■ Americana A Journal of Entomology. Volume XXV (New Series) 1945 PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. DE LA TORRE-BUENO, Editor ALBRO T. GAUL E. W. TEALE PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA YOL. XXV (N.S.), 1945 CONTENTS Plates I-V page The Larvae of the Harpalinae Unisetosae (Coleoptera, Cara- bidae), Hung-Fu Chu 1 The Ticks, or Ixodoidea, of the Northeastern United States and Eastern Canada, Joseph C. Beqnaert 73 VOL. XXV (New Series) JANUARY, 1945 No. 1 A Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor A. T. GAUL E. W. TEALS Published Quarterly lor the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue, November 19, 1945 Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa. under the Act of March 3, 1879. MerigAna Vol. XXY January, 1945 No. 1 THE LARVAE OF THE HARP ALIN AE UNISETOSAE1 (COLEOPTERA, CARABIDAE) By Hung-Fu Chu, Ph.D. Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Peiping, China CONTENTS PAGE I. Introduction 2 II. Acknowledgments 4 III. Review of Literature 4 IV. Methods and Procedures of Study 5 V. Biology and Habits 6 VI. External Morphology The Head 9 The Thorax 11 The Abdomen 12 Setal Arrangement 13 VII. Discussion of Diagnostic Characters 17 VIII. Classification 18 Larval Key to Genera 19 Larval Keys to Species 21 1 Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology in the Graduate School of the University of Illinois, 1945. Contribution from the Entomological Laboratories of the Uni- versity of Illinois, no. 263. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 IX. Description of Species 24 X. Summary 54 XI. Glossary 54 XII. Bibliography 56 XIII. List of Abbreviations 61 XIV. Explanation of Plates and Figures 62 I. INTRODUCTION In the summer of 1944, Dr. Walter Valentine Baldnf asked the United States National Museum for the loan of some coleopterous larval specimens for the writer. Mr. C. F. W. Muesebeck of the Museum wrote to Dr. Balduf stating that Drs. A. G. Boving and W. H. Anderson had suggested that the writer take the larvae of the group Harpalinae Unisetosae as his research subject and that there was sufficient material in the U. S. National Museum collec- tion to furnish work for his doctor’s thesis. The writer took their advice and carried on this work when he received the approval of Drs. William P. Hayes and Walter Valentine Balduf. The larvae of Carabidae can be separated from Cincindelidae by the absence of hooks on the tergum of the fifth abdominal seg- ment, and also be easily distinguished from Omophronidae by the terminal setae of the tarsus which are much shorter than the claws and the retinaculum is single or absent in the Carabidae. Harpalinae Unisetosae is a group belonging to the family Carabidae, Order Coleoptera. In this country, little work has been done on the larvae of this group, although our knowledge of the adults is fairly extensive. The present work is a study on the taxonomy of the larvae and also deals with the morphological and biological aspects. The species investigated are listed below with their geographical dis- tribution : Chlaeniini Redtenbacher Chlaenius Dejean C. pennsylv anicus Say. — Canada, California, Indiana, Oregon, Arizona, Louisiana. C. tricolor Dejean.— Mexico, Canada, S. California, Guate- mala, Florida, Indiana. C. prasinus Dejean. — Texas, Indiana, Middle States, Colorado, Florida, Arizona. C. cumatilis LeConte. — S. California, Arizona. C. sericeus Forster. — Rocky Mountains, Canada, Indiana, Utah, Illinois. 2 January, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Oodiini Horn Obdes Samouelle 0. sp. — Maryland. Harpalini Casey Nothopus LeConte N. zabroides LeConte. — Texas, Colorado. C rat acanthus Dejean C. dubius (Beauvois). — New Jersey, Arizona, Indiana, District of Columbia, Pennsylvania. C. sp. — Missouri, Iowa. Harpalus Latreille H. caliginosus ? (Fabricus). — Indiana, Maine, California, Illi- nois, Texas, Florida, Arizona, Iowa. H. sp. — Illinois. H. viridiaeneus Beauvois. — Rhode Island, Lake Superior, Florida. H. vagans LeConte. — Indiana, Missouri. H. erythropus Dejean. — Manitoba, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Missouri, Iowa, Indiana, Illinois. H. compar LeConte. — Rhode Island, New York, Indiana, Florida, Lake Superior, Illinois. H. pennsylv aniens Say. — Rhode Island, Lake Champlain, Florida, Lake Superior, Colorado, Mississippi, Canada, Louisiana, Arizona, Indiana, District of Columbia, North Carolina. H. dichrous Dejean.2 — New York, Missouri, Indiana. Anisodactylus Dejean A. calif ornicus Dejean. — S. California. A. (or close) sp. — Alaska. Amphasia Newman A. interstitialis (Say). — Long Island, Missouri, Indiana, New York. 2 Thanks for Dr. F. van Emden in making the following correc- tion : 4 4 dichrous is actually not a Harpalus at all but belongs to the genus Trichotichnus , and this genus has definite relationship with the Acupalpina though it does not belong to them. It is more or less intermediate between Harpali and the Anisodactylina and is more closely related with Selenophorus.” 3 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 Anisotarsus Chaudoir A. sayi (Blatchley). — Indiana, Illinois. Stenocellus Casey S. rupestris (Say). — Long Island, North Carolina, Missouri, Florida, Michigan, California, Indiana, Illinois. Stenolophus Stephens S. conjunctus (Say). — Canada, Rhode Island, California, Florida, Michigan, Indiana, Mexico, Guatemala, Missouri. S. sp. — Oregon. Agonoderus Dejean A. lineola (Fabricius).— Delaware, Texas, Utah, Arizona, In- diana, S. California, Maryland. A. pallipes (Fabricius). — Indiana, Michigan, California, North Carolina, Texas, Arizona, New York. Cmtocara LeConte C. capitata Chaudoir II. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer wishes to acknowledge his great indebtedness to Dr. William P. Hayes, Professor of Entomology, University of Illinois, under whose supervision this work has been carried on, because his kind suggestions and extensive experience inspired and aided the writer in countless ways. The writer also gratefully acknowledges his sincere appreciation to Dr. Walter Valentine Balduf, Professor of Entomology, University of Illinois, for his advice and sugges- tions during the Summer Session of 1944 while Dr. Hayes was away from the University. The writer wishes to extend his thanks to Drs. W. H. Anderson and A. G. Boving of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quaran- tine, United States Department of Agriculture, who have suggested this group for the subject of this thesis. For the loan of collec- tions of the larvae, the writer is indebted to Mr. C. F. W. Muesebeck for the species obtained from the U. S. National Museum, Wash- ington, D. C. III. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Morphology. — Dimmock and Knab (’04) have reviewed and discussed the characters of carabid larvae. Boving (’10, ’ll) made good morphological studies on the larval heads of Oodes and Aniso- dactylus. The following authors contributed a large amount of morphological work although not on Unisetosae larvae : Kemner 4 January, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA (’12) worked on the morphology of Amara similata, Emus hirtus, and Creophilus maxillosus; van Emden (’19) worked on Pheropso- phus hispanicus; Lengerken (’22) worked on Carabus auratus • Jeannel (’20 and ’26) worked on Trechini ; Oertel (’24) worked on Carabus ; and Bengtsson (’28) worked on sixteen species of Card- bus. From the standpoint of comparative morphology there are the works of Crampton ( ’09 ) on the thoracic sclerites of insects which includes a carabid larva, Whitehead (’32) on the head- capsule of coleopterous larva which includes Harpalus honestus, and Anderson (’36) on the labium of coleopterous larvae which includes Harpalus sp. Biology. — Forbes (’83 and ’05), Oertel (’24), Dahl (’26), Blair (’33) and Silvey (’35) observed the larval habits. Webster (’80), Saunders (’83), Massey (’93), Lugger (’99), and Davis (’22) re- ported the food of different species. Beling (’77), Claassen (’19), Oertel (’24), and Larsson (’39) worked on the metamorphosis. Davis (’22) found a parasite of Harpalus sp. The following authors studied the oviposition of some species: Riley (’84), King (’19), Claassen (’19) and Boldori (’33). Balduf (’35) and Clausen (’40) have compiled the biological records. Taxonomy. — In regard to the European species, Erichson (1841) first attempted a characterization of carabid larvae; Schiodte (’61- ’86) made descriptions of Danish species; Meinert (’01) characterized the Danish species; Bengtsson (’28) worked on sixteen species of Carabus; Jeannel (’20), Raynaud (’32, ’35, ’36, ’37), Puel (’35) described many French species. In Asia, Gard- ner (’27, ’31, ’33, ’36, ’38) described many Indian species. In America, Schaupp (’79 and ’80) described several Carabid larvae; Wickham (’95) made descriptions of Chlaenius sericeus, Dimmock and Knab (’04) dealt with Dicaelus, Pterostichus, and Brachinus ; Bryson and Dillon (’41) had a brief description of Agonoderus pal- lipes and Harpalus caliginosus. In Boving’s and Craighead’s ( ’30) well known paper nineteen subfamilies have been separated on the basis of larval characters. Van Emden (’19) published a key to genera of carabid larvae in German and later (’42) revised and enlarged the German key and published it in English. IY. METHODS AND PROCEDURES OF STUDY The specimens were received from the U. S. National Museum, preserved in alcohol, accompanied with data of locality, date col- lected, collector, and sometimes also habitat. Species were identi- fied by different specialists mostly based upon the reared adults or larvae indicated in the description. 5 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 Morphological aspects have been studied in order to find out the diagnostic characters for separating the species. A five per cent potassium hydroxide solution was used to treat the specimen in case it was not preserved in good condition and the insect body was shrunken. The specimen was put in a vial with the potassium hydroxide solution and heated in a beaker containing boiling water for fifteen to forty-five minutes depending upon the condition of the specimen. However, it must not be overtreated, otherwise the muscles and internal organs will be destroyed. It is also important to neutralize the potassium-hydroxide-treated specimen with a few drops of dilute hydrochloric acid. For morphological study, a binocular microscope and a Syracuse watch glass were used. The latter had cotton on the bottom which was fastened with an alcohol insoluble cement in order to keep the cotton fixed on the bottom so as to place the specimen in a good position for observation. In many cases there were only exuviae available which had to be softened with potassium hydroxide solution and stretched by means of a pair of fine needles. Drawings have been made care- fully, not only to show the morphological characters, but also the right positions and proportions of the structures. The instars of the larvae are difficult to determine unless the specimens are accompanied with the fullgrown larva as well as the reared adult. However, measurements of the width of head and the length of body were made which possibly can indicate the instar of the larva. A bibliography was worked out before laboratory work was started. The descriptions of color and the measurements of the larvae were based entirely upon the alcohol preserved specimens. The systematic arrangement and the nomenclature have followed Leng’s (’20) catalogue. The geographical distribution has also been compiled from Leng’s (’20) catalogue and Junk’s (’28- ’29) catalogue. These were supplemented by the data accompanying the specimens from the United States National Museum. Y. BIOLOGY AND HABITS According to Forbes (’83 and ’05), carabids are herbivorous as well as carnivorous. Forbes ( ’05) stated that Anisodactylus and Harpalus feed more or less on vegetation, principally the seeds and tissues of grasses and grains, including corn; so far as the habits of larvae are known, they seem to be much the same as those of their respective adults. Agonoderus pallipes is the “Corn Seed Beetle” injurious to seeds. Bryson and Dillon (’41) discuss dif- 6 January, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA ferences in the mandibles of it and Har pains. Lugger (’99) re- ported that Agonoderus pallipes caused injury to the seed and roots of corn ; and the adult was also found injuring corn in the ear more frequently than any other ground beetle. He also mentioned Har- palus herbivagus and H. pennsylv aniens, frequently found in or- chards, eating the larvae of the codling moth and the plum-curculio. Packard (’72) stated that Har pains ealiginosus eats cut- worms and other injurious larvae. Riley (’77 and ’78) found the larvae of Harpalus and Agonoderus feeding on grasshopper eggs. Quain- tance (’12) stated that Harpalus spp. feed on curculio larvae. Saunders (’83) mentioned that Harpalus pennsylv anicus attacks plum-curculio larvae. Webster (’80) reported the larvae of Har- palus ealiginosus feeding on the roots of evergreen and H. herbiva- gus, H. pennsylv anicus, Anisodactylus baltimorensis, and A. sericeus feeding on grass roots. In the larvae there occur two methods of obtaining food (Balduf ’35). It is believed that the larvae of some species chew or bite off tiny morsels of solid flesh from their prey and swallow it entire to be digested in the alimen- tary canal. On the other hand, Davis (’22) cites an instance in which a carabid larva pierced the skin of a white grub and drew out most of the body fluids in about three hours. According to Davis (’22), the larvae of Harpalus pennsylv anicus and to a smaller extent also those of H. ealiginosus, prey upon the grubs of PhyUophaga both in fields and in underground breeding cages. Ground beetles, so far as known, deposit their eggs either upon objects above ground, or in cavities made in the soil. The female of Agonoderus pallipes extends the terminal segments of the abdo- men telescopically, and by moving backward pushes it into the earth. The anterior part of the body is elevated by straightening the front and middle legs and the tips of the elytra come to rest upon the soil at the edge of the hole. When the egg has been de- posited, the female rapidly conceals it by scraping soil upon it with her hind legs (Boldori ’33). Riley (’84) reported the rather remarkable habit of Chlaenius impunctifrons which places its eggs on foliage encased in a mud cell. Subsequently, King (’19), deter- mined by the rearing method that not only C. impunctifrons, but C. sericeus and C. tricolor also deposit their eggs in such cells. Claassen (T9) has also studied C. impunctifrons. The beetle col- lects a pellet of mud around the tip of the abdomen. The cell thus formed is in reality a mold of the caudal abdominal segments. The lid of the cell is formed from a thin layer of mud which covers the dorsal portion of these segments. When the egg has been laid 7 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 within the cell, the abdomen is withdrawn and used to bend down the dorsal flap or lid and close the cell. Owing to the soft texture of the mud at the time of construction, the lid of the cell is self- sealing. The cases of each species seem to be distinct in their form, size, structure, and immediate location. Those of C. impunc- tifrons are almost always smoothly convex and oblong, and measure about 3.5 mm. in length and 2.28 mm. in width. About ninety per cent of the cells of this species occur on living plants, the under- surface of smooth leaves being most often selected. Their actual distance from the ground varied between a few inches to seven or more feet. On the other hand, 0. aestivus builds her egg cells on dead twigs and tree trunks. In most recorded instances, the female carabid deposits only one egg at a time whether it be in the soil or in mud cases off the ground (Balduf ’35). The number of eggs laid by individual females and the rate of oviposition has been determined in part for several species. Chlaenius impunctifrons may construct seven to twenty cells during one night, and eighty- two cells in a season. There are three instars during the larval development. This number is known to occur in Chlaenius impunctifrons (Oertel ’24). One C. impunctifrons completed its larval growth in twenty-seven days, the first and second instars lasting three days each and the third twenty-one days (Claassen ’19). The life cycle usually re- quires one year from the egg to the adult. The adults live two, three and even four, and in rare instances, five years. The majority winter as adults, reproduction begins in the Spring (Balduf ’35). An interesting parasite of Harpalus pennsylvanicus ( ? ) larvae was found by Davis (’22) at Mendon, Mich., September 11, 1916. Two larvae were found parasitized by a hymenopteron. The adult of this parasite was not obtained. Most of the larvae live underground, according to the data of the species investigated. The following have been found in the soil of peach orchards: Cratacanthus sp., Stenocellus rupestris , Nothopus zahroides, and Harpalus pennsylvanicus. Stenolophus sp. was found in an alfalfa field, Amphasia inter stitialis in open woods, Agonoderus lineola in golf greens, and Harpalus sp. in a sandy woods. The following species live near water : Oodes sp., Chlaenius sericeus, and C. prasinus. It is interesting that some of the Anisodactylus calif ornicus specimens studied were found, both as larvae and adult, associated with grasshopper eggs. They are suspected of being predators of the eggs. Silvey (’35) asserted that Agonoderus pallipes is a true burrower in the beaches of some * fresh-water lakes, while Chlaenius sp. is just a beach visitor. 8 January, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA VI. EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY The Head Cranium. — The cranium or the head capsule may be described in two main parts : the frontoclypeal area and the parietals. Frontoclypeal area. — Evidently the front, the clypeus, and the labrum are fused together since the sutures separating them are obsolete. They form a large triangular piece separated from the parietals by the arms of the epicranial suture (fig. 30, ECS). At the cephalic margin there are lobe-like parts, the mesal one is called the nasale (fig. 30, NS), and the two lateral pieces are called the adnasales (fig. 30, ANS). Each adnasale is quite uniformly tri- angular in shape while the nasale is greatly varied in its dentation in different species which serve as good diagnostic characters for identification. The anterior tentorial arms can be seen through the surface of the front and are called by some authors the tentorial ribs (fig. 30, TR). Parietals. — The lateral areas of the cranium, separated from the frontoclypeal area by the epicranial suture, are the parietals. They are bounded anteriorly and posteriorly by the epicranial arms and occipital sutures, respectively. The dorsal aspect of the parie- tals forming the top of the head constitutes the vertex (fig. 30, V). The lateral parts of the parietals are the genae (fig. 30, G). Six ocelli (fig. 7, OC) are located on the cephalo-lateron on the genae. Cephalad of the ocelli and next to the antenna is the antennal sclerite (fig. 30, AS). There is an ocellar furrow (fig. 30, OCF) extending backwards from the ocelli and sometimes reaching almost to the cervical groove. The latter (fig. 30, C) is a groove with taxonomic significance situated transversely on the gena behind the ocellar furrow. The postgenae (fig. 31, PG) are the regions of parietals on the ventral side of vertex and genae. They comprise almost the entire ventral surface of the head. Between the post- genae is the gular suture (fig. 9, GUS). A pair of dark bars, located on the sides of the gular suture, are the posterior tentorial pits or gular pits (fig. 31, TP). The occiput (fig. 30, OP) is a rim on the caudal margin of the cranium which borders the foramen magnum or occipital foramen. It is separated from the parietals by the occipital suture (fig. 30, OPS). The Head Appendages Antenna. — The antenna is located on the cephalo-lateral region, before the ocelli and above the mandible. The basal part 9 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 of the antenna is surrounded by a ring-shaped antennal sclerite (fig. 30, AS). The antenna is composed of four segments: the first segment the longest, the second segment almost two-thirds as long as the first, the third, a crooked segment with a sensorial ap- pendage (fig. 30, SAP) on the lateron, almost as long as the second, and the fourth segment the shortest with a sensorial organ (fig. 83, SO) on its apex. Mandible. — The mandible is a thick, strongly sclerotized piece with a broad, triangular base, having its mesal surface much thinner than the latero-dorsal area and differentiated into a large middle tooth called the retinaculum (fig. 84, E) and sometimes some small mandibular teeth (fig. 76, MDT) are present on the cutting edge between the apex and the retinaculum. At the base of the cutting edge there is a cluster of hairs called penicillus or penicillum (fig. 84, P). Two articulations are present: one on the dorsal side, the preartis (fig. 84, PEA), another on the ventral side, the postartis (fig. 84, POA). The extensotendon (fig. 84, ET) on the ectal aspect and the rectotendon (fig. 84, ET) on the mesal aspect are well developed. The latter is much larger than the former. The mandibular scrobe (fig. 84, MS) is a longitudinal depression on the ectal aspect of the mandible present in most genera except Chlaenius, Oddes, and Stenocellus. Maxilla. — The maxilla is composed of five different parts. At the base is the cardo which is composed of two pieces : the mesa] part is the paracardo or subcardo (fig. 29, PC) and the ectal part is the eucardo or alacardo (fig. 28, EC). On the dorsal surface of the paracardo there is a group of granulose processes known as the granulose knob of the cardo (fig. 29, GKC). Cephalad of the cardo is the stipes (fig. 29, STP) which is a long segment with fine and long hairs along the entire mesal margin and also some long setae on the lateral and dorsal surfaces. The maxillary palpus (fig. 29, MXP) is a four-segmented structure with a palp if er joining it to the stipes. The first segment is short, the second segment, the longest, almost three or four times as long as the third, the fourth segment is shorter than the third. In some species the fourth seg- ment is wanting. The palpifer is a part of the stipes and almost invisible. Next to the maxillary palpus, on the mesodistal edge of the stipes, is the galea (fig. 29, GA), sometimes known as the outer lobe, which consists of two segments known as the proxigalea and distagalea. Meso-caudad of the galea is the lacinia (fig. 29, LA) also known as the inner lobe, which is more sclerotized than the galea. It bears a seta on the apex or sometimes on the side. In 10 January, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Aniso tarsus (fig. 44, LA) the lacinia is fused with the stipes and forms a lobe-like process of the stipes. Labium. — The labium consists of two parts: the premen turn (fig. 27, PM) and the mentum (fig. 27, MT). On the cephalic edge of the prementum there is a small, chitinous, bisetose ligula (fig. 27, LG) and a pair of two-segmented palpi (fig. 27, LBP). The first segment of the labial palpus is twice as long as the second segment with setae or bare. The second segment is sometimes subdivided into a small third segment. Along the sides of the prementum are a number of strong setae located next to the ligula. The mentum is membranous, shorter than the prementum, with a group of hairs on the dorsal aspect and also a group of hairs on the latero-basal part. It lies caudad of the prementum. The Thorax Cervicum. — The cervicum or neck region (fig. 36, CV) is the flexible intersegmental region between the head and the prothorax. It is entirely membranous. Prothorax.— The prothorax is the largest segment of the thorax. The tergum is covered by a heavily sclerotized and usually highly colored tergite. There is a longitudinal suture along the meson and a short, transverse, crescent-shaped furrow on each lateral half of the tergum. The surface of the tergite is covered with setae. The propleuron consists of an anterior episternum (fig. 34, EPS) and a posterior epimeron (fig. 34, EPM), the two being separated by a pleural suture. The prosternum (fig. 47, PS) is triangular in shape and the rest of the sternum is membranous. Meso- and metathorax. — The mesothorax and metathorax are similar enough to be described together. They are narrower and shorter than the prothorax. A praetergum (fig. 34, PTG) is pres- ent on each tergum and is separated from the tergum proper by a transverse keel. The surface of the tergum is covered with setae. There is a longitudinal suture extending along the meson dividing the tergum into two equal parts. The meso- and metathoracic pleura are similar in form and development. Besides the epister- num and epimeron, there are two sclerites above these which are the anepisternum (fig. 51, AES) and the anepimeron (fig. 51, AEM). The spiracles of the mesothorax (fig. 19, MTS) are elliptical and situated cephalad of the episternum and beneath the tergite. The mesothoracic spiracle is about twice as large as the first abdomi- nal spiracle and three or four times larger than the remaining abdominal spiracles. The sterna of the mesothorax and metathorax 11 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 are mostly composed of a single area and appear to be membranous (figs. 39, 49). However, in Chlaenius sericeus (fig. 47) there is a sclerite with five setae in the center of the sternum and a pair of smaller sclerites each with a single seta located before it, and also a very small sclerite with a single seta situated mesad of the coxa (fig. 47). Caudo-mesad of each leg are the small pits which mark the invagination of the fnrcae (fig. 49, FP). Leg. — The legs of the prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax are very similar and can be conveniently described together. The trochantin (fig. 19, TN) is the articular sclerite situated at the base of the coxa. The coxa (fig. 4, CX) is the stoutest segment of the leg, and is articulated at its proximal end by a dark and heavily sclerotized acetabulum to the coxal process of the episternum. The length of the coxa is almost equal to the other parts of the leg except that of Chlaenius which is shorter. Next to the coxa is the trochanter (fig. 4, TC) which is approximately one-tenth the size of the coxa and articulates to the coxa at its proximal end by a pair of condyles. The dorsal aspect of the trochanter is much shorter than the ventral. There are two long setae on the venter and many spines on the ventro-lateral aspects of the trochanter. Next to the trochanter is the femur (fig. 4, FM) which is attached to the tro- chanter on its proximal end and to the tibia on its distal end. The femur is slender and long, with short spines on its ventro-lateral sides. The distal end of the femur is stouter than its proximal end. Next to the femur is the tibia (fig. 4, TB), mostly slender and short except that of Chlaenius which is almost as long as the femur and much longer than the trochanter. There are also many spines on the tibia. The tarsus (fig. 4, TS) is the distal segment of the leg and usually very short except that of Chlaenius. The tarsus bears at its distal end two claws which are usually unequal in size ; the cephalic claw is longer than the caudal one. But this is not true in Chlaenius; its claws are subequal in size. The Abdomen The abdomen is ten-segmented. The first to fifth segments in- crease in size and from the sixth segment backward a decrease in size occurs. The ninth segment is the shortest and provided with a pair of cerci (fig. 46, CR) on the dorsum. The tenth segment is modified into a tube-like structure or anal proleg. Terga. — The terga of the abdominal segments are entirely covered by the tergites in Chlaenius and Codes, while the rest of the genera are only partially covered by the tergites. In Chlaenius, Codes, Nothopus, part of Harpalus, Anisodactylus, and Amphasia the 12 January, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA praeterga are present on the first eight terga, while in the rest of the genera, the praeterga are variable. In C rat acanthus, Harpalus viridiaeneus, Stenocellus, Stenolophus, Agonoderus, and Cratocara they are entirely absent. Some species of Harpalus possess prae- terga on the first few segments. The tergnm of the ninth segment is almost entirely occupied by the bases of the cerci. Pleura. — There are two pleurites present on the first to the eighth segment, namely, epipleurite (fig. 19, EPP) and hypopleurite (fig. 19, HPP). The epipleurite is located on the middle of the pleuron and the hypopleurite is almost directly beneath it. On the ninth segment there is only one pleurite present. Sterna. — From the first to the eighth segment, the sternum is composed of five different selerites. These are the ventrites. The cephalic one is called the anterior ventrite (fig. 32, AY), and the caudal four are known as the postventrites. The anterior ventrite is a slender, transverse sclerite while the mesal postven trite (fig. 32, MPV) is also transverse, but shorter than the anterior ventrite and sometimes divided into two pieces. The lateral postventrites (fig. 32, LPV) are two small separate pieces, each located on the ectal side of the mesal postventrite. On the eighth sternum, the anterior ventrite and postventrites are more or less fused into one piece, while those of the tenth segment are entirely fused. In Chlaenius sericeus the praeventrites are present on the cephalic margins of the first eight segments. They are four small selerites each with a seta (fig. 2). Tenth segment. — The tenth segment is modified into a tube-like structure which acts as an anal proleg and is often armed with a pair of protrusible tubes (fig. 6, PT) which may be adorned with crochets. Cerci. — The cerci are a pair of dorso-apical appendages on the ninth segment (fig. 46, CR). In some species they are filiform and provided with numerous hairs and longer than the abdomen (some Chlaenius) , while some species have shorter ones with nodules bear- ing setae. Spiracles. — There is a pair of spiracles on each of the first eight abdominal segments. The spiracles are annular and small, and are located above the cephalic margin of the epipleurite. The first pair of abdominal spiracles is slightly larger than the following pairs. Setal. Arrangement Head setae. — The setal arrangement of the head has a more or less definite pattern which may be described as follows: On the antennal sclerite there is almost uniformly a pair of setae, one on 13 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 the dorsal aspect and another on the ventral. These have not been found in Agonoderus lineola and Cratocara capitata. In the nasale region three pairs are generally present. Some species have only two pairs ( Chlaenius p ennsylv anicus , C. tricolor, Oddes sp., Notho- pus zabroides, Anisotarsus sayi, and Stenolophus sp.). Four pairs are present in Chlaenius sericeus and Harpalus compar. Several exceptional cases are those in Cratacanthus sp. which has five pairs while Chlaenius cumatilis and C. prasinus have seven and eight pairs respectively. In the adnasale region two setae are commonly present, except that Harpalus sp. has one only, Chlaenius prasinus possesses seven, and C. p ennsylv anicus and Oodes sp. each has three. In the area of the tentorial rib and the frontal suture usually one seta is present ( Chlaenius p ennsylv anicus, C. tricolor , C. sericeus , Oddes sp., Harpalus sp., and H. compar), or two setae in Chlaenius cumatilis, Cratacanthus dubius, Harpalus caliginosus, H. viridi- aeneus, H. vagans, H. erythropus, H. p ennsylv anicus, H. dichrous, Anisodactylus sp., A. calif ornicus, Anisotarsus sayi, Stenocellus rupestris, Stenolophus sp., Agonoderus pallipes and Cratocara capitata, or three setae in Chlaenius prasinus, Amphasia inter stiti- alis, and Agonoderus lineola. Two exceptional cases are those of Cratacanthus sp. and Nothopus zabroides which have four and nine setae respectively. On the cardo there is uniformly only one seta present. On the lacinia there is also one seta. In some species it is inserted apically in such as Chlaenius, Oddes, Amphasia inter stitir alis, and Stenocellus rupestris, while in other species it is located laterally. On the first segment of the galea usually there is but one seta, but it has not been found in Chlaenius p ennsylv anicus, C. cumatilis, Nothopus zabroides, Cratacanthus sp., Stenocellus ru- pestris, and Stenolophus sp. On the mandibular scrobe there is usually only one seta present. In the case of Chlaenius prasinus, Oddes sp., Cratacanthus dubius, C. sp., Harpalus dichrous, and Anisodactylus sp. there are two setae in the scrobe. It is interesting that the genus Agonoderus has one seta in the scrobe and another seta above it. In the ocellar area there is usually one seta above and one below the ocelli, Agonoderus has three setae above and one below, while Chlaenius prasinus and Stenocellus rupestris have a total of four setae in the ocellar area. Thoracic setae. — The setae of the thoracic terga of Chlaenius and Oddes are almost too numerous to count. They are short and fine and scattered over the whole surface. While in the rest of the genera it is easier to describe their arrangement, because they are fewer in number. The number and position are variable in different 14 January, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA species. These are shown in the various illustrations (figs. 19-26, 34-40, 51-56). Abdominal setae. — The setae on the abdominal terga of Chlaenius and Oddes are very fine and as irregular as those of the thorax. While those of other genera have a fairly definite pattern, which arrangement is shown in the illustrations (figs. 19-26, 34-40, 51-56). The setae on the epipleurite, hypopleurite, anterior ventrite, and postventrites seem to have certain taxonomic importance and those of Harpalus have been extensively studied as shown in Table II. The arrangement of the setae of the remaining parts of the body Table 1: The Number op Head Setae in Various Species Antennal sclerite Nasale region Adnasale region Area between tentorial rib and epicranial arm Cardo Lacinia Galea Mandibular scrobe Ocellar region Chlaenius pennsylvanicus .... 2 2 pr. 3 1 1 1 ap.* 0 1 2 Chlaenius tricolor 2 2 pr. 2 1 1 1 ap. 1 1 Chlaenius prasinus .... 2 8 pr. 8 3 1 1 ap. 1 2 4 Chlaenius cumatilis ... 2 7 pr. 2 2 1 1 ap. 0 1 2 Chlaenius sericeus ... 2 4 pr. 2 1 1 1 ap. 1 1 2 Oddes sp ... 2 2 pr. 3 1 1 1 ap. 1 2 2 Nothopus zabroides .... 2 2 pr. 2 9 1 llat.t 0 1 3 Cratacanthus dubius .... 2 3 pr. 2 2 1 1 lat. 1 2 2 Cratacanthus sp .... 2 5 pr. 2 4 1 1 lat. 0 2 2 Harpalus caliginosus .... 2 3 pr. 2 2 1 1 ap. 1 1 1 Harpalus sp .... 2 3 pr. 1 1 1 1 ap. 1 1 2 Harpalus viridiaeneus .... 2 3 pr. 2 2 1 1 lat. 1 1 2 Harpalus vagans ... 2 3 pr. 2 2 1 1 lat. 1 1 2 Harpalus erythropus ... 2 3 pr. 2 2 1 1 ap. 1 1 2 Harpalus compar .... 2 4 pr. 2 1 1 Hat. 1 1 2 Harpalus pennsylvanicus .... 2 3 pr. 2 2 1 1 lat. 1 1 2 Harpalus dichrous ...: 2 3 pr. 2 2 1 1 lat. 1 2 2 Anisodactylus calif ornicus .... 2 3 pr. 2 2 1 llat. 1 1 2 Anisodactylus sp .... 2 3 pr. 2 2 1 1 lat. 1 2 2 Amphasia interstitialis .... 2 3 pr. 2 3 1 1 ap. 1 1 3 Anisotarsus sayi .... 2 2 pr. 2 2 1 1 lat. 1 1 2 Stenocellus rupestris .... 2 3 pr. 2 2 1 ap. 0 1 4 Stenolophus conjunctus Stenolophus sp. .... 2 2 pr. 2 2 1 1 lat. 0 1 2 Agonoderus lineola .... 0 3 pr. 2 3 1 1 lat. 1 2 4 Agonoderus pallipes .... 2 3 pr. 2 2 1 1 lat. 1 2 4 Cratocara capitata .... 0 3 pr. 2 2 1 llat. 1 1 Seta on apex ; t seta on lateral side. 15 Table II: The Number of Setae on Pleurites and Sternites of Karpalus ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 © rH^r-H^ cTo" co^ o"cd cq cq o"©T rdrd 9 oq^cq" rH rH o' cT cq"co" o"o" cq" cq" o"o" rdrd rtf 1 cq cq"cq r- rH iH o' o' o cd co" co o" o" o cq" cq" cq o"o" o cd rd rH Ph ?-l ’ 1 a> © . > -+5 bio -+J OS Q CO m O M •r-j rP'r-iv T— rH t— Tr-T CO co^ cd cd r- cq"cq" r- 1 tH^ Ph 03 r-H^r- £ tH t-H M"cd- cdcd T— ■^rH^ cq"cq" i — 1 rH H T — 1 1 — 1 i— d r-T iH H rH H co"cdco co"cdco T— ■\ H H M"cq" cq i — 1 i — 1 rH © -+J d rH^r — 1 c r rH o & s •r^ Cq^ o^o cq^cq^ MM M M co^co^ cq^cq^ W c$ S Cq"cq" rH o^cT o cq^cd o cq*' cq^i— I m"m"co m"m"m^ cd cdM cq"cq"cq^ wTcq'oa' o"o"o" cl cd cq' cq i cq i — i co" m" cd cd cd cd cd cd cd cq" cq" cq" rH rH o T — 1 © -M i— 1 rH d 'o' co^cd W | o' Cv] IO M M M rH co^io^ O^o'O^ cq ,_do -rH^rH cd-di— i M"cdcq^ cd cq"o M M IO •H GO fH 1 © h 9 CO i— 1 r-T o' o' cT o' co" o' rH tH r— T H rH rH cq" o" (S' cq" cd cd rd cq" o" cd rd io" 'ft •rH CD ft OJ * •r~5 idled =dcd «Ced' cq" cq" co^rt^ rdrd cdcd C$ idifdio °dcq''c © © co © 5>. © "ft 8 © ft 1 1 i ft a S 4 § Si s. ft © © SD • © © ft CO Co CO QA CO co Co co 33 $ § s 31 '© © 'e e e. § ft ft ft ft S5 4 ft ft s- s. 5~ H s- © © © <3 e § © tq fcq tel tel tel tel tel tel 16 Major setae; t Minor setae. January, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA are difficult to describe. They have only been shown in different illustrations. VII. DISCUSSION OF DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS The characters used for identification were selected from a mor- phological study and are those which ought to be distinct and easily recognized. In other words, those characters with little diagnostic significance are neglected and not discussed. The mandibular scrobe is an impression of the ectal aspect of the mandible which is absent in Chlaenius and Oddes. The setae in the scrobe are variable : in most species only one seta is present, but in C rat acanthus sp., Harpalus caliginosus, H. viridiaeneus , H. dichrous, Stenolophus sp., and Cratocara capitata there are two setae. In Agonoderus, there is one seta in the scrobe and another located dorsad of it. The mandibular tooth is wanting in most spe- cies, but some Harpalus possess two or three teeth on the cutting edge and also Anisodactylus calif ornicus has one. The ligula pos- sesses two setae on its distal end. The bases of the setae are either contiguous in Chlaenius, Oddes, Agonoderus, and Stenolophus sp., or separate in all the remaining species. The labial palpus is gen- erally two-segmented, but in some species of Chlaenius and Oddes the second segment is divided into a third small segment. The lacinia or inner lobe is a single segment, usually with a seta inserted laterally and a few apically ( Chlaenius , Oddes, Amphasia interstiti- alis, and Stenocellus rupestris ) . The lacinia of Anisotarsus is fused with the stipes forming a finger-like lobe. The nasale varies greatly in different species which has been shown in various illustrations. The ocellar furrow has been used as a good diagnostic character as it is present in most species, but not in Chlaenius, Oddes, Harpalus dichrous, Anisodactylus sp., Anisotarsus, Stenocellus, Stenolophus, Agonoderus, and Cratocara. The writer has also taken advantage of the absence of a cervical groove to separate Chlaenius and Oddes from the other genera. Praeterga of the abdominal terga are some- times entirely wanting, such as Cratacanthus, Harpalus viridi- aeneus, Stenolophus, Stenocellus, Agonoderus, and Cratocara. The tarsus is usually a short segment of the leg, but this is not true in Chlaenius and Oddes which when united with the tibia is longer than the femur. Claws of most species are unequal in length, but in Chlaenius and Oddes they are equal or subequal. Cerci are quite different in size and structure in the different species : in Chlaenius and Oddes they are usually extraordinarily long and covered with fine hairs, while in other genera they are short and with nodules 17 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 bearing setae on them. C rat acanthus possesses four setae on the apex of the cercus which is distinguishable from other genera. The arrangement of the setae on the body and appendages is more or less constant in certain species, but they have not been used in the keys, because the setae seem rather difficult to use for diagnostic purposes. VIII. CLASSIFICATION The family Carabidae, commonly called ground beetles, com- prises over 17,000 described species and is distributed throughout the world (Imms ’36). The Harpalinae is the largest among the four subfamilies with over 10,000 species. There are two Sections (Blatchley ’10) of the Harpalinae, namely: Bisetosae and Uni- setosae (Leng ’20). This recognized system of classification is wholly based upon the characters of adults. The larval characters of the family as given by Van Emden ( ’42, p. 3), may be quoted as follows : “Legs consisting of five joints (coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus) and one or two claws, i.e., with two joints and the claw(s) after the knee. Labrum and clypeus wholly fused with frontal piece. Mandibles without a suctorial channel, without a prostheca and with a single cutting edge. Maxil- lae with the cardo very short, formed by two half -rings, which lie in the same axis as the stipes, outer lobe inserted on the stipes. No gills or swimming fringes. Eight pairs of abdominal spiracles sub- equal in size to the others and in the same sublateral position ; ninth and tenth abdominal segments distinct.” The larval characters of the subfamily Harpalinae are com- piled from Boving and Craighead (’30) and Van Emden (’42) as follows : antenna not twice as long as mandible ; anterior mar- gin of nasale varying much according to genus, but never pro- duced into a pair of strong, cbnical teeth; mandible falcate or robust, retinaculum well developed; inner edge of mandible in front of retinaculum either entire, or with one to several teeth; ventral and pleural sclerites incomplete, more or less broadly sepa- rated from each other, seldom as in Scaritini, but then the maxillary stipes extending into a hairy lobe on inner side of apex, or the abdo- men tapering in the normal way ; tergites usually exposing spiracles and pleura more or less broadly to come out, the pronotum usually margined. The larval characters of the Section Unisetosae cannot be given until those of the Bisetosae are studied. Chlaeniini. — Van Emden (’42, pp. 39, 43) has given the charac- ters of tribes in which Oddes is placed in the Chlaeniini: “Head 18 January, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA without a neck-constriction or a cervical groove and keel before base, though the head is somewhat narrowed to base and is provided with a lateral impression behind the temples. Epicranial suture absent or short. Nasale with several acute or blunt teeth. Antennae not much (up to a third) longer than mandibles, with a few setae or pubescent. Mandibles rather slender, not much less than three times as long as wide at base or longer, penicillus present. Maxillae: Stipes rather slender, inner lobe strong with an apical seta, second joint of outer lobe shorter than first. Ligula distinct with two setae, second joint of labial palpi not very slender, often subdivided at apex. Legs with two equal, simple claws. Tergites margined later- ally, complete, usually partly hiding the abdominal spiracles in dor- sal view. Cerci either fixed and with a few nodules, each of which bears a seta, or fixed or movable and, in second and third stages, without nodules and with numerous small hairs, often irregularly annulate. ’ ’ Harpalini. — “Frontal piece not reaching hind margin of head, epicranial suture well developed. Head with a cervical groove and keel (Amblystomus%). Six ocelli present. Antennae not or slightly longer than mandibles, basal joint the longest, but third sometimes almost as long. Mandibles more or less stout, usually less than two- and-a-half times as long as wide, sometimes prolonged between recti- naculum and apex, the former then rather close to base and the middle part hardly curved and with several blunt teeth on cutting edge ; penicillus and rectinaculum present, often 1-5 blunt teeth beyond the latter. Maxillae with the stipes moderately long, inner lobe present; outer lobe and palpus slender; first joint of palpi longer (usually much) than palpiger and second and third joints. Legs with two free unequal claws. Tergites well developed, though often rather pale ; incomplete and not margined at sides ; tenth seg- ment more or less slender, abdomen not physogastric. Cerci present. Larval Key to Genera 1. — Abdominal tergites broad, covering the entire dorsum later- ally; mandible rather slender and curved (fig. 14) ; scrobe absent; retinaculum (fig. 84, R) subbasal, slender, and curved backward ; bases of ligular setae contiguous (fig. 7) ; setae of lacinia on apex (fig. 8) ; ocellar furrow absent; cervical groove absent ; stem of epicranial suture very short ; head with a transverse constriction ; body pubescent ; praeterga (fig. 19, PTG) present on the terga of abdominal segments 1-9 ; tarsus longer than tibia, the length of tarsus 19 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 and tibia together longer than femur; claws of each leg subequal ; cercus usually very long 2 Abdominal tergites narrow, not covering the entire dorsum laterally; mandible rather stout (fig. 84), scrobe (fig. 84, MS) usually present; retinaculum (fig. 84, R) located near middle of cutting edge, directed more mesad ; bases of ligu- lar setae usually separate (fig. 27, LGS) ; setae of lacinia on side (fig. 29, LA) or on apex (fig. 8) ; ocellar furrow present and extending backward (fig. 30, OCF) or incon- spicuous; cervical groove (fig. 30, C) generally present; stem of epicranial suture long, head without a transverse constriction; praeterga present or absent on terga of ab- dominal segments; length of tarsus and tibia together not longer than femur; claws of each leg unequal 3 2. — First segment of labial palpus with only three or four setae; body less setose ; cercus not very long, with few setae. Oddes First segment of labial palpus with more than three setae ; body setose; cercus very long, with many small setae. Chlaenius 3. — Bases of ligular setae separate (fig. 27, LGS) 4 Bases of ligular setae contiguous (fig. 60) 11 4. — Ocellar furrow present and extending backward (fig. 30, OCF) 8 Ocellar furrow absent 5 5. — With a row of setae in the place of ocellar furrow (fig. 41). Nothopus Without a row of setae in the place of ocellar furrow 6 6. — Lacinia fused with stipes forming a stout lobe (fig. 44, LA). Anisotarsus Lacinia distinct, not fused with stipes, and with a seta on the apex or on the side 7 7. — Seta of lacinia on apex ; with one seta on scrobe region ; prae- terga of abdominal segments wanting ; cercus shorter than ninth abdominal segment Cratocara Seta of lacinia on the side ; with three setae on scrobe region ; praeterga (fig. 19, PTG) present on terga of first to ninth abdominal segments ; cercus longer than ninth abdominal segment Anisodactylus (pt.) 8. — Apex of cercus with four setae (fig. 46, CR) ; cercus stouter, shorter than tenth abdominal segment ; bases of cerci broadly separated C rat acanthus 20 January, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Apex of cercus with less than four setae ; cercus slender, longer than or subequal to tenth abdominal segment ; bases of cerci narrowly separated 9 9. — Ocellar furrow rather broad ; with a swollen area bearing two setae (fig. 66) above the furrow and behind the ocelli. Anisodactylus (pt.) Ocellar furrow not so broad, without a swollen area bearing two setae above it 10 10. — Praeterga present on first to ninth abdominal segments ; seta of lacinia on apex ; nasale with two pairs of blunt teeth, each tooth dentated (fig. 68) Ampkasia Praeterga never present on fifth to eighth abdominal segments ; setae of lacinia on side ; nasale not so dentated. Harpalus (pt.) 11. — Praeterga present on first to ninth abdominal segments. Harpalus ( H . dichrous) Praeterga wanting on terga of all abdominal segments 12 12. — Mandibular scrobe well developed, with two setae; seta of lacinia on side 13 Mandibular scrobe wanting, with one seta on that region ; seta of lacinia on apex Stenocellus 13. — Nasale without a large median tooth ; abdominal terga with ten strong setae in two rows, six in cephalic row and four in caudal row ; trochanter with less than five spinulae on each side ; with two setae on scrobe, no seta on dorsum of mandi- ble Stenolophus Nasale with a large median tooth (figs. 88, 92) ; abdominal terga with many setae, at least more than ten in two rows ; with one seta on scrobe and one seta on the dorsum of mandible (figs. 88, 92) Agonoderus Species Key to Chlaenius 1. — Cerci with setiferous nodules, not longer than last four ab- dominal segments and without annulated rings 2 Cerci tapering, without setiferous nodules, much longer than last four abdominal segments and bearing irregular annu- lated rings 3 2. — Nasale with one broad median tooth and two blunt teeth on each side (fig. 17) pennsylvanicus Nasale without broad median tooth but with more than twenty small fine teeth (fig. 13) tricolor 21 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 3. — Body tricolored ; nasale with one very small median tooth and two larger lateral teeth, no fine teeth between the median tooth and lateral tooth (fig. 7) ; two setae on the back of mandible (figs. 1, 7) prasinus Body not tricolored; nasale with one median tooth and two lateral teeth on each side, with two or more small fine teeth between the median tooth and the lateral tooth (figs. 12, 15) ; four or five setae on the back of mandible (figs. 2, 3) 4 4. — Nasale with two, small, fine teeth between the median tooth and the lateral tooth (fig. 12) ; without a knob in the region above ocelli cumatilis Nasale with more than three small fine teeth between the median tooth and the lateral tooth (fig. 15) ; with a knob in the region above ocelli (fig. 15) sericeus Species Key to Cratacanthus 1. — Nasale region with three pairs of setae (fig. 48) ; with 4 setae on dorsum of first segment of labial palpus ; without a small seta caudad to each abdominal spiracle dubius Nasale region with five pairs of setae (fig. 43) ; with 2 setae on dorsum of the first segment of labial palpus ; with a small seta caudad to each abdominal spiracle (fig. 38) sp. Species Key to Anisodactylus 1. — Ocellar furrow well developed; praeterga present on abdomi- nal segments 1-3 only; a swollen area bearing two setae above ocellar furrow (fig. 66) ; nasale with 10 median fine teeth and two larger blunt teeth on each side (fig. 66) ; first segment of labial palpus with one seta on dorsum. calif ornicus Ocellar furrow wanting; praeterga present on abdominal seg- ments 1-9; without a swollen area with two setae above ocellar furrow ; nasale with 6 blunt teeth and several small teeth (fig. 70) ; first segment of labial palpus bare sp. Species Key to Stenolophus* 1. — Cervical groove not conspicuous conjunctus Cervical groove conspicuous (fig. 61) sp. * Since the only available specimen of S. conjunctus is incom- plete, many diagnostic characters are not known. 22 January, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Species Key to Harpalus 1. — Bases of ligular setae contiguous (fig. 81) ; maxillary palpus three segmented ; ocellar furrow absent ; praeterga present on all abdominal segments (fig. 24) ; tarsus longer than tibia; tarsus and tibia together almost equal to the length of femur dichrous Bases of ligular setae separate; maxillary palpus four seg- mented; ocellar furrow present; praeterga on abdominal segments absent or only present on first and second, first to third, or first to fourth abdominal segments, never pres- ent on fifth to ninth; tarsus shorter than or subequal to tibia; tarsus and tibia together shorter than the length of femur 2 2. — With 2 or 3 mandibular teeth on cutting edge 4 Without or with a small, not very noticeable tooth on cutting edge 3 3. — Mandibular tooth wanting ; 2 or 3 setae on scrobe ; praeterga on abdominal segments wanting; nasale as illustrated in fig- ure 83 viridiaeneus Without or with a small, not very noticeable tooth on cutting edge of mandible ; one seta on scrobe ; praeterga present on 1st abdominal segment ; nasale as illustrated in figure 30. pennsylv aniens 4. — With a pair of larger teeth on each side of nasale region (figs. 76, 89) 5 With very uniform fine teeth on nasale region (figs. 73, 77, 85) 6 5. — Three mandibular teeth on cutting edge ; a row of more than ten spinulae located on frontoclypeal area, parallel to each epicranial arm and just cephalad of epicranial stem (fig. 76) ; without a furrow present between epicranial arm and ocellar furrow sp. Two mandibular teeth on cutting edge ; without a row of spinu- lae located on frontoclypeal area parallel to each epicranial arm and cephalad of epicranial stem; a furrow present parallel to ocellar furrow and between epicranial arm and ocellar furrow (fig. 89) caliginosus 6. — With one seta on dorsum of 1st segment of labial palpus; laeinia with a seta on apex ; head width of fullgrown larva around 2.4 mm erythropus With two or three setae on dorsum of 1st segment of labial 23 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 palpus ; lacinia with a seta on side ; head width of fullgrown larva about 2.6 to 3.3 mm 7 7. — With three mandibular teeth ; head width of fullgrown larva about 3.3 mm compar With two mandibular teeth; head width of fullgrown larva about 2.6 mm vagans Species Key to Agonoderus 1. — Seven pairs of long setae on frontoclypeal area (fig. 88) ; three pairs of long setae on the cephalic margin of protergum (fig. 53) ; femur not longer than tarsus and tibia together. pallipes Eight pairs of long setae on frontoclypeal area (fig. 92) ; more than three pairs of long setae on the cephalic margin of protergum (fig. 52) ; femur longer than tarsus and tibia together lineola IX. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES Chlaenius pennsylvanicus Say. (Figs. 5, 8, 14, 17, 18.) Three lots of specimens in the U. S. National Museum collection : 1. One exuviae and one reared adult, Hamilton collection no. 48 ; 2. One exuviae and one reared adult, Hamilton collection no. 485 ; 3. One exuviae and one reared adult, Hamilton collection no. 487. Measurements. — Width of head 1.4 mm., width of prothorax 2.2 mm., length of body 11.7 mm., length of cercus 1.7 mm., length of ninth abdominal segment 0.3 mm., length of tenth abdominal segment 0.8 mm. Color. — Head dark brown; sclerites of thorax and abdomen all dark brown ; intersclerite membrane light brown ; legs dark brown. Head. — Antenna four-segmented, little longer than mandi- ble, first segment longest, second as long as third, third curved mesad with a sensorial appendage laterad, fourth shortest; mandible slender, with two setae on the back, retinaculum basal, slender and curved meso-caudad, mandibular teeth wanting; labium elongate with a row of strong setae on each lateral mar- gin, labial palpus two-segmented, bases of ligular setae contigu- ous; maxillary palpus four-segmented, with one seta on the venter of first segment, galea two-segmented, lacinia with a seta on apex ; nasale with a large even median tooth and two lateral teeth on each side ; six pairs of long setae on frontoclypeal area ; 24 January, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA six ocelli present on each side, ocellar furrow wanting ; cervical groove wanting ; stem of epicranial sntnre very short. Thorax. — Tergites marginated and broad, covering to pleura ; prothorax much longer than meso- or metathorax ; setae short ; mesothoracic spiracle large and elliptical; legs short, tarsus slightly longer than tibia, tarsus and tibia together almost as long as femur; two claws subequal. Abdomen. — Tergites with numerous short setae, praeterga present on first nine segments ; nine epipleurites present, heavily sclerotized with many setae ; first to eighth hypopleurites pres- ent, heavily sclerotized with many setae ; anterior ventrite and postventrites distinct in first seven segments with many setae on each sclerite; the sternites of eighth and ninth, each fused into one piece with many setae; tenth segment tubulose with many setae as shown in figure 5 ; cercus fairly long with nodules bearing setae; eight pairs of abdominal spiracles present later- ally, annular and small. Remarks. — Identification was based on the reared adults and the description was made from the exuviae. Chlaenius tricolor Dejean. (Figs. 4, 11, 13.) One exuviae and one reared adult in the U. S. National Museum collection, labeled Hamilton collection no. 579. Measurements. — Width of head 1.6 mm., width of prothorax 2.6 mm., length of body 16.0 mm., length of cercus 2.9 mm., length of ninth abdominal segment 0.5 mm., length of tenth abdominal segment 1.1 mm. Color. — Head dark brown ; sclerites of thorax and abdomen all dark brown; intersclerite membrane light brown; leg dark brown. Head. — Antenna four-segmented, a little longer than mandi- ble, first segment longer than second, second longer than third, third curved mesad with a sensorial appendage laterad, fourth missing ; mandible slender with two setae on the back, retinacu- lum basal, slender and curved meso-cauded, mandibular teeth wanting; labium elongate with a row of long setae on each lateral margin, labial palpus two-segmented, bases of ligular setae contiguous; maxillary palpus four-segmented with one seta on the venter of first segment, galea two-segmented, lacinia with a seta on apex; nasale with twenty-four small teeth of fairly equal sized; five pairs of setae on frontoclypeal area; six ocelli present on each side, ocellar furrow wanting ; cervical groove wanting ; stem of epicranial suture very short. 25 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 Thorax. — Tergites broad and marginated, covering to pleura ; pro thorax much longer than meso- or metathorax ; setae short ; mesothoracic spiracle large and elliptical; leg short, tarsus a little longer than tibia, tarsus and tibia together longer than femur ; two claws subequal. Abdomen. — Tergites with numerous setae, praeterga present on first eight segments ; nine epipleurites present, heavily sclero- tized with many setae; first to eighth hypopleurites present, heavily sclerotized with many setae ; anterior ventrites and post- ventrites distinct in first seven segments with many setae on each sclerite, the sternites of eighth and ninth each fused into one piece with many setae; tenth segment tubulose with many setae as shown in figure 4 ; cercus fairly long with nodules bear- ing setae ; eight pairs of abdominal spiracles present, annular and small. Remarks. — Identification was based on the reared adult and the description was from the exuviae which has lost some parts. There is only one leg left and it is not known to what thoracic segment it belongs. Chlaenius prasinus Dejean. (Figs. 1, 7, 9.) Seven larvae in the U. S. National Museum collection, collected in sand on the shore of Lake Monroe, Enterprise, Florida, at the end of May, 1876, by Schwarz. Measurements. — Width of head 2.1 mm., width of prothorax 3.3 mm., length of body 24.8 mm., length of cercus 14.4 mm., length of ninth abdominal segment 0.5 mm., length of tenth abdominal segment 1.9 mm. Color. — Head brown; prothorax brown, mesothorax brown, metathorax dark brown; dorsum of first four abdominal seg- ments dark brown, fifth to tenth light brown, cerci dark brown, other sclerites brown ; legs light brown. Head. — Antenna four-segmented, a little longer than mandi- ble, first segment longest, second almost as long as third, fourth shortest, third segment curved mesad with a sensorial appen- dage laterad; mandible slender with two setae on the back, retinaculum basal, slender, and curved meso-caudad, mandibu- lar teeth wanting ; labium elongate with a row of long setae on each lateral margin, labial palpus three segmented, bases of ligular setae contiguous ; maxillary palpus four-segmented with one seta on the venter of first segment, galea two-segmented, lacinia with a seta on apex ; nasale with a small sharp median 26 January, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA tooth and two larger lateral ones on each side ; many pairs of setae on the frontoclypeal area ; six ocelli present on each side ; ocellar furrow wanting ; cervical groove wanting ; stem of epi- cranial suture very short. Thorax. — Tergites broad and marginated, covering to pleura ; prothorax much longer than meso- or metathorax ; setae short ; mesothoracic spiracles large and elliptical ; legs fairly long, tarsus longer than tibia, tarsus and tibia together much longer than femur ; two claws subequal. Abdomen. — Tergites with numerous short setae, praeterga present on first nine segments ; nine epipleurites present ; heavily sclerotized with many short setae ; first to eighth hypo- pleurites present, heavily sclerotized with many short setae; anterior ventrites and postventrites distinct in first seven seg- ments with many setae on each sclerite; the sternites of eighth and ninth each fused into one piece with many setae ; tenth seg- ment tubulose with many setae as shown in figure 1; cercus tapering and very long with numerous short hairs ; eight pairs of abdominal spiracles present, annular and small. Remarks. — Identification and description were based on the larvae. Chlaenius cumatilis LeConte. (Figs. 3, 10, 12.) One larva in the U. S. National Museum collection, collected from the stream bed in Sabino Canyon, Arizona, May 16, 1897. Hubb. no. 831. Measurements.— Width of head 2.1 mm., width of prothorax 2.6 mm., length of body 23.8 mm., length of cercus 10.8 mm., length of ninth abdominal segment 0.4 mm., length of tenth abdominal segment 1.1 mm. Color.- — Head and all the sclerites dark brown, legs, distal half of cercus and venter of abdomen lighter. Head. — Antenna four-segmented, a little longer than mandi- ble, first segment longer than second, second almost as long as third, fourth shortest, third segment curved mesad with a . sensorial appendage laterad ; mandible slender, with four setae on the back, retinaculum basal, slender, and curved meso- caudad, mandibular teeth wanting ; labium elongate with a few long setae on each lateral margin, labial palpus three segmented, bases of ligular setae contiguous; maxillary palpus four-seg- mented with one seta on the venter of first segment, galea two- segmented, lacinia with a seta on apex; nasale with a large 27 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 median tooth and two large lateral teeth on each side, two tiny teeth in the space between the median and the lateral teeth; eleven pairs of setae in the f rontoclypeal area ; six ocelli present on each side, ocellar furrow wanting ; cervical groove wanting ; stem of epicranial suture very short. Thorax. — Tergites broad and marginated, covering to pleura ; prothorax much longer than meso- or metathorax ; setae short ; mesothoracic spiracle large and elliptical; legs fairly long, tarsus longer than tibia, tarsus and tibia together longer than femur ; two claws subequal. Abdomen.- — Tergites with numerous setae, praeterga pres- ent on first eight segments; nine epipleurites present, heavily sclerotized with many short setae ; anterior ventrites and post- ventrites distinct in first seven segments with many setae on each sclerite ; the sternites of eighth and ninth, each fused into one piece with many setae ; tenth segment tubulose with many setae as shown in figure 3 ; cercus very long and tapering with numerous short hairs ; eight pairs of abdominal spiracles pres- ent, annular and small. Remarks. — Identification and description were based on a single larva. Chlaenius sericeus Forster. (Figs. 2, 15, 16, 47.) Three lots of specimens in the U. S. National Museum collection : 1. Eleven larvae collected around margins of ponds of Chicago bays, July 28, 1917, Hamilton collection nos. 475-479 ; 2. An exuviae and a reared adult, Hamilton collection no. 478; 3. An exuviae and a reared adult, Hamilton collection no. 475. Measurements. — Width of head 1.8 mm., width of prothorax 2.2 mm., length of body 23.2 mm., length of cercus 8.6 mm., length of ninth abdominal segment 0.6 mm., length of tenth abdominal segment 1.6 mm. Color. — Head reddish brown; thorax dark brown, coxae dark brown and the rest of leg yellowish brown; dorsum of abdomen dark brown, venter light brown, ninth and tenth abdominal segments dark brown, cerci dark brown with a part near the proximal ends, light brown. Head. — Antenna four-segmented, longer than mandible, first segment almost as long as second, third shorter, curved mesad with a sensorial appendage laterad, fourth shortest; mandible slender with five setae on the back, retinaculum basal, slender and curved meso-caudad, mandibular teeth wanting; 28 January, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA labium elongate with a row of long setae on each lateral mar- gin, labial palpus three-segmented, bases of ligular setae con- tiguous ; maxillary palpus four-segmented with one seta on the venter of first segment, galea two-segmented, lacinia with a seta on apex ; nasale with a large median tooth and two large lateral teeth on each side, three tiny teeth in the space between the median and lateral teeth ; seven pairs of setae in the f ronto- clypeal area; six ocelli present on each side, ocellar furrow wanting; cervical groove wanting; stem of epicranial suture very short. Thorax. — Tergites broad and marginated, covering to pleura; prothorax much longer than meso- or metathorax; short setae scattered with few longer setae ; mesothoracic spira- cle large and elliptical; legs fairly long, tarsus as long as or longer than tibia, tarsus and tibia together longer than femur ; two claws subequal. Abdomen. — Tergites with numerous short setae scattered with few longer setae, praeterga present on first nine segments ; nine epipleurites present, heavily sclerotized with many short setae ; first to eighth hypopleurites distinct, heavily sclerotized with many short setae ; two pairs of small sclerites present on each front margin of first eight sterna ; anterior ventrites and postventrites distinct in first seven segments with many setae on each sclerite ; the sternites of eighth and ninth, each fused into one piece with many setae; tenth segments tubulose with many setae as shown in figure 2 ; cercus very long and tapering with numerous short hairs ; eight pairs of abdominal spiracles present, annular and small. Remarks. — Identification was based on the reared adults, while the description was made from the larvae. Oodes sp. (Figs. 6, 75, 79.) Three lots of specimens in the U. S. National Museum collec- tion : 1. A larva collected among Harpalus by Schwarz and Barber in Plummers Island, Maryland, August 9, 1919 ; 2. A larva collected by Schwarz and Barber in Plummers Island, Maryland, August 16, 1914; 3. A larva collected by J. L. Wrenn in Plummers Island, Maryland, July 9, 1914. Measurements. — Width of head 1.8 mm., width of prothorax 2.9 mm., length of body 14.1 mm., length of cercus 2.4 mm., length of ninth abdominal segment 0.5 mm., length of tenth ab- dominal segment 1.5 mm. 29 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 Color. — Head reddish brown; dorsnm of thorax and abdo- men uniformly dark brown, cerci dark brown, venter of thorax and abdomen and also legs brown. Head. — Width of head much smaller than thorax ; antenna four-segmented, a litte longer than mandible; first three seg- ments almost as long as each other, third curved mesad with a sensorial appendage laterad, fourth short with a sensorial organ on distal end; mandible slender with two setae on the back, retinaculum basal, slender, and curved meso-caudad, mandibular teeth wanting; labium elongate with two pairs of setae on the venter, labial palpus three-segmented, bases of ligular setae contiguous ; maxillary palpus four-segmented with one seta on the venter of first segment, galea two-segmented, lacinia with a seta on apex; nasale with a group of fine teeth on the middle, two larger ones on each lateral side, and a tiny one between two laterals ; six pairs of setae in the frontoclypeal area; six ocelli present on each side, ocellar furrow wanting; cervical groove wanting ; stem of epicranial suture almost none. Thorax. — Tergites broad and marginated, covering to pleura; prothorax much longer than meso- or metathorax; setae short, scattered on whole terga; mesothoracic spiracle large and elliptical ; legs not long, tarsus as long as tibia, tarsus and tibia together as long as femur ; two claws subequal. Abdomen. — Tergites with numerous short setae, praeterga present on first eight segments ; ninth epipleurite present, heav- ily sclerotized with many setae; first to eighth hypopleurites distinct, heavily sclerotized with many short setae; anterior ventrites and postventrites distinct in first seven segments with many strong setae on each sclerite ; the sternites of eighth and ninth, each fused into one piece with many strong setae ; tenth segment tubulose with many setae as shown in figure 6 ; cercus short with nodules bearing setae; eight pairs of abdominal spiracles present, annular and small. Remarks. — The species was identified by Dr. A. G. Boving based on the larvae, but it does not fit van Emden’s key. The description was also based on those three larvae. Nothopus zabroides LeConte. (Pigs. 35, 41, 42.) Two lots of specimens in the U. S. National Museum collection ; 1. One larva collected by L. D. Christenson from soil of a peach orchard in Bangs, Texas, August 18, 1937 ; 2. One exuviae and one reared adult collected by W. H. Anderson from soil in Bangs, Texas, October 26, 1937. 30 January, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Measurements. — Width of head 3.4 mm., width of pro- thorax 3.2 mm., length of body 24.5 mm., length of cercns 0.4 mm., length of ninth abdominal segment 0.7 mm., length of tenth abdominal segment 1.1 mm. Color. — Head brown; dorsum of thorax, abdomen and legs brown; venter and pleuron brownish white. Head. — Head broader than thorax ; antenna four-segmented, longer than mandible, first segment longest, second as long as third, fourth shortest, third segment curved mesad with a sen- sorial appendage laterad; mandible stout, with one seta in scrobe, retinaculum stout, located near middle and directed mesad, mandibular teeth wanting; labium elongate with rows of strong setae on each lateral margin, labial palpus two-seg- mented, bases of ligular setae separate ; maxillary palpus four- segmented, galea two-segmented, lacinia with a seta on side; nasale with two lateral teeth on each side; six pairs of major setae and six pairs of minor setae on the frontoclypeal area; six ocelli present on each side, ocellar furrow absent but with a row of setae on that position (fig. 41) cervical groove present; stem of epicranial suture fairly long. Thorax. — Tergites marginated and broad, but hardly cov- ering to pleura ; prothorax much longer and broader than meso- or metathorax; setae distinct, fifteen pairs on protergum, nine pairs on meso- and also on metatergum; one seta on meso- anepimeron, two setae on meta-anepimeron, two setae on epi- meron, one seta on trochantin ; mesothoracic spiracle very large, elliptical; legs short, tarsus and tibia both very short, femur longer than tarsus and tibia together, cephalic claw longer than caudal. Abdomen. — Tergites narrow not covering laterally entire terga, with five to seven pairs of strong setae ; praeterga present on first eight segments; nine epipleurites present, each with three to six setae; first to eight hypopleurites not well sclero- tized, each with two setae ; anterior ventrites and postventrites not well sclerotized, with two to three pairs of setae on the former and two pairs on the latter ; the sternites of eighth and ninth segments each fused into one piece with four and five pairs of setae respectively; tenth segment tubulose with many setae as shown in figure 35 ; cercus very short, shorter than ninth abdominal segment, with a group of three setae on distal portion ; eight pairs of abdominal spiracles small and annular. Remarks. — The species was identified by W. H. Anderson based 31 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 on the reared adult. The description was made from both the larva and the exuviae. Cratacanthus dubius (Beauvois). (Figs. 37, 48, 50.) Two lots of specimens in the U. S. National Museum collection : 1. One exuviae and one reared adult, Hamilton collection no. 203 ; 2. One larva mixed together with five other Harpalus larvae identi- fied by van Emden, Hamilton collection nos. 202 and 207. Measurements. — Width of head 2.5 mm., width of prothorax 2.5 mm., length of body 13.8 mm., length of cercus 0.7 mm., length of ninth abdominal segment 0.4 mm., length of tenth abdominal segment 0.8 mm. Color. — Head brown, the rest brownish white. Head. — Head as wide as thorax; antenna four-segmented, a little longer than mandible; mandible stout, with two setae in scrobe, retinaculum stout, located near middle and directed mesad, mandibular teeth wanting; labium elongate with rows of strong setae on each lateral margin, labial palpus two-seg- mented, bases of ligular setae separate ; maxillary palpus four- segmented with a seta on venter of first segment, galea two-seg- mented, lacinia with a seta on side ; nasale with a large median tooth and two smaller lateral teeth on each side; seven pairs of strong setae on the frontoclypeal area; six ocelli present on each side, ocellar furrow broad, with one long and one short setae in it; cervical groove present; stem of epicranial suture quite long. Thorax. — Tergites marginated and broad, but hardly cover- ing to pleura; prothorax longer and broader than meso- or metathorax; setae distinct, seven large pairs on protergum, nine large pairs on meso- and metatergum each ; each with two setae on episternum, epimeron and trochantin; mesothoracic spiracle very large, elliptical; legs short, tarsus and tibia both are very short, femur longer than tarsus and tibia together, cephalic claw longer than caudal, especially on the forelegs. Abdomen. — Tergites narrow, not covering laterally to pleura, with eleven pairs of long setae on first three segments and more on the rest ; praeterga absent ; nine epipleurites pres- ent, with five setae on first seven, four on eighth, two on ninth ; eight hypopleurites, each with three setae; two pairs of long setae on anterior ventrites, two pairs on mesal postventrites, one pair on each lateral postventrite ; the sternites of eighth and ninth segments, each fused into one piece with three pairs 32 January, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA of major setae, tenth segment tubulose with many setae as shown in figure 37 ; cercus rather short, shorter than tenth seg- ment, but longer than ninth, with a group of four setae on the distal portion ; eight pairs of abdominal spiracles small and annular. Remarks. — The identification was based on the reared adult. The description was made from the exuviae. Cratacanthus sp. (Figs. 38, 43, 45, 46.) Two lots of specimens in the U. S. National Museum collection : 1. One larva collected from soil of peach orchard in Scott County, Missouri by W. F. Turner, November 9, 1937 ; 2. Two larvae col- lected by C. J. Drake in Ames, Iowa, no date indicated. Measurements. — Width of head 2.4 mm., width of prothorax 2.6 mm., length of body 10.5 mm., length of cercus 0.6 mm., length of ninth abdominal segment 0.4 mm., length of tenth abdominal segment 0.9 mm. Color. — Head and prothorax brown ; mesothorax, meta- thorax, and legs light brown; abdomen white. Head. — Head a little narrower than thorax; antenna longer than mandible; mandible stout, with two setae in scrobe, reti- naculum stout, located near middle and directed mesad, labium elongate with rows of strong setae on each lateral margin, labial palpus two-segmented, bases of ligular setae separate; maxil- lary palpus four-segmented with a seta on venter of first seg- ment, galea two-segmented, lacinia with a seta on side; nasale with a large median tooth and two smaller lateral teeth on each side ; seven pairs of strong setae and three pairs of minor ones on the frontoclypeal area ; six ocelli present on each side, ocellar furrow present with two seta on the caudal end ; cervical groove present; stem of epicranial suture quite long. Thorax. — Tergites marginated and broad, but hardly cover- ing to pleura; prothorax longer and broader than meso- and metathorax; setae distinct, eleven pairs on protergum, ten pairs on mesotergum, and nine pairs on metatergum; meso- thoracic spiracle very large, elliptical; legs short, tarsus and tibia both are very short, femur longer than tarsus and tibia together, cephalic claw longer than caudal, especially on the forelegs. Abdomen. — Tergites narrow, not covering laterally to pleura, with five or six pairs of setae in each cephalic and caudal row of first three segments, and more setae on the re- 33 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 maining tergites; praeterga absent; eight epiplenrites distinct with four to five setae; eight hypopleurites present each with three setae; sternites weakly selerotized, two pairs of setae on anterior ventrites, two pairs on mesal postventrites, three setae on lateral postventrites ; eighth and ninth sternites very weakly scleroized, tenth segment tubulose with many setae as shown in figure 38; cercus rather short, shorter than tenth segment, but longer than ninth, with a group of four setae on the distal portion ; eight pairs of abdominal spiracles small and annular. Remarks. — The identification and description were based on the larvae. This species was reported as injuring corn at Ames, Iowa, by Prof. C. J. Drake. Harpalus caliginosus ? (Fabricius). (Figs. 26, 89, 90.) Two larval specimens in the U. S. National Museum collection. Hamilton collection nos. 221-225. The label reads “ probably Har- palus caliginosus.” Measurements. — Width of head 5.3 mm., width of prothorax 5.2 mm., length of body 27.0 mm., length of cercus 2.3 mm., length of ninth abdominal segment 1.0 mm., length of tenth abdominal segment 1.2 mm. Color. — Head and thorax dark brown; abdomen and legs brown. Head. — Head very large; antenna four-segmented, longer than mandible, first segment longer than second, second longer than third, third curved mesad with a sensorial appendage lat- erad, fourth short; mandible stout, with one seta on scrobe, retinaculum stout, located near middle and directed mesad, two mandibular teeth present ; labium elongate with a row of strong setae on each lateral margin, labial palpus two-segmented, bases of ligular setae separate; maxillary plapus four-segmented, galea two-segmented, lacinia with a seta on apex; nasale with a row of about twenty-seven teeth, two lateral ones larger; seven pairs of strong setae on frontoclypeal area; six ocelli present on each side, ocellar furrow present with one long seta at the caudal end ; another furrow present on the area between epicranial arm and ocellar furrow, with two setae close to it (fig. 89) ; cervical groove present; stem of epicranial suture fairly long. Thorax. — Tergites marginated and broad, covering to pleura ; tergum more than two times larger than meso- or meta- tergum ; ten pairs of setae on protergum, seven pairs on meso- 34 January, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA and metatergum each; mesothoracic spiracle very large, ellip- tical ; legs short, tarsus and tibia both very short, femur longer than tarsus and tibia together, cephalic claw longer than cau- dal, especially on the forelegs. Abdomen. — Tergites narrow, not covering laterally to pleura, with many setae in cephalic and caudal rows of each tergum; praeterga only present on first two segments; nine epipleurites present, with six setae on second to eighth, first has eight and last has two setae; eight hypopleurites, with three setae on first seven ; four setae on seven anterior ventrites, four setae on seven mesal postventrites, three setae on seven lateral postventrites ; the eighth and ninth sternites, each fused into one piece with four and five pairs of setae respectively; tenth segment tubulose with many setae as shown in figure 26 ; cercus longer than tenth segment with nodules bearing setae; eight pairs of abdominal spiracles, annular, the first one larger than rest. Remarks. — The identification and description were based on the larvae. There were originally three lots of specimens from the U. S. Museum. One lot has been reidentified as Scarites, not belong- ing to this group. Another lot has been reidentified as Harpalus sp. Harpalus sp. (Figs. 19, 28, 76.) Nine larvae in the U. S. National Museum collection, collected in sandy field near Brownfield woods, Urbana, Illinois, October 24, 1914. Measurements. — Width of head 3.5 mm., width of prothorax 3.0 mm., length of body 20.5 mm., length of cercus 1.4 mm., length of ninth abdominal segment 0.7 mm., length of tenth abdominal segment 1.5 mm. Color. — Head, thoracic terga, abdominal terga, legs, and cerci are brown ; other parts of the body white. Head. — Head very large; antenna four-segmented, longer than mandible, first segment much longer than second, second longer than third, third curved mesad with a sensorial appen- dage laterad, fourth short ; mandible stout, with one seta in the scrobe, retinaculum stout, located near middle and directed mesad, three mandibular teeth present; labium elongate with a row of strong setae on each lateral margin, labial palpus two- segmented; bases of ligular setae separate; maxillary palpus four-segmented with a seta on venter of first segment, galea two-segmented, lacinia with a seta on apex; nasale with a row 35 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 of about twenty-eight teeth, two lateral ones larger ; five pairs of strong setae on frontoclypeal area, a row of twelve spinulae located along each epicranial arm in the caudal area of the front (fig. 76) ; six ocelli present on each side; ocellar furrow present with one long seta on the caudal end; cervical groove present; stem of epicranial suture fairly long. Thorax. — Tergites marginated, protergum broad, meso- and metatergum narrow, not covering laterally to pleura. Proter- gum almost twice as large as meso- or metatergum; five pairs of setae on protergum, six pairs on meso- and metaterga each; mesothoracic spiracle very large, elliptical; legs short, tarsus shorter than tibia, femur longer than tarsus and tibia together ; claws unequal, cephalic claw longer. Abdomen. — Tergites very narrow, exposing a large part of each tergum; setae very regular: three pairs on cephalic row and two pairs on caudal row of each tergum; praeterga only present in first two segments; nine epipleurites present, each with two setae ; eight hypopleurites not well sclerotized, second to seventh each with two short setae, last with one seta, and first with only one brown spot; on the first seven segments, sternites not well sclerotized, a pair of setae on each anterior ventrite, a pair on each mesal postventrite, one long and one short setae on each lateral postventrite ; tenth segment tubulose with seven pairs of long setae; cercus longer than tenth seg- ment, with nodules bearing setae; eight pairs of abdominal spiracles, annular and small. Remarks. — The identification and description were based on the larvae. According to the nasale teeth, it might be a young instar of Harpalus caliginosus. Harpalus viridiaeneus Beauvois. (Pigs. 25, 80, 83.) One larva, one exuviae, and one reared adult in the U. S. Na- tional Museum collection, Hamilton collection no. 427. Measurements. — Width of head 2.1 mm., width of prothorax 2.1 mm., length of body 12.4 mm., length of cercus 1.1 mm., length of ninth abdominal segment 0.5 mm., length of tenth abdominal segment 1.1 mm. Color. — Head brown; the rest light brown. Head. — Head as broad as thorax ; antenna four-segmented, longer than mandible, first segment very long, second almost as long as third, third curved mesad, with a large sensorial appendage laterad, fourth short; mandible stout with three setae in scrobe, retinaculum stout, located near middle and 36 January, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA directed mesad; mandibular teeth wanting; labium elongate with strong setae on each lateral margin, labial palpus two-seg- mented with two setae on dorsum of first segment, bases of ligular setae separate ; maxillary palpus four-segmented, galea two-segmented, lacinia with a seta on side ; nasale with a large median tooth and two large lateral ones ; seven pairs of strong setae on frontoclypeal area; six ocelli present on each side, ocellar furrow present; cervical groove present; stem of epi- cranial suture long. Thorax. — Tergites marginated, fairly broad, protergum much larger than meso- or metatergum; many setae on the terga as shown in figure 25 ; mesothoracic spiracle very large, elliptical ; legs short, tarsus and tibia both are very short, femur longer than tarsus and tibia together ; claws unequal, cephalic claw longer than caudal, especially on forelegs. Abdomen. — Tergites narrow, exposing a large part of each tergum; setae fairly regular; four pairs in cephalic row and four pairs in caudal row, sometimes one to four setae present on each lateral margin of third to seventh terga; praetergum wanting; nine epipleurites present, with three to seven setae; eight hypopleurites with two setae on the first seven ; sternites not well sclerotized, two pairs of setae on each anterior ventrite, a pair on each mesal postventrite, a single seta on each lateral postventrite; eighth and ninth sternite each fused into one piece with three pairs of long setae, tenth segment tubulose with many short and long setae as shown in figure 25 ; cercus longer than tenth segment with nodules bearing setae; eight pairs of abdominal spiracles annular, first pair larger. Remarks. — Identification was based on the reared adult and the description based on the exuviae and the larva. Kar pains vagans LeConte. (Figs. 20, 49, 85, 86.) Seven lots of specimens in the U. S. National Museum collection : 1. One exuviae and one reared adult, Hamilton collection no. 287 ; 2. One larva, one exuviae, and one reared adult, Hamilton collec- tion no. 159 ; 3. One exuviae and one reared adult, Hamilton collec- tion no. 78; 4. One exuviae and one reared adult, Hamilton col- lection no. 358 ; 5. One exuviae and one reared adult, Hamilton collection no. 284; 6. Six larvae, Hamilton collection nos. 78-83; 7. Three larvae, one exuviae, and one reared adult, Hamilton col- lection no. 359. Measurements. — -Width of head 2.6 mm., width of prothorax 2.5 mm., length of body 14.5 mm., length of cercus 1.9 mm., 37 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 length of ninth abdominal segment 0.5 mm., length of tenth abdominal segment 1.0 mm. Color. — Head and dorsnm of thorax and abdomen brown; legs and cerci light brown, the rest brownish white. Head. — Head almost as broad as thorax; antenna four- segmented, longer than mandible, first segment long, second almost as long as third, third curved mesad, with a large sen- sorial appendage laterad, fourth short; mandible stout with one seta in scrobe, retinaculum stout, located near middle and directed mesad, two mandibular teeth present ; labium elongate with strong setae on each lateral margin, labial palpus two- segmented with two or sometimes three setae on dorsum of first segment; bases of ligular setae separate, maxillary palpus four-segmented, galea two-segmented, lacinia with a seta on side ; nasale with about thirty-six tiny teeth on an even level ; seven pairs of strong setae on frontoclypeal area; six ocelli present on each side, ocellar furrow present; cervical groove present; stem of epicranial suture fairly long. Thorax. — Tergites marginated, fairly broad, protergum much larger than meso- or metatergum; many setae on the terga as shown in figure 20; mesothoracic spiracle very large, elliptical ; legs short, tarsus shorter than tibia, tarsus and tibia together much shorter than femur; claws unequal, cephalic claw longer than caudal. Abdomen. — Tergites narrow, exposing a large part of each tergum; many setae arranged on the margins of tergum as shown in figure 20; praetergum present on first three terga; nine epipleurites present with many setae ; eight hypopleurites each with many setae, sternites of first seven segments distinct, many setae on anterior ventrites, three or four pairs on mesal postventrites, five or six setae on lateral postventrites ; seventh and eighth sternites fused into one piece with setae ; tenth seg- ment tubulose with setae as shown in figure 20 ; cercus longer than tenth segment with nodules bearing setae; eight pairs of abdominal spiracles annular and small. Remarks. — The species was identified by C. A. Hart based on the reared adults and the description was made from the exuviae and larvae. Harpalus erythropus Dejean. (Pigs. 23, 27, 77, 78.) Ten lots of specimens in the U. S. National Museum collection : 1. Fifty-seven larvae collected by C. C. Hamilton at Urbana, Illi- 38 January, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA nois, April 16, 1915, Hamilton collection nos. 260-269; 2. One exuviae and one reared adult, Hamilton collection no. 184; 3. Twenty-three larvae collected by C. C. Hamilton in Urbana, Illi- nois, April 15, 1915, Hamilton collection nos. 181-192; 4. Nineteen larvae, Hamilton collection nos. 260-269 ; 5. One larva, one exuviae, and one reared adult, Hamilton collection no. 353; 6. One larva, one exuviae and one reared adult collected by C. C. Hamilton in drain by Cemetery, Urbana, Illinois, 1916 ; 7. One exuviae and one reared adult, Hamilton collection no. 197 ; 8. One exuviae and one reared adult, Hamilton collection no. 263 ; 9. One exuviae and one reared adult, Hamilton collection no. 192 ; 10. One exuviae and one reared adult, Hamilton collection no. 357. Measurements. — Width of head 2.4 mm., width of prothorax 2.3 mm., length of body 18.1 mm., length of cercus 1.4 mm., length of ninth abdominal segment 0.7 mm., length of tenth abdominal segment 1.2 mm. Color. — Head, dorsum of thorax and abdomen brown, the rest, brownish white. Head. — Head wider than prothorax; antenna four-seg- mented, longer than mandible, first segment long, second almost as long as third, third curved mesad with a sensorial appendage laterad, fourth short; mandible stout, with one seta in scrobe, retinaculum stout, located near middle and directed mesad, three mandibular teeth present; labium elongated with strong setae on each lateral margin, labial palpus two-segmented with one seta on dorsum of first segment, bases of ligular setae sepa- rate; maxillary palpus four-segmented, galea two-segmented, lacinia with a seta on apex; nasale with more than thirty fine teeth extending to the adnasale region; seven pairs of strong setae on frontoclypeal area; six ocelli present on each side, ocellar furrow present; cervical groove present; stem of epi- cranial suture fairly long. Thorax. — Tergites marginated, protergite broader and longer than meso- or metatergite; ten pairs of setae on pro- tergite, seven long pairs on meso- and metatergites ; meso- thoracic spiracle large, elliptical; legs short, both tarsus and tibia short, femur much longer than tarsus and tibia together ; claws unequal, cephalic claw longer. Abdomen. — Tergites narrow, exposing a large part of each tergum; setae fairly regular, each tergite with three pairs of major setae and two pairs of minor ones on cephalic row and two pairs of major setae and two pairs of minor setae on the 39 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 caudal row ; praeterga present on first four segments ; nine epi- pleurites present, each with three long setae and one or two short setae on first eight, on ninth only two setae ; eight hypo- pleurites each with three setae ; on the first seven sternites : a pair of long setae on anterior ventrites, with a pair of short setae on third to seventh ventrites ; one long pair and one short pair on each mesal postventrite, three setae on lateral postven- trites ; eighth and ninth sternites each fused into one piece with setae ; tenth segment tubulose with setae as shown in figure 23 ; cercus longer than tenth segment with nodules bearing setae; eight pairs of abdominal spiracles annular and small. Remarks. — The specimens of lot 10 were identified by C. A. Hart. The rest by C. C. Hamilton based on both the larvae and reared adults. The description was made from the exuviae and larvae. Harpalus compar LeConte. (Figs. 22, 73, 74.) 1. Eight lots of specimens in the U. S. National Museum collection : One exuviae and one reared adult, Hamilton collection no. 255 ; 2. Twenty-two larvae collected by C. C. Hamilton in Urbana, Illinois, April 16, 1915, Hamilton collection nos. 25T-259 ; 3. One exuviae and one reared adult, Hamilton collection no. 180; 4. Two larvae, Hamilton collection nos. 118 and 123 ; 5. One exuviae and one adult, Hamilton collection no. 122 ; 6. One exuviae and one adult, Hamil- ton collection no. 178; 7. Thirteen larvae, Hamilton collection nos. 254-259; 8. Twelve larvae, Hamilton collection nos. 174-180. Measurements. — Width of head 3.2 mm., width of prothorax 2.9 mm., length of body 18.8 mm., length of cercus 1.2 mm., length of ninth abdominal segment 0.7 mm., length of tenth abdominal segment 1.5 mm. Color. — Head dark brown ; dorsum of thorax and abdomen brown, the rest brownish white. Head. — Head wider than prothorax; antenna four-seg- mented, a little longer than mandible, first segment long, second as long as third, third curved mesad with a sensorial appendage laterad, fourth short; mandible stout, with one seta in scrobe, retinaculum subbasal, stout, and directed mesad, three man- dibular teeth present; labium elongate with strong setae on each lateral margin, labial palpus two-segmented with three seta on dorsum of first segment, bases of ligular setae separate ; maxillary palpus four-segmented, galea two-segmented, lacinia with a seta on side ; nasale with about forty fine teeth on a level, 40 January, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA seven pairs of strong setae on frontoclypeal area; six ocelli present on each side, ocellar furrow present with a seta on the caudal end; cervical groove present; stem of epicranial suture fairly long. Thorax. — Tergites marginated, protergite broader and longer than meso- or metatergite; many pairs of setae on each tergum (fig. 22); mesothoracic spiracle very large, elliptical; legs short, both tarsus and tibia are short, femur much longer than tarsus and tibia together; claws unequal, cephalic claw longer. Abdomen.- — Tergites narrow, exposing a large part of each tergum ; setae as shown in figure 22 ; praeterga present on first four segments; nine epipleurites distinct, with two to seven setae, eight hypopleurites each with four setae; sternites of first seven segments with two pairs of setae on anterior ven- trites, two pairs on mesal ventrites, three setae on lateral post- ventrites; eighth and ninth sternites each fused into one piece with setae as shown in figure 22 ; tenth segment tubulose with setae as shown in figure 22 ; cercus almost as long as tenth seg- ment, with nodules bearing setae, eight pairs of abdominal spiracles annular and small. Remarks. — The identification was based on the reared adults by C. C. Hamilton and the description was from the larvae and exuviae. Harpalus pennsylv aniens Say. (Figs. 21, 29, 30, 31, 33, 84.) Six lots of specimens in the U. S. National Museum collection : 1. Nine larvae collected by F. C. Pratt in Washington, D. C., April 9, 1898 ; 2. One larva, one exuviae, and one reared adult, collected and reared by A. G. Boving, May 15, 1914, Washington, D. C. ; 3. One larva collected in garden, Washington, D. C., May 27, 1912; 4. Three larvae collected in garden, East Fall Church, Virginia, by Weld., November 17, 1931; 5. Four larvae collected by F, C. Pratt in Washington, D. C., April 9, 1898 ; 6. One larva collected by L. 0. Howard, labeled as “box 4/104 Dep’t.” Measurements. — Width of head 3.2 mm., width of prothorax 3.4 mm., length of body 22.1 mm., length of cercus 1.7 mm., length of ninth abdominal segment 0.7 mm., length of tenth abdominal segment 1.5 mm. Color. — Head light brown; the rest brownish white. Head. — Head almost as broad as prothorax; antenna four- segmented, a little longer than mandible, first segment long, 41 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 second as long as third, third curved mesad with a sensorial appendage laterad, fourth short with a small sensorial organ on top; mandible stout, with one seta in scrobe, retinaculum stout, located near middle and directed mesad, one small man- dibular tooth present; labium elongate, with strong setae on each lateral margin ; labial palpus two-segmented with two setae on dorsum of first segment, bases of ligular setae separate; maxillary palpus four-segmented ; galea two-segmented, lacinia with a seta on side ; nasale with five or six tiny teeth on middle and two larger teeth on each side; nine pairs of long setae on frontoclypeal area; six ocelli present on each side, but not so prominent as other species, ocellar furrow present with three long and several short setae on the mesal side; cervical groove present; stem of epicranial suture long. Thorax. — Tergites marginated, protergite much broader and longer than meso- or metatergite; thirteen pairs of long setae on protergite, sixteen pairs of long setae on meso- and metatergites ; mesothoracic spiracle very large, elliptical; legs short, both tarsus and tibia short, femur much longer than tarsus and tibia together ; claws unequal, cephalic claw longer. Abdomen. — Tergites narrow, exposing a large part of each tergum ; setae as shown in figure 21 ; praeterga present on first two segments ; nine epipleurites, each with four to seven setae ; eight hypopleurites each with three seta; first seven sternites with two pairs of setae on anterior ventrites, two pairs on mesal postventrites, first lateral postventrite with three setae, the rest only two setae ; eighth and ninth sternite fused into one piece with setae as shown in figure 21 ; tenth segment tubulose with setae as shown in figure 21 ; cercus longer than tenth segment with nodules bearing setae; eight pairs of abdominal spiracles annular and small. Remarks. — The identification was based on the reared adult and the description was made from larvae and exuviae. The specimens of lot 2 were recorded by A. G. Boving as “larva collected on May 13, 1914, pupated on May 25, and a female adult emerged on June 6,1914.” Harpalus dichrous Dejean. (Figs. 24, 81, 82.) Two lots of specimens in the U. S. National Museum collection : 1. Eight larvae, no collection date recorded except “same as nos. 84—89 ” ; 2. One exuviae and one reared adult, Hamilton collection no. 86. 42 January, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Measurements. — Width of head 1.6 mm., width of prothorax 1.8 mm., length of body 13.1 mm., length of cercns 1.1 mm., length of ninth abdominal segment 0.5 mm., length of tenth abdominal segment 1.0 mm. Color. — Head and dorsum of thorax and abdomen brown, the rest brownish white. Head. — Head almost as broad as prothorax; antenna four- segmented, a little longer than mandible, first segment long, second as long as third, third curved mesad with a long sen- sorial appendage laterad, fourth short; mandible stout, with two setae in scrobe, retinaculum located near middle and stout, and directed mesad, mandibular teeth wanting; labium elon- gate, with strong setae on each lateral margin, labial palpus two-segmented, bare; bases of ligular setae contiguous; maxil- lary palpus three-segmented, the fourth is not prominent, galea two-segmented, lacinia with a seta on side; nasale with about thirty-two fine teeth on middle and two larger lateral teeth each side; four fine teeth on adnasale region; eight pairs of long setae on frontoclypeal area, six ocelli present on each side, ocellar furrow wanting; cervical groove present; stem of epi- cranial suture long. Thorax. — Tergites marginated, protergite fairly broad ; nine major pairs of setae on protergite, eight major pairs on meso- and metatergites ; mesothoracic spiracle large, elliptical; legs fairly long, tarsus longer than tibia, tarsus and tibia together as long as femur; claws unequal, cephalic claw a little longer than caudal. * Abdomen. — Tergites narrow, not covering to pleura, setae as shown in figure 24 ; praeterga present on all segments ; nine epipleurites, setae as shown in figure 24; eight hypopleurites, each with a pair of long setae; first seven sternites not well sclerotized, each anterior ventrite with two pairs of setae, mesal postventrite with two pairs of setae, lateral postventrites with a single long seta and two small ones, eighth and ninth sternites, each fused ino one piece with setae; tenth segment tubulose with setae as shown in figure 24 ; cercus longer than tenth seg- ment with nodules bearing setae; eight pairs of abdominal spiracles annular and small. Remarks. — The identification was based on the reared adult and the description was made from the exuviae and larvae. 43 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 Anisodactylus calif ornicus Dejean. (Pigs. 39, 65, 66.) Nine larvae in the U. S. National Museum collection, collected in soil by C. C. Wilson, Sacramento, California, April 1, 1937. Measurement. — Width of head 2.9 mm., width of prothorax 2.7 mm., length of body 17.2 mm., length of cercus 2.0 mm., length of ninth abdominal segment 0.6 mm., length of tenth abdominal segment 1.1 mm. Color. — Head and pro thorax dark brown, meso- and meta- thorax light brown, the rest brownish white. Head. — Head broader than prothorax; antenna four-seg- mented, longer than mandible, first segment long, second as long as third, third curved mesad with a sensorial appendage laterad, fourth short; mandible stout with one seta -in scrobe, retinaculum subbasal, stout and directed mesad, one mandibu- lar tooth present; labium elongate, with strong setae on each lateral margin, labial palpus two-segmented, with one seta on dorsum of first segment, bases of ligular setae separate ; maxil- lary palpus four-segmented, galea two-segmented, lacinia with a seta on side ; nasale with about ten small teeth on middle and two large lateral teeth on each side; seven pairs of long setae on frontoclypeal area; six ocelli present on each side, ocellar furrow broad and deep with one seta, cervical groove present, one swollen area with two long setae present between the epi- cranial arm and ocellar furrow (fig. 66) ; stem of epicranial suture long. Thorax. — Tergites marginated, protergite fairly broad ; nine pairs of setae on protergite, fourteen or fifteen pairs of setae on meso- and metatergites ; mesothoracic spiracle large, elliptical; legs fairly long, both tarsus and tibia short, femur longer than tarsus and tibia together, claws unequal, cephalic claw longer than caudal. Abdomen. — Tergites narrow, exposing a large part of each tergum ; setae as shown in figure 39 ; praeterga present on first two segments, not very prominent in third and fourth seg- ments ; nine epipleurites each with setae as shown in figure 39 ; eight hypopleurties each with four small setae; sternites of first eight segments distinct ; two pairs of setae on each anterior ventrite, two pairs on each mesal postventrite, four or five setae on each lateral postventrite ; ninth sternite fused into one piece with seven pairs of setae ; tenth segment tubulose with setae as shown in figure 39 ; cercus longer than tenth segment, with nodules bearing setae; eight pairs of abdominal spiracles an- nular and small. 44 January, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Remarks. — The larvae were collected together with adults associ- ated with grasshopper eggs, and suspected of being predators of the eggs. The adult was determined as Anisodactylus calif ornicus by Buchanan. The description was based on the larvae. Anisodactylus (or close) sp. (Figs. 40, 69, 70.) One larva in the U. S. National Museum collection, collected in Nushagak, Alaska No. 91, April 22, 1882. Measurements. — Width of head 1.6 mm., width of prothorax 1.9 mm,, length of body 14 mm., length of cercus 1.3 mm., length of ninth abdominal segment 0.6 mm., length of tenth abdomi- nal segment 0.6 mm. Color. — Head dark brown, dorsum of thorax, abdomen, legs, and cerci brown, the rest brownish white. Head. — Head slightly narrower than prothorax; antenna four-segmented, longer than mandible, first segment long, sec- ond as long as third, third curved mesad with a sensorial appen- dage laterad, fourth short ; mandible stout, with three setae in scrobe, retinaculum stout, located near middle and directed mesad, mandibular teeth wanting ; labium elongate, with strong setae on each lateral margin, labial palpus two-segmented, with a seta on dorsum of first segment; bases of ligular setae sepa- rate ; maxillary palpus four-segmented with a seta on venter of first segment, galea two-segmented, lacinia with a seta on side ; nasale with six larger teeth on middle, three small teeth each side, seven pairs of long setae on frontoclypeal area ; six ocelli present on each side, ocellar furrow absent; cervical groove present; stem of epicranial suture fairly long. Thorax. — Tergites marginated, prothorax larger than meso- or metathorax ; nine pairs of setae on protergite, eight pairs on meso- and metathorax ; mesothoracic spiracle fairly large, elliptical; legs short, tarsus and tibia short, femur slightly longer than tarsus and tibia together ; claws unequal, cephalic claw longer. Abdomen. — Tergites narrow, not covering to pleura; setae fairly regular; four pairs on cephalic row and four pairs on caudal row of first eight tergites ; praeterga present on all seg- ments ; nine epipleurites with three to six setae ; eight hypo- pleurites with two or three setae ; first eight sternites not well sclerotized, two pairs of setae on anterior ventrite, two pairs on mesal postventrite, two setae on lateral postventrite ; ninth sternite fused into one piece with setae ; tenth segment tubulose, 45 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 with setae as shown in figure 40 ; cercns longer than tenth seg- ment with nodules bearing setae; eight pairs of abdominal spiracles annular and small. Remarks. — The species was identified by A. G. Boving as Aniso- dactylus or close. Since it has no ocellar groove it does not fit van Emden’s (’42) key. The description was made from the larva. Amphasia inter stitialis (Say). (Figs. 36, 67, 68.) Seven incomplete larvae and two complete larvae in the U. S. National Museum collection, collected in Ithaca, New York, Septem- ber 8, 1917, Hamilton collection no. 572. Measurements.-^ Width of head 1.6 mm., width of prothorax 1.8 mm., length of body 14.5 mm., length of cercus 1.2 mm., length of ninth abdominal segment 0.4 mm., length of tenth abdominal segment 0.9 mm. Color. — Head and dorsum of prothorax dark brown, dorsum of meso- and metathorax, abdomen, and legs, brown, the rest whitish brown. Head.-— Head slightly narrower than prothorax; antenna four-segmented, longer than mandible, first segment slightly longer than second, second as long as third, third curved mesad with a sensorial appendage laterad, fourth short; mandible stout, with one seta in scrobe, retinaculum stout, located near middle and directed mesad, mandibular teeth wanting ; labium elongate, with strong setae on each lateral margin, labial palpus two-segmented, bare ; bases of ligular setae separate ; maxillary palpus four-segmented with a seta on venter of first segment, galea two-segmented, lacinia with a seta on side ; nasale with two pairs of large teeth, each tooth slightly serrated ; seven pairs of setae on frontoclypeal area ; six ocelli present on each side, ocellar furrow short ; cervical groove present ; stem of epicranial suture long. Thorax. — Tergites marginated, prothorax larger than meso- or metathorax ; setae separate ; four pairs on protergite, four pairs on meso- and metatergites ; mesothoracic spiracle very large, elliptical ; legs short, tarsus as long as tibia, femur slightly longer than tarsus and tibia together; claws unequal, cephalic claw longer than caudal. Abdomen.- — Tergites narrow, exposing a large part of terga ; setae quite few, four pairs on each tergite, praeterga present on all segments; first seven epipleurites each with four setae, eighth with three and ninth with two ; first hypopleurite with 46 January, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA a single seta, the last seven each with two setae ; first seven ster- nites not well sclerotized with a pair of setae on each sclerite, eighth and ninth, sternites each fused into one piece, four pairs of setae on eighth and two pairs on ninth ; tenth segment tubu- lose with six pairs of long setae and two pairs of short setae; cercus longer than tenth segment, with nodules bearing setae; eight pairs of abdominal spiracles annular, the first pair larger. Remarks. — The species was identified by C. C. Hamilton. The description was based on the larvae. Anisotarsus sayi (Blatchley). (Figs. 32, 44, 51, 71, 72.) Two lots of specimens in the U. S. National Museum collection : 1. Thirty-eight larvae, Hamilton collection nos. 344-353 ; 2. Seventy- two larvae collected by C. C. Hamilton in Urbana, Illinois, April 16, 1915. Measurements. — Width of head 1.6 mm., width of prothorax 1.8 mm., length of body 16.1 mm., length of cercus 1.6 mm., length of ninth abdominal segment 0.8 mm. Color. — Head and dorsum of prothorax brown, dorsum of mesothorax, metathorax, and abdomen light brown, the rest brownish white. Head. — Head slightly narrower than thorax ; antenna four- segmented, longer than mandible, first segment, long, second as long as third, third curved mesad with a sensorial appendage laterad, fourth short, mandible stout, scrobe present, but short, with a seta in it, retinaculum stout, located near middle and directed mesad, mandibular teeth wanting, labium elongate, with strong setae on each lateral margin ; bases of ligular setae separate ; labial palpus two-segmented, bare ; maxillary palpus four-segmented with a seta on venter of first segment, galea two-segmented, lacinia fused with stipes, lobe-like with a seta on side (fig. 44) ; nasale with seven or eight small fine teeth in middle, and one pair of larger teeth on each side, another three small fine teeth on side ; six pairs of long setae on frontoclypeal area; six ocelli present on each side, ocellar furrow wanting; cervical groove present; stem of epicranial suture fairly long. Thorax. — Tergites marginated, prothorax larger than meso- or metathorax ; twelve pairs of setae on protergite, eight major pairs and several minor pairs of setae on meso- and metater- gites ; mesothoracic spiracle large, elliptical ; legs short, tarsus slightly longer than tibia, femur longer than tarsus and tibia together ; claws unequal, cephalic claw longer. 47 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 Abdomen. — Tergites narrow, exposing a large part of terga ; setae as shown in figure 51 ; praeterga present on all the seg- ments ; first seven epipleurites each with five setae, eighth with four and last with two; eight hypopleurites each with three setae ; first seven sternites : with two pairs of long and one pair short setae on anterior ventrite, two pairs of mesal postventrite, one long and three short setae on lateral postventrite ; eighth and ninth sternites each fused into one piece with setae; tenth segment tubulose with five pairs of long setae; cercus longer than tenth segment, with nodules bearing setae ; eight pairs of abdominal spiracles annular and small. Remarks. — The identification and description were based on the larvae. Stenocellus rupestris (Say). (Figs. 56, 58, 60.) One exuviae and one reared adult in the U. S. National Museum collection, the larva was collected in soil of peach orchard, Anna, Illinois, by W. H. Anderson, June 3, 1937. Measurements. — Width of head 0.6 mm., width of prothorax 0.7 mm., length of body 4.3 mm., length of cercus 0.5 mm., length of ninth abdominal segment 0.2 mm., length of tenth abdominal segment 0.4 mm. Color.- — Head deep brown, body light brown. Head. — Head slightly narrower than thorax ; antenna four- segmented, slightly longer than mandible, first segment long, second shorter than third, third curved mesad with a sensorial appendage later ad, fourth short ; mandible stout with a seta on back, scrobe absent, retinaculum stout, located near middle and directed mesad, mandibular teeth wanting; labium elongate, with few setae on each lateral margin, labial palpus two-seg- mented, bare, bases of ligular setae contiguous; maxillary palpus four-segmented with a seta on venter of first segment, galea two-segmented, lacinia with a seta on apex; nasale with four shorter teeth on middle and three longer teeth each side ; seven pairs of long setae on frontoclypeal area ; six ocelli pres- ent on each side, ocellar furrow wanting ; cervical groove present; stem of epicranial suture long. Thorax. — Tergites marginated, prothorax larger than meso- or metathorax ; six pairs of long setae on protergite, eight pairs of long setae on mesotergite, nine pairs of long setae on meta- tergite ; mesothoracic spiracle large, elliptical ; legs short, tarsus as long as tibia, femur slightly longer than tarsus and tibia together ; claws unequal, cephalic claw longer. 48 January, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Abdomen. — Tergites narrow, exposing a large part of terga, each tergite with three pairs of long setae on cephalic row and two pairs of long setae on caudal row ; praeterga wanting on all segments; first epiplenrite with three setae, second to eighth with four setae, ninth with two setae ; eighth hypopleurites each with three setae; first seven sternites with two pairs of long setae on anterior ventrite, two pairs of long setae on mesal post- ventrite, two setae on lateral postventrite ; eighth and ninth sternites each fused into one piece, with four pairs of setae on eighth and two pairs on ninth; tenth segment tubulose with four pairs of setae; cercus longer than tenth segment, with nodules bearing setae ; eight pairs of abdominal spiracles annu- lar and small. Remarks. — The species was identified by L. L. Buchanan based on the adult which was reared by W. H. Anderson and emerged on June 22, 1937. The description was made from the exuviae. Stenolophus conjunctus (Say). (Figs. 54, 63, 64.) One incomplete exuviae and one reared adult in the U. S. Na- tional Museum collection, collected by W. H. Anderson as a larva in soil of peach orchard, May 31, 1937, Sikeston, Missouri. Measurements , — Width of head about 0.8 mm., width of prothorax about 0.7 mm., length of body about 4.5 mm., length of cercus about 0.5 mm., length of ninth abdominal segment about 0.2 mm., length of tenth abdominal segment about 0.3 mm. Color. — Light brown. Head. — Head slightly broader than thorax; appendages missing ; f rontoclypeal piece missing ; ocellar furrow wanting ; cervical groove wanting ; stem of epicranial suture fairly long. Thorax.- — Protergite marginated, with nine pairs of setae; meso- and metathorax incomplete; mesothoracic spiracle large, elliptical; legs short, tarsus as long as tibia, femur slightly longer than tarsus and tibia together; claws unequal, cephalic claw longer. Abdomen. — Tergites narrow, not covering to pleura, with five pairs of long setae on each ; praeterga wanting on all segments ; eight epipleurites each with three setae, ninth with two setae ; eight hypopleurites each with two setae; first seven sternites with two pairs of setae on anterior ventrite, one pair on mesal postventrite, a single seta on lateral postventrite; eighth and ninth sternites each fused into a single piece with setae ; tenth 49 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 segment tubulose with seven pairs of setae; cercus slightly longer than tenth segment with nodules bearing setae; eight pairs of abdominal spiracles annular and small. Remarks. — The species was identified by L. L. Buchanan based on the adult which was reared by W. H. Anderson. The description was made from the exuviae. Stenolophus sp. (Figs. 55, 61, 62.) One larva in the U. S. National Museum collection, collected by R. L. Post in alfalfa field, Monroe, Oregon, June 24, 1941. Measurements. — Width of head 0.6 mm., width of prothorax 0.7 mm., length of body 5.8 mm., length of cercus 0.6 mm., length of ninth abdominal segment 0.2 mm., length of tenth abdominal segment 0.3 mm. Color. — Head deep brown, body light brown. Head. — Head slightly narrower than thorax; antenna four- segmented, longer than mandible, first segment long, second as long as third, third curved mesad with a sensorial appendage laterad, fourth short ; mandible stout, with two setae in scrobe, retinaculum stout, located near middle, and directed mesad, mandibular teeth wanting ; labium elongate, only a pair of setae on dorsum, bases of ligular setae contiguous ; labial palpus two- segmented ; maxillary palpus three-segmented with a seta on venter of first segment, galea two-segmented, lacinia with a seta on side ; nasale with eight teeth in middle and one tooth on each side ; six pairs of long setae on f rontoclypeal area ; six ocelli present on each side, ocellar furrow absent; cervical groove present ; stem of epicranial suture fairly long. Thorax. — Tergites marginated, prothorax larger than meso- or metathorax, setae as shown in figure 55 ; mesothoracic spira- cle large, elliptical; legs short, tarsus as long as tibia, femur slightly longer than tarsus and tibia together; claws unequal, cephalic claw longer. Abdomen. — Tergites narrow, not covering to pleura, each with three pairs of long setae on cephalic row and two pairs of long setae on caudal row; praetergite wanting on all seg- ments ; first epipleurite with three setae, second to eighth each with five setae, ninth with two setae ; eight hypopleurites each with three setae ; first eight sternites : two pairs of setae on anterior ventrites, one pair on mesal postventrite, a single seta on lateral postventrite ; ninth sternite fused into one piece with four pairs of setae; tenth segment tubulose with five pairs of 50 January, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA setae ; cercus longer than tenth segment, with nodules bearing jsetae ; eight pairs of abdominal spiracles annular and small. Remarks. — The species was identified by W. H. Anderson based on the larva. It seems not to agree with van Emden’s key. The description was made from the larva. Agonoderus lineola (Fabricius). (Figs. 52, 91, 92.) Three lots of specimens in the U. S. National Museum collection : 1. Five larvae collected by H. S. Barber in golf greens at Chevy Chase Lake, Maryland, June 13, 1922; 2. Seven larvae and three adults collected by H. S. Barber in golf greens at Chevy Chase Lake, Maryland, August 12, 1921 ; 3. Eighteen larvae and two adults col- lected by H. S. Barber in golf putting greens at Chevy Chase Lake, Maryland, July 30, 1921. Measurements. — Width of head 1.8 mm., width of prothorax 1.8 mm., length of body 13.1 mm., length of cercus 0.9 mm., length of ninth abdominal segment 0.4 mm., length of tenth abdominal segment 0.7 mm. Color. — Head brown, dorsum of thorax and abdomen brown, the rest brownish white. Head. — Head as wide as thorax; antenna four-segmented, longer than mandible, first segment long, second as long as third, third curved mesad with a sensorial appendage laterad, fourth short; mandible stout, with one seta in scrobe and an- other seta on the dorsum, retinaculum stout, located near mid- dle, and directed mesad, mandibular teeth wanting; labium elongate, with strong setae on each lateral margin, ligula larger than usual, well selerotized on proximal end, bases of ligular setae contiguous ; labial palpus two-segmented, bare ; maxillary palpus four-segmented with a seta on venter of first segment, galea two-segmented, lacinia with a seta on side; nasale with one large median tooth and two lateral teeth on each side ; eight pairs of long setae on frontoclypeal area ; six ocelli present on each side, ocellar furrow wanting ; cervical groove present ; stem of epicranial suture long. Thorax.- — Tergites marginated ; pro thorax larger than meso- or metathorax ; many setae on terga as shown in figure 52 ; meso- thoracic spiracle large, elliptical; legs short, tarsus and tibia short, femur longer than tarsus and tibia together; claws un- equal, cephalic claw longer. Abdomen. — Tergites narrow, exposing a large part of terga, with many setae as shown in figure 52 ; praeterga wanting on all 51 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 segments; nine epipleurites with setae as shown in figure 52; eight hypopleurites with setae as shown in figure 52 ; first eight sternites not well sclerotized, setae shown in figure 52; ninth sternites fused into one piece, with setae ; tenth segment tubu- lose with many setae as shown in figure 52 ; cercus longer than tenth segment, with nodules bearing setae; eight pairs of ab- dominal spiracles annular and small. Remarks. — The species was identified by H. S. Barber based on adults and larvae. The description was made from the larvae. Agonoderus pallipes (Fabricius). (Figs. 53, 87, 88.) Thirteen larvae in the U. S. National Museum collection, col- lected by H. Strong in sod at Rosslyn, Long Island, New York, July 28, 1919. Measurements. — Width of head 1.5 mm., width of prothorax 1.5 mm., length of body 12.5 mm., length of cercus 0.9 mm., length of ninth abdominal segment 0.4 mm., length of tenth abdominal segment 0.8 mm. Color. — Head and prothorax deep brown, dorsum of meso- thorax, metathorax and abdomen brown, the rest whitish brown. Head. — Head as wide as thorax, antenna four-segmented, longer than mandible, first segment long, second as long as third, third curved mesad with a sensorial appendage laterad, fourth short; mandible stout, with one seta in scrobe and an- other seta on the dorsum, retinaculum very large, located near middle and directed mesad, mandibular teeth wanting ; labium elongate, with strong setae on each lateral margin, bases of ligular setae contiguous, labial palpus two-segmented, maxillary palpus four-segmented, with a seta on venter of first segment, galea two-segmented, lacinia with a seta on side ; nasale with a large median tooth and two smaller teeth on each side ; six pairs of long setae on frontoclypeal area; six ocelli present on each side, ocellar furrow wanting; cervical groove present; stem of epicranial suture long. Thorax. — Tergites marginated ; prothorax larger than meso- or metathorax ; many setae on terga as shown in figure 53 ; mesothoracic spiracle large, elliptical; legs short, tarsus and tibia short, femur short, as long as tarsus and tibia together, claws unequal, cephalic claw longer. Abdomen. — -Tergites narrow, exposing a large part of terga, with many setae as shown in figure 53 ; praeterga wanting ; nine epipleurites with setae as shown in figure 53; eight hypopleu- 52 January, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA rites with four setae except third and fourth each with five setae; first to seventh sternites distinct with setae as shown in figure 53 ; eighth and ninth sternites each fused into one piece with setae; tenth segment tubulose with many setae as shown in figure 53 ; cercus longer than tenth segment with nodules bearing setae; eight pairs of abdominal spiracles annular and small. Remarks. — The species was identified by H. Strong based on the reared adult. The description was made from the larvae. Cratocara capitata Chaudoir. (Figs. 34, 57, 59.) One larva in the U. S. National Museum collection, collected at Tucson, Arizona, Hubb. collection no. 765. Measurements. — Width of head 1.2 mm., width of prothorax 1.3 mm., length of body 13.7 mm., length of cercus 0.55 mm., length of ninth abdominal segment 0.32 mm., length of tenth abdominal segment 0.6 mm. Color. — Head deep brown, the rest light brown. Head. — Head wider than thorax; antenna four-segmented, longer than mandible, first segment long, second as long as third, third curved mesad with a sensorial appendage laterad, fourth short ; mandible stout, with one seta in scrobe, retinacu- lum stout, located near middle and directed mesad, mandibular teeth wanting ; labium elongate, with strong setae on > each lateral margin ; bases of ligular setae separate ; labial palpus two-segmented, maxillary palpus four-segmented, with a seta on venter of first segment, galea two-segmented, lacinia with a seta on side ; nasale with a large median tooth and two lateral teeth and another pair of small teeth on each side; seven pairs of long setae on frontoclypeal area; six ocelli present on each side, ocellar furrow wanting; cervical groove present; stem of epicranial suture fairly long. Thorax. — Tergites marginated ; prothorax much larger than meso- or metathorax; many setae on terga as shown in figure 34 ; mesothoracic spiracle very large, elliptical, legs short, both tarsus and tibia short, femur longer than tarsus and tibia to- gether ; claws unequal, cephalic claw longer. Abdomen. — Tergites narrow, not covering to pleura, with setae as shown in figure 34; nine epipleurites with setae as shown in figure 34 ; first hypopleurite with two setae, second to eighth each with four setae ; first seven sternites with three pairs of setae on anterior ventrite, two pairs on mesal postventrite ; 53 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 two or three setae on lateral postventrites ; eighth and ninth sternites each fused into one piece with setae tenth segment tubulose . with many setae as shown in figure 34 ; cercus very short, even shorter than ninth segment, with nodules bearing setae ; eight pairs of abdominal spiracles annular and small. Remarks. — The identification and description were based on the larva. X. SUMMARY 1. The present paper is the result of a study of the larvae of Harpalinae Unisetosae in the United States National Museum collec- tion. The Unisetosae is a section belonging to the Harpalinae, Cara- bidae, Coleoptera. A total of twenty-seven species belonging to twelve genera and three tribes has been studied. 2. Besides the external morphology, biology and habits, and geo- graphical distribution, generic and species keys have been prepared. The literature has also been reviewed. 3. The external morphology is the basis of classification. The diagnostic characters used have been discussed such as the mandibu- lar scrobe, mandibular teeth, ligula, lacinia, nasale, ocellar furrow, cervical groove, praetergum, comparative length of tarsus, tibia, and femur, claws, and cerci. These are considered as important charac- ters in the classification of the larvae. Setal arrangement is of con- siderable systematic importance ; however, little of it has been used in the key. 4. Because of the lack of knowledge of relationships of the larvae, the systematic arrangement of Leng’s catalogue has been followed although it is based upon adult characters. 5. The species were identified by different specialists mostly based upon the reared adults as indicated in the paper. The writer has checked the identification of all the species and made pertinent remarks at the end of each description. Van Emden’s (’42) key was found most useful in identification of genera. XI. GLOSSARY Adnasale (fig. 30, ANS). — At the cephalic margin of the fronto- clypeal area, there are three lobe-like parts, the two lateral lobes are called the adnasales. Anepimeron (fig. 51, AEM). — A sclerite situated on the posterior margin of the meso- or metapleuron, and above the epimeron. Anepisternum (fig. 51, AES). — A sclerite situated on the an- terior margin of the meso- or metapleuron and above the episternum. 54 January, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Anterior ventrite (fig. 32, AV). — A transverse sclerite located on the abdominal sternum and cephalic of postventrites. Cervical groove (fig. 30, C). — A transverse groove located on the gena and postgena behind the ocellar furrow. Epipleurite (fig. 19, EPP). — A swollen area on the abdominal pleuron beneath the abdominal spiracle and above the hypopleurite. Granular knob of car do (fig. 29, GKC). — A knob with tiny teeth on the distal end of paracardo. Hypopleurite (fig. 19, HPP). — A swollen area on the abdominal pleuron and beneath the epipleurite. Ligidar setae (fig. 27, LGS). — Two strong setae present on the distal end of ligula. The bases of these two setae are sometimes con- tiguous (fig. 7), and sometimes separate (fig. 27). Lateral postventrite (fig. 32, LPV). — Four sclerites behind the anterior ventrite on the abdominal sternum, the two on the ectal sides of mesal postventrites are known as the lateral postventrites. Mandibular scrobe (fig. 33, MS). — A longitudinal depression on the ectal aspect of the mandible. Mandibular teeth (fig. 76, MDT). — The small teeth located on the cutting edge of mandible between the retinaculum and the apex of the mandible. Mesal postventrite (fig. 32, MPV). — A pair of sclerites located on the abdominal sternum caudad to the anterior ventrite and mesad to the lateral postventrites. Nasale (fig. 30, NS). — At the cephalic margin of the fronto- clypeal area, there are three lobe-like parts, the middle lobe is called the nasale. Ocellar furrow (fig. 30, OCF). — There is a furrow extending cephalo-cauded behind the ocelli and sometimes reaching almost to the cervical groove. Penicillum (fig. 84, P). — A cluster of hairs at the base of the cutting edge of the mandible is known as the penicillum or peni- cillus. Praetergum (fig. 19, PTG). — There is a keel on the tergum, the cephalic part of the keel is known as the praetergum. Prosternum (fig. 47, PS). — A triangular sclerite on the cephalic margin of the sternum of prothorax. Protrusible tube (fig. 6, PT). — The terminal end of the tubulose tenth abdominal segment often armed with a pair of protrusible tubes. Retinaculum (fig. 84, R). — A large tooth located on the middle or subbasal portion of the cutting edge of the mandible. 55 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 Sensorial appendage (fig. 83, SO). — An appendage situated on the ectal aspect of the third antennal segment. Tentorial rib (fig. 30, TR). — The anterior tentorial arms which can be seen through the surface of the front are known as the ten- torial ribs. XII. BIBLIOGRAPHY Anderson, W. H. 1936. A Comparative Study of the Labium of Coleopterous Larvae. Smithson. Misc. Coll., 95(13) : 1-29. Balduf, W. V. 1935. The Bionomics of Entomophagous Cole- optera. John S. Swift Co., St. Louis. Pp. 12-27. Beier, M. and H. Strouhal. 1928. Kaferlarven und Kaferpuppen aus Maulwurfsnestern. Zeitschr. Wissenschaftl. Insecten- biol., 23 (1/2) : 1-34. Beling, T. 1877. Beitrag zur Metamorphose der Kafer. Arch. f. Naturgeschichte, 43(1) : 41-45. Bengtsson, S. 1928. Die Larven der Nordischen Arten von Cara- bus Linn. (Eine Morphologische Studie). Lunds Univ. Arsskr. (n.s.), 24(2) : 1-88. Beutenmiiller, W. 1891. Bibliographical Catalogue of the De- scribed Transformations of North American Coleoptera. Jour. N. Y. Micro. Soc., 7(1) : 2-4. Blatchley, W. S. 1896. Notes on the Winter Insect Fauna of Vigo County, Indiana, IV. Psyche, 7 : 336-340. Blisson, J. F. J. 1848. Description de la Larve et de la Nymphe de la Nebria brevicollis Fab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ser. 2, 6 : 73-83. Bluhweisz, F. 1909. Zur Biologie von Carabus scabriusculus Oliv. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges., Wein., 59 : 28-29. Boldori, L. 1933. Appunti Biologici sul Pterostichus multipunc- tatus Dej. Studi Trentini Sci. Nat., Trento., 14: 222-223. 1939. Larve di Asaphidion (Coleopt. Carabidae). Boll. Soc. Ent. Ital., 71 : 98-105. 1940. Note sui Cleniini (Coleopt. Carab. Chlaeniini). Mem. Soc. Ent. Ital., 18: 283-286. Boving, A. G. 1910. Nye Bidrag til Carabernes Udviklingshis- torie. I. Larver til Calathus, Olistopus, Oodes og Blethisa. Entom. Meddel., (2)3: 319-376. 1911. Nye Bidrag til Carabernes Udviklingshistorie. II. Larver af Slaegterne Tachypus, Trechus , Chivina, Zabrus, Anisodactylus. Ibid., (2)4: 129-180. 1929. On the Classification of Beetles According to Larval Characters. Bull. Bk. Ent. Soc., 25 : 55-80. 56 January, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Boving, A. G. and F. C. Craighead. 1930. An Illustrated Synop- sis of the Principal Larval Forms of the Order Coleoptera. Ent. Amer., 11 • 1-352. Bryson, H. R. and G. F. Dillon. 1941. Observations on the Mor- phology of the Corn Seed Beetle ( Agonoderus pallipes). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 34(1) : 43-50. Claassen, W. P. 1919. Life History and Biological Notes on Chlaenius impunctifrons Say. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 12 : 95-99. Clausen, C. P. 1940. Entomophagons Insects. McGraw-Hill Co., N. Y. Pp. 528-533. Comstock, J. H. 1879. Report upon Cotton Insects. Wash. Govt. Print. Off. P. 175. Crampton, G. C. 1909. A Contribution to the Comparative Mor- phology of the Thoracic Sclerites of Insects. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 61 : 3-54. 1921. The Sclerites of the Head, and the Mouth Parts of Cer- tain Immature and Adult Insects. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 14: 65-103. Csiki, E. 1928-29. Carabidae: Harpalinae. Junk Col. Cat. Pars., 115 : 945-975 ; 1006-1012. Dahl, T. 1926. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Oekologie der Deutschen Carabiden. Mitt. Zool. Mns. Berlin, 12 : 1-99. Davis, J. J. 1922. Contribution to a Knowledge of the Natural Enemies of Phyllophaga. 111. St. Nat. Hist. Surv., Bull., 13 : 53-138. Dimmock, G. and F. Knab. 1904. Early Stages of Carabidae. Springfield Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., 1: 3-55. Edge, J. P. 1884. Insect Pests of the Farm, Garden, and Orchard Complained of in 1884. Kept. St. Board Agr., Agr. Penn., 1884: 102. Emden, F. van. 1919. Beschreibung der Larve von Pheropsophus hispanicus Dej. (Col. Carab.). Suppl. Entom., 8: 34-38. 1919. Yersuch einer Aufstellung von Gattungsbestimmungs- tabellen der Carabidenlarven. Suppl. Entom., 8 : 1-33. 1921. Ueber Leben Fang und Konservierung der Carabiden- larven, etc. Ent. Jahrb., 30: 121. 1942. A Key to the Genera of Larval Carabidae (Col.). Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, 92 : 1-99. Emden, F. van and M. van Emden. 1929. Coleopterenlarven aus dem Zehlaubruch. Schrift. Phys. Okon. Ges. Konigsberg, 66(2) : 276. 57 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 Erichson, W. F. 1841. Zur Systematischen Kenntnis der In- sectenlarven. Erster Beitrag. Die Larven der Coleop- teren. Archiy. f. Naturges, 7(1) : 60-110. Forbes, S. A. 1880. Notes on Insectivorous Coleoptera. 23rd Kept. St. Ent. 111., 1(3) : 153-158. 1883. The Food Relations of the Carabidae and Coccinellidae. 111. St. Lab. Nat. Hist, Bull, 1(6) : 33-64. Ganglbauer, L. 1892. Die Kafer von Mitteleuropa. Wien. Carl Geold’s Sohn 8. 1: 348-370. Gardner, J. C. M. 1927. Descriptions of Three Indian Beetle Larvae (Carabidae, Col.). Ind. For. Rec. (Ent.), 13(2) : 63-65. 1931. Immature Stages of Indian Coleoptera (9). Ibid, 16(4): 4. 1933. Immature Stages of Indian Coleoptera (12). (Cara- bidae Cont’d.) Ibid, 17(8) : 1-12. 1936. Immature Stages of Indian Coleoptera (20). (Cara- bidae.) Ibid, 2(9) : 181-198. 1938. Immature Stages of Indian Coleoptera (23). (Cara- bidae Cont’d.) Ibid, 3(8) : 149-156. Glover, T. 1872. The Food and Habits of Beetles. Rept. U. S. Com. Agr. 1868, Wash, 78-117. Jeannel, R. 1920. Biospeologica 42. Les Larves des Trechini. Arch. Zool. Exper. Paris, 59 : 509-542. 1926. Monographic des Trechinae. Morphologie Comparee et Distribution Geographique d’un Group de Coleopteres. LAJbeille. Jour. Ent, 32(3) : 221-550; 33: 1-592. Kemner, A. 1912. Beitrage zur Kenntnis Einiger Schwedischen Koleopterenlarven. Arkiv. for Zoologi, 7(31) : 1-31. King, J. L. 1919. Notes on the Biology of the Carabid Genera Brachinus, Galerita and Chlaenius. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer, 12 : 382-388. Lapouge, G. V. de. 1932. Carabidae : Carabinae. Gen. Ins, 192 : 44-67. Larsson, S. G. 1939. Entwicklungstypen und Entwicklungs- zeiten der Danischen Carabiden. Entom. Medd, 276-560. LeBaron, W. 1874. Fourth Annual Report on the Noxious and Beneficial Insects of the State of Illinois. Pp. 42-44. Leng, C. W. 1920. Catalogue of Coleoptera of America North of Mexico. Sherman, Mt. Vernon, N. Y. Pp. 8-16. Lengerken, H. von. 1922. Eisprenger bei Carabidenlarven. Zool. Anz, 54 : 18-21. 58 January, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Lugger, O. 1899. Beetles Injurious to Our Fruit-producing Plants. Agr. Expt. Sta., Minn. Bull., 66 : 1-331. Massey, W. F. 1893. Beneficial Insects. N. C. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bull. 92 : 135. Oertel, R. 1924. Biologische Studien fiber Carabus granulatus L. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. Syst., 48 : 299-366. Packard, A. S. 1872. Guide to the Study of Insects. N. Y., Holt Co. Pp. 430-434. Puel, L. 1935. Groupe de P Harpalus distinguendus Dej. Misc. Ent., 36(12) : 53-68. Quaintance, A. L. and E. L. Jenne. 1912. The Plum Curculio. U. S. D. A. Div. Ent., Bull, (n.s.), 103: 153. Raynaud, P. 1932. Contribution a Petude des Larves de Carabus. Misc. Ent., 33 : 81-85. 1936. Contribution a Petude des larves : Omophoron limbatum Fab. Les Pterostichus Bon. Ibid., 37(8) : 33-48. 1937. Contribution a Petude des Larves: Les Pterostichini (suite), Elaphrus, Leistus, Zabrus, Platynus et Agonum. Ibid., 38(3) : 57-72. 1935. Les Chlaenius Bonelli. Ibid., 36(4) : 17-32. Riley, C. V. 1877. 8th Annual Report on the Noxious, Beneficial and Other Insects of the State of Missouri. Pp. 97-98. 1878. First Annual Report of the U. S. Entomological Com- mission for the Year 1877. P. 289. 1884. Annual Address of the President. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 1 : 23. 1884. Entomography of Hirmoneura. Science, 3 : 488. Rupertsberger, M. 1872. Zwei Neue Carabiden-Larven. Verhdl. Zool. Bot. Ges., Wien., 1872(22) : 573-576. Salt, G. 1928. Notes on the Life History of Pelecium sulcatum Guerin. Psyche, 35 : 131-134. Saunders, W. 1883. Insects Injurious to Fruits. Lippincott Co., Phila. P. 185. Schaum, H. R. 1860. Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands. Abth. l.T.l.T. Berlin, 1860, 8 : 327, 557. Schaupp, F. G. 1879. List of the Described Coleopterous Larvae of the U. S. with Some Remarks on Their Classification. Bull. Bk. Ent. Soc., 2(2) : 13-14; 21-22. 1880. Larva of Chlaenius laticollis Say. Ibid., 3: 13-14; 21-22. Schiodte, J. C. 1861. Danmarks Harpaliner. Naturhist. Tidekr., 1 : 149-192. 59 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 1863. Tillaeg til Danmarks Harpaliner. Ibid., 1 : 554—558. 1866. Andet Tillaeg til Danmarks Harpaliner. Ibid., 4 : 168. 1872. Tillaeg til Fortegnelse over de i Danmark Levende Karaber. Ibid., 8: 160. Silvey, J. K. G. 1935. An Investigation of the Burrowing Inner- Beach Insects of Some Fresh-Water Lakes. Paper Mich. Acad. Sci, 21 : 655-695. Wade, J. S. 1935. A Contribution to a Bibliography of the De- scribed Immature Stages of North American Coleoptera. U. S. D. A. Bu. Ent. (Mimeographed.) Webster, F. M. 1880. Notes upon the Food of Predaceous Beetles. 23rd Kept. St. Ent. 111., 1(3) : 149-152. Whitehead, W. E. 1932. The Morphology of the Head-capsule of Some Coleopterous Larvae. Can. Jour. Res., 6(3) : 227. Wickham, H. F. 1893. On the Early Stages of Three North American Coleoptera. Bull. Nat. Hist., Iowa St. Univ., 2 : 195-199. 1895. On the Early Stages of Some Carabidae and Chrysome- lidae. Amer. Nat., 29 : 762-766. Williams, J. 1878. Beneficial Insects. Kept. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 42. 60 January, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA XIII. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABS Abdominal spiracle. MPV Mesal postventrite. AEM Anepimeron. MS Mandibular scrobe. AES Anepisternum. MT Mentum. ANS Adnasale. MTS Mesothoracic spiracle. ANT Antenna. MX Maxilla. AS Antennal sclerite. MXP Maxillary palpus. AV Anterior ventrite. NS Nasale. CG Cervical groove. oc Ocelli. CR Cercns. OCF Ocellar furrow. CV Cervicum. OP Occiput. CX Coxa. OPS Occipital suture. EC Encardo. P Penicillum. ECS Epicranial sntnre. PC Paracardo. EPM Epimeron. PG Postgena. EPP Epiplenrite. PM Prementum. EPS Episternnm. POA Postartis. ET Extensotendon. PRA Preartis. FCL Frontoclypeal area. PS Prosternum. FM Femur. PT Protrusible tube. FP Fnrcal pit. PTG Praetergum. G Gena. R Retinaculum. GA Galea. RT Rectotendon. GKC Grannlose knob of cardo. SAP Sensorial appendage. GUS Gular suture. SO Sensorial organ. HPP Hypopleurite. STP Stipes. LA Lacinia. TA Posterior tentorial arm. LB Labium. TB Tibia. LBP Labial palpus. TC Trochanter. LG Ligula. TN Trochantin. LGS Ligular seta. TP Tentorial pit. LPV Lateral postventrite. TR Tentorial rib. MD Mandible. TS Tarsus. MDT Mandibular teeth. V Vertex. 61 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 13. Fig. 14. Fig. 15. Fig. 16. Fig. 17. Fig. 18. Plate I Lateral aspect of Chlaenius prasinus Dejean. Lateral aspect of Chlaenius sericeus Forster. Lateral aspect of Chlaenius cumatilis LeConte. Lateral aspect of Chlaenius tricolor Dejean. Lateral aspect of Chlaenius pennsylvanicus Say. Lateral aspect of Codes sp. Dorsal aspect of head, Chlaenius prasinus Dejean. Right maxilla, Chlaenius pennsylvanicus Say. Ventral aspect of head, Chlaenius prasinus Dejean. Ventral aspect of head, Chlaenius cumatilis LeConte. Ventral aspect of head, Chlaenius tricolor Dejean. Dorsal aspect of head, Chlaenius cumatilis LeConte. Dorsal aspect of head, Chlaenius tricolor Dejean. Right mandible, Chlaenius pennsylvanicus Say. Dorsal aspect of head, Chlaenius sericeus Forster. Ventral aspect of head, Chlaenius sericeus Forster. Dorsal aspect of head, Chlaenius pennsylvanicus Say. Ventral aspect of head, Chlaenius pennsylvanicus Say. 62 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, (n.s.), No. 1, PI. I 18 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 Fig. 19. Fig. 20. Fig. 21. Fig. 22. Fig. 23. Fig. 24. Fig. 25. Fig. 26. Fig. 27. Fig. 28. Fig. 29. Fig. 30. Fig. 31. Fig. 32. Fig. 33. Plate II Lateral aspect of Harpalus sp. Lateral aspect of Harpalus vagans LeConte. Lateral aspect of Harpalus pennsylvanicus Say. Lateral aspect of Harpalus compar LeConte. Lateral aspect of Harpalus erythropus Dejean. Lateral aspect of Harpalus dichrous Dejean. Lateral aspect of Harpalus viridiaeneus Beauvois. Lateral aspect of Harpalus caliginosus ? (Fabricius). Dorsal aspect of labium, Harpalus erythropus Dejean. Left maxilla, Harpalus sp. Left maxilla, Harpalus pennsylvanicus Say. Dorsal aspect of head, Harpalus pennsylvanicus Say. Ventral aspect of head, Harpalus pennsylvanicus Say. Ventral aspect of thorax and first three abdominal seg- ments, Anisotarsus sayi (Blatchley). Lateral aspect of head, Harpalus pennsylvanicus Say. 64 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, (n.s.), No. 1, PI. II 33 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 Fig. 34. Fig. 35. Fig. 36. Fig. 37. Fig. 38. Fig. 39. Fig. 40. Fig. 41. Fig. 42. Fig. 43. Fig. 44. Fig. 45. Fig. 46. Fig. 47. Fig. 48. Fig. 49. Fig. 50. Plate III Lateral aspect of Cratocara capitata Chaudoir. Lateral aspect of Nothopus zabroides LeConte. Lateral aspect of Amphasia interstitialis (Say ) . Lateral aspect of Cratacanthus dubius (Beauvois). Lateral aspect of Cratacanthus sp. Lateral aspect of Anisodactylus calif ornicus Dejean. Lateral aspect of Anisodactylus (or close) sp. Dorsal aspect of head, Nothopus zabroides LeConte. Ventral aspect of head, Nothopus zabroides LeConte. Dorsal aspect of head, Cratacanthus sp. Left maxilla, Anisotarsus sayi (Blatchley). Ventral aspect of head, Cratacanthus sp. Lateral aspect of eighth to tenth abdominal segments, Cratacanthus sp. Ventral aspect of thorax, Chlaenius sericeus Forster. Dorsal aspect of head, Cratacanthus dubius (Beauvois). Ventral aspect of thorax, Harpalus vagans LeConte. Ventral aspect of head, Cratacanthus dubius (Beauvois). 66 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, (n.s.), No. 1, PL III 49 60 ENTOiviOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 Fig. 51. Fig. 52. Fig. 53. Fig. 54. Fig. 55. Fig. 56. Fig. 57. Fig. 58. Fig. 59. Fig. 60. Fig. 61. Fig. 62. Fig. 63. Fig. 64. Fig. 65. Fig. 66. Fig. 67. Fig. 68. Fig. 69. Fig. 70. Fig. 71. Fig. 72. Plate IV Lateral aspect of Anisotarsus sayi (Blatchley). Lateral aspect of Agonoderus lineola (Fabricius). Lateral aspect of Agonoderus pallipes (Fabricius). Lateral aspect of Stenolophus conjunctus (Say). Lateral aspect of Stenolophus sp. Lateral aspect of Stenocellus rupestris (Say). Dorsal aspect of head, Cratocara capitata Chaudoir. Dorsal aspect of head, Stenocellus rupestris (Say). Ventral aspect of head, Cratocara capitata Chaudoir. Ventral aspect of head, Stenocellus rupestris (Say). Dorsal aspect of head, Stenolophus sp. Ventral aspect of head, Stenolophus sp. Dorsal aspect of head (incomplete), Stenolophus conjunc- tus (Say), Ventral aspect of head (incomplete), Stenolophus con- junctus (Say). Ventral aspect of head, Anisodactylus calif ornicus Dejean. Dorsal aspect of head, Anisodactylus calif ornicus Dejean. Ventral aspect of head, Amphasia inter stitialis (Say). Dorsal aspect of head, Amphasia inter stitialis (Say). Ventral aspect of head, Anisodactylus sp. Dorsal aspect of head, Anisodactylus sp. Ventral aspect of head, Anisotarsus sayi (Blatchley). Dorsal aspect of head, Anisotarsus sayi (Blatchley). 68 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, (n.s.), No. 1, PI. IV ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 1 Fig. 73. Fig. 74. Fig. 75. Fig. 76. Fig. 77. Fig. 78. Fig. 79. Fig. 80. Fig. 81. Fig. 82. Fig. 83. Fig. 84. Fig. 85. Fig. 86. Fig. 87. Fig. 88. Fig. 89. Fig. 90. Fig. 91. Fig. 92. Plate V Dorsal aspect of head, Harpalus compar LeConte. Ventral aspect of head, Harpalus compar LeConte. Dorsal aspect of head, Oddes sp. Dorsal aspect of head, Harpalus sp. Dorsal aspect of head, Harpalus erythropus Dejean. Ventral aspect of head, Harpalus erythropus Dejean. Ventral aspect of head, Oddes sp. Ventral aspect of head, Harpalus viridiaeneus Beanvois. Dorsal aspect of head, Harpalus dichrous Dejean. Ventral aspect of head, Harpalus dichrous Dejean. Dorsal aspect of head, Harpalus viridiaeneus Beauvois. Left mandible, Harpalus pennsylvanicus Say. Dorsal aspect of head, Harpalus vagans LeConte. Ventral aspect of head, Harpalus vagans LeConte. Ventral aspect of head, Agonoderus pallipes (Fabricius). Dorsal aspect of head, Agonoderus pallipes (Fabricins). Dorsal aspect of head, Harpalus caliginosus 1 (Fabricius). Ventral aspect of head, Harpalus caliginosus ? (Fabricius) . Ventral aspect of head, Agonoderus lineola (Fabricius) . Dorsal aspect of head, Agonoderus lineola (Fabricius). 70 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, (n.s.), No. 1, Pl. V VOL. XXV (New Series) APRIL, 1945 No, 2 A Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor A. T. GAUL E. W. TEALE Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue, May 17, 1946 Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa. under the Act of March 3, 1879. Vol. XX\' April, 1945 No. 2 THE TICKS, OR IXODOIDEA, OF THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES AND EASTERN CANADA By Joseph C. Bequaert* Table of Contents page Preface 74 Acknowledgments 77 Economic and Medical Importance of Ticks 78 1. Ticks and Human Welfare 78 Tick Paralysis 80 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 80 Tularemia 88 Equine Encephalomyelitis and St. Louis Encepha- litis 100 2. Ticks and Domestic Animals 101 3. Ticks and Wild Life 103 Control of Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases 112 Distribution According to Provinces and States 121 Distribution According to Hosts 123 Ixodoidea • Key to Families 129 Family Argantidae 129 Genus Argas Latreille 129 Genus Ornithodoros C. L. Koch 131 Family Ixodidae 133 Genus Ixodes Latreille 135 Genus Bhipicephalus C. L. Koch 160 Genus Dermacentor C. L. Koch 163 Genus Amblyomma C. L. Koch 180 Genus Haemaphysalis C. L. Koch 190 Bibliography 200 73 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 2 Preface Until the latter part of the Nineteenth Century, ticks were usu- ally thought to be merely annoying parasites of domestic animals and occasionally of man. It was known that in certain limited areas their bite caused a peculiar illness to which natives were apparently immune, while strangers seldom escaped. Nevertheless, ticks at- tracted little attention until, in 1889-1890, Theobald Smith and P. L. Kilborne showed that they play an essential role in the trans- mission of Texas or southern cattle fever. Many similar discoveries followed, concerning tick-borne diseases in man as well as in ani- mals. These arthropods rank now, with mosquitoes, lice and fleas, among the most dangerous foes of mankind. For a long time it was believed that the northeastern United States and eastern Canada were free of tick-borne human diseases; but in recent years three of these, tick paralysis, spotted fever and tularemia, were found to extend much farther north and east than had been suspected. Two of these diseases occur sometimes even in New England, a section of the country where arthropod-borne diseases are unusually scarce. An intelligent and effective control of the diseases transmitted by ticks is based on the same two premises as the control of other arthropod-borne affections : first, the correct recognition of the par- ticular species of ticks involved in natural transmission, so that no effort be wasted on those that are innocuous or unimportant ; next, a thorough knowledge of the life-history and habits of the species to be controlled, so that they might be fought efficiently when and where they are most vulnerable. I have gathered all available infor- mation bearing on these two topics, insofar as they affect the north- eastern United States and eastern Canada, namely, the New England States, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, Maryland and Delaware, as well as Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Quebec, Labrador and eastern Ontario (as far west as the 85th meridian). In the present paper, the term “our territory’’ refers to that area only. I have discussed all species either truly indigenous or well estab- lished, merely mentioning some of the accidental importations on man or on animals. Such importations are particularly common in Zoological Gardens. H. L. Stecher (1933, Proc. Staten Id. Inst. * From the Department of Comparative Pathology and Tropical Medicine, Harvard Medical School and School of Public Health, Boston, Mass. 74 April, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Arts Sci., 6, pp. 180 and 183) reports finding ticks, presumably Amblyomma dissimile Koch, on imported Central American boa and king snake. In one case the boa was said to have been brought in by a ship carrying bananas. Being intended as a guide to the study of the distribution, habits and host relations of the ticks and of the diseases they transmit, the paper includes generic and specific keys to all stages, so far as possi- ble at present. The early stages of some of our local ticks are as yet imperfectly studied and even the males of some species have never been described. Our knowledge in both respects should be completed by the breeding of adults from eggs, larvae or nymphs kept in captivity, and by a thorough investigation of the burrows or nests of the hosts. Useful hints for the rearing of ticks are given by W. L. Jellison and C. B. Philip (1933), G. M. Kohls (1937) and W. A. Hooker (1908), among others. The true breeding range of most species should be defined more accurately and the list of known hosts might be considerably extended. Moreover, we need to under- stand more correctly the host specificity of the several species, a factor of much importance for the perpetuation and spread of tick- borne diseases. Some of our ticks, such as Ornithodoros kelleyi, Ixodes uriae, I. brunneus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Dermacentor erraticus, and Haemaphy salis leporis-palustris, have a rather nar- row range of hosts; but this applies sometimes only to the adult stage, the larvae and nymphs of some of these species being found on different types of animals. Dermacentor erraticus is our only indigenous true one-host tick. All stages of Rhipicephalus san- guineus have been found on domestic dogs only in our territory, but they drop off for moulting. It is remarkable that in North America this imported dog tick rarely if ever attaches to man, whereas in some parts of the Old World it readily does so and is then sometimes a vector of human disease. Our most common ticks attack a variety of animals, even as adults, as shown by their extensive host lists. Yet it is possible that even these omnipresent species may prefer certain hosts to others, or may have few true breeding hosts, whose presence is needed for the perpetuation of the species in a given area. Other animals might then be no more than stray or accidental hosts. It should be emphasized that, within the limits of our territory at any rate, man is always an accidental host only for ticks. A female tick will scarcely ever be able to engorge fully on a human and then be allowed to drop off for oviposition in a suitable spot. Further- more, in our tick-borne human diseases, man never acts as the source 75 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 2 of the infection, but the original reservoir is always some wild ani- mal on which the ticks become infected.1 Relatively little has been written thus far on the rather scant tick fauna of northeastern North America, a large proportion of the articles listed in the appended bibliography referring to cases of tick-borne diseases only. N. Banks (1908a; 1908 b) mentioned six species for New England, but gave few localities for any and the hosts of none. H. S. Peters (1933; 1936) added some records of bird ticks for that area. F. C. Bishopp and C. N. Smith (1937) described a new Ixodes from Massachusetts and added another to the New England list; while more recently (1938) they discussed the distribution of Dermacentor variabilis in New England. On Martha’s Vineyard, C. N. Smith (1940; 1942) worked out the life history of Ixodes dentatus and, in collaboration with M. M. Cole (1941), studied the behavior of Dermacentor variabilis. C. M. Her- man (1938) dealt with Haemaphy satis leporis-palustris on Cape Cod. The species found in New York State do not appear to have been enumerated, although some were first noticed by P. Kalm (1754), and others were mentioned by A. Fitch (1872) and R. Matheson (1931; 1937). H. B. Weiss (1915) included five ticks in his list of the Acarina of New Jersey, but gave definite localities for one only. The same five species were listed from New Jersey by T. J. Headlee (1938; 1940). A. E. Miller (1925) included six ticks in his account of the Acarina of Ohio, but had records for four only and one of these was probably misidentified ; while J. S. Katz (1941), more recently, listed five species from that State (his Ixodes diversi- fossus is what is here called I. dentatus). D. McCreary (1939; 1940) recorded six species from Delaware. The Canadian species were studied by C. G. Hewitt (1915) and T. £). Jarvis (1910), and there are a few records by A. O. Gross (1930), C. H. D. Clarke (1936 ; 1937), and D. A. MacLulich (1937). Additional records for our territory are given by R. A. Cooley (1938), R. A. Cooley and G. M. Kohls (1944 a; 19445; 1946), and F. C. Bishopp and H. L. Trembley (1945). Under each species references are given to the original descrip- tion, recent revisions, useful figures, and all published records for our territory. Every reference has been checked with the original and critically examined. Locality and host records listed as ‘ ‘ Seen ’ ’ 1 This statement does not apply to the so-called recurrent or spirochaetal fevers of other parts of the world, where both man and animals may act as reservoirs. 76 April, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA are based upon material examined by myself, even though some- times recorded also by some previous author. Published records and others received from correspondents, but which I was unable to check with specimens, are included under “ Recorded.’’ It is to be regretted that the conditions under which this paper was prepared and is now published, made it impossible to include illustrations. Acknowledgments Relatively little of the material is of my own collecting. I am indebted for specimens or records to the following Institutions: Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (Ac.N.S.Phila.), American Museum of Natural History (Am.M.N.H.), Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh (Carn.M. ; through Mr. G. E. Wallace), New England Museum of Natural History (Bost.M.), Connecticut Agri- cultural Experiment Station (Conn. A. E.S.; through the late Dr. W. E. Britton), Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station (Del.A.E.S. ; through Mr. D. MacCreary), Department of Agricul- ture (Entomological Branch) of Ottawa (Ent.Br.Ott. ; through Mr. G. Walley, Mr. C. R. Twinn and Mr. A. Gibson), Ontario Agricul- tural College of Guelph (Ont.A.C. ; through Mr. A. W. Baker), Department of Entomology of Cornell University (Corn.Un. ; through Prof. R. Matheson), Maryland State Horticultural Depart- ment (Md.S.H.D. ; through Dr. E. N. Cory), Museum of Compara- tive Zoology (M.C.Z.), New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station (N.J.A.E.S. ; through Mr. John B. Schmitt), Field Museum of Natu- ral History (F.M.N.H. ; through Mr. W. J. Gerhard), Department of Zoology and Entomology of Ohio State University (through Mr. J. N. Knull), New York State Conservation Department (C.Dept.N.Y; through Dr. E. K. Le Dune and Dr. F. C. Goble), New York State Museum (N.Y.Mus. ; through the late Dr. Dayton Stoner and Dr. R. D. Glasgow), United States Bureau of Animal Industry, Dept, of Agriculture (Bur.An.Ind.), and Rocky Moun- tain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana (through Mr. R. A. Cooley). I have also received specimens from several private collectors : G. Chagnon, the late Wm. T. Davis, P. F. English, H. S. Fuller, E. J. Gerberg, C. M. Herman, J. H. Hughes, Edwin A. Mason, W. P. Wharton, L. W. Wilson, M. Wood, and others. I am under particu- lar obligation to Dr. F. C. Bishopp, Mr. R. A. Cooley, Prof. R. Matheson, Mr. A. McIntosh, Dr. C. B. Philip, and Dr. C. N. Smith for helpful suggestions, criticism, and other favors. Mr. C. R. Twinn has very generously allowed the use of information which 77 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 2 he has accumulated for some years past on the ticks of eastern Canada. The help received from several Provincial and State De- partments of Health is acknowledged in the discussion of the tick- borne diseases. Mr. James L. Peters, Mrs. W. E. Schevill (Barbara Lawrence), and the late Dr. Glover M. Allen, my colleagues at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, have assisted with the identifica- tion and nomenclature of the hosts. Economic and Medical Importance of Ticks Ticks are among the arthropods most important to man. The following pages deal with their relations to human health, to the welfare of domestic animals, and to the preservation of wild life in our territory. Some of the statements in this discussion do not necessarily apply to other sections of North America, where condi- tions may be different. 1. Ticks and Human Welfare Few species of ticks attack man in our territory, only three being known to do so to any extent : Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes cookei and Ambly omnia americanum. Even these are only accidental human parasites, as none of our ticks could use man alone for a normal or permanent breeding host. In tick bite, the purely mechanical injury, caused by the action of the chelicerae and the introduction of the hypostome, is usually followed by an inflammatory reaction of the skin tissues. In com- mon with other blood-sucking arthropods, ticks inject in the bite a certain amount of saliva, containing an anti-coagulant which enables a continued flow of blood into the hypostome. The various skin reactions are probably caused mainly by the saliva. As all ixodid ticks remain for several days attached to the same spot, the inflam- mation often results in pathological tissues and sometimes in an indurated sheet around the hypostome. Exceptionally the tick may become imbedded in the skin, if the edematous swelling near the point of attachment is unusually pronounced. G. H. F. Nuttall (1914) and P. Schulze (1921) collected a number of records of ticks found under the skin of man and animals. In Pennsylvania, J. F. Bell and W. S. Chalgren (1943) observed a massive subcutaneous infestation of a cottontail rabbit by Ixodes dent at us (see under that species). The amount of blood taken up by engorging ticks is often considerable. When several hundreds of them are feeding at the same time, this no doubt results sometimes in “tick anemia/’ in- 78 April, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA duced by the mere loss of blood. Female adult ticks swell up not only by engorging, but also by the development of the eggs, so that they grow several times their original size. When attached to humans, these very large ticks may be mistaken for warts or pedunculated tumors (R. Friedman, 1940; K. Wiener, 1939). In their study of the tissue reactions following the bite of Derma- centor variabilis, L. H. Winer and E. A. Strakosch (1941) distin- guish three stages. In the acute stage, the predominant features are the intense epidermal and subepidermal edema and the outpouring of eosinophils. The subacute stage is characterized by the excessive numbers of mast cells and the diminution of elastic tissue. In the chronic stage, there is a massive increase in fibrous tissue, with sporadic presence of giant cells and complete obliteration of elastic tissue. The subjective symptoms of tick bite vary with the species of tick. They are relatively mild and of short duration for Derma- centor variabilis. In my own experience, the bite of Amblyomma americanum is much more severe than that of any other local species. It induces intense itching, which, moreover, persists for several days or even weeks after removing the tick. Certain individuals appear to be more sensitive than others, an observation which applies to the bite of all types of blood-sucking arthropods. In these persons tick bite may cause a variety of graver symptoms, simulating allergy and ranging all the way from general discomfort to pronounced fever. I. A. Feder (1944) has recently discussed a number of such cases, for which he proposes the name “tick bite pyrexia.” It is not im- possible that so-called “tick paralysis,” to be discussed presently, is an extreme case of sensitiveness to tick bite. Until recent years there was no fully reliable evidence that our local ticks carried specific diseases to man, as they do frequently elsewhere. At present, however, three or possibly four tick-borne human diseases have been reported from our territory, some of the cases being clearly autochthonous. It should be emphasized at the outset that the two important ones, viz., Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tularemia, are primarily diseases of wild animals, from which man may acquire the infection.2 In the species of ticks that attack man, the early stages and both sexes of the adult may act as 2 Toxoplasmosis, a disease of certain animals and birds, and occa- sionally of man, has recently been suspected of being tick-borne; but there is as yet no evidence in support of this view (D. Weinman, 1944). 79 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 2 vectors once they have become infected from an animal reservoir. In addition, an infected female may sometimes transmit the infec- tion through the eggs to part of her progeny. Tick Paralysis. — A dangerous form of paralysis in man and animals, particularly sheep and dogs, is induced by the bite of cer- tain species of ticks. The causative agent is disputed, being either (and more probably) a neurotropic toxin proper to the tick and which it injects by the mouthparts, or a specific organism or virus, as yet unrecognized. The various theories as to the cause of the disease are discussed by K. H. Abbott (1943) and by J. D. Gregson (1943). Children are more commonly affected than adults, perhaps because ticks are not as readily detected on them. As a rule, the disease starts with lassitude, listlessness, convulsions and locomotory disturbances, followed by flaccid ascending paralysis, which pro- gresses rapidly and may end fatally. In children the symptoms often simulate those of polio-encephalitis. However, if the tick drops off early enough or is discovered and removed in time, re- covery is very rapid and complete, all symptoms disappearing in 24 to 48 hours. In this disease, it is of the utmost importance to search the body most carefully for ticks, so that they may be re- moved as soon as possible after the onset of symptoms. Tick paralysis appears to have been first clearly recognized in Australia, but it is known to occur in many parts of the world. In North America it is most common in the western United States and western Canada, where it is usually caused by Dermacentor venustus (= andersoni) . In the eastern United States a few cases, due to Dermacentor variabilis, have been reported since 1938 from South Carolina, Georgia and Texas. In our territory, a case was observed in 1942 by A. G. De Sanctis and P. A. di Sant’Agnese (1943) in New York City, in a 3-year-old child. A female D. variabilis, appar- ently acquired on Long Island, was removed from the scalp of the patient more than a week after the onset of the disease, the removal being followed by rapid recovery. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. — This is a grave typhus-like disease, often with high mortality in man, who acquires it exclusively through infected ticks. A prominent rash over part or most of the body is one of the most common and striking diagnostic signs. The causative agent is an intracellular microorganism of the group of the rickettsiae, Dermacentroxenus rickettsi Wolbach. It is normally inoculated to man or a receptive animal by the bite (mouthparts) of an infected tick. However, the disease may also be contracted either by rubbing in infected tick feces or by merely handling or 80 April, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA crushing infected ticks, as the organism may enter by a slight abra- sion of the skin or perhaps even through the intact mucous mem- branes of nose, lips and eyes. Most human cases are acquired out- doors; but in a few instances infection was reported as occurring indoors, by ticks straying onto people from undressed hides or furs. The incubation period in man usually lasts from 2 to 5 days. Recov- ery from the disease is followed by a lasting immunity. Infection from man to man is unknown. The spotted fever organism has a natural animal reservoir, on which all the several stages of the tick may become infected with the rickettsia, the microorganism persisting through the successive moults. In addition, an infected female tick transmits the rickettsia through the eggs to a certain percentage of her offspring. In the tick the microorganism multiplies in the gut and goes through cycli- cal changes which eventually produce intracellular forms in the epithelial cells of the digestive tract. The duration of the incubation period, before the tick becomes infective for a healthy animal or man, is not definitely known. It is well established, however, that once a tick is infected it may inoculate the disease to healthy ani- mals, as well as to man, for the remainder of its life. The bite of a single infective tick suffices, but as a rule it must be attached and feed for some time (2 to 8 hours or more) in order to produce infec- tion. According to R. R. Parker (1933) hibernating infected ticks are usually not infective early in the spring, but become so later, the rickettsia being reactivated by warmer weather or by prolonged feeding. Several North American ticks can act as vectors in experiments and some of these have been found infected in nature. It should be noted, however, that even in areas where the disease is prevalent, the infection rate of the ticks is usually very low, not over one in 300 being infected. The species of Dermacentor are particularly impor- tant for human infection; while the rabbit tick, Haemapliy satis leporis-palustris, seems to be instrumental only in perpetuating the disease among wild rabbits and hares. Possibly, in addition, the rabbit ticks may be responsible for sporadic outbursts of spotted fever outside areas where it is well established, owing to the fact that the early stages commonly attach to many species of migratory birds, returning to rabbits at a later stage (R. R. Parker, 1938). Only species of ticks that frequently attach to man, however, can act as vectors to humans, and this eliminates H. leporis-palustris as the source of human cases. In the western United States Dermacentor venustus Banks (Syn. : D. andersoni Stiles) is the chief transmitter 81 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 2 to man; while in the eastern States the allied American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, plays the same role. M. B. Maver (1911) infected guinea pigs experimentally by means of nymphs and adults of D. variabilis (see also R. E. Dyer, L. F. Badger, and A. Rumreich, 1931). The rickettsia was recovered from wild D. variabilis col- lected in Virginia, on a farm where a human case had occurred (L. F. Badger, 1932), and from wild ticks of the same species in Iowa (C. F. Jordan, 1938). W. P. Havens, C. G. Whitbeck and C. G. Kramer (1940) found rickettsiae in one out of 18 lots of ticks (probably Dermacentor variabilis) , collected in nature near Phila- delphia. M. B. Maver (1911) also transmitted the disease in the laboratory by Amblyomma americanum, a tick which was later found infected under natural conditions in Oklahoma (R. R. Parker, G. W. Kohls and E. A. Steinhaus, 1943). No doubt where this tick is a common pest, it is responsible for some of the human cases, as shown in Texas and Oklahoma by L. Anigstein and M. Bader (1942, 1943). Amblyomma maculatum also was found spontaneously in- fected in Texas (R. R. Parker, G. M. Kohls, G. W. Cox and G. E. Davis, 1939). In our territory, cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (at one time called tick-bite fever) have now been reported from 11 states (New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, Delaware, and Maryland). From the point of view of local epidemiology and measures of control, it is essential to distinguish between truly autochthonous cases, acquired on the spot, and those imported from other parts of the country. With the present rapid means of travel, people may show clinical signs of the disease in a locality far distant from where they contracted the infection. Such cases, of course, are no evidence that the disease is endemic in the local tick or rodent population ; nor does the abundance or scarcity of ticks in a given locality have any direct bearing on the incidence of the disease, unless the ticks are shown to be infected in nature. Thus far the occurrence of the spotted fever organism in local ticks or in wild native fauna has been little investigated in our territory. H. D. Chadwick (1938) states that a tick survey of the Cape Cod area was conducted by the Massachusetts state authorities in 1933 and 1937, but that no ticks infected with Rocky Mountain spotted fever were found in the samples studied. As many people seem to have become unduly alarmed over tick- borne diseases in the northeastern United States, I am reviewing critically all available evidence bearing on the prevalence of Rocky 82 April, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Mountain spotted fever in this area. It has been claimed that the disease is on the increase and becoming more widespread in the eastern United States. More probably, however, the larger number of cases reported since 1930 is merely due to more attention being paid to the disease than formerly and to better methods of diagnosis. Canada. — Although Rocky Mountain spotted fever is by no means rare in certain districts of the western Provinces of the Dominion, I was unable to find any evidence of its occurrence in the eastern Provinces. A letter recently received (December, 1944) from the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare of Quebec, definitely states that there is no record of the disease having ever been diag- nosed in the Province. Maine. — Rocky Mountain spotted fever has not been reported from this state, according to Dr. R. L. Mitchell, Director of the State Department of Health and Welfare (1944). Vermont. — No case of the disease has been reported, according to information received from Dr. C. F. Dalton, of the State Depart- ment of Public Health (1944). New Hampshire. — According to information supplied by Dr. E. W. Colby, of the State Department of Health (1944), the only two cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever known thus far occurred in 1942. One was traced definitely as having been acquired in South Carolina. The exact place of origin of the other is not known, but may have been Massachusetts. Both cases recovered. Massachusetts. — Information was received from Dr. R. F. Feemster, Dr. V. A. Getting, and Dr. M. Champion, of the State Department of Public Health, on nine cases reported up to 1945 ; eight of them coming from the Cape Cod area. In some of the cases the diagnosis is uncertain. One of the first known cases was con- tracted out of the state, as the patient had picked ticks from a dog while on a visit in Washington, D. C., between June 5 and 15, 1938, and, returning to Massachusetts on June 15, developed Rocky Moun- tain spotted fever on June 18. A second possible case, acquired in 1937, was described by L. S. Pilcher (1938) ; but the diagnosis is not clear and, moreover, infection may likewise have occurred out- side the state. This person had traveled through Indiana, Ohio, and Washington, D. C., and developed symptoms 2 to 3 days after arriving in Massachusetts and 2 days after having been bitten by some arthropod on Cape Cod. The next two cases concern two members of a family residing in Rhode Island, who became ill in 1937 after visiting in East Brewster, where they appear to have acquired the infection (E. A. McLaughlin and M. L. Grover, 1937). 83 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 2 A fifth case developed in June, 1938, at Dennis, in an 8-year-old native child, who became severely ill after being bitten by ticks, but eventually recovered (H. D. Chadwick, 1938). This is the only case from this state in which the causative agent was isolated from the blood and maintained by serial passage in guinea pigs (A. D. Ruben- stein and H. F. Rowley, 1943). In June, 1939, another well-defined case, also followed by recovery, occurred in a 4-year-old child, who had been bitten by several ticks on Cape Cod sometime during the three previous weeks (A. D. Rubenstein and H. F. Rowley, 1943). Three unpublished cases occurred in 1944 and 1945. One non-fatal case was contracted in June, 1944, at Chatham. A non-fatal case occurred in July- August, 1944, at Oak Bluffs, on Martha’s Vineyard in a summer visitor from New Jersey; the patient recalled pulling a tick off the back of his neck about two weeks before the onset. In July-August, 1945, another case, ending in death, was contracted at Oak Bluffs by a man from Newton Center, Massachusetts, who had been exposed to many tick bites. In both the Martha’s Vineyard cases the diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever was made by complement fixation tests on the blood. Rhode Island. — The only two cases known thus far, according to Dr. H. J. Connor (1944), of the State Department of Health, were in two residents who became ill after having been summer visitors in East Brewster, Massachusetts, as mentioned above (McLaughlin and Grover, 1937). Connecticut. — According to information received from Dr. M. Knowlton (1944), of the State Department of Health, of four re- ported cases, one (1942) was incorrectly diagnosed, as it proved to be meningococcus meningitis. A case in 1935 was somewhat ques- tionable, but as no change in diagnosis was reported, it is carried in the records as Rocky Mountain spotted fever. There is no infor- mation as to where it might have been acquired. The third case is based on a newspaper report of a woman who developed a fatal illness, diagnosed as Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 6 days after arriving in New London from Texas in May, 1943. The last case, followed by recovery, concerns a 7-year-old child who became ill at Enfield, Connecticut, on May 5, 1942, after having visited in Media, Pennsylvania, from April 22 to May 3. Sometime between April 24 and 26 a tick was removed from the child, after playing outdoors. The detailed clinical and laboratory findings leave no doubt that this was genuine Rocky Mountain spotted fever; but it was obviously acquired outside the state. Whether the disease is endemic any- where in Connecticut seems open to question. 84 April, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Summarizing the evidence for New England, it would appear that the disease is endemic only on Cape Cod and on at least one of the neighboring islands, where Dermacentor variabilis is more plentiful than elsewhere. Even there, however, in view of the abundance of ticks in certain localities, it is difficult to understand why so few cases develop every year among the many summer visi- tors and campers. Possibly the disease has only become established in recent years at a few points, either through infected ticks dropped from dogs brought in from outside the state or through some of the rabbits which have been imported from time to time for hunting purposes. No serious attempt has as yet been made to determine the incidence of the disease in the native tick population and among the wild animal reservoirs in the infected area. New York. — Rocky Mountain spotted fever seems to have been first recognized in 1912, when two cases occurred on Gardiner’s Island, at the eastern tip of Long Island, a third case occurring in the same locality in 1913 (Anonymous, 1945). The disease became officially reportable in September, 1932. Meanwhile, R. Gilbert and M. B. Coleman (1925) described an illness, contracted at East Hampton in July, 1925, following the removal of a tick; the diag- nosis was uncertain at the time, but it was no doubt Rocky Moun- tain spotted fever (R. E. Dyer, 1933; E. R. Maillard and E. L. Hazen, 1935). According to the latest comprehensive report issped by the New York State Department of Health (Anonymous, 1945), a total of 85 native cases, 16 of them fatal, occurred up to the end of 1944, all of them acquired in rural districts of Long Island (82 in Suffolk Co. and 3 in Nassau Co. ) . In addition, a case was contracted accidentally in a laboratory in Rockland Co., in 1943. The number of cases in successive years was as follows : 7 in 1912-1932 ; 3 in 1933; 4 in 1934; 2 in 1935 ; 1 in 1936; 2 in 1937; 5 in 1938; 12 in 1939 ; 0 in 1940 ; 8 in 1941 ; 9 in 1942 ; 16 in 1943 ; and 17 in 1944. East Hampton has had the most cases (26) , Brookhaven coming next (15) . The 17 cases contracted in 1944 were fairly evenly distributed among all ages and both sexes, and confined to the period May through September (6 in May, 3 in June, 3 in July, 4 in August, and 1 in September). In 7 of the cases there was a definite history of tick bite, in 6 others evidence of contact with ticks, and in 8 others contact with domestic animals infested with ticks (7 with dogs and 1 with cats). Additional information may be found in a number of publications (Anonymous, 1937, 1939a, 1939&, 1945 ; Jackson, 1943 ; E. R. Maillard and E. L. Hazen, 1935, 1942, 1944). The only known endemic area, on Long Island, is evidently more heavily infected 85 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 2 than that of Cape Cod ; but, here as there, there is no definite infor- mation as to the prevalence of the causative rickettsia in either the native ticks or in the wild rodent reservoirs. New Jersey. — From information supplied by Dr. L. Snegiroff, it appears that Rocky Mountain spotted fever was first reported in 1931. Up to early in 1936 the State Department of Health had records of 9 apparently well-defined cases. L. S. Carey and G. G. Duncan (1938) described a case with recovery at Blue Anchor, in June, 1936, of a 16-year-old boy, who had picked ticks from a dog and crushed them with the fingers, but did not recall being bitten. C. A. Pons, S. C. DePons and W. A. Sweet (1938) studied 7 cases (3 fatal) contracted in 1938 in Monmouth Co., but eliminated on laboratory findings 6 additional suspected cases. Pennsylvania. — First reported by A. Rumreich, R. E. Dyer and L. F. Badger (1931), Rocky Mountain spotted fever appears to be endemic, though relatively rare, in some of the eastern counties of the state. Three cases were diagnosed in 1930, 1932 and 1934, respectively, from Franklin Co., Delaware Co., and Chester Co., according to H. F. Flippin (1936). He described a fourth case, with recovery, acquired in 1935 by a woman who had resided in Delaware Co. for several months previously. Two weeks before the onset, she removed several ticks from her dog, but denied being bitten by them. The U. S. Public Health Service lists 7 cases for the state in the years 1931-1935 (1 in 1931, 2 in 1933, 1 in 1934, and 3 in 1935), but some might have been acquired elsewhere. An unusual case occurred early in December, 1939, in York Co., long after the tick season was ended, under circumstances suggesting that the victim became infected by handling undressed furs about a week before the onset of the illness (M. H. Cohen, 1940). W. P. Havens, C. G. Whitbeck and C. G. Kramer (1940) found that of 18 lots of ticks (species not stated, but probably Dermacentor variabilis) , col- lected in as many localities from dogs roaming the woods and fields in the environs of Philadelphia, only one showed infection with rickettsiae. Ohio. — The first 2 cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever were recognized in 1937 (M. L. Cooper, M. A. Kurzner, A. T. Wilson and R. E. Dyer, 1938). One was a fatal case in a 9-year-old child who became infected on a farm near Marathon, where several ticks were picked from her skin. One engorged specimen was removed from the lobe of her right ear the morning after she returned from the farm to her home in Lebanon. Illness developed 3 days later. A strain of the disease was isolated from the blood of this patient and 86 April, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA maintained for 10 months in guinea pigs. The second case, in Cin- cinnati, was in a 2|-year-old child, who recovered. This patient had a pet dog infested with ticks, some of which had been picked at various times from the child’s neck. Evidently the disease is indige- nous in certain localities of southern Ohio, where Dermacentor variabilis is abundant. West Virginia.— Rocky Mountain spotted fever was first recog- nized positively in 1933, when three cases occurred in the same family near Lewisburg (D. G. Preston, 1934). There may have been, however, some cases earlier. In 1939, there were two fatal cases in Huntington (J. S. Pearson, 1940). According to a map published by H. H. Henderson and K. A. Walke (1944), the disease has been reported from the following counties: Jefferson, Berkeley, Hampshire, Preston, Wood, Mason, Kanawha, Roane, Fayette, Greenbrier, and Monroe. Delaware. — The first case of Rocky Mountain spotted fever was recognized in 1931 by A. Rumreich, R. E. Dyer and L. F. Badger (1931). In 1933, three more cases occurred in Kent Co., according to E. Cameron (in S. Worden, 1945). E. Cameron (1943) also states that there were 13 known cases in 1943, up to August; 2 of these were from Cedar Creek and Little Creek townships (1943, Jl. Amer. Med. Assoc., 122, p. 820). Maryland. — First recognized in 1929, Rocky Mountain spotted fever now ranks as one of the important diseases of Maryland. It is endemic and fairly prevalent in the summer throughout most of the State, Garrett Co. being the only section remaining immune thus far. The mortality rate is nearly 20 per cent. N. H. Topping (1941) states that of 330 cases occurring from 1931 to 1936, inclu- sive, 66 were fatal. Of the total number of patients, 155 were under 15 years of age, 85 were 15 to 39 years old, and 90 were 40 years old or more. It is strictly a rural disease, occurring either in country dwellers or in city people who were exposed to ticks during visits in the country. A total of 463 cases was reported from the counties (exclusive of Baltimore City) from 1930 to 1940, divided as follows: 29 in 1930, 40 in 1931, 35 in 1932, 53 in 1933, 38 in 1934, 42 in 1935, 31 in 1936, 32 in 1937, 39 in 1938, 71 in 1939, and 53 in 1940. In addition, 43 cases were reported from the whole of the state in 1941. 3 The seasonal distribution of the 463 cases of 1930 to 1940 was as follows : 4 in J anuary, 0 in February, 0 in March, 3 in April, 40 in 3 These figures are taken from the Annual Reports of the State Board of Health. 87 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 2 May, 110 in June, 130 in July, 141 in August, 27 in September, 4 in October, 1 in November, and 3 in December. Many of the cases gave a definite history of tick bite within two weeks before the onset of the illness. In one case the disease seemed to have been acquired by removing and crushing ticks from a dog.4 In this state also, the incidence of the disease in the ticks and its occurrence in the animal reservoirs have not been investigated. Tularemia. — Tularemia, or rabbit fever, is a bacterial, plague- like disease primarily of certain rabbit-like mammals (Order Lago- morpha) and occasionally of certain rodents (Order Rodentia) and other wild mammals (shrew, opossum, beaver, coyote, red fox, gray fox, etc.) and game birds (sage hen, quail, and grouse),5 due to Pasteurella tularensis. Although it is readily transmissible to man, causing a severe illness with acute fever and a variety of symptoms, and often ending fatally, human infections are only accidental. After recovery one attack confers life-long immunity. In North America it appears to be enzootic among wild life over most of the United States, parts of Canada, and Alaska. It is also known from several European countries, northern and central Asia, and Japan. There is no definite record of the transfer of the infection directly from sick to healthy man. Human infection may be acquired from three main sources (E. Francis, 1937). The most common method, in eastern North America at any rate, is by contact with a diseased animal. The bacterium may enter the human skin, either abrased or possibly even intact, or the mucous membrane (particularly of the eyes), during the skinning and dressing of infected wild animals or while merely handling their skins. Although thorough cooking kills the organism, infection may occur from eating raw or im- properly cooked infected meat (H. L. Amoss and D. H. Sprunt, 1936). Sometimes also animals convey the disease to people by the 4 The following articles of the appended bibliography refer to cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever contracted in Maryland: A. L. Florman and J. Hafkenschiel, 1940; C. H. Halliday, 19365; H. H. Henderson and R. A. Walke, 1944; H. A. Ong and J. F. Raffetto, 1940; M. C. Pincoffs and C. C. Shaw, 1933; A. Rumreich, R. E. Dyer and L. F. Badger, 1931; P. G. Shipley, 1932; N. H. Topping, 1941; and N. A. Welch and P. J. Jakmauh, 1939. 5 A recently published list of Vertebrates known to be naturally infected with tularemia includes, for the United States and Canada, 6 species of birds and 28 species of mammals (A. L. Burroughs, R. Holdenried, D. S. Longanecker and K. F. Meyer, 1945). 88 April, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA bite or by scratching. Self -inoculation by contact is prevalent among hunters, cooks, and butchers, and there are often cases in large cities where so-called “ market fever” is well known among market men. As infection by contact is the usual method in our territory, it explains the seasonal incidence, cases being most fre- quent with us from November to January, during the hunting season and when cottontail rabbits particularly are for sale. Dogs and cats are susceptible and have been known to contract the disease by eat- ing raw meat of sick wild rabbits. In dogs Pasteurella tularensis may persist for many days apparently without outward symptoms (H. N. Johnson, 1944) . It may be well to note that, although the domestic rabbit is susceptible to experimental tularemia, rabbits raised in rabbitries have very rarely been found infected in this country and may therefore be handled and eaten with safety (E. Francis, 1925; W. L. Jellison and R. R. Parker, 1945). 6 Tularemia is usually transmitted among wild mammals and birds by infected ticks, either by the bite or, more probably, by the feces which the ticks void while engorging on the host. Several species of ticks are known as natural or potential vectors. The rabbit tick, Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris, one of our most common ticks, was found infected in nature (G. E. Davis, C. B. Philip and R. R. Parker, 1934) and transmits the disease in the laboratory (R. R. Parker and R. R. Spencer, 1925). Infected female ticks also pass on the bacterium to their eggs and larvae (R. R. Parker, 1934). H. leporis-palustris is a particularly active transmitter, as all stages, larvae, nymphs and adults, occur often in unbelievable numbers on wild Lagomorpha, the adults being restricted to this type of host. Larvae and nymphs, however, often attach also to migratory and game birds, which may thus carry infected ticks over long distances and into new territory. It seems probable that Pasteurella tula- rensis survives the winter chiefly in infected H. leporis-palustris which have dropped off from cottontail rabbits dying of the disease (L. E. Hicks, 1942). All stages of this tick hibernate away from the host. The rabbit tick is not known to attack man and is there- fore not instrumental in the transmission of tularemia from infected animals to humans. The related bird tick, Haemaphysalis chordeilis (= cinnabarina of many writers), was found infected in nature in Montana (R. R. Parker, C. B. Philip, and G. E. Davis, 1932). The Rocky Mountain wood tick, Dermacentor venustus Banks (=D. 6 The rather intricate relationship between the presence of tula- remia in the wild fauna and outbreaks among humans in the same locality, is discussed in a later chapter on ‘ ‘ Ticks and Wild Life. ’ ’ 89 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 2 andersoni Stiles), is infected in nature in Montana (R. R. Parker, R. R. Spencer and E. Francis, 1924; G. E. Davis, C. B. Philip and R. R. Parker, 1934). It was also proved that this tick is a true biological host of P. tidarensis, which it harbors, not only in its feces, but also in the epithelial cells of the digestive tract and Mal- pighian tubes and in the coelomic fluid. Furthermore, an infected female D. venustus will transmit P. tularensis to a certain percent- age of its eggs, larvae and nymphs (R. R. Parker and R. R. Spencer, 1926). The presence of tularemia in the Pacific Coast wood tick, Dermacentor occidentalis Curtice, was demonstrated in California (R. R. Parker, C. S. Brooks and H. Marsh, 1929) . Our eastern wood tick, Dermacentor variabilis, was found infected with the disease in nature, notably in Minnesota by R. G. Green (1931). According to C. B. Philip and W. L. Jellison (1934), in this tick also the bac- terium may be carried by an infected female to part of the progeny, through the eggs, However, in later investigations by J. F. Bell (1945) no “ hereditary ’ 7 infection could be obtained and it was con- cluded that such transmission appears to be of no significance for D. variabilis and may be the exception rather than the rule in nature. Bell points out that the lack or difficulty of “hereditary” infection of the tick may be a most important limiting factor in the epizootic course of tularemia. He also demonstrated that infected D. vari- abilis feeding on immune or normal hosts lose their infection, pre- sumably owing to the stimulating effect of the blood meal upon a normal bactericidal function of the tick’s gut. Before losing their infection as a result of feeding, such infected ticks may nevertheless inoculate a normal host, which will later be a source of infection to other ticks feeding upon it. On the other hand, when fed on an immune host, infected ticks will not infect it, so that such an animal will not transmit the disease further to clean ticks. The number of animals which have become immune by a previous mild or a chronic infection in a given area, may also be of importance in limiting the spread of tularemia. In our territory, some human cases seen to have been caused by adults of Dermacentor variabilis , which must have become infected in the immature stages on wild life ; but tick- borne infection of man is possible only when wood ticks are active, particularly from March to August. The third method of transmission involves a variety of blood- sucking insects, such as the squirrel flea ( Ceratophyllus montanus Baker), the rabbit louse ( Haemodipsus ventricosus Denny),7 the 7 Probably a misidentification of the native North American rabbit louse, Haemodipsus setoni Ewing. 90 April, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA squirrel louse ( Neohaematopinus laeviusculus Grube), the mouse louse ( Polyplax serrata Burmeister), the bedbug ( Cimex lectularius Linne), two western species of deer-flies ( Chrysops discalis Wil- liston and C. noctifer Osten Sacken), some western species of horse- flies (Tabanus) , the stable-fly (8 'tomoxys calcitrans Linne), a spe- cies of blackfly (Simulium katmai Dyar and Shannon), and several species of mosquitoes ( A'edes aegypti Linne, Aedes cinereus Meigen, and others). With all of these, transmission has been effected under laboratory conditions from sick to healthy animals, either mechani- cally by the bite (interrupted feeding) or by the feces (E. Francis, 1929; R. R. Parker, 1934). Such experiments do not, however, necessarily incriminate all these insects as effective transmitters of the disease to man under natural conditions. The bite of Chrysops discalis has been blamed for many of the human cases in Utah and adjoining states ; hence the name “ deer-fly fever” sometimes applied to the disease.8 In our territory, although several species of Chry- sops are abundant and often attack people during the summer, they have been seldom incriminated in human cases of tularemia and there seems to be no definite proof that they act as vectors in north- eastern North America. In recent years a fourth possible source of infection has come to light; namely through drinking water contaminated by infected animals, particularly by muskrats and beavers (S. K. Karpoff and N. J. Antonoff, 1936 ; W. L. Jellison, G. M. Kohls, W. J. Butler and J. A. Weaver, 1942; R. R. Parker, E. A. Steinhaus and G. M. Kohls, 1943). It is doubtful whether this method of infection is of practi- cal importance in our territory. From published accounts and from information kindly furnished by the several State Departments of Public Health, I am reviewing the local incidence of the disease as known at present. Particular attention has been given to the reported mode of infection, as this is of foremost practical importance.9 8 Before being able to infect man, the Chrysops must acquire P. tularensis from an infected animal. I know of no published observations of species of Chrysops biting Lagomorpha or other small mammals in nature. Moreover, thus far natural infection of Chrysops has not been proved by examination of flies caught in areas where tularemia is prevalent. True deer-flies should not be con- fused with deer-keds ( Lipoptena ) nor with deer bot-flies ( Cephe - nomyia) , as was done by some writers. 9 1 have not included in my discussion cases of tularemia con- 91 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol XXV, No. 2 Nova Scotia. — There appears to be at least one endemic focns of tularemia. According to H. G. Grant and A. L. McLean (1935), two Indians, near St. Peters, Cape Breton, became ill in 1930 after touching a wild rabbit found dead. Both recovered and their two companions, who did not touch the animal, did not contract the disease. W. L. Jellison and R. R. Parker (1945) point out that Nova Scotia is the only section of North America reporting tularemia in man, yet not known to have cottontail rabbits in the wild fauna. Ontario.— A. L. McNabb (1930) and H. D. L. Hudson (1930) reported the first known, non-f atal case of tularemia in the Dominion of Canada. It occurred at Timmins in December, 1929, following the skinning of a wild rabbit. In 1931, another non-fatal case was reported from Woodville. So far as could be ascertained, this patient had handled a mouse at Bancroft, 4 days previous to the illness (J. B. Cramer, 1931). Five non-fatal cases were reported in 1931 and 1932 from the vicinity of London, by E. P. Johns (1933). The three cases of 1932 appear to have been acquired by skinning muskrats. The mode of infection of the two cases of 1931 was not determined. The foregoing seven cases are all from the southeastern part of the province, where there are evidently some endemic foci of the disease. This area is within the very limited range of the cottontail in Canada (W. L. Jellison and R. R. Parker, 1945). According to information recently received from Mr. J. T. Marshall, Chief of the Vital Statistics Branch, Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Ottawa {in lift., 1944), the cases of tularemia reported to the Provincial Health Department of Ontario numbered 8 in 1931, 9 in 1932, 9 in 1933, 8 in 1934, 7 in 1935, 0 in 1936, 1 in 1937, 1 in 1938, 2 in 1939, 3 in 1940, 4 in 1941, 0 in 1942, 3 in 1943, and 2 in 1944 (up to November 18), a total of 57 for the past 14 years. tracted by laboratory workers or clearly acquired outside our terri- tory. One of these is the very first case ever observed in New England (P. R. Withington, 1929). It concerned a man who be- came ill while visiting an island off the coast of Georgia and returned to his home in Massachusetts to be treated. Another case, reported to the Department of Public Health of Massachusetts in 1934, was contracted on a ranch in Colorado, presumably by eating a wild rabbit (F. D. Moore, C. S. Sawyer and S. G. Blount, Jr., 1944). A case which occurred in New Hampshire in May, 1942, was traced to its point of origin at Bulls Island, off the coast of Charleston, South Carolina, according to information supplied by the State Department of Health {in lift., 1944). 92 April, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Quebec. — There is as yet no definite evidence that tularemia is endemic in this province. Information supplied (in lift., 1944) by Dr. Jean Gregoire, Deputy of Health and Social Welfare, mentions three supposed cases of the disease. Two of these occurred some five years ago at Levis, on the St. Lawrence River facing Quebec, and were ascribed to the wearing of a white rabbit fur coat, the primary lesions being at the back of the neck. The third incident was only hearsay and cannot be relied upon. The disease was first reported from Quebec by R. B. Jenkins (1942). No human cases of tularemia are reported thus far from New- foundland, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Labrador. It would seem that tularemia is at present of little importance as a Public Health problem in eastern Canada. Maine. — The only case on record at the State Department of Health and Welfare, according to Dr. R. L. Mitchell (in litt., 1944), is of unusual interest. It occurred, in late 1933, in an elderly trapper who lived in a remote cabin in the woods on Kokadjo Lake, north of Moosehead Lake. It was learned that he had skinned recently two red foxes, a raccoon and some muskrats. This case, which ended fatally, called attention to the possibility of red foxes acting as reservoirs for P. tularensis. In the fall of 1934, some of these animals, killed in Maine several miles from Moosehead Lake, were found to be infected. Later, healthy red foxes were success- fully inoculated with tularemia at the U. S. National Institute of Health. The case has been discussed by E. Francis (1937), T. L. Badger (1939), A. W. Eckstein (1941), and F. D. Moore, C. S. Sawyer and S. G. Blount, Jr. (1944). It shows that the disease is endemic in at least one area of the state. It is, however, not preva- lent, as it is not known to occur in native rabbits and hares. J. H. Severaid (1942) reports that no evidence of tularemia was noted in 132 adult Maine snowshoe hares which he autopsied in 1938. Vermont. — No case of tularemia has been reported thus far, according to information received from Dr. C. F. Dalton, of the State Department of Public Health (in litt., 1944). New Hampshire. — The earliest known case of tularemia occurred at Claremont, in 1931, when a person became ill after dressing two wild rabbits killed near by (E. Francis, 1937; T. L. Badger, 1939; A. W. Eckstein, 1941 ; F. D. Moore, C. S. Sawyer and S. G. Blount, Jr., 1944). According to Dr. E. W. Colby (in litt., 1944), the State Department of Health has on record one supposed case in 1935 and two supposed cases in 1936, but no further information is available. Another case occurred in July, 1943, in the western portion of the 93 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 2 state. Its exact place of origin is not known ; but as the patient was in Massachusetts a short time before he became ill, he might have acquired the disease there. All 5 cases recovered. It seems some- what doubtful whether tularemia is truly endemic in the state. Massachusetts. — Up to the end of 1944, the following cases of tularemia are known to have been acquired in the state, according to published data and information supplied by Dr. R. F. Feemster and Dr. V. A. Getting, of the State Department of Public Health (in lift., 1939 and 1944). (1) The first case occurred in 1929 in Boston, a man becoming ill after dressing a cold-storage wild rabbit imported from Illinois and kept frozen for 30 days before being offered for sale (H. F. R. Watts, 1930). (2) In July, 1937, a 10-year-old child contracted the disease at West Falmouth, on Cape Cod, apparently through close association with a puppy that had been very ill with fever and cough for 3 days before the onset of the child’s illness. Blood from both child and dog was found positive for tularemia. The source of the dog’s infection was not traced (T. L. Badger, 1939). (3) Another child contracted the disease in 1938 in the Falmouth area, probably after being bitten by a tick (F. D. Moore, C. S. Sawyer and S. G. Blount, Jr., 1944). (4) In 1939, a Boston resident became ill after spending the summer in Falmouth, where she appears to have been bitten by a tick (R. E. Moss and L. R. Evans, 1940). (5) In 1941, a case in Lawrence gave a history of having shot and dressed wild rabbits shortly before becoming ill (F. D. Moore, C. S. Sawyer and S. G. Blount, Jr., 1944). (6) A case occurred in 1943 in the Falmouth district, fol- lowing a tick bite (F. D. Moore, C. S. Sawyer and S. G. Blount, Jr., 1944). (7) A case at Waltham in 1943 was possibly contracted from the bite of a tick, as there was no history of contact with rabbits or other rodents (F. D. Moore, C. S. Sawyer and S. G. Blount, Jr., 1944). All these cases were followed by recovery. Rhode Island. — A. G. Randall (1929) reported the first case of tularemia in 1929 at North Scituate, in a man who had torn up three wild rabbits found dead on his farm. A cat that ate one of the dead rabbits also contracted the disease and died ; but the patient recov- ered. Two cases were acquired near Providence, according to infor- mation supplied by Dr. H. J. Connor (in litt., 1944), of the State Department of Health, the patient recovering in both. One occurred in November, 1940, after skinning a wild rabbit (case discussed by A. W. Eckstein, 1941) ; the other in November, 1943, a few days after skinning and dressing several wild rabbits. This patient did not eat any of the rabbits ; but his wife and son, who consumed some 94 April, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA of the prepared meat, suffered no ill effects (cases reported by F. D. Moore, C. S. Sawyer and S. G. Blount, Jr., 1944). The foregoing evidence points to the existence of at least one endemic focus of tularemia in the state. Connecticut. — Dr. M. Knowlton, of the State Department of Health (in lift., 1944), informs me that only 3 cases of tularemia had been recognized up to the end of 1944. The first was a fatal case, reported by E. H. Gibbons, E. L. Lamoureux and H. A. Arkless (1941). It occurred in December, 1940, at Colchester, after killing and dressing three wild rabbits. The second case, also fatal, was contracted in September, 1941, at Columbia, only 10 miles from Colchester, from the bite of a cat which was later shown by labora- tory tests to have had tularemia (E. Jungherr, 1942). A third case, followed by recovery, was contracted at Stamford, in November, 1941, by handling a dressed wild rabbit, the origin of which is not known. Tularemia is probably endemic in wild life in at least one area of the state, although bacteriological investigations have failed thus far to find the causative agent in nature. In 1936-38, 342 cottontail rabbits were examined by C. F. Clancy, E. Jungherr and P. R. Sime (1940), but without attempting to determine the occur- rence of tularemia. In 1940, 19 wild rabbits were examined in the Colchester area ; and in 1941, 6 wild rabbits, 23 mice, 9 rats, 1 hawk, 2 grouse and 24 cats in the Columbia area, more especially for P. tularensis (E. Jungherr, 1942). All these animals gave negative results. So far as the available evidence goes, New England remains relatively little affected by tularemia. No doubt some unrecognized cases occur every year, as the diagnosis of the disease is not always easy. Nevertheless, it would seem that if P. tularensis were preva- lent in native wild life, hunters would become infected more often. As thus far only 4 main endemic foci are known, it seems worth while to take every precaution against a further spread of the dis- ease. Of the 19 cases discussed in the foregoing summary, 3 ended in death. One of the cases was clearly acquired from handling imported game and 18 were contracted from local sources (8 through contact with wild animals ; 1 from a dog ; 1 from a cat bite, 4 report- edly from ticks, and 4 of doubtful or unknown origin). There are known endemic foci in Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut; possibly also in New Hampshire. Otherwise, little is known of the natural incidence of tularemia in wild life, as only the red fox in Maine was found infected thus far. The most important endemic focus is in the Cape Cod area of 95 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 2 Massachusetts, where at least 4 cases have originated since 1937. It has been suggested that the disease was introduced in that area with western wild rabbits (T. L. Badger, 1939). Although difficult of proof, this theory cannot be dismissed lightly. From March to June, 1937, 33 cottontail and 90 jack rabbits, imported from mid- western states, were released at Harwich, Truro, Wellfleet, Barnstable, Fal- mouth, Provincetown, and Dennis. In the Falmouth area 8 cotton- tail rabbits were released, and it seems noteworthy that 4 months later a case of tularemia appeared in the town of Falmouth, where the disease had not been known before. Moreover, D. L. Belding and B. Merrill (1941) demonstrated P. tularensis in a cottontail rabbit imported in April, 1940, from Missouri to Massachusetts, and again in November, 1940, in a rabbit from Arkansas. Since 1937, 24,689 imported rabbits have been liberated in various parts of Massachusetts for the benefit of sportsmen. This practice endangers not only human welfare, but also the health of native wild life. Fortunately, it has been discontinued in recent years. Certification at the shipping source that the rabbits are from tularemia-free dis- tricts does not guarantee freedom from the disease. New York. — The first case recognized was non-fatal and occurred in 1927 in the steward of a club in Buffalo (J. A. Murphy, 1928). In December, 1928, another case was contracted in New York City, following the cleaning of rabbits bought in a store (Anonymous, 1928 b). In later years, according to published accounts and infor- mation kindly supplied by Dr. F. C. Goble, Pathologist of the State Bureau of Game (in lift., 1945), the majority of cases occurred in New York City, being attributed to infection from market rabbits imported from the Middle West (42 cases between 1929 and 1942, 3 of them fatal). In addition, Dr. Goble lists the following upstate cases by years : 0 in 1929 ; 1 in 1930 (supposedly from deer) ; 1 in 1931 (source questionable) ; 6 in 1932 (from imported market rab- bits) ; 0 in 1933 ; 1 in 1934 (from a Kansas rabbit) ; 1 in 1935 (from a Missouri rabbit) ; 3 in 1936 (2 from Maryland rabbits; 1 in On- tario Co. from a rabbit, the source questionable) ; 0 in 1937 ; 2 in 1938 (1 from an Illinois rabbit ; 1 from a rabbit in Wayne Co.) ; 6 in 1939 (2 from muskrats in Oswego Co.; 1 from rabbit in Jefferson Co.; 1 from rabbit on Long Island ; 1 from fox in St. Lawrence Co. ; 1 supposedly from deer-fly in Broome Co.) ; 0 in 1940; 1 in 1941 (at Rochester, from a Missouri rabbit) ; and 2 in 1942 (from muskrats in Wayne Co.). The case of 1930 is particularly interesting, as it is believed to have been contracted from a wild deer shot at Willsboro. That this animal was actually the source of the infection is perhaps 96 April, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA open to question, as the patient was seemingly in the habit of skin- ning various animals. There is as yet no other evidence of native American deer being infected with tularemia. Although most of the cases were attributed to out-of-state rabbits, it is evident that the disease is endemic in the wild fauna of at least six counties (Wayne, Oswego, Jefferson, Suffolk, St. Lawrence, and Broome), where human cases have been traced to contact with local wild rabbit, muskrat, and fox. The most instructive cases occurred in Novem- ber, 1943, when two persons became ill after handling wild rabbits shot near Quogue, Suffolk Co. Several people who ate cooked meat of the infected rabbits, were not affected (Anonymous, 1944). Nevertheless, tularemia is at present of relatively little public health importance in the state and does not seem to be on the increase.10 New Jersey. — The first case of tularemia was recognized in November, 1927, in a resident of Wildwood, Cape May Co., together with another probable case, both reportedly contracted from local wild rabbits (Anonymous, 1928$; R. A. Kilduffe and C. P. Dandois, 1928). In succeeding years the number of cases was as follows, according to the annual Reports of the State Department of Health : 0 in 1928, 0 in 1929, 1 in 1930, 1 in 1931, 3 in 1932, 1 in 1933, 1 in 1934, 4 in 1935, 5 in 1936, 5 in 1937, 8 in 1938, 4 in 1939, 2 in 1940, and 1 in 1941, a total of 37 in 15 years. Tularemia is still a rare disease in the state, although it appears to be endemic in wild life in Cumberland Co., Cape May Co., and Monmouth Co. C. A. Pons, S. C. DePons and W. A. Sweet (1938) state that a case occurred in Monmouth Co. in May, 1936, in a man who had handled a wild rabbit caught by the family dog. Pennsylvania. — The first known cases of tularemia were non- fatal and occurred at Pittsburgh, in 1925, in two market men who had handled imported dead rabbits. In one case the infected rabbits came from Ohio (W. W. G-. Maclachlan, W. J. Fetter and A. R. Cratty, 1926). It has been recognized since that the disease is common and is, moreover, endemic in the wild life of certain sec- tions. H. L. Baer (1934) states that in Pittsburgh alone there were 10 The following articles of the appended bibliography deal with cases of tularemia in New York : Anonymous, 19285, 1928c, 1928d, 1928c, 1931a, 19315, 1931c, 1931d, 1931c; 1932a, 19325, 1932c, 1932d, 1932c, 1932/, 1933a, 1933d, 19395, 1939c, 1939d, 1940, 1942a, 19425, 1944 ; J. G. Dwyer, 1933 ; Ruth Gilbert and Marion B. Coleman, 1932; S. M. Kaufman, 1931; E. R. Maillard, 1943; and J. A. Murphy, 1928a, 19285. 97 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 2 21 cases in 1932 and 69 in 1933; 16 of the 1933 cases being caused local wild rabbits, while the remainder were traced to dead rab- bits imported from Illinois, Kansas, and Missouri. On the other hand, J. L. Farmer and G. G. Duncan (1938) report that, in the period 1924^1935, 91 cases occurred in the state, of which 25 were acquired from wild rabbits killed in the western counties (mostly in Lancaster, Adams, Franklin, and Fayette Counties). A rather unusual case occurred in 1939 near Burgettstown in a man who was pecked on a finger by a wounded chicken hawk that had been feeding on a dead rabbit (J. M. Johnston, 1940). 11 Delaware. — Not much is known as yet of the occurrence of tula- remia in this state. According to T. G. Hull (1941, p. 267), the first case occurred in 1930. Two other cases, reported by L. B. Flinn (1935), were contracted near Wilmington from the same wild rabbit rescued from a dog while hunting. The hunter had noticed that the rabbit had sores behind the ears. Maryland. — Tularemia is prevalent in this state, where in recent years it is being most carefully studied by Dr. C. H. Halliday, Epi- demiologist of the State Department of Health. In addition to his publications on the subject, Dr. Halliday (in lift., 1945) has kindly given me much useful information, completing the annual Reports of his Department. The first reported case was fatal and was contracted in some obscure way at Mount Rainier in 1923 (J. R. Verbrycke, Jr., 1924). Two other, non-fatal cases occurred in 1925, at Girdle Tree, from handling a local wild rabbit (J. B. Flick, 1926). Many cases have been recognized since, J. C. Ransmeier and C. L. Ewing (1941) studying 87 non-fatal and 10 fatal cases in the period 1928-1940, in Baltimore alone. Dr. Halliday has supplemented the data he published (1936a, 1938) with some unpublished informa- tion, giving the following yearly figures. For the entire state : 11 in 1928 (5 of them in Baltimore), 23 in 1929 (10 in Baltimore), 15 in 1930 (8 in Baltimore), 20 in 1931 (10 in Baltimore), 26 in 1932 (11 in Baltimore), 25 in 1933 (11 in Baltimore), 33 in 1934 (17 in Baltimore), 30 in 1935 (13 in Baltimore), 31 in 1936 (14 in Balti- 11 Cases of tularemia from Pennsylvania are discussed in the fol- lowing papers of the appended bibliography : H. L. Baer, 1933, 1934 ; J. L. Farmer and G. G. Duncan, 1938; G. H. Fetterman and H. Lerner, 1936; E. Francis and G. R. Callender, 1927 ; J. M. Johnston, 1940 ; W. W. G. Maclachlan, W. J. Fetter and A. R. Cratty, 1926 ; H. H. Permar and W. W. G. Maclachlan, 1931 ; and H. H. Permar and G. C. Weil, 1926. 98 April, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA more), 23 in 1937 (13 in Baltimore), 32 in 1938 (13 in Baltimore), 49 in 1939 (31 in Baltimore), 22 in 1940 (9 in Baltimore), 16 in 1941 (1 in Baltimore), 12 in 1942 (0 in Baltimore), 16 in 1943 (1 in Balti- more), and at least 14 in 1944 (0 in Baltimore). Of the 398 cases reported during the past 17 years, 35 were fatal and 167 occurred in the city of Baltimore. All counties except two (Cecil Co. and Garrett Co.) have had cases, mostly contracted from handling local wild rabbits. One case, in 1935, was attributed to the bite of Derma- centor variabilis and another is said to have been contracted from one of the biting flies. Several of the city cases were traced to imported rabbits bought in the market.12 Ohio. — Tularemia is very prevalent and widespread, occurring as well among people in the large cities (Cincinnati, Dayton, Cleve- land) who handle dead wild rabbits offered for sale, as among hunters and farmers in rural districts. Although there seems to be some reason to believe that an unrecognized case had occurred as early as 1908, the first definite evidence was a case contracted in Cincinnati in 1913 (D. T. Vail, Sr., 1914). This was also the first case recognized in our territory and, moreover, the first human case on record to be diagnosed by bacteriological methods. The second case occurred in 1916, also in Cincinnati (F. W. Lamb, 1917). 13 Cases have become so numerous since, that it seems pointless to dis- cuss them in detail. Up to the close of 1929, W. M. Simpson (1930) had recognized 60 cases in and near Dayton alone. E. Francis (19425) states that 1,109 cases had been reported for the entire state up to 1942, only Illinois having more cases on record.14 Al- though from the available data it is not possible to determine the proportion of rural and city cases, there is sufficient evidence that there are several endemic foci of tularemia in the wild fauna. For 12 The following titles in the appended bibliography deal with Maryland cases : Anonymous, 1932$; A. Bernstein, 1935 ; D. P. Bowe and D. C. Wakeman, 1936 ; J. B. Flick, 1926 ; E. Francis, 1942 ; L. P. Gundry and C. G. Warner, 1934; C. H. Halliday, 1936a and 1938; L. Hamman, 1933 ; E. L. LeCompte, 1941 ; J. C. Ransmeier and C. L. Ewing, 1941; J. C. Ransmeier and I. G. Schaub, 1941; J. R. Ver- brycke, Jr., 1924; F. C. Warring and V. F. Cullen, 1936; A. Weinzirl and C. H. Halliday, 1937 ; and M. M. Whitehurst, 1940. 13 A case observed in Cincinnati in 1914 (R. Sattler, 1915) was contracted in a nearby county in Indiana. 14 L. E. Hicks (1942) gives a much larger number of Ohio cases : 1,275 for the period 1930 to 1941, 112 of them fatal. 99 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 2 instance, a case was contracted in 1928 near Dayton by skinning a woodchuck ( Marmota monax) ( W. M. Simpson, 1930 ; the animal is here called Marmota flaviventer, a name properly applied to the Western species, which does not occur in Ohio). A non-fatal case was acquired in 1921 near Tippecanoe by hunting rabbits (W. L. Brosius, 1928). In November, 1940, a fatal case occurred at Alliance after cutting up a wild rabbit found dead. Three dogs, who ate some of the raw meat of this rabbit, also became ill, but recovered (L. F. Ey and R. E. Daniels, 1941). 15 F. W. Lamb (1917) states that wild rabbits were dying in large numbers in the country around Cincinnati in 1914 and that W. B. Wherry isolated Pasteurella tula- rensis from some of the dying animals. In recent years, the yearly recurrence of tularemia in cottontails has been generally recognized in Ohio, so much so that the disease is now accepted as one of the major hazards of rabbit hunting. In the course of field work by the Ohio Wildlife Research Station, evidence of tularemia was present in most cottontails found dead or dying during September, October, and November, but none was detected later, although large numbers of rabbits were examined during December and January (L. E. Hicks, 1942). West Virginia. — The first known cases of tularemia, all followed by recovery, were contracted at Huntington in 1923 and 1924, from handling local wild rabbits (F. C. Hodges, 1925). At Charleston, a fatal case followed the dressing of rabbits in a store, while a second case was acquired from a native wild rabbit (B. S. Preston, 1931a and 19315). West Virginia cases are also discussed by R. D. Roller (1931) and by F. E. Brammer (1931), the latter stating that there had been only 7 cases in the state up to May, 1929. Equine Encephalomyelitis and St. Louis Encephalitis. — A 15 The following papers, listed in the appended bibliography, cover cases of tularemia contracted in Ohio : F. Berry, 1928 ; W. L. Brosius, 1928 ; I. I. Cramer, 1938 ; L. F. Ey and R. E. Daniels, 1941 ; L. Foshay, 1932a, 19325, 1933, 1934a, 19345, 1935, 1937, 1938, 1940; E. Francis, 1942; E. Francis and G. R. Callender, 1927 ; S. 0. Freed- lander and M. H. Grossberg, 1927 ; J. 0. Haizlip and A. E. O’Neil, 1931; K. V. Kitzmiller, 1939; F. W. Lamb, 1917; E. W. Netherton, 1927 ; M. Oosting, 1939 ; C. C. Pinkerton and R. H. Markwith, 1927 ; W. M. Simpson, 1928a, 19285, 1928c, 1928d, 1928c, 1928/, 1929a, 19295, 1930, 1931, 1933; L. L. Terry and H. S. Reichle. 1940; D. T. Vail, Sr., 1914; D. T. Vail, Jr., 1926, 1929, 1930; W. B. Wherry, 1914; W. B. Wherry and B. IT. Lamb, 1924a; and W. J. Zeiter, 1939. 100 April, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA brief mention should be made of these diseases because of the possi- bility that ticks might play a role in their epidemiology. Equine encephalomyelitis is a disease of great economic impor- tance among horses and mules in the United States and Canada. It is caused by a filtrable virus, which seems to occur in a “ western ’ ’ and an ‘ ‘ eastern ’ ’ type, differing in immunology and virulence. The eastern type is known in the United States only east of the Appa- lachian mountain range. Both the western and the eastern types can be transmitted to man, in whom they cause a severe and some- times fatal illness. In our territory, human cases occurred in Massachusetts in 1938. It is well established that several species of Culicine mosquitoes of the genus Aedes transmit the disease experi- mentally and these insects are probably the usual vectors to equines and man. J. T. Syverton and G. P. Berry (1936, 1937, 1941) have shown, however, that under experimental conditions the western type of the disease can also be transmitted among guinea pigs by the bite of the western wood tick, Dermacentor venustus, in which the virus is inherited for two successive generations. Whether ticks are of practical importance for natural transmission is as yet unknown. Attempts to transmit the western type by the eastern wood tick, Dermacentor variabilis, were unsuccessful (A. W. Grundmann, C. M. Kitselman, L. M. Roderick and R. C. Smith, 1943). St. Louis encephalitis is in many respects similar to the foregoing disease, being likewise caused by a filtrable virus. At present it is known chiefly from human cases, although the virus has also been traced in horses. Cases strictly referable to this disease are as yet unknown from our territory. Like equine encephalomyelitis, it has been transmitted experimentally by several species of mosquitoes and its natural occurrence in Culex tar satis has been demonstrated. R. J. Blattner and F. M. Heys (1941, 1944), in Missouri, were able to transmit the virus of St. Louis encephalitis by Dermacentor variabilis in small laboratory animals. They also showed that the virus is hereditary in the tick, an infected female transmitting it to her offspring and, through all stages of the second generation, to the third generation. They do not believe, however, that D. variabilis is the vector responsible in the known human cases ; but they suggest that the tick may play a part in the natural epidemiology of the disease by maintaining the virus. 2. Ticks and Domestic Animals In our territory the larger domestic animals, cattle, horses, mules, and donkeys, are seldom attacked by ticks, particularly in the 101 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 2 northern areas. Apart from infestations on freshly imported ani- mals, there are only a few records of Dermacentor erraticus (both the typical form and the var. albipictus) being taken apparently off local cattle in Pennsylvania, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. R. H. Riley and C. H. Halliday found Dermacentor variabilis on horses and cattle in Maryland in the course of a tick survey during the summer of 1931. 16 Ixodes cookei was taken on one occasion off domestic pig in New York State. No ticks seem to occur in our ter- ritory on sheep and goats. The domestic cat also is relatively free from them, there being only a few records of Ixodes cookei from this host. The domestic dog, on the other hand, is often attacked by Dermacentor variabilis and more rarely by Ixodes cookei and a few other species. In addition, the introduced European dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus , has become a serious household pest in certain localities and seems to be spreading steadily. In North America it seems to be restricted thus far to dogs, although in the Old World it has a very wide range of hosts. Our domestic birds are relatively free of ticks. There is no reliable evidence that the argasid pigeon tick occurs in our territory; while the fowl tick, Argas persicus , has been recorded only once from Maryland. The two species of Haemaphy satis often found on our wild birds, H. leporis-palustris and H. chordeilis, have been taken occasionally on domestic turkey. The scarcity of ticks on domestic mammals and birds explains why most of these animals are practically free from tick-borne dis- eases in our territory. Such diseases as Texas fever (piroplasmosis of cattle), canine piroplasmosis, anaplasmosis of cattle, and tick- fever (spirochetosis) of fowl, which occur in some other parts of North America, are unknown with us. The chief animal reservoirs of the North American types of Rocky Mountain spotted fever appear to be wild mammals (par- ticularly rodents) and birds. Sheep and dogs can acquire the dis- ease, although it does not seem to do them much harm. These animals may be involved in perpetuating it or in introducing it into new territory, particularly in view of the hereditary transmission of the rickettsiae to part of the offspring of an infected female tick. Interstate transportation of dogs from areas known to be foci of the disease should be prohibited, at least during the tick season. It 16 From an unpublished report on rickettsial diseases read in 1932 before the Western Branch, American Public Health Associ- ation. 102 April, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA should also be noted that, in southern Europe, the dog is a frequent reservoir of an eruptive human fever, known as “fievre bouton- neuse” or “Marseilles fever,” and now generally regarded as a type of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. This European disease is regularly transmitted from dog to dog and to man by the brown dog tick, Rhipicepkalus sanguineus. It is not impossible, therefore, that in localities where R. sanguineus has become well established some American strain of Rocky Mountain spotted fever may even- tually become an endemic disease of dogs, which then would be a potential source of human infection. Dogs and cats are not only highly susceptible to tularemia, which they usually acquire from catching or eating sick rabbits, but they have also communicated the disease to humans in a few cases. L. F. Ey and R. E. Daniels (1941), in connection with a human case in Ohio, report that three dogs which had eaten a wild rabbit, became ill with tularemia. R. E. Green and E. M. Wade (1928a) infected two cats with Pasteurella tularensis by feeding them infected meat ; one of the animals developed a fatal illness, while the disease was very mild in the other. No human case of tularemia has thus far been traced to the introduced domestic rabbit ( Oryctolagus cunicu- lus Linnaeus) in our territory; but two cases appear to have been acquired from this source in Michigan and New Mexico (W. L. Jellison and R. R. Parker, 1945). Argas persicus is a serious pest of poultry, as it weakens the birds through loss of blood and rest, the ticks attacking at night and remaining hidden in the cracks of the walls and floor of the chicken houses during the day. It is the vector of avian spirochetosis, a grave disease of poultry in the Old World and tropical America. It is also said to transmit or produce a type of fowl paralysis in Texas and Florida ( J. C. Brown and J. C. Cross, 1941 ; M. W. Emmel, 1945). In parts of Asia Minor it attacks man commonly and transmits there a form of human spirochetosis or tick-borne relapsing fever. Thus far this tick has been reported in our terri- tory only from one locality in Maryland. 3. Ticks and Wild Life Two main aspects of the host-parasite relations between ticks and the wild fauna deserve our attention. It is, of course, important to know which wild mammals and birds may serve as natural reservoirs of tick-borne human diseases or act as natural breeding hosts for the species of ticks that stray onto man and domestic animals. How- ever, we should also be concerned with ticks as they affect the well- 103 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 2 being of wild life itself, if we are at all interested in its conservation either for purely recreational purposes or for profit as game and fur animals. It is now recognized that the population of many mammals and birds in North America varies widely from season to season. These natural fluctuations occur in a regular periodic cycle, the peaks of greatest abundance being some 7 to 14 years apart (9 or 10 years on the average), although not necessarily occurring at the same time for all species or in all areas. The factors underlying these cycles are evidently complex and as yet the subject of much speculation. Nevertheless it is fairly certain that the large-scale dying off follow- ing the peak years is greatly hastened, if not actually caused, by epizootic diseases, among which tularemia may be of outstanding importance. Elsewhere in this paper I have listed our species of ticks accord- ing to their mammal and bird hosts. Some of these records, how- ever, are based on stray occurrences. In the discussion of the several species, I have attempted to determine their true breeding hosts in nature, that is, the hosts without which the species might be unable to survive. It seems reasonable to believe that the great changes brought about in the American wild fauna, since the arrival of Europeans, have resulted in the disappearance or greater scarcity of certain species of ticks in our territory, as well as in the intro- duction or greater prevalence of others. At present most of our ticks are too rare to be of much consequence, either as pests or as disease vectors. Only Ixodes cookei, I. scapularis, Dermacentor variabilis, D. erraticus (and its var. albipictus), Haemaphy satis leporis-palustris , and H. chordeilis are occasionally found in abun- dance on their native hosts and might therefore be at times effective disease vectors. Mammals. — Deer (generally distributed), moose (in Canada, Maine, and northern New York only), and caribou (in Canada and Maine only) are our remaining large game. Ticks are usually not abundant on these animals. There is no record of their occurrence on caribou. Moose sometimes harbor fair numbers of Dermacentor erraticus var. albipictus , as discussed under that tick. Deer is our usual host of typical Dermacentor erraticus and of Ixodes scapularis, and, in addition, one of our few native hosts for the adults of Derma- centor variabilis. These large animals are not definitely known as reservoirs of either Rocky Mountain spotted fever or tularemia. A human case of tularemia was claimed to have been acquired at Wills- boro, New York, from handling a dead wild deer (R. Gilbert and 104 April, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA M. B. Coleman, 1932). But the evidence is far from conclusive, particularly as there are no other reports of deer carrying tularemia elsewhere in North America. In Minnesota and southern Ontario, moose suffer from a peculiar disease resulting in death in some cases. G. I. Wallace, A. R. Cahn, and L. J. Thomas (1933) have presented evidence which strongly points to this disease being caused by a bacterium, Klebsiella paralytica. They cultured this organism re- peatedly from the intestinal contents of Dermacentor erraticus var. albipictus taken off diseased moose. Inoculated into experimental animals, it produced symptoms similar to those of the moose disease. The same symptoms also appeared in guinea-pigs and rabbits ex- posed to the bites of D. e. var. albipictus taken from diseased moose. Fur animals commonly trapped in our territory include the native Carnivora (gray fox, red fox, mink, skunk, weasel, raccoon, lynx, otter, etc.), beaver and muskrat. Their importance in the epidemiology of tularemia was ably discussed, particularly as it affects western Canada, in a recent article by J. D. Brown (1944). Laboratory experiments have shown that gray fox, red fox, beaver and muskrat are highly susceptible to the disease (R. D. Lillie and E. Francis, 1937 ; R. G. Green, E. M. Wade, and E. T. Dewey, 1929). The natural occurrence of Pasteurella tularensis was reported in beaver by J. W. Scott (1940) and by E. R. Quortrup and R. L. Sud- heimer (1944), in gray fox by C. F. Schlotthauer, C. Olson, and L. Thompson (1934), in skunk by W. L. Jellison, G. M. Kohls, W. J. Butler, and J. A. Weaver (1942), and in muskrat by R. R. Parker (in J. H. Brown, 1944) and by E. R. Quortrup and R. L. Sudheimer (1944). In our territory, however, natural infection was demon- strated thus far only for the red fox in the Moosehead Lake area of Maine. Some human cases in Canada appear to have been con- tracted from trapped muskrats. Probably fur animals do not con- tract tularemia from tick bites. Beaver and muskrat may be con- taminated by infected water and the Carnivora by catching or eating diseased rabbits, hares, and smaller rodents. In any case, our fur animals are relatively free from ticks, none having been taken thus far on our muskrat and beaver. Ixodes cookei is found rather frequently on wild Carnivora and is one of the ticks which occasionally stray onto man, particularly in Maine and Canada, No ticks have as yet been taken on bear. Wild rabbits and hares (Lagomorpha) and their ticks are one of our most serious health problems, these animals being often infected with tularemia. As many of them are handled every year by hunters, farmers, marketmen, and consumers, they are our main 105 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 2 source of human infection. All Lagomorpha are susceptible to the disease (W. B. Wherry and B. H. Lamb, 1914d; E. Francis, 1925; W. L. Jellison and R. R. Parker, 1945) . The snowshoe hare ( Lepus americanus) , the jack rabbit (races of Lepus calif ornicus) , and the cottontail rabbit ( Sylvilagus floridanus) have all been found in- fected in nature. Certain species, however, are more important natural reservoirs than others. J. F. Bell and R. G. Green (1939), in Minnesota, found that, the snowshoe hare often has chronic tula- remia of a rather mild type, many animals recovering from the disease. Probably few human cases are acquired from this source. On the other hand, from the point of view of the permanence of a focus, the snowshoe hare might be a more effective wild reservoir than the cottontail, which, although very susceptible, usually dies from the disease in nature (R. G. Green, 1943). J. F. Bell and W. S. Chalgren (1943) go so far as to state that, as “ chronic tularemia occurs rarely if at all in cottontails, it is quite unlikely that animals of this species will introduce tularemia into an area stocked with them in winter, because the principal vectors (ticks) are not present in any numbers at that season, and if several days are consumed in handling the animals, those few which may be infected will die and be discarded.” All species of wild Lagomorpha in North America are subject to periodic epizootics with great mortality, apparently caused by several distinct diseases. While Pasteurella tularensis is one of the chief causative agents of these epizootics in cottontails, it is rather doubtful whether this is true for the snowshoe hare. There is dire need for further investigation in our territory of the complex relations between human tularemia, the disease in wild rabbits and hares, and the incidence of ticks. The available evi- dence is extremely scanty and obscured by the difficulty of distin- guishing between cases acquired from local wild animals and those caused by handling game imported from elsewhere. In most areas we can only infer the presence of enzootic or epizootic tularemia from human cases being contracted by handling local animals. Some valuable observations were made particularly by the Ohio Wildlife Research Station. It was found that in Ohio tularemia prevails among the cottontails only during September, October, and Novem- ber ; it was not found in rabbits observed or caught during December and January (L. E. Hicks, 1942). Some years earlier, W. M. Simp- son (1929, p. 41) stated that 6 rabbits found in the woods near Dayton, Ohio, had died of tularemia. E. L. Wickliff (1933) did not detect the disease in 50 rabbits caught during November and Decem- ber, 1930, in 16 counties of southern and southwestern Ohio. In 106 April, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 1931, however, of 105 rabbits examined from 51 of the 88 Ohio counties, 8 showed symptoms; but only 2 proved positive for tula- remia by laboratory animal tests (1 from Noble Co. and 1 from Gallia Co.). After a most careful study of the rabbit-tularemia problem in North America, W. L. Jellison and R. R. Parker (1945) reach the conclusion that the cottontails (species of Sylvilagus) , and particularly the eastern species (races of Sylvilagus floridanus) are the direct source of over seventy per cent of all human cases. They point out that the area of greatest incidence of the human disease coincides with the territory where Sylvilagus is the only genus of wild Lagomorpha present. Up to now the natural occurrence of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in wild Lagomorpha has not been demonstrated directly ; but it can be inferred from the occurrence of spotted fever rickettsiae in the rabbit tick, Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris. This species of tick has no other known mammalian breeding host, although it is often found on birds. We do not know what the course of this dis- ease is in the Lagomorpha and whether or not the snowshoe hare and the cottontail react differently to it. Among the Lagomorpha, tularemia and probably also Rocky Mountain spotted fever are transmitted almost exclusively by Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris ; although the possibility should be investigated that Ixodes dentatus may sometimes act as the vector. Rabbits and hares are the only efficient breeding hosts of Haema- physalis leporis-palustris and the snowshoe hare ( Lepus ameri- canus) seems to be the preferred host. As this tick is not known to attack man, it is not responsible for human cases, R. G. Green, C. A. Evans, and C. L. Larson (1943) made a most careful study of the rabbit tick population in an area of Minnesota about 6.5 square miles in extent. They found that smaller mammals, such as meadow mice, deer mice, jumping mice and red-backed mice, were of practically no significance as hosts of H. leporis-palustris. Song birds also appeared to be unimportant in maintaining the tick popu- lation, although the relatively few specimens these birds carry may spread the tick to new areas. Ruffed grouse, however, are an im- portant host, although rarely as heavily attacked as the snowshoe hare. Snowshoe hares carry an average of 4 times as many ticks as do cottontail rabbits and about twice as many ticks as do ruffed grouse. In September-October, 1932, 8 cottontails carried an aver- age each of 425 ticks, with a maximum of 1,166 ; whereas 19 snow- shoe hares carried an average each of 1,537, with a maximum of 4,739. Ten ruffed grouse examined about that time had an average 107 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 2 each of 905 ticks, with a maximum of 1,546. Such heavy tick in- festation throughout the summer months must weaken the host through the mere loss of blood. It has been suggested that an un- usual increase in the tick population, induced by particularly favor- able weather, may be the prime cause of the heavy mortality which sometimes overtakes snowshoe hares and grouse in Wisconsin and Minnesota (W. T. Cox, 1936). Perhaps it may cause in nature a sec- ondary anemia similar to that produced in domestic rabbits (W. J. Jellison and G. M. Kohls, 1938) by heavy experimental infestation with Dermacentor venustus. R. H. Smith and E. L. Cheatum (1944) attribute an unusually high mortality among cottontails on Fishers Island, New York (in Long Island Sound), to heavy in- festation with Ixodes dentatus and Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris. They believe death was caused either by tick-induced anemia or by bacterial infections at the points of tick attachment. Counts on 34 rabbits showed a total of 1,377 ticks (661 adults and 716 nymphs). Of the 571 specimens identified, 397 were I. dentatus and 174 H. leporis-palus tris. The chief importance of Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris lies in its relation to the maintenance and spread of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tularemia in nature. According to R. R. Parker (1938), it consistently carries an extremely mild type of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and the rickettsia has been demonstrated in it far north of any known occurrence of the disease in man and far beyond the northern distributional limits of Dermacentor venustus and D. variabilis. The rickettsia can therefore persist in it independently of the two species of Dermacentor. In the western United States the early stages of D. venustus occur on rabbits, which are then a medium through which infection could be passed back and forth between this Dermacentor and H. leporis-palustris. The extent to which the larvae and nymphs of D. variabilis infest rabbits and hares in eastern North America is imperfectly known, the prob- lem needing further investigation in our territory. Tick bites are perhaps sometimes the portals of entry for various secondary skin infections of rabbits, although the available evidence is not conclusive. J. F. Bell and W. S. Chalgren (1943) observed wild cottontails in Pennsylvania with large abscesses, mostly filled with thick white pus, from which pure cultures of staphylococci were consistently isolated. Some of their observations suggested that ticks (especially Ixodes dentatus) played an essential mechan- ical role in these infections. Most ticks found on our smaller mammals, of the orders 108 April, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Rodentia, Insectivora, and Marsupialia, are restricted at all stages to this type of host, hence of no practical importance. In addition, however, some rodents are the chief hosts of the larvae and nymphs of Dermacentor variabilis. Outstanding among these is the vole or meadow mouse, Microtus pennsylvanicus , the abundance of which is often closely correlated with the prevalence of D. variabilis in a given locality. Nothing much is known as yet concerning the nat- ural occurrence of tick-borne diseases in our small mammals. W. M. Simpson (1930) reported a case of tularemia acquired from skin- ning a woodchuck in Ohio. A human case in Ontario was attrib- uted to handling a mouse (J. B. Cramer, 1931). No direct exami- nation of small rodents for the presence of tularemia seems to have been made anywhere in our territory. Birds. — Ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus, of several races) and spruce grouse ( Canackites canadensis ; in the northern sections only) are at present our most interesting native game birds. They are often attacked by the bird tick, Haemapky satis ckordeilis, and, in some areas at any rate, occasionally by the rabbit tick, H. leporis- palustris. Both ticks have been taken off ruffed grouse in our terri- tory. However, I have seen myself from this host all stages (larvae, nymphs, and adults) of H. ckordeilis, but only larvae and nymphs of H. leporis-palustris. On the other hand, I have never seen any of the stages of H. ckordeilis from rabbits or hares in our territory. There are a few published records to the contrary, but I am inclined to regard them as erroneous. It is at present impossible to gain a clear idea of the exact rela- tions in nature between the two species of Haemapkysalis and their bird and mammal hosts. Published accounts give the impression that certain investigators regarded all their ticks on grouse as H. leporis-palustris, while others called them all H. ckordeilis (= cinna- barina). In some cases they seem to have relied on the identifica- tion by a specialist of a small part only of the tick populations Some waiters admit that only adult ticks were named, the larvae and nymphs being neglected. C. H. D. Clarke (1936), in Ontario, called all his grouse ticks H. ckordeilis, although recognizing that some larvae and nymphs might have been H. leporis-palustris. In Minnesota, R. Gf. Green, 0. A. Evans and C. L. Larson (1943) referred all ticks found on rabbits, hares and grouse to H. leporis- palustris; but most probably some of the grouse ticks were H. ckordeilis. No essential progress can be expected on the rabbit- grouse-tick problem until all ticks, at all stages, taken off the hosts are correctly identified and records kept of their numbers. If such 109 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 2 investigations were carried out systematically over a number of years in different sections, some interesting questions might be answered, such as: the relative abundance of the two species of Haemaphysalis at their several stages on snowshoe hare, cottontail rabbits and ruffed grouse; the correlation between the number of ticks of each species and the fluctuations of the host population as well as the incidence of tick-borne diseases ; and the seasonal preva- lence at each stage of the two species on different hosts. The spe- cific identification of our Haemaphysalis is by no means difficult at all stages with the keys given in the present paper. It should, how- ever, be done in the laboratory, not in the field, and with the proper magnification. As this type of tick tends to drop off after the host is dead, it is essential that the mammal or bird be put in a paper or cotton bag as soon as possible after death. The whole matter may be of some practical importance in connection with tularemia. If it were shown that H. chordeilis scarcely ever or never attacks rabbits and hares, but is at the same time the dominant tick on grouse, these game birds might be relatively negligible as natural reservoirs of tularemia and offer very little danger to hunters. In- fection of grouse with the disease would then be exceptional and due to the straying onto a bird of early stages of H. leporis-palustris previously infected on a rabbit or hare. With the fragmentary information available, it can only be stated that H. chordeilis is the tick most commonly found on ruffed grouse, although the incidence differs greatly from one area to an- other. Dr. Frans C. Goble (in lilt., 1945) sent me some pertinent data based on accurate counts of ticks in different parts of New York State. H. chordeilis occurred on 26 per cent of juvenile grouse taken in the Adirondacks during June, July, and August. The greatest number found on a bird was 300, the average 38. On the juvenile grouse taken in the rest of the state during the same season, ticks were found on 6 per cent of 510 birds; the maximum was 26, the average 5. Dr. Goble is inclined to believe that they were more abundant on grouse in the Adirondack region because the general environment or ecological conditions are unusually favor- able to ticks in this area.17 The grouse population also varies widely from year to year, 17 The information sent by Dr. Goble is part of a chapter by him- self and Dr. R. P. Levine, on “Parasitism and Disease in Ruffed Grouse,’1 to be included in a book reporting the New York State Grouse Investigation. It is given here with Dr. Goble’s permission. 110 April, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA rising and falling in a periodic cycle. It has been suggested that several diseases, possibly including tularemia, are involved in the mass dying-off which concludes the cycle. R. G. Green and E. M. Wade (1928) found ruffed grouse very susceptible to experimental tularemia, always with fatal results. Later, R. G. Green and J. E. Shillinger (1932 and 1933) reported isolating Pasteurella tularensis from a ruffed grouse shot in St. Louis Co., Minnesota, and also found one sharp-tailed grouse ( Pedioecetes phasianellus Linne) in- fected in nature. R. R. Parker, C. B. Philip, and G. E. Davis (1932), who demonstrated tularemia in wild sage grouse or sage hen ( Centrocercus urophasianus Bonaparte) in Montana, also found Haemaphysalis chordeilis naturally infected with Pasteurella tula- rensis. It is nevertheless doubtful that so-called “grouse disease” is tularemia (A. A. Allen, 1928). C. H. D. Clarke (1936) concluded from his study of mass dying-off of grouse in Ontario, in 1933-1934, that it was due to a blood parasite, Leucocytozoon bonasae, not known to be transmitted by ticks. The relations in nature between the strains of tularemia attacking mammals and game birds, respec- tively, appear to be complex. Endemic tularemia often occurs in nature with low virulence, R. G. Green and J. E. Shillinger being of the opinion that tularemia adapted to mammals has low virulence for birds, while tularemia adapted to birds has low virulence for mammals.18 Quail ( Colinus virginianus) is susceptible to tularemia and was found naturally infected near Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1929 (R. G. Green and E. M. Wade, 1929). On the other hand, the im- ported domestic pigeon and ring-necked pheasant are relatively resistant to this disease (R. G. Green and E. M. Wade, 19285, 1928c, 1929 ; R. G. Green, E. M. Wade, and W. Kelley, 1928). R. R. Parker (1934) has shown that among our wild ducks, the green-winged teal (Nettion carolinense Gmelin) and the mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus) are susceptible. It seems fairly certain, however, that the epizootics occurring sometimes among ducks are not due to tula- remia. Ticks are very rare on ducks and none has been taken on this 18 The tick mentioned by W. Brewster (1925) as attacking young Bonasa umbellus in the Lake Umbagog region of Maine may have been either Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris or H. chordeilis. He states that it often kills them “probably by piercing their tender skulls.” No other observer has confirmed this and it seems improba- ble in view of the structure and size of the hypostome of Haema- physalis. Ill ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 2 type of host in our territory. These birds might conceivably con- tract the disease directly from infected water. Ticks are also scarcely ever found on our wading birds and birds of prey. The Hungarian partridge ( Perdix perdix Linnaeus), introduced as a game bird in certain areas, is very susceptible to experimental tularemia (R. G. Green and E. M. Wade, 19285). It has not yet been found naturally infected. No ticks have been recorded from this bird in our territory. Our smaller migratory song-birds are occasionally attacked by ticks, particularly by all stages of Haemaphysalis chordeilis and Ixodes brunneus, and by larvae and nymphs of Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris. There are also a few bird records for larvae of Dermacentor variabilis and Amblyomma americanum and for some other species (see the list of ticks according to hosts). No specific disease is known to be transmitted by ticks to this type of bird. Small birds nevertheless may be of importance in the epidemiology of tularemia and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. In connection with the spread of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, R. R. Parker (1938) notes that fully as high a percentage of spotted fever-infected H. leporis-palustris is met with among those taken from birds as among those taken from rabbits. Since migratory birds move about con- siderably, it is easily understood that this tick and its bird hosts form an excellent means for intensive local distribution of the dis- ease and possibly in some instances for its transportation over longer distances. Somewhat similar conditions obtain in the case of tula- remia. In addition, there is some evidence that Ixodes brunneus occa- sionally has a markedly adverse effect upon its bird host. R. H. Thomas (1941) and C. B. Worth (1942) reported cases of ticks found attached to birds ’ eyelids and impairing their eyesight. F. C. Bishopp and H. L. Trembley mention birds being found dead or unable to fly, with an engorged female I. brunneus attached to the neck or head. They suggest that the ill effects were due to a toxin introduced by the tick, the condition being similar to so-called tick paralysis of man and mammals, which I have discussed before. Control of Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases Several of our local ticks are of little or no practical importance, being either too few in numbers or restricted to certain definite types of wild hosts. The exceptions are : Argas persicus, possibly a dangerous parasite of fowl in parts of Maryland; two species of Ixodes (/. scapularis and I. cookei), sometimes found on dogs and 112 April, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA cats, more rarely on man, but not known to transmit disease ; Ixodes dentatus, a common parasite of wild rabbits; Amblyomma ameri- canum, in the southern part of our territory only, occasionally on man, possibly on cattle and horses; Bhipicephalus sanguineus, the imported brown tick of dog, sometimes a household pest; Derma- centor variabilis, onr most serious tick problem ; and the two species of Haemaphysalis ( H . chordeilis and H. leporis-palustris) , owing to their role in the perpetuation and spread of tick-borne diseases. 1. Control by Destruction of the Ticks . — A direct attack upon the tick is most successful for species which feed on domestic ani- mals at all stages. Dipping of cattle with arsenicals, carried out for several years in the southern United States, has eradicated the cattle tick, Boophilus annulatus, from most of the area it formerly occu- pied. Ticks are, however, so rare on cattle in our territory, that dipping of these animals is scarcely ever needed. In discussing the control of Argas persicus, F. C. Bishopp (1919 and 1942) emphasized the difficulties involved. The fowl tick is secretive and its flat body enables it to hide in very narrow cracks. It is, moreover, extremely hardy, resistant not only to the usual insecticides, but also to drought and prolonged fasting. The poultry houses and their furnishings should be treated with crude petroleum, pure carbolineums (or anthracene oils), or creosote oil containing 8 to 20 per cent tar acids. It is unnecessary and even dangerous to apply these chemicals to the birds. Treating the cracks of stone walls and of tarred woodwork with the flame of a properly con- structed blow-lamp is sometimes very effective (C. du Plessis, 1932). When feasible, poultry houses should be built or made tick-proof; while roosts and nests should be constructed so as to offer few hiding places and to be easily treated for tick infestation. Care should be taken not to introduce ticks with birds from outside sources. Bhipicephalus sanguineus, the brown dog tick introduced from the Old World, is thus far restricted in our territory to domestic dogs and almost entirely a household problem. The ticks are rather readily destroyed on dogs with arsenical, carbolic or derris dips. H. K. Gouck and C. N. Smith (1944&) obtained satisfactory control of all stages with emulsions containing 5 per cent of DDT19 applied as a wash to the dog. It is, however, much more difficult to deal with this tick away from the host, either with the newly hatched larvae or with later stages that have dropped off. Even repeated fumigation with hydrocyanide sometimes fails to eliminate them 19 Abbreviation for dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane. 113 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol XXV, No. 2 permanently from buildings. W. 0. Nietz (1943) recommends spraying the premises with a solution of 6.6 per cent pyagra (a British trade name of a pyrethrum preparation) in kerosene or in a mixture of 1 part of kerosene and 4 parts of crankcase oil. After applying 8 gallons of this solution to 6,500 square feet of an infected kennel surface, a few live ticks were found three months after treat- ment ; but a second treatment cleared up the infestation completely. Where the tick has become a regular house pest, routine spraying every six months is indicated. G. H. Plump (1944) found that a dust containing 5 grams ‘ ‘ lethane 384 special,” 2 grams MgC03 and 100 grams Pyrax ABB, was toxic to B. sanguineus away from the host; but this substance has not been tested on dogs or in infested quarters. Dipping or spraying with insecticides will effectively destroy ticks picked up by dogs in the woods, such as Dermacentor variabilis and Amblyomma americanum ; but as these species have several wild hosts, control on the dogs will scarcely affect their prevalence in a given locality for any length of time. Several insecticides have recently been advocated for the purpose of killing ticks in nature, during the period when they are away from the host. F. C. Bishopp and C. N. Smith (1938) noted that the numbers of Dermacentor variabilis could be appreciably reduced by spraying an infested area with a solution of nicotine sulfate (1 part nicotine sulfate, 1 part soap, 288 parts water). C. N. Smith and H. K. Gouck (1944a) suggest increasing the amount of nicotine sulfate in this mixture to 1 part in 200. The method may be recom- mended for the temporary reduction of the tick population, for instance, at an overnight camp site and in the close vicinity of a house. For more permanent control, Smith and Gouck found a spray containing 1.5 per cent sodium fluoride and 0.5 per cent nico- tine sulfate very effective, not only against D. variabilis , but also against Amblyomma americanum and Ixodes scapularis ; but this mixture is injurious to vegetation. Some preparations of dinitro- orthocyclo-hexylphenol were found to be almost as effective against D. variabilis as sodium fluoride, but equally injurious to plants. A spray containing 2.6 ml. of purified pyrethrum extract in 1 gallon of water is effective only with an activator, when it readily kills Amblyomma americanum and Ixodes scapularis and does not injure the vegetation. C. N. Smith and H. K. Gouck (19445) state that adults of A. americanum and I. scapularis are readily killed by DDT in the laboratory, provided the proper solvent and emulsifier are used. Fairly satisfactory results were also obtained in nature 114 April, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA against 1. scapularis, with sprays containing 0.1 per cent DDT and with dusts containing 1 and 0.5 per cent DDT. The same investi- gators (1945) obtained excellent control of nymphs and adults of Amblyomma americanum in woodland plots, in Georgia, by spraying with DDT dissolved in soluble pine oil and emulsified in water, at the rate of one pound of DDT per acre. Dermacentor variabilis they found to be more resistant; although similar sprays, at the rate of 9, 7 and 3 pounds of DDT per acre, controlled the adults effectively in roadside plots at West Tisbnry, Massachusetts. 2. Control by Destruction of the Wild Hosts and Disease Reser- voirs.— In the sections of our territory where Dermacentor variabilis is a serious problem, its larvae and nymphs occur abundantly on small wild rodents, meadow mice ( Microtus pennsylvanicus and re- lated species of Microtus ) being particularly favored. In the Cape Cod area and the neighboring islands, M. pennsylvanicus is the main breeding host. The abundance of D. variabilis is in direct relation to that of the meadow mouse, other rodents, such as the deer mouse (Peromyscus) , harboring only insignificant numbers of the tick (F. Larrousse, A. G. King, and S. B. Wolbach, 1928 ; M. Hertig and D. Smiley, 1937; C. N. Smith and M. M. Cole, 1941). D. MacCreary (1940) found that this is also true in Maryland. From these obser- vations it would seem that the eradication of meadow mice may be one of the most valuable means of controlling D. variabilis. M. Hertig and D. Smiley (1937) studied with great care the ecology and habits of the meadow mouse on Martha’s Vineyard, with a view to their control. This rodent, sometimes also called the field mouse or vole, does not invade houses, but lives in or close to areas covered mainly with grass. Its chief food is grass or other green vegetation, occasionally also fruit and, in winter, the bark of shrubs or trees. In foraging, it follows tunnel-like runways in the grass, where it is protected against hawks, owls, and predaceous Carnivora. The presence or absence of suitable protective cover regulates to a large extent the spotted distribution of meadow mice and of their ticks. If the grass is kept short, either by repeated mowing (as on lawns) or by grazing, very few mice can survive. On Martha’s Vine- yard, the best “mouse and tick country,” was found in either un- grazed grassland, dotted with thickets of rose and poison ivy or in strips of beach grass. Sometimes mice were also fairly abundant in open grassy patches in otherwise dense woodland. Intensive and constant grazing, particularly by sheep, appears to be one of the most efficient methods of dealing with field mice, by removing both their food and their protective cover. Hogs pasturing in meadows 115 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 2 in addition kill and devour the mice, soon eliminating them com- pletely. Various direct control measures have also been advocated against meadow mice. Persistent trapping will no doubt reduce their numbers, but is difficult to apply to large areas. An appropri- ate poison bait, placed in the runways, is much more effective. Such a bait, made of steam-crushed oats treated with strychnine, is obtain- able through the U. S. Department of Agriculture, with instructions for its proper use (J. Silver, 1930). In Rocky Mountain spotted fever, man does not act as a reservoir for new human infections, but animal carriers are involved. As pointed out in the discussion of the disease, we are as yet completely in the dark as to these natural carriers in the eastern United States. Domestic animals, particularly dogs, seem to be ruled out or could at most act in isolated cases, without being able to perpetuate the disease in the district. They themselves must first acquire it from some wild source. Outside our territory certain rodents and wild rabbits and hares are known to be infected in nature. As the imma- ture stages of Dermacentor variabilis are almost restricted in the East to meadow mice, these rodents may conceivably be the chief reservoir from which Rocky Mountain spotted fever is transmitted to man. The control of meadow mice, either through grazing or poisoning, should therefore also tend to check or eradicate this disease. The animal reservoirs of tularemia present an entirely different problem. They are well known, but, unfortunately, so numerous and varied, both among mammals and birds, that in most cases it would seem impossible to eliminate them from a given area. More- over, some of them are valuable, either as fur bearers or as game. Perhaps the best one might attempt would be either to prohibit or to regulate most carefully the importation for release of some of the most dangerous carriers, particularly wild rabbits or hares. Even such a measure might be too unpopular for effective enforcement. 3. Biological Control by Means of Insect Parasites. — Certain minute species of winged insects, belonging to the group of the chalcid flies in the order Hymenoptera, sometimes attack ticks, of which they are specific parasites, never breeding in any other type of host. The female lays a number of eggs in a living tick, most often selecting a nymph. The larvae hatching from the eggs feed on the tissues of the tick, eventually killing it. After a pupal rest- ing period, the winged adult chalcids emerge from the dead tick through a neatly cut, circular opening. Parasitized dead ticks may be recognized as such, before the chalcids hatch, by their mottled and somewhat puffed-up appearance. 116 April, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Only two species of chalcids are known at present to parasitize ticks : Ixodiphagus texanus Howard and Hunterellus hookeri Howard (synonym: Ixodiphagus caucurtei R. dn Buysson), both of the family Encyrtidae (A. B. Gahan, 1934). In North America, I. tex- anus has been bred in nature with certainty from Haemaphy satis leporis-palustris and Ixodes dent at us, and somewhat doubtfully from Ixodes cookei; while H. hookeri was obtained in nature from Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Dermacentor variabilis, D. parumapertus, and Ixodes scapularis. Hunterellus hookeri is the most widely distributed of the two chalcids. It is easily reared in captivity, so that large numbers are obtainable for release in areas where ticks are not known to have native parasites. If the chalcid became well established, it could conceivably do its share to reduce the tick population by killing a certain percentage of the nymphs. An attempt to introduce H. hookeri on Naushon Island (Cape Cod) was made by F. Larrousse during the summer of 1926, at the suggestion of Dr. S. B. Wolbach. Field work done the following year by A. G. King showed that des- cendants of the released parasites had survived the winter, as they were recovered from nymphs of Dermacentor variabilis and Ixodes scapularis collected on the island (F. Larrousse, A. G. King, and S. B. Wolbach, 1928). One parasitized nymph of Dermacentor variabilis was recovered on Naushon in 1929 by C. G. Huff and A. T. Hertig (see M. Hertig and D. Smiley, 1937) ; but these parasites were not identified as to species. In 1940, five adult H. hookeri were found in the hair of a dog on Naushon, although the species was not recovered from 1,500 larvae and nymphs of Dermacentor variabilis and Ixodes scapularis collected at the same time. One nymph of D. variabilis, however, yielded two specimens of Ixodiphagus tex- anus, a species which had not been knowingly introduced in Naushon (S. Cobb, 1942). 7. texanus was bred sometime before from speci- mens of Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris and Ixodes dentatus col- lected at Oak Bluffs on Martha’s Vineyard. In 1929 H. hookeri was released by C. G. Huff and A. T. Hertig at several points on Martha’s Vineyard and at Scraggy Neck on the mainland of Cape Cod, but nothing is known of the results of these introductions. As the two known chalcid parasites of ticks do not seem to be particularly attracted by Dermacentor variabilis, their introduction is hardly an effective control measure of the American dog tick. 4. Individual Protection of Man and Domestic Animals. — No repellent will effectively discourage ticks from reaching a host or kill them on the host before they have time to pierce the skin and 117 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 2 attach. DDT alone does not appear to be as powerful against ticks as against blood-sucking insects, although better results are claimed from a mixture in the right proportion of rotenone and DDT. Hydrogenated rotenone has been used by lumbermen in Ala- bama against “wood ticks” (presumably larvae and nymphs of Amblyomma americanum), apparently with some success (D. C. Byrnes, 1944). Adequate clothing, covering the lower part of the body, is the best individual protection. High shoes or boots, long trousers and tight leggings are particularly recommended. At the tick season, walking in the woods and pastures should be avoided as much as possible. After returning from a heavily infested area, the cloth- ing should be removed and thoroughly treated with some insecti- cide. If the clothes are hung outdoors on a rope from the branch of a tree the ticks will tend to climb up the rope into the tree. The body should be thoroughly searched for any ticks that might have attached. Dogs should be cleaned of ticks before being allowed to enter dwellings. Ticks removed from people or animals should be killed by fire or in some disinfectant, in gasoline, in kerosene, or in denatured alcohol. Particular care must be taken not to crush the tick. If at all possible, removal should be by means of tweezers or with gloves, not with the bare fingers, particularly in areas known to be infected with Rocky Mountain spotted fever or tularemia. Some human cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever were definitely contracted by removing ticks. Mashing or crushing ticks between the fingers or with the nails is a particularly dangerous practice. In most cases the removal of the tick from the human skin offers no difficulty, as a gentle and steady pull will dislodge the entire hypostome from the bite. A previous application of ether, tur- pentine, benzine or even tobacco juice is sometimes recommended and may perhaps help the process.20 It is more important, however, to disinfect the site of the bite, after the tick is removed. 20 The removal of ticks has given rise to many strange tales. For the sake of curiosity I quote a fanciful method advocated by a recent writer (D. J. Wilson, 1940) : “Strike an ordinary house- hold match. As soon as it flares, a vigorous shake of the hand ex- tinguishes the flame. The hot match head is promptly applied to the caudal end of the tick. A few seconds later the tick has with- drawn his beak and can usually be easily picked off. Sometimes a second application is necessary. If the match is still flaming when applied the tick is often killed and must be forcibly pulled off.” 118 April, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 5. Preventive Measures Against Tick-Borne Diseases. — As shown in the foregoing paragraphs, community control of ticks and the diseases they transmit is difficult and uncertain. It has been rarely attempted and is hardly ever successful. Furthermore, repellents and other protective measures are not fully reliable, particularly in areas heavily infested with ticks. It is largely up to the individual to guard himself and others as best he can. In general, the quick removal of the tick from the skin is the best pro- tection against disease. In the case of tick paralysis, all symptoms subside promptly after the tick is removed. In our territory, Rocky Mountain spotted fever is at present endemic only in the Cape Cod area, on Long Island, in some coastal districts of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, over most of Delaware and Maryland, in several counties of West Virginia, and in certain localities of southern Ohio. In all these sections, at the tick season, campers, hikers, farmers and hunters should carefully search the body for ticks directly upon returning from the fields and woods. Routine examination twice daily is to be recommended. Even when an infected tick has attached to the skin, it must as a rule feed for a few hours before inoculating the disease. Direct contact with ticks should be avoided and it is particularly urged not to crush them with bare fingers or nails. It is now possible to immunize people against spotted fever with a specific vaccine, prepared either from ground up tissues of infected ticks or from rickettsia cultures in the yolk sacs of fertile hens’ eggs. Vaccination on a large scale is carried out in some areas of the western United States where the disease is particularly dangerous. The relatively few and often sporadic cases probably would not warrant general vaccination of rural residents and summer visitors in all of our endemic areas. It has, however, been used extensively and with success in Maryland (C. H. Halliday, 1936&) . It may be noted that vaccination protects for one year only and should be given at least ten days before ex- posure to infected ticks. It is of no value in the treatment of cases. Tularemia is a much more serious problem, as it is widespread and extremely contagious. It is particularly dangerous owing to the variety of wild reservoirs and the several ways in which it may be contracted. Moreover, there is as yet no specific treatment nor preventive vaccine. In our territory at any rate, the majority of human cases are due to direct contact with infected animals, par- ticularly cottontail rabbits; while few are acquired from ticks or other blood-sucking arthropod vectors. For this reason one should 113 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 2 avoid handling with the bare hands any suspicions dead game, especially dead rabbits shipped in from areas known to be infected or found dead or sick in the woods. Rabbits caught by eats and dogs are likely to be sick and sluggish and therefore especially dan- gerous. Hunters and hikers should not touch wild animals found dead, nor kill slow-moving rabbits. Rubber gloves should be worn while dressing wild rabbits and the meat should be thoroughly cooked before eating. ( To be continued) 120 VOL. XXV (New Series) JULY. 1945 No. 3 A Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor A. T. GAUL E. W. TEALE Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, N, Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue, May 24, 1946 Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa. under the Act of March 3, 1879. Vol. XXV July, 1945 No. 3 THE TICKS, OR IXODOIDEA, OF THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES AND EASTERN CANADA By Joseph C. Bequaert* ( Continued from page 120) Distribution According to Provinces and States Labrador: Ixodes muris; I. uriae; ( Amblyomma americanum, very doubtful record). Newfoundland: Ixodes uriae (on St. Pierre and Miquelon). Prince Edward Island : No record. Nova Scotia: Ixodes uriae; I. muris ; I. cookei; I. marxi; Derma- centor variabilis; D. erraticus var. albipictus ; Bhipicephalus sanguineus (introduced) ; Haemaphy salis leporis-palustris. New Brunswick: Ixodes cookei; I. angustus ; Dermacentor erra- ticus var. albipictus ; Haemaphy salis leporis-palustris. Quebec: Ixodes cookei; I. angustus ; Dermacentor erraticus var. albipictus; Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris. Ontario : Ixodes scapularis ; I. cookei ; I. marxi; I. texanus; I. auri- tulus; I. angustus; Dermacentor erraticus var. albipictus; D. variabilis; Ehipicephalus sanguineus (introduced) ; Haema- physalis leporis-palustris; H. chordeilis. * Prom the Department of Comparative Pathology and Tropical Medicine, Harvard Medical School and School of Public Health, Boston, Mass. 121 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 3 Maine : Ixodes cookei; I. marxi; I. angustus ; Dermacentor erraticus var. albipictus ; Bhipicephalus sanguineus (introduced); Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris. Vermont : Ixodes cookei ; I. marxi ; Dermacentor variabilis ; Haema- physalis chordeilis. New Hampshire: Ixodes cookei ; I. muris ; I. marxi ; Dermacentor erraticus var. albipictus; Haemaphysalis chordeilis; H. leporis- palustris. Massachusetts: Ixodes scapularis ; I. brunneus; I. muris ; I. den- tatus ; I. cookei; I. marxi; Amblyomma americanum (not native) ; Dermacentor variabilis ; D. erraticus ; Bhipicephalus sanguineus (introduced) ; Haemaphysalis chordeilis ; H. leporis- palustris. Rhode Island : Ixodes muris; Haemaphysalis chordeilis ; H. leporis- palustris. Connecticut : Ixodes brunneus ; I. scapularis ; I. cookei; Derma- centor variabilis; Bhipicephalus sanguineus (introduced) ; Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris. New York : Ornithodoros kelleyi; Ixodes scapularis ; I. muris; I. brunneus ; 1. angustus ; I. cookei; I. marxi; I. dentatus ; Ambly- omma americanum (no recent records) ; Dermacentor vari- abilis; D. erraticus ; D. erraticus var. albipictus; Bhipicephalus sanguineus (introduced) ; Haemaphysalis chordeilis ; H. leporis- palustris. New Jersey: Ixodes brunneus; I. cookei; I. marxi; Amblyomma americanum; Dermacentor variabilis; Bhipicephalus sangui- neus (introduced) ; Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris. Pennsylvania : Ornithodoros kelleyi; Ixodes scapularis; I. cookei ; I. muris; I. marxi; I. dentatus; Amblyomma americanum; Dermacentor variabilis; D. erraticus; Bhipicephalus sangui- neus (introduced) ; Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris. Ohio : Ornithodoros kelleyi; 0. megnini (not native) ; Ixodes scapu- laris; I. cookei ; I. dentatus; I. marxi; Amblyomma america- num; Dermacentor variabilis; D. erraticus var. albipictus (not native) ; Bhipicephalus sanguineus (introduced) ; Haemaphy- salis leporis-palustris. West Virginia : Ornithodoros kelleyi; Ixodes angustus; I. denta- tus; Dermacentor variabilis. Delaware: Ixodes cookei ; I. marxi; I. dentatus; Amblyomma maculatum; A. americanum; Dermacentor variabilis; Bhipi- cephalus sanguineus (introduced) ; Haemaphysalis leporis- palustris. 122 July, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Maryland: Argas persicus (introduced); Ixodes scapidaris; 1. brunneus; I. dentatus ; I. marxi ; I. cookei; Amblyomma ameri- canum; Dermacentor variabilis ; Bhipicephalus sanguineus (introduced) ; Haemaphy satis leporis-palustris. Distribution According to Hosts BIRDS21 Falconiformes Hawk (species?). — Haemaphy satis chordeilis. Galliformes Spruce grouse or partridge, Canachites canadensis canadensis (Lin- naeus).— Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris ; H. chordeilis. Eastern ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus umbellus (Linnaeus). — Haemaphysalis chordeilis ; H. leporis-palustris. Eastern bob-white quail, Colinus virginianus virginianus (Lin- naeus).— Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris ; Amblyomma ameri- canum. Domestic turkey (not now native), Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus. — Haemaphysalis chordeilis ; H. leporis-palustris. Domestic fowl (not native), Gallus g alius (Linnaeus). — Argas per- sicus. Charadriiformes Spotted sandpiper, Actitis macularia (Linnaeus). — Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris. Razor-billed auk, Alca torda Linnaeus. — Ixodes uriae. Atlantic murre, TJria aalge aalge (Pontoppidan). — Ixodes uriae. Atlantic puffin, Fratercida arctica arctica (Linnaeus). — Ixodes uriae. Strigiformes Snowy owl, Nyctea nyctea (Linnaeus). — Ixodes cookei. Caprimulgiformes Eastern nighthawk, Chordeiles minor minor (Forster). — Haema- physalis chordeilis. 21 The nomenclature and sequence are those of the fourth edition (1931) of the A.O.U. “Check-list of North American Birds.” 123 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 3 Passeriformes Canada jay, Perisoreus canadensis canadensis (Linnaeus). — Haema- physalis leporis-palustris. Northern blue jay, Cyanocitta cristata cristata (Linnaeus) . — Haema- physalis leporis-palustris. Eastern crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos Brehm. — Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris. House wren, Troglodytes a'edon a'edon Vieillot. — Ixodes muris. Catbird, Dumetella carolinensis (Linnaeus). — Ixodes brunneus; Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris. Brown thrasher, Toxostoma rufum (Linnaeus). — Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris ; Ixodes dentatus. Eastern or American robin, Turdus migratorius migratorius Lin- naeus.— Ixodes brunneus ; Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris. Eastern hermit thrush, Hylocichla guttata faxoni Bangs and Penardl — Ixodes brunneus ; Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris. Olive-backed thrush, Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni (Tschudi). — Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris. Veery, Hylocichla fuscescens fuscescens (Stephens). — Haemaphysa- lis leporis-palustris. Starling (not native), Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris Linnaeus. — Haema- physalis leporis-palustris. Red-eyed vireo, Vireo olivaceus (Linnaeus). — Haemaphysalis lepo- ris-palustris. Black- throated green warbler, Dendroica virens virens (Gmelin). — Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris. Oven-bird, Seiurus aurocapillus (Linnaeus). — Haemaphysalis lepo- ris-palustris. Northern water- thrush, Seiurus noveboracensis noveboracensis (Gmelin) . — Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris. Kentucky warbler, Oporornis formosus (Wilson). — Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris. Northern yellow-throat, Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla (Swain- son) . — Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris. Hooded warbler, Wilsonia citrina (Boddaert). — Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris. Eastern meadowlark, Sturnella magna magna (Linnaeus). — Haema- physalis leporis-palustris. Eastern red-wing, Agelaius phoeniceus phoeniceus (Linnaeus). — Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris. Purple grackle, Quiscalus quiscula quiscula (Linnaeus). — Haema- physalis leporis-palustris. 124 July, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Bronzed grackle, Qulscalus quiscula aeneus Ridgway. — Haemaphy sa- ils leporis-palustris. Eastern cowbird, Molothrus ater ater (Linnaeus). — Haemaphy sails leporis-palustris. Eastern goldfinch, Spinus trlstls trlstls (Linnaeus). — Haemaphysa- lis leporis-palustris. Red-eyed towhee, Pipllo erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmus (Lin- naeus) . — Haemaphy sails leporis-palustris. Eastern savannah sparrow, Passer cuius sandwlchensls savanna (Wil- son) . — Haemaphy sails leporis-palustris. Eastern vesper sparrow, Pooecetes gramlneus gramlneus (Gmelin) . — Haemaphy sails leporis-palustris. Slate-colored junco, Junco hy emails hy emails (Linnaeus). — Haema- physalls leporis-palustris. Eastern chipping sparrow, Splzella passerlna passerina (Bech- stein). — Ixodes brunneus ; Haemaphysalls leporis-palustris. Eastern field sparrow, Splzella pusilla pusilla (Wilson). — Haema- physalls leporis-palustris. White-crowned sparrow, Zonotrlchla leucophrys leucophrys (Fors- ter).— Haemaphysalls leporis-palustris. White-throated sparrow, Zonotrlchla albicollls (Gmelin). — Ixodes brunneus; Haemaphysalls leporis-palustris. Eastern fox sparrow, Passerella lllaca illaca (Merrem). — Ixodes brunneus ; Haemaphysalls leporis-palustris. Lincoln’s sparrow, Melosplza llncolnl llncolnl (Audubon). — Haema- physalls leporis-palustris. Swamp sparrow, Melosplza georglana (Latham). — Haemaphysalls leporis-palustris. Eastern song sparrow, Melosplza melodla melodla (Wilson). — Ixodes murls; I. brunneus ; Haemaphysalls leporis-palustris. MAMMALS22 Marsupialia Opossum, Dldelphls vlrginlana vlrglnlana Kerr. — Ixodes cookei; Dermacentor varlabills. Insectivora Short-tailed shrew, Blarlna brevlcauda aloga Bangs. — Ixodes murls ; I. angustus. 22 The nomenclature and sequence are in the main those of G. S. Miller’s List of North American Recent Mammals (1924, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 128). 125 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 3 Chiroptera Little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus lucifugus (LeConte). — Orni- thodoros kelleyi. Big* brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus fuscus (Beauvois). — Ornithodoros kelleyi. Carnivora Raccoon, Procyon lotor lotor (Linnaeus). — Ixodes cookei. Small weasel, Mustela cicognanii cicognanii Bonaparte. — Ixodes cookei ; Dermacentor variabilis. Large weasel, Mustela novel or acensis novel) or acensis (Emmons). — Ixodes cookei. Mink, Mustela vison mink (Peale and Beauvois). — Ixodes cookei ; I. texanus. Skunk, Mephitis nigra (Peale and Beauvois). — Ixodes cookei. Red fox, Vulpes fulva (Desmarest). — Ixodes cookei. Gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus borealis Merriam. — Ixodes cookei ; Dermacentor variabilis. Domestic dog, Canis familiaris Linnaeus (not native). — Ixodes scapularis ; I. cookei ; Rhipicephalus sanguineus ; Dermacentor variabilis. Domestic cat, Felis catus Linnaeus (not native). — Ixodes cookei ; Dermacentor variabilis. Primates Man (accidental host). — Ixodes scapularis; I. cookei ; Amblyomma americanum; Dermacentor variabilis. Rodentia Woodchuck or ground hog, Marmota monax rufescens Howell. — Ixodes cookei; Dermacentor variabilis. Woodchuck, Marmota monax preblorum Howell. — Ixodes cookei; Dermacentor variabilis. Chipmunk, Tamias striatus lysteri (Richardson). — Ixodes marxi; Dermacentor variabilis. Red squirrel, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus loquax (Bang^s) . — Ixodes marxi; Dermacentor variabilis. Gray squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis carolinensis (Gmelin). — Ixodes marxi. Gray squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis leucotis (Gap per). — Ixodes marxi; Dermacentor variabilis. 126 July, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Flying squirrel, Glaucomys volans volans (Linnaeus). — Ixodes marxi. Northern flying squirrel, Glaucomys sabrinus macrotis (Mearns). — Ixodes marxi. White-footed or deer mouse, Peromyscus leucopus fusus Bangs. — Ixodes scapularis ; I. muris ; Dermacentor variabilis. Bog lemming, Synaptomys cooperi Baird. — Ixodes angustus. Red-backed mouse, Clethrionomys (or Evotomys) gapperi carolinen- sis (Merriam). — Ixodes angustus. Meadow mouse, field mouse, or vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus penn- sylvanicus (Ord). — Ixodes scapularis ; I. muris; I. dentatus; Dermacentor variabilis. Meadow mouse, Microtus sp. — Ixodes auritulus. Labrador mouse, Microtus enixus Bangs. — Ixodes muris. Pine mouse, Pitymys pinetorum scalopsoides (Audubon and Bach- man).— Dermacentor variabilis. Muskrat, Ondatra zibethica zibethica (Linnaeus). — Ixodes muris; I. dentatus; Dermacentor variabilis. House or Norway rat, Battus norvegicus (Erxleben) (not native). — Ixodes muris; Dermacentor variabilis. House mouse, Mus musculus musculus Linnaeus (not native). — Dermacentor variabilis. Jumping or kangaroo mouse, Zapus hudsonius hudsonius (Zimmer- mann). — Ixodes muris ; Dermacentor variabilis. Canada jumping mouse, Napaeozapus insignis insignis (Miller). — Ixodes muris. Porcupine, Erethizon dorsatum dorsatum (Linnaeus). — Ixodes cookei. Lagomorpha Snowshoe or varying hare, Lepus americanus virginianus (Har- lan).— Ixodes marxi; Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris. New England cottontail rabbit, Sylvilagus transitionalis (Bangs). — Ixodes dentatus; Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris. Eastern cottontail rabbit, Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsi (Allen). — Ixodes dentatus; Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris ; Dermacentor variabilis. Artiodactyla Elk or wapiti, Cervus canadensis canadensis (Erxleben) (no longer native). — Dermacentor erraticus var. albipictus. Virginia deer, Odocoileus virginianus borealis (Miller). — Ixodes scapularis; Dermacentor erraticus ; D. erraticus var. albipictus. 127 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 3 Moose, Alces americana americana (Clinton). — Dermacentor errati- cus var. albipictus. Domestic cattle, Bos taurus Linnaeus (not native). — Ixodes cookei; Dermacentor erraticus ; D. erraticus var. albipictus; D. vari- abilis. Domestic pig, Bus scrofa Linnaeus (not native). — Ixodes cookei; Dermacentor variabilis. Perissodactyla Domestic horse, Equus caballus Linnaeus (not native). — Dermacen- tor variabilis; D. erraticus var. albipictus. 128 July, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA IXODOIDEA Key to Families 1. Body alike in both sexes, covered uniformly with a flexible, leathery and roughened integument, without a differenti- ated dorsal hardened shield. Capitulum placed ventrally and often hidden by the anterior margin of the body. Coxae never with spurs Argantidae. Integument of body partly hardened into a rigid shield (or scutum), which covers the whole of the dorsal surface in the male and its anterior portion only in the female, nymph and larva ; softer, flexible parts of integument finely punctate or striate only. Capitulum placed at anterior end of body, fully exposed dorsally. One or more coxae often with spurs or ridges Ixodidae. Family ARGANTIDAE (Argasidae) Key to Genera 1. Dorsum and venter separated by a fine, continuous, impressed line, the adjoining lateral area with a regular sculpture differing from that of the remainder of the integument. Argas. Dorsum and venter not separated by a fine, continuous line, the lateral area similar in sculpture to the remainder of the integument Ornithodoros. Genus Argas Latreille, 1795 The two species of Argas found in America appear to have been introduced by man from the Old World, as they are usually found associated with domestic birds, near or in human dwellings. Only one species has been definitely reported thus far from the southern part of our territory. Key to Species Males, Females and Nymphs 1. Flattened marginal area of body rather broad and irregularly defined, coarsely reticulate, with many small, squarish gran- ules. Apex of hypostome notched. Tarsi slightly angular dorsally before apex A. persicus. 129 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 3 Flattened marginal area of body rather narrow and regular, with many transverse, more or less parallel, impressed lines at irregular intervals. Apex of hypostome evenly rounded. All tarsi with a strong, dorsal protuberance before apex. A. refiexus. Argas refiexus (Fabricius, 1794), 23 the “pigeon tick,” is very rare in the United States, where it does not appear to have been definitely found with pigeons. There is no evidence that it occurs in our territory. N. Banks (1908, p. 16) states: “Thomas Wright, of Massachusetts, claims he has seen it in that state ’ ’ • but this can hardly be accepted as a record.24 Argas persicus (Oken) Bhynchoprion persicum Oken, 1818, Isis, 3, p. 1568 ; PL XIX, figs. 1-4 (Persia). Argas persicus Neumann, 1896, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 9, p. 7, figs. 4-5 ( J^nl). Nuttall, Warburton, Cooper and Robinson, 1908, Ticks, 1, Argasidae, p. 8, figs. 3-26; PL 1, fig. 3 (JJlil.). Cooley and Kohls, 1944, American Midland Naturalist, Mono- graph No. 1, p. 17, figs. 4A-G and 5 ; Pl. I, 2 lower figs. (JJ'nl) . 23 The earliest valid specific name for the pigeon tick is Acarus refiexus Fabricius (1794, Entom. Syst., 4, p. 426; no host; Italy), not Acarus columbarum “Shaw, 1793,” as claimed by A. C. Oude- mans (1929, Tijdschr. v. Entom., 72, Suppl., p. 138). A most care- ful reading of both the Latin and English descriptions of Acarus auratus Shaw (1793, in Shaw and Nodder, Naturae Vivarium, 4, PL 128, with four pages of letterpress), a species of Aponomma , reveals no sentence nor part of sentence that could be construed as describ- ing Acarus columbarum , which name is used only for comparison and is clearly a nomen nudum. Oudemans quotes only parts of a sentence which reads in full : “In the general form of the apparatus at the head, this species [A. auratus] bears a most striking affinity to the pigeon tick or Acarus columbarum, being furnished like that animal, with a serrated snout, the processes of which lying on the under surface, and pointing backwards, enable it to adhere with great firmness to the skin of the creature it infests. 9 9 Oudemans also claims to know that Shaw’s Acarus columbarum came from England, but this is nowhere stated by Shaw, who merely wrote that it is “ not less plentiful on pigeons and some other animals.” 24 Argas brevipes N. Banks (1908), according to a cotype from Tucson, Arizona, is a synonym of Argas refiexus. 130 July, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Argas miniatus Koch, 1844, Arch. f. Naturg., 10, pt. 1, p. 219 (no sex; Demerara, British Guiana) ; 1847, Uebersicht d. Arach- nidensyst., 4, pp. 12 and 32 ; PL I, fig. 4. N. Banks, 1908, U. S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Ent., Techn. Ser., No. 15, pp. 15 and 52; PI. I, figs. 1-2 (2c?). Hooker, Bishopp and Wood, 1912, U. S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Ent., Bull. 106, pp. 46-61, fig. 1 (map) ; PL III, figs. 1-8 (2c?nl)- Bishopp, 1913, U. S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Ent., Circ. No. 170, pp. 1-14, figs. 1-5 (2 October 25 (J. Bequaert) ; Marion; Cotuit; Lowell; Eastham, off dog; North East- ham, 5c? off Marmota monax preblorum , and c? off Mustela c. cico- gnanii (C. M. Herman); Rochester, 5 off man; Berlin, August (C. E. Renn) ; Barnstable, c? off Ondatra z. zibethica, and c? off Marmota monax preblorum (D. Griffin) ; Manomet Point (J. Bequaert) ; Duxbury, 5c? off dog, April, 1945 (Ruth Turner) ; Plymouth, June, 1943 (W. L. Nutting) ; Jamaica Plain; Newton- ville; Cambridge, c? off man (J. Bequaert); Wellesley, 5c? domestic cat, May 20, 1943 (said to be acquired locally) ; West Somerville, off dog (J. H. Blake) ; Wareham (O. Bangs) ; Wor- cester, lC? off man (H. S. Fuller) ; Sagamore Beach, 2,080(? and 2,8935 taken off one dog during the summer months, 1934 to 1938 ;30 lc? (June) and In (September) off Sciurus carolinensis leucotis, 2n off Tamiasciurus hudsonicus loquax (July), In off Tamias striatus lysteri (June) (all H. S. Fuller) ; Chatham (J. H. Emer- ton) ; Nantucket; Menemsha and Gay Head, Martha’s Vineyard (P. H. Parker) ; Woods Hole, off dog (A. P. Morse) ; Dedham, gravid 5 off a dog said not to have left the locality, July, 1941. — 30 The only other ticks taken off this dog were 15 and 2J1 of Ixodes scapularis. It is noteworthy that this large lot contained no nymphs nor larvae of D. variabilis. 166 July, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Recorded: Siasconset; West Falmouth, Buzzards Bay [C. W. Stiles]. Duxbury; Harwich; Wellfleet [P. C. Stone, in lift.]. Amherst, off a dog recently arrived from New Jersey [P. C. Stone, inlitt.]. Naushon Id. [Larrousse, King and Wolbach] . Martha’s Vineyard [Hertig and Smiley; C. N. Smith]. Connecticut. — Seen : South Norwalk (F. D. Kingsbury) ; Darien, off dog (C. K. Sharpe). — Recorded : Saybrook, off dog; Wethersfield, off dog ; Stratford, off a man who became infested in Massachusetts [all Conn.A.E.S., in lift.]. New York. — Seen : Port Henry, Essex Co. ; Long Island : King’s Park (Herrick) ; Mattituck ; Riverhead ; Sag Harbor ; Orient ; Gardi- ner’s Island (R. Latham) ; Montauk (J. H. Cohen; R. D. Glasgow and D. L. Collins) ; Hither Hills State Park (R. D. Glasgow and D. L. Collins). — Recorded: Ithaca; Elmhurst, Long Island; Sche- nectady, off dog; White Plains, off man [all R. Matheson, in lift.]. Murray Isle [N.J.A.E.S., in lift.]. New Jersey. — Seen: Lakehurst (F. E. Lutz) ; New Brunswick; Long Branch; Westfield; Ocean City; Newark (N.J.A.E.S.); Ho- hokus. — Recorded: Lyndhurst; Port Jervis; Reaville; Hackensack; Cape May Court House; Rahway; Shrewsbury; Elberon; Eliza- beth; Trenton; Metuchen; Locust; Montclair [N.J.A.E.S., in4itt.]. Princeton [Trager]. Pennsylvania. — Seen: Bryn Mawr; Berwyn (G. W. Pyle). — Recorded: Bucks Co. and Montgomery Co. [Lintner]. Near Phila- delphia [Zebrowski]. Berks Co. [Bell and Chalgren]. Ohio. — Seen : Athens and Chauncey, Athens Co. ; Pomeroy, Meigs Co., 1J off young Urocyon cinereoargenteus borealis (W. E. Ellis) ; Liberty, Jackson, Scioto, Lick, Franklin and Hamilton, Jack- son Co. ; Meigs, Adams Co. ; Perry and Raccoon, Gallia Co. (all col- lected by J. H. Hughes ; of 160 lots, all adults, sent by him, 124 were off dog, 6 off cattle ; 1 off horse, 1 off fox, 1 off cat, 10 off man, the remainder without host); Crane Hollow, Hocking Co.; Fairfield Co.; Columbus; Delaware Co.; Shawnee State Forest (these five localities, D. J. and J. N. Knull) ; Ross Co. (D. J. Borror). — Re- corded : Nile Township, Scioto Co. [Katz] . Without more definite locality [Miller]. West Virginia. — Seen : Moorefield, Hardy Co., 2J off Microtus p. pennsylvanicus and 2 fully engorged $ off dog (L. W. Wilson). Delaware. — Seen : Woodkill (C. T. Brues) . — Recorded : through- out the state, adults off horse, cow, pig, dog, domestic cat, fox, opossum, ground hog, and gray squirrel; larvae and nymphs off meadow mice (Microtus) , pine mice (Pitymys) , white-footed mice 167 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 3 ( Per omy sens ), kangaroo mice ( Zapus ), house mice (Mus musculus), domestic rat ( Rattus norwegicus ), and rabbit ( Sylvilagus ) [D. Mac- Creary, 1939 and 1940] . Maryland. — Recorded : very abundant in the state [P. G. Ship- ley, 1932] . Easton ; Somerset ; Silver Hill ; Laurel ; Herald Harbor ; Hyattsville ; College Park ; Baltimore ; Annapolis [ J. H. Roberts, A. Holdridge, and E. N. Cory. — Md.S.H.D., through E. N. Cory, in Dermacentor variabilis, the “American dog or wood tick,” is abundant in many localities throughout the coastal plain of the eastern United States, where its normal breeding range is known to extend as far north as Duxbury in eastern Massachusetts. Climatic conditions, rather than the lack of suitable hosts, seem to preclude its becoming established permanently farther north in New England and also in the Appalachian Mountains. Farther west it is known to breed in the southernmost counties of Ohio and in the Tama Indian Reservation (Tama Co.) of Iowa. It also breeds in southern Ontario at about the latitude of Boston, as well as much farther north in the region of the Sissiboo River in Nova Scotia. In the Middle West the breeding range should be worked out more care- fully by locating the early stages on their natural hosts. As adult ticks are freely transported in the summer by people, particularly on dogs, records based on adults alone are of no value for this pur- pose. R. R. Parker, C. B. Philip and W. L. Jellison’s map (1933) shows this tick as occurring over the entire eastern United States31 and R. A. Cooley’s may (1938) also extends it over this entire area. I can find no records from Maine, New Hampshire, New Brunswick, and Quebec, although I do not doubt that imported adults may have been taken there. The single record from Vermont may be regarded as based on a stray introduction. Thus far there is no conclusive evidence that D. variabilis breeds north of Boston, except in a small area of Nova Scotia. The true breeding range of this tick is of practical importance, as it determines the area where the diseases of which it is a potential vector, could become established. Various aspects of this problem have been discussed before. 31 This map seems to be based upon an earlier one by W. A. Hooker, F. C. Bishopp and H. P. Wood (1912), who, however, claimed to show only the probable range. Some authors include even Labrador in the distribution, but there appears to be no evi- dence that Z). variabilis was ever seen there. 168 July, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA The following account of the life-history is based mainly on observations by F. C. Bishopp and C. N. Smith (1938), and by C. N. Smith and M. M. Cole (1941). D. variabilis is a three-host tick in the sense that the larva and nymph drop off the host before moult- ing'. However, both immature instars may attach in succession to the same species of host, even to the same individual ; but the adults almost invariably engorge on a host of a different type. Under favorable conditions unengorged adults are very long- lived away from a host. In Maryland, bred males and females, kept under natural conditions of temperature and moisture, survived from 755 to 988 days; but longevity was not so great in the labora- tory. The life of adults which have attached to hosts is compara- tively shorter, lasting usually only a few weeks, rarely five or six months. The full engorgement of the female requires from five to thirteen days in the presence of males, but is retarded by the lack of mating. Mating takes place on the host, from four to six days after attachment of the female, but is always preceded by a feeding period for both sexes. After dropping off the host, the engorged female goes through a maturation or preoviposition period of from 3 to 24 days. Oviposition itself lasts from 14 to 32 days, during which time usually from 4,000 to 6,500 eggs are laid, sometimes up to 800 in one day. When egg-laying is completed, the female dies in from 3 to 36 days. The natural lifetime of the completely fed male is not accurately known, but no doubt shorter than that of the female. The eggs hatch after an incubation period of from 26 to 39 days. Unengorged larvae may survive long periods, particularly when kept moist and cool. Some have been kept alive from eight to eleven months, the maximum periods observed being between 345 and 377 days. Larvae 318 days old became engorged when put on a host. In experiments larvae one day old refused to attach and the largest percentage of engorgement occurred among larvae five or more days old. Larval engorgement lasts about 4 days on the average, with an observed minimum of 2 days and maximum of 12 days. The larval moulting period varies greatly, from a minimum of 6 days to a maximum of 87 days, and is markedly shortened by increasing temperature. Unfed nymphs usually do not survive more than six months, but some have lived up to 309 days. Of three nymphs alive after from 271 to 273 days, two were able to engorge on a host. In the laboratory the engorgement period of the nymph was between 3 and 10 days, with an average of slightly over 5 days. 169 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 3 Some nymphs may engorge the same day moulting occurred and most of them do so readily the second day after. The shortest nymphal moulting period observed was 17 days, the longest from 105 to 109 days. It is evidently greatly lengthened during cold weather. It is about the same for both sexes. The females outnumber the males slightly. This is shown by lots bred from engorged nymphs, as well as by collections of unengorged ticks in nature. The larvae and nymphs engorge preferably on small rodents, which are the true breeding hosts of the immature instars. A few of these stray sometimes onto rabbits, larger mammals, or birds ; but there is a question whether they are able to moult after engorging on these unusual hosts. The meadow mouse, Microtus p. pennsyl- vanicus, is the preferred host of larvae and nymphs in the Cape Cod area and elsewhere along the Atlantic coast. F. C. Bishopp and C. N. Smith (1938) state that in one case more than 100 larvae were found on a single meadow mouse. On Martha’s Vineyard the imma- ture instars are most active in seeking their hosts from the end of March or the middle of April until the end of September. The larvae hibernate in large numbers ; whereas the number of nymphs that hibernate may be large or small, varying from year to year. In more southern localities, as for instance in Maryland, the hiberna- tion of the immature instars is less complete. The length of day seems to be an important factor in controlling their seasonal activity (C. N. Smith and M. M. Cole, 1941). Most adult D. variabilis attach to and engorge on large and medium-sized mammals. In eastern North America the preferred hosts were originally, no doubt, native deer and perhaps also buffalo, before the latter were exterminated. At present the favorite host is the domestic dog, which appears to be very suitable to it from every point of view. Adults are occasionally found also on cattle, horse, cat, and fox, and exceptionally on smaller mammals. While they readily attach to man, he is no more than an accidental or stray host from the point of view of the survival of the species.32 In the Cape Cod area adult ticks appear and are active from the latter part of April to the end of August in normal years ; but during the abnor- mally warm spring of 1945, males and females started infesting dogs at Duxbury early in April. The adults do not feed during the winter months, but hibernate away from the host, being found quies- 32 A nymph of Z>. variabilis was taken from the stomach of an 8-year-old girl at Jamaica Plain, Boston. 170 July, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA cent deep down in clumps of bunch grass or sometimes under loose bark. From the foregoing account it is clear that the total lifetime of an individual D. variabilis, from the hatching of the egg to the natu- ral death of the adult, varies between very wide limits. This peculi- arity again has some bearing on the epidemiology of diseases trans- mitted by the tick. Theoretically at least, the whole life-cycle might be completed, with an interpolated hibernation period, in approxi- mately one year, eggs laid in the early summer producing adults that die in the early summer of the following year. Most probably this happens rarely in nature, the lifetime being usually extended several months more and occasionally running to two years or over. Synonymy. — It is reasonably certain that Say’s descriptions of Ixodes variabilis and I. punctulatus, reproduced below, were based upon the male and female respectively of the same species of Derma- centor, which Koch later described as D. electus. What Say called the “ impressed eyes” of punctidatus were the porose areas of the capitulum. Ixodes variabilis: “Body oblong-ovate, gradually attenuated be- fore; sides hardly arquated; a few remote deeply impressed punc- tures not more numerous behind ; posterior margin with about twelve impressed, abbreviated lines; a lateral, impressed, punctured, sub- marginal line, obsolete behind; two deeply indented, abbreviated lines before; head, hind edge rectilinear, angles abruptly a little extended backward, acute ; rostrum rather short ; palpi ovate ; colour reddish or ferruginous, varied with white, incisures of the feet white. Very much resembles the preceding [I. erraticus ] in form ; the white of the back is more or less reticulated, and the feet are white above or only their joints. May not this be 1. lineatus, if so, my name must of course be rejected.” Ixodes punctidatus: “Body oblong-ovate, gradually attenuated before, sides hardly arquated, crowded with impressed, confluent punctures; thorax destitute of punctures, but with two impressed undulated lines ; abbreviated lines of the posterior margin not deeply impressed, almost obsolete; lateral submarginal line deeply im- pressed, obsolete behind; head, hind edge rectilinear, angles ab- ruptly a little projected backward, acute; rostrum rather short; palpi oval; eyes distinct, impressed; colour ferruginous, thorax white lineated or varied with ferruginous; incisures of the feet white. Considerably like the preceding [I. variabilis ].” There are two possible earlier names for D. variabilis. Say himself suggested that his tick might have been Acarus lineatus 171 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 3 Fabricius (1775, Syst. Ent., p. 811. — America), described as fol- lows: “Acarus ovatus, ferrugineus; lineis duabus undatis albis. Corpus punctatum, obscure ferrugineum, lineis duabus longitudi- nalibus, valde undatis, albis. Puncta duo parva supra anum. Pedes geniculis albis. Magnitudo praecedentis [Ixodes iguanae]” Koch placed lineaius in Amblyomma, but he never saw it. Neumann merely followed Koch. Robinson (1926) does not mention it. A. C. Oudemans (1929, p. 209, and 1936, p. 499) is positive that it was Amblyomma oblong ogutt at um Koch, but in that species the legs are uniformly maroon-brown, not “geniculis albis.” Unless Fabricius’ type could be found, the interpretation of his description will always be guesswork. The description of Ixodes cinctus Fabricius reads: “I. oblongus ferrugineus albus, scutelli margine thoraceque antice albis. — Re- liquis magis oblongus. Caput ferrugineum. Scutellum triangulum ferrugineum : margine albo. Thorax et abdomen ferruginea, antice cerea, scutellum late alba. Pedes ferruginei.” The type, collected by v. Rohr, came from North America, where only a species of Dermacentor seems to fit the description, possibly drawn from a female, as suggested by A. C. Oudemans (1936). In some respects the pattern agrees best with that of D. err aliens var. albipictus. Again, it seems unsafe to adopt the name, unless the type could be examined. The original descriptions of Fitch’s two species of 1872 leave little doubt that they were based upon the female and male respec- tively of D. variabilis. ‘ ‘ Five-lined tick, Ixodes 5-striatus. Ovate, rust-colored ; thorax and scutel tallow white with irregular rust-colored spots and punc- tures; abdomen with punctures and five impressed longitudinal lines ; the outer one of each side being sub-marginal ; legs paler, their joints white. Length 0.20 [inch].” “Robertson’s tick, Ixodes robertsoni. Oval, punctured, rust- colored, above marbled with tallow white on the head, thorax and abdomen, with rust-colored punctures ; abdomen with a submarginal impressed line, between which and the edge are deeply impressed, equi-distant, transverse lines with white interstices; joints of the legs white. Length 0.16 [inch].” Dermacentor erraticus (Say) Dermacentor erraticus offers an unusual and rather baffling type of color variation. Some adult specimens are very extensively marked with white and often somewhat iridescent enamel, while 172 July, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA in others these markings are much reduced, faint or lacking, a blackish pattern appearing instead. No consistent or reliable mor- phological or biological differences seem to exist between these two forms, which are evidently of one species. In the eastern United States the two forms are readily separated by color and have a somewhat different distribution, the white-marked form (var. albi- pictus) being more northern, while the form with black lines (typi- cal err aliens) has a more southern range. According to R. A. Cooley (1938), the two forms intergrade farther west, where they are said to occur together, particularly in California and western New Mexico. As a result, Cooley considers the variant with black or dark lines to be a weakened strain of the species. He states that in this form, for some peculiar reason not as yet understood, the dorsal sclerotized wall of the body has become transparent, showing the diverticula of the digestive tract as dark lines. I am far from satisfied that Cooley’s view is entirely correct. At any rate, in view of the different range of the two forms, it would seem useful to separate them by name, were it only to call attention to the inter- esting problem involved. Moreover, it is not difficult to distinguish the adults in our territory, where I have never seen intergrades. Dermacentor erraticus, typical Ixodes erraticus Say, 1821, Jl. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 2, p. 77 (no sex, but evidently ; southeastern United States ; no host) . N. Banks, 1908, U. S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Ent., Techn. Ser., No. 15, p. 51. A. C. Oudemans, 1936, Kritsch Hist. Overzicht Acarologie, pt. 3, vol. B, p. 578. Ixodes nigrolineatus Packard, 1869 (between January 1st and July), 1st Ann. Rept. Peabody Ac. Sci., Salem, p. 66 (described as 5, but really J1; northern New York, off “Cervus virgini- anus”) . Dermacentor nigrolineatus N. Banks, 1907, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 32, p. 608 ; 1908, U. S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Ent., Techn. Ser., No. 15, pp. 48 and 55; PI. VIII, figs. 3, 9 and 11 ($ without definite locality (F. G. Sanborn. — M.C.Z.) ; Milton, 2 (E. A. Samuel. — M.C.Z.);40 Naushon Id., J1, cursorial, Aug. 25 (J. Bequaert) . Rhode Island. — Seen: Kingston, 2c? off domestic turkey (Theo- bald Smith. — Bur.An.Ind., U. S. Dept. Agric.) ; Newport, 2 off hawk (M.C.Z.) ; 2 off turkey, without definite locality (M.C.Z.). 40 N. Banks (1908, p. 34) states that he saw at the M.C.Z. “the types, two engorged females from a nighthawk at Milton, Mass.” This collection now contains two females, both labelled ‘ ‘ type, ’ ’ but placed in different vials. One has no definite locality nor full col- lector’s name, but only a label “from Chordeiles popetue. F. G. S. Mass. ’ ’ The other is labelled : “ E. A. Samuel, Milton, Mass., ’ ’ with- out indication of host. As Packard evidently had only one specimen when he wrote the original description, and gave only “Mass.” as locality, but mentioned the host, only the first of these two specimens is the true type. N. Banks (1908a, p. 12) also gives “Salem” as a locality for H. chordeilis, probably on the assumption that the type was collected there. 192 October, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA New York. — Seen: JA1 off Bonasa umbellus, without more defi- nite locality (Bur.An.Ind., U. S. Dept. Agric.) ; Bolton Landing, Warren Co., $ off domestic turkey, July 13 (Herrick) ; Westport, Essex Co., off Bonasa umbellus, June 27 (E. J. Gerberg) ; Tioga Co., J1 in stomach of Bonasa umbellus, June 10 (E. J. Gerberg) ; Caroline, Tompkins Co., JJff off Bonasa umbellus (R. Matheson) ; Deposit, Delaware Co., J off Bonasa umbellus (R. Matheson) ; Con- necticut Hill, J off Bonasa umbellus (Crissey).41 Haemaphy satis chordeilis is one of the three “bird ticks” of eastern North America, but the extent of its breeding range is at present unknown. In our territory the chief natural host of all stages is ruffed grouse. C. H. D. Clarke (1936) found some larvae and nymphs considered to be H. chordeilis on spruce grouse in Ontario. Although all stages occur also on smaller, migratory birds, this species is much rarer on these hosts than the early stages of H. leporis-palustris. In addition to the birds listed above, it is recorded, outside our territory, from meadowlark, jackdaw, red- winged blackbird, seaside sparrow, Savannah sparrow and marsh hawk. I have seen adults and nymphs taken off spruce grouse, in Oregon and off sharp-tailed grouse in North Dakota. The winter seems to be passed on the ground, away from the host. The type (J) of chordeilis, at the Museum of Comparative Zool- ogy, was examined again and carefully compared with H. leporis- palustris. It agrees in every respect with Nuttall and Warburton’s description of the female of their cinnabarina (1915, p. 374) and their fig. 317, drawn from a tick raised from adults taken off cattle in Winnipeg. In particular, the outline of the scutum is almost exactly as in that drawing, being only very slightly longer than wide. Their fig. 318, drawn from a female from Victoria, Texas, off meadowlark ( Sturnella magna), received from Dr. F. C. Bishopp, shows a relatively longer scutum. I was at first inclined to regard these figures 317 and 318 as representing different species. More probably, though, the relative width of the scutum varies. Possibly a racial difference might be involved, in which case the more north- ern specimens represent the typical form of the species. Nuttall and Warburton (1915) synonymized H. chordeilis with Haemaphy salis cinnabarina Koch, with which they also united H. 41 A. E. Miller (1925) records H. chordeilis from Ostrander, Ohio, off rabbit. As there is no other known record of this species from rabbit, while H. leporis-palustris is common on this host in Ohio, Miller’s record was most probably based on a misidentification. 193 ENTOMOLQGXCA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 4 sanguinolenta Koch, both these ticks being described from single females, off unknown hosts, from Brazil. Neumann (1897, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 10, pp. 331 and 332) redescribed Koch’s types, stating that they came from Para. Later (1905, Arch, de Parasi- tologie, 9, p. 237) he reduced cinnabarina to the rank of a variety of the European H. punctata Canestrini and Fanzago (1877). H. cinnabarina does not seem to have been observed again in South America. Until both sexes of the South American form can be care- fully compared with the North American H. chordeilis, it seems safer to treat the latter as distinct. The Old World H. punctata I regard as a distinct species, not as a race or variety of the North American H. chordeilis, as Nuttall and Warburton did, although they indicated clearly the differences between the two. I have never seen any approach to the Old World form among the North American specimens. It may also be noted that the name chordeilis antedates punctata. Original description of Ixodes chordeilis : “Female. Allied to the two preceding species [I. unipunctata and I. leporis-palustris], the thoracic shield being short and small, while the body is thick and leathery. The palpi are very short and broad, when placed together forming a triangle wider than long, being scarcely twice as long as the head itself, and together much wider; they are equilaterally triangular, and conceal the beak; the basal joint is nearly square, the second being triangular ; labium small, shorter than usual, rather narrow, and covered with spinules. Head transversely oblong, being just half as long as wide, with straight sides; the hind angles are rectangular, but not produced into spines. The thorax is shield- shaped, rather small, not much longer than broad ; the usual con- vexity is distinct, contracted in the middle, the impressed lines being curved; surface thickly covered with shallow punctures, dark red, concolorous with the legs, the body being very dark blood red. The body is rounded oval, the legs being short. The vulva opens nearer the head than usual, being situated just behind a point opposite the space between the first and second pair of legs. The anus opens near the middle of the body. Length, of body, .25 of an inch ; width, .17 of an inch. ’ ’ Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris (Packard) Ixodes leporis-palustris Packard, 1869 (between January 1st and July), 1st Ann. Kept. Peabody Ac. Sci., Salem, p. 67 (J; Fort Macon, North Carolina, off Sylvilagus palustris). 194 October, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris N. Banks, 1907, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 32, p. 608. Hunter and Hooker, 1907, U. S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Ent., Bull. 72, p. 53, figs. 7-8 (2c?). N. Banks, 1908, U. S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Ent., Techn. Ser., No. 15, pp. 33 and 54 ; PI. IV, figs. 8 and 10 ; PI. X, figs. 2 and 6 (JJ'n). Hooker, Bishopp and Wood, 1912, U. S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Ent., Bull. 106, p. 89, fig. 1 (map) ; PL VII, figs. 1-6 (JJ'nl). Nuttall and Warbur- ton, 1915, Ticks, vol. 3, Haemaphysalis, p. 387, figs. 325-329 ; in part: North American records only). Hewitt, 1915, Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, Sect. IV, 9, p. 230. Weiss, 1915, Ent. News, 26, p. 150. A. E. Miller, 1925, Bull. Ohio Agric. Expt. Sta., No. 386, p. 128 (not seen from Ohio). Larrousse, King and Wolbach, 1928, Science, 67, p. 352. Gross, 1930, Annual Kept. New England Ruffed Grouse Invest., p. 6. Parker, Philip and Jellison, 1933, Amer. Jl. Trop. Med., 13, p. 343. H. S. Peters, 1933, Bird-Banding, 4, pp. 72, 73, 74, and 75; 1936, op. cit., 7, pp. 14, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, and 27. Hertig and Smiley, 1937, The Vineyard Gazette, January 15 (and reprint). MacLulich, 1937, Univ. of Toronto Studies, Biol. Ser., No. 43, pp. 87 and 98. Herman, 1938, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 33, p. 133 (In). Headlee, 1938, Public Health News, Trenton, N. J., 22, p. 290. MacCrearv, 1939, Univ. Delaware Agric. Expt. Sta., Bull. 220, p. 28 ; 1940, op. cit., Bull. 227, p. 29. Headlee, 1940, Circ. 395 New Jersey Agric. Expt. Sta., p. 3, fig. 4 (J). Katz, 1941, Jl. of Parasitology, 27, p. 467. Severaid, 1942, The Snowshoe Hare, p. 64. S. Cobb, 1942, Science, 95, p. 503. Joyce and Eddy, 1943, Iowa State Coll. Jl. Sci., 17, pp. 205-212. Bell and Chalgren, 1943, Jl. Wildlife Manag., 7, pp. 271 and 274. Smith and Cheatum, 1944, op. cit., 8, pp. 312, 313 and 316. Bishopp and Trembley, 1945, Jl. of Para- sitology, 31, p. 27, fig. 11 (map). MacCreary, 1945, Jl. Econ. Entom., 38, p. 126, footnote. Haemaphysalis leporis Neumann, 1897, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 10, p. 343, fig. 9 (JJfil; in part: North American records only) ; 1911, Das Tierreich, 26, Acarina, Ixodidae, p. Ill, fig. 54 (ft? ; in part: North American records only). Nova Scotia. — Seen: Yarmouth, 2 off rabbit (M.C.Z.) ; Queens Co., n off Bonasa u. umbelliis (Ent.Br.Ott.) ; Wolfville, nl off Zono- trichia albicollis, Melospiza m. melodia, Melospiza georgiana, Turdus m. migratorius, Junco h. hyemalis, Perisoreus c. canadensis,' Geo- thlypis trichas brachidactyla , Vireo olivaceus, Dendroica v. virens, 195 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 4 and Hylocichla f. fuscescens (R. W. Smith. — Ent.Br.Ott.) . — Re- corded: Apple River, Cumberland Co. [R. Matheson, in lift.]. New Brunswick. — Seen : Jeffrey Corner, Kings Co., J off rabbit (C. G. Hewitt. — M.C.Z.) ; Prince Wiliams Sta., nl off Bonasa u. umbellus (D. McGarvey. — Ent.Br.Ott.). Quebec. — Seen: St. Hyacinthe, g off rabbit (G. Chagnon) ; Laniel, 5 off rabbit (D. Gray. — Ont.A.C.). — Recorded: Matamek River, off Bonasa u. umbellus and Canackites c. canadensis [Gross]. Ontario. — Seen: Brunt Lake, North Almond, 5 c? off Lepus americanus virginianus (Ent.Br.Ott.) ; Guelph, In off Bonasa u. umbellus (T. D. Jarvis) ; Arnprior, § off Lepus americanus virgini- anus (Macnamara. — Ent.Br.Ott.). — Recorded: Smoky Palls on Mat- tagami River ; Hornings Mills ; Plevna ; Arden ; Batchawana ; Biggar Lake in Algonquin Park; Dacre; Frank’s Bay on Lake Nipissing; Mansfield; Sundridge; in all these localities off Lepus americanus [MacLulich]. Almonte, 5 off young domestic turkey [R. O’Con- nell.— C. R. Twinn, in lift.]. Maine. — Seen: Orono, n off Actitis macularia (R. S. Palmer). — Recorded: without more definite locality, off Bonasa u. umbellus [Peters], and off Lepus americanus [Severaid]. New Hampshire. — Recorded : without more definite locality, off Melospiza m. melodia, Dumetella carolinensis, and Bonasa u. umbel- lus [Peters]. Massachusetts. — Seen : Canton, 5c? off Sylvilagus transitionalis (Lyman) ; Sagamore Beach, off Toxostoma rufum (H. S. Fuller) ; Norwell, 1 off Cyanocitta c. crist at a (C. V. MacCoy) ; North East- ham, nl off Melospiza m. melodia, Dumetella carolinensis, Spizella p. passerina, Pipilo e. erythrophthalmus, Pooecetes g. gramineus, and Colinus v. virginianus (C. M. Herman) ; West Newton, 5 off rabbit (A. Loveridge) ; Needham, off Sylvilagus transitionalis (J. D. Smith) ; Groton, In off T urdus m. migratorius, Zonotrichia albicollis, Melospiza m. melodia, Melospiza georgiana, Seiurus n. novebora- censis and Pipilo e. erythrophthalmus (W. P. Wharton and E. A. Mason) ; Weymouth, n off rabbit (J. D. Smith). — Recorded : Groton, off Hylocichla guttata faxoni, Hylocichla ustulat a swainsoni, Seiurus aurocapillus, Passerculus sandwichensis savanna and Dumetella carolinensis [Peters]. North Eastham, off Passerella i. iliaca [Peters]. Naushon Id. [Larrousse, King and Wolbach]. Martha’s Vineyard [Her tig and Smiley] . Without more definite locality, off Bonasa u. umbellus, Zonotrichia l. leucophrys, and Melospiza l. lin- colni [Peters]. 196 October, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Rhode Island. — Recorded: without more definite locality, off Bonasa u. umbellus [Peters]. Connecticut. — Seen : Storrs, .J1 off Sylvilagus jloridanus, March, 1944 (N.W.H.). — Recorded: without more definite locality, off Melospiza m. melodia [Peters]. New York. — Seen : One mile west of Clear Lake, off Lepus ameri- canus (P. Harper) ; Valcour Island, 1 off Lepus americanus, n off Sylvilagus jloridanus, Nov. 15, and many JJ', a few n off Lepus americanus, May 9 (F. C. Goble) . — Recorded : Keene Valley ; Danne- mora [N. Banks] . Loon Lake, JJ1 off Lepus americanus virginianus [R. Matheson, in lift.]. Fishers Island, Suffolk Co., off Sylvilagus jloridanus [Smith and Cheatum]. Without more definite locality, off Molothrus a. ater [Peters] . New Jersey. — Seen: without more definite locality, off rabbit (N.J.A.E.S.). — Recorded : without more definite locality, off Spizella p. pusilla [Peters]. Without locality or host [Headlee]. Pennsylvania. — Seen: Centre Co. $ off Sylvilagus jloridanus mearnsi, March 25 (P. F. English), and off Sylvilagus transitionalis (F. Glover) ; Franklin Co., off Sylvilagus jloridanus mearnsi (D. Jenkins; P. F. English). — Recorded: Wildwood Park near Harrisburg, off Sylvilagus jloridanus [Bell and Chalgren] . Delaware. — Recorded : New Castle Co., off rabbits and Sturnella m. magna [D. MacCreary]. Without definite locality, off Melospiza m. melodia, Sturnus v. vulgaris, T urdus m. migratorius, and Age- laius p. phoeniceus [H. S. Peters]. Maryland. — Recorded : wdthout more definite locality, off rabbit [J. H. Roberts. — Md.S.H.D., according to E. N. Cory, in lift.]. Without more definite locality, off Corvus 5. lor achy rhynchos, Zono- trichia albicollis, Turdus m. migratorius, Hylocichla guttata faxoni, Oporornis formosus, Wilsonia citrina, Quiscalus q. quiscula, Quis- calus q. aeneus, Spizella p. pusilla, Junco h. hyemalis, Pipilo e. erythrophthalmus, Melospiza m. melodia, Spinus t. tristis, and Toxo- stoma rufum [H. S. Peters]. Ohio. — Seen: Lick, Jackson Co., off rabbit; Liberty, Jackson Co., off rabbit (J. H. Hughes). — Recorded: Nile Township, Scioto Co., off Sylvilagus jloridanus mearnsi, Dumetella carolinensis, and Coli- nus v. virginianus ; Huron Co., off Sturnus v. vulgaris; Oxford Township, Erie Co., off Sylvilagus jloridanus mearnsi; Linville, Licking Co., off. Sylvilagus jloridanus mearnsi [Katz]. Gates Mills, off Junco h. hyemalis and Melospiza m. melodia [H. S. Peters] Without more definite locality, off Turdus m. migratorius, Sturnus v. vulgaris, Spizella p. passerina, and Zonotrichia albicollis [H. S. Peters] . 197 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 4 Haemapliy salis leporis-palustris, the “rabbit tick,” occurs proba- bly over the entire United States and much of Canada. In the East, its breeding range extends northward at least to the Matamek River (51° N., 65° W.), in Quebec. It is apparently not a winter feeding tick in the northern States, where it hibernates away from the host. The normal breeding hosts of the adults and early stages are the several species of wild rabbits and hares, on which this tick occurs sometimes in enormous numbers. D. A. MacLulich (1937), in On- tario, found in 1932, that in one locality 10 snowshoe hares averaged 1,000 ticks each, while the next summer the average on two hares in the same locality was 2,700 ticks each. He states that he never saw any other species of tick on the snowshoe hare in Ontario. All stages may be found at the same season on the same animal, the ears being often particularly selected as sites. The largest engorged female I have seen was 11 mm. long. H. leporis-palustris apparently never bites man; at any rate, I know of no reliable, definite record of its being removed from the human skin. Adults have been reported exceptionally from domestic cats. The larvae and nymphs are common on rabbits and hares, and much rarer on groundhog, opossum, cat and dog. These early stages are, however, frequent during the summer on many of our small migratory birds, more than fifty species being recorded as hosts, and they are found occasionally on ruffed grouse, spruce grouse and quail. In the -Cape Cod area, C. M. Herman (1938) found 18 out of 31 song sparrows infested, one bird carrying at least 18 ticks. As larvae were taken off birds in Massachusetts as late as October 15, this tick is obviously distributed by the migrations of the birds. The relations of H. leporis-palustris to animal and human dis- eases are fully discussed in one of the introductory chapters. I pointed out that this tick is the most important vector of tularemia in nature among rabbits and hares, and that it is probably also of importance in maintaining and spreading Rocky Mountain spotted fever. It does not, however, transmit these diseases to man. The chalcid wasp, Ixodiphagus texanus Howard, appears to be mainly a parasite of H. leporis-palustris (A. B. Gahan, 1934), from which it was reared on four different occasions. The original type specimens were bred in May from nymphs off wild rabbits in Jack- son Co., Texas. Later other specimens were obtained in April from nymphs off a chapparal cock ( Geococcyx calif or nianus) at Reagan Wells, Texas (F. C. Bishopp, 1934). In Iowa, C. R. Joyce and G. W. Eddy (1943) reared in April 14 wasps from one engorged 198 October, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA nymph off a brown thrasher ( Toxostoma rufum). There is also a record at the U. S. Department of Agriculture of this parasite hatch- ing from H. leporis-palustris collected at Oak Bluffs, Martha’s Vine- yard (S. Cobb, 1942). Ixodes ( Gonixodes ) rostralis Duges (1888, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 13, p. 129, fig. 2 ; § only, described as ; no host ; State of Guanajuato, Mexico) is listed by Neumann (1897 and 1911) and by Nuttall and Warburton (1915) as a synonym of H. leporis-palustris. I believe, however, that it is a distinct species, to which most Central and South American records of H. leporis-palustris should perhaps be referred. This I. rostralis may be the tick described from Brazil by Aragao (in Rohr, 1909) as Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris var. proxima (not H. proxima Warburton and Nuttall, 1909). Original description of Ixodes leporis-palustris: “ Female. Closely allied to 1. cookei, but a little more orbicular ; the body is thick, smooth, not punctured, and the thoracic shield is nearly one- third the length of the body exclusive of the mouth-parts, with scattered punctures; the median convexity extends nearly to the hind edge of the shield, the impressed lines being strongly marked. The maxillary palpi are still more triangular on the outer half ; the mandibles project slightly beyond the palpi. The vulva is situated between the second pair of feet, which are paler red than the body, which is dark red. Length, .14 of an inch; width, .09 of an inch.” 199 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 4 Bibliography (To December 31, 1945) Anonymous. 1928a. Tularemia appears in New Jersey. Public Health News , Trenton, N. J. 13, Nos. 2-3, pp. 52-54. 19285. Tularemia appears in New York State. Health News, New York St. Dept. Health, 5, p. 63. 1928c. Further facts about tularemia. Health News, New York St. Dept. Health, 5, p. 197. 1928d. Is tularemia present in New York State? Health News, New York St. Dept. Health, 5, p. 182. 1928c. First case of tularemia in New York City. Weekly Bull. Dept. Health New York City, 17, pp. 269-270 (1929, Jl. Amer. Med. Assoc., 92, p. 1134). 1929. Tularemia season here. Health News, New York St. Dept. Health, 6, p. 172. 1930. Beware of the wood-tick. Health News, New York St. Dept. Health, 7, p. 136. 1931a. Tularemia contracted by hunter in New York State. Health News, New York St. Dept. Health, 8, p. 2. 19315. Rabbit quarantine urged. Health News, New York St. Dept. Health, 8, pp. 18-19. 1931c. A case of tularemia. Weekly Bull. Dept. Health New York City, 20, pp. 21-22. 1931d. Tularemia and rabbits. Weekly Bull. Dept. Health New York City, 20, pp. 47-48. 1931c. Another case of tularemia. Weekly Bull. Dept. Health New York City, 20, pp. 195-196. 1932a. A case of tularemia. Westchester’s Health, 2, p. 3. 19325. A second case of tularemia. Westchester’s Health, 2, p. 7. 1932c. A case of tularemia. Weekly Bull. Dept. Health New York City, 21, p .65. 1932d. Another case of tularemia. Weekly Bull. Dept. Health New York City, 21, pp. 74-75. 1932c. A case of tularemia reported from Westchester County. Health News, New York St. Dept. Health, 9, p. 19. 1932/. Tularemia appears in Buffalo. Health News, New York St. Dept. Health, 9, pp. 85-86. 1932c/. Fatal tularemia case is reported. Maryland Conser- vationist, 9, No. 3, p. 22. 200 October, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 1933a. Four cases of tularemia reported from Buffalo and vicinity. Health News , New York St. Dept. Health, 10, p. 13. 19335. The occurrence of two probable cases of typhus or Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Health News, New York St. Dept. Health, 10, pp. 53-54. 1933c. First case of Rocky Mountain spotted fever reported in New York State. Health News, New York St. Dept. Health, 10, p. 114. 1933d. A case of tularemia in which no local lesion developed at the site of injury. Health News, New York St. Dept. Health, 10, p. 138. 1937. Cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever on Long Island. Health News, New York St. Dept. Health, 14, pp. 175-176. 1938a. Beware of the tick. Health News, New York St. Dept. Health, 15, pp. 63-64. 19385. Prevention of dangerous tick bites. Jl. Amer. Med. Assoc., 110, p. 1951. 1939a. Cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever on Long Island. Health News, New York St. Dept. Health, 16, p. 6. 19395. Tularemia in New York State. Health News, New York St. Dept. Health, 16, p. 17. 1939c. Tularemia due to muskrat bite. Health News, New York St. Dept. Health, 16, p. 97. 1939d. Tularemia contracted from New York State rabbit. Health News, New York St. Dept. Health, 16, p. 196. 1939c. Rocky Mountain spotted fever on Long Island. Health News, New York St. Dept. Health, 16, p. 213. 1940. More tularemia reported. Health News, New York St. Dept. Health, 17, p. 9. 1942a. Tularemia in New York State. Health News, New York St. Dept. Health, 19, pp. 109-110. 19425. Self protection against tularemia. Health News, New York St. Dept. Health, 19, pp. 219-220. 1944a. Tularemia from New York State rabbits. Health News, New York St. Dept. Health, 21, pp. 36-37. 19445. Dominion of Canada, Department of Agriculture, Science Service, Division of Entomology. Canadian In- sect Pest Review, 22, pp. 139-170. 1945. Increase in prevalence of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Health News, New York St. Dept. Health, 22, pp. 65-68. 201 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 4 Abbott, K. H. 1943. Tick Paralysis : a review. Proc. Staff Meet . Mayo Clinic, 18, pp. 39-45 and 59-64. Alexander, I. H. 1944. Tularemia. Pennsylvania Game News, 15, No. 2 (May), pp. 3 and 28. Allen, A. A. 1928. Recent developments in grouse studies. American Game, 17, pp. 43-44. Amoss, H. L., and Sprunt, D. H. 1936. Tularemia. Review of literature of cases contracted by ingestion of rabbit and the report of additional cases with a necropsy. Jl. Amer. Med. Assoc., 106, pp. 1078-1080. Anigstein, L. and Bader, M. 1942. New epidemiological aspects of spotted fever in the Gulf Coast of Texas. Science, 96, pp. 357-358. Armstrong, C., and Topping, N. H. 1944. Prophylaxis of spotted fever. Jl. Amer. Med. Assoc., 125, p. 930. Ashburn, L. L., and Miller, S. E. 1945. Tularemia. A report of a laboratory infection fatal on the fifth day, with early pulmonary involvement; autopsy. Arch, of Path., 39, pp. 388-392. Badger, L. F. 1932. Rocky Mountain spotted fever (Eastern type). Virus recovered from the dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, found in nature. 77. S. Publ. Health Bepts., 47, pp. 2365-2369. Badger, T. L. 1939. Tularemia : report of a case of the typhoidal form. New England Jl. Med., 220, pp. 187-191. Baer, H. L. 1933. Roentgen treatment of the primary lesions of tularemia. Arch, of Derm. Syph., 28, pp. 557-559. 1934. Tularemia. Pennsylvania Med. Jl., 38, pp. 24-28. Banks, N. 1907. A catalogue of the Acarina, or mites, of the United States. Proc. 77. S. Nat. Mus., 32, pp. 595-625. 1908a. A revision of the Ixodoidea, or ticks of the United States. 77. S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Entom., Techn. Ser., No. 15, 60 pp., 10 Pis. 19085. Fauna of New England. 10. List of the Phalangida, Pseudoscorpionida and Acarina. Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 7, pp. 1-20. Beardslee, H. C. 1884. Cattle tick on human body. 77. S. Dept. Agric., Div. Entom., Bull. No. 4, pp. 84-85. Belding, D. L., and Merrill, B. 1941. Tularemia in imported rabbits in Massachusetts. New England Jl. Med., 224, pp. 1085-1087. 202 October, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Bell, J. F. 1945. The infection of ticks ( Dermacentor variabilis) with Pasteurella tularensis. Jl. Infect. Dis ., 76, pp. 83-95. Bell, J. F., and Chalgren, W. S. 1943. Some wildlife diseases in the eastern United States. Jl. Wildlife Manag., 7, pp. 270-278, PI. XIY. Bell, J. F., and Green, R. G. 1939. Non-fatal infections with Pasteurella tularensis in the snowshoe hare. Jl. of Bacter., 38, p. 114. Bernstein, A. 1935. Tularemia : report of three fatal cases with autopsies. Arch. Intern. Med., 56, pp. 1117-1135. Berry, F. 1928. Tularemia, with special reference to cases in Ohio, and methods for their recognition. Ohio State Med. Jl., 24, pp. 457-460. Bishopp, F. C. 1911. Some new North American Ixodidae with notes on other species. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing ton,. 24, pp. 197-208, PI. II. 1919. The fowl tick and how premises may be freed from it. U. S. Dept. Agric., Farmers’ Bull. 1070, 16 pp. 1934. Records of hymenopterous parasites of ticks in the United States. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 36, pp. 87-88. 1942. The fowl tick. Keeping Livestock Healthy ( Yearbook of Agriculture) , pp. 1062-1067. Bishopp, F. C., and Smith, C. N. 1937. A new species of Ixodes from Massachusetts. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 39, pp. 133-138, PL XI. 1938a. Combating the American dog tick, carrier of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the Central and Eastern States. TJ. S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Ent. Plant Quar. Eire. E 455, 5 pp. 1 PI. (mimeographed). 19385. The American dog tick, eastern carrier of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Z7. S. Dept. Agric., Circ. 478, 25 pp. 1942. Ticks affecting dogs. Keeping Livestock Healthy ( Yearbook of Agriculture) , pp. 1180-1187. Bishopp, F. C., and Trembley, Helen L. 1945. Distribution and hosts of certain American ticks. Jl. of Parasitology, 31, pp. 1-54. Bishopp, F. C., and Wood, H. P. 1913. The biology of some North American ticks of the genus Dermacentor. Para- sitology, 6, pp. 153-187, Pis. X-XII. Blattner, R. J., and Heys, Florence M. 1941. Experimental 203 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 4 transmission of St. Louis encephalitis to white Swiss mice by Dermacentor variabilis. Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol. Med., 48, pp. 707-710. 1944. Blood-sucking vectors of encephalitis: experimental transmission of St. Louis encephalitis (Hubbard strain) to white Swiss mice by the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis Say. Jl. Exper. Med., 79, pp. 439-454. Blumer, G. 1941. The rickettsial diseases, wtih special reference to those of importance along the Atlantic Seaboard. Bull. New York Ac. Med., 17, pp. 280-294. Bowe, D. P., and Wakeman, D. C. 1936. Tularemia and preg- nancy : report of a case. Jl. Amer. Med. Assoc., 107, pp. 577-578. Boynton, W. H., Herms, W. B., Howell, D. E., and Woods, G. W. 1926. Anaplasmosis transmission by three species of ticks in California. Jl. Amer. Veter. Med. Assoc., 88, pp. 500- 502. Brammer, F. E. 1931. Tularemia — The first American disease. West Virginia Med. Jl., 27, pp. 116-123. Brewster, W. 1925. The birds of the Lake Umbagog region of Maine. Bidl. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 66, pp. 276-305 (ticks attacking grouse: p. 287). Brosius, W. L. 1928. Two cases of tularemia. Jl. Amer. Med. Assoc., 90, p. 910. Brown, J. C., and Cross, J. C. 1941. A probable agent for the transmission of fowl paralysis. Science, 93, p. 528. Brown, J. H. 1944. The susceptibility of fur-bearing animals and game birds to tularemia. Canad. Field-Naturalist , 58, pp. 55-60. Burroughs, A. L., Holdenried, R., Longanecker, D. S., and Meyer, K. F. 1945. A field study of latent tularemia in rodents, with a list of all known naturally infected vertebrates. Jl. Infect. Dis., 76, pp. 115-119. Cameron, E. 1943. Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Delaware State Med. Jl., 15, pp. 139-140. Campbell, E. P., and Ketchum, W. H. 1940. Rocky Mountain spotted fever; an analysis of seven cases, including one laboratory infection. New England Jl. Med., 223, pp. 540-543. Carey, L. S., and Duncan, G. G. 1938. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the East : report of a case. Jl. Amer. Med. Assoc., 110, pp. 175-177. October, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Carter, Annette. 1945. This bug is a Borgia. The wood tick, carrier of spotted fever, yields, but stubbornly, to science. Frontiers, Philadelphia, 9, pp. 132-134 and 160. Chadwick, H. D. 1938. Rocky Mountain spotted fever. New England Jl. Med., 219, pp. 142-143. Cheatum, E. L. 1941. Lymphadenitis in New York cottontails. J. Wildlife Manag., 5, pp. 304-308, PI. XVIII. Clancy, C. F., Jungherr, E., and Sime, P. R. 1940. Internal parasites of cottontail rabbits in Connecticut. Jl. Wild- life Manag., 4, pp. 162-168. Clarke, C. H. D. 1936. Fluctuations in numbers of ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus (Linne), with special reference to On- tario. Univ. Toronto Studies, Biol. Ser., No. 41, pp. 1-118. 1937. American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis Say, in Ontario. Canad. Field-Naturalist , 51, p. 99. Cobb, S. 1942. Tick parasites on Cape Cod. Science, 95, p. 503. Cohen, M. H. 1940. An unusual case of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in southeastern Pennsylvania. Jl. Amer. Med. Assoc., 115, pp. 1441-1442. Cooley, R. A. 1938. The genera Dermacentor and Otocentor in the United States, with studies in variation. TJ. S. Nat. Inst. Health Bidl. 171, 89 pp., 30 Pis. Cooley, R. A., and Kohls, G. M. 1944a. The Argasidae of North America, Central America and Cuba. Amer. Midland Natural., Monogr. No. 1, 152 pp. 19445. The genus Amblyomma in the United States. Jl. of Parasitology, 30, pp. 77-111. 1946. The genus Ixodes in North America. TJ. S. Nat. Inst . Health Bidl. 184, 246 pp. Cooper, M. L., Kurzner, M. A., Wilson, A. T., and Dyer, R. E. 1938. Report of two cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Ohio. TJ. S. Publ. Health Bepts., 53, pp. 1775- 1779. Cox, W. T. 1936. Snowshoe rabbit migration, tick infestation, and weather cycles. Jl. of Mammalogy, 17, pp. 216-221. Cramer, I. I. 1938. Oculoglandular tularemia. Arch, of Oph- thalm., N.S., 20, pp. 88-89. Davis, G. E., Philip, C. B., and Parker, R. R. 1934. The isolation from the Rocky Mountain wood tick ( Dermacentor ander- soni) of strains of Bact. tularense of low virulence for guinea pigs and domestic rabbits. Amer. Jl. Hyg., 19, pp. 449-456. 205 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Voi. XXV, No. 4 Degeer, C. 1778. Memoires pour servir a l’histoire des Insectes. (Stockholm), vol. 7, xii + 950 pp., 49 Pis. DeSanctis, A. G., and di Sant’Agnese, P. A. 1943. Tick paralysis. (Report of a case in New York.) Jl. Amer. Med. Assoc., 122, pp. 86-88. Dwyer, J. G. 1933. Tularemia. Arch, of Ophthalm., N.S., 9, pp. 138-139. Dyer, R. E. 1933. Typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the United States. Military Surgeon, 72, pp. 421-439. 1934. Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Delaware State Med. Jl., 6, pp. 52-55. 1938. Rocky Mountain spotted fever, a new health problem in New Jersey. Public Health News, Trenton, N. J., 22, pp. 284-289. Dyer, R. E., Badger, L. F., and Rumreich, A. 1931. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (eastern type). Transmission by the American dog tick ( Dermacentor variabilis) . U. S. Publ. Health Bepts., 46, pp. 1403-1413. Dyer, R. E., Rumreich, A. S., and Badger, L. F. 1931. The typhus-Rocky Mountain spotted fever group in the United States. Jl. Amer. Med. Assoc., 97, pp. 589-594. Eckstein, A. W. 1941. Tularemia: report of cases contracted from infected rabbits treated with sulfanilamide. Bhode Island Med. Jl., 24, pp. 84-90. Eddy, G. W., and Joyce, C. R. 1944. The seasonal history and hosts of the American dog tick Dermacentor variabilis in Iowa. Iowa St. Coll. Jl. Sci., 18, pp. 313-324. Emmel, M. W. 1945. So-called tick paralysis in chickens. Jl. Amer. Veter. Med. Assoc., 106, p. 108. Ey, L. F., and Daniels, R. E. 1941. Tularemia in dogs. Jl. Amer. Med. Assoc., 117, pp. 2071-2072. Farmer, J. L., and Duncan, G. G. 1938. Tularemia : report of six cases occurring in Pennsylvania. Bull. Ayer Clin. Lab. Pennsylvania Hosp., 3, pp. 237-247. Feder, I. A. 1944. Tick bite pyrexia. Jl. Amer. Med. Assoc., 126, pp. 293-294. Fetterman, G. H., and Lerner, H. 1936. Fatal case of tularemia pneumonia with associated ileitis : clinical and pathological report. Jl. Lab. Clin. Med., 21, pp. 1157-1161. Fisher, W. S. 1933. Neoarsphenamine in tularemia : case reports. Jl. Indiana Med. Assoc., 26, p. 273. 206 October, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Fitch, A. 1872. Fourteenth report of the noxious, beneficial and other insects of the State of New York. Trans. New York State Agric. Soc. for 1870, pp. 355-381. Flick, J. B. 1926. Tularemia. Ann. of Surgery, 83, pp. 737- 740. Flinn, L. B. 1935. Specific antiserum in the treatment of tulare- mia : two unusual cases treated successfully with com- mercial antiserum. Delaware State Med. Jl., 7, pp. 219- 222. Flippin, H. F. 1936. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Pennsyl- vania. A case report. Amer. Jl. Med. Sci., 191, pp. 685- 689. Florman, A. L., and Hafkenschiel, J. 1940. The eastern variety of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The experience on the adult medical service of Johns Hopkins Hospital, includ- ing the report of a fatal case showing thrombocytopenia. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp., 66, pp. 123-133. Foshay, L. 1932a. Serum treatment of tularemia. Jl. Amer. Med. Assoc., 98, p. 552. 19325. Tularemia: accurate and earlier diagnosis by means of the intradermal reaction. Jl. Inf. Dis., 51, pp. 286- 291. 1933. An antiserum for the treatment of tularemia. Jl. Amer. Med. Assoc., 101, pp. 1447-1449. 1934a. Aids in the diagnosis and treatment of tularemia. Jl. of Medicine, Cincinnati, 15, pp. 186-189. 19345. Tularemia treated by a new specific antiserum. Amer. Jl. Med. Sci. ( N.S. ), 187, pp. 235-245. 1935. On the treatment of tularemia. Ohio State Med. Jl., 31, pp. 21-24. 1937. Cause of death in tularemia. Arch. Intern. Med., 60, pp. 22-38. 1938. Effects of serum treatment in 600 cases of acute tulare- mia. Jl. Amer. Med. Assoc., 110, p. 603. 1940. Tularemia : summary of certain aspects of the disease including methods for early diagnosis and results of serum treatment in six hundred patients. Medicine, 19, pp. 1-83. Francis, E. 1925. Absence of tularemia (rabbit fever) among rabbits raised in rabbitries. Jl. Amer. Med. Assoc., 85, p. 378. 1927. Microscopic changes of tularemia in the tick, Derma- 201 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 4 cenior andersoni, and the bedbug, Cimex lectularius. U. S. Publ. Health Repts., 42, pp. 2763-2772, 4 Pis. 1929. Arthropods in the transmission of tularemia. Fourth Intern. Congr. Entom. ( Ithaca , Aug. 1928), Trans., pp. 929-944. 1937. Sources of infection and seasonal incidence of tularemia in man. TJ. S. Public Health Repts., 52, pp. 103-113, 2 Pis. 1942 a. Oculoglandular tularemia. Arch, of Ophthalm., N.S., 28, pp. 711-741. 19425. Tularemia. In Tice’s Practice of Medicine, 3, pp. 663-678. Francis, E., and Callender, G. R. 1927. Tularemia: the micro- scopic changes of the lesions in man. Arch. Path. Lab. Med., 3, pp. 577-607. Freedlander, S. O., and Grossberg, M. H. 1927. Tularemia. Jl. Amer. Med. Assoc., 88, pp. 475-476. Friedman, R. 1940. Woodtick simulating pedunculated tumor. Arch, of Derm. Syphil., 41, pp. 887-888. Gahan, A. B. 1934. On the identities of chalcidoid tick para- sites. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 36, pp. 89-97. Gibbons, G. H., Lamoureux, E. L., and Arkless, H. A. 1941. Tularemia in Connecticut. Connecticut Med. Jl., 5, pp. 679-683. Gilbert, Ruth, and Coleman, Marion B. 1925. An atypical Weil- Felix reaction. Jl. Infect. His., 37, pp. 559-562. 1932. Incidence of tularemia in New York State. Amer. Jl. Publ. Health, 22, pp. 1249-1252. Goldberg, H. C. 1936. Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Report of a case. Jl. Med. Soc. New Jersey, 33, p. 478. Gouck, H. K., and Smith, C. N. 1944. DDT in the control of ticks on dogs. Jl. Econ. Entom., 37, p. 130. Grant, H. G., and McLean, A. L. 1935. The identification of tularemia in Nova Scotia. Canad. Publ. Health Jl., 26, pp. 460-461. Green, R. G. 1928. The problem of tularemia in game birds. American Game, 17, pp. 79-80. 1931. The occurrence of Bacterium tidarense in the eastern wood tick, Hermacentor variabilis. Amer. Jl. Hyg., 14, pp. 600-613. 1932. Disease in relation to game cycles. Trans. 18th Amer. Game Confer. (1931), pp. 109-117. 208 October, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 1943. Virulence of tularemia as related to animal and arthro- pod hosts. Amer. Jl. Hyg., 38, pp. 282-292. Green, R. G., Evans, C. A., and Larson, C. L. 1943. A ten-year population study of the rabbit tick, Haemaphysalis leporis- palustris. Amer. Jl. Hyg., 38, pp. 260-281. Green, R. G., and Wade, E. M. 1928a. Tularemia in the cat. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. Med., 25, pp. 856-857. 19285. Ruffed grouse are susceptible to tularemia. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. Med., 25, pp. 515-517. 1928c. Experimental tularemia in birds. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. Med., 25, p. 637. 1929. A natural infection of quail by Bacterium tularense. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. Med., 26, pp. 626-627. Green, R. G., Wade, E. M., and Dewey, E. T. 1929. Experi- mental tularemia in muskrats. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. Med., 26, pp. 426-427. Green, R. G., Wade, E. M., and Kelley, W. 1928. Experimental tularemia in ring-necked pheasant. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. Med., 26, pp. 260-263. Gregson, J. D. 1943. The enigma of tick paralysis. Proc. Ent. Soc. British Columbia, 40, pp. 19-23. Gross, A. O. 1930. Annual report of the New England ruffed grouse investigation. (Boston), 8 pp. Grundmann, A. W., Kitselman, C. M., Roderick, L. M., and Smith, R. C. 1943. Studies on the transmission of the western strain virus of equine encephalomyelitis by the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis Say, and by Triatoma sanguisuga (LeConte). Jl. Infect. Bis., 72, pp. 163-171. Gundry, L. P., and Warner, C. G. 1934. Fatal tulameria. Re- view of autopsied cases with report of a fatal case. Ann. Internal Med., 7, pp. 837-852. Hadley, P. H. 1909. Notes on the parasitism of Cytodictes nudus and Haemaphysalis chordeilis. Science ( N.S.} , 30, pp. 605-606. Hadwen, S. 1913. The life-history of Dermacentor variabilis. Parasitology, 5, pp. 234-237. Hagen, H. A. 1887. A living Ixodes said to have been four months in the ear of a man. Entomologica Americana, 3, pp. 124-125. Haizlip, J. O., and O’Neil, A. E. 1931. A case of meningitis due 209 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 4 to Bacterium tularense. Jl. Amer. Med. Assoc., 97, pp. 704-705. Halliday, C. H. 1936a. Tularemia. Maryland Conservationist , 13, No. 1, pp. 1-5. (Revised in 1938, Maryland Conser- vationist, 15, No. 1, pp. 8-11 and 27-29.) Also as reprint, 1938, 12 pp. 19365. Rocky Mountain spotted fever with special reference to the disease in Maryland. Maryland Conservationist, 13, No. 2, pp. 3-7. Also as a reprint, 1936, 12 pp. Hamman, L. 1933. I. A case of severe anemia with cardiac mani- festation. II. A case of obscure infection. South. Med. JL, 26, pp. 665-672. Hampton, B. C., and Eubank, H. G. 1938. Rocky Mountain spotted fever : geographical and seasonal prevalence, case fatality and preventive measures. U. S. Publ. Health Repts., 53, pp. 984-990. Harby, S. F. 1944. Tick-talk. Transmitted by wood ticks, Rocky Mountain spotted fever is a dangerous disease which is likely to prevail in spring and summer. Learn these rules — be careful. Hygeia, Chicago, 22, pp. 440-441. Hardy, C. 1869. Forest life in Acadie. (London), ix + 371 pp. Harwood, P. D. 1941. Controlling ticks on dogs. Jl. Amer. Veter. Med. Assoc., 99, pp. 43-45. Havens, W. P., Whitbeck, C. G., and Kramer, C. G. 1940. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in eastern Pennsylvania. Penn- sylvania Med. Jl., 44, pp. 176-179. Hays, W. J., and Packard, A. S. 1868 (December). The moose tick. American Naturalist, 2, p. 559. Headlee, T. J. 1938. Ticks occurring in New Jersey. Public Health News, Trenton, N. J., 22, pp. 290-293. 1940. The New Jersey tick problem. Circ. 395 New Jersey Agric. Expt. Sta., pp. 1-12. Henderson, H. H., and Walke, Katherine A. 1944. Rickettsial diseases in Virginia. Virginia Med. Monthly, 71, pp. 397- 415. Herman, C. M. 1938. Occurrence of larval and nymphal stages of the rabbit tick, Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris, on wild birds, from Cape Cod. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 33, pp. 133-134. Herrick, G. W. 1915. Some external parasites of poultry, with special reference to Mallophaga, with directions for their 210 October, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA control. Cornell TJniv. Acjric. Expt. Sta., Ithaca , N. Y., Bull. 359, pp. 233-268. Hertig, M., and Smiley, D. Jr. 1937. The problem of co trolling wood ticks on Martha’s Vineyard. (Falmouth, Mass.) ; reprint of 9 pp. from The Vineyard Gazette, Jan. 15, 1937. Hewitt, C. G. 1915. A contribution to a knowledge of Canadian ticks. Trans. Boy. Soc. Canada, Sect. IV, (3), 9, pp. 223- 239, 1 map, 3 Pis. Hicks, L. E. 1942. Rabbits and the prevention of tularemia in Ohio. Ohio Wildlife Research Station, Release 176, 13 pp. (mimeographed). Hodges, F. C. 1925. Three cases of tularemia, one resembling sporotrichosis. Amer. Jl. Med. Sci., "170, pp. 57-61. Holland, W. J. 1898. Concerning ticks. Canad. Entom., 30, pp. 96-97. [Records a supposed “Ixodes albipictus ,” off man, without locality; the identification appears erroneous]. Hooker, W. A. 1908. Life history, habits and methods of study of the Ixodoidea. Jl. Econ. Entom., 1, pp. 34-51. 1909. The geographical distribution of American ticks. Jl. Econ. Entom., 2, pp. 403-428. Hooker, W. A., Bishopp, F. C., and Wood, H. P. 1912. The life history and bionomics of some North American ticks. U. S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Cnt., Bull. No. 106 pp. 1-239, 15 Pis. Howell, D. A. 1941. The ecology of Dermacentor albipictus (Packard). Proc. 6th Pacific Sci. Congr., Berkeley, 1939, 4 (1940), pp. 439-458. Hudson, H. D. L. 1930. Preliminary report on a case of tulare- mia. Canad. Med. Assoc. Jl., 22, pp. 678-679. Hull, T, G. 1941. Diseases transmitted from animals to man. (Springfield, 111.), 2d Ed., xiii + 403 pp. (1st Ed., 1930). Hunter, W. D,, and Bishopp, F. C. 1911. Some of the more im- portant ticks of the United States. Year Book U. S. Dept. Agric for 1910, pp. 219-230, Pis. XV-XVI. Hunter, W. D., and Hooker, W. A. 1907. Information concern- ing the North American fever tick, with notes on other species. U. S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Ent. Bull. No. 72, pp. 1-87, 4 Pis. Jackson. 1943. Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Arch, of Pedi- atrics, 60, pp. 579-580. Jarvis, T. D. 1910. The Acarina, with a host index to the species 211 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 4 found in Ontario. 40th Ann. Bept. Ent. Soc. Ontario , for 1909, pp. 82-109, 5 Pis. Jellison, W. L., and Kohls, G. M. 1938. Tick-host anemia : a sec- ondary anemia induced by Dermacentor andersoni Stiles. Jl. of Parasitology, 24, pp. 143-154. Jellison, W. L., Kohls, G. M., Butler, W. }., and Weaver, J. A. 1942. Epizootic tularemia in the beaver, Castor canadensis,. and the contamination of stream water with Pasteurella tularensis. Amer. Jl. Hyg., 36, pp. 168-182. Jellison, W. L., and Parker, R. R. 1945. Rodents, rabbits and tularemia in North America : some zoological and epidemi- ological considerations. Amer. Jl. Trop. Medic., 25, pp. 349-362. Jellison, W. L., and Philip, C. B. 1933. Technique for routine and experimental feeding of certain ticks on guinea pigs and rabbits. TJ. S. Publ. Health Bepts., 48, pp. 1081— 1082, 2 Pis. Jenkins, R. B. 1942. Tularaemia in Canada. Proc. Sixth Pacific Sci. Congr. ( Berkeley and San Francisco, 1939), 5, pp. 75-77. Johns, E. P. 1933. Tularemia in Ontario. A report of five cases. Canad. Publ. Health Jl., 24, pp. 128-132. Johnson, H. N. 1944. Natural occurrence of tularemia in dogs used as source of canine distemper virus. Jl. Lab. Clin. Med., 29, pp. 906-915. Johnston, J. M. 1940. Ulceroglandular and pulmonary tulare- mia treated with sulfanilamide. Jl. Amer. Med. Assoc., 115, p. 1360. Jordan, C. F. 1938. Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tick sur- vey in Iowa. Amer. Jl. Publ. Health, 28, pp. 1411-1414. Joyce, C. R., and Eddy, G. W. 1943. Host and seasonal notes on the rabbit tick, Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris. Iowa State Coll. Jl. Sci., 17, pp. 205-212. Jungherr, E. 1942. Latent feline tularemia apparently respon- sible for human infection. Jl. of Bacteriology, 43, p. 643. Kalm, P. 1754. Berattelse om et slags yrfa i Norra America, skogs-loss kalladt. Kongl. Svensk. Acad. Handl., Stock- holm, 15, pp. 19-31. 1756. Nachricht von einer Art Insecten in Nordamerika, Waldlaus gennant (translated by Kastner). Abh. Kon. Schwed. Akad. Wiss., ( Hamburg and Leipzig ), 16, pp. 21-30. 212 October, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 1753-1761. En resa till Norra America. (Stockholm), 3 vols. : yoL 1, 1753, 484 pp. ; vol. 2, 1756, 526 pp.; vol. 3, 1761, 538 pp. (reference to Acari americani in vol. 3, p. 223). 1770-1771. Travels into North America (translated by J. R. Forster). (London), 3 vols.: vol. 1, 1770, 400 pp.; vol. 2, 1771, 352 pp. ; vol. 3, 1771, 310 pp. (reference to Acarus americanus in vol. 2, p. 303. There is also a German (Leipzig, 3 vols., 1754-1764) and a Dutch (Utrecht, 1772) translation. Karpoff, S. P., and Antonoff, N. I. 1936. The spread of tulare- mia through water as a new factor in its epidemiology. Jl. of Bacteriology, 32, pp. 243-258. Katz, J. S. 1941. A collection of Ohio ticks and their hosts. Jl. of Parasitology, 27, pp. 4^7-468. Kaufman, S. M. 1931. A case of tularemia contracted in the City of New York. New York St. Jl. Med., 31, pp. 1499-1504. Kilduffe, R. A., and Dandois, C. F. 1928. Tularemia : case report. Jl. Med. Soc. New Jersey, 25, 267-268. Kitzmiller, K. V. 1939. Tularemia: a pathologic study of the lesions in a case treated with specific antiserum, the patient dying suddenly from intercurrent coronary occlusion. Ann. Internal Med., 12, pp. 1375-1381. Koch, C. L. 1844. Systematische Uebersicht liber die Ordnung der Zecken. Arch. f. Naturgesch., 10, pt. 1, pp. 217-239. 1847. Uebersicht des Archnidensystems. (Nuremberg), vol. 4, 136 pp., 30 Pis. Kohls, G. M. 1937. Tick rearing methods with special reference to the Rocky Mountain wood tick, Dermacentor ander- soni Stiles. In “ Culture Methods for Invertebrate Ani- mals” (Ithaca, N. Y.), pp. 246-256. Koutz, F. R. 1940. Identification of ticks. Jl. Amer. Veter. Med. Assoc., 97, p. 327. 1944. Recent observations on parasites in small animals. Jl. Amer. Veter. Med. Assoc., 104, p. 29. Lamb, F. W. 1917. Conjunctivitis tularensis (squirrel-plague conjunctivitis), with report of a case. Ophthalm. Bee., 26, pp. 221-226, 1 PI. Larrousse, F., King, A. G., and Wolbach, S. B. 1928. The over- wintering in Massachusetts of Ixodiphagus caucurtei. Science, 67, pp. 351-353. 213 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 4 Larson, C. L., Shillinger, J. E., and Green, R. G. 1936. Trans- mission of rabbit papillomatosis by the rabbit tick, Haema- physalis leporis-palustris. Proc. Soc. Exper, Biol. Med.? 33, pp. 536-538. LeCompte, E. L. 1941. Tularemia. Maryland Conservationist, 18, No. 1, p. 12. Leidy, J. 1890. Remarks on ticks. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia, pp. 278-280. [On an unnamed tick common at Beach Haven, New Jersey; possibly Amblyomma ameri- canum.] Lillie, R. D., and Francis, E. 1937. The pathology of tularemia. U. S. Nat. Inst. Pull. Health, Bull. 167 (1936), ix + 217 pp., Pis. MacCreary, D. 1939. Distribution and host relationships of Dermacentor varialilis$ (Say), in Delaware. TJniv. Dela- ware Agric. Expt. Sta., Bull. 220, p. 28. 1940. Meadow mouse is the preferred host of the spotted fever tick in Delaware. TJniv. Delaware Agric. Expt. Sta., Bull. 227, pp. 29-30. 1945. Some ectoparasites, excluding Ixodoidea, of Delaware mammals. Jl. Econ. Entom., 38, pp. 126-127 [tick in footnote, p. 126]. McIntosh, A. 1931. (June). The brown dog tick. The North American Veterinarian, 12, pp. 37-41. Reprinted in August, 1933, op. cit., 14, pp. 31-35. 1932. Description of a tick, Dermacentor halli, from the Texas peccary, with a key to the North American species of Dermacentor. Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Mus., 82, Art. 4, pp. 1-6, 1 PI. Maclachlan, W. W. G., Fetter, W. J., and Cratty, A. R. 1926. Two cases of tularemia. Jl. Amer. Med. Assoc., 86, pp. 749-750. (Also in Pittsburgh Med. Bull., Feb. 6, 1926.) McLaughlin, E. A., and Grover, M. L. 1937. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Rhode Island. Rhode Island Med. Jl., 20, pp. 139-143. MacLulich, D. A. 1937. Fluctuations in the numbers of the vary- ing hare (Lepus americanus). TJniv. Toronto Studies, Biol. Ser., No. 43, pp. 1-136. McNabb, A. L. 1930. Tularemia: the first case reported in Canada. Canad. Pull. Health Jl., 21, pp. 91-92. Maillard, E. R. 1933. A case of tularemia in which no local lesion 214 October, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA developed at the site of injury. New York State Jl. Med., 33, p. 751. 1943. Branch Laboratory New York. Report of the Associate Diagnostic Pathologist in Charge. Ann. Kept. Div. Lai) or. Res., New York St. Dept. Health, pp. 72-76. Maillard, E. R., and Hazen, E. L. 1935. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in New York State outside of New York City. Amer. Jl. Pull. Health , 25, pp. 1015-1017. 1942. A further report on Rocky Mountain spotted fever in New York State. Jl. of Bacter., 43, p. 409. 1944. A second report on Rocky Mountain spotted fever in New York State exclusive of New York City. New York State Jl. Med., 44, pp. 73-75. Matheson, R. 1931. Note on the tick Ornithodorus talaje (Guer.- Men.). Parasitology, 23, p. 270. 1937. Need for research on parasitic mites. Jl. Peon. Entom., 30, pp. 69-71. Maver, Maria B. 1911. Transmission of spotted fever by other than Montana and Idaho ticks. Jl. Infect. Diseases , 8, pp. 322-326. Miller, A. E. 1925. An introductory study of the Acarina, or mites, of Ohio. Bull. Ohio Agric. Expt. Sta., No. 386, pp. 83-172, 4 Pis. Moore, F. D., Sawyer, C. S., and Blount, S. G., Jr. 1944. Tulare- mia in New England. A review of eighteen cases, with the report of two additional cases. New England Jl. Med., 231, pp. 169-173. Moss, R. E., and Evans, L. R. 1940. Tularemia. Report of a case contracted on Cape Cod. New England Jl. Med., 223, pp. 885-887. Murphy, J. A. 1928a. Tularemia in New York State. Jl. Amer. Med. Assoc., 90, pp. 2101-2102. 19285. Tularemia : case report. New York State Jl. Med., 28, pp. 645-646. Neitz, W. O. 1943. The eradication of the brown dog tick ( Rhi - picephalus sanguineus Ltr.) from a dog kennel. Jl. South African Yet. Med. Assoc., 14, pp. 90-93. Netherton, E. W. 1927. Tularemia with reference to its cuta- neous manifestations : report of a case. Arch, of Derm. Syph., 16, pp. 170-184. Neumann, L. G. 1896-1901. Revision de la famille des Ixodides. 215 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 4 Mem. Soc. Zool. France , 9, 1896, pp. 1-44; 10, 1897, pp. 324-420; 12, 1899, pp. 107-294; 14, 1901, pp. 249-372. 1911. Acarina. Ixodidae. Das Tierreich, Lief .v 26, xvi + 169 pp. Nuttall, G. H. F. 1914. Penetration of Ixodes beneath the skin. Parasitology, 7, pp. 258-259. 1916. Notes on ticks. IV. Parasitology, 8, pt. 3, pp. 294- 337. Nuttall, G. H. F., Warburton, C., Cooper, W. F., and Robinson, L. E. 1911-1915. Ticks : a monograph of the Ixodoidea. (Cambridge, England) Pt. 2, 1911, Ixodes, pp. i-xix, and 105-348, Pis. IV-VII ; Pt. 3, 1915, Haemaphysalis, pp. i- xiii and 349-550, Pis. VIII-XIII. Ong, H. A., and Raffetto, J. F. 1940. Rocky Mountain spotted fever. An analysis of eighteen cases in children. Jl. of Pediatrics, 17, pp. 647-653. Oosting, M. 1939. Oculoglandular tularemia contracted from the tree squirrel. Ohio State Med. Jl., 35, pp. 730-732. Oudemans, A. C. 1926. Kritisch historisch overzicht der Acar- ologie. I. 850 v. Chr. — 1758. Tijdschr. v. Entom., 69, Suppl., viii + 500 pp. 1929. Kritisch historisch overzicht der Acarologie. II. 1759- 1804. Tijdschr. v. Entom., 72, Suppl., xvii + 1097 pp. 1936. Kritisch historisch overzicht der Acarologie. III. 1805-1850. (Leiden), vol. B., pp. i-xi and 431-797. Packard, A. S. 1869. (between January 1st and July 26). A list of hymenopterous and lepidopterons insects collected by the Smithsonian Expedition to South America under Prof. James Orton. 1st Ann. Bept. Peabody Ac. Sci., Salem, pp. 56-69 [dated on the cover, January, 1869] . 1869 (September). A chapter on mites. American Naturalist, 3, pp. 364-373, PL VI. 1868-1869. A guide to the study of insects. (Salem), 702 pp. (pt. 10, containing the account of ticks, was published between October 1 and December 21, 1869 ; dated on the cover October 1869). Parker, R. R. 1922. Transmission of Rocky Mountain spotted fever by the rabbit tick, Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris Packard. Amer. Jl. Prop. Med., 3, pp. 39-45. 1934. Recent studies of tick-borne diseases made at the United States Public Health Service Laboratory at Hamilton, 216 October, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Montana. Fifth Pacific Sci. Congr., Canada (1933), 5, pp. 3367-3374. 1938. Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Jl. Amer. Med. Assoc., 110, pp. 1185-1188 and 1273-1278. Parker, R. R., Brooks, C. S., and Marsh, H. 1929. The occur- rence of Bacterium tularense in the wood tick, Dermacen- tor occidentalis, in California. U. S. Publ. Health Repts., 44, pp. 1299-1300. Parker, R. R., Kohls, G. M., Cox, G. W., and Davis, G. E. 1939. Observations on an infectious agent from Amblyomma maculatum. U. S. Publ. Health Repts., 54, pp. 1482-1484. Parker, R. R., Kohls, G. M., and Steinhaus, E. A. 1943. Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Spontaneous infection in the tick Amblyomma americanum. U. S. Publ. Health Repts., 58, pp. 721-729. Parker, R. R., Philip, C. B., and Davis, G. E. 1932. Tularaemia : occurrence in the sage hen, Centrocercus urophasianus ; also report of additional cases following contacts with quail, Colinus virginianus. TJ. S. Publ. Health Repts., 47, pp. 479-487. Parker, R. R., Philip, C. B., Davis, G. E., and Cooley, R. A. 1937. Ticks of the United States in relation to disease in man. Jl. Econ. Entom., 30, pp. 51-69. Parker, R. R., Philip, C. B., and Jellison, W. L. 1933. Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Potentialities of tick transmis- sion in relation to geographical occurrence in the United States. Amer. Jl. Trop. Medic., 13, pp. 341-379, PL I. Parker, R. R., and Spencer, R. R. 1925. Tularemia and its occur- rence in Montana. Sixth Bienn. Rept. Montana St. Bd. Entom., pp. 30-41. Parker, R. R., Steinhaus, E. A., and Kohls, G. M. 1943. Tulare- mia in beavers and muskrats and the contamination of natural waters and mud by Pasteurella tularensis in the northwestern United States. Jl. of Bacter., 45, pp. 56-57. Pearson, J. S. 1940. Rocky Mountain spotted fever. (A report of two fatal cases.) West Virginia Med. Jl., 36, pp. 26-28. Perkins, G. H. 1880. On the more important parasites of the higher animals. Sixth Ann. Rept. Vermont Bd. Agric., pp. 55-94. Permar, H. H., and Maclachlan, W. W. G. 1931. Tularemic pneumonia. Ann. Internal Med., 5, pp. 687-698. 217 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 4 Permar, H. H., and Weil, G. C. 1926. The histopathology of the subcutaneous lesions in tularemia in man. Amer. Jl. Path., 2, pp. 263-273, Pis. LI-LIV. Peters, H. S. 1933. External parasites collected from banded birds. Bird-Banding , 4, pp. 68-75. 1936. A list of external parasites from birds of the eastern part of the United States. Bird-Banding , 7, pp. 9-27. Philip, C. B. 1939. Ticks as vectors of animal diseases. Canad. Entom., 71, pp. 55-65. Philip, C. B., and Jellison, W. L. 1934. The American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, as a host of Bacterium tularense. U. S. Publ. Health Repts., 49, pp. 386-392. Pilcher, L. S. 1938. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Massachu- setts. New England Jl. Med., 219, pp. 378-382. Pincoffs, M. C., and Shaw, C. C. 1933. The eastern type of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Report of a case with demonstration of rickettsiae. Med. Clin. North America, 16, No. 5, pp. 1097-1114. Pinkerton, C. C., and Markwith, R. H. 1927. Tularemia. Ann. of Burg., 86, pp. 922-927. Plessis, C. du 1932. Blow-lamp control of poultry pests. Farm- ing in South Africa (January, 1932) (reprint, 3 pp.). Plumb, G. H. 1944. Lethane 384 Special for control of the brown dog tick. Jl. Econ. Entom., 37, pp. 292-293. Pokorny, J. 1928. Tularemia: report of a case. Bull. School Med., TJniv. Maryland, 12, pp. 184-194. Pons, C. A., De Pons, S. C., and Sweet, W. A. 1938. Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Jl. Med. Soc. New J ersey, 35, pp. 666-670. Preston, B. S. 1931a. Tularemia: report of fatal case. West Virginia Med. Jl., 27, pp. 28-29. 19315. Tularemia with double primary lesion. West Vir- ginia Med. Jl., 27, p. 467. Preston, D. G. 1934. Rocky Mountain spotted fever, eastern type. (Three cases occurring in same family on the Wes- tern Decline of the Alleghenies.) West Virginia Med. Jl., 30, pp. 119-122. Quortrup, E. R., and Sudheimer, R. L. 1944. Some wildlife cases of particular interest. Jl. Amer. Veter. Med. Assoc., 104, p. 29. Randall, A. G. 1931. Tularemia (case reports of). Rhode Is- land Med. Jl., 12, pp. 122-123. 218 October, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Ransmeier, J. C., and Ewing, C. L. 1941. The agglutination re- action in tularemia. Jl. Infect. Dis., 69, pp. 193-205. Ransmeier, J. C., and Schaub, I. G. 1941. Direct cultivation of Bacterium tularense from human blood drawn during life and at autopsy. Arch. Internal Med., 68, pp. 747-762. Rees, C. W. 1930. The experimental transmission of anaplas- mosis by Bhipicephalus sanguineus. The North American Veterinarian, 11, pp. 17-20. 1932a. The experimental transmission of anaplasmosis by Dermacentor variabilis. Science, 75, pp. 318-320. 19325. (Transmission of anaplasmosis by ticks.) Jl. of Para- sitology, 19, pp. 85-87. 1934. Transmission of anaplasmosis by various species of ticks. U. S. Dept. Agric., Techn. Bull. 418, pp. 1-17. Riley, R. H. 1930. Report of the Bureau of Communicable Dis- eases. Ann. Bept. St. Bd. Health Maryland for 1928, pp. 69-125 (tularemia, pp. 82-84). Riley, W. A. 1944. The occurrence of Amblyomma americanum in Minnesota and in Ohio. Jl. of Parasitology, 30, pp. 200- 201. Robinson, L. E. 1926. Ticks; a monograph of the Ixodoidea. (Cambridge, England), Pt. 4, Amblyomma, xii + 302 pp., 7 Pis. Roller, R. D. Jr. 1931. Tularemia. West Virginia Med. Jl., 27, pp. 112-115. Rosenbloom, M. S. 1935. Tularemia : two cases. Bull. Mahoning Go. {Ohio) Med. Soc., 5, pp. 197-200. Rubenstein, A. D., and Rowley, H. F. 1943. Endemic Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Massachusetts. New England Jl. Med., 229, pp. 455-461. Rumreich, A., Dyer, R. E., and Badger, L. F. 1931. The typhus- Rocky Mountain fever group. An epidemiological and clinical study in the eastern and southeastern states. U. S. Publ. Health Bepts., 46, pp. 470-480. Salmon, D. E., and Stiles, C. W. 1902. The cattle ticks (Ixo- doidea) of the United States. 17th Ann. Bept. Bur. Anim. Industry U. S. Dept. Agric. for 1900 (1901), pp. 380-491, Pis. LXXIY-XCVIII. Sanford, L. L. 1941. Woodticks and disease. Hyqeia, Chicago, 19, pp. 375-421. Sattler, R. 1915. Acute {Bacillus tidarense) conjunctivitis. 219 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 4 Arch, of Ophth., 44, pp. 265-269. [Case observed in Cin- cinnati, contracted in Indiana.] Say, T. 1821. An account of the Arachnides of the United States. Jl. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2, pp. 59-82, Pl. V. Schlotthauer, C. F., Olson, C. Jr., and Thompson, L. 1934. Tul- aremia in a wild grey fox. Report of a case. Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Clinic, 9, pp. 12-14. (Discussion by D. C. Beaver, pp. 14-16.) Schlotthauer, C. F., Thompson, L., and Olson, C. Jr. 1935. Tul- aremia in wild gray foxes : report of an epizootic. Jl. In- fect. Dis., 56, pp. 28-30. Schulze, P. 1921. Ueber das Vorkommen von Zecken unter der Haut von Saugetieren. Berlin. Tierdrtztl. Wochenschr., 37, pp. 378-379. 1933. Neue und wenig bekannte Ixodes- Arten. Zeitschr. f. Parasitenk., 6, pt. 3, pp. 432-437. 1938. Ueber die “bipolare” Zecke Ceratixodes uriae (White) = putus (Pick.-Cambr.) . Zoolog. Anzeiger, 123, pp. 12-17. 1939. Ueber schwedische, rumanische und nordamerikanische Formen von Ixodes ricinus (L.) und liber Haemaphy satis punctata Can. et Fanz. f. autumnalis P. Schulze. Arkiv f. Zoologi, 31A, No. 18, pp. 1-8. Severaid, J. H. 1942. The snowshoe hare. Its life history and artificial propagation. ( Maine Dept. Inland Fisheries Game), 95 pp. 9 Pis. Shipley, P. G. 1932. Tick-bite fever in children. Johns Hopkins Hospital Bidl., Baltimore, 51, pp. 83-101. Silver, J. 1930. Mouse control in field and orchard. U. S. Dept. Agric., Farmers’ Bidl. No. 1397, 14 pp. Simpson, W. M. 1928m Tularemia: experiences with fifty-three cases occurring in Dayton, Ohio. Proc. Staff Meet. Mayo Clinic, 3, pp. 213-216. 19285. Tularemia (Francis’ Disease). U. S. Naval Med. Bull., 26, pp. 825-833, 5 Pis. 1928c. Tularemia (Francis’ disease) : report of four addi- tional cases. Ohio State Med. Jl., 24, pp. 860-862. 1928d. Tularemia (Francis’ disease), A clinical and patho- logical study of forty-eight cases and one rapidly fatal case, with autopsy, occurring in Dayton, Ohio. Ann. In- ternal Med., 1, pp. 1007-1059. 1928c. Tularemia: study of rapidly fatal case (four days, seven hours) . Arch, of Path., 6, pp. 553-574, 2 Pis. 220 October, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 1928/. Tularaemia (Francis’ disease). Critique Section , In- tern. Surgical Digest, 6, pp. 131-136. 1929a. Tularemia (Francis’ disease) : a clinical and patho- logical study of sixty-one human cases occurring in Day- ton, Ohio. Long Island Med. Jl., 23, pp. 526-534. 19295. Tularemia. History, pathology, diagnosis and treat- ment. (New York), xx + 162 pp., 2 Pis. 1930. Recent developments in tularemia (Francis’ disease). Jl. Lab. Clin. Med., 15, pp. 311-321. 1931. Tularemia : a summary of recent investigations and a consideration of the Dayton experience with eighty-eight cases. Illinois Med. Jl., 60, pp. 207-215. 1933. Tularemia : a summary of recent researches with a con- sideration of 103 Dayton cases. Ohio State Med. Jl., 29, pp. 35-41. Smith, C. N. 1940. The male, nymph and larva of Ixodes denta- tus Marx. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 42, pp. 18-19, PI. IV. 1942. Gynandromorphism in Ixodes dentatus. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 44, pp. 52-53. 1945. Biology of Ixodes dentatus Neumann. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 38, pp. 223-233. Smith, C. N., and Cole, M. M. 1941. Effect of length of day on the activity and hibernation of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say). Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 34, pp. 426-431. Smith, C. N., and Gouck, H. K. 1944a. Sprays for the control of ticks about houses or camps. Jl. Econ. Entom., 37, pp. 85-87. 19445. Effectiveness of DDT in the control of ticks on vegeta- tion. Jl. Econ. Entom., 37, pp. 128-130. 1945. DDT to control ticks on vegetation. Jl. Econ. Entom., 38, pp. 553-555. Smith, R. H., and Cheatum, E. L. 1944. Role of ticks in decline of an insular cottontail population. Jl. Wildlife Manag., 8, pp. 311-317. Stegeman, L. C. 1939. Some parasites and pathological condi- tions of the skunk (Mephitis mephitis nigra) in Central New York. Jl. of Mammalogy, 20, pp. 493-496. Stiles, C. W. 1910. The taxonomic value of the microscopic structure of the stigmal plates in the tick genus Derma- 221 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 4 centor. U. S. Treasury Dept., Hygienic Labor., Bull. No. 62, pp. 1-72, 43 Pis. Stone, P. C. 1941. The brown dog tick, Bhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille), in the role of a household pest in the northern United States. Proc. Missouri Ac. Sci., 6, pp. 75-77. Strong, L. A. 1936. Report of the chief of the Bureau of Ento- mology and Plant Quarantine, 1936. (Washington, D. C.), 121 pp. Syverton, J. T., and Berry, G. P. 1936. An arthropod vector for equine encephalomyelitis, western strain. Science, 84, pp. 186-187. 1937. The tick as a vector for the virus disease, equine enceph- alomyelitis. Jl. of Bader., 33, p. 60. 1941. Hereditary transmission of the western type of equine encephalomyelitis virus in the wood tick, Dermacentor venustus Stiles. Jl. Expt. Med., 73, pp. 507-530, 2 Pis. Terry, L. L., and Reichle, H. S. 1940. Ulceroglandular tulare- mia : report of three fatal cases with autopsies. Arch, of Pathology, 29, pp. 473-483. Thomas, L. J., and Cahn, A. R. 1932. A new disease in moose. I. Preliminary report. Jl. of Parasitology, 18, pp. 219- 231, 2 Pis. Thomas, Ruth H. 1941. Ticks affecting birds’ eyesight. The Auk, 58, pp. 590-591. Topping, N. H. 1941. Rocky Mountain spotted fever. A note on some aspects of its epidemiology. U. S. Publ. Health Bepts., 56, pp. 1699-1703. Trager, W. 1939a. Intracellular microorganism-like bodies in the tick Dermacentor variabilis Say. Jl. of Parasitology, 25, pp. 233-238, 1 PI. 19395. Acquired immunity to ticks. Jl. of Parasitology, 25, pp. 57-81, 3 Pis. 1939c. Further observations on acquired immunity to the tick Dermacentor variabilis Say. Jl. of Parasitology, 25, pp. 137-139. Vail, D. T. Sr. 1914. A case of “squirrel plague” conjunctivitis in man. Ophthalm. Bee., 23, pp. 487-497. Vail, D. T. Jr. 1926. A case of B. tularense (squirrel plague) conjunctivitis. Arch, of Ophthalm., 55, pp. 235-244, PI. XIV. 1929. Oculo-glandular form of tularemia. Arch, of Oph- thalm., (N.S.), 2, pp. 416-430, 1 PI. 222 October, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 1930. Oculo-glandular form of tularemia. Illinois Med. Jl., 57 , pp. 244-251. Verb ry eke, J. R. Jr. 1924. Tularemia, with report of a fatal case simulating cholangeitis, with postmortem report. Jl. Amer. Med. Assoc., 82, pp. 1577-1581. Wallace, G. I., Cahn, A. R., and Thomas, L. J. 1938. Klebsiella paralytica, a new pathogenic bacterium from “ moose dis- ease”. Jl. Infect. Dis., 53, pp. 386-414. [Reprint, with additions, 1938, 29 pp.] Warring, F. C. Jr., and Cullen, V. F. 1936. Tularemia with pleural effusion: case in which Bacterium tularense was isolated from pleural fluid during life. Jl. Amer. Med. Assoc., 107, pp. 1365-1367. Watts, H. F. R. 1930. A case of tularemia. New England Jl. Med., 202, pp. 329-330. Webster, F. M. 1893. Ticks on chickens. Ohio Farmer, Cleve- land, 84, p. 149. Weinman, D. 1944. Human Toxoplasma. Puerto Pico Jl. Publ. Health Trop. Med., 20, pp. 125-193. Weinzirl, A., and Haliiday, C. H. 1937. Insect-borne tularemia in Maryland. Trans. South. Branch, Amer. Publ. Health Assoc. (1936), pp. 29-32. Weiss, H. B. 1915. Preliminary list of the New Jersey Acarina. Ent. News, 26, pp. 149-152. Welch, N. A., and Jakmauh, P. J. 1939. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: a case report. New England Jl. Med., 221, pp. 937-939. Wherry, W. B. 1914. A new bacterial disease of rodents trans- missible to man. U. S. Publ. Health Repts., 29, pp. 3387- 3390. Wherry, W. B., and Lamb, B. H. 1914a. Infection of man with Bacterium tularense. Jl. Infect. Dis., 15, pp. 331-340, PI. III. 19145. Discovery of Bacterium tularense in wild rabbits and the danger of its transfer to man. Jl. Amer. Med. Assoc., 63, p. 2041. Whitehurst, M. M. 1940. Tularemia (Rabbit fever) . Maryland Conservationist, 17, No. 1, pp. 20-22. Wickliff, E. L. 1933. Game research in Ohio. Trans. 19th Amer. Game Confer. (1932), pp. 351-361. Wiener, K. 1939. Wood tick simulating pedunculated tumor. Jl. Amer. Med. Assoc., 113, p. 1564. 223 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 4 Wilson, D. J. 1940. Wood ticks. An easy method for removal from skin. Arch, of Derm. Syphil., 42, p. 937. Wilson, L. W. 1943. Some mammalian ectoparasites from West Virginia. Jl. of Mammology, 24, p. 103. Winer, L. H., and Strakosch, E. A. 1941. Tick bites. Derma- centor variabilis Say. Jl. Investigative Derm., 4, pp. 249- 258. Withington, P. R. 1929. Report of a case of tularemia. New England Jl. Med., 201, pp. 634-635. Worden, S. 1945. Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Delaware State Med. Jl., 17, pp. 6-9. Worth, C. B. 1942. Ticks affecting birds’ eyesight. The Auk, 59, pp. 576-577. Zebrowski, G. 1926. A preliminary report on the morphology of the American dog tick. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 51, pp. 331-369, Pis. XII-XIV. Zeiter, W. J. 1939. Tularemia treated with artificial fever ther- apy. Report of a case. Cleveland Clin. Quart., 6, pp. 295-297. 224 INDEX Valid genera and species in Roman; synonyms in Italics; 0 indicates animals, not arthropods ; * plants ; main page reference in bold face. 0aalge, Uria, 123, 141. Acarus, 130, 144, 145, 146, 152, 166, 171, 172, 180, 181. 182, 183, 186, 187. 0Actitis, 123, 196. Aedes, 91, 101. aegypti, Aedes, 91. 0aedon, Troglodytes, 124, 148. 0aeneus, Quiscalus quiscula, 125, 197. affinis, Ixodes, 146. 0Agelaius, 124, 197. fialbicollis , Fringilla, 142. 0Zonotrichia, 125, 142, 195, 196, 197. albipictus, Dermacentor, 102, 104, 105, 121, 122, 127, 128, 163, 174, 175, 177, 178. Ixodes, 165, 175, 177, 178, 179. albipictus nigrolineatus, Der- macentor, 173. albipunctata, Ixodes, 189. 0Alca, 123, 141. 0Alces, 128, 178. 0aloga, Blarina brevicauda, 125, 147, 148. Amblyomma, 75, 78, 79, 82, 112, 113, 114, 115, 118, 121, 122, 123, 126, 133, 134, 172, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190. 0americana, Alces, 128, 178. Argas, 131. americannm, Amblyomma, 78, 121, 122, 123, 126, 180, 181, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189. americanus, Acarus, 166, 181, 186, 187. Dermacentor, 166. Ixodes, 181. 0Lepus, 106, 107, 127, 158, 196, 197. 0americanus virginianus, Lepus, 196, 197. 0Anas, 111. andersoni, Dermacentor, 80, 81, 90. angustus, Ixodes, 121, 122, 125, 127, 136, 137, 139, 140, 147. annulatus, Boophilus, 113, 134, 186. fiaonalaschkae pallasi, Turdus, 142. 0arctica, Fratercula, 123, 141. 0Arctomys, 151. Argas, 102, 103, 112, 113, 123, 129, 130, 131. 0ater, Molothrns, 125, 197. auratus, Acarus, 130. auritnlus, Ixodes, 121, 127, 137, 139, 140, 143. 0aurocapillus, Seiurus, 124, 196. 0Babesia, 163. bifurcatus, Dermacentor, 166. Ixodes, 166. 0Blarina, 125, 147, 148. 0Bonasa, 109, 111, 123, 192, 193, 195, 196, 197. 0bonasae, Lencocytozoon, 111. 79, 82, 112, 113, 114, 115, 118, 225 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 4 Boophilus, 113, 133, 134, 186. borealis, Ixodes, 140. 0Odocoileus virginianus, 127, 174. 0Urocyon cinereoargentens, 126, 153, 154, 155, 167. 0Bos, 128. bovis, Ixodes, 131, 165. 0brachidactyla, Geothlypis tri- chas, 124, 195. 0brachyrhynchos, Corvus, 124, 197! 0brevicauda aloga, Blarina, 125, 147, 148. brevipes, Argas, 130. brunneus, Ixodes, 75, 112, 122, 123, 124, 125, 137, 142, 143. Ixodes frontalis, 142. 0brunnichi, Uria, 141. 0caballus, Equus, 128. cajennense, Amblyomma, 186, 187. cajennensis, Acarus, 180. calcitrans, Stomoxys, 91. 0californianus, Geococcyx, 198. 0californicus, Lepus, 106. 0Canachites, 109, 123, 192, 196. 0canadensis, Canachites, 109, 123, 192, 196. 0Cervus, 127, 178. 0Corvus, 178. 0Perisoreus, 124, 195. 0Canis, 126. 0canis, Babesia, 163. 0capistratus, Sciurus, 182. fiCariacus, 176. 0carolinense, Nettion, 111. 0carolinensis, Clethriomys gap- peri, 147. 0Dumetella, 124, 142, 196, 197. 0Sciurus, 126, 159, 166. 0carolinensis leucotis, Scinrus, 126, 159, 166. 0catus, Felis, 126. caucurtei, Ixodiphagus, 117. 0Centrocercus, 111. Cephenomyia, 91. Ceratixodes, 140, 141. Ceratophyllus, 90. 0Cervus, 127, 173, 178. 0Chordeiles, 123, 191, 192. chordeilis, Haemaphysalis, 89, 102, 104, lio/lll, 113, 121, 122, 123, 190, 191, 192, 193. Ixodes, 191, 194. Chrysops, 91. 0cicognanii, Mnstela, 126, 153, 166. Cimex, 91. cincta, Ixodes, 165, 172, 178. 0einereoargenteus, Urocyon, 126, 153, 154, 155, 167. 0cinereoargenteus borealis, Uro- cyon, 126, 153, 154, 155, 167. cinereus, Aedes, 91. cinnabarina, Haemaphysalis, 89, 109, 192, 193, 194. 0citrina, Wilsonia, 124, 197. 0Clethrionomys, 127, 147. 0Colinus, 111, 123, 149, 183, 196, 197. . columbarum, Acarus, 130. cookei, Ixodes, 78, 102, 104, 105, 112, 117, 121, 122, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 135, 138, 139, 140, 151, 155, 156, 199. 0cooperi, Synaptomys, 127, 147. 0Corvus, 124, 178, 197. 0cristata, Cyanocitta, 124, 196. C rot onus, 176. cruciarius, Ixodes, 151, 154, 156. Culex, 101. 226 October, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 0cuniculus, Oryctolagus, 103. 0Cyanocitta, 124, 196. 0Dendroica, 124, 195. dentatus, Ixodes, 76, 78, 107, 108, 113, 117, 122, 123, 124, 127, 136, 138, 139, 140, 148, 150. Dermacentor, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 99, 101, 102, 104, 105, 108, 109, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 121, 122, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 133, 134, 145, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 187, 189. ^Dermacentroxenus, 80. 0Didelphis, 125, 154, 155. discalis, Clirysops, 91. dissimile, Amblyomma, 75. diversifossus, Ixodes, 76, 149. 0dorsatum, Erethizon, 127, 152, 153, 154. 0Dumetella, 124, 142, 196, 197. eleetus, Dermacentor, 165, 171. 0enixus, Microtus, 127, 148. 0Eptesicus, 126, 132. 0Equus, 128. 0Erethizon, 127, 152, 153, 154. erratieus, Dermacentor, 75, 102, 104, 105, 121, 122, 127, 128, 163, 164, 172, 173, 174. Ixodes, 173, 174. erratieus albipictus, Dermacen- tor, 121, 122, 127, 128, 163, 174, 175, 177, 178. 0erythrophthalmus, Pipilo, 125, 196, 197. eudyptidis, Ixodes, 141. 0Evotomys, 127. 0familiaris, Canis, 126. 0faxoni, Hylocichla guttata, 124, 142, 196, 197. 0Felis, 126. fimbriatus, Ixodes, 140. 0flaviventer, Marmota, 100. 0floridanus, Sylvilagus, 106, 107, 127, 149, 197. 0floridanus mearnsi, Sylvilagus, 127, 149, 197. for eli, Amblyomma, 182, 183. 0formosus, Oporornis, 124, 197. 0Fratercula, 123, 141. 0Fringilla, 142. frontalis, Ixodes, 142. frontalis brunneus, Ixodes, 142. 0Fulmarus, 141. 0fulva, Vulpes, 126, 153, 154, 155. 0fuscescens, Hylocichla, 124, 196. fuscous, Ixodes, 144, 146, 147. 0fuscus, Eptesicus, 126, 132. Ixodes, 144. 0fusus, Peromyscus leucopus, 127, 144, 145, 148. 0gallopavo, Meleagris, 123. 0Gallus, 123. 0gallus, Gallus, 123. 0gapperi, Clethriomys, 147. 0Geococcyx, 198. 0georgiana, Melospiza, 125, 195, 196. 0Geothlypis, 124, 195. 0Glaucomys, 127, 159. 0glaucus tridactylus, Larus, 141. Gonixodes, 199. 0gramineus, Pooecetes, 125, 196. 0guttata faxoni, Hylocichla, 124, ~ 142, 196, 197. 227 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 4 Haemaphysalis, 75, 76, 81, 89, 102, 104, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 117, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 133, 134, 150, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 198, 199. Haemodipsus, 90. hexagonus, Ixodes, 151, 152, 155, 158. hexagonus cookei, Ixodes, 151. hexagonus inchoatus, Ixodes, 158. hexagonus longispinosus, Ixodes, 152. hirsutus, Ixodes, 140. hookeri, Hunterellus, 117. dhudsonicus loquax, Tamiasciu- rus, 126, 158, 159, 166. dhudsonius, Zapus, 127, 148. Hunterellus, 117. Hyalomma, 140. dhyemalis, Junco, 125, 195, 197. dHylocichla, 124, 142, 196, 197. iguanae, Ixodes, 172. diliaca, Passerella, 125, 142, 196. inchoatus, Ixodes hexagonus, 158. dinsignis, Napaeozapus, 127, 148. Ixodes, 75, 76, 78, 102, 104, 105, 107, 108, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 164, 165, 166, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 181, 182, 183, 188, 191, 194, 199. Ixodiphagus, 117, 150, 198. dJunco, 125, 195, 197. katmai, Simulium, 91. kelleyi, Ornithodoros, 75, 122, 126, 131, 132. kelloggi, Ixodes, 143. kingi, Ixodes, 160. ^Klebsiella, 105, 178. laeviusculus, Neohaematopinus* 91. dLarus, 141. lectularius, Cimex, 91. leporis, Haemaphysalis, 195. leporis-palustris, Haemaphysa- lis, 75, 76, 81, 89, 102, 104, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 117, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 150, 191, 193, 194, 195, 198, 199. Ixodes, 194, 199. leporis-palustris proxima, Hae- maphysalis, 199. dLepus, 106, 107, 127, 158, 196, 197. dLeucocytozoon, 111. dleucophrys, Zonotrichia, 125, 196. dleucopus, Peromyscus, 127, 144, 145, 148. dleucopus fusus, Peromyscus, 127, 144, 145, 148. dleucotis, Sciurus carolinensis, 126, 159, 166. dlincolni, Melospiza, 125, 196. lineatus, Acarus, 171, 172. Lipoptena, 91. dlomvia, Uria, 141. longispinosus, Ixodes hexa- gonus, 158. dloquax, Tamiasciurus hudsoni- cus, 126, 158, 159, 166. 228 October, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 0lotor, Procyon, 126. 0lucifugus, Myotis, 126, 132. 0lysteri, Tamias striatus, 126, ' 166. 0macularia, Actitis, 123, 196. maculatum, Amblyomma, 82, 122, 180, 181, 189, 190. 0magna, Sturnella, 124, 190, 193, 197. 0Marmota, 100, 126, 151, 153, 154, 155, 166. marxi, Ixodes, 121, 122, 123, 126, 127, 135, 138, 139, 158, 159. 0mearnsi, Sylvilagus floridanus, 127, 149, 197. megnini, Ornithodoros, 122, 131, 132. 0Meleagris, 123. 0melodia, Melospiza, 125, 142, 148, 195, 196, 197. 0Melospiza, 125, 142, 148, 195, 196, 197. 0Mephitis, 126, 152, 153, 154, 155. 0mephitis, Mephitis, 152, 153, 154, 155. 0mephitis nigra, Mephitis, 152, 153, 154, 155. 0Microtus, 109, 127, 143, 144, 147, 148, 149, 155, 167, 170. 0migratorius, Tnrdns, 124, 142, 195, 196, 197. miniatus, Argas, 131. 0mink, Mnstela vison, 126, 151, 152, 153, 154, 157, 160. minor, Chordeiles, 123, 191. 0Molothrus, 125, 197. fimonax, Arctomys, 151. 0Marmota, 100, 126, 151, 153, 154, 155, 166. 0monax preblorum, Marmota, 126, 151, 153, 166. 0monax rufescens, Marmota, 126, 152, 153, 154. montanus, Ceratophyllus, 90. muris, Ixodes, 121, 122, 124, 125, 127, 136, 138, 140, 147, 148. 0Mus, 127, 168. 0mnsculns, Mns, 127, 168. 0Mustela, 126, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 160, 166. 0Myotis, 126, 132. 0Napaeozapus, 127, 148. Neohaematopinns, 91. 0Neotoma, 147. 0Nettion, 111. 0nigra, Mephitis, 126. 0nigra, Mephitis mephitis, 152, 153, 154, 155. nigrolineatus, Dermacentor, 173, 174. Ixodes, 173, 174. nigua, Acarus, 182, 183, 187. noctifer, Chrysops, 91. 0norvegicus, Rattus, 127, 168. 0norvegicus, Rattus rattus, 148. 0noveboracensis, Mustela, 126, 153, 154, 155. 0Seiurus, 124, 196. 0Nyctea, 123, 152. 0nyctea, Nyctea, 123, 152. oblongoguttatum, Amblyomma, 172, 187. occidentalis, Dermacentor, 90. 0Neotoma, 147. 0Odocoileus, 127, 144, 174, 176. 0olivacens, Yireo, 124, 195. 0Ondatra, 127, 148, 149, 166. ENTOMOLOGXCA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 4 0Oporornis, 124, 197. orbiculatus, Ixodes , 182, 188. oregonensis, Ixodes, 176. Ornithodoros, 75, 122, 126, 129, 131, 132. 0Oryctolagus, 103. Otobius, 131. pacificus, Ixodes, 146. fipallasi, Turdus aonalaschkae, 142. 0palustris, Sylvilagus, 194. # parasitic a, Klebsiella, 105, 178. parumapertus, Dermacentor, 117. 0Passercula, 125, 196. 0Passerella, 125, 142, 196. 0passerina, Spizella, 125, 142, 196, 197. *Pasteurella, 88, 89, 90, 93, 95, 96, 100, 103, 105, 106, 110. 0Pedioecetes, 111. 0pennsylvanicus, Microtus, 109, 127, 144, 147, 148, 149, 155, 167, 170. 0Perdix, 112. 0perdix, Perdix, 112. 0Perisoreus, 124, 195. 0Peromyscus, 115, 127, 144, 145, 148, 167. persicum, Rhynchopr ion, 130. . persicus, Argas, 102, 103, 112, 113, 123, 129, 130, 131. 0phasianellus, Pedioecetes, 111. 0phoeniceus, Agelaius, 124, 197. 0pinetornm, Pitymys, 127, 167. 0pinetorum scalopsoides, „ Pitymys, 127, 167. 0Pipilo, 125, 196, 197. 0Pitymys, 127, 167. 0platyrhynchos, Anas, 111. Polyplax, 91. 0Pooecetes, 125, 196. fipopetue, Chordeiles, 191, 192. pratti, Ixodes, 160. 0preblorum, Marmota monax, 126, 151, 153, 166. 0Procellaria, 140. procellariae, Ixodes putus, 140. 0Procyon, 126. proxima, Haemaphysalis, 199. proxima, Haemaphysalis le- poris-palnstris, 199. punctata, Haemaphysalis, 192, 194. punctulatus, Ixodes, 171, 164, 165. 0pusilla, Spizella, 125, 197. puta, Hyalomma, 140. 0Putorius, 151, 157. putus, Ceratixodes, 140. Ixodes, 140, 141. putus procellariae, Ixodes, 140. bPygosceles, 140. 5-striatus, Ixodes, 165, 172. 0Quiscalus, 124, 125, 197. 0quiscula, Quiscalus, 124, 125, 197. 0quiscula aeneus, Quiscalus, 125, 197. radiatus, Argas, 131. 0Rattus, 127, 148, 168. 0rattus, Rattus, 148. 0rattus norvegicus, Rattus, 148. reduvius, Acarus, 144, 145. Ixodes, 144, 145, 146. reflexus, Acarus, 130. Argas, 130. Rhipicephalus, 75, 102, 103, 113, 114, 117, 121, 122, 126, 133, 134, 160, 161, 162, 163. Rhynchoprion, 130. October, 1945 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA ricinus , Acarus, 143, 144, 145, 146, 152. Ixodes, 145, 152. ricinus scapularis, Ixodes, 143, 144. *rickettsi, Dermacentroxenus, 80. ^Rickettsia, 190. 0Rissa, 141. robertsonii, Ixodes, 165, 172. rostralis, Ixodes, 199. 0ruf escens, Marmota monax, 126, 152, 153, 154. 0rufum, Toxostoma, 124, 149, 196, 197, 199. 0sabrinus, Glaucomys, 127, 159. 0sabrinus macrotis, Glaucomys, 127, 159. salmoni, Dermacentor, 176. 0sandwichensis savanna, Pas- serculus, 125, 196. sanguineus, Ixodes, 160. Rhipicephalus, 75, 102, 103, 113, 114, 117, 121, 122, 126, 160, 161, 162, 163. sanguinolenta, Haemaphysalis, 194. 0savanna, Passercula sandwich- ensis, 125, 196. 0scalopsoides, Pitymys pine- torum, 127. scapularis, Ixodes, 104, 112, 114, 115, 117, 121, 122, 123, 126, 127, 135, 137, 139, 140, 143, 144, 145, 146, 160, 166. Ixodes ricinus, 143, 144. 0Sciurus, 126, 159, 166, 182. 0scrofa, Sus, 128. 0Seiurus, 124, 196. serrata, Polyplax, 91. setoni, Haemodipsus, 90. Simulium, 91. 0Spinus, 125, 197. 0Spizella, 125, 142, 196, 197. Stomoxys, 91. 0striatus, Tamias, 126, 159, 166. 0striatus lysteri, Tamias, 126, 166. 0Sturnella, 124, 190, 193, 197. 0Sturnus, 124, 197. 0Sula, 141. 0Sus, 128. 0swainsoni, Hylocichla ustulata, 124, 196. 0Sylvilagus, 106, 107, 127, 149, ^ 168, 194, 196, 197. 0Synaptomys, 127, 147. Tab anus, 91. 0taeniatus, Pygosceles, 140. talaje, Ornithodoros, 132. 0Tamias, 126, 159, 166. 0Tamiasciurus, 126, 158, 159, 166. tarsalis, Culex, 101. 0taurus, Bos, 128. texanus, Ixodes, 121, 126, 135, 139, 159, 160. Ixodiphagus, 117, 198. Rhipicephalus, 161, 162. thoracicus, Ixodes, 143. 0torda, Alca, 123. 0Toxostoma, 124, 149, 196, 197, 199. 0transitionalis, Sylvilagus, 127, 196, 197. 0trichas brachidactyla, Geo- thlypis, 124, 195. 0tridactylus, Larus glaucus, 141. 0tristis, Spinus, 125, 197. 0Troglodytes, 124, 148. 0troile, Uria, 140. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXV, No. 4 *tularensis, Pasteurella, 88, 89, 90, 93, 95, 96, 100, 103, 105, 106, 110. 0Turdus, 124, 142, 195, 196, 197. 0umbellus, Bonasa, 109, 111, 123, 192, 193, 195, 196, 197. unipictus, Ixodes, 181. unipunctata, Ixodes, 182, 183, 188, 189, 194. 0Uria, 123, 140, 141. uriae, Ceratixodes, 140. Ixodes, 75, 121, 123, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141. 0Urocyon, 126, 153, 154, 155, 167. 0urophasianus, Centrocercus, 111. 0ustulata swainsoni, Hylocichla, 124, 196. variabilis, Dermacentor, 76, 78, 79, 80, 82, 85, 86, 87, 90, 99, 101, 102, 104, 108, 109, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 121, 122, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 145, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 177, 178. Ixodes, 164, 171, 175, 179. variegatus, Crotonus, 176. Dermacentor, 176. varius, Dermacentor, 176. ventricosus, Haemodipsus, 90. venustus, Dermacentor, 80, 81, 89, 101, 108. 0virens, Dendroica, 124, 195. 0Vireo, 124, 195. 0virginiana, Didelphis, 125, 154, 155. 0virginianus, Colinus, 111, 123, 149, 183, 196, 197. 0Lepns americanus, 127, 158, 196, 197. 0Odocoileus, 127, 144, 174. 0virginianus borealis, Odocoil- eus, 127, 144. 0vison, Mnstela, 126, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 160. dPutorius, 151, 157. 0vison mink, Mustela, 126, 151, 152, 153, 154, 157, 160. 0volans, Glaucomys, 127, 159. 0vulgaris, Sturnus, 124, 197. 0Vulpes, 126, 153, 154, 155. 0Wilsonia, 124, 197. 0Zapus, 127, 148, 168. 0zibethica, Ondatra, 127, 148, 149, 166. 0Zonotrichia, 125, 142, 195, 196, 197. 232 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Index to Vol. XXV (n.s.), 1945 New species and other forms in bold face; valid species in Roman ; synonyms in Italics ; not included in this Index : Ticks, pp. 73 et seqq., indexed separately at end of paper. Agonoderus, 4 et seqq., 21 lineola, 4 et seqq., 24, 51 pallipes, 4 et seqq., 24, 52 Amara similata, 5 Amblystomus, 19 Amphasia, 3, 12, 21 interstitialis, 3, 8, 46 Anisodactylus, 3 et seqq., 20, 21, 22 baltimorensis, 7 californicus, 3, 8, 22, 44 sericens, 7 sp., 3, 22, 45 Anisotarsns, 4, 20 sayi, 4, 47 Brachinus, 5 Carabus auratus, 5 Chlaenins, 2, 10 et seqq., 20 aestivus, 8 cnmatilis, 2, 22, 27 impunctifrons, 7, 8 pennsylvanicns, 2, 21, 24 prasinns, 2, 8, 22, 26 sericens, 2, 5 et seqq., 22, 28 sp., 8 tricolor, 2, 7, 21, 25 Cratacanthns, 3, 13, 20, 22 dubius, 32 sp., 3, 8, 22, 33 Cratocara, 4, 13, 20 capitata, 4, 53 Creophilus maxillosus, 5 Dicaelns, 5 Emus hirtus, 5 Harpalus, 3 et seqq., 21, 23, 29 caliginosus, 3 et seqq., 23, 34, 36 compar, 3, 24, 40 dichrous, 3, 21, 23, 42 erythropns, 3, 23, 38 herbivagus, 7 honestus, 5 pennsylvanicus, 3 et seqq., 23, 41 sp., 3, 5, 35 vagans, 3, 24, 37 viridiaenens, 3, 13, 23, 36 Nothopus, 3, 12, 20 zabroides, 3, 8, 30 Oodes, 3 et seqq., 20 sp., 3, 8, 15, 29 Pherosophns hispanicus, 5 Phyllophaga, 7 Pterostichns, 5 Scarites, 35 Selenophorus, 3 Stenocellus, 4, 10, 21 rnpestris, 4, 8, 48 Stenolophus, 4, 13, 21, 22 conjnnctns, 4, 22, 49 sp., 4, 8, 22, 50 Trichotichnns dichrons, 3 XmerigAna A Journal of Entomology. Volume XXVI (New Series) 1946 PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. DE LA TORRE-BUENO, Editor GEORGE S. TULLOCH EDWIN WAY TEALE PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA VOL. XXVI (N.S.), 1946 CONTENTS Plates I-IV page A Synopsis of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of America North of Mexico — Part III — Family XI — Lygaeidae, J. R. de la Tor re-Bueno 1 Notes and Keys on the Genus Brochymena, Herbert Ruckes 143 No. 1 VOL. XXVI (New Series) JANUARY, 1946 AMERICANA A Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1946 SEP1 PUBLICATION committee J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor JOHN W. NOAKS E. W. TEALE Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $5,00 per year Date of Issue, September 10, 1946. Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa. under the Act of March 3, 1879. Vol. XXVI January, 1946 No. 1 A SYNOPSIS of the HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA of America North of Mexico By J. R. de la Torre-Bueno ( Continued from vol. XXI, no. 2, p. 122) PART III Family XI — Lygaeidae Contents Page Foreword References, noting Genera and Species newly described therein Keys to Family XI, Lygaeidae Foreword Here is presented the Family Lygaeidae, out of its regular order, Part III of this Synopsis, a work devised to ease the tedious task of naming the North American Heteroptera. This work has no pretensions to originality in classification. Its only aim is to furnish workable recognition keys to the groups. It 1 $£P is ne r-H Tfi 00 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 1 is hoped that the keys following will be found helpful by hemipter- ists, especially by those with private collections who are far from too-busy museums and their overworked staffs. This Part is out of the serial order of the families, for the Family Lygaeidae is so rich in genera and species, with descriptions so scat- tered through an enormous number of fragmentary or partial works of all kinds, that to assemble them is both laborious and tedious, and far too often highly unsatisfactory. Up to recent years the mass of descriptions has been based on color, with here and there a casual reference to some structure, this, for the most part, in the genera; authors have seldom repeated the same specific structure, even in the description of an immediately following species in the same genus in the same paper and page. In the Lygaeidae, the second largest family of the Heteroptera, following the Miridae, we have an assemblage of readily recogniz- able forms, ranging in size from the minute 2 mm. Cligenes to the nearly 20 mm. long Oncopeltus. The Tribe Lygaeini contains the most gaily colored of the species, in flaming reds or clear oranges, with black and white patterns. The other subfamilies and tribes are of smaller species, in blacks and sober browns, sometimes pat- terned in white. Unfortunately, these patterns are not always uni- form within the species ; in consequence, many color varieties and synonyms clutter the nomenclature. But Barber has shown that there are ample differential structures. However, to apply these structures widely calls for monographic revisions, with a wealth of material in hand, and with all the types (if extant) subjected to a minute study of structural characters. Until that happy day is here, we shall have to stagger along as best we may. In the Family and upper groups, the basic keys have been recast or expanded in the light of subsequent studies, but they are essen- tially the original keys of the masters. After all, the major divi- sions have been established by competent systematists who have examined deeply into relationships and have essayed to set them in a reasonable order. Hence, the major keys herein are modifications of those of Stal, Reuter, Horvath, Barber, and other outstanding students of the Lygaeidae. The credit is theirs; any errors from recasting, changing or adding, arise from such modifications. How great is my debt to the masterly works of Stal is obvious ; and no less so to the fine and painstaking monographs of my friend Mr. H. G. Barber. Certain keys are from monographic keys to genera, notably those to Lygaeus, which is that of Barber with additions ; this applies also to the keys to Ligyrocoris and Plinthisus, and to those of the 2 January, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Ptochiomera complex. The key to Geocoris is a combination of those of Barber and McAtee; that to Arphnus is based on the key of Van Duzee. A different condition prevails in other keys to spe- cies, of which there is none for a number of the American forms. Many keys to such species, in general, are new and derived from descriptions, original and secondary, from comments of authors, and also from figures, checked with specimens in hand ; or even made up from determined specimens. As far as possible, these keys are de- vised on a basis of pure structure, without reference to color-pattern. In small genera of four or less species, there are enough structural characters mentioned in descriptions for differentiation, even though the greater part of the description be by color. However, some keys are on pure color, which original and secondary describers appear to consider the true criterion of a species. An example of the last is the unkeyed genus Ischnorhynchiis, in which all authors have shown a perfect independence from structural characters, with the single exception of Van Duzee. In those species separated by color, some individuals in a lot of specimens, because of the changeableness of pattern, or even of color itself, will not fit into a color key. But if such a specimen be one of a like series, except for the color variation, it may be recognized easily by other characteristics, such as facies or some outstanding structure, as belonging in the series. This is unfortunate, of course, but where variable groups are specifically separated by color only, this problem is to be expected and to be overcome as well as possible. Such a condition as this becomes a perfect Garden of Eden, with everything still to be named, for the manufacturer and maker of varieties and even of minuter subforms ; but it becomes quite another place for the systematist who is trying to introduce some sort of order into an unholy mess, and to get some idea of what the struc- tural species really is. It has been claimed that practical keys cannot be made up from descriptions. This is not so ; it has been done here. The basic implication in this contention is that descriptions fail to describe,, which is tantamount to a charge that descriptions are useless to dis- tinguish one species from another in a given complex. It follows; logically from such a principle that a species is not knowable from its description, nor can it be unquestionably named by the descrip- tion. The further inevitable logical step is that no identification of a specimen from a specific description is valid, hence, that only a minute comparison with the type specimen by a known and skilled taxonomist can be certain. This principle of the type specimen as; 3 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 1 the sole criterion for knowing a species would also call for wide travel, literally from China to Peru, to check all the species in any one genus. And to crown this idea, so many of the actual type specimens have vanished at the hands of vandals, in the dust of Anthrenus, and into the womb of Time. Further, not every de- scriber fixed or preserved a type specimen, especially so the early describers. In this postulate of the inescapable need of the type specimen in order to know the species, all determinations from descriptions and keys sink to the low level of vague aspirations. This is the inevitable road along which worshippers of the Type Fetish would lead us, a road going nowhere, except to certain confusion. The strongest commentary that may be made on the classification of the Family Lygaeidae is that this great aggregate will continue in more or less confusion until every genus is adequately mono- graphed with abundant material before the systematist, an ex- ample of which adequacy is H. G. Barber’s fine Key to the Genus Ligyrocoris. References The references following are on the same plan as those in Parts I and II (q.v.), and name only the works after 1917. It contains only such as refer to the one family in Part III. The Miridae are omitted as before. This enumeration of genera and species there- fore, as far as it goes, supplements the Van Duzee Catalogue of 1917. Andre, F. 1937. An Undescribed Chinch Bug from Iowa. Iowa St. Coll. Journ. Sci., XI : 165/167. Describes: Blissus iowensis (Iowa, p. 165). Barber, H. G. 1918. Concerning Lygaeidae — No. 1. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XXVI : 44/46. Describes: Caenopamera Barber (p. 45); Zeridoneus Barber (P- 45). 1918. Concerning Lygaeidae — No. 2. Op. cit., 49/66. Describes: Kolenetrus Barber (p. 49); Valonetus Barber (p. 50) ; Valonetus pilosulus Barber (Texas, p. 50) ; Esuris fidgidus Barber (Arizona, California, p. 51) ; Ozophora ampliatus Barber (Arizona, p. 52) ; Malezonotus Barber (p. 54) ; Male- zonotus fuscosus Barber (New York, New Jersey, p. 56) ; Trapezonotus derivatus Barber (Arizona, p. 57) ; T. diversus Barber (California, p. 57) ; Sphragisticus simulatus Barber 4 January, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA (New Mexico, p. 58) ; Peritrechus saskatchewanensis Barber (Saskatchewan, California, p. 60) ; Valtissius Barber (p. 62) ; Cryphula abortiva Barber (Arizona, p. 63) ; Togodolentus Barber (p. 64) ; T. genuinus Barber (California, p. 64) ; Scolo- postethus pacificus Barber (California, p. 65). 1918. The Genps Plinthisus Latr. (Lygaeidae — Hemiptera) in the United States. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XX: no. 5, pp. 108- 111. Describes: Plinthisus indentatus Barber (Montana, p. 109); P. longisetosus Barber (California, p. 110) ; P. pallidus Barber (California, p. 111). 1921. Revision of the Genus Lygaeus. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIII : 63/68. Describes: Lygaeus ( Ochrostomus ) rubricatus Barber (Ari- zona, p. 67). 1921. Revision of the Genus Ligyrocoris Stal. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XXXIX: 100/114. Describes: Ligyrocoris rubricatus Barber (Arizona, California, p. 105) ; L. coloradensis Barber (Colorado, p. 106) ; L. latimar- ginatus Barber (California, Oregon, p. 107) ; L. obscurus Bar- ber (Maryland, Illinois, Kansas, p. 108) ; L. depicius Barber (Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey). 1924. Two New Species of Cymus. Bui. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., XIX : 87/90. Describes : Cymus robustus Barber (New York, Michigan, p. 87) ; C. reductus Barber (Arizona, p. 88). 1924. Corrections and Comments on Hemiptera Heteroptera. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XXXII : 133/137. Describes: New genus Neosuris Barber for ( Esuris ) castanea Barber (p. 133) ; new genus Neogorpis Barber for ( Gorpis ) neotropicalis Barber (p. 136). 1926. A New Geocoris from Illinois. Bui. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., XXXI: 38/39. Describes: Geocoris frisoni .(Illinois, p. 38). 1926. In “The Phenomenon of Myrmecoidy, with New Examples from Cuba” J. G. Myers & G. Salt). Trans. Ent. Soc. London, Pt. II: 427/436, pi. XCIII. Describes: Pamphantus mimeticus Barber (Cuba, p. 434). 1928. The Genus Eremocoris in the Eastern United States with Description of a New Species and a New Variety. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXX: 59/60. 5 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 1 Describes : Eremocoris depressus Barber (North Carolina, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Jersey, Virginia, District of Colum- bia, p. 59) ; var. setosus Barber of E. plebejus Fall. (Virginia, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Indiana, District of Columbia, Georgia, Florida, p. 60). 1928. Revision of the Genus Ptochiomera Say. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XXXVI: 175/177. Describes: Exptochiomera Barber (p. 175). 1928. Two New Lygaeidae from the Western United States. Bui. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., XXIIII : 264/268. Describes: Thylochromus Barber (p. 264) ; T. nitididus Barber (California, p. 265) ; Ozophora depicturata Barber (Arizona, California, p. 266). 1932. Three New Species of Exptochiomera from the United States. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XL: 357/363. Describes: Exptochiomera inter cisa Barber (Cuba, “Florida,” p. 357) ; E. arizonensis Barber (Arizona, New Mexico, p. 359) ; E. nana Barber (Massachusetts, p. 361). 1935. New Geocoris from the United States with Key to Species. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XLIII : 131/137. Describes: Geocoris omani Barber (Arizona, p. 131) ; G. beameri Barber (Arizona, p. 132) ; G. davisi Barber (Nevada, p. 133) ; G. nanus Barber (Arizona, Colorado, p. 134). 1937. Description of Six New Species of Blissus. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXXIX: 81/86. Describes: Blissus omani Barber (Arizona, p. 81); B. nanus Barber (Kansas, p. 82) ; B. planarius Barber (Wyoming, Colo- rado, p. 83) ; B. villosus Barber (California, p. 84) ; B. mixtus Barber (California, p. 85) ; B. breviusculus Barber (Maine, Massachusetts, p. 85). 1938. A New Species of Cistalia. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XL: 87/88. Describes: Cistalia explanata Barber (Texas, Kansas, p. 88). 1938. A Review of the Genus Crophius Stal, with Description of Three New Species. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XL VI : 313/319. Describes: Crophius ramosus Barber (Utah, Indiana, p. 315) ; C. albidus Barber (Utah, p. 316) ; C. convexus Barber (Peru, p. 316). 1939. A New Species of Heteroptera from the Southern Part of the United States. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XLI : 173/174. Describes: Heterog aster flavicosta Barber (Texas, Louisiana, p. 173). 6 January, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Blatchley, W. S. 1925. Some Additional New Species of Heter- optera from the Southern United States, with Characterization of a New Genus. Ent. News, XXXVI : 45/52. Describes: Ischnodemus pusillus Blatchley (Florida, p. 45); Malacopus longicornis Blatchley (Florida, p. 46) ; Physopleu- rella floridana Blatchley (Florida, p. 47) ; Microvelia parallela Blatchley (Florida, p. 48) ; genus Glossoaspis (p. 50) ; G. brunnea (Florida, p. 51). (Note. — Ischnodemus pusillus was later found to be preoccupied, and the author changed it to I. minutus n.n., in Ent. News, XXXVI : 245 ; Microvelia parallela Blatch. is a straight synonym of M. austrina T.-B., as Blatchley points Out in Het. No. Am., p. 992.) Bruner, S. C. 1932. A New Pamphantus from Cuba. Bui. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., XXVII : 141/144. Describes: Pamphantus vittatus Bruner (Cuba, p. 141). Parshley, H. M. 1922. Report on a Collection of Hemiptera- Heteroptera from South Dakota. Tech. Bui. no. 2, S. Dak. St. Coll. Describes: Ischnodemus brevicornis Parshley (South Dakota, p. 8). (N.B. — This name is preoccupied ; and the author changed it to Ischnodemus hesperius n.n., in Bui. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., XVII, for October 1922.) Torre-Bueno, J. R. de la. 1943. Remarks on the Genus Geocoris Fallen 1814. Bui. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., XXXVIII : 25/27. Describes: Geocoris guatemaltecus Torre-Bueno (Guatemala, p. 27). 1946. A North American Dienches. Bui. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., XLI : 125. Describes: Dienches occidentalis Torre-Bueno (Arizona, p. 125). Usinger, R. L. 1933. A New Species of Gastrodes from Cali- fornia. Pan. Pac. Ent., IX: 127/128. Describes: Gastrodes conicola Usinger (California, p. 127). 1938. Review of the Genus Gastrodes. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., XXIII : 289/301. Describes : Gastrodes intermedins Usinger (British Columbia, p. 297) ; G. arizonensis Usinger (Arizona, p. 297) ; G. conicola Usinger (California, p. 299) ; G. walleyi Usinger (Ontario, Canada, p. 301). 7 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 1 Van Duzee, E. P. 1928. Our First Rhyparochromus. Pan. Pac. Ent., V : 47. Names (no description) : var. calif or nicus Van Duzee, of Rhy- parochromus chiragra Fabricius (California, p. 47). 1928. Two Interesting Additions to the Hemipterous Fauna of California. Pan. Pac. Ent., IV : 190/191. Describes: Hypogeocoris slevini Van Duzee (California, p. 190) ; Ischnodemus badius Van Duzee (California, p. 191). 1931. A New Ischnorhynchus. Pan. Pac. Ent., VII : 110. Describes : Ischnorhynchus obovatus Van Duzee (California, p. 110). Family XL LYGAEIDAE Schilling 1929 Key to Subfamilies 1. Suture between ventral segments III and IV usually curved anteriorily and not reaching the lateral margins of the abdomen; head generally with two setae near the eyes; (anterior femora swollen and armed with teeth). 8. Rhyparochrominae Stal 1862 All ventral sutures, when present, straight and reaching the lateral margins of the abdomen; head generally without setae near the eyes 2 2. At least three of the ventral segments fused, with no evidence of incisures 9. Pamphantinae Barber 1933 All ventral segments set off by incisures 3 3. All the abdominal spiracles dorsal; entire posterior margin of the pronotum, at least before the scutellum, turned down convexly ; anterior femora not much swollen as compared to the others, seldom armed beneath with spines or teeth 4 All the abdominal spiracles not dorsal, at least those of seg- ment VI ventral; posterior margin of the pronotum, at least before the scutellum, ordinarily not turned down convexly; anterior femora more or less shortened and swollen as compared to the others, either with or with- out teeth 5 4. Posterior margin of the pronotum between the scutellum and the lateral angles more or less distinctly impressed or depressed; hemelytra, pronotum, scutellum and usually the head, impunctate ; the two inner veins of the mem- brane usually joined near the base by a transverse vein, (areola of membrane with two veins arising therefrom). 2. Lygaeinae Stal 1862 8 January, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Posterior margin of the pronotnm not distinctly impressed or depressed between the scutellum and the lateral angles; hemelytra, head, pronotnm and scutellum distinctly punc- tate; the two inner veins of the membrane not connected by a crossvein near the base ; (hemelytra dilated and wider than the abdomen) 2. Cyminae Stal 1862 5. All the abdominal spiracles ventral; anterior femora more or less swollen and armed with one or more spines 7 All abdominal spiracles not ventral, at most only the apical three pairs; anterior femora moderately incrassate and generally unarmed (except in some species of Ischno- demus) 6 6. Head always narrower than the posterior margin of the pro- notum ; tylus not sulcate ; hemelytra not convex and almost or quite impunctate; clavus not narrowing posteriorly; commissure distinct, at least as long as the scutellum ; an- terior femora sometimes much swollen ( in Ischnodemus) ; (anterior acetabula excised from disc of prosternum, re- mote from its posterior margin) 3. Blissinae Stal 1862 Head very broad across eyes, as wide as or wider than the pos- terior margin of the pronotum; tylus usually sulcate; hemelytra convex and plainly punctate; clavus commonly not narrowing posteriorly; commissure usually absent or very short ; anterior femora moderately incrassate and un- armed; (membrane without a basal areole). 4. Geocorinae Stal 1862 7. Anterior femora much swollen and armed beneath with one or more teeth ; outer vein of the corium not parallel with the margin ; corium not wider than the abdomen ; bucculae short, restricted to the front of the head; posterior coxae not widely separated 8 Anterior femora not much swollen, less so than in the preceding, and armed with a single tooth; corium expanded, wider than the abdomen ; outer vein subparallel to the margin of the corium; bucculae extended the length of the head; antennae inserted close to the bucculae; posterior coxae widely separated 7. Oxycareninae Stal 1862 8. Membrane with the two inner veins connected anteriorly by transverse veins ; posterior margins of the pronotum very concave before the scutellum ; anterior femora not armed with numerous teeth 5. Heterogastrinae Stal 1872 Membrane with the two inner veins not connected anteriorly by 9 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 1 a transverse vein ; all veins running to the base, sometimes reticulated posteriorly; posterior margin of the pronotum straight before the scutellum ; anterior femora much swol- len and armed with numerous teeth; (anterior tibiae in male curved) 6. Pachygronthinae Stal 1865 Subfamily 1. Lygaeinae Stal 1862 Key to Tribes A. Apical margin of the corium straight, not sinuate inwardly; exterior apical angles of the antennal tubercles obtuse or subobtuse ; dorsal segment VI of male truncate ; male geni- tal segment not foveate Tribe 1. Lygaeini Stal 1872 B. Apical margin of the corium sinuate; apical angles of the an- tennal tubercles prominent, acute or subacute; dorsal seg- ment VI of male rounded; male genital segment foveate; ( scutellum near base with a more or less distinct transverse ridge, the base depressed before this, and longitudinally carinate behind this ridge) Tribe 2. Orsillini Stal 1872 Tribe 1. LYGAEINI Stal 1872 Key to Genera A. Posterior margin of the pronotum before the scutellum sinuate , carinate anteriorly in the middle; scutellum more or less tumid and carinate apically. Genus I. Oncopeltus Stal 1868 B. Posterior margin of the pronotum truncate, without a median keel, or with a median keel not reaching to the anterior margin ; scutellum not tumid, with a longitudinal keel, com- monly joined to a transverse keel at the base. Genus II. Lygaeus Pabricius 1794 Genus I. Oncopeltus Stal 1868 Key to Subgenera and Species 1. Head and pronotum with long hairs; posterior margins of the pronotum distinctly depressed, explanate and dilated, espe- cially at the scutellum, which makes the posterior margin distinctly sinuate before the scutellum ; rostral segment II frequently distinctly longer than III (s.g. Oncopeltus Stal 1874) 2 Head and pronotum without long hairs, or very short pilose; posterior margin of the pronotum before the scutellum 10 January, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA straight or slightly sinuate posterior margin narrowly de- pressed, hardly or obsoletely subampliate ; rostral segment II subequal to or shorter than III ; (ventral segment II produced backward at the middle of the apex in some females) (s.g. Erythrischius Stal 1874) 5 2. (s.g. Oncopeltus) . Membrane with a transverse white spot be- fore the middle of the disc 3 Membrane wholly black seldom marked with pale spots in the basal margin; rostrum not extended beyond ventral seg- ment I ; length, 14-16 mm. ; width, 4-5 mm. varicolor Fabricius 1794 California, Mexico, Colombia, British Guiana, Peru, Brazil. 3. Smaller species (11-13 mm. long) abdomen mostly black 4 Larger species (over 13 mm. long); abdomen mostly black; (pronotum with a black median line; rostral segment III distinctly longer than II; propleura not fasciate with black) ; length, 13 mm. ; width, 3 mm. gutta Herrich-Schaeffer 1844 Texas, Arizona, California; Sonora, Mexico; Guatemala; on purple milkweed. 4. Ground color flavescent ; length, 11-13 mm. ; width, 3. 5-4.5 mm sexmaculatus Stal 1874 Mexico, Central America. Ground color sangineous; (narrow and elongated; sides of pro- notum straight, terete, median carina prominent across depressed area, posterior margin each side of the scutellum compressed and foliaceous; scutellum strongly convex and carinate; rostral segment II distinctly longer than III); length, 11-13 mm sanguinolentus Van Duzee 1914 California ; Sonora and Lower California, Mexico ; on milk- weed flowers. 5. (s.g. Erythrischius) . Lateral margins of the pronotum behind the middle, or the base more or less broadly black or fus- cous; rostrum slightly, if at all, extended beyond the pos- terior coxae, segments II and III equal or subequal 6 Lateral margins of the pronotum wholly flavescent or rufo- testaceous, sometimes obviously narrowed posteriorly 7 6. Hemelytra without black margins ; head more or less rufescent ; antennal segment IV longer than II ; length, 10-12 mm. ; width, 3.5-4 mm cingulifer Stal 1874 Mexico, Dominica, B. W. I. ; Canal Zone, Colombia. Hemelytra with black margins ; head black ; antennal segments 11 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 1 II and IV subequal; length, 11-13 mm.; width, 3-3.5 mm cayensis Torre-Bueno 1944 Florida. 7. Smaller species (10 mm. long) ; actual length, 8-10 mm. ; width, 2.5-3 mm sandar achat us Say 1832 California, Mexico, Jamaica (Neotropical). Larger species (over 10 mm. long) ; actual length, 13-18 mm fasciatus Dallas 1851 North and South America, widespread ; on Asclepias syriaca, A. verticillata, and Metastelma scopiarum, feeding on the pods and seeds ; parasitized by Herpetomonas elmassiani ; preyed upon by Phymata sp., Sinea diadema, Nab is ferns and N. roseipennis. Genus II. Lygaeus Fabricius 1794 Key to Species 1. Pronotum black, with a postmedian transverse red band or three red spots, remote from the posterior margin ; large species, 10-12 mm. long; [vertex or head with a red spot or dot, which may be obsolete in some specimens and very small in some species, or with a red vertical vitta, anteriorly forked in some species ; venter usually with a black fascia or spot on the anterior angles of segments II to IV, or, exception- ally, wholly black (in formosus), as well as the genital seg- ment, which may be rufescent in some species; ostioles black; (sec. Stal — pronotum black behind middle with a fascia or 3 spots rufous or flavescent, remote from the base, the fascia anteriorly bisinuate or black-bimaculate, the spots frequently confluent; a wide lateral margin or the sides of the propleura, rufous or flavescent behind the middle)]; (subgenus Lygaeus Fabricius 1794 = Grap- tolomus Stal 1874) 2 Pronotum without a transverse postmedian red or flavescent fascia ; less than 10 mm. long 8 2. Clavus black, pale flavescent on the inner side along its entire length to the apex of the commissure, and without a sub- apical opaque black spot ; apical margin of the corium and the venter wholly black; posterior black spots of the pro- notum somewhat distant from its basal margin, which is rufescent or flavescent; (membrane pale hyaline; length 10-12 mm., width, 3.67 mm.) formosus Blanchard 1840 (= elatus Stal 1862) 12 January, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Florida, (Mexico, West Indies, Central and South America) . Clavus not pale-margined, sometimes entirely or posteriorly black or fuscous, with an opaque black median spot at the level of the apex of the scutellum; apical margin of the corium hardly black; venter rufous or flavescent, black- spotted ; the black spots or fascia of the pronotum reaching its base 3 3. All pleura more or less broadly pale fusco-reddish posteriorly, the propleura anteriorly also, at times ; acetabula and buc- culae pale fusco-reddish, sometimes obscurely so or pale; membrane in great part pale with fuscous veins; length, 10 mm., width, 3 mm truculentus Stal 1862 Arizona, California, (Mexico) ; on Asclepias. All pleura not pale-margined anteriorly or posteriorly; aceta- bula and bucculae black ; membrane wholly black or very commonly pale-margined, with or without white discal spots, or with a twinned white discal spot divided by a black vein 4 4. Corium with a small round free or nearly free opaque black spot, which is hardly or else not broadly attached to the larger oblong costal spot ; membrane without a discal spot ; basal red spot of the head short, wide, more or less pyri- form, at its apex with a small round spot at each side touch- ing it, which produces the effect of an incised apex (not with extended arms, as in turcicus ) ; length, 10-10.5 mm., width, 3 mm trux Stal 1862 Arizona, (Mexico). Corium without a small round free or nearly free opaque black spot, the latter broadly attached to the somewhat, or quite, large irregularly triangular or subtriangular black spot which touches the costal margins and is more or less ex- tended on the disc 5 5. Hemelytra with a black percurrent median fascia widened on both sides; length, 9 mm., width, 2.67 mm. ruficeps Stal 1862 (Sonora, Mexico). Hemelytra without a median fascia between the costal spots of the corium 6 6. Membrane wholly black, without pale margins or white spots; head with an anteriorly forked red fascia, with its arms extended between the antennal tubercles and the eyes; 13 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. I (clavus anteriorly red; rostrum reaching posterior coxae; length, 10-11.5 mm.) turcicus Fabricius 1803 (= trimaculatus Dallas 1852) Atlantic States, south to Virginia; west to Colorado, Mis- souri, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona; on Ceanothus. Membrane pale-margined and with or without white discal spots; clavus wholly black or anteriorly red; basal fascia of the head not forked, frequently very small 7 7. Clavus wholly black; white margins of the membrane either narrow or wide; discal spot faint or conspicuous; length, 10-12 mm kalmii Stal 1874 Country wide, from British Columbia and Quebec into Mexico ; on Asclepias spp. and blueberry. Clavus anteriorly red ; membrane narrowly white margined, discal white spots reduced, sometimes absent; length, 11 mm reclivatus Say 1825 (var. enotus Say 1825 = costalis Herrich- Schaeffer 1844) Oregon, Washington, the Dakotas, New Mexico, Missouri, Texas, Colorado, Utah, California, Arizona; on climbing milkweed and on Asclepias spp. 8. Pronotum entirely black ; head with a red basal spot, sometimes obscured or absent; corium and clavus bright red ; mem- brane very narrowly and evenly white-margined; ventral segments VI and the genital black; (subgenus Melano- pleurus Stal 1874) 9 Pronotum seldom entirely black, if wholly black, then the ostioles are pale ; usually with a pronotal margins red or pale, the lateral margin at least in part, and the posterior margin sometimes trimaculate with red 10 9. Larger species, 8-9 mm. long ; bucculae variable, usually high and noticeably semicircular, rather broadly and conspicu- ously pale, as are also the acetabula, the anterior margins of the propleura, and the posterior margins of the meso- and metapleura (these pale margins are variable, and some- times absent) ; length, 8 mm., width, 5.5-6 mm. belfragei Stal 1874 Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California. Smaller species, 5-6 mm. long; bucculae usually low and not semicircular, with the margins inconspicuously pale-mar- 14 January, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA gined, as well as the margins of the pleura and the acetab- ula; length, 5.5-6 mm bistriangidaris Say 1832 (= vicinus Dallas 1852) (var. marginellus Dallas 1852) Texas, Colorado, Arizona, California, (Mexico, Neotropi- cal). 10. All margins of the pronotum and the hemelytra conspicuously margined with, a vitta behind the middle of the pronotum, red or yellow ; ostioles black; head with a red or rufous basal spot ; bucculae, acetabula, the anterior margin of the propleura and the posterior margin of all the pleura, broadly pale or yellow ; ventral segment VI and the genital black (subgenus Craspeduchus Stal 1874) 11 Margins of the pronotum and of the hemelytra seldom wholly red- or pale-bordered, in the latter case the venter is wholly black- or red-margined, or the head has no basal spot 12 11. Margins of insect elliptical; bucculae ? posteriorly; anterior margin of the pronotum and median, slightly depressed transverse area, distinctly punctured, the posterior lobe not ( ? ) punctured ; spot on vertex ruf otestaceous or sub- sanguineous ; length, 9 mm., width 3 mm. ... uhleri Stal 1874 Texas, Arizona, (Mexico, Neotropical). Margin of insect straight ; bucculae narrowing posteriorly ; broad anterior margin of the pronotum and median de- pressed transverse area coarsely punctured, obsoletely so on the posterior lobe • spot of vertex rufous ; length, 8 mm. defessus Van Duzee 1929 (Lower California, Mexico). 12. Head with a red or pale spot at base; ostiole pale (or black in foederatus) ■ ventral colors variable, either wholly black or margined with red or pale, or with only ventral segment VI and the genital black; (subgenus Ochrostomus Stal 1874) 13 Head wholly black; ostioles black, seldom pale (in mimulus which has the bases of the legs and the apices of the femora pale) ; venter generally entirely black or narrowly red- margined (exceptionally mostly red in bicrucis) ; (mem- brane with or without a white discal spot) 18 13. Venter red, sometimes more or less infuscated, ventral segment VI and the genital black ; pronotum black ; hemelytra red, more or less infuscated, apical margin pale, membrane broadly white along the outer lateral margin; (antennae 15 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 1 stout; rostrum reaching upon the posterior coxae; scutel- lum depressed behind middle, apex carinate, acute) length 6-6.5 mm., width, 2 mm pyrrhopterus Stal 1874 (& var. melanopleurus Uhler 1893) Texas, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, California; on cedar. Venter wholly black or fuscous, or sometimes pale- or red-mar- gined; pronotum entirely reddish or with the posterior margin trimaculate with red 14 14. Membrane embrowned, not white-margined ; corium fuscous, only the spical angles red; venter entirely fuscous; (an- tennal segment I short, going one-third of its own length beyond the apex of the head, II about three times the length of I and slightly longer than III ; apex of rostrum reaching posterior coxae, segments I and II subequal, III one-third longer than II) ; length, 6-7 mm. ... tripligatus Barber 1914 Florida. Membrane white-margined; corium either fuscous, margined with red, or mostly reddish; venter black or fuscous, the margins pale red, and sometimes the disc 15 15. Pronotum wholly ochraceous-red, with four short, premedian (fblack) impressions; corium ochraceous-red, more or less infuscated, apical margin yellow; membrane in the bra- chypterous narrowly pale-margined ; (basal spot of the head often obscure ; bucculae rather low, not extended much beyond the middle of the head ; apex of the rostrum reach- ing between the posterior coxae ; pronotum impunctate, the median longitudinal carina faintly indicated) ; length, 5-6 mm rubricatus Barber 1921 Arizona. Pronotum posteriorly trimaculate with red; corium fuscous or red, its costal, commissural and apical margins as well as the apical carina of the scutellum red or pale; membrane wh ite-margined 16 16. Anterior margin of the pronotum red or pale, the fuscous mark- ings forming a T-shaped fascia on each side of the median line ; membrane rather narrowly and evenly white-mar- gined; acetabula, bucculae, anterior and lateral margins and the posterior angles of the prosternum broadly ochra- ceous-red ; length, 4.3-6 mm lineola Dallas 1852 Virginia, Georgia, Florida, Texas, New Mexico ; on flowers of thistles. Anterior margin of the pronotum not red, except the collum 16 January, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA sometimes narrowly tinged with red (in carnosulus ) ; mem- brane somewhat broadly edged with white; bucculae and acetabula white or whitish; anterior margin of the pro- sternum broadly yellowish or white 17 17. Apical margin of the corium with a broad white border ; pleura black except the narrow posterior margins white or pale, sometimes obsoletely so ; outer margin of the propleura pale sanguineous; apical half of the scutellum pale, continued on the carina to the commissure; ostiole pale at apex; length, 4—6.5 mm carnosulus Van Duzee 1914 Arizona, California, (Lower California) ; on goldenrod. Apical margin of the corium concolorous, (the clavus sometimes fuscescent) ; propleura posteriorly broadly red; pleura black, except the pale posterior margins of the pro- and metapleura ; apical one-third of the scutellum red ; ostioles black; (trochanters whitish) ; (collum slender but strongly raised ; four transverse lines between the lobes deep ; an- tennal segment II slightly longer than III ; bucculae attain- ing basal third of the gula; rostrum reaching hind coxae, segment I passing base of head) ; length, 7 mm. foederatus Van Duzee 1929 Arizona, Nevada. 18. Small (5 mm. or less long), heavily pilose species; membrane with a median white discoidal spot, or variegated with white (subgenus Lygaeospilus Barber 1921) 19 Larger (over 5 mm. long), entirely nude or lightly pilose ; mem- brane without a discoidal spot, entirely fuscous, or pale margined, or rarely milky-white with fuscous or black veins (in nigrinervis) ; (subgenus Melanocoryphus Stal 1872) 20 19. Membrane fuscous, pale-margined and with a rather cleancut transverse median white spot, often prolonged and con- tinuous to the middle of the base of the membrane ; hemely- tra red, often more or less infuscated; venter wholly fus- cous or sometimes margined with red; (rostrum reaching behind middle coxae; humeri tubercular) ; length, 4.5 mm., width, 1.5 mm pusio Stal 1874 (= albulus Distant 1893 = Lygaeosoma solida Uhler 1893) Arizona, California. Membrane fuscous, variegated with white, the discal spot more 17 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 1 or less confused with the pale variegations, not pale-mar- gined, with a triangular pale fascia at the outer basal angles ; hemelytra generally entirely fuscous or fusco- rufescent, seldom pale-margined; venter with the lateral margins sometimes red or pale; length, 3.1-5 mm., width, 2 mm tripunctatus Dallas 1852 (= albulus auctt., nee Distant = obscuripennis Stal 1874) Maine and New York south to Florida and west to Texas and Arizona. 20. Posterior lobe of the pronotum, the corium, the venter, except the genital segments and small vittae, red ; anterior margin of the pronotum, the clavus, the posterior margins of the corium, bucculae, acetabula, anterior margin of the pro- sternum and the posterior margins of all pleura conspicu- ously white or pale yellow; (ocelli far from each other and close to the eyes; antennal segments III and IV subequal, II one-third longer; rostrum passing intermediate coxae) ; length, 7.5-9 mm bicrucis Say 1825 Maine, New York and New Jersey south to Florida, Loui- siana; Missouri, Michigan, Kansas, Colorado, Texas, New Mexico, Utah, British Columbia, California, Arizona, (& south to Brazil) ; on flowers of Senecio and of Mesadenia atriplicifolia ; on huckleberry in Maine. Posterior lobe of the pronotum, the corium, the clavus and the venter wholly or mostly fuscous 21 21. Anterior lobe of the pronotum, the head between the eyes, and the tylus, ochraceous; posterior lobe of the pronotum fus- cous or black bivittate, or with two large subquadrate spots ; (costal, apical and commissural margins of the hemelytra, the apical carina of the scutellum, the lateral margins and the disc of the venter pale yellow; the bucculae, antennal tubercules beneath, acetabula, the prosternum in large part, and the posterior margins of the pleura, pale yellow) ; ostioles, bases of the legs and the apices of the femora pale ; (the membrane hardly pale marginally; rostrum reaching onto metasternum ; antennal segments III and IV subequal, II longer) ; length, 5.5-6 mm mimulus Stal 1874 Virginia to Florida, Alabama, Texas; on thistles in damp places. Anterior and posterior lobes of the pronotum concolorous fus- cous, or sometimes with the anterior and posterior margin 18 January, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA red, or the posterior margin trimaculate with red, or some- times with the lateral margins bordered with red ; ostioles, legs and venter black, the latter sometimes red- or pale- margined 22 22. Membrane milky-white with prominent fuscous or black veins and a spot near the outer basal angle ; length, 6 mm., width, 2 mm nigrinervis Stal 1874 Colorado, Arizona, (Mexico, Neotropical). Membrane wholly fuscous or black, or more usually margined with white, sometimes with a white basal spot (in later- alis) 23 23. Corium wholly fuscous or hlack, never margined with red or yellow; membrane hardly pale margined; anterior and humeral angles of the pronotum and sometimes a posterior median fascia, red; (venter not red-margined; antennae stout, segment II long, about equal to IY, III short, a little longer than I ; rostrum reaching posterior coxae ; hemelytra with the veins of the corium and the claval boundary thick and very prominent — Uhler) ; length, 5.5-8 mm., width, 2-3 mm rubicollis Uhler 1894 Arizona, California, (Lower California, Mexico). Corium with at least the costal margins bordered with red or yellow; anterior and humeral margins of the pronotum sometimes, and a posterior fascia, red or yellow 24 24. Humeral red fascia not extended anteriorly beyond the middle of the pronotum; anterior margin of the prosternum, the bueculae and the acetabula very obscurely pale ; apical carina of the scutellum not red ; membrane white-mar- gined; venter entirely fuscous or red-margined 25 Humeral red fascia extended beyond middle, or the entire mar- gin of the pronotum reddish; anterior margin of the pro- sternum, bueculae and sometimes the acetabula promi- nently and broadly pale or yellow; apical carina of the scutellum red or yellow; membrane with or without white margins; margin of the venter red 26 25. Costal margin of the hemelytra red; sunken disc of the pro- notum on both sides of the median ridge coarsely and closely punctate ; margins of the venter seldom red ; (mem- brane with or without a lunate white spot near the base; thorax rugose with a strong transverse ridge a little before the middle and a raised line down the middle of the pos- terior part) ; length, 7.3-8 mm lateralis Dallas 1852 (= ? calif ornicus Walker 1872) 19 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 1 Texas, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, California, (Mexico) ; on dewberry. Costal, apical, commissural and inner claval margins of the hemelytra red, and sometimes the entire apical angle of the corium; disc of the pronotum on both sides of the post- median ridge finely or obscurely punctate ; ( antennae very stout, almost as thick as the tylus, segment I extending very little beyond the apex of the tylus, II about equal to IV, III hardly more than two-thirds as long as either ; rostrum reaching posterior coxae ; pronotum with a few shallow punctures behind the transverse ridge, the median ridge quite distinct; posterior margin of the corium arcuated — sinuated at the middle — Uhler) ; length, 4.5-6 mm., width, 1.8 mm admiratilis Uhler 1872 Maryland, Florida, Kansas, New Mexico, Colorado, Ne- vada, California, Arizona, Texas (south into Mexico). 26. Costal margin of the hemelytra prominently , and sometimes the commissural and inner claval margins very narrowly red or yellow; membrane very obscurely narrowly white-mar- gined; (antennal segments I, III, and IV subequal, II longer; rostrum reaching the metasternum) ; length, 7-10 mm., width, 2.5 mm facelus Say 1832 (= rubriger Stal 1862) New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, California ; (Lower California, Mexico) ; on yucca. Costal, apical, commissural and inner claval margins of the hemelytra plainly red ; membrane plainly white-margined ; length, 9 mm., width, 3 mm circumlitus Stal 1862 ^Colorado, Arizona, (Mexico, Neotropical). Tribe 2. ORSILLINI Stal 1872 Key to Genera 1. Antennal segment I surpassing the apex of the tylus; head moderately elongate, not as long as broad ; rostrum short, hardly reaching the abdomen 2 Antennal segment I not reaching the apex of the tylus; head longer than broad ; rostrum long, reaching to or beyond the middle of the venter, segment I as long as the head 3 2. Costal margins of the hemelytra straight throughout, parallel or converging posteriorly; eyes prominent, the exposed area 20* January, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA back of the eyes greater than half the width of the eyes; bucculae less than one-half the length of the gnlar area ; apex of the ostioles prominently anricnlated outwardly. Genus I. Ortholomus Stal 1872 Costal margins of the hemelytra straight at base only, if at all ; eyes not so prominent; bucculae variable; apex of the ostioles suddenly abbreviated, rarely subauriculate ; (an- terior femora unarmed) Genus II. Nysius Dallas 1852 3. Head much elongated, subacute; anterior femora very stout, with one large tooth; (tylus narrow, projecting forward; antennae about half as long as the body; base of venter triangularly produced against the sternum). Genus III. Belonochilus Uhler 1871 Head a little longer than broad; anterior femora slightly en- larged, unarmed; (pronotum wider than long). Genus IV. Orsillacis Barber 1914 Genus I. Ortholomus Stal 1872 Key to Species 1. Transverse line of the pronotum sometimes reduced to a shining black fovea midway on each side of the pronotum; width of head across eyes : anterior margin of the pronotum : posterior margin of the pronotum : length of pronotum : : 9.25 : 7.25 : 11.5 : 8.5; head, including eyes as wide as long ; median carina of scutellum wide, obtuse, prominent throughout ; apex of rostrum reaching onto ventral segment II ; length, 5-6 mm scolopax Say 1832 ( ? var. uhleri Baker 1906) (= saint cyri Provancher 1872) Quebec and Maine south to Florida, west to Michigan, Indi- ana, Kansas, Wisconsin and southwest to Texas and Cali- fornia ; on sage brush. Transverse line normal, extending straight across the middle of the pronotum, sharply but obtusely angled at the sides, the rest gently curved 2 2. Ocelli as near, or nearer, to the median line of the head as to the eyes; punctation of the pronotum sparse and rather fine ; large species, with body as a whole parallel-sided 3 Ocelli distinctly nearer to the eyes than to the median line; punctation of the pronotum coarse and thick ; small species, wTith the body as a whole distinctly widened posteriorly; 21 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 1 width of head across the eyes : anterior margin of the pronotum : posterior margin of the pronotnm : length of pronotnm :: 7.75 : 6.5 : 9.75 : 6.75 ; head including eyes as wide as long; length, 3.75-4 mm. arphnoides Baker 1906 Southern California; on black sage. 3. Pronotum distinctly longer than wide at the anterior margin, strongly narrowed anteriorly ; anterior margin a little more than one-half width of posterior margin; (antennal seg- ment IV as long as or longer than II, and longer than III) ; width of head : anterior margin of pronotum : posterior margin of pronotum : length of pronotnm : : 10 : 7.5 : 13 : 9.5 ; length of head a little less than width across eyes ; pale form ( longiceps ) with sparse, short, golden pubes- cence; dark form (var. cookii), pubescence white and dense, especially on the scutellum; length, 4.5-5.75 mm.; width, 1.5 mm longiceps Stal 1874 & var. cookii Baker 1906 Eastern United States to California and Mexico ; Wiscon- sin, Indiana, Pennsylvania. Pronotum hardly longer than wide at the anterior margin, not strongly narrowed anteriorly ; head width across eyes : an- terior margin of the pronotnm : posterior margin of the pronotum : length of pronotum : : 12 : 9.25 : 13.5 : 9.5 ; head markedly shorter than wide ; length, 4.5-5. 5 mm. nevadensis Baker 1906 Nevada, California. Genus II. Nysius Dallas 1852 Key to Species 1. Bucculae abbreviated, distinctly narrowed and evanescent pos- teriorly, hardly reaching beyond the middle of the eyes; rostral segment I extending much beyond bucculae ; costal margins of the corium straight at base for a distance less than one-half the length of the scutellum, thence abruptly narrowly expanded, and straight and parallel to the apex 2 Bucculae more than half the length of the gula, almost or quite reaching the base of the head, low but distinct throughout ; rostral segment I not, or but slightly extending beyond the bucculae; costal margin of the corium straight along the 22 January, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA basal one-third or one-quarter, thence gradually expanded and curved at the apex 3 2. Antennal segment I distinctly surpassing the apex of the tylus ; pronotum without a raised calloused spot at each side of the middle; (scutellum with the apex of the median carina pale) ; length, 4.7-5. 6 mm calif ornicus Stal 1859 ( =providus Baker 1906 = sordidus Stal 1859) var. alabamensis Baker 1906 var. inaequalis Uhler 1894 Apparently all over the United States; on Viburnum, Atriplex, Rosa, Salsola pestifera. Antennal segment I hardly reaching the apex of the tylus; pronotum with a short elevated callous on each side of the middle; (antennal segments III and IV subequal, II longer than III or IV ; male genital plate with a small rounded fovea) ; length, 3. 5-4.5 mm basalis Dallas 1852 (= inaequalis Blatchley 1926 nec Uhler 1894) Florida, (West Indies, Mexico, Brazil). 3. Rostral segment I not extending beyond bucculae 4 Rostral segment I extending slightly beyond bucculae ; (length, 3.2-3. 5 mm groenlandicus Zetterstedt 1840 Iceland, Greenland, Labrador, Hudson’s Bay, Alaska. 4. Antennal segment I distinctly passing the apex of the tylus; eyes very prominent ; width of head through the eyes equal to the width of the posterior margin of the pronotum; (ventral segment VI in the male obtusely rounded at apex; pronotum with a subtriangular fovea at the end of the transverse impression, posterior margin one-third to one- half wider than length, transverse anteapical line oblique and anteriorly curved at the ends, interrupted at middle ; vertex at middle without an impunctate pale basal spot) ; length, 3. 7-4.7 mm thymi Wolff 1804 (= ericae Flor 1860 = punctipennis Thomson 1870 = maculatus Douglas & Scott 1870 = groenlandicus Provancher 1872 = august atus Van Duzee 1905) Quebec, New England and New York west and north to British Columbia, Alaska, Utah, Nevada. Antennal segment I hardly surpassing the apex of the tylus; 1 23 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI , No. 1 eyes not very prominent ; width of head through eyes less than the posterior margin of the pronotum 5 5. Bucculae narrowed anteriorly and more or less evenly diminish- ing posteriorly, running out to a point; margin of the corium straight basally for about three-quarters of the length of the scutellum, very gradually and gently curved thence to the apex; (form oblong-elliptical, sides at the middle nearly parallel ; pronotum slightly convex, not foveolate, quite transverse, posterior margin twice or nearly twice its length; black anteapical line of the pro- notum parallel to anterior margin, not interrupted at middle and with a branchlet posteriorly; vertex with an impunctate pale spot; length, 2. 1-4.5 mm.). ericae Schilling 1829 (= maculatus Fieber 1861 = albidus Jakowlev 1867 = gracilis Scott 1870 = august atus Uhler 1872 = rhaphanus Howard 1872 = destructor Riley 1873) var. minutus Uhler 1895 var. niger Baker 1906 All over the United States and Canada ; on almost all small vegetation, injurious to field and garden crops. Bucculae broad throughout, strongly so anteriorly, posteriorly very obtuse or .sometimes broadened, in rare cases the tip very slightly excurrent, but never surpassing gula ; margin of the corium straight basally for nearly the whole length of the scutellum, thence strongly curved to apex 6 6. Sides of pronotum nearly straight; (form a little shorter and more curved on the sides of the corium; pronotum wider than long, deeply punctured in confluent rows, lateral margin slenderly reflexed; scutellum with a raised Y- shaped line; costal margins of the hemelytra strongly re- flexed) ; length, 2.75-3.5 mm strigosus Uhler 1894 (= senecionis Baker 1906) Florida, New Mexico, Colorado, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, California, Oregon, (Lower California). Sides of pronotum strongly incurved; (straight basal part of the corium nearly the length of the scutellum; sides of pronotum unusually incurved, width through eyes nearly one-third greater than the anterior margin of the pro- 24 January, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA notum ; length of the pronotum about equal to width of the anterior margin) ; length 3. 5-4.5 mm. coloradensis Baker 1906 var. grandis Baker 1906 Colorado. Genus III. Belonochilus Uhler 1871 Key to Species A. Anterior femora beneath at apical one-fourth, with or without a small spine ; pronotum with only a trace of a pale median line; male genital segment with a small tubercle ; (antennal segment III subequal to IV, or one-fifth shorter; rostrum variable in length, sometimes reaching the genital plate ; transverse impression of the pronotum deep, anterior lobe one-half as long as posterior, which is higher and convex) ; length 5.3-6 mm numenius Say 1832 (= mexicanus Distant 1893) Massachusetts and New York to Maryland, west to Indiana, Arizona, California; on golden rod; on the ripened fruit and seed-heads of sycamore {Plat anus Occident alis and P. wrightii), in winter under the bark. B. Anterior femora unarmed ; median pale line of the pronotum entire; male genital segment with a fovea ; (tylus exceed- ing juga by at least its own width; antennal segment II hardly longer than III) ; length, 4.8-5 mm. koreshanus Van Duzee 1909 Florida; “on a hairy labiate plant” (Van Duzee). Genus IV. Orsillacis Barber 1914 The Key to Genera of this Tribe gives all the structures found in Barber’s characterization of the genus. Thus far, it has only one described species. 0. producta Barber 1914 The structures stated for this species in the original descrip- tion are : Provided with very fine hairs ; head triangular, a little longer than wide (a generic character?), very finely punctured ; ocelli set close to the eyes ; antennal tubercles truncate and di- verging, reaching about one-third of the Way to the apex of the head; tylus bluntly projecting a little way beyond the apices 25 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 1 of the lateral lobes ; antennal segment I slightly enlarged, seg- ment II longest, slightly swollen at the apex, III two-thirds the length of II and nearly four times as long as I, IV nearly subequal to III and slightly incrassate; head obscurely punc- tured beneath ; rostral segment I reaching base of the head, II about, one-third longer, III one-third longer than II, IV a little shorter than II ; pronotum obtusely impressed before the middle, wider than long, coarsely punctured, the region of the cicatrix and the posterior margin smooth, the cicatrices making a broadly crescentic furrow scooped out, behind this a median pale ridge running from the anterior and disappearing before the posterior margin, where there is a transverse raised ridge running between the slightly higher humeri ; scutellum trans- versely elevated at base, with a median carina, the rest of the surface coarsely punctured; sternum coarsely and irregularly puctured ; anterior femora slightly enlarged, unarmed ; corium with a depressed fine golden pubescence ; length, 6 mm. Arizona' (Huachuca Mountains, on the Mexican border). Subfamily 2. Cyminae Stal 1862 Key to Tribes A. Head without a curved longitudinal sulcus before each ocellus, apical angle of the antenniferous tubercles not promi- nent ; antennal segment I surpassing the apex of the tylus, IV longer than III (subequal to or slightly longer— Blatch- ley) ; bucculae percurrent, low behind the middle'; scutel- lum equilateral, with the commissure shorter than the scutellum ; hemelytra hyaline, with few punctures, sides of clavus parallel ; ostioles exteriorly extended and produced into a tooth at apex 1. Ischnorrhynchini Stal 1872 B. Head with a curved longitudinal sulcus before each ocellus; apical angles of the antenniferous tubercles prominent, acute; antennal segment I stout, not surpassing the apex of the tylus (or sometimes surpassing it, as in Cymodema) , IV shorter than III ; bucculae short, quite elevated ; scu- tellum broader than long, longitudinally obtusely carinate ; base of pronotum rounded, posterior margin narrowly de- pressed at each side; clavus widened posteriorly, comis- sure much longer than the scutellum ; hemelytra hot hyaline, strongly and densely punctured, apical angle of the corium extended nearly to or beyond the apex of the abdomen 2. Cymini Stal 1872 26 January, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Tribe 1. ISCHNORHYNCHINI Stal 1872 Key to Genera A. Head porrect, not abruptly deflexed in front; eyes nearly in contact with the anterior margin of the pronotum ; width of head across the eyes not much more than one-half the width of the posterior margin of the pronotum; sides of the clavns parallel ; costal margin of the corium convexly arcuated I. I.sch norhy nclms Pieber 1861 B. Head deflexed in front, almost vertical, tumid behind the eyes, eyes distant from the anterior margin of the pronotum; width of head across the eyes subequal to the width of the posterior margin of the pronotum; clavus widened pos- teriorly ; costal margin of the corium concave toward base II. Cymoninus Breddin 1907 (= Ninus Distant 1882, nec Stal 1859) Genus I. Ischnorhynchus Fieber 1861 = Kleidocerus Westwood 1842 No key is offered for this genus of brownish, glassy- winged little bugs. In order to make possible approximate recognition of our species, available original descriptions follow, with exact citation. The species are arranged in strict alphabetical order. For synon- ymies and like data, refer to the Van Duzee Catalogue. Fieber set up the genus (Eur. Hem., pp. 51 and 199) on the characters set forth in his original description following, in the original German. “Korper langlich-eiformig, niedergedriickt, kahl. Fiihler- wurzel wenig uber den kopf ragend ; Glied 2 nicht doppelt so lang ; Glied 3 etwa f von 2 ; beide stabformig ; Glied 4 spindelig, spitz, so lang als Glied 2. Pronotum nach vorn sehr zusam- mengezogen, v : h = 3 : 7 ; 1 : h = 5 : 7. Schild gleichzeitig drei- eckig. Hinterfuss wurzel so lang als Glied 2 und 3 zusammen. Korper, Pronotum und Schild tief eingestocken punctirt; in jedem der Stichpuncte ein goldgelbes Bortschen. Halbdecken viel breiter als der Leib, die Corium ecke fast an das Hinter- leibende reichend. Membran gross, weit fiber den Hinterleib ragend.” (It should be noted that the above is the way Fieber spelt the generic name; subsequent emenders made it “ Ischnorrhynchus, for reasons of Greek grammar.) 27 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. I The descriptions of species follow alphabetically, and without, consideration of synonymies. Ishnorltyncltus championi Distant 1882. (Biol. Centr. Am. Rhyn- chota I: 193, pi. XIX, fig. 3) ‘ ‘ Head and pronotum pale ochraceons, thickly covered with dark punctures ; head with apex, four short basal streaks, and eyes blackish. Antennae with the basal joint shortest, incras- sated and fuscous, third and fourth ochraceous, with their bases> and apices fuscous; fourth thickened and fuscous, with the basal third ochraceous. Pronotum with two short, waved, transverse fuscous fasciae near anterior margin. Scutellum pale ochraceous, thickly, coarsely, and darkly punctured at base, a few coarse dark punctures along the lateral margins, and a central elongate fuscous spot. Corium pale ochraceous. and semihyaline, with two fuscous spots on disk and four along apical margin. Underside of body pale fuscous, thickly and coarsely punctate, with an elongate black spot situated on lat- eral margins of pro-, meso-, and metasternum, and a series of black spots along abdominal margin. Metasternum very pale luteous and impunctate. Femora and apices of tibiae castane- ous, tibiae and apices of the femora pale ochraceous, apices of tarsi pitchy. Long 2f millim. “Guatemala, Rio Naranjo (Champion).” Florida, Texas, California. Ischnorhynchus didymus Zetterstedt 1819. Act. Holm. 71 Original description not available. Distribution as its supposed synonym, I. geminatus Say. Ischnorhynchus franciscanus Stal 1859. (Eugenies Resa, 252) (= Cymus franciscanus) “ Flavo-testaceus, punctatus, antennis pedibusque subob- scurioribus, illarum articulo secundo et tertio apice quatorque toto fuscescentibus ; corii macula minuta media anguloque imo apicali fuscis ; subtus f erruginescens, pectore abdomineque basin versus fuscis. Long. 3 J, lat. If millim. “Patria: California (St. Francisco). ‘ ‘ Statura, colore et magnitudine C. didymi, thorace posteriur angustiore. Caput testaceum, punctatum. Antennae corporis dimidio aequilongae, flavescente-testaceae, articulis secundo et tertio apice quatorque toto fuscis. Rostrum flavescente-testa- 28 January, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA ceum. Thorax antice quam postice dimidio angustior, lati- tudine postica quarta parte brevior, flavo-testaceus, punctu- latus, ruga indistincta longitudinali instructus,, impressione transversa antemedium interdum fusca. Scutellum testaceum, punctatum. Hemelytra fiavo-testacea, parce punctata, macula minuta interdum obsolete anguloque imo apicali corii fuscis; membrana subsordide hyalina. Subtus ferruginescens, pectore et interdum abdomine basin versus fuscis, ille punctato. Pedes dilute flavo-testacei. ’ ■ Ischnorhynchus geminatus Say 1832. (Heterop. N. Am., p. 14; Compl. Writings I: 330) “Hemelytra with two small central spots, and four on the posterior edge of the membrane. “Inhabits Indiana and Missouri. “Body dull greenish-yellow; head dull fulvous, blackish each side behind; antennae obscure rufous; first joint, incisures and terminal joint black: rostrum extending a little beyond the origin of the posterior feet : thorax with the transverse impres- sion rather deep and blackish: scutel dull fulvous, blackish on the basal margin : hemelytra on the corium tinged with yellow- ish, almost hyaline, and having on the middle two approximate, abbreviated fuscous lines and on the posterior edge four or three fuscous small dots ; membrane pellucid : beneath black- piceous ; a white line over the insertion of the posterior pairs of feet, and a honey-yellow line over the anterior pair : feet honey- yellow, immaculate ; tarsi blackish. “Length three-twentieths of an inch.” The additional distribution, according to Van Duzee, is: Quebec, Massachusetts, New York, District of Columbia, Florida ; on Spirea van houteni, Betula nigra. Ischnorhynchus geminatus Fieber 1861. (Eur. Hem. 203) The original German description is : “Fiihler gelb, Wurzelglied am Grunde und das Endglied braunschwartz. Graulich, braunpunctirt. Kopf rostroth, weissbereift wie das vorn in dem Quereindruck braungelbe Pro- notum ; in welchem nur die queren — ' -f ormigen Fiirchen schwarz. Schild braunlichgelb. Halbdecken braungelblich punctirt, die Puncte auf der Corium-Mitte und an der Mem- brannaht braungelb, in Innenwinkel des Corium ein Strich weiss. Mas., fern, 1J' ' ', mit Membran 2' ' ' . Im mittleren und Siidlichen Europa.” 29 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. I Ischnorhynchus obovatus Van Duzee 1931. (Pan Pac. Ent. VII : 110) “Distinct from all onr other species by its longer head and ovate elytra. Length, 4 mm. “Male. Head distinctly more produced than in resedae, sides nearly rectilinear before the eyes; vertex regularly shal- lowly punctate ; bucculae very narrow, scarcely elevated ante- riorly. Rostrum attaining apex of fourth ventral segment ; seg- ment I surpassing base of head. Pronotum strongly punctate ; broadly depressed just before the middle, sides sinuate, anterior margin one-half the posterior ; callosities forming a smooth im- pressed arc either side; humeri prominent; scutellum coarsely punctate. Elytra broad, subhyaline, obscurely punctate on the median area, with a row of fine punctures on the basal half of the radial vein and next the claval suture; clavus with mar- ginal and one median row of close punctures; costa ovately arcuate and reflexed, apex distinctly bent at radial vein ; mem- brane nearly hyaline., Antennal segment I not attaining apex of tylus ; II and IV slightly longer than III. “Color ruf o-castaneous ; tip of tylus, gula, segments I and IV of antennae, and base and apex of II and III, black, tip of IV paler. Pronotum pale posteriorly, arcuate lines and hind margin blackish; scutellum castaneous. Elytra brownish sub- hyaline ; dot at tip and a geminate dash on disk blackish. Be- neath mostly blackish, varied with castaneous on the pro- pleura ; acetabulae and orifices pale ; pale margin of metapleura strongly produced at outer angle. Legs castaneous, knees and apex of tarsi black. ’ ’ California. Ischnorhynchus resedae Panzer 1797. (Faun. Germ. XL, f. 20) “ Lygaeus resedae (Die Reseda- Wanze) . “ Lygaeus resedae: flavus, capite, scutello pedibusque san- guineis, elytris punctis duobus nigris. “Habitat in Reseda odorata L. Norimb. “Antennae flavae, articulo primo, reliquis apice nigris. Caput sanguineum lineis duabus elevatis, punctisque plurimis impressum. Oculi globosi prominuli albo marginati. Thorax flavus punctis plurimis impressis nigris irroratus. Scutellum triangulum sanguineum nigropunctatum. Elytra flava punc- tata, medio punctis duobus maioribus, et margine postico, punctis minoribus tribus, notata. Alae fuscae apice hyalinae.. 30 January, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Corpus subtus atrum, ano rubro, pectore albo nigropunctato. Pedes sanguinei. Rostrum atrum, apice rufum. ” Ischnorhynchus salvini Distant 1882. (Biol. Centra Am. Rhyn. I : 194, pi. XIX, fig. 2) “General shape and size of the preceding species (godmani) . Head luteous, with coarse brown punctures, eyes castaneous; antennae luteous, first joint shortest and incrassated, second and third longest and subequal, fourth a little shorter than third, thickened, and with the apical half fuscous. Pronotum luteous, coarsely punctate, with rather more than basal half much shaded with pale fuscous. Scutellum pale luteous, with a few coarse dark punctures along basal and lateral margins, and a very large blackish spot near apex. Clavus pale fuscous, punctured as in L. godmani. Corium pale luteous and semi- hyaline, punctured and marked with fuscous, as in the preced- ing species, but with the spot on the disk connected with the continuation of the subquadrate apical spot. Membrane pale hyaline. Underside of head and pro- and mesosternum luteous, thickly punctured with fuscous ; metasternum very pale luteous and impunctate, more or less spotted and suffused with pale fuscous. Abdomen pale fuscous, with the lateral margins broadly luteous. Legs luteous, femora fuscous near base. Long. 4 millim., lat. 2 millim. “Guatemala, Cerro Zunil (Champion).” Texas. Genus II. Cymoninus Breddin 1907 ( =Ninus Distant 1893, nec Stal 1859) This genus was erected by Breddin (Berytiden und Myo- dochiden von Ceylon— Deutsch. Ent. Zeit.) to cover Distant’s spe- cies following, which the latter had placed in Ninus Stal, in error, as it turned out. The generic structural characters combined from Blatchley’s and Distant’s descriptions are: Elongate slender species having the head strongly deflexed between the antennae and not inserted in the thorax to the exserted eyes; antennal segment I not or hardly passing the apex; costal margin of the hemelytra deeply emarginated to- ward the base, corium hyaline, narrow, with a single median row of punctures. Later, in 1918, Bergroth, in his “Studies in Philippine Heter- optera” (Phil. Journ. Sci. XIII : 64), thus redefined the genus : 31 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 1 “Head narrower than the base of the pronotum; eyes rather large, sessile, set longitudinally, scarcely converging forward; ocelli scarcely or slightly more distant from the eyes than from each other; rostrum extending to the middle of the meso- sternum, first joint reaching the base of the head.” Thus far there is only one American species of Qymoninus known, the others being Oriental : C. notabilis Distant 1882 The structural chaarcters of the species, as abstracted from Dis- tant’s original description, and from Blatchley’s redescription are: Head, pronotum and scntellnm pubescent with scattered erect hairs; antennal segment II about one-half longer than III, which is subequal to IV ; head beneath and sternum coarsely punctured ; eyes strongly exserted and slightly directed backward; pronotum gradually widened posteriorly and some- what gibbous near the humeri, which are broadly rounded; head subequal to the posterior margin of the pronotum; ros- trum reaching the middle coxae; bucculae short, evanescent posteriorly, not reaching the base of the head ; pronotum densely punctured, constricted near the apex, the basal lobe strongly convex; length, 3-3.5 mm. Florida, common; the species was described from Panajachel, Guatemala, Central America. Tribe 2. CYMINI Stal 1872 Key to Genera 1. Antennal segment I long, greatly exceeding the apex of the head, and equal to II, which is slightly thicker than III ; tylus not produced ; rostral sulcus in head and prosternum distinct III. Cymodema Spinola 1837 Antennal segment I short, shorter than II ; head behind the bucculae and the pronotum hardly or only slightly longi- tudinally impressed 2 2. Tylus much produced before the bucculae; rostrum short, hardly reaching the middle of the mesosternum, segment II extended but little beyond the antrior margin of the pro- sternum; mesosternum very distinctly sulcate. I. Arphnus Stal 1874 Tylus not or very slightly prominent beyond the bucculae; rostrum longer, extending to or beyond the intermediate 32 January, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA coxae, segment II reaching, or nearly reaching, the an- terior coxae ; mesosternnm not distinctly snlcate. II. Cymus Hahn 1831 Note. — Cymodema is included in the key, although presumably not an American genus, in order to differentiate more closely the American species of Cymus. Genus I. Arphnus Stal 1876 Key to Species 1. Tylus short, produced before the bucculae for a distance hardly more than one-half the bucculae, (its apex reaching the basal third of antennal segment II ; sides of pronotum straight, not obviously carinate anteriorly; lower half of the head densely sericeous pubescent ; anterior femora strongly incrassate, abruptly narrowed at base ; vertex mi- nutely but obviously transversely rugulose, with a few scat- tered punctures; length, 4-4.75 mm.). tristis Van Duzee 1929 Utah, Nevada. Tylus longer, produced before the bucculae for a distance fully equal to the length of the bucculae 2 2. Tylus reaching middle of antennal segment II ; median carina of the pronotum obsolete behind the middle; length, 4- 4.75 mm coriacipennis Stal 1859 Oregon, California, Utah, Idaho. Tylus reaching apical one-third of antennal regment II ; median carina of the pronotum percurrent or nearly so; (sides of pronotum feebly bisinuate, obtusely carinate anteriorly; lower side of the head and the pleura in part, with short white pubescence) ; length, 4-5 mm. profectus Van Duzee 1929 California. Genus II. Cymus Hahn 1831 Key to Species 1. Antennal segment I extended well beyond the apex of the tylus, half or more than half the length of II 2 Antennal segment I sometimes reaching but hardly passing the apex of the tylus, less than one-half the length of II 3 2. Antennal segment I slender, at least three times as long as wide, extending more than one-half its length beyond the apex of 33 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 1 the tylus, concolorous, segment III more than twice the length of II; lateral margins of the pronotum quite evi- dently impressed anteriorly; length, 4-4.5 mm. virescens Fabricius 1794 (= breviceps Stal 1874 = tabida Uhler 1876 — [Cymodema] = exiguum Horvath 1908) New Jersey, south along Atlantic Coast; Missouri, Indiana, Colorado, Utah, Texas, California. Antennal segment I short and stout, twice as long as wide, extended for one-half its length beyond the apex of the tylus, black, apex pale, III one-half or more longer than II ; lateral margins of the pronotum not impressed ; length, 3-3.2 mm bellus Van Duzee 1909 Florida. 3. Antennal segment II at least one-third shorter than III ; lateral margins of the pronotum not impressed; median longi- tudinal carina generally inconspicuous 4 Antennal segment II very nearly equal to III ; lateral margins of the pronotum quite evidently impressed or carinate; median longitudinal carina sometimes short but quite evi- dently elevated 5 4. Tylus plainly well extended beyond the apex of antennal seg- ment I ; rostral segment III not shorter than II or IV ; corium quite evidently contracted at base, the costal margin more arcuate; length, 3. 8-4.5 mm angustatus Stal 1874 U. S. west of the Rocky Mountains; on Carex and J uncus. Tylus very slightly extended beyond the apex of antennal seg- ment I ; rostral segment III shorter than either II or IV ; corium obsoletely or not at all contracted at base; costal margin more nearly parallel ; length, 3. 3-3. 8 mm. reductus Barber 1924 Arizona. 5. Antennal segment II a very little longer than III, which is subequal to IV; tylus not so strongly projecting beyond apices of juga ; length, 3. 2-3. 5 mm discors Horvath 1908 (= clavulus Uhler 1878 = claviculus Van Duzee 1889) Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania and west to Michigan and Indiana; on Scirpus cyperinus and Scirpus polyphyllus. Antennal segment II subequal to III, which is plainly longer than IV ; tylus more strongly projecting beyond the apices of the juga; species over 4.5 mm. in length 6 34 January, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 6. Form slender; head and pronotum each about one-fifth wider than long; pronotal punctures fine; median longitudinal carina quite evident from the anterior margin to beyond the disc of the pronotum; length, 5 mm., width, 1.67 mm luridus Stal 1874 Form robust; head and pronotum each about one-third wider than long ; pronotal punctures coarse, median longitudinal carina of the pronotum short, commonly not reaching the middle of the disc; length, 4.5-4.7 mm., width, 1.65- 1.87 mm robustus Barber 1824 New York, Michigan, Indiana; on seed-heads of Scirpus polyphyllus. Note to C. reductus Barber. — “This is probably what Van Duzee has recorded as guatemalanus from Arizona.” (Barber) Subfamily 3. Blissinae Stal 1862 Key to Genera A. Body elongate, abdomen over twice as long as head and thorax taken together ; apical margin of the corium straight ; anterior coxal cavities closed behind, along the posterior margin of the prosternum ; antennae longer than the head, thorax and scutellum taken together; rostrum relatively shorter, its apex not reaching past the middle coxae ; scu- tellum subequilateral I. Ischnodemus Fieber 1836 B. Body short, narrow-oval or oblong ; abdomen less than twice the length of the head and thorax taken together ; apical mar- gin of the corium not straight but sinuate before the apex of the clavus ; coxal cavities open along the posterior mar- gin of the prosternum; width of the head across the eyes about one-half the width of the posterior margin of the pronotum; antennae about equal to the length of the head, pronotum and scutellum taken together; rostrum long, reaching past the middle coxae; scutellum wider than long II. Blissus Burmeister 1835 Genus I. Ischnodemus Fieber 1836 Key to Species 1. Rostrum not or hardly passing base of prosternum 2 Rostrum reaching almost to, or behind, middle of meso- sternum 9 35 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 1 2. Antennal segment II longest 3 Antennal segment II not longest 4 3. Posterior lobe of the pronotum not punctured ; scutellum with a short carina; (rostral segment II not reaching base of head; antennal segment III a little shorter than II or IV) ; length, 3. 8-5. 3 mm f aliens Say 1832 Massachusetts and Connecticut west to Dakotas, and south and west to Texas. Posterior lobe of the pronotum coarsely punctured ; scutel- lum impunctate and without a carina ; length 4.8 mm. intermedins Blatchley 1926 Pennsylvania, Indiana, Florida. 4. Antennal segment I not reaching apex of tylus, shortest, (II, III and IV nearly equal ; rostral segment I just passing anterior coxae ; length, 4-5 mm. ) praecnltns Distant 1882 Arizona. Antennal segment I reaching to or passing the apex of the tylus 5 5. Anterior femora with a short sharp tooth at the apical one- fourth; (antennal segment I reaching apex of tylus, III a little shorter than II ; rostral segment IV not longer than II; length, 4-6 mm.) macer Van Duzee 1921 Arizona. Anterior femora without a tooth 6 6. Pronotum not or very feebly constricted at basal one-third and without a distinct median groove ; antennae slender, seg- ment I distinctly longer than thick 7 Pronotum distinctly and widely constricted at basal one-third, anteriorly with a broad shallow median longitudinal groove ; antennae stout, segment I oval, nearly as thick as long ; length, 6-8 mm robnstns Blatchley 1926 Florida. 7. Antennal segment I passing apex of tylus by one-half of its own length, (II and IV subequal; length, 6 mm.). atramedins Blatchley 1926 Florida. Antennal segment I only slightly passing apex of tylus 8 8. Rostral segment II passing the base of the head by one-half its own length; antennal segment III distinctly shorter than II and IV, which are subequal; (second inner vein of the membrane angularly bent inward at its basal one-third) ; length, 5-5.2 mm rufipes Van Duzee 1909 Florida. 36 January, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Rostral segment II not quite reaching the base of the head; antennal segment III longest ; length, 3.5-5 mm. hesperius Parshley 1922 (= brevicornis Parshley 1922) South Dakota. 9. Antennal segment I passing apex of tylus 10 Antennal segment I not passing apex of tylus 11 10. Antennal segment I passing apex of tylus by one-half its own length, II and IV subequal, III hardly shorter; length, 7-9 mm conicus Van Duzee 1909 Texas. Antennal segment I passing apex of tylus by one-third its own length, II and IV subequal, III shorter; (rostral segment II passing base of head by nearly one-half its own length ; length, 5-7 mm.) badius Van Duzee 1909 Florida. 11. Pronotum with a velvety black bar across the base; antennal segment IV one-half longer than II, III shorter than IV ; length, 3-3.2 mm minutus Blatchley 1926 (= pusillus Blatchley 1925) Florida ; from grass roots. Pronotum without a velvety black bar across the base 12 12. Antennae slender, segment I much longer than thick; length, 4.5-5. 2 mm slossoni Van Duzee 1909 North Carolina, Florida. Antennae stout, I slightly longer than thick; (segment IV sub- equal to II, III shorter than either, III two-thirds of IV ; rostral segment II surpassing base of head by one-half its own length ; length, 5-6 mm.) lobatus Van Duzee 1909 Florida. Genus II. Blissus Burmeister 1835 Key to Species 1. Antennal segment IV equal to or longer than II and III taken together 2 Antennal segment IV shorter than II and III taken together 4 2. Scutellum with only the depressed basal part sparsely punc- tured; (narrow, elongate, parallel-sided; head about one- quarter broader than long ; antennae relatively short, seg- ment II less than twice I, III slightly shorter than II, IV twice as long as II ; rostrum reaching base of intermediate coxae, segment I slightly shorter than II, III more than 37 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. I one-half length of II, IV one-third of itself shorter than II ; pronotum distinctly wider than long, widest across the middle, thence very gently rounded to the anterior margin, parallel-sided behind middle; scutellum two-fifths wider than long, only the depressed basal part sparsely punc- tured; length, 2.8 mm.) nanus Barber 1937 Kansas. Scutellum wholly and coarsely punctured 3 3. Apex of rostrum reaching metasternum ; (sparsely clothed with greyish pubescence ; antennal segment IV equal to lengths of II and III taken together; rostrum reaching meta- sternum; pronotum subquadrate, sides slightly sinuate on basal one-third, thence broadly rounded to apex, the disc, except the nodulose humeri, closely and coarsely punc- tured throughout; scutellum coarsely punctured, with an evident but faint apical carina) ; length, 4.7 mm. validus Blatchley 1926 Indiana. Apex of rostrum passing the posterior coxae; (antennal seg- ment IV more than twice III) ; length, 2. 8-3.1 mm. iowensis Andre 1937 Iowa, Kansas. 4. Antennal segment IV about twice the length of III 5 Antennal segment IV less than twice the length of III 9 5. Antennal segment IV about one and one-third times as long as II; (antennal segment IV shorter than II, which is longer than III, I shortest; thickly clothed with fine appressed pubescence; pronotum broadly rounded anteriorly, sides, not sinuate, disc minutely subobsoletely punctured ; scu- tellum finely sparsely punctured, without an evident carina; length, 3.67-4.2 mm.) leucopterus Say 1837 Canada and United States, widespread ; an injurious pest on wheat and grasses. Antennal segment IV about one and two-thirds length of II 6 6. Apex of rostrum reaching to intermediate coxae 7 Apex of rostrum reaching to or beyond posterior coxae 8 7. Rostral segment II longest, III and IV equal; (form ovate; head about one-fifth wider than long; antennal segment I shortest, II nearly twice I and about one-seventh of itself longer than III, IV nearly twice III; rostrum reaching to apex of intermediate coxae, segment I four-fifths of II, II two-fifths longer than III or IV, which are equal ; pronotum 38 January, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA nearly one-third wider than long, sparsely covered with greyish white hairs, those along the margin longer, disc of anterior lobe finely punctured, posterior one-third nearly nude, lateral margins straight and parallel posteriorly, anterior one-quarter strongly rounded to anterior margin, posterior margin nearly straight; scutellum much wider than long, with a few fine discal punctures on each side of the middle; length, 3.12 mm.) mixtus Barber 1937 California. Rostral segment II equal to I, III shorter than IV ; (form narrow-elongate, parallel-sided posteriorly; head one-fifth wider than long ; antennal segment I less than one-half II, II one and one-seventh longer than III, which is a little more than one-half the length of IV ; rostrum extending to the middle of the intermediate coxae, segments I, II and IV equal, III four-fifths of any one of the others ; pronotum one-fifth longer than wide, widest just before the middle, thence rather strongly rounded anteriorly, disc finely punc- tured before middle, posterior one-third impunctate; scu- tellum two-fifths wider than long, with a few fine scattered discal punctures; abdomen parallel-sided; length, 3.2 mm.) omani Barber 1937 Arizona (Huachuca Mountains). 8. Rostral segment I longer than IV, III equal to IV ; (form narrow-elongate; head about one-fifth wider than long, tylns shining black; antennal segment I one-half length of II, II less than one-fifth of itself longer than III, which is slightly more than one-half the length of IV ; rostrum relatively long, apex reaching to or slightly beyond the posterior coxae, segment I more than two-thirds of II, and two-fifths of itself longer than III or IV, which are equal ; pronotum nearly one-third wider than long, anterior pruinose area finely punctured, posterior piceous part nearly denuded and more sparsely punctured, sides not parallel, widest across humeri, the margins distinctly con- verging anteriorly, more abruptly at anterior fourth ; scu- tellum one-quarter wider than long, with fine scattered punctures over the disc and a submarginal row of coarse punctures; length, 3.28 mm.) planarius Barber 1837 Wyoming, Kansas, Colorado. Rostral segment I equal to IV, III longer than IV ; (head one- third wider than long, covered with dense matted pubes- cence except for the tylus ; antennae short and robust, seg- 39 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 1 ment I one-half of II, II one-sixth of itself longer than III, which in turn is one-half of IV ; rostrum reaching to pos- terior coxae, segments I and IV equal, II one-third longer than I, and one-eighth of itself longer than III ; pronotnm finely punctured and densely covered with pale pubescence, almost one-third wider than long, greatest diameter across the middle area, posterior margin lightly concavely arcu- ate; scutellum over twice as wide as long, a few coarse punctures along the lateral margins ; length, 2.4 mm. ) . breviusculus Barber 1837 Maine, Massachusetts. 9. Rostrum reaching to intermediate coxae; (form elongate-oval, rather densely long-pilose, shaggy; head one-fifth wider than long, with scattered, mostly erect, whitish hairs; antennae rather densely pilose, segment I less than one- half of II, II slightly longer than III, and two-thirds the length of IV ; rostrum extending to apices of intermediate coxae, segment I about one-seventh of itself shorter than II, which is more than one-half longer than III or IV, which are equal ; pronotum about one-third wider than long, rather densely long-pilose, somewhat shaggy, pos- terior two-thirds parallel-sided, posterior margin nearly truncate, the large plumbeous areas on either side of the middle finely punctured ; scutellum much wider than long, with a few fine scattered punctures and a few fine erect hairs ; length, 3.2 mm.) villosus Barber 1937 California. Rostrum reaching between posterior coxae; (head short and broad, much deflexed anteriorly ; antennal segment II one- third longer than III, IV about one-third longer than II • apex of rostrum reaching between the posterior coxae, segment I slightly passing base of head, a little shorter than II, which is almost subequal to III ; length, 3 mm.). occiduus Barber 1918 Colorado, New Mexico. Note. — Blissus leucopterus Say 1832 appears to break up into four recognizable varieties or forms, so much so, that one of them ( hirtus Montandon 1893) was described as a full species, and so continued to be regarded until Barber evaluated it in 1918. The key following to these forms has been constructed from the descrip- tions as published, and from discussions of characters. (To t)e continued) 40 * No. 2 AMERICANA A Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor JOHN W. NOAKS E. W. TEALE Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $5.00 per year Date of Issue, September 13, 1946. Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa. under the Act of March 3, 1879. Vol. XXVI MericAna April, 1946 No. 2 A SYNOPSIS OF THE HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO By J. R. de la Torre-Bueno Family XI — Lygaeidae ( Cintinued from vol. XXVI , no. 1, p. 40) Key to Varieties of Blissus leucopterus 1. Anterior half of the pronotnm clothed with a prostrate silvery- grey pubescence, this contrasting strongly with the deep velvety-black of the posterior area ; corium and membrane with whitish veins, concolorons with the disc; (“ shorter and narrower than the typical B. leucopterus Say” — Barber) var. insularis Barber 1918 Florida, (Puerto Rico). Pronotum not prominently and abruptly silvery-grey in front of middle; corium and membrane with the veins straw- yellow 2 2. Pubescence of the pronotum and the sides of the abdomen in great part long, erect and tawny-yellow. var. hirtus Montandon 1893 Maine, New York, Pennsylvania. Pubescence of pronotum not long, erect, and tawny-yellow 3 3. Antennae with apical half of segment III and all of IV black ; apical part of the corium piceous. var. leucopterus Say 1831 (typ) 41 Distribution as species. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 2 Antennae with segments I, II and III, and base of IV, black; apical dot of the corinm paler or brown. var. arenarius Barber 1918 New York, New Jersey. Subfamily 4. Geocorinae Stal 1862 Key to Genera A. Rostral segment I sub equal to or shorter than II; part of head bearing the eyes constricted so that the eye appears almost stylate and wholly to the side of the head and pronotum, the inner margin of the eyes strongly converging through- out, not in contact with the anterolateral margin of the pronotum; ocelli usually set midway between the inner margin of the eye and the middle line of the vertex ; head smooth, impunctate, not rugulose; antennal segment II sub equal to IV, both longer than III ; pronotum much narrowed in front, callosities of the pronotum continuous or interrupted by a few scattered punctures; scutellum noticeably longer than wide, almost flat, uniformly but sparsely punctured; clavus definitely narrowed behind, commissure short I. Hypogeocoris Montandon 1913 (= Isthmocoris McAtee 1914) B. Rostral segment I distinctly longer than II; eyes not so promi- nent, not obviously pedunculate, and usually contiguous to the anterolateral margins of the pronotum, their inner margins, at least anteriorly, more usually subparallel ; ocelli in most cases set closer to the inner margin of the eyes than to the middle of the vertex (except in punctipes Stal and flavilineus Stal) ; head more or less punctate or rugulose, or smooth ; antennal segment II longer than IV, which is subequal to III ; clavus narrowed behind ; com- missure absent? II. Geocoris Fallen 1814 (= Saida Latreille 1825 = Ophthalmicus Schilling 1829) Tribe 1. GEOCORINI Montandon 1913 Genus I. Hypogeocoris Montandon 1913 (= Isthmocoris McAtee 1914) Discussion In this genus of the Geocorinae there are four recognized species, namely: Hypogeocoris piceus Say 1832, from the Eastern United 42 April, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA States ; H. tristis Stal 1854, from California ; H. imperialis Distant 1882, described from one specimen from Duenas, Guatemala, and later recorded by McAtee from Texas, Louisiana and California; and H. slevini Van Duzee 1928, described from one specimen from California. How many specimens the older describers bad before them is hard to say. The first species, on the basis of its descrip- tion, is wholly black, except the eyes, legs, etc., and more or less, shining. The other three are black and luteous or griseous or stramineous, variously clouded with the darker color, and with dark (black) abdomen. McAtee has pointed out (1914, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXVII: 125), that color in the Geocorini as a whole is unstable and variable, from which condition have come many redescriptions of some species on the basis of color, giving rise to much confusion in the matter of validity or actuality of species. This is particularly true of Hypogeocoris imperialis and H. slevini, which are difficult to sepa- rate on color alone, but may be separated by a sifting of the few seemingly real structural characters in the descriptions. Key to Species 1. Punctation of the hemelytra more or less linear, including on the disc 2 Punctation of the hemelytra scattered and sparse on the disc 3 2. Pronotum and scutellum with a few large coarse scattered punctures, which are absent on the large transverse area including the callosities, the scutellum equilateral with an obscure longitudinal line ; median length of the pronotum two-thirds the width of the posterior margin; (antennal segment II a little shorter than IV, I three-quarters length of III ; hemelytra polished, with a few obscure punctures along the veins, membrane hyaline, veins indistinct; be- neath black, polished, coarsely punctured on the pleura; length, male, 4 mm.) slevini Van Duzee 1928 California. Pronotum densely punctured, shining, except the two deplanate transverse rugae before the middle, which are impunctate,. median length twice the width of the anterior margin; scutellum densely punctured, longitudinally subsmooth; (corium behind the middle punctured in rows, clavus dis- tinct, with three rows of punctures parallel to the scu- tellum ; hemelytra griseo-flavescent, membrane whitish- hyaline; length, 3 mm., width, 1.5 mm.) tristis Stal 1854: California. 43 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 2 3. Wholly Hack, shining species, except red head; pronotum not much elongated ; corinm sparsely and irregularly punctured over the whole disc ; length, 4-4.2 mm piceus Say 1832 Maine and New York to Wisconsin and Colorado, south to Florida ; on Potentilla canadensis. Particolored species ; pronotum with a double row of coarse punctures near the anterior margin, and the basal half strongly punctured, less so on the lateral margins; scu- tellum coarsely punctured, ( ?) no median smooth longi- tudinal line ; hemelytra with three longitudinal rows of punctures at the claval area, and a number of large scat- tered punctures on the disc of the corium ; membrane black, veins absent or obsolete ; length, 3.5-4 mm. imperialis Distant 1882 Florida, Louisiana, Texas, (Lower California) ; (described from Guatemala, Central America). Genus II. Geocoris Fallen 1814 Discussion The key following is frankly based on Stal’s, McAtee’s and Barber ’s. The additional structural characters given are those used by these authors in their keys and in their definitions of species. It should be specifically pointed out that the closet naturalists of other times described species in this genus from a totally inade- quate number of examples and without an acquaintance with the forms in the vast numbers in which they are found in the field ; they revelled in the least nuances of color, in a group which is as varie- gated in this respect as the offspring of ranging tomcats. In conse- quence, their equally closet-bound successors, likewise with an insuf- ficient number of specimens before them and seemingly with the same absence of the corrective of close observation in the field, have perpetuated these unstable color-forms as varieties, and keyed them out. These varieties are mentioned under the respective species in the key; those that wish to name them in their collections are re- ferred to these keys as published, in which they appear. The key following is structural ; where color is mentioned, it appears to be less unstable, and is given merely as a supporting characteristic. For instance, the calli are either light-colored in varicolored forms; or concolorous in dark forms, a quality easily perceived and fairly stable. But as this is found to be the case in similarly colored aggregates, it hardly ranks as a definite specific 44 April, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA character. It should also be stated that the dimensions are as far as possible those given in the descriptions. Key to Species 1. Head smooth, polished, not at all grannlose or rugulose 2 Head wholly or in part finely granulose or rugulose 7 2. Head with a fine longitudinal sulcus or indented line extending from the sulcus of the tylus through the vertex ; pronotum and scutellum without a median smooth flavescent line 3 Head without a fine sulcus from the sulcus of the tylus through the vertex; pronotum and scutellum with a percurrent median impuctate flavescent line or vitta; (black, shining; length, 4 mm., width, 1.67 mm.) flavilineus Stal 1874 Guatemala (Distant), Colombia (Stal). 3. Head with a distinct transverse arcuate sulcus behind the tylus, which does not reach the eyes; (basal angles of the scutel- lum with distinct pale calloused areas or spots or dots) ; (feet yellowish with numerous black points — Say) ; (ante- rior angles of the pronotum evenly rounded ; length, 3.5-5 mm. ) punctipes Say 1832 New Jersey to Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, Colorado, Oklahoma, Arizona, California, Texas (Guatemala). Head without a transverse arcuate sulcus behind the tylus 4 4. Scutellum without basal calli or spots, unicolorous black; an- terior angles of the pronotum usually truncate or angu- larly rounded 5 Scutellum with basal spots or a subtransverse calloused area not extended down the sides, nearly connecting with a carinate line which becomes obsolete just before the apex, with punctures segregated at base; (callosities of the pronotum distinct, almost or quite attaining the anterolateral angles ; impressed median line of the vertex continued nearly to the base of the head) ; length, 4—5 mm. sonoraensis Van Duzee 1923 (Lower California; on Atriplex). 5. Head through the eyes hardly wider than the pronotum at base ; ( eyes in contact with the abruptly rounded anterior angles of the pronotum, which is almost twice as wide as long; scutellum not carinate at apex ; head short and broad, longitudinal sulcus continued nearly to the base ; scu- tellum slightly wider than long ; venter finely pilose in the 45 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 2 center; length, 3.7 mm., width, 1.6 mm.) ; form relatively broad beameri Barber 1935 Arizona. Head through the eyes plainly wider than the pronotum ; form relatively narrow 6 6. Eyes not in contact with the pronotum ; pronotum gently sym- metrically rounded anterolaterally, bicolorous; scutellum not carinate apically, strongly convex (in brachypterous) ; (eyes apparently stylate, not in contact with the rounded anterior angles of the pronotum, which is nearly twice as wide as long, with the extreme margins finely but dis- tinctly carinate) ; length, 3.5 mm., width (at humeri), 1.44 mm omani Barber 1935 Arizona. Eyes in contrast with the pronotum, which is more abruptly rounded anterolaterally and distinctly narrowed anteri- orly, very distinctly and somewhat densely punctured, black; scutellum distinctly carinate apically, punctate and with a smoothish median line; (head almost smooth, with a sharply impressed line running from near the apex of the tylus well up on to the vertex) ; length, 3.5 mm. (4 mm., width, 1.5 mm. — Stal) scudderi Stal 1874 Texas. 7. Anterior angles of the pronotum distinctly angulated; (species mostly black or griseous with prominent fuscous mark- ings) 8 Anterior angles of the pronotum either rounded, or not dis- tinctly angulated ; (species pale testaceous, or griseous, with or without prominent fuscous or black markings) 14 8. Scutellum obviously longer than wide, strongly convex or in part elevated, (almost always bicolored) 9 Scutellum about equilateral, or subequilateral, smoothly low convex or almost flat; (almost always unicolored) : (head granular or rugulose, impressed line, when present, broader, less distinct, and interrupted at the base of the tylus) 10 9. Upper surface depressed ; pronotum little convex, sometimes sunken in the middle behind the callosities ; scutellum not evenly and strongly convex, either low convex with a median smooth raised line, making it somewhat roof- shaped, or sometimes elevated at or near the base, or with a Y-shaped raised area ; ground color more grayish ; length, 46 April, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 2.75-4.5 mm.; (with numerous obvious dusky impressed punctures; head rather wider than body; thorax with two small transverse impunctured spots before the middle; scutellum with a slightly carinate line and each side of the middle with a longitudinal dull yellowish spot; hemelytra with deep punctures — Say) bullatus Say 1832 (= griseus Dallas 1852) (and color varieties borealis Dallas 1852, discopterus Stal 1874, obscuratus Montan- don 1908, and floridanus Blatchley 1926) Maine west to Minnesota, Quebec, Ontario, New York and New Jersey south to Florida and Alabama, Dakotas, Mani- toba, Colorado, Utah, California, Labrador, (Guatemala — Distant) . Upper surface convex, pronotum rounded, sometimes subde- pressed; scutellum very convex, evenly rounded, median line hardly elevated, or with an elevated Y-shaped area sometimes present; ground color more yellowish; length, 3-4 mm pallens Stal 1854 (= decoratus Uhler 1877) (and varieties solutus Montandon 1908, and decoratus Uhler 1877) Kansas, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, California, Arizona, Texas, British Columbia, (Lower California) ; predacious on Nysius ericae and other small insects ; taken on Cheno- podium, Atriplex, Vaseyanthus insularis, sugar beet (Uhler record). 10. Median smooth line of the pronotum well-defined, percurrent or nearly so, and slightly carinate; length, 2.8 mm.; (scu- tellum equilateral, smoothly low-convex, closely punctured except for a slightly elevated, smooth line traversing the posterior two-thirds; head granular with a median sulcus interrupted by a knob at the base of the tylus, sulcus faint above this point ; anterior angles of the pronotum almost evenly rounded, pronotum closely dark-punctured except the posterior angles, very transverse; head with the eyes wider than the broad pronotum at base, wider than the body at the widest part ; sides of the hemelytra converging rapidly, corium with two rows of closely set punctures near the clavus, posterior two-thirds sparsely punctured, even on the disc; male type only known). carinatus McAtee 1914 California. 47 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 2 Median smooth line of the pronotnm poorly defined, usually incomplete and not at all carinate 11 11. Scutellum not equilateral, narrowed 12 Scut ell um strictly equilateral 13 12. Form narrow, nearly parallel-sided; pronotum elongate, mar- gin concolorous, evenly punctured to margins; piceous, shining, with a steely bluish glint, the pale margins of the hemelytra absent or narrow; (punctation less dense) ; length, 3.5-4 mm atricolor Montandon 1908 Colorado to Washington, Wyoming, Utah, California, Texas, British Columbia. Form oval; pronotum transverse, anteriorly slightly narrowed, its margins broadly white, smooth, with a few distinct, scattered punctures; black, hemelytra complete, griseous, (disc of corium smooth, posteriorly punctured and with two series of punctures at claval suture ; clavus distinct) ; length, 4 mm., width, 1.33 mm lividipennis Stal 1862 New Mexico, British Columbia(?), (Mexico, Stal). 13. Form oval, more or less broad; pronotum transverse, (disc thickly and rather coarsely punctured, the nodules over the humeri and a transverse elongated spot on each side smooth ; corium with a submarginal and two inner rows of punctures, and with some punctures scattered near the apex, the disc in greater part smooth) ; color dark or piceous, not shining, without a steely bluish glint ; margins of the hemelytra more or less broadly pale; length, 3- 4 mm uliginosus Say 1832 ( = niger Dallas 1852) (and color varieties limbatus Stal 1874, speculator Montandon 1908, howardi Montandon 1908, uliginosus Say 1932, lateralis Fieber 1861). Country- wide, except the Pacific States and Arizona; on Eupatorium and other Compositae, and on Solanum caro- linense. Form not broadly oval ; corium transparent grayish-yellow, smooth, very feebly punctured toward the apical angle; membrane well developed, reaching the apex of the ab- domen, smoky; abdomen wholly brilliant black; (tylus very feebly grooved, vertex with a transverse dull spot posteriorly and laterally near the eyes ; pronotal calli quite 48 April, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA narrow and little prominent, smooth, as well as the disc) ; length, 3.5 mm duzeei Mon tan don 1908 Colorado. 14. Posterior margin of the corium evenly symmetrically rounded, hemelytra rather evenly and closely shallowly punctured all over, except very narrowly on costal margins, no smooth area on disc ; brachypterous ; ( eyes not in contact with the anterolateral angles of the pronotum, which are abruptly obtusely angulated ; cicatrices of the pronotum almost con- tiguous; scutellum shorter than the pronotum — equal to pronotum, according to the original description — , as wide as long, closely and evenly punctured on each side of the delicate median callous streak, basal area more closely punctured; head very finely wrinkled; pronotum almost twice as long as wide, lateral margins parallel, evenly and rather closely punctured to extreme anterior and lateral margins, very narrowly impunctate along the posterior margin, anteriorly with a faint median calloused pale streak separating the two transverse orbicular smooth cal- losities; length, 3.15 mm., width, 1.1 mm.). frisoni Barber 1926 Indiana, Illinois, Texas. Posterior margin of the corium at least outwardly trun- cate, straight in both brachypterous and macropterous forms 15 15. Sides of pronotum parallel, anterolateral angles abruptly rounded, posterior margin slightly concave before the scutellum ; ( eyes touching the pronotum ; cicatrices of the pronotum remote from each other; head and cicatrices castaneous red or ochraceous red; head wider than the pronotum at the humeri, very finely granulose ; eyes almost or quite in contact with the anterior angles of the pro- notum, which is finely pilose anteriorly; scutellum finely pilose; tergum finely pilose; pleura and venter pilose; length, 3 mm. ) nanus Barber 1935 (= bullatus var. bullatus McAtee 1914) Arizona, Colorado. Sides of pronotum not parallel, posterior margin truncate before the scutellum; (head and pronotal cicatrices con- colorous) 16 16. Lateral margins of the pronotum evenly rounded anteriorly 49 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 2 from just before the middle point; eyes touching the anterolateral angles of the pronotum; (scutellum with vestiges only of the basal calli, almost uniformly punc- tured; not pilose; length, 3 mm.) paulus McAtee 1914 California. Anterolateral angles only of the pronotum rounded; eyes not touching the anterolateral angles of the pronotum 17 17. Anterolateral margins of the pronotum abruptly subangularly rounded; (eyes touching the pronotum; head, pronotum and scutellum finely sparsely pilose ; head granulose ; pro- notum not twice as wide as long ; length, 3.7 mm., width, 1.4 mm.) davisi Barber 1935 Nevada ; on Dondia nigra and Atriplex garrettii. Anterolateral angles of the pronotum gently rounded, not sub- angular 18 18. Head with eyes narrower than the width of the pronotum at humeri; anterior tibiae apically quite thickened, with an obvious apical or subapical spur or spine, and about one- half the length of the posterior tibiae ; pronotum with the discal punctures coarse, except near the anterior margin, where they are finer, and with a small impunctate spot at the middle of the base; veins of the membrane evident; length, 3.6 mm., width, 2.1 mm. guatemaltecus Torre-Bueno 1943 (= thoracicus Distant 1882, nec Fieber 1861) (Guatemala.) Head with eyes wider than the pronotum at humeri; anterior tibiae somewhat thickened apically, without an apical spur or spine, and more than one-half the length of the posterior tibiae ; discal punctures of the pronotum fine, reaching the base, which has no basal impunctate spot, the anterior punctures coarser; veins of the membrane absent or obso- lete; length, 3.1 mm., width, 2 mm. thoracicus Fieber 1861 (Distant 1882) ( Guatemala. ) Subfamily 5. Heterogastrinae Stal 1872 This subfamily is represented to this time in America by only one of its genera. 50 April, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Genus I. Heterogaster Schilling 1829 (= Phygas Fieber 1860 = Phygadicus Fieber 1860) Barber in his keys defines the genus as follows : Body oblong ; lateral margins of the pronotum lightly marginate, posterior margin strongly concave ; anterior femora armed with a tooth or spine toward the apex. Key to Species A. Head strongly transversely convex above and closely and coarsely punctured, not quite twice as long as wide, with long sparse pile; antennal segments II and IV slightly longer than III ; (pronotum one-third wider than long, coarsely and closely punctured, with pile long and sparse, shallowly impressed dor sally and laterally just behind the middle, the lateral margins very narrowly impressed ; scu- tellum nearly twice as wide as long ; corium pilose, coarsely but sparingly punctured between the veins) ; venter finely and closely punctate; length, 6-7 mm. flavicosta Barber 1939 Louisiana, Texas ; under bark. B. Head very convex, not so closely and coarsely punctured; an- tennal segment II longest, III and IV equal; (rostrum reaching behind the anterior coxae; pronotum moderately flat, closely, rather coarsely punctured, less closely so behind, lateral margins moderately sinuate, posterior mar- gin broadly sinuate ; beneath opaque black, densely hoary pubescent ; scutellum densely and finely punctured basally, more remotely and coarsely apically ; punctures of corium remote, moderately coarse) ; venter dull black minutely densely punctured and shagreened; length, 7-7.5 mm., width, 1.75-2 mm behrensii Uhler 1876 California, Utah. Subfamily 6. Pachygronthinae Stal 1865 Key to Genera 1. Antennae short, segment I shortest, hardly reaching the apex of the head, II about twice or slightly more than twice as long as I ; head strongly declivous, outer margin of juga not at all elevated ; ocelli quite far apart ; body subsquamo- sericeous, somewhat large; pronotum somewhat convex; scutellum subequilateral ; apical margin of the corium more 51 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 2 or less sinuate toward the apex of the clavus, rounded toward the outer apical angle; anterior legs moderate- levigate line of pronotum absent or obsolete; rostral seg- ment II extending wholly or in greater part beyond the apex of the prosternum; (head wider, between the eyes and the apex of the antennal tubercles somewhat nar- rowed ; eyes strongly prominent ; rostral segment I not reaching the base of the head; segment I of pos- terior tarsi short, about as long as II and III taken to- gether) I. Phlegyas Stal 1865 (= Helonotus Uhler 1876 = Peliopelta Uhler 1886) Antennal segment I long, usually very long, exceeding the apex of the head, clavate or noticeably incrassate toward apex ; head snbporrect or slightly declivous ; ocelli not, or slightly more, distant from each other than from the eyes; body somewhat depressed, nude above; scutellum frequently distinctly longer than wide; apical margin of the corium straight; pronotum with a levigate subcallous percurrent or abbreviated longitudinal line; rostral segment II not or very slightly extended beyond the apex of the pro- sternum 2 2. Scutellum without a median longitudinal pale line ; (outer mar- gin of juga acute, more or less distinctly ampliate and reflexed) II. Oedancala Amyot & Serville 1843 Scutellum with a median longitudinal pale levigate line. III. Pachygrontha Amyot & Serville 1843 Genus I. Phlegyas Stal 1865 (= Helonotus Uhler 1876 - Peliopelta Uhler 1886 = Helonotocoris Lethierry & Severin 1888) Key to Species 1. Antennal segment II twice the length of I ; pronotum without a median carina; (median carina of scutellum fine but entire ; length, 4.5-5 mm., width, 1.33-1.5 mm.). annulierus Stal 1869 New Jersey to Florida, Kansas, Utah, Texas, Arizona, Cali- fornia, (Sonora, Mexico). Antennal segment II about three times the length of I; pro- notum with a median carina 2 2. Median carina of the pronotum very narrow, obsolete toward 52 April, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA base; (rostrum reaching or nearly reaching intermediate coxae) ; length, 5.25, width, 1.5-2 mm. abbreviatus Uhler 1877 Quebec, Ontario, Maine south to Georgia, Michigan, Illi- nois, Missouri, Nebraska, Colorado. Median carina of pronotum narrow, per current, entire; (seu- tellum with a fine levigate median carina; antennal seg- ment I not passing tylus) ; length, 5 mm. tropicalis Distant 1893 “Texas” (Banks); (Mexico). Genus II. Oedancala Amyot & Serville 1843 Ivey to Species 1. Antennal segment I longer than II plus III, and equal to the length of the head and pronotum taken together ; levigate line of the pronotum going up into the head and abbrevi- ated posteriorly; (anterior femora strongly incrassated, beneath with four or five large spines, and behind the middle with several smaller ones) ; length, 9 mm., width, 2 mm cut) ana Stal 1874 Cuba. Antennal segment I sub equal to or shorter than II and III taken together, not longer than the head and pronotum taken together; levigate median line of pronotum not ex- tending onto the head 2 2. Antennal segment I (as long as pronotum), nearly as long as II and III taken together, II, III and IV subequal ; median levigate line of the pronotum percurrent, disc finely and closely punctured; (anterior femora very strongly swollen and armed beneath with two rows of very short irregular teeth) ; length, 6.5-7 mm. ... dorsilinea Amot & Serville 1843 New York to Florida and Texas. Antennal segment I much shorter than I and III taken together (two-thirds as long), segments II, III and IV subequal; median levigate line of the pronotum not reaching either the basal or the anterior margin, disc coarsely, somewhat sparsely, punctured ; length, 6-6.3 mm. ... dorsalis Say 1832 Quebec and New England to South Dakota and Colorado, south and southwest to South Carolina, Oklahoma, Texas ; on Carex vulpinoides, Cyperus sp. 53 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 2 Note. — According to Yan Duzee, Oedancala crassimana Fabri- cins 1803 has not been recognized since described ; it may eventually turn out to be one or the other of the continental species. Here is another instance of a species often mentioned by name only , but never redescribed nor even seen by anyone since 1803. In Hemiptera Fabriciana, p. 122, Stal merely lists a bare name and sets it generically (Fabrician number 145), in the genus Oedancala , without any comment whatsoever, subsequent authors doing the same, except for the Yan Duzee comment above cited. Stal, how- ever, seems to have seen something he discusses in Enumeratio Hemi- pterorum IY : 139 ; or else he decided for unexpressed reasons, that Pamera dorsalis Say ( Oedancala ) was identical with crassimana Fabricius. It might seem to introduce less confusion to omit from the key preceding, in all its statuses, 0. crassimana Fabricius. For the consideration of archaeoentomologists is appended a copy of the original Latin description of Fabricius, together with the present writer’s exact translation, the former lined as in the original work, Fabricius, Systema Rhyngotorum, 1803, p. 233. 145. L. griseus thorace linea dorsali alba, femori- crassimanus bus anticis incrassatis. Habitat in Carolina. Mus. Dom. Bose. Statura L. chiragrae. Antennae omnino filifor- mes, obscurae. Caput et thorax punctata, grisea : linea dorsali albida, quae tamen nec apicem capitis, nec basin thoracis attingit. Elytra punctata, grisea. Alae albae. Corpus nigricans linea laterali albida. Pedes pallidi femoribus anticis valde incrassatis at inermibus. Translation of preceding : 145. L. griseous thorax dorsal line white, anterior femora incrassate. Inhabits Carolina. Mus. Dom. Bose. Size of L. chiragra. Antennae wholly filiform, dark ; Head and thorax punctured, griseous : dorsal line white, which however does not reach the apex of the head nor the base of the thorax. Elytra punctured, griseous. Wings white. Feet pale, anterior femora quite incrass- ate yet unarmed. Genus III. Pachygrontha Germar 1837 The subjoined key to the species of this genus is hopeful in char- acter, although it will probably work in practice. The descriptions 54 April, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA by Distant of his two Central American species, herein keyed, are given in full in the key, except the color-pattern. How it is pos- sible to omit all reference to the basic characters developed by Stal, in what purport to be adequate descriptions of new species, is a phenomenon of descriptive entomology, a phenomenon still with us, we must reluctantly admit. Such meager works as this referred to, form the justification of the proponents of the notion that without the type specimen a spe- cies is unknown and unknowable. Talleyrand said: “Language was given to man to conceal thought.” Descriptive entomologists ancient (excusably) and modern (inexcusably) seem to have made this idea their lode-star. Key to Species 1. Large species, normally averaging 6.5 mm. or over in length 2 Smaller species, less than 6 mm. in length 3 2. Antennal segments II and III equal, I as long as pronotum ; pronotum subtransverse, margins very slightly rounded before middle, with a percurrent longitudinal levigate line extended through the scutellum; length, 7 mm., width, 2 mm oedancalodes Stal 1874 Mexico. Antennae slender, segment II about one-quarter longer than III, segment I longer than the pronotum; pronotum nearly as long as wide at the truncate base, margins straight, longi- tudinal line evanescent behind the middle; length, 9 mm., width, 2 mm longiceps Stal 1874 Colombia, S. A. 3. Length, 5.5 mm. ; (antennal segment II a little shorter than III ; levigate line on anterior half of pronotum only, not reach- ing the anterior margin) bimaculata Distant 1893 ?Texas (Banks), (Panama, Distant). Length, 5 mm. ; (length of pronotum more than half the length of the corium) * compact a Distant 1893 Guatemala, Panama. Subfamily 7. Oxycareninae Stal 1862 Key to Genera A. Veins of corium and of membrane distinct, evident, corium coarsely but sparsely punctate; head, pronotum and hem- elytra without fine erect hairs ; head, pronotum, scutellum 55 ENTOMOLOGXCA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 2 and body beneath not polished I. Crophius Stal 1874 B. Veins of corium and of membrane indistinct, not evident, gen- eral surface of corium impunctate; head, pronotnm and hemelytra with fine erect hairs ; head, pronotnm, scutellum and body beneath polished II. Dycoderus Uhler 1901 Genus I. Crophius Stal 1874 Key to Species 1. Rostrum passing middle of the metasternum, or reaching its base 2 Rostrum not reaching base of mesosternum 3 2. Antennal segment I exceeding the tylus by less than one-third of its own length, segment IV longer than II, and about twice the length of III; bucculae ending abruptly some distance from the base of the head; pronotal callosities slightly raised; (claval punctures few and irregular be- tween the submarginal rows, hardly forming a third row ; head black or piceous; pronotum black, sometimes ferru- ginous brown posteriorly, anterior margin abruptly whiter, posterior margin obscurely paler; corium sordid white to gray, disc distinctly punctate with fuscous, veins distinctly elevated, infuscated, membrane hyaline, dark-veined) ; length, 4 mm bohemani Stal 1859 California to Vancouver Island, Idaho, Utah. Antennal segment I exceeding tylus by one-third of its own length, IV subequal to II; bucculae low; pronotal callosi- ties inconspicuous, finely punctured, as is the anterior lobe ; (metasternum hardly sulcate; anterior margin of the pro- notum concolorous or nearly so; membrane infuscated, apical margin broadly pellucid, clavus and broad apex of the corium black, basal angle of the membrane with a white spot; membrane about as long as the corium; hemelytra only moderately convex, costal margin slightly convex from base to apex, oommissure about as long as the scutellum) ; length, 3.5 mm scabrosus Uhler 1904 Nebraska, Idaho, New Mexico, Colorado, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, California. 3. Apex of antennal segment I not or hardly passing tylus, (seg- ment IV slightly longer than III ; pronotal callosities little raised, punctured like the adjacent surface; metasternum deeply sulcate in anterior half ; tooth of anterior femora obsolete; claval punctures hardly arranged in rows; hem- 56 April, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA elytra minutely and obscurely punctured ; anterior margin of tbe pronotum concolorous or nearly so; membrane infuscated, apical margin broadly pellucid and dotted, clavus and corium cream-white, immaculate; length, 5.5 mm.) heidemanni Van Duzee 1910 Arizona. Apex of antennal segment I much surpassing tylus 4 4. Veins of membrane complete, simple 5 Veins of membrane branched or irregular 7 5. Metasternum distinctly sulcate; (claval punctures in three reg- ular rows ; antennal segment IV equal to or longer than II ; anterior femora spined; anterior margin of the pronotum black, concolorous or nearly so; hemelytra whitish to tes- taceous, sparsely fusco-punctate, wide margin of the mem- brane immaculate, its disc and the discal veins of the corium fuscous; length, 3-3.75 mm.) disconotus Say 1832 Canada and Eastern United States, to Missouri and Ala- bama, Colorado, Utah, California, (Mexico) ; on golden rod and Finns ponderosa. Metasternum hardly or obsoletely sulcate 6 6. Anterior femora spined; (antennal segment I surpassing the tylus by one-third of its own length, IV shorter than II ; pronotal callosities strongly elevated, almost impunctate, forming a sinuated transverse ridge at the middle of the pronotum ; claval punctures confused ; membrane very large, the inner vein almost obsolete, infuscated, apical margin pallucid, clavus and broad apex of the corium black, basal angle of the membrane with a white spot ; an- terior margin of the pronotum concolorous or nearly so) ; length, 3.5-4 mm schwarzi Van Duzee 1910 Arizona. Anterior femora unarmed; (antennal segment I exceeding the tylus by one-third its own length, II and IV nearly equal ; pronotum with a transverse shallow impression ; head black or piceous; pronotum fusco-castaneous behind the broadly white anterior margin, with a triangular white spot posteriorly ; entire corium unicolorous, white, disc sparsely and faintly punctate, veins hardly elevated, membrane hyaline with uncolored or slightly darkened veins) ; length, 3-3.5 mm albidus Barber 1938 Utah. 7. Pronotum as long as wide ; (antennal segment I much exceed- 57 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 2 ing the tylus, IV shorter than II; pronotal callosities prominent, finely punctured, hardly connected ; claval punctures few, forming three imperfect rows ; metasternum without a distinct sulcus ; anterior margin of the pronotum with a distinct pale collar ; head ferruginous ; veins of mem- brane branched; length, 3-3.5 mm.). august atus Van Duzee 1910 California, Utah. Pronotum wider than long 8 8. Antennal segment I slightly exceeding the tylus, (IV slightly longer than II) ; veins of the membrane irregularly branched, often incomplete and broken ; costal margin very slightly expanded, gently convexly rounded from base to apex; (head dull black; anterior lobe of the pronotum dull black, pale medially at anterior margin, posterior lobe light, infuscated or cinereous with an indistinct median pale line ; corium cinereous, punctate and clouded with fuscous ; mem- brane sordid white, opaque, with heavily infuscated veins and spots) ; length, 2.5-3 mm ramosus Barber 1938 Idaho, Utah; on Atriplex and Norta altissima. Antennal segment I greatly exceeding the tylus ; veins of the membrane branched apically ; costal margin of the corium distinctly expanded and nearly straight from base to apex ; (pronotal callosities conspicuous, hardly coalescent, almost impunctate ; claval punctures with row 2 absent or incom- plete; metasternum without a sulcus; pronotum ferrugi- nous-brown with a black band across the callosities and five obscure pale vittae posteriorly, the posterior lobe dis- tinctly impressed on the middle and before each humeral angle, anterior margin paler, becoming whitish at the median line) ; length, 3.5 mm impressus Van Duzee 1910 California. Genus II. Dycoderus Uhler 1901 Additional to the characters in the generic division preceding are the following, as given by Uhler in his original description of the genus (Some New Genera and Species of North American Hemiptera — Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., IV : 507/508) : “Head thick sub-conical, hairy and including the eyes, about as wide as the anterior lobe of the pronotum; antennae very thick, the apical joint thicker than the others, about twice as long as the third, the second longest, thinnest, tapering 58 April, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA towards the base, the basal joint stout, shorter than the front, subfusif orm ; eyes globular, placed before the line of the convex front, the front broad, tumidly convex in union with the vertex, cheeks short, tylus long and narrow, the rostrum slender, geni- culate, reaching upon the middle coxae, the basal joint longest, moderately thick, second almost as long, reaching upon the anterior coxae, the third much shorter; gula swollen, the buc- culae slender, long. Pronotum subcampanulate, deeply con- stricted at about two-thirds of the length posteriorly, the groove carried down continuously to the sternum, anterior lobe about twice as long as the posterior one, sub-quadrangular, a little convex, having the lateral border curved, bent down, and the edge very narrowly reflexed, posterior lobe broad, very short, with the lateral margins oblique, elevated on the posterior border, and sloping down to the sulcated line ; posterior middle of the prosternum deeply excavated, and bounded behind by a callous ridge. Anterior femora stout, sub-fusiform, hardly longer than the tibiae. Scutellum tumid near the tip. Ab- domen expanding posteriorly in a curve, wider than the pro- notum. Corium narrow, triangular at base, curving wider behind the middle, the membrane barely extending beyond the tergum, the apical curve oval, veins indistinct, not apparently continuous, underside of body highly polished.” Uhler set the genus in “Div. Myodochina” (i.e., Myodochini) ; and says “closely related to Ptochiomera Say.” But in the course of his important and profound revisional work on Lygaeidae, H. G-. Barber, in 1917, places the genus as here, in Oxycareninae. The one species thus far recorded in the genus is D. picturatus Uhler 1901. The original description and Uhler ’s comment, run as follows : “Oblong subovate, piceous-black, more or less rufous be- neath, covered above with grey, erect bristles, and coarsely punctate ; head thick and nutant, impressed across the middle and at base, coarsely punctate in a lunate depression ; antennae rufo-testaceous, the apical joint and outer end of the third black; rostrum rufo-testaceous, darker at base and tip. Pro- notum polished, the anterior margin arcuated and with one or more transverse lines of punctures behind it, the humeral angles callous, a little elevated, bounded behind by a short, grooved line. Scutellum black, deeply punctate. Hemelytra flat, dull black, finely punctate in the sutures, base with a triangular 59 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 2 whitish spot and apex with a narrow, transverse spot of the same color, costal margin acutely reflexed; membrane convex, dusky posteriorly and with a pale border. Legs pale rufopice- ous, the tibiae testaceous, piceous at tip, tarsi mostly piceons. ‘ ‘ The female is a little wider than the male. Length to tip of abdomen male 2J, female 3 mm., width of pronotum 1J mm. “A pair male female, collected near Phoenix, Arizona, be- long to Mr. E. D. Ball, and another from near Denver, Colorado, is in my own collection. ’ ’ These types should now be in the United States National Mu- seum, in the Ball and Uhler collections. Apparently, so far as records go, the species has not since been collected in either state. Subfamily 8. Rhyparochrominae Stal 1862 Key to Tribes 1. Rostral segments I and II taken together not as long as or hardly longer than, the head, segment III longest; (pos- terior glandular opaque spot of ventral segment IV remote from the apical margin of the segment) ; ocelli very widely separated 1. Cleradini Stal 1874 Rostral segments I and II taken together much longer than the head, (and longer than segment III — Stal), I nearly as long as the head or as long, (II wholly or mostly extended behind the base of the head — Stal) ; ocelli not very widely separated 2 2. The two lateral opaque spots on ventral segment IV widely separated, the posterior spot closer to the posterior margin of the segment than to the anterior spot 3 Posterior glandular opaque spot of ventral segment IV set closer to the anterior spot and very remote from the pos- terior margin of the segment, sometimes with a third spot set posteriorly; (lateral margin of the pronotum generally expanded and frequently foliaceous between the lobes. 6. Lethaeini Stal 1872 3. Pronotum with the lateral margins of the anterior lobe obtuse, terete, not calloused, carinate or expanded, nor longitu- dinally impressed within the lateral margin of the pro- pleura, generally strongly constricted transversely, at or behind the middle, to form two distinct lobes, and gen- erally provided with a constricted ring-like collar; if the 60 April, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA collar is absent, the head is not, or only very slightly ex- serted ; body much depressed, more narrowly elongated. 2. Myodochini Stal 1872 Pronotum seldom strongly constricted transversely, with the lateral margins of the anterior lobe neither obtuse nor terete, either calloused or, if constricted, with the lateral margins carinate or expanded, or with the lateral emargi- nations filled in by a foliaceous expansion, or furnished with a series of punctures within the lateral margin or with a lateral impression on the propleura within the lateral njargin, seldom with a constricted ring-like collar, unless the head is strongly exserted, at most with only a depressed series of punctures within the anterior margin ; body gen- erally broad, with the head almost or quite immersed to the eyes 4 4. Lateral margins of the pronotum not at all or less entirely laminate-expanded, generally either carinate or longitu- dinally impressed within the lateral margin of the pro- pleura ; pronotum entirely black or ferruginous or castane- ous, the posterior lobe seldom paler, black punctate; head seldom strongly exserted, if exserted, with a constricted anterior collar on the pronotum ( Ozophora ) ; posterior tibiae generally without rigid bristles only, usually pilose. 3. Rhyparochromini Stal 1872 Entire lateral margin and the costa of the hemelytra more or less laminately expanded (in U. S. genera) and usually pale in part, this margin seldom keeled only (in certain exotic genera), if keeled only, with antennal segment I extended far beyond the apex of the head and with the male genital segment tuberculate ; pronotum including the margin seldom entirely black, the posterior lobe generally pale or pale-variegated; posterior tibiae with long rigid subspiniform setae or bristles 5 5. Antennae nude or with a short pubescence, segment I sometimes; with a few short setae ; narrowly expanded margin of the pronotum not punctate, or rarely sparsely punctate; an- terior disc of the pronotum usually smooth or sparsely punctate, sometimes densely so 4. Beosini Stal 1872 Antennal segments I, II and III with rigid setose bristles; broadly expanded lateral margins of the pronotum and of the corium usually profusely punctate; clavus irregu- larly punctate • dorsum usually pale and thickly punctate. 5. Gonianotini Stal 1872: 61 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 2 Tribe 1. CLERADINI Stal 1874 Genus I. Clerada Signoret 1863 This genus was erected by Signoret in Maillard (Notes snr l’lle de la Reunion, lnsectes, p. 28, plate 20, fig. 8) to contain the one species therein described. Subsequently, Stal (1865, Hemiptera Africana II: 155) recharacterized the genus; and in his key to Cleradaria (Enum. IV: 143), he offered further differentiation. The following generic description is a combination of these two. Body narrow ovate, depressed; thorax transverse, trape- zoidal, anteriorly quite narrowed, not constricted, lateral mar- gins acute, slightly dilated, slightly reflexed, subsinuate at middle, apex not quite suddenly rounded, basal margin straight ; anterior margin of the pronotum narrowly depressed ; head not immersed to the eyes, porrect, slightly longer than the thorax, postocular part very short, cylindrical, bearing on each side the ocelli behind the eyes ; hemelytra complete, costal margin slightly rounded, apical margin of the corium much shorter than the claval suture ; body without hairs or long setae ; head and pronotum sut equal in length; feet mediocre, femora un- armed, the anterior hardly incrassate, segment I of the posterior tarsi slightly longer than the two apical taken together; ros- trum slender, reaching intermediate coxae, segment II slightly shorter than I, slightly extended beyond the eyes and nearly equal to the length of the head, segments I and II taken together subequal to III; antennal segment I shorter than head, which it exceeds by one-half its own length, II hardly twice as long as I, III subequal to I, IV slightly shorter than II ; head some- what exserted, not narrowed behind the eyes; ocelli set further apart than the eyes and behind them, on the lateral margin of the head; scutellum triangular, subequilateral, nearly equal in length to the commissure; gula not sulcate, bucculae very slightly elevated anteriorly; eyes closer to each other below than above ; clavus posteriorly subampliate. According to Horvath (Spec. gen. Lygaeidarum Clerada Sign., Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. VII: 622/625, 1909) there are seven species in the genus, as of then, five of which he keys out. Six of them are from Malaysia, Australasia and the Pacific and African Islands; one only is also American in distribution, namely, C. apicicornis Signoret 1863. There seems to be no other description of this than the original, 62 April, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA not at hand ; and the following brief characterization is derived from Horvath (op. cit., p. 622). Head as long as wide, or slightly longer than wide, postocu- lar part with the sides rounded, ocelli contiguous to the eyes ; antennal segment I hardly or slightly exceeding the apex of the head ; length, 6-7 mm., width, 2.5-3 mm. The United States record of this is California. Otherwise, it appears to be from the African and Pacific Islands, including Samoa and Hawaii; from the West Indies; and from Mexico, Venezuela and Brazil. The insect is haematophagous and has probably been carried on small unclean ships all over — or so it might seem. Da Costa Lima (Insetos do Brasil — II — Hemipteros, p. 109) says : ‘ ‘ Recentemente Castro Ferreira e Dean (1938) observaram no Para, vivendo em paredes de cabanas feitas de palha de ubussu (Manicaria saccifera Gaertn.), um pequeno Hemiptero que verifiquei se a Clerada apicicornis Signoret, 1863 (subfam. Rhyparochrominae). (Fig. 325.) Segundo aqueles observa- dores, jovens e adultos deste inseto comportam-se como os Hemipteros hematofagos da subfamilia Triatominae (Fam. Rediviidae), pois sugan sang.e do homen e de animals de laboratorio. “ Confirmam-se assim, as observacao^ de Bergroth (1914) e de Illingworth (1917), relativas ao hematofagismo em Clerada Translated as follows : “Recently Castro Ferreira and Dean (1938) observed in Para, living in the walls of cabins made from the straw of ‘ubussu’ ( Manicaria saccifera Gaertn.), a small hemipteron, which I determined as Clerada apicicornis Signoret 1863 (sub- fam. Rhyparochrominae). (Fig. 325.) According to these observers, young and adults of this insect acted like the haema- tophagous Hemiptera of the subfaihily Triatominae (Fam. Reduviidae), because they suck the blood of men and of labo- ratory animals. “This confirms the observations of Bergroth (1914) and of Ilingworth (1917), as to haematophagism in Clerada.” Some work has been done in Brazil on the species as a possible vector of Schizotrypanum cruzi. Tribe 2. MYODOCHINI Stal 1874 Key to Genera 1. Head greatly exserted, drawn out into a long cylindrical neck behind the eyes, which neck is longer than the pronotum ; 63 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 2 (anterior and posterior lobes of the pronotum subequal; body narrow, elongate; posterior tibiae with long setose hairs ; posterior tarsal segment I about three times as long as II and III taken together; macropterons forms only known) I. Myodocha Latreille 1807 Head exserted or not, but not produced into a long cylindrical neck; (collar seldom absent) 2 2. Anterior lobe of the pronotum in all macropterous and most brachypterous forms never or seldom more than twice as long as the posterior lobe, when or if more than twice as long, the head is not exserted (in the brachypterous of cer- tain Ptochiomera) , transverse constriction of the pronotum at or a little behind the middle 3 Anterior lobe of the pronotum three or four times as long as the posterior lobe, the transverse constriction usually shal- low and obtuse, or ill-defined; (head distinctly exserted, the postocnlar space snbeqnal to the space between antenna and eye, usually not abruptly contracted back of the eyes ; anterior tibiae in the male with a snbmedian tooth; an- tennae elongate, the apex of the head not reaching the middle of segment I, which is subequal to rostral segment I; posterior tarsal segment I two or three times as long as segments II and III taken together; membrane not wholly absent in the brachypterous) 17 3. Head more or less distinctly exserted ; pronotum with a distinct ring-like collar; body more or less elongate 4 Head not at all or hardly exserted, generally immersed to the eyes; pronotum without a constricted ring-like collar, at most with the anterior margin depressed or furnished with three rows of punctures 10 4. Head strongly exserted, forming a short neck at the base, the postocular space about four times as long as the distance from the eye to the antenna ; ( eyes set at about the middle of the head; hind tibiae with fine rigid bristles; posterior tarsal segment I about equal to II and III taken together ; macropterons and brachypterous) ... II. Heraeus Stal 1862 Head not strongly exserted, generally strongly contracted back of the eyes, postocular space usually subequal to or shorter than the distance between the base of the antenna and the eye : 5 5. Anterior lobe of the pronotum, especially in the brachypterous, globose, almost the diameter and about twice the length 64 April, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA of the posterior lobe; (postocular space subequal to the distance between the antenna and the eye ; scutellum much wider than long; head and pronotum shining; posterior tibiae with rigid bristles) ; posterior tarsal segment I nearly three times as long as II and III taken together; (macropterous and brachypterous) . III. Sphaerohius Uhler 1893 Anterior lobe of the pronotum not very evidently globose, nar- rower than the posterior lobe ; head and thorax seldom shining; posterior tarsal segment I generally not more than twice II and III taken together, if three times II and III taken together, then the posterior tibiae have long rigid bristles 6 6. Anteocular space to the base of the antenna about three times as long as the postocular space; head not strongly con- tracted back of the eyes, apex of tylus not reaching middle of antennal segment I, which is incrassate and elongate and a little longer than rostral segment I, antennal seg- ment II very elongate, over twice as long as III and IV taken together; anterior lobe of the pronotum as long as the posterior lobe, collar set off by a depressed series of punctures; (anterior femora with two rows of spines, the outer confined to the subapex; posterior tibiae with a few scattered setose hairs similar to those of the antennae; posterior tarsal segment I about twice as long as II and III taken together; only macropterous females known). IV. Caenopamera Barber 1918 Anteocular space to base of antenna not more than twice the postocular space, generally subequal to it; head strongly contracted back of the eyes, apex extending to or beyond middle of antennal segment I, which is very evidently shorter than rostral segment I, antennal segment II much shorter than III and IV taken together; pronotal collar usually set off by an impressed line 7 7. The two lobes of the pronotum usually separated by a deep, clean-cut transverse constriction ; rostral segment I usually not reaching base of head; (postocular space of the head usually subequal to, or sometimes a little shorter than, the space between the antenna and the eye; posterior tibiae usually with short bristles) 8 The two lobes of the pronotum usually separated by a shallow obtuse transverse constriction; rostral segment I usually reaching the base of the head 9 65 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 2 8. Abdominal segments II and III with two very finely strigose opaque lunate vittae V. Ligyrocoris Stal 1872 Abdominal segments II and III without such vittae. VI. Orthoea Dallas 1851 (to include s.g. Paromius Fieber 1861) 9. Posterior tarsal segment I fully three times as long as II and III taken together ; posterior tibiae with long rigid bristles only; antennae nearly nude; body narrow, elongate; legs fairly long; (scutellum carinate for its entire length). VII. Zeridoneus Barber 1918 Posterior tarsal segment I not more than twice segments II and III taken together ; posterior tibiae with long setose hairs, as on the antennae, and with a few rigid bristles apically ; body oval ; legs fairly short. VIII. Perigenes Distant 1893 10. Scutellum much longer than wide and distinctly carinate pos- teriorly ; pronotum strongly constricted to form two lobes, both of which are punctate, disc of anterior lobe some- times more sparsely so ; posterior tarsal segment I sub- equal in length to II and III taken together; species sel- dom pilose 11 Scutellum subequilateral, not distinctly carinate posteriorly; pronotum not finely punctate anteriorly and not strongly constricted to form two lobes, or very pilose and obsoletely punctate anteriorly and strongly and obtusely constricted to form two lobes; posterior tarsal segment I decidedly longer than II and III taken together; species not or very faintly shining 16 11. Antennal segment I long, exceeding apex of the tylus by one- half its own length; anterior margin of the pronotum de- pressed, punctate; disc of scutellum depressed basally an- terior to the premedian transverse or crescentic ridge, behind this carinate 12 Antennal segment I short, hardly exceeding the apex of the tylus; anterior margin of the pronotum not depressed; scutellum depressed basally and with a longitudinal carina from the depression to the apex; anterior femora incras- sate, with two or three preapical teeth, one of which is fre- quently larger than the others; membrane in brachypter- ous shortened only, the clavus always deflected to the corium ; very shining species. XVI. Kolenetrus Barber 1918 66 April, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 12. Antennae rather stout, segments III and IV not or but slightly thicker than II ; anterior lobe of the pronotum convex, transverse, nearly as wide as the posterior lobe; scutellum without a premedian transverse ridge. IX. Tomopelta Uhler 1893 Antennal segments III and IV, or at least IV, much thicker than II ; anterior lobe of the pronotum subcylindrical or subglobose, distinctly narrower than the posterior lobe ; scutellum with a premedian transverse or crescentic ridge ; anterior femora with several small teeth, anterior tibiae in male sometimes with a median tooth ; in the brachypterous, the membrane nearly or quite absent, the clavus flat and not deflected to the corium, and the anterior lobe of the pro- notum swollen and more than twice the length of the pos- terior lobe ; species not, or slightly, shining 13 13. Antennae relatively long and slender, segments II and III fili- form, II longer than III ; anterior tibiae in male nearly straight, with a small preapical tooth, or unarmed. XIII. Exptochiomera Barber 1928 Antennae relatively short, more or less incrassate, sometimes clavate 14 14. Antennae hardly clavate, with short erect hairs; insect nude, subshining ; pronotum strongly constricted between the two lobes, anterior lobe four times as long as posterior lobe (brachypterous) ; anterior femora strongly incrassate; an- terior tibiae in male strongly curved, with a preapical tooth; generally brachypterous XI. Carpilis Stal 1874 Antennae more or less clavate, without erect hairs; anterior femora more strongly incrassate; anterior tibiae in male straight, armed or unarmed 15 15. Antennal segment III more incrassate than IV ; insect nude, subshining ; pronotum strongly constricted ; anterior tibiae in male unarmed X. Ptochiomera Say 1832 Antennal segment III less incrassate than IV ; insect dull fusco- f erruginous, rather densely sericeous ; pronotum somewhat feebly feebly constricted ; brachypterous. XII. Sisamnes Distant 1893 16. Antennae and dorsum less pilose ; pronotum longer than wide, strongly constricted behind middle to form two lobes, the anterior obsoletely and sparsely punctured; antennal seg- ment I long, exceeding apex of tylus by nearly one-half its own length; costal margin of the corium gently convex; 67 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 2 anterior femora with two or three minute preapical teeth and with long setae throughout ; clavus distinct and de- flected to corium, membrane reaching end of abdomen; macropterous only known XIV. Valonetus Barber 1918 Antennae and dorsum not or very sparsely pilose; pronotum subtransverse or quadrate, not strongly constricted to form two lobes, finely and distinctly punctured, anterior disc sometimes impunctate; antennal segment I short, barely exceeding tylus; anterior femora at the middle with two or three minute teeth tipped with long setae ; in the brachypterous, the clavus connate with Corium, membrane absent, and the pronotum more quadrate. XV. Neosuris Barber 1924 17. Anterior lobe of the pronotum impunctate, marked off from the posterior lobe by a transverse impressed line, with a dis- tinct ring-like collar ; antennal segment I with a few setose bristles ; ocelli absent ; posterior tibiae with rigid bristles inwardly and outwardly; posterior tarsal segment I three times as long as II and III taken together ; large species. XVII. Cnemodus Herrich-Schaeffer 1853 Anterior lobe of the pronotum sparsely punctured, lobes sep- arated by an obtuse sinus and not by an impressed line, anterior margin depressed, punctured ; antennal segment I without setose bristles ; with ocelli ; tooth of male anterior tibiae set before middle, posterior tibiae with a few setose bristles inwardly; posterior tarsal segment I twice II and III taken together ; small species. XVIII. Pseudocnemodus Barber 1911 Genus I. Myodocha Latreille 1807 Key to Species 1. Anterior femora below with two rows of short stout spines, the longest spine near the middle, the shorter toward the apex ; length, 11-12 mm intermedia Distant 1882 (Mexico.) Anterior femora with a single row of spines, or only one long spine 2 2. Anterior femora with only one large spine far from middle, apically with a few smaller spines; (neck shorter than the pronotum ; antennal segment I not or slightly passing apex of head, II shortest, III and IV subequal; length, 11 mm., width, 2 mm.) unispinosa Stal 1874 (Colombia, S. A.) 68 April, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Anterior femora with two large spines and several smaller ones 3 3. Antennal segment I exceeding apex of head by one-half its own length ; (neck shorter than pronotum ; anterior femora with two spines; length, 11 mm., width, 2.75 mm.). giraffa Stal 1862 (Mexico.) Antennal segment I not or but little passing apex of head 4 4. Anterior tibiae in male not spined ; (neck as long as pronotum ; anterior femore with two large spines behind the middle and several smaller ones apically; anterior male tibiae straight, unarmed; length, 10 mm., width 1.78 mm.) longicollis Stal 1874 (Mexico.) Anterior tibiae in male spined 5 5. Antennal segment IV slightly longer than III, (segment I slightly surpassing apex of head, II longest ; anterior lobe of the pronotum impunctate, posterior with coarse sparse punctures; anterior tibiae in male slightly curved toward base, with a large, acute tooth ; anterior femora with a few spines beyond the middle toward the apex) ; length, 8-9.5 mm serripes Olivier 1811 (= opetilata Say 1832 = petiolata auctt.) New England west to Nebraska and Colorado, south and southwest to Texas (and Mexico). Antennal segment IV subequal to III ; length, 9-9.5 mm. annulicornis Blatchley 1926 Florida. Genus II. Heraeus Stal 1862 Key to Species 1. Length over 6 mm 2 Length 6 mm. or less; (narrow, elongate, pilose; posterior lobe of the pronotum sparsely and finely punctured ; scutellum sparsely and finely punctured, with an obtuse median line ; length, 4.5-6 mm., width, 1-1.5 mm.) plebejus Stal 1874 New York and New Jersey to Michigan, south to Texas and Arizona ; at light. :2. Antennal segment I not passing apex of head, II, III and IY subequal; (head as long as or slightly longer than pro- notum, punctured, tylus exceeding juga ; both lobes of the 69 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 2 pronotum punctured, of equal length, posterior lobe with an elevated smooth longitudinal median line; scutellum punctured except on longitudinal apical raised line for two- thirds of its length ; all femora and tibiae unarmed, nude ; length, 9-10 mm. ) eximius Distant 1882 Arizona, (Guatemala). Antennal segment I much exceeding apex of head, segments II, III and IV unequal in length 3 3. Head very finely and densely strigose-punctured ; antennal seg- ment I exceeding tylus by one-third of its own length; (scutellum rather sparsely coarsely and irregularly punc- tured, with a smooth V-shaped ridge) ; length, 7-8 mm.). triguttatus Guerin 1857 Florida, (Cuba). Head impunctate, minutely transversely wrinkled; antennal segment I exceeding tylus by one-half its own length,- (antennal segment II longest, IV nearly as long as II; rostrum reaching to or between intermediate coxae ; scu- tellum long, coarsely punctured, apex acute, with a smooth median line on apical two-thirds; posterior lobe of pro- notum with a smooth median carina) ; length, 7-8 mm. coquiletti Barber 1914 (June) (= nitens Van Duzee 1914 — Oct.) California, Texas. Genus III. Sphaerobius Uhler 1893 Key to Species A. Head and anterior lobe of the pronotum with erect bristly hairs; antennal segments III and IV subequal; corium without dull white striae; length, 5-6 mm.; (anterior lobe of the pronotum very high and convex; head longer than wide, minutely granulated, pubescent, with a few erect long hairs; rostrum extended on intermediate coxae; an- tennal segments III and IV subequal, II longest, I extend- ing slightly beyond apex of tylus, with a few long bristly hairs; pronotum polished, anterior lobe almost sphaero- convex, very minutely scabrous and with a few long erect hairs, behind collum with a transverse, impressed punc- tured line, posterior lobe remotely coarsely punctured, incisure between lobes very deep ; anterior femora incras- sate, with about four short spines beneath, with remote long hairs ; scutellum long and very acute, remotely punc- 70 April, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA tured; hemelytra punctured in lengthwise rows; venter finely sericeous pubescent, segment II with a geminate minute tubercle on each side of the middle in both sexes) ; length, 5-6 mm., width, 1-1.5 mm insignis Uhler 1872 Canada, Maine, New Hampshire, Minnesota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado; on Vaccinium pennsylvanicum. B. Head and pronotum without erect hairs ; antennal segment IV one-quarter longer than III ; corium with four dull white striae diverging from base and reaching beyond its middle ; length, 7.5-8 mm. ; (head and anterior lobe of the pro- notum shining, impunctate ; posterior lobe of the pronotum about one-third length and but slightly wider than an- terior, its disc finely and rather closely punctured; apical half of the scutellum finely transversely rugose, punctured at sides, vaguely carinate) quadristriatus Barber 1911 Quebec, New Jersey. Genus IV. Caenopamera Barber 1918 (= Pseudopamera Distant 1895, in part) This genus was erected by H. G. Barber ( Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. XXVI: 45) to contain Pseudopamera forreri Distant 1893 (Biol. C. A., Rhynch I: 399, pi. 35, fig. 5). The distinctive generic char- acters established by its author are : Head slightly longer than wide, lightly exserted, very lightly and gradually contracted back of the eyes, sides of the head before eyes nearly parallel; antennae pilose, segment I incrassate, a little longer than rostral segment I, going more than one-half its own length beyond the tylus, II elongate, over twice as long as I, and longer than III and IV taken together, III a little shorter than IV ; rostral segment I hardly reaching base of head, II longer than III ; pronotum transversely angu- larly constricted, anterior lobe impunctate, much narrower and twice as long as the profusely punctured posterior lobe, and with a depressed series of punctures within the anterior mar- gin ; scutellum longer than wide, apically carinate ; clavus with three irregular series of punctures ; costal margin of the corium expanded and concave before the middle; posterior margin of the metapleura concave; incrassate anterior femora with two series of spines, the outer confined to the subapex ; posterior tibiae with a few scattered setose hairs; posterior tarsal seg- ment I about twice II and III taken together. The one species is 71 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 2 Caenopamera forreri Distant 1893 Its characters, taken from the description and figure are : Head and anterior lobe of the pronotum impunctate, pos- terior lobe very coarsely punctured, less than one-half the anterior lobe in length ; antennal segment I exceeding the apex of the head by more than one-half its own length; antennal segment II very long, I, III and IV subequal ; scutellum very coarsely punctured on disc; corium finely punctured; anterior femora with four long spines ; posterior tarsal segment I longer than II and III taken together ; length, 5 mm. Described from Mazatlan, Mexico; and recorded from Phoenix, Arizona, which is not to be wondered at, as the Mexican locality is some 300 miles away only, in the Sonoran region. Genus V. Ligyrocoris Stal 1872 Key to Species 1. Head and pronotum not shining; antennal segment I short, much shorter than rostral segment I (subgenus Ligyrocoris Stal 1872) 7 Head and pronotum shining ; antennal segment I long, quite or nearly as long as rostral segment I ; (males frequently with a tibial tooth) (subgenus N eoligyrocoris Barber 1921) 2 2. Anterior tibiae in males much curved and armed with a median tooth 3 Anterior tibiae in males either straight or curved, but without a median tooth 5 3. Anterior lobe of the pronotum short, slightly wider than long and only a little longer than the posterior lobe; (tibial tooth nearer the apex than to the base ; antennal segment IV not pale-ringed ; head relatively short, front much inclined, eyes so placed that the postocular space is about equal to the space between the apex of the antenniferous tubercles and the eyes ; anterior tibia in males much curved basally and with one stout tooth one-third of the distance from the apex; head and pronotum sparsely setose; an- terior femora quite setose and almost throughout with a single series of scattered, unequal, relatively strong spines, the one or two in the middle largest) ; small species, 4—4.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide nitidicollis Stal 1874 Texas, Arizona, (Mexico). 72 April, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Anterior lobe of the pronotum long, longer than wide and two or three times as long as the posterior lobe; species over 6 mm. long 4 4. Anterior lobe of the pronotum nearly, but never , twice as long as the posterior lobe and plainly narrower; interocular space narrow, plainly less than twice the diameter of one eye; apex of the membrane with a pale spot; (antennal segment I shortest, II and III longest and sub equal, IV a little longer than I ; posterior lobe of the pronotum coarsely sparsely punctured; anterior femora strongly setose, be- neath with strong spines, of which some five are very prominent ; anterior tibiae quite curved at base, inwardly with a very strong spine at about middle, nearer to the base than to the apex and directed toward the apex) ; narrow, elongate; length, 9 mm. aurivillianus Distant 1882 (= Pseudopamera pseudoheraeus Barber 1906) Texas, Arizona, (Lower California; Tamaulipas, Mexico) ; under Heliotr opium. Anterior lobe of the pronotum over twice as long and fully as wide as the posterior lobe ; inter ocular space over twice the diameter of the eye ; apex of membrane triangularly pale ; tibial tooth nearer the apex than the base; (usually brachypterous ; anterior femora with two series of spines on apical one-third, the outer five spines widely separated moderately stout teeth, the inner about the same, those before the apex enlarged — Barber) ; head closely pubes- cent, with numerous long bristles, antenniferous tubercles stout and prominent; tylus acutely prominent; rostrum reaching between the middle coxae ; base of head almost abruptly contracted ; pronotum only moderately long, con- tracted into a narrow striated collum on the front margin, the anterior lobe subglobose but longer than wide, with a few scratched spots on the disc, set with a few erect bristles, posterior lobe much wider than anterior, remotely punctured, the humeri callose; anterior tibiae in the male slightly curved, with a stout tooth at the middle and with a few smaller teeth toward the apex; hemelytra coarsely and remotely punctured, costal margin widely reflexed; scutellum long, narrow, acute, remotely and finely punc- tured) ; length, 7.5 mm., width, 1.75 mm. sobrius Uhler 1894 73 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 2 California, (Lower California). (N.B. — This species described in Cnemodus ; and so enu- merated by Yan Duzee). 5. Anterior and posterior lobes of the pronotum of nearly equal length, the anterior plainly wider than long, (sparsely setose) ; the anterior tibiae nearly straight ; posterior tarsal segment I nearly three times as long as II and III taken together; (posterior tibiae with fine stiff bristles only; shining, very sparsely setose; antennae rather long, seg- ment I extended beyond apex of head for less than one- half its own length, II one-third longer than III, IV only a little shorter than II ; head nearly nude ; pronotum deeply constricted just behind the middle, very sparsely setose, anterior lobe rather globose, a little wider than long, the posterior lobe sparsely punctured; posterior femora with a preapical band ; anterior tibiae in male straight and unarmed ; anterior femora with two series of spines toward the apex at least, the inner series of three stronger spines beyond the middle, between which are several smaller spines, the outer series near the apex of two or three minute teeth; length, 6 mm.) rubricatus Barber 1921 Arizona, California. Anterior lobe of the pronotum longer than wide, nearly twice as long as the posterior ; anterior tibiae plainly curved ; posterior tarsal segment I hardly twice the length of II and III taken together 6 6. Dorsum, antennae and legs rather densely setose; posterior tibiae with numerous long setose hairs between the stiff bristles; (membrane almost entirely pale; head plainly longer than wide, sides of the antenniferous tubercles nearly as long as the eye ; antennal segment I longer, apex of tylus not reaching its middle point; pronotum with anterior lobe swollen and over twice as long as posterior, as seen from the side, the anterior more elevated ; collar widened; dorsal surface relatively densely pilose) ; length, 6.5-7 mm coloradensis Barber 1921 Colorado. Dorsum, antennae and legs sparsely setose; posterior tibiae hardly setose between the fine bristles ; membrane triangu- largely pale at apex ; (strongly curved anterior tibiae in male unarmed ; teeth of anterior femora not set in a single row, the outer series with a few shorter teeth before the apex. 74 April, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA the inner with several irregular larger teeth, the first about one-third of the length of the femur from the base, between this and the apex five or six stout teeth, one or two of which near the middle, the largest, and those before the apex reduced in size; head long with erect bristly hairs, transversely wrinkled; rostrum reaching behind middle coxae ; antennal segment I as long as II, IV and III much shorter, subequal ; pronotum highly polished, anterior lobe much narrower than posterior, constricted, with some bristly hairs, with a punctate collum slightly produced posteriorly and bounded by a deep incised line; posterior lobe about twice as wide as the length of the anterior lobe, coarsely remotely punctured; scutellum remotely punc- tured, sparingly pubescent, ridged from the middle to the tip, which is acute; anterior femora very stout) ; length, 6.5 mm., width (at base of pronotum), 1.67 mm. nitidulus Uhler 1893 Texas, New Mexico, Colorado (?), Arizona, California, (Lower California, Mexico). 7. Corium outwardly without a postmedian transverse fascia 8 Corium outwardly with a postmedian transverse fascia 11 8. Anterior femora with an inner series of spines only; (corium with narrow costal margin pale) 9 Anterior femora with an inner and outer apical series of spines ; (corium broadly pale without the median vein; ventral lunate vitta sometimes obscured by a coating of fine hairs ; head dull, very sparingly setose ; antennal segment I exceed- ing apex of head by one-third of its own length, II longest, III and IV subequal ; rostral segment I a little longer than antennal segment I, its apex reaching nearly to the base of the head; anterior lobe of the pronotum sparsely setose, very little wider than long, not twice as long as posterior lobe, which is rather finely and not closely punctate; an- terior femora on the outer half with three widely separated larger spines, with several smaller teeth before and after the preapical spine ; tibiae with stiff bristles only ; posterior tarsal segment I very long, three times as long as II and III taken together) ; length, 7-8 mm. latimarginatus Barber 1921 California, Oregon, Washington. 9. Ventral lunate vitta not obscured by a coating of fine hairs; posterior lobe of the pronotum generally wider than the anterior lobe ; anteocular distance to apex of antenniferous 75 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 2 tubercles nearly equal to postocular space, but never twice as long; (membrane either streaked through middle or much mottled with pale) 10 Ventral lunate vitta much obscured by a coating of fine hairs; anterior and posterior lobes of the pronotum nearly equal in diameter; distance from eyes to the apex of the anten- niferous tubercles nearly twice the postocular space ; (outer basal angle and the basal veins of the membrane pale ; body dull, sparsely setose; head sparsely long setose with a coating of fine impressed golden yellow hairs; antennae long, segment I extending beyond the apex of the head, II two and one-half times as long as I, III about one-third shorter than II and subequal to IV ; pronotum sparsely setose, with transverse constriction shallowly obtusely im- pressed, anterior lobe a little wider than long, posterior lobe little wider, rather closely and finely punctured ; scu- tellum carinate posteriorly, closely punctured along sides; anterior femora on the outer half with two series of spines, the inner of three larger ones, the first two of which just beyond the middle set closer together, the third midway to the apex, beyond this some three or four small teeth, the outer series of three or four minute teeth toward the apex ; hind tibiae with some eleven bristles on each side ; posterior tarsal segment I a little over twice II and III taken together; length, 7. 5-8. 5 mm.). obscurus Barber 1921 Maryland, Illinois, Kansas. 10. Anterior lobe of the pronotum hardly setose, less transverse and plainly longer than the posterior lobe ; antennae unusually long, segment II nearly two and one-half or three times as long as I ; membrane broadly streaked with pale through the middle; (pronotum without setae, constricted well behind the middle, anterior lobe nearly twice as long and hardly narrower than the posterior, width in front subequal to the diameter of the constriction) ; length, 5-6 mm. depictus Barber 1921 Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey. Anterior lobe of the pronotum sparingly setose, very trans- verse, excluding the collar only slightly longer than the posterior lobe ; antennal segment II about twice as long as I; membrane spotted with pale; length, 6.3 mm., width, 2 mm litigiosus Stal 1862 Florida, Arizona, (Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia). 76 April, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 11. Antennal segment IV pale ringed at base 12 Antennal segment IV not pale ringed at base 13 12. Anterior femora with only the inner series of spines ; head and pronotum with long setose hairs ; antennal segment II over twice as long as I; posterior tarsal segment I over twice as long as II and III taken together; (membrane mnch variegated with pale ; pronotum constricted behind middle, posterior lobe sparsely punctured ; dorsal parts, venter and femora with a sparse covering of long setose hairs ; anterior femora with a single inner series of spines, two larger, the first before the middle, the second a little before the apex, between them three or four minute even teeth, before the preapical spine two small spines) ; length, 7-8 mm. abdominalis Guerin 1857 (= piligera Stal 1862 =constrictus Uhler 1896, nec Say 1832) Florida, Louisiana, Texas, (Mexico, Central America, West Indies). Anterior femora with an inner series of strong spines and an outer series of small spines ; head and pronotum with short setose hairs ; antennal segment II about twice length of I ; posterior tarsal segment I not twice II and III taken to- gether; (membrane with interior veins pale); length 7 mm., width, 2 mm multispinus Stal 1874 (= conf rat emus Barber 1914) Florida, (Mexico, Central America, Brazil, Venezuela). 13. Eyes not set. midway in the head ; anteocular distance to apex of antenniferous tubercles longer than or subequal to post- ocular distance ; anterior lobe of the pronotum not narrow, much more than one-half the diameter of the posterior lobe ; antennal segment I short, about one-half the length of rostral segment I ; head, pronotum and anterior femora sparsely or hardly setose ; anterior femora with a few spines toward apex ; membrane not decolorous 14 Eyes set about midway in the head, postocular distance a little longer than the anteocular to the apex of the antennal tubercles; anterior lobe of the pronotum very narrow, narrower than the diameter of the head across the eyes, nearly one-half the diameter of the posterior lobe ; antennal segment I more than one-half the length of rostral seg- ment I ; head and pronotum rather densely long setose ; anterior f emore profusely long-setose, with a row of strong 77 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 2 teeth in two irregular series for nearly their entire length ; membrane nearly decolorous; (length, 4 mm., width, 1 mm.) setosus Stal 1874 (= H emeus percultus Distant 1881) Texas, California, Arizona, (Guatemala). 14. Anterior femora with two or three strong spines on the outer half, preceding and following the preapical spine with two or three small teeth 15 Anterior femora with one, two or three minute preapical spines, which are sometimes reduced to mere tubercles; (head and pronotnm quite pilose; length, 4 mm.). delitus Distant 1882 Arizona, California, (Mexico, Guatemala). 15. Anterior lobe of the pronotum and anterior femora nearly or quite destitute of setose hairs 16 Anterior lobe of the pronotum and anterior femora sparsely pilose; (diameter of pronotum at collar more than at the constriction between the lobes, width of the pronotum across the humeri quite evidently wider than across the anterior lobe; anterior parts, particularly the pronotum, more obviously long-setose ; dull black, minutely pubescent ; head very minutely punctured, above with minute pros- trate yellowish pubescence, the face with a few long erect hairs; pronotum with remote white pubescence and a few erect bristles, anterior lobe smooth, very convex, much narrower than the posterior lobe, which is remotely punc- tured, humeral angles smooth; scutellum remotely punc- tured, with whitish pubescence) ; length, 5. 5-6. 5 mm., width, 1.25-1.5 mm diffusus Uhler 1871 Canada south to North Carolina and west to California; on golden rod and ragweed. 16. Head piceous black; corium piceous black behind the middle, transverse fascia reaching to the margin; membrane with some pale veins and the apex conspicuously marked with a triangular white spot; anterior tibiae in male straight and unarmed ; anterior lobe of the pronotum and the an- terior femora nearly or quite without setose hairs; diam- eter of the pronotum at the collar subequal to the constric- tion between the two lobes; length, 5.5 mm. silvestris Linne 1762 (= contractus Say 1832) Quebec, Maine, New Jersey, Texas, Utah, British Colum- bia; (European) ; on Vaccinium canadense. 78 April, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Head reddish-castaneous ; corium pale stramineous with a broad irregular postmedian fascia not reaching to the margin; membrane wholly infuscate ; (ocelli just back of the middle line of the eyes, and a trifle closer to the eyes than to the middle line of the head; apex of head reaching middle of antennal segment I, segment II two and one-half times as long as I, III two-thirds of II, IV almost as long as II ; rostral segment I reaching base of head and subequal to II, III a little shorter; pronotum sparsely setose, margin narrowly carinate and shallowly constricted just back of the middle above, anterior lobe slightly longer than pos- terior; narrow collar distinct; anterior lobe of pronotum impunctate and very sparsely setose, a little longer than the posterior, which is finely, sparsely and irregularly punctured ; anterior femora not much swollen, apical one- third with three fine teeth; scutellum punctured in center and along sides, leaving a V-shaped smooth callous area on the submargins) ; length, 6-6.5 mm. slossoni Barber 1914 Florida. Note. — Ligyrocoris balteatus Stal 1862 is not included in this key, since it is as yet apparently unrecognized. Genus VI. Orthoea Dallas 1852 (= Pamera Say 1832 of authors = Plociomera Amyot & Serville 1843) Key to Species 1. Head much exserted or gradually or less abruptly coarctate, especially behind the eyes; anterior lobe of the pronotum about twice as long as the posterior lobe ; form very elon- gate; length over 5.5 mm.; (subgenus Paromius Fieber 1861); (head shorter than the pronotum; antennal seg- ments II and IV subequal, III shorter ; rostrum not of very slightly extended behind the midmesosternum, segment I not extended behind eyes; anterior femora beneath with two rows of short irregular spines) ; length, 5. 7-6.8 mm. longulus Dallas 1852 North Carolina to Florida, west to Texas, (Mexico, West Indies, South America). Head hardly exserted, or abruptly coarctate behind the eyes; pronotum very distinctly constricted, anterior lobe not 79 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 2 over one and one-half times as long* as the posterior lobe; form not very elongate; (snbgenns Orthoea Dallas 1852) ; length less than 5 mm. ; ( antennal segment I exceeding head by more than one-half its own length, III gradually incrassate toward the apex) 2 2. Anterior lobe of the pronotum but little longer than the pos- terior lobe; (pronotum moderately constricted slightly behind the middle, anterior lobe slightly longer than the posterior, sides anteriorly converging, shining, posterior lobe deeply punctured ; body above nude ; head not as wide as the anterior part of the collar, shining, setose ; antennae somewhat longer than the head and pronotum taken to- gether, segment I subequal to III, II not quite as long as III and IV taken together ; anterior femora below with two large teeth and a few small ones; length, 4.7-6. 5 mm., width, 2-2.5 mm.) fracticollis Schilling 1829 Montreal, Canada, (European). Anterior lobe of the pronotum fully one-third or more longer than the posterior lobe 3 3. Anterior lobe of the pronotum much more than one-half (nearly twice) longer than the posterior lobe; (head minutely punctured, wider than the anterior margin of the pro- notum, pronotum longer than wide and strongly con- stricted in the middle, anterior lobe somewhat globose, im- punctate, posterior lobe wider than the anterior, rather finely punctured; anterior femora with two long spines; length, 5-5.3 mm.) servillei Guerin 1857 (= bilobata Distant 1882) Florida, (West Indies, Mexico). Anterior lobe of the pronotum not more than one-half longer than the posterior lobe 4 4. Posterior lobe of the pronotum finely punctured 5 Posterior lobe of the pronotum coarsely punctured 7 5. Anterior lobe of the pronotum one-half longer than the posterior lobe, (transverse, widest at middle, almost smooth, with fine suberect pubescence, posterior lobe and the scutellum sparsely, rather finely punctured; anterior femora with several rows of spines on the apical half, of which three spines are larger; length. 4.2-6 mm., width, 2 mm.). lurida Hahn 1826 Montreal, Canada, (European). Anterior lobe of the pronotum about one-third longer than the posterior 6 80 April, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 6. Anterior femora with two rows of small unequal teeth; (pos- terior lobe of the pronotum finely sparsely punctured, hardly or not more than one-half wider than the anterior ; head subdepressed above and below) ; length, 4.8-5. 3 mm. bilobata Say 1832 North Carolina, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, (West Indies, Mexico, Argentine). Anterior femora with several spines and numerous minute teeth; (anterior tibiae not or very slightly curved toward base; pronotal constriction very strong, posterior lobe minutely sparsely punctured) ; length, 2. 8-3. 3 mm. vincta Say 1832 (= parvula Dallas 1852) North Carolina to Florida and Texas; (Sonora, Mex.) ; (Old and New World tropics, Pacific Islands, West Indies) . 7. Posterior lobe of the pronotum finely sparsely and evenly punc- tured, distinctly wider than the anterior lobe; anterior tibiae only slightly curved, except near base ; (head thickly and minutely punctured ; anterior femora below with two rows of unequal teeth; length, 3. 8-5. 2 mm.). basalis Dallas 1852 Massachusetts and Connecticut to Florida and Texas, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Nebraska, Kansas; injurious to strawberries, wheat and grasses. Posterior lobe of the pronotum coarsely, rugosely and unevenly punctured, hardly wider than the anterior lobe at middle ; anterior tibiae strongly curved; length, 3.7-4 mm., width, 1 mm curvipes Stal 1874 North Carolina to Florida and Texas, New Mexico, (West Indies). Note. — Orthoea vicina Dallas 1852 and 0. dallasi Distant 1882, are omitted in the preceding key, since the only records appear to be the original ones of Dallas, “N. Am.” Orthoea dallasi Distant (=0. lineatus Dallas 1852 nec Fabricius), was stated to be “ Pre- sented by E. Doubleday, Esq.” Doubleday collected in the Eastern United States. Hence this might seem to be one of the commoner United States species, so a possible synonym of something well known. In this, as in other lygaeid genera, there should be a thorough-going revision, with all extant types in hand. Genus VII. Zeridoneus Barber 1918 This genus was separated by H. G. Barber (1918, Jour. N. Y. '81 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 2 Ent. Soc., XXVI: 45) to contain Perigenes costalis Van Duzee (1909, Can. Ent., XLI : 393). Its principal characters, from the original generic description are : Head gradually contracted back of the eyes ; antennae almost nude, apex of tylus reaching beyond the middle of seg- ment I ; rostral segment I much longer than antennal segment I and about reaching the base of the head, II longer than III ; bucculae extended to line across eyes; pronotum shallowly obtusely constricted just behind middle, with a distinct ringlike collar; scutellum much longer than wide, carinate throughout, more obscurely in front; costal margin of corium not concavely arcuated ; posterior margin of the metapleura nearly straight ; incrassate anterior femora with two or three subapical teeth intermixed with several smaller ; posterior tibiae with long rigid bristles ; posterior tarsal segment I fully three times as long as II and III taken together. Its one species so far is : Zeridoneus costalis Van Duzee 1909 The salient structural characters of this, taken from the original description, are : Head closely golden pubescent, frequently eroded ; posterior lobe of the pronotum coarsely punctured ; anterior femora with three stout spines and a few minute teeth ; length, 6-8 mm. The rest of the description is by color. New York, Ohio; in general, the Northeastern United States and Canada. Genus VIII. Perigenes Distant 1893 Key to Species A. Antennal segment II sul)equal to or shorter than IV ; anterior femora with one large spine; anterior and posterior lobes of the pronotum nearly equal ; length, 5. 4-6. 5 mm. similis Barber 1906 Missouri, Texas. B. Antennal segment II longer than IV ; anterior femora with one strong spine and a smaller one toward the apex; anterior lobe of the pronotum impunctate and longer than the pos- terior lobe; (antennal segment I shortest, II longest, III one-quarter shorter than II, IV a little longer than III ; 82 April, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA rostrum reaching intermediate coxae ; legs polished, densely set with long fine hairs and with a few remote spines on the tibiae ; tarsal segment I about twice the length of II and III taken together) ; length, 5-8 mm. constrictus Say 1832 Ontario, New York, Michigan, District of Columbia, Mis- souri, Texas, California. Genus IX. Tomopelta Uhler 1893 This genus was described by Uhler from St. Vincent, British West Indies (Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 708), the salient structural char- acters he gives being : Robust, oval, with both ends narrowed, opaque and pubes- cent above ; head short, set in as far as to the eyes, small, nar- row, acutely triangular above; antennae stout, about as long as the head, pronotum and scutellum united, segment I longer than the head, II a little longer than III and subequal to IV, all conspicuously pubescent; rostrum reaching between the middle coxae, segment I as long as the throat ; pronotum with two distinct lobes, broad, the anterior lobe much wider than the head, longer than the posterior lobe, collar-like, the lateral margin reflexed following the curve of each lobe ; prosternum with an uneven longitudinal ridge on each side of the middle line, pleural pieces polished, coarsely punctured ; anterior femora fusiform, compressed ; scutellum longer than wide, ab- ruptly acute at the tip; hemelytra coarsely punctured, pubes- cent, dull, costal margin almost straight and parallel, slightly sinuate at middle, costal area wide and grooved; veins of the membrane long and curved. Blatchley records from the United States the one species in the genus. Tomopelta munda Uhler 1893 The structural characters given by its describer are : Pubescent, punctured all over the upper surface and the pectus; anterior lobe of the pronotum less distinctly punctured than the posterior and with lateral margin almost straight, posterior lobe coarsely punctured, humeral angles prominent,, a little rounded, the transverse line separating the lobes deep, indented at the outer ends, and with a minute pit in the middle ; scutellum apically carinate; beneath polished, especially the 83 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 2 venter; legs hairy, punctured; hemelytra minutely pubescent, remotely punctured; length, 2-3 mm., width, 0.75 mm. Florida (Blatchley) ; (St. Vincent, B. W. I.). Genus X. Ptochiomera Say 1832 H. G. Barber, in his revision of the Ptochiomera complex, attrib- utes only one species to this, the type genus. Say did not describe the genus; he merely indicated it as a subgenus of his inclusive Pamera (1832, Descriptions of New Species of Heteropterous Hemiptera of North America, Complete Writings, 1 : 335). At best, the only characterization of this genus is in Stal’s Key (En. Hem., IV: 144), thus: Hemelytra strongly punctured, clavus regularly punctate in three series; body less long (than Pamera preceding), oblong or hardly elongate; scutellum, especially behind the middle, with a callose obtuse longitudinal carina. The one species referred to the genus by Barber is : Ptochiomera nodosa Say 1832 (= clavata Dallas 1852) Say’s complete description follows: “Two ultimate joints of the antennae thick; thorax con- stricted behind the middle. . . . Inhabits United States. “Body piceous-black ; antennae yellowish, two ultimate joints equal, dilated, blackish; second joint not longer than third; thorax behind the middle constricted, particularly to the lateral edge ; behind the stricture dull yellowish, punctured ; scutel with a yellow carina; hemelytra shorter than the abdo- men, pale yellowish, punctured ; membrane obsolete ; wings im- perfect; rostrum and feet honey-yellow, anterior thigh a little thicker than the others, with a few small spines beneath; an- terior tibiae a little ciliated at tip ; a small spine on the anterior coxae. — Length about one-tenth of an inch. — Var.a. All be- neath honey-yellow.” Massachusetts south to Florida and west to Missouri, Kansas and Texas. Genus XI. Carpilis Stal 1874 Key to Species A. Antennal segments I to IV strongly incrassated, III one-half of I; humeral angles pale; brachypterous only; (oblong- oval; antennae relatively stout, as long as the head and 84 April, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA pronotum taken together, segment I stout, subcylindrical, exceeding tylus by one-half its own length, II snbclavate, twice length of IV and three times III, III and the apical half of II about as stout as IV ; anterior lobe of the pro- notum minutely punctured, posterior lobe rather coarsely rugulose-punctured, posterior angles strongly nodulose; scutellum sparsely punctured, preapical median carina very fine; corium and clavus hardly differentiated — brachyp- terous ; anterior femora strongly incrassate, with two rows of fine subequal teeth beneath ; anterior tibiae of males at apical fifth beneath with an acute tooth) ; length, 2.8— 3 mm barberi Blatchley 1924 Florida. B. Antennal segments II and III not so strongly incrassate as I and IV, III shorter than I ; humeral angles concolorous ; pterygodimorphic ; (head nearly as long as wide, immersed to the eyes; antennae hardly longer than half the length of the body, somewhat stout, segments I and IV of nearly equal length, II one-half longer than I and II, nearly twice as long as III ; pronotum lightly constricted far behind middle, anterior lobe hardly transverse, gradually nar- rowed before the middle, slightly narrower apically than the head with the eyes, posterior lobe punctured; scu- tellum punctured, ruga behind middle levigate ; clavus and corium connate — brachypterous ; anterior femora some- what long, quite incrassate, beneath with several quite large spines in two series) ; length, 3 mm., width, 1 mm. ferruginea Stal 1874 Maine, New York, Texas. Genus XII. Sisamnes Distant 1893 Key to Species A. Antennae distinctly clavate, segment II obviously shorter than III ; anterior tibiae in male unarmed ; only brachypterous known; (head thick, abruptly contracted at tip, closely punctate, clothed with bronze pubescence ; rostrum thick, reaching between the anterior coxae; antennae pubescent, segments III and IV long, very thick, clavate, I thick, hardly longer than tylus, II much shorter, more slender, growing thicker toward the tip ; pronotum thick, a little longer than wide, anterior lobe nearly as long as posterior, the two separated each side by a deeply incised line, lateral 85 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 2 edge reflexed, a very little curved ; collum distinct, middle of posterior margin of pronotum indented, humeral angles callose; scutellum punctured, the apex with a long thick carina; hemelytra thick, opaque, coarsely punctured in somewhat longitudinal lines, the broad apex almost trun- cated; abdomen closely punctured, with minute bronze pubescence; connexivum wide, sharp edged; anal segment of male large and prominently convex) ; length, 2. 5-2. 8 mm., width, 0.75 mm clavigera Uhler 1895 New York, New Jersey, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Utah, Colorado, Texas; under boards and stones. B. Antennae not very distinctly clavate, segment II longer than III ; anterior tibiae in male with a preapical tooth ; (wholly quite densely pilose ; anterior tibiae straight in male ; apical segments of the antennae not incrassate ; anterior lobe of the pronotum nearly twice as long as the posterior lobe, nearly wider than the head, anteriorly narrowed, posterior lobe distinctly punctate; scutellum and hemelytra some- what obsoletely punctured; anterior femora moderately incrassate, beneath behind middle with several very dis- tinct spines) ; length, 2.75 mm., width, 1 mm. puberula Stal 1874 (= antennata Van Duzee 1901 = ISisamnes contracta Distant 1893) Florida, Texas, Arizona, Colorado, (Guatemala). Genus XIII. Exptochiomera Barber 1928 Key to Species 1. Anterior femora armed beneath with a single series of four- teen to fifteen minute uniform spines ; antennal segment I hardly exceeding apex of head; length 2.56 mm. nana Barber 1932 Massachusetts. Anterior femora beneath with a single series of three or four usually unequal spines; antennal segment I much exceed- ing apex of head 2 2. Anterior tibiae in male unarmed, straight; head and pronotum nude, subshining; pronotum dorsally not strongly con- stricted between the anterior and posterior lobes ; anterior femora below with a series of three or four spines 3 Anterior tibiae in male more or less curved, with a preapical spine; head and pronotum tomentose or sericeous; pro- 86 April, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA notum dorsally rather strongly contracted between the two lobes; anterior femora armed below with a double series of three or four spines 4 3. Anterior femora with a row of three short spines; antennal segment II twice III ; head and pronotum each one-third wider than long ; humeral angles concolorous ; length, 3.25 mm., width, 1 mm f uscicornis Stal 1874 Texas, Arizona. Anterior femora with a row of four short spines; antennal seg- ment II not twice III ; head but slightly wider than long ; pronotum about three-sevenths wider than long, humeral angles pale ; length, 3.6 mm arizonensis Barber 1932 Arizona, New Mexico. 4. Costal margin strongly concavely sinuate before middle; head and pronotum densely tomentose, with numerous long semi-erect hairs; anterior lobe of pronotum strongly in- flated dorsally ; length, 4 mm formosa Distant 1882 Texas, Arizona, (Mexico, Central America). Costal margin slightly concave-sinuate before the middle ; head and pronotum sericeous without long hairs ; anterior lobe of the pronotum commonly not strongly inflated dorsally 5 5. Antennal segment IV but little longer than I ; disc of anterior lobe of pronotum coarsely and closely punctate, lateral margins from above* gently rounded ; transverse stricture between lobes less obvious, nearly twice as wide as anterior margin ; length, 4.4 mm inter cissa Barber 1932 Florida, (Cuba). Antennal segment IV longer than I ; disc of anterior lobe of the pronotum sparsely finely punctate, lateral margins from above strongly rounded, transverse stricture strongly im- pressed, its diameter more nearly equal to that of the an- terior margin 6 6. Head and pronotum sparsely sericeous, shining ; pronotum one- quarter wider than long ; antennae twice the length of the pronotum, 1-32, 11—64, III-40, IV-60 (figures are .01 mm.) ; length, 4.36 mm minima Guerin 1857 Florida, Louisiana, Texas, (Mexico, West Indies). Head and pronotum more densely sericeous, dull ; pronotum two-fifths wider than long; antennae plainly not twice length of pronotum, segment 1-28, 11-56, III-36, IV-52 (figures are .01 mm.) ; length 3.64 mm oMonga Stal 1862 Texas, (Mexico, Central America, West Indies). 87 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 2 Note. — This is Barber’s key, slightly changed verbally and with sizes added. Genus XIV. Valonetus Barber 1918 This is another monotypic genus, the chief structurel characters, of which are, from Barber’s original description (see Bibliography) r Body, antennae and legs strongly pilose, not shining; head lightly exserted, a little wider than long, width across the eyes subequal to the anterior submargin of the pronotum ; antennal segment I shorter than rostral segment I, well extended beyond the apex of the tylus; bucculae lightly elevated, running to base of head; rostral segment I reaching base of head; pro- notum without a collar, obtusely constricted just behind the middle, lateral margins obtuse, terete, anterior lobe finely and obscurely punctate, posterior lobe wide and more coarsely and sparsely punctured ; scutellum equilateral ; clavus with three regular rows of punctures ; anterior femora incrassate and with three or four subapical teeth, pilose throughout ; posterior tibiae short-pilose, posterior tarsal segment I longer than II and III taken together. The one species in the genus, and necessarily the type, is : Valonetus pilosus Barber 1918 Structural characters from the original description are: Head triangular, eyes strongly protruding; antennal seg- ment I extending beyond the tylus by nearly one-half of its own length and subequal to II, which is slightly shorter than II, IV subequal to III ; posterior lobe of the pronotum more sparsely and coarsely punctured than anterior ; scutellum sparsely punctured, apically carinate ; clavus with three regu- lar rows of punctures ; commissure about one-half the length of the scutellum; corium sparsely punctured, costal margin very lightly expanded and convexly rounded; length, 3 mm. Described from three specimens from Texas, so glued that the sex was indeterminable. (To be continued) 88 VOL. XXVI (New Series) JULY. 1946 No. 3 AMERICANA A Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor JOHN W. NOAKS E. W. TEALE Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $5.00 per year Date of Issue, September 20, 1946. Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa. under the Act of March 3, 1879. Vol. XXVI Americana July, 1946 No. 3 A SYNOPSIS OF THE HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO By J. R. de la Torre-Bueno Family XI — Lygaeidae ( Continued from vol. XXVI, no. 2, p. 88) Genus XV. Neosuris Barber 1924 (= Esuris Barber 1918, nec Stal) Key to Species A. Head closely coarsely punctured; antennal segment II slightly longer than III ; both lobes of the pronotum coarsely and closely punctured ; incrassate anterior femora with three or four small teeth beneath; (head large, rather thickly greyish-hirsute, about as wide as the pronotum at the pos- terior margin, closely and coarsely punctured, anteriorly very declivous, the tylus almost vertical, with two long setae set next the eyes on the lateral margins of the head ; antennae short setose, segment I reaching the apex of the head, II and IV subequal, III a trifle shorter ; rostral seg- ment I nearly reaching base of head ; pronotum without a collar, anterior margin straight, whole surface coarsely and closely punctured, finely greyish hirsute, the posterior margin almost straight across, pronotum a trifle wider at the widest part than long, obtusely and very shallowly constricted one-sixth of its length from the posterior mar- 89 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA VoL XXVI, No. 3 gin, anterolateral margins lightly carinated; scntellnm equilateral, closely and finely punctured ; hemelytra wider than the pronotum or abdomen, the very narrow lateral margins slightly deflexed, at least anteriorly, over the con- nexivum, with small closely set punctures in rows, each puncture with a minute grey hair ; line of meeting of the hemelytra straight, almost twice as long as the scutellum ; pleural pieces finely and rather closely punctured) ; length, 2 mm castanea Barber 1911 Colorado, Arizona ; under dried cow-chips. B. Head finely punctured; antennal segment II one-third longer than III ; disc of anterior lobe of the pronotum impunc- tate ; incrassate anterior femora with two or three minute teeth ; (very shining ; head triangular, a little wider than long, as wide across the eyes as the anterior submargin of the pronotum, finely punctured ; antennae finely pilose, seg- ment I short, shorter than rostral segment I, hardly passing tylus, II one-third longer than III, IV nearly as long as II ; rostral segment I reaching base of head, II much longer, a little longer than III ; pronotum a little longer than wide, parallel-sided, very lightly constricted near the posterior margin, disc of anterior lobe impunetate, posterior margin straight ; scutellum wider than long, very finely punctured, not carinate ; incrassate anterior femora with two or three minute median teeth; anterior tibiae lightly curved); length, 2 mm fulgidus Barber 1918 Arizona, California. Genus XVI. Kolenetrus Barber 1918 This monotypic genus was set up by H. G. Barber to take in Rhyparochromus plenus Distant 1882 (Biol. Cent, Am., Rhynch., I: 216, pi. XIX, fig. 23). The former says that by the character of the lateral margin of the pronotum, the genus should be referred to the Tribe Myodochini, close to Ptockiomera Say. The following characters, additional to those in the key, are from the original de- scription of the genus: Shining, the punctures set with fine incumbent hairs ; head lightly transverse, across the eyes wider than the anterior mar- gin of the pronotum and subequal to the anterior rounded sub- margin, coarsely and closely punctured; antennae very short pilose, segment I rather short, extended but little beyond apex of tylus, II and III subequal ; pronotum a little longer than 90 July, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA wide, strongly constricted behind the middle, margin obtuse, terete, both lobes closely punctured, disc of anterior more sparsely, anterior margin straight, without a collar, posterior margin lightly concave, humeral area nodosely elevated; scu- tellum longer than wide, posteriorly obtusely carinate, other- wise punctate; clavus with three regular rows of punctures; corium closely punctured, without a median vein, costal mar- gin anteriorly lightly concave; incrassate anterior femora in the male with one stout post-median tooth, in female with two smaller teeth; anterior tibiae straight, posterior tibiae almost nude, shortly pilose apically ; posterior tarsal segment I slightly longer than II and III taken together ; venter finely and closely punctured, with a coating of fine incumbent hairs. The one species is Kolenetrus plenus Distant 1882 As always with this author, the specific description is short and largely by color. The few structural characters given are : Pronotum coarsely punctured, more prominently on the posterior lobe ; scutellum very coarsely punctured, with an im- punctate central carinate line; membrane much abbreviated (the figure shows a subbrachypterous form — J. R. T.-B.), not reaching the apex of the abdomen; antennae pilose, segment II subequal to or a litte longer than IV, III longer than I, but shorter than II or IV ; length, 3 mm. From the figure cited above, we see : Head with eyes narrower than the pronotum in front; an- tennal segment I not passing the apex of the head and about one-half the length of II ; posterior lobe of the pronotum about one-half the length of the anterior, the pronotum at the humeri as wide as long; all femora not greatly swollen, apparently unarmed. The last character contradicts the generic description of Barber, and is a commentary on the reliability of figures for the purpose of determining species, or as an aid in their determination. Described from Guatemala, Central America; and recorded by Barber from Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York and Arizona, a very widespread distribution indeed. Genus XVII. Cnemodus Herrich-Schaeffer 1853 (Posterior lobe of the pronotum not wider than anterior lobe) 1. Femora and tibiae without abundant long hairs, except the femora sometimes with a few scattered hairs 2 91 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 3 Femora and tibiae with abundant long erect hairs; (disc of pro- notum finely and sparsely punctured; length, 7-8 mm.). hirtipes Blatehley 1824 Florida. 2. Rostrum reaching to intermediate coxae; anterior lobe of the pronotum but little wider at middle than the posterior lobe; length, 8-9 mm. mavortius Say 1832 New England west to Missouri, and south and west to Florida and Texas. Rostrum reaching anterior coxae ; anterior lobe of the pronotum much wider at middle than the posterior lobe ; length, 8-9 mm in flatus Van Duzee 1915 North Carolina, Indiana, Missouri. N. B. — -The last is treated by Blatchley as a variety of C. mavor- tius Say, but is easily separable by the above characters, which are valid for species in other genera. Genus XVIII. Pseudocnemodus Barber 1911 (= Pterotmetus Provancher 1886 nec Amyot & Serville 1843) H. G. Barber characterized his genus thus (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XIX: 25) for his new species P. bruneri (op. cit., p. 26), which later was found by him to be Pterotmetus canadensis Pro- vancher (1886, Pet. Faune Ent. Can., Ill: 84). Barber’s generic description in full is : “Very similar to and with many of the characters of Cnemodus H. Schf., from which it chiefly differs by the pres- ence of ocelli; postocular margins of the head more swollen; collar of the pronotum narrower and not so sharply demarked ; posterior lobe of the pronotum wider than anterior ; fore femora more incrassate; fore tibiae in the male above spine nearly straight, with the spine nearer the apex than the base of the tibia; middle femora of the males provided with four or five strong teeth ; anterior lobe of the pronotum punctate ; head and pronotum with a few long setae; posterior margin of the pro- notum not so sinuated above the base of scutellum.” The one species in the genus is Pseudocnemodus canadensis Provancher 1886 (= bruneri Barber 1911) Provancher ’s specific description is nearly wholly by color. The following structural characters of the species are taken from Bar- ber’s dscription of bruneri: 92 July, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Head closely punctate, not pubescent but provided with long setae, swollen postocular part distinctly wider across than the collar of the pronotum, apex almost reaching the middle of antennal segment I ; antennal segment I about two-thirds length of II, III apically thickened, about three-quarters length of II, IV a trifle longer than III ; rostral segment 1 reaching nearly to base of head ; collar of pronotum short and not sharply demarked, closely punctured, anterior lobe shin- ing with scattered punctures on disc, a little longer than wide and about two-and-one-half times longer than posterior lobe, which is more closely punctured and wider than the anterior lobe, humeral angles callosed, smooth; scutellum not closely punctured, apex acute and with apical half distinctly carinate ; corium wider than abdomen, not closely punctured except without the exterior vein, not very shining, the wide costal margin strongly reflexed, impunctate ; venter shining, with very fine hairs on the disc; anterior femora shining, with two rows of five or six large equidistant spines, with a few minute ones nearer apex ; anterior tibial spine of male nearer apex than base of tibia; middle femora of male with three or four stout, acute teeth; precoxal tooth acute, horizontal; posterior femora unarmed; length, male, 5.5 mm., female, 6 mm. Quebec, Ontario, British Columbia, New York, Connecticut, New Jersey, Nebraska, Kansas, North Carolina; probably wide- spread throughout the northern part of America. Tribe 3. RHYPAROCHROMINI Stal 1872 Key to Genera 1. Anterior margin of the pronotum with a distinct ring-like collar, behind which is a depressed series of punctures, lateral margins strongly keeled or lightly expanded and reflexed, pronotum distinctly separated into two lobes by an obtuse constriction just before the middle ; head not transverse, exserted, usually contracted back of the eyes, space between the antenna and the eye usually subequal to the postocular space ; antennal segment I stout and long, apex of tylus not reaching the middle of the segment; rostral segment I reaching base of head, longer than anten- nal segment I ; clavus irregularly punctured ; anterior femora elongate, not strongly incrassate, armed below with three or four equidistant spines ; posterior tibiae with short 93 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 3 rigid bristles; macropterous ; (to include genus Balboa Distant) I. Ozophora Uhler 1871 Anterior margin of the pronotum without a ring-like collar, at most faintly impressed or provided with a series of punc- tures within; head transverse, not or very slightly ex- serted ; lateral margins of the pronotum sometimes carinate, but usually merely longitudinally impressed within the lateral margin of the propleura ; posterior tibiae without rigid bristles 2 2. Pronotum with lateral margins strongly carinate and reflexed , lightly transversely impressed just behind middle, both lobes punctured, posterior margin straight; head short, wide, slightly exserted, suddenly and strongly contracted behind eyes ; rostral segment I shorter than head, subequal to antennal segment I; scutellum subequilateral, equal to length of commissure; anterior femora incrassate, with numerous small teeth; anterior tibiae strongly curved; posterior tibiae nude; only macropterous known. II. Tempyra Stal 1874 Lateral margins of the pronotum lightly keeled and not reflexed nor acute, or only linearly impressed within the lateral margins of the propleura; head not or very lightly ex- serted 3 3. Pronotum distinctly transverse ; lateral margin lightly carinate ; scutellum much longer than wTide, a little longer than pro- notum, posteriorly pale bivittate ; dorsum dull, not pilose ; anterior femora incrassate, with three or four strong and several smaller teeth almost for their entire length ; clavus with three rows of punctures, the middle series abbrevi- ated ; macropterous only III. Peritrechus Fieber 1861 Pronotum not distinctly transverse, as long as wide, or longer than wide; scutellum a little longer than wide, not pale bivittate 4 4. Third ventral suture straight and reaching to the lateral margin of the abdomen; head with eyes distinctly narrower than the width of the anterior margin of the pronotum; pro- notum with lateral margins more or less strongly keeled, with the impunctate anterior lobe as wide as or wider than the much shorter posterior lobe ; scutellum subtransverse ; clavus broad, not deflected to the corium, sometimes con- nate with the corium, membrane usually abbreviated or wanting; only brachypterous known. IV. Plinthisus Fieber 1861 94 July, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Third ventral suture curved anteriorly and not reaching the lateral margin ; head across the eyes as wide as, or usually wider than, the anterior margin of the pronotum, very fre- quently as wide across as the rounded submargin 5 5. Pronotum with both lobes very distinctly and closely punctured, lateral margins evidently carinate 6 Pronotum with the anterior lobe impunctate, or the disc of the anterior lobe only impunctate, lateral margins either very finely carinate, or with the propleura linearly impressed longitudinally; (scutellum equilateral) 8 6. Anterior femora armed ; scutellum equilateral. V. Rhyparochromus Curtis 1836 Anterior femora unarmed ; scutellum wider than long 7 7. Lateral margins of the pronotum more strongly carinate; eyes more projecting ; pronotum and hemelytra not pilose ; clavus with three rows of punctures. VI. Acompus Fieber 1861 Lateral margins of the pronotum narrowly carinate ; eyes less projecting; pronotum and hemelytra pilose; clavus with four rows of punctures. VII. Stygnocoris Douglas & Scott 1865 8. Anterior femora strongly incrassate, armed ; larger species, over 3 mm. long VIII. Thylochromus Barber 1928 Anterior femora very lightly incrassate, armed or not; very small species, less than 3 mm. long 9 9. Hardly shining ; form short and broad ; pronotum not strongly transversely ' constricted to form two lobes, anterior disc impunctate; lateral edge very narrowly carinate; rostral segment I (in U. S. species) shorter than antennal seg- ment I IX. Antillocoris Kirkaldy 1904 (= Pygaeus Uhler 1894) Somewhat shining ; pronotum rather strongly transversely con- stricted, the anterior lobe impunctate, the lateral edge linearly impressed within the lateral margin of the pro- pleura ; rostral segment I subequal to antennal segment I ; (inner apical margin of the corium sinuate) ( Salacia de- lineates Distant X. Cligenes Distant 1893 (= Salacia Stal 1874) Genus I. Ozophora Uhler 1871 (= Davila Distant 1893 = Peggichisme Kirkaldy 1904) 95 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 3 Key to Species 1. At least one pair of femora setose 2 No femora setose 3 2. All femora with long erect setae ; (rather narrow, elongate ; head rather sparsely setose, gradually constricted behind the eyes, apex not quite reaching middle of antennal segment I ; ocelli vitreous, as far from each other as from the eyes, on a line with the posterior margin of the eyes; antennal segment II one and one-half times length of I, III two- thirds of II, IV nearly as long as II ; apex of rostral seg- ment I reaching the base of the head and subequal to II, III a little shorter ; pronotum sparsely setose, lateral mar- gins narrowly carinate and shallowly constricted at middle but dorsally, anterior lobe slightly shorter than posterior lobe, narrow collar distinct, anterior lobe impunctate, pos- terior lobe finely and rather evenly punctured ; episternum anteriorly and propleura behind the stricture punctured; legs with all femora with long setae, anterior not much swollen, with about three teeth in the apical one-third; scutellum punctured in the center and along the sides, leaving a V-shaped smooth calloused area submar ginally) ; length, 6-7 mm trinotata Barber 1914 Florida ; from ferns. Posterior femora only with sparse setae ; (from figure — antennal segment II longest, slightly longer than IV, III shorter than either; anterior and posterior femora spined, pos- terior and intermediate tibiae sparsely setose) ; length, 5-7 mm concava Distant 1893 Florida, Arizona, (Mexico, Guatemala, Panama). 3. Upper surface pubescent; (length 6-6.5 mm.). burmeisteri Guerin 1857 Florida, Texas, (Cuba) ; on Rhizopora mangle. Upper surface glabrous 4 4. Disc of anterior lobe of pronotum impunctate 5 Anterior lobe of pronotum more or less punctured 6 5. Antennal segment II more than twice as long as I ; rostrum reaching nearly to middle of ventral segment II; prono- tum with lateral margins merely carinate; (head one-sev- enth longer than wide, apex reaching nearly to middle of antennal segment I ; ocelli a little over twice as far from each other as from the eyes; antennae one-fifth shorter 96 ^ July, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA than the body, segment II over twice length of I, III and IV snbeqnal, each about one-qnarter shorter than II ; rostrum reaching nearly to middle of ventral segment II, segments I and II subequal, III one-quarter shorter than II, IV about one-half length of III ; pronotum a little shorter, than the head, one-third wider than long, rather lightly obtusely constricted before the middle, with the anterior lobe about twice the length of the posterior lobe, lateral margins merely carinate, neither expanded nor re- flexed, disc of anterior lobe smooth, a line of fine punctures along the depressed anterior margin and also along the lateral margins and down the center of the disc, posterior lobe well over twice as wide as long, rather closely punc- tured ; scutellum one-fifth longer than wide, with a double series of fine punctures along the margins, more sparsely punctured on the flattened disc, a submarginal calloused streak along each margin coalescing before the apex, which is smooth and pale ; clavus with an inner and outer regular row of fine punctures, irregularly punctured within ; com- missure a little shorter than the scutellum ; corium sparsely punctured, costal margins rather widely expanded and recurved; venter nearly smooth, anterior femora lightly incrassate, below with four equidistant small setigerous spines) ; length, 7.5 mm., width, 1.9 mm. depicturata Barber 1928 Arizona, California ; in Neotoma nests. Antennal segment II almost twice the length of I; rostrum reaching intermediate coxae; lateral margins of the pro- notum widely reflexed; (head impunctate; ocelli set closer to the eyes than to the middle point of the vertex ; antennae nude, segment II very long, almost twice length of I, III one-third shorter than II, IV a little shorter than III; rostral segment I reaching the base of the head, and sub- equal to antennal segment I and a little shorter than rostral II, which in turn is one-third longer than III ; pronotum with a series of punctures behind the depressed anterior margin and within the widely reflexed lateral margins, posterior lobe rather closely punctured, anterior lobe with impunctate disc ; scutellum with the central disc punctured and depressed, posterior to which it is obtusely carinate ; clavus broad, with numerous punctures, not in regular rows ; costal margin of the corium rather widely expanded 97 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol, XXVI, No. 3 and reflexed, its edge not concavely arcuated; anterior femora with four equidistant sharp spines on the apical half ; posterior tibiae with rigid bristles ; posterior tarsal segment I twice the length of II and III taken together) ; length, 8.5 nun., width, 3 mm ampliata Barber 1918 Arizona. 6. Anterior lobe of the pronotum almost impunctate; (head densely punctured on the midline, front and near eyes finely so ; anterior lobe of the pronotum impunctate, collar raised, lateral margins raised, posterior lobe coarsely re- motely punctured, humeral angles smooth, wider than long ; scutellum remotely punctured ; hemelytra punctured in oblique lines) ; length, 6-6.5 mm. picturata Uhler 1871 (= consanguinea Distant 1893) New England west to Indiana, and south and west to Florida, Texas, Arizona. Anterior lobe of the pronotum finely or coarsely punctured 7 7. Anterior tibiae without spines or bristles; (upper surface coarsely punctured; clavus most thickly so, corium most sparingly so; anterior femora only spined; posterior and intermediate tibiae without hairs) ; length, 4-5.8 mm. pallescens Distant 1893 Florida, (West Indies) ; from thistles, Spanish moss and ferns. Anterior tibiae with spines or bristles, or both 8 8. Rostrum reaching to posterior coxae; (broader than common, almost flat on the posterior lobe of the pronotum; head short, strongly convex, with a broadly grooved middle line, the raised surface on each side bounded by an impressed line and opening more widely behind, general surface dull, indistinctly pubescent and not distinctly punctured; an- tennae stout, segments II and III long, subequal, IV a little shorter, I stout, closely pubescent; anterior lobe of the pronotum about one-half length of posterior, sides curving anteriorly and the margin sharply reflexed, callosi- ties impunctate, moderately tumid, with an indented spot between and the surrounding surface punctured, collum contracted, distinct, posterior lobe distinctly not closely punctured, the lateral margins curved and expanding pos- teriorly, a little contracted next to the anterior lobe, edge strongly reflexed, humeral callosities long, posterior margin 98 July, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA a little waved; scutellum mostly impunctate, but closely punctured exteriorly; anterior femora long and straight, with but a few slender spines; anterior tibiae long, straight, slender, with long spines and bristles and with two stout spines at tip ; corium punctured in lines, the clavus and the costal areole more deeply and coarsely punctured, the cos- tal margin to beyond, the middle); length, 8-8.5 mm., width, 2-2.5 mm unicolor Uhler 1894 California, (Mexico). Rostrum reaching to ventral segment II; (pronotum not wider at base than long, strongly constricted near middle, lateral carina very obtuse, evident only on basal half, transverse convexity of anterior lobe interrupted at middle, anterior lobe narrow, subglobose, posterior lobe distinctly and deeply punctured; anterior femora with two preapical spines ; costal margins of the corium feebly sinuate at basal one-third) ; length, 5-6 mm reperta Blatchley 1924 Florida. Genus II. Tempyra Stal 1874 In this genus we have thus far one contained species, both de- scribed by Stal (En. Hemip. IV : 155). The generic characteriza- tion following is that of its author augmented from Blatchley : Head narrower than either lobe of the pronotum; all ven- tral sutures distinct; anterior femora below very distinctly spined ; antero-lateral margins of the pronotum strongly rounded anteriorly ; pronotum entirely somewhat strongly punctured, middle lightly transversely impressed, apex with a narrow depressed collar, lateral margins wholly narrowly de- pressed, slightly acute, at middle lightly sinuate, posterior margin close to sides longitudinally subimpressed ; prostethium densely and strongly punctured ; head somewhat short ; bucculae carinate-elevated and extending along the entire gula ; antennal segment I slightly exceeding apex of head, somewhat shorter than III; eyes globose, somewhat small; scutellum slightly longer than wide, hardly longer than the commissure ; hemelytra posteriorly subampliate, costal margin acute, reflexed; clavus with three rows of punctures, the middle one confused and not quite doubled; anterior femora incrassate, below armed with many unequal spines; rostral segment I shorter than the buc- culae, subequal to antennal segment I (Stal); oblong oval; antennae short, stout, segment I slightly passing apex of head, 99 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA VoL XXVI, No. 3 II twice III, IV fusiform, shorter than the others; pronotum subtrapezoidal, transverse impression feeble, anterior lobe con- vex, lateral margins slightly sinuate near middle ; rostrum reaching mid-mesosternum, segment I subequal to antennal seg- ment I (Blatchley). The one species in the genus is Tempyra biguttula Stal 1874 briefly described thus by the author : Subshining above, sparsely setose, the hemelytra also; ven- ter shining impunctate ; head punctured ; oblong oval ; anterior lobe of the pronotum finely and densely punctured, posterior more sparsely and coarsely; scutellum hardly as long as the commissure, thickly punctured and with a vague carina on the apical half ; length, 3-3.2 mm., width, 1 mm. Maryland, Texas. Genus III. Peritrechus Fieber 1861 (= Passat us Stal 1872) Key to Species 1. Anterior lobe of the pronotum impunctate, pronotum almost twice as wide as long ; (head transverse, as wide across eyes as the anterior margin of the pronotum; antennae finely pilose, segment I short, barely exceeding the apex of the tylus, II one-third longer than III, IV almost equal to II ; rostral segment I reaching base of head, II only slightly longer than III ; pronotum very transverse, almost twice as wide as long, anterior lobe impunctate, about equal in length to punctured posterior lobe, anterior margin very lightly arcuate, almost straight, lateral edge carinate, mar- gins almost straight and gradually converging, abruptly rounded behind the eyes ; scutellum longer than wide, finely and sparsely punctured on the disc behind the middle, coarsely punctured on sides of the apical part ; clavus with four irregular series of punctures, the two inner confused and abbreviated; corium, except for the central discal spot and the costal margin anteriorly, rather closely and evenly punctured; anterior femora with a short median tooth, another larger midway between this and the apex, followed by two or three smaller toward the apex ; anterior tibiae gently curved; posterior tibiae with two rows of short setose bristles, especially toward the apex; posterior 100 July, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA tarsal segment I almost equal to II and III taken together ; venter very finely and closely punctured and clothed with fine incumbent hairs) ; length, 5 mm. saskatcheivanensis Barber 1918 Saskatchewan, California, Utah. Anterior lobe of the pronotum punctured, pronotum much less than twice as wide as long 2 2. Anterior lobe of the pronotum noticeably narrower than width of head across eyes; (elongate-oval, with very fine pale pubescence; head subshining, remotely punctured, about as long as wide across eyes, apex reaching just beyond mid- dle of antennal segment I ; antennae rather thickly coated with fine hairs, segment II about twice as long as I, III about one-third shorter than II, IV subequal to II ; apex of rostrum reaching between midcoxae ; anterior lobe of the pronotum finely and very sparsely punctured, a cluster of punctures back of the collum, posterior lobe rather evenly and profusely punctured, pronotum contracted an- teriorly, its width just back of the rounded anterior angles very obviously less than the width of the head across the eyes, lateral margins slightly sinuate just back of the middle point; sternum sparsely punctured; incrassate; anterior femora with a short tooth — sometimes absent — midway between which and the apex is a longer tooth; scutellum rather sparsely punctured posteriorly; venter shining black, very minutely punctured and with a rather dense coat of incumbent pale hairs; length 5-6 mm.). paludemaris Barber 1914 Massachusetts, New York, Maryland, Florida. Anterior lobe of pronotum not noticeably narrower than the head across eyes, widths equal or subequal, or pronotum wider 3 3. Antennal segments III and IV subequal; (elongate-oval, very slightly convex ; head finely remotely punctured above and below, face pubescent, with some erect long hairs about apex; rostrum reaching beyond the mesosternum; prono- tum wide, the transverse impression very ill-defined, but more distinct at the ends, lateral reflexed margin decurv- ing anteriorly to meet the middle of the eyes, surface dull with remote prostrate pubescence, posterior lobe with re- mote coarse punctures; pectus dull black, the pleura re- motely obscurely punctured ; venter black, polished, closely 101 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 3 punctured, minutely pubescent ; length, 5 mm. (4.3-5 mm. — Blatchley), width, 1.75 mm.) fraternus Uhler 1871 Quebec, Ontario, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, North Dakota, Idaho, Kansas, New Mexico, Colorado, Cali- fornia, British Columbia. Antennal segment III shorter than IV ; (vertex, pronotum and seutellum coarsely punctured; pronotum a litle wider be- fore than fraternus , the sides more nearly parallel, posterior lobe but feebly depressed and more closely punctured than the anterior lobe ; throat and pleural pieces opaque, coarsely punctured, posterior edge of metapleura and the venter impunctate, the latter polished and golden pubes- cent; antennae hairy, segment I a little exceeding the apex of the head, II longest, III shorter than IV but con- siderably longer than I; rostrum reaching to the inter- mediate coxae; length not given in original description, but “ smaller than our eastern fraternus ” — that is, less than 5 mm.) tristis Van Duzee 1906 Vancouver Island, Washington, California. Genus IV. Plinthisus Fieber 1861 Key to Species 1. Pronotum wider than long 2 Pronotum subquadrate ; (shining, sparsely pilose; head a little wider than long, impunctate, sunk to the eyes in the arcu- ate anterior margin of the pronotum ; antennae pilose, seg- ment I exceeding the tylus by nearly one-half its own length, II not quite twice I and one-third longer than III, which in turn is a little shorter than IV ; rostral segment I shorter than II, which is much longer than III ; anterior margin of the pronotum gently arcuate, punctate within, the anterior angles obtuse and extended to just beyond the posterior margins of the eyes, lateral edge strongly keeled, lightly sinuate between the two lobes, anterior lobe im- punctate, a little wider than, and swollen and twice as long as, the posterior lobe, which is depressed and coarsely punctate, posterior margin broadly arcuate ; seutellum about equilateral, impunctate but finely rugulose; clavus wide, not deflected to the corium, with about three irregu- lar series of punctures; corium sparsely punctured; an- terior femora much swollen, with a stout tooth and two smaller preapical; anterior tibiae in male strongly curved 102 July, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA and apically expanded ; posteriorly on the abdomen several long setose hairs; length, 3-3.5 mm.). indentatus Barber 1918 Montana. 2. Lateral margins of the pronotum parallel ; (apical margin of the corium slightly concave; abdomen with about three or four long setae posteriorly on each side; subshining; head triangular, a little wider than long, impunctate, sparsely pilose in front, sunk to the eyes in the lightly arcuated anterior margin of the pronotum ; antennae pilose, segment I about one-half of II, III one-quarter shorter than II ; pronotum transverse, parallel-sided, hardly sinu- ate between the two lobes, the lateral edge narrowly carin- ate, anterior lobe impunctate, not elevated, nearly four times as long as the very short, sparsely punctured pos- terior lobe, anterior angles rounded and extended to hind margins of the eyes, posterior margin lightly and broadly arcuated; scutellum short, a little wider than long, obso- letely punctate ; claval suture obsolete, clavus connate with corium; hemelytra very finely punctate, short, without membrane, posterior margin sinuate, lightly oblique, outer apical angle reaching to abdominal suture III; sides of abdomen posteriorly with three or four long slender setae, nearly as long as half the diameter of the abdomen ; very much swollen anterior femora unarmed; length, 2 mm.). longisetosus Barber 1918 (= martini Van Duzee 1921) California; in nests of wood rats (Van Duzee). Lateral margins of the pronotum not parallel 3 3. Claval suture present ; [pronotum wider than long, anterior lobe not raised, anterior angles behind the eyes rounded; head not sunk to the eyes; scutellum finely punctured; head much narrower than front of pronotum, polished ; antennae moderately slender, about one and one-half times the length of the pronotum, segment I shorter than head, II a little longer, III a little shorter, IV about equal to III ; pronotum highly polished, moderately convex, lateral margins gently curving, anterior angles rounded, lateral margin slenderly recurved ; scutellum scabrous before base to tip ; corium minutely scabrous, sutures deeply punc- tured; length, 3.5 mm., width at humeri, 1 mm. (Uhler)] ; [head impunctate, polished, apex of cheeks produced in a 103 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 3 minute spine on each side of the tylus ; antennae distinctly tomentose, segment I passing the tylus by one-half its own length, II about one and one-half times I, III and IV about equal to I; rostrum reaching nearly to front line of an- terior coxae, segment I reaching the prosternum, II slightly longer; pronotum but little narrowed anteriorly, sides feebly sinuate posteriorly, anterior angles abruptly rounded behind eyes, posterior lobe coarsely punctate, an- terior smooth, polished, with a row of small punctures behind the anterior margin, posterior margin feebly con- cave; scutellum equilateral, closely punctured; hemelytra — brachypterous — polished, closely punctured, punctures more obscure on disc of corium, larger and in rows on clavus ; anterior femora strongly incrassate with two short teeth below toward apex (Van Duzee, as americanus)] ; length, 3.5-4 mm compact us Uhler 1904 (= americanus Van Duzee 1910) Ontario, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New Mexico, California ; in nests of wood rats. Claval suture absent, clavus connate with corium; (pronotum widened anteriorly ; apical margin of the corium straight ; abdomen with a few shorter setae posteriorly; shining, with fine appressed hairs; head impunctate, a little wider than long, sunk to the eyes in the rather strongly concave anterior margin of the pronotum; antennae finely pilose, segment I a little exceeding the apex of the head, II about twice as long as I, III a little shorter than II, IV subequal to III; pronotum transverse, faintly punctured in front, lateral margins gradually widening anteriorly, then for a short distance abruptly convexed to the rounded angles behind the eyes, lateral edge very narrowly carinate, not sinuate between the lobes, anterior lobe not raised, about four times as long as the posterior lobe, posterior margin gently arcuated; scutellum wider than long, finely punc- tate; clavus not differentiated, wholly connate with the corium; hemelytra finely and closely punctured, abbrevi- ated— brachypterous, membrane absent, apical margin not sinuate, lightly oblique, outer apical angle reaching ab- dominal suture III ; connexivum elevated ; a few long setae posteriorly ; incrassate anterior femora apparently un- armed) ; length, 1.5 mm pallidus Barber 1918 California; on willow. 104 July, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Note. — Plintkisus longisetosus Barber 1918 and PI. martini Van Duzee 1921 are obviously identical, on directly comparable charac- ters in the descriptions by each author. The first named is “sub- shining, ’ ’ the second, ‘ ‘ moderately polished ” ; in both the pronotum is transverse and parallel-sided, the anterior lobe impunctate, the posterior sparsely punctured; in longisetosus the posterior margin of the pronotum is “lightly and broadly arcuate,” in martini, “very obsoletely sinuate posteriorly.” In both, the anterior femora are much 4 ‘ swollen, ” or “ dilated, ’ ’ and unarmed ; the clavus con- nate with corium. The other characters as given by the describers are neither the same nor on the same basis, such as the head, an- tennae, rostrum, eyes, osteolar canal, abdomen and anterior tibiae, one or another of these mentioned in one description is omitted in the other. Plinthisus martini Van Duzee 1921 is naturally absent in Barber’s 1918 monograph (see Bibliography for exact citation), in which the latter describes PI. longisetosus. On the other hand, Van Duzee makes no reference to Barber’s earlier work, nor does he make any comparison of his species with the 1918 species, nor with those coming even before that date. Genus V. Rhyparochromus Curtis 1836 (= Megalonotus Fieber 1861) The generic characters of Rhyparochromus, taken from Stal are : Posterior lateral opaque spot of ventral segment IV very far from the anterior spot and close to the posterior margin of the segment ; pronotum not or very obtusely constricted, lateral margins of the pronotum immarginate or carinate, not or but very little laminate explanate, lateral margins not or obtusely sinuate, with an indistinct collar or none; ventral suture III distinctly curved anteriorly ; anterior femora below and behind middle or toward apex with several or many small teeth, fre- quently with a large spine also on the apical one-third ; femora similar in both sexes, below with a large spine with a small tooth behind this. The species reported from North America is Rhyparochromus chiragra Fabricius 1803, var. calif ornicus Van Duzee 1928 (= sabulicola Thomson 1870) The specific characters for chiragra proper, as abstracted from the European authors are : Black, opaque with short grey pubescenc'e and with long black hairs on head, pronotum and scutellum, both the latter two finely punctured anteriorly and strongly posteriorly ; head 105 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 3 not much stretched forward, somewhat tumid, hairy, punc- tured ; antennae longer than pronotum, hairy ; pronotum tumid, hairy, punctured, anteriorly rounded; anterior femora incras- sate, shining, and below anteriorly with a tooth; antennae, head, pronotum, corium ( ? ) and legs including tarsi with long setae ; anterior lobe of pronotum rounded anteriorly about three times length of posterior lobe; antennal segments I and II, and II and IV each pair subequal ; length, 5-6 mm. Note. — The supposed variety calif ornicus Van Duzee 1928 of chiragra Fabricius is no further characterized by its author than in this brief comment in his note of its occurrence (Pan Pac. Ent. V : 47) : “ agrees with sabulieola Thoms, in its color markings and with chiragra Fabr. in its long scutellum. ’ ’ In none of the descriptions consulted — Fabricius, Hahn, Fieber, Puton, Guerin & Peneau — is any mention made of the scutellum in either sabulieola or chiragra. The last named four authors consider them to be one and the same species, sabulieola being deemed either a full species, a variety, or a strict synonym. In the end, “var. calif ornicus” may turn out to be another of those instances in which a good American species is masked as a for- eign form. However, the key and the generic and specific charac- terizations preceding may help in a discrimination. Genus VI. Acompus Fieber 1861 The structural features of this genus are derived from the original description, thus : Anterior femora unarmed, fusiform ; bucculae broad, slightly curved; rostrum reaching nearly beyond the base of mesosternum; antennal segment II nearly twice the length of I ; mesosternum flat, anteriorly with a short keel ; xyplius short ; metasternum rhomboid, elevated, with a middle carina, pos- teriorly acute (Fieber) ; pronotum and hemelytra wholly punc- tured, sides of pronotum very obsoletely carinate-marginate ; antennal segment II nearly twice I ; ventral suture III wholly substraight; rostral segments II, III and IV subequal (Stal) ; antennal segment I hardly passing base of head. The one species in the genus recorded from the New World is Acompus rufipes Wolff 1804 The specific description, as constructed from those of various European authors, follows : Oblong-oval, pubescent, strongly punctured; head trans- 106 July, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA verse, much wider than the anterior margin of the pronotum ; pronotum convex, narrowed anteriorly and sinuate at sides; anterior femora unarmed; not setose, hardly pubescent and strongly punctured ; head, pronotum, scutellum and hemelytra shiny, densely punctured, punctures large; length, 4-4.7 mm. Northeastern U. S. (Blatchley), (Europe, Africa). Genus VII. Stygnocoris Douglas & Scott 1865 (= Sty gnus Fieber 1861 = Stethotropis Fieber 1870) Key to Species A. Thickly clothed above with subappressed yellow pubescence; head triangular, eyes prominent ; head and pronotum densely coarsely punctured, the latter with a vague median transverse impression; length, 3-4.5 mm., width, 1.5-2 mm. rusiicus Fallen 1807 (= incanus Fieber 1870) Quebec, Nova Scotia, New York, (Europe). B. Thickly clothed above with long suberect yellowish hairs; head short, wide, eyes not very prominent ; head and pronotum shining, not very densely punctured; length, 2.5-3 mm., width, 1 mm. pedestris Fallen 1807 (= sabidosus Schilling 1829 = pubescens Curtis 1828) Nova Scotia, New York, (Europe). Genus VIII. Tkylochromus Barber 1928 The following generic characters additional to those in the key are taken from Barber’s original description of the genus (Bui. Bklyn. Ent. Soc. XXIII: 264). Shining, sparsely pilose; head a little wider than long, sparsely and finely punctured, eyes not quite in contact with the anterior angles of the pronotum ; ocelli minute, set rather close to the eyes ; apex of head reaching to middle of antennal segment I, which is much shorter than rostral segment I ; an- tennal segment II longest, III and IV subequal; apex of ros- trum reaching behind posterior coxae, segment II longer than I, III a little shorter than II ; pronotum little wider than long, margins carinate, not expanded, anterior lobe just over twice as long as posterior, constriction shallow, obtuse both laterally and dorsally, posterior lobe finely punctured, anterior margin 107 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 3 nearly straight, without a collar, humeral angles obtusely rounded, posterior margin rather strongly concavely arcuate ; scutellum equilateral, slightly carinate apically; commissure less than half the length of the scutellum ; clavus with three rows of punctures, corium coarsely punctured ; anterior femora strongly incrassate, with a single large tooth preceded and fol- lowed by a single series of fine spinules, intermediate and pos- terior femora somewhat clavate ; anterior tibiae strongly curved, all tibiae finely pilose, not long setose ; posterior tarsal segment I much longer than II and III taken together; venter finely pilose, polished, incisure between segments II and III anteri- orly curved, the two opaque glandular spots of segment IV set far apart, the posterior near the posterior margin of the segment. The one species in the genus is Thylochromus nitidulus Barber 1928 Selected characters from the original description of the species are • Shining, sparsely pilose ; head finely sparsely punctured, a trifle wider across the eyes than long, eyes not quite in contact with the anterior angles of the pronotum, apex of tylus reaching about to middle of antennal segment I ; ocelli minute, rather close to eyes; antennae finely pilose, segment II twice I, III and IV subequal, each about one-third shorter than II ; rostrum long, its apex reaching beyond the basal margin of abdominal segment III, segment I a little longer than the head, II one third longer than I, III a little shorter than II, IV about one- half of I ; pronotum sparsely pilose, one-fourth wider than long, obtusely constricted well behind middle, anterior lobe twice as long as posterior, lateral margins lightly carinate and not at all expanded ; disc smooth, faintly punctured along the anterior margin, posterior lobe somewhat wider than the an- terior, sparsely finely punctured, posterior margin slightly con- cave-arcuate ; scutellum equilateral, subshining, sparsely pilose, somewhat carinate at apex, disc and sides sparsely punctured; clavus with three rows of punctures ; commissure less than one- lialf the length of the scutellum ; corium finely pilose, coarsely but sparsely punctured posteriorly, lateral margins gently arcuate throughout; anterior femora strongly incrassate, with a strong tooth halfway between the middle point and apex, with several smaller acute spinules before and behind the larger 108 July, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA tooth ; anterior tibiae strongly curved, unarmed; posterior tibiae finely pilose ; posterior tarsal segment I longer than II and III taken together; prosternum and venter shining, the latter al- most impunctate, sparsely long-pilose ; length, 3.5-4 mm. Thus far, the species seems to be recorded only from California, in dead leaves and in nests of Neotoma. Genus IX. Antillocoris Kirkaldy 1904 (n. n. for Pygaeus Uhler 1894) Key to Species 1. Anterior lobe of the pronotum not punctured; (long-oval, pol- ished, minutely pubescent and feebly punctured, below, highly polished; antennal segment I as long as or longer than II, III shorter than IV ; posterior lobe of the prono- tum punctured, anterior lobe smooth, with a few punctures apically, the posterior margin a little deflexed; scutellum coarsely and deeply punctured ; clavus punctured in lines ; corium less coarsely punctured ; membrane always present in macropterous and brachypterous ; length, 1.75-2 mm., width, 0.75 mm.). pallidus Uhler 1894 From Massachusetts to Florida, Texas, Indiana, Quebec. Anterior and posterior lobes of the pronotum wholly punc- tured 2 2. Base of pronotum truncate (Stal) ; anterior lobe with two transverse levigate spots; (narrow oval or suboblong, head pilose, shiny and glossy, impunctate; antennal segments II and III subequal or equal, I much exceeding the apex of the head, III and IV equal and shorter than I or II ; pronotum distinctly punctured; hemelytra distinctly, on clavus strongly, punctured, apical margin of the corium straight; membrane wholly absent in brachypterous); length, 1.8-2 mm., width, 0.75 mm. pilosulus Stal 1874 Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey west to Indiana and south and west to Florida and Texas. . Base of pronotum arcuately concave, anterior lobe without levigate spots ; (body above obscurely hirsute and some- what coarsely punctured ; head short and wide, wider than the pronotum anteriorly ; antennal segment I passing apex of head by nearly one-half its own length, II a little longer than III ; lateral margins of the pronotum arcuate, appar- 109 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA VoL XXVI, No. 3 ently carinate, both lobes punctured, anterior lobe longer than posterior, pronotum nearly twice as wide as long; scutellum apically carinate; all femora and tibiae un- armed; posterior tarsal segment I subequal to III, II and III taken together slightly longer than I ; apex of corium acute, lateral margins of the hemelytra narrowly explanate, slightly incurved at about the level of the posterior part of the scutellum) • length, 2 mm. punctatus Distant 1893 Texas, (Panama). Genus X. Cligenes Distant 1893 (= Salacia Stal 1874) The generic description following is that of Stal 1874, for Salacia (En. Hem. IV : 156) as found in his Key to Rhyparochromaria (Rhyparochromini), translated from the original Latin: Head moderate; antennae inserted close to the eyes, seg- ment I exceeding head by one-half, III not or barely longer than I, often shorter ; rostral segment I not longer than anten- nal segment I; pronotum short, transverse, base wide, nearly twice as wide as head with eyes, at middle, or Slightly behind middle very obsoletely transversely impressed, lateral margins lightly sinuate at middle, margins of the anterior lobe at apex frequently strongly rounded; scutellum not or slightly longer than wide, twice or three times as long as the claval commissure ; body opaque or slightly opaque. Distant, in 1893 (Biol. Cent. Am., Rhynchota I: 405) described the new genus Cligenes, apparently failing to recognize the older Salacia, which it replaces as the name of the aggregate, since the latter turned out to be preoccupied. Distant described four species in his new genus, three of which he questioned genericallv. Two of these questioned species have later been found to occur in the United States, one in Antillocoris preceding, the other Cligenes delineatus Distant 1893, based on a single specimen from Panama, which he had placed in “ Salacia (?) ,” correctly, even though questioned. The species is thus described (l.c.), by color, except for the two structures men- tioned in it : “Head, pronotum, scutellum and membrane black; corium and margins of membrane ochraceous, the corium with apex and two contiguous spots extending from inner angle to lateral 110 July, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA margin, black. Body beneath and legs black, apices of femora and the tibiae and tarsi ochraceous ; antennae fuscous, the basal and apical joints ochraceous ; second and third joints subequal in length and moderately incrassated. The pronotum and scutellum are almost impunctate. . . . Long, 2 mm. . . . Hab. Panama, Pena Blanca (Champion). ... A single example.” Prom the figure (op. cit., plate 35, figure 20), the following struc- tural characteristics emerge : Head wider than the anterior margin of the pronotum, shorter than wide ; antennal segment I shortest, II, III and IV seemingly subequal; pronotum one and one-half times as wide at base as long, anterior and posterior angles rounded, transverse impression nearer to base than to apex, posterior margin concavely arcuate, lateral margins sinuate; scutellum carinate apically; clavus and corium punctured in rows; pos- terior tarsal segment I slightly shorter than II and III taken together. Texas, California, (Panama). Tribe 4. BEOSINI Stal 1872 Key to Genera 1. Lateral margins of the pronotum linearly and evenly expanded, not reflexed, the expansion widened between the two lobes, which are not distinctly differentiated by a transverse con- striction; (pronotum transverse, without a depressed col- lar) ; head across the eyes about as wide as the anterior submargin of the pronotum, antenniferous tubercles seen from the side, strongly oblique, almost perpendicular; (scutellum not carinate; antennal segment I short, apical one-third extended beyond the apex of the head) 3 Lateral margins of the pronotum widely laminately expanded and plainly reflexed; head hardly transverse; antennifer- ous tubercles seen from the side obliquely declivous 2 2. Head hardly transverse ; antennae incrassate ; posterior lobe of the pronotum depressed; clavus with three rows of punc- tures VI. Uhleriola Horvath 1908 Head distinctly transverse; antennae slender; posterior lobe of pronotum not depressed; clavus confusedly punctured. V. Dieuches Dohrn 1860 3. Species commonly dull or not shining ; anterior margin of the pronotum nearly straight; dorsal parts not wholly black, 111 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 3 either the lateral explanate margin of the pronotum or commonly the posterior margin of the pronotum conspicu- ously, or the cor i um more or less, pale 4 Subshining ; anterior margin of the pronotum lightly concave ; (pronotum very transverse, not depressed posteriorly; rostral segment III shorter than II ; anterior femora with one large preapical spine, preceded and followed by one or two smaller spines ; clavus with four rows of punctures, the two middle abbreviated and confused ; posterior tarsal segment I subequal to II and III taken together) . IY. Aphanus Laporte 1832 4. Explanate lateral margin of the pronotum neither punctured nor with setae; (scutellum rarely bivittate with pale) ; an- tennae sparsely pilose or almost nude; posterior tarsal segment I distinctly longer but not twice as long as II and III taken together 5 Explanate lateral margins of the pronotum with a few punc- tures set with long setae; (scutellum pale bivittate usually) ; antennae with numerous setose hairs; posterior tarsal segment I usually subequal to II and III taken to- gether III. Sphragisticus Stal 1872 5. Posterior lobe of the pronotum distinctly and rather coarsely punctate with black, pronotum narrowed in front, lateral margins gently rounded anteriorly; antennae pilose; an- terior tibiae, especially in the male, curved at base. I. Trapezonotus Fieber 1861 Posterior lobe of the pronotum and the anterior lobe (concol- orous), not at all or obsoletely and finely punctured, (black, or at most, with the posterior margin only pale) ; pronotum less narrowed in front, lateral margins nearly parallel ; antennae nearly nude ; anterior tibiae nearly straight in both sexes II. Malezonotus Barber 1918 Genus I. Ti^apezonotus Fieber 1861 Key to Species 1. Anterior femora without spines or teeth 2 Anterior femora with spines or teeth 3 2. Length less than 5.5 mm. ; (head pilose, wider than long, with eyes not wider than the anterior margin of the pronotum ; antennae pilose on segments I, II and III, I exceeding apex of head by one-half its own length, II longest, slightly 112 July, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA longer than, or subeqnal to III, IV a little longer than III; anterior lobe of pronotum subrugulose and finely punctured, posterior lobe coarsely punctured, sometimes confluently; scutellum very finely and sparingly punc- tured, apical margins more distinctly and coarsely punc- tured; corium coarsely and in some places confluently punctured, lateral margins impunctate; actual length, 4—5 mm.) caliginosus Distant 1882 Arizona, (Guatemala, Panama). Length 6 mm. or more; (pronotum with disc of anterior lobe finely and sparsely punctured, the sides not so profusely, diameter of the submargin just back of the eyes only a little wider than the head across the eyes; actual length, 6-6.5 mm.) derivatus Barber 1918 Arizona (Huachuca Mts.). 3. Anterior femora with one spine or tooth; (head wider across eyes than long, tylus passing juga and setose anteriorly; antennal segment I not passing tylus, II longest, slightly longer than IV, III more than one-half the length of II, all segments setose; pronotum anteriorly wider than the head, the margins explanate-carinate, sides sinuate, nearly twice as wide at base as long ; anterior femora stout, with one stout tooth near the apex; all tibiae with long setae; all femora nude and stouter than the tibiae ; posterior tar- sal segment I subequal to II and III taken together ; length 5.7 mm., width, 2.1 mm.) arenarius Linne 1758 Eastern United States and Canada, (Europe). Anterior femora with two or more spines or teeth 4 4. Anterior femora with two short teeth and a few minute serra- tions; (head as long as wide between the eyes, coarsely closely punctured, the punctures becoming subobsolete posteriorly, where the surface is dull and opaque ; antennae stout, segment I passing the apex of the head by one-third its own length, II about twice I, III one-half longer than I, IV one-quarter longer than II ; surface minutely pilose with a few longer setae ; pronotum anteriorly hardly wider than the head, surface opaque, coarsely punctured, punc- tures subobsolete across the disc of the anterior lobe, lateral margins slenderly explanate ; scutellum rather obscurely punctured ; hemelytra coarsely punctured, obscurely so on disc of corium ; clavus with three rows of punctures, the inner more irregular; venter polished; anterior femora 113 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 3 thickened, below with two short teeth and a few minute serrations ; anterior tibiae moderately curved at base ; pos- terior tibiae short pilose with a row of about six slender spines beneath; posterior tarsal segment I about as long as II and III taken together ; rostrum reaching to between intermediate coxae; upper surface with sparse appressed pale hairs ; length, 4 mm vandykei Van Duzee 1937 Colorado. Anterior femora with five or six short teeth tipped with a seta, between which are several minute teeth or serrations; (head transverse, across eyes as wide as the anterior sub- margin of the pronotum just back of the eyes, finely punc- tured, with a coating of incumbent whitish hairs ; anten- nal tubercles visible from above ; antennae rather slender, finely pilose, segment I short, passing apex of tylus by about one-third its own length, II one-third longer than III, IV about one-quarter shorter than II ; rostrum reach- ing between middle coxae, segment II a little longer than III; pronotum with a fine coating of incumbent tawny hairs ; lateral expanded margins straight, gradually con- verging anteriorly, gently rounded back of eyes, posterior lobe profusely punctate, posterior margin strongly arcu- ate; scutellum elongate, finely and sparsely punctured, with incumbent hairs ; clavus with three irregular rows of punctures, the middle one abbreviated ; eorium rather coarsely punctate with fuscous, clothed with incumbent hairs, costal margins impunctate, outer margins gently rounded ; anterior femora incrassate, with five or six short teeth with setae at tips, between which are several most minute teeth or serrations; anterior tibiae strongly curved and expanded apically, with a short tooth inwardly; pos- terior tibiae with two rows of short setose bristles ; posterior tarsal segment I a trifle longer than II and III taken to- gether; venter finely and closely punctured, clothed with incumbent whitish hairs; length, 4 mm.). diversus Barber 1918 California. Genus II. Malezonotus Barber 1918 (= Trapezonotus Stal 1872) Key to Species 1. Pronotum wider than long 2 Pronoum as wide as long, or sub quadrate 4 114 July, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 2. Anterior femora with more than three spines or teeth (actually five) ; (sparingly clothed with minute golden pubescence; head stout, very minutely densely shagreened; antennal segment I hardly more than half the length of the head, II longest, a little longer than IV, III about two-thirds as long as II ; rostrum reaching middle of mesosternum, seg- ment I a little shorter than the head, II longest, III and IV subequal ; pronotum almost one-quarter wider than long, indistinctly and very minutely scabrous, lateral mar- gins distinctly but very narrowly reflexed, feebly sinuate behind the middle, anterior angles bluntly rounded, humeral angles prominent, posterior margin sinuate; scu- tellum almost flat, minutely scabrous and punctured; an- terior femora stout, with five small spines beneath ; tibiae with bristles; length, 4 mm., width, 1.5 mm.). sodalicius Uhler 1875 Virginia, Mississippi, Texas, Nevada, Utah, California, Oregon, Washington, Vancouver Island; on strawberry beds. Anterior femora with three spines or less 3 3. Anterior femora with three spines or teeth, the middle one longest; (oblong, black; head sparsely pubescent; pro- notum slightly transverse, base not much wider than the apex; scutellum with sides punctured; clavus with three rows of punctures, between the two inner distant series with punctures sparse or in a very irregular series; an- terior femora below behind the middle with three teeth, the middle one the largest, the other two quite small ; posterior tarsal segment I nearly twice II and III taken together; length, 4 mm., width, 1.5 mm.). rufipes Stal 1874 New Jersey, Texas. Anterior femora with only one or two spines or teeth, the sec- ond very minute, sometimes absent; (head transverse, embedded to the eyes, a little narrower across the eyes than the anterior submargin of the pronotum, finely punctured in front; antennae finely pilose, segment I short, exceed- ing tylus by one-third its own length and about one-third the length of II, II one-third longer than III, IV one- fourth longer than II; pronotum transverse, lateral mar- gins not sinuate, subparallel for a short distance behind the eyes, where they are suddenly rounded, anterior lobe 115 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 3 impunctate, posterior lobe very finely punctured, posterior margin strongly concave; scutellum closely and finely punctured ; clavus with three somewhat confused rows of punctures ; eorium finely punctured, costal edge expanded for anterior two-thirds; anterior femora with one short post-median tooth, sometimes preceded by a minute tooth ; posterior tibiae with short bristles; venter very finely punctured; length, 3.5 mm.) fuscosus Barber 1918 New York, New Jersey; under huckleberry bushes. 4. Anterior lobe of the pronotum about three times as long as the posterior lobe; (head opaque; antennae clothed with minute pale pubescence, segment I with a few stiff bris- tles, II three times length of I, III one-sixth shorter than II, IV very slightly longer than III — proportions, 6:18:15:16 — ; rostrum reaching base of middle coxae; pronotum as long as broad, surface shagreened, posterior lobe very obscurely punctured, about one-third length of anterior lobe ; scutellum one-quarter wider than long ; clavus with three regular rows of punctures with a few scattering ones between; eorium irregularly punctured, punctures fine, closer in median area; anterior femora strongly incrassate, with one stout subapical tooth and one or two minute; tibiae spinose; length, 5. 5-6. 5 mm.). grossus Van Duzee 1935 California, Oregon. Anterior lobe of pronotum not quite twice the length of the posterior lobe; (oblong, parallel-sided; head minutely aciculate, vertex moderately convex; antennal segment I passing tylus by one-third, II nearly twice length of I, III shorter than II, IV hardly longer than III; rostrum reaching intermediate coxae, segment II longer than III ; pronotum subquadrate, minutely rugulose, anterior angles moderately rounded, sides distinctly and continuously but slenderly carinated, feebly sinuate, anterior lobe hardly twice the length of the posterior lobe, posterior margin deeply arcuated; scutellum nearly flat, about equilateral; hemelytra coarsely punctured; anterior femora strongly incrassate, with about three small teeth along the anterior margin, the apical tooth larger; length, 5 mm.). angustatus Van Duzee 1910 Utah, California, Washington, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. 116 July, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Genus III. Sphragisticus Stal 1872 Key to Species A. Posterior tibiae with numerous long setae in addition to the rigid bristles; head transverse, base impunctate, front finely punctured ; antennae setose, segment I a little pass- ing apex of tylus, II one-third longer than III, IV slightly longer than II ; anterior lobe of the pronotum with im- punctate disc, finely punctured anteriorly, posterior lobe punctured; scutellum elongate, finely punctured on disc and along margins; rostral segment I reaching base of head, II one-third longer than III ; anterior femora with several irregular teeth along the outer two-thirds ; posterior tibiae inwardly and outwardly with a row of short oblique bristles and a row of longer setae ; posterior tarsal segment I longer than II and III taken together ; length, 4 mm. simulatus Barber 1911 New Mexico. B. Posterior tibiae with rigid bristles only ; antennae setose, seg- ment I passing the apex of the head by about one-half, II nearly twice I or II, which are subequal, IV shorter than II and longer than I or III ; anterior lobe of the pronotum finely punctured, posterior deeply so ; scutellum triangular, strongly punctured ; anterior femora below anteriorly with a small spine; all tibiae setose; length, 6.3 mm., width, 2.1 mm nebulosus Fallen 1807 Ontario and New England west to the Pacific, Michigan, Texas, New Mexico, California, (European) ; on Amaran- thus sp. (tumbleweed). Genus IV. Aph.anus Laporte 1832 (= Pachymerus Lepelletier & Serville 1825 = Calyptonotus Stal 1872 = Dorachosa Distant 1893 = Delochilocoris Bergroth 1893) Key to Species A. Anterior lobe of the pronotum, except the disc, thickly punc- tured, and much longer than wide; antennal segment III slightly shorter than IV, (I not reaching apex of head, II one-half the length of III) ; clavus with three rows of punctures; (elongate-oval, feebly shining; head across eyes wider than long, and than the anterior margin of the pro- notum; posterior lobe of the pronotum wholly punctured, anterior lobe twice the length of the posterior, posterior 117 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 3 margin concavely arcuate; scutellum punctured, longer than wide, as long as, or longer than, the pronotum ; all femora and tibiae without spines) ; length, 4. 5-5. 5 mm. illuminatus Distant 1893 Florida, (Mexico, Guatemala). B. Anterior lobe of the pronotum entirely and very finely punc- tured, slightly transverse, (base one-third wider than the apex) ; antennal segment III distinctly shorter than IV ; punctures of clavus confused ; (somewhat shining ; head extremely finely punctured, apex with some erect hairs; posterior lobe of the pronotum less finely punctured than anterior • hemelytra densely and distinctly punctured ; posterior tarsal segment I more than twice II and III taken together) ; length, 4.75-6 mm. (6 to 7 mm. — Blatch- ley) umbrosus Distant 1893 Ontario and New England west to Kansas and Colorado and south to Florida, Texas, Arizona, California, (Mexico, Guatemala, Panama). Note. — The second species has been variously recorded by Amer- ican authors as Microtoma carbonaria Rossi, or Microtoma at rat a Goeze. Barber doubts that Microtoma is found in North America ; hence, he omits it in his key to genera, which we follow. Genus V. Dieuches Dohrn 1860 (= Ischnotarsus Fieber 1861 p.p. = Methocus Scott 1874 = Beosus Bergroth 1893) The valid distribution of the genus Dieuches, so far as known now, is in the Old World, whence some ten or twelve species are recorded. The genus likewise is so close to Beosus Amyot & Serville 1843, that both Stal and Bergroth synonymized the two genera and treated them as one, since there appear to be species which fit equally well into the one or the other genus. Selected generic characters, abstracted and consolidated from various authors, are : Antennal segment I passing the apex of the head; eyes extending a little beyond the anterior margin of the pronotum ; pronotum long, more or less constricted near middle, the lateral margins carinate and laminate; legs long, anterior femora in- crassate and spined below. Head generally subequal to, or longer than wide; eyes anteriorly not, or not very, divergent; ocelli quite close to the eyes, large, distance between them and the eyes subequal to 118 July, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA the diameter of the ocelli; antennal tubercles seen from the side obliquely declivous or subporrect; antennae distant from the eyes, segment I much exceeding apex of head, most fre- quently longer than the eyes from the side, not longer than rostral segment I ; base of pronotum very_ distinctly, and fre- quently much, wider than the head, not transverse, lateral margins entirely carinate or lamellate and distinctly reflexed, apex abruptly rounded. The one species positively American is that recently described (Bui. Bklyn Ent. Soc., vol. XLI : 125) : Dieuches occidentalis Torre-Bueno 1946 Selected characters from the original description are : Head wider than long (24:18), including eyes, no fine longitudinal median line; tylus blunt, very slightly exceeding juga; ocelli slightly more than their own diameter from the eyes. Antennal segments 21 : 41 : 30 : 33 ; I slightly thickened apically, exceeding tylus by about two-thirds its own length, II slightly curved, of equal diameter throughout, IV slightly curved, of equal diameter throughout, conically pointed at apex; antennal tubercles rounded, not prominent. Rostrum reaching to or slightly beyond posterior coxae; segments 20: 18:15: 10. Pronotum nearly twice as broad as long (at humeri, 44 wide, 24 long) ; transverse groove about midway between apex and base, crossed at middle by a short, blunt longitudinal carina ; sides moderately laminate ; collar narrow ; posterior lobe finely punctured, more sparsely toward base, anterior lobe im- punctate. Scutellum about as wide at base as long (23:25), acute, punctured, more sparsely so toward margins. Heme- lytra — clavus punctured confusedly, not in rows; longitudinal veins of corium each with a single row of punctures, impunc- tate between the veins; veins of the membrane simple, more or less curved, concolorous. Legs — anterior femora moderately incrassate, with four conical spines running from middle of femur apically, and behind middle, one very small spine; anterior tibiae enlarged at apex ; all tibiae with two longitudinal rows of bristles ; posterior tarsal segment I twice as long as II and III taken together. Venter smooth, with long sparse setae. Length, 7 mm. Concolorous brownish, except the stramineous expanded margins of pronotum and corium ; antennae and legs yellowish. Arizona ; apparently a mountain species. 119 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 3 Genus VI. Uhleriola Horvath 1906 This monotypic genus, to contain Bhyparochromus floralis Uhler 1895 (Hem. Colo., Bui. Colo. Exp. St a., p. 26) was erected by Dr. G. Horvath in 1908 (Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung., VI: 561/562). Hor- vath points out that Uhler ’s species does not belong in the genus in which it was described, nor even in Rhyparochromini, because the lamellate margin of the pronotum puts it in Apahanini. The orig- inal generic description, from the Latin, reads: “Body oblong, glabrous, variegated; head large, hardly transverse, as wide as the apex of the pronotum, arcuate- declivous toward apex, seen from side, its height is equal to its length ; antennae moderate, segment I shorter than rostral segment I, segments II and III without rigid setae, segment II shorter than the width of the head, segment IV wholly black; rostrum extended behind the intermediate coxae, segment II reaching middle of anterior coxae, III distinctly shorter than the preceding segment ; pronotum subquadrate, transverse, slightly wider than the head, apex nearly straight, hardly sinuate, anterior angles not produced, lateral margins wholly laminate-explanate, not set off inwardly by an impressed line, posterior angles with a distinct tubercle within the margins, anterior lobe nearly impunctate ; scutellum elongate- triangular ; hemelytra complete, clavus with three rows of punctures, the inner series quite remote from the series at the scutellar margin, the space between these two rows of equal width throughout, two outer series of points close together, straight, gradually converging from the base nearly to the apex and ending in an elevated eallose vein attenuated toward the apex, the inner vein of the corium straight, membrane with a white discal gutta; ventral suture III distinctly sinuately curved anteriorly on both sides, posterior lateral spot of segment IV exceedingly remote from anterior spot and close to the posterior margin of the segment ; feet moderate, anterior femora incrassate, beneath with many spines, one longer, posterior femora unarmed, seg- ment I of posterior tarsus nearly twice the length of the two apical taken together.” It is to be noted that this characterization is apparently based on the macropterous form ; there are also brachvpterous. The single species in the genus is : Uhleriola floralis Uhler 1895 (l.c.). The original description of the species reads : 120 July, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA “Long-elliptical, rusty fulvous, minutely sericeous pubes- cent. Head piceous paler or rufo-fulvous at tip, subconic, nodding, smooth, shorter than the pronotum, minutely scabrous, strongly convex above, with the throat pale rufo-fulvous ; antennae stout, about as long as the pronotum and corium united, dull fulvous, pale pubescent, with the fourth joint and apex of the third blackish piceous, the basal joint extending a little beyond the tip of the head, second much longer, the third about one-half longer but a little shorter than the second, the fourth about equal to the second; rostrum reaching upon the middle coxae, slender, pale fulvous, with the apical joint black. Pronotum subquadrangular, a very little wider at the base than at the tip, fulvous or rufo-fulvous, dull testaceous and punctate with black on the basal one-third, the lateral margins a little reflexed, black, slightly convexed next the apical angle, the submargin ivory white, expanding posteriorly where it abuts against a tumid black humeral spot near the inner boundary of this stripe and the anterior submargin finely punctate with black, disc not distinctly punctate, behind this a feebly raised whitish line. Scutellum very long and acute, fulvous, trans- versely indented on the middle, finely punctate before the middle, and coarsely punctate with black toward the tip, the middle line more or less black. Corium whitish-testaceous, with about nine slender black oblique lines (including the clavus) which are mostly composed of impressed punctures, the costal border and a transverse spot upon a wide black area, which also covers the cuneus, dull white, exteriorly reflexed edge of costal border dark brown ; membrane smoke brown, with a short white spot next the tip of the cuneus, and a double fainter one at tip. Legs pale fulvous, pale on middle of tibae and base of tarsi, apices of tibiae and tarsi piceous. Pectus dark rust brown, paler anteriorly, the segments on the posterior border and a spot above each coxa pale yellow. Venter dull black, bordered above with testaceous or fulvous. “Length to tip of venter, 6-6.5 mm. Width of pronotum, 1.75-2 mm. This seems to be a common species in Colorado, Montana, California, etc.” Port Collins under stones, etc., in company with Formica neo- clara Em. ; also in various places in Arizona. Taken ordinarily also under small earth-hugging growth. 121 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 3 Tribe 5. GON1ANOTINI Stal 1872 Key to Genera (Head short and transverse; pronotum wider than long; scutel- lum as wide as pronotum.) A. Pronotum excised anteriorly; space between eyes and antennae short antenniferous tubercles obtuse, not prominent. I. Emblethis Fieber 1861 B. Pronotum straight anteriorly; space between the eyes and an- tennae long ; antenniferous tubercles truncate apically, their outer angles prominent. II. Gonianotus Fieber 1861 Note. — The generic key above is given to make more certain the separation of Emblethis. This is done because Gonianotus has been attributed to our American fauna. Genus I. Emblethis Fieber 1861 Emblethis is in general a Palaearctic genus, only one species being thus far known from America out of the 13 or 14 recognized as valid. Fieber in 1861 (Eur. Hem., 51, 197) set up the genus with the characters following : Rostrum reaching to middle of mesosternum ; anterior mar- gin of the pronotum sinuate nearly to the angles of the collum ; head somewhat inserted into the sinuation; lateral margins of the pronotum arcuate ; mesosternum angularly produced, shal- lowly sulcate posteriorly between the two bosses ; metasternum rhombic-quadrangular, posteriorly acute, low arched, anteriorly angulate, posteriorly excised and carinate at margins; body long-oval ; head short five-angled, somewhat sunk into the pro- notum ; antennal segments slender, segment II more than twice the incrassate I, III somewhat shorter than II and nearly as long as slenderly fusiform IV ; margins of pronotum lightly arcuate; body punctured above; base of scutellum punctured. Thus far only one American species has been recognized : Emblethis vicarius Horvath 1908 (= arenarius Uhler 1872 = griseus auctt. am. = Gonianotus marginepunctatus Uhler 1878 nec Wolff 1804) After his visit to the United States in 1907, Dr. Horvath recog- nized that our Emblethis was an undescribed species, and not the same as any of the European species under the names of which it 122 July, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA had had theretofore masqueraded. He thus described it (Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. VI : 563) : Oblong-ovate, griseous-testaceous, densely and very finely black-punctured ; head distinctly shorter than its width includ- ing the eyes ; antennae moderate, black setose, segment I short, ovoid, twice as long as its own width, segment II slightly longer than the diameter of the vertex and distinctly longer than seg- ment III, segment IV fuscescent ; pronotum one-half longer than the head, as long as wide at apex, base two-thirds wider than the apex, lateral margins glabrous, quite explanate, nearly straight, a little toward apex obviously arcuate, anterior mar- gin lightly sinuate, anterior angles not very produced; costal margin of corium with close black punctures ; membrane equal- ling or slightly exceeding apex of abdomen, griseous, fuscous veined, between the veins fusco-variegate ; head and pectus beneath black, anterior and posterior margins of the pro- stethium, posterior limb of meso- and metastethium with spots and all the coxae, testaceous ; venter fusco-ferruginous ; feet testaceous, very minutely fusco-consperse, tibiae black spined, basal segment of posterior tarsi more than twice II and III taken together ; female ; length, 5-6 mm. The species seems to be distribtued from the Eastern States as far as to Arizona — apparently of country-wide range, provided the western form is identical with that of the Atlantic seaboard. Tribe 6. LETHAE1NI Stal 1872 Key to Genera 1. Pronotum with both lobes distinctly and closely punctate, pos- terior lobe more coarsely so than anterior ; anterior tibiae in male either strongly curved, or bent and strongly ex- panded apically within, and armed with one or two stout preapical teeth ; ventral segment IV with the two anterior glandular opaque spots, but not with a third subapical spot; (lateral margins of the pronotum lightly expanded, more widely so between the lobes, slightly sinuate and generally pale in part, anterior margin without a semblance of a collar, but the area behind the margin somewhat de- pressed and profusely punctate; costal margins of the corium widely expanded and broadly reflexed ; eyes not in contact with the anterior margin of the pronotum ; anten- 123 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 3 nal segment I shorter than the head, but well extended beyond its apex) 2 Pronotum with the anterior lobe impunctate or obscurely punc- tate; anterior tibiae of the males not so strongly curved, or bent and expanded at the apex ; ventral segment IV with or without a third spot 3 2. Body not strongly depressed or flattened ; lateral margins of the pronotum not strongly converging anteriorly, anterior angles strongly and rather abruptly rounded; width of head across eyes much narrower than across rounded sub- margin of the pronotum ; lamellar expansion very distinct on both lobes ; antennae rather strongly pilose ; mesosternum not longitudinally sulcate; posterior tarsal segment I dis- tinctly longer than II and III taken together; abdominal suture III strongly curved anteriorly and not reaching lateral margin I. Drymus Fieber 1861 Body much flattened ; lateral margins of the pronotum strongly converging anteriorly, anterior angles gently rounded; width of head across eyes subequal to width across rounded submargin of the pronotum ; lamellar lateral expansion less obvious on the anterior lobe; antennae not pilose; meso- sternum strongly sulcate; ventral abdominal suture III almost straight and reaching the lateral margin ; posterior tarsal segment I subequal to II and III taken together. II. Gastrodes Westwood 1840 3. Dorsum dull; anterior margin of the pronotum depressed, limited by a row of punctures behind; lateral lamellar expansion noticeably wider between the two lobes ; ventral abdominal segment IV without the third subapical spot; hind tibiae without long rigid bristles, at most either with a few short setose bristles, or pilose 4 Dorsal parts shining or somewhat shining; lateral edge of the pronotum not obviously widened between the two lobes; both anterior angles of the pronotum furnished with a long seta; abdominal ventral segment IV ordinarily with an additional third subapical opaque spot; scutellum longer than wide ; hind tibiae with rigid bristles 6 4. Pronotum much longer than wide, anterior lobe subquadrate and the disc obsoletely punctate; antennae very long, slender and nude, segment I as long as, or a little longer than the head, longer than rostral segment I, apex of head not reaching to middle point of segment I, III longer than 124 July, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA IV ; head submerged to the eyes, and including them as wide as anterior margin of pronotum; lateral margins of pronotum and the corium widely lamellar ly expanded and broadly reflexed; corium flattened dorsally, not trans- versely convex; seutellum longer than wide; clavus dis- tinctly widened posteriorly, rather closely and irregularly punctate; commissure nearly as long as the seutellum; bucculae lightly elevated and extended posteriorly to meet on the middle line of the eyes; much swollen anterior femora with a single large subapical tooth followed by several small teeth to the apex ; posterior tibiae with a few fine short bristles and not pilose; segment I of posterior tarsus as long as II and III taken together. III. Togodolentus Barber 1918 Anterior lobe of the pronotum transverse, impunctate; an- tennae shorter, segment I shorter than the head, subequal to or shorter than rostral segment I and extended well beyond apex of head; head generally lightly exserted; lateral margins of the pronotum and corium less expanded ; commissure distinctly shorter than the seutellum; clavus with punctures in fairly regular series ; segment I of pos- terior tarsus never twice as long as II and III taken together 5 5. Larger species, ordinarily 6-7 mm. long; apex of tylus not reaching middle of antennal segment I; head longer than its width back of the eyes ; lateral margin of the pronotum commonly more or less pilose; hind tibiae with short fine bristles or pilose IV.. Eremocoris Fieber 1861 Smaller species, ordinarily 3-4 mm. long; antennal segment I shorter, apex of tylus reaching at least to the middle of the segment; head shortened, length subequal to width back of eyes ; lateral margins of the pronotum without long soft hairs; hind tibiae not pilose nor furnished with short ’bristles V. Scolopostehus Fieber 1861 6. Lateral edge of the pronotum not definitely set off or bordered by an impressed line, much compressed or acute and below strongly impressed within the lateral margin of the propleura, lateral margins nearly straight and converging anteriorly, anterior and posterior margins straight; head across eyes a little narrower than the anterior submargin of the pronotum ; rostral segment I nearly equal to anten- nal segment I ; dorsal parts pilose 7 125 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 3 Narrow lateral expansion of the pronotnm sharply set off, not widened between the two lobes, which are poorly differenti- ated, merely posteriorly lightly depressed and sparsely punctate, pronotum transverse, sides subparallel; head submerged to the eyes, width across the eyes much nar- rower than across anterior submargin of the pronotum, where the angles are rather abruptly rounded; antennae slender ; posterior tibiae with long rigid bristles ; posterior tarsal segment I a little longer than II and III taken to- gether ; anterior femora with several small subapical tuber- cles (to include Trapezus Distant). IX. Crypliula Stal 1874 ( = Trapezus Distant 1882) 7. Anterior femora with a few tubercles and numerous long setae ; antennae somewhat incrassate; posterior tarsal segment I nearly twice as long as II and III taken together ; posterior tibiae with strong bristles ; surface not strongly shining. VI. Cistalia Stal 1874 Anterior femora with several minute preapical teeth, with or without setae ; antennae not incrassate, and pilose ; pos- terior tarsal segment I a little longer than II and III taken together, but never twice as long ; posterior tibiae with fine short bristles 8 8. Pronotum very transverse, nearly twice as wide as long, pos- terior lobe sparsely punctate ; clavus deflected to corium and with three regular rows of punctures; corium finely punctured; antennae set close to eyes, antennal tubercles less than half the length of the eye; membrane reaching apex of abdomen VII. Valtissius Barber 1918 Pronotum not very transverse, distinctly less than twice as wide as long, almost impunctate except behind anterior margin ; clavus almost flat with four rows of punctures; corium sparsely punctate ; antennae not close to the eyes, antennal tubercles only a little shorter than the eyes; membrane abbreviated in brachypterous, reaching apex of abdomen in macropterous ; dorsal parts very shining. VIII. Xestocoris Van Duzee 1906 Genus I. Drymus Pieber 1861 Key to Species A. Anterior lobe of pronotum more finely punctured than the pos- terior; head finely not densely punctured; rostral groove 126 July, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA not reaching the base of the head ; (apex of rostrum hardly reaching intermediate coxae) ; scutellum nbt carinate; pro- pleura with a small and acute tooth between the anterior coxae ; costal margin of the hemelytra narrowly expanded ; length, 4.2-5 mm. unus Say 1832 New England to Colorado, south and west to North Caro- lina and Texas. B. Both lobes of the pronotum, and the head, densely and rather closely coarsely punctured ; rostral groove between bueeulae broad, reaching posterior coxae; scutellum subcarinate to behind the depressed disc; (pectus deeply punctured); propleura with a rounded tooth or tubercle between the anterior coxae ; costal margin of the hemelytra rather widely expanded; (metapleural flaps impunctate and polished) ; (anterior femora much incrassated, with one stout tooth near apex) ; length, 6-7 mm. crassus Van Duzee 1910 New England and New York west to Indiana, and south to North Carolina. Genus II. Gastrodes Westwood 1840 Key to Species 1. Rostral segment I reaching to the middle of the eyes, [apex of the rostrum reaching to the intermediate coxae; head as long as wide, including the eyes ; anterior femora in both sexes with a single strong subapical spine ; posterior inner angles of the metapleura rounded, not conspicuously pro- duced and not reflexed in either sex; length, 5.9-7.27 mm., width (at abdomen) 2.39-3.1 mm.]. pacificus Provancher 1889 Pacific slope ; Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Nebraska. Rostral segment I passing the posterior margin of the eyes, and reaching, or nearly reaching, the base of the head 2 2. Spine of the anterior femora in the male bifid or double at the apex; (head hardly longer than wide; rostral segment I almost reaching the base of the head ; inner posterior angles of the metapleura rounded, very narrowly reflexed ; length, 8.2 mm.) walleyi Usinger 1938 (= ferrugineus auctt. am., nec Linne) Ottawa, Canada; British Columbia. Spine of the anterior femora in the male single at apex 127 3 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 3 3. Apex of rostrum reaching at least to the middle of ventral seg- ment I, segment I reaching the base of the head ; head dis- tinctly longer than wide, including the eyes (6:5) ; anten- nal segment II about one-sixth longer than III or IV ; (length, 7.3-8. 5 mm., width, 2. 9-3.2 mm.). conicola Usinger 1938 California; on digger pine ( Pinus sabiniana Dougl.). Apex of rostrum not reaching ventral segment I, segment I not quite reaching the base of the head ; head slightly longer than wide, including the eyes; antennal segment II much less than one-sixth longer than III or IV 4 4. Inner roundedly produced angle of the metapleura distinctly reflexed; anterior femora with no spines along the lower or inner side; length, 8.19 mm., width, 3.27 mm. arizonensis Usinger 1938 Arizona. Inner roundedly produced angle of the metapleura feebly re- flexed; anterior femora with two rows of spines along the lower or inner side ; length, 7.8 mm., width, 3 mm. intermedins Usinger 1938 British Columbia. Genus III. Togodolentus Barber 1918 The generic structures of this were given by H. G. Barber (1918. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. XXVII : 64) as follows : Dorsal parts dull; head not transverse, submerged to the eyes, as wide across the eyes as the interior margin of the pro- notum; bucculae lightly elevated, meeting in an obtuse angle on a line drawn across the middle of the eyes ; rostral segment I extending to base of head, II long, more than one-third longer than III, apex of IV reaching just past middle coxae ; antennae very long, slender and nude, segment I long, longer than the head, the apex of the tylus not reaching its middle point, II not twice as long as I, III about one-fourth shorter than II, IV one- third shorter than III ; pronotum not transverse, rather paral- lel-sided, the lateral edges broadly expanded and reflexed, a little widened between the two lobes, anterior lobe subquadrate, : the disc obsoletely punctured, anterior margin slightly concave, submargin depressed and bounded behind by a series of punc- tures, posterior lobe coarsely punctured, posterior margin strongly concave; scutellum longer than wide, punctured; 128 July, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA clavus widened posteriorly, rather closely and irregularly punc- tured; commissure nearly as long as scutellum; corium flat- tened, closely punctured, costal margin laminately expanded, reflexed, pale; anterior femora much incrassate, with a few well-developed teeth; anterior tibiae nearly straight; posterior tibiae not pilose but with a few fine very short bristles; pos- terior tarsal segment I twice II and III taken together ; ventral segment IV laterally with two anteriorly placed opaque spots. The type species, described on the same page, is Togodolentus genuinus Barber 1918, later found to be the same as Eremocoris wrighti Van Duzee 1914. As indicated, the species was described in Eremocoris by Van Duzee (1914. Tr. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., II, no. 1, p. 9) and naturally was not supposed to be in quite another generic category. The principal structural characters for the spe- cies, as given by its author (l.c.) are the following: Pronotum oblong, not narrowed anteriorly, the anterior angles depressed and rounded, the carinate margins broad, pale, the anterior lobe impunctate, posterior narrow, punctured, slightly elevated humeri bordered by the foliaceous carina; scutellum small, hardly punctured; anterior femora with the apical spur long, posterior one absent, the smaller denticula- tions hardly discernible ; posterior tibiae smooth, tarsal segment I fully twice as long as II and III taken together ; length, 6 mm. To this may be added these structures, as given by Barber in his description of Togodolentus genuinus, which, according to Blatch- ley, is presumably the same species. Form narrow ovate ; head impunctate ; antennae long, seg- ment I exceeding the apex of the head by more than one-half its own length ; pronotum longer than wide, anterior lobe sub- quadrate, disc finely punctured, more plainly so just within the laminate, reflexed pale lateral margins, and with a series of punctures just within the rather straight anterior margin, pos- terior lobe more depressed, closely and coarsely punctured, pos- terior margin lightly sinuate; scutellum punctate; clavus flat, level with the flattened corium and punctured in irregular series ; commissure almost as long as the scutellum ; costal mar- gin expanded and reflexecl, pale; venter with long setae pos- teriorly ; anterior femora with a large subapical tooth, between which and the apex are several smaller; posterior tibiae with short bristles ; posterior tarsal segment I twice as long as II and III taken together ; length, 6.5 mm. 129 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA VoL XXVI, No. 3 Both the species were described from California ; in Neotoma nests. Genus IV. Eremocoris Fieber 1861 Key to Species 1. All femora thickly setose; (anterior lobe of the pronotum thickly pilose with the setae rising from the fine sparse punctures, posterior lobe coarsely punctured; head, hem- elytra, femora and tibiae thickly pilose with long erect setae ; anterior tibiae in the male strongly curved, widened apically; length, 7-7.5 mm.) setosus Blatchley 1926 Massachusetts, New York, Virginia, District of Columbia, Georgia, Florida, Ohio, Indiana. All femora not setose, at most only one pair 2 2. Incrassate anterior femora with two large teeth 3 Incrassate anterior femora with one large tooth 6 3. Anterior lobe of the pronotum impunctate; (anterior femora with about six small teeth, the longer apical and the shorter basal tooth both distinctly larger than the others ; pronotum regularly narrowed anteriorly, anterior lobe impunctate with the usual median impressed point, collum set off by a row of deep punctures, posterior lobe flat, punctured, the punctures dragged anteriorly and near the middle ; scu- tellum punctured, rather deeply impressed and a little wrinkled across the disc ; posterior tibiae smooth except for a very minute pubescence ; mesosternal groove narrow and rather deep ; length, 7 mm.) inquilinus Van Duzee 1914 California; in wood rat ( Neotoma ) nests. Anterior lobe of the pronotum with a few punctures 4 4. Pronotum parallel-sided ; (antennal segment IV one-third shorter than III ; head a little longer than broad across the eyes ; bucculae not reaching the base of the antennae ; an- tennal segment I passing clypeus by two-thirds of its own length, II one-third longer than I, III two-thirds of II, IV two-thirds of III ; rostrum reaching base of posterior coxae, segment I slightly passing base of head, II equal to III and IV taken together ; mesosternal groove deep, the angu- lated raised sides forming a roughened tubercle; osteolar canal long, a little less than right-angled; pronotum large, parallel-sided, length and width subequal, constriction shallow, at basal one-fifth, anterior lobe long, unusually convex and obscurely punctured, posterior lobe flat, 130 July, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA coarsely punctured, collum linear, set off by a row of punc- tures, explanate margins straight, narrow except across the constriction, posterior margin broadly excavated ; anterior femora strongly incrassate, subsulcate below, anterior edge with two large teeth, the apical the larger, and on each side of the apical, three smaller teeth; anterior tibiae much curved, with three teeth on the expanded apex, followed basally by six smaller ones ; posterior tibiae with numerous long erect stiff hairs; length, 9 mm.). semicinctus Van Duzee 1921 California. Pronotum not parallel-sided 5 5. Rostral segment I passing the base of the head; (head one- quarter broader across the eyes than long, shagreened and hardly punctured, opaque at base, somewhat polished and clothed in appressed golden pubescence before the middle line of the eyes ; antennal segment I surpassing clypeus by a little more than one-half of its own length, II one-half longer than I, III and IV subequal, a little shorter than II; pronotum almost one-third broader than long, regu- larly narrowed anteriorly, moderately constricted at basal one-third, anterior lobe flattened, nearly impunctate; col- lum narrow and distinct, expanded margins of the pro- notum broad with a single row of distant long hairs, pos- terior lobe coarsely punctured, posterior margin not deeply excavated; scutellum one quarter broader than long; an- terior femora in male with two strong teeth, the apical the larger, with three smaller teeth on each side of the apical tooth; anterior tibiae much curved and expanded at the apex, with two large teeth and about four smaller ones toward the base ; rostrum reaching middle of posterior coxae, segment I passing base of head, II subequal to III and IV taken together; mesosternal sulcus shallow, sides nearly tumid; osteolar canal right-angled; length, 6 mm.). opacus Van Duzee 1921 California. Rostral segment I not reaching the base of the head; (head finely shagreened; antennal segment I shortest, II a little longer than III or IV, which are subequal ; rostral segment I reaching almost to base of head, II longest, reaching anterior coxae, III reaching intermediate coxae; anterior lobe of the pronotum feebly impressed in the middle with 131 * ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 3 a few scattering points, posterior lobe narrow, coarsely punctured, but feebly differentiated from anterior lobe; scutellum coarsely punctured, depressed posteriorly and anteriorly, with a feeble longitudinal carina ; anterior femora with two large teeth and several minute ones below ; length, 6-6.5 mm.) obscurus Van Duzee 1906 British Columbia, Vancouver Island, California. 6. Anterior lobe of the pronotum polished, impunctate; (head minutely punctured on each side beyond eyes; antennal segment II nearly twice I, III three-quarters of II, IV a little shorter than III ; rostrum reaching middle of meta- sternum, segment I just passing base of head, II shorter than III and IV taken together ; pronotum about as long as humeral width, sides parallel, anterior angles rounded, constriction near basal one-fourth, anterior lobe polished, impunctate, strongly convex, collum narrow, linear, strongly set off by a line of punctures, posterior lobe flat, coarsely punctured, expanded sides rather broad; scutel- lum long, depressed, remotely punctured and transversely wrinkled; prosternum carinate, posterior margin forming an angle or an obtuse carina across the base of the median tooth, which is much bent inward between the anterior coxae; mesosternum with a deep sulcus, the tuberculate sides rough ; osteolar canal broad and angled, apex shorter than in allied species; anterior femora shallowly sulcate below, anterior edge with one large tooth and about five smaller on each side, the basal larger ; posterior tibiae with irregular long hairs on the inner face, outer face nearly smooth; length, 7 mm.) dimidiatus Van Duzee 1921 Colorado. Anterior lobe of the pronotum more or less punctured 7 7. Form rather narrow ; pronotum but little wider than long, dis- tinctly depressed, nude and subshining; (anterior tibiae in male with a short preapical tooth, and strongly curved ; anterior lobe of the pronotum finely and sparsely punc- tured; head finely sparsely punctured; antennal segment II about twice I, III one-quarter longer than II, IV slightly shorter than III ; pronotum slightly wider than long, lateral margins strongly converging anteriorly, anterior lobe finely and sparsely punctured, nearly twice as long as the more closely and coarsely punctured posterior lobe, sinus be- tween the lobes shallow and with a series of coarse punc- 132 July, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA tures, edge of narrowly explanate margins straight, hu- meral tubercle quite distinct; pleura finely and closely punctured; anterior femora strongly incrassate, with a large preapical tooth with a few smaller teeth to apex, before the larger tooth with a double series of quite irreg- ular smaller teeth; anterior tibiae of the male strongly curved with a stout preapical tooth; scutellum smooth, subshining, sparsely finely punctured, carinate apically; corium finely sparsely punctured ; venter shining, very finely obsoletely punctured and sparsely setose apically; length, 6-7 mm., width at humeri, 1.75 mm.) depressus Barber 1928 New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, Louisiana, Missis- sippi ; on Pinus virginiana and on squash. Form relatively broader, not depressed; pronotum distinctly wider than long, dull, sparsely pilose; [anterior femora with one large tooth and several smaller ones apically; head punctured; pronotum distinctly wider than long, anterior lobe almost impunctate, lateral margins reflexed; scutellum finely but sparingly and irregularly punctured, apically with a smooth slightly elevated central line ; anterior tibiae with one tooth ; femora not pilose ; posterior tibiae setose in both sexes ; corium finely punctured ; length, 5. 2-6. 3 mm. (Say states of his species, “length less than 3/10 of an inch, ’ ’ which is about 7 mm. ) ] ferus Say 1832 Nova Scotia, Alberta, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Louisiana, New Mexico, Colo- rado, Illinois, Montana, Utah, Texas, Quebec, S. C. ; in general from New York to South Corolina. Genus V. Scolopostethus Fieber 1861 Key to Species 1. Anterior femora with a large median spine, with smaller spines running from it both toward the apex and the base ; lateral margins of the pronotum concave; (elongate; head mi- nutely sparsely punctured; anterior lobe of the pronotum minutely sparsely punctured, posterior lobe more distinctly punctured ; mesosternum simple ; length, 3-4 mm. ) . thomsomi Reuter 1874 (= neglectus Saunders 1892 New England, New York, New Jersey, Newfoundland, 133 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 3 Alaska to Colorado, British Columbia, Indiana, California, Arizona; on willow. Anterior femora with a large median spine, the smaller spines running only from the large spine to the apex; lateral margins of the pronotum straight or nearly straight 2 2. Clavus with four rows of punctures, the two inner confused toward the base; (pronotum, scutellum and hemelytra glabrous ; antennae slender, half as long as the body ; pro- notum slightly shorter than its basal width, sides nearly straight, anteriorly very slightly rounded, the lateral mar- gins laminate; anterior tibiae in male strongly curved, in female slightly; length, 2.75-4.25 mm.). diffidens Horvath 1893 Quebec, Maine, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, British Columbia, Vancouver Island, Washington, Cali- fornia. Clavus with less than four rows of punctures 3 3. Lateral edge of the pronotum carinate anteriorly only, laminate posteriorly; (head slightly wider than long, finely punc- tured, eyes not quite touching pronotum, apex of tylus reaching middle of antennal segment I ; antennal segment II twice I, III one-third shorter than II, IV about equal to III ; pronotum a little wider than long, transversely im- pressed through the middle, the anterior and posterior lobes subequal, disc of anterior lobe impunctate, a series of punctures within the lateral edge, which is carinate an- teriorly only, expanding posteriorly, expansion widest be- tween the lobes, behind which it suddenly ends before the elongate humeral elevation, posterior lobe more closely and coarsely punctured; scutellum with the central disc de- pressed and finely punctured, posteriorly obsoletely carin- ate; clavus with three rows of punctures, the two outer anteriorly converging into a single row; anterior half of the corium punctured along the veins, more than the pos- terior one-half of the corium sparsely punctured, costal margin rather widely expanded, lightly reflexed and im- punctate ; anterior femora with one large postmedian spine and toward the apex with four or five minute even teeth • venter shining, coated with fine incumbent hairs; length, 3. 5-4.5 mm.) pacificus Barber 1918 California. Lateral edge of the pronotum laminate throughout 134 4 July, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 4. Length 4 mm. ; (antennal segments II, III and IV subequal, I exceeding apex of head; head with eyes wider than long, punctured ; anterior lobe of the pronotum finely and indis- tinctly punctured, posterior lobe distinctly and more coarsely so; scutellum finely and indistinctly punctured; length, 4 mm tropicus Distant 1882 California, ( Guatemala ) . JL/ength less than 4 mm. ; (pronotum, scutellum and hemelytra glabrous; pronotum trapezoidal, anteriorly very slightly narrowed, a little narrower than the basal width, anteriorly lightly rounded; anterior tibiae in male strongly curved; mesosternum simple) ; length, 3.25 mm. atlanticus Horvath 1893 New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, British Columbia, Vancouver Island, Washington. Genus VI. Cistalia Stal 1874 Key to Species A. Antennal segment I slightly constricted toward base; lateral margins of the pronotum carinate only, not expanded; length, ? signoretii Guerin 1857 Cuba. B. Antennal segment I gradually enlarged from base toward apex, (all segments distinctly pilose, without longer scattered hairs) ; lateral margins of the pronotum distinctly ex- panded; (costal margin of the corium laminately ex- panded; clavus coarsely and irregularly punctured; an- terior femora with two or three preapical spinules below) ; length, 5-6 mm explanata Barber 1938 (= signor eti Stal 1874, nec. Guerin) Kansas, Louisiana, Texas; under bark and at roots of plants. Note. — C. signoretii Guerin is included in the above Key because it may possibly be found in Florida; and, in any case, it will be possible to be sure of Barber’s species. Genus VII. Valtissius Barber 1918 This genus was erected by H. G. Barber (1918. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. XXVI: 63) to contain Petissius diversus Distant (1893. Biol. Cent. Am., Ehynchota I: 407, pi. 35, fig. 22). Its characters, taken from the original description are : 135 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 3 Shining; pronotum and hemelytra sparsely pilose; head triangular, hardly transverse, width across eyes almost sub- equal to width of anterior margin of the pronotum, eyes touch- ing pronotum ; antennae short pilose, set close to the eyes, seg- ment I rather long, only a little shorter than III, exceeding apex by one-third its own length, III and IV subequal ; rostrum reaching to posterior coxae, segment I reaching base of head, subequal to antennal segment I, segment II longer than III; pronotum very short and transverse, without trace of a collar, almost twice as wide as long and subequal to length of scutel- lum, hardly separated into two lobes, disc of anterior lobe im- punctate, posterior lobe sparsely punctured, anterior and pos- terior margins straight, the lateral margins straight and grad- ually converging anteriorly, edge acute and beneath on the propleura the edge is longitudinally linearly impressed ; scutel- lum a little longer than wide ; clavus with three regular rows of punctures; commissure shorter than scutellum; corium rather closely punctured ; moderately incrassate anterior femora with a few minute teeth and several long setae ; posterior tibiae with a few fine setose bristles ; posterior tarsal segment I much longer than segments II and III taken together. The one species in the genus, designated as the type by Barber, is Valtissius diversus Distant 1893 The structures of this, taken from the original description and the figure are : Antennal segment II a little longer than III, III and IV subequal ; pronotum with a transverse impression ; corium strongly pilose; length, 3 mm.; (from fig. 22, pi. 35) posterior lobe of the pronotum coarsely punctured; hemelytra without veins; antennal segment II longest, I, III and IV apparently subequal. Distant’s whole description is a few lines of color characters. The species is recorded from Michigan, Florida, Louisiana and Texas; originally described from Guatemala and Panama. Genus VIII. Xestocoris Van Duzee 1906 This thus far is another monotypic genus. The structural char- acters as given by Van Duzee (1906. Ent. News, vol. XVII, pp. 389/390) are as follows: Ovate oblong, widest across apex of clavus, polished; head about two-thirds length of pronotum, subcylindric, horizontal, clypeus prominent, bucculae but little elevated, 136 July, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA forming a distinct lobe on each side of the base of the rostrum; ocelli much nearer the eyes than to the midline of the vertex ; rostrum passing intermediate coxae, segment I reaching base of head, II distinctly longer than III, IV shortest; antennae stout, segment I surpassing apex of head by about one-half its own length, II and IV sub- equal, III shortest; pronotum broad, about three-fifths wider than long, sides feebly carinate, distinctly rounded anteriorly to the head, transverse impression weak, close to the posterior margin, humeri prominent and angular; scutellum depressed ; clavus with three series of punctures ; ventral suture III strongly curved anteriorly; venter lat- erally with three opaque spots on segment IV, the two anterior set close together ; anterior femora incrassate, with four minute teeth, one longer and stouter than the others. The one species is Xestocoris nitens Van Duzee 1906 The principal structural characters in the original description are : Black, highly polished, above long-setose ; humeri prominent, rectangular; head and anterior lobe of pronotum impunctate, the narrow posterior margin, as well as the scutellum and heme- lytra with coarse scattering punctures,, in a line on the margins of the scutellum; a few coarse punctures close to the anterior margin of the pronotum and a small group near the center of the disc; length, 3-3.5 mm. Maine, Massachusetts, New York. This was described from the braehypterous form. Genus IX. Cryphula Stab 1874 (= Trapezus Distant 1882) Key to Species 1. Upper surface distinctly pilose ; (head nearly as long as wide, impunctate; antennal segment I exceeding apex of tylus by one-half its own length, II longest, one-fourth longer than IV, III a trifle shorter than IV ; pronotum parallel- sided, the margins rather abruptly rounded in front, with the usual setae at the rounded angle, lateral edge very narrowly carinate, posterior lobe finely and obscurely punctured, anterior margin straight ; scutellum almost im- punctate ; incrassate anterior femora with no teeth, merely 137 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 3 a few tubercles and long setae; posterior tibiae with two rows of four long rigid oblique bristles on each ; posterior tarsal segment I nearly twice as long as II and III taken together) '• length, 3.5 mm abortive Barber 1918 Arizona. Upper surface not pilose 2 2. Antennal segment III shorter than IV, II and IV subequal; (sides of body parallel; head remotely finely punctured; antennae remotely setose, segment I above toward apex with stouter rigid setae, II nearly twice I and subequal to IV, III shorter ; pronotum transverse, not longer than head, sides parallel, straight, rounded and converging at apex, smooth, basal one-third distinctly punctured ; scutellum as long as the pronotum, punctured on disc to lateral mar- gins; hemelytra punctured on clavus and inner part of corium more distinctly so) ; length, 3 mm., width, 1.5 mm. par alello grama Stal 1874 (= immaculata Distant 1893) New York, New Jersey, Kansas, New Mexico, Texas. Antennal segment III subequal to IV, II longer than IV ; length, 3.5 mm apicata Distant 1893 Arizona, ( Guatemala ) . Note. — This Key is made up from descriptions. It is to be noted that the only structural character Distant gives for his apicata pre- ceding lies in the antennae. His description entire (Biol. Centr. Am., Rhynchota I: 217) reads: “2. Trapezus apicatus, n. sp. — closely allied to the preced- ing species; but scutellum with the apex only ochraceous, and antennae with the second joint distinctly longest, and third and fourth joints subequal in length; the third joint has the apex piceous. — Long. 3-§ millim.” Subfamily 9. Pamphantinae Barber & Bruner 1933 This new subfamily was established by Barber and Bruner (1933. A New Subfamily of Lygaeidae, including a New Genus and Two Species of Pamphantus Stal — Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. XLI : 531-539, plates XXXIX and XL) for two American genera, namely, Pam- phantus Stal and the new genus Neopamphantus Barber & Bruner. Although the keys following contain mostly Antillean species, they are offered for the reason that I should be inclined to look for them in Florida, since little by little we find more of these West Indian forms there. It is obvious from its general geologic characteristics 138 July, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA that Florida is akin to Cuba, and thus forms a part of this island system, except that it is attached to the mainland. Moreover, the distance between Florida and Cuba is short, and insects, as is well- known, migrate long distances over water under favorable and un- predictable conditions. Hence, such Antillean forms should be looked for intensively within our territorial limits, especially about the Gulf of Mexico. Key to Genera A. Eyes large, strongly projecting, substylate • vertex between the eyes smooth, depressed ; head strongly inclined anteriorly ; ocelli closer to each other than to the eyes ; costal margins of the corium strongly expanded posteriorly. II. N eopamphantus Barber & Bruner 1933 B. Eyes prominent but not substylate; vertex between the eyes either flat or slightly convex; head generally moderately inclined anteriorly; ocelli closer to the eyes than to each other ; costal margins of the corium at most only slightly expanded posteriorly I. Pamphantus Stal 1874 In the key following, all the species are included, although only Pamphantus elegantulus Stal appears to have been more or less doubtfully recorded from the United States. Genus I. Pamphantus Stal 1874 Key to Species 1. Pronotum distinctly longer than wide, the transverse constric- tion well behind the middle, the anterior lobe nearly twice as long as the posterior ; scutellum longer than wide, about as long as the commissure, (coarsely punctured) ; (head, pronotum and corium anteriorly sparsely long-pilose ; an- tennae longer than the head and pronotum taken together, segment II subequal to IV, III one-quarter shorter than II ; pro- and mesopleura coarsely and metapleura finely punc- tured; length, 3.7 mm.) mimeticus Barber 1926 Cuba ; with the ant Pseudomyrma elongata Mayr var. cuha- ensis Forel. Pronotum not or but little longer than wide, transverse con- striction rather slight, placed just behind the middle, the anterior lobe but little longer than the posterior ; scutellum nearly as wide as long 2 2. Apex of corium not extended posteriorly to the middle line of 139 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 3 the membrane; (scutellum shorter than the commissure; head and pronotum laterally with a few fine hairs ; anterior lobe of the pronotum with two large impunctate spots; scutellum punctate to margin; clavus with three rows of punctures; corium punctured in rows to the claval suture and to the longitudinal vein, smooth posteriorly ; abdomen smooth, shining; length 3.5 mm., width, 0.75 mm.). elegantulus Stal 1874 “ Southern States” (Uhler) ; Cuba. Apex of corium extended to a point behind the middle of the membrane 3 3. Antennae long, very nearly one-half the length of the entire body, (segment I over one-third the length of II, III just over twice I, IV longest; ocelli nearly three times as far from each other as from the eyes ; scutellum a little wider than long with a few coarse punctures, plainly shorter than the commissure; rostrum reaching to the middle of the mesosternum ; ovate spot within the humeral angles smooth ; length, 3.6 mm., width at humeri, 0.81 mm.). pallidus Barber & Bruner 1933 Cuba; elevation 1000 meters (3281 feet). Antennae short, much less than half the length of the body 4 4. V ertex distinctly more than twice the diameter of one eye ; head moderately inclined anteriorly ; ocelli only slightly further from each other than from the eyes; pronotum a little longer than wide ; hemelytra with a broad fuscous stripe from the clavus to the apex of the membrane; (antennae a little longer than the head and pronotum taken together, segment II more than twice the length of I and subequal to IV ; scutellum nearly as long as wide, coarsety and rather sparsely punctured) ; length, 3.31-3.43 mm., width at humeri, 0.71 mm vit talus Bruner 1932 Cuba. Vertex less than twice the diameter of one eye; head strongly inclined anteriorly; ocelli much closer to the eyes than to each other, or than to the median line of the head; (pro- notum about as long as wide) ; hemelytra without a stripe, membrane broadly vittate posteriorly; length, 2.8 mm., width, 0.6 mm atrohumeralis Barber & Bruner 1933 Haiti. 140 July, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Genus II. Neopamphantus Barber & Bruner 1933 Key to Species A. Head one-third the length of the pronotum, seen from above, width across the eyes equal to the width of the posterior lobe at base ; vertex with a slight longitudinal median ele- vation ; antennae somewhat longer than the head and pro- notum taken together, segment II more than twice the length of I and about as long as IY ; rostral segment I some- what shorter than II, equal to III and subequal to IV ; scutellum as long as wide; length, 4.37-5.37 mm., width at humeri, 0.96-1.09 mm., at hemelytra, 1.12-1.50 mm. maculatus Barber & Bruner 1933 Cuba ; elevation 3000-5000 feet. B. Head two-fifths the length of the pronotum, slightly narrower than the posterior lobe of the pronotum ; vertex smooth, disc slightly convex; antennae longer than the head, pro- notum and scutellum taken together, segment II two and one-half times the length of I and subequal to IV ; rostral segment I distinctly shorter than II and subequal to III and IV taken together ; scutellum wider than long; length, 4.5 mm., width at humeri 1.03, at hemelytra 1.15 mm. calvinoi Barber & Bruner 1933 Cuba ; elevation 3000-3250 feet. 141 VOL. XXVI (New Series) OCTOBER, 1946 No. 4 AMERICANA A Journal of Entomology. PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE— RXJENO, Editor GEORGE M. TULLOCH E. W. TEALE Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press Printing Company, N. Queen St. and McGovern Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $5.00 per year Date of Issue, April 4, 1947. Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Lanca under the Act of March 3, 1879. Vol. XXVI October, 1946 No. 4 NOTES AND KEYS ON THE GENUS BROCHYMENA (PENTATOMIDAE, HETEROPTERA) By Herbert Ruckes New York, N. Y. The genus Brochymena, established by Amyot and Serville in 1843, is a New World representative of the tribe Halyini. When the genus was erected there were few species known that could be placed in it. These had previously been assigned to the different genera, Cimex, Halys, and Pentatomci. Since that time a considerable num- ber of new species have been described so that today there are twenty-four recognized ones and two varieties. Keys of various proportions and values have been made at different times for the determination of these species. The most complete keys are those published by Van Duzee in 1904 and by Bueno in his Synopsis in 1939. Almost as many species have been described since 1904 as had been known up till then and several new species have been added since 1939. Since the Bueno key is not all inclusive and has limi- tations (it was meant for the student who would already be familiar with the limits of variation of each species) it was thought best to re-write the taxonomy of this genus and add to it many comments of interest to the general entomologist. The keys that follow include those species also that occur beyond the national limits of the United States. It is hoped that the completeness of this work will be an incentive toward writing up other pentatomid genera in a similar APR 14 1947 143 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 The Genus The genus is a very unified one and forms one of the most natu- ral subdivisions of the family Pentatomidae. The peculiar color pattern and design found on the elytral membrane led Arnyot and Serville to use the name Brochymena (from the Greek to mean 4 ‘flecked- wing”) and to set this group of insects off from all others in the family. The arborescent and vermiculate dark markings on the membrane are present in all members of the genus (though they may be pale and obscure, at times, in B. pilatei Van D.) in contrast with the absence of them in other genera, tribes and subfamilies of New World Pentatomidae. Besides this character the genus shows individuality in the structure of the head, the length of the antennae, the presence of a midventral abdominal furrow, and in the struc- ture of the genital cup of the male. The head (Fig. 1) is quite elongated with straight or weakly sinuate edges. There is an obvious subapical tooth (SAT) on the lateral edge of each jugum (JUG) ; such a tooth may, at times, be large [B. arborea (Say), Fig. 22] or small ( B . lineata Ruck., Fig. 1), acutely angled (B. affinis Van D., Fig. 40) or appear merely in the form of an obtuse crenulation near the apex of the head (B. punc- tata Van D., Fig. 29). For the most part the disc of the head is coplanar, though there are a few cases where it is irregularly im- pressed at various points giving an undulated appearance to its upper surface. Usually the ground color of the head, and that of the rest of the body as well, is some shade of yellow or brown, rang- ing from pale testaceous to dark fuscous ; occasionally reddish tones also are present. Both the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the head and body are punctured with contrastingly darker brownish to piceous pits of various sizes. Sometimes these punctures form a definite design although more often no evident pattern is discernible. The punctures and pits are always more numerous and larger on the dorsal side of the individual. The antennae are long and slender, always at least, as long as the head and thorax combined and usually longer ; they are inserted in a crateriform pedicel on the side of the head, below its jugal border and some distance in front of the eyes. The proportionate lengths of their respective segments are, in some instances, valid characters for the segregation of species, although I have found that this is not as constant a character as could be desired. The ventral surface of the abdomen is invariably sulcate or pro- vided with a shallow median furrow to receive the long beak ; this 144 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA longitudinal furrow is evident through, at least, the fourth visible segment and then evanescent posteriorly. The beak reaches beyond the metacoxae and beyond the middle of the third (second visible) segment. Its tip and most of the last joint are always dark fuscous to piceous. In the male the genital cup, so called because it is partially globular like a slightly elliptical, diminutive bowl, does not have the ventral lip elongated as in the genus Euschistus nor is the ventral border sharply upturned as in many genera of pentatomids, such as Thy ant a. Rather, the edge is shallowly indexed or weakly up- bent, leaving most of the contents of the segment visible from the posterior and dorsal aspects. The edge of the ventral lip is fre- quently provided' with lateral lobes, excavations here and there, and small crenulations, so that transversely it presents a broken border. In this genus the claspers or parameres (Figs. 2-7, 15, 18, and 20) are unusually large and heavy with a stout basal arm and hook-like or lobate terminal head. In one group of species the ventral hook or ramus of the head of each clasper (Figs. 2, 15, 18, 20) overhangs the lower lip of the cup. The proctiger likewise is quite large and as in other pentatomids covers the aedeagus when the males are not participating in the copulatory act. The pair of stink glands, as in other pentatomid adults, open on the metasternum just posterior to the cephalic edges of that segment and about midway between the metacoxae and the lateral margins of the plates. In one subdivision of the genus the orifice of the gland is not provided with a laterally extending auricle or canal but opens directly on the surface of the metasternum; in this case there is no evaporating area around it. In the other subdivision the orifice is slightly raised on a prominent crateriform base to which is ap- pended a tongue-shaped laterally extending auricle acting as a dis- tributing canal; this frequently has a partial spiral twist to it. Ordinarily the crateriform base and auricle are raised from the surface of the metasternum and contrastingly colored against a paler rugose or pebbled subtriangular evaporating area ; the latter almost completely surrounds the orifice, base, and auricle. Relationships Between Species To arrange the species of this genus in a phylogenetic order would be more or less a hazardous undertaking at this time. Con- siderably more knowledge relative to the geographic distribution, habits, food plants, life cycles, rate of mutations, extent of inter- specific hybridization, etc., is needed before a definite evolutionary 145 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 history can be properly established. Basing a phylogeny solely upon differences and similarities of a morphological nature would be in- conclusive. However, structural evidence shows that certain natu- ral relationships do occur and that these relationships are constant. Within this genus no student will question the fact that large natural divisions can be established on the basis of the structure of the humeri, claspers, and metasternal orifices. The author has there- fore broken the genus down into three Groups, or complexes. The first of these is the weakest subdivision since it consists of only one species of which the known individuals are all females. This is called the cuspidata Group, typified by B. cuspidata Dist. In this species the humeri are very distinctive and unlike those of any other species of Brochymena known, in that they are subconical and pro- longed into a cuspidate process (Fig. 8). The other two Groups of species are strikingly in contrast with one another and the pre- ceding and form two natural subdivisions. The arborea Group typified by B. arbor ea (Say) and including the following species: arborea, liaedula, acideata, apiculata, poeyi, barberi (and var. diluta) and florida, is characterized by the presence of quadrilateral humeri with strong teeth (Fig. 9), a metasternal orifice opening directly on the plate, without a crateriform base or auricle or pebbled evaporating area, and claspers, the heads of which are mattock- shaped (Figs. 2, 15, 18, 20), with the lower arm or ramus projecting over the lower lip of the genital cup. The quadripustidata Group, typified by B. quadripustulata (Fabr.) and including the following species: cariosa, lineata, parva , quadripustidata , pilatei, sulcata, dilat a, punctata, (and var. pallida) , tenebrosa, humeralis, carolinen- sis, marginella, myops, affinis, and hoppingi, is characterized by the presence of triangular humeri (Fig. 10) usually with small retrorse teeth, a metasternal orifice on a crateriform base, with an auricle and surrounded by a pebbled evaporating area (Fig. 24) and claspers, in which the heads are not mattock-shaped but which are provided with horizontal or up -turned hooks or laterally expanded lobes (Figs. 3-7) which never overhang the ventral lip of the genital cup. There is apparently greater homogeneity between The species within the arborea Group than between those of the quadripustu- lata Group, there being less structural variation and dissimilarity between the seven species of the former. Using the structure of the claspers alone as the basis for further analysis, we find that the quadripustidata Group can be subdivided into four lesser categories, as four distinctive types of claspers exist. 146 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA One type can be called th e cariosa type (Fig. 4), another the 'punc- tata type (Fig. 5), a third the carolinensis type (Fig. 6) and a fourth the affinis type (Fig. 7). Those species possessing claspers similar to but not identical with those of cariosa are lineata, parva, quadripustulata, pilatei, and sulcata (Fig. 3). These species are arranged in their ascending order of specialization of clasper patterns, cariosa being the simplest without any excrescences, sulcata bearing a prominent flaring lobe and dorsal hook on each clasper. The species with the punctata type are dilata and punctata in which the head of the clasper terminates in a large block-shaped lobe (Fig. 5) which is somewhat semicircular in dilata, distinctly squarish in punctata, and provided with a pair of blunt crenulations on the upper edge of both between which a weak saddle appears. This head is set at almost right angles to the long axis of the stout basal arm of the clasper. These two forms may have been derived from the cariosa type ; if so, then dilata is the closer relative to that type. The carolinensis form of clasper is found in tenebrosa, carolin- ensis, marginella, and my ops. In this type (Fig. 6) the terminal part of the clasper is bent at an obtuse angle to the axis of the basal arm but lies laterally rather than vertically in relation to that axis in contrast with either of the two preceding types. The species B. humeralis is unfortunately known only from the female types, but other structural characters consistent with the facies of the above mentioned species suggest that that is a natural relative of these and hence is included with them in this category. The species affinis and hoppingi have claspers that may have been derived from the carolinensis type but the differences are suffi- ciently great to set them off in a distinct category. These claspers resemble diminutive and abortive horns or antlers of the prong- horned antelope with the long axis of the horizontal arm gradually curved upward and outward and terminating in two short blunt prongs (Fig. 7). All in all there probably is a definite phylogenetic relationship between all these species, but nothing more definite than the above summary can be established at the present time, nor can clearer and more exact lines of descent be indicated. Clasper patterns are, by themselves, criteria of too minor value upon which to found far- reaching conclusions. Food and Habits The species of Brochymena are primarily herbivorous, although a number of instances of their using animal food have been men- 147 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA VoL XXVI, No. 4 tionecl by competent observers. Lugger (1900) reports that the late Prof. Uhler observed that B. quadripustulata is a great enemy of caterpillars and other insects; Hart (1919) says that B. arborea has been pictured feeding on Colorado potato beetle grubs, and Sander- son reports B. quadripustulata attacking tussock and brown-tail moth larvae. I have seen a nymph of B. quadripustulata impale a small lepidopterous larva on its beak. This, however, is not a commonly observed act. The beak is long and slender, adapted for piercing plant tissue and not the strong, stout type characteristic of truly predatory forms of pentatomids ; it is apparently unsuited for consistent attack on small, albeit soft-bodied larvae. In a note (1941) on the feeding habits of B. carolinensis, I have described how the beak is partly folded in a zig-zag manner when being inserted into the bark of a tree. It appears that the beak never penetrates very deeply beneath the surface of the object upon which the insect is feeding ; even when piercing such soft, fleshy objects as apples or other fruits only a small part of the terminal segment passes through the skin of the food. The stylets penetrate a great deal deeper than the sheath of the beak to reach the available food supply. For the most part the adults may be found during the summer months on a great variety of shrubs and trees, usually running up and down the trunks and smaller branches. They are by no means restricted to conifers as many older students of the genus and other observers were led to believe. During winter months the rough conifer bark furnishes excellent refuge for the hibernating adults but these insects do not necessarity feed on such plants. In New Mexico I have observed B. sulcata Van D., in abundance, feeding on trunks of mulberry ( Morus rubra Linn.) and honey locust ( Gleditsia triacanthos Linn. ) ; I have likewise taken them from apple and found them abundant in fields, though not feeding there. In the Great Smol?y Mountains of Tennessee, B. quadripustidata (Fabr.) was taken in quantity while feeding from the stems of stag-horn sumac ( Rhus typhina Linn.). In this case the bugs tend to congregate in the crotches of the stems and feed from the axils of the compound leaves. This species is also recorded as living on elm, grape, cherry, apple and mountain ash ( Sorbus americana Marsh.). In the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico, B. hoppingi Van D. was commonly found on the trunks of yellow pine ( Pinus ponder osa Englm.) and in Ari- zona the late Dr. E. D. Ball said he found B. lineata Ruck, feeding on the white-leaf oak ( Quercus hypoleuca Englm.). On the open mesas of the southwest, where mesquite ( Prosopis glandulosa Torr.) 148 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA abounds, B. parva Ruck, is commonly found crawling and feeding on the branches. Provancher states that his B. 4-notata ( B . my ops Stai) was taken from sweet gum ( Liquidambar styraciflua Linn.). In the pine barrens of New Jersey, B. carolinensis (West.) is known to feed on pine. In Florida this species occurs in large numbers on the trunks of long-leaf and slash pines (P. palustris Mill, and P. caribea Morelet) where it may be found actively feeding through the thinner bark. Hart reports that B. arborea (Say) has been found on willow, apple, peach, pear ; this species also feeds on black- jack oak ( Quercus marylandica Muench.) from which specimens collected in Virginia were taken. Breeding and Other Habits During the winter months the adults hibernate and many may readily be taken from under the bark of standing tree stumps and among the debris in copses. For the most part there is apparently only one generation a year, at least in the northern states. The adults mate and lay their eggs sometime after their recovery from hibernation ; the nymphs take a goodly part of the summer months to complete their cycle. In more southern regions, B. sulcata Van D. in New Mexico and B. carolinensis (West.) in Florida, may have two generations ; at least that is surmised from the recorded dates of the matings of the first generation adults ; this takes place between the end of July and the middle of August. How soon the eggs are laid after copulation is not known, but it seems unreasonable to assume that these inseminated females, in such warm climates, would then hibernate and retain their eggs until the following year ; in all probability oviposition occurs soon after completion of mating. The new generation thus reaches maturity about the end of September or mid-October and proceeds to winter over in the adult stage. Dr. J. R. Eyer of Las Cruces, New Mexico, tells me that he has taken such dormant adult specimens of B. sulcata Van D. from under field breeding cages, clapboards of hen houses and dilapidated dwellings, where the bugs sometimes appear in sufficient abundance to become nuisances. Copulation, certainly in some species, occurs during the day time. The activities during mating in B. sulcata Van D. have been described in a short note some years ago (Ruckes, 1938). Whether or not all species follow the same sequence of steps in their respec- tive acts is not known, but all species apparently conform to the general hemipteran pattern in respect to the position assumed dur- ing the mating process., That is that, after the male has mounted 149 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 on the back of the female and succeeded in inserting his genital organs into the receiving valves, he dismounts and remaining in copula, faces in the opposite direction to that assumed by the female so that the two individuals are in line with their posterior ends in union. In general the species of this genus are active only during the daytime while they feed or sun themselves. I have found but few records of their capture during the night and analysis of ‘ 1 catches 5 ’ from trap-lights fails to show that they are attracted in any abun- dance by lamps. Even in regions where individuals are abundant, as in Kansas, southern New Mexico and central Florida, I have con- sistently been unsuccessful in finding them attracted to neon lights which are veritable gold mines for collecting other kinds of penta- tomids. During some summer seasons past I have had the oppor- tunity of analyzing the trap-light ‘ ‘ catches’ ’ that have been recorded from many points in Kansas and Nebraska, a project established by the Kansas State College at Manhattan, Kansas. Of all the thou- sands of insects caught in this manner I have never procured one specimen of any species of Brochymena, but other pentatomids have occurred in abundance. Mr. Bueno tells me that a common species ( B . parva Ruck.) in the vicinity of Tucson, Arizona, has been taken in some numbers at lights in that city. Distribution As has been stated in the opening paragraph the genus Brochy- mena is a New World one extending from the nearctic region south- ward into Central America. As yet it has not been recorded from South America, but is known to reach into southern Costa Rica. Unfortunately there is a paucity of material collected from Mexico and Central America. Furthermore, many of the specimens in collections, even those used as types for species, merely bear a label inscribed ‘ ‘ Mexico, ” ■“ Guatemala, ’ ’ without stating at what collect- ing station the specimens were captured.. We must realize that the area occupied by Mexico and Central America is truly enormous; the greatest distance from the United States border along the Pacific coast to the Canal Zone is about 3500 miles, while that on the Gulf side is well over 1500 miles. There is reason to believe that a genus like Brochymena would do in the tropics what other pentatomid genera do there, and that is proliferate in the number of species ; yet relatively few are recorded from this entire territory. The author feels rather certain that as more intensive collecting is done in this zone many new species in this genus will be discovered. 150 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA The majority of species recorded come from the United States, Canada, and northern Mexico. B. cuspidata is known only from Costa Rica ; B. aculeata, B. haedula, B. humeralis, and B. tenebrosa are recorded from southern Mexico, while B. poeyi comes from the West Indies, particularly Cuba. Of the known species some have a wide distribution while others are very limited. Aside from the lack of knowledge due to faulty collecting, the limitations are probably prescribed by the relative abundance of food plants, although this is not the only factor in- volved. Climatic conditions which determine the length of breed- ing seasons is certainly one that cannot be overlooked. Parasites and predators apparently play a minor role in limiting the spread of species. B. quadripustulata appears in most States of this country, is frequently taken in Canada and is recorded from northern Mexico. Its wide distribution may be accounted for by the fact that as a species it has the greatest variety and widest distribution of its food plants. In contrast B. punctata appears to be limited to Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida, although Blatchley claims to have taken it in Crawford County, Indiana. B. carolinensis is not known definitely from territory west of the Allegheny Mountains in the North but extends westward to eastern Texas through the Gidf States in the South. B. affinis seems to prefer the northwestern portion of this country inhabiting Washington, Oregon, Idaho, etc. ; B. parva prefers the country of the chaparral, i.e. the mesas of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and southern Cali- fornia. The Mississippi Valley and the Plains belt from Nebraska and Illinois southward to the Gulf States, thence easterly to Florida is the range inhabited by B. cariosa. Some species overlap one another in their distribution while the geographic limits of others are very clear cut. By numerical abun- dance one can easily recognize that in two adjacent areas a western species replaces a more eastern one of close relationship; thus B. sulcata throughout the southwest (New Mexico, Arizona, California, Colorado) takes the place of the abundant B. quadripustulata, a very close relative, in the eastern States. Similarly B. hoppingi is a southern replacement of the more northern B. affinis, likewise a very close relative. Van Duzee in his Catalogue (1917) has already given an exten- sive list of places from which each of the then known species had been recorded as of that date. In the present paper new localities are listed as they have now become known. 151 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 Descriptions In making up notes and descriptions of the various species a definite order has been followed ; characteristics of the various parts are given in the following sequence : the general shape and appear- ance (facies), the head, the pronotum, the scutellum, the elytra, the connexivum, the ventral aspect of the head, the antennae, the tho- racic sterna and pleura, the abdominal venter and the genitalia of both the male and female where possible. In many of these descriptions the repeated mention of certain characteristics may suggest redundancy and by some thought to be unnecessary. However, I have only too often found that the omis- sion of a statement concerning the nature, the presence or absence, of a certain characteristic to be a weak point in descriptions, and often results in uncertainty of species determination. The fact that the same characteristic appears in more than one species is no reason for omitting the mention of that fact from descriptive statements. I am sure, from experience, that a student may be puzzled as to whether or not the identical character appears in several different species. If that fact is not mentioned in the descriptions he is fre- quently at a loss to proceed with his identification. Since the phenomenon of variation is so invariable, different in- dividuals of a species are bound not to conform in all respects to any single character. It becomes necessary therefore, for the stu- dent of any species, genus or larger taxonomic category to become familiar with the range of structural and physiological variation within his special group. Only by dint of comparison of a goodly number of specimens of any species can the worker be certain of his identifications. Altogether several thousand specimens of this genus have been examined during the past few years. The following keys, while artificial in some respects, have been constructed with a view of showing some possible genetic relationship between species. With the aid of Fig. 1 the salient characters used in identification are illustrated. For the most part color, as a characteristic, has been minimized (except in the case of B. pilatei where it is relatively constant), because of its variability and because specimens fre- quently tend to change their color during preservation and some- times become concolorous after long periods of time. Relative lengths of antennal segments is a character not as dependable as could be desired. Every so often an individual will not conform to specifications as is well illustrated in examples of B. carolinensis sent to the British Museum for comparison with Westwood’s types. 152 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Mr. W. E. China states “ while all other characteristics indicate the examples to be this species there is a distinct discrepancy in the linear ratios of antennal segments.” The same is true of one or two specimens I have seen of B. cariosa and have compared with the Stal types; in this instance segments two and three are subeqnal instead of segment two being the longer. The genus is a rather difficult one to analyze and systematize; since it becomes necessary to understand the principle of * species variation and species limitations, the keys have been constructed by using combinations of characters, so that if the first mentioned does not fit exactly one or two of the others will. Some species are more stable and clear cut than others. Chromosomal numbers have not been used as they have in certain other genera, such as Thyanta, Euschistus, and Edessa, to demark species lines. In the future if this be done with Brochymena, some of the present species may be subdivided while others may be placed in synonomy and con- solidated. In the following taxonomic portion of this treatise all of the original descriptions of the various species have been brought to- gether and included directly after the library references relative to each species.1 Where the original description has been in some language other than English, a translation, constructed as accurately as possible to convey the intent of the original author, is given. Hereafter then, a student of this group need not be handicapped b}^ the lack of library facilities to procure information pertinent to the original descriptions. Considerable time and energy can thus be saved. Every attempt has been made to include as many pertinent data as possible concerning the nature of the type specimens, paratypes, type localities, place where the type is or had been deposited, the food plants, and the general distribution of each species. It is the hope of the author that such treatment may consolidate our knowl- edge of this genus and that other genera may, in the future, be worked over in a similar manner and all facts concerning them be made available. Acknowledgements At this time I wish to state that I am greatly indebted to the authorities of the Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden, especially to M. 1 In the following pages species names prefixed with f are cases of wrong identification. Homonyms are prefixed by ||. Synonyms are not prefixed by any sign. 153 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 Rene Malaise, for the loan of the Stal types which were so willingly sent me from their collections. To Mr. W. E. China of the British Museum, London, I owe the notes and drawings of the types in that institution. I wish also to thank Mr. J. R. de la Torre-Bueno and Mr, H. G. Barber for their assistance. To the late Mr. E. P. Van Duzee I owe the initial encouragement and incentive to study this difficult genus. Appreciation is also expressed to Dr. R. L. XJsinger for material collected by him in Mexico. Collections of a goodly number of State Colleges and Experiment Stations were freely and ungrudgingly loaned for examination as were private collections made by numerous professional entomologists. I hereby acknowl- edge my indebtedness to those of the respective staffs who so will- ingly cooperated and to all my friends and acquaintances who loaned material for examination. Drawings All drawings of legs, humeri (except Fig. 8), pronotal margins, abdominal margins, and heads (except Fig. 17) were made by means of a camera lucicla attached to a binocular microscope. The mag- nifications have thus been kept the same. The claspers (except Fig. 18) were drawn through the camera lucida and a compound micro- scope. Figs. 15 and 20 are about twice the. enlargement of Figs. 2-7. Fig. 1 is a tracing from a projected photograph of the type specimen of B. lineata Ruck. Figs. 8, 17, and 18 are from original sketches made by Mr. W. E. China of the British Museum. Genus BROCHYMENA Amyot and Serville 1843 Haplotype: fserrata Am. and Ser v. = quadripustulata (Fabr.) Amyot and Serville, Histoire Naturelle des Insectes: Hemipteres, p. 106, 1843. Spinola, Tavola Sinottica, p. 31, 1850. Dallas, List of Hemiptera in British Museum, pt. 1, p. 188, 1851. Stal, Of. Vet. Akacl. Forh., v. 24, p. 525, 1867. Stal, Enumeratio Hemipterorum, pt. 2, p. 16, 1872. Distant, Biol. Centr. Amer., Hemip.-Heter., v. 1, p. 51, 1880. Provancher, Pet. Faune Ent. Canada, v. 3, Hemipteres, p. 34, 1885. Van Duzee, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., v. 30, p. 26, 1904 (Key). Van Duzee, Cat. Hemip. N. A. ; Univ. Calif. Pub., v. 2, p. 29, 1917. Hart, Pentatomoidea of Illinois, p. 172, 1919 (Key). Stoner, Scutelleroidea of Iowa; Univ. Iowa Studies; v. 8, No. 4, p. 55, 1920 (Key). 154 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Blatchley, Heteroptera Eastern N. A., p. 95, 1926 (Key). Torre-Bueno, Entomologica Americana, v. xix, No. 3, p. 201, 1939 (Key). Tete ayant le bord anterieur plus ou moins finement echancre a la jonction des lobes lateraux, qui depassent le lobe median. Bee depassant plus ou moins le metasternum. Pro- thorax a bords lateraux fortement creneles, ses angles pos- terieurs assez fortement saillants. Elytres (membrane des) a nervures fourchues, formant des cellules ou figures irregulieres. Tous les autres characteres sont ceux de Halys. Translation The apex of the head more or less minutely notched at the union of the lateral lobes, which exceed the median lobe. Beak more or less passing the metasternum. Lateral borders of the thorax strongly crenulated (toothed), the posterior pronotal angles strongly produced. The membrane of the elytra with branching (arborescent) nervules (markings) forming small cellular patterns or irregular figures. All other characters are those of Halys. Comments The details of the above characters have already been given in the introductory pages under the heading of The Genus. Species of Brochymena The genus can be divided into three Groups of species as follows : 1) Humeral projections of pronotum acutely produced into a prominent acuminate process; basal third of scutellum gibbous with two distinct lateral elevations with a weak saddle between them; basal valves of female genital plates tumid with their posterior faces declivent and slightly excavated; distal third of fore tibiae strongly dilated. Male specimens unknown. cuspidata GROUP (p. 157) This Group as yet is monospecific, represented only by B. cuspidata Dist. 2) Humeral projections of the pronotum subquadrate, promi- mently toothed ; basal third or fourth of scutellum dis- tinctly elevated, almost gibbous with or without a weak 155 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 saddle ; male genital cup without the ventral lip appre- ciably upturned, the contents visible from posterior aspect and claspers totally evident; claspers always with a ventrally projecting hook or ramus which over- hangs the ventral lip of the cup ; basal valves of female genitalia appear as more or less tumid plates with declivent posterior faces usually broadly bordered with a band of fuscous ; metasternal orifice merely an incon- spicuous pit without an auricle or canal of any kind, or the auricle exceedingly diminutive, almost invisible and no pebbled or rugose evaporating area present ; the marginal fuscous band of the elytral membrane either obsolescent, incomplete, or wanting. arborea GROUP (p. 157) This Group includes the following known species: arborea , florida, haedula, poeyi, apicidata, acideata, barberi (and barberi v ar. diluta). 3) Humeral projections sub triangular with small teeth, rounded or otherwise but never subquadrate with prominent teeth or subconical with cuspidate process ; basal third or fourth of scutellum hardly elevated; ventral lip of male genital cup somewhat produced and weakly up- turned so that claspers are obscured in part and only their distal ends are visible from the posterior; each clasper with only a dorsal or laterally projecting hook or lobe which, if exceeding the margin of the cup, over- reaches the dorsal and never the ventral lip ; basal valves of the female genitalia never strongly convex or tumid, usually flattened and not declivent behind, and not broadly bordered with fuscous ; metasternal orifice raised on a crateriform base to which is appended a distinct laterally extending auricle, this sometimes with a spiral twist to it ; a dull subtriangular pebbled evapo- rating area surrounding the orifice, base and canal ; the marginal band of the elytral membrane usually very distinct and complete in various shades of fuscous. quadripustulata GROUP (p. 177) This Group includes the following known species : quadripustidata, pilatei, sulcata, cariosa, lineata, parva, punctata (and var. pallida ), dilata , tenebrosa, carolinensis, marginella , myops, humeralis, affinis, and hoppingi. 156 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA THE CUSPID AT A GROUP This subdivision of the genus, represented by only the one species, B. cuspidata Dist., appears to be unique in so much as it shows close relationship to some species of the arborea Group by having the basal third of the scutellum raised, the female genital plates tumid and the distal portion of the fore tibiae dilated. It differs from that Group however by possession of the subconical humeri with a cuspidate process and, in size, being larger than the average specimens of the arbor ea Group. B. cuspidata Distant (Fig. 8) Distant, Trans. Ent, Soc. Loud., p. 689, 1900. Brownish-ochraceous, head, pronotum and base of scutellum darkest; apical two-thirds of scutellum pale ochraceous, spar- ingly coarsely and darkly punctate, with an obscure small dark spot on each lateral margin about one-third from the apex which is marked with an elongate spot ; corium ochraceous much marked and mottled with brownish and with small discal ochra- ceous spot ; membrane grayish spotted and mottled with brownish; body beneath and legs ochraceous; head beneath, sternal margin, punctures and irregular lateral spots to abdo- men, femora, excluding bases and spot near apex, tibiae with three annulations above and two beneath, piceous. Head with the lateral lobes very slightly longer than cen- tral; pronotum with lateral margins armed with some very stout spines, the lateral angles acutely produced; base of the scutellum gibbous and with a central carinate elevation; mar- gins of the abdomen strongly produced, the connexivum spotted and punctured with piceous ; membrane extending considerably beyond apex of abdomen. Long. 16 mm. ; exp. pronot. ang. 8 mm. ; max. abcl. lat. 10 mm. Holotype : Female. Allotype : No males known. Paratypes : Not specified. Type locality: San Jose, Costa Rica, Alt. 1161 meters. Type deposited : British Museum, London. Food plants : Unknown. Distribution : Costa Rica. Known only from the type. THE ARB O REA GROUP The species in this complex form a unified and very natural grouping. The salient characteristics that distinguish them from 157 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 others in the genus have already been given in the Group key. With the exception of the species B. Ctrl) or ea (Say) all species appear to be tropical or subtropical or at least southern in their geographical distribution. Whether this complex represents a more primitive or more specialized group than the next one (the quadripustulata Group) has not been established. On the basis of variations in clasper pattern there is less divergence between species here than in the series to follow. However the individual species are fairly well demarked and apparently show a limited degree of variation between individuals, except in size. Key to Species 1) Distal half to third of fore tibiae dilated, sometimes only weakly so (Fig. 11) 2 Distal portion of fore tibiae not dilated, sometimes with a slight thickening at the extreme tip (Figs. 12, 13) 6 2) Distal portion of fore tibiae strongly dilated, almost clavate; dilated laterally as well as anterio-posteriorly (Fig. 11) 3 Distal portion of fore tibiae only weakly dilated, gradually thick- ened, not clavate ; dilated only laterally 4 3) Anteocular spine or sharp denticle present; apex of head sub- truncate; length, 12-14 mm., width, 8-8.5 mm. (Fig. 14). apiculata Van Duzee 1923 (p. 159) Anteocular spine or denticle absent; apex of head distinctly arcuate; length, 12-15 mm., width, 8-10 mm. (Fig. 16). haedula Stal 1862 (p. 161) 4) Buccular tooth obtuse or rounded ; tooth of antenniferous tuber- cle blunt, small ; ventral hook of clasper without a triangular lobe; valvular plates of female weakly impressed on pos- terior faces ; length, 13 mm., width, 8 mm. (Figs. 17, 18). aculeata Distant 1889 (p. 164) Buccular tooth acute, almost acuminate ; tooth of antenniferous tubercle prominent and acute ; ventral hook of clasper pro- vided with a prominent triangular flange (Fig. 20) ; basal valvular plates of female strongly impressed on posterior faces 5 5) Juga longer than tylus, their tip flaring laterally (Fig. 19) ; 158 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA angles of at least the first two visible abdominal segments acute and produced; length, 13.5-14 mm., width, 8 mm. barberi Ruckes 1939 (p. 165) Juga and tvlus subequal, not flaring; angles of abdominal seg- ments rectangular, only moderately produced ; length, 13.5- 14 mm., width, 8 mm barberi, var. diluta Ruckes 1939 (p. 167) 6) Basal half of each antennal segment pale; head long and narrow (Fig. 21) ; juga distinctly longer than tylus; claspers lying divergent, close to lateral corners of genital cup and with a vermiform process on the tip of the ventral hook; basal valves of female plates convex, but not tumid, only slightly raised above the level of the abdominal disc; extreme tip of fore tibiae slightly swollen (Fig. 13) ; length, 12-17 mm., width, 7.5-9 mm poeyi Guerin 1857 (p. 168) Only antennal incisures pale ; juga and tylus usually subequal, if longer only slightly so ; claspers not appressed to lateral corners of genital cup ; only weakly divergent and without a vermiform process on tip of ventral hook; basal valves of female plates strongly tumid, with declivent posterior faces which bear strong impressions; tip of fore tibiae not swollen (Fig. 12) 7 7) Head in front of subapical teeth triangular and tip subtruncate ; lateral edges of juga essentially straight ; lateral margins of head not or very feebly convergent anteriorly (Fig. 22) ; each humerus with a shallow sulcus between its teeth and dorsal crest; length, 10-18 mm., width, 6-10.5 mm. arborea (Say) 1825 (p. 172) Head in front of subapical teeth arcuate ; lateral edges of juga curved; lateral margins of head convergent anteriorly (Fig. 23) ; dorsal crest of humerus absent or obsolescent, hence a horizontal sulcus above the humeral teeth is wanting ; length, 14^18 mm., width, 8.5-10 mm. florida Ruckes 1939 (p. 175) Brochymena apicidata Van Duzee, 1923 (Figs. 14, 15) Van Duzee, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 12, p. 126, 1923. Torre-Bueno, Entomologica Americana, v. xix, No. 3, p. 202, 1939. 159 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA VoL XXVI, No. 4 Male : head slightly broader at base of anteocular spine than long before the eyes, sides nearly parallel, armed before the eyes with a sharp spine as long as the apical width of the tylus; sub apical tooth as prominent as in haedula but placed farther forward; lateral lobes scarcely passing the tylus; pronotum more even than in haedula or aculeata, latero-anterior margins armed with about five long acute teeth about as in aculeata , the humeral angles narrower with shorter teeth than in that species ; anterior lobe with distinct smooth median line the posterior coarsely nigro-punctate but not rugose. Scutellum scarcely longer than its basal width, sides very feebly excavated, apex rounded ; the base convex but not tumid ; continued as a feeble median carina to apical fourth. Surface nearly smooth, nigro- punctate, the basal punctures arranged in about three vittae either side of the middle. Elytral surface even, nigro-punctate, the punctures forming an obscure transverse vitta near the middle and another near the apex each indicated on the scutellar margin. Membrane and connexivum as in haedula. Anterior tibiae but slightly expanded about as in aculeata. Antennae more slender than in either allied species, black with narrow pale base to each segment ; seg. 2 a sixth shorter than seg. 3. Venter pale testaceous, impunctate, wanting black lateral vittae found in allied species. Rostrum attaining middle of third segment of venter. Genital segment similar to that of haedula but the protruding claspers narrower and more acute (Fig. 15). Holotype: Male #985 Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. No Allotype. Paratypes : None. Type locality: San Pedro Bay, Sonora, Mexico, July 7th, 1921. Type deposited: Museum, Calif. Acad. Sciences, San Francisco, Calif. Food plants : Unknown. Distribution : Southwestern States ; Northern Mexico. Comments Several specimens in the author ’s collection show variation in the nature of the anteocular spine, which is of prime specific value here. This spine ranges in size from a short conical tubercle to a rather long acuminate process. In two specimens it is definitely shorter than Van Duzee states in his description while in a third it is much longer. There is also a discrepancy in the degree of dilation of the fore tibiae in my specimens. They are almost as clavate as the ones 160 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA in haedula and much more swollen than the ones in aculeata. There is no doubt that all specimens are apiculata for they conform In other respects to the type. Brochymena haedula Stal (Figs. 11, 16) Stal, Stett. Ent, Zeit., v. xxiii, p. 99, 1862. Stal, Enum. Hemip., pt. 2, p. 17, 1872. Distant, Biol. Cent. Amer., Hemip. -Heter., pt. 1, p. 52; pi. 5, fig. 7, 1880. Van Duzee, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., v. 30, p. 28, 1904. Barber, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., v. 18, p. 28, 1910. Van Duzee, Cat. Hemip. N. A., Univ. Calif. Studies, v. 2, p. 30, 1917. Torre-Bueno, Entomologica Americana, v. xix, No. 3, p. 203, 1939. Griseo-albicla, hie illic infuscata, supra fusco-ferrugineo- punctata; callis parvis duobus discoidalibus thoracis et uno utrimque in angulis basalibus scutelli laevibus ; membrana albicla, fusca-varia ; autennis nigris articulis basi albidus ; thorace angulis lateralibus, in processum obtusum dentatum productis, marginibus lateralibus anticis parce dentatis ; limbo abdominis supero saltern, nigricante, in medio margine segment! singuli macula dilute ferruginea ornato ; pedibus nigro pallido- que variegatis. Long. 15, lat. 7 millim. (Mus. Holm, et Coll. Sign.). Latera pectoris interdum nigricantia. Caput lobis subaequilongis, medio interdum apice leviter deflexo, lateralibus prope apice extus dente antrorsum promi- nente armatis. Antennae articulo secundo tertio fere quarta parte breviore. Thorax marginibus lateralibus anticis sinuatis, dentibus nonnulis majusculis armatis, angulis lateralibus in processum truncatum, apice dentibus tribus vel quattuor arma- tum, productis, linea media percurrente subtili laevigata. Scu- tellum basi convexum, elevatum. Hemelytra corio basin versus parcius punctato. Abdomen sat ampliatum, segmentorum angulis posticus prominentibus rectis. Meso et metasternuin nigra. V enter in exemplis obscurioribus parce f usco-conspersus. Translation Greyish-white, here and there infuscate, above fusco-ferru- ginous punctate; the two small calli of the thorax and one at 161 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 each basal angle of the scutellum smooth; membrane white, fusco-variegate ; antennae black, base of segments white; lat- eral angles of the thorax produced into an obtuse dentate proc- ess, anterior lateral margins moderately dentate; abdominal margins above at least, blackish, at the middle of the margin of each segment with a dilute ferruginous spot ; feet black and pale variegated. Length 15 nun., width 7 mm. (Mus. Holm, et Coll. Sign.) Thoracic pleura black. Lobes of head subequal in length, sometimes middle of apex slightly deflexed, sides not far from apex armed outwardly with an anteriorly prominent tooth. Second joint of the an- tennae nearly one-quarter shorter than third. Lateral mar- gins of the thorax anteriorly sinuate, armed with some large teeth, lateral angles produced into a truncate process, apex armed with 3 or 4 teeth, median percurrent line subtly laevi- gate. Base of scutellum convex, raised. Hemelytra sparsely punctured toward base of corium. Abdomen quite ampliate, posterior angles of segments prominent, straight. Meso- and metasternum black. Venter in darker examples sparsely fusco- consperse. Redescription from the type specimens Form oval; head slightly tapering from just in front of eyes ; terminal half of tylus almost impunetate, paler than other markings on head; juga equal in length to tylus and rounded at tips giving an arcuate apex to head ; calli tumid, deep fuscous with several irregular paler smooth spots; pronotal punctures gradually increasing in size posteriorly ; posterior half of pro- notal disc with a considerable number of pale smooth mark- ings ; truncated humeri upturned with three prominent and two inconspicuous bluntish teeth, these slightly retrorse; marginal teeth, before the sinus (four in male, three in female) promi- nent, coarse, triangular and with smaller denticles interpolated ; antehumeral sinus deep and adjacent area impressed into disc ; pronotum traversed by a median longitudinal narrow impunc- tate stripe; elevated basal third of scutellum provided with a small median saddle each side of which are a pair of dark areas with deep coalesced pits ; basal elevation continued as a weak carina through apical third of scutellum ; basal third of elytra with a pale smooth area, another pale smooth area near discal point; membrane distinctly milky with bright yellow-brown 162 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA markings ; antennal segments three to five subequal, each slightly longer than segment two; a narrow pale annulus at the incisures of each joint in female and only on basal two joints in male; connexivum brightly alternated black and red with the lateral end of the red band becoming stramineous at the margin; the black bands unite at their inner ends to form a somewhat rectangular horse-shoe-shaped figure ; under side of head rather uniformly dark fuscous; buccular edge weakly sinuate and ending in an acute tooth; the frontal edge of the jugum is broadly rounded ventrally and meets the buccular tooth at an acute angle; thoracic sternum marked longitudi- nally by three subequal broad bands, a median almost impunc- tate fuscous one, followed by a dull yellow one, laterad of which there is another dark fuscous one finely punctate ; submarginal area of propleuron not conspicuously smooth; legs strikingly mottled and annulated, especially the tibiae; femora pale at basal half, dark fuscous at distal half ; basal portion weakly flecked with fuscous ; fore tibiae strongly dilated both laterally and dorso-ventrally producing an almost clavate appearance to the terminal third of segment; all the dilated portion dark fuscous to piceous ; other tibiae not dilated but distal third and geniculum dark fuscous; abdomen dull yellow with scattered ferrugineous punctures, these congesting laterally to form well defined dark lunes on each segment; basal valves of female genital plates not strongly gibbous, rather somewhat tumid with flat tops ; posterior surfaces cleclivent with an obscure impressed area in each plate ; apical half of each plate bordered by deep fuscous ; apical valves of female genitalia deep fuscous bordered internally by a narrow yellow band ; median valve yellow ; in the male the claspers end in an acutely rounded but not pointed tip; proctiger deep fuscous to piceous, its sides not conspicu- ously concave, its median keel obsolescent. From the Salle Collection. Holotype : Male ; 13 mm. long, 8.5 mm. wide. Allotype : Female ; 14 mm. long, 9 mm. wide. Paratypes: None specified. Type locality : Mexico. No definite station specified. Types deposited: Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden. Distribution: Mexico; Guatemala. Also said to occur in the southwestern portion of the United States, but I have not seen an authentic specimen from that region. 163 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 Brochymena aculeata Distant, 1880 (Figs. 17, 18) Distant, Biol. Cent. Amer. ; Hemip.-Heter., Pt. 2, p. 327, PI. 31, Fig. 6, 1880. Buckes, Bull. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., v. xxxiv, No. 2, p. Ill (fig.), 1939. Torre-Bueno, Entomologica Americana, v. xix, No. 3, p. 202, 1939. Closely allied to B. haedula Stal but differing by having the lateral lobes of the head distinctly longer than the central lobe ; the spine above the antenniferous tubercles distinctly longer and more acute ;2 the spines on the lateral margins of the pro- notum much longer and more prominent ; in having the third joint of the antennae much longer than the second joint. The antennae are also uniformily dark and not annulated with ochraceous as in B. haedula. Length : 13-14 mm. Type : Male. Paratypes : Not specified. Type locality: Chilpancingo and Amula in the State of Guer rrero, Mexico. Type deposited : British Museum, London. Food plants : Unknown. Distribution: Mexico. (Also said to extend into the United States along the southwestern border, but I have not seen an authentic specimen from this country.) Comments The State of Guerrero is in the extreme southwestern part of Mexico and it is questionable whether individuals of this species reach as far north as the United States. Most specimens in Ameri- can collections (California Academy of Sciences excepted) that are Identified as B. aculeata are in all probability B. barberi, or B. barberi var. diluta (q.v.). The acideata type specimen (male) has 2 The ‘ ‘ spine above the antenniferous tubercles ’ ’ referred to by Distant in this original description probably means the subapical tooth, as there is no spine above the antenniferous tubercles in any species of this genus, unless we wish to stretch the point and call the anteocular spine of B. apicidata Van D. such. In acideata there is a blunt crenulation on the lateral edge of the antenniferous tu- bercle but on no place above it; in barberi this crenulation or den- ticle is acute. 164 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA claspers of the haedula form (Fig. 18), whereas barberi and b. var. diluta possess claspers that are distinctive (Fig. 20) in having the ventral hooks developed into triangular lobes. Furthermore there are distinct differences in the forms of the heads of the two species, barberi possessing juga that flare outward and upward rather than pointing forward as in the typical aculeata; Mr. China first called attention to this point and it is to him I am indebted for the sketches from which the figures of aculeata were made (Figs. 17, 18). An- other difference between the two species lies in the nature of the buccular tooth, in barberi it being acute, almost acuminate, while in aculeata it is bluntly rounded. Brochymena barberi Ruckes, 1939 (Figs. 19, 20) Ruckes, Bull. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., v. xxxiv, No. 2, p. Ill, fig. 1, 1939. Torre-Bueno, Entomologica Americana, v. xix, No. 3, p. 202, 1939. Closely allied to B. aculeata Dist. but differs in several very important characters. Form broadly oval, subdepressed; con- nexivum distinctly explanate ; color dull yellowish gray to brown gray ; head widest just in front of eyes then gently con- verging as far as the acute, large sub-apical teeth ; lobes of the juga extend beyond the tylus by about a distance equal to their width there ; lobes are rounded acute and tend to flare outward, not truncated and straight as in B. aculeata; disc quite densely nigro-punctate, the punctures tend to be elliptical rather than circular; a small tubercle, sometimes acute, just in front of each eye; surface of pronotum moderately undulant with the smooth areas about the calli rather small, long and thin, not rounded and embossed; punctures crowded, a pair of smooth, pale vermiculate markings at inner back corner of calli ; ante- humeral sinus quite prominent and disc there impressed ; humeri quite rectangular and protrude prominently, their dorsal sur- faces somewhat transversely rugose; each humerus terminates in a pair of prominent divergent teeth between which are two or three smaller teeth; a third large tooth occurs at the an- terior basal border of the humerus; pronotal marginal teeth are four to five in number, are very long, narrow and very sharp ; the basal third of the scutellum gibbose, its highest point well above the disc of the pronotum ; a weak saddle between the lateral portions of this raised area, this bordered with a pair of smooth, crescentic yellowish bars ; four obscure fuscous bands 165 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA VoL XXVI, No. 4 of larger pits longitudinally across the gibbose area; median scutellar carina broad and not very high, the disc laterally of it somewhat depressed into a pair of shallow furrows ; scutellar apex narrowly rounded, paler with fewer fuscous punctures in apical third; tip slightly upturned; elytra with punctures gradually congesting apically ; basal fourth with evident smooth calloused pale areas ; discal spot calloused and prominent ; mem- brane hyaline with markings dark fuscous, the vermiculate ones between the veins quite large ; connexivum alternated with the pale bands, triangular in outline, the apex pointing inward ; posterior angles of, at least the first three visible abdominal seg- ments, prominent and acute, projecting strongly from the edge; in B. aculeata these angles are not prominent, do not project and are rectangular (notes from W. E. China) ; edge of buc- cula feebly sinuate, ending in a sharp tooth; the frontal edge of the jugum is strongly sinuate; in B. aculeata the buccular tooth is blunt and the frontal edge of the jugum is arcuate ; the middle portion of the ventral thorax is dull yellow with some scattered reddish fuscous punctures; the lateral half of the ventral thorax is darker; the intercoxal darker blotches are continuous across the segment; coxae, trochanters and basal third of femora dull yellow ; distal two thirds of femora heavily spotted with deep fuscous, this forming a broad band apically, here interrupted with an incomplete annulus of pale ; fore tibiae dilated apically, almost to the extent found in B. haedula and much greater than found in B. aculeata ; ventral abdominal seg- ments rather flattish, dull orange to yellow brown with scat- tered fuscous punctures which become deep fuscous laterally and there form some horse-shoe like markings; rostral furrow shallow ; beak long, reaching at least the front edge of the third visible segment ; basal valves of female genital plates very con- vex; the posterior face of each sharply declivent and deeply impressed; a fuscous or reddish fuscous border reaches about half way up the declivent face; intervalvular sinus deep and broad; male cup broadly oval in outline with the claspers very distinctive, the visible lobe triangular in outline, the apex point- ing downward and the face slightly concave ; the claspers of B. aculeata are not triangular in outline but narrowly elongate somewhat like those of B. haedula ; the proctiger is orange brown its sides distinctly concave and a broad carinate ridge evident ; this has an obtuse bend in it dorsally. 166 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Size : Female : 14 mm. long ; 8 mm. across humeri ; 8.5 mm. across abdomen. Male : 13.5 mm. long ; 8 mm. across humeri ; 8.5 mm. across abdomen. There is close relationship to B. aculeata shown in the size of the pronotal and humeral teeth, the long juga, the general color and the outline of the male genital cup ; the main differences are the sharp buccular tooth in B. barberi, the obliquely flaring juga, the sharp angulation of the abdominal segments, the dilated fore tibiae, the distinctly triangular outline to the posterior face of the male paramere. Described from eight specimens, three males and five females. Holotype: Female: Sonoita, Santa Rita Mts., Arizona. Col- lected by H. Ruckes, July 21, 1937, and deposited in the American Museum of Natural History. Allotype : Male : Sonoita, Santa Rita Mts., Arizona. Collected by H. Ruckes, July 21, 1937. Author’s collection. Paratypes : Four females and one male in the collection of the United States National Museum, all from the Huachuca Mountains in Arizona and bearing no date labels. One male specimen in the H. G. Barber collection, this dated July 28, 1905, and located in the Huachuca Mts., Arizona. I take pleasure in naming this species after Mr. H. G. Barber, my friend and one of the leading American Hemipterists of our time. Tjrpe deposited: American Museum of Natural History, New York. Food plants : Unknown. Distribution: Along the border States, southwestern U. S., also possibly in Lower California. Comments See remarks under B. aculeata. Brochymena barberi, var. diluta Ruckes Ruckes, Bull. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., v. xxxiv, No. 2, p. 113, 1939. Torre-Bueno, Entomologica Americana, v. xix, No. 3, p. 203, 1939. Very similar to B. barberi but with sufficient difference in im- portant character to warrant being separated into a varietal category. In var. diluta the principal characters defined for the species barberi are all present in a reduced form, i.e., the color is lighter, the teeth shorter, the angulation of various parts more obtuse, etc. ; hence the application of the term diluta. In var. diluta the lobes 167 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 of the juga do not extend beyond the end of the tylus or if so by only a very small distance ; the apex of the head before the teeth is less acutely triangular; the humeral teeth are not as long as in B. barberi and are more blunt; the posterior angles of the abdominal segments are distinctly not acute, tending to be more rectangular and even obtusely rounded ; the basal area of the scutellum is raised but not gibbose, there is still a weak saddle between the halves ; the frontal edge (side view) of each jugum is less sinuate and more nearly arcuate than in barberi ; the ventral abdominal surface is more yellowish and the punctures are lighter ; there is much more pale on the lateral portion of each abdominal segment and the char- acteristic horse-shoe-shaped marks on each segment are less distinct and may even be obsolete. The male and female genitalia are identical with those of the typical barberi; since no other relatives in the genus, as now known, have these distinctive characters there is no question of relationship between this variety and the typical species. Since all the speci- mens, in the collection I have examined, are from Texas, this variety may be an eastern representative of the species. Described from six specimens from western Texas. Holotype : Female : Size 13.5 mm. x 8.5 mm. ; Brownsville, Texas ; June, 1901. Collection of Mr. H. G. Barber, Washington, D. C. Allotype : Male : Size 12.5 mm. x 7.5 mm. ; Brownsville, Texas ; May, 1903. Collection of United States National Museum. Paratypes : Brownsville, Texas, May, 1903 ; Brownsville, Texas, no date (both in the H. G. Barber Coll.) Esperanza Ranch, Browns- ville, Texas, July 30, 1931 ; Kerrville, Texas, June 19, 1908 (both in the U. S. N. M. Coll.). I wish to add four more paratypes to this series, found in the University of Kansas collection. Two females, Hidalgo Co., Texas, August 14, 1928 (Beamer) ; one female, Brownsville, Texas, June (Snow) ; one male, Cameron Co., Texas, August 3, 1928 (Shaw). Type deposited: H. G. Barber Collection, Roselle, New Jersey. Food plants : Unknown. Distribution : A more easterly replacement for the typical species barberi. Southern and central Texas. Brochymena poeyi (Guerin) 1857 (Figs. 13, 21) Guerin-Meneville, M. F. E., in La Sagra, Hist, de Cuba; Ins., p. 365, pi. 13, Fig. 1, 1857 (Pentatoma) . Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit., v. x, p. 156, 1860. Stal, Enum. Hemip., pt. 2, p. 17, 1872. 168 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Van Duzee, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., v. xxx, p. 28, 1904. Van Duzee, Cat, Hemip. N. A., Univ. Calif. Publ. v. 2, p. 30, 1917. Blatchley, Heteroptera of Eastern N. A., p. 97, 1926. Ruckes, Bull. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., v. 34, p. 236, 1939. Torre-Bueno, Entomologica Americana, v. xix, No. 3, p. 202, 1939. Thorace lateribus grosse spinoso, humeris prodnctis. Flava, fusco-punctata, capite nigTo-lineato ; thorace antice fulvo- tuberculato ; antennis pedibusque nigro-annulatis. Longueur — 14 millim. Translation Lateral edge of thorax strongly spined, humeri produced. Yellowish, fusco-punctate, head lineated with black; front of thorax (pronotum) with brownish-yellow tuberculations ; an- tennae as well as legs annulated with black. Length, 14 mm. Guerin adds the following description in French. Entierement d’un jaune cl’ocre ponctue de noiratre. Tete assez allongee, longitudinalement rayee de noir; cotes du pro- thorax fortement epineux, echancres an milieu avec les angles humeraux saillants, tronques et tridentes an bout. II est jaune et couvert de points enfonces noir au fond, et il offre en avant et de chaque cote, deux taches noires, dans lesquelles on re- marque trois ou quatre gros tubercules lisses et pent saillants, d’ une couleur presque fauve. Ecusson et elytres irreguliere- ment ponctues de noiratre ; la membrane des elytres blanchatre, finement tachetee de brun. Cotes de l’abdomen ayant deux petites bandes noires transversales a chaque segment; dessous plus pale, faiblement piquete de brun. Antennes et pattes annelees de noir. Translation Entirely ochre yellow punctured with black. Head well elongated and longitudinally rayed (lineated) with black; sides of thorax strongly spined, indented at the middle with the humeral angles produced, truncated and tridented at their ends. Prothorax yellow and covered with deep black pits, and in front and at each side are two black spots in which one can see three or four smooth and slightly raised tubercles, almost tawny in color. Scutellum and elytra irregularly punctured 169 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 with black ; the membrane of the elytra whitish and delicately spotted with brown. Sides of the abdomen with two narrow transverse black bands across each segment ; below paler, weakly punctured with brown. Antennae as well as legs (feet) annulated with black. Redescribed Form oval with eonnexivum distinctly explanate ; color dull ochre brown, being a mixture of dull yellow ground and numer- ous uniform fuscous punctures, each with a whitish bloom ; head proportionately longer and narrower than any other species in this group, widest just before the eyes and converging slightly toward apex ; subapical teeth prominent, smaller than in arborea but still meeting the juga in a deep sinus ; juga long and extend- ing well beyond tylus leaving a distinct rectilinear sinus there ; inner edges of juga parallel ; several irregular, elongated smooth yellowish bars on top of head ; calli fuscous and slightly raised with four to six raised smooth yellow blotches; posterior half of pronotal disc with punctures of uniform size, these sparsest in the middle quarter ; humeral teeth strong and bordered with fuscous; several smaller teeth between large humeral teeth; marginal teeth pale yellow, long, acute, flat-triangular and dis- tinctly paler than their reddish bases ; anterior third of scutel- lum raised but not tumid, rather smoothly convex; two pairs of obscure fuscous bands each side of the middle of this raised area; median carina obsolescent; apical portion truncated at tip and with a weak median notch there ; elytra with punctures congesting and coalescing apically, smooth areas most evident at the base ; membrane clear to slightly milky with rich brown markings; eonnexivum strikingly alternated with each pale band at least as wide and usually half again as wide as the black bands across each incisure; mid-point of each incisure raised in a pale point ; under surface of head irregularly streaked with pale and fuscous; edge of bueeula distinctly sinuate and ending in a prominent acute tooth ; frontal edge of jugum vaguely sinuate and meeting the bueeular tooth at an obtuse angle ; antennae very distinct for this genus, basal segment reddish fuscous, remaining ones annulated with broad pale bands at the base (these at least a third the length of each segment) and black at the apex; segments two and three subequal but each shorter than four and five ; thoracic venter and pleura mostly pale yellowish, some obscure fuscous markings laterally, these 170 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA most evident on the propleuron beneath the marginal teeth and below the humerus ; coxae and basal half of femora pale yellow, distal half of femora with a pair of broad fuscous annuli be- tween which is a pale ring ; tips of femora pale ; tibiae strikingly annulated yellow and dark fuscous, each middle small dark blotch only on front face and distinctly rectilinear; tarsi pale yellow with distal half of last segment fuscous ; abdomen dull yellow with scattered rufous punctures ; each segment with an obscure darker lune near each lateral margin ; abdomen fairly convex so that rostral furrow is proportionately deeper than in allied species ; posterior angles of abdominal segments protrud- ing and rectilinear ; basal valves of female genital plates not tumid as in allied species of this Group but rather convex with- out declivent and impressed posterior faces; these plates bor- dered narrowly with fuscous ; male genital segment with lateral tips protruding and forming a lobe on each side, along the inner surface of which lie the divergent heads of the claspers ; the lower hook of each clasper terminates in a vermiform process. Redescribed from specimens in the United States National Mu- seum from Mangrove Cay, Andros Island, Cabo Blanco, Cuba. From specimens in the Cuban Museum, Santiago, Cuba. From specimens in the author ’s collection. Type : Sex not stated. Paratypes : Not specified. Type locality: Cuba. Type deposited: W. Horn (1935) in his work “Ueber Entomo- logische Sammlungen”' states that the Guerin-Meneville hemipteran types were deposited in the Zoological University Museum in Naples. Assumeclly the B. poeyi type is there, but I have no confirmation of that fact. Food plants : Unknown. Distribution: Cuba, possibly also other West Indian Islands. It is said that this species extends to the southern tip of Florida, but it is suspected that all such specimens identified as B. poeyi are in reality a form of B. arbor ea. Comments A very easily recognized species of the arbor ea Group by virtue of its contrasting markings, its annulated antennae and the struc- ture of the female and male genitalia. A study of its distribution 171 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 throughout the West Indies should result in some very interesting knowledge concerning insular variations as applied to Pentatomidae. Brocliymena arbor ea (Say) 1825 (Figs. 2, 22) Say, Jour. Nat. Sci., Phila., v. iv, p. 311, 1825; Compl. Writ.,. v. ii, p. 239. ( Pentatoma .) Dallas, List of Hemip., v. i, p. 188, 1851. Herrich-Schaeffer, Wanz. Ins., Verz., p. 26, 1853. Stal, Enum. Hemip., v. ii, p. 17, 1872. Uhler, Hayden’s Sur. Terr., Kept, for 1871, p. 394, 1872. Uhler, Bui. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv, v. i, p. 283, 1876. Uhler, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., v. xix, p. 372, 1878. Distant, Biol. Cent. Amer. Hemip. -Heter., v. 1, p. 59, 1880. Van Duzee, Bull. Buf. Soc. Nat, Sci., v. v, p. 170, 1894. Van Duzee, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., v, xxx, p. 27, 1904. Barber, Bklyn. Inst, Sci. Bui., v. i, p. 257, 1906. Smith, Cat, Ins. N. J., Edn. 3, p. 134, 1910. Zimmer, Pentatomidae of Nebraska, p. 4, 1911. Olsen, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., v. xx, p. 50, 1912. Van Duzee, Cat. Hemip. N. A., Univ. Calif. Pub., v. 2, p. 30, 1917. Hart, Bull. Nat, Hist. Surv. 111., v. xiii, No. vii, p. 173, 1919. Stoner, Scutelleroidea Iowa, Univ. Iowa Studies, v. viii, No. 4, p. 55, pi. vi, fig. 1, 1920. Parshley, in Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv., Bull. 34, p. 757, 1923. Blatchley, Heteroptera East. N. A., p. 97, 1926. Leonard, A List of the Insects of New York, p. 78, 1926. Brimley, The Insects of North Carolina, p. 61, 1938. Kuckes, Bull. Bklyn. Ent, Soc., v. xxxiv, p. 236 (Figs.), 1939. Torre-Bueno, Entomologica Americana, v. xix, No. 3, p. 202, 1939. Froeschner, Amer. Midland Nat., v. xxvi, pt. i, p. 135, pi. 2, fig. 22, 1941. f erosa (Herrich-Schaeffer), Wanz. Ins., v. v, p. 70, fig. 515, 1839; v. vii, p. 56, 1844. ( Halys .) f annulata Walker, Cat. Heter., v. i, p. 230, 1867. Brownish-cinereous, punctured ; clypeus emarginate and bidentate; thorax dentate and with a prominent truncated spine behind each side; feet annulate. Inhabits Missouri. 172 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Bcxty brownish-cinereous with numerous black punctures; head with a longitudinal obsolete elevated line and an abbre- viated one each side its middle ; clypeus emarginate at tip ; lateral edge terminating in an angle near tip ; antennae, base of second joint pale ; thorax unequal before, dentated each side ; teeth irregular unequal, acute ; posterior angles extended into a prominent dilated slightly reflected, truncated projection which has two or three small teeth; hemelytra with central nervnre conspicuous ; nervnres 6f the membranaceous tip black and with black arborescent lines in the interstitial spaces. Wings dusky iridescent, nervnres black • feet black ; thighs pale at base and annulated with pale near tips ; tibiae annulated with pale ; tarsi second joint pale; tergum deep purple, black impunctured ; margin brownish cinereous, punctured, varied with transverse abbreviated black lines placed triangularly, and pale; venter pale, pruinous, with dusky points; stigmata each composed of three distinct black points placed obliquely ; pectus and postpec- tus pale, dusky each side. Length : Less than 3 /5 inch. Redescribed Form broadly oval with connexivum explanate and slightly declivent laterally; ground color dull yellow, brownish, or reddish yellow with fuscous to piceons punctures the majority of which are uniform in size and even in distribution ; surface of the head somewhat undulant with the lobes of the juga and front half of the tylus sometimes declivent; a small sharp tubercle sometimes on margin in front of each eye; subapical teeth large, pointing outward and upward so that subapical sinus is deep and acute; juga tend to reach beyond the tip of the tylus, but are not contiguous there, leaving a preapical sinus; their tips are blunt and the tip of the head in front of the subapical teeth is sub-truncate ; pronotum with antehumeral sinus deep as is an adjacent impressed area; calli swollen, almost tumid, dark with numerous pale, irregular smooth blotches; a distinct squarish median impressed area in pro- notal disc between calli; pronotal margins with three to six large, flattish, acute, triangular teeth with some smaller ones interpolated; humerus with a prominent raised crest obliquely across its apex subtended by a well formed parallel sulcus; humeral teeth three to four in number, blunt and retrorse ; the raised basal third of scutellum continued as a median broad 173 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 ridge posteriorly to apical third; the tip of the scutellum broadly rounded its preapical area usually somewhat im- pressed; puncturation of scutellum rather even though some punctures tend to congregate on the raised portions; elytra with punctures becoming congested apically, a fine reticulum of smooth yellow lines is present; a larger smooth area near the base of each elytron; membrane clear hyaline with rich brown and fuscous markings ; connexivum strikingly alternated with black bands extending to edge of each segment ; underside of the head fuscous with some indistinct longitudinal paler vittae ; buccular edge distinctly sinuate and ending in acute tooth; anterior (frontal) edge of each jugum truncated; an- tennal segments dark fuscous only the incisures between seg- ment with a pale ring ; segment two somewhat shorter thaln segment three ; the basal segment usually not extending beyond the tip of the subapical tooth; fuscous punctures tend to con- gregate and congest on pro-, meso-, and metapleura; sternum pale with a pair of large dark spots on the mesosternum, be- tween the pro- and mesocoxae; a distinct fuscous crescentic smooth area just below the pronotal marginal teeth; bases of coxae, trochanters, and femora pale ; femora with a few basal fuscous spots w hich tend to aggregate distally into dark blotches ; tibiae clearly annulated with a small square spot filling the space between the sulcate edges in the middle of each annulus; tarsi fuscous with the middle segment paler; abdomen dull yellow or light brown with scattered small punc- tures; obsolescent dark lunate markings at lateral extremities of each segment ; basal valves of female genital plates distinctly tumid with the highest point in the middle of each plate; pos- terior face of each plate declivent but not appreciably impressed or concave ; only the median apical corners of basal plates fus- cous; ventral hook of clasper narrow and terminating acutely but not in an acuminate tip. Type : Sex not stated. * Paratypes : Not mentioned. Type locality : Missouri (?). Type deposited : Probably in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Now unknown and probably lost. Food plants : Oak, beech, willow, apple, peach, pear, grape, pine. Also said to be predatory on soft-bodied larvae. Distribution : Widespread over the eastern states to Canada, southward to Florida, westward to Texas, New Mexico, and Mexico. 174 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Reaches the Plains States to eastern Kansas. No new localities to be added to the Van Duzee list. Comment In the eastern states this is one of the two common species, the other being B. quadripustulata (q.v.). It apparently is very vari- able and may be the ancestral form from which several other closely related species in the Group arose. It probably has geographic races, though these have, as yet, not been studied and defined. Specimens from the southwest differ greatly at times from those of the northeast, the teeth being more acute and proportionately a bit larger; those of the Gulf States are more brightly colored and usually of a lighter hue. In size the individuals of this species also vary greatly ; some measure no more than 9 mm. long while others are at least half again that size. The individuals are never abundant enough in any one locality to be called common, yet they appear throughout the summer months with consistent regularity. Brochymena florida Ruckes 1939 (Fig. 23) Ruckes, Bull. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., v. xxxiv, No. 5, p. 236, 2 figs., 1939. Torre-Bueno, Entomologica Americana, v. xix, No. 3, p. 203, 1939. Form oval, subdepressed, roughish, faceted ; color yellowish or reddish brown rather than grayish brown as in arborea; distance across head just in front of eyes one third greater than transverse distance between subapical teeth, so that sides of head tend to converge anteriorly (in arborea this distance aver- ages only about one sixth greater and the sides of the head are more nearly parallel) juga subequal to tylus, very seldom longer and then by only a very small fraction of their width at their tips ; the outline of the head in front of subapical teeth arcuate or nearly so, the edges of the juga being slightly curved (in arborea the juga are usually distinctly longer than tylus and an appreciable rectilinear sinus between their tips is usually evident, the edges of the juga are more nearly straight and the outline of the head in front of the subapical teeth is more nearly truncate) ; dorsal surface of the head less undulant than in arborea ; first antennal segment reaches well beyond the tip of the subapical tooth and frequently as far forward as the tip of head (in arborea this segment is shorter, only occasionally 175 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 does it reach more than midway beyond the tooth) ; pronotal surface not as strongly undulant as in arborea with the anterior median rectilinear depressed area more shallow than in that species ; humeri, as in allied forms, quadrangular, with a promi- nent tooth at the front and hind corner and at least one smaller one between ; the dorsal lateral edge of the humerus is not raised in an oblique smooth bar or obtuse ledge as in arborea and there is no horizontal sulcus between the humeral teeth and its dorsal surface (this sulcus is usually very pronounced in arborea), the dorsal humeral surface is gradually continuous to the lateral edge and the whole humerus is not block-shaped and thickish as in arborea ; basal third of scutellum while swollen is certainly not tumid and its highest point is not much raised above the disc of the pronotum (in arborea usually this portion of the scutellum is quite high and its surface very undulant) ; femora with fuscous markings usually restricted to the distal half of the shaft (in arborea they extend onto the proximal half and in many instances as far proximad as the trochanter ; tibiae distinctly sulcate with the edges raised and quite evident (in arborea the edges are usually indistinct and the sulcus shal- low) ; the annulations on the tibiae are distinctive in that there are usually only two broad black annuli, one toward each end of the shaft, and a much smaller central one, indistinct and fre- quently represented by only a few darkish flecks (in arborea the annuli, three in number are more nearly subequal in size, especially on the fore tibiae, and the middle annulus is rectilinear and conspicuous) • the first tarsal joint has the major portion of its dorsal surface pale and frequently the second joint is pale also ; exposed portion of the connexivum alternated as in arborea but the dark bars do not reach the very edge of the segments, or if they do they are weak there and inconspicuous j the ventral stigmata in oblique lines, mentioned by Say for arborea are much less conspicuous than in that species, the colors being paler and the dark ring around each spiracle much narrower; anterior and posterior angles of ventral abdominal segments either lack the black triangular spot, so characteristic for arborea or the marks are very obsolescent, the females have a greater tendency to retain these spots than the males, in which case then the dark bands on the connexivum reach the edge of the segments; the horseshoe-shaped fuscous or black vittae on the lateral ends of each ventral segment, also so characteristic of arborea , are lacking or very indistinct ; genitalia, both male 176 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA and female somewhat heavier than in arborea ; the exposed posterior surface of the hook of the male paramere is flattish and in some specimens shallowly sulcate, the lateral surface of the paramere appears dark fuscous and the medial surface much paler, tawny or light fuscous (in arborea the hook of the paramere has its surface slightly convex and the surfaces are more nearly concolorous) ; female with a small triangular sinus between the proximal median corners of the basal valves and the midpoint of the posterior edge of the previous segment. Holotype : Female, 18 mm. long, 10 mm. across humeri, Tampa, Fla., A. M. N. H. Acc. No. 26£26 ; Coll. Mrs. A. T. Slosson. De- posited in the American Museum of Natural History. Allotype : Male 14 mm. long, 8.5 nun. across humeri. Same data as holotype. Deposited in the author’s collection. Paratypes : Purdue University Collection : Males : Dunedin, Fla., 1/13/30, 11/13/11, 2/29/13; Mooseft, Fla., 3/2/18; Royal Palm Pk., Fla., 12/12/24; Cape Sable, Fla., 2/23/19. Females: Dunedin, Fla., 1/20/18, 4/13/25; Little River, Fla., 8/1/31 (J. C. Bradley) ; Royal Palm Pk., Fla., 12/12/34, a second specimen, no date, Coll. P. M. Jones; Cape Sable, Fla., 2/23/19 (2 specimens). American Museum Collection, in addition to the types ; Males : Biscayne Bay, Fla., 8/20/35 (2 specimens) ; another specimen from the A. T. Slosson Collection, no date ; A. M. N. H. Acc. No. 26226. Female : La Belle, Fla., 4/27/12. Habitat : Definitely known from Florida, may be expected to occur in southern Georgia and Alabama westward to Texas. It appears to be a southern replacement for B. arborea (Say). Type deposited : American Museum of Natural History, New York. Food plants : Not definitely known but probably may be found on the same as for arborea. Comments A relatively recently described species which undoubtedly is the one most closely related to B. arborea. At first it was thought to be merely a minor variety of arborea, but a close study of its salient characters led to its creation as a distinct species. THE QUADRIPUSTULATA GROUP Into this category I have placed certain combinations of asso- ciated species all of which differ from those preceding by, at least, 177 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 the characters designated in the keys (p. 156). Within this Group the species may be further subdivided into lesser complexes if one wishes to use genitalic characters for such differentiation. Whereas the characteristics found in the female genital plates, while not obscure, are somewhat subtle, those of the male cup and claspers are rather outstanding and distinctive. The four types of claspers found among these species have previously been mentioned (p. 147). To these should now be added the four types of genital cup associated with each type of clasper. In the cariosa grouping (p. 147) the cup is small and shallow, its ventral wall variously reflexed or upturned apically, obscuring the contents in part ; the lateral tips are either bluntly or acutely rounded but do not project beyond the apical corners of the seventh abdominal segment and the cup is deeply retractable ; the cavity of the cup is somewhat limited in its capacity and the contents appear as if crowded by virtue of the fact that the entire periphery of the cup is indexed; the dorsal border is continuous, except for an in- conspicuous median area (where a narrow, depressed superior ridge Occurs) and no sharp prominent teeth project posteriorly from it. In the punctata grouping the open face of the cup is rhomboidal in punctata and broadly oval to almost orbicular in dilata. The claspers and proctiger are very large in both species and occupy most of the available space. The dorsal border is provided with a narrow over-hanging flange and the superior ridge is narrow laterally but bluntly tongue-shaped longitudinally. The inner faces of the genital cup are strongly hirsute. The ventral border is only weakly upturned and not inflexed. The proctiger is sub- rectangular in outline, without a keel, in fact its face is distinctly impressed below the dorsal bend. The entire cup is small and retractible so that the apical corners of the seventh segment pro- trude well beyond it. No teeth project posteriorly from the dorsal border across the open face of the cup. In the carolinensis grouping (p. 147) the cup is robust and deep, its ventral wall gradually but very broadly upturned apically leaving the cup somewhat flat-faced across its exposed ventral sur- face or somewhat impressed there ; the lateral tips are acutely rounded and, even when the cup is totally retracted, reach at least to the apical corners of the seventh segment, and usually protrude beyond ; the cavity of the cup is capacious and its contents not crowded, indeed there appears to be more space than structural contents; the dorsal border is broken medianly by a prominent, broad or narrow depressed superior ridge that extends as a shelf 178 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA underneath the lateral portions of the border above it; from the dorsal border on each side, about midway between the median point and the lateral tip, a prominent stout tooth projects pos- teriorly above the widely open cup. In the affinis grouping the cup is robust and nearly as deep as that found in the preceding, with the ventral wall similarly broadly upturned, but its apical edge is provided with a rather deep trans- verse sulcus each side of the middle ; the most striking feature of the cup in this grouping lies in the great extension of the lateral tips, which project very far beyond the apical corners of the seventh segment, so much so that the cup cannot be retracted as in most other species ; the entire periphery of the cup is somewhat roundly indexed, so that the spaciousness of the cup is reduced, otherwise the cavity is deep and the contents not crowded ; as in the carolinen- sis grouping the dorsal border is broken and is provided with similar stout teeth. In constructing the following keys an attempt has been made to keep closely allied species in opposable couplets and the couplets in progressive succession leading from assumedly the more primi- tive species to the more specialized ones. Thus the keys become less artificial, but at the same time more difficult to compose and use. I am told that some of the characteristics employed are somewhat subtle and evasive; this is probably due to the fact that the one using the keys is not too familiar with the array of species in this genus. With a goodly number of the species before him a student should not have too much difficulty with his identifications. Even such astute students of the Hemiptera as Van Duzee, Blatehley, Hart, etc., admitted repeatedly that they ran into trouble attempting to construct keys of a natural as contrasted with an artificial type. There is no question but that the genus Brochymena is one of the most difficult ones among the Pentatomidae to analyze. Key to the quadripustulata Group 1) Apical lobes of juga considerably longer than tylus, subfoliate, (a) overlapping, leaving no preapical sinus there (Fig. 25), or (b) with their inner margins parallel or connivent, leaving an elongated preapical sinus between them (Fig. 27) ; antennal segment two never longer than segment three ; species narrowly oval or elliptical in outline only 2 Apical lobes of juga sub equal to tylus or if longer, not sub- foliate, overlapping or connivent but stubby and not longer than tylus than by a part of their width at the apex (Fig. 179 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 30, 38) ; their inner margins usually parallel leaving a short and broad preapical sinus between them; antennal segment two either longer or shorter than or equal to seg- ment three ; species may be any form in outline 4 2) Color dull yellow to pale orange ; membrane usually milky with arborescent and vermiculate markings pale, weak and ob- solescent ; venter dull yellow sparsely punctate ; laterally with obsolescent lunate markings on each segment; base of second, third and fourth antennal segments with a pale annulus. Length 12-14 mm. ; width 5. 5-6. 5 mm pilatei Van Duzee 1934 Color not as above; darker; grayish brown to fuscous'; membrane either vitreous or milky but with arborescent and vermiculate markings strong and conspicuous ; venter not dull yellow; punctured finely laterally and with dark, whole or broken lunate marks near lateral edges of each abdominal segment; antennal segments not annulated at the bases or only base of segment three so ; only segmental incisures pale 3 3) Inner edges of juga connivent to overlapping; humeral angle rectilinear to obtuse, hardly produced into an acute tooth ; membrane vitreous with dusky suffusion; median spot in pale annulus of fore tibia rectilinear, prominent and occu- pying about half the length of the pale annulus; osteolar auricle blunt-lanceolate (Fig. 24-B), not much longer than diameter of its orifice; male genital segment without a transverse sulcus across its apical edge. Length 10-18 mm. ; width 6-9.5 mm qu a dr i p list ala t a (Fabricius) 1775 Inner edges of juga usually parallel so that lobes do not converge or overlap but leave an elongated preapical sinus between them; humeral angle acute and somewhat pro- duced into a tooth (Fig. 28) ; membrane milky hyaline with but little if any dusky suffusion ; median spot in pale annulus of fore tibia small to obsolescent, leaving most of the pale annnlus unfilled ; sometimes this dark spot is lack- ing; osteolar auricle distinctly longer than its adjacent orifice and usually acute-spatulate in outline (Fig. 24-C) ; male genital segment with a distinct transverse sulcus across its apical edge; general color of species grayish rather than fuscous. Length 12.5-15 mm. ; width 6-8 mm sulcata Van Duzee 1918 180 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 4) Antennal segment two longer than segment three ; second ros- tral joint reaching the mesocoxal cavities or nearly so ; third rostral joint reaching the metacoxal cavities; tip of beak extending beyond the border of the fourth (third visible) abdominal segment 5 Antennal segment two shorter than or subequal to segment three ; second rostral joint reaching no farther than about midway between the pro- and mesocoxal cavities; third rostral joint not attaining the metacoxal cavities and the tip of the beak not extending beyond the fore border of the fourth (third visible) abdominal segment 6 5) Form broadty oval, dorsum convex; design mottled, no promi- nent pale raised calloused lines extending longitudinally across the pronotum onto base of scutellum; dark alterna- tions of connexivum reaching the margins of the respective segments. Length 17-19 mm. ; width 8.5-10 mm. cariosa Stal 1872 Form narrowly oval to elliptical (Fig. 1); subdepressed; design lineated, a pair of prominent pale, raised, calloused lines extending across posterior edge of pronotum onto base of scutellum ; dark alternations of connexivum hardly reaching the margins of the respective segments, leaving the abdomen bordered by a narrow impunctate pale line ; length 16.5-17 mm. ; width 8 mm lineata Ruckes 1938 6 ) Propleuron and pronotal surface directly above it swollen so that lateral half of prothorax appears subglobular and the lateral margin becomes inconspicuous ; marginal teeth few (usually three), small, sharp, and wide-spaced (Fig. 32) ; species rather small, usually less than 14 mm. in length; upper and lower margins of male genital cup flexed. Length 10-14 mm. ; width 5-7.5 mm parva Ruckes 1946 (obscura (H.-S.) 1839) Propleuron and pronotal surface not swollen as above ; pronotal margin thick, usually prominent and frequently acute ; marginal teeth more than three in number and close together, sometimes blunt; species medium to large in size (12-22 mm. in length), not strongly convex, in some cases decidedly depressed 7 181 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 7) Apex of head in front of snbapical teeth roundly truncate or broadly arcuate; subapical sinus obsolescent; head wider through the eyes than long from base to apex (Fig. 29) ; elytra with numerous small pale points; exposed surface of the claspers distinctly squarish (Fig. 5) ; apical edges of basal valves of female genital plates deeply sinute 8 Apex of head in front of subapical teeth narrowly arcuate, triangular or otherwise but not roundly truncate ; sub- apical sinus evident, acute or obtuse but not obsolescent; elytra with various markings but when pale points are present they are few and scattered ; head narrower through the eyes than long from base to apex; exposed surface of clasper any shape but never squarish; apical edges of basal valves of female genital plates not sinuate or only vaguely so 9 8) Forms brown or reddish, legs particularly so ; length 15-17 mm. ; width 8-9 mm punctata Van Buzee 1909 Forms gray or ashy pale; length 14-16 mm.; width 7. 5-8. 5 mm punctata var. pallida Blatchley 1926 9) Antehumeral sinus obsolescent and adjacent impression incon- spicuous (Fig. 33), shallow, when evident circular in out- line; tibiae without annulations or with very vague ones; punctures of body fine and numerous but forming no par- ticular design; very few small pale points evident; form broadly oval, abdomen almost orbicular, its greatest diame- ter wider than distance across humeri; ventral surface of male genital cup with a pair of prominent protruding auricular lobes ; exposed inner face of claspers semi-circular in outline. Length 17-18.5 mm. ; width 9-9.5 mm. dilata Ruekes 1938 Antehumeral sinus evident and adjacent depressed area clearly marked (Figs. 34-36); tibiae distinctly annulated; body punctures forming some sort of design and smooth pale points numerous (except in carolinensis) ; form less broadly oval, diameter of abdomen equal to or less than distance across humeri; male genital cup varied in form but not with a pair of protruding ventral auricular lobes; exposed inner face of clasper any form but not semi-circular 10 182 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 10) Lateral pronotal margins bright yellow, thickish, calloused, with but very few punctures if any; teeth concolorous with adjacent margin ; humeri edentate ; four conspicuous yel- lowish calloused spots present, two on disc of pronotum and one at each basal angle of scutellum* tibia conspicu- ously annulated, the pale annulus without a trace of a dark spot ; length 18-22 mm. ; width 9.5-12 mm my ops Stal 1872 Characters other than above 11 11) Exposed portion of connexivum raised above the disc of the abdomen so that elytra appear to be impressed or sunken into dorsum (Fig. 37) 12 Exposed portion of connexivum not raised above the disc of abdomen, sometimes weakly declivent, and the elytra do not appear to be sunken below the exposed edge of the abdomen 13 12) Apex of head in front of subapical teeth sub triangular (Fig. 30) ; narrow edge of connexivum alternated across the marginal sulcus ; discal point on elytra pale and evident ; humeri well raised above the surrounding pronotum; a strong oblique crest across each humerus; antehumeral sinus well defined ; length 11-18 mm. ; width 8-11 mm. carolinensis (Westwood) 1837 Apex of head in front of subapical teeth subtruncate (Fig. 31) ; subapical teeth blunt, but their sinuses still evident; alter- nations of the connexivum stop at the marginal sulcus leaving the entire abdominal edge bordered by a narrow, continuous pale line; discal point of elytra inconspicuous to obsolete ; humeri not much raised above the surrounding pronotum, oblique crest across each humerus weak, not evi- dent ; length 18.5-20 mm. ; width 10-11 mm marginella Stal 1872 13) Species distinctly convex, larger (usually more than 16 mm.) ; lateral margins of pronotum weakly arcuate before the antehumeral sinus ; lateral borders of only the first two ven- tral segments transversely rugose or not rugose at all 14 Species distinctly subdepressed, smaller (usually not over 16 mm.) ; lateral margins of pronotum strongly arcuate before the antehumeral sinus (Fig. 36) ; lateral borders of all ventral segments transversely rugose 15 14) Ventral edges of first two abdominal segments weakly, but dis- tinctly, transversely rugulose, appearing as if milled ; juga 183 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 longer than tylns ; head broadly triangular in front of sub- apical teeth, and broadly truncate at apex (Fig. 38) ; length 16.75-17.5 mm. ; width 8.5-9. 5 mm tenebrosa Walker 1867 Ventral edges of abdominal segments smooth or slightly rough- ened but not transversely rugulose or milled; juga and tylus subequal; apex of head in front of subapical teeth long, triangular and narrowly truncate at apex (Fig. 39). humeralis Ruckes 1939 15) Subapical teeth acute, their sinuses evident and usually recti- linear to acute (Fig. 40) ; tips of subapical teeth pale in contrast with disc of head; antennal segment three about equal to segment two, segments one and two rufous; pro- no tal marginal teeth tending to be yellow or ivory ; length 12-16 mm. ; width 7-8 mm affinis Van Duzee 1904 Subapical teeth obtuse, almost appearing as crenulate lobes, their sinuses obtuse and inconspicuous (Fig. 41), some- times obsolescent ; tips of juga and tylus coneolorous with disc of head ; antennal segment three almost half again as long as segment two ; basal segment dark fuscous, segments two to five piceous ; pronotal marginal teeth tend to be red- dish ; length 10-14 mm. ; width 6-7.5 mm hoppingi Van Duzee 1921 Brochymena pilatei Van Duzee, 1934 Van Duzee, Pan Pacific Entomologist, v. x, p. 22, 1934. Torre-Bueno, Entomologica Americana, v. xix, No. 3, p. 204, 1939. Head distinctly arcuate before the eyes, about rectilinear in sulcata ; cheeks exceeding the tylus, sometimes somewhat conni- vent but rarely touching before the apex. Pronotum as about in sulcata, sides sinuate, dentate for their whole length, the teeth being smaller on the humeral lobe. Scutellum less ele- vated and narrower behind the frenum; membrane reticulate with fulvous brown instead of black, these reticulations nearly obsolete at times ; antennae and feet as in sulcata ; puncturation of upper surface irregularly distributed but more uniform in size than in sulcata, a few about the base of the scutellum being larger and black, the scattering large punctures found on the pronotum of sulcata being wanting in pilatei. Last ventral seg- 184 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA ment of male sulcate as in sulcata , the fringe of long hairs heavier and nearly meeting over the smooth depressed area; claspers somewhat shoe-shaped, broader and more triangular than in sulcata with a distinct heel, narrower with rounded angle in sulcata. Color paler, with fulvous brown effect, produced by the castaneous puncture on a yellow background, with a few pale calloused spots, especially on the elytra; antennae black with pale incisures ; beneath yellowish ferruginous, the pectoral pieces with groups of black punctures laterally ; sides of cheeks below, a broken annulus on apex of femora and apical annulus, and about three spots on the tibiae and the apex of the tarsi black ; vestiture beneath pale of short hairs on venter but mixed with long ones on the legs. Holotype: Male #3839, deposited in Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. Allotype: Female #3840, deposited in Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. Type locality: El Centro, Imperial Co., Calif.; Jan. 26, 1910. Paratypes : A long series with the same data. Food plants : Unknown. Distribution : Lower California, northwestern Mexico, southern California, western Arizona, Utah. Comments Due to the striking yellowish color, pilatei is one of the most readily identified species in the genus. The elytral membrane tends to be milky rather than hyaline. The sulcus across the apical border of the male genital cup is not as deep and wide as in sulcata but the vestiture is about the same or perhaps a bit heavier. From both the description and the facies of individuals it is very obvious that this species is most closely related to sulcata. While the ranges of the two overlap somewhat, pilatei has a tendency to be more abundant in the southern and western areas. Brochymena quadripustulata (Fabr.), 1775 (Figs. 1-B, 10, 24— B, 25, 26) Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. 704, 1775. ( Cimex .) Goeze, Ent. Beytr., v. i, p. 238, 1778. (Cimex.) Fabricius, Spec. Ins., v. ii, p. 347, 1781. (Cimex.) Fabricius, Mantissa Ins., v. ii, p. 285, 1787. (Cimex.) Gmelin, in Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ecln. 13, v. i, pt. 4, p. 2140, 1788. (Cimex.) Fabricius, Ent. Syst., v. iv, p. 100, 1794. (Cimex.) 185 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng., p. 182, 1803. ( Halys .) Dallas, List of Hemip., v. i, p. 188, 1851. ( Brochymena .) Stal, Enum. Hemip., v. 2, p. 16, 1872. Van Duzee, Bull. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., v. v, p. 170, 1894. Lugger, Bull. 69, Univ. Exp. Stat., Univ. Minn., p. 93, fig. 91, 1900. Van Duzee, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., v. xxx, p. 28, 1904. Zimmer, Pentatomidae of Nebraska, p. 55, 1911. Van Duzee, Can. Ent., v. xliv, p. 318, 1912. Olsen, Jrn. N. Y. Ent. Soc., v. xx, p. 50, 1912. Van Duzee, Cat. Hemip. N. A., Univ. Calif. Pub., v. 2, p. 30, 1917. Hart, Bull. Nat. Hist. Surv. 111., v. xiii, No. 7, p. 173, 1919. Parshley, in Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv., Bull. 34, p. 757, 1923. Blatchley, Heter. Eastern N. A., p. 98, Fig. 20, 1926. Leonard, A List of the Insects of New York, p. 78, 1926. Ruckes, Bull. Bklyn. Ent, Soc., v. xxxii, p. 32, 1937. Brimley, The Insects of North Carolina, p. 61, 1938. Torre-Bueno, Entomologica Americana, v. xix, No. 3, p. 204, 1939. Froeschner, Amer. Midland Nat., v. xxvi, p. 135, 1941. f serrata (Palisot de Beauvois), Ins. Rec. Afr. Am., p. 187, pi. Hemip. 11, fig. 8, 1805. {Halys.) Amyot and Serville, Hemip., p. 107, 1843. {Broclty- mena.) Uhler, Hayden’s Surv. Terr., Rept. for 1871, p. 394, 1872. * pupillata (Herrich-Schaeffer), Wanz. Ins., v. iv, p. 104, fig. 453, 1839. {Halys.) (Herrich-Schaeffer), Wanz. Ins., v. vii, p. 58, 1844. {Halys.) iannulata Uhler, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv., v. i, p. 283, 1876. Uhler, Proc, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., v. xix, p. 373, 1878. Provancher, Pet. Faune Ent, Can., v. iii, p. 35, 1885. Thorace crenato, obtuse spinose scutelloque punctis duobis rufis. Habitat: America. (Drury.) Praecedente {C. annulata) paulo minor. Clypeus fissis. Thorax lateribus crenatis, postice obtuse spinosis, scaber, fuscus’ punctis duobus parvis ferrugineis, dosalibus. Scutellum concolor, punctis 186 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA duobus paulo majoribus ferrugineis ad basin. Elytra et alae fusca. Subtus cinereus. Translation Thorax crenate, obtuse spinose, scutellum as well as thorax with a pair of reddish points. Habitat: America (Drury Collection). Slightly smaller than the preceding (C. annulata). Apex of head cleft. Thorax laterally crenate, posteriorly obtusely spinose, rough, with a pair of small ferrugineous points on the dorsal sur- face. Scutellum concolorous with a pair of larger ferrugineous points at the base. Elytra and wings fuscous. Below ashy. Redescription Form narrowly oval to elliptical, dark brown to fuscous, subdepressed. Head before the eyes not much wider than across the tips of the subapical teeth, sides concave; subapical teeth rectilinear and strong and their sinuses rounded obtuse; juga subfoliate and much longer than tylus, connivent or over- lapping ; if connivent, the preapical sinus is deep and narrow and its sides are not parallel ; disc of head undulant and irregu- larly wrinkled ; surface of pronotum undulant with areas about calli well raised and a vague rectangular portion between them impressed; area in front of humeri, adjacent to antehumeral sinus likewise impressed; a smooth ferrugineous point at the inner corner of each callus ; margins of the pronotum before the humeri weakly arcuate and provided with from 5-10 moder- ately strong triangular teeth between which are numerous denticles ; humeri terminating obtusely with retrorse serrations on frontal edge and a weak crest obliquely across the top ; the area of the pronotum just behind each humerus and above the base of the elytra is distinctly tumid, more so than in allied species; scutellum with base slightly raised, tending to be flat- topped ; punctures largest on basal third, forming vague diver- gent bands there ; basal angle of scutellum smooth and raised, usually ferrugineous and pitted with a cluster of deep piceous punctures, another elongated cluster just behind the angle along the edge; scutellum is not carinate, but there is a weak, convex median ridge which is evanescent toward the apical third of the disc; elytra with rather uniform punctures which are densest toward the apical end and scattered toward the costal base ; cliscal point weak and inconspicuous ; membrane 187 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 hyaline with strong, rich brown markings, mostly concolorous, a few nearer the apex being darker ; submarginal band moder- ately wide, wider than its distance from the edge of the mem- brane; under side of head rather evenly punctured without distinct lineations ; darkest beneath the juga and subapieal teeth ; buccular edge sinuate for its entire length terminating in an acutely rounded but not pointed tooth; frontal edge of jugum oblique, straight or very weakly convex, meeting buccu- lar tooth at about a right angle ; antennae piceous, segment one sometimes with a reddish tinge ; segment three about half again as long as segment two ; sternal area with the usual dark rounded patches between the pro- and mesocoxae, remainder testaceous becoming darker laterally so that pleural area is fuscous; a strong piceous arcuate sulcus on propleuron below the marginal teeth ; metasternal orifice oblique, its auricle black, sub-lanceolate and about as long as the crateriform base with only a vague partial spiral twist to it ; pebbled evaporating area contrastingly pale ; femora dull brown or yellow, sparingly speckled with black proximally, spots congesting distally to form solid patches ; a snbapical pale incomplete annulus pres- ent; tibiae with their pale annulations narrower than adjacent black ones ; fore tibia with a median square spot reaching across frontal width of segment; tarsi piceous; ventral abdominal furrow obsolescent, most distinct on the first and second visible segment just behind the metacoxae ; beak not reaching the hind border of the second visible segment ; venter dull yellow or light brown, rather evenly punctured; dark lunes laterally on each segment; basal valves of female genital plates weakly convex, hardly raised and not declivent behind ; a subtriangular fuscous patch between them; male genital cup narrow, its ventral sur- face up-turned or deflexed, moderately impressed medianly and its apical edge forming a very broad and shallow “V”; the ventral edge is involuted so that the heads of the clasp ers are almost totally invisible from behind ; no prominent sulcus pres- ent across the apical end of the cup ; the vestiture is dense but very short. Average size, 14 mm. long ; 9 mm. across abdomen. Type : Sex not stated. Type locality: “ America.’’ Type deposited : Now lost. Food plants: Pines (various species), sumac (Rhus typhina Linn.), mountain ash ( Sorbus americana Marsh), elm, grape, cherry, 188 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA apple, pear ; also being recorded as occasionally being predatory on soft-bodied larvae. Distribution: Across southern Canada and United States from the Atlantic to Pacific coasts; most abundant north of 40° latitude; reaches south into northern Mexico. Recorded from almost every state in the Union. Comments This is the most common of all species in the genus. Its abun- dance and wide distribution suggest that it might be an ancestral stock from which several other species evolved. Its great variety of food plants indicates great adaptability which is usually a trait indi- cating primitiveness or generalization. Individuals vary somewhat in both size and color ; large examples sometimes measuring as much as 18 mm. long, small ones no more than 10 mm. ; some are dark fuscous, almost black, while others can be a rusty pale brown. As in all other species of the genus the adults hibernate under bark or in rubbish ; they can withstand extreme cold temperatures, but appear to become very lively when warmed by the rays of the spring sunlight. Brochymena sulcata Van Duzee, 1918 (Figs. 3, 27, 28) Van Duzee, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 8, p. 277, 1918. Ruckes, Bull. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., v. xxxiii, No. 1, p. 1, 1938. Ruckes, Bull. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., v. xxxiii, No. 2, p. 89, 1938. Torre-Bueno, Entomologica Americana, v. xix, No. 3, p. 204, 1939. Head as long as the pronotum on the median line; cheeks surpassing the tylus by their own width at that point, their inner margins at the sinus parallel or diverging, not approach- ing or overlapping as in 4-pustulata, their lateral tooth, rec- tangular. Segments 2-5 of the antennae subequal in length, the third sometimes a little longer, normally so in 4-pustulata. Rostrum attaining the middle of the second ventral. Pronotum across the humeri a little more than twice broader than its median length; lateral margins before the sinus with four to six triangular flattish teeth that merge into the adjoining sur- face, the humeri with six to eight serrations or small teeth ; in 4-pustulata these teeth are more terete and calloused and some- times curved backwards. Exserted osteolar canal tongue- shaped, narrowed at the base rather longer than the external 189 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 diameter of the tube ; in 4-pustidata lanceolate, broadest at the base and distinctly shorter ; male genital segment almost attain- ing the outer angle of the sixth ventral segment, its apical margin transversely sulcate omitting the median smoothly rounded excavation ; either side of the sulcus clothed with long pale hairs; claspers elliptical ventrally; in 4-pustulata broad- rounded. Other characters substantially the same as in 4-pustulata. Color above as in allied species; beneath pale with the marginal alternation, slender edge of the segments, stigmata, a line behind them and the spot on the middle of the sixth ventral segment blackish. Femora fuscous with their bases pale, an apical and subapical spot pale, the latter often pro- duced basally as a vitta. Tibiae with a broad median pale annulus carrying a fuscous spot on the exterior surface, the posterior rarely marked with a pale basal spot exteriorly; antennae black with the incisures slenderly pale ; rostrum pale with its median line and apex black. Holotype: Male #391, deposited Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. Allotype: Female; deposited in Van Duzee collection. Paratypes: Five males and eleven females from California and Arizona. Type locality: San Diego, Calif, (both types). Type deposited : Mus. Calif. Acad. Sci. Food plants: Honey locust, mulberry, apple, probably many others and possibly occurs in chaparral. Distribution : Calif., Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Colo., Nevada, Western Texas, probably northern Mexico and Lower California. Comments A very common species of the south west and Avestern States, where by its abundance it takes the place of the more eastern quad- ripustulata. It is easily distinguished from the latter by its more ashen color, its sharper humeral angles, the more evident preapical sinus and, of course, in the male by the presence of the prominent sulcus across the apical edge of the genital cup. Newly matured females are easily distinguished from those, of quadripustulata ; but older ones in which the whitish bloom has been rubbed off tend to become brownish and the student may have trouble differentiating the individuals of the two species. One must then rely upon such structural characteristics as shape ( sulcata being slightly more 190 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA narrowly oval than its relative), the sharper humeral angle, and the more open preapical sinus. For additional comments see the remarks concerning B. pilatei. Brochymena cariosa Stal, 1872 (Figs. 4, 24-A) Stal, Enum. Hemip., pt. ii, p. 17, 1872. Van Duzee, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., v. xxx, p. 30, 1904. Van Duzee, Cat, Hemip. N. A., Univ. Calif. Pub., v. 2, p. 31, 1917. Hart, Pentatomoidea of Illinois; Bull. Nat. Hist. Surv. 111., v. xiii, art. vii, p. 173, 1919. Blatchley, Heteroptera Eastern N. A., p. 100, 1926. Brimley, The Insects of North Carolina, p. 61, 1938. Torre-Bueno, Entomologica Americana, v. xix, No. 3, p. 206, 1939. Froeschner, Amer. Midland Nat., v. xxvi, p. 135, 1941. Jugis tyloque aeque longis; articulus secundo et tertio antennarum aeque longis vel illo hoc paullo longiore. Nigricans, supra grisea, inequaliter distinctissime nigro- punctate, punctis f ortioribus in thorace scutelloque intermixtis ; articulis tribus basalibus rostri, trochanteribus, basi annuloque maculari subapicali femorum nec non annulo lato tibiarum sordide flavo-albidis, hoc annulo superne nigro-maculato. §, long. 17 mm., lat. 8.5 mm. Patria: Texas (Mus. Holm.) Praecedentibus tribus statura, punctura picturaque maxime affinis, differt forma capitas, quae eadem est ac in B. obscura, jugis tyloque tamen aeque longis, longitudine articulorum secundi et tertii antennarum hemelytrisque hie illic minus dense punctatis et igitur, uti videtur, pallido-mamoratis. Fasciae segmentorum connexivi et maculae marginales ventris griseo- flavescentes. Rostrum apicem segmenti tertii ventris attigens vel subsuperans. Discus ventris vix pallescens. Segmentum anale maris apice late sinuatum, postice in medio levissime et quam in speciebus praecedentibus multo minus late subretusum. Translation Juga and tylus equal in length; second and third segments of antennae about the same length or the former slightly longer. Blackish, gray above, very distinctly unequally nigro-punc- tate, larger punctures intermixed on thorax and scutellum; 191 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 basal three segments of rostrum, trochanter, the base and the subapical annulus of the femur as well as a wide band on the tibia dull yellow, the latter bearing a black patch on its upper surface. §, 17 mm. long, 8.5 mm. wide. Locality: Texas (Mus. Holm.) Closely related to the three preceding species in its punc- ture pattern, differs in the form of the head which is the same as in B. obscura, nevertheless the tylus and juga are subequal, and in respect to the relative lengths of the second and third antennal segments as well as the hemelytra which are less densely punctate and therefore appear to be palely mottled or marbled. Bands on the connexival segments and the ventral marginal spots grayish-yellow. Rostrum reaching apex of the third ventral segment or barely passing it. Disc of venter hardly pale. Apical margin of terminal male segment broadly sinuate and the median posterior area very weakly and much less broadly notched than in the preceding species. Redescription from the type specimen Form broadly oval, the dorsal surface quite convex, more so than in allied species; general appearance ashy gray and strikingly but irregularly mottled with dark; head elongated and slightly convergent apically; ground color of head some- what yellowish; three obscurely defined yellow longitudinal lines on head, one on the tylus and one on each inner edge of the juga ; head sculpturing irregular, dark fuscous pits of vari- ous sizes; subapical tooth small meeting the margin of the jugum obtusely; width across the subapical teeth twice the length of distance from that line to apex of tylus ; juga narrow converging apically but hardly reaching beyond the tip of the tylus ; apex of head distinctly triangular ; pronotum with calli raised but not tumid; sculpturing on disc made of fuscous to piceous shallow and deep punctures and pits of various sizes between which is a reticulum of smooth dull yellow lines ; a fair indication of a smooth median yellow line on front half of pro- notum ; humeri acutely angled with four or five retrorse small piceous teeth; antehumeral sinus shallow and inconspicuous; marginal teeth pale, four to six in number, small and conical with interpolated smaller sharp piceous denticles ; base of seutel- lum not appreciably raised; punctures largest, deepest and darkest near the base; apex with some large paler yellowish 192 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA areas; a broad, posteriorly dilating band of deep, piceons pits extends across each basal corner; apex rounded and bordered with deep fuscous; elytra with two transverse broad obscure bands of deep fuscous congested punctures, one about a quarter distance from base and the other about same distance from apex; basal quarter of elytra with some very evident smooth pale yellowish areas ; scattered pale yellow points over remain- ing portion of elytra ; membrane but slightly milky, almost clear hyaline ; markings rich, pale, reddish fuscous ; connexivum nar- rowly exposed ; distinctly alternated fuscous and pale ; the pale band with a few reddish brown punctures; under surface of head dark fuscous, almost piceous ; buccula tending to be deeply sinuate apically and ending in a sharp, though short, forward projecting tooth; its frontal edge slightly concave; antennal segments almost piceous, only their incisures pale ; segment two slightly longer than segment three ; second joint of rostrum re- markably compressed so that there is a sharp median edge pres- ent ; this segment is long, usually reaching beyond the mesocoxal cavities ; thoracic sternum dull yellow, thoracic pleura gradually becoming darker to fuscous laterally; posterior edge of meta- pleuron yellowish ; osteolar canal long, narrow at the base and spatulate apically ; evaporating area pale on its inner half, dark • on its lateral half ; mid-portion of abdomen dull reddish, lateral portion becoming darker; each segment with a striking yellow rectangular mark on the lateral edge between the arms of dark lunes ; femora reddish fuscous, a narrow basal band and a sub- apical annulus dull yellow; tibiae annulated, a brownish spot on front surface of each pale annulus; tarsi fuscous, second joint paler ; ventral tarsal pubescence golden ; male genital cup smallish for the genus, lateral lobes with a small expansion mesally and ventrally, pubescence very heavy on inner faces of cup ; visible posterior ends of the claspers stubby and tapering clorsally to a small hook (Fig. 4) ; inner faces of clasper head semilunar in outline; inner edges of basal valves of female genital plates narrowly reflexed so that when closed the com- bined plates produce a compound diminutive carina between them; the reflexed edges diverge apically leaving a wedge- shaped hiatus or space in front of median valvular plate. Holotype : Female ; long. 17 mm. ; max. lat. 8.5 mm. Paratypes not specified. Type locality : Texas (Belfrage Collection). 193 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 Type deposited : Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden. Food plants: Slash pine in southern States; probably oak and other species of pines in northern habitats. Distribution: Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, eastern Texas, Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Illinois, Indiana, Tennessee. Comments The general color pattern of cciriosa suggests a mottled or marbled design, somewhat like that which is occasionally seen in affinis, to which however cariosa has no close relationship. The resemblance is purely superficial; affinis is an oval, sub-depressed form while cariosa is an elliptical very convex species. The head of cariosa is rather long and narrow for a species in which the juga and tylus are subequal; the apex of the head in front of the sub- apical sinuses is strikingly triangular in outline, similar to that found in lineata and humeralis. The scutellum is somewhat con- stricted at the point where the frenum ends so that the apical third is distinctly set off from the rest of the disc, a feature that is further accentuated by the presence of a pair of clusters of piceous pits at the region of the constriction. The elytral membrane is hyaline rather than milky and the vermiculate markings are very fine and numerous, more so than in many other species. The genital cup is proportionately small for the size of the individual ; it is subglobose and when fully retracted leaves a rather wide space between the tips of the seventh segment. The species cariosa by its abundance throughout its range in the plains States appears to take the place of the commoner and more easterly carolinensis which in the northern latitudes does not extend westward beyond the Appalachian Mountains. Brochymena lineata Ruckes, 1938 (Figs. 1-A, 24-F) Ruckes, Bull. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., v. xxxiii, No. 5, p. 236, 1938. Torre-Bueno, Entomologica Americana, v. xix, No. 3, p. 205. Form elliptical ; neither conspicuously depressed nor convex clorsally or ventrally ; color in general aspect pale, being a mix- ture of ivory, testaceous, fuscous and black ; punctures varying from minute ferruginous pin-point dots to deep, corroded black pits, the latter disposed in broad bands on the pronotum and scutellum. Head testaceous; disc between the eyes somewhat convex, in front of the eyes gradually undulating and flattened ; diameter behind the eyes just about equal to that in front of 194 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA them so that eyes appear to protrude ; sides of head from eyes to subapical teeth feebly converging, very nearly parallel, their edges weakly concave; subapical teeth in female small and rectangular to obtuse, in male more obtuse and less conspicuous ; gena converge to an acute apex ; diameter across subapical teeth about three times as long as distance between that line and apex of head ; punctures mostly ferruginous, some nigro-fuscous ones found at base of tylus and surrounding area. Edge of buc- eulae strongly sinuate and ending anteriorly in a very promi- nent, latero-divergent, acute tooth; the edges of the bucculae and margins of the gena, at least in the females, ivory and smooth, in the males testaceous. First and second antennal segments reddish-fuscous, others deeper fuscous to piceous ; the basal fifth of segment four distinctly flattened or compressed and more smooth than the remaining portion of the segment ; segments two to five subequal in length, with segment five short- est ; in one male specimen segment two is distinctly longer than the others. Median length of the pronotum equal to that of head; diameter across humeri about one-sixth greater than median length ; disc irregularly undulating with a median, weak ivory or pale carina on front half ; the carina becomes obsolete on hind half ; two prominent smooth ivory colored irregidar longitudinal bars on posterior half, each one about midway be- tween the midline and the respective humerus; between the carina and each of these ivory bands appears a broadish sub- rectangular area of large deep, corroded pits, nigro-fuscous to piceous, some of these having smooth ivory or pale borders; several shallowly depressed or excavated areas on disc; calli somewhat raised and irregularly smooth; edges of pronotum weakly convex arcuate bearing six to eight ivory, conical teeth which blend with the dull yellow edge of the disc ; humeri sub- triangular, slightly tumid, the edges with four or five retrorse serrations. Propleuron with an arcuate sulcus just under- neath the margin of pronotum ; this sulcus subtended by a punc- tured area at least no appreciable amount of smooth showing ; the punctures more or less evenly distributed and of medium size; propleuron becoming darker laterally toward sulcus and paler toward prosternal region; the sulcus appears as a dark fuscous groove. Scutellum long and narrow for this genus; basal third somewhat tumid with a broadish median carina con- tinued to apical third; basal angles in the form of deep, cor- roded, nigro-fuscous pits ; median to these a short ivory or pale 195 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 bar, impunct ate and continuous with a similar one on the pro- notum ; this pale bar followed medially by a broad, rugose band of nigro-fuscous pits which extend posterior to the claval edge of scutellum; this area in turn followed medially by a very irregular longitudinal stripe that becomes punctured with fer- ruginous and fuscous pits toward the inner edge ; apical third of scutellum paler, with smooth areas becoming larger; the scutellar carina with an irregular row of large fuscous punc- tures. Elytra pale to testaceous with very uniform fuscous punctures evenly distributed and tending to coalesce toward the apical end ; the highest point on the elytra usually impunc- tate and pale. Membrane clear with rich ferruginous vermicu- late and arborescent markings. Edges of the abdomen not ex- cessively explanate, rather less so than is common for this genus, the outline being elliptical and abdomen somewhat tapering posteriorly; greatest width of the entire body across humeri; greatest width of abdomen distinctly less than that across humeri, abdomen alternated with testaceous and fuscous, the narrow band each side of the incisures being testaceous. The venter bright testaceous with incisures between segments dis- tinctly dark fuscous, as are also the stigmata, a thin line behind them and a smooth spot near them ; punctures on the venter are of medium size, fuscous to reddish and irregularly scattered, tending to concentrate laterally; sixth ventral of the female with five to seven fuscous blotches, one median and two or three laterally across segment; basal valves of female genital plates with an inner border of fuscous or dark. Femora dull testace- ous with fuscous maculations arranged in longitudinal vittae which coalesce distally and there interrupted by a partially complete pale annulus; tibiae conspicuously annulated; the exterior surface of the pale band with a small dark blotch, smallest on the fore tibia and becoming increasingly larger on the middle and hind. Proximal two joints of the tarsi dis- tinctly pale above, otherwise fuscous ; claws and remaining joint fuscous. Beak reaching past the middle of the third ventral. Metasternal osteole and canal small though conspicuous because of contrasting color ; osteolar cone and crater ivory or very pale, auricle deep fuscous almost piceous, narrowed at base and spat- ulate distally; evaporating area small, its lateral edge cutting obliquely across the surrounding disc, area pale, testaceous, sur- rounding regions darker. Male genital cup small for this genus, rounded, without any conspicuous outgrowths of lateral expan- 196 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA sions ; the lateral corners do not reach even close to the ends of the sixth ventral segment ; posterior edge across cup, excluding a shallow median excavation, provided with a very shallow, obsolescent sulcus ; pubescence very short and fine, not silky ; proctiger very wide and testaceous-fuscous to fuscous ; claspers almost piceous and smallish. Holotype : Female, Patagonia, Sonoita Creek, Santa Cruz Co., Arizona, 7/23/37. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History. 16.5 mm. long ; 8.5 mm. across humeri. Allotype : Male, Patagonia, Sonoita Creek, Santa Cruz Co., Ari- zona, 7 /23/37. Long. 16 mm. ; width across humeri 8 mm. Author’s Collection. .Paratypes : One female, Williamson Valley (E. D. Ball) , 6/22/35 ; one female, Fort Wingate, N. M., 3/15/08; these specimens in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Type deposited: American Museum of Natural History, N. Y. C. Food plants: White-leaf oak ( Quercus hypolenca Englm.) ; pos- sibly also pines found within its range. Distribution: Known only from the type records, i.e., Arizona and New Mexico. Comments While the records show that this species occurs in both New Mexico and Arizona, in the latter state it appears to be very local. All the specimens collected by the author were taken from white- leaf oak in the Sonoita Creek Valley. The late Dr. E. D. Ball told me that he found it feeding on that tree. The species is easily identified as it can be readily distinguished by the pair of ivory calloused bars across the pronotum and scutellar base. It seems to show closest affinity to cariosa in so much as the male genital cup and claspers are similar and in having the second antennal segment ordinarily longer than the third. The elytral membrane, however, is not as clear as in that species and the vermiculate markings are much coarser and paler. Whereas the venter in cariosa tends to be dark, almost nigro-fuscous in some cases, with a conspicuous pale blotch at the lateral margin of each abdominal segment, the venter of lineata is lighter fuscous and the pale blotches are ill-defined. The very narrow whitish border on the edge of the abdomen is also a distinguishing characteristic. Brochymena parva Ruckes, 1946 (Fig. 32) = obscura (H.-S.) 1839 Ruckes, Bull. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., v. xli, No. 2, p. 41, 1946. 197 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 || obscura Herrich-Schaeffer, Wanz. Ins., pt. v, p. 68, fig. 513, 1839; pt. vii, p. 59, 1844. ( Halys .) Stal, Ennm. Hemip., pt. 2, p. 16, 1872. Uhler, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv., v. i, p. 283, 1876. Distant, Biol. Centr. Amer., Heter., v. i, p. 52, 1880. Uhler, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., y. ii, p. 368, 1893. Uhler, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, lv, p. 228, 1894. Van Duzee, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., v. xxx, p. 29, 1904. Barber, Bklyn. Inst. Bull., v. 1, p. 257, 1906. ]tenebrosa Distant, Biol. Centr. Amer., Hemip. -Heter., v. i, p. 52, 1880. Kirkaldy, Cat. Hemip., v. i, p. 192, 1909. Van Duzee, Cat. Hemip. N. A., Univ. Cal. PubL, v. 2, p. 31, 1917. Van Duzee, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., v. xii, pt. i, p. 126, 1923. Torre-Bueno, Entomologica Americana, v. xix, No. 3, p. 204, 1939. Kuckes, Bull. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., v. xxxiii, p. 10, 1938. Form oval, small, with head form similar to B. cariosa Stal ; body quite convex apparently more so than in cariosa due to smaller size ; ground color dark testaceous with pits, punctures, calli, and markings on legs deep fuscous or piceous giving a dark brown appearance to the individual; edges of head in front of eyes concave, frequently sinuate with narrowest diam- eter about midway between eyes and subapical teeth ; edges of juga straight or very weakly arcuate, converging to form a narrowly truncated apex to head; apex of each jugum acute; juga hardly longer than the tylus, if so then a very small rec- tangular sinus there ; subapical teeth forming acute angles with juga, their tips upturned somewhat; disc of head between the eyes more convex than rest of head. Pronotal area about the calli distinctly swollen, tumid, al- most gibbose ; propleuron, mesad to margin, likewise swollen so that prothorax is very thick through the calli ventrally, almost globose ; pronotal collar distinctly set off from adjacent swollen areas ; marginal teeth very small, almost needle-like, sharp and very few in number, not more than four, usually two or three, wide-spaced, sometimes with minute denticles between them. [The character of the marginal teeth was for a long time used to identify Brochymena obscura (H.-S.).] Humeri convexly 198 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA thickish, terminating laterally in an acute small tooth, this frequently directed backwards; front edge of humerus with three of four very small retrorse serrations, these sometimes obsolescent; antehumeral sinus evident with adjacent impres- sion prominent ; coarse pits of pronotum irregularly placed and no design evident ; scutellum with punctures coarse and irregular in contrast with finer and very evenly crowded ones of elytra; the usually vague median impunctate line from tip of head to apex of scutellum present; base of scutellum distinctly raised, more so than in allied species but not as much as in species of the arborea group ; sometimes base of scutellum is higher than adjacent area of pronotum and the transverse sulcus between these two is very marked; wing membrane somewhat milky arborescent and vermiculate markings strong. Antennae thin and weak for this genus; segment two only about one-twelfth as thick as long ( in qiiadripustulata this ratio is about one-sixth to one-eighth) ; other segments in proportion; segment one with a reddish tinge, others almost piceous with only the incisure of proximal two or three segments pale ; seg- ment three longer than segment two, and five shorter than four, sometimes the latter ratio very marked. Fore tibiae stubby, about one-sixth as wide as long (in qiiadripustulata this ratio is about one-eighth or one-ninth) ; tibiae annulated as in related species, the dark spot in the pale annulus just about filling the width of the annulus but usually not coloring the carinate edge of the tibia ; metasternal evaporating area entirely dark, only the crateriform base and orifice pale ; auricle piceous, in length about twice the diameter of the orifice, thin and spatulate in outline with a partial twist to it. Median third of abdominal venter pale, testaceous, almost impunctate; laterally on each segment punctures become reddish to dark fuscous and form dark, sometimes almost piceous, lunes, similar to allied species ; each lune enclosing an almost semi-circular pale, nearly im- punctate blotch. Male genital cup much like that in qiiadripustulata but its color and contents paler; posterior border as seen ventrally, broadly U-shaped, somewhat broader than in quadripustulata and the surface just below the middle of the U a little more impressed or concave. Apical edge of terminal female segment, as seen from above, straight to weakly sinuate, color of disc piceous except for two lateral subtriangular patches and mar- ginal edge which are pale. This plate has some fine scattered punctures on it. 199 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 Described from twenty-five specimens as follows : Lectotypes: Male: 13 mm. long; 6.5 mm. across humeri; Globe, Arizona, 7/20/37. Deposited in the American Museum of Natural History. Female : 14 mm. long ; 7 mm. across humeri ; Globe, Ari- zona, 7/20/37. Deposited in author’s collection. Paratypes: Author’s collection: Males: Santa Rita Mts., Ariz., 6/15/36; Tucson, Ariz., 8/15/05, 5/10/30, 6/25/35, 8/15/37; Wil- cox, Ariz., May, 1937; Huachuca Mts., Ariz., 8/23/05. Females: White Mts., Ariz., 7/12/36; Wilcox, Ariz., Sept., 1936; Tucson, Ariz., 8/15/37 and one labeled Arizona 1923. American Museum Collection: Males: Concepcion Bay, Cal., 4/6-10/11; Sierrita, Ariz., 7/29/16; Van Horn, Texas, 5/22/32; Port Ballandra, Carmen Isl., Gulf of California, 5/22/21. Females: Tucson, Ariz., 10/2-25/16 (four specimens) ; Sonora, Mexico, 9/13/20; Tucson, Ariz., no date; (Slosson Collection) Ac. No. 26226; Van Horn, Texas, 5/22/32; Port Ballandra, Carmen Isl., Gulf of California, 5/22/21. Type locality: Globe, Arizona. Type deposited: American Museum of Natural History, New York. (Also see above.) Food plants : Mesquite ( Prosopis glandidosa Torr.) ; probably on desert oak [ Quercus arizonica Sarg. (?)] and other chaparral vege- tation. Distribution : Southwestern Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Mexico, Utah, California, and Lower California. Possibly also in Nevada; probably not in southern Mexico. Comments B. parva is the name given to the species originally described by Herrich-Schaeffer as Halys obscura which became quite badly confused in identification with B. tenebrosa (Walk.). As explained in the author’s reference above (1946) it appears that Distant erred in synonymizing these. The species averages small for the genus, individuals sometimes being no more than ten millimeters long. Although specimens of other species sometimes are diminutives and approximate this size they are never consistently dwarf. The convexity of the propleuron and pronotal area above it makes the entire lateral thoracic portion of the insect appear swol- len, so much so that the pronotal margin is almost eliminated and the few small teeth seem to emanate directly from the wall of the segment. When one is familiar with the general characteristics of the other species in the genus, the thinness of the antennae and the 200 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA stubbiness of the tibiae in parva stand out distinctly as valid differ- entiating features, as do also the narrowly arcuate tip of the head and the acuteness of the juga. Most specimens in American collections that have been previ- ously identified as B. obscura (H.-S.) or B. tenebrosa (Walk.) and which come from the geographic areas specified above are undoubt- edly individuals that should be called B. parva. B. tenebrosa (q.v.) is an entirely different species, much larger in size and of more southern (Mexico) distribution. Brochymena punctata Van Duzee, 1909 (Figs. 5, 29) Van Duzee, Canadian Ent., v. xli, p. 369, 1909. Banks, Cat. Nearc. Hemip., p. 92, 1910. Van Duzee, Cat. Hemip. N. A., Univ. Calif. Pub., v. 2, p. 32, 1917. Blatchley, Heter. Eastern N. A., p. 102, 1926. Brimley, The Insects of North Carolina, p. 61, 1938. Torre-Bueno, Entomologica Americana, v. xix, No. 3, p. 205, 1939. Smaller than annulata with the head more truncated at the apex; pronotum, scutellum and elytra distinctly dotted with smooth white points. Length 14-15 mm. Apex of head very obtusely angled, almost truncated, inner angle of cheeks scarcely meeting over apex of tylus. First antennal joint almost attaining the tip of the head, second and third respectively longer, the fourth equal to the third. Pro- notum hardly as wide as in annulata; humeri less produced, and the anterior lobe with coarser and more irregular denticu- lations; the posterior lobe quite distinctly denticulate on the latero-anterior margins ; the surface closely and quite regularly punctured with fuscous on a whitish ground; anteriorly with dark punctures segregated along the submargins and in two oval patches at the inner angles of the callosities; median line carinate and smooth anteriorly. Scutellum shorter and more rounded at apex than in annulata, punctured with blackish on a pale ground, and marked with a few scattering larger black pits and a cluster of the same at each basal angle, intercepted by an oblique pale callus. Elytra pale, with distinct dusky punctures, which become finer and confluent in areas pos- teriorly on the disc; the surface sprinkled with conspicuous white calloused points which are found more indefinitely on the scutellum and pronotum. Membrane more irregularly and 201 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 obscurely veined than in allied species. Connexivum conspicu- ously alternated. Legs, base of antennae and the rostrum fer- ruginous or obscure brown ; the black apex of the latter attain- ing the base of the third ventral segment. Genital segment of the male short, of almost equal length across its whole width, the broad apical sinus sub angular. Cotypes : One male and two females. Type locality : Georgia ; no station mentioned. Type deposited: Van Duzee Collection, University of California Museum. Food plants: Oak ( Quercus spp.). Distribution: Virginia, Georgia, Florida, Indiana (?). Comments Little need be added to the excellent description that Van Duzee has given above. Blatchley, in his Heteroptera of Eastern North America adds a character that appears to be a good one, that of the median plate of the female genital valves being longer than the lateral lobes. In the male, this species is the only one in the genus, with its variety pallida (q.v.), that possesses claspers, the heads of which are squarish block-shaped structures, and which nearly fill the cavity of the genital cup. It is a most distinctive species with its rusty color and stellate points, its short, broad head with an obtuse apex, and its broadly oval form. Apparently this is not a common species, being absent in most collections that have been examined, and seems to be restricted to the southeastern States, although Blatchley claims to have taken it in Crawford County, Indiana. While Blatchley ’s authority should not be questioned, it does seem rather odd that no other record exists that places this species beyond the range of Virginia, Georgia, and Florida. Such a specimen could possibly have been accidentally introduced and escaped as an adventitious individual. Brochymena punctata var. pallida Blatchley, 1926 Blatchley, Heteroptera of East. N. A., p. 101, 1926. Torre-Bueno, Entomologica Americana, v. xix, No. 3, p. 205, 1939. Oval, subdepressed, small for the genus. Grayish- white with numerous small fuscous punctures ; pronotum and scutel- lum with a number of widely scattered coarse, deep black punc- tures, these aggregated to form an oval spot at each basal angle 202 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA of scutellum ; also with numerous elevated smooth white spots, the most conspicuous of these being near middle of front lobe of pronotum and each side of scutellum ; antennae dark reddish- brown; connexivum with alternate bars of fuscous and pale gray; under surface dull grayish white with scattered very small fuscous punctures and thickly clothed with white hair- like bloom ; legs dull yellow mottled with purplish dots. Head relatively short, its apex obtusely angled or subtruncate, cheeks reaching tip of tylus; subapical sinus and tooth scarcely evi- dent. Beak reaching base of second ventral. Bucculae with a preapical tooth. First antennal reaching the sinus of cheeks, second one-fourth longer than third. Side margins of pro- notum armed both before and behind the sinus with short, regu- lar subacute teeth. Scutellum shorter and more rounded than in carolinensis. Osteole with tube shorter, its auricle smaller than in the two preceding species ( cariosa and my ops) . Geni- tal segment of male short, shallowly emarginate behind, the notch with a short median lobe. Lateral lobes of the female genital plate distinctly surpassing the oblong median lobe. Length 13-15 mm. ; width 7-9 mm. Cotj^pes : One male and one female. Type locality: Sanford, Florida (March 25th). Type deposited: Purdue University Museum, Indiana. Food plants : Unknown, but likely to be on oaks and pines. Distribution : Known only from Florida type locality. Comments Blatchley says that this species is closely related to B. punctata Van D. I have had the opportunity of examining the type speci- mens which were kindly loaned me from the Purdue University Museum’s collection and after careful study have found that the structural differences, other than color, between pallida and punc- tata are so slight that there is no very good reason to keep pallida as a valid species. The male genitalia are identical, and although there is a minor difference in the female genital plates of the two, the variation is within the limits that one can expect and within those shown by other species in this genus. In general the facies are quite similar, Blatchley ’s pallida being of course the paler form. I do not believe that the slight differences apparent in the shape of the apical portion of the head or the relative lengths of the antennal segments are characters of sufficiently great value to differentiate 203 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 these two forms into two distinct species. Therefore, pallida is being relegated to the status of a variety of the typical species punc- tata. It is probably a southern variation of the Georgia type. Brochymena dilata Ruckes, 1938 (Figs. 24-D, 33) Ruckes, Bull. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., v. xxxiii, p. 239, photo., 1938. Torre-Bueno, Entomologica Americana, v. xix, No. 3, p. 205, 1939. Torre-Bueno, Bull. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., v. xxxv, p. 63, 1940. Form broadly oval, somewhat depressed on top and slightly convex beneath ; dorsal surface at least not as convex as in allied species; color in general aspect somewhat cinereous, being a mixture of a dull testaceous background mixed with fuscous and blackish punctures, of various sizes, each of the smaller ones provided with a whitish bloom. Head more reddish than testaceous; diameter behind the eyes much less than just in front of them, disc widest just in front of eyes and then sides slightly converging to an evenly obtuse, arcuate apex in the female and a slightly more truncated one in the male ; diameter across subapical teeth about four times the distance between that line and apex of head ; juga as long as tylus with their tips not touching ; edges in front of eyes somewhat sinu-coneave, these edges and those of the juga finely and irregularly creno- serrulate, at least not smooth ; apical tooth not conspicuous and tending to be blunt, not acutely angled. Edge of the bucculae deeply sinuate and ending anteriorly in an acute prominent tooth that meets the blunt, rounded ventral extension of the gena in an inconspicuous angle. Basal three segments of an- tennae reddish, distal two much darker ; almost piceous ; seg- ments two to five subequal, at least none conspicuously longer or shorter than another. Median length of pronotum £*s long as that of head ; diameter across humeri about one-seventh greater than the median length ; disc around the calli somewhat tumid in two raised areas leaving a shallow median restilinear portion excavated; two lateral obscurely circular areas also excavated, these about equidistant from front and hind margins of pronotum but closer to lateral edge than median line ; some scattered large piceous pits on pronotal disc, these forming, however, no definite pattern; small punctures numerous and very evenly distributed reaching the very bases of the marginal teeth. Marginal teeth seven to nine in number, bluntly rounded, uniform in size, perceptibly flattened, never conical or terete, 204 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA sometimes with denticules at their bases ; teeth either concolor- ons with disc of pronotum or paler, never darker ; teeth tend to point backwards ; humeri subtriangular with irregular small serrations becoming obsolete posteriorly. Propleuron with an arcuate sulcus just below the pronotal margin; area around appreciably smooth and concolorous with remaining disc ; rest of propleuron and prosternum with scattered coarse fuscous or reddish-fuscous punctures. Elytra with numerous substellate points and blotches , these impunctate and pale and evenly dis- tributed over elytra. Scutellum with a few widely scattered large punctures, these concentrated at the basal angles to form two small corroded areas. Edges of the abdomen explanate and extend well beyond the costal margin of the elytra and in the female at least form an almost orbicular outline to the body ; lateral diameter across widest part of abdomen at least one-sixth greater than width across humeri ; exposed edge of abdomen not brightly colored and inconspicuously alternated. Venter testaceous to reddish-fuscous with many punctures of various sizes scattered irregularly ; sparsely clothed with an inconspicu- ous tomentum. Femora with maculations arranged in incom- plete longitudinal vittae which terminate in a distal irregular piceous area which is broken medially by a rectilinear pale blotch ; tibiae distinctly reddish to reddish-fuscous and without annuli or maculations of any kind ; tibiae more slender and more uniform in diameter than in related species ; the sulcate face slightly darker than posterior surface ; tarsi and claws fuscous. Male genital cup with lateral wings conspicuously protruding ventrally and medially, not laterally, into a pair of thickish, darker, rounded lobes, the dorsal surface of which is clothed with short soft hairs; exposed face (medial aspect) of dorsal ramus of claspers semicircular in outline and piceous in color, shining ; proctiger broad and deep fuscous with a paler reddish median stripe. Membrane with veins strikingly fuscous on an obscurely milky-hyaline background. Basal valves of female plates somewhat convex, at least more so than in allied species; the distal valves not reaching the edge of the eighth tergites ; median plate of valves broadly triangular with a con- cave posterior edge. Auricle of the metasternal canal elon- gated, tongue-shaped, narrowed at the base and several times as long as the external diameter of the orifice; the auricle has a partial spiral twist to it ; the evaporating area and the crateri- form of the base of the orifice are not conspicuously different in color from the surrounding area. 205 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 Holotype : Female, White House Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., Santa Cruz Co., Ariz., 7/21/37. Coll. H. Ruckes, deposited in American Museum of Natural History. 18.25 mm. long; 9.5 mm. across humeri ; 11.5 mm. across abdomen. Allotype: Male, same data, deposited in author’s collection. 17.5 mm. long; 9 mm. across humeri; 10.75 mm. across abdomen. Paratypes : One female in author’s collection. Type locality : Santa Rita Mts., Santa Cruz Co., Arizona. Type deposited : American Museum, N. Y. C. Food plants : Unknown. Distribution: Arizona; Hot Springs, New Mexico; Salt Lake City, Utah ; possibly northern Mexico. In the collection of the late William T. Davis there was a specimen of this species which was labeled “Chisos Mts,” presumably from Texas. It was wrongly identified as B. quadripustulata ; apparently the example was lost or given away without a record of its disposal. Comments This species, while apparently uncommon and somewhat spotty in its distribution, is easily recognized by its almost orbicular abdo- men, the inconspicuous antehumeral sinus, the fineness of its many punctures, its dark color and concolorous tibiae and, in the male, by the presence of large lobes developed ventrally and medially of the lateral corners of the genital cup. The heads of the claspers indicate relationship to punctata in that they are large block-shaped hooks on the crest of which is a pair of blunt crenulations with a weak saddle between them ; in dilata the meso-posteroir face of each clasper head is semicircular while in punctata it is distinctly squarish. One specimen in the collection of the National Museum, Wash- ington, D. C., has the fore tibiae not immaculate, as stated in the description, but provided with a vague, inconspicuous annulus near the knee. Brochymena myops Stal, 1872 Stal, Enum. Hemip., pt. 2, p. 16, 1872. Uhler, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geog. Sur., v. 1, p. 283, 1876. Uhler, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., v. xix, p. 373, 1878. Distant, Biol. Cent. Amer., Hemip. -Heter., v. i, p. 51, 1880. Bueno and Brimley, Ent. News, v. xviii, p. 441, 1907. Van Duzee, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., v. xxx, p. 29, 1904. Van Duzee, Canad. Ent., v. xliv, p. 318, 1912. 206 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Van Duzee, Cat. Hemip. N. A., Univ. Calif. Pub. v. 2, p. 30, 1917. Blatchley, Heterop. Eastern N. A., p. 100, 1926. Brimley, The Insects of North Carolina, p. 61, 1938. Torre-Bueno, Entomologica Americana, v. xix, No. 3, p. 203, 1939. f quadripustulata Herrich-Schaeffer, Wanz. Ins., v. vii, p. 57, fig. 729, 1884. 4-notata Provancher, Nat. Can., v. iv, p. 74, 1872. Uhler, Check List, p. 8, 1886. Thorace marginibus lateralibus anticis pone sinum integris vel inermibus, ante sinum rotundatis, callosis, laeviusculus et obtuse dentatis; scutello ad angulos basales laeviusculo, hac parte laevi intus serie subobliqua punctorum acervatorum, extus impressione marginali longitudinali continua fortiter nigro- punctata terminata; margine costali basin versus laevigato. Translation Lateral anterior thoracic margin entire and unarmed, in front of the sinus (humeral) rounded, calloused, somewhat smooth and obtusely dentate; scutellum at basal angles some- what smooth which smooth part is traversed by a series of sub- oblique rough punctures or pits which become more strongly nigro-punctate towards the longitudinally impressed margin; base of costal margin levigate. Redescription of the Type Large species, form very broadly oval, robust; general color dull brownish yellow with varying sizes of dark fuscous punc- tures and pits; head with a continuous longitudinal smooth stripe (apparently variable) continuous with a median one on the front half of the pronotal disc; subapical teeth of juga broad and blunt, apex of head short and triangular, juga con- verging slightly over the tip of the tylus, but not contiguous with each other ; pronotum strikingly marked with an elliptical smooth pale area at the posterior inner angle of each callus ; call! mediumly raised and irregularly punctate ; humeri thick, obtusely angled and edentate ; sinus not very deep and margin in front of it thick, smooth, light yellow with four to six blunt, stubby, pale yellow teeth ; punctures of pronotal disc variable, pit-like ones just posterior to the two large smooth areas ; basal 207 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 third of scntellum not much raised and continued as a very broad flattish ridge to the distal third ; a broad band of black, transversely elliptical pits cutting obliquely across the basal corners of scntellum, each lateral third of scutellar base smooth and dull yellow with scattered deep fuscous punctures of vari- ous sizes ; edge of the posterior third of scutellum deep fuscous ; an irregular band of congested shallow punctures appears each side of the median raised line ; punctures of elytra of rather uniform size and even distribution; punctures slightly more dense in vicinity of high discal point ; membrane clear hyaline, suffused with dusky; arborescent markings dark brown; edge of connexivum dull yellow, remaining portion not conspicu- ously alternated; under surface of the head and juga pale; antennal segments two and three rufous (in type but not neces- sarily so in other examples), segments one, four, and five deep fuscous ; segment two subequal to segment three or but slightly shorter; edge of buccula hardly sinuate, ending in a blunt, rounded, pale tooth ; pro-, meso-, and metasterna evenly colored and more or less evenly punctured ; a darker smooth blotch between the pro- and mesocoxae ; propleuron with a prominent smooth, dark fuscous crescentic area just below the margin of the pronotum ; metasternal evaporating area slightly impressed in the surrounding disc, dull brownish orange in color ; auricle slightly darker than evaporating area, short and blunt ; femora distinctly red immaculate except for dark, almost black incom- plete annulus at apices ; tibiae strikingly annulated with fuscous and pale yellow, the pale annulus with a dark patch on its anterior face; tarsi uniformly deep fuscous; abdomen essen- tially impunctate and graduating from pale rufous medially to dark fuscous laterally ; male genital cup like that in carolin- ensis but with more prominent auricular edges on the para- meres ; proctiger without a median keel, uniformly dark. Type : Male ; 19 mm. long ; 11.5 mm. wide. Paratypes : Not stated. Type locality : Stal described the species as coming from New Orleans, La., the type specimen however bears a label reading “Mexico.” Type deposited : Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden. Food plants: Never definitely stated; probably various species of pines in its habitat. Provancher collected his B. 4-notata from sweet gum ( Liquidambar styraciflua Linn.). 208 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Comments This is the largest and most colorful species of them all. In fresh specimens the bright yellow (almost orange) coloring stands out in sharp contrast with the drab brown-gray background. It is, need- less to say, the species most easily identified. The relationship to carolinensis is evident due to the similarity of the structure of the claspers and male genital cup. Individuals appear to occur common locally, being taken in con- siderable numbers when and where it appears. However its distri- bution is rather spotty. Numerous records are listed from various stations in North Carolina, but in Texas, Louisiana, Georgia, Ala- bama, and South Carolina individuals have been taken at only iso- lated places. The record from New Mexico is questionable; the record was established years ago by Uhler when species of the genus were not too well known and could easily have been misidentified at that time. The record is accepted with reservations, the author being of the conviction that the New Mexican specimen could have been, in reality, an over-sized example of B. hoppingi Van D., in fact such an erroneous identification was made by him in 1937. Brochymena carolinensis (Westwood), 1837 (Figs. 6, 30, 34, 37) Westwood, Hope Cat., v. i, p. 22, 1837. (Halys.) Dallas, List of Hemip., v. 1, p. 189, 1851. Stal, Enum. Hemip., pt. 2, p. 17, 1872. Distant, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 823, 1900. Van Duzee, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., v. xxx, p. 29, 1904. Kirkaldy, Cat. Hemip., v. i, p. 191, 1909. Van Duzee, Cat. Hemip. N. A., Univ. Calif. Pub., v. 2, p. 31, 1917. Blatchley, Hemip. Eastern N. A., p. 102, 1926. Leonard, A List of the Insects of New York, p. 78, 1926. Brimley, The Insects of North Carolina, p. 61, 1938. Torre-Bueno, Entomologica Americana, v. xix, No. 3, p. 203, 1939. Ruckes, Bull. Bldyn. Ent, Soc., v. xxxvi, p. 27, 1941. || annulatus Fabrieius, Syst. Ent., p. 704, 1775. ( Cimex ). Goeze, Ent. Beytr., v. ii, p. 238, 1778. (Cimex.) Fabrieius, Spec. Ins., v. ii, p. 347, 1781. (Cimex). Fabrieius, Mantissa Ins., v. ii, p. 285, 1787. (Cimex). Gmelin, in Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. Edn. 13, v. i, pt. 4, p. 2139, 1788. (Cimex.) Fabrieius, Ent. Syst., v. iv, p. 100, 1794. (Cimex.) 209 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng., p. 182, 1803. ( Halys .) Herrich-Schaeffer, Wanz. Ins., v. yii, p. 57, fig. 728, 1844. {Halys.) Stal, Ennm. Hemip., v. ii, p. 16, 1872. Van Duzee, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., v. xxx, p. 30, 1904. Bueno and Brimley, Ent. News, v. xviii, p. 442, 1907. Van Duzee, Can. Ent., v. xli, p. 369, 1909. \serrata Wolff, Icon. Cimic., v. y, p. 184, fig. 178, 1811. {Halys.) harrisii Uhler, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., v. xiv, p. 95, 1871 ; v. xix, p. 373, 1878. Fnsca, nigro-punctatissima, capite antice, integro, thoracis lateribns spinuloso-serratis angnlis posticis parum prominulis; hemelytris punctis dnobus nigricantibns, membrana apicali albida nervis 4 longitudinalibus, pulcherrime ramulosis, plaga interna nigricanti, femoribus fascia ante apicem tibiisque fascia media pallida. Long. corp. lin. 8. Translation Fuscous, very finely punctate, apex of head entire, lateral margin of thorax sharply-serrate, posterior angle weakly pro- duced; hemelytra punctured with two blackish points, apical membrane white with four longitudinal nerves, beautifully ramifying, and an inner spot darker, a subapical band on the femora and a median band on the tibiae pale. Length of body, 8 lines. Redescription of Specimen Compared with Type Form broadly oval; cinereous-brown, in fresh specimens provided with a whitish bloom causing individuals to appear beautifully mottled ; worn specimens become almost concolorous fuscous. Head widest before the eyes, its sides weakly concave and converging anteriorly ; subapical teeth prominent and their sinuses rectangular, their tips rectangular to acute; head in front of subapical teeth triangular ; juga somewhat longer than the slightly deflexed tylus leaving a preapical sinus about as deep as the width of the tip of one jugum ; disc of head not very undulant and with dark punctures more or less parallel between thin, sinuate, laevigate longitudinal paler stripes; eyes promi- nent ; disc of pronotum somewhat undulant with a very deeply impressed area adjacent to each antehumeral sinus; area of the 210 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA calli raised and irregularly pitted between smooth patches; median quarter of disc more finely punctate than rest ; dentate margins distinctly convexly arcuate and provided with numer- ous strong peg-like teeth, between which are minute denticles; humeri strong and ending in an acute tip somewhat produced ; frontal edge of each humerus with retrorse serrations above which is a prominent thick crest; narrow posterior border of pronotum and a similar border across base of scutellum, declivent, producing a shallow but easily recognized sulcus transversely between the two; surface of scutellum irregular, somewhat convexly faceted; an elongate cluster of large, deep piceous pits at and behind the basal angles; a few large scat- tered punctures irregularly distributed between finer ones of disc ; no median carina present but the center of the scutellum is convexly, but weakly raised ; apical edge bordered with a darker crescent; elytra with uniform and evenly distributed small punctures, only the basal area of the costal margin smooth ; discal point pale and prominent ; elytral membrane slightly milky to hyaline with beautiful, rich arborescent and vermiculate markings, the basal two-thirds of which are rufous to f errugineous while the distal ones are deep fuscous ; the sub- marginal brown border is very narrow and close to the edge of the membrane; lateral two-thirds of the connexivum raised above the level of the abdominal disc, producing the effect of the elytra being impressed into the dorsum (Fig. 37) ; connexi- vum not as strikingly alternated as in many other species ; each segment with three color bands, two dark fuscous ones between which is a lighter one, each subequal in width; apical edge of terminal female segment very weakly sinuate transversely; under side of head longitudinally lineated dark fuscous and light fuscous; buecular edge sinuate towards its acute apical tooth, which has a concave frontal edge ; frontal edge of jugum truncated and meeting the base of the apical tooth at a right angle; antennal segments one, two, and basal two-thirds of three, dull reddish brown, apical third of segment three and segments four and five almost piceous, except for a narrow annulus at the base of segment four, which is yellowish ; this annulus is present in the type specimen, in the specimen com- pared with the type and several others in my collection; it appears to be a very variable character and can be discounted ; segment three at least half again as long as segment two; median half of pro-, meso- and metasterna pale, except for a 211 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 darker patch between the pro- and mesocoxae • propleuron some- what swollen with a deep crescentic sulcus parallel to the under- side of the pronotal margin just below the marginal teeth ; lateral half of each pleural segment becoming gradually darker, the metapleuron being the darkest; metasternal evaporating area paler and slightly impressed in its plate, orifice oblique, auricle darker, spatulate and without a spiral twist ; abdominal venter dull reddish or yellowish brown medianly, darker later- ally; punctures extremely fine and provided with short serice- ous vestiture ; while the lateral piceous lines are not as distinct as in many allied species, there is a central pale marginal blotch about half the width of the edge of each segment ; female genital plates essentially concolorous, basal valve only convex, not tumid. In the male the genital cup is transversely elliptical with the opening, as seen from the posterior, somewhat lunate in out- line ; the lower lip is somewhat up-turned or deflexed with a weak impression medianly and its edge is centrally excavated to form a pronounced U-shaped cut ; the dorsal border is com- plexly sinuate with a pair of strong triangular teeth towards the lateral tips, each such tooth overlying the head of a clasper ; clasper heads slipper-shaped, lying transversely across the cup, dark fuscous to almost piceous in color ; proctiger likewise dark with weakly concave sides and a moderate carina present, the highest point of which is pale yellow; genital cup deep with plenty of space left between its contents and walls. Type : Female ; 18 mm. long ; 10 mm. wide. Allotype : Not specified. Paratypes : Not specified. Type locality: “ North Carolina.” Food plants: Slash pine ( Pinns caribea Morelet), long-leaf pine ( Pinus palustris Mill.), various oaks ( Quercus spp.), and probably others. Distribution : Eastern seaboard from New England to Florida, westward across Gulf States to Texas ; northerly not west of the Appalachian Mountains. Comments The only species, together with marginella , that the writer knows in which the elytra appear to be impressed in the dorsal wall between the up-raised borders (connexivum) of the abdomen. 212 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Of very common occurrence but interestingly restricted to the eastern states in its northern range. In freshly matured specimens the numerous piceous punctures are filled with a whitish bloom, giving an ashy color to the bug ; this bloom rubs off quite easily so that in older or frequently handled examples the individuals tend to become concolorous and somewhat glabrous. The mottled appear- ance of new adults causes them to be rather inconspicuous against the rough grayish bark of pines. The feeding activities of this species have been described by the present author in 1941 (q.v.). The food plants are predominately pine, but specimens have been taken from several other sources, particularly oak. The individuals of carolinensis apparently do not vary as much in size as do many other species, such as arborea, quadripustulata, sulcata, and affinis, nor is there as extreme a variation in color as sometimes appears in forms like cariosa. Brochymena marginella Stal, 1872 (Fig. 31) Stal, Enum. Hemip., v. ii, p. 16, 1872 (as a variety of B. annu- lata (Fabr.) =B. carolinensis (West.)). Van Duzee, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., v. xxx, p. 31, 1904. Van Duzee, Cat. Hemip. N. A., Univ. Calif. Pub., v. ii, p. 32, 1917. Blatchley, Heter. Eastern N. A., p. 103, 1926. Torre-Bueno, Entomologica Americana, v. xix, p. 204, 1939. Specimina plura e Texas divergunt ab exemplis Carolinis magnitudine saepius majore, rostro paullo breviore, medium segmenti ventralis tertii tantum attingente, ruga scutelli dis- tinctiore, margine abdominis toto anguste pallido, nec tantum in medio segmentorum macula angusta pallida notato, margi- nesque costali basin versus minus dense punctato, laeviusculo ; an species distincta? B. marginella Stal. Translation Several specimens from Texas differ from the Carolina ex- amples in size, being often larger, in having the rostrum some- what shorter, just about reaching the middle of the third ven- trial segment, the ruga of the scutellum more distinct, the abdominal margin totally but narrowly pale, and the pale spot on each segment less raised and less evident and the costal margin somewhat smooth and less densely punctate towards the base ; a distinct species? B. marginella Stal. 213 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 Redescription from the Type Specimens Form very large (almost as big as B. my ops), broadly oval, dorsal surface somewhat depressed and faceted as in B. caro- linensis; general appearance concolorous dull orange brown; head widest just in front of eyes but hardty tapering or con- verging anteriorly ; subapical teeth blunt, smaller than in caro- linensis and their sinuses much more obtuse • head in front of subapical teeth rather short and truncated across the apex; juga and tylus subequal, the juga raised slightly above the tylus and surrounding disc ; punctures of head rather uniform in size and irregularly arranged so that there appears to be a line smooth reticulum of dull orange brown running over the head between the punctures; surface of pronotum not distinctly undulant ; calli somewhat raised but not tumid by any means ; punctures more or less uniform except for a band of deeper ones just behind each callus ; antehumeral sinus almost obsolete, certainly not as deep as in carolinensis, much more like the con- dition in dilata ; anterior margin of humerus with four or five retrorse indistinct serrations ; crest over top of humerus want- ing; marginal teeth flattish, paler than pronotal margin, blunt and tending to be retrorse ; basal third of scutellum not appre- ciably raised, somewhat flat-topped and continued posteriorly as an obsolescent broad ridge; a cluster of large piceous coa- lesced pits impressed at the basal angles and the declivent lat- eral faces of the raised portion; otherwise the punctures are evenly distributed ; apex narrowly rounded ; elytra evenly cov- ered with light fuscous punctures that become somewhat indis- tinct apically; membrane clear hyaline, the basal arborescent markings rich orange brown, the distal vermiculate ones darker fuscous ; marginal band narrow and close to edge of membrane ; exposed portion of connexivum raised above the disc of the abdomen, as in carolinensis, so that it is higher than the costal margin of the elytra which then appear to be impressed into the dorsum ; inconspicuously alternated ; the entire edge of each segment and the incisures between them a pale dull yellow al- most ivory; under surface of the head orange brown to light fuscous; buccular edges weakly sinuate, ending in a strong rectilinear tooth, this with its frontal edge vertical and straight ; frontal edge of jugum like that in carolinensis ; second rostral segment relatively short, barely reaching the middle of the mesosternum; antennal segments distinctly reddish, segment 214 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA three about half again as long as segment two ; the usual dark patch between the pro- and mesocoxae present ; thoracic sterna and pleura eoncolorous orange brown, slightly darker laterally ; a fuscous crescent and distinct groove beneath marginal teeth of propleuron ; metasternal evaporating area pale and impressed in its surrounding plate ; osteolar canal narrowly spatulate ; femora reddish brown and indistinctly mottled with dark ; sub- apical paler annulus indistinct; tibiae with pale annuli vague and black patches on their frontal surfaces obsolescent; basal segment of tarsi reddish ; others deep fuscous ; ventral abdomi- nal segments punctured more densely laterally than medianly ; ground color of venter dull orange brown; genitalia in both sexes similar to those in carolinensis, but proportionately larger ; proctiger in male with a more distinct keel and sides slightly more concave ; high point of keel pale yellow. Holotype : Male ; length 18.5 mm. ; width 10 mm. Allotype : Female ; length 20 mm. ; width 11 mm. Paratypes : Not specified. Type locality : ‘ ‘ Texas. ’ ’ Harris County. Type deposited : Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden. Distribution : Texas. Also recorded from Florida (Osborn Coll.) . Food plants : Probably the same as those used by B. carolinensis. Comments The only specimens that the writer has seen are the two types and one of doubtful status in the collection of the U. S. National Museum. A specimen of this species is said to be in the Osborn collection but this I have not seen. The locality of this example is stated as Florida, but no definite station is given. The type specimens have proportions that resemble myops, being stout and big, but the structural characters are more nearly those of carolinensis. There is no doubt that all three of these species are closely related ; the parameres alone are evidence of that fact. Brocliymena tenebrosa Walker, 1867 (Figs. 24-E, 38) Walker, Cat, Heter., pt. i, p. 231, 1867. Distant, Biol. Cent, Amer., Heter., v. i, p. 52, pi. 6, fig. 5, 1880. Kirkalcly, Cat. Hemipt., v. i, p. 192, 1909. Torre-Bueno, Entomologica Americana, v. xix, No. 3, p. 204, 1939. Ruckes, Bull. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., v. xli, p. 41, 1946. 215 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 f obscura, Distant, Biol. Cent. Amer., Hemip.-Heter., v. i, p. 52, 1880. usingeri , Ruckes, Bull. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., v. xxxiv, p. 114, fig. 2, 1939. Pallicle flava, elliptica, asper punctata, nigro-conspersa ; caput breviusculum lateribus anticis angulatis, lobis lateralibus lobum medium paullo superantibus; rostrum apice nigrum, coxas posticas paullo superans ; antennae nigrae, corpis dimidio non longiores ; thorax lateribus serratis, angulis positis obtusis ; venter rufescens, sulcatus lituris lateralibus nigris ; pedes nigri, robusti; femoribus testaceis nigro conspersis, tibiis testaceo f asciatis ; membrana lituris ramosis f asciaque submarginali nigricantibus. In addition to the above Latin description Walker gives the fol- lowing more elaborate English version. Hence there is no need of translating the above. Pale yellow, elliptical, roughly punctured, punctures black, here and there clustered with intervening smoother spaces. Head much shorter than the thorax with an angle on each side in front, lateral lobes extending a little beyond the middle lobe. Eyes prominent. Rostrum black towards its tip, extending a little beyond the hind coxae. Antennae black, about half the length of the body; first joint not extending to the front of head; joints two to five successively slightly increasing in length. Thorax with a very slight transverse impression ; sides serrated, hind angles obtuse, not prominent. Scutellum slightly attenuated with a slight keel which is forked towards the fore border. Abdomen with black lateral spots ; underside reddish, almost smooth, with black marks on each side and with a furrow which extends to the hind border of the fourth segment. Legs black, stout; femora testaceous, black speckled; tibiae with a testaceous band. Fore wings more finely punctured than the thorax; membrane cinereous with some blackish ramose marks and with an excavated submaringal band. Length of body 8 lines. Recles crib eel Form narrowly oval, somewhat depressed; venter not ap- preciably convex ; color, median fuscous with a tinge of reddish, shiny; diameter of head in front of eyes slightly wider than 216 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA distance from that line to apex of head ; sides very slightly con- verging ; juga longer than the tylus and exceeding it by about a length equal to the width of one jugum at that point; inner margins of juga lobes parallel so that a conspicuous rectangular sinus appears between them ; subapical teeth broadly triangu- lar ; distal half of tylus, apical lobes of juga and a third of the subapical teeth, impunctate and pale ; punctations of the head irregular with a tendency to coalesce; pronotum with ante- humeral sinus weak and inconspicuous, so that front edge of humerus and margin of pronotum are nearly a continuous line ; front half of pronotal disc with irregular punctures, many coalescing into corroded areas about the calli ; front half of disc provided with obliquely elongated, smooth, irregular island- like, raised, pale areas ; posterior half of disc with regular and rather uniform circular nigro-fuscous punctures of medium size; crest of each humerus with a prominent oblique smooth pale band ; just inside of this an oblique rugose band of broad black punctures cuts across the shoulder ; marginal pronotal teeth concolorous with the pale markings of head and pronotum ; teeth four to seven in number with smaller ones interpolated between them ; humeri with one or two minute crenulations at the most, otherwise edentate; a striking character lies in the flat-topped nature of the raised basal portion of the scutellum, the whole surface appearing truncated as in B. affinis. This region is suffused with reddish ; the posterior faces of this raised portion become cleclivent and a broad median elevation, broader than a carina, extends to the apical third of the shield; the frenum ends posterior to the middle of the scutellar edge so that the apical tongue appears to be proportionately short; punctures on the basal raised portion large, deep and irregular, tending to coalesce at the lateral thirds, there forming a broad, oblique corroded band just inside the basal corners; the basal angles furnished with one or two large, deep piceous pits ; mid- dle portion of scutellum with rather uniform nigro-fuscous shallow punctures of medium size ; punctures at the apical fifth suddenly become much smaller and more condensed; elytral punctures small, shallow and regular, interspersed with numer- ous small irregular smooth points ; membrane hyaline somewhat infused with deep orange brown, the veins and vermiculate markings darker reddish fuscous not outlined by a pale border of membrane ; exposed edge of connexivum alternated with dull yellow and dark brown, punctures small and scattered ; incisures 217 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 between the segments raised and pale; posterior angles of ab- dominal segments inconspicuous and distinctly obtuse ; edge of the buccula sinuate and ending in a prominent stout acute tooth which tends to be concave on its front edge ; basal antennal seg- ment tends to be paler than remaining four which are nigro- fuscous; segment two somewhat shorter than segment three; segments three, four and five subequal ; fore tibiae stoutish and gradually dilating toward the apex; femora with fuscous macu- lations tending to coalesce into longitudinal vittae ; a longitudi- nal pale stripe on front and back surfaces of the femora ; a subapical incomplete pale annulus present, this most noticeable on the fore femora ; tibiae annulated as in allied species ; second joint of each tarsus pale above, other parts fuscous ; metasternal evaporating area conspicuously pale with a contrasting dark auricle which tends to be acute and is well raised above the sur- rounding disc ; ventral abdominal color dull orange brown with a few widely scattered inconspicuous punctures, these most abundant laterally where they become darker and form horse- shoe-shaped designs near the edge of each segment ; lateral bor- ders of the first two or three ventral adbominal segments weakly transversely rugose or milled, the milling becoming evanescent on posterior segments ; rostral groove long, broad and shallow, the beak reaching at least the middle of the second visible seg- ment; inner apical corners of basal valves of female genital plates reddish brown, together forming a dark narrow trianglle in the middle of the genitalia ; narrow mesal border of each basal plate slightly impressed, certainly not raised or reflexed ; male genital cup similar to that of B. carolinensis ; the upper surface of each clasper broadly oval in outline, the under sur- face provided with a high carina and lateral spur. Size — Male: 16.75 mm. long; 8.5 mm. across humeri. Female: 17.5 mm. long ; 9.5 mm. across humeri. Type : Male ; length 8 lines. Allotype and paratypes : Not specified ; apparently only one specimen used for description. Type locality : Oajaca, Mexico. Type deposited : British Museum, London. Food plants : Unknown. Distribution : Guerrero, Temescaltepec, Southern Mexico ; many specimens in American collections identified as this species are probably B. parva Ruck. (q.v.). 218 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Comments Considerable confusion has existed as to the identity of this species. Unfortunately Distant in 1880 placed the species, known up until that time as B. obscura* (H.-S.), in synonymy with B. tene- brosa. Authorities subsequently accepted Distant’s decision as valid and thereafter identified specimens that conformed to the facies of B. obscura as B. tenebrosa. In a recent paper the author has pointed out the incorrectness of this synonymy on two grounds, first that B. obscura is an untenable name since it is a homonym and secondly that B. obscura , even if it were a valid name, could not be B. tenebrosa since the two species are not at all comparable. The name B. parva Ruck, (q.v.) has been assigned to that species that previously had been called B. obscura and B. tenebrosa set off as a very distinct and individual species. Through the fine cooperation of Mr. W. E. China of the British Museum it has been possible to come to the above conclusions. Ap- parently Walker, in describing the real B. tenebrosa had before him only one male specimen about the size of B. carolinensis (West.). No female specimens are mentioned and there are no cotypes, para- types or duplicate specimens in the collections of the British Mu- seum, where Walker’s type specimen is deposited. Whether or not the type specimen was even used for comparison with specimens of American species is not known at this time. Probably it never had been, otherwise Distant and other authorities would certainly never have fallen into the error of considering such very different species as B. obscura and B. tenebrosa as the same thing. In 1938 Dr. R. L. Usinger sent me, for identification purposes, seven specimens (two males and five females) of a species of Bro- chymena collected in 1933 near Tejupilco in Temescaltepec, South- western Mexico. These were all one species and so distinct from any others known by me at that time that they were described ( 1939 ) as B. using eri. As a result of comparison with specimens in the British Museum, my species usingeri turns out to be the real tene- brosa or at the most a minor variety of it. Mr. China states that these two differ only in the size of the flange on the lateral surface of the clasper ( tenebrosa having the larger) and the number of excavated piceous areas at the basal angles of the scutellum, usingeri possessing only one large pit there while Walker’s type specimen has two. I believe that these are not sufficiently critical characters to warrant the retention of two different specific names. In all other important respects, e.g., the facies of the male genital cup, 219 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 the nature of the scutellum, the milling of the lateral borders of the first two ventral abdominal segments, the total size, etc., the speci- mens called usingeri coincide with Walker’s type of tenebrosa. Therefore usingeri is now being placed in synonymy. For purposes of correcting errors of identification in pentatomid collections in this country the present author suggests that speci- mens labeled B. tenebrosa Walk, be reexamined and renamed if necessary. The following critical facts should be kept in mind. The real B. tenebrosa apparently comes from southern and south- western Mexico and possibly northern Central American countries ; no authentic specimens have ever been collected north of Mexico City. If specimens are less than 15 mm. long they are probably not B. tenebrosa as this species is as big or bigger than the well known B. carolinensis. The pronotal marginal teeth of B. tenebrosa are more than three in number, and are not sharp wide-spaced needle- like denticles; the lateral pronotal and propleural areas of this species are not tumidly swollen. In B. tenebrosa the basal third of the scutellum is flat-topped or truncated and the tip of the head is likewise truncated across its apex, there being a distinct rectilinear preapical sinus between the juga. For purposes of the above redescription of B. tenebrosa, the critical characters of its synonymous B. usingeri were used. Brochymena humeralis Ruckes, 1939 (Figs. 35, 39) Ruckes, Bull. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., v. xxxiv; p. 116, fig. 3, 1939. Form broadly oval ; color grayish yellow brown, shiny ; not appreciably depressed and the dorsal surface faceted ; the head as long before the eyes as wide just in front of them; sides of head converging to a subacute apex ; subapieal teeth not large, acute ; the sinus acute ; edges of the juga bend inwardly away from the margin of the head behind the subapieal teeth; juga do not, or only slightly, extend beyond the tylus, their tips acute ; apex of head narrowly triangular and subtruncate ; the most striking character appears in the protruding prominent humeri ; the lateral margin of the pronotum has a well defined and deep antehumeral sinus, the front edge of each humerus meeting the long axis of the pronotum almost at right angles ; the apex of the humerus is acute and slightly produced ; a short, rugose band of black pits cuts obliquely across the base of each humerus, marginal teeth of pronotum four to six in number, small and irregular with small ones interpolated ; front margin of humerus with three retrorse serrations, the apex acute and 220 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA smooth ; punctures of pronotum mixed in size ; a pair of irregu- lar, longitudinal, short bands of deep, large black pits extend across the highest points of the posterior half of the pronotal disc ; basal portion of scutellum raised and quite convex but not tumid ; punctures and pits of various sizes and mixed through- out ; there is a band of deep corroded' pits obliquely across each basal corner and some obsolescent dark, pitted vittae across the median third; the elevated portion continues posteriorly as a broad, short convex ridge, thicker than a carina ; posterior half to two-thirds undulating; the frenum ends posterior to the middle of scutellar edge and the apical tongue is rather short ; elytral punctures large and fewer basally becoming gradually finer and coalescing apically ; numerous substellate white points and reticulations scattered over the surface; a discal point prominent ; membrane hyaline with a fulvous tinge ; veins and vermiculate markings bright reddish brown and without pale membranous borders; connexivum alternated dull yellow and brown; some fulvous punctures in the yellow band; incisures raised and pale; posterior abdominal angles protruding and rectangular ; edge of buccula shallowly sinuate and ending in a stout acute tooth, tending to have a concave front edge ; first and second antennal segments dull reddish brown, remaining ones darker brown becoming fuscous ; segments two and three essentially subequal ; segment four the longest ; maculations of legs reddish brown to fulvous rather than fuscous ; color design similar to allied species; fore tibiae stoutish slightly dilated apically giving a subclavate outline ; metasternal evaporating area pale, orifice opens laterally ; the crateriform base well ele- vated and auricle relatively short and dark and well raised above surrounding disc; ventral abdominal segments dull yel- low with a scattering of rufous to fuscous punctures; pubes- cence sparse and silky pale ; horse-shoe-shaped lateral designs on each abdominal segment obsolescent or inconspicuous; ros- tral groove long and shallow; beak reaching at least the front margin of the third visible segment; inner narrow margins of basal valves of the female genital plates very narrowly upturned or reflexed , so that, when valves are tightly closed, there appears to be a thin median carina between them. Size : Female ; 18 mm. long ; 10 mm. across the humeri. Described from five specimens, all female, collected by R. L. Usinger and H. E. Hinton at Bejucos and Tejupilco, Temascaltepec, Mexico, June 29th to July 5th, 1933. 221 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 Type: Female, Bejucos, Temascallepec, Mexico, July 2nd, 1933. Allotype : None is known. Paratypes : Four females, Tejupilco, Temascaltepee, Mexico, June 29th and July 5th, 1933 ; two deposited in Museum, California Academy of Sciences, and two retained by the author. Type locality : Bejucos, Temascaltepee, Mexico. Type deposited: Museum, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California. Food plants : Unknown. Distribution : Known only from the type localities. Comments The species is somewhat like B. quadripustuiata with its promi- nent rectangular posterior abdominal angles; like B. carolinensis with its faceted dorsal surface and prominent humeri which in B. humeralis are still larger producing the effect of a pair of epaulets covering the shoulders ; like B. cariosa with its acute juga and com- pound carina-like ridge between the basal valves of the female genital plates. To which one of the above species humeralis is most closely related is impossible to say without the existence of male examples. Brochymena affinis Van Duzee, 1904 (Figs. 7, 36, 40) Van Duzee, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., v. xxx, p. 29, 1904. Van Duzee, Cat. Hemip. N. A., p. 31, 1917. Parshley, University of Michigan, Occ. Papers, No. 71, p. 7, 1919. Torre-Bueno, Entomologica Americana, v. xix, No. 3, p. 206, 1939. Very closely allied to 4-pustulata (Fabr.) ; differing princi- pally from that species in having the genital segment of the male very short and broad, extending on either side beyond the sixth ventral segment and beyond the projecting apex of the membrane, and heavily fringed with long pale hairs either side of the median sinus. Two basal joints of the antennae rufous, the remaining joints black with rufous incisures, second joint nearly or quite as long as the third, fifth a little shorter than the preceding. Head about as in 4-pustidata but with the tylus scarcely shorter than the cheeks. Sides of the pronotum dis- tinctly rounded and strongly toothed before the sinus. Scutel- lum perhaps a little broader and more rounded at tip than in 4-pustidata. Rostrum reaching to the middle of the third ven- 222 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA tral segment, pale with a black tip and median line within. Other characters substantially as in 4-pustulata. The general color, however, seems to average somewhat lighter. Length : 13-16 mm., width across the humeri 7-8 mm. Redescription Form broadly oval, subdepressed, dorsal surface faceted; color dark cinereous to dark fuscous. Head about as wide be- fore the eyes as long from there to apex; dorsal surface some- what undulant; margins before the eyes concave and weakly converging anteriorly ; subapical teeth prominent, rectilinear to acute and their sinuses deep and rectilinear to obtuse ; juga slightly longer than the tylus, narrowly overlapping the latter and leaving a small rectangular preapical sinus ; apex of head narrowly arcuate; pronotum very undulant, area of the calli well raised and irregular surfaced; laterally a pale, calloused arcuate bar runs parallel to the dentate edge of the pronotum ; a deep circular impressed area in the disc at the base of each humerus ; a pair of corroded clusters of deep dark pits behind each callus ; posterior portion of pronotal disc with smaller and more regular punctures; humeri not exceptionally produced and the humeral angle is rectilinear, frontal edge weakly ser- rate; dentate margin strongly arcuate and its teeth large and usually blunt, almost crenulate ; basal third of scutellum raised, its sides declivitous and its dorsal surface flat or truncated, sometimes weakly concave ; continued posteriorly as an obsoles- cent broad ridge ; scutellum strongly pitted on base and at basal angles, the punctures becoming smaller and more shallow api- eally ; elytral punctures small, uniform and evenly distributed ; connexivum alternated as in allied species, with two piceous and one reddish band on each segment, the latter tending to become paler at the margin and provided with a few scattered piceous punctures ; vermiculate markings of membrane slightly darker than arborescent ones ; marginal fuscous border promi- nent ; underside of head obscurely mottled with more dark than pale ; buccular edge sinuate apically and ending in an acute tooth the frontal edge of which is somewhat sigmoid ; basal two antennal segments rufous, other piceous ; segments two and three subequal, three perhaps slightly longer; sternal and pleural area about equally punctured with fuscous, i.e., no striking division of color between the two areas; a crescentic groove beneath the marginal teeth prominent, but its adjacent 223 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 nearly impunctate area usually fuscous rather than darker as in many other species ; femora heavily speckled with black, the spots arranged in obscure longitudinal vittae which become congested apically ; an incomplete subapical pale annulus pres- ent ; pale annulus of fore tibia with only a few small black spots in its middle on the frontal surface instead of a square patch there ; all tarsi concolorous piceous or nearly so ; metasternal evaporating area contrastingly pale, ostiole opening laterally and its auricle long and ending acutely * venter testaceous with numerous scattered piceous punctures which coalesce laterally to form dark lunes on each segment, frequently each lune is incomplete, being broken at its middle ; median furrow shallow but evident; lateral border of each abdominal segment trans- versely rugose so that entire ventral abdominal margin appears to be milled; basal valves of female genital plates with baso- lateral corners acutely produced ; a darker triangular patch of color between the two basal plates apically; male genital cup with lateral tips produced into blunt finger-like processes, vesti- ture strong and heavy. Cotypes : Two male and six female specimens. Type localities : Palo Alto, California ; Moscow, Idaho ; Olympia, Washington. Types deposited: Van Duzee Collection, Museum, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, Food plants : Unknown ; probably species of pines throughout the range. Distribution : Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Colorado. Comments 9 This and the next species ( lioppingi , q.v.) are very close rela- tives as is evident from a study of their general appearance, diag- nostic characteristics and comparison of their genitalia. Although in the original description Van Duzee compares this species with quadripustulata it is very apparent that there is no direct phylogenetic relationship between the two. The probable reason for Van.Duzee making the comparison lies in the fact that in 1904 when he described affinis as new there were only eight other species in the genus recognized, of which quadripustulata was the best known and the one which at that time most resembled the pro- posed affinis. Further study of both affinis and lioppingi will prob- 224 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA ably show that there is closer relationship between these two and carolinensis than between them and any other species. Males of both affinis and hopping i are readily distinguishable from all others by the presence of blunt finger-like extensions of the lateral tips of the genital segments. In the females the differenti- ating characters are a bit more subtle and difficult to distinguish. One must rely on such distinctions as are to be found in the basal valves of the genital plates, the crenulation of the pronotal margin, and the flat-topped, almost truncated appearance of the basal third of the scutellum. In the matter of the basal valvular plates, there is an evident acute lateral angle on each plate that differentiates these species from others wherein the homologous angle is usually less acute or may appear merely as a rounded obtuse corner. Furthermore a line drawn between the two lateral angles and across the posterior marginal edges of the combined basal plates forms a pronounced arc, whereas in most other species the arc is more shallow and in some cases, like dilata, becomes a straight line. The pronotal marginal dentations are more nearly crenulations than they are pointed teeth and, with the exception of tenebrosct, affinis and hoppingi are the only two species that have a pronounced flat-topped basal third on the scutellum. This portion is well raised and its sides are declivitous but the dorsal surface is all in one plane. The transversely rugose borders of all of the ventral abdominal segments, more than any other character, distinguishes affinis and hoppingi from other species in the genus. Brochymena hoppingi Van Duzee, 1921 (Fig. 41). Van Duzee, Proc. Calif. Acad.. Sci., v. xi, No. 10, p. Ill, 1921. Ruckes, Bull. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., v. xxxii, No. 1, p. 33, 1937. Torre-Bueno, Entomologica Americana, v. xix, No. 3, p. 205, 1939. \myops, Ruckes, Bull. Bklyn. Ent. Soc. v. xxxii, No. 1, p. 33, 1937. Male : Head slightly longer than broad across the eyes ; cheeks overlapping tjdus, sometimes almost contiguous at apex ; sub apical angle obtuse or rounded ; second antennal segment two-thirds length of third. Sides of pronotum with about five rounded teeth on anterior lobe, the humeral lobe rounded an- teriorly as in affinis but scarcely crenulate, humeral angle less prominent; surface deepty punctured and sculptured, the cal- losities more prominent than in affinis. Scutellum a little shorter, scarcely raised at base, median line subcarinate, surface 225 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 more deeply pitted than in affinis. Elytra closely and quite evenly punctured with a few calloused points. Rostrum passing the middle of the third ventral segment ; venter nearly smooth with small, scattering obsolete punctures, sulcus shallow, but obvious. Genital segment of male greatly extended either side as in affinis, their apices distinctly passing line of sixth abdomi- nal segment, hind margin heavily bearded. Color variable, mostly black, testaceous interspaces less con- spicuous ; lateral crenulations of pronotum rufous ; membrane with but few vermiculate marks ; femora with pale subapical mark and median annulus more or less distinct; antennal in- cisures very narrowly rufous ; connexivum with small marginal spots and the incisures rufous, the median line of the venter narrowly rufous. Female : Larger with pale margins a little more conspicuous, especially near the apex of the scutellum and on venter. Size : Male ; 12 mm. long. Female ; 14 mm. long. Holotype: Male #749. Allotype: Female #750. Paratypes : Four males and four females. Type locality: Vallecito Co., California, April 18, 1919. Types deposited : Museum, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California. One paratype is deposited in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Canada. Food plants : Ponderosa pine ( Pinus brachyptera Englm.) Doug- las spruce ( Pseudotsuga mncronata (Raf.)). Probably on other species as well. Distribution : California, Arizona, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico. Comments In addition to the characteristics mentioned by Van Duzee in the original description, I would add the following which are fea- tures in common with the preceding species, affinis: form broadly oval, subdepressed ; the border of the lateral portion of each ventral abdominal segment is transversely rugose causing the entire abdom- inal margin to appear as if it is milled; the pale annulus of the fore tibia is provided only with a few black spots rather than a dis- tinct square patch on its frontal surface ; the base of the scutellum tends to be flat-topped or indeed in hoppingi more frequently con- cave; and the basal lateral angles of the basal plates of the female genital valves are acutely produced. 226 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA To differentiate between the species affinis and hoppingi we have to rely on color differences primarily, the average smaller size of the latter, the more obtuse subapical tooth and the more concave base to the scutellum of the latter. In the male of hoppingi there is a slightly deeper and wider sulcus across the apical border of the genital cup above the vestiture, and the blunt finger-like lateral extensions diverge slightly more, so that the V-shaped border, as seen ventrally, is more shallow than in affinis. This appears to be a rather common species in the Jemez Moun- tains of New Mexico. Bibliography American Midland Naturalist. 8vo., University Press, Notre Dame, Indiana. Amyot, C. J. B. and Serville, A. Histoire naturelle des Inseetes. Hemipteres. 8vo., Paris, 1843. Banks, N. Catalogue of the Nearetic Hemiptera-Heteroptera. 8vo., Philadelphia, 1910. Berliner Entomologische Zeitung. 8vo., Berlin. Biologia Centrali Americana. Rhyncliota-Hemiptera-Heteroptera, vol. 1 and 2 ; 4to., London, 1880-1901. Blatchley, W. S. Heteroptera or True Bugs of Eastern North America. 8vo., Indianapolis, Indiana, 1926. Brimley, C. S. The Insects of North Carolina. 8vo., Raleigh, 1938. Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. Science Bulletin. 8vo., Brooklyn, New York. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society. 8vo., Brooklyn, New York. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. 8vo., Buffalo, New York. Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographic Survey of the Territories. Vols. i-iv, 8vo., Washington, 1875-78. Canadian Entomologist. 8vo., London, Ontario. Connecticut Geological and Natural History Survey. 8vo., Hart- ford, Connecticut, 1923. Dallas, W. S. List of the Specimens of Hemipterous Insects in the Collection of the Britsh Museum; Part I, 1851, Part II, 1852; 12mo., London, 1851-52. Entomologica Americana ; New Series. 8vo., Brooklyn, New York. Entomological News. 8vo., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Fabricius, C. J. Systema Entomologiae etc. Lipsiae, 1775. Species Insectorum etc. 2 vols., 8vo., Bohn, 1781. 227 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 Mantissa Insectorum etc. 2 vols., 8vo., Hafniae, 1787. Entomologia Systematica. Yol. iv, 8vo., Hafniae, 1794. Systema Rhyngotorum etc. 8vo., Brunsvigae, 1803. Gmelin, J. F. See Linnaeus. Goeze, J. A. E. Entomologische Beytrage zu de ritter Linne 12. ausgabe des Natursystems von Joh. Aug. Eph. Goeze. 8vo., Leipzig, 1777-1783. Hart, C. A. (and J. R. Malloch). The Pentatomoidea of Illinois with Keys to Nearctic Genera, in Natural History Survey of Illinois, vol. xiii, art. vii, pp. 157-223, pits, xvi-xxi, 83 figs., 8vo., Urbana, Illinois, 1919. Herrich-Schaeffer, G. A. W. Die Wanzenartigen Insecten; vols. iii-ix and Verzeichniss. 8vo., Nurnberg, 1836-1853. Hope, F. W. A Catalogue of Hemiptera in the Collection of Rev. F. W. Hope, with short Latin descriptions of new species. (Descriptions are by J. 0. Westwood in Part II.) 8vo., Lon- don, 1837-1842. journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 8 vo., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. journal of the New York Entomological Society. 8vo., New York. Kirkaldy, G. W. Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera) with biological and annotated references. Yol. i, Cimicidae. 8vo., Berlin, 1909. Leonard, M. D. A List of Insects of New York; M. D. Leonard, Ed. Cornell University Memoir #101. 8vo., Ithaca, New York, 1926. Linnaeus, C. Systema Naturae. 13th Edition, revised by J. F. Gmelin. 8vo., Lipsiae, 1788. Lugger, O. Bugs injurious to our cultivated plants: as Bulletin #69, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Minne- sota. 8vo., 1900. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Academiens Forhandlingar. 8vo., Stockholm. Palisot de Beauvois, A. M. F. J. Insectes recueillis en Afrique et en Amerique, dans les royaumes d’Oware, a Saint-Do- mingue, et dans les Etats-Unis, pendant les annees 1781-1797. Folio, Paris, 1805-1821. Pan Pacific Entomologist. 8vo., San Francisco. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. 8vo., San Francisco. 228 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Provancher, L. Petite Panne Entomologique du Canada. Vol. iii, Hemipteres. 8vo., Quebec, 1885. Say, T. The Complete Writings of Thomas Say on the Ento- mology of North America. Edited by J. L. LeConte. 2 vols., 8 vo., New York. 1830. Smith, J. B. Catalogue of the Insects Found in New Jersey. 3 Editions. 8vo., Trenton; Edn. 1, 1890; Edn. 2, 1900; Edn. 3, 1910. Sagra, Ramon de la. Historia fisica, politica y natural de la Isla de Cuba. (Insects in Vol. vii.) Folio, Paris, 1857. Spinola, M. Tavolla Sinottica. 4to., Modena, 1850. Stal, C. Eniuneratio Hemipterorum. Part II in Konglia Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, vol. 10, No. 4, 4to., Stockholm, 1872. Stoner, D, The Scutelleroidea of Iowa in University of Iowa Studies, First Series, No. 34, Vol. 8, Iowa City, Iowa, 1920. Stettinger Entomologische Zeitung. 8vo., Stettin. Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 8vo., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Uhler, P. R. In Preliminary Report of the United States Geologi- cal Survey of Wyoming and portions of contiguous Terri- tories, 2nd and 5th Annual Reports. 8vo., Washington, 1872. Van Duzee, E. P. Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America North of Mexico. University of California Publications, Vol. 2, University Press, 8vo., Berkeley, 1917. Walker, F., Catalogue of the Specimens of Heteropterous Hemip- tera in the Collection of the British Museum. 8 parts., 8vo., London, 1867-1873. Westwood, J. O. See Hope, F. W. Wolff, j. F. leones Cimicum descrip tionibus illustratae. 5 vols., 4to., Erlangen, 1800-1811. Zimmer, J. T, The Pentatomidae of Nebraska as Contribution No. 4, Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska. 8vo., Lincoln, Nebraska, 1911. 229 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 Plate I Pi g. 1-A. Brochymena lineata Ruckes. Abbreviations: PAS: preapical sinus ; JUG : jugum ; TYL : tylus ; SAT : subapical tooth; CAL: callus; M.T. : marginal teeth ; AHS : antehumeral sinus ; HUM : humerus ; PEM: femur; TIB: tibia; TAR: tarsus; SCUT: scutellum ; ELYT : elytron or hemelytron ; DIS. P. : discal point; antennal segments are numbered from 1 to 5. Pig. 1-B. Side view of head of B. quadripustulata (Fabr.) Ab- breviations: ANT. P. : antennal pedicel; BK. : beak or rostrum; BUC. : buccula; BUC. T. : buc- cular tooth; JUG. : jugum. 2. Left clasper, ental view, B. arborea. 3. Right clasper, ectal view, B. sulcata. 4. Right clasper, ectal view, B. cariosa. 5. Right clasper, dorsal view, B. punctata. 6. Right clasper, dorsal view, B. carolinensis. 7. Right clasper, ectal view, B. affinis. 8. Left humerus, B. cuspidata. 9. Left humerus, B. arborea. 10. Left humerus, B. quadripustulata. 11. Tibia, B. haedula. 12. Tibia, B. arborea. 13. Tibia, B. poeyi. Pig. Pig. Fig. Pig. Fig. Fig. Pig. Fig. Fig. Pig. Pig. Fig. 230 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, (n.s.), No. 4, PI. I ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 Plate II Figs. 14, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, and 23. Dorsal aspects of heads. Figs. 15, 18, 20. Left elaspers, ental aspect. 232 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, (n.s.), No. 4, PL II ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 Fig. 24- A. Plate III Left metasternal plate, B. cariosa, showing crateriform base, orifice and auricle of stink gland, surrounded by subtriangular evaporating area. 24-B. 24-C. 24— D. 24-B. 24-F. Base and auricle, B. quadripustulata. Base and auricle, B. sulcata . Base and auricle, B. clilata. Base and auricle, B. tenebrosa. Base and auricle, B. lineata. Figs. 25, 27, 29, 30, 31. Dorsal aspects of heads. Figs. 26, 28. Right humeri. 234 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, (n.s.), No. 4, PL III ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 Plate IV Fig. 32. Left humerus and pronotal margin, B. parva = B. obscura. Fig. 33. Left humerus and pronotal margin, B. clilata. Fig. 34. Left humerus and pronotal margin, B. carolinensis. Fig. 35. Left humerus and pronotal margin, B. humeralis. Fig. 36. Left humerus and pronotal margin, B. affinis. Fig. 37. Right half of body of B. carolinensis showing elevated connexivum and impressed elytron. Figs. 38-41. ' Dorsal aspects of heads. 236 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, (n.s.), No. 4, PI. IV RucfcE.5 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 A Check List of the Species cuspidata GROUP B. cuspidata Distant 1900 Page 155 arborea GROUP B. apiculata Van Duzee 1923 c c 158 B. haedula Stal 1862 c c 158 B. aculeata Distant 1889 L 6 158 B. barberi Ruckes 1939 L C 159 B. barberi var. diluta Ruckes 1939 C C 159 B. poeyi Guerin-Meneville 1857 C i 159 B. arborea (Say) 1825 i c 159 B. florida Ruckes 1939 < < 159 quadripustulata GROUP B. pilatei Van Duzee 1934 ( i 180 B. quadripustulata (Pabr.) 1775 i i 180 B. sulcata Van Duzee 1918 ( ( 180 B. carlo sa Stal 1872 1 1 181 B. lineata . Ruckes 1938 t i 181 B. parva Ruckes 1946 i l 181 -obscura (H.-S.) 1839 B. punctata* Van Duzee 1909 ( i 182 B. punctata* var. pallida Blatchley 1926 1 1 182 B. dilata Ruckes 1938 i < 182 B. my ops Stal 1872 < i 183 B. caroiinensis (Westwood) 1837 i ( 183 B. marginella Stal 1872 ( ( 183 B. tenebrosa Walker 1867 ( t 184 B. humeralis Ruckes 1939 ( c 184 B. affinis Van Duzee 1904 ( ( 184 B. hoppingi Van Duzee 1921 C i 184 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Index to Yol. XXVI (n.s.), 1946 New species and other forms in bold face; valid species in Roman; synonyms in Italics; * indicates plants; 0 other animals. Acompus, 95, 106 rufipes, 106 #Amaranthus sp., 117 Antillocoris, 95, 109 pallidns, 109 pilosulns, 109 pnnctatus, 110 Aphanus, 112, 117 illuminatus, 118 nmbrosus, 118 Arphnns, 3, 33 coriacipennis, 33 profectus, 33 tristis, 33 ^Asclepias sp., 13, 14 syriaca, 12 verticillata, 12 •Atriplex, 23, 45, 47, 58 garrettii, 50 Belonochilus, 25 koreshanus, 25 mexicanus, 25 numenius, 25 Beosus, 118 *Bet-ula nigra, 29 Blissus, 35, 37 iowensis, 38 lencopterus, 38 var. leucopterus, 41 arenarius, 42 hirtus, 41 insularis, 41 mixtus, 39 nanus, 38 occiduns, 39 omani, 39 planarius, 39 validus, 38 villosus, 39 Brochymena and its species, see pages 143-237 Caenopamera, 65 forreri, 71, 72 Calyptonotus, 117 * Car ex, 34 vulpinoides, 53 Carpilis, 67, 84 barberi, 85 ferruginea, 85 #Ceanothus, 14 *Chenopodium, 47 Cimex, 143, 185, 186, 210 Cistalia, 126, 135 explanata, 135 signoreti, 135 signoretii, 135 Clerada, 62 apicicornis, 62, 63 Cligenes, 2, 95, 110 delineatus, 110 Cnemodus, 68, 74, 91 hirtipes, 92 inflatus, 92 mavortius, 92 239 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 Craspeduchus, see Lygaeus, 5 Crophius, 56 albidus, 57 angustatus, 58 bohemani, 56 disconotus, 57 heidemanni, 57 impressus, 58 ramosus, 58 scabrosus, 56 schwarzi, 57 Cryphula, 126, 137 abortiva, 138 apicata, 138 immaculata, 138 parallelograma, 138 Cymodema, 32, 33 tabida, 33 Cymoninus, 31 notabilis, 32 Cymus, 33 angustatns, 34 bellus, 34 breviceps, 34 claviculus, 34 clavulus , 34 discors, 34 exiguum, 34 luridus, 35 reductus, 34, 35 robustus, 35 tabida , 34 virescens, 34 Cymus franciscanus, 28 *Cyperus, 53 Davila , 95 Delochilocoris, 117 Dieuches, 111, 118 occidentals, 119 #Dondia nigra, 50 Dorachosa, 117 Drymns, 124, 126 crassns, 127 unus, 127 Dycoderus, 56, 58 picturatus, 59 Edessa, 153 Emblethis, 122 arenarius, 122 griseus, 122 vicarius, 122 Eremocoris, 126, 130 depressus, 133 climidiatus, 132 ferus, 133 inquilinus, 130 obscurus, 132 opacus, 131 semicinctus, 131 setosus, 130 Eremocoris wrighti, 129 Esuris, 89 *Eupatorium, 48 Enschistus, 145, 153 Exptochiomera, 67, 86 arizonensis, 87 formosa, 87 fuscicornis, 87 intercissa, 87 minima, 87 nana, 86 oblonga, 87 Formica neoclara, 121 Gastrodes, 124, 127 arizonensis, 128 conicola, 128 ferrugineus, 127 intermedius, 128 pacificus, 127 walleyi, 127 240 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Geocoris, 3, 42, 44 atrieolor, 48 beameri, 46 bullatus, 47 var. borealis, 47 discopterus, 47 floridanus, 47 obscuratus, 47 bullatus var. bullatus, 49 carinatus, 47 davisi, 50 duzeei, 49 flavolineatus, 45 frisoni, 49 griseus, 47 guatemaltecus, 50 lividipennis, 48 nanus, 49 niger, 48 omani, 46 pallens, 47 var. decoratus, 47 solutns, 47 paulus, 50 punetipes, 45 sonoraensis, 45 thoracicns, 50 thoracicus , 50 uliginosus, 48 var. howardi, 48 lateralis, 48 limbatus, 48 speculator, 48 uliginosus, 48 *Gleditsia triaeanthos, 148 Gonianotus, 122 Gonianotus marginepunctatus, 122 Graptolomus, see Lygaeus, 12 Halys, 143, 155, 186, 209, 210 annulata, 186, 187, 210 erosa, 172 obscura, 198, 200, 201 pupillata, 186 serrata, 186, 210 tenebrosa, 198, 200, 201 *Heliotropium, 73 Helonotocoris, 53 Helonotus, 53 Heraeus, 64, 69 coquilletti, 70 eximius, 70 nitens, 70 percultus, 78 plebejus, 69 triguttatus, 70 0Herpetomonas elmassiani, 12 Heterogaster behrensi, 51 flavicosta, 51 Hypogeocoris, 42 imperialis, 43, 44 piceus, 42, 44 slevini, 43 tristis, 43 Ischnodemus, 35 atramedius, 36 badius, 37 brevicornis, 37 conicus, 37 falicus, 36 liesperius, 37 intermedius, 37 lobatus, 37 macer, 36 minutus, 37 praecultus, 36 pusillus, 37 robustus, 36 rufipes, 36 slossoni, 37 Ischnorhynchus, 3, 27 championi, 28 241 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 didymus, 28 franciscanus, 28 geminatus, 29 geminatus, 29 obovatus, 30 resedae, 30 salvini, 31 Ischnorrhynchus, 27 Ischnotarsus, 118 Isthmocoris, 42 # J uncus, 34 Kolenetrus, 66, 90 plenus, 90, 91 Ligyrocoris, 2, 4, 66, 72 ( N eoligyrocoris ) aurivillianus, 73 color adensis, 74 nitidicollis, 72 nitidulus, 75 rubricatus, 74 sobrius, 73 (Ligyrocoris) abdominalis, 77 balteatus, 79 confraternus, 77 constrictus, 77 contractus, 78 delitus, 78 depictus, 76 diffusus, 78 latimarginatus, 75 litigiosus, 76 multispinus, 77 obscurus, 76 piligera, 77 setosus, 78 silvestris, 78 slossoni, 79 *Liquidambar styraciflua, 149, 208 Lygaeosoma solida, 17 Lygaeus, 2, 10, 12 (Lygaeus), 12 costalis, 14 elatus, 12 formosus, 12 kalmii, 14 reclivatus, 14 var. enotus, 14 ruficeps, 13 trimaculatus , 14 truculentus, 13 trux, 13 turcicus, 14 (Melanopleurus), 14 belfragei, 14 bistriangularis, 15 var. marginellus, 15 vicinus, 15 (Craspeduchus), 15 defessus, 15 uhleri, 15 (Ochrostomus), 15 bicrucis, 15 carnostilns, 17 foederatus, 17 lineola, 16 pyrrhopterus, 16 var. melanopleurus, 16 rubricatus, 16 tripligatus, 16 (Lygaeospilus), 16 albulus, 17, 18 obscuripennis, 18 pusio, 17 tripunctatus, 18 (Melanocoryphus), 17 admirabilis, 20 bicrucis, 18 calif or nicus, 19 circumlitus, 20 facetus, 20 242 October, 1946 ENTOMOLQGICA AMERICANA lateralis, 19 mimulus, 18 nigrinervis, 19 rubicollis, 19 rubriger, 20 Lygaeus chiragra, 54 Malezonotns, 112, 114 angustatus, 116 fuseosns, 116 grossus, 116 rufipes, 115 sodalicius, 115 ^Manicaria saccifera, 63 Megalonotus, 105 Melanopleurus, see Lygaeus, 14 ^Mesadenia atriplicifolia, 18 #Metastelma scopiarium, 12 Methocus, 18 Microtoma atrata, 118 carbonaria, 118 *Morus rubra, 148 Myodocha, 64 annulicornis, 69 giraffa, 69 intermedia, 68 longicollis, 69 opetilata, 69 petiolata, 69 serripes, 69 unispinosa, 68 Nabis ferus, 12 roseipennis, 12 Neopamphantus, 138, 139, 141 calvinoi, 141 maculatus, 141 Neosuris, 68, 89 castanea, 90 fulgidus, 90 bNeotoma, 97, 130 Ninus, 31 *Norta altissima, 58 Nysius, 21 albidus, 24 angustatus, 23, 24 basalis, 23 californicus, 23 var. alabamensis, 23 inaequalis, 23 coloradensis, 25 var. grandis, 25 destructor, 24 ericae, 24 var. minutus, 24 niger, 24 ericae, 24 gracilis, 24 groenlandicus, 23 groenlandicus, 23 inaequalis, 23 maculatus, 23, 24 providus, 23 punctipennis, 23 rhaphanus, 24 sordidus, 23 thy mi, 23 Oedancala, 53, 54 crassimana, 54 cubana, 53 dorsalis, 53 dorsilinea, 53 Oncopeltus, 2, 10 (Oncopeltus) , 10, 11 gutta, 11 sanguinolentus, 11 sexmaculatus, 11 varicolor, 11 (Erythrischius) , 11 cayensis, 12 cingulifer, 11 fasciatus, 12 sandarachatus, 12 243 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 Ophthalmocoris, 42 Orsillacis, 25 producta, 25 Orthoea, 66 (Paromius) longulus, 79 (Orthoea), 80 basalis, 81 bilobata, 81 bilohata, 80 curvipes, 81 dallasi, 81 fracticollis, 80 lineatus, 81 lurida, 80 parvula, 81 servillei, 80 vicina, 81 vincta, 81 Ortliolomus, 21 arphnoides, 21 longiceps, 22 var. cooki, 22 nevadensis, 22 saintcyri, 21 scolopax, 21 var. uhleri, 21 Ozophora, 94, 95 ampliata, 98 bnrmeisteri, 96 concava, 96 consanguinea, 98 depicturata, 97 pallescens, 98 picturata, 98 reperta, 99 trinotata, 96 nnicolor, 99 Pachygrontha, 52, 54 bimaculata, 55 compacta, 55 longiceps, 55 oedancalodes, 55 P achy merits, 117 Pamera , 79 dorsalis, ’54 Pamphantus, 138, 139 atrohumeralis, 140 elegantulus, 140 mimeticns, 139 pallidus, 140 vittatus, 140 Paromius, see Orthoea, 79 longulus, 79 Peliopelta, 53 Peggichisme, 95 Pentatoma, 143, 168, 172 Perigenes, 66, 88 constrictus, 83 costalis, 82 similis, 82 Peritrechus, 94, 100 fraternus, 102 paludemaris, 101 saskatchewanensis, 101 tristis, 102 Petissius diversus, 135 Phlegyas, 52 abbreviatus, 53 annulicrus, 52 tropicalis, 53 Phvmata sp., 12 *Pinus brachyptera, 226 caribea, 149, 213 palustris, 149, 213 ponderosa, 57, 148 sabiniana, 128 virginiana, 133 * PI at anus occidentalis, 25 wrighti, 25 Plinthisus, 2, 94, 102 americanus, 104 244 October, 1946 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA compactns, 104 indentatus, 103 longisetosus, 103, 105 martini , 103, 105 pallidus, 104 Plociomera, 79 #Potentilla canadensis, 44 #Prosopis glandulosa, 148, 200 Pseudocnemodns, 68, 92 bruneri, 93 canadensis, 92 Pseudomyrma elongata cubaen- sis, 140 Pseudopamera forreri, 71 pseudoheraeus, 73 #Psendotsuga mncronata, 226 Ptochiomera, 3, 67, 84 clavata, 84 nodosa, 84 #Quercus arizonica, 200 hypoleuca, 148, 197 marylandica, 149 sp., 202, 213 ^Reseda odorata, 30 #Rhus typhina, 148, 188 Rhyparochromus, 95 chiragra var. californicus, 105, 106 Rhyparochromus floralis, 120 plenns, 90 sabulicola, 105, 106 #Rhyzophora mangle, 96 #Rosa, 23 Salacia, 95, 110 delineata, 95 Saida, 42 #Salsola pestifera, 23 0Schizotrypannm crnzi, 63 #Scirpus cyperinns, 34 polyphyllus, 34, 35 Scolopostethus, 125, 133 atlanticns, 135 diffidens, 134 neglectus, 133 pacificus, 134 thomsonii, 133 tropicus, 135 *Senecio, 18 Sinea diadema, 12 Sisamnes, 67, 85 antennata, 86 clavigera, 86 contracta, 86 puberula, 86 *Solanum carolinense, 48 *Sorbus americana, 148, 188 Sphaerobins, 65 insignis, 71 qaudristriatus, 71 Sphragisticus, 112, 117 nebulosus, 117 simulatus, 117 ^Spiraea vanhouteni, 29 Stethotropis, 107 Stygnocoris, 95, 107 incanus, 107 rusticus, 107 patulosus, 107 pedestris, 107 pubescens, 107 Sty gnus, 107 Tempyra, 94, 99 biguttula, 100 Thyanta, 145, 153 Thylochromus, 95, 107 nitidulus, 108 Togodolentus, 125 genuinns, 129 wrighti, 129 245 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. XXVI, No. 4 Tomopelta, 67, 83 munda, 83 Trapezonotus, 112 arenarius, 113 ealiginosus, 113 derivatus, 113 diversus, 114 vandykei, 114 Trapezonotus , 114 Trapezus, 126, 137 apicatus, 138 XJhleriola, 11, 120 floralis, 120 *Vaccinium canadense, 78 pennsylvanicum, 71 Valonetus, 68, 88 pilosus, 88 Valtissius, 126, 135 diversus, 135, 136 *Vaseyanthus insularis, 47 *' Viburnum, 23 Xestocoris, 126, 136 nitens, 137 Zeridoneus, 66, 81 costalis, 82 246 « DI7. IRS® P.?SsL MAHife