- 281 and 289-292). The subgenera and the distribution of the species keyed are as set forth in Enumeratio and later by Distant in Biologia Centrali Americana. While the subgenera and the species are dichotomized on a structural basis, as in all keys herein, this dichotomy has been set up by a sorting out of the structures in each subgenus as given 59 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 by Stal. The supporting characters in the key are entirely those given by Stal in his original descriptions of the species {op. cit. supra). The two species described by W. L. Distant (Biologia Centrali Americana, Rhynchota I, p. 354, 1892) are not included, since this author failed to place them subgenerically. Capaneus humerosus Distant {op. cit., pi. 33, fig. 5) according to the description might seem to belong in the subgenus Acantholotnis Stal because of the character of the granulate pronotum, even though its author inferentially places it in the subgenus Xuthus Stal, near auriculatus Stal. C. chontalensis Distant {op. cit., pi. 33, fig. 3) is set by its author near C. achilles Stal, again by inference, in the subgenus Acidomus Stal. Both these species are from the Tierra Caliente in Mexico and not likely to range as far North as the southern border of the U. S. Genus IV. Arckimerus Burmeister 1835 Key to Species 1. Antennae stout, less than one-half the length of the body 2 Antennae not noticeably stout, slightly more than one-half the length of the body; (anterior angles of the connexival seg- ments II and III with a small pale spot only; length, 19.5- 20 mm., width, 6. 5-6. 8 mm.) ashmeadi Montandon 1899 Florida. 2. Femora without erect bristly hairs 3 Femora with numerous erect blackish bristly hairs ; (connexivum distinctly alternated with yellow and fuscous spots ; length, 16-21 mm., width, 6-7 mm.) alternatus Say 1825 New Jersey and North Carolina to Florida, and west to Colorado and Oklahoma. 3. Connexivum concolorous reddish-brown; length, 18-21 mm., width, 6-7.5 mm calcarator Fabricius 1803 Florida ; on flowers of Asimina parvifolia. Connexivum with lighter lines at the incisures; length, 18.5-25 mm., width, 6.7-7 mm indecorus Walker 1871 Arizona. Genus V. Mamurius Stal 1862 There seems to be no formal description of this genus. It was established by Stal in Hemiptera Mexicana (Stett. Ent. Zeit., XXIII: 278). The following generic characterization is derived 60 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA from his key (pp. 277-278) : Tylus elevated, carinate, prominent, unarmed ; posterior angles of the pronotnm distinct, posterior margin straight, wider than the base of the scutellum, posterolateral margins more or less distinctly sinuate near the posterior angles; mesosternnm scarcely sulcate anteriorly ; posterior tibiae in the male quite straight, without a large median tooth ; posterior coxae scarcely more separated from each other than the intermediate; spiracles a little more distant from the apices than from the bases of the ventral segments ; body not much depressed. The characters of the single species in the genus, described from Mexico, are taken from the original description in the same work, as follows : M. mopsus Stal 1862 Antero- and posterolateral margins of the pronotum denticulate, anterior angles subspinose, humeri terminating in a small tooth ; abdomen hardly wider than the hemelytra; venter remotely punc- tate ; femora below with two rows of spines or acute tubercles, pos- terior tibiae slightly compressed, denticulate below, slightly shorter than the femora ; length, 15 mm., width, 6 mm. Arizona, (Mexico). Genus VI. Hymeniphera Laporte 1832 Further generic characters are : Antennal tubercles with a lateral spine; rostrum hardly reaching to the intermediate coxae; antero- lateral margins of the pronotum hardly, or not spinose; anterior and posterior legs somewhat thickened and spined, posterior longer than the others, posterior coxae concealed by a foliaceously dilated membrane arising from the sides of the thorax at that point, pos- terior femora incrassate, fusiform, spined below, posterior tibiae slightly flattened. The one species recorded north of Mexico is H. lobata Burmeister 1835 In this, antennal segments I, II and III are cylindrical, IV fusiform ; lamella over the coxae pale ; length, 12.5 mm. New Mexico, (West Indies). Genus VII. Euthochtha Mayr 1865 To those in the generic key may be added the following char- acters: Head short, subquadrate, wider with the eyes than the an- terior margin of the pronotum ; antennal tubercles prominent, much 61 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 exceeding the tylus, head deeply emarginate with a small blunt lateral spine exteriorly on the antennal tubercles ; antennal segment II longest; anterior angles of the pronotum produced into a short tooth, anterolateral margins with small tubercles or blunt teeth, base wider than the base of the scutellum; veins of the membrane anastomosing or forked ; spiracles nearer to the anterior than to the posterior margins of the ventral segments. The one species is E. galeator Fabricius 1803 Selected specific characters are: Humeri prominent, rounded, their margins crenulate ; disc of the pronotum and of the hemelytra finely, unevenly, not densely punctate ; scutellum finely transversely rugulose ; length, 15-17 mm., width, 5-6.5 mm. New England west to Wisconsin and Illinois, south and south- west to Florida, Texas. Tribe 5. CORECORINI Van Duzee 1916 {Menenotini Bergroth 1913) Key to Genera A. Veins of membrane distinctly and irregularly anastomosing; humeri prominent and reflexed or projected upward; ab- domen very widely inflated, body widest behind the mid- dle ; antennal segment IV not longer than III ; metasternal pleura with a posterior margin broadly rounded. I. Corecoris Hahn 1834 {Spartocera Laporte 1832) B. Veins of the membrane forked, not anastomosing; humeri not prominent nor reflexed ; sides of the abdomen subparallel, not suddenly widely inflated ; antennal segment IV longer than III ; posterior margin of metasternal pleura straight II. Sephina Amyot & Serville 1843 Genus I. Corecoris Hahn 1834 {Spartocera Laporte 1832) Key to Species A. Antennae reaching behind the base of the pronotum, segment I distinctly longer than the head, II, III and IV subequal; length 20-24 mm., width, 6.5-8 mm. fuscus Thunberg 1783 (= confluentus Say 1832) Florida, Arizona, California. 62 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA B. Antennae hardly reaching the base of the pronotnm, segment I but little longer than the head, II and III subequal, IV shorter by one-third than either ; length, 17-20 mm., width, 7-8 mm cliff usus Say 1832 North Carolina to Texas and New Mexico. Genus II. Sephina Amyot & Serville 1843 Key to Species A. Scutellum almost flat; (antennal segments I, II and IV sub- equal, III shorter; rostrum reaching intermediate coxae; connexivum alternated with black above and below) ; corium concolorous; length, 16-18 mm., width, 6-7 mm. grayi Van Duzee 1909 Florida; on Metastelma scoparium (climbing milkweed) and on elder. B. Scutellum with a transverse ridge and behind the ridge a fur- row ; corium with a velvety black spot in the middle ; length, (same as above?) gundlachii Guerin 1857 Florida, with the preceding (Blatchley). N.B. — Although doubtfully listed by Van Duzee as from “Calif.,” Sephina limbata Stal is omitted from the above key. H. G. Barber states it does not occur in the United States. Tribe 6. CHARIESTERINI Amyot & Serville 1843 Genus I. Chariest erus Laporte 4832 1. Antennae dilated equally on both sides of segment III; (dilation of segment III at least 4/10 as wide as the segment is long ; legs and antennae black, body above brown, below white- farinaceous ; length, 11 mm., width, 3.75 mm.). albiventris Burmeister 1835 Texas, Arizona, (Mexico). Antennal segment III more angularly dilated on lower side 2 2. Anterolateral margins of pronotum armed with distinct tubercles in front of humeri ; antennal segment I with distinct acute tubercles which are larger near its base 3 Anterolateral margins of the pronotum unarmed in front of the humeral spine ; antennal segment I with acute tubercles at base only , or unarmed; (dilation of antennal segment III not notched; spines of pronotum remarkably long and slender; length, 10 mm., width, 2.5-3 mm.). cuspidatus Distant 1892 Texas (to Panama). 63 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA VoL XXI, No. 2 3. Pronotum with expanded elevated lobes at each humeral angle, armed with 4 or 5 acute processes of the same size; head with a prominent multispinose tubercle behind each eye; length, ? (not given in original description). balli Fracker 1919 California. Pronotum without expanded lobes, armed with one large tooth, preceded by several smaller ; head with postocular tubercles smooth or slightly muricate; length, 11-14 mm., width, 3-4 mm antenna tor Fabricius 1803 New York south to Florida and Texas, west to Oklahoma and Colorado ; on Euphorbia corollata, Solidago and cotton. Tribe 7. CHELINIDINI Blatchley 1926 Genus I. Chelinidea Uhler 1863 The following selected structural characters of the genus are taken from Uhler ’s original description, omitting those which ex- perience has shown to be specific : Tylus defined almost to the base of the head ; juga produced on each side in a conical point ; antennae prismatic, granulose, the edges carinate, segments II and III sub- equal, III with a minute tooth at the apex, and a minute segment between III and IV, IV fusiform ; bucculae wide, more than one- third the length of rostral segment I, obliquely truncate anteriorly, rounded and acute posteriorly ; rostrum reaching upon the abdomen, segment I very stout, cylindrical, segments II, III and IV flattened; sternum with a rostral sulcus ; corial veins prominent, costal margin acutely elevated, veins of the membrane numerous, forked ; posterior femora incrassate, cylindrical, little curved, with two rows of slender teeth beneath, anterior and middle femora denticulate beneath apically, tibiae prismatic, upper edges carinate, posterior tibiae granulated inside. Key to Species 1. Head two-thirds the median length of the pronotum; (juga abruptly pointed, barely surpassing the tylus; antennal segments I, II and III regularly angulate„ I carinate; margins of pronotum carinated only and terminating in blunt teeth at the anterior angles of the pronotum ; anterior femora with 2-3 small teeth apically; tibiae triangular, their upper edges carinate ; length, 10-15 mm., width, 3-5.5 mm.) vittiger Uhler 1863 2 Virginia (Uhler), Montana, Idaho, Wyoming^ Colorado, 64 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, California; on Opuntiae and Echinocereus. Head subequal in length to the median length of the pronotum 3 2. Postocnlar spines short, rather blunt, with a distinct notch at the base ; pronotal margins elevated anteriorly. v. var. vittiger Uhler 1863 Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Cali- fornia; on C evens giganteus. Postocular spines reduced to blunt tubercles, or entirely missing ; pronotal margin low anteriorly, at times rounded and with- out a carina v. var. aequoris McAtee 1919 Virginia, North Carolina, Alabama, Texas, Arizona. 3. Juga regularly conical, acutely pointed, much surpassing the tylus; (segment I of antennae foliaceous within; lateral carinae of the pronotum slightly raised and produced at the anterior angles into distinct acute teeth • anterior femora with 5-9 apical teeth; tibiae triangular, with the edges distinctly raised ; length, 10-15 mm., width, 3.5-5 mm.) tabulata Burmeister 1835 Texas, Colorado, Utah, California, Arizona; on Opuntiae and Imbricatae. Juga abruptly pointed, not surpassing tylus 4 4. Antennal segments I, II and III regularly angulate; anterior angles of the pronotum without teeth or tubercles; juga slightly surpassed by tylus ; anterior femora with 3-6 teeth apically in two rows; tibiae carinate only; length, 9.5- 10.5 mm., width, 3.5-4 mm hunteri Hamlin 1923 Arizona; (Sonora, Mexico) ; on Opuntiae. Antennal segments I, II and III with the anterior edges much elevated and flattened ; lateral margins of the pronotum in distinct compressed crests upwardly curved, with a strong acute tooth at the anterior angles of the pronotum; juga slightly shorter than the tylus, or just reaching its apex; anterior femora with 2-3 small teeth ; tibiae triangular, all edges prominently elevated, posterior tibiae with the outer edges almost foliaceous; length, 11-14 mm., width, 4-4.5 mm canyona Hamlin 1923 Texas ; on Opuntiae and Echinocereus. 65 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 Tribe 8. COREINI Stal 1867 Key to Genera 1. Posterior femora armed beneath with one or several spines; body elongate 2 Posterior femora not spined; body oblong or long oval; (legs moderately long, apex of posterior femora reaching to or passing ventral segment IV) 4 2. Humeri produced into long sharp spines outwardly directed ; length less than 10 mm; (a small spine outwardly on the antennal tubercle ; apex of posterior femora reaching to abdominal segment VI; anterolateral margin of the pro- notum with a few coarse blunt teeth or elongated tubercles, two similar tubercles on the anterior part of the pronotnm, close to the collar ; posterior femora clavate) . X. Zicca Amyot & Serville 1843 Humeri not spined ; length over 14 mm 3 3. Head with prominent postantennal spines (not lateral to the antenniferons tubercle) . IX. Anasa Amyot & Serville 1843 Head without spines or tubercles, either postantennal or lateral ; (legs very short, apex of posterior femora not passing ventral segment V ; anterolateral margins of the pronotnm serrate, no tubercles anteriorly on the pronotnm or else- where; posterior femora not clavate). III. Namacus Amyot & Serville 1843 4. Veins of membrane numerous, irregularly anastomosing or al- most reticulated ; tylns elevated and compressed above juga to form a carina between the bases of the antennae 5 Veins of membrane reduced in number, coarser, simple or slightly furcate; tylns not compressed and elevated above the juga 7 5. Process of antenniferons tubercles acute ; antennal segment I stoutest, narrowed and curved at base; anterior angles of the pronotnm sharply produced anteriorly; (rostrum not or barely reaching intermediate coxae ; pronotnm much wider than long, posterolateral margins deeply sinuate; corium with moderately fine punctures). II. Margus Dallas 1852 Process of the antenniferous tubercles blunt or absent ; antennal segment I stoutest, not curved at base ; anterior margin of the pronotum straight, without produced acute anterior angles 6 66 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 6. Antennal segment I longer than the head ; entire dorsal surface sparsely granulated or covered with coarse punctures; (posterolateral margin of the pronotum obsoletely sinuate). IV. Scolopocerus Uhler 1875 Antennal segment I much longer than the head; entire dorsal surface thickly covered with seta-bearing tubercles. V. Nissoscolopocerus Barber 1928 7. Rostrum almost reaching, or passing, the intermediate coxae; anterolateral margins of the pronotum entire or nearly so 8 Rostrum hardly going beyond the anterior coxae, (apex of segment I not extending behind the posterior margin of the eyes) ; anterolateral margin of the pronotum feebly toothed, (collar distinct) ; (median lobe of the head hardly produced anteriorly beyond the antennal tubercles; buc- culae quite high, one-half the length of the head, abruptly declivous posteriorly ; scutellum equilateral ; body narrowly oval or ovate) VIII. Cimolus Stal 1862 8. Apex of rostral segment I not extended beyond the posterior margin of the eyes, (ocelli much nearer to the eyes than to each other ; humeri acute, anterolateral margin of the pro- notum entire, rounded, neither acute nor carinate). XI. Hypselonotus Hahn 1831 Apex of rostral segment I extended beyond the posterior mar- gin of the eyes 9 9. Antennae filiform, segment IV ovoid, I clavate apically, (III subequal to I and II taken together ; humeri acute, antero- lateral margins of the pronotum rough; head slightly broader than long, quadrate, granulose, with neither spines nor tubercles ; ocelli further from each other than from the eyes ; not over 10 mm. long) I. Madura Stal 1860 Antennae slender, but not filiform, segment IV fusiform, or as slender as the other segments, I not clavate apically 10 10. Antennal segment IV longest, slender ; head broader than long, quadrate, antenniferous tubercles prominent, subglobose; posterior area of the pronotum coarsely transversely rugu- lose, humeri angulate ; colored metallic blue with a broad yellow transverse band on the corium; (length over JL5 mm.) XII. Paryphes Burmeister 1835 Antennal segment IV not longest; head longer than broad; antenniferous tubercles neither prominent nor globose ; pos- terior area of the pronotum not rugulose, humeri rounded ; no yellow band across the corium 11 67 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 11. Apex of rostral segment I not or barely reaching the anterior margin of the prosternum; head very wide and subde- pressed, eyes projecting distinctly beyond the apical angles of the pronotum; (antenniferous tubercles somewhat, or distinctly, produced into lateral tubercles or spines, the distance between the bases of these and the eyes shorter than the longitudinal diameter of one eye; ocelli nearly twice as far from each other as from the eyes ; spiracles set nearer to the lateral margins of the ventral segments than to the anterior or posterior margins). VI. Catorhintha Stal 1859 Apex of rostral segment I passing the anterior margin of the prosternum ; head narrower and more convex 12 12. With, or without, a postantennal spine or tubercle, and without a lateral spine or tubercle on the antenniferous tubercles ; eyes not, or but slightly, projecting beyond the anterior angles of the pronotum; ocelli as far from each other as from the eyes IX. Anasa Amyot & Serville 1843 Without a postantennal spine or tubercle, but with a lateral tubercle on the antenniferous tubercle ; eyes distinctly pro- jecting beyond the anterior angles of the pronotum ; ocelli more distant from each other than from the eyes. VII. Ficana Stal 1862 Genus I. Madura Stal 1860 The generic characters as given by Stal (in part) are: Head quadrate, anteriorly short subtriangularly produced ; antennae somewhat shorter than the body, segment I nearly equal in length to the head and thorax taken together, its apex abruptly incrassate, IV short, fusiform ; rostrum reaching posterior coxae ; pronotum as wide as long, quite narrowed anteriorly; scutellum longer than wide; membrane of hemelytra irregularly veined, veins curved, anastomosing; femora slightly enlarged apically. The single species recorded north of Mexico is M. perfida Stal 1862 Its character as given by Stal are: Antennae somewhat shorter than the body, segment I one and one-half times as long' as the head, II one-third shorter than I, III nearly two and one-half times the length of II, IV a little shorter than II, fusiform, slightly com- pressed ; length, 6.5 mm., width, 1.5 mm. Texas. 68 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Genus II. Margus Dallas 1852 1. Apex of the antenniferous tubercles unarmed, obtuse, rounded ; rostrum reaching the intermediate coxae, segment I hardly passing the eyes posteriorly ; antennal segments II and III slightly thickened, III shorter than II ; apical angles of ventral segment III hardly, of IV, V, and VI, distinctly and subacutely prominent; (length, 11.75 mm., width, 4.7 mm.) inconspicuus Herrich-Schaeffer 1842 Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, California. Apex of antennal tubercles exteriorly acutely produced ; rostral segment I more or less extended behind the eyes; humeri very slightly widened, anterolateral margins of the prono- tum straight or very slightly sinuate ; apical angles of the ventral segments not or hardly prominent; antennal seg- ment II hardly or slightly incrassate basally 2 2. Antennal segment IV longer than I ; length, 9-11 mm., width, 3-3.7 mm obscurator Fabricius 1803 Florida, (Neotropical) ; on Senecio and thistle, in grasses and at light. Antennal segment IY shorter than I, (segments II and III stout, II very slightly incrassate toward the base ; rostrum reach- ing intermediate coxae) ; length, 8 mm. repletus Yan Duzee 1925 California. Genus III. Namacus Amyot & Serville 1843 The following characters are additional to those in the key : Ocelli large, distant, but not very close to the eyes; antennal segment I slightly thickened and longer than the prolongation of the head, II about as long as I, slender, as well as III which is a little shorter than II, IY hardly longer, fusiform ; rostrum reaching to the inter- mediate coxae ; all femora of equal thickness, not enlarged, posterior femora with a few spines apically. Our one species north of Mexico is JSf. annulicornis Stal 1870 In this species the head is slightly longer than one-half the length of the pronotum, with the disc, juga and tylus behind the middle punctate, the tylus elevated, prominent, unarmed ; antennae more than one-half as long as the body, segments I and III subequal, IV three-quarters the length of III, II one-third longer than I or III ; posterior margin of the pronotum nearly twice as wide as the anterior; anterior femora of male armed beneath along the whole 69 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 length with extremely minute spines, posterior femora with distinct spines ; anterior femora in female beneath near the apex with a small spine, posterior with a few small spines toward its apex; length, 13-15 mm., width, 3-4 mm. Florida, (Mexico). Genus IV. Scolopocerus Uhler 1875 Key to Species 1. Antennal segment IV not stouter than III, and about one-half the length of the latter, all segments stout; (no spine be- hind eyes, but a small tumid elevation or lobe behind each eye; length, 6.75-7 mm., width, 1.9-2 mm.). secundarius Uhler 1875 California, Nevada, Colorado, Arizona, Texas. Antennal segment IV much stouter than III, segments II and III much more slender than I and IV 2 2. Antennal segment IV pyriform ; two short black obliquely set spines behind each eye; apex of the rostrum reaching to middle of intermediate coxae; pronotum much wider than long; length, 7-8.25 mm., width, 2.6 mm. granulosus Barber 1914 Texas, Arizona. Antennal segment IV long ovate, without spines behind eyes; apex of the rostrum reaching the base of the metasternum ; pronotum about as wide as long ; length, 8 mm. uhleri Distant 1881 Arizona, New Mexico, (Mexico). Genus V. Nissoscolopocerus Barber 1928 The following characters are selected from Barber’s original description: Head nearly quadrate, shorter than the pronotum; tylus anteriorly strongly reflexed; ocelli tumid, in line with the posterior margins of the eyes ; antennal segment I much incrassate, porrect, longer than the head, densely apiculate and hispid, seg- ments II and III much more slender, IV strongly incrassate ; proster- num posteriorly, meso- and metasternum anteriorly, sulcate; legs terete, unarmed, tibiae obsoletely sulcate, tarsal segment I subequal to II and III taken together; posterior coxae widely separated; ostiolar peritreme calloused and interrupted at apex; first, second and third incisures of venter straight at middle, curved toward the sides. The one species (and type of the genus) is 70 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA N. apiculatus Barber 1928 (. Dasycoris humilis Uhler 1875, not 1872) These characters of the species are selected from Barber’s origi- nal characterization : Roughly granulate and in great part finely apiculate and hispid ; antennal segment I attenuated at base, II and III subequal, very much more slender and finely hispid, IV sub- pyriform, acuminate, more than the basal half finely hispid, the apical part finely pilose ; legs terete, unarmed, hispid ; each pleurite with a black sunken pit midway between the acetabula and the lateral margins, the surface densely covered with setigerous tuber- cles; length, 9-9.5 mm., width, 2.6 mm., (macropterous), 1.85 mm. (brachypterous). Alberta, Canada ; Nebraska, Colorado, New Mexico. Genus YI. Cathorhintha Stal 1859 Key to Species 1. Antenniferous tubercles outwardly produced into anteriorly directed spines or conical tubercles 2 Antenniferous tubercles unarmed, or at most with an indication of a tubercle 5 2. Antennal segment III equal in length to IV ; (head spines very long and slender ; connexivum with faint infuscated spots above on each segment; venter immaculate except for a distinct black spot on each pleura and laterally on each abdominal segment, except YI, in which the spot is nearly obsolete; length, 10.8-11.5 mm., width, 3.1 mm.). viridipes Blatchley 1926 Florida. Antennal segment III shorter than IY 3 3. Antennal segment I sub equal in length to head ; (legs and venter conspersed with large black spots ; head spines short, blunt, almost like elongated acute tubercles; connexivum black- spotted; length, 10-12 mm., width, 3-3.7 mm.). mendica Stal 1870 Illinois, Ohio, Indiana, Minnesota, Dakota, Colorado, Okla- homa, Texas, Arizona; on Rhus aromatica and Allionia nyctaginis. Antennal segment I shorter than the head 4 4. Legs and abdomen finely black consperse ; head spines thin and acute; head, pronotum and scutellum without a median pale stripe; length, 8-9 mm., width, 2. 5-2. 7 mm. guttula Fabricius 1794 71 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 Florida, Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, California, (South America) ; on Xalisma ferruginea. Legs immaculate, abdomen consperse and clouded; head spines short and stout ; head, pronotum and scutellum with a con- spicuous pale median levigate stripe; (humeri rounded; rostrum reaching intermediate coxae) ; length, 9.3 mm., width, 2.5 mm borinquensis Barber 1923 Puerto Rico. 5. Humeri subacute ; a distinct smooth callous pronotal carina running anteriorly to the transverse sulcus; (pleura un- spotted ; a large black lateral spot on abdominal segment II, followed by smaller ones on segments III, IV, and V ; an- tennal segment I much shorter than the head ; length, 11.5- 12 mm., width, 3.25 mm.) diver gens Barber 1926 Florida, (Cuba, Mexico). Humeri rounded ; pronotal carina, if present, fine and indis- tinct 6 6. Legs and abdomen finely sparsely consperse with small black dots; apex of antennal segment III not flavescent; length, 9-11.25 mm., width, 2.5-3 mm selector Stal 1859 Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, (Mexico). Legs and abdomen consperse with conspicuous black dots ; apex of antennal segment III flavescent; length, 10.5-11.5 mm., width, 2. 9-3. 5 mm selector var. texana Stal 1870 Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona, (Mexico). Genus VII. Ficana Stal 1862 The structural characters following are taken from the original description: Antennal tubercles not at all produced, the distance between them and the eyes equal to the longitudinal diameter of the eye ; segment I of rostrum reaching the prosternum. The one species recorded from the United States is : F. apicalis Dallas 1852 The original description of this is all by color, with no structural characters mentioned, except the length only. Stal gives (Enum- eratio I: 188) : Antennal tubercles apically on the outer side with an easily seen small spine. From Distant’s figure in Biologia, we find the antennae to be as long as the head, pronotum and scutellum taken together; length, 12.5-14.25 mm., width, 4.1-4.5 mm. Arizona, California, Colorado. 72 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Genus VIII. Cimolus Stal 1862 These are selected structural characters from the original generic description : Form narrow oval or ovate, hardly depressed ; head square; collum tuberculate on each side behind the eyes; bucculae quite high, half as long as the head, posteriorly abruptly cut off; rostrum hardly passing the anterior coxae, segment I hardly longer than one-half the length of the head, II and III subequal, IV hardly longer than III ; scutellum equilateral ; abdomen hardly wider than the hemelytra; femora unarmed; segment I of the posterior tarsi hardly longer than the two following taken together. The one species recorded from north of Mexico is : C. obscurus Stal 1870 The following are all the structural characters given in the origi- nal and only description of the species: Antennal segments I and III subequal, II longer than either, IV two-thirds the length of III ; anterolateral margins of the pronotum obsoletely denticulate before the middle, or finely serrate, anterior angles with a prominent tooth ; length, 12.4-14 mm., width, 4. 6-5. 8 mm. South Carolina, Louisiana, Texas (sec. Stal) ; on Melothria pendula. Genus IX. Anasa Amyot & Serville 1843 Key to Species 1. Head without a spine or tubercle behind the base of the antenna ; (antennal segment I one-third longer than the head, II longer than I, III nearly equal to II, IV shorter than either; rostrum reaching intermediate coxae; pronotum broader than long, with a median longitudinal smooth white line; length, 12-16 mm., width, 5-7 mm.). repetita Heidemann 1905 Massachusetts, New York, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, Indiana; on wild cucumber, Sycios angulatus, a definite food-plant. Head with a spine or tubercle behind the base of the antenna ... 2 2. Tubercle behind the base of the antenna very small, or prominent and blunt ; femora unarmed below ; humeri rounded, little produced, posterior angles of the pronotum rounded or subangulate ; head with a median pale longitudinal line ... 3 Head spines very prominent, longer than the diameter of an eye ; femora armed below near the apex with one or two spines ; 73 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 posterior angles of the pronotum toothed or acute; head without a pale line 4 3. Anterior angles of the pronotum produced into a small blunt tooth, median pale line narrow, inconspicuous and obsolete behind the middle; antennal segment I shorter than the head ; anterolateral margins of the pronotum nearly straight, thickened and reflexed, minutely serrulate ; length, 13-18 mm., width, 4.2-6 mm tristis De Greer 1773 All over North America into Central America ; extremely injurious to cucurbits. Anterior angles of the pronotum not produced, median calloused smooth pale line conspicuous to near the posterior margin ; (head tubercles long) ; antennal segment I as long as the head ; anterolateral margins of the pronotum feebly crenu- late ; length, 13-16 mm., width, 4-5 mm. andresii Guerin 1857 ( lugens Stal 1862) Florida, Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico, California, (West Indies) ; on cotton. 4. Posterior angles of the pronotum without a tooth; length and width as tristis uhleri Stal 1857 “Western States” (Uhler). Posterior angles of the pronotum with a small tooth 5 5. Antennal segment I without black spots, (II and III subequal, a little longer than I) ; length, 12-15 mm., width, 5-6 mm. scorbutica Fabricius 1775 Florida, Texas, Oklahoma, (Mexico, West Indies). Antennal segment I with large black spots, (I longer than the head) ; length, 13-17 mm., width, 4.5-6. 5 mm. armigera Say 1825 ( spiniceps Stal 1862) Massachusetts to Iowa, South and southwest to Oklahoma and Texas ; on Sycios angulatus; injurious to cucurbits. N.B. — Anasa obliqua Uhler 1861 (described in genus Gonocerus), from California, is not included in the key, although listed by Van Duzee as a species. The only structural characters Uhler gives are found also in A. tristis. Barber deems it a variety of the latter species. Genus X. Zicca Amyot & Serville 1843 Additional characters to those in the key are : Body quite elon- gate; antennal segments II, III and IV of nearly equal length; 74 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA pronotum elongate trapezoidal, inclined anteriorly, humeri pro- duced into a sharp spine; hemelytra longer than the abdomen; posterior femora swollen, with a few strong spines below. There is one species of this north of Mexico : Z. taeniola Dallas 1852 In this, the anterolateral margins of the pronotnm have a few white teeth and the humeri are very prominent and acute ; scutellum very thinly and finely punctured with black; corium with a small white impunctate spot on the disc; abdomen very minutely punc- tured laterally with a row of black points on each side and two similar points on the base of ventral segment III ; sternum thickly and finely brown punctate, with two black dots on each side and two smaller ones close to the coxae; length, 7.3 mm. Doubtfully recorded from “North America” by Van Duzee. West Indian, and may be found in Florida. Genus XI. Hypselonotus Hahn 1831 (Femora unarmed; body white beneath, without numerous black spots, the sternum and venter sometimes with a few points or dots, but with the margins always immaculate.) A. Sternum and venter marked with a few black points or spots; rostrum pale, apex of segment IV black ; venter with small spots in 3 or 5 rows ; length, 13 mm., width, 4 mm. punctiventris Stal 1862 Texas. B. Sternum and venter immaculate; rostral segment IV black; (vertex in front of ocelli bivittate with black) ; length, 13- 15 mm., width, 4 mm fulvus De Geer 1773 Texas. N.B. — According to McAtee, fulvus is the full species ; all the other named forms are varieties of it. Genus XII. Paryphes Burmeister 1835 The following generic characters are additional to those in the key: Head short, wider than long, antennal tubercles very promi- nent, antennae as long as the abdomen ; margin of pronotum notably dilated and elevated into broad auriculate lobes ; rostrum reaching to posterior coxae, segment IV shortest, the others of equal length ; legs slender, femora unarmed. There is but one species of this genus recorded for America north of Mexico, namely : 75 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 P. rufoscutellatus Gray 1832 This species was listed by Stal (Emimeratio 1 : 205) in Sundarus Amyot & Serville, in which he was followed by Horvath (1913), bnt it was unknown in nature to the latter. The only locality mentioned down to Distant (Biologia Centrali Americana, Rhynchota I), is Mexico, hence it is best omitted from further consideration. Banks in his Catalogue records it from “ Calif./ ’ but although Van Duzee cites it in his Catalogue, he questions it. Tribe 9. DISCOGASTRINI Stal 1867 Genus I. Savins Stal 1862 The following generic characteristics are additional to the key characters given for the tribe : Body elongate, somewhat depressed ; head quadrate, middle lobe filling the space between the antennal tubercles, deflexed; rostrum slightly passing the anterior coxae, segments I, II and III subequal, I a little shorter than the head, IV longer than the others; antennae somewhat shorter than the body, segment IV shorter than II and III taken together, II slightly longer than III and shorter than I ; pronotum with a collar ; abdomen slightly wider than the hemelytra; basal segment (I) of posterior tarsi longer than II and III taken together. The one species reported north of Mexico is S. jurgiosus Stal 1862 Characters of the species, taken from the original description are : Antennal segment I somewhat longer than II, III slightly shorter than II, IV slightly longer than I ; pronotum longer than wide, quite densely granulate, humeri straight, slightly prominent; postocular tubercle small, distinct, convex, somewhat conical; length, 16 mm., width, 5 mm. Texas, (Mexico). Subfamily 3. Pseuphloeinae Stal 1867 Key to Genera A. Apex of rostrum not reaching middle coxae; humeri rounded, unarmed ; length, over 10 mm I. Ceraleptus Costa 1847 B. Apex of rostrum reaching between middle coxae; humeri with an acute spine or tooth ; length, not over 9 mm. II. Coriomeris Westwood 1842 76 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Genus I. Ceraleptus Costa 1847 Key to Species A. Apex of tylus passing beyond middle of antennal segment I; lateral margins of head subparallel or slightly converging anteriorly ; antennal segment III longer than IV ; anterior angles of the pronotnm not produced anteriorly; inter- mediate femora with one small spine subapically; (an- tennal segments I and II subequal, III slightly longer than IV, IV slightly shorter than II) ; length, 7-8 mm. pacificus Barber 1914 Oregon, Washington, California, Vancouver Island. B. Apex of tylus not reaching middle of antennal segment I ; lateral margins of head widened anteriorly ; antennal seg- ments III and IV snbeqnal; anterior angles of the prono- tum produced anteriorly; intermediate femora with two small spines subapically; length, 9 mm., width, 3 mm. americanus Stal 1870 New York, Florida, Texas, Arizona, California, Utah. Genus II. Coriomeris Westwood 1842 Key to Species A. Segments I, II and III of antennae of equal length, IV one and one-quarter times as long as III; head as long as wide; humeri acute, not spined ; hemelytra surpassing abdomen ; length, 8. 3-8. 5 mm., width, 2. 3-2.4 mm. nigricornis Stal 1870 Colorado, (Mexico). B. Antennal segment I longest, II equal to [distinctly shorter than (Uhler) ] III, which is slightly longer than IV ; head longer than wide; humeri with an acute spine, (posterior angles of the pronotum with a long slender spine) ; hemelytra as long as abdomen, not surpassing it; length, 8.5-9 mm., width, 2-2.5 mm. : humilisCVhler)1811 Kansas, Colorado, Texas, Arizona, California, North Da- kota, Vancouver Island. N.B. — C. nigricornis does not appear to have been redescribed since Stal characterized it in 1870 (Enumeratio 1 : 219), entirely by color pattern, except for the proportions of the antennal segments and the size; and except for Distant’s figure (Biologia Centrali Americana, Heteroptera I, pi. 15, fig. 12). 77 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 Family VIII. ALYDIDAE Amyot & Serville 1843 ( Coriscidae Blatchley 1926) Key to Tribes 1. Posterior femora not spined 2 Posterior femora armed beneath with a row of spines. 3. Alydini Stal 1867 ( Coriscini Blatchley 1926) 2. Rostral segment IV twice as long as III, II longer than III and IV taken together 1. Micrelytrini Stal 1867 Rostral segment IV snbeqnal to III, II not longer than III and IV taken together; (body and legs greatly elongated). 2. Leptocorisini Stal 1867 Tribe 1. MICRELYTRINI Stal 1867 Key to Genera 1. Juga exceeding tylus, contiguous above its apex; (posterior angles of the metapleura acute, more or less produced; humeri and apex of the scutellum unarmed) 2 Juga not exceeding tylus, not contiguous above its apex 3 2. Juga, seen from the side, split at the apex and much longer than the tylus; antennal segments I and II subequal. I. Protenor Haglund 1868 Juga, seen from the side, entire at apex, not longer than the tylus (exceptionally passing tylus in subvittatus) • anten- nal segment I about one-half or more the length of II. II. Darmistus Stal 1859 3. Humeri with a spine ; scutellum spined at apex ; posterior angles of the metapleura more or less acute. III. Cydamus Stal 1860 Humeri without a spine ; scutellum not spined at apex ; posterior angles of the metapleura quadrate, rounded. IV. Esperanza Barber 1906 Genus I. Protenor Haglund 1868 Key to Species A. Head less than one-quarter longer than the pronotum; upper and lower pair of apical processes of juga contiguous or nearly so throughout their length; antennal segments I and II equal, III slightly shorter than either, IV less than one and one-half the length of II ; rostral segment I passing base of head ; length, 12-15 mm., width, 1.2-1. 8 mm. belfragei Haglund 1868 78 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Quebec and New England south to Maryland and Texas, and west to Colorado and California ; in sedges and grasses in wet ground. B. Head one-half longer than the pronotum ; upper process of the jtiga widely separated from the lower throughout their length; antennal segments I and III equal, II slightly longer, IV one and one-half length of II ; rostral segment I barely reaching the base of the head ; length, 11-11.5 mm., width, 1.3 mm australis Hussey 1925 Georgia, Florida. Genus II. Darmistus Stal 1859 Key to Species 1. Antennal segment I one-half the length of II, three times as long as its own diameter; antennae stout, heavily covered with setae which are nearly as long as the diameter of the segments; (juga not distinctly passing the tylus; rostrum reaching the posterior margin of the intermediate coxae; antennal segments III and IV subequal; length, 11 nun.). crassicornis Van Duzee 1937 Texas. Antennal segment I two-thirds or slightly more the length of II, four times as long as its own diameter, (IV twice as long as I) ; antennae slender, setae not abundant 2 2. Antennal segments II and III subequal, III slightly the longer ; juga distinctly exceeding the tylus; length, 9.5-11.5 mm., width, 1.9-2.3 mm subvittatus Stal 1859 Colorado, California, Arizona. Antennal segment II distinctly shorter than III, (about three- fifths the length of III) ; juga not exceeding the tylus; length, 11 mm duncani Van Duzee 1937 Arizona. Genus III. Cydamus Stal 1860 Key to Species A. Antennal segment I attaining the apex of the head, II and III subequal, IV a little shorter than the length of II and III taken together; (rostrum reaching posterior coxae, seg- ment I reaching the posterior margin of the eye, II twice as long as III and IV taken together, IV twice the length of III) ; pronotum one-quarter longer than wide, humeral spines erect , acute; scutellum narrow, apical spine erect; 79 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 hemelytra reaching the apex of abdominal segment III; (ostiolar canal auriculate, prominent) ; length, 6-7 mm. abditus Van Dnzee 1925 Arizona ; under stones. B. Antennal segment I surpassing the apex of the head, II and III subequal, IV as long as II and III taken together; pro- notum nearly as wide, including the spines, as long; hu- meral spines directed posteriorly, acute ; scutellum narrow, apical spine oblique; hemelytra reaching the apex of the abdomen ; length, 9 mm., width, 2.2 mm. borealis Distant 1881 Texas, (Guatemala). Genus IV. Esperanza Barber 1906 To the key characters for the tribe and genus, these may be added, as found in Barber’s original description: Head a little longer than the pronotum and wider with the eyes than the latter at the humeri, relatively large, apex of the tylus depressed, wide, exceeding the juga ; rostrum reaching the base of the head, segment II longer than I, much longer than III and IV taken together ; an- tennal segment I shorter than the anteocular part of the head, slightly surpassing its apex, segment II longer than I and subequal to III, IV subequal to II and III taken together; pronotum about as wide as long, humeri not prominent, rounded, slightly tumid and unarmed ; legs slender and unarmed. The one species in the genus is E. texana Barber 1906 The structural characters given in the original description are : Body narrow ; prothorax coarsely punctate above and below, with a median longitudinal raised smooth line dorsally, anterolateral mar- gins of the pronotum straight, rounded, punctured, a shallow trans- verse furrow one-third of the distance from its anterior margin; corium sparsely punctate with large fuscous punctures, more scat- tering discally and in rows along the veins ; length, 7 mm. Texas. N.B. — This species has the aspect of a small Alydus, but the unarmed femora separate it at once. Tribe 2. LEPTOCORISINI Stal 1872 Genus I. Leptocorisa Latreille 1829 In this genus — the only one of the tribe thus far known from north of Mexico — the following structural characters are additional 80 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA to the tribal ones in the key: Very slender, elongate; head relatively small and narrow ; juga much longer than the tylns and contiguous anteriorly ; antennae nearly as long as the body, segment I longest ; rostrum reaching the intermediate coxae; anterolateral margins of the pronotum straight, smooth, the lateral carinae obsolescent on the anterior one-third of the margin; posterior coxae contiguous; posterior angles of the metapleura acute. The one species found north of Mexico is L. tipuloides DeGeer 1773 Distinguishing specific structures are : Head about two-thirds as long as the pronotum ; antennal segments II and III, I and IV sub- equal, I and IV taken together longer than II and III taken together ; pronotum with anterior one-third smooth, the remainder coarsely confluently punctate, humeri not prominent, rounded ; scutellum and clavi coarsely and closely punctate, corium sparsely so ; length, 1 A- 16 mm., width 1.8-2 mm. Florida, Mississippi, Texas. Tribe 3 ALYDINI Stal 1867 ( Coriscini Blatchley 1926) Key to Genera 1. Posterior tibiae flattened, much curved , produced into a distinct tooth near the apex; (humeri acutely spined or not; ostioles distinct, with a long canal). I. Hyaly menus Amyot & Serville 1843 Posterior tibiae terete, straight, subapical tooth obsolete or absent 2 2. Ostioles distinct, continued laterally in canals with calloused margins; antennal segment I surpassing the apex of the head, IV sub equal to II and III taken together 3 Ostioles obscure or obsolescent, without a canal ; antennal seg- ment I not surpassing the apex of the head, IV much shorter than II and III taken together 5 3. Antennal segment I longer than II; ventral segment VI in the female medially split 4 Antennal segment I shorter than II ; ventral segment VI in the female entire, not split IV. Alydus Fabricius 1803 ( Coriscus Blatchley 1926) 4. Posterior femora without a tooth basally, posterior tibiae without a tooth ; posterior tarsal segment I twice as long as II and III taken together II. Megalotomus Fieber 1861 81 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 Posterior femora with an obtuse tooth near bases, posterior tibiae with a small acute tooth ; segment I of posterior tarsus as long as or longer than II and III taken together. III. Burtinus Stal 1859 5. Posterior tibiae without spines; posterior margin of the pro- notum with an obsolete tooth or without such tooth. V. Tollius Stal 1870 Posterior tibiae with two rows of strong spines ; posterior margin of the pronotnm with a median tooth. VI. Stachyocnemus Stal 1870 Genus I. Hyalymenus Amyot & Serville 1843 (subgenus Tivarbus Stal 1859) Key to Species 1. Humeri acute or subacute, not spined; [(rostrum reaching or nearly reaching posterior margin of the intermediate coxae, segments I and II equal, each twice as long as III ; antennal segment IV about one-fifth longer than I and II taken to- gether; pronotum less than one and one-quarter times as wide, including the spines as its median length, one and three-fifths times as long as the scutellum, and two and one- half times its width; length, 13.65-17 mm. (males, sec. Van Duzee), width, 2.75 mm. (female)]. subinermis Van Duzee 1923 Arizona, (Sonora, Mexico). Humeri produced into distinct long spines 2 2. Base of pronotum with a small pale calloused spot medially; pro-, meso- and metapleura near the acetabrda with a large smooth white or flavescent spot, sometimes absent in the propleura; posterior femora in both sexes below without tubercles or spines toward the base from the middle spine, male posterior tibiae serially crenulate, tuberculate or bluntly dentate below at the middle of the curve, simple in the female 3 Base of pronotum without a median spot ; pleura without large smooth pale spots; posterior femora in the male tuberculate for their entire length, posterior tibiae in both sexes sim- ple, entire at the middle, neither tuberculate, granulate nor crenulate; (posterior femora with only the apical one- fourth black; venter concolorous; length, 17 mm., width, 3 mm.) pulcher Stal 1854 Texas?, (Honduras). 82 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 3. Venter with a broad white or pale median vitta on segments III, IV and V ; antennal segment IV more than twice the length of I 4 Venter without a median vitta, concolorous; segment IV of antennae twice, or less than twice, the length of I 5 4. Rostrum reaching to or going slightly beyond the intermediate coxae; male femora with a short, thick, high black carina, which is sometimes obsolete or shows as coarse black spines, before the apical series of spines ; (pronotum nearly one and one-half times as broad as its median length; antennal segment IV three times as long as II or III, which are equal; humeral spines slender ; apex of scutellum acute ; pronotal teeth at the basal angles of the scutellum short, acute, white-tipped; length, 13.25-17 mm., width, 2.5- 3.25 mm.) tarsatus Fabricius 1803 Texas, Arizona, California, (Neotropical). Rostrum going much beyond the intermediate coxae and reach- ing, or nearly reaching, the posterior coxae; male femora with only two black subapical spines and between them a series of short blunt black teeth, which two spines are preceded by one, two or three short spines of varying length; femoral carina, if present, low and narrow, (head distinctly shorter than the median length of the pronotum ; pronotum, including spines more than one and three- quarters times as wide as its median length; antennal segment IV not quite two and one-eighth times the length of I; length, 10.5-14.25 mm., width, 3. 5-4.2 mm.). longispinus Stal 1870 Florida, (West Indies) . 5. Antennal segment II slightly longer than III, IV twice as long as I ; pronotum, including the humeral spines, twice as wide as its median length; length, 13-15.75 mm., width, 4.1- 4.5 mm notus Torre-Bueno 1939 Florida. Antennal segments II and III equal, IV one and three-quarters the length of I ; pronotum, including spines, less than twice as wide as its median length; length, 13.75-16.35 mm., width, 3.75-4.5 mm potens Torre-Bueno 1939 Florida. N.B. — The figure of H. longispinus Stal in Blatchley, Heteroptera of Eastern North America (fig. 54, p. 262), is singular in that it shows only the teeth at the posterior angles of the 83 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 pronotum, but not the smaller ones on the posterolateral margins below the humeral spine, which are present in all specimens examined by me. His generic characteriza- tion is subject to improvement, particularly as to the abdominal spines. In all the species examined by me, rarely is abdominal segment II either spined or acutely produced; the spined apical angles are in general III-VI, and are male characters nearly exclusively. If his figure is accurate, he had before him a distinct species ; or else his figure is not exact. Genus II. Megalotomus Fieber 1861 Structural characters in addition to those in the generic key are : Head triangular, about as long as the pronotum ; antennae one-half or more as long as the body, I surpassing the apex of the head, II slightly longer than III, IV equal to or slightly longer than II and III taken together; rostrum passing intermediate coxae, segment IV longer than III ; pronotum nearly square, anterolateral margins carinate, slightly sinuate ; abdomen not wider than the hemelytra ; posterior femora not greatly enlarged, with a row of stout spines beneath on outer margin. Of the two species in the genus the one thus far recorded from north of Mexico is : M. quinquespinosus Say 1825 Selected specific structures are : Humeri prominent, acute ; pronotum with a wide vague longitudinal depression, disc finely and densely punctate, posterior margin sinuate, concave at middle; length, 14-16 mm., width, 3-3.7 mm. Quebec and New England south to North Carolina and west across the continent; nymphs have been found on Ceanothus americanus. Genus III. Burtinus Stal 1869 These are a few structural characters to distinguish the genus in addition to those in the generic key : Antennal segment IV shorter than II and III taken together ; posterior tibiae beneath with a sub- apical spine. Of the two described species the one recorded from north of Mexico is : B. notatipennis Stal 1859 Specific characters are : Elongate, slender, widened posteriorly, rather thickly brown-punctate ; head feebly pubescent ; antennal seg- 84 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA ments I, II and III subequal; humeri subacute; posterior femora clavate, the apical half with 3 or 4 stout spines and 2 or 3 minute teeth ; length, 11-13 mm. Florida, Texas, Arizona. Genus IV. Alydus Fabricius 1803 ( Coriscus Schrank 1796) Key to Species 1. Venation of membrane simple, veins not irregular and only slightly anastomosing; (male clasper not toothed toward apex) ; posterior femora without a pale ring 2 Venation of membrane, or at least of its costal one-third, irreg- ular, with anastomosing veins; (male clasper with an en- larged stout tooth near the apex) ; posterior femora very slender, with a pale ring; (antennal segments I, II and III subequal; scutellum deep velvety black with apex pale; length, 9 mm.) scutellatus Van Duzee 1903 Montana, Colorado, New Mexico, British Columbia, Al- berta. 2. Humeri acute, anterolateral margins of the pronotum pale, cal- loused, impunctate; (length, 9.5-14 mm., width, 2-2.7 mm. ) pilosulus Herrich-Schaeffer 1848 Maine to Florida and Texas, west to Kansas and Wisconsin, Oklahoma, California ; on Saponaria officinalis. Humeri not acute; anterolateral margins of the pronotum con- colorous 3 3. Claspers of male with caudomesal margins subparallel, caudal aspect narrow; female of pluto with the lateral plates of the hypopygium terminating in a tumid, finger-like process, ventral segment VI with a distinct median carina 4 Claspers of male with the caudomesal margins not parallel; lateral plates of the female hypopygium flat, not tumid at tip, ventral segment VI with carina short, indistinct or absent 5 4. Antennal segment IV shorter than II and III taken together, II and III subequal ; body black, not densely pilose ; length, 10.5-13 mm., width, 3 mm pluto Uhler 1872 Vancouver Island south to California and Arizona, Idaho, Kansas, Louisiana, Texas. Antennal segment IV over one-third longer than II and III taken together, III shorter than II ; body variegated with fuscous, densely pilose ; length, 10 mm., width 2.6 mm. ; (rostral 85 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 segment I longest, subequal to III and IV taken together, IV one-half longer than III) foment osus Fracker, 1918 Colorado, Arizona. 5. Male claspers twisted , not arcuate; lateral plates of the female hypopygium acute at apex ; pronotum usually black ; mem- brane infuscate; length, 11-15 mm., width, 2.3-3 mm. eurinus Say 1825 Distributed throughout America north of Mexico. Male claspers arcuate, divaricate at base and converging at apex ; lateral plates of the female hypopygium broadly rounded at apex ; pronotum usually with the posterior two-thirds fulvous ; membrane spotted or not 6 6. Membrane pale with fuscous dots; (pronotum sparsely hairy; apex of scutellum rounded, smooth, calloused; abdomen and margins of the connexivum with flavescent spots; length, 10-12 mm., width, 2-2.3 mm.). conspersus Montandon 1893 Canada to Pennsylvania, west to Alberta, Wisconsin, Dakota and Colorado. Membrane infuscate, not dotted 7 7. Connexivum and margins of the venter black with flavescent pale spots ; length and width as conspersus. conspersus var. infuscatus Fracker 1918 Wisconsin, Colorado. Connexivum and margins of venter broadly rufescent to beyond the spiracules, the rufescent band sometimes slightly broken by the encroaching black coloration; (veins of membrane little branched) ; length, 10-11 mm. conspersus var. rufescens Barber 1911 Arizona. Genus V. Tollius Stal 1870 Key to Species 1. Claspers of male elongate, nearly four times as long as wide, gradually twisted near the truncate apex; (antennal seg- ment I shorter than the head, IV shorter than II and III taken together ; lateral margins of the corium and often the entire disc dotted with fuscous, apical margin not paler; median line of the pronotum and of the scutellum obscure, at least posteriorly; length, 9.5-12 mm., width, 2. 2-3. 5 mm.) curtulus Stal 1859 New York, Illinois, Colorado, Utah, Oregon, California. 86 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Claspers of male short, not over three times as long as wide 2 2. Claspers suddenly obliquely truncate, nearly three times as long as wide, acute at apex; (antennal segment IV not quite as long as II and III taken together ; apex of rostral segment I distant from anterior margin of the prosternum ; length, 10 mm., width, 2.4 mm.) setosus Van Duzee 1906 New York, Montana, Utah, Arizona, California. Claspers very short, nearly quadrate, somewhat longer than wide, apex right-angled, with or without a short erect process on the outer angles 3 3. Antennal segment IV longer than II and III taken together; rostral segment I nearly reaching anterior margin of the prosternum; length, 9 mm quadratus Van Duzee 1921 California. Antennal segment IV shorter than II and III taken together; rostral segment I not going much beyond the posterior margin of the eyes; length, 8.5 mm., width, 2.1 mm. vanduzeei Torre-Bueno 1940 California. Genus VI. Stachyocnemus Stal 1870 Generic characters, taken from the original characterization, are : Body quite oblong, subcompressed, setose ; head triangular, as long as wide, wider than the pronotum anteriorly, bucculae short, moderately high, ocelli quite elevated, eyes quite prominent ; rostrum reaching intermediate coxae, segment I incrassate, III and IV short, IV longer than III ; antennae somewhat short, segment I hardly passing the apex of the head, IV incrassate, hardly longer than III ; pronotum distinctly narrowed anteriorly, humeri acute, slightly prominent, base sinuate; scutellum acutely triangular; apical margin of the corium straight; anterior femora unarmed, posterior femora passing the apex of the abdomen, quite incrassate, below with a double row of spines for nearly their entire length, tibiae cylindrical, without a sulcus, posterior spined below in two rows, the spines of the outer row short and very numerous, segment I of posterior tarsi nearly twice as long as II and III taken together. Two species appear to be recognized in this genus from America north of Mexico, which may be separated by this 87 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 Key to Species A. Juga projecting laterally from the tylus, so that the head appears to have three angles or points anteriorly ; body with little or no gray pubescence, black, marked with gray ferruginous ; head strongly depressed ; median tooth of the posterior margin of the pronotum small to minute ; length, 7.5-8 mm., width, 2-2.5 mm apicalis Dallas 1852 New York to Florida, west to Montana, New Mexico, Cali- fornia, Texas ; Arizona. B. Juga hardly projecting, indistinct as seen from above; body covered with a fine gray pubescence, gray-flavescent ; head not depressed; median posterior tooth of the pronotum large, prominent ; length, 7.5-8 mm., width, 2-2.5 mm. cinereus Fracker 1918 Colorado. Family IX. CORIZIDAE Mayr 1866 Key to Tribes 1. Posterior femora incrassate, spined below; anterior angles of the pronotum anteriorly produced into an acute tooth, or rounded and unarmed ( Xenogenus Berg 1884). 1. Harmostini Stal 1873 Posterior femora not or scarcely incrassate, not spined below; anterior angles of the pronotum obtuse or unarmed 2 2. Head abruptly narrowed behind the eyes into a distinct neck; anterolateral margins of the pronotum scarcely or obtusely sinuate, its transverse impressed dorsal line scarcely reaching the sinus ; prosternum anteriorly without a trans- verse impression attaining the lateral margins; corium largely hyaline, its anterior apical areole quadrangular ; (antennal segment I short, scarcely or but little exceeding the apex of the head; metapleura more or less obliquely truncate posteriorly, outwardly ampliate). 2. Corizimi Stal 1872 Head not narrowed behind the eyes ; anterolateral margins of the pronotum distinctly angulate-emarginate, or incised ; pronotum and prosternum anteriorly with a distinct im- pression attaining the marginal incisures; corium opaque, coriaceous, its interior areole triangular. 3. Leptocorini Van Duzee 1914 (Serinetharia Stal 1873) 88 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Tribe 1. HARMOSTINI Stal 1873 Key to Genera 1. Abdomen dilated at middle, leaving the connexivum roundedly broadly exposed; (pronotum with a distinct longitudinal median impression, limited on each side by a short ridge). II. Au feius Stal 1870 Abdomen not extended beyond the hemelytra; connexivum not or but slightly exposed 2 2. Ocelli not elevated ; antenniferous tubercles produced outwardly into a spine or tooth ; anterior angles of the pronotum pro- duced into spines or teeth ; corium opaque or subopaque. I. Harmostes Burmeister 1835 Ocelli elevated ; antenniferous tubercles neither spined nor pro- duced; anterior angles of the pronotum rounded, not pro- duced; corium hyaline; (antennal segment IV not much thickened, slightly shorter than III ; posterior femora with about 25 sharp spines) III. Xenogenus Berg 1884 Genus I. Harmostes Burmeister 1835 1. Anterolateral margins of the pronotum distinctly crenulate, ser- rate or denticulate 2 Anterolateral margins of the pronotum neither crenulate, serrate nor denticulate, either smooth or obscurely granulose 5 2. Rostrum extending onto the abdomen (passing base of abdomi- nal segment III, sec Stal) ; (antennal segment I surpassing the head by about one-half of its own length, II slightly shorter than III, antennal tubercles acutely prominent, hardly spinose; length, 9-10 mm., width, 3 mm.). nebulosus Stal 1862 (Mexico, Guatemala). Rostrum not extending onto the abdomen 3 3. Rostrum nearly reaching or slightly exceeding the base of the metasternum ; antennal segment II shorter than III : (antennal tubercles produced into long acute spines; length, 6-8 mm.) serratus Fabricius 1794 ( perpunctatus Dallas 1852) Florida, Texas, (Mexico, West Indies, Brazil, Ecuador, Argentine Republic). Rostrum nearly reaching or slightly passing posterior coxae; antennal segment II equal or subequal to III 4 4. Rostrum reaching nearly to posterior coxae ; antennal segment 89 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 II equal to III ; length, 6.25 mm affinis Dallas 1852 Florida, Texas, Arizona, (into Mexico). Rostrum just passing posterior coxae ; antennal segment II sub- equal to III; (antennal segment I very incrassate, about reaching apex of head; humeri very broadly rounded, prominent, reflexed) ; length, 9 mm., width, 3 mm. formosus Distant 1881 Texas, (Mexico). 5. Bucculae evanescent beyond the posterior margin of the eyes toward the base of the head; (antennal segment I exceed- ing the apex of the head by one-half of its own length, II shorter than III, base of vertex of head with a median groove, rostrum hardly reaching posterior coxae; anterior angles of the pronotum acute; membrane not vittate; length, 6.25-9 mm., width, 2.2-2.7 mm.). reflexulus Say 1831 (virescens Dallas 1852) ( costalis H. S. 1853) ( bruesi Bergroth 1913) All over the United States, north into Canada and south into Mexico. Bucculae not passing the posterior margin of the eyes 6 6. Antennal segment I hardly or but slightly exceeding the apex of the head; (II and III subequal, IY slightly longer than I and strongly pubescent; base of vertex of the head with a median groove; bucculae not passing the anterior mar- gin of the eyes; rostrum extending beyond the metaster- num ; median carina of the pronotum distinct, very promi- nent on the scutellum; abdominal segments II and III with a deep median sulcus; membrane bivittate; length, 6-7 mm.) fraterculus Say 1831 New Jersey, south to Florida and west to California and Arizona, (through Mexico into Central America). Antennal segment I extending much beyond the apex of the head, (II of equal thickness throughout; species averaging 7 mm. or more in length) 7 7. Antennal segment II shorter than III; (segment I stout, anten- nal tubercles spined, tylus slightly acutely projecting be- yond the juga; anterior angles of the pronotum spined; scutellum long, constricted at apex; length, 8 mm.). subrufus Distant 1881 Arizona, (Guatemala). Antennal segments II and III equal or subequal 90 8 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 8. Rostrum not passing intermediate coxae; antennal segments II and III subequal, (segment I nearly smooth; anterior angles of the pronotum acute; length, 7-8 mm.). chilensis Dallas 1852 {minor Spinola 1853) Southwestern United States, (Chile, Argentine Republic). Rostrum passing intermediate coxae; antennal segments II and III equal 9 9. Rostrum attaining the base of ventral segment II; (antennal segment I surpassing the apex of the head by one-quarter of its own length, II and III equal to each other and to the length of the head; pronotum shorter than the head; scutellum tricarinate ; median areole of the corium hyaline, the inner areole partly so ; venter deeply sulcate to seg- ment IV or V) ; length, 7-8 mm. angustatus Van Duzee 1918 Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California; on Hymenocloea salsola. Rostrum not going beyond the metasternum; (antennal segment IV slightly longer than I, vertex of head without a groove ; prosternum sulcate anteriorly; humeri well-rounded); length, 7-9 mm croceus Gibson 1917 Oregon, California, Arizona, Texas. Note 1 — No identifying structures are given in the description of Harmostes bicolor Distant, nor in the figure; Gibson records it from Colorado, New Mexico and Texas. Note 2 — The species carried in catalogues as fHarmostes ob- liquus Say 1831 is omitted. It does not appear to have been recog- nized in the genus by any recent authors. Harmostes propinquus Distant 1881 is Aufeius impressicollis Stal, q.v. Genus II. Aufeius Stal 1870 This monotypic genus is characterized by Stal (Enumeratio I : 222) as follows: Body oblong-ovate, depressed; head acute, a little longer than wide, subquadrate behind the antennae, triangularly produced before them, the antenniferous tubercles produced out- wardly into a prominent acute tooth, postocular part of the head tumid ; bucculae half the length of the head, moderately high ; ocelli nearly twice as far from each other as from the eyes ; rostrum reach- ing intermediate coxae, segment I a little shorter than the head; antennae slender, half as long as the body, segments I and IV 91 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 incrassate, I scarcely surpassing the apex of the head; anterior angles of the pronotum acute, prominent ; hemelytra parallel ; meso- sternum longitudinally sulcate; feet short, posterior femora some- what incrassate, slender at the base, spined below toward the base ; disc of the pronotum impressed, without a median carina. The one species is A. impressicollis Stal 1870 ( Harmostes propinquus Distant 1893) In this, abstracting the structural characters from the original description, and neglecting color; antennal segments II and IY equal, III somewhat longer than either; anterolateral margins of the pronotum sinuate before the middle, minutely crenulate ; hemel- ytra hyaline, membranous ; length, 5-6 mm., width, 1.5-2 mm. Dakota, Kansas, Colorado, Texas, Arizona, California. Genus III. Xenogenus Berg 1884 ( Darmistidus Uhler 1893) What follows is in substance the original generic characteriza- tion of Berg (Hem. Arg. Add., p. 45) : Body quite elongate, setulose, subdepressed; head subtriangular, as long as wide, its base as wide as the apex of the pronotum, antenniferous tubercles neither pro- duced nor spined, tylus produced and elevated, bucculae much shorter than one-half the length of the head ; eyes prominent, quite remote from the pronotum ; antennal segment I scarcely longer than III, slightly exceeding the head, II and III equal ; rostral segment I much shorter than the head; pronotum narrowed anteriorly, dis- tinctly impressed longitudinally and slightly carinate ; anterior angles somewhat prominent, posterior rounded ; corium and clavus nearly hyaline ; mesosternum sulcate ; posterior angles of the meta- sternum somewhat produced, apex rounded ; abdomen scarcely wider than the hemelytra; apical half of the posterior femora biseriately spined; tarsal segment I one-quarter to one-third longer than II and III taken together. There are two species in this genus — the type-species, Xenogenus picturatum Berg 1884, from the Argentine ; and the other our North American species X. extensum Distant 1893 ( Darmistidus maculatus Uhler 1893) Distant’s species was described from Mexico; Uhler ’s genus and species from St. Vincent, W. I. The structural characters for the 92 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA species are the few given in the original description : Antennal seg- ments II and III subequal and very slightly longer than IV ; antero- lateral margins of the pronotnm neither crennlated nor serrated; pronotnm coarsely and thickly punctate with a median pale smooth line; head and scutellum finely and sparingly punctate; body be- neath finely punctate; length, 8 mm. (6.5-8 mm., width, 1.75-2 mm. ) . The remainder of this description is a loving enumeration of minute color changes. Arizona (Huachuca Mountains, near the Mexican border). Tribe 2. CORIZINI Stal 1872 Genus I. Corizus Fallen 1814 (Recte Rhopalus Schilling 1829) 1. Metapleura entire, not divided by a transverse suture or sulcus into an anterior and a posterior area, evenly and distinctly punctate, the posterior margin truncate or subtruncate and straight, or subsinuate, its posterior upper angle broadly rounded, neither expanded nor produced posteriorly; (osti- oles quite obsolete or hardly distinguishable) ; (subgenus Stictopleurus Stal 1870) ; transverse impression of the pro- notum terminating in a closed loop at each end 2 Metapleura divided by a transverse suture or sulcus into an anterior and a posterior area, the anterior coarsely punc- tate and the posterior finely or obsoletely so, posterior margin oblique and sinuate, the posterior upper angle ex- panded and produced roundly or acutely; transverse im- pression of the pronotum not ending in a closed loop at each end 3 2. Antennal tubercles prominent, angular and extending well for- ward, antennal segments II and III equal, IV about one- half the length of either; ocelli about twice as far from each other as from the eyes ; rostral segment I not reaching base of head, II about twice as long as III, apex of IV reaching about the middle of the metasternum; lateral margins of the scutellum carinate, smooth, disc black, dis- tinctly punctured; connexivum spotted or not; species light or dark colored; length, 6-8.5 mm., width, 2-3.5 mm. crassicornis Linne 1758 (and subspecies or varieties) New England, New York and Quebec west to the Pacific,, 93 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, (Mexico) ; a high altitude and latitude species, known also from Europe and Asia. Antennal tubercles not prominent, small, acute, antennal seg- ments II, III and IV equal or subequal; ocelli more than twice as distant from each other as from the eyes; rostral segment I just reaching the anterior margin of the pro- sternum, II about one and one-half times as long as III, apex of IV reaching intermediate coxae; lateral margins of the scutellum calloused, smooth, disc dark, moderately coarsely punctured; connexivum spotted or not; species light or dark colored; length, 5-6.5 mm., width, 1.75-2.5 mm viridicatus Uhler 1872 {hyalinus Uhler 1877 nec Pabricius 1794) District of Columbia, Kansas, Nebraska, Dakotas, Wyo- ming, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, California, British Columbia. 3. Margin of the pronotum anterior to the smooth anterior trans- verse ruga, callus or carina, unpunctured (or obsoletely so?) ; last segment of the abdomen short and broad, trun- cate in the female, broadly evenly rounded in the male; (antennal segment I reaching the apex of the head, II slightly shorter than III, IV longest; pronotum narrowly smooth and subcallous at the apical margin, with a very distinct raised smooth anterior transverse callus ; scutellum not constricted at the middle, sides concave ; rostrum reach- ing to or nearly passing the posterior coxae; ostioles dis- tinct with two sulci, the anterior one short and quite close to the intermediate coxae and less distinct, the posterior sulcus distinct, very long, extended toward the lateral mar- gins of the sternum, metapleura posterior to this sulcus smooth or obsoletely punctured (subgenus Liorhyssus Stal 1870) ; length, 5. 5-6. 5 mm., width, 1. 8-2.5 mm.). hyalinus Fabricius 1794 Massachusetts and Maryland south to Florida, Louisiana and Texas, and west to Arkansas, Wyoming, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona and California; (Mexico to Chile, West Indies, East Indies, Europe, Asia, Africa) ; on Lactuca scariola, and Abutilon theophrasti. Margin of the pronotum anterior to the transverse ruga, callus or carina (when present, or if absent, anterior to the trans- verse suture) more or less coarsely punctured; terminal 94 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA abdominal segments in both sexes long, in the female fre- quently pointed or acute, in the male rounded 4 4. Pronotum without an anterior transverse ruga, callus or carina, head somewhat long, apex not or very slightly deflexed; rostrum reaching to, or nearly or quite passing, the pos- terior coxae; pronotum anteriorly punctate (subgenus Niestkrea Spinola 1837) ; antennal tubercles hardly visible and set very close to the eyes ; femora and tibiae more or less dark-annulate; (scutellum small with an acute or subacute apex, much less than one-third as long as the abdomen, which is much wider than the pronotum; juga short but well defined; antennal segment I not or hardly reaching the apex of the head, II longest, III and IV subequal; pronotum with a fine smooth median line or carina, distinct throughout; length, 4.4-8 mm., width, 2-3.1 mm. sidae Fabricius 1794 ( luteolus Distant 1881) Maryland, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Arizona, (West Indies, Mexico to Patagonia) ; on Sida spinosa, Abutilon theophrasti. Pronotum with an anterior transverse ruga, callus or carina; head short, part before the antennae shorter than broad or as long as broad, apex of the tylus more or less deflexed ; rostrum reaching to or beyond the intermediate coxae, ex- ceptionally going beyond the posterior coxae; apex of the scutellum entire ; antennal tubercles visible, although some- times small or obsolete, not very close to the eyes ; femora and tibiae concolorous or spotted; (subgenus Arhyssus Stal 1870) 5 5. Antennal tubercles very long and prominent, reaching almost to the apex of the head and widely diverging; (antennal segment I passing the apex of the head ; scutellum broad at apex, rounded ; upper surface with prominent punctures; length, 6 mm., width, 2.7 mm.). tuberculatus Hambleton 1908 Washington. Antennal tubercules small , sometimes obsolete 6 6. Scutellum hroad, at apex, rounded 7 Scutellum narrow at apex, more or less acuminate 11 7. Pronotum with a complete and distinct median, more or less calloused and smooth pale longitudinal carina, sometimes obscured, terminating at the transverse suture in a small 95 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 white calloused spot, (the transverse suture a slender line margined anteriorly by a slight elevation or callus ; anten- nal segment I not reaching the apex of the head, IV longest, antennal tubercles small and close to the eyes; length 5-6 mm., width, 2-3 mm.) bohemanii Signoret 1859 ( nigristernum Signoret 1859) Quebec, Ontario and New England west to British Co- lumbia and Colorado, south to Virginia, Florida and Texas, and west to Arizona and California; on flowers of Cornus alternif olia. Pronotum without such a carina, or at most an incomplete one 8 8. Antennal tubercles obsolete or inconspicuous; size not over 5 mm 9 Antennal tubercles evident, readily visible; larger species, (al- though some individuals may be less than 5 mm. in length) 10 9. Ocelli three times as far from each other as from the eyes; an- tennal segments II, III and IV subequal, IV wholly dark; median carina of the pronotum subobsolete, posterior mar- gin of the pronotum nearly straight, narrowly pale, with- out calli behind the humeri ; scutellum constricted at middle, with the entire margins raised and carinate, the apex bluntly rounded ; femora black, apically pale, tibiae pale, unspotted; abdomen beneath pale except at connex- ival margins, which are darkened, connexivum above with a broad black transverse vitta at each segment ; hemelytra with the corium nearly entirely hyaline, with the veins low, but little raised above the surface, membrane white; length, 5 mm., width, 1.75 mm. hirtus Torre-Bueno 1912 Massachusetts, New York. Ocelli more than twice (but not three times) as far from each other as from the eyes ; antennal segment III shorter than II or IV, which is the longest and pale basally ; median carina of the pronotum pale, smooth, subobsolete, postero- lateral margins behind the humeri subcallous, smooth, pale, posterior margin of the pronotum obsoletely sinuate ; scu- tellum constricted at about middle, the margins raised, callous, pale, the apex acuminate; legs pale, black-annu- late; abdomen beneath heavily suffused with black, con- nexivum above with broad black segmental vittae; hemel- 96 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA ytra hyaline, except for the costal margin of the corium within the two veins, where it is coriaceous with a single row of large' deep punctures, veins of the corium coarse, prominent, membrane hyaline ; length, 4-4.3 mm., width, 1.6-2 mm. (at humeri) parvicornis Signoret 1859 Texas, Arizona, California, (Mexico). 10. Antennal tubercles broad but not long ; antennal segment I just reaching the apex of the head; transverse suture of the pronotum on a tubercular ridge which reaches quite to the margins ; length, 7.5-9 mm., width, 3-4 mm. scutatus Stal 1859 ( jactatus Signoret 1859) Wyoming, Oregon, California, Utah, Colorado, Arizona. Antennal tubercles small but rather sharp ; antennal segment I slightly surpassing the apex of the head ; transverse suture of the pronotum obscure but forming a rather deep depres- sion; length, 4.5-6 mm., width, 2-3 mm. indentatus Hambleton 1908 British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Kansas, California. 11. Rostrum reaching posterior coxae or going beyond; last ab- dominal segment in female neither very long nor acutely pointed 12 Rostrum not reaching intermediate coxae; last segment of the abdomen in the female very long, acutely pointed; (region of the transverse suture not tuberculate ; eyes very promi- nent ; antennal tubercles short, broad, rounded at the apex ; antennal segment I very short, slightly passing the apex of the head; pronotum with an obsolete pale carina, ter- minating in a pale callous tubercle at the transverse sulcus ; length, 4.5-6 mm., width, 2-2.5 mm.) punctatus Signoret 1859 Florida, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, (Mexico, West Indies, Guatemala). 12. Ocelli about twice as far from each other as from the eyes, fine longitudinal groove of the head between the eyes distinct, antennal segment IV longest, I shortest, slightly passing the apex of the head, II slightly longer than III ; rostral segment I reaching about to the posterior margin of the eyes, II about reaching the anterior coxae, III reaching to about the middle of the mesosternum, IV not quite reach- ing the posterior coxae; pronotum with a median carina, 97 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 obsolescent anteriorly, posteriorly well-marked and wid- ened, smooth, pale • posterolateral margins slightly ex- planate, posterior margin subsinu&te; proplenra coarsely punctured ; scutellum with sides emarginate at about mid- dle and with an irregular pale median carina at the level of the emargination, apex narrow, pale, subacute, carinate at the excavate margin, calloused thence to the apex, disc coarsely black-punctured ; anterior area of the metapleura much wider and longer than the upper part of the poste- rior area, coarsely pitted, posterior area finely obsoletely almost rugosely punctured, upper angles not greatly prom- inent seen from above, rounded; legs black-annulate and irrorate, or concolorous; disc of venter pale with slightly darker spots, margins broadly darkened, connexivum above with small black segmental spots, or wholly pale; length, 5-7.5 mm., width, 1.75-3 mm lateralis Say 1825 A widespread species from New England to Florida, and west to Colorado, Texas and Arizona, (Mexico) ; on Cercis canadensis; breeds on Polygonum pennsylvanicum. Ocelli three times as far from each other as from the eyes ; me- dian longitudinal groove of the head very fine and short, a wide median longitudinal subsulcus (indentation) between the ocelli; antennal segment II longest, I shortest, passing the apex of the head by about one-half its own length, III slightly shorter than IV ; rostral segment I nearly or quite reaching the anterior margin of the prosternum, II passing the anterior coxae, III reaching the intermediate coxae, IV passing the posterior coxae and nearly reaching to the posterior margin of the metasternum; pronotum without a longitudinal carina, posterolateral margins slightly ex- panded, whole pronotum coarsely punctured, as are the propleura; scutellum narrowed beyond middle, without a median carina, disc coarsely punctured, narrow apical area finely very obsoletely punctured, its margins carinate, smooth, calloused, apex acute; anterior area of the meta- pleura very large , over twice as wide as the posterior area and coarsely pitted, posterior area finely punctured, very narrow at middle, upper posterior angles rounded, not very prominent from above ; all legs black-speckled ; entire venter pale, connexivum above with a small somewhat square marginal spot at the middle of each segment ; length 7-8 mm., width, 2.3-4 mm validus Uhler 1893 Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, California. 98 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA N.B. — The species of this group appear to be highly variable, especially as to color and dimensions. Antennal and other proportions seem to vary within the species. The charac- ters given, however, are based on what are taken to be typical specimens ; atypicals are readily placed in the spe- cies by facies and by such characters as fall within the key for a given species. Sizes as stated are not absolute ; they are either average dimensions, or maximum and minimum, as recorded. Full synonymies are omitted; these will be found in Van Duzee’s Catalogue, pp. 119/125. Varieties are also not given, as there seems to be nothing stable or regional about them. Tribe 3. LEPTOCORINI Van Duzee 1914 Key to Genera A. Bucculae less than half the length of the head ; head behind the eyes quite strongly callose ; rostrum but slightly, if at all, passing the posterior coxae I. Leptocoris Hahn 1831 B. Bucculae reaching the base of the head ; head slightly callose behind the eyes; rostrum reaching to or beyond ventral segment II II. Jadera Stal 1862 Genus I. Leptocoris Hahn 1833 ( Serinetha Spinola 1837) ( Tynotoma Amyot & Serville 1843) In addition to the tribal characters are the following for the genus, selected from the extensive generic characterizations of Stal (1865, Hem. Afr. II: 112) and Distant (1902, Faun. Br. India, Rhynchota I: 419), both under the synonym of Serinetha Spinola: Body oblong, depressed ; head with the eyes slightly wider than the anterior margin of the pronotum ; large tubercles behind the eyes and before the antennae; bucculae seldom longer than half the length of the head ; ocelli more distant from the eyes than from each other; rostrum slender, segment III as long as IV or longer, I a little longer than the head ; antennae slender, segment I short, very slightly exceeding the apex of the head, IV slightly longer than III and hardly incrassate; pronotum trapezoidal, anteriorly with a linear transverse impression and with a distinct collar, lateral mar- gins ampliated and more or less convex, angularly emarginate before the outer angles of the collar, posterior margin subtruncate; scutellum triangular with acute apex ; hemelytra broader and longer than the abdomen, coriaceous, the corium with the lateral 99 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 margins distinctly reflexed except on the apical area, membrane with numerous prominent longitudinal veins; last ventral segment of female rounded, posteriorly produced and covering the genitalia ; legs moderately long and slender, unarmed, tibiae cylindrical, pos- terior tibiae longer than femora, segment I of the posterior tarsi slightly longer than the other two taken together. L. trivittatus Say 1825 is the one species recorded from the United States. It was described as follows by its author : 1 1 Black, thorax trilineate, and hemelytra margined with rufous. Body black; eyes and stemmata sanguine- ous; thorax mutic; two indented transverse lines near the head, of which the anterior one is curved in the middle ; three bright rufous lines, of which two are marginal; posterior edge obscurely rufous, hemelytra, coriaceous portion with a rufous exterior and posterior margin, membranaceous tip immaculate ; trochanter rufous ; tergum rufous with three lateral black punctures; venter, margin and middle rufous. Length, nine-twentieth inch.” Length, 11-13.5 mm., width, 3-4 mm. Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, California, Texas, Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Pennsylvania, New Mexico, District of Columbia, Ohio, British Columbia; it appears, to follow the distribution of its food-plant, Acer ( Negundo ) ne~ gundo, (box elder) ; also reported injurious to peach, plum and apple ; gets into greenhouses ; reported to have bitten human beings. Genus II. Jadera Stal 1862 Key to Species 1. Body above black, not consperse ; apex of rostrum reaching beyond ventral segment II 2 Body above griseous, rufescent or rufofuscous, not black, fusco- consperse and granulate ; apex of rostrum reaching to ven- tral segment II 3 2. Body below flavescent or rufescent ; margins of head rufescent costal margin of the hemelytra flavotestaceous or sordid stramineous; (abdomen sparsely minutely red-irrorate ; head rufescent or lutescent, with a broad black posterior vitta) ; antennal segment IV over five times the length of I; length, 11-15 mm., width, 3-3.9 mm. obscura Westwood 1842 ( discolor Stal 1862) ( lateralis Stal 1862) (Mexico, Central America, Brazil). 100 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Body below black or rufescent; head black, margins about eyes red; hemelytra wholly black; antennal segment IV about three and one-half times the length of I ; length, 10-14 mm., width, 3-4 mm. haematoloma Herrich-Schaeffer 1842 Illinois, Kansas, Colorado, Arizona, California, Texas, Ala- bama, Florida, (Mexico, Cuba, South America). 3. Costal margin of the hemelytra narrowly pale, unspotted ; an- tennal segment II about three times length of I ; (mem- brane brownish, with several brown points or dots ; rostrum reaching ventral segment II) ; length, 11.5 mm., width, 2.8 mm aeola Dallas 1852 ( sanguinolenta Blatchley 1924) Florida, Texas, (Mexico). Costal margin of the hemelytra narrowly pale, spotted with brown; antennal segment II about four times the length of I ; length, 10.6-12 mm., width, 2.8 mm. sanguinolenta Fabricius 1775 Texas, (West Indies, Brazil). Family X. NEIDIDAE Kirkaldy 1902 Key to Subfamilies A. Head long, tylus anteriorly produced into a horn or vertical plate ; scutellum without a basal spine or tubercle ; ostiolar process neither long nor produced into a spine-like meta- sternal process ; eyes very distant from base of head ; venter strongly punctured 1. Neidinae Van Duzee 1916 B. Head short, tylus not anteriorly produced, although it may bear a fine spine or spines, or a long almost spine-like or short conical tubercle; ostiolar process produced into a tubercle, or generally into a long canaliculate, spine-like, more or less twisted metasternal process ; eyes near to base of head; venter not punctured. 2. Metacanthinae Douglas & Scott 1865 Subfamily 1. Neidinae Van Duzee 1916 Key to Genera A. Head with a cylindrical deflexed process anteriorly (for North American species only); antennae as long as the body; longer than the head and pronotum taken together; ros- trum long, reaching nearly to the intermediate coxae, seg- 101 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 ment I about half the length of the head ; posterior femora reaching the apex of the abdomen. I. Neides Latreille 1802 B. Head with a porrect laterally compressed process anteriorly (for North American species only) ; antennae shorter than the body, shorter than the head and thorax taken together;, rostrum not reaching intermediate coxae, segment I less than half the length of the head; posterior femora much shorter than the abdomen II. Berytinus Kirkaldy 1906 ( Berytus auctt.) Genus I. Neides Latreille 1802 Supplementing the key, the following characters are taken from the generic characterization of Douglas & Scott (British He- miptera) : Antennae as long as the body (shorter in the American species), segment I very long, clavate at apex, II not half the length of II, which is about four-fifths the length of I, IV shorter than II ; tylus produced in the form of a horn ; rostrum reaching intermedi- ate coxae, segments I and II subequal, together as long as the head ; pronotum with a median carina on the posterior lobe, rostral groove reaching the posterior margin of the metasternum, deep ; legs fili- form, femora clavate. The one described North American species is N. muticus Say 1832 There seems to be no modern description of this species. That of Say is extremely brief ; and the subjoined characterization is drawn up from a female specimen from the Eastern States. In passing, it may be said that possibly the western form may be spe- cifically separable from this eastern one. Head nearly twice as long as wide at the eyes (25 : 13), ocelli set behind the transverse groove,- closer to the groove than to the anterior margin of the pronotum, horn down-curved about one-half the length of the front (or clypeus below it) ; tylus with a short fine groove above; sides of head finely punctured, above not punctured ; rostrum reaching to about inter- mediate coxae, segment I going slightly behind eyes, apex of II slightly beyond anterior margin of prosternum ; antennal segments I : II : III : IV, 75 : 30 : 54 : 19 units respectively, IV wholly black, fusiform, the others filiform, I with a very short apical club. Pro- notum about twice as long as wide at the humeri (40: 18), lateral margins calloused smooth, sometimes only faintly so; anterior lobe remotely punctured anteriorly, posterior lobe coarsely punctured, median carina only on posterior lobe, faint, rising to a conspicuous 102 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA tubercle posteriorly, humeri also raised, but not so evidently, later- ally punctate, as on the upper surface; mesopleura also punctate with smaller punctures; metapleura impunctate on the evaporative area, punctate posteriorly on the acetabula; ostiolar canal slender, running to tip of ostiolar process, which terminates more or less tubercularly ; scutellum small, narrow, acute, smooth; meso- and metapleura with a deep, narrow, black groove ; clavus and corium linearly punctured, veins of membrane longitudinal, simple, mem- brane transversely rugulose, reaching apex of abdomen; abdomen below finely punctured — not black, as Say states. Legs minutely black speckled; all femora clavate apically, with short and not greatly thickened clubs; general color stramineous, apex of mem- brane with a dark longitudinal streak. Length, 9.75 mm., width (at humeri), 0.9 mm. Distributed country-wide. Genus II. Berytinus Kirkaldy 1906 (. Berytus auctt.) The characters following are abstracted from Saunders (Hem. Br. Ids.), Douglas and Scott (British Hemiptera), and Fieber (Eur. Hem.) : Head anteriorly produced into a plate-like expansion; antennal segment I not as long as the head and the pronotum taken together, thickened at base so that this seems like a small basal seg- ment, and clavate apically, II about one-eighth to one tenth as long as I, IV twice the length of II ; rostrum passing the anterior margin of the pronotum, segments I and II taken together not as long as the head ; median carina of the pronotum percurrent, produced be- yond the anterior and posterior margins ; rostral groove reaching the apex of the metasternum, widest in the mesosternum. One European species has been recently recorded from the United States : B. minor Herrich-Schaeffer 1835 Structural characters as given by the European hemipterists are: Frontal process from above obtusely pointed, from the side semicircular; club of antennal segment I gradual, short, stout, black ; pronotum depressed in the middle, lateral carinae continued around the posterior angles, which are rounded and depressed, pos- terior margin nearly straight ; in the macropterous the pronotum is much widened and raised posteriorly, in the brachypterous, shorter, flatter and nearly parallel-sided; head finely punctured, pleura 103 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 strongly punctured, anterior lobe of pronotum finely, posterior strongly and closely punctured ; length, 6-7 mm. Michigan. Subfamily II. Metacanthinae Douglas & Scott 1865 Key to Genera 1. Pronotum spined at least on the anterior angles and sometimes thickly and more or less linearly on the disc 2 Pronotum not spined 4 2. Pronotum with a long semi-erect spine on each anterior angle only, disc not spined; (rostrum long, slender, reaching the posterior coxae, segment I not quite as long as the head; antennal segment II slender, IV shorter than III). III. Protacantkus Uhler 1893 (? Met acanthus Costa 1848) Disc of pronotum with numerous spines 3 3. Veins of corium with numerous prominent spines; venter with hispid spines or tubercles ; head with a longitudinal series of long nutant spines along the tylus ; ostiolar process long, curved, cylindrical, spine-like. V. Acanthophysa Uhler 1893 ( Saurocoris McAtee 1919) Veins of corium without, or with very fine spines ; venter smooth ; head with a single spine or tubercle on the tylus; ostiolar process a low tubercle IV. Pronotacantha Uhler 1893 4. Ostiolar process without an apical spine, long, curved and twisted, with the ostiolar canal lying basally on the outer side and apically on the upper surface; antennal segment IV about as long as the head; (anterior coxae separated by a narrow sulcate area; scutellum with a short, sharp, almost erect spine; rostral sulcus expanding on the meta- sternum into a rhomboid basin) I. Aknisus McAtee 1919 Ostiolar process with a pronounced apical spine, curve not pro- nounced, ostiolar canal lying entirely on the outer side; antennal segment IV longer than the head. II. Jalysus Stal 1862 104 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Genus I. Aknisus Me A tee 1919 Key to Species A. Front o-f vertex with a short but distinct pointed tubercle ; con- nexivum unarmed) ; length, 5-6 mm. multispinus Ashmead 1887 ( perclavatus Van Duzee 1908) New Jersey, District of Columbia, Georgia, Florida, Ala- bama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, Texas, Arizona, and Oregon. B. Front of vertex without a pointed tubercle ; length, 6-7 mm. calvus McAtee 1919 California. Genus II. Jalysus Stal 1862 1. Sides of bead before and behind eyes impunctate, smooth 2 Sides of head before and behind the eyes with punctures, some- times faint d 2. Vertex anteriorly with a long sharp, sometimes downwardly curved, spine, which surpasses the apex of the head ; (scutellar spine not erect, almost horizontal) ; length, 9-10 mm elongatus Barber 1911 Vertex not spined anteriorly, sometimes with a tubercle 3 3. Legs not speckled, concolorous; ostiolar spine straight, short, pale, sharp ; length 6.35-7.2 mm., width, .8-1 mm. halli Harris 1941 Arizona. Legs speckled or annulate; ostiolar spine bent, flattish, dark, blunt; length, 5 mm., width, .5 mm tenellus Stal 1859 Texas, (Mexico to Argentine). 4. Front not tuberculate; ostiolar process with a distinct con- spicuous spine ; median carina of pronotum obsolete ; (rostrum as long as the sternum and set in a sulcus be- neath) ; length, 7-9 mm., width, .9 mm. spinosus Say 1824 Eastern North America from Ontario and Quebec south to Louisiana and Florida. Front more or less distinctly tuberculate; ostiolar process with a small spine; posterior lobe of the pronotum strongly punctured, distinctly carinate medially and laterally, the lateral carina continued almost to the humeral angles; length, 6-6.5 mm wickhami Van Duzee 1906 Oregon, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona. 105 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 Genus III. Protacanthus Uhler 1893 ( ?. Met acanthus Costa 1848, Van Duzee 1917) The following generic characters, taken from the original de- scription, are additional to those in the key : Clypens conically pro- duced ; ocelli set far behind the eyes on a distinct lobe ; antennal seg- ment I longer than II and III taken together, minutely clavate api- cally, II and III subequal; rostral segment I not as long as head; posterior lobe of the pronotum carinate medially, posterior margin deflexed with a reflexed edge; scutellar spine long, erect, curved; legs long and slender, intermediate and posterior femora slightly clavate. The remainder of the description is largely by color, with details of wing structure, here omitted. The single species in the genus, is the genotype : P. decorus Uhler 1893 ( Metacanthus capitatus Uhler 1894) The original description sets forth only the following meager structural characters : Head highly polished, black ; surface of the pronotum coarsely punctate, somewhat tumid behind on each side of the median line; hemelytra whitish, translucent, membrane hya- line; length, 4 mm., width, 0.75 mm. Described from St. Vincent, West Indies, where it was found on swampy land near the sea. Florida, Texas, (West Indies). Metacanthus capitatus Uhler 1894 was described from Grenada, B. W. I. Genus IV. Pronotacantha Uhler 1893 Here we have another monotypical genus, structural characters of which, in addition to those in the key, are taken from the original description : Long erect spines on all sides of pronotum, posterior lobe convex, much elevated posteriorly, emarginated posterolater- ally; scutellum small, flat, with a long slender spine; hemelytra almost entirely membranous ; intermediate coxae more distant from anterior than from posterior. Our one recorded species is P. annulata Uhler 1893 In this, the head and posterior lobe of the pronotum are polished black; head short, subglogose, the tylus forming a prominent ver- tical ridge, bounded by the swollen juga; rostrum reaching behind intermediate coxae; antennal segment I longer than the head and pronotum taken together, II one-half the length of I, IV short and thick, fusiform, black and pale at apex, the other segments white, 106 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA black-annulated ; pronotum stout, broad and tumid behind, black, polished, with a broad yellow band, spines yellow or pale ; scutellum narrow, testaceous, with a long erect pale spine ; legs slender, testa- ceous, black-banded, femora clavate and yellow apically ; hemelytra minutely bristly along the veins ; abdomen polished ; length, 4 mm., width, 0.75 mm. Arizona, California, New Mexico, Texas, Utah ; on Antirrhinum (cultivated), and on yellow columbine. Genus Y. Accmthophysa Uhler 1893 ( Saurocoris McAtee 1919) Key to Species A. Antennal segment I one and one-quarter to one and one-third times the length of III ; spines of posterior lobe of the pro- notum in three longitudinal rows ; length, 3-4 mm., width, 0.75 mm echinata Uhler 1893 ( instans McAtee 1919, for macropterous) New Mexico, Utah, Arizona, California, Oregon, Washing- ton ; under Boerhaavia in Arizona. B. Antennal segment I less than one and one-quarter times the length of III ; spines of the posterior lobe of the pronotum in a single longitudinal row ; length, 4 mm., (macropter- ous), 2. 8-3. 4 mm. (brachypterous) idaho Harris 1941 Idaho, Oregon. Family XII. PYRRHOCORIDAE Fieber 1860 Key to Subfamilies A. Anterolateral margins of the pronotum not margined or re- flexed ; ventral segment VI in the female cleft to the base. 1. Euryophthalminae Van Duzee 1916 B. Anterolateral margins of the pronotum margined and reflexed; ventral segment VI not cleft in either sex. 2. Pyrrhocorinae Amyot & Serville 1843 N.B. — The American genera of Euryophthalminae are all in the tribe Euryophthalmini Hussey 1929, which he set up for the New World forms. Its distinguishing characters are : Lower surface of the head not grooved or sulcate longitu- dinally behind the bucculae ; anterior femora terete or very slightly sulcate beneath at base ; orifices not auriculate. 107 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 Subfamily 1. Euryophthalminae Van Duzee 1916. Key to Genera 1. Eyes prominent, pedunculate or subpenduculate, set near the base of the head, which is triangular or subtriangular ; ostioles prominent (anterolateral margins of the pronotum rounded, not carinate; anterior coxae not spined, or with a small tubercle only) 2 Eyes sessile, not pedunculate, remote from the base of the head, which is large and sub globose; ostioles not prominent 4 2. Eyes very prominent, on a long peduncle, which is produced outward and upward, (bucculae slightly elevated, ante- riorly obtusely rounded) ; form narrow, elongate; (mem- brane with few veins, which are longitudinal and furcate) I. Acinocoris Hahn 1834 Eyes not very prominent, on a short, outwardly produced peduncle ; form ovate or elongate 3 3. Head triangular, not abruptly coarctate behind the eyes, tuber- cles behind the eyes distinctly prominent; form more or less ovate, widest below the apex of the scutellum; costal margins of the corium curved, veins of the membrane straight and furcate, or anastomosing and reticulate ; ( an- tennal segment I very long, longer than II, III much shorter than II, IV nearly equal in length to II and III taken together, cylindrical as the others ; rostrum attaining intermediate coxae, segment I thicker and a little longer than any of the others, which are subequal). II. Euryophtkalmus Laporte 1832 ( Largus Hahn 1831) Head subtriangular, flatfish above, suddenly coarctate behind the quite prominent subpedunculate eyes; form narrow, elongate; costal margins of the corium straight or nearly so, veins of membrane anastomosing; [head slightly nar- rower or equal in width to the anterior lobe of the pro- notum, bucculae slightly elevated, antennae but little shorter than the body, segment I very much longer than the others, II longer than III; pronotum slightly con- stricted at or slightly before the middle, anteriorly notice- ably narrowed, posterior lobe with a more or less distinct anterior ruga; scutellum slightly longer than wide; hem- elytra parallel ; ostiole with a short sulcus with callose mar- gins directed outward ; legs somewhat long, anterior femora 108 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA slightly thickened, beneath variously spined toward apex, posterior femora and anterior coxae unarmed (Stal)] III. Stenomacra Stal 1870 ( Theraneis Walker 1873, nec Spinola 1837) 4. Head about as long as wide, subequal in length to pronotum but much wider than its anterior margin, finely rugulose, (ros- trum short) ; body and legs without a profuse covering of long setae, nearly nude ; anterior femora with a small sub- apical tooth V. Japetus Distant 1883 Head subglobose, convex above and below, punctate or finely rugulose, shorter than wide, subequal in width to the ante- rior margin of the pronotum; anterior lobe of the pro- notum and below densely white tomentose ; anterior femora unarmed IV. Arhaphe Herrich-Schaeffer 1853 \ Genus I. Acinocoris Hahn 1834 To the characters in the generic key may be added the following : Body long, narrow, the sides nearly parallel; head with the eyes wider than the pronotum, eyes on long peduncles ; antennal segment I longest, II shortest; apex of rostral segment I passing the poste- rior margin of the eyes ; anterior femora spined ; ostioles auriculate, prominent. Of the two known species of this Neotropical genus, the one recorded north of Mexico is : A. lunaris Gmelin 1788 This may be briefly characterized as follows: Head, including eyes, broader than long, tylus exceeding the juga; bucculae promi- nent, rounded, about one-half the length of rostral segment I; an- tennal segments I : II : III : IV : : 40 : 20 : 14 : 32 ; ocelli close to the eyes, which much surpass the anterior margin of the pronotum; pronotum deeply punctate, with discal smooth areas on each side of the median line, lateral and posterior margins calloused, smooth, impunctate, the posterior callosity extending anteriorly in a median point nearly to the middle of the disc; anterior femora with one black sub apical spine, posterior tarsal segment I much longer than II and III taken together, segment II very short, less than one-half of III; margins of hemelytra calloused, smooth, clavus coarsely punctate, corium narrowly punctate at the claval suture and on the disc, except for a broad, smooth, or finely punctate curved vitta-like area following the clavus and margining the membrane, corial mar- gin narrow, smooth, calloused, impunctate; connexivum calloused, smooth, ventral segments III to VI each with a large lateral rounded 109 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 smooth sparsely pilose area on each side, remainder of the venter finely pilose with a few long hairs discally ; ostiolar peritreme promi- nent, calloused, smooth, pale ; head, sternum and venter with abun- dant fine appressed hairs, except as stated ; length, 7.6 mm., width, 1.8 mm. Color picture; general color black; margins of pronotum and hemelytra, curved longitudinal stripe on the corium, connexivum and ventral spots more or less orange-yellow or ivory; legs light yellowish-brown, with a short longitudinal sub apical black line above. California, (West Indies, Mexico to Argentina). Genus II. Euryophthalmus Laporte 1832 Subgenus Euryophthalmus Laporte Key to Species 1. Rostral segment I less than twice segment IV 2 Rostral segment I twice or more than twice rostral segment IV... 3 2. Rostral segments I, II and III equal ; veins of membrane forked, without connecting veins, neither anastomosing nor form- ing cells; (antennal segment I longer than II) ; pronotum one and one-third times as wide as long ; scutellum one and one-quarter times as wide as long; length, 14.45 mm., width, 4.1 mm. cinctus Herrich Schaeffer 1842 Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, California, Nevada, (Mexico to Panama) ; on Laccodesmia and other acacias. Rostral segment I longer than II or III ; veins of membrane with cross- veins, sometimes anastomosing and forming cells; pronotum about one and one-half times as wide as long; scutellum one and one-half times as wide as long; length, 13.6-16.85 mm., width, 4-4.5 mm convivus Stal 1861 Texas, Colorado, California, (Mexico, Guatemala). 3. Body nearly glabrous above and below; femora nearly glabrous; species brightly colored in yellow and black; (antennae three times as long as the pronotum ; scutellum one and one- half times as wide as long ; pronotum one and one-half times as wide as long; antennal segments I and IV subequal, segment II twice or less than twice as long as III ; rostral segment I longest, twice as long as IV, segments II and III equal or subequal; length 10-10.35 mm., width, 2.9-3.25 mm. ; above black and yellow, ventral segments eburneous 110 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA or white ; pronotum anteriorly orange-yellow, anterior disc velvety black, posterior disc orange-yellow ; hemelytra vel- vety black except for the explanate margins and a large semicircular transverse area from the middle to the apex of the clavus and half way across the corium, which are orange-yellow; venter with segments white or eburneous, narrowly black at base and apex, segment VI a little more broadly so at base only; male genital segment white or eburneous, except the basal margin and the concealed part, which are black) sellatus Guerin 1857 Florida, (Cuba). Body pubescent, almost tomentose, above and below; femora pubescent ; colors dull reddish to black 4 4. Head, pronotum at least anteriorly, and venter, with numerous long black hairs; (antennal segment I one and one-third times as long as IV, more than twice as long as III ; rostral segment I twice or more than twice as long as IV • length, 12.1-16.5 mm., width, 2.7-4.9 mm.). cinctus subsp. calif ornicus Van Duzee 1923 Washington, Oregon, Nevada, California. Head, pronotum and venter with sparse, if any, long black hairs 5 5. Antennae twice the length of the pronotum; (antennal segment I more than twice the length of III ; head almost tomentose, nearly or quite one and one-third times as wide as long; rostral segments I, II and III subequal, segment I about twice the length of IV ; length of commissure less than length of scutellum; veins of membrane somewhat anasto- mosing and forked; pronotum one and one-half times as wide as long ; scutellum one and one-quarter times as wide as long; length, 10-15 mm., width, 2.75-4.4 mm.). davisi Barber 1923 Florida. Antennae much more than twice the length of the pronotum 6 6. Veins of the membrane reticulated with numerous cells, dark on a pale ground; antennal segment I less than twice the length of II ; scutellum one and one-third times as wide as long; antennae two and one-half times the length of the pronotum ; pronotum about one and one-half times as wide as long ; hemelytra with a somewhat square dull black spot at the inner angle of the corium; length, 13.95-14.4 mm., width, 3.75-4.1 mm bipustidatus Stal 1861 Texas, (Mexico, Honduras). Ill ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 Veins of membrane anatomosing or connected, sometimes with complete cells, concolorous; antennal segment I twice or more than twice as long as III ; rostral segments I, II and III equal or subeqnal, segment I more than twice segment IV ; pronotum about one and one-half times as wide as long ; length, 13-16.45 mm., width, 3.8-5 mm. succinctus Linne 1763 New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland Virginia, Carolina, Florida, Mississippi, Minnesota, ( ? Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, California) ; on Opuntia ar~borescens, cotton bolls, peaches; reported pre- dacious. Note. — This key is not as precise as it should be, since many of the characters employed are more or less variable. It bears out Van Duzee’s comment (Can. Ent. LV : 270, 1923) on the closeness and doubtful specificity of the forms. In what I have found, they appear to divide into three fairly homogeneous groups (This refers to the keyed species only). In one section is E. sellatus Guerin, brightly colored in black and yellow, with the venter eburneous or white and both it and the femora nearly glabrous and shining, i,n addition to the structural characters set forth in the key; in this group belong some of the other brightly colored Neotropical species. The second group contains E. davisi Barber and E. ~bipustulatus Stal, distinguishable at first sight by their light reddish color, con- firmed by the key characters. The third group contains E. cinctus H. S., E. cinctus subsp. calif ornicus Van Duzee, E. succinctus Linne, and E. convivus Stal. The last four are obviously so close together that at most they may eventually be considered no more than local races or varieties. The Key preceding will work for clearly char- acterized specimens; border-line specimens will always remain in doubt. Only a revision of the genus can settle these points satisfac- torily ; and determinations in the last group may be only temporary expedients, guided largely by origin of specimens. Meantime, the specimens from which the preceding characterizations have been drawn up will be in effect plesiotypes; they are so marked in my collection. A complete revision is demanded by the facts as devel- oped. N.B. — The length of the head as given in the keys is taken hori- zontally, and since the head is always more or less declivous in the species, this varying according to how much the head may be bent down, the actual lengths of specimens may differ from those as given by as much as 0.5 mm. Further, there is a considerable variation 112 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA in size of individuals within a species, and specimens may be found larger or smaller than the extremes of length given ; likewise, abso- lute and proportional measurements of the pronotum and other structures are markedly variable within the species. All the figures given represent either norms or averages. Genus III. Stenomacra Stal 1870 A. Antennal segment I one and three-sevenths the length of II ; IV longer than II (40 : 35) ; rostrum extending to or barely beyond the intermediate coxae; hemelytra black, orange margined ; a deep well-defined groove between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pronotum, posterior lobe with two nearly square black areas, with large, deep, black pits ; anterior lobe and a narrow area between the black patches smooth, rounded, orange-colored; head black; length, Il- ls mm., width, 2.5-3 mm. marginella Herrich-Schaeffer 1853 Arizona, California, (Mexico to Brazil). B. Antennal segment I one and three-fifths the length of II, IV sub- equal to or slightly shorter than III (32 : 34) ; rostrum ex- tending nearly or quite to the posterior coxae; hemelytra testaceous, fuscescent in darker specimens, margined with ivory or pale stramineous; groove between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pronotum definite but not very deep, posterior lobe with two nearly square areas, darker than the general color in light colored specimens and fus- cous in the darker, sparsely pitted with small shallow pits ; anterior lobe smooth, as well as the narrow light-colored area between the dark areas of the posterior lobe ; head fuscescent; length, 12-14 mm., width, 3-3.5 mm. cliens Stal 1862 New Mexico, Arizona, (Mexico. Costa Rica). Genus IV. Arhaphe Herrich-Schaeffer 1853 1. Head and pronotum distinctly coarsely punctate; (antennal seg- ment I and rostral segment I subequal; II and IV equal, III about one-half the length of either, II about two-thirds the length of III or IV ; rostrum attaining the intermediate coxae; anterior and posterior lobes of the pronotum sub- equal, posterior lobe coarsely pitted; length, 8-10 mm., width, 1.75-2.2 mm.) Carolina Herrich-Schaeffer 1853 113 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, (Mexico). Head and pronotum not punctate, head finely rugulose 2 2. Antennae much longer than length of head and thorax taken to- gether, segments I, II and IV equal, III slightly shorter, I plainly longer than rostral segment I , rostrum going much beyond anterior coxae, or attaining intermediate; anterior lobe of the pronotum nearly twice the length of the posterior lobe, which is velvety, collar evident ; corium without a row of fuscous punctures along the claval suture ; posterior femora reaching nearly to the apex of the ab- domen; length, 8. 5-9. 7 mm., width, 2-2.5 mm. cicindeloides Walker 1873 Arizona. Antennae shorter than the length of the head and thorax taken together, segment II longer than I, III shorter than II, IV longer than II, I subequal to rostral segment I ; rostrum attaining intermediate coxae; anterior lobe of the pro- notum not twice the length of the posterior lobe, collar not evident ; corium with a row of fuscous punctures along the claval suture; posterior femora not reaching beyond the apex of abdominal segment IV ; length, 7.3-8.25 mm. breviata Barber 1924 Kansas. Genus V. Japetus Distant 1883 These differential characters for the genus are given by Barber (1924 Can. Ent. LVI : 227) ; Head distinctly globose, as long as the pronotum and much wider ; body and legs without a profuse coating of long setae, almost nude; posterior lobe of the pronotum not, or very sparsely, tomentose; anterior femora with a single small sub- apical tooth ; rostrum short. Of the two species in the genus, only J. mimeticus Barber 1911 is recorded north of Mexico. Its chief characters are (from Bar- ber’s description) : rostrum reaching anterior coxae, segment I as long as the anteocular part of the head ; antennal segment I longest, II three-quarters the length of I and one-third longer than III, IV slightly longer than II; pronotum much narrower than the head, anterior lobe globose covered with a very finely closely appressed tomentose pubescence, posterior lobe velvety black, flattened, about one-half the length of the anterior lobe and scarcely wider, the trans- 114 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA verse groove with a few scattered black punctures; scutellum nar- row, acute, impunctate, velvety black, not pilose ; corium wider than the abdomen, not pilose, velvety black, basal half and exterior apical angle pure white, subcostal area with a row of unicolorous coarse punctures; veins of abbreviated membrane imperceptible; connexi- vum reflexed; anterior femora thickened, with a subapical tooth (sometimes two?) ; length, 5.5-7 mm. Arizona; running among dead leaves under trees. Subfamily 2. Pyrrhocorinae Amyot & Serville 1843 Key to Genera A. Antennal segment IV hardly longer than III ; hemelytra fre- quently abbreviated and without a membrane ; apical mar- gin of the corium rounded ; membrane, when present, with anastomosing veins I. Pyrrhocoris Fallen 1814 B. Antennal segment IV much longer than III ; hemelytra always long; apical angle of the corium acute; membrane with somewhat branching but not anastomosing veins. II. Dysdercus Amyot & Serville 1843 Genus I. Pyrrhocoris Fallen 1814 This genus is strictly Palaearctic, its species being recorded across Eurasia from west to east. Its chief distinctive characters are : Body long-oval ; head longer than wide, five-sided ; clypeus long, prominent, juga much shorter, deflected outward ; antennal segment I passing tylus by one-half of its own length, II longer than I, III about one-half of II, IV longer than III but not as long as I ; eyes prominent but not projecting beyond the anterior margin of the pronotum; rostrum reaching posterior coxae, segment I as long as the head, IV shortest; anterolateral margins of the pronotum re- flexed; mesosternum with a strong median keel; anterior femora with four small teeth, tibiae weakly spined. The common brachypterous European species is P. apterus Linne 1767 It has been recorded from America. Its chief distinguishing characters, besides its striking scarlet-and-black coloration and its shortened hemelytra are: Head finely punctate; pronotum on the anterior lobe with a transverse quadrangular convex smooth black area, coarsely punctate anteriorly, the posterior lobe with two simi- lar black areas divided from each other by a median fine scarlet line, 115 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 these areas deeply sparsely finely punctured; clavus with strong irregular punctures, corium with fine distant punctures; length, 6.25-10.5 mm. This species may be readily recognized by the pattern of its bright black-and-scarlet coloring. The head, eyes, and rostrum are black; a black quadrangular spot on the anterior lobe of the pro- notum, two others on the posterior lobe separated by a scarlet line, the rest of the pronotum scarlet; corium scarlet, near its base and the clavus a small black spot and beyond the middle of the corium a large round black spot; sternum black, the margins of each seg- ment and a large spot at the base of the coxae scarlet; legs black; abdomen above black, the base and the posterior margin of segment VI more or less red; connexivum above and below scarlet; venter black, smooth, posterior margin of segment VI broadly scarlet ; geni- tal segments black, in the male the second segment red. New Jersey (Barber), (Costa Rica, Distant and others). In New Jersey the species is probably adventitious; it has not been seen since Barber (1911) recorded it from Snake Hill, which is not very far from the docks of the European liners at Hoboken. Genus II. Dysdercus Amyot & Serville 1843 Key to Species 1. Antennal segments I and II equal or subequal, if subequal, II the shorter 2 Antennal segment I distinctly longer than segment II 4 2. Insect four times or less than four times as long as wide at the humeri 3 Insect about five times as long as wide at the humeri; (antennal segment I shorter than IV, scutellum about one-third wider than long ; head red above and below ; anterior lobe of the pronotum red, posterior lobe ochraceous with a large black discal spot ; scutellum black ; corium ochraceous with a very large and irregular black spot in the apical third; membrane black; basal discs of ventral segments infus- cated, posteriorly white ; anterior and posterior margins of the propleura and the posterior margins of the meso- and metapleura white; length, 9.65-12 mm., width, 1.9-2 mm.). incertus Distant 1883 Texas, (Costa Rica). 3. Rostral segments I and II taken together more than one and one- half times the length of segments III and IV taken to- 116 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA gether, and twice, or more than twice, the length of the pro- notnm ; scutellum about one-fifth wider than long ; (general color above griseons or stramineous, with a transverse black fascia on the corium at the level of the interior angle, not attaining the explanate corial margin, and sometimes re- duced to a spot at the inner angle; head and femora red, collar white, narrowly black-margined posteriorly; an- terior disc of the pronotnm reddish; membrane clear or pale, sometimes darker than the corium, veins concolorons ; ventral abdominal segments sordid white, basally narrowly dark; anterior and posterior margins of the propleura sordid white, its disc reddish; meso- and metapleura, pos- teriorly white margined, discs reddish) ; length, 11-17 mm., width, 2.5-4 mm obliquus Herrich Schaeffer 1842 Arizona, California, (Mexico to Ecuador). Rostral segments I and II taken together slightly longer than segments III and IV taken together and about twice the length of the pronotum ; scutellum nearly as wide as long ; (beneath, white; the costal and apical borders of the fus- cous hem elytra with the pronotum stramineous, its anterior lobe testaceous as well as the discs of the pleura; basal transverse spot or fascia of the pronotum black; ventral incisures fuscous, segments V and VI fusco-sanguineous, except their apical margins) ; length, 7-10 mm., width, 2.5-3 mm mimulus Hussey 1929 (n.n. for vars. a and b of mimus Say 1832) Florida, Texas, Arizona, California, (Mexico and West Indies to Panama) ; on Iresine paniculata. 4. Antennae nearly five times the length of the pronotum, (seg- ment I less than twice the length of II and equal or nearly equal to IV ; scutellum nearly as long as wide ; corium red, narrowly margined with white, commonly with a large transverse black spot or fascia on its apical third ; length, 8-12.5 mm., width, 2.75-4 mm.) andreae Linne 1758 Florida, (West Indies) ; on Sterculia carthaginensis, Abu- tilon sp., Thespis populnea, Hibiscus elatus, Sida sp., Bidens sp., Vernonia menthaefolia, Casearia decandra, Parthenium hysterophorus; injurious to cotton; also stated to be predacious. Antennae about four and one-half times or less the length of the pronotum 5 5. Antennal segment I twice the length of III (and a little shorter 117 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 than IY), antennae about four times the length of the pro- notum; (scutellum about one and one-seventh times as wide as long ; corium black, brown or fuscous with the costal and apical margins pale ; scutellum dull red ; ventral segments red or brown with the posterior margins white; femora red; length, 11.75-17 mm., width, 3.4 mm.). suturellus Herrich Schaeffer 1842 South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, (West Indies) ; on seed-pods of Hibiscus sabdariffa • on Hibiscus fulgidus, Urena lobata, Solanum nigrum, Solanum melogena, Carica papaya, oleander, roses; injurious to oranges, very injuri- ous to cotton ; notorious as the cotton-stainer of the North. Antennal segment I less than twice the length of III, antennae distinctly more than four times the length of the prono- tum 6 6. Antennal segment IV one and one-fifth times the length of I, I one and one-quarter times the length of II ; scutellum about one and one-quarter times as wide as long; (general color stramineous with a variable black fascia or spot pos- teriorly on the pronotum; also black, the scutellum, the median spot of the corium of- variable size and frequently triangular, near the margin; membrane black, white mar- gined; head dilute sordid coccineous; anterior pronotal callus and discs of pleura yellowish; incisures of ventral segments Y and YI more or less sanguineous, the others variably whitish) ; length, 9-13 mm., width, 2. 5-3. 8 mm. mimus Say 1832 ( albidiventris Stal 1854) Arizona, Texas, California, (Mexico to Ecuador) ; on N eurolaena lobata, Casearia acideata, Parthenium hyster- ophorus, Sida sp., Abutilon sp. Antennal segment IY one and two-fifths the length of I, I about twice the length of III; (insect about three and one-half times as long as wide) ; scutellum about one and one-third times as wide as long ; (anterior lobe of the pronotum black with a reddish spot on each side ; sternum and venter black, posterior margins of the ventral segments white) ; length, 12-15 mm., width, 3.6 mm obscuratus Distant 1883 Texas, (Mexico to Costa Rica) ; on seeds of Sida sp. Note: Dysdercus concinnus Stal 1861, recorded from Texas, (Mexico to Ecuador), is omitted from this key, in the absence of 118 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA authentically determined specimens. In this species, the antennal segment IV, according to Hussey, is one-fifth longer than I ; length, 11.5-13.2 mm., width, 3. 1-4.2 mm. The colors (derived from Bio- logia Centrali Americana, Heteroptera, pi. 21, figs. 12 and 15) are as follows: Head unicolorous red or black (Hussey) ; collar white, pronotal callus reddish, posterior lobe of the pronotum black, its pos- terior margin narrowly white; hemelytra stramineous or yellowish with a large black spot at about the middle, which extends roundedly nearly to the clavus and sometimes along the margin nearly to the base ; membrane black, narrowly pale-margined ; femora red or dark. Dysdercus peruvianus Guerin 1831 is so uncertain as to its United States record from California, that it is likewise not included. In this genus the male genitalia are stated to be of specific value, but they have not as yet been sufficiently developed for the group as a whole. Family XIII. THAUMASTOTHERIIDAE Kirkaldy 1908 ( Thaumastocoridae Kirk. 1908, T.-B. 1939 et auctt.) Subfamily Xylastodorinae Barber 1920 W. L. McAtee (1926, Ent. News XXVII: 14) has pointed out that the first genus described was originally named Thaumasto- therium by Kirkaldy (1908, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., XXII: 777), which name he replaced in the Corrigenda and on the plate by Thaumastocoris, with no supporting reasons given for the change. Kirkaldy ’s first name for the subfamily he then established in Lygaeidae to contain the new genus, was Thaumastotheriinae, in the same Corrigenda changed to Thaumastocorinae. According to Mc- Atee, the first name proposed is not preoccupied, therefore valid, and it stands in spite of the later change. It is here adopted ; and the family name Thaumastocoridae given in the family key in this Synopsis, Part I, p. 160, is changed as above. As the preceding is merely intended to be a clarification of the family name, the reader is referred for a full and valuable discussion of the family to Barber’s paper later referred to (pp. 98-104). Of the three genera in the family, namely: Thaumast other ium Kirkaldy 1908, Baclozygum Bergroth 1909 (Deutsch. Ent. Zeit. p. 332) and Xylastodoris Barber 1920 (Bui. B. E. S. XV : 100) only the last is found in the New World ; Barber makes it the type of his new subfamily Xylastodorinae. 119 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 Genus Xylastodoris Barber 1920 The following are selected generic characters, from the original description : Much flattened ; head nearly as wide as long, tylus and juga of equal length, parallel-sided; antennae four-segmented, less than twice as long as the pronotum, antennal tubercles visible from above and apically subtruncated; margins of head before antennal tubercles parallel sided to the rounded apex ; eyes distant from the anterior margin of the pronotum, head suddenly contracted behind them, ocelli widely separated; bucculae represented by two widely separated slightly raised ridges, evanescent posteriorly; rostrum short, flattened, apparently three-segmented, its apex not reaching middle of the prosternum ; pronotum wider than long, about as long as the head, lateral margins quite expanded and slightly raised, disc flattened, shallowly transversely depressed before middle, pos- terior lobe closely and coarsely punctured ; scutellum a little shorter than the pronotum, slightly longer than wide, not carinate ; hemel- ytra wider and longer than the abdomen, membrane without veins ; meso- and metasternum fused and covered by a smooth subcordate shaped plate, longitudinally linearly impressed ; ostioles absent ; legs short, globular coxae widely separated, femora unarmed, tarsi two- segmented, with two widely separated areolate claws. The only species so far known in the genus is X. luteolus Barber 1920 described from Cuba. The generic characters are sufficient to recog- nize it ; length, 2-2.5 mm. Florida; on Royal Palm ( Oreadoxa regia). 120 April, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA References The references following are on the same plan as those in Part I (q.v.), and name only works after 1917. It also contains only such as refer to the families in this Part II. However, all such genera and species as will appear in later Families are also enumerated. The Miridae are omitted as before. This enumeration of genera and species therefore supplements the Van Duzee Catalogue of 1917. Barber, H. G. 1918. A new species of Leptoglossus, a new Blissus and varieties. Bui. Bklyn. Ent. Soc. XIII: 35/39. Describes: Leptoglossus brevirostris Barber (Arizona, Cali- fornia, p. 35) ; Blissus occiduus Barber (Colorado, New Mexico, p. 36) ; B. leucopterus var. arenarius Barber (New Jersey, New York, p. 38) ; B. leucopterus var. insularis Barber (Florida, West Indies, p. 38). 1924. The Genus Arhaphe in the United States. Can. Ent. LVI : 227/228. Describes: Arhaphe breviata Barber (Kansas, p. 227). 1926. Notes on Coreidae in the collection of the United States National Museum with description of a new Catorhintha. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. XXXIV : 209/216. Describes: Catorhintha divergens Barber (Florida, Cuba, p. 214). 1928. A New Genus and species of Coreidae from the Western States. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. XXXIV : 25/28. Describes: Nissoscolopocerus Barber (p. 25); N. apiculatus Barber (Colorado, Alberta, p. 26). 1920. A new member of the Family Thaumastocoridae. Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. XV : 98/105. Describes : Subfamily Xylastodorinae ; Xylastodoris Barber, p. 100; Xylastodoris luteolus Barber (Cuba, p. 101). Fracker, S. B. 1918. The Alydinae of the United States. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. XI : 255/280, pis. XXIV and XXV. Describes: Alydus tomentosus Fracker (Colorado, p. 268) ; var. infuscatus Fracker, of A. conspersus Montandon (Wisconsin, Colorado, p. 271) ; var. cinereus of Stachyocnemus apicalis Dal- las (Colorado, p. 276). 1919. Chariesterus and its Neotropical relatives. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. XII : 227/230, fig. 1. Describes Chariesterus balli Fracker (California, p. 229). Gibson, E. H. 1917. The Genus Harmostes Burm. Ent. News XXVII : 430/450. 121 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 2 Describes: Harmostes croceus Gibson (California, Oregon, Texas, p. 445). Hamlin, J. C. 1923. New Cactus bugs of the genus Chelinidea . Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, XXV : 43/45. Describes: Chelinidea cany ona Hamlin (Texas, p. 44); C . hunteri Hamlin (Mexico, p. 43). 1924. A review of the genus Chelinidea with biological data. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. XVII : 193/208. Synonymizes : Chelinidea vittigera var. texana Hamlin 1923, with C. vittigera aequoris McAtee 1919. Harris, H. M. 1941. Concerning Neididae, with new species and new records from North America. Bui. Bklyn. Ent. Soc. XXXVI: 105/109. Describes: Jalysus balli Harris (Arizona, Mexico, p. 106); acanthophysa idaho Harris (Idaho, Oregon, p. 108). McAtee, W. L. 1919. Key to the Nearctic genera and species of Berytidae. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. XXVII: 79/92. Describes: Aknisus McAtee (pp. 80, 81); Aknisus calvus McAtee (California, p. 85) ; Saurocoris McAtee (p. 89) ; Sauro- coris instans McAtee (California, p. 90). Torre-Bueno, J. R. de la. 1939. Remarks on the subgenus Tivar- hus Stal of the genus Hyalymenus A. & S. with descriptions of five new species. Bui. Bklyn. Ent. Soc. XXXIV : 177/197. Describes : Hyalymenus (Tivarbus) potens Torre-Bueno (Flor- ida, p. 187) ; H. ( T .) notus Torre-Bueno (Florida, p. 189). 1940. Tollius vanduzeei n. sp., with notes on the genera Tollius Stal and Stachyocnemus Stal. Bui. Bklyn. Ent. Soc. XXXV ; 159/161, fig. p. 160. Describes: Tollius vanduzeei Torre-Bueno (California, p. 159). Van Duzee, E. P. 1923. A New subspecies of Euryophthalmus: cinctus. Can. Ent. LV : 270. Describes : Euryophthalmus cinctus subspecies calif ornicus Van Duzee (California, p. 270). Note: Through an overlooked typographical error, E. P. Van Duzee ’s paper “A few new Hemiptera, ” Pan Pac. Ent. XIII: 25/31, is dated 1927 in the References to Part I. It should be 1937 . 122 VOL. XXI (New Series) JULY, 1941 No. 3 A Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor CARL GEO. SIEPMANN GEO. P. ENGELHARDT Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue, October 17, 1941 Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Vol. XXI AmerigAna July, 1941 No. 3 A REVISON OF THE GENUS BUPRESTIS OF NORTH AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (COLEOPTERA, BUPRESTIDAE) By Jacques R. Helfer Mendocino, California This study of the genus Buprestis has been undertaken with the intention of putting the taxonomy on a more stable basis through a study of the male genitalia, thereby eliminating existing confusion regarding the specific, subspecific or varietal status of some of the forms. An attempt is made to interpret phylogenetic affinities existing among the various forms, and a key to the species is pre- sented. It is hoped that the present key will prove to be more satis- factory than those previously proposed, and while admittedly in- capable of reaching certain uncommon variations, it will separate the great majority of specimens. The author wishes to express his thanks to Mrs. M. K. Williams for assistance in the publication of this paper. The author also wishes to acknowledge and express his appreciation of the valuable assistance in the preparation of this paper given him by Mr. Mont A. Cazier of the American Museum of Natural History. For help- ful notes, numerous loans and exchanges of material the author is greatly indebted to the following associates : J. W. Angell, W. F. Barr, B. Benesh, K. G. Blair of the Canadian Department of Agri- culture, J. R. de la Torre-Bueno, H. E. Burke, W. J. Chamberlin, R. G. Dahl, L. S. Dillon, J. J. du Bois, D. K. Duncan, H. Dybas, E. T. Endy, H. C. Fall, L. Y. Fass, Jr., W. Fergusen, W. S. Fisher 123 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 of the United States National Museum, C. A. Frost, R. T. Garnett, K. Hagen, R. Hopping, A. T. Kistler, J. N. Knull, L. Lacey, H. P. Lanchester, E. R. Leech, H. B. Leech, E. G. Linsley, H. P. Loding, Dr. Marshall, K. McLeod, Jr., B. E. Montgomery, F. W. Nunen- macher, J. Obenberger, L. L. Pechuman, H. Rnckes, M. W. Sander- son, F. M. Schott, 0. H. Schwab, J. Schwartz, F. T. Scott, C. G. Siepmann, M. E. Smith, R. Stefanko, W. Stehr, the late E. P. Van Duzee, G. B. Vogt, A. Wagner, and E. N. K. Waering. Classification Family Buprestidae Tribe Buprestini Lac. Buprestini is separated from the other Buprestidae by the fol- lowing characteristics: Hind coxal plates distinctly widened inte- riorly, fpont margin straight, hind margin oblique; antennal pores concentrated in pits on the two faces of the serrate joints; front not narrowed at point of insertion of antennae, eyes scarcely approach- ing, often distant on vertex. Genus Buprestis Linne Buprestis Linne 1758, Syst. Nat. Ed., 10: 408; Solier 1833, Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr., 2: 279-281; Mannerheim, 1837, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, 7 : 61 ; Fairmaire, 1856, Faune el Col. Fr., p. 140; E. Saunders, 1871, Cat. Bup., p. 39; Waterhouse, 1877, Biol. Centr. Amer. Ins. Col., 3: 13; Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11: 87-128; Nicolay and Weiss, 1918, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 26: 75-109 ; Chamberlin, 1926, Cat. Buprestidae North America, p. 103-128 ; Fisher, 1925, Proc. U. S. Natl. Museum, 65 : 143-160. Ancylochira Eschsch. 1829, Zool. Atl., 1:9; Waterhouse, 1861, Cat. Br. Col., p. 51 ; Le Conte, 1861, Classification N. A. Col., p. 152. Gymnota Gistl., 1834, Ins. Doubl.-Graf Jenison-Wal worth, p. 10. Anoplis Kirby, 1837, Richardson’s Fauna Bor. -Amer., 4: 151-154. Sterosa (Subgenus) Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11: 116. Cypriacis (Subgenus) Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11: 116. Buprestis is separated from other Buprestid genera by the fol- lowing characters : form elongate, two and a half times to four times as long as wide, subcylindrical ; head and ventral surface often pilose, elytra hairless. Eyes widely separated; antennae serrate, reaching about to hind angles of pronotum, 11 segmented ; mentum pale, membranous in front, becoming corneous and metallic basally in some species; pronotum evenly rounded laterally to inflated at 124 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA base and sinuate at the middle, evenly punctate or with irregular levigated areas, evenly arched to sulcate medially ; scutellum small ; elytra moderately narrowed posteriorly, evenly striate with no sign of areolae, cribrate with rows of large punctures, or costate, apices truncate, rounded with a sutural spine or bispinulose, sometimes bisinuate ; lateral margins smooth ; mesosternal suture distinct ; pos- . terior lateral metathoracic sclerite exposed, triangular; prosternal spine obtusely angulated behind the front coxae, smooth to longi- tudinally medially sulcate ; first ventral segment of abdomen convex to strongly longitudinally medially sulcate. Over a hundred names have been applied to the Buprestis of our fauna. Casey recognized 65 species and subspecies, and two subgenera. Nicolay and Weiss recognized 18 species, five sub- species, and two named color varieties. This study recognizes 22 species and one subspecies. Casey placed Buprestis between his Texania ( Chalcophorella ) and Dicerca Esch., and presented several similarities among these genera. Nicolay and Weiss gave no comparison of Buprestis with any other genera. The present author has observed the tendency of some species of Buprestis to have the elytral apices prolonged and divaricated, particularly Buprestis confluenta Say and Buprestis sulcicollis (Le Conte), somewhat as in Dicerca , as well as the tibial modification of many males in both genera, and subscribes to the conclusion of Casey placing Buprestis next to Dicerca. Casey separated two subgenera from Buprestis. One is Sterosa, (Type Buprestis decora (Fabr.)), embracing Buprestis decora (Fabr.), Buprestis Salisbury ensis (Herbst), and Buprestis apricans Herbst. H. E. Burke1 supports this subgenus on the basis of larval characters, and the present author is in agreement with this separa- tion. The other subgenus erected by Casey was Cypriacis, [Type Buprestis aurulenta Linne ( Ancylocheira lauta (Le Conte)], em- bracing Buprestis aurulenta Linne, Buprestis sulcicollis (Le Conte), Buprestis striata (Fab.), Buprestis intricata Casey, and Buprestis adject a (Le Conte). Burke also supported this subgenus in his larval studies. In the author’s opinion, Cypriacis properly includes all of the species having the males with the anterior tibiae unmodi- fied excepting those in Sterosa. This shifts Buprestis connexa Horn, Buprestis langi (Mann.), and Buprestis fasciata (Fab.) from Byprestis s. str. where they have been placed by Casey and Nicolay and Weiss, into Cypriacis. The larvae of B. langi closely resemble 1 H. E. Burke, Journ. of Econ. Ent., 2: 334 (Biological Notes).. 125 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 the larvae of B. aurulenta, according to Burke ; B. connexa usually, and B. langi sometimes have the side margins of the elytra cupreous as is the case with B. aurulenta , some forms of B. striata, B. intri- cata, and B. adjecta. The elytral sculpturing of B. connexa and B. adjecta is quite similar. The pronotum of B. langi is often medi- 4 ally impressed as in B. aurulenta, B. sulcicollis, and B. striata, char- acteristic of Cypriacis and not of Buprestis s. str. The males of Buprestis fasciata and Buprestis langi resemble each other strongly. Thus this shift in position seems to be reasonable. Cypriacis, then, consists of Buprestis sulcicollis, which has four or five elytral costae (the short scutellar costule often rudimentary or absent) ; B. aurulenta, having five or rarely six or seven costae; B. striata, with five costae; B. intricata with seven, eight, or nine elytral costae; B. adjecta with seven, eight or nine costae; and B. connexa, B. langi and B. fasciata with nine each. B. fasciata and B. langi have true striae, not just elytral costae with thickly punc- tate interspaces, and the striae exhibit a distinct tendency to coalesce at the apical third or fourth, the intercostal spaces of the preceding species not exhibiting this tendency. Striate elytra are typical of Buprestis s. str. Also, B. fasciata and B. langi have yellow elytral maculations (often absent in females of langi), such markings being more in accordance with Buprestis s. str. than with Cypriacis as conceived by Casey. The larvae of B. aurulenta, B. adjecta, B. striata, and presumably B. sulcicollis and B. intricata, pupate in the fall and remain in the wood until spring. The larvae of B. langi and presumably of B. fasciata pupate in the spring and emerge soon after, as is typical of Buprestis s. str. Buprestis fas- ciata and B. langi may, then, be considered as possible connecting links between Cypriacis as typified in B. aurulenta, and Buprestis s. str. as perhaps best exemplified in our fauna by B. maculipennis Gory (Genotype Buprestis octoguttata L.). Cypriacis is appar- ently a natural group within the genus Buprestis, but since it grades into typical Buprestis so gradually through B. adjecta, B. langi, and B. fasciata, it is not as sharply defined as is Sterosa and is of sec- ondary importance. The remaining species fall into roughly three groups with one or two species standing alone. The first of these groups consists of B. lineata (Fab.) and B. macidipennis Gory, and is characterized by having the first ventral abdominal segment deeply longitudinally sulcated and the interspaces of the elytra about uniformly and only slightly convex. The next group consists of B. subornata (Le Conte), B. rusti- 126 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA corum (Kirby), B. nuttalli (Kirby), B. nuttalli subspecies laevi- ventris (Le Conte), with B. maculativentris Say falling close to B. subornata but tending to be less typical of the group. These spe- cies have the elytral interspaces alternately more strongly convex. This characteristic is not typical of B . maculativentris, but both this species and B. subornata occasionally have broad, shallow, transverse depressions on the elytra. All these species are macu- lated ventrally and have the first ventral abdominal segment sul- cate medially. The next group is made up of the deciduous-boring species B. rufipes (Oliver), B. gibbsi (Le Conte), B. viridisuturalis Nicolay and Weiss, and B. fremontiae Burke. Nicolay and Weiss, and Casey placed B. connexa, B. langi, and B. fasciata in this group, but the present author has relegated those species to Cypriacis. B. rufipes, B. gibbsi, and B. viridisuturalis have reddish-orange pigmentation apically on the lateral elytral margins, on a majority of specimens. B. fremontiae has only a rufous tinge in lieu of the orange. The first ventral abdominal segment of these four species is, at most, only slightly concave. Waterhouse mentioned the possibility that this group (B. viridisuturalis and B. fremontiae were then unde- scribed) might represent a sub-genus. There remains one species which is not included in any of the groups so far given. This species is B. confluenta Say. The males of this species have the anterior tibiae internally emarginate and armed with an internal spur, but the emargination and placement of the spur occur almost at the middle of the tibiae rather than slightly sub-apically, as is the case with B. viridisuturalis, B. gibbsi, B. fremontiae, and B. rufipes. The males of B. confluenta, and less often the females, have extensive ventral maculation, and the spe- cies bores in deciduous wood. The elytral maculation is unique in B. confluenta, consisting of small yellow specks, more or less trans- versely confluent, strewn irregularly over the entire surface, whereas in the species of the previous groups the maculations tend to be arranged into definite patterns, usually representative of or similar to the common three or four spot per elytron pattern. The apices of the elytra are sometimes prolonged slightly, and some- times divaricated, and they are not bispinose or deeply emarginate as is characteristic of B. fremontiae, B. viridisuturalis , B. rufipes , and B. gibbsi. The present author considers Buprestis confluenta as a group by itself. It is worthy of note that most of the species occurring in a green phase also are found in blue and purple phases. The flavate macu- 127 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 lations of the dorsal and ventral surfaces of several species vary in shade from light lemon or canary yellow to distinctly orange, and the normally orange maculations are found to vary to definitely reddish in some specimens. The dull species, normally colored black or coppery brown show a tendency to be slightly purplish to greenish in reflection both dorsally and ventrally. The male genitalia are, on the whole, rather distinctive among the species, but some similarities will be found to exist among re- lated species, perhaps most easily noticeable as the microspiculosity of a few of the species [ ( Buprestis gibbsi (Le Conte), B. fremontiae Burke, and B. rufipes (Oliver), PI. IV, Pigs. 8, 9, and 11)], and in the resemblance of the structures from B. maculativentris Say, and B. rusticorum (Kirby), PI. IV, Pigs. 3 and 5. The genitalia of B. subornata (Le Conte), on the other hand, are very dissimilar from any others although the adults were formerly considered as varie- ties of B. maculativentris when judged on external characters only. Distribution The genus Buprestis , as generally accepted, is holartic in dis- tribution. The species treated in this paper occur in various parts of North America, from Canada and Alaska to Texas and Florida. Some of the forms have wide ranges of occurrence from North to South. B. nuttalli (Kirby) has a range which extends from Alaska through Canada to the Eastern coast into Pennsylvania and Vir- ginia, and in the West, into Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. In contrast, B. fremontiae Burke is known only from restricted mountainous areas of two or three counties in Southern California. Buprestis nuttalli subsp. laeviventris (Le Conte) occurs in vari- ous parts of California, but is most common in the mountains of middle to northern California. A few specimens have been exam- ined from Oregon and Arizona. B. adjecta (Le Conte) has a rather wide range, occurring in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Wyoming, and Colorado, but is apparently uncommon excepting in a very few localities. Bupres- tis fasciata (Fab.), which occurs from Canada in the East through the great lake states to Minnesota, and along the Eastern seaboard South to Georgia, is not usually taken in numbers excepting along the shore of Lake Superior during the end of June (Nicolay and Weiss), B. intricata Casey is known from Colorado, Wyoming, Oregon, California, and British Columbia, but has never been taken in numbers. It seems quite possible that it is the inadequacy of our collecting methods which explains much of the seeming scarcity of such forms, and their spotted but widespread occurrence. 128 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Biology Members of the genus Buprestis are all borers in dead, partially dead or living trees and large shrubs. Such species as B. aurulenta (Le Conte), and the species of the subgenus Sterosa bore exclu- sively in coniferous trees, and others, including B. rufipes, B. fre- montiae, and B. viridisuturalis work exclusively in deciduous trees. Some, such as B. aurulenta work in quite a variety of host plants, whereas B. fremontiae is only known to work in a single species of shrubby tree. It should be noted that the phylogenetic sequence herein proposed places these deciduous-boring species together, with the possible exception of B. fasciata and B. langi, there being reason to suspect these species of boring in both coniferous and deciduous hosts. All the species are apparently able to lay their eggs directly in crevices of the wood, and the larvae can thrive without any bark food. Eggs are, however, primarily laid on or in cracks of the bark. At least two years are spent in the larval stage, and in some cases this time is extended to as much as 20 or more years. Prob- ably some larvae from almost every group of eggs have retarded development and emerge as beetles from one to several years after the main brood. The larvae of Buprestis s. str. have a small rugose hood around the apex of the V-shaped markings on the dorsal plate of the first segment and very slight rugose markings along the groove of the ventral plate. In this group pupation takes place in the spring and the beetles emerge soon afterwards. The larvae of Sterosa have no distinct rugose hood but almost the entire dorsal and ventral plates are rugose. Pupation occurs in the summer and the beetles remain in their pupal cells until the following spring. The larvae of Cypriacis have the rugose hood around the apex of the V much larger and the rugose area along the ventral marking is broader than in Buprestis s. str. Pupation takes place in the summer and the imagos remain in their pupal cells until the follow- ing spring. The larvae of Buprestis s. str. generally prefer dead wood and do no particular damage, being quite beneficial in mining stumps on cut-over land causing them to decay rapidly and thus aiding in the clearing. The larvae of the other larval groups often attack slightly injured living trees, killing them or at least causing serious damage to the wood. 129 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 Characters Used in Classification The sculpturing of the elytra is of great importance in the separation of the various species in this genus. The elytra may be almost smooth with rows of large punctures, they may be striate or costate, the costae may be uniformly convex or alternately more strongly convex. The intervals between the elytral costae may be wide or narrow, coarsely and thickly or finely and rather sparsely punctate. The colors of most of the species are of considerable importance in separation of forms, but the pigmentation is ex- tremely variable and not always reliable to use. The form of the elytral apices is very important in some parts of the genus. The apices may be broadly rounded, truncate, bisinuate, entire with a sutural tooth, bidentate, multispinose, and shallowly or deeply emarginate. The punctuation of the abdomen and the prosternum is apparently fairly constant in most of the species, but the punctua- tion of the head and pronotum is of little value in most of the spe- cies. The punctuation of the elytra is quite variable in some of the species, and should not be considered a stable character in clas- sification. Some of the species have the first ventral abdominal segment markedly longitudinally sulcate whereas in others this seg- ment is uniformly convex. A few species have representatives which fall into both of these groups, but this inconsistency is dealt with in the key, and the character remains of some importance in the establishment of groups. The pronotum may or may not be impressed in the same species in some cases, e.g., B. aurulenta, but specimens of typical Buprestis never have the pronotum deeply impressed. The character which divides the species of our fauna into two nearly equal groups is the modification of the anterior tibiae of the males of Buprestis s. str. Size and form of specimens is often of im- portance in the determination of the species but form and propor- tions of parts is variable in such species as B. langi and B. rusti- corum. The number of elytral costae of some of the species has played an important part in confusing past workers in the genus Buprestis. It was supposed that the number of elytral costae re- mained constant in a particular species. Casey and Nicolay and Weiss apparently believed this character to be valid, and R. Hopping based a new species on this variable character. The antennae of certain species are of some value as supplementary characters, the color being more or less constant and peculiar in a few forms. The female genitalia are membranous, but in one case were found to be valuable in specific differentiation, this being the case of B. 130 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA intricata Casey and B. adjecta (Le Conte). The male genitalia are of prime importance in the separation of the North American species. They display considerable differences in form and sculp- turing as well as in the distribution and amount of pigmentation. These structures provide a useful criterion in establishing the validity of species, and in establishing the identities of individual specimens which are otherwise abnormal, such as immaculate speci- mens of normally maculated species. The characters which are so useful in certain other Buprestid genera such as the possession or lack of carinae on the front, form of pronotum, or pigmentation are very variable in most of the spe- cies, and detailed descriptions overlap endlessly. Consequently the descriptions have been made as complete as deemed advisable with a comparison appended to each description to aid in determinations. Key to the Species 1. Anterior tibiae simple 2 Anterior tibiae internally emarginate and armed with an internal apical or subapical recurved tooth or spine... 9 2. Elytra with large punctures dispersed over surface or arranged in rows, not striate, or when costae are present they are widely separated by closely punctured intervals 3 Elytra striate or costate, costae never separated by wide, closely punctured intervals 9 3. Elytra with large punctures, dispersed or in rows, not striate 4 Elytra with four or five costae separated by closely punc- tured intervals 6 4. Apices of elytra bidentate decora (Fabricius) PL Y, f . 1 Apices of elytra not bidentate 5 5. Elytra green, bluish or purplish with suture and side margins coppery to brilliant cupreous; small, 10-15 mm Salisbury ensis (Herbst) PI. Y, f. 3 Elytra unicolorous, dark coppery-brown ; large, 19-22 mm apricans Herbst PI. Y, f. 2 6(3). Elytra brilliant green to blue with suture and side margins cupreous 7 Elytra coppery-brown, often with a greenish tinge 8 131 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 7. Elytral costae with summits nearly impunctate, strongly convex, Western North America aurulenta Linne PI. Y, f. 6 Elytral costae with summits rather thickly punctate, not strongly convex, Eastern North America. (■ impedita ) striata (Fabricius) PI. Y, f. 5 8(6). Front angles of pronotum visible from above ; elytral costae strongly convex, scutellar costule usually indistinct. sulcicollis (Le Conte) PL Y, f. 4 Front angles of pronotum not visible from above; elytral costae less strongly convex, scutellar costule distinct. striata (Fabricius) PI. Y, f. 5 9 ( 1-3 ) . Middle of first abdominal sternite markedly sulcate longi- tudinally 10 Middle of first abdominal sternite not markedly sulcate longitudinally 26 10. Elytra with interstrial spaces about uniformly elevated 11 Elytra with alternate interstrial spaces more strongly elevated 21 11. Elytra maculated with yellow or orange 12 Elytra not maculated with yellow or orange 16 12. Elytra green 13 Elytra black or brown 14 13. Elytral costae rather narrow and rather strongly convex ; form often strongly elongate ; Western North America. langi (Mannerheim) PI. VI, f. 4 & 5 Elytral costae wide and rather feebly convex; form not especially elongate ; Eastern North America. fasciata (Fabricius) PL VI, f . 6 ; Pl. VII, f . 1 14(12). Front of head, anterior angles of pronotum and ventral surface usually maculated with yellow or orange ; pronotum often with a smooth median line and smooth areas toward sides, trapezoidal in form; elytra often with longitudinal vittae reaching from base to apex 15 Front of head, anterior angles of pronotum and ventral surface never maculated with yellow or orange; pro- notum never with a smooth median line or smooth 132 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA areas toward sides, not trapezoidal in form; elytra never with longitudinal vittae. (dark phase) fasciata (Fabricius) Pl. VII, f. 1 15. Each elytron with two orange or yellow longitudinal vit- tae, more or less confluent and connected, sometimes not entire , lineata (Fabricius) PI. VII, f . 2 Elytra with irregular yellowish spots, often connected but never forming longitudinal vittae maculipennis Gory Pl. VII, f. 3 16(11). Color green, blue or reddish 17 Color black or brown 19 17. Apices of elytra not emarginate or bidentate, form oblong, suture and side margins of elytra often cupreous. intricata Casey Pl. VI, f. 2 Apices of elytra emarginate, bidentate or at least with a sutural tooth 18 18. Form short broad ; suture and side margins of elytra usu- ally cupreous adject a (Le Conte) Pl. VI, f. 1 Form elongate ; suture and side margins of elytra not cu- preous langi Mannerheim Pl. VI, f. 4 & 5 19(16). Venter of abdomen with a row of orange spots along sides and apex; elytra often with broad shallow transverse depressions maculativentris Gory Pl. VII, f. 6 Venter of abdomen without a row of orange spots along sides, occasionally with spots on tip ; elytra never with transverse depressions 20 20. Male genitalia about parallel from base to near apex. immaculate lineata (Fabricius) Pl. VII, f . 2 Male genitalia broadest near base and narrowed to apex. immaculate maculipennis Gory Pl. VII, f. 3 21(10). Elytra maculated with yellow or orange 22 Elytra immaculate 23 22. The two costae proceeding from center of base of each elytron often very prominent and usually conspicu- 133 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 ously united at apical fourth ; coxae and legs usually maculated with orange or yellow; abdomen rather coarsely punctate ; markings of elytra often traversed by black striae and interrupted by small transverse black specks nuttalli (Kirby) Pl. VII, f. 5 The two costae proceeding from center of base of each elytron not particularly prominent and not or not conspicuously united at apical fourth; coxae and legs not maculated with orange or yellow; abdomen finely punctate; markings of elytra rarely interrupted or traversed by black specks or striae; California, Ore- gon, Arizona nuttalli subsp. laeviventris (Le Conte) Pl. VII, f. 4 23(21). Elytra not black or blackish-bronzed 24 Elytra black or blackish-bronzed 25 24. Front of head, anterior angles of pronotum and ventral surface usually maculated with orange; suture and side margins of elytra never brilliant cupreous ; form not oblong; pronotum never impressed medially but almost always with a smooth median line which is not cupreous subornata (Le Conte) Pl. VIII, f. 1 Front of head, anterior angles of pronotum and ventral surface never maculated with orange ; suture and side margins of elytra usually brilliant cupreous; form oblong ; pronotum often impressed medially and often with the median impression cupreous. intricata Casey Pl. VI, f. 2 25(23). Elytral costae often rather strongly convex; color black, often with a slight greenish or purplish tinge ; average size 20 mm. ; form rather oblong; West coast to Idaho, Colorado, and Utah rusticorum (Kirby) PL VIII, f* 2 Elytral costae never very strongly convex; color dark bronzy, sometimes slightly greenish or brown ; average size 16 mm. ; form not strongly oblong ; East coast to South Dakota and Montana maculativentris Say Pl. VII, f. 6 26(9). Elytra orange or yellow or marked with orange or yel- low 27 134 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Elytra with no orange or yellow, often somewhat cu- preous 34 27. Elytra with small and isolated or more or less confluent yellow spots disseminated over the surface. confluenta Say PI. VIII, f. 5 Elytra not with small yellow spots disseminated over the surface 28 28. Elytral suture without green, blue or purple pigmentation ; maculation consisting of a small dark spot on side margin near middle, this spot sometimes missing. fremontiae Burke PL IX, f. 2 Elytral suture pigmented with blue, green or purple ; maculations usually more complex than above 29 29. Ventral surface extensively maculated with yellow. rufipes Oliver PI. VI, f. 6 Ventral surface with at most two small spots on last ab- dominal sternite, usually immaculate 30 30. Elytra yellow to light brownish, irregular sutural band (sometimes very narrow) green, blue or purple, apices and apical margins often tinged with orange or red- dish viridisuturalis Nicolay and Weiss PI. IX, f. 1 Elytra not predominantly yellow, or with the yellow con- fined to several spots 31 31. Elytra with six spots (rarely divided longitudinally) 32 Elytra with two or four spots 33 32. Anterior spot reaching and curving around humeral um- bone; posterior spots usually touched with orange or reddish gibbsi Le Conte PL VIII, f. 4 Anterior spot not reaching or curving around humeral umbone; posterior spots not touched with orange or reddish 33 33(31). Elytral costae rather narrow and rather strongly convex; form often strongly elongate, Western North Amer- ica langi (Mannerheim) Pl. VI, f. 4 & 5 Elytral costae wide and rather feebly convex ; form not es- pecially elongate; Eastern North America. fasciata (Fabricius) Pl. VI, f . 6 ; Pl. VII, f . 1 135 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 34(26). Apices of elytra emarginate or bidentate 35 Apices of elytra not emarginate or bidentate. intricata Casey PL VI, f. 2 35. Form short, broad; sntnre often cupreous. adject a (Le Conte) PL VI, f. 1 Form rather elongate, not short and broad; suture never cupreous 36 36. Pronotum cupreous-purple, sides slightly arcuate; lateral edge of disc not impressed medially connexa Horn Pl. VI, f. 3 Pronotum not cupreous-purple, sides usually irregularly, more or less strongly, arcuately narrowed; lateral edge of disk often impressed medially. langi (Mannerheim) Pl. VI, f. 4 & 5 Buprestis apricans Herbst (Pl. V, Fig. 2) Buprestis apricans Herbst, 1801, 9 : 125, t. 67, f. 9. — Le Conte, 1859, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., (2) 11: 210, t. 36, f. 211. — Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 128. — Nicolay and Weiss, 1918, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 26 : 88. — Garnett, 1922, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 10. — Fisher, 1925, Proc. U.S.N.M., 65 : 147-148. — Chamberlin, 1926, Cat. Bup. N. A., p. 104. — Hopkins, 1928, Div. of Ent., p. 48. B. nigricornis (Sturm), 1826, Ins.-Samml., p. 105. B. aciculata Dejean, 1837, Cat. Col., Ill Ed., p. 88. B. Bosci Cast. & Gory, 1837, Mon. Bup., 1 : 146, t. 36, f. 201. — Le Conte, 1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 9 : 8. B. cribripennis Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 127. Dark coppery brown to greenish above, coppery beneath; length 16-23 mm. Head densely punctate and with a median line present; front often with long whitish hairs; antennae dark, first two or three segments shining. Pronotum widest at base, evenly slightly arcuate to apex ; punctures separated by about their own widths ; with or without a smooth median line. Scutellum small, round. Elytra widest behind middle; apices with very slight emargination, entire, or with a slight sutural protuberance; umbone not prominent; not striate, but with longitudinal rows of large punctures; with feeble indications of costae sometimes noticeable at base. Ventral surface rather 136 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA sparsely pilose ; anterior tibiae of both sexes not modified ; pro- sternum coarsely and densely, abdomen more finely and dis- tinctly punctate; tip of abdomen truncate in male, broadly rounded in female. Varies somewhat in color, from dull coppery-brown to a distinct greenish ; sublateral ridge of elytra is variably strong. Recorded from North Carolina, Alabama, South Carolina, Loui- siana, Florida, Texas, Georgia, Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey. A rather large number of specimens of this species have been taken by Manee at Southern Pines, North Carolina. Host plant : Long-leaf pine. Buprestis apricans can be readily separated from B. decora (Fab.) by its darker color, larger broader form, and by the elytral apices which are deeply emarginate in B. decora. The male geni- talia (PI. Ill, Figs. 1 and 3), are different in the two species. From Buprestis Salisbury ensis (Herbst) B. apricans may be distinguished by its darker color, far greater size, and the male genitalia (PL III, Figs. 1 and 2). Buprestis apricans is known as the flatheaded turpentine borer in the south east where it often attacks trees which have been boxed for turpentine, greatly shortening the turpentine producing life of the trees. It has been taken among needles of long-leaf pines in April, on dead blaze of large living long-leaf pines. The adults emerge from the wood in late winter and spring. While this species is reputed to be a serious pest in certain localities, there are rela- tively few specimens in most collections. Buprestis decora (Fab.) (PI. V, Fig. 1) Buprestis decora (Fab.) 1775, Syst. Ent. p. 217. — Cast. & Gory, 1837, Mon. Bup., p. 154, t. 36, f. 199. — Le Conte, 1859, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., (2) 11 : 210. — Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 127. — Nicolay and Weiss, 1918, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 26 : 88. — Garnett, 1922, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 9. — Knull, 1922, Can. Ent., 54: 81. — Fisher, 1925, Proc. U.S.N.M., 65 Art., 9 nr., 2522, p. 148-149-151. — Chamber- lin, 1926, Cat. Bup. N. A., p. 108-109. Green to blue above, pronotum often coppery, suture and side margins of elytra coppery; length 11-18 mm. Head densely and coarsely punctate, more often without a median line on front, sparsely pilose ; antennae dark, first three seg- ments light green. Pronotum widest at base, slightly arcuate to apex on margins; punctures separated by about their own 137 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 widths ; sometimes with a faint median sulcus, more often with- out. Scutellum small, round. Elytra widest at apical third or almost parallel to apical third; slightly wider than pronotum at base; rounded from apical third to apices which are deeply emarginate ; umbone not prominent ; not striate, but with rows of large punctures, occasionally ill defined; feeble indications of costae sometimes visible at base. Ventral surface vivid green to cupreous ; slightly more pilose in male ; prosternum flattened, finely, densely punctate and sometimes feebly impressed; ab- domen finely punctate ; tip of abdomen truncate and subsinuate, female with tip subtruncate. Varies in color from plain green with suture and side margins bright coppery to forms with an indigo stripe in green area, or to specimens having the green area entirely suffused with coppery color. Recorded from Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Texas, and Virginia. Host plant : Pines, particularly rotting wood. Buprestis decora can be readily separated from B. apricans Herbst by its lighter coloration, smaller more slender form, and by the elytral apices which are deeply emarginate in B. decora. The male genitalia (PL III, Figs. 1 and 3), are different in the two species. Separated from B. Salisbury ensis (Herbst) by the more slender form, slightly larger size, and the apices of the elytra which are entire in B. Salisbury ensis. The male genitalia (PI. Ill, Figs. 2 and 3) also serve to separate the two species. Larvae and adults split from railroad ties in October. Observed emerging from fuel because of warmth of woodbox, in December. Among needles of young long-leaf pines from mid-March to May; in May they are found on denuded trunks of damaged and dead pines. Not uncommon in the Southern states. Buprestis decora was the species chosen by Casey as the type of the subgenus Sterosa. Buprestis Salisbury ensis \ Herbst) (PI. V, Fig. 3) Buprestis Salisbury ensis (Herbst) Kafer, 1801, 9: 174, t. 98, f. 141. — Nicolay and Weiss, 1918, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 26 : 89. — Knull, 1922, Can. Ent., 59 : 81. — Garnett, 1922, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 9. — Chamberlin, 1926, Cat. Bup. N. A, p. 104. B. ultramarina Say, 1836, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., 4: 160. — Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 127. 138 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA B. decora (Fabr.), Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11: 127. Elytra green with suture and side margins bright coppery, or with purple or blue stripe in the green, or with the surface entirely dark coppery with suture and side margins dull and more intensely dark ; form short and broader than in B. decora (Fab.) ; under surface bright cupreous to green. Head with or without a frontal medial line, with or without small levigated areas ; closely and coarsely punctate ; sparsely pilose ; antennae blackish-green, first two segments bronzy. Pronotum widest at base, distinctly arcuately, rather evenly narrowed to apex; coarsely punctured, sparsely punctate along median line, punc- tures at sides separated by less than their own widths ; median line sometimes slightly impressed. Scutellum small, round. Elytra widest at apical third or almost parallel from basal part to apical third; slightly wider at base than pronotum; some- times slightly sinuate at apical fourth; apices entire, with sutural tooth; humeral umbone slightly prominent; vestigial costae apparent at base; no striae on elytra, but with longi- tudinal rows of large punctures, the intervals being coarsely densely punctate. Ventral surface of male more pilose than female ; prosternum coarsely punctate, impressed medially ; tip of abdomen truncate, of female subtruncate. The coloration of this species varies considerably, but the short, broad form (elytra only about two-thirds longer than wide) is char- acteristic. Recorded from North Carolina, Georgia, New Jersey, Pennsyl- vania, Wisconsin, New York, Massachusetts, and Tennessee. Host plant: Pinus rigida (pitch pine). Buprestis Salisbury ensis may be readily separated from B. decora (Fab.), which most resembles it in color, by the form which is more slender in B. decora, and by the elytral apices which are deeply emarginate in B. decora, and also by the male genitalia (PL III, Figs. 2 and 3). From B. apricans, the only other species of the subgenus Sterosa, it may be easily distinguished by the size, which is much larger in that species, by the color, which is usually darker in B. apricans, and by the male genitalia (PL III, Figs. 1 and 2). Buprestis Salisbury ensis is one of the first if not the first of the Buprestis to appear in the Eastern states in the spring. It has been split from a pitch pine knot, and beaten from pitch pine needles. Not common but can be beaten from the needles of young healthy pines. Greenwood Lake, New Jersey, appears to be one of the best localities for collecting this insect. 139 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 Buprestis aurulenta Linne (PL V, Fig. 6) Buprestis aurulenta Linne, 1767, Syst. Nat., 12: 661. — Castle- nan and Gory, 1837, Monogr. Bupr., 1 : 146, t. 36, f. 200. — Le Conte, 1859, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., (2) 11: 210. — Kerremans, 1892, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1 : 94. — Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 120. — Nicolay and Weiss, 1918, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 26 : 82.— Garnett, 1922, Bull. Ent. Soc. Fr., p. 10. — Chamberlin, 1926, Cat. Bnpr. N. A., p. 104-106. B. lauta (Le Conte), 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 7 : 17. — Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 120. B. radians (Le Conte), 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 7: 17. — Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 121. B.villosa (Le Conte), 1873, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 25: 331. B. fabulosa Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 120. B. aemula Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 121. B. tacomae Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 121. B. nupta Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11: 122. B. venusta Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 122. B. prospera Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 123. B. affinis Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 123. B. adulans Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 123. B. bicostata Dejean, 1837, Cat. Col., 3 : 88. B. chrysochlora (Philippi), 1864, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 25: 314. Elytra green to blue or more rarely slightly purplish, suture and side margins bright coppery. Pronotum and head entirely bright cupreous to green, blue, or rarely purplish, this colora- tion not necessarily in accord with the elytral color ; scutellum bright coppery to green, blue or purplish, colored like pro- notum as a rule ; summits of elytral costae nearly impunctate ; form elongate suboval; 13-22 mm. in length. Head with a distinct median carina ; deeply and confluently punctate ; rather densely pilose in some specimens; antennae metallic green to bronzed or cupreous. Pronotum variable in width, usually a little narrower than base of elytra at base; evenly narrowed from base to apex and only slightly arcuate to almost evenly broadly arcuate from base to apex or about parallel from base to apical third and then strongly arcuate to apex; longitudinally impressed medially, with a smooth median line, or with no trace of either; punctures often coarse and very dense, separated by more than their widths bordering the 140 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA median depression varying toward the lateral margins until separated by only one-half to one-fourth their widths; some- times finely pilose. Scutellum small, round. Elytra widest at apical third; slightly wider at base than pronotum, diverging a little to apical third and broadly rounded, then slightly arcu- ate to apices which are obliquely or squarely cut, entire, often with a sutural tooth ; costae sometimes curved at humeral umbone but often there is no curve at this spot ; costae five in number, including the short scutellar costule, suture and lateral margins raised; summits of costae almost entirely im- punctate, occasionally with a few scattered punctures; none of the costae greatly abbreviated, shortest costae (third or fourth from suture) reaching to apical fourth; intervals wide, coarsely and closely punctate, punctures more or less conflu- ent; more or less distinctly transversely rugulose; not pilose. Ventral surf ace with a varying degree of pilosity; prosternum coarsely and densely punctate, abdomen finely punctate, more sparingly punctate in female; tip of last segment subtruncate in both sexes. Female slightly larger and broader than male. Varies in color as mentioned in the diagnosis, occasional dull specimens being noted also. The author has examined about a half dozen specimens of B. aurulenta which were coppery brown with no metallic reflection (chemicals used in killing these specimens may account for their dull color). The pronotum may be very narrow to quite broad ; an antescutellar pit is often apparent on the pronotum, and one specimen was noted which had distinct depres- sions near the anterior angles of the pronotum. Some specimens exhibit weak or rudimentary costae in the intervals between the second and third costae (from suture), the punctures in the first full-length interval (from suture) are occasionally unusually large, two specimens have short connecting costae running between two of the longitudinal costae, occasional specimens have costae which fork at the bases of the elytra. One specimen chopped from a Douglas fir stump by the author has one elytron blue and the other green, one half of the pronotum being green and the other blue, in harmony with elytral color. Recorded from Wyoming, Oregon, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, California, Montana, Arizona, Colorado, Washington, Min- nesota, Mexico and British Columbia. Host plants: Western red cedar, yellow, lodgepole, bishop, jeffreyi, sugar, and Monterey pines, Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga taxi- folia) and white fir (Abies grandis). 141 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 There are three species having as few as five costae in Cypriacis, viz., B. aurulenta, B. sulcicollis (Le Conte), and B. striata (Fab.). Buprestis aurulenta may be separated from B. sulcicollis by the color which is darker in that species and of unicolorous character; by the length of the elytral costae, two of which tend to be quite short in B. sulcicollis, and by the male genitalia (PI. Ill, Figs. 5 and 6). From B. striata it may be separated by the elytral costae which are less strongly convex and which are thickly punctate in that species ; the color is usually darker in B. striata, but the variety which was described as impedita is colored just as in B. aurulenta ; the male genitalia (PL III, Figs. 4 and 6) also will serve to sepa- rate the two species although they are similar. Casey drew up several tautological descriptions based upon variations of B. aurulenta. These and the other synonyms listed above are all variations of a single species as proven by a study of the genitalia as well as of the external characters of the various forms included in a very large aggregate series containing many unusual variations and probably specimens referrable to all the synonyms. Buprestis aurulenta occurs from sea level to 8000 feet elevation. Mines in dead portions of living trees as well as in stumps, exposed roots, and down wood. Specimens have emerged from wood after apparently having passed from 10 to over 30 years in the wood. The growth of the larvae was, of course retarded by the drying out of the wood after milling. Injury similar to that of Buprestis apricans Herbst. Entrance is sometimes made through wounds in the bark. Lightning struck trees are especially subject to attack. Appears in April, and may be beaten from young pines through the summer. Common from British Columbia to Southern Cali- fornia. Buprestis sulcicollis (Le Conte) (PI. V, Fig. 4) Buprestis sulcicollis (Le Conte), 1859, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., 30^(2) 11: 210. — Kerremans, 1892, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1: 99. — Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 119. — Nicolay and Weiss, 1918, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 26: 85. — Knull, 1922, Can. Ent., 54: 81. — Garnett, 1922, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 10. — Chamberlin, 1926, Cat. Bupr. N. A., p. 127. . B. lateralis Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11: 1^>9. W*\ Surface dull, elytral costae more shining; dark coppery brown to black or greenish above, pronotum sometimes pur- 142 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA plish; ventral surface purplish cupreous to greenish; elytra often obliquely narrowed apically and with the apices slightly prolonged; elytral costa proceeding from humerus not reach- ing past apical third; length 11-15.5 mm. Head often with a median line, finely, densely punctate and with long pubescence, antennae black, metallic; prothorax widest at base, gradually narrowed to apical third then broadly rounded to apex, more or less deeply sulcate medially, punctures tending to converge into groups, dense at sides and in median depression, separated by more than their widths elsewhere ; scutellum oblong, slightly concave; elytra usually parallel to but sometimes slightly wider at apical third, broadly rounded at apical third and obliquely narrowed to apices, sometimes gradually rounded to apices, more often slightly sinuate before apices which are rather narrow and with sutural angles right, not prolonged ; apices entire ; humeral umbone curving short costae which proceed from this area; costae four or five in number, short scutellar costule often missing, costae shining, strongly convex, finely punctured ; intercostal spaces wide, coarsely, confusedly rugulosely punctate ; ventral surface pilose, more densely at prosternum, finely and densely punc- tate, prosternum more coarsely punctate ; tip of abdomen broadly rounded in both sexes; female larger and broader, in general, than the male. . The color varies considerably^ as noted in the diagnosis ; one of the more striking variations is the presence or absence of the short scutellar costule, with specimens which exhibit gradual graduation from one extreme to the other; the margin of the elytra from the apical third to the apices is usually almost straight, but is sinuate in some specimens, and in one example is slightly arcuate. Recorded from Maine, New Hampshire, Michigan, New York, New Jersey, Nova Scotia, and Quebec. Host plants: White and pitch pines (Nicolay and Weiss). Buprestis sulcicollis may be separated from B. striata (Fab.), one of its two closest allies, by the form which is more elongate and slender in B. striata , by the elytral costae which are more strongly convex in B. sulcicollis, in many cases by the coloration which is often green or greenish with coppery or merely darker sutural and lateral marginal color in B. striata, and by the male genitalia (PI. Ill, Figs. 5 and 6). Buprestis aurulenta Linne is the other close ally of Buprestis sulcicollis but is bicolorous, green to blue or rarely purplish with the suture and side margins of elytra brilliant 143 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 cupreous, has the costae almost impunctate whereas they are finely punctate in B. sulcicollis, lacks the shortening of the costa proceed- ing from the humerus as in B. sulcicollis. and is found in the West- ern part of North America, whereas B. sulcicollis occurs from the great lakes to the Atlantic seaboard. The male genitalia (PI. Ill, Pigs. 4 and 5) are different in the two species. Buprestis aurulenta and B. striata both apparently always possess the short scutellar costule which is often missing in B. sulcicollis. Buprestis striata sometimes has the costae proceeding from the humerus not reaching beyond the basal third, B. aurulenta apparently never has this costa reaching less than to the apical third, and occasionally B. sulcicollis has this costa reaching to the apical third, though it usually extends only to the middle or less. The pronotum of B. striata sometimes has a faint median impression, and the median channel of B. sulcicollis is sometimes rather feeble, but in general B. sulcicollis is distinct from B. striata by this character. Buprestis sulcicollis is a rather uncommon species which is gen- erally represented in larger collections by three or four specimens. Greenwood Lake, New Jersey, appears to be one of the better locali- ties for the collection of this insect. Buprestis striata (Fabr.) (PI. V. Fig. 5) Buprestis striata (Fabricius), 1775, Syst. Ent., p. 217.— Le Conte, 1857, Rep. Pac. Exp. 47 Par. Ins. 12: 43. — Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11: 125. — Nicolay and Weiss, 1918, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 26: 85. — Garnett, 1922, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 10.— Knull, 1922, Can. Ent. 54: 81.— Fisher, 1925, Proc. U.S.N.M., 65: 149, Art. 8, nr. 2522. — Chamberlin, 1926, Cat. Bupr, N. A., p. 125-126. B. obscura Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 125. B. impedita Say, 1836, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., 4: 160. — Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11: 123-124. — Nicolay and Weiss, 1918, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 26 : 87 (var. of B. striata) . B. canadensis Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 124. Uniform dull coppery brown above varying to specimens with elytra bright green or blue with the suture and side mar- gins brilliant cupreous, pronotum varying to bluish, green or cupreous, ventral surface green to bright or dark coppery; elongate suboval to rather elongate parallel ; elytral costae thickly punctate, not strongly convex; pronotum not or feebly impressed; length 13-20 mm. Head often with a vertical 144 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA median carina, densely punctate, feebly pubescent; pronotum widest at base, sometimes parallel to middle and broadly rounded to apex, more often gradually narrowed and only slightly arcuate to apex, sometimes feebly impressed longitudi- nally at middle, more often not, often with levigated spaces at base at about one-fourth from edges, coarsely punctate, punc- tures separated by a little more than their widths, often tend- ing to form chains, or separated by two or three times their widths; scutellum quadrate; elytra widest at apical third or almost parallel from humeri to apical third, two-thirds to three-fourths longer than wide, wider than pronotum at base, parallel or slightly divergent to apical third then obliquely narrowed to apex, or more often, gradually, slightly arcuately narrowed to apices which are entire, very feebly emarginate, sutural angle right or with a small denticle ; humeri noticeable by the curving of the costae proceeding from them ; costae five in number counting the short scutellar costule, suture and lateral margins raised, first costae from sublateral costae some- times abbreviated to about basal third, usually reaching to apical third, intercostal intervals broad, very closely coarsely punctate; costae rather evenly punctate, punctures separated by four or five times their widths; ventral surface rather sparsely pilose, prosternum coarsely and densely punctate ; ab- domen finely punctate ; tip of abdomen broadly rounded ; female with tip more broadly rounded, a little longer and broader than male. Varies greatly in color, from uniform dull coppery brown to brilliant green or blue with suture and side margins bright coppery, as well as considerably in form and size. Recorded from West Indies, Louisiana, Florida, Texas, Vir- ginia, North Carolina, Georgia, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Penn- sylvania, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Missouri, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, Maryland, Quebec, and Ontario, Canada. Host plants: Pinus rigida (pitch pine), white pine, long-leaf pine, spruce and hemlock. In sound or rotten wood. Buprestis striata can be separated from its two closest allies, B. aurulenta Linne and B. sulcicollis (Le Conte), as follows: B. auru- lenta is always apparently light-colored whereas B. striata is often of uniform dark coppery brown hue, B. aurulenta has more strongly convex almost impunctate elytral costae, and the costae are never colored differently than the intercostal intervals as is often the case 145 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 with B. striata , B. aurulenta usually has the pronotum medially, longitudinally sulcate whereas in B. striata the pronotum is only rarely sulcate, the male genitalia (PI. Ill, Figs. 4 and 6) are differ- ent in the two species ; Buprestis striata differs from B. sulcicollis in that the latter has the elytral costae more strongly convex, the pro- notum usually channeled medially, the color above never green or blue with cupreous sutural and side margins, its more broadened and shortened form, and by the male genitalia (PI. Ill, Figs. 5 and 6) ; the color differences between the two species only apply in the case of the specimens of B. striata which have been known as “im- pedita,” other specimens being colored almost as in B. sulcicollis. The form described by Say as B. impedita is only a color variety of B. striata, often being split from the same log as unicolorous specimens are split from. Taken under bark of living tamarack. From mid March to early April among needles of young long-leaf pine; mid April to early May rather active and often above reach on denuded trunks of blasted pines where they mate and oviposit; dug from white pine stumps; remains in wood as adult from late October to early spring ; sometimes found at tips of young spruce limbs. Buprestis striata “ impedita ” resembles the Western B. auru- lenta very closely in body coloration. This is a rather common species in the East, often taken in beach drift or by beating. Buprestis intricat a Casey (PL VI, Fig. 2) Buprestis intricata Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 118- 119. Nicolay and Weiss, 1918, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 26: 85 (synonym of B. adjecta (Le Conte)). — Obenberger, 1922, Archiv. f. Naturg., 88, Abt. A., p. 90. — R. Hopping, 1933, Pan. Pac. Ent., 9 (2) : 84^85. Buprestis contortae Hopping, 1933, Pan. Pac. Ent., 9 (2) : 84 (new synonym). Buprestis murrayanae Hopping, 1934, Pan. Pac. Ent., 10 (4) : 174, new name for contortae ; (new synonym). Green to blue above, suture and side margins brilliant cu- preous, varying to uniform reddish cupreous above, prothorax often with a cupreous line down center, beneath bright coppery to greenish; oblong oval; 16-21 mm. in length; elytral apices entire, usually broadly rounded. Head with a median line, some- times with a short carina on front, closely and coarsely punc- tate ; not pilose ; antennae cupreous, sometimes obscurely. 146 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Pronotum widest at base, slightly convergent and straight to middle, then broadly rounded to apex, or radher evenly arcu- ately narrowed from base to apex; usually broadly longi- tudinally impressed at sides ; often with narrow smooth median line, scarcely if at all impressed ; coarsely punctate, punctures separated by about their own widths. Scutellum small, almost round, concave. Elytra usually widest at apical third, some- times at basal fourth, diverging from base to apical third, sometimes slightly sinuate at middle, then broadly rounded or almost obliquely narrowed although still slightly arcuately, to apices which are broadly rounded, sutural angle right, apices not emarginate; costate, costae usually of alternately greater and lesser strength, seven, eight or nine in number ; sublateral costae strong and prominent, intercostal spaces a little wider than a costa, coarsely punctate and strongly transversely ru- gose; suture and side margins raised; a weak costa between what passes for the sublateral costa when viewed from above, and the side margin; interval between suture and short scu- tellar costule often with large pits. Ventral surface not pilose; prosternum flattened medially, punctate anteriorly, or sulcate medially and strongly punctate along entire length; abdomen sparsely, evenly, rather strongly punctate ; last ventral segment broadly rounded; female rather broader and usually larger than male. Varies considerably in coloration, in number of elytral costae, and somewhat in form although usually characterized by a defi- nitely oblong oval shape. The basal part of the elytra is slightly inflated on one specimen. Widespread in occurrence but only occasionally collected. Speci- mens noted from Yosemite Valley, Mt. Lassen, Deer Park Inn, Sonora Pass and Hetch Hetchy, California; Pishing bridge in Yel- lowstone National Park, Wyoming, Rocky Mountain National Park, 7,600 ft. ; Santa Fe, New Mexico ; and specimens are recorded from Mt. Mitchell, Tulare County, California, at 9,000 ft. ; Midday Valley, Merritt, Kimberly, and Oliver, British Columbia. Host plants : Pinus contorta and perhaps other pines. Buprestis intricata may be separated from B. adjecta (Le Conte), the most closely related species, by the latter’s smaller and broader form and usually by its emarginate to bidentate elytral apices. B. intricata usually has a cupreous line medially on the pronotum which this author has not noted on B. adjecta, and the 147 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 male and female genitalia (PL III, Figs. 7, 8, and 12) will separate the two species. Buprestis aurulenta Linne, another western species, is colored similarly to B. intricat a, but normally has only five elytral costae. To date seven specimens of B. aurulenta have been noted, having rudimentary costae in the second and third full length intercostal spaces from the suture, and several with the rudimentary costae in the first interspace. The male genitalia (PL III, Figs. 4 and 7) as well as the body form will separate these two species, the form being more oblong and the elytra proportionately longer in B. intricat a. Ralph Hopping loaned a paratype of his B. contort ae ( B . mur- rayanae) to the author. This was a male specimen from British Columbia having only seven elytral costate. It should be noted that in the original description, B. contortae was given as possessing ‘ ‘ six entire costae” whereas B. intricata Casey was given as having ‘ ‘ eight entire costae. ’ ’ This indicates that the short scutellar eostule was counted in one case and overlooked in the case of B. contortae. To be elact, one should note that there is usually a weak costa be- tween what passes for the juxta-lateral costa from above, and the side margin which still further upsets the count. While it is, per- haps, permissible to count only the elytral costae easily discernible from above in a brief or general diagnosis, in a description of a new species such inaccuracy is at best confusing. In this section of Buprestis where the punctuation of the various parts is quite variable, the other morphological character supposedly separating B. contortae, i.e., “the large intercostal pits of the scutellar area” is of no value. There are, in the author’s series, specimens of both B. intricata and B. aurulenta having large or reduced intercostal pits in the scutellar area. The male genitalia of a specimen of B. intricata examined was identical with the genitalia of the para- type of B. contortae. In 1909 Casey described a variation of B. nuttalli (Kirby) under the name B. contorta. In 1933 Hopping described his B. contortae, and in 1934 had a note published in which he drew attention to the similarity of the names B. contortae, and B. contorta of Casey. He then withdrew the name contortae and substituted the name mur- rayanae in its place. Article 19, 2 of the rules of nomenclature does not permit such a change and B. murrayana is here placed as a 2 Article 19 — “The original orthography of a name is to be pre- served unless an error in transcription, a lapsus calami, or a typo- graphical error is evident. ’ ’ 148 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA synonym of B. contortae which is, in turn, also a synonym of B. intricata. It has been suggested that B. intricata might be the female of B. adjecta, and Nicolay and Weiss placed it as a synonym of B. adjecta, but the validity of these opinions has been disproven by the dissection of female genitalic structures from typical speci- mens of B. adjecta, and by the dissection of male genitalic structures from specimens of B. intricata. Buprestis adjecta (Le Conte) (Pl. VI, Fig. 1) Buprestis adjecta (Le Conte), 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 7 : 17. — Kerremans, 1892, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1 : 93. — Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 118. — Nicolay and Weiss, 1918, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 24: 84. — Garnett, 1922, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 10. — Chamberlin, 1926, Cat. Bupr. N. A., p. 103. — Hopping, 1933, Pan. Pac. Ent., 9, 2 : 85. B. brevis Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 117-118. — Chamberlin, 1926, Cat. Bupr. N. A., p. 103. Green or blue above with suture and side margins cupreous, sutural stripe usually much reduced and often absent, marginal cupreous sometimes obsolete, varying to uniform reddish cu- preous above ; pronotum green to blue, varying to bright metal- lic red-violet; beneath bright metallic red violet varying to greenish ; form short and broad, suboval ; 12-15 mm. in length ; apices of elytra emarginate and often bidentate. Head with a distinct median sulcus, front white pilose; punctures coarse and separated by less than their widths; antennae metallic greenish to black. Pronotum widest at base, sometimes trape- zoidal in shape with the sides slightly arcuately evenly nar- rowed to apex, often slightly convergent to basal third and then broadly rounded, narrowing to apex, varying to rather broadly rounded from base to apex; with or without a longitudinal median impression; coarsely punctate, punctures separated by more than their widths, tending to converge into chains of six or eight punctures ; not pilose. Scutellum quadrate to slightly transverse, flat to concave. Elytra widest near base or at apical third, almost parallel or slightly divergent to apical third then broadly rounded to apices which are more or less strongly emarginate to bidentate ; costae curving at humeri ; costae 7, 8, 9, or 10 in number, alternately of slightly greater and lesser strength to almost uniformly elevated; a feeble juxta- 149 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 lateral costa between side margin and very strong sublateral costa; costae near suture almost impunctate on summits, other costae more or less strongly punctate; intercostal interspaces about as wide as a costa near suture, slightly broader toward sides, coarsely punctate and strongly transversely rngnlose, strength of rugae variable ; not pilose. Ventral surface sparsely pilose ; prosternnm and abdomen coarsely punctate, strength of punctures somewhat variable; tip of terminal abdominal seg- ment slightly truncate ; female larger than male. Elytral color varies from brassy-green to bine or uniform reddish cupreous; elytral costae near the suture often black (as is the case with the type) ; sometimes an entirely green insect with no trace of cupreous sutural or lateral markings. Recorded from California, Colorado, Wyoming, Washington, Nevada, Idaho, New Mexico, Oregon, and British Columbia, Canada. Host plants: Yellow, jeffreyi, and lodgepole pines. Buprestis adjecta is rather closely related to B. intricata Casey and B. connexa Horn as indicated by the elytral sculpturing. It may be separated from B. connexa by the form which is broader in B. adjecta, by its less regular elytral sculpturing in most cases, and by its lack, in most cases of the brilliant red- violet metallic pronotal coloring which is typical of B. connexa. The male genitalia (PI. Ill, Figs. 8 and 9) are quite different in the two species. Buprestis intricata is a larger, more oblong species having the elytral apices entire, never emarginate or bidentate ; usually possessing the bright cupreous sutural markings which are often lacking in B. adjecta. The male and female genitalia (PI. Ill, Figs. 7, 9, and 12) will also serve to separate the two species. Burke reports the adults rather abundant in the Lake Tahoe region of California, but usually, in most localities, B. adjecta is uncommon. Buprestis connexa Horn (PI. VI, Fig. 3) Buprestis connexa Horn, 1875, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 5 : 148. — Kerremans, 1892, Soc. Ent. Belg., 1 : 94. — Fall, 1901, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sc., 7 : 116. — Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 111. — Nicolay and Weiss, 1918, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 26 : 102. — Garnett, 1918, Ann. Amer. Ent. Soc., 11 : 91. — Burke, 1924, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 26 : 70. — Garnett, 1922, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 9. — Van Dyke, 1924, Proc. Pac. Coast Ent. Soc., 2 : 18.— -Chamberlin, 1926, Cat. 150 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Bupr. N. A., p. 107. — Heifer, 1939, Pan. Pac. Ent., 15, 2: 60. Elytra metallic green to bine, with side margins snffusedly cupreous, cupreous extending from basal fourth to apex; pro- notnm bright metallic red-violet, varying occasionally to green laterally ; head green to reddish-violet cupreous ; beneath green to purplish-cupreous ; elongate suboval; 13-16 mm. in length; suture often bluish ; elytral costae of about uniform elevation ; pronotum with only slightly arcuate sides, almost trapezoidal, never impressed medially. Head with a median line, stronger on vertex ; densely, not very coarsely punctate ; not pilose ; an- tennae blackish, first two segments usually purplish. Pronotum widest at base, evenly slightly arcuately narrowed from base to apex, nearly trapezoidal ; not medially impressed but with a smooth median line ; punctures separated by two or three times their widths, rather coarse. Scutellum small, almost round, often slightly concave. Elytra widest a little behind middle, diverging slightly from base to before apical third, then broadly rounding and converging more or less strongly arcuately to apices ; when feebly arcuately convergent, the apices tend to be subattenuate; apices emarginate, sometimes rather feebly so; humeral costae curving a little at humeri; costae about uni- formly elevated; not striate in the true sense of the word; costae sparingly punctate ; intercostal intervals rather strongly transversely rugulose; not pilose. Ventral surface finely, densely punctate ; not pilose ; prosternum more distinctly punc- tate basally, polished apically; last abdominal segment trun- cate ; female with tip distinctly emarginate, slightly larger, and comparing from the one male specimen available, with the elytra more attenuate posteriorly. The male specimen in the author ’s series has the pronotum more greenish with the elytral margins from the middle arcuately almost evenly convergent to apices, but this form may be only individual variation. The pronotal coloration is quite typical and tends to remain rather constant, varying only to greenish, and this green not observed to obliterate the reddish-violet except at the sides. Recorded from Nevada, and Idaho (Horn), California and Ore- gon (Nicolay and Weiss), Blue Mountains, Wallowa Mountains, Corvallis, Crater Lake National Park, and Melhorn’s Mill, near Halfway, Baker County, Oregon; Donner Lake, Pine Crest, Lake Tahoe, Alturus, and Yosemite National Park, California; one speci- men from Toppenish, Washington. 151 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 Host plants.- Yellow pine (Finns ponderosa) and Finns jeffreyi. Buprestis connexa may be separated from B. adjecta (Le Conte) by the short, broad form of that species, usually by the pronotal color which is uncommonly like that of B. connexa, by the variability of the strength of the costae, often apparent on specimens of B. ad- jecta, and by the male genitalia (Pl. III, Figs. 8 and 9). Buprestis langi (Mannerheim) is the only other species with which B. connexa might ordinarily be confused, but it is generally more elongate and parallel, the pronotum is usually of a broader shape, the sides much more strongly arcuate, than in B. connexa, the color of the pronotum of B. langi apparently is never like that of B. connexa, and the male genitalia (PI. Ill, Figs. 9 and 10) differ in the two species. Casey placed B. connexa as a part of a group of forms of B. langi, while Nicolay and Weiss placed it between B. gibbsi (Le Conte) and B. fasciata (Fab.). Horn remarked that the elytra were somewhat as in B. adjecta but placed it in a group with B. gibbsi and B. con- flnenta Say. Burke mentioned this diversity of opinion and pointed out that no males of the species had thus far been noted (1924) . The author recorded a male of this species in 1939, recording the anterior tibiae as being unmodified as they are in Buprestis s. str. This re- moves B. connexa from proximity with B. gibbsi and other species which have males with the anterior tibiae modified by an internal emargination and an apical or sub-apical tooth or spine. The elytral sculpturing of B. connexa, as pointed out by Horn, is suggestive of B. adjecta, and the present author places these species together. Buprestis connexa has long been one of the scarcest species of the genus. Nicolay and Weiss stated that fewer than a dozen speci- mens were known up until 1918. More have since been taken but it is still a desirable species. Buprestis langi (Mannerheim) (PI. VI, Figs. 4 and 5) Buprestis langi (Mannerheim), 1843, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, 16 : 237. — Le Conte, 1857, Rep. Pac. Expl. 47 Par., 12 : 42. — Van Dyke, 1902, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 10: 172. — Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 112. — Garnett, 1918, Ann. Am. Ent. Soc., 11 : 90-91. — Nicolay and Weiss, 1918, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 26 : 103. — Garnett, 1922, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 10. — Chamberlin, 1926, Cat. Bupr. N. A., p. 109-112 [subspecies of B. fasciata (Fab.)]. — Hopping, 1933, Pan. Pac. Ent., 9, 2 : 86-87. B. ornata Walker, 1866, Nat. Van. Couv., 2: 324. — Casey,’ 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 112. 152 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA B. bistrinotata Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 108. B. angusta Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 108. B. callidg Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 108-109. B. fastidiosa Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 109. B. mediocris . Casey, 1.909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 109 (sub- species of B. fastidiosa) . B. crenatg Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 110. B. seditiosa Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 110 (sub- species of B. crenata). B. leviceps Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 110-111. B. depressa Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 111. B. viridimicans Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 111-112. B. incolumis Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 112 [sub- species of B. langi (Mann.)]. B. oregona Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 112-113 [subspecies of B. langi (Mann.) ] . B. obliqua Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 113 [sub- species of B. langi (Mann.)]. B. patruelis Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 113. B. graminea Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 113-114. Green to blue or dark coppery-purple above, sometimes the elytra are green with sutural vitta blue ; elytra immaculate or with two, four, or six spots, yellow to light tan in color ; ventral surface green to brilliant polished light reddish cupreous ; elon- gate parallel ; 15-21 mm. elytral costae rather strongly convex and narrow, intervals nearly as wide as costae. Head often with light sulcus at vertex medially ; coarsely and densely punc- tate; very sparsely pilose to not pilose; antennae dark green to bronzy. Pronotum broadest at base or at middle, evenly slightly arcuately narrowed from base to apex, almost parallel to middle and arcuately narrowed to apex, or broadly arcuately broadened to middle and similarly narrowed to apex, sometimes slightly sinuate before middle; sometimes with a vague longi- tudinal medial impression; often with broad, rather deep de- pressions at middle toward sides, or occasionally a pair of such depressions slightly before middle and about half way from the longitudinal median to the lateral margins; coarsely punctate, more densely punctate toward sides, punctures at middle sepa- rated by their own widths or more, but tending to coalesce into loose chains and small groups; not pilose. Scutellum small, quadrate. Elytra widest at middle or at base, sides straight 153 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 to feebly sinuate to behind middle then broadly rounded and slightly arcuately or almost straightly narrowed to apices which may be subattenuate; apices emarginate or bidentate, or with only a sutural tooth, the external angle being rounded ; humeral costae curving at humeri; costae uniformly convex, uniformly elevated, feebly rugulose ; striate, striae about as wide as costae ; coarsely punctate varying to rugose; not pilose. Ventral sur- face more than sparsely pilose, finely, rather densely punctate ; tip of abdomen broadly rounded to sinuate at sides, truncate to bidentate. Female larger than male, usually with elytra im- maculate or with fewer than six elytral spots. Varies greatly in coloration, maculation pattern, and form. The two anterior elytral spots of the males often coalescing into a roughly dumbbell-shaped vitta ; female often with two apical spots, often also with two spots on elytra just behind middle, rarely with a third pair of spots just before middle, spots of males tending to be definitely larger than those of females; sides of elytra sometimes cupreous much as in B. connexa ; elytral color varies from reddish to golden green or brassy, then through green to blue and then to purple, the purple specimens sometimes exhibiting golden shine. Buprestis langi may be separated from B. fasciata, its nearest relative, by the somewhat more elongate form in B. langi, its nar- rower and more strongly convex costae, its wider striae, the always maculate condition of females of B. fasciata whereas many females of B. langi are completely immaculate. The male genitalia (PI. Ill, Figs. 10 and 11) will serve to separate the two species. Males of B. fasciata are, apparently smaller and darker, on the whole, than the males of B. langi, and never, apparently, exhibit the purple or light brassy green often observed in B. langi. Recorded from California, Washington, Oregon, Arizona, Colo- rado, Idaho, New Mexico, Montana, South Dakota, Nevada, Utah, British Columbia, Vancouver Island, Alberta, Rocky Mountains, Manitoba, Hudson Bay, Canada. Host plants: Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga taxifolia) and probably willow. Has been dug from Douglas fir, but according to Hopping it occurs in places at least 300 miles from any Douglas fir, there being taken on willow. Also often taken on poplar (Chamberlin) . Nico- lay and Weiss noted that some males of B. fasciata and B. langi are identical, but the present author has not encountered any such specimens. 154 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Buprestis fasciata (Fabricius) (PL VI, Fig. 6; PL VII, Fig. 1) Buprestis fasciata (Fab.), 1787, Mant. Ins., 1: 177. — Castlenan and Gory, 1837, Monogr. Bupr., 1 : 145, t. 35, f . 198. — Kerremans, 1892, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1 : 95. — Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 107. — Nicolay and Weiss, 1918, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 26 : 102. — Garnett, 1918, Ann. Amer. Ent. Soc., 11 : 90-91. — Garnett. 1922, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 10. — Chamberlin, 1926, Cat. Bupr. N. A., p. 109-112. — -Hopping, 1933, Pan. Pac. Ent., 9, 2 : 87. — Heifer, 1939, Pan. Pac. Ent., 15, 2 : 60. B. sexmaculata Hansmann, 1799, Ent. Bemerkungen, p. 30. — Herbst, 1801, Kafer, 9 : 163, t. 148, f . 5.— Dejean, 1837, Cat. Col., 3 : 88. B. sexplagiata (Le Conte), 1859, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 9: 205. — Crotch, 1873, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 25 : 88. — Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 106. B. Iherminieri Chevrolat, 1838, Silbern Rev. Ent., 5 : 68-69. — Flentianx et Salle, 1889, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., (6) 9: 405, (Sept., p. 55). — Kerremans, 1903, Wystman, Gen. Ins. Fasc., 12 : 142. — Leng and Mutchler, 1914, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 30, 33 : 430.— Fisher, 1925, Proc. U.S.N.M., 65 : 155, nr. 2522. B.fulgens Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11: 107. B. fortunata Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 107 [sub- species of B. fasciata (Fab.)]. B. saturata Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 114. Elytra green, more or less brassy to blue in females, blackish in males ; females always with a transverse fascia back of mid- dle, almost always with a small subapical spot, often with a small spot before the transverse fascia, spots yellow ; males with fasciae just behind middle, subapical and basal spot, basal spot not curving around humeri ; elytral costae not strongly convex, considerably wider than striae ; elongate suboval ; 11-18 mm. in length. Head often with shallow sulcus on vertex ; coarsely punctate, more densely on front ; antennae black or bronzed to greenish. Pronotum widest at base or at middle, broadly arcu- ately widened to middle and broadly arcuately narrowed to apex, or parallel to middle and rounded to apex, or evenly arcuately narrowed from base to apex; sometimes with faint longitudinal medial impression; deeply, rather sparsely punc- tate, punctures tending to coalesce into short chains and small groups of two or three; not pilose. Scutellum small, almost 155 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol XXI, No. 3 round, slightly concave to plane. Elytra widest behind middle or parallel to behind middle from base, then rounded and arcuately to sinuately narrowed to apices which are bidentate and sometimes slightly attenuate; humeral costae curved at humeri ; striate ; interstices not strongly convex, distinctly broader than striae, sparsely punctate, often feebly rugulose; striae often feebly rugulose; not pilose. Ventral surface not pilose; densely but very shallowly and finely punctate pro- sternum and abdomen punctate similarly; last ventral segment truncate; female larger than male, lighter in elytral ground color, anterior yellow spot on elytra not large as in male. Varies in form and color, and as in B. langi, the sexual di- chromism is notable. The character “costae distinctly broader than striae” is not always reliable, a few specimens having been examined which had the interstices rather more strongly convex than usual and narrower than usual. The distinction between elytral costae and interstices is rather vague in a series of B. fasciata. Recorded from West Indies, North Carolina, Georgia, Virginia, Kentucky, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Indiana, Ohio, Montreal Island, Ontario and Quebec, Canada. Host plants : Dead pine ?, maple ?, and poplar ? Separated from Buprestis langi, its nearest relative, by the more elongate form of that species, the narrower and more strongly con- vex elytral costae in that species, the immaculate condition of the majority of female specimens of that species, the darker ground color of the elytra of the males in B. fasciata, and the male genitalia (PI. Ill, Figs. 10 and 11). The pronotum in B. langi tends to be slightly shorter in relation to the length of the elytra than in B. fasciata, and its body form tends to be a little narrower. Buprestis fasciata is an Eastern species, not usually taken in numbers excepting along the shore of Lake Superior during the end of June. The females are often taken while ovipositing on logs, the males are less commonly taken, found accidentally on shrubbery or sometimes in copula. The dimorphism and dichromism between the sexes of this and the preceding species, B. langi, as well as the variability of promi- nence of eyes, form of parts and punctuation has led workers in the past to erect numerous species based on individual variation. Both Nicolay and Weiss and Garnett placed B. langi as varieties of B. 156 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA fasciata, but recognized the fact that one is Eastern while the other is a Western form. They obviously used “variety” in a subspecific sense. Hopping placed the two forms as distinct species, and the present author’s genitalic dissections show that they are distinct. Buprestis lineata (Fabricius) (PI. VII, Fig. 2) Buprestis lineata (Fab.), 1775, Syst. Ent., p. 217. — Herbst, 1801, Kafer, 9 : 159, t. 146, f. 5. — Castlenau and Gory, 1837, Mon. Bupr., 1. — Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 89. — Nicolay and Weiss, 1918, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., 26: 94-95.— Garnett, 1922, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 10.— Knull, 1922, Can. Ent., 54: 81. — Fisher, 1925, Proc. U.S.N.M., 65, Art. 9, nr. 2522, p. 146, 152, 154. B. davisi Nicolay and Weiss, 1918, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 26 : 95 [subspecies of B. lineata (Fab.)]. — Garnett, 1922, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 10 (new synonym). Black to brown above, often with a brassy to cupreous shine, more noticeable on pronotum; front of head or mandi- bles usually maculated with red-orange or yellow; pronotum with lateral margin and front angle usually marked with orange; elytra with two reddish to yellow, usually orange, vittae, one from base at side curving around humerus and extending almost to apex, the other beginning near base at about middle of elytron and extending parallelly to suture attaining apical third or fourth; underside of head and front of prosternum maculated with orange, remainder of ventral surface coppery to bronzed or greenish, last of abdominal seg- ments usually with small orange spot on each side ; elongate oval to more strongly convergent apically and broadest at base of elytra ; 12-17 mm. in length ; elytral vittae never broken up into distinct flavate spots. Head with a median sulcus which is sometimes obsolete; front often with two, feebly tumescent spots which are immaculate and sometimes joined ; rather shal- lowly, densely punctate ; not pilose • antennae coppery to bronzy green. Pronotum trapezoidal, broadest at base, sides only slightly arcuate to feebly sinuate; occasionally with a smooth median line, never impressed; more densely punctate at sides, punctures coarse, separated by from one to three times their widths, but not evenly distributed. Scutellum small, slightly transverse, almost round or roughly quadrate or tri- angular. Elytra widest at base, narrowing evenly to apical third and then more strongly converging to apices or about 157 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 evenly narrowed from base to apices which are Insinuate, the sutural and external angles produced; humeri not prominent, humeral striae and humeral vittae curving around them ; striae distinct but not broad; interstices slightly convex, approxi- mately uniformly elevated, coarsely, rather shallowly and quite sparsely punctate; not pilose. Ventral surface not pilose; coarsely but shallowly punctate; last segment with tip trun- cate; females with tip rounded, usually slightly larger than males. Varies considerably in color, from light chocolate brown to black, brassy shine of elytra and pronotum varying to coppery or absent, elytral maculations always vittatiform but the vittae some- times transversely confluent and united, sometimes very much broken up into little specks and streaks but never into broad trans- verse spots, color of vittae from cream or yellow to orange or brick- red. Markings of last ventral abdominal segment usually a pair of small spots which are occasionally large and connected; mark- ings of front of head variable. Recorded from West Indies, Florida, Louisiana, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Georgia, Alabama, Texas, North Carolina, Massachusetts, Arkansas, South Carolina, New York, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Indiana, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Quebec, Canada. Host plants : Scrub and long-leaf pines ( Pinus strobus, P. rigida, P. taeda, P. virginiana, and P. palustris). Buprestis lineata is at once distinguishable from all other spe- cies of North American Buprestis by the longitudinal elytral vittae. B. maculipennis Gory is apparently the most closely related species, and has been considered as a variety of B. lineata by vari- ous workers at different times. The male genitalia (PI. IV, Figs. 1 and 2) will serve to separate these two species. B. maculipennis has irregular yellowish to orange spots or bands, more or less con- nected but never forming vittae as in B. lineata. In 1918 Nicolay and Weiss separated a Florida form of B. line- ata having ‘ ‘ light yellowish markings, more confluent than in lineata.” To this variant was given the name Buprestis lineata var. davisi. There is a sentence appended to the description which reads, verbatim et literatim, “It [davisi\ seems to be a distinct geographical race and as no specimens of the true lineata were taken in the same locality, we believe the form should receive a varietal name.” This is obviously an error in terminology as the fact that they considered the form as having geographical signifi- 158 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA cance and restricted it to southern Florida automatically made it a subspecies and not a variety as they claimed. C. A. Frost has informed the author that there is a specimen of B. lineata answer- ing to the description of B. davisi in the Boston Society of Natural History collection, labeled from Massachusetts. There is a speci- men with transversely confluent vittae from New York in the author’s series and there are several specimens of true lineata from various parts of Florida in the author’s series. The intergradation between the two forms is easily demonstrated in a series and it is the author’s opinion that B. lineata davisi cannot be maintained as a valid subspecies. While the typical B. lineata davisi is strik- ingly different from the usual forms of B. lineata, the male geni- talia are identical in the two forms, and the differences are purely chromatic and not geographically restricted. Dug dead out of white pine stump, prefers pine in the first year after death, mines injured, dying, and dead trees; pupates from April to June, flies from April to August. Buprestis maculipennis Gory (PL VII, Fig. 3) Buprestis maculipennis Gory, Mon. Bupr. Suppl., 4 : 118, t. 21, f. 117. — Le Conte, 1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 9 : 8. — Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 90. — Nicolay and Weiss, 1918, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 26 : 93-94, t. 1, f. 1-2.— Knull, 1922, Can. Ent., 54: 81.— Garnett, 1922, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 10. — Fisher, 1926, Proc. U.S.N.M., 65, Art. 9, nr. 2522, p. 144, 145, and 146. B. inconstans Melsheimer, 1846, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 2 : 146. — Le Conte, 1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 9 : 8. — Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 91. B. deficiens Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 91 (subspe- cies of B. macidipennis) . B. fusiformis Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 91 (sub- species of B. maculipennis) . B. reducta Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 92. B. scripta Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 92. B. leporina Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 92. Dark brown to black above with more or less distinct brassy shine ; ventral surface bronzed to greenish ; elytra with irregular yellowish spots, often connected longitudinally but never form- ing two distinct elytral vittae ; front of head variably maculated with red and yellow, anterior angles of elytra often touched with orange, prosternum often maculated with orange which 159 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 sometimes colors entire prosternal spine, nnder side of head and mandibles usually colored, last abdominal segment some- times with small orange pair of spots; elongate suboval 9.25- 14.5 mm. in length; interstices of elytra about uniformly ele- vated. Head often with a median line, rather coarsely and densely punctate ; not pilose, antennae black, more or less brassy. Pronotum trapezoidal, widest at base, side margins slightly arcuately to slightly sinuately narrowed, sometimes a little inflated at base, sometimes with a faint longitudinal median line, more often not ; coarsely, unevenly punctate ; not pilose. Scutellum small, round to quadrate. Elytra widest at base or at apical third, diverging or converging slightly from base to apical third, then broadly rounded, rather obliquely narrowed to apices or, less often, more strongly narrowed to apical third and less abruptly narrowed to apices which are broadly rounded to truncate with sutural and external angles produced; humeral umbone slightly prominent in some speci- mens, striae curved about humeri; distinctly striate; inter- stices coarsely punctate, more densely and coarsely toward humeri, about uniformly elevated and not strongly convex; not pilose. Ventral surface rather closely and coarsely punc- tate; first ventral abdominal segment longitudinally sulcate; tip of abdomen truncate ; female with tip of abdomen rounded, a little larger in size than male. Varies in elytral maculation from immaculate to confluently maculate with the maculations covering all the elytra excepting the humeri. The form varies considerably, the apices being sub- attenuate in some specimens, not at all so in others. The pronotum varies somewhat in form, and the maculation of the ventral surface is variable. Kecorded from North Carolina, Alabama, South Carolina, Louisiana, Florida, Texas, Georgia, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. Host plants: Pines, hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis), and cypress ( Taxodium distichum ) . Buprestis maculipennis may be separated from B. lineata (Fab.), the most closely related form, by the vittate elytral markings of that species, the generally somewhat larger size of that species and by the male genitalia of the two species (PL IV, Figs. 1 and 2). From similarly maculated forms of other species, B. maculipennis may be distinguished by its slightly convex and uniformly elevated interstices, its small size, its lack of a regular pattern of levigated spaces on the pronotum and the male genitalia. 160 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Buprestis maculipennis was incorrectly united with B. lineata by Le Conte. In 1909 Casey separated it from B. lineata and di- vided it into four species and three subspecies. Two of these, B. deficiens Casey and B. inconst ans Melsh. (Kerr.), he reunited with B. maculipennis in his memoirs.3 Recently, the author has noted that specimens of B. maculipennis in several collections were labeled B. lineata var. maculipennis. The male genitalia demon- strate conclusively that these two forms are distinct species. On dead pine logs, occurs with B. lineata but less common. Buprestis maculativentris Say (PL VII, Pig. 6) Buprestis maculativentris Say, 1824, Long’s Second Explor., p. 272. — LeConte, 1882, Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Can., lists 2 and 5. — Kerremans, 1892, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1 : 96. — Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 100. — Nicolay and Weiss, 1918, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 26 : 90.— Garnett, 1922, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 10.— Fisher, 1926, Proc. U.S.N.M., 65, Art. 9, nr. 2522, p. 155, 156.— Chamberlin, 1926, Cat. Bupr. N. A., p. 116-118. B. sexnotata Castlenau and Gory, 1837, Mon. Bupr., 1 : 129, t. 32, f. 178, p. 7. — Le Conte, 1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 9 : 7. B. maculiventris Gemminer and Harold, 1869, Cat. Col., 5 : 1378. — Burke, 1917, Journ. Econ. Ent., 11 : 336. B. maura Castlenau and Gory, 1838, Mon. Bupr., 2 : 131, t. 33, f. 181. Dark bronzy to brown or greenish above ; front of head and anterior angles of pronotum usually maculated with orange; ventral surface bronzed to greenish, under side of head usually, middle coxae sometimes maculated, last four abdominal seg- ments externally maculated with small orange spots. Elongate, slightly oval; elytra immaculate, often with transverse broad depressions; interstices of elytra almost uniformly elevated; average length 16 mm. (Hopping), length 13-20 mm. Head often with line on front, often reaching to vertex ; densely and coarsely punctate; not pilose; antennae bronzed to greenish. Pronotum broadest at base, trapezoidal in form, sides moder- ately arcuate, to sinuate at or slightly behind middle, base sometimes feebly inflated ; often with a median line, never im- pressed; coarsely, densely but unevenly punctate, often with Memoirs, V, 1914, p. 355. 161 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 levigated spaces about one-fifth from sides and at base, and also with spaces at about one-third from sides and just before middle; not pilose. Scutellum small, round. Elytra widest at base or apical third; diverging or converging to apical third only slightly, then more or less strongly obliquely, slightly arcuately to distinctly though not strongly sinuately narrowed to apices which are sometimes slightly attenuate ; apices rounded to truncate or oblique to suture, microspiculose ; humeri never very prominent, striae curving at humeri; sur- face with broad transverse shallow depressions, roughly at basal third and middle; more or less distinctly striate; often with distinct costae which are often rather narrow, distinctly con- vex, and broken; intervals rugose to coarsely punctate; costae impunctate to sparsely punctate, shining to rather dull; not pilose. Ventral surface densely evenly punctate, punctures rather coarse but not deep ; not pilose, or sparsely pilose on abdomen; first ventral segment deeply longitudinally sulcate; tip of terminal segment broadly rounded to truncate; female slightly larger than male; male with anterior tibiae internally emarginate and armed with a subapical spine. Varies considerably in color as given in diagnosis, greenish to brown, the usual color being bronzy. The elytral sculpturing, form of pronotum and form of elytra vary greatly. Markings of ven- tral surface are rather constant. Recorded from Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, New Mexico, Arizona, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Colorado, Ontario, Que- bec, Manitoba, and Nova Scotia. A common eastern species. The author doubts the New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado records, and believes that these were more probably misidentified B. subornata (Le Conte). Host plants : Yellow pine, balsam, and spruce. Buprestis maculativentris may be separated from B. subornata (Le Conte) and B. rusticorum (Kirby), two western forms, by the male genitalia (PI. IV, Figs. 3, 4, and 5). B. subornata usually is greener with the elytral costae alternately more strongly convex, and the abdominal markings more transverse. B. rusticorum usu- ally is blacker, larger, more oblong, with costae of elytra more strongly alternately convex, and the levigated pattern on the pro- notum more distinct. Commonly taken on old and young spruce trees; beaten from Pinus strobus, and P. resinosus. 162 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Buprestis subornata (Le Conte) (Pl. VIII, Fig. 1) Buprestis subornata (Le Conte), 1859, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., (2) 11: 208. — Van Dyke, 1902, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 10: 172. — Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 98. — Nicolay and Weiss, 1918, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 26 : 92. — Garnett, 1922, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 10. — Chamberlin, 1926, Cat. Bupr. N. A., p. 118. B. punctiventris Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 99 (subspecies of B. subornata) . B. rubronotans Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 97. B. violescens Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 99. B. adonea Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 97-98. B. histro Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 98. Immaculate green to blue, violet, cupreous-green, dark purplish, rarely black; ventral surface green to purplish or cupreous ; abdomen usually marked with a double row of more or less transversely connected orange spots on each side ; front of head and anterior angles of pronotum usually marked with orange ; under side of head, but apparently not the prosternum, often marked with yellow or red ; elongate, sometimes slightly oval, more often tapering from shoulders to apices more or less gradually ; length : 15-21 mm. Head usually with a median line ; coarsely and rather densely punctate on front, less coarsely on vertex; not pilose; antennae black, more or less green. Pronotum widest at base, trapezoidal in form, varying to sufficiently arcuate on sides to destroy trapezoidal appear- ance; sometimes sinuate, slightly, on sides or slightly inflated at base ; a smooth median line, not depressed, and usually with levigated areas about one-fourth from sides at base, and about one-third from sides before middle; rather coarsely, unevenly punctate, punctures tending to form small groups, separated by their own widths or more between groups and chains, but very close within such groups; not pilose. Scutellum small, approximately round. Elytra widest at base, slightly narrowed to apical third and then broadly rounded and obliquely nar- rowed to apices, or rather gradually narrowed from base to apex with only a little increase in degree of convergence begin- ning at apical third ; apices sometimes slightly attenuate, rounded to suture or truncate, often microspiculose ; striae scarcely curved at humeri ; sometimes with broad shallow trans- verse depressions at about basal third and middle, more often without; distinctly to obsoletely striate; costate, costae not 163 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 strongly convex, rngose and interrupted in some examples to sparsely and rather finely punctate ; alternating costae usually less strongly convex, sometimes suppressed to flat intercostal spaces between the stronger ridges, being in such cases, vaguely rugose and finely, closely punctate ; not pilose. Ventral surface sparsely pilose; first abdominal segment strongly, medially, longitudinally sulcate ; all segments rather coarsely, closely and uniformly punctate; anterior tibiae of males internally emar- ginate and armed with a subapical tooth; tip of terminal seg- ment truncate in both sexes ; females slightly larger than males in a series. Variations rather extensive in elytral color, abdominal transverse maculations, form of pronotum, form and sculpturing of elytra. The color of the pronotum not always like that of elytra, sometimes darker, melanic specimens uncommon. Recorded from California, Kansas, Utah, Oregon, Montana, New Mexico, Colorado, and British Columbia, and undoubtedly occurs in Washington and Nevada. Host plants: Yellow pine and Douglas fir ( Pinus ponderosa and Pseudotsuga taxifolia). Buprestis subornata may be separated from B. macidativentris Say and B. rusticorum (Kirby) by the male genitalia (PL IV, Figs. 3, 4, and 5). B. maculativentris is often slightly more depressed apically, with the sublateral elytral costa more prominent than the others, more bronzy than even the dark forms of B. subornata, never bright green, blue or violet as B. subornata, generally a little smaller on the average and with the costae of the elytra not so broad, and with the broad transverse depressions of the elytra more often pres- ent than in B. subornata. Buprestis rusticorum is larger on the average, blacker, less shining, more oblong, with the alternate elytral costae tending to be definitely more strongly convex, and the ventral abdominal maculations usually different than in B. subornata, being only rarely transversely connected as in that species. Buprestis subornata has been treated variously as a variety and subspecies of B. maculativentris, as a species, and Casey split it up into several species and subspecies. The author has observed speci- mens of B. subornata mixed in series of B. rusticorum and vice versa in many collections, but the two species are usually rather easily separated. Buprestis subornata is not usually very common in collections. The author took some specimens near Mather, California, July 25, 164 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 1936, on a dry, peeled log where they were basking in company with B. laeviventris (Le Conte), Melanophila gentilis Le Conte, and Chrysobothris caurina Horn. Burke has stated that the best results in collecting this species are obtained by beating small pines. Buprestis rusticorum (Kirby) (PI. VIII, Fig. 2) Buprestis rusticorum (Kirby), 1837, Faun. Bor. Am., 4: 151. — Kerremans, 1892, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1 : 98. — Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 99. — Nicolay and Weiss, 1918, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 26 : 91. — Garnett, 1922, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 10. — Chamberlin, 1926, Cat. Bupr., p. 119. B. paganorum (Kirby), 1837, Faun. Bor. Am., 4: 152. — Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 100. B. lecontei Saunders, 1871, Cat. Pupr., p. 40. B. acomana Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11: 101. B. morosa Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 101. B. fusca Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 101. B. sublivida Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 102 (sub- species of B. fusca Casey). B. caliginosa Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 102. B. nigricans Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 102. B. lyrata Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 103. B. adducta Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 103. Black above, varying to obscurely greenish or purplish, sometimes slightly blue; elytra immaculate; front angles of pronotum and front of head maculated with orange; ventral surface bronzed to greenish; abdomen with a row of lateral spots, sometimes with a second row near middle on each side, sometimes transversely confluent, spots on tip usually con- nected ; under side of head usually maculated with yellow or red. Elongate oblong oval; length averages 20 mm. (Hopping), length 15-23 mm. Head with a carina on front, sometimes extending to vertex, front more coarsely and densely punctate ; antennae dark metallic green to bronzed ; front sometimes finely pilose. Pronotum widest at base, a little before base, or at mid- dle ; almost trapezoidal with base slightly inflated or with sides distinctly arcuate, to distinctly inflated at base or broadly, evenly, arcuately divergent to middle and convergent to apex from middle; with a smooth median line, not depressed, and with levigated area, often separated into three parts, extending from base and one fourth from side, forward at about same dis- tance from side to apical third and then turned abruptly inward 165 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 toward median line ; punctures elsewhere coarse and irregularly arranged and separated by about their own widths; punctures sometimes with white efflorescence quite filling them; levigated areas sometimes slightly tumescent. Scutellum round to quad- rate, often concave. Elytra widest at base or equally wide at base and apical third, more rapidly convergent from apical third, sometimes sinuately narrowed to apices, and sometimes feebly sinuate from base to apical third; apices sometimes slightly attenuate, truncate to broadly rounded, smooth to mul- tispiculose or with sutural tooth ; costae curved at humeri which are not prominent ; striate, and with costae which are alternately more strongly convex; more elevated costae feebly punctate; supressed costae, or as they might better be termed on certain specimens, the intercostal spaces, more roughly sculptured, coarsely rather densely punctate and feebly rugose; occasion- ally with white efflorescence all over surface. Ventral surface with rather sparse pile on abdomen, but sometimes with white efflorescence particularly about the coxae and toward the sides, but also on the abdomen; males with anterior tibiae interiorly emarginate and armed with a subapical tooth ; densely, evenly, coarsely punctate; prosternum coarsely punctate anteriorly, prosternal spine impunctate; abdomen more coarsely punctate than prosternum ; first segment longitudinally sulcate ; terminal abdominal segment broadly emarginate; female with tip trun- cate, anterior tibiae simple, and form a little larger, in general. Varies considerably in form, size, and color of shine. Most speci- mens exhibit no sign of efflorescence, but a series of nine specimens in the author’s series, from Trinity Valley, British Columbia, C. V. G. Morgan, collector, have efflorescence distributed over the dorsal and ventral surfaces. One specimen of B. maculativentris Say in the author’s series seems to have the tattered remnants of efflores- cence on the elytra and ventrally about the legs which may show a relationship between the two species. Recorded from Oregon, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado, Cali- fornia, Montana, Nevada, Washington, Idaho, Kansas, Arizona, Utah, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, and Manitoba. Abundant in the pine woods of Oregon and Washington. Host plants: Yellow pine ( Pinus ponderosa ), Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga taxifolia ), and white fir ( Abies grandis). Buprestis rusticorum can be separated from B. maculativentris Say and B. subornata (Le Conte) by the male genitalia (PI. IV, Figs. 3, 4, and 5). B. rusticorum usually is blacker and larger as 166 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA well as more oblong in form than the two closest allies, and the elytra usually present a more deeply furrowed appearance. Many specimens have been taken on needles of young yellow pine, basking on logs, and in copula during August. Buprestis nuttalli (Kirby) (PI. VII, Fig. 5) Buprestis nuttalli (Kirby), 1837, Faun. Bor. Am., 4: 152. — Le Conte, 1850, Rem. Col. Lk. Superior, p. 227. — Kerremans, 1892, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1 : 97. — Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 92. — Nicolay and Weiss, 1918, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 26 : 96. — Garnett, 1922, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 11. — Chamberlin, 1926, Cat. Buprestidae N. Am., p. 120. — Hopping, 1933, Pan. Pac. Ent., 9 (2) : 86. B. consularis Gory, 1840, Mon. Bup., 4 Suppl., p. 120, t. 21, f. 118. — Dejean, 1837, Cat. Col., p. 88. — Le Conte, 1850, Rem. Col. Lk. Superior, p. 227. — Kerremans, 1892, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1 : 94. — Van Dyke, 1902, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 10 : 72. — Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 96. — Nico- lay and Weiss, 1918, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 26 : 97. — Gar- nett, 1922, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 11. B. alternans (Le Conte), 1859, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 11: 207. — Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11: 93. — Nico- lay and Weiss, 1918, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 26 : 97. — Gar- nett, 1922, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 11. B. conicicauda Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 93 (sub- species of B. alternans) . B. diruptans Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 94. B. contorta Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 95. B. gravidula Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 95. B. torva Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 96, (subspecies of B. gravidula) . B. l)oidderensis Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 96 (sub- species of B. gravidula) . B. flavopicta Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 96. Black, often slightly purplish or greenish ; the same beneath but sometimes with belly blue or bluish ; front of head usually maculated with orange or yellow ; pronotum with side margins and anterior angles often yellow or orange; elytra rarely im- maculate, usually with four rather transverse orange to yellow bands which are usually broader at suture, basal band often reaching to humeri, second band, from basal fourth or fifth tending to curve forward, sometimes curving to outside of 167 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 humeri, broadest at suture on most specimens, third hand, from apical third curving apically, often triangular in form with the base of triangle at right angles to suture, the altitude parallel- ing suture and the hypothenuse running apically from apex at suture to base at side margin, apical spot at about apical fourth variable, but often tending to run basally, sometimes coalescing with the third spot exteriorly; all spots subject to interruption by black striae or intercostal spaces ; all under parts excepting tibiae and tarsi often maculated with yellow or orange ; 12.5-21 mm. in length; sometimes a little oval, usually with apices slightly attenuated; coxae and legs maculated with orange or yellow; elytral costae proceeding from middle of base usually uniting prominently at apical third or fourth, themselves being prominent. Head with a median carina on front often reach- ing to vertex ; often shallowly but noticeably depressed on front at sides of carina, depressions very closely punctate ; punctua- tion often rather confluent, irregular, rather coarse ; with small irregular levigated spaces, sometimes connected ; punctures separated by less than their own widths; usually pilose, some- times not; antennae dark, more or less bronzed. Pronotum widest at base or nearly at middle ; nearly trapezoidal in form varying to arcuate with base strongly swollen; sometimes de- pressed basally at sides ; often with distinct smooth median line, often with median line almost entirely obscured by punctures ; usually with a smooth more or less strongly tumescent area ex- tending from base to nearly apex at lateral fourth; another levigated area extending from base to nearly apex located mid- way between median line and line at lateral fourth, this juxta- median line tending to be less distinct than the others, often strongly punctate and even obliterated basally, scarcely ever reaching anterior margin; coarsely punctate, punctures sepa- rated by less than their widths ; not pilose. Scutellum small, rounded, rather concave. Elytra widest at base or at middle ; sides sometimes sinuate at basal third to middle, more often almost straight and parallel or slightly convergent from base to behind middle, then rounded and arcuately to sinuately narrowed to apices which are usually a little attenuate, multi- dentate to bisinuate or broadly rounded, rather obliquely cut to cut right angularly with suture, often with a slight diver- gence of apices, not strongly marked however; humeri slightly prominent, costae curving in their proximity; surface often irregular longitudinally, with slight transverse depressed areas ; 168 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA usually with five costae, counting the scutellar, rather narrower than the intervals, with a few scattered punctures ; counting the scutellar as the first, the second and third costae are rather strongly prominent, and coalesce at apical third to fifth, prominently; some specimens not so, having these costae inde- pendently attaining apices ; striae feeble to moderately strong ; intercostal intervals rather finely punctate, the punctures not confluent and separated by around twice their widths to their own widths only, often with sparse transverse rugae, sometimes a little convex, more often flat; not pilose. Ventral surface very sparsely pilose ; sometimes with whitish efflorescence about mesothorax, metathorax and prosternum; anterior tibiae of male interiorly emarginate and with a slightly subapical tooth ; prosternum coarsely punctate excepting spine which is impunc- tate from middle to apex ; abdomen coarsely punctate ; first ven- tral abdomen segment longitudinally medially sulcate; tip of abdomen truncate. Varies greatly in size, form, maculations, and sculpturing. One specimen has the pronotum almost evenly broadly rounded from base to apex, being widest at middle. Some specimens have the sides of the pronotum strongly inflated basally and sinuate at middle. The five longitudinal levigated areas of the pronotum are about equally spaced, and in occasional specimens are scarcely interrupted, giving the pronotum a strikingly striped appearance. The elytral maculations are usually interrupted by the black striae or even by the entire breadth of the interspaces and are also often interrupted by small black specks. The ventral maculation is sometimes present in large quantity on all the parts excepting the tibiae and tarsi, but in many cases the abdomen is all but immaculate. The legs and coxae seem to be always maculate. The punctuation of the abdomen varies somewhat in strength, but tends to be rather coarse in most specimens. Eecorded from California, Washington, Oregon, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, Michigan, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachu- setts, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Montana, Wyoming, South Dakota, Idaho, Arkan- sas, Port Yukon, Alaska, Alberta, Quebec, British Columbia, and Ontario. Buprestis nuttalli is rather closely related to B. rusticorum (Kirby), differing in most cases by its maculated elytra, although rare occurrences of immaculate B. nuttalli have been found. The male genitalia, (PI. IV, Figs. 5 and 6) are quite different in the 169 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 two forms, and B. rusticorum is confined to the west. Buprestis nuttalli subspecies laeviventris (Le Conte) is separated from B. nuttalli by its less interrupted elytral maculations which often tend to unite longitudinally, by the coarser abdominal puncturation and maculated legs and coxae in B. nuttalli , and by the less smooth elytral and pronotal sculpturing in B. nuttalli. Subspecies laevi- ventris is restricted to California, Southern Oregon and Western Arizona, so far as known, whereas B. nuttalli occurs in the eastern states and westward through Canada to Alaska, and south to Wash- ington and Oregon, New Mexico, etc. Host plants: Pinus ponder osa (yellow pine), Abies balsamea, Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Douglas spruce or fir), Pinus strobus, and probably other conifers. There occur occasional specimens which have the elytral costae very strong, the abdomen coarsely punctate and the size a little larger than usual specimens, and these forms have been separated under the name B. alternans (Le Conte). The eastern specimens of this species have been known as B. consularis. The present author, in placing all the described forms under one species, is not present- ing a new interpretation of the various forms as Nicolay and Weiss expressed their opinion that B. alternans and B. consularis were one species with B. nuttalli, with a wide geographical distribution. Hopping has since expressed a similar opinion, based upon a study of many adults. The author has dissected genitalia from a number of the forms, including the subspecies laeviventris, without finding any differences to support the separation of the various forms. As Hopping pointed out, there is some variation in the punctuation of the two sexes on the abdomen, and the form of the prothorax and condition of the elytral sculpturing are very variable. Nicolay and Weiss state that certain Washington examples of this form are like the eastern specimens, and the author has an Alaskan specimen like the forms formerly known as B. consularis. It has been difficult in the past for workers to grasp the full extent of variation in this species because of the spotted records they possessed and the insuffi- cient series available at those times. Often taken by beating or while resting on logs or trees. Buprestis nuttalli subspecies laeviventris (Le Conte) (PI. VII, Fig. 4) Buprestis laeviventris (Le Conte), 1857. Rep. Exp. 47 Par., Ins. 12 : 43. — Kerremans, 1892, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1 : 96. — Van Dyke, 1902, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 10: 172. — 170 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc.. 11 : 93. — Garnett, 1918, Ann. Am. Ent. Soc., 11 : 90. — Nicolay and Weiss, 1918, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 26 : 98. — Garnett, 1922, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 11. — Chamberlin, 1926, Cat. Bnpr. N. A., p. 113. B. pugetana Casey, 1909. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 94. B. dilatata Motschulsky (Le Conte), 1873, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 25 : 331. Black above, rarely immaculate; usually with four more or less transverse bands of yellow, more or less longitudinally connected, the apical spot apparently always isolated; front angles and front margin of pronotum and front of head usu- ally maculated with orange ; ventral surface coppery to green- ish; legs and coxae immaculate; tip of abdomen apparently always maculated with orange ; occasionally there is a double row of orange spots on each side of the abdomen; underside of head, but not prosternum maculated with yellow or red; elongate oval to more narrowed posteriorly; length 1A-21 mm. Convex interstices or costae proceeding from center of base of elytra not particularly prominent or conspicuously united at apical fourth; elytral maculations usually uninterrupted by black striae, the first three spots from base often united into a very irregular longitudinal vitta on each elytron. Head often with median line or interruption of frontal maculation; not coarsely, densely punctate ; not pilose ; antennae coppery to greenish. Pronotum widest at base, often rather trape- zoidal in form, base often inflated ; sides often sinuate at about middle, sometimes evenly, arcuately narrowed from base to apex; a smooth median line, usually a little raised; levigated spaces about one-fourth from sides at base, and about one- third from sides at apical third; coarsely, rather evenly punc- tate, punctures separated by about their widths or a little less ; sometimes with white efflorescence in punctures. Scutellum small, concave, quadrate to round. Elytra broadest at base, or less commonly, equally broad at base and apical third; tapering gradually to apical third then more strongly nar- rowed to apices, sometimes faintly sinuate between base and apical third; occasionally narrowed in one clean curve, but more often with apical third slightly interrupting smooth con- tinuity of curving side margin ; apices often slightly attenuate, truncate and bidentate to truncate with no dentation; humeri not prominent, but striae curving in their proximity; surface 171 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 usually shining; striate, striae coarsely punctate, not deeply; interstices alternately more strongly convex, the two more con- vex ones proceeding from the middle of the base not particu- larly prominent and not coalescing prominently at apical fourth, rather, they continue independently to the apex or coalesce inconspicuously at the apical fourth; convex inter- stices not more than shallowly sparsely punctate, more often almost impunctate; rarely with white efflorescence on surface. Ventral surface sparsely pilose; sometimes efflorescent, par- ticularly noticeable around coxae and adjoining body parts; abdomen rather feebly punctate; prosternum excepting pro- sternal spine more coarsely punctate; first abdominal segment medially, longitudinally sulcate; tip of abdomen rounded and with an external tooth on each side in female, male with tip truncate; female a little larger. Varies somewhat in form of pronotum and side margins of elytra, and in maculations of elytra and ventral surface. Varies in color of elytral shine from greenish to purplish ; proportionate length and width of elytra variable ; ventral surface metallic bluish or purplish to normal greenish or cupreous ; elytral spots eight, six four, two or missing entirely in rare instances. Recorded from California, Oregon, Washington, and Arizona. Host plants: Yellow, lodgepole, digger, sugar, and Monterey pines, and Douglas fir. Buprestis nuttalli subspecies laeviventris is separated from B. nuttalli (Kirby) by the coarse punctuation of the abdomen of that species, by the character of the elytral markings which are usually untraversed and interrupted in B. laeviventris , and more transverse in B. nuttalli, by the ventral maculations of B. nuttalli which are present on the coxae and legs as well as extensively throughout, and in many cases by the strong elytral costae of B. nuttalli which unite conspicuously at the apical fourth, and which are usually more strongly convex than those of B. laeviventris. This form has been treated as a species and has been split into three species by workers of the past, and in the present paper is considered to be a subspecies of B. nuttalli. The male genitalia are identical in B. nuttalli and B. nuttalli laeviventris and many of the external characters are the same in both forms. Both mine the wood of some of the same species of trees. There are indistinguish- able intermediate forms in the author’s series from Arizona, Wash- ington, Alaska, and Alberta, Canada. It seems impossible in the 172 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA face of these observations that B. nuttalli laeviventris and B. nut- talli are distinct species but it would be equally impossible to place laeviventris as a synonym or variety. This usually easily recog- nizable form is common in Northern California and ranges south into Tulare county, and is unassociated with typical B. nuttalli in this region. Taken in dust on roads, on old railroad ties, peeled logs, and trunks of pines. Buprestis rufipes (Oliver) (PI. VIII, Fig. 6) Buprestis rufipes (Oliver), 1790, Ent. 2, Gen., 32: 16, t. 73, f. 7, a-b. — Le Conte, 1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 9 : 8. — Kerremans, 1892, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1 : 98. — Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 105. — Nicolay and Weiss, 1918, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 26 : 99. — Garnett, 1922, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 9. — Chamberlin, 1926, Cat. Bupr. N. A., p. 123. B. virens Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 105 [subspe- cies of B. rufipes (Oliv.)]. B. elongata Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 105-106. Elytra green to blue, purple or brown; apices yellow or orange; a longitudinal vitta on each elytron proceeding from inside of humeri and angling slightly toward suture to a little before middle ; a spot, varying to a fascia just behind middle, sometimes attaining side margin but not suture, often roughly crescent shaped; a spot varying to a fascia at apical fourth, usually attaining side margin but not the suture, the apical and sub-median spots rarely connected exteriorly; all elytral maculations yellowish ; apical spot often tinged, especially externally with orange; pronotum green to bluish or purplish, not always same as elytra, with yellow side margins ; head uni- colorous; mandibles with small yellow spot; ventral surface green; prosternal spine yellow; episternum with small yellow spot at side; mesosternum and metasternum marked medially with yellow; first and second abdominal segments each with median yellow spot; last three segments brown, marked at sides with yellow and black spots; tip with transverse subapi- cal marking yellow; first abdominal segment varying to bril- liant blue or purple. Elongate parallel, narrowed posteriorly ; length 12-28 mm., average 17-24 mm. Head with or without median line; eyes closer in male; coarsely punctate, punctures separated by more than their widths, somewhat uneven ; front sometimes slightly finely pilose; antennae pale brown. Pro- 173 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 notum widest at base and slightly arcuately narrowed to apex, or widest at middle and broadly slightly arcuately rounded from base to apex; apex not much narrower than base; no median line or impression; rather coarsely, unevenly punctate, punctures separated by more than their own widths ; not pilose. Scutellum small, rather round to slightly transverse. Elytra widest at base or about equally broad at base and apical third, sides always rather gently curved, apical third usually inter- rupting smooth curve from base to apex ; apices strongly bi- dentate; humeri sometimes slightly protuberant; surface regu- lar ; striae well defined ; interstices scarcely convex, finely sparsely punctate to all but impunctate; not pilose. Ventral surface finely, not thickly pilose; legs light brown to rarely dark, anterior tibiae of males internally emarginate and armed with a tooth; prosternal spine impunctate, rest of prosternum rather coarsely punctate; abdomen thickly, finely punctate excepting on apical margins of segments which are levigated; lateral corners of apical margins of segments armed with spines; first ventral segment smooth medially; terminal seg- ment truncate ; females with tip bisinnate, anterior tibiae simple, and body form larger. Varies somewhat in form of pronotnm, shape of elytra, macu- lations both above and below, color of legs (dark legged specimens are uncommon) but B. rufipes is apparently always easily recog- nizable by its superficial characters. Recorded from Arkansas, Florida, Texas, Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, Louisiana, Kentucky, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Georgia, Kansas, Ohio, and Missouri. Host plants: Oak, beech, maple, Southern yellow pines, chest- nut, tulip, and hickory. Buprestis rufipes may be separated from its allies, B. gibbsi (Le Conte), B. viridisuturalis Nicolay and Weiss, and B. fremontiae Burke, by the character of the elytral markings, the extensive ven- tral macnlations, the others having, at most, a small pair of spots on the last ventral segment, by the yellow margin of the pronotnm, the light color of antennae and legs in most cases, and by the male genitalia (PL IV, Figs. 8, 9, 10, and 11). Nicolay and Weiss found that the color of the legs of this species varies considerably in a long series which placed B. elongata Casey in synonomy. Casey’s B. virens is based upon the normal sexual dimorphism in the head, the head of the male tending to be nar- rower between the eyes with the eyes more protuberant and the median line less broad and distinct. 174 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Buprestis gihbsi (Le Conte) (PI. VIII, Fig. 4) Buprestis gibbsi (Le Conte), 1857, Rep. Pac. Explor. 47 Par., Ins. 12: 42, t. 1, f. 17. — Kerremans, 1892, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1 : 95. — Fall, 1901, Occ. Papers, Calif. Acad. Sc., 7 : 116.— Van Dyke, 1902, Jonrn. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 10: 172.— Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 108. — Nicolay and Weiss, 1918, Jonrn. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 26: 101. — Chamberlin, 1926, Cat. Bupr. N. A., p. 112. — Garnett, 1920, Can. Ent., 52 : 17. — Garnett, 1922, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 9. Green to blue or less commonly purple ; underside green, less commonly suffused with purplish; ventral surface, head and pronotum immaculate; legs green, tibiae sometimes purple; elytra with large, rather elongate and irregular yellow spot before middle, extending in a slightly oblique direction from near suture to humeri, dividing at and sometimes encircling humeri, more often curving around outside of humeri, but not completely encircling them; a yellow fascia behind middle, usually attaining side margins but not suture, rarely divided into two spots, usually tinged externally with orange ; an apical spot from side margin transversely to near suture, usually externally tinged with orange ; apices not light ; 14.5 to 19.5 mm. in length ; elongate, parallel ; six distinct elytral spots, ventral surface immaculate. Head often with sulcus on vertex, smooth line on front becoming a carina on many specimens ; front nar- rower on males ; coarsely and closely punctate, punctures sepa- rated by less than their widths ; eyes more prominent in males ; not pilose, to sparsely pilose; antennae dark metallic green to purplish or blue. Pronotum widest at middle, from base almost straight to slightly arcuate to middle, then rounded and more arcuately narrowed to apex, or almost evenly slightly arcuately rounded from base to apex and widest at middle ; apex not much narrower than base; often with a fine, longitudinal median groove ; usually narrowly bordered by impunctate area ; coarsely, slightly irregularly punctate, punctures separated by less than to three times their widths, somewhat denser toward sides; not pilose. Scutellum small, round with front truncate to slightly transverse with front truncate. Elytra slightly wider at base to slightly wider at apical third, sides from apical third almost straight to slightly arcuately narrowed to apices which are bidentate ; humeri not prominent ; striate ; interstices finely sparsely punctate and only slightly convex; not pilose. Ventral surface finely, sparsely pilose; anterior tibiae of males 175 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 internally emarginate and armed with a snbapical tooth; pro- sternum finely punctate, prosternal spine smooth ; mesosternum and metasternum rather coarsely and closely, abdomen rather finely sparsely punctate, more coarsely on last segment; first ventral segment smooth medially, not silicate ; tip of terminal segment truncate in both sexes ; female a little larger, with front of head wider and eyes conforming more closely to curvature of head. Varies in elytral color and maculations, sometimes having the median and apical spot untinged with orange, but not nearly as plastic as many of the species of Buprestis. Recorded from Tulare County, Sonoma County, Garberville, Nevada City, Lake Ellann, San Diego County, Palm Springs, Yosemite Valley, Sequoia National Park, Chico, Hetch Hetchy, Yorkville in Mendocino County, Confidence, Auburn, Modoc County, and Onion Valley, California; Philomath, Corvallis, and Blue Moun- tains, Oregon; Steilacoom, Washington. Host plants: Black oak ( Quercus calif ornicus (Torr.) Cooper) and Garry oak ( Q . g array ana Hooker). A Colorado record is open to some doubt as neither of the known food plants occur in Colorado, according to Sudworth, and no speci- mens are known from the intervening states, Arizona or Nevada. The record, “Manitou, July 6 (Neubarth), Colorado” was given by Nicolay and Weiss. If this record proves to be correct, then B. gibbsi probably attacks some oak other than black or Garry oak. Separated from B. rufipes (Oliver) by the more elongated ‘form of that species, the anterior elytral spot vittaform and sides of pro- notum and undersurface maculated in that species, and by the male genitalia (PL IV, Figs. 8 and 9) ; from B. viridisuturalis Nicolay and Weiss, by the six distinct elytral spots of B. gibbsi and by the male genitalia (PI. IV, Figs. 9 and 10). The males of B. viridi- suturalis are smaller, narrower, and have far less metallic coloration on the elytra than B. gibbsi. B. langi (Mann.) and B. fasciata (Fab.) have similar elytral markings but the anterior spot never curves around the humerus as in B. gibbsi, and the apical and middle spots do not have any tinge of orange. The striae of these species are transversely rugulose and the anterior tibiae of the males are unmodified by any internal emargination and snbapical tooth such as found in B. gibbsi. The male genitalia (PI. Ill, Figs. 10 and 11, PI. IV, Fig. 9) also separate these species. The host plant record given by Nicolay and Weiss is only partly correct. The cottonwood records indubitably refer to B. viridi- 176 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA suturalis. The original record as given by Burke reads “ Buprestis gibbsi Lee. — Southern Oregon, sierran California; on black cotton- wood ( Populus trichocarpa) and black oak ( Quercus calif ornica) ; flies from July to August, rare; has not been reared; varies a great deal in the amount of yellow and red on the elytra. ’ ’ The conclud- ing statement clearly refers to the then existent confusion of B. viridisuturalis with B. gibbsi, and cottonwoods are the food plant of the former. The author knows of no recent records of B. gibbsi excepting from oak. Burke took some specimens in Tuolomne County, Calif., along the old Sonora-Mono road near Confidence at elevations of from 4000 to 6000 feet and at Onion Valley, El Dorado County at an elevation of 4500 feet. He states that Mr. Albert Wag- ner took one specimen in Southern Oregon at 2000 feet, ovipositing in a crevice in the wood of a scar on the trunk of a living tree. ‘ 4 All the specimens cut from the wood were taken from the solid heart- wood of old fire scars on the trunks of the black oak.” Mr. E. R. Leech took three fragmentary adults from an old log near York- ville in Mendocino County, California, some years ago, and the author has found mines, larvae and adults in and on both black and Garry oaks at Yorkvillle. Buprestis gibbsi is rather widespread in occurrence, but rarely taken and represented in only a limited num- ber of collections. Buprestis viridisuturalis Nicolay and Weiss (PI. IX, Pigs 1 and 3) Buprestis viridisuturalis Nicolay and Weiss, 1918, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 26 : 100, PI. 6, Pigs. 1 and 2. — Garnett, 1918, Ann. Am. Ent. Soc., 11 : 91. — Garnett, 1922, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 9, 11, and 12, Figs. 1, 2, and 4. — Chamberlin, 1926, Cat. Bupr. N. A., p. 128. B. parallella Kerremans in litt. — Obenberger, 1922, Archiv. f . Naturg., 88, Abt. A, p. 92. var. Lesnei Garnett, 1922, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 9, 12, and 13, Figs. 3 and 5. Head and pronotum green to blue or rarely purple; elytra yellow to light yellow brown with sutural band metallic green, blue or rarely purple, sometimes very narrowly metallic on suture, varying to specimens having the sutural band expanded just behind middle and attaining the side margin which is often green regardless of proximity of sutural expansion, and with another lesser expansion at apical fourth, sometimes nearly reaching side margin, nearly coalescing with marginal green to almost form an enclosed apical spot at apical third; some 177 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 specimens with only the apical expansion; often with hnmeri green and sometimes with small isolated green spots usually related to the points of usual expansion; head and pronotum immaculate, ventral surface immaculate excepting for some specimens which have a pair of yellow spots on the last ab- dominal segment; ventral surface green to blue or purplish; apical fourth of lateral margin of elytra often tinged with orange ; elongate parallel ; male 11-15 mm., width 4 mm., female 15-22 mm., width 7 mm. Head often with a median line; densely punctate and with pile on front; front narrower in males and eyes more prominent; antennae metallic green to purple. Pronotum widest at middle or a little behind middle ; often inflated basally in female ; usually with sides about evenly arcuate from base to apex, widest at middle and more quadrate in general in male ; often with a median line ; coarsely, unevenly punctate, more closely at sides, punctures separated by less than to four times their widths ; usually pilose at sides. Scutel- lum round and truncate at front varying to slightly transverse, or becoming pointed behind. Elytra broadest at base, nearly parallel from base to apical third and arcuately narrowed to apices, or with a long gentle curve from base to apex, often interrupted by apical third where it takes on more curve ; apices truncate with an external tooth only to bidentate, or emargi- nate; humeri not very prominent; striate, punctures of striae coarse and sometimes dark making them very noticeable ; inter- stices finely, scarcely punctate, not very convex; not pilose. Ventral surface with silvery pile, longer on prosternum; ante- rior tibiae of males internally emarginate and with an internal tooth, females with tibiae simple ; first ventral segment of abdo- men convex medially, not sulcate ; prosternum sparingly punc- tate, more closely toward sides; abdomen finely, very sparsely punctate ; tip of abdomen bisinuate to truncate. Surface more depressed apically in male. Varies considerably in elytral maculation; usually there is con- siderable metallic coloration along suture, but sometimes this is reduced to a very narrow line down the suture. Never forms six distinct spots although a spot may be formed in some instances, at the apical third. Recorded from California and Oregon. Three Rivers, Tulare County, 800 feet, Red Bluff, Tehama County, 300 feet. In May, 1939, the author and Mr. Andre Heifer found larvae, pupae and 178 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA fragmentary adults in the cottonwoods bordering the Mojave River near Barstow and Daggett, San Bernardino County, in the Mojave desert, California. These were in dead limbs on living trees, and sound down wood. M. A. Cazier collected dead adults of typical B. viridisuturalis near Yermo, in San Bernardino County, Califor- nia, and there are specimens in the author’s series from Visalia, Tulare County, California (F. T. Scott, collector) from cottonwood; Davis, Yolo County, California (0. H. Schwab, collector) ; and from Travers and Llanada, California. Recorded from Dilley, Oregon. Buprestis viridisuturalis var. Lesnei Garnett, was erected for a variation which occurs in normal stock. The type specimens were from Oro Grande, California, a few miles from where the author took typical specimens of B. viridisuturalis. The author has typi- cal specimens of the variety from Visalia, California. There is no geographical significance to this form, and all intermediates between it and typical B. viridisuturalis may be found in a series. In the past few years numerous dead but perfectly conditioned specimens have been chopped from their pupal cells in dead cotton- woods, and adults have been successfully reared from infested wood. Host plants : Cottonwoods ( Populus fremontii, P. trichocarpa and P. deltoides), and White Alder ( Alnus rhomMfolia (Burke)). Buprestis viridisuturalis may be separated from B. fremontiae Burke, by the metallic sutural band, and in the case of the males, by the form which is narrow and parallel-sided in B. viridisuturalis. Buprestis rufipes (Oliver) has the ventral surface extensively maculated as well as the sides of the pronotum. The male genitalia will also serve to separate the species (PI. IV, Figs. 9, 10, and 11). B. fremontiae is more orange, and has the pronotum less brilliantly colored than B. viridisuturalis. This species exhibits the most sexual dimorphism of any of the North American species. The width of head, truncature or emargi- nation of tip of abdomen, modification of anterior tibiae, and slight difference in size and broadness are about the extent of the di- morphic manifestations in other species, but in this species the sexes are markedly different in size and form as well as in maculation pattern, emargination of tibiae, width of head, and protuberance of eyes. Buprestis fremontiae Burke (PI. IX, Fig. 2) Buprestis fremontiae Burke, 1924, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 26 : 70-72. — Chamberlin, 1926, Cat. Bupr., p. 112. Elytra orange, with a lateral dark spot becoming a fascia 179 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 in some specimens, sometimes missing entirely; apical fourth usually externally tinged with orange to rufous; pronotum dark, obscurely greenish to purplish; ventral surface bronzed, immaculate; elongate, sometimes suboval; length 12.5-20 mm. Suture of elytra not metallic. Head with line on front, not reaching vertex ; also with irregular small calli on front ; coarsely punctate, punctures separated by about their own widths; front with long white pile; antennae bronzy. Pro- notum widest at middle ; broadly, arcuately rounded from base to apex; sometimes slightly angularly narrowed from middle; a little narrower at apex than at base ; with a median line, often feebly impressed; coarsely, rather unevenly punctate, punc- tures separated by about their own widths but uneven; not pilose. Scutellum rounded, slightly transverse in some cases, small. Elytra widest at base or at apical third, narrowed grad- ually to rather obliquely from apical third to apices which are emarginate and bidentate; humeri somewhat prominent; strial punctures often darker than surface making striae appear quite strong; interstices scarcely punctate, only feebly convex; not pilose. Ventral surface clothed with long white hairs; pro- sternum coarsely punctate anteriorly and laterally, prosternal spine only feebly and sparsely punctate; abdomen finely and sparingly punctate; tip of abdomen broadly emarginate; first ventral abdominal segment very shallowly concave, not strongly sulcate; female with anterior tibiae simple, tip of abdomen bisinuate and bidentate, slightly broader in form. Varies in color of pronotum, from plain shiny black, to greenish or purplish, elytral maculation never consisting of more than the one transverse spot or fascia just behind middle, but this spot some- times divided or absent; dark purple to black or dark coppery, reduced in male to small round spot isolated from margin. Varies also in width as compared to length, from 7 to 8 mm. wide in speci- mens of equal length. Recorded from middle to southern California. The type locality is about six miles west of Northfork, Madera County, California (Burke). In May, 1939, the author, accompanied by Mr. Albert Wagner of Northfork and Mr. Andre Heifer, drove to a point about ten miles east of Northfork, and collected wood of Fremontiae Cali- fornia Torr. (flannel bush) which was infested with the larvae of Buprestis fremontiae. The larvae and mines were found in scars and other dead portions of living shrubs as well as in stumps where the mines often ran below the level of the ground. Burke and 180 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Hartman collected larvae and fragmentary adults in the Swartout Valley, San Bernardino County, California, in September of 1922. There are five specimens in the author’s series reared from infested wood collected by Mr. F. T. Scott, 1931, 1932, and 1933, in Sequoia National Park. Dr. E. G. Linsley of the University of California informed the author that in several attempts to collect B. fremontiae by beating flannel bush, he was unable to get more than one speci- men in a day of beating. Separated from B. viridisuturalis Nicolay and Weiss by the more orange color of its elytra and the lack of any metallic color on the suture, and by the male genitalia (PI. IV, Figs. 10 and 11). Buprestis rufipes (Oliver) and B. gibbsi (Le Conte) are also some- what similar structurally but may be separated by the maculation patterns of the elytra, the obscurely metallic color of the pronotum of B. fremontiae and the male genitalia (PL IV, Figs. 9, 10, and 11). Buprestis fremontiae is one of the most uncommon of the North American species of Buprestis and is also strikingly beautiful. It is represented in only a few collections and by a total of probably fewer than fifty adults in all. Buprestis confluent a Say (PL VIII, Figs. 3 and 5) Buprestis confluenta Say, 1823, Journ. Acad. Philad., 3 : 159. — Kerremans, 1892, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1: 94. — Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 104. — Garnett, 1918, Ann. Am. Ent. Soc., 11 : 91. — Nicolay and Weiss, 1918. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 26 : 98. — Garnett, 1922, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., p. 9.— Chamberlin, 1926, Cat. Bupr. N. A., p. 106. B.confluens (Le Conte), 1859, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., 11: 206. B. tesselata Casey, 1909, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc., 11 : 104 (sub- species of Buprestis confluenta) . Head, pronotum, and elytra golden green to blue or purple, apices of elytra occasionally narrowly margined with cupreous, not reaching to apical fourth; pronotum sometimes with four basal marks; elytra with small yellow spots, more or less con- fluent, irregularly strewn over the elytra, often tending to be sparser along suture and at apices ; head immaculate ; ventral surface green to coppery; prosternum often yellow, (usually indicating a male specimen), coxae, legs, and sides of meso- sternum and metasternum sometimes maculated with yellow and abdomen sometimes with a double row of yellow spots on 181 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 each side, first ventral being sometimes heavily marked, the yellow being interrupted longitudinally along the middle; elongate, sometimes suboval; length 13-17 mm; the elytral macnlation is unique in this species. Head sometimes with a median carina, more distinct at vertex, often with small calli on front ; coarsely, rather thickly punctate ; clothed with short white pile ; antennae green to cupreous. Pronotum widest at base or at middle ; usually narrowing distinctly from base to apex, sometimes as wide at apex as at base ; sides almost evenly arcuately narrowed to apex varying to more strongly arcuate basally, or evenly rounded to middle which is widest and then equally rounded to apex; often with a distinct smooth median line, often with levigated spaces, usually arranged roughly in pairs, one on each side of middle ; rather coarsely rather evenly punctate, punctures separated by less to more than their own widths; often pilose at sides. Scutellum small, round, flat. Elytra widest at base or at middle to equally wide at base and middle ; sides . slightly divergent from base to middle then broadly rounded and obliquely to slightly arcnately or dis- tinctly sinnately narrowed to apices which are truncate, some- times obliquely or with sutural angles right, sometimes with a slight sutural tooth, or sides may converge slightly to middle then round and narrow to apices; striae usually interrupted at humeri which are not prominent; surface convex as usual, often depressed apically, interstices rather broad and feebly convex at base but often rather narrow and strongly convex at apical quarter, the alternating interstices being sometimes more strongly convex; rather finely and very sparsely punc- tate ; striae distinct, deeper apically, and also broader apically ; not pilose. Ventral surface often pilose, more distinctly to- ward sides and anteriorly; anterior tibiae of males internally emarginate and armed with a distinctly subapical tooth; pro- sternum coarsely punctate, more densely toward sides, abdo- men sparsely and finely punctate ; first ventral segment of abdomen convex to flattened, not longitudinally sulcate medially; tip of abdomen deeply emarginate or notched to slightly broadly arcuate, more often truncate; female a little larger and with anterior tibiae unmodified, ventral surface usually immaculate. Varies considerably in color and form. W. S. Fisher has in- formed the author that there are specimens of Buprestis confluenta in the National Museum collection having the elytra purplish and 182 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA the pronotum green. The ventral markings are sometimes present in the females, but usually are not as extensive as in the males. One specimen loaned to the author by Mont Cazier has the yellow markings of the elytra obscuring about 90% of the surface (PI. VIII, Pig. 5). This is a female specimen from Montana, (Ex. Leng Collection). The elytral apices are sometimes a little attenuate and divaricated. There is sometimes a transverse area at apical third of elytra which is immaculate, and the suture and side mar- gins often tend to be very sparsely maculated. Recorded from Kansas, California, Oregon, Nevada, Montana, Colorado, Indiana, Illinois, North Dakota, Utah, Washington, Ne- braska, Wyoming, Texas, Manitoba, Alberta, Quebec and British Columbia. Taken in good series at Lake Tahoe and Carrville, Trinity County, California. Sea level to 4,000 feet. Buprestis confluenta subsp. tesselata, erected by Casey for a Texas variety is not a constant variation, in the author’s opinion, and should not be considered as anything more than a normal varia- tion. Nicolay and Weiss state that specimens from the north are more elongate and less spotted than specimens from the south, but the present author has not found this to be consistently the case, and hence places no geographical significance on such forms. Host plants : Injured, dead or dying aspen ( Populus tremu- loides), and cottonwood (P. deltoides) • attacks planted cotton- woods (Burke). Buprestis confluenta is separated from all other species of North American Buprestis by the elytral maculation which consists in this species only, of small yellow spots strewn over the surface in an irregular manner. The placement of the tooth on the anterior tibia of the male is more strongly subapical than in other N. A. species. Buprestis confluenta is one of the most attractive as well as one of the less common species, despite its rather wide range of occur- rence. List of the Species and Subspecies of American Buprestis, North of Mexico B. apricans Herbst, PI. V, f . 2 nigricornis (Sturm) aciculata Dejean Bosci Castlenau and Gory cribripennis Casey B. decora (Fabricius), Pl. V, f. 1 B. Salisbury ensis (Herbst), Pl. V, f. 3 ultramarina Say B. aumdenta Linne, Pl. V, f . 6 lauta (Le Conte) radians (Le Conte) 183 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 villosa (Le Conte) fabulosa Casey aemula Casey tacomae Casey nupta Casey venusta Casey prosper a Casey affinis Casey adulans Casey bicostata Dejean chrysochlora (Phillipi) B. sulcicollis (Le Conte), PI. V, f. 4 lateralis Casey B. striata (Pabricins), PI. V, f. 5 obscura Casey imp edit a Say canadensis Casey fortunata Casey saturata Casey B. lineata (Fabricius), PL VII, f. 2 davisi Nicolay and Weiss B. maculipennis Gory, PL VII, f. 3 inconstans Melsheimer deficiens Casey fusiformis Casey reducta Casey script a Casey leporina Casey B. maculativentris Say, PL VII, f. 6 sexnotata Castlenan and Gory rhaculiventris Gemminer and Harold maura Castlenan and Gory B. subornata (Le Conte), Pl. VIII, f. 1 punctiventris Casey rubronotans Casey violescens Casey adonea Casey histro Casey B. rusticorum (Kirby), Pl. VIII, f. 2 paganorum (Kirby) lecontei Saunders acomana Casey morosa Casey fusca Casey sublivida Casey caliginosa Casey B. intricata Casey, Pl. VI, f . 2 contortae Hopping murrayanae Hopping B. adjecta (Le Conte), Pl. VI, f. 1 brevis Casey B. connexa Horn, Pl. VI, f. 3 B. langi (Mannerheim), Pl. VI, fs. 4 & 5 ornata Walker bistrinotata Casey angusta Casey callida Casey fastidiosa Casey mediocris Casey crenata Casey seditiosa Casey leviceps Casey depressa Casey viridimicans Casey incolumis Casey oregona Casey obliqua Casey patruelis Casey graminea Casey B. fasciata (Fabricius), Pl. VI, f . 6 ; Pl. VII, f . 1 sexmaculata Hausmann sexplagiata (Le Conte) Iherminieri Chevrolat 184 July, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA fulgens Casey nigricans Casey lyrata Casey adduct a Casey B. nuttalli (Kirby), Pl. VII, f. 5 consularis Gory alterndns (Le Conte) conicicauda Casey diruptans Casey contorta Casey gravidula Casey torva Casey boulder ensis Casey flavopicta Casey B. nuttalli subsp. laeviventris (Le Conte), Pl. VII, f. 4 pugetana Casey dilatata Motshulsky (Le Conte) B. rufipes (Oliver), Pl. VIII, f. 6 virens Casey elongata Casey B. gibbsi (Le Conte), PL VIII, f. 4 B. viridisuturalis Nicolay & Weiss, Pl. IX, f. i & 3 parallella Kerremans in litt. Lesnei Garnett B. fremontiae Burke, Pl. IX, f. 2 B. confluenta Say, Pl. VIII, f. 3 & 5 confluens (Le Conte) tesselata Casey 185 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 Explanation of Plates ( Buprestis ) Plate III — Genitalia (Figs. 1 to 11 are of males, Fig. 12 is of females). Fig. 1. B. Fig. 2. B. Fig. 3. B. Fig. 4. B. Fig. 5. B. Fig. 6. B. Fig. 7. B. Fig. 8. B. Fig. 9. B. Fig. 10. B. Fig. 11. B. Fig. 12a. B. Fig. 12b. B . apricans Herbst. Salisbury ensis (Herbst). decora (Fabricins). aurulenta Linne. sulcicollis (Le Conte). striata (Fabricius). intricata Casey. adjecta (Le Conte). connexa Horn. langi (Mannerheim) . fasciata (Fabricius). intricata Casey. adjecta (Le Conte). 186 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, (n.s.), No. 3, PI. Ill ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 Plate IV — Genitalia (all figures are of male structures) Fig. 1. B. lineata (Fabricius). Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. B. maculipennis Gory. B. maculativentris Say. B. subornata (Le Conte). B. rusticorum (Kirby). B. nuttalli (Kirby) and same as subspecies laevi- ventris (Lee.). Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. B. confluenta Say. B. rujipes (Oliver). B. gibbsi (Le Conte). B. viridisuturalis Nicolay and Weiss. B. fremontiae Burke. 188 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, (n.s.), No. 3, Pl. IV ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 Plate V — Adults of Buprestis. Fig. 1. B. Fig. 2. B. Fig. 3. B. Fig. 4. B. Fig. 5. B. Fig. 6. B. decora (Fabricius). apricans Herbst. Salisbury ensis ( Herbst ) . sidcicollis (Le Conte). striata (Fabricius). aurulenta Linne. 190 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, (n.s.), No. 3, PL V ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 Plate VI. Fig. 1. B. adjecta (Le Conte). Fig. 2. B. intricata Casey. Fig. 3. B. connexa Horn. Fig. 4. B. langi (Mannerheim) male. Fig. 5. B. langi (Mannerheim) female. Fig. 6. B. fasciata (Fabricius) female. 192 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, (n.s.), No. 3, PL VI ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 Plate VII. Fig. 1. B. Fig. 2. B. Fig. 3. B. Fig. 4. B. Fig. 5. B. Fig. 6. B. fasciata (Fabricius) male. lineata (Fabricius). maculipennis Gory. nuttalli subspecies laeviventris (Le Conte). nuttalli (Kirby). maculaUventris Say. 194 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, (n.s.), No. 3, Pl. VII ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 Plate VIII. Fig. 1. B. Fig. 2. B. Fig. 3. B. Fig. 4. B. Fig. 5. B. Fig. 6. B. subornata (Le Conte). rusticorum (Kirby). confluenta Say. gibbsi (Le Conte). confluenta Say (Heavily maculated variety). rufipes (Oliver). 196 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, (n.s.), No. 3, Pl. VIII ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 3 Plate IX. Pig. 1. B. viridisuturalis Nicolay and Weiss (female). Pig. 2. B. fremontiae Burke. Pig. 3. B. viridisuturalis Nicolay and Weiss (male). 198 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, (n.s.), No. 3, PI. IX VOL. XXI (New Series) OCTOBER, 1941 No. 4 PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor CARL GEO. SIEPMANN GEO. P. ENGELHARDT Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue, November 7, 1941 Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Vol. XXI October, 1941 No. 4 A MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS CHYPHOTES (HYMENOPTERA, MUTILLIDAE, APTERO- GYNINAE) OF NORTH AMERICA* By Albert Walter Buzicky St. Paul, Minn. Introduction During1 the past fifteen years, Dr. Clarence E. Mickel has been accumulating specimens of Mutillidae in the collection of the Uni- versity of Minnesota. An extensive series of the genus Chyphotes Blake is included in this large body of material. This collection is probably the most representative and complete in existence, num- bering several thousand specimens from western United States, northern Mexico, and southwestern Canada. Dr. Mickel has long recognized the inadequacy of existing keys to species, the existence of new species, and the consequent need of a revisional treatment of the genus. He has been kind enough to suggest this study and to place at my disposal the collection of Chyphotes and Apterogyna of the University of Minnesota. The two sexes of the genus Chyphotes are dimorphic like other Mutillids, the males being winged and the females wingless. This situation required that males and females be described separately as different species, and up to the time of this study, there was no case in which the two sexes of a single species had been correlated. Twelve species of males and only four species of females were de- * Paper No. 1902, Scientific Journal Series, Minnesota Agricul- tural Experiment Station, St. Paul. 201 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 4 scribed heretofore, and the existing keys to those species were not entirely satisfactory because certain valid specific characters had been overlooked. The male genitalia of City phot es had never been figured or studied. Nothing is known regarding the biology or habits of the species of this genus other than the fact that both males and females are attracted to lights at night. The types of all previously described species in the genus except punctatus Fox have been seen and studied. I am indebted to the late Miss Grace A. Sandhouse of the United States National Mu- seum for comparing specimens with the holotype of punctatus and pointing out morphological characters which could be used for dif- ferentiating that species in a key which had been prepared to in- clude all other known species. The study of type material was essential for an accurate delineation of the described and uncle- scribed species because at the time the majority of the descriptions and keys were published, many characters now considered valid and significant were not mentioned. A number of doubtful taxo- nomic points have been clarified through the examination of types. Thanks and appreciation are gratefully expressed to the officials of the following institutions for the privilege of examining type material in their custody: Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadel- phia, Pennsylvania; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Pomona College, Claremont, California; United States National Museum, Washington, D. C. ; Washington State College, Pullman, Wash- ington. The following persons and institutions have helped make this study possible through the loan of material : A.B.K. A. B. Ivlots, New York City, New York. A.E.S. American Entomological Society, Philadelphia Acad- emy of Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A. H.C. A. H. Caldwell, Phoenix, Arizona. B. S. United States Biological Survey, Washington, D. C. C. A.S. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California. C.B. C. Brown, San Diego, California. C.E.S. University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, California. C.H.H. C. PI. Hicks, Burbank, California. C.M.D. C. M. Dammers, Riverside, California. C.U. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. G.E.B. G. E. Bohart, Davis, California. 202 October, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA K.U. K.V.K. M.A.C. M.C.Z. O.A.C. O.B. O.S.U. PC.. R. H.B. S. M. T. E.S. U. A. U.B. u.c. U.M. u.s.c. U.S.N.M. W.S.C. W.W.J. University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. K. V. Krombein, Buffalo, New York. M. A. Cazier, Berkeley, California. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard Univer- sity, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallis, Oregon. Owen Bryant, Tucson, Arizona. Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Pomona College, Claremont, California. R. H. Baker, College Station, Texas. S. Mulaik, Edinburg, Texas. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, Texas. University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. Zoologisches Museum der Universitat, Berlin, Ger- many. University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado. University of Minnesota Farm, St. Paul, Minnesota. Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Utah. United States National Museum, Washington, D. C. Washington Agricultural College, Pullman, Wash- ington. W. W. Jones, Douglas, Arizona. The data on all specimens studied are itemized in full in the copy of the writer ’s thesis in the library of the University of Minne- sota. In the interest of economy of space, a section on genitalia mounting technique and the specimens examined lists of previously described species have been deleted. In the later cases, distribution is indicated by states with the total number of specimens examined given in parentheses immediately following. Complete records of all type material are included in this treatise, the present location of each specimen being indicated by the capital initial letters in brackets following other data on the specimen. The writer acknowledges his deep indebtedness to Dr. Clarence E. Mickel for suggesting this problem and for his constant encour- agement, suggestions, and ready aid during all phases of this study. His good humor, enthusiasm, and forebearance with the author during the years of this study have made this work especially enjoyable. Apterogyninae The subfamily Apterogyninae was proposed by Andre (1899) 203 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 4 to include the single old world genus Apterogyna Latreille. In 1903 Andre divided the Mutillidae into five subfamilies, assigning Chyphotes to the Methocinae and retaining Apterogyna in the Apterogyninae. Ashmead (1899) established the family Myrmo- sidae and in 1903 subdivided it into the subfamilies Bradynobae- ninae, Myrmosinae (including Chyphotes) , and Apterogyninae (in- cluding Apterogyna) . Fox (1899) in his classification of the North American Mutillidae divided the family into the subfamilies Mutil- linae and Thynninae, including Chyphotes in the later group. Bradley and Bequaert (1928) considered that both Apterogyna and Chyphotes were Mutillids and placed each in a separate subfamily, the Apterogyninae and Chyphotinae respectively. In discussing the affinities of the Myrmosinae, Krombein (1939) separates the Myrmosinae from the Mutillidae chiefly by the absence of a pair of felt lines on the second abdominal segment in both males and females. He considers that “. . . genera such as Chyphotes Blake . . . seem to be more allied to the true Mutillids on the basis of the ‘felt’ lines on the second abdominal tergite rather than to some other family.” The subfamily Apterogyninae (in the sense of this paper) is considered a subfamily of the Mutillidae containing the two genera, Apterogyna Latreille and Chyphotes Blake on the basis of the felt lines on the second abdominal tergite. The following characters separate Apterogyna and Chyphotes from other Mutillids ; the presence of an anal lobe on the hind wings of the males with the exception of the old world genus Pseudophotopsis, which also has anal lobes on the hind wings in the males; the presence of a sub- terete first abdominal sternite anterior to the tergite in both the males and females; the hypopygium of the males unciform, with two smaller lateral aculei; the fusion of the metapleura and the propodeum in the males ; the presence of a movable suture between the prothorax and the fused posterior segments of the thorax in the females ; the presence of a tooth or tubercle anterior to and between the hind coxae ; a distinct similarity between the male genitalia. Apterogyna occurs only in the old world and may be readily dis- tinguished from Chyphotes, found only in western North America, by the distinct constriction between the second and third abdominal segments of both males and females and by the much reduced vena- tion of the anterior wings of the males. The two lateral aculei of Apterogyna arise separately from the posterior edge of the hypopyg- ium adjacent to the central aculeus. In Chyphotes, the two lateral aculei have fused with the shaft of the central aculeus three-fourths of its length from the tip. 204 October, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Genus Chyphotes Blake Mutilla (species nubecula) Cresson, 1865, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 4: 440. Agama (species belfragei) Blake, 1871, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 3 : 263-264. Agama (species attenuata) Blake, 1872, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 4: 76. Agama (species albipes) Cresson, 1874, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 5: 99. Photopsis (Groups A, B, C, in part.) Blake, 1886, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 13 : 263-286. Chyphotes (species elevatus) Blake, 1886, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 13 : 276. Photopsis (Groups A, B, C, in part.) Cockerell, 1895, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 22 : 289-291. Sphaerophthalma (species frugala ) Cameron, 1896, Biol. Centr. Amer. 2 : 394. Chyphotes Ashmead, 1896, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 23 : 181. Mutilla (in part.) Dalla Torre, 1897, Catalogus Hymen. 8: 5. Chyphotes Fox (in part.) 1899, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 25: 275-278. Typhoctes (species attenuatus) Ashmead, 1899, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 7 : 53-54. Chyphotes Andre, 1903, Genera Insectorum, i fasc. 11 : 1-77. Chyphotes Ashmead, 1903, Canad. Entom. 35 : 201-202. Typhoctes (male, nec. female) Ashmead, 1903, Canad. Entom. 35 : 201-202. Chyphotes Melander, 1903, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 29 : 326-327. Chyphotes Baker, 1903, Invertebrata Pacifica 1 : 116-119. Chyphotes Bradley, 1917, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 43 : 283-288. Genotype: Chyphotes elevatus Blake, monobasic, female, sole species originally included. Diagnostic characters of the males: Head sub-ovate from above, somewhat wider than prothorax but distinctly narrower than mesothorax ; ocelli very large, compound eyes ovate, promi- nently hemispherical, distinctly faceted, blackish, with an emargination along outer margin and a smaller emargination along inner margin ; mandibles bidentate, distal one third smooth, reddish hyaline, edentate at the tip and with a small tooth within near the apex; middle coxae widely separated; mesosternum without a pair of laminate plates overlying the 205 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 4 middle coxae ; a transverse carina immediately anterior to each middle coxa ; a more or less mamilliform process anterior to and between each hind coxa ; parapsidal furrows absent ; propodeum generally rugose or reticulate medially ; first abdominal tergite punctate, expanded, extending anteriorly from the posterior margin one half to one third the length of the sternite; the anterior portion of first sternite not covered by the tergite, sub- terete, rugose or punctate ; second abdominal tergite with a felt line on each side near the lateral margin; hypopygium unci- form, the aculeus with a pair of proximal, short lateral spines directed obliquely caudad ; hind tibia with two calcaria, unequal in length ; hind wings with a well developed anal lobe ; stigma of front wings large, distinct; front wings with two or three submarginal cells and one or two discoidal cells. Diagnostic characters of the females : width of the head dis- tinctly less than the widest part of thorax; eyes very small, faceted, blackish, ovoid, the ventral margin weakly truncate; mandibles bidentate, distal two thirds smooth, reddish hyaline, edentate at the tip and with a small tooth near the apex ; middle coxae widely separated; mesothorax much wider than the pro- thorax, completely fused with the metathorax and propodeum ; metasternum with a pair of flattened teeth anterior to and be- tween hind coxae ; first abdominal tergite inflated, broadly join- ing second tergite dorsally but covering only posterior one third of first sternite, the latter slender, short, terete, very weakly punctate; middle tibia with two calcaria, unequal in length; middle tibia with two rows of spines on the outer distal surface, one row composed of four or five spines and the other of two or three. Historical Discussion The earliest known species of Chyphotes was described by Cres- son (1865) as Mutilla nubecula. Blake (1871) included nubecula and a new species, belfragei, in his new genus Agama. Attenuata was described by Blake (1872) and albipes by Cresson (1874), both species being assigned to Agama. Blake (1886) substituted Pho- topsis for Agama, due to the fact that the latter was preoccupied in the Reptilia. The female sex of Photopsis was unknown to Blake, and he suggested that his new genus Chyphotes, which was erected to include the single female elevatus, might represent the female sex of Photopsis. Subsequently, two males were described, but not being recognized as males of Chyphotes, were assigned to Photopsis by Cockerell (1895) and to Sphaerophthalma by Cameron (1896). 206 October, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Ashmead was the first to recognize that certain males assigned to Photopsis, that is, albipes, belfragei, melaniceps, attenuata, and “two or three other species” actually represented the male sex of Chyphotes. Dalle Torre (1897) in his Catalog of Hymenoptera placed all the described species of Chyphotes in the genus Mutilla. Fox (1899) accepted Ashmead ’s correlation of the male and female sexes of Chyphotes, described several new species of both sexes, and presented the first published key to species in the genus. He also included in Chyphotes the female Mutilla peculiaris Cresson, which Ashmead the same year designated as the genotype of his new genus Typhoctes. Ashmead, in proposing the genus Typhoctes, presented keys to both sexes of Chyphotes, Typhoctes, and related genera. Although the female peculiaris Cresson was the only species defi- nitely mentioned in relation to Typhoctes, the genus was diagnosed in the male section of the key without any reference to an included species. Chyphotes attenuatus Blake agrees with the characters in Ashmead ’s key and subsequent authors have considered attenuatus as representing the male sex of Typhoctes. Andre (1903), in com- menting on this situation states, “The placing of these males ( at- tenuatus) in Typhoctes, which does not appear to me to be based on observation to accompany it, remains then uncertain.” All the evidence from external morphology and comparative study of male genitalia indicate to the writer that attenuatus is a true Chyphotes and that the male sex of Typhoctes still remains unknown. Addi- tional new species were described by Melander (1903 ), Baker (1903), and Bradley (1917), the latter two authors also presenting modified keys to the species of males. Geographical Distribution The genus Chyphotes occurs only in western North America, the center of distribution of species being Arizona, New Mexico, and southern California. The eastern limit of distribution as deter- mined from specimens examined is central Texas and western Kan- sas. Several species should eventually be taken from western North and South Dakota, Nebraska, and Oklahoma. One species is found in southwestern Canada and northwestern United States. It is not known exactly how far south in Mexico Chyphotes occurs, but speci- mens were examined from the extreme southern tip of Lower Cali- fornia. Detailed distribution records are included in the list of specimens examined accompanying each specific discussion. Taxonomic Characters The most important morphological characters useful in separat- 207 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 4 mg the males are as follows : the presence or absence of a comb of stiff, erect, bristles at the posterior margin of the fourth and fifth abdominal sternites ; the presence or absence of a dense tuft of short, erect hairs on the ventral inner margin of the middle and hind coxae ; the tubercles or teeth anterior to and between the hind coxae are important; a few species have these processes in the form of peg-like teeth, in others they are mamilliform processes, and in still others they are very low, indistinct tubercles ; the transverse carinae immediately anterior to the middle coxae may be present or absent ; in some species the mesosternnm is medially, longitudinally, de- pressed ; in one species this mesosternal depression is closed anteri- orly by a pair of horizontal teeth arising from each side of the de- pression and almost contiguous at the middline ; the globose form of the first abdominal tergite has been used to characterize calexicensis ; the presence in the front wings of two or three submarginal cells and the presence or absence of the second discoidal cell is useful in differentiating groups of species but the venation of the wings is otherwise of little specific value. The following color variations have been found useful ; the legs vary in color from light yellow to piceous; the ocellar area and antennae may be concolorous with the head or infuscated; the head is infuscated in two species and the abdomen in one; in some cases the third abdominal tergite is infuscated. The most important morphological characters useful in separat- ing the females are as follows: the relative lengths of the first and second segments of the flagellum ; the angle between the inner edges of the teeth anterior to and between the hind coxae ; the punctation of the anterior half of the anterior face of the mesopleura ; the punc- tation or striation of the posterior face of the propodeum ; the char- acter and degree of punctation of the body; the presence of either an obtuse, or of an acute or right angle at the dorsal junction of the first abdominal tergite and sternite; the presence or absence of a deep transverse notch on the first abdominal sternite at the junction with the first abdominal tergite; color variations such as pale yel- low, testaceous, or infuscated legs, a concolorous or infuscated third abdominal tergite, and the presence of golden instead of buffy pubescence, have proved useful. Subgeneric Groupings The males of the genus Chyphotes fall into three groups of spe- cies, based chiefly on differences in wing venation. The nubeculus group is characterized by possessing two discoidal and three sub- marginal cells in the anterior wings and the belfragei complex with 208 October, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA two cliscoidal and two submarginal cells in the fore wings. The complement of cells presented by the attenuatus group, which has only the first discoidal and two submarginal cells in the front wings, represents the greatest reduction of wing venation within the genus. The females of Chyphotes also can be arranged in three groups. The elevatus group differs from the two others in having the first segment of the flagellum equal to or longer than the second segment, the anterior one-half of the anterior face of the mesopleura punctate, and the angle at the junction of the first abdominal tergite and sternite ninety degrees or less. Both the nubeculus and striatus groups have the first segment of the flagellum shorter than the sec- ond, a glabrous area on the anterior one-half of the anterior face of the mesopleura, and a distinctly obtuse angle at the junction of the first abdominal sternite and tergite. The posterior face of the pro- podeum is transversely striate in the striatus group and punctate throughout in the nubeculus series. The nubeculus and belfragei groups of males have been corre- lated in part with the nubeculus and elevatus groups of females respectively. The correlation between the attenuatus series of males and the striatus group of females is entirely tentative, as it is based only upon elimination. A more detailed discussion of these rela- tionships is presented hereafter. The list of known species which follows has the specific groups arranged in a possible phylogenetic sequence, proceeding from the generalized to the more specialized forms on the basis of the reduction in wing venation. A. nubeculus group similis (Baker) nubeculus (Cresson) heathii Melander bruscus n. sp. albipes (Cresson) mickeli subsp. mickeli n. sp. and n. subsp. mickeli subsp. polingi n. sp. and n. subsp. epedaphus n. sp. B. belfragei group calexicensis Bradley melaniceps (Blake) belfragei (Blake) peninsular is Fox jugatus n. sp. calif ornicus Baker C. attenuatus group subulatus n. sp. attenuatus (Blake) pallidus n. sp. D. elevatus group elevatus Blake testaceipes Fox auripilus n. sp. petiolatus Fox pilosus n. sp. E. striatus group pixus n. sp. striatus n. sp. punctatus Fox segregatus n. sp. 209 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 4 Key to Species of Chyphotes Males 1. Front wings with second discoidal cell present 2 Front wings with second discoidal cell absent 14 2. Front wings with three submarginal cells 3 Front wings with two submarginal cells 9 3. Fourth and fifth abdominal sternites with a comb of several stiff erect bristles at the posterior margin 4 Fourth and fifth abdominal sternites without a comb of several stiff erect bristles at the posterior margin 5 4. Head piceous similis Baker Head concolorous with body nubeculus Cresson 5. Mesosternum without distinct transverse carinae before middle coxae; ventral, inner margins of middle and hind coxae with a small brush of short, thick, erect hairs ; ocellar area infuscated 6 Mesosternum with a very distinct transverse carina interrupted medially immediately in front of middle coxae ; ventral surface of middle and hind coxae with only the usual sparse long hairs 7 6. Femora and tibiae infuscated, darker than body. heathii Melander Femora and tibiae concolorous with or lighter than body. bruscus n. sp. 7. Metasternum with a pair of strong erect teeth immediately in front of and between the hind coxae albipes Cresson Metasternum without a pair of strong erect teeth immediately in front of and between the hind coxae, or if present, low 8 8. Legs very pale yellow, much paler than body. mickeli subsp. mickeli n. sp. and n. subsp. Legs testaceous, concolorous with body. mickeli subsp. polingi n. sp. and n. subsp. 9. First abdominal tergite globose calexicensis Bradley First abdominal tergite enlarged but not hemispherical 10 10. Clypeus and mouthparts ferruginous, remainder of head piceous melaniceps Blake Entire head concolorous with body 11 11. Femora and tibiae partially infuscated belfragei Blake Femora and tibiae entirely yellow or concolorous with body 12 12. Posterior half of mesosternum flat or slightly convex, excepting 210 October, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA a narrow median longitudinal sulcus; distinctly punctate throughout; propleura closely, confluently punctate. peninsularis Fox Posterior half of mesosternum distinctly and broadly concave, either sparsely punctate medially or concavity almost en- tirely impunctate ; propleura with distinct separated punc- tures 13 13. Mesosternal concavity closed anteriorly by a pair of horizontal teeth whose apices meet or almost meet at the mid-line ; surface of concavity distinctly punctured laterally, sparsely or not at all punctured medially; each lateral margin of concavity defined by a weak oblique carina; posterior two-thirds of mesosternite shallowly concave. jugatus n. sp. Mesosternal concavity open, without horizontal teeth anteri- orly; entirely glabrous, impunctate throughout, each lat- eral margin defined by distinct oblique carinae; posterior two-thirds of mesosternite deeply concave. calif ornicus Baker 14. Abdomen much darker than thorax, entirely piceous except anterior half of petiole more or less testaceous. subulatus n. sp. Abdomen for the most part concolorous with the thorax, either dark testaceous or pale yellow 15 15. Third abdominal tergite blackish, remainder of abdomen dark testaceous and concolorous with the head and thorax ; legs usually paler than body, sometimes infuscated. attenuatus Blake Body, antennae, and legs pale yellow, except abdominal seg- ments posterior to second gradually becoming pale testa- ceous; third tergite not blackish pallidus n. sp. Key to Species of Chyphotes Females 1. First segment of flagellum equal to or longer than the second segment; anterior one-half of anterior face of mesopleura punctate ; angle at junction of first abdominal tergite and petiole ninety degrees or less 7 First segment of flagellum shorter than second segment; ante- rior one-half of anterior face of mesopleura glabrous ; angle at junction of first abdominal tergite and petiole much greater than ninety degrees 2 211 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 4 2. Posterior face of propodeum transversely striate 3 Posterior face of propodeum punctate, not transversely striate 6 3. Propodeal striations very weak, almost obsolete, punctation on head and thorax light but regular ; body light yellow ex- cept last two abdominal segments slightly testaceous; ves- titure light golden yellow; 3.8 mm pixus n. sp. Propodeal striations distinct ; punctation on head and thorax deep and coarse ; body testaceous 4 4. Third abdominal tergite with a distinct blackish band; body dark testaceous; interspaces between thoracic punctures shiny; punctation of first abdominal tergite as coarse as that of the second tergite striatus n. sp. Third abdominal tergite dark testaceous but not blackish ; mar- gins of thoracic punctures not clearly defined, interspaces aciculate and rather dull ; punctation of first abdominal tergite lighter than that of the second tergite 5 5. Body reddish testaceous ; femora dark, mahogany testaceous. punctatus Fox Body light testaceous ; femora light yellow. segregatus n. sp. 6. Femora and tibiae piceous or infuscated albipes n. comb. Femora and tibiae testaceous or light yellow. epedaphus n. sp. 7. Femora and tibia piceous or infuscated; third abdominal ter- gite infuscated or darker than remainder of abdomen. elevatus Blake Femora and tibiae testaceous or light yellow; abdominal ter- gites concolorous 8 8. Inner edges of metasternal teeth sub-parallel or acutely Y-shaped testaceipes Fox Inner edges of metasternal teeth not sub-parallel but broadly Y- or U-shaped 9 9. Pubescence on dorsal part of head, thorax, and first three abdominal tergites bright golden yellow. auripilus n. sp. Pubescence on dorsal part of head, thorax, and first three ab- dominal tergites buff or dull grayish yellow 10 10. Petiole without a deep transverse notch at junction with first abdominal tergite petiolatus Fox Petiole with a deep transverse notch at junction with first abdominal tergite pilosus n. sp. 212 October, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Chyphotes similis Baker Plate XI, Figure 6 1903. Chyphotes similis Baker, Invertebrata Pacifica 1 : 116. male. 1917. Chyphotes similis Bradley, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 43 : 286. male. Holotype. — Male, Claremont, California (no date) (C. H. Baker), in collection of Pomona College, Claremont, California. Allotype. — Male, Claremont, California (no date) (C. H. Baker), in collection of Pomona College, Claremont, California. Distribution. — California (25), Utah (1), Mexico (8) (Lower California). Baker states that similis is related to nubeculus in general char- acters, “but it lacks entirely the ventral tufts said to be most strik- ingly characteristic of that species.” My examination of Baker’s holotype of similis reveals that the ventral tufts or stiff erect bristles on the fourth and fifth abdominal sternites are present. Bradley (1917), in couplet three and four of his key to species of Chyphotes males, erroneously separates heathii as having these ventral tufts and similis as lacking them, when the opposite is true. Unfortu- nately, these errors in the keys have led to many misidentifications. The cuspis of the genitalia possess a characteristic longitudinal row of blunt peg-like spines which vary in number from two to six. Only the normal scattered pointed spines are present on the cuspis of nuheculus. Chyphotes nubeculus Cresson Plate X, Figure 3 1865. Mutilla nubecula Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 4:440. male. 1871. Agama nubecula Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 3 : 264. male. 1886. Photopsis nubecula Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 13 : 266. male. 1897. Mutilla nubecula Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymen. 8: 67. male. 1898. Chyphotes nubeculus Fox, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 25:276. male. 1917. Chyphotes nubeculus Bradley, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 43 : 286. male. Holotype. — Male, Colorado (no date) (E. T. Cresson), type no. 1889, in collection of American Entomological Society, Philadel- phia, Pennsylvania. 213 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 4 Distribution. — Arizona (144), New Mexico (6), Colorado (6), Montana (1), Kansas (4). In the holotype of nubeculus cell R4 is cuboidal, veins R4 and R5 being parallel. Examination of a series of this species reveals that cell R4 varies from cuboidal to rectangular. In the experience of the author, piceous head color is a valid character in the separation of similis from nubeculus. The male genitalia of this species possess a rounded, cushion- like structure covered with short stout spines on the ental portion of the basiparamere adjacent to the base of the digitus. No comparable structure is present on the male genitalia of similis. Chyphotes heathii Melander Plate XI, Figure 7 1903. Chyphotes heathii Melander, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 29 : 326. male. 1917. Chyphotes heathii Bradley, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 43 : 284. male. Holotype. — Male, Pacific Grove, California, May, 1901 (H. Heath), in collection of Washington State College, Pullman, Wash- ington. Distribution! — California (3). Heathii and bruscus can be separated from related species by the brush of short, thick, erect hairs on the ventral, inner margins of the meso- and metacoxae and by the absence of a transverse carina before the mesocoxae. The femora and tibiae of heathii are infuscated, while those of bruscus are concolorous with the body. The genitalia of the two species are distinct, and although the shape of the para- mere of bruscus is subject to some variation, the structures figured are typical and adequate for separation. Chyphotes bruscus n. sp. Plate XI, Figure 8 Male: head testaceous, except ocellar region infuscated; area inclosed by ocelli darkest, shading into testaceous laterally at margin of compound eyes and anteriorly almost to base of antennae ; flagellum slightly infuscated ; scape and pedicel light testaceous, the latter with sparse uneven setae ; compound eyes relatively large, emarginate anteriorly around bases of mandi- bles, frontal and genal margins slightly concave ; a deep pit on front between bases of mandibles and antennae ; a slight dimple- like pit on frontal midline anterior to anterior ocellus ; head sub- glabrous, sparsely micropunctate, vestiture uneven, light yel- 214 October, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA low; thorax entirely pale testaceous; pronotnm sparsely punc- tate dorsally becoming impunctate laterally; propleura gla- brous with a tuft of setae adjacent to coxae; mesonotal punc- tation irregular ; punctation of mesopleura anterio-ventracl regular, sub-contiguous, becoming sparser adjacent to pro- podeal margin; scutellum impunctate medially, lightly punc- tate laterally; propodeum sparsely and irregularly punctate, each puncture with a short carina along anterior margin; a raised carina along mid- ventral line between middle and hind coxae, mesosternum and metasternum glabrous; legs pale yel- law throughout ; middle and hind coxae with a brush of short, thick, erect hairs on ventral, inner margins; first abdominal sternite longer than hind femora, shallowly rugose ventrad; punctation of first abdominal tergite denser and slightly deeper than on second tergite ; third abdominal tergite with a piceus or brownish transverse band interrupted medially; entire abdo- men covered with moderately dense long, light yellowish pubes- cence ; wings hyaline, with three submarginal cells ; cell R5 re- ceiving both m-cu and M3 + 4 ; cell R4 widest anteriorly ; stigma testaceous, wings slightly infumated beyond ; length 7.2 mm. Holotype. — Male: Pinon Plat, California, May 30, 1939 (E. G. Linsley), in collection of Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, California. Paratypes. — California: male, Nesperia, Sept. 26, 1937 (E. G. Anderson) (U.M.) ; 2 males, Pinon Flat, May 30, 1939 (E. G. Lins- ley) (C.E.S.) ; male, Riverside, July 7, 1936 (G. P. Engelhardt) (K.V.K.) ; male, Tehachapi, Aug. 11, 1935 (G. D. Hanna) (C.A.S.) ; male, Los Gatos, Aug. 1, 1933 (J. A. Kusche) (C.A.S. ). Arizona: male, Axtec, Mar. 27, 1934 (P. H. Timberlake) (C.E.S.). Distribution. — California, Arizona. Paratypes vary in length from 7.0 to 8.2 millimeters but other- wise agree very well with the holotype. Among the paratypes there is a slight variation in the degree of infuscation of the antennae. The difference in leg color was found to be a valid character in sepa- rating heathii from bruscus. The basiparamere of the male geni- talia of bruscus is quadrangular, while that of heathii is ovoid in outline. Differences in the shape and vestiture of the paramere can also be seen in figures 7 and 8 on plate XI. Chyphotes albipes Cresson Plant XII, Figure 10 1874. Agama albipes Cresson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 5 : 99. male. 215 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 4 1875. Agama albipes Cresson, Kept. GTeogr. and Geol. Explor. and Surv. 100th Merid. 5 : 711. male. 1886. Photopsis albipes Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 13 : 268. male. 1897. Mutilla albipes Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymen. 8 : 7. male. 1899. Chyphotes albipes Pox, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 25: 278. male. 1903. Chyphotes nevadensis Baker, Invert. Pacifica 1 : 118. male. 1917. Chyphotes ablipes Bradley, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 43 : 286. male. Holotype. — male: Nevada, 1874 (Cresson), type No. 1888.1 in collection of American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, Penn- sylvania. Paratype. — male: Colorado (no date) (Cresson), type No. 1888.2 in collection of American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Distribution. — Montana (1), Utah (4), Colorado (1), Washing- ton (3), Oregon (3), California (2), Canada (2) (Alberta). Female: body testaceous, becoming slightly darker toward apex of abdomen; legs infuscated; head testaceous, punctate throughout except for small glabrous area in gular region; punctures shallow, disconnected, interspaces dull; pubescence of head dense, decumbent, buffy yellow; second segment of flagellum very distinctly longer than first, pedicel darker testa- ceous than flagellum; eyes flattened ventrally, one and one- quarter times as long as wide ; thorax entirely testaceous ; pro- pleura sparsely, lightly punctate, with a tuft of erect setae adjacent to front coxae; punctures on pronotum circular, deep, separated ; anterior half of anterior face of mesopleura glabrous ; posterior face of propodeum glabrous, very sparsely punctate; punctation of dorsal, anterior portion of propodeum deep, coarse with a raised carina along posterior edge of each puncture; punctation of mesonotum strong, well defined, simi- lar to pronotum ; punctate portion of thorax sparsely clothed with erect and decumbent pubescence ; mesosternum with a diag- onal carina anterior to and between the middle coxae; a deep pit on mid-ventral line between middle coxae; a raised trans- verse carina on metasternum anterior to hind coxae; meso- sternum and metasternum lightly punctate ; anterior portion of first abdominal sternite not covered by tergite, glabrous, terete, slightly curved, meeting the tergite at an obtuse angle; ab- 216 October, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA domen testaceous cephalad, becoming darker testaceous cau- dad; punctation on second tergite shallow, elongate, well sepa- rated ; abdominal vestiture semi-erect, decumbent, buffy-yellow ; legs infuscated, lightly punctate, sparsely covered with pale, semi-erect setae ; length 7.7 mm. Allotype. — female, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada, Aug. 18, 1939 (J. L. Carr), in collection of University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. Although the allotype female was not observed in copulo, it was taken from the same locality as an albipes male. Inasmuch as albipes is the only species of Chyphotes with a distribution which includes Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada, this female is tentatively designated as the allotype of that species. The males and female are dimorphic but have identical coloration. I have examined the holotypes of both albipes Cresson and neva- densis Baker and like Bradley (1917) have been unable to find any significant points of difference between them. The indecision in the literature regarding the identity of albipes males has been due to insufficient definition of this species resulting in confusion with mickeli subsp. mickeli and mickeli subsp. polingi. Judging from available distribution records, albipes seems confined to northwest- ern United States and southwestern Canada, while mickeli is found in southwestern United States. The male genitalia of albipes are very distinct from the two subspecies of mickeli. Chyphotes mickeli subsp. mickeli n. sp. and n. subsp. Plate XII, Figure 9 Male : head, including ocellar area, entirely testaceous ; com- pound eyes large, emarginate anteriorly around base of man- dibles; margin of eyes slightly concave adjacent to front and deeply indentate along genal margin; ocelli very large, poste- rior ocelli closer to compound eyes than to each other ; vestiture of clypeus denser than front ; punctation on head very sparse and shallow, surface glabrous; thorax entirely testaceous; pronotal punctation moderately dense dorsally, becoming sparser and irregularly spaced laterally ; posterior and ventral margins impunctate ; propleura glabrous except for a tuft of setae immediately before coxae; mesonotum with scattered ir- regular punctures; punctation on mesopleura aciculate, dense, confluent, rather deep anteriorly from base of wings to mid- ventral line, becoming more sparsely punctate adjacent to coxae and propodeum; propodeum irregularly reticulate medially, 217 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 4 with a fine seta arising from anterior edge of each mesh ; later- ally, propodeal reticulation fuse into deep punctures; meso- sternum with a transverse carina before each middle coxa; tooth or tubercle before and between hind coxae absent or ves- tigial, not peg-like; legs pale yellow throughout, lighter than body; abdomen testaceous; first abdominal sternite distinctly longer than hind femora, with weakly defined, elongate meshes caudad ; first abdominal tergite strongly, confluently punctate, each puncture surrounded by a raised lip, higher along anterior margin; punctation on second abdominal tergite very shallow but regularly spaced; abdominal segments posterior to second lightly and shallowly punctate; abdominal pubescence mod- erately dense, grayish white ; wings hyaline, slightly infumated beyond stigma, with three submarginal and two discoidal cells ; vein R5 divergent above, making cell R5 widest anteriorly; stigma infuscated ; length 10.8 mm. Holotype. — Male, Palm Springs, California, March 3, 1933 (T. Zschokke), in collection of University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Min- nesota. Paratypes. — California: Palm Springs, 3 males, March 3, 1933; 46 males, March 28, 1933 ; 32 males, April 9, 1933 ; 15 males, April 13, 1933 ; 19 males, April 15, 1933 ; 24 males, April 23, 1933 ; 5 males, April 26, 1933 ; 2 males, April 29, 1933 ; at light, 19 males, May 1, 1933 ; 5 males, May 2, 1933 ; 13 males, May 4, 1933 ; 7 males, May 6, 1933 ; 7 males, May 7, 1933 ; 2 males, May 12, 1933 ; 8 males, May 13, 1933 ; 14 males, May 14, 1933 ; 9 males, May 15, 1933 ; 24 males (May), 1933; 2 males, Nov. 22, 1932; 14 males, Fall, 1932 (T. Zschokke) (U.M.) ; male, Indio, May 1-2, 1918 (S. C. Bradley) (C.U.) ; male, Riverside Co., Snow Creek Canyon, March 25, 1935 (C. Brown) (C.B) ; male, Benton, 56,000 ft. elev., Sept. 1, 1937 (E. G. Anderson) (U.M.) ; male, Omo Ranch, July 18, 1925 (C. C. Wil- son) ; male, Kramer Hills, April 7, 1934 (S. W. Haver) (C.B.S.) ; male, Victorville, May 19, 1935 (C. M. Dammers) (U.M.). New Mexico: male, Mesilla Park, at light, Sept. 22 (Cockerell) (U.M.). Arizona: 4 males, Yuma, April 15, 1938; 2 males, Wellton, April 14, 1938 (F. H. Parker) (U.M.) ; male, May 5, 6, 1918 (J. C. Bradley) (C.U.) ; 2 males, Willton, April 23, 1935 (F. H. Parker) ; male, June 23, 1935 (U.M.) ; male, Maricopa, Pinal Co., Oct. 17, 1927 (J. A. Kusche) (C.A.S.). Mexico : Lower California: male, 45 miles north of San Ignacio, July 27, 1938 (Michelbacher, Ross) (C.A.S.). Distribution. — California, New Mexico, Arizona, Mexico (Lower California). 218 October, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA The presence of a pair of peg-like teeth anterior to and between the hind coxae readily distinguish mickeli from albipes, its closest relative. The male genitalia of the two species are very distinct. In addition, albipes seems confined to northwestern United States and southwestern Canada, while mickeli is found only in Texas and southwestern United States and northern Mexico. This species has been respectfully dedicated to Dr. Clarence E. Mickel. Chyphotes mickeli subsp. polingi n. sp. and n. subsp. Male : head and antennae testaceous ; ocelli large, posterior two closer to compound eyes than to each other ; punctation of head shallow, sparse, irregular ; thorax entirely testaceous, sparsely covered with grayish white pubescence ; legs testaceous, concolorous with body; a low transverse carina before middle coxae ; a tooth or tubercle in front of and between hind coxae ; abdomen light testaceous cephalad, becoming slightly darker caudad ; length 9.8 mm. Holotype. — male: Ft. Davis, Texas, Jeff Davis Co., 6000 ft. (elev.), Davis Mts. Nov. 1-15, 1927 (O. C. Poling), in collection of Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallis, Oregon. Paratypes. — Ft. Davis, Texas, Jeff Davis Co., 6000 ft. (elev.), Davis Mts., 38 males Nov. 1-15, 1927 ; 4 males 4 ‘July- Aug. 1927 and 1928” (O. C. Poling) (O.A.C.) ; male, Nov. 1-15, 1927 (O. C. Poling) (K.V.K.). Distribution. — Texas. Polingi differs from the subspecies mickeli only in that the legs of the former are testaceous and concolorous with the body, while the legs of the latter are pale yellow and lighter than the body. The teeth or tubercles anterior to the hind coxae show slightly greater development in polingi than in mickeli , but are not peg-like as in albipes. Available distribution records indicate that these two subspecies have distinct geographical distributions. As the male genitalia of mickeli subsp. mickeli and mickeli subsp. polingi are identical, only the former has been figured. All the polingi type material was collected by Mrs. O. C. Poling, to whom this subspecies is dedicated. Chyphotes calexicensis Bradley 1927. Chyphotes calexicensis Bradley, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 43 : 284. male. Holotype. — male: Calexico, California, Aug. 11, 1914 (J. C. 219 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 4 Bradley), in collection of Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, type No. 127.1. I have examined the holotype of calexicensis and agree with Bradley that it is worthy of specific rank. This unique is considered most closely related to melaniceps, but I have been unable to find additional specimens in a long series of the latter species. The globose first abdominal tergite is very distinctive and adequately separates this species from melaniceps. The genitalia of calexi- censis have not been examined. Chyphotes melaniceps (Blake) Plate XI, Figure 5 1886. Photopsis melaniceps Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 13 : 264. male. 1895. Photopsis belfragei var. melaniceps Cockerell, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 22 : 291. male. 1897. Mutilla melaniceps Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymen. 8 : 60. male. 1899. Chyphotes melaniceps Fox, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 25 : 277. male. 1903. Chyphotes piceiceps Baker, Entomologica Pacifica 1 : 116. male. (New synonymy). 1917. Chyphotes melaniceps Bradley, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 43: 287. male. Holotype. — Male : Arizona (type locality as given by Blake but type specimen bears no locality label) (C. A. Blake), in collection of American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Distribution. — California (158), Arizona (461), New Mexico (6), Texas (90), Utah (4), Nevada (1), Idaho (1), Oregon (1), Mexico (Coahuila) (3). The holotype of this species and Chyphotes piceiceps Baker have been examined and as no essential differences between the two could be found, I am forced to the conclusion that the two species are synonymous. Unfortunately Baker (1903) did not have the holotype of melaniceps at hand when describing his species. Bradley (1927) does not include piceiceps in his discussion of the species of Chy- photes. The characters employed in the key to species of males very adequately separate it from all related species. The male genitalia of this species are distinctive, and the structure figured on plate XI is typical. A large series of genitalia was extracted, mounted, and studied, but no variation outside that considered nor- mal was detected. 220 October, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA City phot es b elf rag ei Blake Plate XIII, Figure 11 1871. Agama Belfragei Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 3 : 263. male. 1886. Photopsis Belfragei Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 13 : 263. male. 1895. Photopsis belfragei Cockerell, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 22 : 291. male. 1896. Sphaerophthalma frugala Cameron, Biol. Centr. Amer. 2 : 394. male. 1897. Mutilla Belfragei Dalla Torre, Cat. Hymen. 8 : 15. male. 1899. Chyphotes Belfragei Fox, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 25 : 277. male. 1903. Chyphotes Belfragei Melander, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 29 : 326. male. 1917. Chyphotes belfragei Bradley, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 43 : 287. male. Holotype. — Male: Texas (no date) (Belfrage), type no. 4590 in the collection of the American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Distribution. — Texas (112), Arizona (106), New Mexico (11), Mexico (4), Kansas (7), Colorado (2). Belfragei is the only species in the belfragei group (front wings with two submarginal cells) which has infuscated femora and tibiae. Specimens from Texas had, in most cases, both the femora and tibiae quite dark, while those specimens from New Mexico and Arizona were more testaceous. However, all gradations were noted, and the distinction was not considered adequate for subspecific ranking. Chyphotes peninsularis Fox Plate XIII, Figure 12 1899. Chyphotes peninsularis Fox, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 25 : 277. male. 1917. Chyphotes peninsularis Bradley, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 43 : 284. male. Holotype. — Male, Lower California (no date), type no. 4664 in collection of American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, Penn- sylvania. Distribution. — California (30), Arizona (8), Mexico (31) (Lower California). 221 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 4 Although 'peninsular is, jugatus, and calif ornicus are closely re- lated, the former can be separated from the latter two species by the characters given in the key. In the male genitalia, differences are found in the shape of the paramere, digitus, and cuspis. The most striking difference occurs in the size of the genitalia, that of peninsularis being about three-fifths as long as that of jugatus and calif ornicus. Chyphotes jugatus n. sp. Male : head testaceous, antennae light yellow, pedicel with sparse irregular setae, scape and flagellum with short, dense, semi-erect pubescence; punctation on head moderately deep, evenly spaced; gular area shining, glabrous; compound eyes ovate, posterior ventral edge sharply immarginate, anterior edge reaching bases of mandibles; ocelli prominent, posterior two closer to compound eyes than to posterior margin of head ; vestiture of head sparse, long, whitish; thorax testaceous; pro- notum and mesonotum evenly, moderately densely punctate, becoming slightly coarser laterally; propleura glabrous anteri- orly, posterior portion with a tuft of whitish erect hairs ; meso- pleura with deep, coarse, but even spaced punctation; propo- deal reticulations large, irregular, with high margins medially, becoming smaller, more rounded and puncture-like laterally; posterior two-thirds of mesosternite shallowly concave ; anterior edge of concavity closed by two horizontal teeth extending from each side of the mesosternum apices of teeth meet at mid-ventral line ; lateral margins of concavity defined by a pair of weak oblique carinae ; punctation sparser, less coarse in concavity than on surrounding mesosternum ; very sparsely punctured to glabrous medially; transverse carina anterior to mesocoxae very weakly defined; a deep pit present on mid-ventral line just anterior to transverse carina ; teeth anterior to and between hind coxae weakly developed ; medio-ventral carina between ' meso- and meta-coxae well developed ; punctation on metanotum confluent, moderately coarse, metapleura irregularly reticu- late; legs light testaceous, covered with long, whitish, irregu- larly erect setae ; abdomen dark testaceous throughout, covered with long, erect whitish hairs, becoming denser toward apex of abdomen ; first abdominal tergite inflated, densely covered with coarse confluent punctures ; first abdominal sternite coarsely punctate throughout with a distinct longitudinal carina along mid-ventral line of posterior one-sixth of segment; punctation 222 October, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA on second abdominal segment evenly spaced, moderately deep but elongate, with the anterior edge of each puncture higher than the posterior edge • sternite with wide central longitudinal groove ; third abdominal segment lightly, irregularly, punctate and segments posterior to third glabrous; wings hyaline, with two submarginal cells. Holotype. — Male, 25 miles south of Santa Rosalia, Lower Cali- fornia, Mexico, July 25, 1938 (Michelbacher and Ross), in collec- tion of California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California. Paratypes. — California : Male, Riverside, at light, July 11, 1933; male, Sept. 9, 1933 (S. Flanders) (C.E.S.) ; 6 males, San Diego (no date) (L. E. Ricksecker) (U.S.N.M.). Mexico: Lower Cali- fornia : 9 males, Mesquital, July 28, 1933 ; 5 males, Miraflores, July 8, 1938 ; 2 males, 5 miles south of Miraflores, July 10, 1938 ; 7 males, 5 miles west of San Bartolo, July 13, 1938 ; 5 males, Triunfo, July 7, 1938; 2 males, 25 miles south of Santa Rosalia, July 25, 1938; 2 males, Santiago, July 8, 1938; male Chapala Dry Lake, June 21, 1938; male, 7 miles south of El Marmol, June 18, 1938; male, 15 miles north of El Refugio, July 4, 1938; male, Venancio, July 17, 1938 (Ross and Michelbacher) (C.A.S.). Distribution. — California, Mexico (Lower California). This species is most closely related to calif ornicus, from which it has been distinguished on the basis of morphological characters on the mesosternum. The male genitalia of jugatus have not been fig- ured because they are essentially identical with calif ornicus. Some variation occurs in the shape of the paramere, and there seems to be a general tendency for the spines on the distal, ental surface of the squamae to be longer in jugatus than in calif ornicus. In spite of the similarity between the male genitalia, the external morpholog- ical differences between the two groups have been considered suffi- cient to justify delineating jugatus as a separate species. Chyphotes calif ornicus Baker Plate XIII, Figure 13 1903. Chyphotes calif ornicus Baker, Invert. Pacifica. 1 : 117. male. 1917. Chyphotes calif ornicus Bradley, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 49 : 287. male. Holotype. — Male, Claremont, California (no date) (C. F. Baker) (Type No. 4047 in collection of Pomona College, Claremont, Cali- fornia) . Distribution. — California (29), Mexico (22) (Lower California). 223 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 4 Chyphotes subulatus n. sp. Plate X, Figure 1 Male : head testaceous except ocellar area slightly infus- cated ; compound eyes shiny black, oval, distinctly faceted, ap- proaching base of mandibles apicad ; antennae infuscated, pedicel with sparse uneven whitish pubescence; a deep pit on front between antennal socket and base of mandibles ; a pit on mid-frontal line anterior to anterior ocellus; ocelli prominent, lateral ocelli equidistant from compound eyes and posterior margin of head; punctation of head shallow and sparse, each puncture bearing a short pale yellow seta ; punctation on pro- notum shallow, moderately dense, propleura glabrous, with a tuft of erect whitish setae adjacent to coxae; interspaces be- tween punctures on mesonotum greater than on pronotum; pubescence similar to pronotum but shorter and sparser ; meso- pleura densely and regularly punctate ; propodeal reticulations weak, meshes elongate, imperfectly defined, sparsely pubes- cent; mesosternum with a transverse carina anterior to each coxa; a weak carina on mid-ventral line between middle and hind coxae; vestigial tubercles anterior to and between hind coxae; first abdominal sternite testaceous, as long as proximal segment of middle tarsus; first abdominal tergite infuscated, only slightly inflated, punctation light ; except for first sternite, abdomen piceus, pubescence decumbent, whitish longer than that of thorax ; second abdominal sternite with a median longi- tudinal groove ; middle and hind tibiae piceus, all tarsi and forelegs dark testaceous; legs clothed with short decumbent and longer erect whitish setae ; wings hyaline, with one dis- coidal and two submarginal cells ; vein r confluent with R5 ; stigma piceus. Holotype. — Male, Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona. June 21, 1935 (F. H. Parker), in collection of the University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. Paratypes. — 2 males, Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, Cochise Co., Arizona, Aug. 1905 (H. Skinner) (A.E.S.) ; 2 males, Bar Foot Ridge, Cochise Co., Chiricahua Mts., 8500-9700 ft. elev., Aug. 5, 1927 (J. A. Kusche) (C.A.S.). Distribution. — Arizona. This species can readily be differentiated from attenuatus, its closest relative, by the black abdomen. The distribution of this spe- cies as determined from the small number of specimens on hand is limited to Arizona. 224 October, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA The male genitalia of subulatus and attenuatus are distinct and may be distinguished as follows : the basiparamere of the male geni- talia of subulatus is as wide as or wider than it is long, while the basiparamere of attenuatus is distinctly longer than wide. Attenu- atus has four stout sickle or “question mark” shaped hairs on the distal, ental margin and a series of eight short, curved spike-like spines on the distal, ental surface of each paramere. The short, spike-like spines are absent from the paramere of subulatus, and the stout hairs along the distal, ental margin number ten to twelve and are straight or irregularly curved. Chyphotes attenuatus (Blake) Plate X, Figure 2 1872. Agama attenuata Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 4: 76. male. 1886. Photopsis attenuata Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 13 : 264. male. 1886. Photopsis mellipes Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 13 : 262. male. 1895. Photopsis picus Cockerell, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 22 : 292. male. 1897. Mutilla picus Dalle Torre, Cat. Hymen. 8 : 73. male. 1897. Mutilla tenula Dalle Torre, Cat. Hymen. 8 : 91. male. 1899. Chyphotes attenuata Fox, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 25 : 278. male. 1903. Chyphotes attenuatus Melander, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 29 : 326. male. 1903. Typhoctes attenuatus Andre, Genera Insect, fasc. 11 : 11. male. 1917. Typhoctes attenuatus Bradley, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 43 : 288. male. Holotype. — Male, Texas (no date) (Belfrage), type No. 4592 in collection of American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Distribution. — Arizona (343), New Mexico (21), Texas (38), Nevada (1), Kansas (8), Oregon (2), California (1), Mexico (4). The holotype of Chyphotes attenuatus (Blake), melipes (Blake), and picus (Cockerell) have been examined and the justification for the inclusion of the latter two in the synonomy of attenuatus by earlier authors has been confirmed. The generic affinities of this species have been discussed in a previous section of this paper. The key to species of males adequately separates this species from 225 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 4 related forms. Attenuatus has a wide distribution, ranging from Oregon on the north, through California to northern Mexico on the south, and east to Texas and western Kansas. The male genitalia of attenuatus most closely resembles those of subulatus , and characters aiding in their separation have been given under the discussion of the latter species. Chyphotes pallidus n. sp. Plate X, Figure 4 Male : head and antennae pale yellow ; compound eyes ovoid, anterior margin touching bases of mandibles; a slight emargi- nation on compound eye adjacent to front, and a deeper, more angulate emargination along genal margin ; ocelli prominent, very pale orchid, with area enclosed by ocelli slightly raised; head very sparsely covered with shallow punctures, each bear- ing a yellowish semi-erect or decumbent seta; interspaces gla- brous ; a shallow pit on front anterior to anterior ocellus ; a pit on each side of front between base of mandibles and antennae ; pronotum with very sparse shallow punctation, carinae defin- ing edges smooth, impunctate ; punctation on mesonotum slightly denser than on pronotum; propleura glabrous, with a tuft of pale yellow setae before coxae ; anterior portion of meso- pleura densely covered with irregular punctures becoming elon- gate adjacent to propodeum; propodeal surface weakly reticu- late, meshes elongate ; mesosternum with a transverse carina produced to a tubercle before each mesocoxa ; metasternum with a tubercle before each metacoxa ; a weak carina along mid- ventral line between middle and hind coxae ; entire thorax light yellow and sparsely clothed with fine, light yellow pubescence ; first abdominal tergite only moderately inflated, punctures shal- low, contiguous, sloping obliquely caudacl ; vestiture rather dense, long, erect, light yellow; abdominal segments posterior to first with irregular shallow oblique punctures ; vestiture of abdomen very pale yellow, moderately dense; abdomen light yellow, apical four segments slightly darker than terminal seg- ments ; legs very light yellow throughout, clothed with decum- bent and semi-erect, pale pubescence; wings hyaline, stigma pale yellow, with first discoidal cell only; length 9.2 mm. Holotype. — Male, Palm Springs, California, at light, May 13, 1933 (T. Zschokke), in collection of University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. 226 October, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Paratypes. — California : male, Palm Springs, light trap. Sept. 15-0ct. 15, 1932 ; male, April 15, 1933 ; male, April 23, 1933 ; 4 males, May 4, 1933 ; 2 males, May 13, 1933 ; 2 males, May 14,. 1933 ; male, May 15, 1933 ; 2 males, Fail, 1932 (T. Zschokke) (U.M.j ; Yallecitos, San Diego Co., 4 males, Sept. 27, 1936 (C. M. Dammers) (C.M.D.) ; male, Pinon Flat, San Jacinto Mts., May 29, 1939 (M. A. Cazier) (M.A.C.) ; 2 males, Dead Indian Creek, at light, April 25, 1936 (P. H. Timberlake) (C.E.S.) ; male, Das Plumas River, April 24, 1933 (G. E. Bohart) (G.E.B.) ; male, Coachella, May 2, 1918 (J. C. Bradley) ; male, Thermal River Co., 100 ft. below tide, Ang. 17-18, 1927 (C.U.). Arizona: 11 males, Ajo, April 25, 1935; 25 males, Coldwater, April 17, 1938 ; 19 males, Gila Bend, April 14, 1938 ; 4 males, April 25, 1935 ; male, Ehrenberg, June 2, 1938 ; male, June 4, 1938; male, July 28, 1938; male, April 19, 1939; male, April 21, 1939 ; 8 males, April 27, 1939 ; male, Prescott, Ang. 16, 1939 ; 2 males, Yuma, April 15, 1938 ; 2 males, Willton, April 23, 1935 ; male, Palo Verde, April 21, 1935; 5 males, Wellton, April 14, 1938 (F. H. Parker) (U.M.) ; 31 males, Wellton, Yuma Co., May 5-6, 1918 (J. C. Bradley) ; male, Aug. 9, 1917 ; male, Palomas, Yuma Co., Ang. 8, 1917 (Cornell Univ. Biol. Exp.) (C.U.) ; male, Phoenix, July 15, 1939 (A. H. Caldwell) (A.H.C.) ; male, Maricopa, Pinal Co., Oct. 17, 1927 (J. A. Kusche) (C.A.S.). New Mexico: male, Jemez Springs, 6400 ft. elev., Ang. 24, 1916 (J. Woodgate) (C.U.). Texas: male, Uvalde, May 19, 1918 (J. C. Bradley) (C.U.). Distribution. — California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas. Pallidus is more distantly related to attenuatus than subulatus, and in this respect stands alone in the attenuatus group of males. The most outstanding characteristic of 'pallidus is its general lack of pigmentation. The paratypes vary in length from 7.2 to 10 milli- meters and agree very well with the holotype. The male genitalia of pallidus possess a rather large, thick cuspis and a brush-like pad of short, straight hairs, hooked at the tip, at the base of each digitus. No long hairs are present on the distal, ental margin of the paramere, but a group of ten to twelve short, stout hairs with slender curved tips are present on the distal, ental surface of each paramere. Chyphotes pixus n. sp. Female: body pale testaceous throughout; head subovate, slightly narrower than widest part of thorax; compound eyes ovate, one and a half times as long as wide, width equal to length 227 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA VoL XXI, No. 4 of pedicel ; first segment of flagellum distinctly shorter than second segment; head irregularly covered with sparse, shallow punctures; propleura impunctate, with a tuft of pale erect setae adjacent to anterior coxae; pronotum irregularly punc- tate; mesothorax completely fused with metathorax and pro- podeum ; anterior face of mesopleura impunctate ; posterior face of propodeum faintly striate, striae parallel to posterior edge of propodeum and fading laterally above middle coxae; dorsal and lateral surface of fused posterior segments of thorax exclusive of striate portions, sparsely punctate, each puncture bearing a pale erect seta ; punctation on pronotum and on dor- sal portion of fused posterior segments of abdomen, similar; anterior portion of first abdominal sternite slender, sub-terete, angle at junction of first abdominal tergite and sternite obtuse ; first tergite lightly, irregularly punctate; second abdominal segment with more regularly spaced punctures, coarser than on other abdominal segments ; vestiture of abdomen sparse, pale yellow; abdomen light testaceous anteriorly, becoming slightly darker posterior to second segment ; legs pale yellow, sparsely covered with pale semi-erect setae ; length 3.8 mm. Holotype. — Female, Gila Bend, Arizona, April 16, 1938 (F. H. Parker), in collection of University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Min- nesota. Unfortunately this species is known only from a single specimen, but characters given in the key to species of females are adequate for separating it from segregatus, its nearest relative. This species may prove to be the female of pallidus. Chyphotes striatus n. sp. Female: body dark testaceous, third abdominal tergite in- fuscated, legs concolorous with body; second segment of flagel- lum shorter than first ; compound eyes ovoid, one and a quarter times as long as wide; entire head coarsely, confluently punc- tate, covered with short, pale yellow, semi-erect and decumbent pubescence; propleura with a tuft of erect setae adjacent to the anterior coxae ; entire pronotum coarsely, confluently punc- tate; anterior one-half of anterior face of mesopleura impunc- tate; extreme posterior face of propodeum very distinctly striate, striae parallel with posterior edge of propodeum, ex- tending laterally to the region dorsad of the middle coxae; striations composed of six ridges along mid-dorsal line, and 228 October, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA eight ridges laterad; non-striate dorsal portion of the fused segments of the thorax very coarsely, continently punctate, similar to pronotal punctation ; punctate portions of thorax covered with moderately dense, short, light, semi-erect and de- cumbent vestiture ; striate areas without setae ; anterior portion of first abdominal sternite glabrous, terete, fusing with tergite at an obtuse angle ; punctures on first abdominal tergite coarse and subcircular ; second abdominal segment with punctures dis- tinctly elongate, the deepest portion of each puncture at its anterior end, becoming gradually shallower caudad ; punctation shallower and sparser on third abdominal segment and obsolete from fourth to last segments of abdomen ; abdominal vestiture moderately dense, pale yellowish; abdomen testaceous except third tergite very dark brown to blackish ; legs testaceous, slightly lighter than body; length 4.7 mm. Holotype. — Female, Tucson, Arizona, Oct. 10, 1939 (0. Bryant), in collection of University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. Paratype. — Female, Wickenburg, Arizona, Aug. 20, 1938 (D. J. Knull and J. N. Collrs) (O.S.U.) ; female, Ft. Grant, Arizona, Oct. 7 (H. G. Hubbard) (A.E.S.). Distribution. — Arizona. This species may easily be distinguished from any other member of the striatus group of females by the distinct black band on the third abdominal tergite. The paratypes are 4.3 and 4.8 millimeters long, with the black band on the third abdominal tergite of the Ft. Grant paratype slightly lighter than in the holotype. Chyphotes punctatus Fox Holotype. — Female, Chirix Mts., Arizona, July 29 (H. H. Hub- bard), in the collection of United States National Museum, Wash- ington, D. C. The holotype of this species has not been examined, but Miss Grace Sandhouse of the United States National Museum was kind enough to compare this type with specimens of related species which were supplied. Miss Sandhouse suggested characters which could be used to place punctatus in a key which had been prepared to include all known species of Chyphotes females. Unfortunately no other specimens of this species were available for study. Chyphotes segregatus n. sp. Female : body light testaceous, third abdominal tergite slightly darker than remainder of abdomen; head light testa- 229 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 4 ceous, sparsely covered, with light decumbent pubescence ; sec- ond segment of flagellum slightly longer than first; compound eyes ovoid, one and a third times as long as wide, greatest diam- eter equal to length of pedicel; punctures on head separated, shallow, with margins poorly defined, interspaces dull; thorax light testaceous throughout; pronotum densely covered with coarse, deep punctures ; margins and interspaces between punc- tures dull; ventral, lateral margins of pronotum impunctate; anterior one-half of anterior face mesopleura impunctate ; striae along posterior edge of propodeum not continuous and only roughly parallel with posterior edge; total width of striated area less along mid-dorsal line than laterad above middle coxae ; lateral striae terminate above middle coxae; non-striate portion of fused posterior segments of thorax coarsely punctate, similar in character and intensity to punctation of pronotum ; dorsum of thorax sparsely covered with long, erect and short, decum- bent, whitish hairs; abdomen light testaceous except third ab- dominal tergite slightly darker testaceous; anterior portion of first abdominal sternite glabrous, terete, with a sparse ring of short, light setae adjacent to propodeum; first abdominal ter- gite fusing with first sternite at an obtuse angle ; second ab- dominal segment with shallow, somewhat elongate punctures, much finer than those on thorax; punctation of first tergite slightly lighter than that of second tergite ; abdomen covered with moderately dense long erect and short decumbent, silky whitish hairs ; legs light yellow, slightly paler than body ; length 4.2 mm. Holotype. — Female, Sierra Blancha, Texas, July 8, 1917 (J. C. Bradley), in collection of Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Paratypes. — 4 females, Sierra Blancha, Texas, July 8, 1917 (J. C. Bradley) (C.U.) ; female, Prescott, Arizona, under stone, Aug. 30, 1936 (0. Bryant) (O.B.) ; female, Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, May 21 (E. A. Schwarz) (U.S.N.M.). Distribution. — Texas, Arizona. Segregatus has a light testaceous body, distinguishing it from striatus and punctatus, which have reddish-testaceous bodies. The legs of punctatus are reddish-testaceous, while those of segregatus are pale testaceous, lighter than the body. The paratypes range in length from 3.7 to 5.1 millimeters, and other than a slight variation in the degree of infuscation of the third abdominal tergite, are in agreement with the holotype. 230 October, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Chyphotes epedaphus n. sp. Female: body and legs light testaceous throughout; second segment of flagellum distinctly longer than second segment, antennae slightly lighter than head ; eyes ovoid, flattened slightly along ventral margin, one and one-fonrth times as long as wide ; punctures on head very shallow, poorly defined, inter- spaces dull; vestiture of head moderately dense, appressed short, light yellow; pronotal punctation shallow, contiguous, becoming impunctate along latero-ventral margins; two-thirds of anterior face of mesopleura impunctate, dull ; extreme poste- rior and posterior-lateral face of propodeum more or less im- punctate; punctures on fused mesonotum and metanotum-pro- podeum similar to those on pronotum but becoming larger and coarser caudad with the posterior edge of each puncture raised ; a very short diagonal carina on mesosternum anterior to and between middle coxae ; a raised transversely flattened carina on metasternum immediately anterior to each hind coxa; meso- sternum and metasternum with fine, contiguous punctures; anterior portion of first abdominal sternite glabrous, terete, slightly curved, fusing with tergite at a broadly obtuse angle ; punctation on abdomen very light, almost obsolete; abdomen uniformly light testaceous, rather densely covered with long, decumbent and semi-erect shiny yellow hairs; legs very pale yellow, sparsely clothed with pale semi-erect hairs; length 5.1 mm. Holotype. — Female, Palm Springs, California, May 2-7, 1933 (Theo. Zschokke), in collection of University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. Paratypes. — California, 8 females, Palm Springs, May 2-7, 1933 ; female, at light, May 13, 1933 ; 4 females, May 14, 1933 (Theo. Zschokke) ; female, Essex, California, April 29, 1937 (H. B. Leech) (U.M.). Arizona: 2 females, Coldwater, April 17, 1938; female, Wilton, April 23, 1935 (F. H. Parker) (U.M.) ; female, Tucson, Aug., 1935 (0. Bryant) (O.B.). Distribution. — California, Arizona. The closest relative of epedaphus is probably albipes. Each species has a distinct geographical range and, in addition, may be separated on the basis of difference in leg color. The holotype of epedaphus is 5.4 millimeters long and somewhat smaller than the average for the type series which ranges from 5.1 to 6.8 milimeters. 231 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 4 Chyphotes elevatus Blake 1886. Chyphotes elevatus Blake, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 13 : 276. female. 1899. Chyphotes elevatus Pox, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 25 : 275. female. Holotype. — Female, Arizona (no other data), type No. 4589 in collection of American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, Penn- sylvania. Distribution. — Arizona (5), Colorado (10), Texas (1), New Mexico (1). This species, the genotype of the genus Chyphotes , may readily be distinguished from related species by the infuscated femora, tibiae, and third abdominal tergite. The female species elevatus will probably eventually be associated with the male belfragei. Chyphotes testaceipes Pox. Holotype. — Female, Phoenix, Arizona (H. G. Griffith), type No. 4662, in collection of American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Distribution. — Arizona ( 3 ) . The inner edges of the tooth-like carinae anterior to and between the hind coxae are acutely V-shaped and the vestiture light yellow in testaceipes. The inner edges of the metasternal teeth are broadly V- or U-shaped, and the pubescence on the dorsal surfaces of the body is golden yellow in auripilus , its nearest relative. Chyphotes auripilus n. sp. Female : body and legs testaceous throughout ; first segment of flagellum distinctly longer than second, entire antenna con- colorous with head ; compound eyes ovoid, slightly flattened ventrally, one and one-quarter times as long as wide; entire head punctate except gular region glabrous, punctures shallow but contiguous; vertex and front clothed with moderately dense, decumbent, golden yellow pubescence ; clypeus and genae with sparse pale decumbent setae ; propleura impunctate, sparsely pilose cephalad but with a tuft of erect setae adjacent to front coxae ; pronotal punctation rather deep but margins of punctures rounded and poorly defined; dorsal portion of pro- notum covered with two types of pubescence, pale sparse erect, and moderately dense appressed golden yellow vestiture ; fused posterior segments of thorax punctate throughout; punctures along extreme posterior face of propodeum larger, with the 232 October, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA posterior edges raised and arranged in irregular transverse rows, with the raised posterior edges more or less confluent; mesosternum with a short diagonal carina anterior to and be- tween the middle coxae; metasternum with a raised, trans- versely flattened carina before each hind coxa; mesosternum and metasternum coarsely, confluently punctate; anterior por- tion of first abdominal sternite glabrous, terete, fusing with first tergite at a ninety degree angle; punctures on second ab- dominal segment sub-ovate, deeper at anterior end, separated; punctation becoming much lighter on segments caudad of sec- ond ; first, second, and third abdominal tergites covered pale, long, and semi-erect and short, decumbent, golden pubescence; legs testaceous, sparsely covered with pale, semi-erect hairs; length 8.8 mm. Holotype. — Female, Kiverside, California, April 12, 1934 (C. M. Dammers), in the collection of the University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. Paratypes.- — Female, Los Angeles Co., California, July (no year) (Coquillett) (U.S.N.M.) ; female, California (no other data) (A.E.S.). Distribution. — California. The most distinguishing character of this species is the bright golden yellow pubescence on the dorsal part of the head, thorax, and first three abdominal segments. Other characters given in the key also separate it from related species. Chyphotes petiolatus Fox 1899. Chyphotes petiolatus Fox, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 25 : 277. female. Holotype. — Female, So. (uthern) Cal. (ifornia), Cresson (no other data), in collection of American Entomological Society, Phila delphia, Pennsylvania. Distribution. — California (11), Arizona (5), Texas (3). This species has some nocturnal habits, having been taken at night with a flashlight and by a campfire. The characters employed in the key adequately separate it from related species. Chyphotes pilosus n. sp. Female: head testaceous, coarsely, confluently punctate; vestiture of head moderately dense, pale yellow, decumbent and semi-erect; antennae paler testaceous than head, first seg- ment of flagellum only slightly longer than second segment; 233 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 4 compound eyes ovate, flattened along ventral margin, one and one-sixth times as long as wide; thorax dark testaceous, vesti- tnre moderately abundant, decumbent and semi-erect, light yellow; proplenra sparsely punctate anteriorly with a loose tuft of erect setae adjacent to front coxae ; pronotum and fused posterior segments of thorax very coarsely punctate ; punctures adjacent to posterior margin of propodenm somewhat deeper, more separated than along anterior margin; a raised oblique carina just anterior to mesocoxal cavity; a transverse incisor- like carina anterior to each hind coxa ; ventrnm with a deep pit on midline just anterior to middle coxae; mesosternum and metasternum coarsely punctate throughout ; abdomen dark testaceous, vestiture long dense, silky, pale yellow, anterior por- tion of first abdominal sternite very lightly punctate, with an irregular ring of erect setae around extreme anterior end ; first tergite broad, densely, coarsely, punctate; first sternite with a deep ninety degree notch at junction with tergite; punctures on second tergite elongate, deeper anteriorly; punctation on second sternite coarser, denser along lateral and posterior mar- gins; punctation on third tergite similar to second; vestiture on third, fourth, and fifth abdominal segments confined to posterior edges ; punctation much reduced and present only on extreme posterior edges; anterior portion of sternites of third through sixth abdominal segments glabrous, with the extreme anterior area very faintly transversely striate; legs lighter testaceous than thorax, sparsely covered with pale setae ; length 8.4 mm. Holotype. — Female, Todos Santos, Lower California, Mexico, July 15, 1938 (Michelbacher and Ross), in collection of California Academy of Science, San Francisco, California. Paratype. — Female, Todos Santos, Lower California, Mexico, July 15, 1938 (Michelbacher and Ross), in collection of University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. Distribution. — Mexico (Lower California). Both the holotype and paratype females were taken from under the same comchip with males (not in copulo, however). These males have been identified as jugatus. It is not believed that this is sufficient evidence to justify associating pilosus and jugatus, espe- cially in view of the very close relationship existing between jugatus and calif or nicus. Eventually the female pilosus will probably be associated with one of the latter two species of males. 234 October, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Literature Cited Andre, E. 1899. Species des Hymenopteres D ’Europe at D’Al- gerie. Tome 8, pp. 65. 1903. Mutillidae. Genera Insectorum. i. fasc. 11, pp. 1-77. Ashmead, W. H. 1896. Descriptions of New Parasitic Hymen- optera. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 23, p. 181. 1899. Super-families in the Hymenoptera and Generic Sy- nopses of the Families Thynnidae, Myrmosidae, and Mutil- lidae. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 7, pp. 45-60. 1903. Classification of the Fossorial, Predaceous, and Parasitic Wasps, or the Super-family Vespoidea. Canad. Ent., 35, pp. 201-202. Baker, C. F. 1903. New Western Mutillidae. Invertebrata Pacifica, 1, pp. 111-132. Blake, C. A. 1871. Synopsis of the Mutillidae of North America. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 3, pp. 217-265. 1872. Additions to the “Synopsis of North American Mutil- lidae.” Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 4, pp. 71-76. 1886. Monograph of the Mutillidae of North America. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 13, pp. 179-286. Bradley, J. C. 1917. Contributions Toward a Monograph of the Mutillidae and their Allies of America north of Mexico. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 43, pp. 247-290. Bradley, J. C. and Bequaert, J. 1928. A Synopsis of the Mutil- lidae of the Belgian Congo. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat’l Hist., 58, p. 67. Cameron, P. 1894-1896. Hymenoptera. Biologia Centrali Amer- icana. 2, p. 394. Cockerell, T. D. A. 1895. Descriptions of New Hymenoptera. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 22, pp. 289-312. Cresson, E. T. 1865. Catalogue of Hymenoptera in the Collection of. the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, from Colo- rado Territory. Proc. Nat. Soc. Phil., 4, pp. 426-488. 1874. Descriptions of New Hymenoptera. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 5, pp. 99-102. 1875. Hymenoptera. Rept. Geogr. and Geol. Explor. and Surv. 100th Merid., 5, p. 711. Dalla Torre, C. G. 1897. Catalogus Hymenopterorum. 8, pp. 1-99. Fox, W. J. 1899. The North American Mutillidae. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 25, pp. 219-292. 235 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 4 Krombein, K. V. 1939. A Revision of the Myrmosinae of the New World with a Discussion of the Old World Species. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 65, pp. 415-465. Melander, A. L. 1903. Notes on North American Mutillidae with Descriptions of New Species. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 29, pp. 291-330. Radoskowski, O. 1885. Revision des armures copulatrices des males de la famille des Mutillides. Horae Soc. Ent. Ros- sicae, 19, pp. 1-49. Snodgrass, R. E. 1941. The Male Genitalia of Hymenoptera. Smiths. Mise. Call., 99, No. 14. Explanation of Plates All figures of the male genitalia were drawn by the author from balsam slide mounts using a projection apparatus. Each figure represents the ventral, ental aspect of the genitalia after it has been mounted in a manner best suited to illustrate the interior structure of the organ. The cardo is not shown. All figures are drawn to the same scale and are enlarged forty-eight times. The nomenclature of the component parts of the genitalia is after Snodgrass (1941) and is given in Plate X, Figure 1. Plate X Fig. 1. Chyphotes subulatus n. sp. A. paramere; B, aedeagus; C, digitus ; D, cuspis ; E, basiparamere. Fig. 2. Chyphotes attenuatus (Blake). Fig. 3. Chyphotes nubeculus (Cresson). Fig. 4. Chyphotes pallidus n. sp. 236 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. X PALLIDUS NUBECULUS ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 4 Plate XI Pi g. 5. Chyphotes melaniceps (Blake). Fig. 6. Chyphotes similis Baker. Fig. 7. Chyphotes heathii Melander. Fig. 8. Chyphotes bruscus n. sp. 238 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, (n. s.), No. 4, Pl. XI HEATHII BRUSCUS CTQ CfQ ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 4 Plate XII . 9. Chyphotes mickeli subsp. mickeli n. sp. and n. subsp. . 10. Chyphotes albipes (Cresson). 240 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XII MICKELI SUBSP. MICKELl ALBIPES ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 4 Plate XIII Pig. 11. Chyphotes belfragei (Blake). Fig. 12. Chyphotes peninsularis Pox. Fig. 13. Chyphotes calif or nicus Baker. 242 ENTOMOLOGXCA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, (n. s.), No. 4, PI. XIII CALIFORNICUS ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Index to Yol. XXI (n.s.), 1941 Roman letters indicate valid species ; bold face, new genera and forms; Italics, synonyms; * indicates plants. (Not included in this Index, North American Species of the Families (Heteroptera) Coreidae, Alydidae, Corizidae, Neididae, Pyrrhocoridae and Thau- mastotheriidae, pp. 41/122.) * Abies balsamea, 170 * grandis, 141, 166 ^Abutilon theophrasti, 94, 95 * sp. 117, 118 *Acer (Negnndo) negnndo, 100 Agama albipes, 205, 206, 215, 216 attenuata, 205, 206 belfragei, 205, 206, 221 nubecula, 213 Agapostemon, 23 #Allionia nyctaginis, 71 #Alnus rhombifolia, 179 Ancylochira, 124 Anoplis, 124 Apterogyna, 201, 204 ^Asclepias eriocarpa, 36 Asilus oelandicus, 3 #Asimina parviflora, 60 Angochlora, 23 *Bidens sp., 117 *Boerhaavia, 107 Bnprestis, 123 et seqq. aciculata, 136, 183 acomana, 165, 184 adducta, 165, 185 adonea, 163, 184 adulans, 140, 184 aemula, 140, 184 affinis, 140, 184 alternans, 167, 185 angusta, 153, 184 bicostata, 140, 184 bistrinotata , 153, 184 Bosci, 136, 183 boulderensis, 167, 185 brevis , 149, 184 caliginosa, 165, 184 callida, 153, 184 canadensis, 144, 184 chrysochlora, 140, 184 confluens, 181, 185 confluenta, 125, 127, 135, 152, 181, 182, 183, 185 conicicadua, 167, 185 consularis, 167, 185 contorta, 148, 167, 185 contortae, 146, 148, 149, 184 crenata, 153, 184 cribripennis, 136, 183 davisi, 157, 158, 159, 184 deficiens, 159, 161, 184 depressa, 153, 184 dilatata, 171, 185 diruptans, 167, 185 elongata, 173, 174, 185 fabulosa, 140, 184 fastidiosa, 153, 184 flavopicta, 167, 185 fortunata , 155, 184 fremontiae, 127, 128, 129, 135, 174, 179, 180, 181, 185 245 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 4 fulgens, 155, 185 fusca, 165, 184 fusif ormis , 159, 184 gibbsi, 127, 128, 135, 152, 175, 176, 177, 181, 185 graminea, 153, 184 gravidula, 167, 185 histro , 163, 184 impedita, 132, 142, 144, 146, 184 incolumis, 153, 184 inconstans, 159, 161, 184 laeviventris, 165 lateralis, 142, 184 lauta, 140, 183 lecontei, 165, 184 leporina, 159, 184 Lesnei, 177, 179, 185 leviceps, 153, 184 Ikerminieri, 155, 184 lineata, 126, 133, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 184 lyrata, 165, 185 maculativentris, 127, 128, 133, 134, 161, 162, 164, 166, 184 maculipennis, 126, 133, 158, 159, 160, 161, 184 macidiventris, 161, 184 maura, 161, 184 mediocris, 153, 184 morosa, 165, 184 murrayanae, 146, 148, 184 nigricans, 165, 185 nigricornis, 136, 183 nupta, 140, 184 nnttalli, 127, 128, 134, 148, 167, 169, 171, 172, 185 subsp. laeviventris, 127, 128, 134, 170, 171, 172, 185 obliqua, 153, 184 obscura, 144, 184 octoguttata, 126 oregona, 153, 184 ornata, 152, 184 paganorum, 165, 184 parallela, 177, 185 patruelis, 153, 184 prospera, 140, 184 puget ana, 171, 185 punctiventris, 163, 184 radians, 140, 183 reducta, 159, 184 rubronotatus, 163, 184 rufipes, 127, 128, 129, 135, 173, 174, 176, 179, 181, 185 rusticorum, 126, 128, 130, 134, 162, 164, 165, 166, 169, 170, 184 saturata, 153, 184 scripta, 159, 184 seditiosa, 153, 184 sexmacidata, 155, 184 sexnotata, 161, 184 sexplagiata, 155, 184 sublivida, 165, 184 subornata, 126, 127, 128, 134, 162, 163, 164, 166, 184 tacomae, 140, 184 tesselata, 181, 183, 185 torva, 167, 185 idtramarina, 138, 183 venusta, 140, 184 villosa, 140, 184 violescens, 163, 184 virens, 173, 174, 185 viridimicans , 153, 184 246 October, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA viridisuturalis, 127, 129, 135, 174, 176, 177, 179, 181, 185 (Cypriacis), 124, 125 adjecta, 125, 126, 128, 131, 133, 136, 147, 149, 150, 152, 184 aurulenta, 125, 126, 129, 130, 131, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 148, 183 connexa, 125, 126, 127, 136, 150, 152, 153, 154, 184 fasciata, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 132, 133, 135, 136, 152, 154, 155, 156, 184 langi, 125, 126, 127, 129, 132, 133, 135, 136, 152, 154, 156, 176, 184 intricata, 125, 126, 128, 131, 133, 134, 136, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 184 striata, 125, 126, 132, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 184 sulcicollis, 125, 126, 132, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 184 (Sterosa), 124, 125, 138 apricans, 125, 131, 136, 137, 139, 142, 183 decora, 125, 131, 137, 138, 139, 183 salisburyensis, 125, 131, 137, 138, 139, 183 *Carduus spinosissimus, 50 #Carica papaya, 118 *Casearia aculeata, 118 decandra, 117 *Ceanothus americanus, 84 #Cercis canadensis, 98 #Cereus giganteus, 65 Chalcophorella (see Texania) Chloralictus olivarius, 34 Chrysobothris caurina, 165 Chyphotes, 201 et seqq. albipes, 205, 207, 209, 210, 212, 215, 216, 217, 219, 231 ablipes, 216 attenuatus, 205, 207, 209, 211, 224, 225, 226, 227 auripilis, 209, 212, 232 belfragei, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 221, 230 bruscus, 209, 210, 214, 215 calexicensis, 208, 209, 210, 219, 220 californicus, 209, 211. 222, 223, 234 elevatus, 205, 209, 212, 232 epedaphus, 209, 212, 231 frugala, 205 heathii, 209, 210, 213, 214, 215 jugatus, 209, 211, 222, 223, 234 melaniceps, 207, 209, 210, 220 mickeli subsp. mickeli, 209, 210, 217, 219 snbsp. polingi, 209, 210, 217, 219 nevadensis, 216, 217 nubecula, 205, 208, 209, 213, 214 pallidus, 209, 211, 226, 227. 228 peninsularis, 209, 211, 221 petiolatus, 209, 212, 232 piceiceps, 220 pilosus, 209, 212, 233, 234 pixus, 209, 212, 227 247 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 4 punctatus, 202, 209, 212, 229, 230 segregatus, 209, 212, 228, 229, 230 similis, 209, 210, 213, 214 striatus, 209, 212, 228, 229, 230 subulatus, 209, 211, 224, 225, 226, 227 testaceipes, 209, 212, 232 Cornus alternifolia, 96 Cypriacis (see Buprestis) Dicerca, 124 Dioctria, 1 et seqq. albius, 2 baumhaueri, 3, 4, 5 flavipes, 5 henshawi, 4, 5 oelandicus, 3 pleuralis, 5 pusio, 2, 4, 5, 6 replendens, 2 seminole, 4, 6, 21 vera, 4, 6 vertebrata, 4, 6 (Eudioctria), 2 albins, 2, 9, 10, 11, 18 f. aurifacies, 9, 11 f. xanthopennis, 9, 12, 13 banski, 8, 12 tibialis, 8, 12 beameri, 9, 13 brevis, 8, 12 doanei, 10, 14 longicornis, 12 media, 10, 15 monrovia, 9, 15 nitida, 10, 16 f. denuda, 10, 17 parvnla, 9, 17 propinqua?, 9, 13 sackeni, 10, 17, 18 rivalis, 10, 18 (Metadioctria), 2 resplendens, 2, 19, 21 rnbida, 19 f. atripes, 19, 20 f. nigripilosa, 19, 20 (Neodioctria) albicornis, 7 ^Echinocereus, 65 #Erigonum gracile, 36 ^Eupatorium purpureum, 47 ^Euphorbia corollata, 64 *Fremontiae californica, 150 Gymnota, 124 Halictus (Halictus), 23 et seqq. agilis, 26, 32, 33, 34, 37 arapahonum, 34 armaticeps, 27, 28 capitosus, 27, 28 catalinensis, 35 coactus, 34 constrictus, 33, 34 denticulus, 31, 32 errans, 32 farinosns, 25, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33 fasciatus, 34 flavipes , 33 fraserae, 36, 37 lerouxi, 28, 29, var. lupin- elli, 29, 30 var. ruborum, 29, 30 ligatus, 25, 26, 28, 30 harmonius, 26, 34, 36 meliloti, 35 montanus, 31, 32 nearcticus, 34 248 October, 1941 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA occidentalis, 30, 31 olivarius, 34 ornatipes, 27, 28 ororyctes, 36, 37 parallelus, 24, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37 parallelus, 28 poeyi, 27, 28 procerus, 31, 32 provancheri, 26, 33, 34, 35, 37 rubicundus, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 sansoni, 36, 37 texanus, 27 townsendi, 27, 28 tripartitus, 26, 34, 35 typographies, 36, 37 vagans, 32, 33 venablesii, 31, 32 virgatellus, 25, 36, 37 ^Hibiscus elatus, 117 * fulgidus, 118 * sabdariffa, 118 #Iresine paniculata, 117 #Laccodesmia, 110 *Lactuca scariola, 94 Melanophila gentilis, 165 *Melothria pendula, 73 Metadioctria, 2, 3, 19 *Metastelma scoparium, 63 Mutilla, 207 albipes, 216 melaniceps, 220 nubecula, 205, 206, 213 peculiaris, 207 picus, 225 tenula, 225 Neodioctria, 2, 3, 7 *Neurolaena lobata, 118 Odontalictus ligatus, 24 *Opuntia arborescens, 112 *Oreadoxa regia, 120 *Parthenium hysterophorus, 117, 118 *Persea borboniea, 47 * gratissima, 45 *Phoradendron flavescens, 50 Photopsis, 205, 206 albipes, 207, 216 attenuata, 207, 225 belfragei, 207, 221 melaniceps, 207, 220 melipes, 225 nubecula, 213 picus, 225 * Pin us contorta, 141 * jeffreyi, 152 * palustris, 158 * ponderosa, 152, 164, 166, 170 resinosus, 162 * rigida, 129, 145, 158 * strobus, 158, 162, 170 * taeda, 158 * virginiana, 158 ^Polyganum pennsylvanicum, 98 *Populus deltoides, 179, 183 * fremontii, 179 * tremuloides, 183 * trichocarpa, 177 *Prosopis, 54, 56 Pseudophotopsis, 204 *Pseudotsuga taxifolia, 141, 154, 164, 166, 170 *Quercus calif ornicus, 176, 177 * garrayana, 176 249 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXI, No. 4 #Khus aromatica, 71 ^Saponaria officinalis, 85 Seladonia, 24, 35, 36 *Senecio, 69 *Sida spinosa, 95 * sp., 117, 118 #Solanum melog’ena, 118 * nigrum, 118 #Solidago, 64 Sphaerophthalma, 206 frugala, 205, 221 #Sterculia carthaginensis, 117 Sterosa (see Bnprestis) #Sycios angulatus, 73, 74 *Taxodium distichum, 160 Texania (Chalcophorella), 125 #Thespis popnlnea, 117 *Tsuga canadensis, 160 Typhoctes attenuatus, 205, 207 peculiaris, 207 *Urena lobata, 118 #Vernonia menthaefolia, 117 *Xalisma ferruginea, 72 *Yucca filamentosa, 50 Number of new subgenera in this Index, 3. Number of new species and other forms in this Index, 17. 250 Americana A Journal of Entomology. Volume XXII (New Series) 1942 PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. DE LA TORRE-BUENO, Editor ALBRO T. GAUL G. P. ENGELHARDT PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1942 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA VOL. XXII (N.S.), 1942 CONTENTS Figures 1-19. page A Monograph of the Melophaginae, or Ked-Flies, of Sheep, Goats, Deer and Antelopes (Diptera, Hippoboscidae), Joseph C. Beqnaert 1 VOL. XXII (New Series) JANUARY, 1942 No. 1 A Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor CARL GEO. SIEPMANN GEO. P, ENGELHARDT Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue, February 5, 1942 Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Vol. XXII January, 1942 No. 1 A MONOGRAPH OF THE MELOPHAGINAE, OR KED- FLIES, OF SHEEP, GOATS, DEER AND ANTE- LOPES (DIPTERA, HIPPOBOSCIDAE) By J. Bequaert1 Table of Contents page Preface 2 Acknowledgments 3 External Morphology 4 Anatomy 12 Development and Early Stages 22 Host Relations 26 Breeding Hosts of Melophaginae 33 Geographical Distribution 35 Subfamily Characters, Affinities and Evolution 36 Names Proposed in Melophaginae 44 Key to Genera and Subgenera 46 Genus Neolipoptena New 47 Genus Lipoptena Nitzsch 52 Genus E chesty pus Speiser 139 Genus Melophagus Latreille 157 Unrecognized Species 207 1 From the Department of Comparative Pathology and Tropical Medicine, Harvard Medical School and School of Public Health, Boston, Mass. l ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXII, No. 1 Preface The present monograph of the louse-flies, or keels, of sheep, goats, deer, antelopes and related Artiodactyle mammals, contains in addi- tion to the customary taxonomy, a critical digest of what is known of the morphology, anatomy and habits of these parasites, as well as a discussion of their affinities and host relations. The pertinent infor- mation was gathered from widely scattered sources, which may be an excuse, if any were needed, for the extensive bibliographies given under some of the species. With very few exceptions, preceded by an asterisk, all references were checked with the originals. The localities which follow the references are only those based on mate- rial seen by the author himself. Throughout the work, , the dates following the authors’ names refer to the bibliographies introducing the taxonomic treatment of the several species. Two preliminary papers were published, one dealing with the American species of Lipoptena (1937, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., XXXII, pp. 91-101), the other with the genus Echestypus (1940, Psyche, XL VII, pp. 85-104). All essential information contained in these has been repeated, with additions and corrections ; but the collectors’ names have been omitted. Generic and specific descriptions were drawn up on a comparable basis, from actual specimens, but include only the characteristic features. They disregard color, which offers no valid specific dif- ferences in the Melophaginae, as, moreover, in most Hippoboscidae. The integument of adult keds is generally a pale dirty-yellow or brownish-yellow upon hatching; with age the ked turns darker, to varying shades of brown or nearly black, depending upon feed- ing and sexual maturity, possibly also to some extent upon the nature of the fur of the host or upon climatic conditions. I am convinced that these individual differences are without any real specific or subspecific significance. Further color changes occur after death and vary then with the method of preservation. Drawings are original, except where the contrary is expressly stated. Those showing external morphology were made from speci- mens preserved in spirit in toto, without being previously treated by a chemical or mounted on slides. In my opinion, Hippoboscidae cleared in alkali and mounted in Canada balsam give a misleading picture, through distorted proportions, obliteration of superficial sutures and conspicuousness of internal sclerotized structures. In Hippoboscidae, postimaginal growth of the internal organs of the abdomen, with concomitant stretching of the integument, makes the total length of the body dependent upon the age of the specimen. 2 m January, 1942 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA While this measurement is of some interest as indicating the maxi- mum size the two sexes of a species may reach, it is of little value for comparative purposes. For this reason I measure only the com- bined length of head and thorax (abbreviated as h. + th.), taken from the anterior margin of the frontoclypeus to the apex of the scutellum. I am well aware of the shortcomings of this paper, some of which are due partly to limitations of material and time, partly to the present contingencies of publication. The morphology of the male terminalia especially has not been adequately treated. To do this properly will involve not only a detailed study of many specimens of the several species, but also a comparison with similar organs in the other Hippoboscidae and perhaps even in the Myiodaria. More- over, it is doubtful whether such a study will repay the effort, for the differences shown by these structures among the Melophaginae ap- pear to be very slight. Acknowledgments As in the case of my other work on Hippoboscidae, I have de- pended heavily for material and information on my colleagues here and abroad, all of whom it is my pleasant duty to thank for their generosity and help : the late J. M. Aldrich, G. F. Augustson, the late E. E. Austen, R. H. Baker, T. Barbour, R. H. Beamer, W. J. Baerg, W. Beebe, S. W. Bilsing, F. C. Bishopp, R. M. Bohart, G. Chagnon, W. I. Chamberlin, J. P. Chapin, C. F. Clagg, H. Coolidge, K. W. Cooper, I. McT. Cowan, E. T. Cresson, Jr., C. H. Curran, W. T. Davis, J. De Riemaecker, R. Dow, R. R. Dreisbach, R. Du Toit, the late F. W. Edwards, E. 0. Engel, G. F. Ferris, E. J. Gerberg, W. J. Gerhard, J. Ghesquiere, P. Goodrum, J. C. Hare, C. M. Herman, G. H. E. Hopkins, the late W. Horn, D. E. Howell, H. B. Hungerford, F. P. Ide, T. Jaczewski, PI. E. Jaques, W. L. Jellison, the late C. W. Johnson, I. La Rivers, Father Leopold, G. A. K. Marshall, R. Matheson, G. A. Mavromoustakis, J. McDunnough, A. McIntosh, R. H. Painter, H. S. Peters, C. B. Philip, E. W. Price, J. Rodhain, C. W. Sabrosky, H. Schouteden, H. H. Schwardt, Hugh Scott, J. W. Scott, H. A. Scullen, E. Seguy, H. C. Severin, R. D. Shenefelt, J. Smart, G. J. Spencer, A. Stone, 0. Theodor, E. S. Thomas, G. B. Thompson, L. H. Townsend, R. H. Van Zwaluwen- burg, J. Perez Yigueras, N. Weber, Ralph Wheeler, F. X. Williams, H. Zerny, and V. Ziehen. I have studied specimens from the following collections : Allen Hancock Foundation of the University of Southern California, 3 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXII, No. 1 American Museum of Natural History (New York), Berlin Zoolog- ical Museum, British Museum (Natural History), California Acad- emy of Natural Sciences (San Francisco), Canadian National Col- lection (Ottawa), Carnegie Museum (Pittsburgh), Congo Museum (Tervueren), Cornell University (Dept, of Entomology, Ithaca), Imperial Bureau of Entomology (London), Kansas University Entomological Museum (Lawrence), Musee d’Histoire Naturelle de Belgique (Brussels), Museum of Comparative Zoology (Cambridge, Mass.), New England Museum of Natural History (Boston), Ohio State Museum (Columbus), Oregon State College (Corvallis), Paris Museum of Natural History, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, Polish Zoological Museum (Warsaw), Stanford University Museum, U. S. Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Bureau of Animal In- dustry, U. S. National Museum, Vienna Museum, and the Zoological Institute, Halle a. S. I am especially indebted to Professor G. F. Ferris for the loan of his valuable collection, which includes several types ; to Dr. Glover M. Allen, who assisted me with advice and criticism in matters per- taining to the mammalian hosts ; and to Professor Alfred S. Bomer, who has discussed with me the problem of the evolution of birds and mammals in its relation to the history of the ked-flies. To Mr. E. Seguy I owe a paratype of his Lipoptena couturieri. I regret that, owing to prevailing world conditions, I was unable to examine the types of most species, preserved in European mu- seums. This drawback I believe to have overcome, however, by the study of series of specimens from different sources, available for many species. In my opinion, taxonomy should be based on exten- sive material, covering as much as possible of the geographical and host range of the species. External Morphology The head (Figs. 1A-D and 17A-D) has the shape of a short and irregular triangular pyramid lying prone, with the base attached to the thorax and the largest plane facing upward. Seen from above, it is broader than long, elliptical in contour, often somewhat angular at the sides, particularly in Melophagus. The occipital margin is either almost straight or more or less arched. The fronto- clypeus (FC) is a single sclerite; but occasionally a very superficial transverse epistomal suture marks the original limit between clypeus (epistoma) and frons. The anterior margin is continuous, slightly arched or almost straight ; its ventral edge corresponds to the f acialia and bears a row of setae or bristles ending in one or two vibrissae 4 January, 1942 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Fig. 1. A-D, Lipoptena rusaecola J. Bequaert, male allotype: head from above (A), below (B), the side (C) and behind (D) : AP, antennal pit; E, eye; f, frontal bristles; PC, fronto-clypeus; G, gena; 10, inner orbit; L, preptilinal area; MV, mediovertex; 00, outer orbit; P, palpus; Ps, ptilinal suture; PV, postvertex; v, vertical bristle; vi, vibrissa. — E-F, Lipoptena depressa (Say), female: thorax from above (E) and below (F) : a, acrostichals; BS, basi- sternum; Fu, furca; h, humerals; HA, halter; HC, humeral callosity; Ic, latero- centrals; Lig, longitudinal intrascutal groove; Mns, median notal suture; MS, mesoscutum; MSP, mesothoracic spiracle; MST, mesosternum; NP, notopleuron; npl, notopleurals ; pa, postalars; Phs, posthumeral suture; Pms, pro-mesonotal suture; PP, propleuron; prs, prescutellars ; PS, prosternum; PT, protergum; SC, scutellum; scu, scutellars; SL, sternellum; Ss, scuto-scutellar suture; Tms, transverse mesonotal suture; Tps, transverse prescutal suture; W, basal stump of wing. 5 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXII, No. 1 (vi) on the under side ; dorsally, a faint median longitudinal furrow extends as far back as the theoretical limit of the clypeus, where it ends in a slight pit. This furrow represents the notch or inward curve which in most other Hippoboscidae divides the two apical arms, lobes or prongs (really the facialia) of the fronto-clypeus. Anterior to the well-marked ptilinal suture (Ps) there is usually a faint curved transverse line, which sets off a narrow crescent-shaped preptilinal area or lunula (L), sometimes provided with a median fovea. This area extends to the side, where it separates the anten- nal pit (AP) from the narrow gena (6r). The antennal pits are small, subcircular or oval, placed far apart, and completely sur- rounded by a continuous rim, also anteriorly. The inner orbit (IO; parafrontalia) is wide, especially in Melophagus, and bears a vari- able number of frontal bristles (/), either toward the inner margin only or over most or part of the disk ; posteriorly, close to each outer corner of the postvertex, there are one or rarely more vertical bristles (v). The mediovertex (MV; frontalia or median frontal vitta) is well developed, though rather narrow in Melophagus. The postvertex {PV ; vertical triangle or ocellar plate) is large, and bears three ocelli in Lipoptena and Neolipoptena (often minute), none in E chesty pus and Melophagus. The compound eyes {E) are smaller than in most other Hippoboscidae, elongate-oval to ribbon- shaped, extending partly over the ventral side; in some species of Lipoptena they are almost equally developed dorsally and ventrally ; they are usually separated from the sides of the head by distinct outer orbits (00) bearing a row of bristles or setae. The antennae (Figs. 17F-G) are very small, subglobular and sunk in the pits. Although different in appearance from those of most other Hippoboscidae, they have essentially the same structure. The first segment is not only fused with the sides of the antennal pit, but also deeply merged into the head capsule, so that it is com- pletely hidden from view. The only antennal segment visible from the outside is the second, which represents a pedicle greatly modified into a hollow cup, containing the much smaller third segment. The second segment has no dorsal prolongation (antennal appendage of other Hippoboscidae) ; the dorsal longitudinal furrow, present in most Hippoboscidae, is barely indicated in Lipoptena and seemingly absent in Melophagus. The third antennal segment is piriform and bears one very long and curved olfactory pit and a one-segmented arista of a peculiar shape, which protrudes through the opening of the second antennal segment. In Melophagus (Fig. 17G), the arista is broad at the base, rapidly narrowed and stalk-like in the middle, 6 January, 1942 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA ancl divided distally into two flattened branches, each further sub- divided into a comb of bristle-like processes. Ventrally, the median membranous region of the head is un- usually developed and projects backward and downward between the two lobes of the prosternum; the latero-posterior areas, corre- sponding to the cheeks of the higher Myiodaria, are mostly sclero- tized and deeply concave for the reception of the prosternal lobes and the fore coxae ; while the latero-anterior, partly sclerotized. areas correspond to the parafacialia and facialia, the one or two bristles of their inner corners being the vibrissae ( vi ). The occipital face of the head, comprising the postgenae and gulomentum, is flattened and triangular with rounded corners in outline, the subcircular occipital foramen placed dorso-medially. The mouth parts or proboscis (Fig. 17E) are similar to those of other Hippoboscidae. The basal rostrum membrane lies inside the head capsule and bears internally the several sclerites of the ten- torium, called by Jobling the fulcrum, the hyoid and the stipites. On these sclerites are inserted the muscles of the rostrum, which protract and retract the proboscis. The two maxillary palpi pro- trude from the rostrum beyond the anterior margin of the head. They are long in Melophagus, shorter in Lipoptena and Neolipop- tena, and small or vestigial in Echestypus. The haustellum, or sucking tube of the proboscis, is very long and narrow, strongly sclerotized; at rest its needle-like distal part lies concealed in a sheath formed by the palpi, the inner sides of which are concave; its base is bulbous, slightly ovoid, and at rest is retracted within the rostrum membrane far into the head capsule. The tube of the haustellum consists of the modified labium (with a ventral portion or theca, and a dorsal portion or labial gutter), enclosing the labrum- epipharynx and the hypopharynx. These three parts enter the skin as a unit when the fly bites. The labium ends in the labella (modi- fied labial palpi), provided at the tip with a double crown of pre- stomal teeth, which act as the cutting organs when the proboscis is inserted in the skin.2- I have found no adequate description of the structure of the thorax. In Melophagus the several sclerites are considerably mocli- 2 1 have adopted the terminology used by B. Jobling, 1926 : A comparative study of the structure of the head and mouth parts in the Hippoboscidae. Parasitology, XVIII, pp. 319-349, Pis. XI-XV. This paper should be consulted for a more detailed account of the head and its appendages. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXII, No. 1 tied and fused, obviously as a result of the complete loss of the wings. The limits of the sclerites may, however, be traced by a comparative study of Lipoptena, Neolipoptena, and E chesty pus.3 In the thoracic dorsum of the Melophaginae the following areas and sutures may be seen with the proper illumination on unmounted material (Fig. IE). 1. A narrow median dorsal sclerite, immediately behind the ap- parent anterior margin, is the true pronotum (or protergum, PT ). It is limited behind by a fine pro-mesonotal suture ( Pms ), much more distinct in Lipoptena, Neolipoptena and E chesty pus than in Melophagus. A membranous area (covered by the occipital margin of the head) separates it from the latero-cervical sclerites. On the sides it is more or less divided from the small and narrow, dorsally placed propleuron (PP), on which the fore coxa articulates. 2. The remainder of the dorsum consists of the mesonotum and dorsally developed portions of the mesopleura. The scutellum (SC) is limited anteriorly by a deep, narrow and complete scuto-scutellar suture ( Ss ) in Neolipoptena, Lipoptena and E chesty pus ; in Melo- phagus, the scuto-scutellar suture is shallow and wide medially, and does not extend laterally to the wing rudiments.4 The dorsum con- sists mostly of the mesoscutum (MS), which shows at least traces of a transverse mesonotal suture (Tms), placed more posteriorly than usual, bow-shaped (with anterior concavity) and more or less interrupted medially. In Melophagus the mesonotal suture is barely indicated on the sides by slight depressions opposite the wing rudiments. A median internal ridge runs over most of the length of the mesoscutum and is usually marked externally by a fine im- pressed line or median notal suture (Mns). In some species this is long and very distinct, in others faint or very short. Anteriorly it often connects with what appears to be a doubly arched transverse 3 Massonat (1909) states of M. ovinus that the thorax “ne pre- sente pas sur sa face dorsale de sillons medians et transversaux visi- bles, sauf celui tout a fait posterieur, d’ailleurs peu accuse, qui delimite le scutellum.” On the thorax of Lipoptena he figures and mentions only the transverse suture of the mesonotum. 4 Ferris and Cole (1922) state of Melophagus ovinus montanus : ‘ 1 scutellum apparently lacking and no scutellar setae present, while in the typical form [M. ovinus ovinus] the scutellum, although very small, is distinct and bears a cluster of apical setae.” Their draw- ing (Fig. 10) shows, however, the scutellar setae, not recognized as such because the insect was examined in a prepared slide mount. 8 January, 1942 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA prescutal suture ( Tps ). In addition some species of Lipoptena show a median pair of curved impressed lines or grooves, which I shall call the longitudinal intrascutal grooves ( Lig ). On the sides, anteriorly, the humeral callosities (HC) are broad and bear each a large mesothoracic spiracle (MSP). They are more or less divided from the mesoscutum proper by a curved post- humeral suture ( Phs ) in Neolipoptena, Lipoptena and Echestypus ; while in Melophagus this suture is only faintly indicated by a de- pression. From the inclusion of the spiracle and the relative posi- tions of the propleural and notopleural plates, it seems reasonable to regard the humeral callosities as formed, at least in part, by a mesopleural sclerite (mesepisternum). The metathoracic spiracles are also well developed and placed on each side above the articula- tion of the hind coxa. As first pointed out by Dufour (1831) for Melophagus , the thoracic spiracles have a different structure from those of other Hippoboscidae. They are circular, with a large ostiole partly closed by numerous hair-like scales radiating from the margin to the center. The remainder of the side, between the humeral callosity and the wing base, seems to consist of dorsal, flattened expansions of the mesopleuron. The most conspicuous of these is the notopleuron (NP), very deeply divided by a suture from the mesoscutum in Lipoptena, Neolipoptena and Echestypus, but almost completely fused with it in Melophagus. It appears to be a modified mesepi- meron. Two smaller sclerites intervene between the hind margin of the notopleuron and the root of the wing (IT), and may represent modified epipleurites. Ventrally, the prosternum (PS) is very narrow medially, but produced forward as a triangular lobe on each side. The meso- sternum (MST) is long and broad, divided longitudinally by a median sternal groove or furca ( Fu ). The metasternum is a little narrower and much shorter than the mesosternum and likewise pro- vided with a median furca ; in addition it is divided by a transverse suture into a long basisternum (BS) and a shorter sternellum (ST). Thoracic Chaetotaxy. — No bristles on pronotum. Mesonotum with a curved row of acrostichals (a) on either side of the median notal suture (number variable or none), sometimes placed on or mesad of the intrascutal grooves; a number of humerals (h) on the humeral callosities; a variable number (sometimes none) of latero- centrals (Ic) in which sublateral and dorso-centrals cannot be dis- tinguished. Sometimes a few intra-alars behind the mesonotal suture ; a few postalars (pa) in the hind corners of the mesoscutum ; 9 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXII, No. 1 a few prescutellars ( prs ) on either side of the middle line; one or two rows of notopleurals ( npl ) ; and a few scutellars ( scu ) at the apex of the scutellum. In Melophagus the many setae of the dorsum are difficult to separate into groups. Ventrally, the lateral lobes of the prosternum, the mesosternum and the basisternum bear many, mostly short or spine-like, scattered setae. The integument of the abdomen remains mostly or partly mem- branous and extensible, but there is always a dorsal basal pair of sclerotized plates (bearing the first pair of spiracles near the base at the extreme inner sides) and a single ventral basal plate, usually bilobed or crescent-shaped (elliptical in Neolipoptena) . No other areas are sclerotized in Melophagus ovinus. All Melophaginae have seven pairs of abdominal spiracles, more readily seen in some species than in others. In newly hatched flies the spiracles are placed at or close to the sides of the abdomen ; but, after the abdomen becomes distended by feeding or the intra-uterine growth of a larva, they usually move more dorsad. The areas carrying the several spiracles may be more or less set off, forming a series of pleurites (PL, Fig. 11) . Pleurite I is the dorsal basal plate mentioned before. Pleurite II may become strongly sclerotized in some species, where it assumes a characteristic shape, but even in these it is usually not differenti- ated in newly hatched flies. In some species spiracles VI and YII migrate toward the sides of the terminal tergal plates and are some- times even enclosed in these. The median portion of the dorsum is mostly undifferentiated as to segments, even though it may become extensively sclerotized in certain species (again some time after hatching from the pupa). In addition a variable number of true median tergal plates (TP, Fig. 11) may be present, their number and shape being characteristic for the several species. I number these tergal plates starting from the base, the first being the one nearest the basal pleurites I. The apical tergal plate, if present, may bear spiracle YII on or close to its sides and is often divided into a pair of sclerites. Ventrally, the abdomen usually bears no differentiated sclerotized areas behind the basal plate, except for three small sclerites at the genital and anal openings of the female, and a pair of small sclerotized lobes between which the terminalia protrude in the male. Sometimes, however, small areas around the base of one or a few setae, in the apical portion, are slightly sclero- tized; or the surface may become more extensively sclerotized, re- gardless of segmentation. It should be noted that the general appearance of the abdomen and the color and extent of sclerotization of its different areas are 10 January, 1942 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA likely to change with age in the same individual. This process is very misleading, as it produces spurious specific or sexual differences when specimens at different stages of sclerotization are compared. In all species of which I was able to compare fed individuals of both sexes, I have found few essential structural sexual differences, ex- cept those immediately correlated with the genital openings and their appendages. There is, however, often one median tergal plate less in the male than in the female. In newly hatched flies, the abdomen is fairly uniformly membranous and pale colored. Even the basal dorsal and ventral plates are at first soft and pale, but they soon harden and become darker. The remainder of the ab- domen changes little until the insect starts feeding; it is generally short and contracted, the several individualized sclerites or plates of the dorsum being crowded together, with the edges of the plates somewhat overlapping. As a result the abdomen appears densely hairy and the individual setae seem to be very long. At this stage the sexes are often difficult to separate. Later, the membranous part of the integument stretches and the several sclerotized plates harden and move apart, thus becoming clearly set off.5 The legs are unusually short and heavy, with swollen femora and tibiae, and short, compact tarsi. They are much stouter than in most other Hippoboscidae. While the legs of bird louse-flies are adapted to scurrying about swiftly in the feathers, those of the Melo- phaginae are built for grasping and adhering to the skin and hairs of the fur. The tarsal claws are usually more or less asymmetrical in each pair. They are simple, the broad, plate-like basal heel not being divided into an additional tooth. The wings are completely aborted in Melopltagus, being reduced to a short basal knob of the costa (Fig. 18C). In all other Melo- phaginae they are fully developed and functional in both sexes, when the fly hatches from the puparium, but break off close beyond the base after it reaches the host. The complete wing (Fig. 5F) is relatively long, but weak. There are only three well-developed longitudinal veins and one cross-vein, in addition to the costa. The longitudinal veins are apparently the first (Ri), third (R4+5) and fifth (M3+Cu) of other Hippoboscidae. The sixth (2d An) is sometimes partly developed in the base of the wing, and the membrane shows a number of depressed (concave) creases, some of which may be traces of other veins. The one cross-vein, placed about the middle 5 My drawings were made from specimens with distended ab- domen. 11 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXII, No. 1 of the wing, between the supposed third and fifth longitudinals, may be a fusion of the anterior basal cross-vein (M3), anterior cross- vein (r-m) and a portion of the fourth longitudinal (M1+2). The second basal cell (M) is long and broad. The costa is thickened only at the extreme base and between the tips of the first and third longi- tudinals. The subepaulet (or basicosta) is present, but very small and bare. The alula, squama and squamula are rudimentary or lacking. The membrane is covered with uniformly scattered, ex- ceedingly minute microtrichia. Halteres are absent in Melophagus, but well-developed and of normal shape in the winged genera. At rest the wings are carried in the usual hippoboscid fashion, lying flat on the abdomen, one above the other. (See Theodor’s photo- graph of a newly hatched female of Lipoptena capreoli, 1928, p. 286, fig. 4). The male terminalia (external genitalia; phallus of Snodgrass) are similar to those of other Hippoboscidae (Figs. 7C-E). They are simple structures, whose parts have, however, not yet been clearly homologized with those of other Diptera. The terminology I use is non-committal and adopted for descriptive purposes only. The organ is small and can be retracted completely in the body. It consists of a basal ring or common stalk (caulis), supporting a median, elongate cone-shaped aedeagus and two rod-like parameres, one on each side. Anatomy The following account of the internal structure is a greatly con- densed digest of the literature, as I have had no opportunity to dissect any of the species myself. Its main purpose is to show that the anatomy of the Melophaginae offers no fundamental departure from that of the other Hippoboscidae, which, moreover, is essen- tially that of the Myiodaria. The few discrepancies concern minor details, differences as are commonly observed among closely allied insects. Much information is available for Melophagus ovinus, which has been studied repeatedly ; and some parts of the anatomy of Lipoptena cervi and L. capreoli have also been worked out. I. Internal Appendages of the Integument. — These comprise the various rods, ridges and knobs of the endoskeleton, formed by folds or ingrowths of the body wall, either strengthening the exoskeleton or acting as levers and points of attachment (apodemes) for the muscles. On macerated and cleared specimens they may be seen by transparence and are readily mistaken for external sutures or struc- tures. Those in the head are particularly important, as they con- 12 January, 1942 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA stitute the hyoid and tentorium, an assemblage of fixed and movable pieces acting as levers for the muscles which protrude and retract the proboscis (See Jobling, 1926, for M. ovinus). II. Muscular System. — For M. ovinus, see Dufour (1845), Massonat (1909), Cuenot and Mercier (1922), and Jobling (1926) ; for L. cervi, see Massonat (1909) and Mercier (1924). — The head contains ptilinal muscles, which retract the ptilinal sac within the lunula after the fly has hatched; also antennal, proboscidal and pharyngeal or suction muscles. In the newly hatched, winged L. cervi the thoracic muscles are as in other winged Hippoboscidae, all being mesothoracic. Six pairs of longitudinal dorsal muscles run the whole length of the dorso-central area (dorsad of the pro- ven tricnlns). ' Three pairs of vertical or slightly oblique sterno- dorsal muscles are placed laterad of the dorsals. Both sets act indirectly upon wing motion by changing the size and shape of the thorax. After the wings are shed, the sternodorsals disappear and the dorsals are weakened, while the coxal muscles are strengthened (Mercier, 1924). In M. ovinus, throughout life, the sternodorsals are wanting, while the dorsals are much reduced and functionless (according to Massonat; Cuenot and Mercier claim they are want- ing). In both species, the thorax also contains many smaller muscles moving the neck (cervicals) and the abdomen (thoraco- abdominals) and powerful coxal muscles moving the legs as a whole. Inside the leg segments, sets of muscles move the several pieces, either flexing or extending them, or drawing them forward or back- ward. The abdominal muscles are relatively unimportant and are as in other Hippoboscidae. They are mostly associated with the digestive tract and the reproductive system. III. Digestive and Excretory Systems (Fig. 2) . — For M. ovinus, see Lyonet (1829 and 1832), Dufour (1845), Massonat (1909), Hoare (1923), Anigstein (1927), and Zacharias (1928) ; for L. cervi, see Massonat (1909) and Zacharias (1922) ; for L. capreoli, see Theodor (1928). — The digestive tract, similar in all three species, consists of the usual three main regions and differs from that of other Hippoboscidae only in details. Owing to its importance in the life- cycle of some of the unicellular parasites of keds, it is described somewhat at length. 1. The fore-gut (stomodeum) comprises the mouth with the salivary glands, the hyoid, the pharynx and the oesophagus. In the mouth parts, described before, the mouth proper, or buccal cavity, is the hollow tube of the haustellum. The salivary glands (SG) of M. ovinus and L. capreoli are a pair of slender tubes, each arising 13 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXII, No. 1 Fig. 2. Melophagus ovinus (Linnaeus), female: digestive and excretory systems (modified after Hoare and Anigstein) : A, anus; C, colon; CV, cardiac valve; B, diverticulum; BTJ, duodenum; H, hyoid; MT, Malpighian tubule; my, mycetome of mid-gut; 0, oesophagus; P, pharynx; PV, pyloric valve; P, rec- tum; SB, salivary duct; SG, salivary gland; V, ventriculus. from a blind, spherical expansion (excretory gland), in the basal portion of the abdomen; they enter the thorax, where they widen into an elliptical reservoir on either side of the proventriculus and unite beneath the oesophagus to form the common salivary duct (SD) which enters the neck. This single duct connects at the base of the haustellum with the very fine, tubular channel which runs the 14 January, 1942 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA whole length of the stylet-like hypopharynx and opens close to its tip. A short distance from the hypopharynx the duct is provided with a valvular arrangement worked by a special salivary muscle, but there is no true salivary pump. As in other blood-sucking Diptera, saliva is injected through the hypopharynx in the skin of the host when the ked bites, being responsible for the various reac- tions of the tissues to the bite. In other Hippoboscidae, the struc- ture of the salivary glands is the same, but the shape of the excretory glands and thoracic reservoirs may differ.6 The pharynx (P) is the anterior soft, tubular portion of the gut, contained in the head; it is divided into two regions by an angular bend, with the apex directed forward. By means of the pharyngeal muscles, it acts as a pump drawing up the blood through the haustellum and pushing it back into the oesophagus. The pharynx connects with the hollow tube of the haustellum by means of an intervening tubular part of the buccal, cavity, with sclerotized walls, the hyoid (H). The oeso- phagus (0) continues the pharynx as a slender tube, which passes through the neck and extends to about mid-length of the thorax. Here it opens in the mid-gut through a dilatation containing the cardiac valve (CV). Just before the valve a narrow tube opens on the ventral side of the oesophagus ; this tube expands in the basal portion of the abdomen into a small, bilobed diverticulum (D), cor- responding to the reservoir stomach or crop of other Diptera. The function of this vestigial crop of Hippoboscidae is not known, but it is definitely not used as a food reservoir, as blood never enters it.7 2. The mid-gut (mesenteron) comprises the proventriculus, ven- triculus and duodenum. The proventriculus, abruptly wider than the oesophagus, lies in the posterior portion of the thorax. It is essentially a cardiac valve (CV), the interior being nearly closed by thickened folds of the wall ; in the Melophaginae it seems to serve only to stop the backflow of food from the mid-gut into the fore-gut ; in other Hippoboscidae, where its structure is more complex, it may also have other functions. The ventriculus (T) extends over the 6 According to Theodor (1928) the excretory glands of Hippo- bosca are sausage-shaped and twisted around the mid-gut. Mas- sonat (1909) states that the salivary glands of L. cervi are like those of Hippobosca. This must be due to an oversight, as they could scarcely differ much from those of the closely allied L. capreoli. 7 This diverticulum was overlooked by some investigators, but correctly described by Massonat for all Hippoboscidae, by Hoare for M. ovinus, and by Theodor for L. capreoli. 15 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXII, No. 1 hind half of the thorax into the base of the abdomen ; its function is digestive. The abdominal portion of the mid-gut is the duodenum (DU), beginning at the base of the abdomen with an abruptly widened, sausage-shaped portion, used as a blood reservoir while feeding. This is followed by a tubular portion, unusually long in Hippoboscidae (reaching 6 to 7 times the length of the body of the fly), where it shows postimaginal growth. It describes several loops and terminates in the hind-gut, in the distal region of the abdomen, just before the points of attachment of the Malpighian tubules. Its function is probably mainly of absorption, allowing passage by dialysis of digested food material through the walls of the body cavity. It should also be noted that no trace of a peri- trophic membrane has been found in the mid-gut of Melophagus and Lipoptena. 3. The hind-gut (proctodeum) is relatively short. It starts with a funnel-shaped pyloric valve ( PV ) or ileum, where the Mal- pighian tubules open, followed by a tubular, straight colon ( C ) widened posteriorly into a rectum (R), the inner wall of which bears four rectal papillae or pulsating glands, projecting into its cavity. The terminal aperture of the rectum is the anus (A). The function of the hind-gut is excretory, its walls extracting waste products from the blood in the body cavity and dumping them by diffusion into the proctodeal cavity. The rectal glands also have a cardiac function. The four Malpighian tubules ( MT ), or main excretory organs, are very long and thin, blind at the free ends, arranged in a pair on each side, and twisted throughout the adipose tissue of the body cavity ; they open close together in each pair, but without forming a true common duct. IY. Respiratory System. — For M. ovinus, see Lyonet (1829 and 1832), Dufour (1831 and 1845), and Massonat (1909). — This is similar in all Hippoboscidae. In the female several of the main branches converge toward the uterus where they ramify intensively to form a mass of tracheae in and around the walls of that organ. This peculiarity is correlated with the intra-uterine development of the larva, whose entire respiration is carried on through the tracheal system of the mother fly. The tracheal system is in some respect simpler than that of most Myiodaria, consisting in the thorax of three longitudinal main trunks (two dorsal and one ventral) and in the abdomen of two main lateroventral trunks running the whole length. The main trunks are connected by side trunks with the several spiracles. Some of the branches extend from the thorax into the head, where they expand into small cephalic air sacs. The 16 January, 1942 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA thorax also contains a series of similar, but larger air sacs, which are as voluminous in the wingless M. ovinus as in the winged species. There are no abdominal air sacs, but the extensions of the thoracic sacs, which produce them in the Myiodaria, contribute instead to the tracheation of the walls of the uterus. There are two pairs of thoracic spiracles in all Hippoboscidae (2 mesothoracic and 2 meta- thoracic). Seven pairs of abdominal spiracles are readily traced in all Melophaginae and they are probably also present in most or all other Hippoboscidae.8 V. Vascular System. — I cannot find that this has been studied in any of the Melophaginae. In Hippobosca, according to Massonat (1909), the blood plasma is colorless and carries relatively few lymphocytes. The dorsal vessel or heart lies on the middle line of the abdomen immediately beneath the exoskeleton. It is a muscular tube comprising five chambers, each opening by a pair of lateral ostia, but without inner septa separating the chambers. The an- terior prolongation of the heart into the thorax, or aorta, is much narrower, simple and without lateral ostia. The heart is contained in a pericardial cavity (dorsal sinus) separated from the body cavity below by the pericardial or dorsal diaphragm; on either side it is joined by the branches of five pairs of wing-like muscles and many tracheal ramifications. The remaining space of the pericardial sinus is filled with peculiar pericardial cells, whose nature and func- tion has been much disputed. They have been regarded successively as nervous cells, as merely supporting or connective elements, or as storage cells ; at present they are generally believed to play an impor- tant role in excretion. VI. Adipose System. — For M. ovinus and L. cervi, see Massonat (1909) ; also Berlese (1899) for M. ovinus. — In all Hippoboscidae there are masses of fat cells in the head, thorax and abdomen. In M. ovinus and in dealated specimens of L. cervi adipose tissue replaces most of the longitudinal dorsal muscles. 8 Dufour (1845) believed that Hippobosca and Ornithomyia lacked the metathoracic spiracles of Melopliagus and that Hippo- bosca had only 5 pairs of abdominal spiracles instead of the 7 pairs he and Lyonet had recognized in Melopliagus ; he even attempted a physiological explanation of this difference. Massonat (1909) cor- rectly described two pairs of thoracic spiracles for all Hippoboscidae, but he gave the number of abdominal spiracles as five pairs for all members of the family. In all Melophaginae seven pairs may be traced, although some of them can only be found with difficulty in certain species. 17 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXII, No. 1 VII. Nervous System. — For M. ovinus, see Dufour (1845) and Massonat (1909); for L. cervi, see Massonat (1909). — This is the same in all ITippoboscidae and agrees with that of the Myiodaria. The central nervous system comprises : (1) a large cephalic ganglion, perforated by the oesophagus, and sending off nerves to the different structures and sense organs of the head; and (2) a voluminous thoraco-abdominal ganglion, placed in the anterior region of the thorax, close to the mesosternum, and connected anteriorly with the cephalic ganglion by the cephalo-thoracic cord ; it sends out nerves to the various inner and outer parts of thorax and abdomen. In addition, a splanchnic system, consisting of a proventricular ganglion connected with the cephalic ganglion, innervates the vis- cera. The sense organs comprise : ( 1 ) those of sight : compound eyes, present in all Melophaginae, though much smaller than in most other Hippoboscidae ; and ocelli, present in Neolipoptena and Lipoptena, absent in Echestypus and Melophagus, which show no pits or foveae representing vestigial ocelli. (2) Those of smell, or olfactory pores, located on the antennae and legs; in Lipoptena also on the base of the costa and on the halteres (see Mclndoo, 1918). (3) Those of taste, primarily located on the palpi, which are well-developed in some species, small or vestigial in others. (4) Those of touch, con- sisting of many tactile hairs on various parts of the body. There appear to be no organs of hearing nor any organs producing sound or scent; the flight of the winged species is noiseless. The inner structure of the sense organs is the same in Melophaginae as in the other Hippoboscidae. VIII. Reproductive System. — For M. ovinus, see v. Siebold (1837), Dufour (1845 and 1851), Leuckart (1858), Pratt (1899), Berlese (1899), Massonat (1909), Roubaud (1909), Patton and Cragg (1913), and Hardenberg (1927 and 1929) ; for L. cervi , see Hardenberg (1927 and 1929). A. Internal Male Genital Organs (Fig. 3A).9 — The pair of testes ( T ) are simple, slender tubes of considerable length (4 to 5 times the length of the body of the ked when uncoiled), each closely convoluted into an oval tangle, from which the somewhat club- 9 The terminology here adopted is that of Snodgrass (1935, Prin- ciples of Insect Morphology, pp. 567-573). There is much disagree- ment among authors as to the names to be applied to the different parts. C. H. T. Townsend calls the vasa deferentia, vasa efferentia and the ductus ejaculatorius, vas deferens. 18 January, 1942 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Fig. 3. Melophagus ovinus (Linnaeus), reproductive system (modified after Pratt, Roubaud and others) : A, male organs: AG, accessory glands; BE, ductus ejaculatorius; T, testes; VB, vas deferens. — B, female organs from above: AT, atrium; EG, forward pair of glands; LD, lateral oviduct; MD, median oviduct; MG, milk-glands (drawn on one side only) ; 0, ovary; TJ , uterus; V A, vagina; VU, vulva. — C, longitudinal section of abdomen and larva developing in uterus; A, anus of adult; AL, anus of larva; EG, forward gland; EG, hind-gut of larva; MB, median oviduct; MG, duct of milk-gland; MT, Malpighian tubule of larva; 0, ovary; OE, oesophagus of larva; PV, proven- triculus of larva; JJ , uterus; V, ventriculus of larva; YU, vulva. 19 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXII, No. 1 shaped blind end protrudes. Each tube appears to be a single sperm tube, in which the male germ cells develop into spermatozoa. It continues posteriorly as a very short, slightly swollen vas deferens ( VB ), which opens directly (without intervening vesicula semi- nalis) into the single median ductus ejaculatorius {BE). This is moderately long, slightly swollen at its origin and connected by the gonopore with the endophallic chamber of the aedeagus. There are two pairs of unusually long vehicular or accessory glands {AG), each pair ending by a common duct in the corresponding vas defer- ens at the point where the latter enters the ductus ejaculatorius. In M. ovinus, as in other Hippoboscidae, the accessory glands serve as storage reservoirs for the sperm, there being no true seminal vesicles.10 The male organs of these flies are remarkable for the unusual development of the testes and of the accessory glands. A possible explanation of these peculiarities will be discussed in the section dealing with the development. B. Internal Female Genital Organs (Fig. 3B). — These were first described correctly for M. ovinus by Leuckart (1858). The pair of ovaries (0) are ovoid bodies, strikingly dissimilar in size, because they alternate in furnishing a mature ovum, a characteristic feature of all Hippoboscidae and of other pupiparous Diptera. Each ovary is incased in a peritoneal sheath of unusual thickness, forming an elastic sac within which lie only two ovarioles, each enclosed in its tunica propria and with a germarium and two suc- cessive follicles. In each ovary the two ovarioles function alter- nately, so that it contains only one developing ovum at a time. Each ovary narrows into a very short lateral oviduct {LB) which combines with its fellow to form a rather spacious but short common or median oviduct {MB). The junction of the lateral oviducts is a somewhat dilated atrium {AT; preuterus), which functions as a reservoir for the sperm, there being no functional spermathecae or receptacula seminis of the form usual in Diptera. The median oviduct joins the genital chamber or uterus {U) somewhat behind the latter’s antero-ventral end. In the newly hatched ked, the 10 As a result, Dufour misinterpreted them as seminal vesicles. Moreover, he did not merely imply by the name that they serve as containers of the seminal fluid, for he states (1845, p. 75) : “Ces organes, destines a tenir en reserve la liqueur fecondante, devaient etre en rapport de capacite avec ceux qui sont charges de preparer et de leur transmettre cette liqueur, et il en est effectivement ainsi. ’ ’ 20 January, 1942 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA uterus is a broad, depressed tube, about half as long as the abdomen ; but when it contains a growing larva, it stretches considerably and occupies half or more of the cavity of the abdomen, which itself expands greatly. At the anterior end of the uterus, its dorsal wall receives two pairs of glands through a single opening. The hind pair are two large, extensively branched, tubular structures, evi- dently modified accessory (or fecundatory) glands. They have a nursing function, secreting a milk-like fluid on which the growing larva feeds, and may therefore be called milk-glands (MG). The forward pair of glands ( FG ) are short, thick and simple tubes, the origin and function of which are disputed ; but most likely they are modified spermathecae.11 In Kippobosca, this forward pair are long and branched and seem to be also true milk-glands ; but they have apparently lost this function in M. ovinus and L. cervi. The uterus narrows posteriorly into a short vagina ( V A ) which opens exter- nally through a slit-like vulva (VI 7), at the postero-ventral end of the abdomen, basad of the anus. The two terminal lips of the vulva form small, finely hairy sclerotized plates, one anterior (or ventral), the other posterior (or dorsal), which I call the genital plates. According to Hardenberg, the female genital organs of L. cervi scarcely differ from those of M. ovinus}2 Although presenting some unusual features, the several parts of the female organs of Hippoboscidae are readily homologized with those of the Myiodaria. The latter group exhibits many different types, that of the Glossinidae and other viviparous genera often closely approximating conditions found in Hippoboscidae. (See the discussion by C. H. T. Townsend, 1934, Manual of Myiology, pt. 1, pp. 14A-153.) No particular phylogenetic importance should therefore be attached to these peculiarities. 11 According to Townsend, the number of spermathecae varies in the higher Myiodaria from one to three, very rarely more. Stomoxys and Glossina have two, much in the same position as the forward pair of glands of Hippoboscidae. 12 Hardenberg ’s account contains some misleading statements and should be perused with caution. He writes, for instance (1929, p. 521) : “The Pupipara have 2 ovaries, the Muscidae, however, several, which in any case points to a difference between the two groups.” In the higher Myiodaria there is one pair of ovaries (except in freak specimens), but in each ovary, the number of ovarioles varies greatly. 21 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXII, No. 1 Development and Early Stages The development of M. ovinus has been studied in detail by Dufour (1845 and 1851), Leuckart (1854 and 1858), Pratt (1893, 1897 and 1900), Berlese (1899), Stange (1907), and Hardenberg (1927 and 1929). For the remainder of the Melophaginae, only the embryology of L. cervi has been partly worked out by Harden- berg (1927 and 1929) and there are some brief notes on the larva of this species by Em. Blanchard (1846) ; while Buxton (1924) described the larva of L. capreoli. The ontogeny of Melophaginae follows the general pattern of all Hippoboscidae and other so-called pupiparous Diptera.13 The single fully-formed ovum, produced by one of the ovarioles in one of the ovaries, moves into the atrium, where it is impregnated, and develops in the uterus into a maggot. The several larval instars remain in the uterus. Not until the larva is full-grown and ready to pupate, is it voided by the mother. Once outside, it neither moves nor takes food, but its integument hardens into a puparium within which is formed the true pupa, as in all Muscoidea. Eventually the adult escapes through a circular opening at the cephalic end of the puparium, a preformed cap being pushed off by the ptilinum of the fly. Unless otherwise specified, the following descriptions refer to M. ovinus. The egg, as it enters the atrium, is elongate cylindrical, tapering at the poles, blunter posteriorly, about 1.2 mm. long and 0.3 mm. wide. It is enclosed in a membranous two-layered chorion, pierced at the cephalic end by a funnel-shaped micropyle, which is soon filled with a dense mass of spermatozoa. The early processes, leading to maturation and fertilization of the egg, have not been observed. The blastoderm formation and the succeeding stages leading to the embryo, with the imaginal disks, were studied by Leuckart (1858), Pratt (1897 and 1900), and Lassmann (1936). Larva. — The first larval instar, newly hatched from the egg, is shaped like a flattened cylinder with slightly pointed ends. It 13 1 fail to see any serious objection to the use of the term “pupi- parous” for Diptera voiding fully developed larvae, which, if they are not “pupae” strictly speaking, are nevertheless potential puparia. To call such flies merely “ larviparous ” is misleading, since this term applies equally well to the many other species of Diptera voiding larvae in early stages of development, which feed and grow outside the body of the female. There seems to be no advantage in changing the term “pupiparous” to “nymphiparous. ” 22 January, 1942 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA shows weak traces of superficial segmentation (12 segments, accord- ing to Leuckart), as well as 8 pairs of rudimentary lateral spiracles, and is not unlike the usual maggot of the Muscoidea. Posteriorly there is an anal opening; anteriorly, a small nipple-like projection, bearing the mouth between two minute lateral papillae ; but there is no trace of a cephaloskeleton at this or at any later larval stage. In the course of intra-uterine development there appear to be two moults in all, between the three successive larval instars. After the first moult, the maggot-like shape disappears and the larva becomes a plump ellipsoid. The third larval instar is, at the time of parturition, 3.5 to 3.7 mm. long, 1.9 mm. wide and 1.6 mm. thick, slightly flattened at both ends. The mouth, at the anterior end, is directed cephalad in the female’s body and faces the atrium of the uterus. The posterior end, with the anus and respiratory openings, faces the vulva. The larva lies free, without connection with the mother’s tissues; but between its own body and the inner wall of the uterus may be found the exuviae of the earlier larval instars. The only external traces of segmentation are two curved rows, one on each side both dorsally and ventrally, of 7 shallow depressions, which mark the points of attachment of the dorso-ventral respiratory muscles, running on either side of the digestive tract. These are the only cutaneous muscles developed in the larva. Anteriorly the outer wall shows the first indications of the seams or weakened lines, typical of all Diptera Cyclorrhapha, along which the puparium will break open when the adult hatches (see the description of the puparium). According to Pratt, the first and second larval instars show no traces of these seams, which appear only after the second larval moult. The digestive tract occupies most of the inner cavity of the body (Fig. 3C). The mouth is followed by a short, irregular cavity, rep- resenting the invaginated true cephalic segment (cephalic pouch), moved by a set of muscles in rhythmic contractions, so that it acts as a sucking pump to take up the liquid food. There are no salivary glands. The cephalic pouch continues in the tubular, horizontal oesophagus, which bends upward abruptly into a tubular vertical proventriculus, itself opening in the very large, balloon-shaped ven- triculus, completely closed behind. The hind-gut is a short, narrow tube, blind anteriorly, where it receives four Malpighian tubules (2 ventral and 2 dorsal), and ending in a ventrally placed anus. A tubular heart extends nearly the whole length of the body, dorsad of the mid-gut. Abundant adipose tissue is present in the general cavity and first indications of the sexual organs may be traced. The 23 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXII, No. 1 nervous system is similar to that of muscoid maggots, but the several ganglia are less concentrated in a central mass.14 The larva also possesses a number of imaginal disks from which the adult organs will be built up during pupation. The respiratory system presents several unusual features. There are two main longitudinal, dorsal tracheal trunks, with three trans- verse connectives and many side branches ramifying throughout the body. Of the eight pairs of rudimentary lateral spiracles of the first stage larva, the six hind pairs are completely lost, but the two anterior pairs (presumably mesothoracic and metathoracic) persist as microscopic, functionless apertures of the cuticula. The main tracheal trunks do not open anteriorly and posteriorly, as in most Muscoidea, but only in the pair of posterior respiratory plates. In all pupiparous Diptera, these plates or “ polypneustic lobes” of Newstead (1918) are really the modified anal stigmal plates of the Muscoidea. Each of these lobes is furnished with a deep cup-shaped pit, near the bottom of which and occupying a sub-central position is the stigmal opening which communicates directly with one of the main tracheal trunks ; near the rim or periphery of the pit are two large stigmata : one toward the venter, the other toward the dorsum ; in addition there is also a very minute pore-like stigma ; and outside the pit an outer-lateral stigma rendered most conspicuous by its large and strongly sclerotized peritreme. All the stigmata, with the possible exception of the very minute one, are connected by a thick-walled air sac or trunk, which latter can be easily traced through the integument. Buxton (1924) describes and figures on each spiracular plate of the larva of L. capreoli three curved lines of spiracular pores, those of each line opening in a tracheal branch, the three tracheal branches uniting in a spherical chamber from which starts the rather thick- walled main tracheal trunk. Ferris and Cole (1922) figure a somewhat similar arrangement of spiracu- lar pores for the larva of L. mazamae. As Buxton suggests, the three groups of spiracular pits are no doubt derived from the three slits which occur in the anal stigmal plates of the maggots of many Muscoidea. The more aberrant arrangement of M. ovinus is a further specialization of the same general type. 14 Radi (1905, Biol. Centralbl., XXV, p. 4) claims to have found chordotonal sense organs in “ larvae of Pupipara living as parasites in other insects.” He must have made a confusion, presumably with tachinid larvae, as none of the Pupipara have larvae parasitiz- ing other insects. 24 January, 1942 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA The nature of the food of the larva still needs to be considered. From the position of the larva in the uterus and the rhythmic movements of its cephalic pump, it should take up any material, either liquid or in suspension, that fills the common median oviduct. Leuckart and Pratt, followed by most authors, thought that this material was essentially, if not solely, the secretion from the milk- glands of the female. Berlese (1899), on the other hand, claimed that the larva feeds on the abundant sperm and secretion from the accessory glands of the male, both being injected in the uterus at the frequent matings. He also stated that the secretion from the so-called milk-glands of the female has no nutritive function, but serves only to cover the newly laid larva with the sticky substance that glues the puparium to the fleece. It seems probable that both views are too extreme and that the larval food includes sperm and secretion from the accessory glands as well as secretion from the milk-glands. This would explain the unusual development of the male internal organs. Zacharias (1928), however, found a few spermatozoa in the lumen of the rudimentary spermathecae of the female, so that some of the superfluous sperm might perhaps be resorbed in these organs. The viscose substance which surrounds the larva when voided is most probably a secretion of the milk- glands, as Berlese believed, since no other glands are known that might produce it. That these milk-glands have, in addition, a nutritive function is shown by their development in the other Hip- poboscidae, which do not glue the puparium but deposit clean larvae. Puparium. — The full-grown, newly voided larva is completely motionless, there being no muscles of progression. Prematurely laid larvae do not develop further nor transform into puparia.15 Nor- mally, however, the integument gradually turns chestnut-brown, while it hardens and becomes almost brittle. At the anterior end the papilla with the closed buccal slit is barely visible; while pos- teriorly the two “ polypneustic lobes” protrude somewhat more. Dorsally and ventrally the two rows of 7 depressions of the larva are visible, each row placed in a slight longitudinal groove. The seams of the cap, through which the adult will escape, are difficult to see. The circular seam runs transversely around the body at about the anterior sixth (in Muscoidea it is placed in the apparent maggot segment five). The semicircular seam forms a vertical bow 15 Root (1921) has recorded the case of a larva of M. ovinus trans- forming into a puparium inside the mother ’s uterus, later developing into an adult ked. 25 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXII, No. 1 slightly dorsad of the buccal papilla and connected on the sides with the circular seam. When about to hatch, the adult pushes the blood by contraction of abdomen and thorax into the reversible ptilinal pouch. This exerts increasing pressure on the inner , wall of the cap, which finally ruptures at the semicircular seam, into two valves which break off at the circular seam. A fourth larval instar, or prepupa, is formed within the hardened puparium, and later produces the true pupa. Gabler (1935) found on the newly formed inner pupa of Lipoptena cervi a pair of anterior functional spiracles (thoracic spiracular horns). These are, how- ever, functionless in the pupa of M. ovinus, where, according to de Meijere (1902), they are present only as two minute rudiments, placed rather far back of the head ; they scarcely project and seem to consist only of a scar, without buttons or pits. Host Relations Unquestionably the extreme specialization of the Melophaginae is correlated with the host specificity, which is more pronounced in this group than usual among the Hippoboscidae. In this connec- tion, it is of particular interest that some of these flies are known to act as biological vectors of certain blood parasites of their hosts. The present discussion will consider only the normal hosts, which I propose calling the breeding hosts, as they furnish, not only per- manent shelter in the fur, but also a supply of suitable blood enabling the continuous reproduction of the parasite. When the breeding hosts disappear from a district, their parasites do the same. The present-day breeding hosts are not necessarily the primitive hosts, as a parasite may well become permanently adapted to a new host onto which it strayed at first accidentally. The determination of the primitive hosts is a difficult problem, notwithstanding its interest for a study of geographical distribution and evolution. As a rule, when an ectoparasite strays onto an abnormal host, it is unable to live there permanently and to reproduce its kind, temporary hosts being therefore relatively unimportant. Stray hosts will be men- tioned in the body of the paper under the several species.16 16 In matters of classification and nomenclature of the hosts, I follow, in the main, R. Lydekker’s Catalogue of the Ungulate Mam- mals in the British Museum (London, 1913-1916; 5 vols.), and, for the African species, Glover M. Allen’s Checklist of African Mam- mals (1939, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., LXXXIII). 26 January, 1942 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA All Melophaginae are normal and obligate, permanent but freely- moving, blood-sucking ectoparasites of hoofed mammals of the order Artiodactyla, being restricted to the three families Bovidae, Cervidae and Tragnlidae. The majority .of the species occur, moreover, on the suborder Pecora or true ruminants (Bovidae and Cervidae), which “form at the present time an extremely homogeneous group, one of the best-defined and most closely united of any of the Mam- malia.’ ’ (W. H. Flower and R. Lydekker, 1891, An Introduction to the Study of Mammals Living and Extinct, p. 307.) The Tragu- lidae are so closely allied to them, that some students include them in the Pecora; but others place them in a distinct suborder Tragulina. Bovidae. — This family is found, in a wild state, throughout the World with the exception of South America and Australia; but certain domesticated species are now cosmopolitan. Although over 150 Recent species (with many subspecies) are known, arranged in 52 genera, Melophaginae have been recorded thus far from only 27 species, belonging to 17 genera.17 These louse-flies seem to avoid most of the large and very large members of the family, belonging to the subfamilies Ovibovinae, Bovinae (cattle, bison, buffalo), Alcelaphinae, Madoquinae, Oreotraginae, Pantholopinae, Saiginae and Oryginae. Some of these, it may be mentioned, harbor other louse-flies of the subfamily Hippoboscinae. Subfamily Caprinae. — This contains the goats and sheep and is restricted, in a wild state, to Europe, Asia, North Africa and western North America. Three of the five genera have no known louse-flies: Pseudo'is (bharal), Ammotragus (arui or aoudad), and Hemitragus (tahr). The six species of wild sheep ( Ovis ) have never been properly investigated for ectoparasites in nature, although two of them are reported to harbor Melophagus ovinus: the Marco Polo sheep, Ovis ammon poli Blyth, of the Pamirs; and the Alaskan mountain sheep, Ovis dalli Allen (the type host of Melophagus ovinus montanus, which appears to be identical with typical M. ovinus). It is somewhat open to question, however, whether the native American sheep did not acquire their keds from domestic sheep, after the discovery of America. The usual breeding host of the sheep-ked, Melophagus ovinus, is nowadays the domestic sheep, spread by man to most parts of the 17 These numbers intend only to show the proportion of species of Bovidae known as hosts. There is no agreement among mam- malogists as to the number of genera and species to be recognized. 27 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXII, No. 1 World. Although treated as a distinct species, Ovis aries Linnaeus, it is not known in a wild state and its ancestry is obscure. It is generally supposed that the many domesticated breeds have a mixed origin, although derived mainly from the wild mouflon, Ovis musi- mon Schreber,18 formerly widely distributed in southern Europe (now living in Sardinia and Corsica only), and from the argali, Ovis ammon (Linnaeus), of Central Asia. The wild red sheep of Cyprus and Asia Minor, Ovis orientalis Brandt and Ratzeburg, may also have contributed to the original stock.19 It is perhaps signifi- cant in this connection, that Melophagus ovinus is reported from Marco Polo sheep, which is generally regarded as a race only of the argali. Lydekker recognizes nine species of wild goats {Capra), now living in the mountains of the Mediterranean countries, Asia Minor, Arabia, Nubia and Central Asia. Probably most of these harbor Lipoptena, although these flies have only been reported thus far from the Nubian ibex, Capra nubiana F. Cuvier, and the wild ances- tor of the domestic goat of Asia Minor and Arabia, Capra hircus aegagrus Erxleben. At present Lipoptena capreoli is a common parasite of domestic goat, Capra hircus Linnaeus, in the Near East. The closely related Lipoptena chalcomelaena occurs on the several races of Capra nubiana. Speiser (1905) reports it also from Capra hircus aegagrus, after specimens obtained by Kotschy in Asia Minor, but there is a possibility that these parasites were L. capreoli. The sheep-ked, Melophagus ovinus, frequently passes to domestic goats, where these animals mingle with sheep, although it is not yet known whether it is able to breed permanently or remain alive for long on this type of host. There is also one record of M. ovinus from a wild goat in the Caucasus ( ? Capra caucasica) . Like those of sheep, the several domestic breeds of goats are apparently polyphyletic.20 The ancestral stock of most breeds was probably the wild goat or pasang, Capra hircus aegagrus Erxleben, of Arabia, Asia Minor and Greece. A few breeds may have been derived from the markhor, Capra fal - 18 Kruseman (1937, Entom. Bericht. Nederl. Ent. Yer., IX, p. 331) mentions specimens of Lipoptena at the Amsterdam Museum, labelled as taken from mouflon. He refers them to L. cervi, but notes that they were very small. This identification is questionable. 19 See C. Keller, 1902, Die Abstammung der altesten Haustiere, (Zurich), pp. 176-183; and R. Lydekker, 1912, The Sheep and its. Cousins, (London). 20 See C. Keller, Op. cit., pp. 205-209. 28 January, 1942 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA coneri (Wagner), of Central Asia, or even from the tahr, Hemitragus jemlahicus (H. Smith), of the southern Himalaya. Subfamily Rupicaprinae.: — These have much the same distribu- tion as the Caprinae, with which some authors unite them. No louse-flies are known as yet from three of the five genera : Nemorhae- dus (goral), Budorcas (takin), and Oreamnos (wild white goat of North America). Rupicapra rupicapra (Linnaeus), the chamois or gemse of the mountains of Europe and Asia Minor and the Cau- casus, has a fur much like that of sheep, with a thick under coat of short wool beneath the longer hair. This peculiarity may account for the occurrence on this animal of a distinct species of Melophagus (M. rupicaprinus) , in addition to a peculiar Lipoptena ( L . cou- turieri) . Capricornis contains the two species of serows of the Oriental Region. No flies are as yet known from the larger species, C. suma- trensis (Bechstein), of India, Indo-China, southern China and Sumatra. Lipoptena japonica is described in this paper from the dwarf serow, 0. crispus (Temminck), of Japan and Formosa, and it is worthy of notice that this fly is very closely allied to L. cou- turieri of the European chamois. Subfamily Neotraginae. — The small or medium-sized African antelopes of this group belong to five genera. Ourebia (oribi) has 3 species, one of which, Ourebia ourebi (Zimmermann), is one of the normal hosts of Echestypus sepiaceus. Raphicerus (steinbok; including Nototragus , the grijsbok) has 3 species, one, Raphicerus campestris (Thunberg), being the normal host of Echestypus binocu- lus in South Africa. N esotragus (suni or dwarf antelopes) has 2 species, one, Nesotragus moschatus von Dueben, of East Africa, being one of the hosts of Lipoptena hopkinsi . The other genera have no known ked-flies: Hylarnus (Bates’ dwarf antelope) and Neotragus (royal antelope), both restricted to the West African forest region. Subfamily Cephalophinae. — This comprises the small African antelopes known as duikers, Cephalophus (with 17 species) and Sylvicapra (with 1 species). Cephalophus rufilatus Gray and Cephalophus caerulus (Ham. Smith) are the normal hosts of Eches- typus sepiaceus ; and Cephalophus nigrifrons Cray and Cephalophus caerulus, those of Lipoptena hopkinsi. Sylvicapra grimmia (Lin- naeus) is one of the normal hosts of Echestypus paradoxus. Subfamily Antilopinae (or Gazellinae). — The small African springbok, Antidorcas marsupialis (Zimmermann), is one of the two known hosts of Echestypus binocidus. Gazella comprises the 29 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXII, No. 1 true gazelles, with 11 species in western, southern and central Asia, and 11 species in North and East Africa. On one of these, Gazella gutturosa (Pallas), of Mongolia, Pallas obtained his “ Hippobosca antilopes,” which appears to be a species of Lipoptena not recognized since. Echestypus sepiaceus has been taken in East Africa on Gazella tilonura (Heuglin) and Gazella rufifrons Gray; possibly also on Grant’s gazelle, Gazella granti Brooke, in Kenya. The other genera of this group have as yet no known Melophaginae : Antilope (heran), of India; and Litocranius (gerenuk), of northeastern Africa. Subfamily Aepycerotinae. — Some authors combine this subfam- ily with the Antilopinae. It consists of only one antelope, Aepyceros melampus, (Lichtenstein), the impalla of South and East Africa, one of the recorded hosts of Echestypus paradoxus (perhaps an accidental host only). Subfamily Reduncinae. — This comprises large or medium-sized antelopes of the 6 genera Adenota (kob), Ammodorcas (dibatag), Kobus (waterbuck), Onotragus (lechwe), Pelea (Yaal rhebok) and Redunca (reedbuck). Echestypus paradoxus has been reported by Bedford from Redunca arundinum (Boddaert), but this occurrence must have been accidental; and the same may apply to the single specimen of E. paradoxus supposedly taken off Kobus ellipsiprym- nus (Ogilby) in Zululand. If any of these large and common antelopes were regular breeding hosts of Melophaginae, it would seem that more records would be available. Subfamily Tragelaphinae. — Large or medium-sized antelopes of Africa and southern Asia. Of the seven genera, four have no known louse-flies: Boocercus (bongo), Limnotragus (sitatunga), Boselaphus (nilgau), and Tetracerus (four-horned antelope). Of the two African species of Strepsiceros, or kudus, 8. strepsiceros (Pallas) is a normal host of Echestypus paradoxus, more rarely of E. sepiaceus • while Strepsiceros imberbis Blyth harbors only E. paradoxus. Allen recognizes three species (and many races) of Tragelaphus, all of Africa, two of which are hosts of louse-flies. Tragelaphus scriptus (Pallas), the bushbuck, harbors commonly Echestypus paradoxus, more rarely E. sepiaceus. Tragelaphus angasii Gray, the nyala, is the host of E. paradoxus. There is a single, perhaps accidental, record of E. paradoxus off Taurotragus oryx (Pallas), the eland. Cervidae. — According to Lydekker, this family extends in the Old World from the neighborhood of the Arctic Circle southward to the Mediterranean islands, extreme northwestern Africa, India, the 30 January, 1942 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Malay Archipelago and the Philippines. In the New World, it covers most of the mainland of North and South America. Two subfamilies are recognized. Subfamily Moschinae. — This comprises only the musk-deer, Moschus moschiferus Linnaeus, of central and eastern Asia. Over a century ago, Pallas described a “ Hippobosca moschi” from this host. Unfortunately this parasite is at present unrecognized, although it was obviously a Lipoptena. Subfamily Cervinae. — There are probably about 40 Recent species, placed in 14 genera, of which the following eight have not yet yielded keds : Elaphurus (of China), Elaphodus (of China), Blastocerus (of South America), Hippocamelus (of the South American Andes and Patagonia), Pudu (of the South American Andes), Rangifer (rein- deer and caribou of northern Eurasia and North America), Hydro- potes (of China), and Dama (of southern Europe, Asia Minor and Persia).21 No doubt some of these will eventually be found to harbor species of Lipoptena. Muntiacus (or Cervidus) comprises six species of barking deer (muntjacs or kijangs), extending from India to China, Formosa, Sumatra, Java and Borneo (not in the Philippines). The most widely distributed species, M. muntjak (Zimmermann), occurs over much of this area and is the normal host of Lipoptena pauciseta and L. efovea. Cervus includes the subgenera Axis, Hyelaphus, Rusa, Rucervus and Sika, which are sometimes given generic rank. In the Old World its range is about that of the family, but in America it does not reach south of Mexico. The following five species are known to have louse-flies. Cervus (Axis) axis Erxleben, the chital of Pen- insular India and Ceylon, harbors Lipoptena efovea. Cervus (Rusa) unicolor Bechstein, the sambar of the Oriental Region, is the host of Lipoptena rusaecola in the Philippines. One of the races of the sika deer, Cervus (Sika) nippon Temminck, is reported as the host of Lipoptena cervi in the Far-East. Cervus (Cervus) elaphus Linnaeus, the red deer of Europe and Asia Minor, harbors normally Lipoptena cervi, and this parasite is also known from the Far-Eastern race, Cervus elaphus xanthopygus Milne-Edwards. 21 Dama dama (Linnaeus), the fallow deer, was listed by Lin- naeus as one of the hosts of his “ Pedicidus cervi ,” but I am unable to find a reliable or definite record of the capture of a Lipoptena on this host. Linnaeus apparently never saw a specimen of deer-ked. Later authors merely copied his statement. 31 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXII, No. 1 Specimens of Lipoptena depressa have been taken on the North American wapiti (often miscalled elk), Cervus (C.) canadensis Schreber. Odocoileus (or Cariacus) includes most of the New World deer, extending from Alaska to Peru, Bolivia and Northern Brazil. Lydekker recognized three species, but these have now been reduced to two, each with several races. Those of the white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus (Boddaert), occur over most of the range of the genus and are the normal hosts of the two indigenous Ameri- can species of Lipoptena ( L . depressa and L. mazamae) and of Neolipoptena ferrisi. Those of the mule-deer, Odocoileus hemionus (Rafinesque) of western North America, are normal hosts also of Lipoptena depressa and Neolipoptena ferrisi. In addition, the in- troduced Lipoptena cervi, of Europe, has become established on the indigenous white-tailed deer, 0. virginianus borealis Miller, of the northeastern United States. Mazama (or Coassus) comprises, according to Lydekker, eleven species of brockets, ranging throughout Central and tropical South America. Probably all of these are likely to harbor Lipoptena mazamae, although there are at present records only from Mazama tema Rafinesque (Syn. : M. sartorii de Saussure), Mazama americana (Erxleben) (Syn.: M. rufa Illiger), and Mazama simplicicornis (Uliger) (Syn.: M. nemorivaga Cuvier). Capreolus, with one species, Capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus), the roe or roebuck of Europe, occurs in several races throughout Europe and Asia north of the Himalaya. It is the most common breeding host of Lipoptena cervi. Lydekker recognizes only one species of Alces, A. alces (Lin- naeus), including the true elk of Europe and the moose of North America; but he divides it into five races. The European, typical race is one of the breeding hosts of Lipoptena cervi. No Melopha- ginae have as yet been found on the American moose. Tragulidae. — This is an isolated and apparently ancient branch of ruminants, with few living representatives, placed in 2 genera. No louse-flies are known as yet from the water-chevrotain, Dorca- therium aquaticum (Ogilby), of equatorial Africa. Tragulus com- prises the chevrotains or mouse-deer of southeastern Asia and the Malay Archipelago, with 4 species, one of which, Tragulus kanchil (Raffles), is a breeding host of Lipoptena gracilis. Although narrower on the whole than that of most louse-flies of birds, the host specificity of the Melophaginae is of the type charac- teristic for Hippoboscidae. Very few species are known from one 32 January, 1942 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA host only and most of these cases may be due to insufficient collect- ing. As a rule, each parasite lives normally on two or a few closely related hosts, members either of the same genus or of the same family. No fly is known to parasitize representatives of more than one family. It should be noted also, that all louse-flies recorded as normal parasites from any of the Caprinae, Rupicaprinae, Cephal- ophinae, Neotraginae, Antilopinae, Cervidae, and Tragulidae belong to the Melophaginae. They occur, therefore, mostly on small or medium-sized Pecora, except for the few records from eland, oribi, impalla, waterbuck, kudu, wapiti and elk.22 Of the two species of Melophagus, one is a fairly specific parasite of sheep ( Ovis ), although occasionally found on goats {Capra) ; while the other is restricted to chamois (Rupicapra) . The genus is, therefore, a peculiar parasite of Caprinae and Rupicaprinae. Echestypus occurs only on African antelopes belonging to six sub- families and twelve genera ( Gazella , Antidorcas, Ourebia, Raphi- cerus, Strepsiceros , Taurotragus, Aepyceros, Tragelaphus, Redunca, Kobus, Cephalophus and Sylvicapra) • but none of the three species is restricted to a single host. Neolipoptena occurs only on two North American deer of the genus Odocoileus. The 13 recognized species of Lipoptena have together a much wider range of breeding hosts, including representatives of 6 subfamilies of Bovidae, as well as of Cervidae and Tragulidae. Seven of the species are known at pres- ent from a single host only; of one the host is unknown; and the remaining five have two or more breeding hosts. It is to be hoped that these considerations will discourage future workers from de- scribing new species merely because the specimens were obtained from a host not previously known to harbor Melophaginae. Breeding Hosts of Melophaginae Order ARTIODACTYLA Suborder Pecora Family BOVIDAE Subfamily Caprinae Ovis aries Linnaeus, domestic sheep : Melophagus ovinus. Ovis ammon poli Blyth: Melophagus ovinus (?). Ovis dalli Allen: Melophagus ovinus (?). Capra hircus Linnaeus, domestic goat: Lipoptena capreoli. 22 Possibly some of these larger ruminants are only accidental or at most temporary hosts. 33 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXII, No. 1 Capra hircus aegagrus Erxleben: Lipoptena chalcomelaena (?). Capra nubiana F. Cuvier : Lipoptena chalcomelaena. Subfamily Rupicaprinae Bupicapra rupicapra (Linnaeus) : Melophagus rupicaprinus ; Li- poptena couturieri. Capricornis crispus (Temminck) : Lipoptena japonica. Subfamily Cephalophinae Cephalophus rufilatus Gray: E chesty pus sepiaceus. Cephalophus caerulus (Ham. Smith) : Lipoptena hopkinsi; Eche- stypus sepiaceus. Cephalophus nigrifrons Gray: Lipoptena hopkinsi. Sylvicapra grimmia (Linnaeus) : Echestypus paradoxus. Subfamily Antilopinae Antidorcas mar supialis (Zimmermann) : Echestypus binocidus. Gazella gutturosa Pallas: Lipoptena antilopes. Gazella tilonura (Heuglin) : Echestypus sepiaceus. Gazella rufifrons Gray : Echestypus sepiaceus. Gazella granti Brooke-: Echestypus ( ? sepiaceus) . Subfamily Neotraginae Ourebia ourebi (Zimmermann) : Echestypus sepiaceus. Baphicerus campestris (Thunberg) : Echestypus binoculus. Nesotragus moschatus von Dueben: Lipoptena hopkinsi. Subfamily Aepycerotinae Aepyceros melampus (Lichtenstein) : Echestypus paradoxus (acci- dental?). Subfamily Reduncinae Bedunca arundinum (Boddaert) : Echestypus paradoxus (acci- dental ? ) . Kobus ellipsiprymnus (Ogilby) : Echestypus paradoxus (acci- dental?). Subfamily Tragelaphinae Strepsiceros strepsiceros (Pallas) : Echestypus paradoxus ; E. sepia- ceus. Strepsiceros imberbis Btyth : Echestypus paradoxus. 34 January, 1942 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Tragelaphus scriptus (Pallas) : Lipoptena hopkinsi; E chesty pus paradoxus ; E. sepiaceus. Tragelaphus angasii Gray: Echestypus paradoxus. Taurotragus oryx (Pallas) : Echestypus paradoxus (accidental?). Family CERVIDAE Subfamily Moschinae Moschus moschiferus Linnaeus : Lipoptena moschi. Subfamily Cervinae Muntiacus muntjak (Zimmermann) : Lipoptena pauciseta ; L. efovea. Cervus ( Cervus ) elaphus Linnaeus: Lipoptena cervi. C. elaphus xanthopygus Milne-Edwards : Lipoptena cervi. Cervus ( Cervus ) canadensis Schreber: Lipoptena depressa. Cervus (Axis) axis Erxleben: Lipoptena efovea. Cervus ( Rusa ) unicolor Pechstein : Lipoptena rusaecola. Cervus ( Sika ) nippon Temminck: Lipoptena cervi. Odocoileus virginianus (Boddaert) : Neolipoptena ferrisi ; Lipop- tena depressa ; L. mazamae ; L. cervi (introduced). Odocoileus hemionus (Rafinesque) : Neolipoptena ferrisi ; Lipop- tena depressa. Mazama tema Rafinesque : Lipoptena mazamae. Mazama americana (Erxleben) : Lipoptena mazamae. Mazama simplicicornis (Illiger) : Lipoptena mazamae. Capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus) : Lipoptena cervi. Alces alces (Linnaeus) : Lipoptena cervi. Suborder Tragulina Family TRAGULIDAE Tragidus kanchil (Raffles) : Lipoptena gracilis. Geographical Distribution The Melophaginae are nowadays nearly cosmopolitan, but their occurrence in Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand and Hawaii is due solely to the importation by man of Melophagus ovinus with domes- tic sheep.23 Melophagus (with 2 species) was, I believe, originally restricted in a wild state to the Palearctic Region, its occurrence elsewhere 23 Melophaginae are unknown in the Antilles, Madagascar, New Guinea and most of the Pacific islands (except Hawaii). 35 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXII, No. 1 being due to importation by man. The few records of M. ovinus from North American wild bighorn sheep are somewhat open to question and may be due to the species having strayed from im- ported domestic sheep after the discovery of the New World. Neo- lipoptena (with 1 species) is strictly North American. Lipoptena (with 13 species) is nearly world- wide, lacking only in Madagas- car, the Australian Region, New Guinea and the Pacific islands. E chesty pus (with 3 species) is strictly Ethiopian. The distribution over the several continents is as follows : Europe : Melophagus ovinus, M. rupicaprinus ; Lipoptena cervi; L. couturieri; L. capreoli. Asia : Melophagus ovinus ; Lipoptena cervi ; L. chalcomelaena; L. capreoli; L. japonica ; L. pauciseta ; L. efovea; L. gracilis ; L. grahami. Malay Archipelago : Lipoptena pauciseta ; L. rusaecola. Africa: Melophagus ovinus (introduced); Lipoptena cervi; L. chalcomelaena ; L. hopkinsi; E chesty pus paradoxus ; E. sepiaceus; E. hinoculus. Australia, New Zealand and Hawaii : Melophagus ovinus (intro- duced). North America: Melophagus ovinus (probably introduced); N eolipoptena ferrisi; Lipoptena cervi (introduced) ; L. depressa; L. mazamae. South America: Melophagus ovinus (introduced); Lipoptena mazamae. Subfamily Characters, Affinities and Evolution The subfamily was first established by Speiser (1908, Zeitschr. Wiss. Insektenbiol., IV, p. 445), who called it Lipopteninae. I prefer the name Melophaginae, proposed by Bezzi (1916, Natura, Riv. Sci. Nat., VII, p. 177), because it is derived from the oldest genus included. The following combination of characters separates the Melo- phaginae from all other Hippoboscidae. Occipital margin straight or slightly arched, closely fitted in the slightly concave humeral margin of the prothorax. Antennal pits far apart, completely sur- rounded by a continuous rim, containing the minute, sub globular antennae, which lack a dorsal prolongation, the second segment without or with a trace only of dorsal longitudinal furrow. Fronto- clypeus forming a single sclerite, with undivided, truncate anterior margin. Ptilinal suture separated from the postvertex by a well- developed mediovertex. Compound eyes relatively small, extend- 36 January, 1942 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA ing over the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the head. Pronotum developed dorsally as a narrow transverse sclerite. Humeral angles rounded off, slightly produced. Two pairs of thoracic spiracles. Postalar pleural process (pleurotergite of postscutellum) rudi- mentary in Melopltagus, present as a low, simple swelling in the other genera (just above the metathoracic spiracle). Scutellum much smaller than usual. Base of abdomen dorsally with a distinct sclerotized plate, narrowly divided medially into two sclerites. (pleurites I) ; ventrally with a single strongly sclerotized plate. Seven pairs of abdominal spiracles. Legs unusually short and heavy. Claws more or less asymmetrical, simple though appar- ently bidentate, without supplementary tooth between the sharp apex and the strong, flattened “heel” of the base. Wings com- pletely aborted in Melophagus ; fully developed but weak in newly hatched adults of the other genera, where they break off near the base, leaving permanent stumps. Costa thickened at extreme base and over apical half, very thin in the intervening stretch; only three longitudinal veins and one cross-vein present ; alula, squama and squamula rudimentary. Halteres well developed in the winged genera, wanting in Melophagus. The Melophaginae are an isolated group of Hippoboscidae and in many respects the most highly evolved in the family.24 They comprise the only louse-flies having lost both wings and halteres permanently {Melophagus) . Their extreme specialization is also shown by the structure of the head (in which the two apical arms of the fronto-clypeus are fused and a complete rim encircles the antennal pits), the abdomen (with the peculiar dorsal and ventral basal sclerites) and the wings (when present, with much reduced venation and rudimentary alula). These considerations and others to be developed later, strongly suggest that the adaptation of the ancestors of the Melophaginae to mammalian hosts is of long standing. In the Recent fauna the Hippoboscidae peculiarly adapted to mammals belong to the four subfamilies Hippoboscinae, Alloboscinae, Ortholfersiinae and Melo- phaginae. These four groups show no closer relationship to one 24 Williston (1908, Manual of North American Diptera, 3d Ed., p. 62) stated that “ Nycteribia and Melophagus are perhaps the most highly specialized of all insects, that is, they have traveled further from the starting point.” Some of the Streblidae ( Asco - dipt er on) have, however, progressed much farther, though in a dif- ferent direction. 37 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXII, No. 1 another than to the remaining two subfamilies ( Ornithomyiinae and Ornithoicinae) which live only on birds. The adaptation to mammalian hosts apparently proceeded along four independent lines of descent. To judge from their extreme specialization, the Melo- phaginae may be the oldest of the four and presumably developed shortly after the Class Mammalia became differentiated as such, or at least shortly after the mammals acquired a hairy coat offering a suitable permanent shelter for the flies. Nowadays the study of the affinities of a biological group is that of its evolution in time and space. It should be an attempt to dis- cover its ancestral stock and its further differentiation and dis- persal. Unfortunately, as is frequently the case in Insects, no facts are available bearing directly on this problem for the Hippo- boscidae as a whole or for any of the subfamilies. No fossils are known that might be referred to the family or to its possible ances- tors. The oldest near relatives known are typical Myiodaria from the Eocene of North America. As these were already differen- tiated into acalyptrate and calyptrate types and as the ITippo- boscidae seem to have branched off from the pre-Myiodarian stem before these two types separated, the common ancestors must have been older, presumably of Cretacous age. Unfortunately, the Cre- taceous period is as yet nearly a blank, so far as our knowledge of Insects is concerned. The Diptera of the next earlier period, the Jurassic, are somewhat better known, but no Myiodaria or pre- Myiodarian types have been found among them. The hypothetical dating to the Cretaceous of the ancestral Hippoboscidae will be re- ferred to later. In the absence of a fossil record, speculation as to the evolu- tion of the louse-flies must rely entirely on circumstantial evidence, based in part on the comparative morphology, anatomy and ontog- eny of the Diptera, and in part on the direct or inferred knowledge of the evolution of the vertebrate hosts. An adequate discussion of these topics would call for an exhaustive consideration of all Hippo- boscidae, which is obviously beyond the scope of this paper. I shall merely state my present position in a few postulates. 1. The Hippoboscidae are a monophyletic group, its recogniz- able subdivisions (subfamilies) having been derived from one com- mon root, although some of them no doubt branched off earlier than others. All agree in the essential anatomical and morphological features, while the differences appear to be secondary specializa- tions. In particular, no single character of primary importance sets off all members of any of the subfamilies from all other Hippo- 38 January, 1942 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA boscidae, these subgroups being characterized by combinations of characters. Thus, in Melophaginae, only the peculiar venation of the winged forms is not duplicated elsewhere, and this is of rela- tively little importance, since it can be derived readily from some other hippoboscid venational type and is seemingly correlated with the habit of dropping the wings shortly after hatching. Bezzi (1916, Natura, Riv. Sci. Nat., VII, p. 157) suggested a polyphyletic origin for the Hippoboseidae, particularly for the forms with reduced or rudimentary wings, to which the following quotation refers: “ Allobosca must be a very old form, like the Australian Ortholfersia of kangaroos, which has, moreover, retained the wings ; it is not possible at present to advance a hypothesis con- cerning its origin. The other three genera found on mammals [Melophagus, Echestypus, and Lipoptena ] were probably derived from the higher Myiodaria related to Calliphora, a group contain- ing many cuticolous forms. The genera living on birds [ Cra - taerina, Stenopteryx, Myiophthiria and Brachypteromyia] origi- nated probably from nidicolous acalyptrate lower Myiodaria, per- haps Dryomyzidae, a family containing N eottiophilum. It seems to me that the case of Camus illustrates very well the transition from a winged nidicolous acalyptrate to an apterous ectoparasite of a bird.” In an earlier paper Bezzi (1911, Arch, de Parasitologie, XV, pp. 117 and 119) stated that the Hippoboscinae were closely allied to the Glossinidae.25 Although these suggestions are no doubt worthy of serious consideration, I doubt whether the general conclusion is warranted by the facts. All Hippoboseidae, whether 25 The many similarities in structure and habits between Hippo- boscinae and Glossinidae were first discussed by Roubaud (1909, Rapport Mission Etude Maladie du Sommeil, pp. 381-504), who regarded them as due to convergence. Zavattari (1928, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., LXVII, pp. 37-70) elaborated on them and con- cluded that they support Bezzi ’s contention of a close relationship between the two groups. In my opinion, the similarities do not point to a true kinship, closer than that existing between the sev- eral other groups of Myiodaria. They are due partly to the reten- tion by both Hippoboseidae and Glossinidae of certain archaic characters of the primitive pre-Myiodarian stock (see C. H. T. Townsend, 1935, Manual of Myiology, pt. 2, p. 117), and partly to convergence of adaptive specializations. It should be noted that nothing in the head structure of Glossinidae even suggests the peculiar condition characteristic of all Hippoboseidae. 39 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXII, No. 1 of birds or of mammals, show an unmistakable kinship and it is most improbable that this could have been acquired by mere con- vergence in four or five distinct stocks, independent of some common ancestral root. 2. The Hippoboscidae are an ancient and highly specialized offshoot from the ancestral stock of the Myiodaria and show no spe- cial kinship to the other groups generally included in the Pupi- para.26 They do not appear to tie up satisfactorily with either of the major subdivisions of Recent Myiodaria (Holometopa and Schizometopa), although they are obviously closer to the Schizo- metopa. For this reason, it seems wisest to follow C. H. T. Town- send’s course (1935, Manual of Myiology, pt. 2, pp. 81 and 100-101), at least to the extent of ranking the Hippoboscidae as a subsection of the Diptera Schizophora, more or less on a par with the subsec- tion Myiodaria. The one distinctive feature shared by all Hippo- boscidae is the shape and structure of the head. This is flattened dorso-ventrally and horizontal, with one plate-like fronto-clypeus broadly dividing the antennae, which have a peculiar structure and are pushed forward and inserted in pits close to the oral margin. The reduction of squama and squamula is apparently a secondary development, determined by the gradual waning of the power of flight; for even the fully winged louse-flies are very poor fliers as compared with most calyptrate Myiodaria. The reduction of these organs follows, moreover, that of the wings. There is scarcely a trace of them in the apterous or subapterous forms and even in the winged Melophaginae ; whereas they are well-developed in all genera of Ornithomyiinae with fully developed wings and large alula (par- ticularly in Ornithoctona) , as well as in Hippobosca, though their form is somewhat aberrant ; they become rudimentary in the winged genera of bird-flies without or with reduced alula. C. H. T. Townsend (1935, op. cit., p. 81) at first included in the subsection “Pupipara” (which he calls “Nymphipara”), within the superfamily Hippoboscidea, the two families Hippoboscidae and Streblidae. In later “ Addenda and Corrigenda” (1935, pt. 2, p. 292; 1938, pt. 6, pp. 243-244; 1938, pt. 7, p. 429), he added the 26 Contrary to prevailing opinion, I am inclined to regard the Streblidae and Nycteribiidae as very closely related and derived from one ancient branch of pre-Myiodaria, probably of more recent derivation than the Hippoboscidae and entirely independent from them. The Nycteribiidae I should regard as perhaps no more than an extreme specialization of the Streblidae. 40 January, 1942 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Nycteribiidae and Braulidae. The subsection he characterized as follows: “Head of fly more or less closely united with thorax, not freely movable; neck vestigial or much reduced.’ ’ This scarcely fits Hippobosca and even less Ornithoica among the Hippoboscidae (nor several of the Streblid genera and all the Nycteribiidae). Moreover, these peculiarities do not seem to be of fundamental importance, but merely the result of the extreme flattening of head and thorax in most Hippoboscidae. 3. Very probably the earliest Hippoboscidae were parasites of birds and the subfamilies now mainly or wholly parasitic on mam- mals were derived from bird-flies. Owing to the lack of a fossil record this is a pure hypothesis. It may be noted, in the first place,, that in the Recent fauna the bird louse-flies far outrank those of mammals in point of numbers and in variety. Thirteen (or 65 per cent) of the 20 generally recognized genera and 96 (or 78 per cent) of the 123 recognizable species occur on birds. The bird louse-flies make up the two subfamilies Ornithomyiinae (12 genera with 91 species) and Ornithoicinae (1 genus with 4 species). Those of mammals are distributed among four subfamilies : Hippoboscinae (1 genus with 7 species and one additional species on the ostrich),, Alloboscinae (1 genus with 1 species), Ortholfersiinae (1 genus with 4 species) and Melophaginae (4 genera with 19 species). As all Recent Hippoboscidae are highly specialized, it is difficult to trace primitive characters among them. Nevertheless the forms which are clearly the most generalized are found nowadays on birds only and those farthest evolved, on mammals. Ornithoica is perhaps the most generalized genus of the entire family, as shown particularly by the movable head, the narrow fronto-clypens, the relatively simple and protruding antennae, the structure of the thorax (with straight anterior margin, broad and blunt humeri, laterally placed mesothoracic spiracles, narrow and simple prosternum), the pres- ence of the alula, the complete venation of the wing, and the simple tarsal claws. Some of the winged genera of Ornithomyiinae are also decidedly less specialized than any of the louse-flies of mammals. I am fully aware, however, that neither of these arguments is very convincing. There are known cases of archaic groups surviving in the Recent fauna only as a few species, while some relatively recent offshoots became very prolific. It might indeed be claimed that louse-flies became more numerous on birds merely because the dense cover of feathers was a more favorable environment than the coarser fur of hairs of the mammals on which they had originally acquired the ectoparasitic habit. Plausibly enough, the extreme 41 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXII, No. 1 specialization of most Recent louse-flies of mammals might also be claimed to predicate a long previous evolution on the same type of host. I believe, however, that a brief consideration of the early geo- logic history of birds and mammals throws some light on the problem and makes it highly probable that the primitive Hippoboscidae were avian parasites. The family originated presumably in the Cre- taceous period from some free-living, blood-sucking fly of pre- Myiodarian stock, which acquired the habit of remaining on the host after feeding.27 The incentive to this was not so much, in my opinion, the acquisition by birds and mammals of a constant and relatively high body and blood temperature, but rather the need for protection against enemies (particularly against the host) while feeding. It should be kept in mind that the ancestral Hippoboscidae were relatively primitive flies, without any of the structural and physiological specializations and adaptations of the Recent species. The dense cover of finely divided, soft, overlapping feathers of birds no doubt offers a much better protection than the simple, relatively loose hairs of most mammals. Both mammals and birds, it is well known, originated independently from terrestrial reptilian stocks. Geologically speaking, mammals are the older group, first traces of them appearing in rocks of late Triassic age, while the oldest-known birds are of Jurassic age. Birds are known in the Cretaceous by a number of dissimilar types, in many essential features similar to modern forms, so that the differentiation of the group must have been far under way at that period. Moreover, it is quite certain that the Jurassic and Cretaceous birds were as fully feathered as the Recent species, providing a cover quite adequate to the develop- ment of permanent ectoparasitic habits. Meanwhile, the primitive mammals persisted, but, according to the fossil record, in a few types all of small size (averaging that of rats and mice). What 27 Blood-sucking Diptera are no doubt much older, the habit having been acquired by feeding upon the early cold-blooded land Vertebrates, which were dominant throughout the Mesozoic. Even nowadays mosquitoes bite frogs freely, some midges and sand-flies feed on lizards, tabanids attack crocodiles and turtles, while tsetse flies often bite crocodiles. The passage from temporary to perma- nent ectoparasitism by adult Diptera is illustrated in the Recent fauna by some of the black-flies or Simuliidae that hide in the feathers of birds and by Camus hemipterus, although the latter is not definitely known to be a blood-sucker. 42 January, 1942 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA their fur was like, if they had any, we do not know ; but it is signifi- cant that no Recent Hippoboscidae live on small mammals (specifi- cally on Insectivora and Rodentia). The scarcity and small size of the Mesozoic mammals make them extremely improbable hosts of the ancestral Hippoboscidae, particularly as a fairly large variety of satisfactory bird hosts was available at that time.28 Mammals, of course, blossomed out in the next or Cenozoic Era, when they became the dominant group ; but there is every reason to believe that the true Hippoboscidae had acquired all their distinctive structural and physiological features before the close of the Mesozoic. 4. The Recent Melophaginae developed from avian winged louse- flies that passed onto primitive Artiodactyla, with which order of mammals the group remained closely associated ever since. As they are nowadays restricted to the two suborders Pecora and Tragulina, it seems reasonable to assume that the early Melophaginae became adapted to these particular groups soon after their emergence and in the regions where their differentiation occurred. Henceforth the evolution and dispersal of the keds followed the vicissitudes of the Pecora and Tragulina. The geologic history of the Artiodactyla is fairly well known, at any rate much better than that of most groups of Insects.29 The earliest members of the order definitely recognized are of Lower Eocene age ; but as these occur both in Europe and North America and have no known allies in the Paleocene faunas of those regions, they must have been invaders from elsewhere. The original stock of the order was probably derived from archaic mammals during the Cretaceous, either in Central Asia or more probably (according to Pilgrim) in Central Africa. At any rate, the order flourished and became world- wide during the Eocene, Oligocene and Miocene, when the Recent families became differentiated. Both sub-orders which concern us (Pecora and Tragulina) had a common ancestor in the Upper Eocene. The Tragulina presumably originated in Cen- tral Asia. They spread to Europe and most of the Old World, but never were very prolific and have survived to-day only in two genera in the Oriental and Ethiopian regions. The original birthplace of the Pecora appears to have been also Central Asia, probably during 28 The data on the evolution of birds and mammals were taken from A. S. Romer, 1933, Vertebrate Paleontology (see particularly pp. 209-213 and 257-261). 29 See C. E. Pilgrim. 1941. The dispersal of the Artiodactyla. Biolog. Reviews Cambridge Phil. Soc., XVI, pp. 134-163. 43 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXII, No. 1 the Miocene. They became a flourishing group, eventually spread- ing to all parts of the world except Australia. Primitive Cervidae are found in the Middle Miocene of Central Asia and Europe, where they were very numerous during the Pliocene and Pleistocene, mi- grating to America, India and probably most of Africa; but they do not appear to have survived in Central Africa after the Pliocene. The Bovidae may be traced as far back as the Lower Miocene and seem to have had a double developmental center. One series (Aego- dontia), including the subfamilies Caprinae, Rupicaprinae, Neo- traginae, Antilopinae and Aepycerotinae, originated in Central Asia; while the other (Boodontia), comprising the Tragelaphinae, Reduncinae and Cephalophinae, seems to have developed during the Pliocene in a region between India and Africa. To judge from the relative numbers of known Extinct and Recent genera and species, the Artiodactyla were evidently a flour- ishing order during late Tertiary times and are nowadays on the wane. This natural process of decline, which eventually must lead to their extinction, is now being hastened greatly by Man ; if indeed Man might not be regarded as a natural adverse factor in the strug- gle for survival, for few living things have a worse enemy. The several considerations developed in this section seem to warrant the conclusion that the history of the Melophaginae is irrevocably tied up with that of the Artiodactyla. No doubt they too were once more abundant than nowadays and probably reached their zenith during the Oligocene and Pliocene, only a few remnants having sur- vived. Like their hosts, they are a group with a great past, but with little future, a fate shared by all over-specialized organisms. All signs point to their rapid disappearance with their wild hosts within the next century. A very few species may be able to survive on domesticated sheep and goats, although even these might con- ceivably be exterminated by more powerful insecticides or other means of control. To future naturalists ked-flies would then be known only by the incomplete published accounts, such as I have attempted to bring together in this paper. Names Proposed in Melophaginae aids ( Lipoptena ) Schnabl. — Lipoptena cervi. antilopes ( Hippobosca ) Pallas. — ? Lipoptena , unrecognized. [aptera ( Hippobosca ) Linnaeus. — Melophagus ovinus. Pre-Lin- naean.] binoculus (E chesty pus) Speiser. — E chesty pus, valid. bolivianus ( Melophagus ovinus) Bau. — Melophagus ovinus. 44 January, 1942 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA [ capensis (Ornithobia) Walker. — Not Melophaginae. See below.] capreoli ( Pediculus ) “ Frisch’ ’ v. Olfers. — Lipoptena cervi. capreoli ( Lipoptena ) Rondani. — Lipoptena, valid. caprina ( Lipoptena ) Austen. — Lipoptena capreoli. cervi ( Pediculus ) Linnaeus. — Lipoptena, valid. cervi ( Hippobosca ) Olivier. — Lipoptena cervi. aervina {Hippobosca) Nitzsch. — Lipoptena cervi. chalcomelaena ( Lipoptena ) Speiser. — Lipoptena, valid. conifera ( Lipoptena ) Speiser. — Lipoptena mazamae. couturieri ( Lipoptena ) Seguy. — Lipoptena, valid. depressus ( Melophagus ) Say. — Lipoptena, valid. [dubia ( Lipoptena ) Rudow. — Streblidae.] efovea ( Lipoptena ) Speiser. — Lipoptena, valid. fera ( Melophagus ovinus var.) Speiser. — Melophagus ovinus. ferrisi ( Lipoptena ) J. Bequaert. — N eolipoptena, valid. gracilis ( Lipoptena ) Speiser. — Lipoptena, valid. grahami ( Lipoptena ) J. Bequaert. — Lipoptena, valid. hirta ( Lipoptena ) “Loew” Speiser. — Lipoptena chalcomelaena. hirtella ( Melophaga ) v. Olfers. — Melophagus ovinus. hopkinsi ( Lipoptena ) J. Bequaert. — Lipoptena, valid. ibicis ( Lipoptera ) Theobald. — Lipoptena chalcomelaena. japonica ( Lipoptena ) J. Bequaert. — Lipoptena, valid. mazamae ( Lipoptena ) Rondani. — Lipoptena, valid. mexicana ( Lipoptena depressa var.) Townsend. — Lipoptena ma- zamae. montanus ( Melophagus ovinus ) Ferris and Cole. — Melophagus ovinus. moschi ( Hippobosca ) Pallas. — f Lipoptena, unrecognized. nigrirostris ( Ornithomyia ) v. Roser. — Lipoptena cervi. obscura ( Lipoptena cervi var.) “Rorig” Liihe.^ — -Lipoptena cervi. ovilla ( Hippobosca ) Pallas. — Melophagus ovinus. ovina ( Hippobosca ) Linnaeus. — Melophagus, valid. ovis ( Mellophagus ) Harris. — Melophagus ovinus. pallida ( Ornithobia ) Meigen. — Lipoptena cervi. pallipes ( Haemobora ) Curtis. — Lipoptena cervi. paradoxa ( Lipoptena ) Newstead. — Echestypus, valid. parvipalpis ( Echestypus ) Speiser. — Echestypus paradoxus. pauciseta ( Lipoptena ) Edwards. — Lipoptena, valid. [phyllostomatis ( Lipoptena ) Rudow. — Streblidae.] jpteropi ( Lipoptena ) Denny. — ? Lipoptena , unrecognized. [ reduvius ( Pediculus ) Moufet. — Melophagus ovinus. Pre-Lin- naean.] 45 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXII, No. 1 rupicaprinus ( Melophagus ) Rondani. — Melophagus, valid. rusaecola ( Lipoptena ) J. Bequaert. — Lipoptena, valid. sepiacea ( Lipoptena ) Speiser. — E chesty pus, valid. subulata ( Lipoptena ) Coquillett. — Lipoptena cervi. surinamensis ( Lipoptena ) Bau. — Lipoptena mazamae. [tolisina ( Lipoptena ) “Speiser” Muir, MS. — Not Melophaginae; see below.] traguli ( Lipoptena ) Ferris and Cole. — Lipoptena gracilis, trifasciata ( Melophaga ) v. Olfers. — Lipoptena cervi. vulgaris ( Melophagus ) M’Murtri e.— Melophagus ovinus. Ornithobia capensis Walker, 1849, List Dipt. Brit. Mus., IV, p. 1142 (no sex; Natal). — “Picea, capite fulvo antice flavo, verticis vitta ferruginea, pedibus fulvis, alis limpidis. Body pitchy, smooth, shining : head tawny, yellow in front, having on the crown a large dull ferruginous obconical mark, which is slightly concave at the base and truncated at the tip : eyes pitchy • the facets rather large : borders of the chest and spines of the shoulders ferruginous : abdo- men dull, clothed with short black hairs : legs tawny, beset with a few bristles ; claws black ; foot-cushions yellow : wings colorless ; veins dark tawny. Length of the body 1 line [=2.2 mm.] ; of the wings 4 lines [= spread of the wings, 8.8 mm.].” This insect, the type of which should be at the British Museum, is as yet unrecog- nized. From the description it seems to have been not one of the Melophaginae, but rather a species of Ornithoica or Ornitheza, from a bird. Speiser (1908) and Bezzi (1908) transferred it to Lipop- tena merely because Walker had placed it in Ornithobia, a generic name now regarded as a synonym of Lipoptena. Lipoptena tolisina “Speiser, MS” was quoted by Muir (1912, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., LIV, No. 11, pp. 351 and 352) as the name of a parasite which he took on bats ( Miniopterus schreibersi and Nyctinomus sp.) in Amboina. Speiser never described the species, which was really one of the Nycteribiidae, as shown by Muir’s labelled specimen. The name was evidently an error of transcrip- tion for Listropoda tolisina (See H. Scott, 1914, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) XIV, p. 230). Key to Genera and Subgenera 1. Wingless at all stages, the rudiments only of the wings present as minute knobs. No halteres. No ocelli. Basal sternite of abdomen crescent-shaped Melophagus. 2. Wings well developed in newly-hatched adults, later breaking off close to the base, leaving veined stumps. Halteres present 3. 46 January, 1942 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 2. Palpi as long as height of head. No median tergal plates near tip of abdomen Melophagus, proper. Palpi at most as long as fronto-clypeus. Median tergal plates present near tip of abdomen Subgenus Dorcadophagus. 3. No ocelli. Palpi rudimentary or very short. Basal sternite of abdomen crescent-shaped. Median tergal plates large and distributed over most of dorsum E chesty pus. Ocelli present. Palpi well developed, though sometimes short. 4. 4. Basal sternite of abdomen elliptical, with broadly rounded hind margin. Dorsum of abdomen with the median plates very small and placed near the tip Neolipoptena. Basal sternite of abdomen crescent-shaped Lipoptena. 5. 5. Mid tibia with one spur. Median tergal plates small, crowded near the tip of the abdomen Subgenus Lipoptenella. Mid tibia with two spurs. Median tergal plates distributed over most of the dorsum Lipoptena , proper. Neolipoptena, new genus Head broad, transversely elliptical; its slightly convex hind margin inserted in the shallowly concave anterior slope of the prothorax ; ventrally, the projecting hind margin rests between the two lobes of the prosternum. Antennae very slightly pro- truding from the antennal pits. Eyes large, extending over both dorsal and ventral sides of head, of many, minute om- matidia. Ocelli present. Fronto-clypeus, mediovertex, post- vertex and inner orbits as in Lipoptena. Palpi well developed, shorter than head. Thorax as in Lipoptena, but mesothoracic spiracles placed dorsally, far from the side margins of the humeral callosities. Wing as in Lipoptenella; third longitu- dinal vein and costa ending together rather far from tip of wing in a knob-like swelling. Legs as in Lipoptena ; claws strongly asymmetrical, one claw of each pair being not only longer, but also thicker and with a much broader “heel” than the other ; mid tibia with a single true apical spur, but with an additional spine-like seta on each side ; fore coxa dorsally with a strong retrograde spur. Abdomen dorsally with a pair of basal sclerites (pleurites I), separated medially; in the female, two median tergal plates, each divided in a pair of sclerites, near the tip of the abdomen and associated with spiracles VI and VII, hence corresponding to the fourth and fifth tergal plates of Lipoptena cervi; in the male, only the anterior pair of median sclerites is present, associated with spiracles VI ; 47 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXII, No. 1 ventrally, the basal sclerite is elliptical, with evenly rounded, entire hind margin. Monotypic for Lipoptena ferrisi J. Bequaert, 1935. The peculiar shape of the fore coxa and of the basal abdominal sternite set off this parasite sharply from all other known Melo- phaginae. In the reduction of the median tergal plates and the venation of the wing it approaches the subgenus Lipoptenella. 1. N e olip opt ena ferrisi (J. Bequaert). Figs. 4A-F. Lipoptena subulata Ferris and Cole, 1922, Parasitology, XIV, p. 187, figs. 2 C and 4 (§ $ ; Humboldt Co. and Mendocino Co., off 0. h. columbianus; Mt. Wilson; all in Califqrnia). Essig, 1926, Insects Western North America, p. 619. Cole, 1927, Proc. California Ac. Sci., (4) XVII, p. 453 (J1 ter- minalia). Dixon, 1934, California Fish and Game, XX, p. 279. Not of Coquillett, 1907. Lipoptena ferrisi J. Bequaert, 1935, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., XXX, p. 170 (new name for Lipoptena subulata Ferris and Cole, 1922) ; 1937, op. cit., XXXII, p. 92 (?