m',-* K.U '' Y ;i,,j / . ;' ' .... ■ ' ■' V A Journal of Hntomology. Volume IX (New Series) 1928-1929 PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. DE LA TORRE-BUENO Editor E. L. BELL G. P. ENGELHARDT PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1929 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA VOL. IX (n.s.) CONTEXTS Plates i-iv & i-iv Tlie Biology of the White Pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck), and a Study of Its Insect Parasites from an Economic View-point, Raymond L. Taylor (continued in volnme X) 165 A Monographic Study of the Hemipterons Family Nabidae as It Occurs in North America, Halbert M. Harris 1 A Revision of the Genus Enrema Hiibner, Part II, New World Species, Taxonomy and Synonymy, Alexander B. Klots 99 VOL. IX (New Series) JUNE-SEPT., 1928 Nos. 1 & 2 AMERIG A Journal of ENTqwoLoftft^/> PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor E. L. BELL GEO. P. ENGELHARDT Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press, Lime and Green Sts., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue December 7, 1928 Application for entry as second-class matter under the Act of March 3, 1879, made June 15, 1926, at the Postoffice at Lancaster, Pa. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, (n. s.), Nos. I & 2, PI. I NABIS ROSEIPENNIS REUTER VOL. IX June and September Nos. 1 & 2 A MONOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE HEMIPTEROUS FAMILY NABIDAE AS IT OCCURS IN NORTH AMERICA By Halbert M. Harris AMES^ IOWA This paper, a summary of studies carried on by the M^riter dur- ing the past few years, is offered as a contribution to our knowl- edge of the insects of the hemipterous family Nabidae. Even though few in number of species, the family is world-wide in distribution. The American forms of the group have been de- scribed largely in the works of Stal and Renter and unfortunately the type specimens, deposited in museums of other countries, have been unavailable to American workers. The original descriptions of the species have been printed largely in some language other than the English and have also to a great extent not been available to the average worker. These difficulties coupled with the fact that many of the species are dimorphic or even polymorphic in regard to wing development have made it extremely hard for the systematists of this country to correctly place specimens in their collections. It is the author’s hope that this paper will alleviate these troubles and be of some aid to students of the Hemiptera. The work has been made possible only through the hearty co- operation of the systematists and the curators of museums of this country. Especially does the writer owe thanks to the following 1 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 who have by the loan of specimens, by giving valuable suggestions, or otherwise helped in this study: Dr. Carl J. Drake, at whose suggestion and under whose guidance the work was undertaken. Dr. H. H. Knight, Dr. H. B. Hnngerford, Dr. T. B. Frison, Dr. H. M. Parshley, Mr. W. L. McAtee, Mr. H. G. Barber, Mr. Wm. J. Gerhard, Mr. E. P. Van Dnzee, Mr. W. E. China, Mr. J. R. de la Torre-Bneno, Mr. W. S. Blatchley, Prof. J. M. Watson, and Prof. R. W. Harned. In this paper synoptic keys, with descriptions and those biologi- cal notes that are available, are given for all the species of the family known to occur in North America, including Central America and the West Indies. The descriptions have been made, wherever possible, from specimens before the author. They w^ere made with the aid of a binocular microscope with 7.5 x ocular and 40 mm. objective, using a micrometer eyepiece upon which 24 divi- sions equal one millimeter. In comparing measurements of the anterior femora, as is done especially in the genus Nobis, the length is the distance along the lower surface from the apex of trochanter to tibia and the thickness or depth is the greatest dis- tance from dorsal (outer) to ventral (inner) surface when the femur is studied from the side. The width of the insect is always taken at the pronotum, except where expressly stated otherwise, and the length of the pronotum is always the median measure- ment. The synonymy or bibliography of each species is reduced to include only the citations of most importance. HISTORY AND PHYLOGENY OP THE NABIDAE The family Nabidae was erected by Costa in 1852 as a division, the subfamily Nabini, of the family Reduviidae. In 1861 Fieber elevated the group to family rank, separating it from its nearer relatives by the 4-segmented beak. This opinion of the independent family rank of the group was followed by Stal, by Reuter, and by most of the recent authors, though some retained it as a subfamily of the Reduviidae. The writer considers the family to be distinct from the Reduviidae, from which its members may be differentiated by the very evidently 4-segmented beak, the absence of a striated or granulated groove on the prosternum for the reception of the tip of the beak, by the different nature of the branching of the veins of the hemelytra, the differently constructed genitalia, and the difference in the eggs and in oviposition habits. The name Nabidae has recently been changed to Nabididae and was so used by Bergroth and others. Perhaps this resulted 2 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA from Distant’s nse (1904) of the term as N abidinae. The writer lias been nnable to find that any one has given reasons for the change and he feels that the name should remain as it was origi- nally used. The name is based upon the genus Nobis as used first by Latreille in 1802. In the Latin literature the word Nobis occurs both as a common noun and as a personal noun. As a common noun it was used as the name of a giraffe, derived from Nobun, the genitive of which is Nobis; thus by adding idoe to the stem the name would be Nobidoe. However, if Latreille had the personal noun Nobis (the name of a king of Sparta; genitive, Noibidis) in mind the family name should be Nobididoe. Phylogenetically the Nabidae are considered as relatively primi- tive hemiptera. They are closely related to the Rednviidae, the Enicocephalidae, and the Phymatidae and with these constitute the superfamily Rednvioideae. Perhaps, as Renter has suggested, these latter forms have descended from the nabids or from nabid- like ancestors. Certainly the nabid subfamily Pachynominae ap- proaches the Reduviidae remarkably close, so much so in fact that the writer after having seen a specimen of Pochynomus biguttotus (StM) from Bombay can scarcely free himself from the belief that it more nearly represents a true reduviid than a nabid. Its rostrum, although 4-segmented, is not more distinctly so than in the reduviid, Aphelonotus simplus Uhler which formerly was con- sidered as a nabid. Likewise the pronotum, the antennae, and the legs are formed as in Aphelonotus and the author feels that future study may prove these genera to be closely related ones. On the other hand a comparison of the Nabid genus Pogoso Stal with the Anthocorid genus Piezostethus Duf. discloses so great a similarity that one wonders if they have not a closer relationship than is indicated by their present position in different super- families. THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF THE NABIDAE The Nabids so far as known are without exception of a pre- dacious nature. Although the family is small in size (approxi- mately 200 species are known) it ranges throughout the world and the members often occur in rather large numbers. They are small to medium in size and are commonly found in and around vegeta- tion, where they wander about in search of prey. Their food consists largely of aphids, leaf-hoppers, plant-bugs, and small caterpillars, but when pressed by hunger they will not liesitate to attack forms much larger than themselves. Many instances have 3 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 been recorded of nabids feeding upon such important crop pests as the Chinch Bug (Blissus leucopterus Say), the Hessian Fly {Mayetiola destructor' Say), the Corn Ear Worm (Chloridea ohso- leta Fabr. ), and others. Osborn (1912) considers the group to be of great importance as enemies of the common leaf-hoppers affect- ing grasses. The writer has observed members of the family feed- ing upon many different species of aphids, leaf-hoppers, plant-bugs, and caterpillars, and on one occasion he found a specimen of N. roseipennis Reuter (Plate I) with its beak inserted in the body of a female canker-worm moth from which it was extracting the body juices. It is his opinion, however, that the group, due to their rather non-specialized feeding habits, can never be considered of especial importance in the control of any one pest. Their greatest value arises in their role as checks against the grass and shrub in- festing insects in general. The fact that the nabids insert their eggs in the stems of plants has led some to believe that they may at times offset their beneficial qualities by thus injuring the plants. It is doubtful, however, that there is ever sufficient oviposition to seri- ously injure a plant. Perhaps an equally unimportant factor from an economic standpoint is that some species frequently inflict pain- ful bites when they are improperly handled. BIOLOGY OF THE NABIDAE IN GENERAL Habitat The nabids are to be found in varied situations depending upon the species. All are terrestrial. Some are ground-dwellers and are to be found running about on the ground or hidden beneath objects on the ground. The majority of our species, however, are plant inhabiting forms and they slowly wander about over low foliage in search of prey. Some prefer higher plants and are to be had only by beating trees. Many species inhabit only shady situations where the vegetation is rank, others prefer moist places where the sedges and reeds abound, while still others are lovers of the sun and are to be found in the open fields and meadows. The members of one genus (Araclmocoris) so far as known are inhabitants of webs of spiders, where they live suspended from the underside of the webs and apparently prey upon other insects that may be caught there. The nymphs of a few species are myrmecophilous and are to be found running about in company with certain ants to which they bear a remarkably close resemblance. 4 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Life Habits The adults and nymphs spend the greater part of their time in feeding or in seeking food. Some are active in the search, others prefer to lie in wait or to slowly stalk their prey. Almost in- variably a struggling captive is fiercely grasped between the apposed surfaces of the fore femora and tibiae while the beak is inserted in some point upon its body, usually the base of the head. In most cases a captive ceases to struggle in a moment after the suctorial stylets have pierced its body — perhaps due to the injec- tion of some toxic substance. Occasionally a nabid, particularly if recently fed, will show fright and run from prospective prey. The nymphs of some of the species have the protective habit, when disturbed during their wandering over the herbage, of folding their legs and dropping to the ground. In mating, as observed in the genus Nobis, the male mounts the female from the rear, grasping her with the fore and hind legs and almost invariably prodding her about the head with his beak. Usually a fierce struggle ensues, the female using her beak in an effort to dislodge the unwelcome suitor. The male bends the abdomen downward around either side so that one clasper may be iiooked within the valves of the female genital segments. The clasper apparently serves two functions — for holding the genital segments of the two in apposition, i.e., as a clasi^ing structure, and as a means of directing the oedagus. Copulation lasts often for a half hour and apparently occurs as often as the male is successful in his attacks upon the female. As a prelude to the mating the males of several species of the genus Nobis (and perhaps all of them) spend a considerable portion of their time in what is ap- parently a form of stridulation. A specimen climbs to some point of vantage upon the foliage and resting there proceeds to bend the abdomen slightly to one side and then rapidly beat it with the hind tibia of that side. The process halts at short intervals and then is continued. The writer has observed this occurrence in the males of N. so7^didus, N. annulatus, N. ferns, N. suhcoleoptratus, and N. roseipennis and although there is no sound perceptible to his ear he feels confident that the process must constitute a form of stridu- lation for the attraction of the sexes. This is evidenced by the fact that males kept in captivity away from females will often spend hours at the process, only stopping at short intervals. When such an individual becomes aware of the presence of a female introduced into his cage he slowly advances toward her, stops at times to make ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 a few strokes with the tibia on the genital segment, then when sufficiently close suddenly makes a rush to catch her. The active part of the stridulatory apparatus seems without question to he the rather stiff setae on the inside of the hind tibiae. The passive part remains yet to be discovered. Although the writer has ob- served stridulating individuals under a lens he has yet to decide if the tibia! spines are rasped against the clasper, the sides of the genital segment, or even perhaps against the very definite row or comb of setae that surmounts the apex of the last genital segment. The eggs are placed within the stems of plants. They are cylindrical and slightly curved in outline and possess a reticulate cap that seems to be characteristic in shape for each species. The cap is the only visible portion when an egg is in place. It fits in and over the end of the egg in much the same way as a cork in a vial and when the egg hatches is simply pushed outward where it hangs suspended by a slender thread. The length of the different life-stages varies with the species. Five moults occur in all species whose life history is completely known. All species have heretofore been thought to pass the winter in the adult stage ; the author how- ever has proved that one at least, A. suhcoleoptraius Kirby, lives through the winter in the vicinity of Ames in the egg stage. Polymorphism Many species of nabids exhibit pterygomorphism. In some there is a true long-winged form and a true short-winged form, while in others only the long-winged form is known to occur. At least one species has many different forms in regard to wing devel- opment, there being apparently all gradations between a true brachypterism and true macropterism. In some of our more com- mon species the long-winged form is extremely rare and when it does occur it apparently is associated with the female sex. What the determining factors in wing development are remains yet to be discovered. The fact that in some species examples from more southern localities have better developed wings than those from more northern localities indicates that temperature may play an impor- tant part in wing development. Accompanying the development or non-development of wings there is in all species a corresponding variation in the development of the thorax and thus in the body form. In many species there is even strong variation in such other important taxonomic characters as size of eyes and ocelli, lengths of antennal segments, degree of 6 June-Sept, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA incrassateness of the fore femora, and shape of scntellum. Then there is in many species, especially in NaMs, often mnch variation in color development. This likewise apparently is dependent largely on temperature. For example in N. annulatus and N. sordidus specimens collected by the author at Ames, Iowa, in a low, moist, cool situation have invariably possessed darker markings than have specimens from Florida and other southern localities. In the latter individuals the darker markings are replaced by much lighter ones or often by crimson ones. The writer presumes that the crim- son markings are present in the Iowa specimens but that they are overshadowed by the darker pigment, which supposedly is a melanin located in the cuticula while the lighter markings are hypodermal in origin. Family NABIDAE (Costa) 1852. Nahini Costa, Cimic. Neap., Cent. Ill, p. 66. 1858. Nahides Stal, Of. Vet. Akad. Forh., XV, p. 247. 1861. Nahidae Fieber, Europ. Hemip., pp. 25, 43. 1865. Nahida Stal, Hemip. Afr., Ill, p. 37. 1872. Nahidae Reuter, Of. Vet. Akad. Forh., XXIX, No. 6, p. 68. 1873. Nahidae Stal, Enum. Hemip., Ill, p. 106. 1908. Nahidae Reuter, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., XV, p. 87. 1909. Nahidae Reuter et Poppius, Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., XXXVII, No. 2, p. 3. Small to medium in size ; antennae slender, much longer than head, 4-segmented (often with a more or less ring-like supplementary segment between I and II) or distinctly 5-segmented. Eyes large. Ocelli usually present, if absent the head is not dilated toward the apex. Rostrum free, 4-segmented, the basal segment short, usually about as broad as long. Pronotum divided transversely into two lobes ex- clusive of the apical collar. Prosternum without a median longitudinal stridulatory groove. Hemelytra coriaceous, when fully developed with clavus, corium, membrane, and sometimes embolium ; the membrane with two or three longitudinal cells which rarely are unclosed. Anterior legs raptorial. Tarsi usually triarticulate (uniarticulate in Carthasis) , the claws apical; aroliae absent. Posterior coxae rotatoria!. Male genital segment symmetrical. The family was divided by Stal into three subfamilies, only two of which are known to occur in the Americas. 7 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 Key to Subfamilies Pronotiim with the apical collar absent or extremely narrow ; rostrum stout ; legs short and thick ; clavns not or scarcely widened posteriorly; antennae often 5-segmented. PEOSTEMMINAE, p. 8 Pronotiim with the apical collar wide and distinct; rostrum more slender ; legs longer and more slender ; clavns widened posteri- orly ; antennae always only 4-segmented NABINAE, p. 26 Subfamily PROSTEMMINAE (Reuter) 1873. Nahina Stal, Enum. Hemip., Ill, pp. 106, 107. 1890. Prostemmina Reuter, Revue d’Ent., IX, p. 289. 1904. ProstemwMria Distant, Fauna Br. Ind., Rhyn., II, p. 391. 1909. Nahina Reuter et Poppius, Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., XXXVII, No. 2, pp. 3, 7. Body oblong to sub-elongate, convex from beneath. Head immersed to (or almost to) the eyes. Ocelli distinct. Eyes prominent. Antennae 4-segmented, with a ring-like supplementary segment at the base of II, or distinctly 5-segmented. Rostrum of medium length, moderately stout, the third segment extending beyond the base of the head. Pronotum sub-transverse, more or less constricted or im- pressed at or behind the middle ; the apical collar very nar- row or entirely lacking; the sides not or at most only obso- letely margined ; the base feebly emarginate. Scutellum moderately large. Hemelytra with embolium distinct; the clavns not or only scarcely widened posteriorly. Meta- pleuron with the ostiolar orifice well developed. Anterior acetabula strongly approaching the front margin of the pro- thorax. All coxae moderately elongate. Anterior legs with trochanters unarmed beneath, femora incrassate and tibiae provided with a distinct spongy lobe at the apex. This subfamily is represented throughout the faunal regions of the world. The large genus Prosiemma Leon Duf. is Palaearctic and Ethiopian in distribution. Of the remaining six genera only three are represented in our region. Key to American Genera of Prostemminae I. — Body shiny; antennae 5-segmented or with supplementary segment between I and II distinct ; pronotum distinctly constricted at the sides into two lobes; basal segment of venter unkeeled II 8 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Body opaque ; antennae 4-segmented, with the supplementary segment absent or obsolete ; pronotum only feebly con- stricted at the sides ; basal segment of venter with a median longitudinal keel PJiorticus, p. 9 II.— Antennae with the supplementary segment much less than one-half as long as I ; anterior and intermediate femora angularly widened to about the middle and armed there with a stout tooth; the part beyond the tooth greatly en- larged, that before the tooth not greatly enlarged, spinulose beneath Alloeorrhynclius, p. 12 Antennae with the supplementary segment about one-half as long as I, thus distinctly 5-segmented; anterior femora elongate-fusiform in shape, armed beneath with piceous teeth Pagasa, p. 20 Genus PHORTICUS Stal 1860. PJiorticus Stal, Rio Jan. Hemip., I, p. 69. 1873. PJiorticus Stal, Enum. Hemip., Ill, pp. 107, 109. 1890. PJiorticus Reuter, Revue d’Ent., IX, p. 290. 1893. PJiorticus Reuter, AVien. Ent. Zeit., XII, p. 317. 1904. PJiorticus Distant, Fauna Br. Ind., Rhyn., II, p. 395. 1909. PJi07'ticus Reuter et Poppius, Acta, Soc. Sci. Fenn., XXXVII, No. 2, pp. 8, 49. Small, oblong, to oblong-ovate ; smooth, opaque, pilose. Head short, somewhat conically produced before the eyes. Ocelli distinct, far apart. Antennae short, placed on the side of the head before the middle of the anteocular part, segments I and II thickened. III and lY slender, all more or less thickly clothed with long hairs; the supplementary seg- ment very small or absent. Rostrum moderately long; segment II extending beyond base of head, subequal to III and IV conjoined. Pronotum more or less distinctly trans- versely impressed behind the middle, without a distinctly marked off apical collar, sometimes with a faint median longitudinal impressed line on the disc; the basal margin truncate. Scntellum equilateral, the disc bifoveate near the base. Membrane, when developed, with two to four oblong cells. Legs short; anterior femora more or less incrassate, usually armed beneath ; anterior tibiae widened distally with a spongy fossa at apex. Ostiolar canal distinct. Venter laterally compressed at the base, thus with a distinct, short, median carina there; the last segment produced posteriorly on either side above so that it incloses the disc-like genital 9 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 segment of the female. Type of genus, PJiorticus viduus Stal. PJiorticus is a widely distributed genus. It reaches its highest development, apparently, in the Ethiopian and Australian realms. Of the three species heretofore known from the Americas two were described from Brazil and the other from Texas. A fourth from Panama is described below. All the specimens of this genus that I have seen have a distinct median longitudinal carina on the meso- and meta-sternum. The prothorax is produced much farther forward dorsally than ventrally so that when seen from the side its front margin is strongly obliquely slanted backwards. Key to Species of Phorticus Anterior femora strongly incrassate, angularly widened beneath near the middle, and armed there with a strong tooth and denticulate from there to apex ; apical margin of corium straight collaris Stal, p. 10. Anterior femora only slightly thickened, not distinctly angularly widened beneath, the under surface minutely denticulate along distal two-thirds ; apical margin of corium distinctly sinu- ate speciosus n. sp., p. 11. Phorticus collaris Stal 1873. Phorticus collaris Stal, Enum. Hemip., Ill, p. 109. 1899. Phorticus collaris Champion, Biol. Centr. Amer., Heter., II, p. 301, Tab. XVIII, fig. 21. 1909. Phorticus collaris Reuter et Poppius, Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., XXXVII, No. 2, pp. 50, 54. Small, oblong, thickly clothed with moderately long hairs ; brownish, variegated with ochraceous. Head slightly shiny, brown, paler toward apex ; longer than broad, tumid beneath. Eyes large, rather coarsely granulate. Ocelli wide apart, prominent. Antennae testaceous, segment I thick, slightly surpassing apex of head; II enlarged distally, subequal to width of head through eyes ; III thinner and slightly shorter than II ; I thinly and II and III thickly clothed with long hairs ; the proportion of segments I : II : III = 6:14: 12. Rostrum pale testaceous, extending onto mesosternum, seg- ment II reaching to margin of pronotum, slightly longer than width of head through eyes (16 : 14) ; III twice as long as IV and conjoined with it slightly longer than II. Pronotum with a large triangular spot extending from apex to middle of anterior lobe, and a smaller somewhat 10 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA obsolete median spot on disc of posterior lobe ochraceous; slightly broader than long (34:29), transversely impressed behind the middle, the transverse impression bearing a row of distinct punctures; the anterior lobe with a faint median longitudinal line which ends in a fovea in front of transverse impression; basal margin almost truncate. Scutellum with sides sinuate, the basal half rather level, coarsely punctate, the apical half raised, impunctate, bearing many long hairs, the disc with a large pit on each side of median line. Hemelytra with basal halves of clavus and corium and a large spot on disc of corium ochraceous, apex of corium fuscous; veins of clavus and corium bordered with lines of punctures ; membrane smoky, the veins distinct. Under surface and legs testaceous. Anterior femora strongly in- crassate, armed as in key; anterior tibia strongly widened apically, serrately denticulate within, with a distinct spongy fossa at the apex. Intermediate and posterior legs short and stout, pilose, the tibiae also with a few spine-like setae on the outer surface and at the apex. Meso- and metasternum with a distinct median ridge. Venter laterally compressed at the base, the basal margins of the segments coarsely pitted. Length, 3.28 mm. ; width, 1.03 mm. CoUwris was described from Brownsville, Texas. Champion has since recorded it from Mexico. The above description is made from a winged female bearing the label, Brownsville, Texas, June. Nothing is known of the habits except that it occurs on the ground. Phorticus speciosus n. sp. Smaller than coUaris, the color paler, tending to a chest- nut brown ; the ochraceous patch on anterior lobe of pro- notum larger, extending back indistinctly to transverse im- pression ; posterior lobe without ochraceous markings ; hem- elytra ochraceous to about middle of clavus, then gradually blending into brownish. Head testaceous brown, shiny, slightly broader than long, globose beneath, clothed with long hairs. Eyes prominent, granulate. Ocelli large. Segment I of antennae surpassing apex of head, slightly shorter than in collaris (other seg- ments missing). Rostrum as in collaris, but slightly paler and slenderer. Pronotum broader than long (30:24), slightly constricted behind the middle, the transverse impres- sion with indistinct punctures, the basal margin slightly an- gularly emarginate. Scutellum as in collaris, the punctures on base smaller and more scattered, the apex more acutely 11 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 produced. Hemelytra smooth, the rows of punctures bor- dering the veins of clavus and corium indistinct; the basal margin of the membrane distinctly sinuate ; membrane paler, the veins finer and more indistinct than in collaris. An- terior femora only moderately incrassate, armed before the middle with a bicuspidate tooth and minutely denticulate from there to apex. Anterior tibia widened apically, den- ticulate within, with a spongy fossa at the apex. Venter laterally compressed at the base, the median carina there dis- tinct; basal margins of segments punctate. Length, 2.85 mm. ; width, .92 mm. Described from a macropterous female, liolotype, taken at Ancon, C. Z., Panama, May 12, 1911, A. H. Jennings. Type de- posited in U. S. National Museum. This pretty little species may be separated from our only other representative of the genus, collaris StM, by its smaller size, paler color, with different mark- ings, less hairy body, shorter legs, and less incrassate anterior femora. The sinuate base of the membrane gives to it an appear- ance which reminds one, only in a much less degree, of the hem- eljTra in the genus Aplielonotus Uhler. The head has two faint impressions between the ocelli, which also are present in collaris. The type specimen was taken at an arc light. Genus ALLOEORRHYNCHUS Fieber 1861. AlloeorJiynchus Fieber, Europ. Hemip., pp. 43, 159. 1865. Alloeorliynclvus Stal, Hemip. Afr., Ill, p. 40. 1873. Alloeorliyndms StM, Enum. Hemip., Ill, pp. 107, 109. 1904. AlloeorJiynchus Distant, Fauna Br. Ind., Rhyn., II, p. 393. 1909. AUoeorrJLyncJi'Us Reuter et Poppius, Acta Soc. Sci. Penn., XXXVII, No. 2, p. 33. Oblong-ovate, smooth, shiny, moderately thickly clothed with long hairs. Head rather short, somewhat conically pro- duced before the eyes, immersed in the pronotum to or almost to the eyes. Eyes large, their posterior margin sinuate. Ocelli prominent. Antennae slender, segment II slightly thickened distally. III and IV slender, all clothed with short hairs ; the supplementary segment minute, much shorter than segment I. Rostrum moderately thick, extending on to meso- sternum, segment II longest; III and IV conjoined about equal to II. Pronotum about as long as broad, constricted behind the middle; without a wide, well marked off collar; the basal 12 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA margin rather truncate. Scutellum dull, bifoveate on the disc. Hemelytra, when developed, reaching to apex of ab- domen; the clavus and coriuni with rows of distinct punc- tures along the veins ; membrane with two or three oblong discal cells. Legs moderately long, the anterior and inter- mediate femora dentately ampliated before the middle and armed from there to apex with minute teeth. Anterior tibiae angularly widened at the apex and provided there with a spongy fossa. Mesosternum and mesopleuron shiny. Meta- pleuron dull, rugulose, with a distinct orifice. (Type, Alloeorrliynclius flavipes Fieb.). This genus, world wide in distribution, is represented in the Neotropical realm by six known species, two of which are described below as new to science. In all the species known to the writer there is, as in our Species of Phorticus, a distinct median longitudi- nal Carina on the mesosternum, this carina extending back onto the metasternum. Also there is on each side of the first segment of the venter, just behind and laterad to the posterior coxae a greatly enlarged posteriorly directed spiracle. The general shape of the canal of the metapleuron is characteristic for our species. The Oriental species marginalis Distant and corallinus Stal are said to be without the angular ampliation of anterior and intermediate femora (subgenus Psilistus Stal). Key to Species of Alloeorrhynchus 1. Pronotum entirely nigro-piceous 2 Pronotum with the anterior lobe wholly or partly testaceous or rufo-testaceous 3 2. Hemelytra nigro-piceous unicolorous throughout; length 5 mm. viitativentris Stal, p. 14. Hemelytra yellowish at base; length 3.5 mm. armatus Ldiler, p. 15. 3. Posterior lobe of pronotum rufo-testaceous, with three large piceous spots, one on each humeral angle and one occupying middle of disc ; hemelytra in greater part dull. trimacula (Stein), p. 16. Posterior lobe of pronotum not distinctly trimaculate with black ; hemelytra shiny throughout 4 4. Hemelytra in greater part piceous brown, the costal margins pale ; length 4.5 mm. or more 5 Hemelytra in greater part pale yellow ; length 3.5 mm. or less 6 5. Pronotum piceous brown, only the lateral margins paler ; femora testaceous throughout; width of an eye equal to width of vertex flavomarginatus n. sp., p. 17. 13 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 Pronotum yellowish testaceous with a basal band piceous ; inter- mediate and posterior femora annulate with piceous before the apex; width of an eye less than width of vertex. nigrofasciatus n. sp., p. 17. 6. Width of an eye equal to one-half that of vertex; segments I-V of connexivum each with a fine submarginal row of recumbent, piceous spinules, the rows together forming an interrupted line along connexivum above and beneath. delicatus n. sp., p. 18. Width of an eye distinctly less than one-half that of vertex; sides of venter without black line of spinules. nigrolohus Barber, p. 19. Alloeorrhynchus vittativentris Stal. 1873. AlloeorJiynchus vittativentris Stal, Enum. Hemip., Ill, p. 109. 1900. All oeorrhynchus vittativentris Champion, Biol. Centr. Am., Heter., II, p. 200, Tab. XVIII, fig. 19. 1909. Alloeorrhynchus vittativentris Reuter et Poppius, Acta Soc. Sci. Penn., XXXVII, p. 44. ^^Nigro-piceus, nitidus, metapleuris subopacis, cum meso- pleuris fortiter sculpturatis ; capite, pronoto scutelloque pilis paucis longis erectis, hemielytris sat dense et sat breviter pilosis, pilis nonnihil retrorsum vergentibus; scutello sub- nitido, hemielytris totis nitidis, unicoloribus ; antennis f usco- testaceis, basin versus pallescentibus ; rostro, pedibus, ventre maculisque marginalibus superioribus abdominis pallide sordide flavescentibus, rostro basin versus, tibiis apice vel apicem versus infuscatis, vitta laterali ventris utrinque margineque postico segmentorum ventralium inter vittam et marginem nigricantibus ; femoribus anticis pronoto paullo longioribus, modice incrassatis, interne ante medium in dentem obtusum ampliatis, pone hunc crebre subtiliter denti- cidatis, femoribus intermediis interne paullo pone medium denticulo armatis, ab eo apicem versus minute denticulatus ; tibis anticis margine inferiore fuscocrenulatis, apicem versus oblique ampliatis et interne fossa spongiosa instructis, hac circiter tertiam apicalem partem tibiae occupante; rostro articulo secundo duobus ultimus simul sumtis aeque longo; pronotum lobo antico capite cum oculis paullo latiore, lateribus subparallelis, lobo postico antico fere dimidio latiore, hemielytris abdomini aeque latis. Long. 5, lat. IJ mm.” This species was originally described from Bogota, Colombia. Cliampion records it from Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama, and states 14 June-Sept, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA that it is closely related to A. armatiis Uliler. The above descrip- tion is that of Renter and Poppins (1909). These authors say in regard to Champion ’s figure ‘ ‘ forte : color corii figurae eodem typi dilntior.” The specimen reported by the author from Guatemala (Proc. U. S. Natl. Mns., 69, Art. 21, p. 1, 1926) is A. armatus Uhler. Alloeorrhynchus armatus Uhler 1894. AlloeorhyncJius armatus Uhler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. for 1894, p. 204. 1909. Alloeorrhynchus armatus Renter et Poppins, Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., XXXVII, p. 41. Elongate oblong, smooth, shiny, thinly clothed with scat- tered, long, fine hairs ; rnfo-piceons to reddish brown, the antennae, rostrum, legs, venter, and basal part of hemelytra to beyond apex of scutellum flavo-testaceous to testaceous. Head concolorous with pronotum, short, as broad as long. Eyes moderately large. Ocelli distinct. Antennae clothed with short fine hairs, segment I sub-equal in length to width of vertex with one eye ; proportion of segments, I : II : III : IV = 12 : 21 : 20 : 26. Rostrum extending to middle of meso- sternum, segment II scarcely one-half longer than antennal I ; III and IV together about equally as long as II. Pronotum smooth, broader than long (40:34); the an- terior lobe twice as long as posterior lobe (median measure) ; the basal margin feebly emarginate. Scutellum dull, bi- foveate on the disc, clothed above with numerous very long, fine, erect or semi-erect hairs. Hemelytra shiny, the inner third of clavus dull for its entire length ; inner third and apex of clavus and apical third of corium and embolium and all of cuneus rufo-piceous ; clavus and corium with the usual rows of deep punctures along the veins; membrane smoky. Legs pale testaceous, the posterior tibiae darkened; anterior femora with the dentate ampliation before the middle ; inter- mediate femora only slightly incrassate, with the ampliation three-fifths from the base. Mesopleuron shiny, rugulose, con- colorous with pronotum. Metapleuron opaque. Meso- and metasternum with a longitudinal keel. Venter shiny, slightly embrowned. Length, 3.59 mm.; width, 1.19 mm. Armatus has been known only from the type locality, Grenada, West Indies. The above description is made from a winged female, collected by Barber and Schwarz, Alta V. Paz., Guatemala. It differs from Uhler ’s description in that the head is rufo-piceous throughout, the second antennal segment is not fully twice as long 15 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 as first, the apical joints are not fnscons, the pronotnm is rnfo- piceons rather than deep-black, and the venter is not margined on snbmargin with a piceons curved line.” AUoeorrhynckus trimacula (Stein) 1860. Prostemma trimacula Stein, Berk Ent. Zeit., IV, p. 76. 1873. Alloeorhynchus trimacula Stal, Ennm. Hemii:)., Ill, p. 109. 1900. Alloeorrhynchus trimacula Champion, Biol. Centr. Am., Heter., II, p. 300, Tab. XVIII, f. 20. 1909. Alloeorrhynchus trimacula Renter et Poppius, Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., XXXVII, p. 40. Elongate-oblong, rather thickly clothed with moderately long semi-erect hairs. Head rnfo-piceons, shiny, broader than long and distinctly broader than collar of pronotnm, width of vertex slightly greater than width of an eye. Eyes prominent. Ocelli distinct. Antennae long, dark testaceous to piceons, paler distally; segment I longer than width of vertex with one eye ; proportion of segments, I : II : III : IV = 20 : 37 : 35 : 40. Rostrum piceons brown, reaching upon mesosternnm, segment II slightly longer than I of antennae ; III about three-fonrths as long as II. Pronotnm broader than long (female, 60:50), shiny; rnfo-testaceons, the collar above, a large spot on each humeral angle (extending down on pleura) and another occupying the middle of the disc of the posterior lobe, piceons black; posterior lobe two-thirds as long as anterior lobe, the basal margin slightly reflexed and feebly sinuate. Scutellum dull brown, clothed with long semi-erect hairs, bifoveate on disc and silicate posteriorly, the apex distinctly bifid. Hemelytra in greater part dull, concolorous with scutellum ; the costal margin for its entire length shiny, flavo-testaceous to test- aceous ; membrane dull, smoky. Legs flavotestaceous, the anterior trochanters, the apical one-third to one-half of all femora, and the tibiae and tarsi rufo-piceous to testaceous; anterior femora with the dentate ampliation placed before the middle. Mesopleuron shiny, rugulose, concolorous with the maculae on the humeral angles of pronotnm. Venter flavo-testaceous, with a broad submarginal stripe on each side (converging posteriorly) rufo-piceous. Connexivum above broadly exposed, segments two to five each with a piceons patch of short, fine, recumbent spinules. Male clasper as in figure (Plate IV, fig. 10). Length (male, female), 5.4-63 mm.; width, 1.5-1. 8 mm. 16 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA This species is recorded in the literature from Mexico, Guate- mala, Panama, and Brazil. The above description is taken from a male from Bngaba, Panama, and a female from Cahabon, Vera Paz, Guatemala, both collected by Champion and listed by him in Biologia Centrali Americana. In each of these specimens there is more of a rnfons tinge to the dark color than is shown in Cham- pion’s figure. Alloeorrhynchus flavomarginatus n. sp. Elongate-oblong, smooth, shiny, moderately thickly clothed with long semi-erect hairs ; rnfo-piceons, the lateral margins of pronotum (extending onto pleura), coastal mar- gins of hemelytra to middle of cnneus, rostrum, legs, and venter flavotestaceons. Head rnfo-piceons, the apex pale ; broader than long and distinctly broader than apex of pro- notnm. Eyes very prominent, each snbeqnal in width to vertex. Ocelli distinct. Antennal segment I longer than width of vertex with one eye ; II four-fifths longer than I (36:20); (III and IV missing). Rostrum extending onto mesosterniim, segment II snbeqnal to I of antennae. III three-fourths as long as I. Pronotum broader than long (52:40), the length of anterior lobe equal to width of head through eyes, posterior lobe three-fifths as long as anterior lobe, basal margin slightly refiexed and feebly emarginate. Scutellum about as in trimacula. Hemelytra shiny ; rufo- piceous, the entire costal margin to apex of cnneus paler, tending to flavo-testaceous proximally ; clavus and corium with the usual rows of distinct punctures along the veins. Anterior femora with the dentate ampliation placed before the middle. Mesopleura rufo-piceous, shiny. Metapleura brown, dull, rugulose ; the canal prominent. Venter some- what embrowned, with a broad submarginal stripe on each side (converging posteriorly) rufo-piceous to brown; clothed with numerous scattered long hairs. Connexivum without black patches of spinules. Length, 5.07 mm. ; width, 1.57 mm. Holotype : winged female, Essequibo R., Br. Guiana, A. Busck, collector, July, 1921. Type deposited in U. S. National Museum. This species is perhaps most closely related to vittativentris Stal and trimacula Stein but may be readily distinguished from either by its different coloration. Alloeorrhynchus nigrofasciatus n. sp. Elongate-oblong, smooth, shinjq moderately thickly clothed with rather long, semi-erect hairs. Head piceous 17 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 black, broader than long and distinctly broader than apex of pronotnm. Eyes moderately prominent, the width of each less than width of vertex. Ocelli distinct. Antennae testaceous; length of segment I scarcely equal to width of vertex with one eye; II about twice as long as I (28:14), III and IV missing. Rostrum fiavo-testaceous, the basal segment embrowned, segment II about a third longer than antennal I; III and IV conjoined slightly longer than II. Pronotum fiavo-testaceous, the narrow collar embrowned, a fascia on basal margin (considerably widened on disc) piceous; broader than long (46:40), the anterior lobe scarcely twice as long as posterior ; the basal margin slightlj^ rounded. Scutellum brown, dull, bifoveate on the disc, with a median impression before the apex; the apex slightly ex- panded and distinctly bifid. Hemelytra shiny throughout; rufo-piceous, the embolium, basal half of the corium, and outer basal half of clavus fiavo-testaceous; membrane fus- cous. Legs fiavo-testaceous, the intermediate and posterior femora annulate with reddish brown before their apices ; an- terior and intermediate femora ampliately dentate before the middle. Mesopleuron piceous black, shiny, rugulose; meta- pleuron dull. Meso- and metasternum longitudinally cari- nate down the middle. Venter fiavo-testaceous, with a macula on each side at the base, and the genital segments embrowned. Connexivum above broadly exposed, segments II-V, each with a small patch of recumbent, piceous spinules. Length, 4.4 mm. ; width, 1.38 mm. TIolotype, winged female, Alta V. Paz, Guatemala. Type de- posited in U. S. National Museum. This pretty little species is at once recognizable from our other members of the genus by the piceous basal fascia of the pronotum. The eyes are distinctly smaller than in flavomarginatus n. sp., and the legs much shorter than in that species. Alloeorrhynchus delicatus n. sp. Small, elongate-oblong, shiny, clothed with a few fine hairs ; fiavo-testaceous, the head, posterior lobe of ijronotum, scutellum, cuneus, mesopleuron and mesostemum reddish brown. Head short, broader than long and distinctly broader than apex of pronotum. Eyes fairly large, each about one-half as wide as vertex. Ocelli prominent. Seg- ment I of antennae fiavo-testaceous, subequal in length to width of vertex with an eye (11:12) ; (remaining segments missing). Rostrum reaching onto mesostemum, segment II 18 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA one-third longer than antennal I, III five-sixths as long as II. Pronotum broader than long (39:33), the posterior lobe (median measurement) one-half as long as anterior lobe. Scntellum opaque, clothed with numerous, long, semi-erect hairs, bifoveate on the disc ; the apex slightly expanded, bifid. Hemelytra shiny throughout, minutely punctate, the clavus and corium with the usual rows of distinct punctures along the veins; membrane transparent. Legs pale throughout, the anterior and intermediate femora widened and armed before the middle with a stout tooth, minutely denticulate from there to apex ; anterior and intermediate tibiae serrately den- tate within, the former widened on apical third and pro- vided with the usual spongy fossa at the apex. Meso- and metasternum longitudinally carinate down the middle. Connexivum above and beneath with an interrupted, sub- marginal, piceous line of fine recumbent spinules. Length, 3.94 mm. ; width, 1.09 mm. Holotype, male. Ancon, C. Z., Panama, May 12, 1911, A. II. Jennings. Allotype, female, and paratypes, one male and two females, taken with type. Type deposited in U. S. National Museum. This delicate little species is closely related to the follow- ing {nigrolohus Barber), from which it may be readily separated by its larger eyes, the presence of the line of recumbent spinules on the connexivum, and the darker apical part of corium. The scutellum is not so strongly contracted apically as in nigrolohus. The margin of the propleuron is deeply notched just behind the acetabula and the notch jDrovided with a distinct tooth-like projection. AlloeorrJiynchus nigrolohus Barber 1922. Alloerrliyndius nigrolohus Barber, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIV, p. 103. Size, form, and color markings about as in A. delicatus n. sp., the paler markings tending to a testaceous, the cuneus only feebly infuscate. Head as long as broad, its width through the eyes slightly greater than width of apex of pro- notum. Eyes rather small, not prominent, the width of one less than one-half of width of vertex. Ocelli distinct. An- tennae flavo-testaceous, the apical segments somewhat em- browned ; moderately thickly clothed with short hairs, seg- ment I subequal in length to width of vertex with one eye; proportion of segments, I : II : III : IV = 12 : 25 : 22 : 20. Ros- 19 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 trum extending onto mesosternum, segment II snbequal to segment I or antennae; III and IV together equal to II. Pronotum with the anterior lobe slightly darker and broader than in delicatus, its sides less strongly rounded. Scutellum paler and more constricted apically than in delicatus. Hem- elytra lighter, more pilose, the corium and embolium more distinctly punctulate, corium only slightly darkened apically. Venter darker at apex, the connexivum without the submar- ginal row of black spinules. Length, 3.67 mm. ; width, 1.06 mm. Nigrolohus was described from Brownsville and San Antonio, Texas, and has heretofore been known only from there. The above description is taken from a specimen from Bowie, Arizona, collected July 15, 1917, by Dr. H. H. Knight and kindly compared with the types of nigrolohus in the National Museum by Dr. C. J. Drake. Specimens are also at hand from Bonita, Arizona, July 16, 1917, and Lordsburg, N. Mex., July 13, 1917, H. H. Knight, collector. In addition to the differences pointed out above the shape of the ostiolar canal and of the male clasper will readily separate this species from its ally A. delicatus n. sp. Genus PAGASA Stal 1862. Pagasa Stal, Rio Jan. Hemip., II, p. 60. 1865. Pagasa Stal, Hemip. Afr., Ill, p. 38. 1873. Pagasa Stal, Enum. Hemip., Ill, pp. 107, 108. 1899. Pagasa Champion, Biol. Centr. Amer., Heter., II, p. 297. 1909. Pagasa Reuter et Poppius, Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., XXXVII, No. 2, p. 25. Oblong to subelongate, narrowed anteriorly, shiny, the head, pronotum, and scutellum thinly clothed with long, semierect hairs, hemelytra pilose. Head conically produced in front of the eyes. Eyes large, almost or touching apex of pronotum. Ocelli distinct, the distance between them greater than their distance from the eyes. Antennae in- serted on side at about middle of anteocular part of head, rather short, segments I, II, and III somewhat thickened, IV and V slenderer and clothed with longer hairs ; the sup- plementary segment (II) about one-half as long as I ; I short, only slightly surpassing apex of head. Rostrum rather short, stout. Pronotum constricted distinctly behind the middle; anterior lobe narrowed toward apex, apical collar narrow, indistinct ; posterior lobe, broad, its basal margin slightly 20 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA sinuate. Scutellum moderately large, sub-equilateral, bifo- veate on the disc. Hemelytra when developed with cuneus well marked off ; membrane in macropterous form with three oblong cells from which many veins radiate to the margin. Legs rather short, thickly pilose, the anterior femora strongl}^ incrassate, armed beneath with piceous teeth; ante- rior tibiae serrately dentate within, strongly widened in- wards at apex and provided there with a large spongy fossa. (Type of genus, Pagasa pallidiceps Stal.) Pagasa is known only from the Nearctic and Neotropical realms. It is undoubtedl}^ closely related to Prostemma Leon Dufour which is rich in species in the Palaearctic regions. Our forms are often dimorphic in regard to wing development. The shape of the ante- rior legs, the length of the rostral segments, and the shape of the ostiolar canal vary much in the different species. Of the nine de- scribed species only three have been recorded from our region. Key to Species of Pagasa 1. Pronotum with a triangular ochraceous patch on anterior lobe at apex; anterior tibiae strongly curv^ed inwards, gradually widened from base to apex luteiceps (Walker), p. 21. Pronotum entirely piceous or nigro-piceous ; anterior tibiae not curved inwards ; the apex broadly and angularly dilated 2 :2. Segment II of rostrum extending beyond base of head ; anterior tibiae broadly and suddenly dilated along apical two-fifths; hemelytra in greater part opaque pallipes Stal, p. 22 Segment II of rostrum scarcely attaining posterior margin of eyes; anterior tibiae angularly dilated within to apex; hem- elytra shiny {fusca) 3 3. Legs pale testaceous fusca (Stein), p. 24. Legs piceous black var. nigripes Harris, p. 26. Pagasa luteiceps (Walker). 1873. Prostemma luteiceps Walker, Cat. Hem. Heter. Br. Mus., VII, p. 135. 1900. Pagasa luteiceps Champion, Biol. Centr. Am., Heter., II, p. 298, Tab. XVIII, figs. 16, 16a. 1909. Pagasa luteiceps Eeuter et Poppius, Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., XXXVII, p. 27. Oblong, smooth, pilose and somewhat setose, shiny, the scutellum and greater part of hemelytra opaque ; piceous, the 21 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 head and a triangular patch on apex of pronotum ochrace- ous, the scutellum and hemelytra excepting embolium and cunens, ochraceous to testaceous, somewhat variegated. An- tennae, rostrum and legs fusco-testaceous. Head slightly broader than long, embrowned beneath. Eyes large, the width of one less than width of vertex. Ocelli prominent, far apart. Antennae paler at base, segment I (16) scarcely as long as an eye ; III almost twice as long as I, distinctly less than width of head through eyes (31:34), supple- mentary segment (II) one-half as long as I. Rostrum reaching upon mesosternum, segment II not surpassing middle of eyes; III about a third longer than II. Pronotum broader than long (macropterous male, 68: 55) ; anterior lobe broad, about two and a half times as long as posterior lobe (median measurement) ; basal margin angularly emarginate. Scutellum large, with a few scat- tered punctures basally and two piceous foveae on disc, the apex slightly produced. Hemelytra clothed with somewhat reclining hairs, opaque, the embolium and costal margin of cuneus shiny brown; the corium with one and the clavus with three rows of distinct punctures ; membrane smoky, the veins paler. Anterior femora greatly incrassate, their length (measured beneath) about twice their thickness (43: 21), the lower surface for its entire length densely spinose; anterior tibiae strongly curved inward, widened apically from the base, the inner surface beset with a row of curved piceous spines. Intermediate and posterior tibiae (the lat- ter more sparingly) spinose and also setose. Metasternum longitudinally carinate down the middle. Metapleuron opaque, rugulose, the ostiolar canal distinct. Venter shiny. Clasper with the apex truncate (Plate IV, fig. 2). Length, 6.6 mm. ; width, 2.07 mm. P. luteiceps is said to be closely related to the Brazilian species, P. pallidiceps Stal. It has heretofore been recorded from Mexico and Venezuela. The above description is made from a winged male from Tobago Id., Panama. This species may be readily separated from its congeners by its color markings, differently con- structed anterior femora, and curved anterior tibiae. Nothing seems to be known regarding its biology. Pagasa pallipes Stal. 1873. Pagasa pallipes Stal, Enum. Hemip., Ill, p. 108. 1899. Pagasa pallipes Champion, Biol. Centr. Amer., Heter., II, p. 299, Tab. XVIII, figs. 18, 18a. 22 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 1909. Pagasa pallvpes Reuter et Poppius, Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., XXXVII, No. 2, p. 29. 1914. Pagasa pallipes Barber, Bui. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXIII, p. 502. Moderately elongate, smooth, pilose, and also sparsely setose; shiny, the scutellum, central portion of hemelytra, and metapleura dull; nigro-piceous, the antennae, rostrum, and legs testaceous. Head equally as long as broad. Eyes large, width of one of them equal to that of vertex. Ocelli far apart. Antennae moderately long, segment I one-fourth shorter than an eye ; III more than twice as long as I, sub- equal to width of head through eyes; supplementary seg- ment (II) about half as long as I; IV and V slender, thickly pilose ; proportion of segments, I : II : III : IV : V = 15 : 7 : 35 : 36 : 40. Rostrum fairly long, segment II longest, surpassing- apex of pronotum, its length greater than III of antennae ; III and IV conjoined slightly longer than II. Pronotum broader than long (macropterous male, 73: 62), collar narrow, indistinctly marked off,, anterior lobe long, transverse impression with a few punctures, posterior lobe slightly more than one-third as long as anterior, basal margin feebly sinuate inwards at the middle. Scutellum dull, with a few scattered punctures on the base, the disc bifoveate. Hemelytra dull, the embolium, costal margin of cuneus and outer portions of curium and clavus shiny ; with rows of punctures as in luteiceps; membrane smoky, the veins rather indistinct. Anterior femora strongly incras- sate, length about three times depth (50:17); armed be- neath, excepting apical and basal one-fourths, with two in- distinct rows of piceous spines. Anterior tibiae broadly, angularly dilated on apical one-third, spinose within, the spongy fossa at apex about one-half as long as tibia itself. Intermediate and posterior tibiae with several stout spines along their inner surfaces. Venter on either side with a large submarginal impression at base of second segment, the impression fringed with long hairs, its bottom distinctly pitted. Clasper with the apex broadly rounded (Plate IV, figure 1). Length, 7.5 mm.; width, 2.2 mm. Pallipes was originally described from Texas and has since been recorded from Florida, Kansas, and Utah. The above description is taken from a male and female (both macropterous) from San Antonio and Victoria, Texas, respectively. Specimens from Dune- 23 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 din and Eoyal Palm Park, Florida, collected by Professor W. S. Blatcliley, and from Brownsville, Texas, have been seen by the writer. Hussey (1922) has recorded this species from Michigan, but the author has yet to see a specimen from so far north. The nymphs are readily recognized by the enormously widened anterior tibiae, the apical fossa occupying more than half of the tibia in a fourth ( ? ) instar nymph. The brachypterous form is said to have the hemelytra extending upon the second abdominal segment. Pagasa fusca (Stein). 1857. Prostemma fuscum Stein, Berk Ent. Zeit., I, p. 90. 1873. Pagasa nitida Stal, Enum. Hemip., Ill, p. 108. 1890. Pagasa fusca Keuter, Revue d’Ent., IX, p. 281. 1899. Pagasa fusca Champion, Biol. Centr. Amer., Heter., II, p. 299, Tab. XVIII, figs. 17, 17a. 1909. Pagasa fusca Reuter et Poppius Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn., XXXVII, p. 31. Moderately elongate, smooth, setose, the antennae, hemelytra, legs, and venter also pilose ; shiny, the scutellum and metapleura dull ; piceous black, the posterior lobe of pro- notum and hemelytra sometimes brownish; antennae, legs, and rostrum testaceous to fiavo-testaceous. Head as broad as long. Eyes large, the width of one equal to that of ver- tex. Ocelli reddish, distinct, placed close to eyes. Antennae moderately long, segment I one-third shorter than an eye; III two and one-half times as long as I, equal to width of head through eyes ; IV and V slender, thickly pilose ; pro- portion of segments, I : II : III : IV : V = 13 : 7 : 29 : 28 : 28. Rostrum fairly short,, stout, segment II not surpassing mid- dle of eyes, its length only two-thirds of that of antennal III ; III subequal to II. Pronotum as broad as or distinctly broader than long, the collar very narrow, anterior lobe long, transverse impres- sion with a few punctures, basal margin angularly and rather deeply emarginate. Scutellum with a few punctures on base, disc with numerous semi-erect long hairs, the foveae shallow. Hemelytra shiny, the veins rather prominent ; clavus without a distinct row of punctures along inner mar- gin, but it and corium with other punctures as in pallipes. Membrane smoky, when developed with three elongate cells from which numerous veins radiate. Anterior femora strongly incrassate, only about two and one-fifth times as 24 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA long as thick (41:19), spinose beneath. Anterior tibia widened from apex outwards, spinose within, the fossa at apex distinctly less than one-half as long as tibia. Inter- mediate and posterior tibiae with a few elongate stout spines. Venter with only a faint impression at base of second seg- ment on either side. Male clasper prolonged outwardly and upward at apex (Plate IV, fig. 3). Brachypterous form : Smaller, more elongate, the pro- notum scarcely as long as broad ; hemelytra rather pointed, varying in length ; abdomen conspicuously punctate. Length, 5.28-6.5 mm. ; width, 1.5-1. 8 mm. Macropterous form : Pronotum distinctly broader than long (65:55). Membrane extending well beyond apex of abdomen. Length, 6.8 mm. ; width, 1.95 mm. Fusca was originally described from Pennsylvania. Its range is said to extend southward into South America. Specimens are at hand or have been examined from the following localities : Maine, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Mississippi, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, Alberta, British Columbia, California, Arizona, Colorado, Texas, and Mexico. This species varies consid- erably in size. When the hemelytra are completely developed the membrane extends beyond the apex of the abdomen. It may be reduced, however, to where it just fails to cover the abdomen or is even entirely lacking. In the latter case the hemelytra extend only to the middle of the second abdominal tergite and are truncate at the apex. Many gradations between these extremes in wing devel- opment have been seen. Biology : P. fusca is one of the ground inhabiting nabids. It is to be found usually in hot dry situations where the vegetation is very short. Here it runs about hiding beneath chips and bunches of grass and feeding upon other insects that it can overpower. The writer has observed it feeding upon leaf-hoppers and upon speci- mens of the Lygaeid, Geocoris uliginosus (Say), which form is itself predatory in nature and' inhabits similar situations to that pre- ferred by P. fusca. In Mississippi he has taken it in company with Blissus leucopterous Say and Myododia serripes Oliv. The eggs are laid in the stems of plants. The nymphs are somewhat ant-like in appearance. The writer has taken the third instar ( ?) nymphs during the last week in May at Ames, and has had females deposit eggs in September which hatched within a few days in the writer’s office. First and second instar nymphs have also been taken by the 25 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 writer in Mississippi in September. Hibernation supposedly occurs in the adult form as a specimen labelled as having been taken be- neath bark in January is at hand. Pagasa fusca nigripes Harris. 1926. Pagasa fusca nigripes Harris, Ent. News, XXXVII, p. 287. Similar in structure to typical fusca, but easily recognizable by the deeper black color of the body and especially by the black legs. Known only from Pingree Park, Colorado. Subfamily NABINAE (Reuter) 1873. Coriscina Stal, Enum. Hemip., Ill, pp. 106, 110. 1890. AracJinocorina Reuter, Rev. d’Ent., IX, p. 293. 1890. Nahina Reuter, Rev. d’Ent., IX, p. 293. 1904. Coriscidae Uhler, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVII, p. 363. 1904. Nahidinaria Distant, Fauna Br. Ind., Rhyn. II, p. 397. 1908. Reduviolina Reuter, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., XV, p. 129. 1908. Nahinae Oshanin, Verz. Palae. Hemip., I, p. 568. 1909. Reduviolina Reuter et Poppius, Acta Soc. Sci. Penn., XXXVII, No. 2, p. 3. Elongate to sub-elongate. Head more or less exserted, with a distinct collum, the eyes rather far from pronotum. Ocelli distinct or absent. Eyes prominent. Antennae long, 4-segmented, often with an obsolete ring-like segment at base of II. Rostrum slender. Pronotum with apical collar wide and rather distinctly marked off; constricted at or before the middle, the base truncate or emarginate. Scutellum moderately large. Hemelytra with clavus widened poste- riorly. Metapleuron with ostiolar orifice indistinct or well developed, in the latter case the canal flattened and slightly curved forward or short and tuberculate. Anterior legs with coxae lengthened, femora more or less incrassate, and tibiae provided with an obsolete pad at the apex. This subfamily contains by far the greater number of the North American species of Nabids. It is represented in our fauna by five genera. 26 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Key to Genera of Nabinae 1. Anterior coxae not greatly elongate; anterior acetabula open behind; ocelli, in onr species, always present (Tribe Nabini Van Duzee) 2 Anterior coxae slender, rather greatly elongate; anterior aceta- bnla closed behind; ocelli, in our species, always absent (PL III, tig. 13) (Tribe Gorpini Rent.) 4 2. Head short, strongly declivous ; pronotum rather globose ; scu- tellum small, the apex produced upwards into a distinct spine ; ostiolar canal short, tuberculate Arachnocoris, p. 27. Head moderately long, porrect; pronotum campanulate; scutel- lum moderately large, the apex not produced into an upward directed spine ; ostiolar canal flattened, directed outward onto mesopleuron 3 3. Antennal I not twice as long as head, not suddenly thickened along apical third ; membrane usually with closed discal cells ; intermediate tibiae armed within with sharp spines or spine- like teeth Nahis, p. 32. Antennal I twice as long as head, suddenly and evenly thick- ened along its apical third; membrane with unclosed discal cells; intermediate tibiae unarmed within. Metatropiphorus, p. 71. 4. Scutellum equilateral ; hemelytra strongly constricted before the middle; small species (less than 5 mm.) Cartliasis, p. 74. Scutellum elongate; hemelytra with costal margins parallel; large slender species (12 mm.) Neogorpis, p. 82. Genus ARACHNOCORIS Scott 1881. Arachnocoris Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., XXVII, p. 272. 1890. Arachnocoris Reuter, Rev. cHEnt., IX, p. 292. 1894. Velidia Uhler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1894, p. 206. 1908. Arachnocoris Reuter, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., XV, p. 129. Body sub-elongate, shiny, pilose. Head short, rather strongly declivous. Eyes moderately large. Ocelli distinct. Antennae long, slender, pilose, segment I distinctly longer than head. Rostrum long, slender, extending onto meta- sternum ; segment I twice as long as broad. Pronotum rather globose, strongly declivous anteriorly, only faintly con- stricted near the middle, the collar at apex well marked off ; basal margin somewhat reflexed behind humeral angles, roundly emarginate at base of scutellum. Scutellum small, 27 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 the apex produced into an acuminate spine. Hemelytra shiny, the clavus scarcely Avidened from base to apex of scutellum, the commissure longer than scutellum. Anterior legs with coxae only moderately long, femora of about equal thickness throughout their lengths, slightly curved, spinose beneath; tibiae slender, slightly longer than femora, some- what curved, Avithout apical pads. Mesopleuron shiny ; metapleuron opaque, rugulose, the ostiolar canal tubercu- late. Abdomen greatly narrowed basally, almost petiolate. (Type of genus, Arachnocoris alhomaculatus Scott). Arachnocoris was erected in 1881 for two new species of Nabids from South America. Reuter in 1890 constructed a separate sub- family for this peculiar genus, which however, he later (1908) re- jected upon the discovery of Par arachnocoris chloropterus Reuter^ from British Guiana. This latter seems to be a connecting link between the genus Nahis and the genus Arachnocoris. As noAv knoAV Arachnocoris contains six species ranging from Panama and the West Indies southward to Brazil. Key to Species of Arachnocoris 1. Smaller (2.5 mm.) ; legs yellow, the femora annulate with black herytoides (Ufiler), p. 28. Larger (4-5.5 mm.) ; legs piceous to rufo-piceous, sometimes with femora annulate with yellowish 2. 2. Segment II of venter with a transverse white fascia; meta- pleuron in greater part fuscous. Male with greatly incrassate intermediate femora ; the clasper strongly curved, claw- like alhomaculatus Scott, p. 29. Segment II of A^enter without transverse white fascia ; meta- pleuron in greater part yellowish. Intermediate femora of male not greatly incrassate ; the clasper slender lance- like trinit atis Bergroth, p. 31. Arachnocoris herytoides (Uhler). 1894. Velidia herytoides Uhler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Bond., 1894, p. 207. 1914. Arachnocoris herytoides Bergroth, Eut. Mo. Mag., L, p. 116. ^ Unfortunately Par arachnocoris was by typographical error spelled Parachnocoris originally and this error has been perpetu- ated in most of the literature. Reuter however, plainly meant, and he so states later, that the name should be Pararachnorcoris. 28 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA ‘‘Long, siibcylindrical, griseo-fnscons, widest at the base of the pronotnm. Head highly polished, black at base and between the eyes, the face, cheeks, and rostrum yellow; the antennae dusky testaceous, annnlated with black at the ends of the joints, and with a white band at the base of third and fourth joints, the basal joint with a broader black band a little way behind the ti]). Pronotnm greyish testaceous; the posterior lobe strongly punctate, the callosities black and polished, with a groove in the middle between them; the collnm in front of these polished, yellow ; the intra- hnmeral and the posterior border black, with the edge yel- low; the pleural flaps punctate, pale yellow; humeri with a small whitish callosity in the angle. Scntellnm mostly greyish yellow, with the apical point white. Legs yellow, all the femora with a black band before the tip, and the middle and posterior pairs, especially marked with about three narrow black bands; the tips of tibiae and of tarsi also black. Venter smooth, dull flavo testaceous, with a large spot on each side of base and the last two segments mostly black. Length to tip of venter 2| mm. ; width of pronotnm f mm. Only one specimen was obtained. It was found at Balthazar, on April 24, at an elevation of 250 feet above tide level, near the shady bank of a stream ; beaten from a mass of bush and decaying leaves. ’ ’ This species is known only by the type specimen in the British Museum of Natural History from Trinidad, West Indies. The above is Uhler’s original description. Arachnocoris alhomaculatus Scott. 1881. Arachnocoris albomaculatus Scott, Ent. Mo. Mag., XXVII, p. 273. 1890. Arachnocoris albomaculatus Keuter, Rev. d’Ent., IX, p. 292. 1893. Herdonius panamensis Distant, Biol. Centr. Amer., Heter., I, p. 419, Tab. XXXVI, fig. 13. 1908. Arachnocoris albomaculatus Reuter, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., XV, p. 129. 1925. Arachnocoris albomacidatus Myers, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XXXIII, pp. 136-146, PI. VI. Slender; pilose, shiny, piceous brown, the pronotum ex- cepting collar and reflected basal margin black ; apex of 29^ ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 scutelliim, a transverse fascia at apex of clavus (widening forwards on embolinm to near the base), and apex of cnneus white. Under surface rufopiceous, the gula, collar of prono- tnm beneath, margins of anterior and intermediate acetabula, a spot on base of mesopleuron and another on ostiolar canal, a broad fascia on basal half of second segment of venter, a median interrupted line on segments II and III of venter and the apical margin of segment IV beneath, and prominent calloused spots on the first four connexival segments white. Head short, as broad as long. Eyes moderately large. Ocelli prominent, far apart. Antennae long, slender, pilose ; flavotestaceous, the median portion of segment II, all of III and the base of IV darker ; segment I slightly longer than width of head through eyes ; proportion of segments, I :II : III : IV = 24 : 38 : 51 : 39. Rostrum piceous, the basal segment paler, more than twice as long as broad; II and III sub- equal, each equal to I of antennae ; IV half as long as III, extending between hind coxae. Pronotum thickly and coarsely punctate behind the trans- verse impression, with a few fine punctures in front ; thickly clothed with short, even, erect pubescence ; the basal margin behind the humeral angles paler, reflected, deeply emarginate in front of scutellum. Scutellum small, with a few erect fine hairs, its base impressed and finely punctate ; the apical half white, spiniform. Hemelytra rather strongly con- stricted to a point opposite apex of clavus, smooth, shiny, the veins and the costal margin beset with a few fine hairs. Membrane smoky, densely clothed with very short, reclining pubescence. Anterior and intermediate legs piceous brown, the femora strongly punctate above, their apices and the tibiae and tarsi paler; the tibiae with an ivory spot on the outer surface near the base. Anterior femora of about equal thickness throughout, spinose beneath, somewhat curved posteriorly ; anterior tibiae slightly longer than femora, thickest basally, unarmed within and without fossae at their apices. Intermediate femora greatly incrassate (male), spinose at the apex beneath ; intermediate tibiae slightly curved, thickest toward the base and there minutely spinose within. Metapleuron fuscous, opaque, rugulose. Venter rather strongly narrowed and somewhat keeled at base, finely punctate, pilose. Male clasper hook-like (Plate IV, fig. 4). Length 5.45 mm. ; width, 1.25 mm. A. alhornaculatus was originally described from Rio Janeiro. The above description is made from a male specimen belonging to the Drake collection. It bears the label Tabernilla, Canal Zone, 30 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Panama, June 4, ’07, Ang. Bnsck collector, and is undoubtedly the .specimen that Bergroth (Ent. Mo. Mag., Vol. 50, 1914, p. 117) had previously listed from Panama. It differs from Scott’s description in the proportions of the antennal and rostral segments, and in the absence of the spine on the posterior trochanters. Also it is to be noted that the color (Scott described it “Pitchy black”) is more of ,a brownish, the pronotiim alone being pitchy black. In the speci- men before me the band on the base of the segment of venter seems to extend even across on the dorsal side of abdomen. In view of the points that are at variance with Scott’s description there would be :Some hesitation in identifying the specimen present as alhomacu- latus were it not for the fact that Reuter after examination of a specimen from Rio Janeiro pointed out that Scott had probably erred in his description of the antennae and rostrum. Bergroth who studied Scott’s type at the British Museum concurred in this view even though he failed to recognize the sexes. In the speci- men at hand the claspers are very prominent. Biology : This remarkable insect is known to inhabit the webs -of certain spiders where it lives suspended upside down apparently preying upon insects caught therein. Myers (1925) has published .a rather full discussion of the peculiar body modifications and color schemes that so remarkably adapt the adult and its nymphs for such a life. Nothing is known of the eggs and younger instars. A.raclinocoris trinitatis Bergroth. 1916. Arachnocoris trinitatis Bergroth, Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., LI., p. 232. Closely related to A. alhomaculatus but smaller and slightly paler; the males with very differently shaped clasp- ers and without greatly incrassate intermediate femora. Head short, strongly declivent. Antennae fusco-testaceous, the base and apex of segment I, apex of II, and the apical two thirds of IV pale to whitish; proportion of segments, 20 : 33 : 42 ; 30. Rostrum piceous, extending between hind coxae ; proportion of segments, II : III : IV = 22 : 19 : 11. Pronotum less globose than in alhomaculatus, the color distinctly paler than there (more of a brownish testaceous), the transverse impression much more distinct, the collar wider, and the basal margin more broadly emarginate. Scutellum about as in alhomaculatus, the apical spine shorter. Henielytra as in alhomaculatus, the transverse band at apex of commissure scarcely widened forwards on embolium. Legs piceous brown, the extreme apex of each 31 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 femur and base of each tibia yellowish to reddish. Anterior and intermediate femora of about equal thickness, spinose beneath; posterior femora slender and curved, and with a rather broad, indistinct yellowish annulation before the distal third. All tibiae and tarsi very slender. Metapleuron in greater part yellowish; opaque, rugulose. Venter con- stricted basally as in albomaculatus, but less thickly pilose and the color paler, the second segment without the trans- verse white band and the median white line ; the fifth seg- ment with a prominent raised ivory submarginal spot on each side. Connexival segments marked as in albomaculatus, but the spots much smaller on the basal segments and more prominent on the fourth, fifth, and sixth segments. Genital segments large, the clasper rather long and lance-like (Plate IV, fig. 7). Length 4.41 mm.; width, 1.04 mm. This species was described from Trinidad, West Indies, and is known only by the type specimens in the collection of the U. S. National Museum. The above description is made from two of the paratypes (both males) kindly sent to me for study by Mr. W. L. McAtee. They are labelled as having been taken at Montserrat, June 27, Aug. Busck, collector. These specimens agree quite well with Bergroth’s description, but in neither is the second antennal segment twice as long as the first nor are the calloused ivory spots lacking on the fourth and sixth connexival segments as that author states. The species is closely related to A. albomaculatus and un- doubtedly has similar habits. Genus NABIS Latreille 1802. Nabis Latreille, Hist. Nat. Ins., Ill, p. 248. 1807. Nabis Latreille, Genera Crust. Ins., Ill, p. 127. 1837. Reduviolus Kirby, Richardson’s Fauna Bor. Am., IV., p. 279. 1840. Nabis Westwood, Intr. Mod. Classif. Ins., II, Synop., p. 120. 1873. Coriscus Stal, Enum. Hemip., Ill, p. 112. 1890. Nahis Reuter, Revue d’Ent., IX, p. 293. 1900. Reduviolus Kirkaldy, Entomologist, XXXII, i:>. 242. Elongate-oblong, narrowed anteriorly ; more or less opaque, pilose. Head rather long, horizontal, produced be- fore and behind the eyes. Eyes large, well removed from apex of pronotum. Ocelli (in our species) distinct, about 32 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA as far from eyes as from each other. Antennae long*, j^ilose, segment I thickest, distinctly surpassing apex of head. Ros- trum slender, segment I thick, as broad as long. Pronotnm strongly narrowed anteriorly, transversely constricted near the middle, the anterior lobe with a wide distinct collar ; the posterior lobe usually arched, its basal margin truncate. Sciitellnm equilateral, somewhat im- pressed on the disc, with a smooth callosity on each side. Hemelytra often abbreviated ; the membrane when developed with three elongate cells from the margins of which num- erous veins radiate. Legs long, the anterior femora incras- sate, the anterior tibiae shorter than femora, dentate within and with a small fossa at apex. Metaplenra dull, the ostiolar canal flattened, extending outward to middle of evaporative surface and curved anteriorly. [Type of genus. Nobis ferus (Linn.)]. The genus Nahis includes the most numerous and the better known members of the family occurring in North America. It is a large genus containing many species throughout its almost world- wide range. Reuter has divided the genus into several distinct groups or subgenera. Evidence at hand, however, indicates that these may need to be recharacterized and this the writer hopes to do when more material from other faunal regions becomes available. Key to the Subgenera and Species of Nabis 1. Head behind the eyes parallel-sided or nearly so; body in greater part grey or brownish in color.'. 2 Head strongly and obliquely narrowed behind the eyes; body shiny black, with antennae, rostrum, legs, and margin of connexivum yellowish (Subgenus Nabicula Kirby). suhcoleoptratus (Kirby), p. 37. 2. Anterior and intermediate femora armed beneath with minute short, rather blunt, piceous teeth ; tibiae annulate through- out their entire length; (Subgenus Hoplisioscelis Reuter) ...3 Anterior and intermediate femora unarmed or with only minute piceous spine-like setae, never with short teeth ; tibiae not annulate, or, if so, only at the base and apex 7 3. Posterior tibia with numerous long hairs that arise at right angles from its surface, the hairs being about twice as long as tibia is thick heidemanni (Rent.), p. 39. Posterior tibia with numerous shorter hairs that arise at an acute angle and that are never twice as long as the tibia is thick 4 33 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 4. First antennal segment equal to or slightly longer than width of head through eyes ; anterior femora at least four times as long as thick (depth) sordidus Rent., p. 41. First antennal segment less than width of head through eyes; anterior femora less than four times as long as thick 5 5. Anterior femora only three times as long as thick; size larger, 7-8 mm dentipes n. n., p. 43. Anterior femora more than three times as long as thick ; size smaller 6 6. Anterior femora three and one-third times as long as deep. nigriventris Stal, p. 44. Anterior femora three and two-thirds times as long as deep. deceptivus n. sp., p. 45. 7. Posterior lobe of pronotnm strongly punctate ; hemelytra dis- tinctly constricted before the middle, the costal margin ciliate ; femora annulate before the apex ; posterior tibiae clothed with long, sub-erect hairs. (Subgenus Lasiomerus Reuter) 8 Posterior lobe of pronotum not or only very faintly punctate; costal margins of hemelytra about parallel, clothed with only a few shorter hairs ; femora usually not annulate before apex ; tibiae clothed with shorter hairs which arise at a sharp angle from its surface 11 8. Ostiolar canal gently curved forward, flat, not sharply raised from the surface of the metapleuron; anterior lobe of pro- notum not or only slightly arched; segments II and III of rostrum subequal in length ; larger ( 6 mm. or more ) 9 Ostiolar canal directed posteriorly, high, distinctly and sharply raised from the surface of the metapleuron ; anterior lobe of pronotum rather strongly arched; segment II of rostrum distinctly longer than III; small (3. 6-3. 9 mm.). panamensis Harris, p. 46. 9. Body slender, elongate ; anterior and intermediate femora each with a row of long, rigid, spine-like setae on the posterior surface below spinier us Reut., p. 47, Body oblong to oblong-ovate ; anterior and intermediate femora without rigid, piceous, spine-like setae 10 10. Segment I of antennae about as long as pronotum, its length If times width of head through eyes; larger (8-9 mm.). annulatus Reut., p. 49. Segment I of antennae distinctly shorter than pronotum, its length less than 1^ times width of head through eyes; smaller constrictus Champ., p. 51. 34 June-Sept, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 11. Body elongate ; antennal I always distinctly longer than width of head through eyes; scntellum with a i^roniinent, de- pressed, semicircular, shiny spot on each side at the base; macropterons form rare. Brachypterons form with elytra not extending beyond third abdominal segment; abdomen pale above, nigro-vittate (subgenus Dolichonahis Beuter) 12 Body usually broader, oblong-ovate ; scntellum with depressed shiny spots at base absent or only obsoletely developed; macropterons form common. Brachypterons form rarely with elytra not extending beyond middle of abdomen and then antennal I is scarcely or not longer than width of head through eyes (subgenus Nobis Latr. ) 14 12. Body greatly elongate ; antennal I usually about four times as long as width of head between the eyes; anterior femora about six times as long as thick; length (male-female, 9-12 mm.) propinquus Rent., p. 51. Body shorter, the abdomen of female more exj)anded; length of antennal I not or scarcely more than three time the width of head between the eyes ; anterior femora usually not more than five times as long as thick 13 13. Length of segment II of rostrum slightly greater than width of head through eyes; antennal IV distinctly longer than antennal I ; brachypterons form with elytra truncate at apex limbotus Dahlb., p. 53. Segment II of rostrum usually equal to width of head through eyes ; antennal IV shorter than I ; brachypterons form with elytra obliquely narrowed and somewhat pointed at apex. nigrovittatus Sahib., p. 54. 14. First segment of antennae equal in length to width of head between eyes gerhardi Harris, p. 55. First segment of antennae much longer than width of head between eyes 15 15. Head somewhat narrowed behind eyes; scntellum with semi- circular shiny spot in each basal angle distinct but obsoletely developed; brachypterons form most common, their hem- elytra extending usually not beyond middle of abdomen 16 Head not narrowed behind eyes; scntellum without semicir- cular shiny spots at basal angles; smaller species (usually less than 8 mm. ) ; brachypterons form with hemelytra always extending almost to or beyond apex of abdomen 17 16. First antennal segment slightly longer than width of head through eyes ; head, anterior lobe of pronotum, and abdomen above in greater part black; male clasper with a backward 35 ENTOMOLOGIC A AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 projecting spine-like hook on the dorsal edge near the base of blade flavomarginatus Seholtz, p. 56. First antennal segment slightly shorter than width of head throngh eyes ; head, anterior lobe of pronotnm and abdomen above in greater j3art testaceous to brownish ; male clasper without basal hook on blade vanduzeei (Kirk.), p. 58. 17. First antennal segment shorter than width of head through eyes ; hemelytra concolorous dull yellowish brown with three brown spots on each, thickly clothed Avith short, recumbent, golden pubescence ; male clasper with narrow, elongate, lance-like blade Jovetti Harris, p. 59. First antennal segment equally as long as or longer than width of head through eyes (if shorter, then the color is greyish testaceous) ; hemelytra yellowish brown to greyish testaceous, often speckled or mottled with darker, sparsely clothed with yellowish to greyish pubescence ; male clasper with broad blade ‘ 18 18. Color in greater part yellowish to reddish brown; segment IV of antennae longer than segment 1 19 Color in greater part grey to greyish testaceous; segment IV of antennae subequal to I or slightly shorter 21 19. Head beneath in greater part fuscous to black; posterior tibiae dotted with fuscous; brachypterous form with closed cells in the membrane ; male clasper with long sinuated stem. roseipennis Kent. (Plate I), p. 60. Head beneath in greater part yelFwish to testaceous; pos- terior tibiae usually immaculate; male clasper with short rectangular stem 20 20. First antennal segment thickened distally, somewhat sinuate above ; brachypterous form common, usually with no closed cells in membrane; diameter of blade of male clasper greater than that of an eye viewed from above. 7'ufusculus Rent., p. 62. First antennal segment scarcely thickened distally, from above almost straight; brachypterous form unknown; diameter of blade of male clasper equal to that of an eye. kalmii Rent., p. 64. 21. Length of first antennal greater than that of head, two-fifths greater than width of head through eyes; body narrow, linear; hemelytra translucent, shiny, never speckled; legs concolorous with body; brachypterous form unknown. capsiformis Germ,, p. 64. Length of first antennal less than that of head, never more than one-fifth greater than width of head through eyes ; body 36 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA broader; liemelytra often distinctly speckled with fnscons dots 22 22. Posterior tibiae usually dotted with fuscous; connexivum usu- ally with black spots in basal angles of its segments, some- times pale throughout (var. uniformis, n. var.) ; first anten- nal segment equal in length to width of head through eyes ; pronotum broader than long ; diameter of blade of male clasp er distinctly less than that of an eye viewed from above alternatus Pshly., p. 66. Posterior tibiae always immaculate ; connexivum pale through- out ; length of first antennal less than width of head through eyes, or if longer {N. ferus var. pallidipennis n. var.) then is the pronotum as long as broad and the hemelytra not speckled; male clasper with diameter of blade equal to that of an eye viewed from above 23 23. Length of an eye equal to width of vertex; second antennal segment three-fourths longer than first. First antennal seg- ment shorter, or greater (var. pallidipennis), than width of head through eyes. Macropterous form most common. ferus (Linn.), p. 68. Length of an eye slightly greater than width of vertex; second antennal segment only about one-half longer than first ; length of first antennal segment always distinctly less than width of head through eyes. True macropterous form un- known inscriptus (Kirby), p. 70. Nahis subcoleoptratus (Kirby). 1837. Nahicula subcoleoptrata Kirby, Richardson’s Fauna Bor. Am., IV, p. 282. 1869. Nobis canadensis Provancher, Nat. Can., I, p. 211. 1872. Nabis subcoleoptratus Reuter, Of. Vet. Akad. Forh., XXIX, No. 6, p. 81. 1873. Coriscus subcoleoptratus Stal, Enum. Hemip., Ill, p. 112. 1900. Coriscus subcoleoptratus Howard, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bull. 22, N. S., p. 27, fig. 20. 1901. Reduviolus subcoleoptratus Kirkaldy, Wien. Ent. Zeit., XX, p. 222. 1921. Nabis subcoleoptratus Hickman, Bui. Brookl. Ent. Soc., XVI, p. 59, fig. 1. Oblong-ovate, impunctate, thinly pilose; shiny black, a short line on vertex along inner margin of each eye (extend- 37 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 ing inward to ocelli), the antennae, rostrum, legs, margins of acetabula, and border of connexivum yellow to testaceous. Head a little longer than broad, slightly declivent in front, the post-ocular part rather long, strongly obliquely nar- rowed backwards. Eyes large, the width of one about equal to one-half of distance between them. Ocelli distinct placed slightly closer to eyes than to each other. Antennae long, clothed with short hairs, the apical segments more thickly SO; segment I subequal to width of head through eyes (42: 43), proportion of segments, 42: 74: 70: 45. Rostrum long, segment II subequal to or slightly longer than antennal I, III faintly longer than II. Legs long, the anterior femora thickest near the base, about four times as long as deep, thickly clothed beneath with short hooked hairs ; intermedi- ate femora with piceous spinules within. Venter rather thickly pilose. Male rather elongate-ovate ; genital segments large, the clasper with a broad stem and broad semi-circular blade (Plate II, fig. 1). Brachypterous form : Pronotum subconical, longer than broad, the anterior lobe arched. Scutellum small. Hemelytra reaching to middle of second abdominal segment, obtusely rounded at apex; membrane narrow, its veins in- distinct. Length (male-female), 8-9.5 mm.; width, 1.62-1.75 mm. (at abdomen, 3-3.8 mm.). Macropterous form : Pronotum broader than long, the posterior lobe finely punctulate. Scutellum rather large, with a yellowish spot on either side of disc behind the middle. Hemelytra extending scarcely to or slightly beyond apex of abdomen, brownish black ; membrane large, with three elongate closed discal cells. Wings with hamus arising at origin of decurrent vein. Length (female), 9.8 mm.; width, 2.28 mm. (at abdomen, 3.8 mm.). Suhcoleoptratus is one of the most common and best known members of the genus NaMs wherever it occurs. It constitutes according to Reuter a distinct subgenus {Nahicula Kirby) distin- guishable by the shiny black color and the posteriorly narrowed hind portion of the head. Nobis {Nobis) vonduzeei Kirk., however, approaches it very closely in this last character. The long winged form occurs very seldom and is rare in collections. Of hundreds of specimens examined by me scarcely more than a dozen have been macropterous and then all of these were females. Perhaps the males never occur with fully developed wings. The yellowish markings vary from flavo-testaceous to dark testaceous and some- 38 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA times tlie connexival margin even shows a tendency toward a crim- son. The lengths of the antennal segments vary considerably. Specimens have been examined from the following localities : Que- bec, Maine, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Kansas, Colorado, South Dakota, North Dakota, Alberta, and British Columbia. The species is recorded by Van Duzee from Texas, but I have never seen a specimen from so far south. Biology. The writer has worked out the complete life history of N. subcoleoptratus as it occurs in Iowa. Here the winter is spent in the egg stage within the stems of grasses. The eggs begin to hatch during the last week of April and the first of May and some of the nymphs have reached the imago stage by the first week of June. There are five nymphal instars. The nymphs are re- markably myrmecoid in appearance and often are to be found running about in company with ants. The ant-like appearance is produced by the color scheme — there being a white patch at the base of the abdomen on each side which, in contrast with the black body, causes the abdomen to appear strongly petiolate. Further- more the nymphs have a peculiar ant-like movement. The younger ones remain close to the ground, but as they become older they spend the greater part of their time wandering up and down the stems of plants in search of prey. When thus occupied if they are disturbed by one wading through the grasses or sweeping with a net they will release their hold and fall to the ground. As in the nymphs (and adults) of all other nabids known to the writer, those of subcoleoptratus have well developed tibial combs and they not infrequently halt their wandering gait that they may draw an antenna or the rostrum through the apposed tips of the fore tibiae or brush the body with a mid or hind tibia. At Ames the species inhabits shady meadows and the margins of woods and streams. Its life cycle here seems to closely parallel that of the meadow plant bug (Miris dolobratus Linn.) which frequents simi- lar situations and whose nymphs furnish abundant food for those of subcoleoptratus. There is only one generation per year. Nabis lieidememni (Reuter). 190'8. Reduviolus Jieidemanni Reuter, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., XV, p. 100. Oblong or oblong-ovate, fuscous to fusco-testaceous, opaque, pubescent, also thickly pilose. Head about as broad 39 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 as long, with two posteriorly converging fuscous lines above. Eyes large, the length of one equal to width of vertex. Ocelli placed closer to eyes than to each other. Antennae long, testaceous, segment I at base and II before the apex with fuscous rings ; segment I equal to width of head through eyes (40 : 40) ; proportional lengths, 40 : 75 : 66 : 40. Ros- trum with segments II and III subequal, each slightly longer than I of antennae (45:40). Pronotum with a distinct median longitudinal line and more or less distinct pattern on anterior lobe, and five ob- scure lines on posterior lobe fuscous. Scutellum with a calloused white spot on each side. Hemelytra with moder- ately long, semierect pubescence, somewhat irregularly spotted with brownish fuscous, the veins lighter and often tending to crimson. Legs clothed with prominent erect or semierect hairs, fusco-maculate, the tibiae distinctly annulate. Anterior and intermediate femora armed beneath with dis- tinct short grain-like teeth, the former about 3I/2 times as long as thick. Posterior tibia with its longer hairs about twice as long as the diameter of the tibia and standing out almost perpendicularly. Abdomen above densely clothed with prostrate, silvery, sericeous, pubescence; with a dis- tinct naked patch at the base of each tergite in the median line, also each tergite on either side with a transverse naked patch. Connexivum testaceous sometimes obscurely marked with crimson, the segments each with a basal fuscous patch. Venter with a broad stripe on each side and a narrow median one fuscous, each segment with a conspicuous naked patch on either side next the connexivum. Male narrow, rather elongate; the clasper slender with a long blade (Plate II, fig 2). Brachypterous form : Pronotum as broad as long (male, 51:52; female, 63:63), the anterior lobe rather strongly arched. Hemelytra extending onto the base of third dorsal segment, broadly rounded or almost truncate at apex ; mem- brane very small, without veins. Length, 7. 2-8. 7 mm. ; width, 1.56-1.92 mm. (at abdomen, 2. 7-3. 6 mm.). Macropterous form: (female). Pronotum distinctly broader than long ( 80 : 63 ) . Scutellum much larger than in brachypterous form. Hemelytra extending scarcely to tip of abdomen, obliquely narrowed from a point opposite middle of commissure ; membrane with veins fuscous, broad and prominent. Length, 8.88 mm.; width, 2.28 mm. (abdomen, 3.5 mm.). 40 June— Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA This is a distinct, easily recognizable species, originally de- scribed from California and heretofore known only from there. The above description is made from three specimens, the only examples that I have seen. These are, a brachypterons male (cotype) from Los Angeles, California (belonging to the IT. S. National Museum), a brachypterous female from Mt. Moscow, Idaho, Oct. 10, 1916, A. C. Burrill, collector, and a macropterous female from Berkeley, California, Sept. 9, 1919, Henry Dietrich, collector. Nothing is known of the biology. Nahis sordidus^ Reuter. 1872. Nahis sordidiis Reuter, Of. Vet. Akad. Forh., XXIX, No. 6, p. 85. 1872. Nobis pallescens Reuter, Of. Vet. Akad. Fork., XXIX, No. 6, p. 85. .1873. Coriscus sordidus StM, Enum. Hemip., Ill, p. 112. 1873. Coriscus pallescens Stal, Enum. Hemip., Ill, p. 112. 1890. Nobis pallescens Reuter, Rev. d’Ent., IX, p. 298. 1890. Nabis sordidus Reuter, Rev. d’Ent., IX., p. 299. 1899. Nabis sordidus Champion, Biol. Centr. Amer., Heter., II, p. 303, Tab. XVIII, figs. 26, 27, 28. 1908. Reduviolus sordidus Reuter, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., XV, p. 100. 1921. Nahis sordidus Hickman, Bui. Brookl. Ent. Soc., XVI, p. 59, figs. 3, 4. Elongate to oblong-ovate; sordid pale testaceous, with fuscous markings in general as in N. heidemanni. Head slightly longer than broad. Eyes prominent, the length of one equal to width of vertex. Ocelli closer to^ eyes than to each other. Antennae with segment I slender than in related species, usually slightly longer than width of head through eyes ; formula, 32 : 45 : 42 : 40. Rostrum with seg- ments II and III subequal, each equal to or slightly longer than antennal I. Anterior and intermediate femora armed as in heidemanni, the teeth slightly longer and more promi- nent. Anterior femora four times as long as thick (60: 15). Posterior tibia with the hairs arising at a sharp angle from its surface. Abdomen above less densely clothed with sil- very pubescence, the naked spots as in heidemanni. Venter with the denuded spots not so large and conspicuous. Male clasper longer and slenderer than in related species (Plate n, fig. 3). 41 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 Brachypterous form ; Pronotum slightly longer than broad (male, 36:39; female, 42:46), the anterior lobe arched. Scntellnm small. Hemelytra extending to middle of second dorsal segment ; the membrane very short, without distinct veins, somewhat sharply rounded behind. Length, 6. 3-6. 6 mm. ; width, 1.2-1. 3 mm. (at abdomen, 1.68-2.4 mm.). Macropterous form : Pronotum broader than long (male, 54:48; female, 62:52), the fuscous markings of the posterior lobe tending to form a circle on disc. Hemelytra extending scarcely to the tip of the abdomen or far beyond it ; the disc with a raised white spot at the distal end of the suture separating corium and embolium; the outer apical portion with a more or less distinct castaneous patch. Length, 6. 6-8.1 mm.; width, 1.5-1. 8 mm (at abdomen, 1.8-2.4 mm.). This is the most common member of the subgenus H oplistoscelis. Specimens have been examined from New York, Maine, Massachu- setts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minne- sota, Iowa, Nebraska, Missouri, Mississippi, Florida, Texas, Mexico, Guatemala, Panama, Hayti, Cuba, and Grenada. The species varies in color from the typical sordid testaceous to a very light testaceous or even to flavo-testaceous. The antennal segments vary somewhat in length in specimens from various localities as also does the thickness of the anterior femora. In the development of the hemelytra there is also a great variation, specimens from Mexico, and Hayti have the membrane extending well beyond the apex of the abdomen while in other macropterous examples, from Iowa, it does not reach the apex of the abdomen. The short winged form is the much more common. Biology. The writer has worked out the life history of N. sordidus as it occurs in the vicinity of Ames. The winter is spent in the adult stage, individuals hibernating beneath leaves, grasses, logs, and in other suitable places. These adults become active in early spring (mid- April) and the females are soon depositing eggs in the stems of plants. There is evidence to indicate that the females or at least some of them (also those of N. roseipennis Rent. ( Plate I ) ) are fertilized in the fall previous to their entering into hibernation. The egg stage lasts for about two weeks. There are five nymphal instars. The total lapse of time from oviposition to transformation to adult, in the writer’s experiments, varied from 33 to 37 days. The habits of the nymphs are in most ways similar to those of the other species of the genus. Sordidus frequents 42 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA shady moist situations where the undergrowth is of a rank nature. It is often parasitized by a large red mite. Nabis dentipes n. n. 1872. NaMs crassipes, Reuter, Of. Vet. Akad. Forh., XXIX, No. 6, p. 83 (name preoccupied). 1873. Coriscus crassipes Stal, Enum. Hemip., Ill, p. 112. 1876. Coriscus crassipes Uhler, Bui. U. S. Geol. Surv., I, p. 325. 1890. Nabis crassipes Reuter, Rev. d’Ent., IX, p. 297. 1899. Nabis crassipes Champion, Biol. Centr. Am., Heter., II, p. 302, Tab. 18, figs. 22, 23, 24. Oblong to ovate, pubescent ; brownish to fusco-testaceous. the general markings as in other members of the subgenus. Head slightly broader than long. Eyes prominent, the length of one slightly less than width of vertex. Ocelli about equally as far apart as from the eyes. Antennae rather elongate, segment I thickened distally, its length dis- tinctly less than width of head through eyes (30:36) ; pro- portion, 30 : 46 : 42 : (absent) . Rostrum with segments I and II subequal, each slightly longer than antennal I. Scutel- lum with the usual pallid spot on either side. Hemelytra somewhat castaneous. Anterior and intermediate femora armed beneath as in other members of the subgenus, the teeth smaller than in sordidus, rather inconspicuous. An- terior femora rather strongly incrassate, not more than three times as long as deep (61:21). Posterior tibia with its longest hairs about equal in length to its diameter, these hairs arising at an acute angle. Male smaller and less ovate than female, the genital segment very large, with distinctive clasper (Plate II, fig. 4). Brachypterous form-, (male). Pronotum slightly wider than long (65:59), the anterior lobe arched. Hemelytra extending to middle of last abdominal segment, the mem- brane narrow, its length about twice that of claval com- missure. Length, 7.2 mm. ; width, 1.86 mm. (at abdomen, 2.7 mm.). Macropterous form: (female). Pronotum much broader than long (72:59). Hemelytra extending beyond abdominal apex ; membrane about three times as long as claval com- missure, its veins prominent, fuscous. Length, 7.8 mm. ; width, 2.1 mm. (at abdomen, 2.85 mm.). This species was originally described as N. crassipes from a brachypterous female from Mexico. Unfortunately, however, the 43 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 name crassipes is preoccupied in the genus, having been used by Schrank in 1801, and now standing as a synonym of N. ferus Linn. The above description is taken from two specimens, male and female, from Cuernavaca, Morelos and Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico, respectively. Both specimens were before Champion, who examined Reuter’s type, when he made his notes on this species for the Biologia Centrali-Americana. Champion’s artist failed to show the genital segments in his figure of the male. In both specimens before me the pronotum has a distinct inverted V-shaped fuscous design on the disc of the posterior lobe, the apex of the V being continuous with the median line of the anterior lobe. In the male the fuscous patches occupy much the greater part of the connexival segments. This species has been recorded, other than Mexico, from Georgia, Texas, and California. It seems to the writer that the Georgia record was undoubtedly made through a misidentification and that it probably should refer to N. deceptivus n. sp. described below. Nothing concerning the biology of the species is known. Nahis nigriventris Stal. 1862. Nahis nigriventris Stal, Stet. Ent. Zeit., XXIII, p. 458. 1872. Naibis sericans Reuter, Of. Vet. Akad. Forh., XXIX, No. 6, p. 83. 1873. Coriscus nigriventris Stal, Enum. Hemip., Ill, p. 114. 1890. Nahis sericans Reuter, Rev. d’Ent., IX, p. 296. 1899. Nahis nigriventris Champion, Biol. Centr. Amer., Heter., II, p. 302, Tab. XVIII, figs. 25, 25a. 1909. Reduviolus nigriventris Reuter, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., XV, p. 99. 1921. Nahis nigriventris Hickman, Bui. Brookl. Ent. Soc., XVI, p. 59, fig. 2. Similar to N. dentipes but smaller and less robust. Head equally as broad as long. Eyes large, the length of one equal to width of vertex. Ocelli equally as far from eyes as from each other. Antennae shorter than in any other mem- ber of the subgenus, segment I distinctly less than width of head through eyes (22: 29); proportional lengths of seg- ments, 22 : 39 : ‘35 : 35. Rostrum with segments II and III subequal, each distinctly longer than antennal I. Anterior and intermediate femora armed beneath as in other members of the subgenus, the teeth distinctly smaller and more incon- 44 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA spicuous than in sordidus. Anterior femora about 3^ times as long as thick (50 : 15). The posterior tibiae clothed as in sordidus. Venter with the denuded shiny patches at base of connexivum larger and more conspicuous than in sor- didus. Male narrower than female, the clasper distinctive (Plate II, fig. 6). Macropterous form: Pronotum broader than long (male, 58: 48; female, 63: 52), the fuscous markings of the poste- rior lobe tending to form a circle on the disc as in winged examples of sordidus. Hemelytra with a castaneous tinge throughout ; membrane extending well beyond apex of abdo- men, smoky, its veins fuscous and prominent. Length, 6.6- 6.9 mm.; width, 1.6-1.74 mm. (at abdomen, 2-2.4 mm.). The brachypterous form is unknown to me. In the types (brachypterous) the hemelytra were said to be slightly more than twice as long as the scutellum, broadly rounded at the apex, the membrane narrow and without veins. The above description is taken from a macropterous male and female from Quezaltenango and Cuernavaca, Mexico, respectively. They were before Cham- pion when he examined the types of nigriventris, and its synonym sericans Reuter, for his notes on this species. N. nigriventris has been confused in collections with both N. dentipes and N. sordidus, but is distinctly smaller than the former and is more robust and darker in color than is the latter. Seven winged specimens are at hand, all from Mexico, excepting a male from Huachuca Mts., Ari- zona (July 13, 1905, H. G. Barber). This species is also recorded in the literature from Colorado, Texas, Guatemala, and St. Vin- cent. The records under this name from the eastern and southeast- ern states refer to the following closely related form, N. deceptivus n. sp. Nabis deceptivus n. sp. Similar to N. nigriventris Stal but larger, with longer antennae, rostrum, and legs, and differently constructed clasper of the male. Head slightly longer than broad. Eyes larger than in nigriventris, the length of one slightly more than width of vertex. Antennae with segment I less than width of head through eyes (26: 32) ; the proportional length of segments, 26 : 45 : 40 : 38. Rostrum with segment II longer than I of antennae (33: 26). Pronotum broader than in nigriventris, the collar more sharply marked off in front. Anterior femora more than 3J times as long as deep (58: 16). Male with genital segment prominent, the clasper 45 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 with a broad blade and bearing a distinct projection on the lower margin (Plate II, fig. 5). Brachypterous form : Pronotnm almost equally as long as broad (male, 47 : 49 ; female, 52: 53). Hemelytra extending to middle of second dorsal abdominal segment; membrane minute, without veins. Length, 6. 3-6. 9 mm. ; width, 1.32- 1.62 mm. (at abdomen, 2.16-2.76 mm.). Macropterous form: Pronotum distinctly broader than long (male, 63: 56; female, 70: 60), the anterior lobe feebly arched in front. Hemelytra extending well beyond tip of abdomen, with a distinct roseate tinge throughout. Length, 7.8 mm.; width, 2.1 mm. (at abdomen, 2.34-2.7 mm.). Holotype, apterous male, Brownsville, Texas, Dec. 16, 1911. Allotype, apterous female. Prairie, Mississippi, July 27, 1921, C. J. Drake collector. Morpliotypes, winged male, Knoxville, Tennessee, Feb. 27, 1892, and winged female, Texas. Paratypes, several brachypterous and macropterous males and females from following localities: Knoxville, Tenn., June 15, 1890, H. E. Summers; Gaines- ville, Florida, Aug. 7, 1918, C. J. Drake; Agr. College Miss., July 22, 1921, C. J. Drake ; Olive Branch, Illinois, Sept. 5, 1923, Owen Bryant ; Brownsville, Texas, Nov. 7, 1906, J. D. Mitchell ; Chesa- peake Beach, Maryland, 0. Heidemann. Types in author’s collec- tion, paratypes in collection of U. S. Natl. Museum, Iowa State College, C. J. Drake and the author. N. deceptivus is very closely related to N. nigriventris Stal and has been labelled under that name by the author and others in col- lections. The differences pointed out, however, are constant throughout the series of specimens at hand and there seems to be no reason to longer group the two forms together. The species may prove to be the form described from Texas hy Reuter as Nahis seri- cans, but as Champion had a cotype of that before him when he compared Stal’s type of nigriventris with the specimens described above as nigriventris it seems best to give this form a new name. Nahis panamensis Harris. 1926. Nahis panamensis Harris, Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., LXIX, Art. 21, p. 3. Small, oblong, pubescent; testaceous, a median line on head and on pronotum (obsoletely) , sides and humeri of pro- notum, tip of scutellum, veins of hemelytra, basal segments of venter, segment I of rostrum, and subapical patch on femora embrowned. Head short ; eyes large, coarsely granu- 46 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA lar, the length of one greater than width of vertex. Ocelli inconspicuous. Segment I of antennae greater than width of head through eyes (20: 16) ; proportion of segments, 20: 24: 20: (IV absent). Rostrum with segment II subequal to I of antennae ; III distinctly shorter than II. Pronotum broader than long (35: 31), the collar, sides and posterior lobe coarsely punctate, the anterior lobe rather strongly arched. Scutellum bifoveate on the disc, raised before the apex. Hemelytra constricted to opposite middle of clavus, ciliate along costal margin basally; the clavus and corium coarsely punctate along the veins at the base. Mem- brane extending well beyond the tip of abdomen. Legs moderately slender; anterior femora about 4^ times as long as thick (33: 7). Genital segments prominent; the clasper with long stem (Plate II, fig. 11). Length, 3. 9-4.2 mm.; width, 1.02 mm. (at abdomen, 1.08-1.2 mm.). This is the smallest Nahis occurring in our fauna. The above description is taken from the types, the species being known only from the type locality, Porto Bello, Panama. Panamensis is here placed in the subgenus Lasiomerus Reuter even though it has cer- tain pronounced differences from other members of the subgenus. Chief of these differences is the shorter postocular portion of the head, more arched anterior lobe of pronotum, punctate mesopleura, and differently constructed ostiolar canal. The short winged form is not known to occur. Nahis spinicrus Reuter. 1890. Nahis spinicrus Reuter, Rev. d’Ent., IX, p. 305. 1894. Coriscus signatus LHiler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1894, p. 205. 1899. Nahis signatus Champion, Biol. Centr. Am., Heter., II, pp. 302, 304, Tab. XVIII, figs. 31-33. 1908. Reduviolus spinicrus Reuter, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., XV, p. 103. Slender, elongate, pilose ; testaceous, the sides of head and also a median line thereon, a pattern on anterior lobe of pro- notum, five longitudinal stripes on the posterior lobe, disc of scutellum, sides of thorax, and a submarginal stripe on each side of venter infuscated. Antennae with an apical ring on segment II and all of III and IV fuscous. Legs pale, with a subaxncal ring on femora, and a ring before the base and another at the apex of tibiae brown. Connexivum often with 47 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 the basal angles of its segments embrowned. Head long, much longer than broad, the postocular part parallel-sided. Eyes prominent, the length of one subequal to width of ver- tex. Antennae long, segment I much longer than width of head through eyes (42 : 24) ; proportion of segments, 42 : 57 : 63 : 55. Rostrum long, segments II and III subequal, each about J shorter than antennal I. Pronotum with the collar, sides, and posterior lobe finely punctate. Legs slender, anterior femora about seven times as long as thick, provided on the sides below with a row of dark spots from each of which arises a long, tapering, spine-like seta; intermediate femora also with a row of spine-like setae on the posterior margin below; posterior tibiae finely pubescent and also be- set with numerous very long rigid hairs. Male with genital segment prominent ; the clasper hook-like (Plate II, fig. 7). Brachypterous form : Ocelli very indistinct. Pronotum distinctly longer than broad (36: 22). Hemelytra extend- ing to base of first abdominal segment, sharply rounded and divaricating apically, without trace of membrane. Length, 6. 3-6. 7 mm.; width, .67-79 mm. (at abdomen, .84-1.08 mm.) . Macropterous form : Ocelli prominent. Pronotum about as broad as long ( 40 : 39 ) . Hemelytra extending slightly beyond apex of abdomen, the inner and outer apical angles, an elongate spot on commissure and another on corium oppo- site the commissure infuscated ; membrane with veins promi- nent, extending to margin without forming closed cells. Length, 6. 3-7.4 mm.; width, 1.14-1.32 mm. (at abdomen, 1.02-1.32 mm.). Spinicrus is readily separated from our other known American nabids by the spine-like setae on the anterior and intermediate femora. In the females the spines are also present on the anterior tibiae, two rows of them, five spines in the row on the anterior sur- face and four in that of posterior surface. The fuscous markings are often more or less obsolete. The hemelytra are constricted before the middle and are ciliate on the costal margin towards the base. The shorter hairs clothing the anterior tibiae and the ante- rior femora beneath are distinctly hooked in character. In addi- tion to the shorter hairs on the lower surface of the anterior and intermediate femora there are also numerous minute, piceous spinules. Specimens have been seen from Panama, Guatemala, British Guiana, Grenada, St. Vincent, Hayti, Cuba, and Florida. The Florida specimens are lighter in color with the darker mark- ings more pronounced than in other specimens, also their appen- 48 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA dages are slightly shorter. Spinicrus is also recorded from Mexico, Brazil and Peru. The record of Bueno from Brownsville, Texas (Ent. News, XXIII, p. 126, 1912) must stand as questionable as a specimen from that locality labelled in his collection N. signatus Uhler is a typical N. capsiformis German Cotj^pes of signatus are before me. Blatchley records the capture of specimens by sifting plant debris from the margin of a pond, while Uhler records his specimen as taken from open weedy places near a stream. Nahis annulatus Reuter. 1872. NaMs annulatus Reuter, Of. Vet. Akad. Forh., XXIX, No. 6, p. 86, PI. VIII, fig. 4. 1873. Coriscus annulatus Stal, Enum. Hemip., Ill, p. 112. 1890. Nahis annulatus Reuter, Rev. d’Ent., IX, p. 305. 1921. Nahis annulatus Hickman, Bui. Brookl. Ent. Soc., XVI, p. 59, fig. 5. Moderately large, oblong ; pilose ; flavo-testaceous to testaceous, with the brown to fuscous markings as in spini- crus but more pronounced, often with crimson patches on the sides of the scutellum, the subapical part of the corium, the outer apical angle of the third connexival segment above, and along the sides of the venter. Head longer than broad, the postocular part parallel-sided. Eyes large, the length of one subequal to width of vertex. Ocelli prominent, placed about equally as far from eyes as from each other. Segment I of antennae much longer than width of head through eyes (48: 27) ; proportion of segments, 48: 76: 69: 55. Rostrum with segments II and III subequal, each much shorter than antennal I ( 38 : 48 ) . Pronotum broader than long (male, 57: 48; female, 69: 56), the collar, sides, and posterior lobe coarsely punctate; scutellum impressed on the disc. Hemelytra ciliate on the costal margin toward the base, constricted to a point oppo- site middle of commissure; the membrane extending beyond apex of abdomen, with three elongate closed cells. Legs rather long, anterior and intermediate femora provided be- neath with numerous minute, piceous spinules which are more or less obscured by the thick clothing of longer hooked hairs ; anterior femora about six times as long as thick ; pos- terior tibia clothed with short outwardly slanting pubescence and with numerous much longer almost erect, fine hairs. Segments of venter with small denuded shiny spots on each side at the base of connexivum. JMale genital segments long, 49 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 the clasper with a hook-like blade (Plate II, fig. 8). Length, 8.04-9.18 mm.; width, 1.68-1.98 mm. (at abdomen, 1.98-2.52 mm.). Anmdatus was originally described from Illinois and is now known to occur throughout the eastern portion of the United States. Specimens have been examined by the author from Ontario, New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa, Mississippi, Missouri, and North Caro- lina. Examples from more southern localities are lighter in color with more pronounced crimson markings than those from farther north. The antennal segments vary slightly in length. The species is most closely related to the following, N. constrictus Champ., from which it may be separated by its larger size and the shape of the clasper. The mesosternum is longitudinally sulcate as in all (?) other members of the genus. The spine-like setae on the legs of the related N. spinicrus are represented in annulatus by slender hairs. Biology : N. annulatus is to be found inhabiting shady woods where the undergrowth is rather rank. The species is a rapid- flying one and a collector who would take it must be ever on the alert as he opens his net to examine the contents. Annulatus ap- parently overwinters in the egg stage. The nymphs and adults, like those of other species frequenting shady moist situations {sordidus and roseipennis) , are often parasitized by a large red mite. The adult males spend a great portion of their time in the act of stridulation. During the writer’s field observations he once observed an individual so occupied. The beating or stroking of the tibia was halted at intervals. After a few m.oments another indi- vidual appeared on the plant adjacent to the one upon which the male was perched. It was a female and she slowly advanced in the direction of the stridulating male, her every movement, so far as the writer was able to judge, giving the impression of awareness of the male. When she had gained the same plant as that upon which the male was stationed that individual utilized the intervals between his acts of stridulating to move forward a few steps. Finally the two stood upon the same leaf. The male ceased his stridulating and stood slowly moving his antennae. Suddenly there was a quick movement and he had seized the female and was trying to effect accouplement. The writer has judged from this and other observations that the stridulating of the male must produce some sound that is perceptible to the female. 50 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Nal)is constrictus Champion. 1900. Nahis constrictus Champion, Biol. Centr. Am., Heter., II, p. 303, Tab. XVIII, figs. 29, 30. 1908. Reduviolus constrictus Reuter, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., XV, p. 103. 1916. Nobis constrictus Barber, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XXIV, 4, p. 308. Very similar to onnulatus but distinctly smaller, with shorter appendages, and differently constructed male clasper ; the crimson markings of hemelytra usually present as a prominent line along apical margin of corium and an inter- rupted submarginal stripe extending for almost the entire costal length. Segment I of antennae longer than width of head through eyes (35: 24); the segments in proportion, 35 : 53 : 50 : 48. Rostral segments II and III subequal, each shorter than antennal I (31: 35). Pronotum broader than long (male, 48: 40; female, 51: 43). Legs as in onnulatus, but shorter. Male clasper distinctive (Plate II, fig. 9). Length, 6. 6-7. 5 mm.; width, 1.38-1.56 mm. (at abdomen, 1.74-1.98 mm.). This pretty little species is very closely related to N. onnulatus. It was described from Mexico, Guatemala, and Panama and has since been recorded from District of Columbia and Florida. The author has seen specimens from Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Florida, Maryland, District of Columbia, and Virginia. The crim- son markings of the hemelytra are often obsolete as also are the fuscous patches on the connexival segments. The brachypterous form, as in onnulatus, is unknown. Nothing is known of the biol- ogy. Blatchley records the capture of two specimens by beating bunches of Spanish moss near the margin of a Florida lake. Nahis propinquus Reuter. 1872. Nahis propinquus Reuter, Of. Vet. Akad. Forh., XXIX, p. 87. 1872. Nahis vicarius Reuter, Of. Vet. Akad. Fork., XXIX, p. 87, pi. 8, fig. 6. 1873. Coriscus pr^opincjuus Stal, Enum. Hemip., Ill, p. 113. 1890. Nobis propinquus Reuter, Rev. d’Ent., IX, p. 308. 1907. Nobis elongotus Hart, Bull. 111. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., VII, p. 262. 1908. Reduviolus propinquus Reuter, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., XV, p. 105. 51 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 1921. Nobis propinquus Hickman, Bnl. Brookl. Ent. Soc., XVI, p. 59, fig. 6. Slender, greatly elongate, pubescent ; testaceous, an inter- rupted median line extending from base of tylns to tip of abdomen and a broad stripe on either side of body for its full length fuscous. Femora fnsco-macnlate. Head long, more than a third longer than broad, faintly widened behind the eyes. Eyes only moderately large, the length of one equal to width of vertex (14). Ocelli prominent. Anten- nae long, darkened distally, segment I much longer than width of head through eyes (52 : 31) ; proportion of segments, 52 : 82 : 76 : 63. Rostrum with segments II and III subeqnal, each much shorter than I of antennae (36 : 52). Pronotnm with long collar, the anterior lobe with the cicatrices darkened; the posterior lobe finely punctulate. Scutellum with a prominent, semicircnlar, shiny spot on either side basally. Abdomen above with an interrupted fuscous stripe to either side of the median dark line; the connexivum horizontal. Legs long, the anterior and inter- mediate femora thickly clothed beneath with short hooked hairs and more thinly so with shorter piceous spinules ; anterior femora about six times as long as thick; posterior tibiae clothed with short hairs. Male narrower than female, the genital segments long, prominent, the clasper distinctive (Plate III, fig. 1). Female with abdomen rather sharply angular at apex, the apical margin of last abdominal segment emarginate. Brachypterous form : Pronotnm longer than broad (male, 48 : 45 ; female, 55 : 52), the lobes indistinctly marked off, the basal margin roundly emarginate (more strongly so in male). Hemelytra extending almost to apex of second abdominal segment, obtusely rounded behind, without mem- brane. Length, 9-12 mm.; width, 1.32-1.68 mm. (at abdo- men, 1.32-2.82 mm.). Macropterous form : Pronotnm broader than long (female, 71: 58), the posterior lobe arched. Hemelytra somewhat translucent, finely punctulate ; membrane extending onto base of last abdominal segment. Length, 12 mm. ; width, 2.1 mm. N. propinquus is the longest of the American Nabids and is easily recognized by its form. It is closely related to the Palaearctic N. lineatus Dahlb. The species was originally described from Wis- consin and has since been recorded from Illinois, Ohio, New York and Ontario. The author has seen specimens from all of these 52 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA regions and in addition from Iowa, Massachusetts, and Alberta. The abdominal tergites have, as in almost all other species of Nobis, a distinct transverse shiny spot on each side. Macropteroiis examples are extremely rare, the male perhaps never occurring in this form. The antennal segments, and other portions of the body vary slightly here as in other members of the genus. The segments ■of the abdomen are usually about one-half as long as broad. This species frequents the edges of marshes and ponds where the reeds and sedges flourish. The writer has taken it in such situations in -company with Protenor belfragei Haglund. Nobis limbatus Dahlbom. 1850. Nobis limbotus Dahlbom, Konig. Vet. Akad. Handl., p. 227. 1872. Nobis limbotus Reuter, Of. Vet. Akad. Fork., XXIX, pp. 70, 87, pi. VIII, fig. 5. 1908. Reduviolus limbotus Reuter, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., XV, p. 107. 1921. Nahis limbotus Hickman, Bui. Brookl. Ent. Soc., XVI., p. 58, fig. 7. 1922. Nobis limbatus Drake, N. Y. St. Coll. For., Tech. Pub. 16, p. 68, fig. 27a. Similar to N. propinquus but distinctly less elongate, the fuscous markings usually more pronounced, sometimes the three stripes on the abdomen irregularly united to form one broad longitudinal stripe. Head moderately long, only about one-eighth longer than broad. Eyes slightly larger and more prominent than in propinquus, the length of one equal to width of vertex. Ocelli conspicuous. Antennae rather long, segment I distinctly longer than width of head through eyes (41: 32); proportion, 41: 71: 63: 48. Rostrum with seg- ments II and III subequal (35 : 33), each much shorter than I of antennae. Pronotum with the pattern on anterior lobe more distinct than in propinquus, often in greater part fuscous ; posterior lobe finely punctulate. Legs about as in propinquus but less elongate ; the anterior femora about 5^ times as long as thick. Connexivum horizontal. Male slenderer than female, the sides almost parallel; the clasper (seen from above) bowed or cupped outward from body (Plate III, fig. 5). Female with abdomen widened at the middle, the apex pointed, but shorter and more obtusely so than in pro- pinquus. 53 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 Brachypterous form : Pronotiim with the sides slightly constricted, thus delimiting the lobes, slightly broader than long (male, 46 : 45 ; female, 48 : 46), the basal margin rather truncate or broadly emarginate. Hemelytra translncent, indistinctly fine punctulate, extending onto second abdominal tergite, broadly obtusely rounded or truncate apically, with only faint evidence of membrane. Length, 7.62-9 mm. ; width, 1.2-1. 5 mm. (at abdomen, 1.6-3 mm.). Macr apterous form : Pronotnm broader than long (male, 59: 50; female, 65: 53), the anterior lobe sometimes almost entirely black, the posterior lobe arched, truncate behind. Hemelytra extending to tip of abdomen, the coriaceous part finely punctulate, sometimes infnscate ; membrane with the usual three elongate cells. Length, 8.4-9 mm. ; width, 1.68-1.98 mm. N. limbatus is an European species and was first definitely recorded from America by Renter who examined specimens from Colorado and Canada. The Colorado records however undoubtedly pertain to the following very closely related species. The writer has seen specimens of limbatus from Alberta, Maine, New York, and Minnesota. These differ in no appreciable way from numerous European examples at hand. The macropterous form is quite rare, the male not having heretofore been known to occur with developed wings. The Minnesota specimens before me (all females) have thicker anterior femora than do the eastern specimens, in this respect agreeing very well with the following species. Also it is to be noted that the antennae and other characters in which mea- surements are given in the description above are subject to slight variations. The abdominal segments, excepting the last, are scarcely more than a fourth as long as broad. The species inhabits vegetation in and around bogs and marshes. Nabis nigro-vittaiiis Sahlberg, 1878. Nahis nigro-vittatus J. Sahlberg, K. Sv. Vet. Akad. • Handl., XVI, pp. 36, 162. 1908. Reduviolus nigro-vittatus Reuter, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., XV, p. 106. Form, size, and color very similar to N. limbatus, head slightly narrower, the eyes smaller. Antennae with segment I distinctly longer than width of head through eyes (40 : 31) ; formula, 40: 66: 55: 37). Rostrum with segments II and III subequal (31: 31). Pronotum finely punctulate on the 54 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA posterior lobe. Anterior femora slightly more incrassate than in limhatus, scarcely more than four times as long as thick. Male with prominent genital segments, the clasper as viewed from above straight, produced forward in one plane, not bowed or cupped outward at the middle as in limhatiis (Plate III, tig. 3). Brachypterous form : Pronotnm as broad as long (male, 45 : 45 ; female, 50 : 50), constricted as in Unihatns. Hemely- tra translucent, extending to middle of third abdominal segment, rather sharply rounded apically, the membrane very short, pointed. Length, 7.38-8.6 mm. ; width, 1.32-1.5 mm. (at abdomen, 1.8-2. 8 mm.). N. nigro-vittatus, a Siberian species, has heretofore not been recognized as occurring in the LTnited States. The above descrip- tion is taken from a series of specimens from Pingree Park and Estes Park, Colorado. These agree in all essentials with European specimens before me, though the first antennal segment is slightly shorter. The color markings, as in linihatus, vary in their degree of prominence but most often are distinctly darker than in that species. The records of N. linihatus from Colorado undoubtedly pertain to this species as it has until now been labelled under that name in collections. The macropterous form (unknown to me) is said to have the membrane extending beyond the apex of the abdo- men. The median line on the abdomen and a sub-basal one on the connexivum are sometimes more or less crimson. The head is in none of the specimens before me “hinter den Augen sehr deutlich langer als der des R. linihatus’’ as Reuter has described it. Nahis gerhardi Harris 1928. Nahis gerhardi Harris, Bui. Brookl. Ent. Soc., XXIII, p. 146. Body short, broad, opaque, pilose ; testaceous, marked with fuscous to black. Head with the tylus, a broad stripe on the vertex (widened anteriorly), and the sides behind the eyes brownish fuscous, its under surface black. Pronotum with anterior lobe and the sides in greater part brown, the cicatrices and a median line fuscous ; the posterior lobe with humeri and five obsolete lines on the disc brown. Scutellum black with a yellowish callosity on either side. Hemelytra obsoletely mottled or speckled with brown, darker apically. Connexivum pale testaceous, the basal halves of the segments dark brown to fuscous. Meso- and metasternum dull black. 55 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 Venter brown, paler distally. Antennae, rostrum, and legs brownish testaceous, the latter spotted with brown. Head short, broader than long, slightly obliquely nar- rowed behind the eyes. Eyes moderately large, the length of one distinctly less than width of vertex. Ocelli raised, very prominent. Antennae short, segment I less than half the width of head through eyes (16: 33); proportion of segments, 16 : 28 : 25 : 24. Rostrum with segments II and III snbeqnal, each slightly longer than I of antennae (21: 16). Pronotum broader than long (62: 59). Hemely- tra moderately thickly clothed, with short, semi-erect brown- ish hairs ; membrane hyaline, extending beyond apex of abdomen. Legs short, rather thickly pilose; the anterior femora incrassate, only about three times as long (measured beneath) as deep. Intermediate femora armed beneath with numerous short, piceous spinules. Venter thickly clothed with fine, silvery hairs. Genital segment short; the clasper with a broad semicircular blade (Plate II, fig. 10). Length, 5.8 mm.; width, 1.85 mm. (at abdomen, 2.25 mm.). This distinct little species is the most robust of our members of the genus and is readily recognizable by its short antennae, macu- late connexivum, and robust form. It is known only by the holo- type, from Tepehuanes, Mexico, which is the specimen listed by Blatchley (Ileteroptera Eastern North America, p. 594) as A. crassipes Reuter (=A. dentipes n.n.). The femora however lack the characteristic armature of dentipes and its more closely related allies which belong to the subgenus Hoplistoscelis while gerhardi apparently belongs to subgenus Nahis. Aahis flavomarginatus Scholtz. 1846. Nobis flavomarginatus Scholtz, Arb. Schles. Ges. Vat. Kultur., p. 114. 1850. Nahis dorsatus Dahlbom, Konig. Vet. Akad. Handl., 1850, p. 227. 1852. Nabis nervosus Boheman, Of. Vet. Akad. Forh., IX, p. 77. 1856. Nabis thesigus Kolenati, Melet. Ent., IV, p. 258. 1861. Nabis flavomarginatus Fieber, Europ. Hemip., p. 161. 1872. Nabis flavomarginatus Reuter, Of. Vet. Akad. Forh., XXIX, pp. 71, 78, PI. 8, fig. 7. 1908. Reduviolus flavomarginatus Reuter, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., XV, p. 111. 56 June-Sept, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 1921. Nahis flavoynarginatus Hickman, Bui. Brookl. Ent. Soc., XVI, p. 59, fig. 8. Oblong to oblong-ovate, pilose ; pale testaceous, a median stripe above and the sides of head, three broad stripes on anterior lobe of pronotum and a median stripe on posterior lobe, the abdomen above (except for a median line), and meso- and metasternum black. The cicatrices on anterior lobe of pronotum, two somewhat obsolete lines on posterior lobe, a broad stripe on either side and a narrow median line on venter, and numerous maculae on legs brownish fus- cous to black. Head equally as ‘broad as long, the transverse depressed line on vertex somewhat prominent ; postocular part rather short, distinctly narrowed backwards. Eyes large, prominent, the length of one slightly greater than width of vertex (17:16). Ocelli distinct, equally as dis- tant from the eyes as from each other. Antennae moder- ately long, segment I slightly longer than width of head through eyes (42:40); proportion of segments, 42:70: 58 : 48. Rostrum with segments II and III subequal, each about equally as long as I of antennae. Pronotum with a long collar ; the posterior lobe finely puiictulate. Scutellum with a distinct semicircular shiny spot in each basal angle and with a raised yellowish callosity on either side. Hemelytra finely punctulate, sparsely clothed with fine short hairs. Legs moderately long; an- terior femora thickest near the base, about Si/o times as long as deep (77:22) ; intermediate femora armed beneath with minute, piceous spinules. Abdomen above and beneath thickly clothed with silvery, sericeous hairs. Male narrower and more elongate than female, with prominent genital seg- ment ; the clasper with short rectangular stem and blade, the blade with a distinct spur on its upper edge near the base (Plate III, fig. 2). Brachypterous foryn : Pronotum broader than long (male, 60:53; female, 63:56), the anterior lobe rather highly arched, the collar sharply marked off. Hemelytra obliquely narrowed backwards, extending to about the base of the fifth abdominal segment, the membrane narrow. Length, 7.8-9 mm.; width, 1.75-1.92 mm. (at abdomen, 2.28-3.3 mm.). Macropterous form : Pronotum much broader than long (75:58). Scutellum larger, the basal shiny spots less con- spicuous, the base more arched. Hemelytra somewhat speckled with fuscous, the veins paler, prominent ; mem- brane extending beyond apex of abdomen. Length, 9.3 mm.; width, 2.32 mm. (at abdomen, 3.3 mm.). 57 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 Flavomarginatus is a Palaearctic species common in the north- ern part of Europe. It is remarkable for its pterygopolymorph- ism, Reuter having distinguished at least six distinct forms based on wing development. The species varies somewhat in color, the fuscous or black margins often being very pronounced; also the antennae vary considerable in length. Two winged examples (from Europe) before me have the antennal formula, 36 : 60 : 56 : 35, while all other specimens (apterous), from America and Europe, show very little variation. The hemelytra are without the usual three brown spots so common to our other members of the subgenus Nahis. The author feels that this and the following species, N. vanduzeei Kirk., may prove to be more closely related to N. sub- coleoptratus Kirby (subgenus Nahicula) than to the members of the subgenus Nabis. The winged male is unknown to me. Speci- mens have been examined from Kussiloff, Alaska (July, 1898, W. H. Evans), Slave Lake, Alberta (Aug. 17, 1924, 0. Bryant) and from numerous European localities. The Colorado records in the literature refer to the following species. Nahis V'onduzeei (Kirkaldy). 1901. Reduviohis vanduzeei Kirkaldy, Wien. Ent. Zeit., XX, p. 223. 1908. Reduviohis flavomarginatus vanduzeei Reuter, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., XV, p. 111. 1926. Nahis vanduzeei Harris, Ent. News, XXXVII, p. 287. Similar to N. flavomarginatus but slightly shorter, more ovate ; paler in color, the markings on head and pronotum brown to brownish fuscous, never black; the clasper differ- ently constructed. Head equally as long as broad, the postocular part slightly longer and more obliquely narrowed than in flavo- marginatus. Antennae with length of segment I slightly less than width of head through eyes (37 : 40) ; proportional lengths of segments, 37 :70 : 60 : 40. Rostrum with seg- ments II and III subequal, each equally as long as I of antennae. Legs moderately long, the anterior pair about 4 times as long as thick. Venter broader than in flavomar- ginatus. Male clasper slightly shorter and broader than in that species, the stem without the backward projecting spur near its base (Plate III, fig. 7). Brachypterous form: Pronotum slightly broader than long (male, 55:53; female, 60:57), the collar slightly 58 June-Sept, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA shorter and less sharply marked off than in flavomarginatus. Hemeyltra extending only to about middle of third ab- dominal segment. Length, 7.68-8.5 mm. ; width, 1.62-1.86 mm. (at abdomen, 2.58-3.4 mm.). Macropterous form : Color in greater part pale yellow- ish testaceous. Pronotum much broader than long (female, 77:58). Hemelytra narrowed from before the middle as in flavomarginatus and without the usual three discal brownish spots ; membrane extending beyond apex of abdomen. Length, 9.3 mm.; width, 2.22 mm. (at abdomen, 3.48 mm.). This form, although closely related to the preceding, should be, as previously pointed out by the writer, accorded specific rank. It is known only from Colorado and Montana. Kirkaldy’s type, a brachypterous female, is before me. The male is not known to occur in the macropterons form. Nahis lovetti Harris. 1925. Nabis lovetti Harris, Ent. News, XXXVI, p. 205. Oblong-ovate, opaque, pilose and sparsely pubescent ; yel- lowish brown, marked with fuscous. A median stripe on head and anterior lobe of pronotum, and meso- and metaster- num black. Lateral and ventral stripes on head, markings on anterior lobe of pronotum, seven (sometimes obsoletely developed) stripes on posterior lobe of pronotum, disc of scutellum, three discal spots on each hemelytron, abdomen above in greater part, lateral stripe on either side of body, median stripe of venter, maculae of legs, and apex of second antennal segment brown to fuscous. Head slightly longer than broad, the postocular part short, slightly narrowed behind. Eyes only moderately large, the length of one slightly less than width of vertex. Ocelli prominent, placed closer to eyes than to each other. Antennae rather short, the apical segments fuscous, segment I less than width of head through eyes (28:34) ; propor- tional lengths of segments, 28 : 43 : 39 : 35. Rostrum dark- ened distally, segments II and III subequal in length, each slightly longer than antennal I. Pronotum with rather wide collar, sparsely pubescent. Scutellum depressed on the disc, the lateral margins yellow- ish. Hemelytra opaque, rather thickly and evenly clothed with short golden pubescence. Legs moderately short, spotted with fuscous to brown ; the anterior femora clothed beneath with numerous short hairs and minute piceous 59 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 spinules, about 3I/2 times as long as thick; intermediate femora clothed as anterior. Male with long genital seg- ment, the clasper slender and lancelike (Plate II, fig. 12). Brachypterous form,: Pronotum broader than long (63: 53), the anterior lobe arched. Hemelytra narrowed pos- teriorly; membrane well developed, extending to middle of genital segment, veins distinct. Length, 7-7.5 mm. ; width, 1.92 mm. (at abdomen, 2.58 mm.). Macropterous form: Pronotum much broader than long (female, 75:57). Hemelytra entire; the membrane ex- tending well beyond apex of abdomen, with three elongate, closed, discal cells. Length, 8.82 mm. ; width, 2.28 mm. (at abdomen, 2.88 mm.). This remarkably distinct species is to be separated from all other American nabids by the yellowish to reddish brown color, which has somewhat of an orange to roseous tinge, by the nature of the pubescence of the hemelytra, and especially by the linear, lance-like clasper of the male. It was described from California and Oregon and is known only from the type localities. Nahis roseipennis Reuter (Plate I). 1872. Nahis roseipennis Reuter, Of. Vet. Akad. Fork., XXIX, No. 6, p. 89, PL VIII, fig. 10. 1872. Nahis punctipes Reuter, Of. Vet. Akad. Porh., XXIX, No. 6, p. 89, PL VIII, fig. 11. 1873. Coriscus roseipennis Stal, Enum. Hemip., Ill, p. 113. 1873. Coriscus punctipes Stal, Enum. Hemip., Ill, p. 113. 1890. Nahis roseipennis Reuter, Rev. d’Ent., IX, p. 308. 1908. Reduviolus roseipennis Reuter, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., XV, p. 118. 1921. Nahis roseipennis Hickman, Bui. Brookl. Ent. Soc., XVI, p. 59, fig. 11. 1922. Nahis roseipennis Mundinger, N. Y. State Coll. For., Tech. Publ. 16, pp. 151-160, figs. 22, 29, 32. Oblong, opaque, thinly pilose ; yellowish to brownish testaceous, thickly marked with brownish fuscous to black. Head with median line above, lateral stripes, and lower sur- face dull black. A medianl line on anterior lobe of pro- notum, scutellum in greater part, a broad stripe on each side of body, meso- and metasternum, and median line of venter dark brown to black. 60 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Head distinctly longer than broad. Eyes prominent, the length of one subequal to width of vertex. Ocelli conspicu- ous, slightly closer to each other than to the eyes. Antennae testaceous, an apical ring on segment II and all of III and IV fuscous to black; segment I subequal to (brachypterous, 31: 31) or longer (macropterous, 38: 31) than width of head through eyes. Rostrum with segment II and III sub- equal, each equal to or slightly shorter than antennal I. Pronotum sparsely pubescent, the cicatrices of anterior lobe brown. Scutellum depressed on disc, the lateral callosities (often extending to apex) yellowish. Hemelytra sparsely pubescent, thickly speckled or spotted with brown or fuscous, the veins paler, raised, prominent. Legs spotted with fuscous to brown, the spots on sides of anterior and inter- mediate femora tending to a transverse striping ; tibiae dotted with brown; anterior femora about 4 (brachypterous) to 4f (macropterous) times as long as deep. Male with long genital segment which has an outward projecting flange or flap upon which the blade of the clasper rests; the clasper with long somewhat sinuate stem (Plate III, fig. 6). Brachypterous form : Antennal formula, 31 : 48 : 48 : 38. Pronotum broader than long (male, 48: 43; female, 55: 47), the posterior lobe not more strongly arched than anterior. Hemelytra extending to tip of abdomen ; the membrane nar- row, with closed discal cells. Anterior femora slightly shorter and more incrassate than in macropterous form. Length, 6. 6-7.6 mm.; width, 1.44-1.68 mm. (at abdomen, 2.11-2.6 mm.). Macropterous form : Antennal formula, 38 : 64 : 63 : 47. Pronotum much broader than long (male, 60: 47; female, 65: 52), the posterior lobe much higher than anterior lobe. Hemelytra entire, extending well beyond apex of abdomen. Length, 8. 4-9. 2 mm.; width, 1.68-2 mm. (at abdomen, 2-2.6 mm.). Roseipennis is one of the more common and better known nabids. It is at once distinguishable from all of our other members of the genus by the sinuate stem of the clasper and the projecting flange on each side of the genital segment of the male, the larger size, darker brown color, and the dotted tibiae. The brachypterous form is the more common one in higher altitudes and more northern regions, while further south only macropterous individuals seem to occur. The color is somewhat variable, occasionally in short- winged specimens tending to a yellowish testaceous with a roseous tinge. The connexivum is often marked with crimson. The species 61 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 was originally described from AVisconsin and New Jersey. The anthor has examined specimens from the following localities ; Ontario, Quebec, New York, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsyl- vania, Ohio, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Michi- gan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Alberta, and British Columbia. Biology: Mundinger (1922) has published a rather complete study of the life and habits of N. roseipennis. At Ames the dura- tion of the various stages is considerably shorter than that recorded by Mundinger for them in New York. The species hibernates in the adult stage. Eggs are deposited in the stems of plants and the life habits are quite similar to those of other members of the genus. The adults seem to prefer more shady situations than does N. ferns Linn., though they are common in grassy meadows and along the margins of woods. The writer has observed no indication of a tendency for a gravid female to return to a previously selected spot for oviposition as Mundinger found to be the case in New York. Nobis rufusculus Reuter. 1872. Nobis rufusculus Reuter, Of. A^et. Akad. Forh., XXIX, p. 92. 1873. Coriscus rufusculus Stal, Enum. Hemip., Ill, p. 113. 1878. Coriscus ossimilis Uhler, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX, p. 422. 1901. Beduviolus cherokeanus Kirkaldy, Wien. Ent. Zeit., XX, p. 224. 1908. Beduviolus rufusculus Reuter, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., XV, p. 119. 1921. Nobis rufusculus Hickman, Bid. Brookl. Ent. Soc., XVI, p. 58, fig. 12. 1922. Nobis rufusculus Alundinger, N. Y. St. Coll. For., Tech. Pub. 16, p. 149, pis. 12-19. Similar to roseipennis but slightly smaller, the color dis- tinctly paler; the markings most often brownish, sometimes with a crimson tinge, rarely black ; the first antennal segment slenderer, the eyes slightly smaller, the posterior tibiae usually immaculate, and the clasper of the male with short stem and very broad semicircular blade. Head longer than broad. Eyes prominent, slightly smaller than in roseipennis. Antennae with segment I 62 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA longer than width of head through eyes (34 : 29) ; proportion of segments, 34 : 53 : 50 : 37. Rostrum with segments II and III subeqnal to each other and to I of antennae. Pronotum with the median line crimson to brownish, the cicatrices of anterior lobe and the lateral lines of posterior lobe usually only slightly darkened. Scutellum in greater part pale tes- taceous, the median line crimson to fuscous. Ilemelytra usually distinctly less maculate and splotched with brown than in roseipennis. Legs feebly spotted with fuscous, the posterior tibiae usually immaculate ; anterior femora 4 times as long as deep. Male smaller and less ovate than female, the clasper with short stem and broad semicircular blade (Plate III, fig. 8). Brachypterous form : Pronotum broader than long (male, 42: 38; female, 52: 49); the anterior lobe rather strongly arched, the collar well marked off. Hemelytra somewhat arched; the membrane extending scarcely to or slightly beyond tip of abdomen, usually without closed cells. Length, 6.4-6. 9 mm.; width, 1.3-1. 6 mm. (at abdomen, 1.8-2. 6 mm.). Macropterous form : Color usually darker, more brown- ish than in brachypterous. Pronotum broader than long (52: 49) ; the posterior lobe much higher than anterior lobe. Hemelytra extending well beyond apex of abdomen; the veins distinct, forming the usual elongate closed cells. Length, 7.2 mm.; width, 1.5 mm. (at abdomen, 2.3 mm.). This species usually is easily recognized by its pale, reddish yel- low color. At times, however, the brachypterous females are extremely difficult to separate from those of A. roseipennis. The posterior tibiae, usually immaculate, may at times have a row of fine fuscous dots, from each of which a strong seta arises. Only one specimen of those that I have examined has had closed cells in the membrane of the brachypterous form. This one, a female from Oregon, is fully as large as the brachypterous roseipennis. One specimen before me has the left hemelytron reaching almost to the apex of the abdomen while the right extends not much beyond the middle of the abdomen. Bufusculus was described from a short- winged female from Wisconsin. Specimens are before me or have been examined by me from the following states : Ontario, Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, North Carolina, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, North Dakota, Idaho, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and Alberta. The species is also recorded from Maryland, District of 'Columbia, Virginia and Colorado. The type of Nobis cherokeanus 63 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 Kirkaldy, a macropteroiis male from North Carolina, is before me. It undoubtedly is referable to N. rufusculus but has slightly smaller legs and narrower clasper. The life stages and habits are very similar to those of N. roseipennis. Nahis kahnii Reuter. 1872. Nobis kahnii Reuter, Of. Vet. Akad. Forh., XXIX, No. 6, p. 91, PI. VIII, fig. 15. 1873. Coriscus kalmii Stal, Enum. Hemip., Ill, p. 113. 1901. Reduviolus kalmii Kirkaldy, Wien. Ent. Zeit., XX, p. 225. Similar to N. rufusculus from which it differs in its more testaceous color, slenderer and straighter first antennal, slightly narrower head, and narrower clasper of male (Plate III, fig. 9). Length, 6. 3-7. 3 mm.; width, 1.3-1.65 mm. (at abdomen, 1. 6-2.1 mm.). This little understood species is extremely closely related to N. 7'ufusculus Reuter, differing from that form only in the char- acters pointed out above. It is more southern in distribution and only the macropterous form is known to occur. Specimens are at hand from Wisconsin, Illinois, Ohio, District of Columbia, Virginia, Alabama, Missouri, Iowa, and Kansas. It is listed in the literature as also occurring in Nebraska and Colorado. A male specimen determined by Reuter is before me. In the opinion of the author A. kalmii may prove upon further study to be no more than the macropterous form of A. rufusculus. Unfortunately, the only long- winged male of this latter species before me is Kirkaldy ’s type of A. cherokeanus and that, as is pointed out above, has the clasper slightly narrower than the brachypterous form. Further evidence is the fact that in some other species a difference in the development of the ocelli (A. spinicrus), the length of antennal segments (A. roseipennis), the size of eyes, claspers, and other structures (A. ferus), as well as other differences accompany the varying degrees of wing development. Nahis capsifo7'mis Germar. * 1837. Nahis capsifomnis Germar, Silberm Revue Ent., V, p. 132. 1837. Naibis angusta Spinola, Essai sur les Heimp., p. 107. 1848. Nahis longipennis Costa, Atti. Inst. Natl. Napol. for 1848, p. 750. 64 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 1855. Nal)is caffra StM, Of. Yet. Akad. Fork., XII, p. 39. 1870'. Nahis elongatus Meyer-Diir, Mittli. Schweiz. Ent. Cles., Ill, p. 178. 1872. Nairn capsiformis Reuter, Of. Vet. Akad. Forh., XXIX, No. 6, p. 88, PI. VIII, fig. 9. 1872. Nahis kinhergi Reuter, Of. Vet. Akad. Fork., XXIX, No. 6, p. 90. 1878. Nahis saunclersi White, Ent. Mo. Mag., XV, p. 159. 1896. Nahis hrullei Lethierry and Severin, Cat. Oen. Ilemip., Ill, p. 208. 1908. Beduviolus capsiformiis Reuter, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., XV, p. 114. 1921. Nahis capsiformis Hickman, Bui. Brookl. Ent. Soc., XVI, p. 59, fig. 9. Elongate, narrow, smooth, somewhat shiny ; thinly pii- bescent and also pilose ; pale whitish- to yellowish-testaceous, a median line and two postocular spots on head, median line on pronotnm, with pronotal cicatrices, disc of scutellum, lateral stripes on body, meso- and mestasternum in greater part, and median line of venter nigrofuscous. Head longer than broad, the postocular part rather long and parallel sided. Eyes rather prominent, the length of one faintly more than width of vertex. Ocelli conspicuous, placed closer to each other than to the eyes. Antennae moderately long, segment I rather slender, straight, scarcely thickened dis- tally, its length distinctly greater than width of head through eyes (35:25) ; II with the usual dark annulus at apex ; proportion of segments, 35 : 58 : 55 : 35. Rostrum with segments II and III subequal in length, each distinctly shorter than antennal I. Pronotnm as broad as long or distinctly broader than long ; the anterior margin of collar and three obsolete stripes on posterior lobe sometimes brownish fuscous. Scutellum with lateral yellowish. Hemelytra sub-hyaline, somewhat shiny, clothed with a few scattered, short, fine hairs; mem- brane extending beyond apex of abdomen, with three elongate discal cells. Legs moderately long, concolorous with body, usually immaculate ; the anterior femora from 5 to 7 times as long as thick. Male smaller and more slender than female, the clasper with a short, narrow semicircular blade (Plate III, fig. 4). Length, 6.9-9.9 mm., width, 1.32- 1.5 mm. (at abdomen, 1.5-1. 8 mm.). 65 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 Nahis capsiformis is a cosmopolitan species occurring in this country from North Carolina to Texas and southward into South America. The true brachypterous form is not known to occur al- though the hemelytra vary in development. A male before me, from Pascagoula, Mississippi, has the membrane reaching scarcely be^mnd the tip of the abdomen while in others at hand it reaches more than half its length beyond the abdomen. The pronotum in this shorter winged form has the anterior lobe almost as highly arched as the posterior. The anterior and intermediate femora often show obsolete indications of the spotting and striping com- mon in other species of the genus. The abdomen is brownish above, with the margins paler. The outer cells of the membrane are often unclosed. The antennae are somewhat variable in length and the claspers show a slight variation in shape. Specimens have been ex- amined from North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi, Texas, Mexico, Cuba, Santo Do- mingo, Trinidad, and South America. The species is said to fre- quent tall grasses in swampy meadows. Nobis alternatus Parshley. 1922. Nobis olternotus Parshley, S. D. St. Coll., Tech. Bui. 2, p. 12, fig. 1. Narrow, somewhat elongate, thinly pilose; grayish testaceous, marked with brownish fuscous to black. Head with median line above and two lateral stripes blackish. Pronotum with cicatrices, and median and two lateral lines on anterior lobe blackish ; posterior lobe with humeri and five longitudinal stripes on disc brown (the median stripe broader and darker than others). Scutellum dull black, with a yellowish callosity on each side. Hemelytra some- what shiny, grayish testaceous, rather thickly dotted with fuscous brown. Abdomen above black, the connexivum pale with a conspicuous black spot occupying the basal half of each segment. Thorax beneath largely black. Venter with narrow median and broad lateral stripes brown to black. Antennae testaceous to fuscous, the apex of segment II and all of II and IV darker. Femora distinctly spotted with fuscous to black ; the intermediate and posterior tibiae faintly dotted. Plead distinctly longer than broad; the postocular part rather long, parallel-sided. Eyes moderately prominent, the length of one equal to width of vertex. Ocelli conspicu- ous, placed closer to each other than to the eyes. Antennae moderately long, segment I slightly thickened distally, its 66 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA length subequal to width of head through eyes (27:28); proportion of segments, 27:50:44: 25. Scutelluui de- pressed on disc. Anterior femora about 4^ to 5 times as long as thick. Male clasper rather narrow, the diameter of its blade distinctly less than width of an eye viewed from above (Plate III, fig. 11). Bf'achypterous form : Pronotnm slightly broader than long (male, 46:40; female, 53:45), the anterior lobe scarcely (female) or equally as highly arched as posterior lobe. Hemelytra narrowed from middle outward ; mem- brane well developed, narrow, extending slightly beyond apex of abdomen, with distinct closed cells. Wings extend- ing to about middle of abdomen. Length, 6. 9-7. 3 mm. ; width, 1.38-1.56 mm. (at abdomen, 1.68-2.1 mm.). Macropterous form : Pronotnm broader than long (male, 50:45; female, 56 : 50), the posterior lobe much higher than anterior. Hemelytra well developed, scarcely or completely covering the abdomen ; the membrane broad, extending well beyond tip of abdomen. Length, 7. 5-8.1 mm. ; width, 1.56 - 1.7 mm. (at abdomen, 1.7-1. 9 mm.). This distinct little species is quite variable in color markings. The short winged form seems to be more common in the higher alti- tudes and often in this form, and even in some macropterous exam- ples, the spots of the hemelytra and femora are so numerous that they run together, giving a mottled black appearance. In these the abdomen is shiny black above and the connexivum strongly alternated with black. In other examples the hemelytra are very sparsely dotted, the abdomen brownish above, and the connexivum pale throughout. This pale form may be known as variety uni- formis, n. var. N. alternatus was described originally from South Dakota and British Columbia. Specimens from the type localities are before me and in addition numerous examples from the follow- ing localities: Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Utah, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota, Iowa, Nebraska, Kan- sas, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, and Mexico. The species has often been confused in collections with Nobis ferus Linn., and is the form that has usually been recorded from America as N. ferus var. punctatus Costa. There seems, however, to be no good reason for suspecting it to be the true punctatus and it should undoubt- edly be accorded specific rank. Nobis altei^natus var. uniformis n. var. Form and size similar to typical alternatus ; differing however in its paler color, less distinctly spotted hemelytra, pale to brownish abdomen, and uniformly pale connexivum. 67 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA VoL IX, Nos. i & 2 Holotype, macropterons male, Fresno, California, June 20, 1926, C, J. Drake, collector, and allotype, macropterons female, Corvallis, Oregon, June 26, 1926, C. J. Drake, collector, in author’s collection. Specimens are before me from California, Oregon, British Columbia, South Dakota, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. N ah is ferns (Linnaeus). 1758. Cimex ferns Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., edn. 10, I, p. 449. 1761. Cimex ferns Linnaeus, Fauna Suec., edn. 2, pp. 256, 962. 1775. Cimex ferns Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. 726. 1794. Miris ferns Fabricius, Ent. Syst., IV, p. 185. 1794. Miris vagans Fabricius, Ent. Syst., IV, p. 185. 1861. Nahis ferns Fieber, Europ. Hemip., p. 161. 1872. Nahis ferns Keuter, Of. Vet. Akad. Forh., XXIX, No. 6, p. 72. 1914. Coriscns ferns Carman and Jewett, Ky. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bui. 187, pp. 585-587, figs. 12, 13, 14. 1918. Rednviolns f erics Osborn, Jl. Agr. Bes., XX, pp. 194- 197, figs. a-f. 1921. Nahis ferns Hickman, Bui. Brookl. Ent. Soc., XVI, p. 59, fig. 10. Similar to N. alternatns var. nniformis but larger. More grayish testaceous, usually less distinctly spotted with fuscous and with much larger clasper. Head longer than broad. Antennae with segment I sub- equal to width of head through eyes (26:28); the segments in proportion, 26:48:47: 25. Rostrum with segments II and III subequal, each slightly longer than antennal I (30:26). Pronotum broader than long. Anterior femora about 3^ times as long as deep. Male clasper with moder- ately broad blade (Plate HI, fig. 12). Brachypterons form: Pronotum broader than long (55:50). Hemelytra narrowed distally, reaching scarcely to or well beyond apex of abdomen. Length, 7.2-9 mm. ; width, 1.5-1. 8 mm. (at abdomen, 1. 9-2.1 mm.). Nahis ferns Linnaeus, a Palaearctic species has become common throughout southern Canada and the northern half of the United States from coast to coast. It is quite variable in size, in the amount of fuscous markings, in the length of the antennal segments, and to some extent in the shape of the clasper of the male. Specimens taken in early spring (over-wintered examples) and specimens from 68 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA higher localities are almost invariably darker and more distinctly and thickly marked with fnscons than others. More than a thou- sand examples have been examined from the following localities : Quebec, Maine, New York, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Ohio, In- diana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Tennessee, Mississippi, Mis- souri, Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Montana, Alberta, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, Cali- fornia, and Arizona. Biology: Several workers have published observations on the life and habits of this common nabid. The author has followed the complete life cycle as it occurs in the vicinity of Ames, Iowa. The insect hibernates in the adult stage. Eggs, as in all other nabids, are deposited in the stems of grasses. They hatch in about eight days. The nymphs undergo five moults, the first four instars requiring an average of three days each while the last instar re- quires about six days. The species prefers more sunny and drier situations than do most of the other common species of the genus. The younger nymphs wander about on the ground where their color and shape blends remarkably well with the dead and dying grass blades and seeds. The older nymphs venture to climb the higher grass stems but upon the least disturbance they loosen their hold and fall to the bases of the plants. The adults often invade the fields and gardens where they prey upon aphids, leaf -hoppers, and caterpillars. Nobis ferns var. pallidipennis n. var. Usually smaller and slender than typical ferns, the color more of a pale yellowish testaceous ; hemelytra somewhat translucent, immaculate except for three prominent brown spots on outer vein of corium. Abdomen above pale yellow- ish to brownish. Eyes usually less prominently rounded than in typical ferns. Antennae longer than in typical form, segment I longer than width of head through eyes (31 : 27) ; proportion of segments, 31 ; 55 : 56 : 35. Pronotum equally as broad as long (42:42), gradually widened backwards, the sides almost straight. Hemelytra narrowed posteriorly, ex- tending to or beyond tip of abdomen, cells of membrane often unclosed. Male with clasper as in typical form. Macropter- ous form with slightly larger eyes, otherwise, except for wing development, as in brachypterous form. Length, 6. 7-8. 5 mm.; width, 1.3-1. 7 mm. (at abdomen, 1. 5-2.1 mm.). Holotype, brachypterous male, allotype, brachypterous female, and morphotype, macropterous male, all taken at Cedar Falls, Iowa, 69 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 July 17, 1926, H. M. Harris, collector. Paratypes, many males and females taken with the types. This form may, when only a few examples are at hand, appear sufficiently distinct to be accorded specific rank. However, with a long series for study it is evident that the differential characters are quite variable. It seems to be no more than a form of onr very variable N. ferus that is character- istic of drier and warmer situations. The entire type series was taken on a typical high Iowa prairie. In addition to them speci- mens from New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Minnesota are at hand. Some of these closely approached N. capsifonnis in appear- ance. Nahis inscriptus (Kirby). 1837. Beduviolus inscriptus Kirby, Richardson’s Panna Bor. Amer., IV, p. 280, pi. 6, fig. 7. Similar to N. ferus Linn., from which it differs in its shorter antennae, larger eyes, more incrassate anterior femora, and differently formed clasper of the male. Oblong-ovate, yellowish to grayish testaceous, marked with fnscons to black as in related species. Head longer than broad. Eyes rather prominent, the length of one slightly greater than width of vertex. Antennae only moderately long, length of segment I distinctly less than width of head through eyes ; the proportion of segments, 24 : 37 : 37 : 25. Rostrum with segment II and III snbeqnal, each slightly longer than antennal I. Pronotnm slightly broader than long. Hemelytra clothed above with short, semierect, rather rigid, yellowish brown hairs; the costal margin broadly rounded ; membrane narrow, extending about to apex of ab- domen, with the usual closed cells. Male clasper with the blade not so broadly rounded as in ferus. Anterior femora about 3 times as long as thick. Length, 6.2 mm. ; width, 1.38-1.5 mm. (at abdomen, 2-2.3 mm.) (Plate III, fig. 10). Nobis inscriptus, described from a brachypterous female said to have been taken in latitude 65° Boreal America, has long puz- zled students of Hemiptera. Reuter in 1908 (Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., XV, p. 120) and again in 1913 (Ofver. Finska Vet. Soc. Forh., LV, No. 14, p. 82) published descriptions of what he took to be this species, basing his studies on specimens from Colorado. He identi- fied the N. boreelus Renter, which is said to have a wide distribution in the northern Palaearctic regions, as only a color variety of inscriptus. The present author has had the good fortune of being 70 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA able to study a male specimen from Colorado determined by Dr. Renter. It is a brachypterous specimen bearing the labels, Colo- rado, 2158, C. F. Baker collection, and undoubtedly is the one upon which Renter bases his determination of N. inscrvpf us as his speci- men bore the same label. (He had three specimens from Colorado, only one of which was a male.) This specimen however is no more than a short-winged N. ferus Linn., perhaps a little dark in color, yet in no way different from others, both brachypterous and macro^D- terons males and females, before me. The darker color would be expected of a form inhabiting the higher altitudes. There is at hand however, a long series of brachypterous males and females of a form that I have elected to call N. inscriptus (Kirby). These were taken at Pingree Park and Estes Park, Colorado, 1923-1925, by C. J. Drake. They agree in more exactly representing the form and color as depicted in Kirby’s figure than does the specimen determined by Renter and also the clasper of the male is constantly different from that of N. fey^us. Furthermore, and what seems most convincing, is the fact that the range is such that it may well have been taken in latitude 65° north for there are specimens at hand from Moscow, Idaho, and in Alberta, Canada, from Calgary, Edmon- ston, and Slave Lake, these latter collected by 0. Bryant. There is also a specimen at hand, belonging to the Field Mnsenm of Chicago, from Skilah Lake, Alaska, collected September, 1913, by J. Friesser. This specimen, a male, is peculiar in that it is almost entirely dark testaceous to black throughout. Three specimens from Montreal, Canada, belonging to the British Mnsenm (kindly loaned to me by W. E. China and determined by E. A. Butler as A. inscriptus Kirby), are all brachypterous examples of N. roseipennis Reuter (Plate I). Also there is in the Kirkaldy collection a specimen of A. alternatus Parshley from California that bears the label Nobis inscriptus. Many specimens of r^ifiisculus, roseipennis and ferus from the eastern states have been sent to me labelled as A. in- scriptus. Genus METATROPIPIIORUS Reuter 1872. Metatropiphorus Reuter, Of. Vet. Akad. Fork., XXIX, No. 6, p. 93. 1873. Metatropiphorus Stal, Enum. Hemip., Ill, p. 110. Elongate, anteriorly narrowed, pubescent. Head con- stricted at basal margin of eyes, the postocular part some- what globose. Eyes moderately large, coarsely granular. Ocelli distinct, rather close together, placed behind the base 71 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 of the eyes. Antennae moderately long; segment I much longer than head, suddenly and evenly thickened along basal third. Rostrum slender, segment II longer than III. Pro- notum broader than long, strongly constricted slightly behind the middle ; collar narrow, less distinctly marked off than in Nahis; posterior lobe strongly raised, the disc punctate, the basal margin straight. Scutellum opaque, unicolorous, the disc slightly depressed, without foveae ; the apex truncate, slightly raised. Hemelytra extending well beyond tip of ab- domen, the membrane without closed cells. Legs moderately long; anterior femora of almost equal thickness throughout, armed beneath with numerous short piceous spine-like teeth ; anterior tibiae short, thick, armed within with piceous spines, without a spongy fossa at apex; intermediate and posterior tibiae unarmed. Anterior acetabula rather strongly pro- duced, extending laterally beyond sides of pronotum and visible from above. Metapleuron opaque, the ostiolar canal shiny, evenly raised, posteriorly directed. (Type, M. hel- fragii Reuter.) This genus is easily recognized by the elongate, distally swollen first antennal segment, the coarsely granulate eyes, the laterally projecting anterior coxal cavities, the unarmed intermediate tibiae, and the absence of spongy pads at the ends of the anterior and in- termediate tibiae. The antenniferous tubercules are rather strongly, obliquely produced forward, so that the head appears widened in front of the eyes. The genus is represented in the United States by a single described species. A second species, occurring in Porto Rico, is here added and a third, occurring in China, is said to belong to this genus. Key to Species of Metatropiphorus Second antennal segment almost two-fifths longer than first; ante- rior femora about 7 times as long as ihiok-helfragii Rent., p. 72. Second antennal segment scarcely one-fifth longer than first; an- terior femora scarcely more than 5 times as long as thick. drakei n. sp., p. 73. Metatropiphorus helfragii Reuter 1872. Metatropiphorus helfragii Reuter, Of. Vet. Akad. Forh., XXIX, No. 6, p. 94. 1876. Metatropiphorus helfragii Uhler, Bui. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv., I, p. 325. 1914. Metatropiphorus helfragii Barber, Bui. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXIII, p. 502. 72 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 1916. Metatropiphorus helfragii Barber, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XXIV, No. 4, p. 308. 1920. Metatropiphorus helfragii Torre-Biieno, Bui. Broold. Ent. Soc., XV, p. 70. Slender, testaceous, with grayish pubescence; the head, antennae, markings on anterior lobe of pronotum, scutellum, body beneath, tarsi, apices of tibiae, and a broad apical an- nulus at apex of each femur piceo-testaceous. Head dis- tinctly longer than broad. Eyes moderately prominent, the length of one almost twice as great as width of vertex. An- tennae moderately long, segment I almost three times as long as the width of head through eyes (56:20) ; proportion of segments, 56:76:53:27. Rostrum with segment I equally as broad as long; segment II much longer than III (25 : 16). Pronotum slightly broader than long (46:42) ; the pos- terior lobe arched, rugosely punctate, the humeri prominent. Scutellum slightly depressed on the disc. Hemelytra pu- bescent, also with a few fine hairs, rather obsoletely rugu- losely punctate, the veins prominent ; often with a distinctly paler patch on clavus at apex of scutellum, another at mid- dle of corium, and a third near apex of corium opposite the middle of membrane. Membrane long, the veins fuscous, prominent. Legs in greater part testaceous, the anterior and intermediate femora with piceous spots and bars; anterior femora about 7 times as long as thick (78:11). Venter in greater part piceous black. Male with small, distinctive clasper (Plate IV, fig. 6). Length, 6. 9-7. 2 mm.; width, 1.35 mm. (at abdomen, 1.44 mm.). The species was described from Texas and has since been re- corded from West Indies, Florida, North Carolina, Virginia, Dis- trict of Columbia, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, and Illinois. Specimens from Mississippi, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Illinois, and Iowa are before me. The Iowa specimens, eight of them, were taken in the summer of 1927 by Mr. H. G. Johnston and the writer. They were taken singly, never more than one from a locality, and always by beating tall shrubs and trees. Nothing is known of the life cycle of the species. Metatropiphorus drakei n. sp. Similar to M. helfragii but smaller, with shorter and paler legs and antennae, and with differently shaped clasper of male. Head pale testaceous in front of eyes. Antennae with most of segment I and the base of segment II pale ; segment 73 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 I slightly more than two times as long as width of head through eyes (40:18) ; the proportion of segments, 40:46: 36 (IV absent). Rostrum with segment II about one-half longer than III (18: 13). Pronotum slightly broader than long (37:33), rather thickly clothed with grayish pubes- cence, the posterior lobe with a shiny median line. Scutel- lum considerably smaller than in helfragii. Hemelytra ex- tending well beyond apex of abdomen. Legs flavo-testaceous, the markings as in helfragii but more brownish; anterior femora equally as thick as in helfragii but much shorter, scarcely more than five times as long as deep (58:11). Male clasper smaller than in helfragii, triangular (Plate IV, fig. 5). Length, 5.7 mm. ; width, 1.1 mm. Described from a male, holotype, Utuado, Porto Rico, April 8, 1900, in author’s collection. It is my pleasure to name this species after Dr. Carl J. Drake who is responsible for my interest in the Nabidae and who presented me with the first specimen of the Genus Metatropiphorus that it was ever my privilege to examine. Genus CARTHASIS Champion 1900. Cartliasis Champion, Biol. Centr. Amer., Heter., II, p. 305. 1901. Orthometrops Uhler, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., IV, p. 508. Small, elongate, somewhat shiny, sparsely pilose. Head exserted, somewhat widened anteriorly to the prominent antenniferous tubercles, with a distinct transverse depres- sion between the eyes. Ocelli absent. Eyes rather promi- nent, coarsely granulate. Antennae moderately long, seg- ments III and IV much thinner than I and II. Rostrum slender, four-segmented, segment I as broad as long. Pronotum with anterior lobe sub-cylindrical, the collar wide but not sharply marked off ; posterior lobe emarginate at base. Scutellum equilateral, the disc flat, without lateral callosities. Hemelytra strongly constricted before the middle. Anterior acetabula placed far forward, obliquely projecting anteriorly and readily visible from above ; closed behind. Anterior femora slightly incrassate, minutely den- ticulate beneath and also with numerous rigid setiform spines ; anterior tibiae shorter than femora, spinose within, provided with a spongy pad at the apex. Intermediate and posterior tibiae unarmed, provided with apical pads as in anterior ones. Tarsi uniarticulate. (Type, G. rufonotatus Champion.) 74 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA The genus Cm^tliasis is easily recognized by the small size, ab- sence of ocelli, elongate anterior coxae, and the peculiar structure of the fore acetabula. It has its nearest ally in our American fauna in the genus Neogorpis Barber. Blatchley in his Heteroptera of Eastern North America (1926, p. 538) has placed the genus with the Eeduviidae and erected for it the subfamily CartJiasinae. It is my opinion however that that author has not made a sufficiently close study of the related genera {Gorpis Stal, Veronia Buch.-White, and Neogorpis Barber) to be qualified to transpose the group from one family to another. The genus as now known contains seven species, two of which are described below as new. Key to Species of Carthasis 1. Gula without setiform spines, but with several long fine hairs; hemelytra with numerous erect hairs 2 Gula with four rigid, setiform spines; hemelytra without erect hairs 3 2. Pronotum distinctly longer than broad, with an obsolete darker stripe on each side of the paler median stripe ; posterior lobe raised scarcely higher than anterior uhleri n. sp., p. 76 Pronotum slightly broader than long, median portion of anterior lobe and a broad transverse fascia on posterior lobe brownish to fuscous ; posterior lobe strongly raised above anterior. championi n. sp., p. 76 3. Length of first antennal segment distinctly less than twice the width of head through eyes 4 Length of first antennal segment subequal to twice the width of head through eyes 6 4. Segment I of antennae one-third longer than the head; pro- notum with a median darker stripe or line ; form slender. gracilis Harris, p. 77 Segment I of antennae and head subequal in length ; pronotum with a median paler stripe ; form less elongate 5 5. Antennae with segment II distinctly longer than I ; pronotum with anterior lobe not strongly arched, posterior lobe scarcely higher than anterior distinct us Harris, p. 78 Antennae with segment II slightly shorter than I ; pronotum with anterior lobe arched, the posterior lobe suddenly and strongly raised minor Reuter, p. 79 6. Antennal segment II distinctly longer than I ; rostral segment II shorter than III and IV conjoined. decoratus (LThler), p. 80 75 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 Antennal segments I and II snbequal ; rostral segment II snb- eqnal to III and IV conjoined rufonotatus Champ., p. 81 Carthasis uhleri n. sp. Elongate, pilose ; flavo-testaceons, the head above, an- tennae, a broad stripe on each side of disc of pronotnm, scutellnm, inner part of clavns, a transverse fascia on hem- elytra at apex of clavns, and membrane (except for a spot opposite apex of corium) darker, brownish testaceous. Head longer than broad, the under surface with several long, fine hairs. Eyes prominent, coarsely granulated, the length of one slightly greater than width of vertex. Antennae long, pilose, segment I about twice as long as the width of head through eyes (35:18), thicker than others; proportion of segments, 35:32:29: 48. Rostrum with segment II as long as III and IV conjoined. Pronotum distinctly longer than broad ; anterior lobe (median measurement) twice as long as posterior and almost as high. Hemelytra with a prominent crimson patch in the outer apical angle, the veins and costal margin with numer- ous upright hairs; membrane extending beyond apex of abdomen, its veins indistinct. Anterior femora about eight times as long as thick (47: 6). Venter constricted at base, the apex with two extremely long fine hairs arising from the last connexival segment and projecting laterally on each side. Male clasper as in figure (Plate IV, fig. 11). Length, 4 mm.; width, .75 mm. (at abdomen, .88 mm.). Holotype, male. Cacao, Trece Aguas, Alta V. Paz, Guatemala, March 30, Schwarz and Barber, collectors. (Type in U. S. National Museum). Paratype, male, Livingston, Guatemala, May 7, H. S. Barber, collector. This distinct little species differs from all previously described members of the genus in that the spine-like setae of the gula are absent and the body is more hairy. These hairs are particularly conspicuous on the gula, the first and second rostral segments, the anterior coxae and femora, the venter, and the hemelytra, scutel- lum, and pronotum. The venter is also finely pubescent. The holotype has the darker markings slightly more pronounced than does the paratype. The markings of the pronotum leave a median stripe, obliquely widened on posterior lobe, pale. Carthasis championi n. sp. Elongate, pilose, also finely pubescent; flavo-testaceous, the head, anterior lobe of pronotum, and a transverse fascia 76 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA on disc of posterior lobe brownish to fuscous ; liemelytra marked as in C. ulileri, the membrane also with an apical pale spot; scutellum with a reddish tinge; mesosternum fuscous brown. Head slightly longer than broad, clothed beneath with several long fine hairs as in C. ulileri. Eyes prominent, the length of each slightly greater than width of vertex. Antennae flavo-testaceous, the terminal segment darker, segment I distinctly less than twice as long as width of head through eyes (33:20); proportion of segments, 33 : 30 : 27 : 47. Rostrum as in ulileri. Pronotum slightly broader than long, the anterior lobe (median measurement) scarcely twice as long as posterior; the collar more sharply marked off than in ulileri; the poste- rior lobe much higher than anterior. Hemel^dra clothed as in ulileri, more strongly widened beyond the middle than in that species. Anterior femora eight times as long as thick (48:6). Venter strongly widened beyond the middle. Length, 4.4 mm. ; width, .88 mm. (at abdomen, 1.04 mm.). Holotype, female, David, Chiriqui, Panama, Champion, in col- lection of British Museum of Natural History. This specimen is a cotype of Dr. Champion’s C. rufonotatus, that author having in- cluded two species in his original description. C. cliampioni n. sp. is at once separated from the true rufonotatus by the absence of the spine-like setae on the gula. In this respect it agrees with C. ulileri n. sp. from which it may be separated by the different color mark- ings which are somewhat darker, and especially by the differently formed pronotum. In ulileri the disc of the pronotum is almost level; in cliampioni the anterior lobe is arched, and the posterior lobe is raised much above the anterior. Also in the former is the pronotum clothed with scattered upright hairs, while in the latter it is thickly clothed with recumbent pubescence. The anterior acetabula open not so obliquely forward as in ulileri. Cartliasis gracilis Harris. 1925. Cartliasis gracilis Harris, Bui. Brookl. Ent. Soc., XX, p. 172. Elongate ; flavo-testaceous, the head, a median stripe on pronotum (widened on posterior lobe), inner margin of clavus, and a prominent patch at inner apical angle of corium and another at apex, crimson. Scutellum reddish. Head longer than broad, the anteocular part thickly pubes- cent; provided beneath with four slender seta-like spines. 77 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 Eyes prominent, slightly smaller than in other known species of the genns. Antennae pale, somewhat darkened distally, segment I distinctly longer than width of head through eyes (23:14); proportion of segments, 23:26:25: 37. Rostrum with segment II shorter than III and IV conjoined (11:13). Pronotum smooth, shiny, slightly longer (median mea- surement) than broad, the anterior lobe one-half longer than posterior and about equally as high. Scutellum with only a few fine hairs. Hemelytra shiny, only the costal margin along its basal half with hairs. Membrane fuscous, a large spot on either side at apex of corium lighter. Anterior femora more than five times as long as thick (34:4). Ven- ter pale stramineous, pubescent, and also with a few scat- tered longer hairs. Clasper as in figure (Plate IV, fig. 14). Length, 3, 3-3. 8 mm.; width, .55-6 mm. (at abdomen, .58- .68 mm.). This form, the slenderest of our known species of the genus, was originally described from two male specimens from Cuba. In ad- dition to these there are two females, from Bolondron, P. de Guanahacabibes, Cuba (allotype), and Rio Piedras, Porto Rico, re- spectively, before me. The markings are slightly variable, the head and scutellum sometimes being much darker than at others. In the Porto Rico specimen the pronotal stripe is almost obsolete and the spots of the hemelytra are not connected, while in two of the Cuban specimens the pronotal stripe is quite dark and there is a crimson line along the outer margin of corium extending from apex of clavus to apex of corium, thus serving to connect the crimson patches. Carthasis distinctus Harris. 1925. Carthasis distinctus Harris, Bui. Brookl. Ent. Soc., XX, p. 173. Form broader than in C. gracilis; the color markings about as there except for pronotum, this with a broad red- dish stripe on either side of a pale median one, the stripes strongly divaricating posteriorly onto humeri. Head longer than broad, armed beneath as in gracilis, the spines shorter. Eyes slightly larger than in gracilis, the length of one greater than width of vertex. Antennae only moderately long, segment I about equally as long as head, only about one-third longer than width of head through eyes (19:15); the proportion of segments, 19:23:19: 30. Rostrum with segment II distinctly shorter than III and IV conjoined (9:14). 78 June-Sept, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Pronotum equally as broad as long, the anterior lobe about one-half longer than posterior and almost equally as high. Seutellum and hemelytra colored as in gracilis, but darker. Anterior femora only five times as long as thick (35:7), each with an obsolete darker spot above before the apex. Anterior tibiae slightly curved inwards. Abdomen above with a subapical crimson i)atch. Clasper hook-like (Plate IV, fig. 9). Length, 3.5-4 mm.; width, .66-82 mm. (at abdomen, .70-88 mm.). This distinct species was originally described from Cuba and is known only from the type localities. It is readily recognized by its broader form, shorter antennae, more incrassate anterior femora, and especially by the hook-like clasper of the male. Cartliasis minor Reuter. 1908. Carthasis minor Reuter, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., XV, p. 97. 1925. Cartliasis minor Harris, Bui. Brookl. Ent. Soc., XX, p. 174. Moderately elongate, pubescent; testaceous to flavo- testaceous, the head above, pronotum except for dscal patch, seutellum, and clavus more or less rufous ; a transverse fascia on hemelytra before the middle of the corium light fuscous to testaceous ; a spot at middle of corium and a large patch at apex of corium (these connected by an interrupted line along apical margin) crimson. Head paler in front, thickly pubescent, longer than broad ; beneath pale, with four short seta-like spines. Eyes red, large, coarsely granular. An- tennae flavo-testaceous, the apical segments darkened, seg- ment I subequal to the head in length, slightly longer than width of head through eyes (20:17); proportion of seg- ments, 20:19: 18 : 30. Rostrum with segment II one-third shorter than III and IV conjoined. Pronotum longer than broad, strongly constricted behind the middle ; anterior lobe strongly arched, one-half longer than posterior; posterior lobe abruptly and strongly raised above the anterior (Plate IV, fig. 13). Hemelytra strongly constricted before the middle, with a few upright hairs on clavus and corium, the latter also thinly pubescent. Mem- brane fuscous, a large patch on each side of apex of corium and the outer margin paler. Legs flavo-testaceous, the ante- rior femora with a reddish band just beyond the middle. Mesosternum darkened. Venter light testaceous, thinly 79 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 pubescent, also with a few long hairs. Genital segments crimson above, the claspers similar in outline to C. decoratus (Plate IV, tig. 8). Length, 3.48 mm.; width, .6 mm. This species is, as I have previously pointed out, not to be con- fused with other members of the genus. It is easily recognized by the form of the pronotum, the anterior lobe being arched and the posterior lobe strongly and suddenly raised. The anterior lobe of the pronotum is rufous with its disc and the acetabula seen from above pale ; the posterior lobe light testaceous. The anterior femora are much thicker than in C. decoratus Uhler, resembling C. distinc- tus in this respect, and each is marked slightly beyond its middle with a reddish band. The species is known only from Jamaica, West Indies. Carthasis decoratus (LThler). 1901. Orttiometrops decoratus Uhler, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., IV, p. 509. 1908. Carthasis contrarius Reuter, Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., XV, p. 97. 1916. Carthasis decoratus Barber, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XXIV, p. 308. Elongate, shiny; pale stramineous to tlavo-testaceous, the head in greater part, a broad median stripe on pronotum (widened on posterior lobe), scutellum, and clavus testaceous to rufous (sometimes more or less crimson) ; a prominent spot at inner apical angle of corium, a larger one at outer apical angle, and sometimes an interrupted line along outer margin (connecting the two spots) crimson. Head slightly longer than broad, thinly pubescent; armed beneath with four seta-like spines. Eyes prominent, the length of one slightly greater (female) or equal to (male) width of vertex. Antennae slender, finely, thickly pubescent, flavo-testaceous, the apical segments darkened; segment I often with a red- dish tinge, about twice as long as width of head through eyes (33:17) ; the proportion of segments, 33 : 38 : 30 : 48. Ros- trum with segment II shorter than III and IV conjoined. Pronotum about as broad as long, clothed with a few fine hairs ; the anterior lobe finely rugulose, about one-half longer (median measurement) than posterior; posterior lobe smooth, distinctly raised above the anterior. Scutellum with a few long erect hairs. Hemelytra shiny, finely rugulosely punctulate, with a few long hairs on clavus and along costal 80 June-Sept, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA margin before the constriction; membrane smoky, a large spot opposite apex of clavus (extending around margin to apex) pale. Legs pale, clothed as in other species; the ante- rior femora about times as long as thick (45 : 6). Venter finely pubescent, also with a few scattered long hairs. Clasper as in figure (Plate IV, fig. 12). Length, 3.82-4.56 mm.; width, .7-8 mm. (at abdomen, .74-97 mm.). CartJiasis decoratus was originally described from Bladensburg, Maryland, and from Pennsylvania and New Jersey. It is now known to range throughout the eastern states. The darker mark- ings of the head and pronotum vary from testaceous to rufous. Specimens have been examined from the following localities : Boga- lusa, Louisiana, June 15, H. H. Knight; in Mississippi from Durant, Columbus, Weir, Port Gibson, and Crowder, July to Sept., C. J. Drake and H. M. Harris ; Glen Echo, and Bladensburg, Mary- land; White Plains, New York, Aug. 4, J. E. de la Torre-Bueno; and Black Mountain, North Carolina, Sept. 9, S. C. Bruner. The specimen from Bladensburg, Maryland, belonging to the H. E. Summer’s collection, bears the exact collection data as did Reuter’s type of C. contrarius. The Mississippi specimens were taken by beating low trees and bushes. CartJiasis rufonotatus Champion. 1900. CartJiasis rufonotatus Champion, Biol. Centr. Amer., Heter., II, p. 306, Tab. XIX, figs. 4, 4a (in part). 1925. CartJiasis rufonotatus Harris, Bui. Brookl. Ent. Soc., XX, p. 174. As is pointed out above (vide C. cJiampioni, n. sp.) Champion’s description of this species is a composite one, that author having had two species before him. Unfortunately no specimens of rufo- notatus are at hand. However, Mr. W. E. China of the British Museum has kindly compared specimens of C. decoratus Uhler with the types of rufonotatus and writes in part as follows : Champion has evidently confused two species under his CartJiasis rufonotatus and his description appears to be a composite one. His figures, whilst being structurally accu- rate for one species, are not correctly colored. All his speci- mens are females. Of the five specimens mentioned by him from Panama, only four remain, the one from Bugaba hav- ing been apparently lost. The type specimens (two on one card), from which the drawing but not the coloring of his 81 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 figure was made, are from Caldera and agree with a female from Tole in having four bristle-like spines on the gula. In- deed this species is closely related to C. decoratus Uhler and agrees quite well with Reuter’s description of C. contrarius. It differs, however, from your specimen of C. decoratus in having the second antennal segment equal to instead ot* longer than the first ; the red pigment on the head, scutellum and inner margin of clavus (present in your specimen) is also more or less obsolete, although the red spots on the inner and outer apical angles of the corium, the coloring of the membrane and the broad median vitta on the anterior pro- notal lobe are the same; the pleura are concolorous pale stramineous. ’ ’ From this then it is evident that C. rufonotatus is very close to and possibly synonymous with C. decoratus Uhler. However, in all of the specimens of the latter that I have examined, the second antennal segment is distinctly longer than the first. Genus NEOGORPIS Barber 1924. Neogorpis Barber, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XXXII, p. 136. '‘The body is more slender than in Gorpis. The head is elongate, cylindrical and porrect, subequally long as the anterior lobe of the pronotum ; anteocular part of head much longer than the postocular, the latter more swollen; ocelli absent. Rostrum shorter than in Gorpis, reaching only to apex of prosternnm, second segment about one-third longer than third. Antennae long and slender, inserted midway between apex of head and eyes, first segment nearly as long as head and anterior lobe of pronotum together and about two-thirds as long as second segment, the last two segments capillaceous, with the first of these much longer than the ultimate. Pronotum dull, not pilose, much longer than wide ; collar very wide, not sharply delimited ; anterior lobe a little longer and little narrower than the posterior lobe, impunctate ; humeral angles unarmed. Scutellum swollen, elongate, impunctate, almost twice as long as wide, apex not laterally contracted, slightly obtuse. Hemelytra very elongate, a little longer than the abdomen, impunctate, very convex, parallel-sided; commissure about four times as long as scutellum ; membrane not plainly demarked from the corium, the latter provided with two veins, the inner one forked opposite to apex of commissure ; veins of the mem- 82 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA brane very faint. Propleurae as seen dorsally much dilated ; anterior acetabulae excised before middle of prosternumy closed behind; anterior coxae elongate; legs elongate with the anterior femora somewhat incrassate, densely setose be- neath and provided with a few small teeth; anterior tibiae slightly shorter than the femora, very slightly curved and provided inwardly through entire length with small acute oblique spines; apex of i:>osterior femora not incrassate nor nearly reaching to apex of hemelytra. Genotype: Neogorpis neotropicalis Barber.” Only one si)ecies is known. Neogorpis neotropicalis (Barber). 1923. Gorpis neotropicalis Barber, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 75, p. 8. 1924. Neogorpis neotropicalis Barber, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XXXII, p. 136. ' ‘ Sordid yellow-white ; antennae, dorsum of head in part, scutellum posteriorly^ streak on clavus posteriorly and also along inner and apical margin of corium, rostrum, apices of all femora, base and apex of all tibiae, dilute red. ‘‘Head smooth, shining, plainly pilose below and with a few scattered long hairs above; si)ace between the eyes sub- equal to that of diameter of eye itself ; ocelli not discernible, sides of tylus longitudinal streak on the vertex and a V-shaped fascia running back from the center of the eyes to base, dilute red. Antennae finely pilose, irrorate with red on the two basal segments, basal segment about as long as head and the anterior lobe of the pronotum taken together, apex slightly incrassate, two-thirds as long as second; third segment one-third shorter than first; fourth segment over one-half, nearly two-thirds as long as third segment. Ros- trum finely pilose, with short, thick basal segment, second segment one-third longer than third, fourth less than one- half the length of third. Pronotum dull, non-pilose, ob- tusely constricted behind middle, with the anterior lobe exclusive of collar a trifle longer than posterior lobe; disk of both lobes impunctate, with a few coarse punctures along the sides posterior to the transverse stricture; anterior lobe with a faint median sulcus; humeral angles unarmed, pro- vided with an elongated rounded prominence ; posterior mar- gin evenly arcuated, not straight before the base of scutel- lum. Scutellum impunctate, slender, transversely depressed 83 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 before the middle ; disk behind this somewhat swollen, dilute red; apex depressed, very acute. Hemelytra dull, obso- letely wrinkled; clavus posteriorly dilute reddish; corium with costal margin from close to base narrowly expanded; inwardly streaked with dilute red close to and along apical half of clavus extending to beyond base of membrane, an- other similar streak along the inner margin of corium next to the membrane which does not quite reach the apex of corium; apex of corium reaching back as far as apex of abdomen; membrane pale, reaching well beyond. Wings reaching apex of abdomen. Legs long and slender with long pile; fore femora slightly incrassate, almost straight, pro- vided above with a few scattered long hairs and below densely clothed with numerous spinules interspersed with slender bristles and hairs ; fore tibiae curved at base, gently curved apically from middle, inwardly serrate, serrations tipped with downwardly curved setae; towards apex rather abruptly expanded and armed inwardly with a stout, curved spine or process extending beyond apex of tibia. Propleuron coarsely punctate ; mesopleuron smooth, broadly whitish pruinose except along outer margin. Venter smooth, shin- ing ; genital segment of male finely pilose, provided on either side with an upwardly directed, curved and somewhat twisted acute genital hook, curving toward median line. Length, 12 mm.” Known only from the types from Porto Rico in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History. LITERATURE CITED (References marked with an asterisk have not been verified in the original.) Banks, Nathan 1910. Catalogue of the nearctic Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Philadelphia, pp. 1-103 + i- viii. Barber, H. G. 1906. Hemiptera from southwestern Texas. Mus. Brooklyn Inst., Sci. Bull., I: 255-289. 1914. Insects of Florida. II. Hemiptera. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 33 : 495-535. 1916. (A Review of the Nabidae of the United States.) Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 24: 308. 1922. Two new species of Reduviidae from the United States (Hem.). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 24: 103-104. 84 June-Sept, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 1923. A Preliminary rei^ort on the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Porto Rico collected by the American Museum of Natural History. Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 75 : 1-13. 1924. Corrections and Comments, Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 32 : 133-137. Bergroth, E. 1916. New and little-known Heteropterous Hemiptera in the United States National Museum. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 51 : 215-239. Blatchley, W. S. 1926. Heteroptera or true bugs of Eastern North America. Indianapolis, pp. 1-1116, numerous text figs., 12 pis. Bruner, L. and Swenk, H. H. 1907. Some insects injurious to wheat during 1905-1906. Neb. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. 96 : 1-36. Butler, Edward A. 1923. A Biology of the British Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Loud. pp. i-viii + 1-682, pis. I-VII. Champion, G. C. 1897- Insecta Rhynchota. Hemiptera Heteroptera, II ; i-xvi + 1901. 1-416, 22 pis. In Biologia Centrali-Americana. Lond. 1880-1909. Costa, Achille. "^1852. Cimicum regni Neapolitan! centuriae. Napoli 1838- 1852. Cent. 3 et 4 (not completed) 1852, 73 pp., 3 pis. Distant, W. L. 1903- The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and 1904. Burma. Rhynchota, II : xvii + 242, 1903 ; 243-503, 1904, 319 figs. Douglas, John William and Scott, John 1865. The British Hemiptera. I. Hemiptera-Heteroptera. London, pp. i-xii 1-627, 21 pis. Fabricius, Johann Christian 1775. Systema entomologiae sistens insectorum, synonymis, etc. Flensburgi et Lipsiae. pp. 1-832. 1794. Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta, secundum classes, etc. Tome IV. Hafniae. pp. i-vi + 1-572 4- ( index) 5 pp. 85 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 Fieber, Franz Xavier 1860- Die enropaisclien Hemiptera. Halbfluger (Rhynchota 1861. Heteroptera). Nacli der analytischen Methode bear- beitet. Wien. pp. i-vi + 1-112, 1860 ; 113-114, 1861. 2 pis. Flint, W. P. 1918. Insect enemies of the chinch bng. Jour. Econ. Ent., 11 : 415-419. Frost, S. W. 1919. Two species of Pegomyia mining the leaves of dock. Jour. Agr. Res., 16 : 229-243, pis. 28-30. Garman, H. and Jewett, H. H. 1914. The life history and habits of the corn-ear worm (Cliloridea ohsoleta). Ky. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. 187 : 511-591, 16 figs. Germar, Ernst Friedrich ^1837. Hemiptera Heteroptera promontorii Bonae Spei non- dum descripta, quae collegit C. F. Drege. Silb. Rev. Ent., 5 : 121-192. Harris, Halbert M. 1925a. A new species of Nabidae (Costa) from the western United States (Hemiptera). Ent. News, 36: 205- 206. 1925b. Two new species of Carthasis (Hemiptera, Nabidae). Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 20 : 172-174. 1926a. Distributional notes on some neotropical bugs of the family Nabidae, with description of a new species. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 69, art. 21 : 1-4. 1926b. Notes on some American Nabidae (Hemiptera). Ent. News, 37 : 287. 1928. Anent Blatchley’s Manual of Heteroptera, with descrip- tion of a new nabid therefrom. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 23 : 143-146. Hawley, I. Myron 1917. The hop redbug {Paracalocoris Jiawleyi Knight). Jour. Econ. Ent., 10: 545-552, figs. 28-35, pi. 28. Hickman, Dorothy J. 1921. Illustrations of the male hooks in Nabis (Nabidae, Hemiptera). Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 16: 58-59, figs. 1-12. 86 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Howard, L. O. 1900. The insects to which the name kissing bug became ap- plied during the summer of 1899. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., liull. 22 (N. S.) : 24-30, figs. 18-24. Kirby, William 1837. The insects in Richardson’s Fauna Boreali-Americana, 4, pp. i-xxxix + 1-318 + index. 8 pis. London. Kirkaldy, G. W. 1900. Bibliographical and nomenclatorial notes on the Rhyn- chota. No. I. Entom., 33 : 238-243. 1901. Anmerkungen iiber bemerkenswerte Nabinen (Rhyn- chota). Wiener Ent. Zeit., 20: 219-225. Latreille, Pierre Andre "H802. Histoire naturelle, generate et particuliere des Crus- taces et des Insectes. Paris. 14 vols., 1802-1805. Vol. 3 : xii + 467, 1802. 1807. Genera crustaceorum et insectorum secundum, etc. 4 vols., 1806-1807. Vol. 3: 1-258, 1807. Lethierry, L. et Severin, G. 1896. Catalogue general des Hemipteres. Bruxelles and Ber- lin. 3 vols., 1893-1896. Vol. 3, 1896, pp. 1-275. Linnaeus, Carl 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes, etc. Holmiae, Tome I ; pp. 1-824. Engle- mann facsimile reprint, 1894, Leipsic. '“G761. Fauna Suecica sistens animalia sueciae regni, aves, etc. Stockholmiae, pp. 1-46 + 1-578, 2 tab. Meyer-Diir, L. R. 1870. Entomologische Parallelen zwischen den Faunen von Central-Europa und der sud-amerikanischen Provinz Buenos- Ay res. Mittheil. schw. ent. Ges., 3 : 175-178. Meyers, J. G. 1925. Biological notes on Aracli7iocoris alhomaculatus Scott (Hemiptera; Nabidae). Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 33: 136-146, pi. VI. Mundinger, F. G. 1922. The life history of two species of Nabidae (Hemip. Heterop.). N. Y. St. Coll. For., Tech. Pub. No. 16: 149-167, pis. XII-XIX. 87 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 Osborn, Herbert 1912. Leafhoppers affecting cereals, grasses and forage crops. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bull. 108 : 3-123, figs. 1-29. 1918. The meadow plant bug, Miris dolohratus. Jour. Agr. Res., 15 : 175-200, figs. 1-5, pi. XII. Oshanin, B. 1908. Verzeichnis der palaearctisclien Hemipteren mit be- sonderer Berucksiclitigung Hirer Verteilung im rus- sichen Reiche. 3 vols. St. Petersburg, 1906-1910. Band I, part 2 : 394—586, 1908. 1912. Katalog der palaarktischen Hemipteren (Heteroptera, Homoptera-Auchenorhyncha und Psylloideae) . Ber- lin. pp. i-xvi + 1-187. Parshley, Howard Madison 1920. Hemiptera from Peak’s Island, Maine, collected by Mr. G. A. Moore. Can. Ent., 52: 80-87. 1922. Report, on a collection of Hemiptera-Heteroptera from South Dakota. So. Dak. St. Coll., Tech. Bull. 2 : 1-22, 2 figs. 1923. Family Nabidae. In Britton, Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part IV. The Hemiptera or sucking insects of Connecticut. Hartford, 1923, pp. 1-807, pis. I-XX. Provancher, Leon ^1869. Description d’un nouvel Hemiptere. Nat. Can., I: 211- 212. Reuter, O. M. 1872a. Skandinaviens och Pinlands Nabider. Ofv. Svenska Vet.-Ak. Forh., 29, No. 6 : 67-77. 1872b. Nabidae novae et minus cognitae. Bidrag till Nabider- nas kannedom. Ofv. Svenska Vet.-Ak. Fork., 29, No. 6 : 79-96. Tab. VIII. 1890. Ad cognitionem Nabidarum. Rev. d’Ent., 9: 289-309, figs. 1-5. 1893. Die athiopischen Arten der Nabiden-Gattung Phortieus. Wiener Ent. Zeit., 12 : 316-320. 1908. Bemerkungen iiber Nab’ den nebst Beschreibung neuer Arten. Mem. Soc. Ent. Belgique, 15 : 87-130. 1909. Die Arten der Nabiden Gattung Gorpis Stal. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, 53 : 423-430. 88 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 1912a. Bemerkuiigen iiber mein neues Heteropterensystem. Ofv. Fiiiska Vet.-Soc. Fork., 54 (A), No. 6: 1-62. 1912b. Hemipteroiogische miscellen. Ofv. Finska Vet.-Soc. Fork., 54 (A), No. 7: 1-76. 1913. Ansfiirlicke Besckreibungen einiger palaarktiscken Hemipteren. Ofv. Finska Vet.-Soc. Fork., 55 (A), No. 14: 1-111, 1 pi. Reuter, O. M. et Poppius, B. 1909. Monograpkia Nabidarnm orbis terrestris. Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicae, 37, No. 2 : 1-62, 1 pi. Saunders, Edward 1892. The Hemiptera-Heteroptera of the British Islands. A descriptive account of the families, etc. London, pp. i-vi 4 1-350, pis. I-XXXII. Spinola, Maximilien 1837. Essai sur les genres d’ insectes appartenants a V ordre, des Hemipteres, etc. Genes, pp. 1-383. Stal, Carl 1855. Hemiptera fran Kafferlandet. Ofv. Svenska Vet.-Ak. Fork., 12 : 27-47. 1860- Bidrag till Rio Janeiro-traktens Hemiptera-fauna. 1862. Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Ak. Handl., II, No. 7, pp. 1-84, 1860; III, No. 6: 1-75, 1862. 1862. Hemiptera Mexicana enumeravit speciesque novas de- scriptsit. Stett. Ent. Zeit., 23 : 81-118, 273-281, 289- 325, 437-462. 1865. Hemiptera Africana. 4 vols. Holmiae, 1864-1866. Vol. 3, 1865, pp. 1-200. 1873. Enumeratio Hemipterorum. 5 parts, in Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. 1870-1876. Part III, in Vol. 11, No. 2 : 1-167, 1873. Stein, J. P. E. Fdr. 1857. Die Gattung Prostemma Laporte. Berliner Ent. Zeit., 1 : 81-96. Summers, H. E. 1891. The true bugs, or Heteroptera, of Tennessee. Tenn. Agr. Exf). Sta., Bull. 4: 75-96, 14 figs. Torre-Bueno, J. R. de la 1912. Records of Heteroptera from Brownsville, Texas (Hemip.). Ent. News, 23: 120-122. 89 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, Nos. i & 2 1920. Notes on tlie Heidemann collection of Heteroptera now at Cornell University. Bnll. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 15 : 70. Uhler, Philip Reese 1876. List of Hemiptera of the region west of the Mississippi River, including those collected during the Hayden explorations of 1873. Bnll. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr., 1 : 269-361, pis. 19-21. 1901. Some new genera and species of North American Hemiptera. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 4: 507-515. 1904. List of Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Las Vegas, Hot Springs, New Mexico, collected by Messrs. E. A. Schwarz and Herbert S. Barber. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 27 : 349-364. Van Duzee, Edward P. 1917. Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America north of Mex- ico, excepting the Aphididae, Coccidae and Aleuro- didae. Univ. Calif. Pubs. Ent., 2 : i-xiv + 1-902. Westwood, J. O. 1839- An introduction to the modern classification of insects, 1840. etc. 2 vols. London. Vol. 2, i-xi + 1-587 + (Gen- eric Synopsis) 1-158. White, F. Buchanan 1878- List of the Hemiptera of New Zealand. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1879. 14: 274-277; 15: 31-34, 73-76, 130-133, 159-161, 213-220. Woods, William Colcord 1915. Blueberry insects in Maine. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. 244 : 249-288, figs. 56-62. 90 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. PLATE II Nobis subcoleoptratus (Kirby), male clasper. N. heidemanni (Reut.), male clasper. N. sordidus Rent., male clasper. N. dentipes (new name for crassipes Rent.), male clasper. N. deceptivus n. sp., male clasper. N. nigriventris Stal, male clasper. N. spinicrus Rent., male clasper. N. annulatus Rent., male clasper. N. const rictus Champ., male clasper. N. gerJiardi Harris, male clasper. N. panamensis Harris, male clasper. N. lovetti Harris, male clasper. 92 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA VoL IX, (n. s.), Nos. i & 2, PL II 93 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. PLATE III Nahis propinqmis Rent., male clasper. N. flavomarginatus Scholtz, male clasper. iV. nigrovittatus Sahib., male clasper. N. capsiforniis Germar, male clasper. N. limhatus Dahlb., male clasper. N. roseipennis Renter, male clasper. N.vanduzeei (Kirk.), male clasper. N. rufusciilus Rent., male clasper. N. kalmii Rent., male clasper. N.inscriptus (Kirby), male clasper. N. alternatus Parshley, male clasper. N.ferus (Linn.), male clasper. 94 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, (n. s.), Nos. I & 2, PI. Ill 95 June-Sept., 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 13. Fig. 14. PLATE IV Pagasa pallipes Stal, male clasper. P. luteiceps (Walker), male clasper. P.fusca (Stein), male clasper. Arachnocoris alhomaculatus Scott, male clasper. Metatropiphorus drakei n. sp., male clasper. M. helfragii Kent., male clasper. Arachnocoris trinitatis Bergroth, male clasper. Carthasis minor Rent., male clasper. G. distinctus Harris, male clasper. Alloeorrhynchus trimacula Stein, male clasper. Carthasis uhleri n. sp., male clasper. C. decor atus (Uhl.), male clasper. C. minor Renter, head and thorax. C. gracilis Harris, male clasper. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, (n. s.), Nos. i & 2, PI. IV 97 VOL. IX (New Series) DECEMBER, 1928 No. 3 A Journal of Hntomol DM PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor E. L. BELL GEO. P. ENGBLHARDT Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press, Lime and Green Sts., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue May 28, 1929 Application for entry as second-class matter under the Act of March 3, 1879, made June 15, 1926, at the Postoffice at Lancaster, Pa. VoL. IX December No. 3 A REVISION OF THE GENUS EUREMA HUBNER (LEPIDOPTERA, PIERIDAE) PART II, NEW WORLD SPECIES, TAXONOMY AND SYNONYMY By Alexander Barrett Klots ITHACA, N. Y. INTRODUCTION It seems superfluous to expound at any length the tangle into which the synonymy of the genus Eurema has lapsed, a thing self- evident to any one who has attempted any work upon it. Many of the species show a great capacity for both local and individual vari- ation. This, taken in connection with the wide geographic range of the forms, makes any attempt at studying them without possessing large series of specimens from all parts of the range apt to result in the accomplishment of more harm than good. Most of the forms were, moreover, described in the days when entomologists believed, as some still do, that a form possessing any character whatsoever, no matter how slight, that differentiated it, was to be considered a species. Because of this any modern revision must necessarily con- tain a good deal of ^dumping,” when concerned with a group so thoroughly known to early Lepidopterists as was Eurema. 99 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 3 In view of this fact it seems advisable that the author ’s' attitude toward the applicability of names to variations be defined. In the author’s phylogenetic study of the New World species of Eurema (Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXVI, March, 1928) the opinion was stated that the majority of the species of Eurema are of com- paratively recent origin, and that minor variations, especially of color and pattern, must not be taken as possessing much signifi- cance. A careful study of still larger series of specimens has con- firmed this opinion, with the result that a considerable number of names which have been applied to minor and individual variants are here placed in synonymy. Species. Numbers of so-called ‘ ^ species, ’ ’ though differing markedly from each other in coloration, less markedly always in pattern, prove to be so identical in less mutable characters that it is evident that they do not constitute different species at all. This is all the more marked by the presence of perfect series of intergrades which can be picked out in any collection of adequate size. It is, therefore, a bit of a question as to just where to draw the line regarding the right of a form to be considered as a distinct species. One thing is certain — since a species is an artificial grouping no generalization can pos- sibly be made as to a definite limitation of the term which will nec- essarily hold true for any given group. In some groups the term may be made largely inclusive ; in others it must be narrowly lim- ited. In the New World species of Eurema it has seemed advisable to make the term species” rather inclusive, as being the best way of emphasizing the relationships of the forms rather than their dif- ferences. The author may thus be considered more or less of a ‘dumper” as regards species, but as being perfectly willing to recognize the validity of any other form on reasonable grounds. Subspecies. Because of the present lack of knowledge regarding the life- histories of the species of Eurema no forms can definitely be placed as subspecies other than a number of geographic races. The author considers that an altitude form, representing really a geographic race in miniature, is worthy of being called a subspecies. Likewise a well-defined seasonal form or food-plant form might also be con- sidered in the same class. However, too little biological data re- garding practically all the species of Eurema are available for any definite conclusions of this sort to be drawn. In the present work, therefore, subspecific rank is awarded only to well-defined geo- 100 December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA graphic races. In the check list these races are designated as (a), (b), etc. Forms or Varieties. Here are grouped all those variations which cannot be regarded as new species in process of differentiation and, therefore, cannot be classified as subspecies. Most seasonal forms are more or less inconstant; the chrysalis of one brood, by subjection to abnormal conditions, may be made to produce the typical form of the other brood; or one brood may produce, under normal conditions, some specimens of the other brood. These are surely not subspecific dif- ferences. Similar is the not directly inheritable variation of an individual. In some cases this variation is Mendelianly inheritable, as has been shown in the case of the white female form of Eurymus pliilodice, which can never breed true because of the presence of a balanced lethal. In other cases the variation of the individual is merely the result of abnormal exposures of the larva or pupa. Many workers believe in applying a name to almost any varia- tion from the normal. The fallacy of this proceeding is, I think, obvious. Since there is no limit to the number of individual varia- tions possible, there is grave danger that the literature will become so clogged with a multiplicity of names that it will eventually fall of its own weight — thus defeating the primary purpose of our sys- tem of nomenclature. Some check must, therefore, be placed on the naming of variations. Because of the especially immense amount of individual variation in Eurema the author has adopted the following procedure : (1) No variation is considered worthy of a name unless it is so markedly different from the typical form of the species that it is likely to be mistaken for another species. (2) While the number of individual variations possible is un- limited, the number of possible lines of variation is small. There- fore, only one name is used to apply to each line of variation, and in accordance with the rules of priority this name is the one first ap- plied to a variant on that line. All subsequent names applied on that line are placed as synonyms. This does away, in part at least, with the senseless naming of a number of different specimens, all possessing the same type of vari- ation from the normal, which is so encumbering our synonymy. In the case of variations of frequent occurrence, which are sus- pected of being inheritable, the symbol is placed before the name of the variation. In tlie case of variations of infrequent or 101 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 3 rare occurrence, which are probably not inheritable, the symbol “ah.” is prefixed to the name of the variation. ^Yhere the varia- tion is limited to one sex the symbol of that sex is added to the prefix. Check List, New World Species Eurema Hfibner Ahaeis Hfibner Terias Swainson Xanthidia Boisdnval & Leconte Pyrisitia Butler Spliaenogona Butler 1. albula Cramer cassiae Sepp clara Bates lirina Bates melacheila Moschler f. sinoe Godart marginella Felder f. tapeina Bates celata R. Felder leucilla R. Felder 2. reticulata Butler doris Rober marmorata Dognin 3. deva Doubleday agave Fabricius agavoides Wellengren fahricia Poey (a) chilensis Blanchard 4. pseudomorpha Klots 5. lucina Poey arahella Lucas f. fornsi Poey conjungens Herrich Schaeffer 6. priddyi Lathy (a) forbesi Klots 7. jucunda Boisduval & Leconte f. 2 pallidula Klots f. sidonia Felder 8. nigTocincta Dognin ella Rober 9. palmyra Poey cuhana Herrich Schaffer alhina Poey 102 December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA (a) lydia Felder lemnia Felder 10. daira Godart cepio Godman & Salvin delia Cramer demoditas Hiibner (a) eiigenia Wallengren solana Reakirt rhodia Felder persisiens Butler & Druce (b) ebriola Poey 11. elatliea Cramer niidea Menetries ab. venilia D ’Almeida f. flavescens Cliavannes vitellina Felder elathides Staudinger f. mycale Felder f. tegea Felder f. medutina Felder Phoenicia Felder plataea Felder 12. agave Cramer jodutta Hiibner mana Boisdnval pallida Cliavannes (a) sinoides Capronnier 13. pbiale Cramer gentilis Boisdnval musa Fabricins singidaris D ’Almeida paula Bober (a) Columbia Felder 14. pyro Godart f. liyona Menetries 15. messalina Fabricins hlakei Maynard htUaea Boisdnval gnathene Boisdnval gnatheme anct. iradia Poey 16. portoricensis DeWitz tenera Avinoff 17. nicippe Cramer f. 2 flava Strecker 103 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 3 18. adamsi Lathy 19. ecuadora Hewitson 20. gratiosa Doubleday & Hewitson theona Felder 21. boisduvaliana Felder gratiosa Rerkirt ingrata R. Felder 22. arbela Hiibner theodes Felder (in part) holiviensis Rober ectriva Butler (a) graduata Butler gracilis Avinoff semiflava Butler (b) elsia Klots 23. xanthoclilora Kollar constantia Felder patdina Bates (a) pomponia Hopffer sybaris Hopffer f. 2 marjoria Klots 24. mexicana Boisduval damaris Felder depuiseti Boisduval ab. biedermanni Ehrmann henrici Maria ab. recta Klots (a) bogotana Felder chloe Felder 25. Salome Felder f. limoneus Felder gaugamela Felder janiapa Reakit f. fabiola Felder 26. amelia Poey 27. proterpia Fabricius (a) watsonia Klots 28. gundlachia Poey longicauda Bates f. 2 alba Maria 29. lisa Boisduval & Leconte stygmula Boisduval thymetus auct. (nec Fabricius) similar auct. (nec Donovan, nec Godart) f. clappi Maynard f. 2 alba Strecker 104 December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA centralis Herricli Schaffer (a) enter pe Menetries sulphurina Poey 30. dina Poey dina Geyer f. 2 citrina Poey larae Herrich Schaffer f. memulns Butler (a) westwoodi Boisdiival calceolaria Butler & Druce (b) parvumbra Kaye (c) leuce Boisduval atJialia Felder circumcincfa Bates diodina Butler flavilla Bates hahneli Staudinger thym.efus auct. (nee Fabricius) 31. chamberlaini Butler 32. nise Cramer fioscida Weeks lepidula D ’Almeida neda Godart panopea D ’Almeida tkymetus auct. (iiec Fabricius) tenella Boisduval nisella Felder sulki Weymer gerniana D ’Almeida jacarepaguana D ’Almeida ab. alcides D ’Almeida (a) stygma Boisduval cordohensis Kohler (b) perimede Prittwitz linda Edwards nelplie Felder venustula Staudinger 33. A^enusta Boisduval aequatorialis Felder diosa Moschler (a) limbia Felder Old World Species of eurema described or cited as of New World Occurrence aesiope Menetries hecabeoides Menetries 105 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 3 jaegeri Menetries ^ smilacina Felder Forms of Teriocolias described in Eurema atinas Hewitson flavia Bnrmeister zelia Lucas Forms of Leucidia described in Eurema brephos Hiibner elvina Godart impnra Vollenboven leucoma Bates Names still in doubt arabella Hiibner deflorata Kollar Artificial Key to New World Species and Forms of Eurema 1. Outer angle of secondaries tailed or angulate 2 1. Outer angle of secondaries rounded 26 2. Ground color of wings above orange 3 2. Ground color of wings above not orange 7 3. Secondaries distinctly tailed at outer angle ; beneath apices of primaries and all of seconda- ries with heavy brown reticu- lations and broken wavy bars gundlachia both sexes 3. Secondaries with outer angle ob- tusely angulate; predominat- ing color of secondaries and apices of primaries beneath yellow to light orange 4 4. Males 5 4. Females 6 5. Outer margin of wings above lightly or not at all clouded with fuscous ; entire cubital system (including Mg) and 2d A of primaries above, and all veins of secondaries above never heavily black for proxi- mal f ; color a medium orange proterpia proterpia c? ^ Mr. N. D. Riley has examined the type of smilacina and as- sures me that it is a 5 of floricola Boisduval, described from Mada- gascar and Mauritius. 106 December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 5. Outer margin of wings above heavily clouded with fuscous; above-named veins black for entire length above; color in- tense orange; Ecuador proterpia watsonia 6. Secondaries with a heavy black border, diffuse internally, ex- tending almost to 2d A ; entire surface of wings above lightly dusted with black scales ; Ecuador proterpia tvaisonia 2 6. Border of secondaries above nar- row or absent, extending little if any beyond Cui ; no fuscous dusting on wings above proterpia proterpia 2 7. Both wings above with ground color yellow 8 7. Both wings above not yellow 16 8. Secondaries beneath reticulated with ochraceous. See Note 1 at end of key 9 8. Secondaries beneath reticulated with reddish or fuscous 11 9. Border of secondaries wide, heavily toothed or undulate internally salome f. limoneus c? 9. Border of secondaries above narrow and very lightly un- dulate internally, or absent 10 10. Border of secondaries extending unbroken beyond Cuo salome f. salome 10. Border of secondaries much re- duced or absent, not extending unbroken beyond Mg salome f. fahiola J' 11. Border of secondaries above very wide and irregular internally hoisduvaliana c? 11. Border of secondaries above nar- row or absent; when present may be lightly and evenly scalloped internally 12 12. Males 13 12. Females 15 13. Secondaries beneath with the fol- lowing : a reddish or fuscous spot on costa at tip of Sc + ; 107 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 3 a broad reddish smear, pointed internally, running: in and down from outer margin be- low apex, pointing at a red- dish or fnscons spot beneath C1I2 and 2d A ; various reddish fnscons reticulations ; border of secondaries above always fairly wide arhela arbela ^ 13. Spot on costa at tip of Sc + of secondaries beneath rarely red- dish, usually fnscons ; never any red smear as in arbela-, border of secondaries above usually reduced, when wide the border of the primaries above is not squarely emargi- nate between M3 and Cip 14 14. Border of secondaries much re- duced or absent xantJiocJilora xantliodilora J' 14. Border of secondaries wide, ex- tending to Cuo; Peru xanthochlora pomponia 15. Size medium or small ; Central America. See Note 2 at end of key boisduvaliana 5 15. Size larger; Peru xanthochlora pomponia 2 16. Ground color of both wings above the same 17 16. Primaries yellow, secondaries white 25a 17. Males 18 17. Females 23 18. Secondaries above with orange near apex 19 18. Secondaries above with no orange mexicana bogotana c? 19. Black border of primaries above beginning on costa about at tip of Rg, borders of both wings very wide, that of secondaries abruptly truncate at Cu ecuadora 19. Black border of primaries above beginning on costa basad of the tip of Ri 20 20. Border of secondaries above nar- row, smooth or lightly seal- 108 December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA loped internally, extending be- yond outer angle arhela elsia ^ 20. Border of secondaries very wide between and M2 or and Mg, very irregular inside, often stopping at Mg ; orange on secondaries above extending to base of costa, widely suf- fused. 21 21. Emargination of border of pri- maries between Mg and Mg or M2 and Cui deep, narrow, hooked downward 22 21. Emargination of border of pri- maries broad, square, never hooked downward mexicana ab. recta 22. Emargination of border of pri- maries tending to be cut off at inner margin of border, leav- ing the distal portion of the emargination as an isolated white patch in the border mexicana ab. hiedermanni 22. Emargination of border of pri- maries uninterrupted at inner margin of border mexicana mexicana $ 23. Border of primaries extending broadly to inner margin of wing, deeply emarginate be- tween Mg and Cuo ; secondaries beneath lightly reticulated and smeared with red mexicana mexicana J 23. Border of primaries narrowing greatly to inner margin of wing, or not reaching inner margin 24a 24a. Border of primaries above not reaching inner margin of wing, stopping short at Cug ; secondaries beneath lightly smeared with red ; outer angle of secondaries angulate or shortly tailed 24b 24a. Border of primaries above reach- ing inner margin of wing ; secondaries beneath heavily 109 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. s reticulated and smeared with red ; outer angle of secondaries well tailed mexicana hogoiana 5 24b. Size larger; Peru xanthochlora f. 5 marjoria 24b. Size smaller ; Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil gratiosa 5 25a. Border of secondaries above ab- sent or reduced to patches at the ends of the veins ; females gratiosa 2 25a. Border of secondaries above un- broken before Cin; males 25b 25b. Border of secondaries above nar- row, very lightly undulate in- ternally art) el a graduata 25b. Border of secondaries above wide, extending deeply into wing between Mo and M3, be- low that irregularly toothed or crenate gratiosa ^ 26. R2 shortly stalked on R3 + R4+5 amelia 26. Bo arising from cell 27 27. Ground color of primaries above orange 28 27. Ground color of primaries above not orange 30 28. Primaries above with discocellu- lar spot ; black border of wings above very heavy and irregu- lar internally nicippe (See Note 5) 28. Primaries above with no discocel- lular spot ; black border of wings above narrow and always fairly smooth internally 29a 29a. Lower discocellular of secondary more than three times as long as middle discocellular ; border of secondary above fairly wide 29b 29a. Lower discocellular of secondary never more than twice as long as middle discocellular; bor- der of secondary above absent or reduced to a narrow mar- ginal line 29b. Secondaries above with basal half or two-thirds yellow ; re- 110 dina f. memulus December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA mainder of wing orange with black border pyro f. hyona c? 29b. Secondaries above with whole disc of wing orange pyt'o f. pyr'o 30. Primaries with a black or dark gray bar, just above and paral-- lei to inner margin, extending from base toward outer mar- gin 31 30. Primaries with no such bar; see Note 3 at end of key 45 31. Bar black, narrow, straight, defi- nitely touching inner margin at base, never with long gray hairs 32 31. Bar gray, often broad and arched, touching inner margin very shortly at base if at all, with long gray hairs on basal third or half 36 32. Bar fusing with outer border elathea f. my cole 32. Bar not reaching outer border 33 33. Secondaries beneath with red, red-brown or red-ochraceous suffusion or markings 34 33. Secondaries beneath with no suf- fusion or markings other than yellowish, gray or black 35 34. From West Indian islands (not including Trinidad) elathea f. elathea J' 34. From mainland Central or South America and Trinidad elathea f. flavescens ^ 35. Border of secondaries above broad, ending abruptly in region of tip of Cug ; pri- maries beneath with whole disc usually suffused with yellow elathea f. tegea c? 35. Border of secondaries above nar- row, toothed internally, taper- ing to end; primaries beneath with yellow usually limited to a narrow patch in cell and a small subapical patch elathea f. meclutina 36. Color of both wings above yel- low 37 111 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 3 36. Color of both wings above white . .40 36. Color of primaries above yellow, secondaries white 43 37. Snbmarginal bar of primaries above completely fused with outer border ; primaries more pointed ; Ecuador nigrocincta 37. Submarginal bar of primaries above not reaching outer mar- gin or (rarely) barely reach- ing it in part ; apex of prima- ries more rounded ; Central and southern North America. .38 38. Marginal border of secondaries above extending beyond Cui, never limited to an apical patch 39 38. Marginal border of secondaries above limited to an apical patch, extending little be- yond Ml daira daira c? 39. Marginal border of secondaries wide, diffuse internally, ex- tending beyond anal angle ; in- side border and in costal and anal regions wing is rather thickly dusted with fuscous scales jucunda sidonia 39. Marginal border of secondaries narrower, not exceeding anal angle unbroken; little fuscous dusting on secondary ; See Note 4 at end of key jucunda jucunda 40. Marginal border of primaries beginning abruptly on costa, except for a narrow line, well beyond the middle ; fuscous shading along base of costa never wholly reaching mar- ginal border 41 40. Marginal border of primaries be- ginning gradually on costa, at or basad of middle; fuscous shading along costa from base confluent with marginal bor- der ; females jucunda f . c? polUdula 112 December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 41. Marginal border of secondaries extending to Cug lucina f. fornsi 41. Marginal border of secondaries obsolescent at Mg lucina f. lucina 42. Marginal border of secondaries broad, extending unbroken to at least Cui, often to Cug ; secondaries beneath pearly white, sometimes dusted with fuscous, never with any red or red-browm 43 42. Marginal border of secondaries consisting of an apical patch, stopping about halfway be- tween Ml and Mg, beyond that broken and very narrow; sec- ondaries beneath with red- brown or yellowish-brown suf- fusion and a darker submargi- nal wavy broken bar , 44 43. Submarginal bar of primaries broad ; considerable fuscous shading along base of R on secondaries above ; Central America pahnijra lydia J' 43. Submarginal bar of primaries narrow ; very little fuscous shading along base of R on sec- ondaries above ; West Indies pahnyra palmyra (S 44. Submarginal bar of primaries narrow ; apical patch on secon- daries usually small; West Indies daira ei)7iola J' 44. Submarginal bar of primaries wide; apical patch of secon- daries large ; Central and northern South America daira eugenia 45. Primaries yellow, secondaries pure white 46 45. Both primaries and secondaries white 47 45. Both primaries and secondaries yellow 60 46. Primaries above with fuscous shading along costa which 113 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 3 runs into the heavy marginal border ; secondaries beneath reddish or yellowish brown elathea ab. c? venilia 46. Fuscous shading on costa not confluent with marginal bor- der ; secondaries beneath white or yellowish with no reddish or brown markings venusta f. liml)ia 47. Primaries above with a fuscous line at end of cell, sometimes faint; females lisa f. ? alha 47. Primaries above with no mark- ings at end of cell 48 48. Secondaries above with no black marginal border or patches 49 48. Secondaries above with a black marginal border, sometimes limited to an apical patch or broken into patches 54 49. Secondaries above with a yellow marginal border phiale colunMa 49. Secondaries above immaculate 50 50. Primaries beneath with a black- ish subapical submarginal spot; secondaries beneath with a large pnrplish or pink api- cal patch messalina 5 50. Wings beneath without the above markings 51 51. Primaries beneath with a heavy discocellular dot; apex of pri- maries rather pointed; secon- daries beneath ochraceous with a reddish spot on costa just before apex and various red- dish reticulations and dots adamsi 5 51. Without the above combination of characters 52 52. Apex of primaries rounded, outer margin strongly curved ; a broad fuscous shading along basal half of costa above ; mar- ginal border of primaries be- ginning abruptly on costa agave sinoides 52. Without the above combination of characters 53 114 December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 53. Marginal border of primaries little reduced ; apex of pri- maries and whole of secon- daries beneath white or faintly yellowish, rarely with faint markings alhula f. alhula 53. Marginal border of primaries much reduced; apex of pri- maries and whole of seconda- ries beneath ochraceous yellow with strong markings alhula i. tapeina 54. Secondaries above with submar- ginal yellow border phiale phiale 54. Secondaries above with no yel- low 55 55. Primaries beneath with a promi- nent discocellular dot 56 55. Primaries beneath with no dis- cocellular dot 57 56. Marginal border of primaries above reaching inner margin adamsi J' 56. Marginal border of primaries above stepping short at Cuo priddyi forhesi 57. Primaries above with a broad shading of gray scales along costa from base to beyond end of cell agave agave 57. Primaries above with gray shad- ing along costa, if present, lim- ited to the basal quarter 58 58. A subapical submarginal dark spot on both primaries and secondaries beneath ; apices of primaries and whole of sec- ondaries beneath yellowish 59 58. Primaries and secondaries be- neath pearly white except for a lemon yellow area at base of costa of primaries alhula f. sinoe 59. Marginal border of secondaries above narrow and extending unbroken from apex to be- yond Cui ...messalina J' 59. Marginal border of secondaries above reduced to an apical 115 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 3 patch and a small dot at the end of each vein messalina 5 60. Primaries above with a discocel- Inlar dot 61 60. Primaries above with no disco- cellular dot 65 61. Middle discocellnlar of seconda- ries straight, nearly continu- ous in a straight line with Mg nicippe f. J flava 61. Middle discocellnlar of seconda- ries decidedly curved, forming an angle of about 30° with Mg 62 62. Males 63 62. Females Usa all forms 63. Secondaries above with a well- defined marginal border ex- tending unbroken to at least Cui 64 63. Marginal border of secondaries above limited to an apical patch, beyond that broken and obsolescent Usa f. clappi 64. Marginal border of secondaries above fairly heavy; seconda- ries and apices of primaries beneath of a deeper yellow than disc of primaries and clouded with fuscous scaling; a fairly heavy pinkish-red apical spot on secondaries be- neath; North America Usa Usa 64. Border of secondaries above nar- row ; coloring beneath less in- tense; West Indies and Cen- tral America Usa enter pe 65. Primaries beneath with a sub- apical submarginal dark spot; secondaries beneath with a preapical dark spot on costa, a reddish apical patch which is bounded basally by a dark line, and inside and below this a dark spot; Porto Rico portoricensis 65. Without the above combination of characters 66 1 ■1 116 December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 66. Border of primaries above lim- ited to a triangular apical patch ; primaries beneath with no discocellnlar dot; seconda- ries beneath clear yellow with well defined red spots 67 66. Without the above combination of characters 70 67. Largest red spot on secondaries beneath is marginal, between the tips of Rs and or Rg and Mo nise stygma 67. Largest red spot on secondaries beneath is submarginal or on costa basad of tip of Sc + Ri ...68 68. Apical border of primaries above beginning on costa at or beyond tip of R^ and ending on outer margin at tip of Cui; secondaries beneath with a small reddish spot in cell near base and two other small red- dish spots, basad of this and above and below the cell, forming with the spot in the cell an isosceles triangle ; heaviest red spot on secon- daries beneath located on costa basad of tip of Sc + Ri 69 68. Apical border of primaries above beginning on costa at tip of Sc and extending on outer mar- gin to tii3 of Cuo ; secondaries beneath sometimes with the small reddish spot in cell near base but never with the two other spots basad of this and above and below the cell form- ing with the spot in the cell an isosceles triangle ; heaviest red spot on secondaries beneath located submarginally be- tween Ml and Mg pseudoniorplia 69. Smaller; apical border of pri- maries reduced; reddish spots 117 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. on secondaries beneath obso- lescent; Chile devci chilensis 69. Larger; apical border of pri- maries heavy ; red spots on secondaries beneath deep deva deva 70. Marginal border of primaries above not exceeding Cua on outer margin 71 70. Marginal border of primaries above exceeding Ciig on outer margin 74 71. Marginal border of primaries above abruptly truncate at Clio ; secondaries beneath clouded with fuscous scales and with a broken wavy sub- marginal bar of fuscous scales ; Haiti priddyi priddyi 71. Marginal border of primaries above tapering gradually to end ; secondaries beneath with- out clouding of fuscous scales . ,72 72. Primaries beneath with no dis- cocellular dot; Jamaica dina parvuml)ra 72. Primaries beneath with a dis- cocellular dot 73 73. Secondaries above yellow with distinct apical orange shad- ing; secondaries beneath yel- low with largest reddish spot at margin below tip of Rs dina f. 2 citrina (lightly marked specimens) 73. Secondaries above orange yellow, no more deeply colored at apex ; secondaries beneath ochraceous, thickly reticulated with reddish; largest spot on secondaries beneath located in- ternally below cell and be- tween Cu and 2d A reticulata 74. Primaries above distinctly deeper yellow than secondaries above venusta f. venusta 74. Primaries above no deeper in color than secondaries above 75 75. Both primaries and secondaries above yellow suffused with 118 December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA orange ; size large ; Central America and ( ? ) sontliern North America dina westwoodi 75. Orange sntf'nsion above, if pres- ent, limited to secondaries 76 76. No orange snlfnsion on secon- daries above 78 76. Secondaries above suffused with orange 77 77. Orange suffusion on secondaries above sharply limited to an apical patch; females; Cuba dina f. 5 citrina 77. Orange suffusion on secondaries above not sharply limited to an apical patch; both sexes dina dina 78. Size large, length of primary about 22 mm. ; wings in gen- eral broader with outer mar- gin of primary straighter and inner edges of marginal border of primaries above more deeply scalloped dina leuce 78. Size smaller, length of primary about 18 mm. or less ; wings in general narrower with outer margin of primary more con- vex and inner edge of margi- nal border of primaries above smoother 79 79. Marginal border of primaries above greatly reduced; Jamaica, dwa parvumhra 79. Marginal border of primary above not nsnally strongly narrowed; Central and South America 80 80. Primaries beneath with a disco- cellular dot at upper end of cell; Central America nise perimede 80. Primaries beneath with no dis- cocellnlar dot ; South America nise nise Notes to Key 1. The author cannot find any character by which to separate the females of any of the salonie forms. Accordingly only the males have been included in the key. 119 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 3 2. Except for size the females of hoisduvaliana and xanthochlora are indistinguishable. Fortunately the ranges of the species do not overlap. White females of xanthochlora occur to which the author has applied a name because of their similarity to females of gratiosa. See under description and discussion of xanthochlora following. 3. The females of all of the barred species excepting jucunda are exceedingly hard to separate, and have not been included in the key. There is no satisfactory character to separate them as a group. The black dusting on the base of the primaries above extends further distad below 2d A than above it. For the general appearance of these females see Figs. 15, 18 and 20. They may usually be specifically determined by comparison with males from the same locality, keeping in mind the fact that the females usually have the markings and coloring on the under side more intense than do the males. 4. Jucunda and sidonia show a good deal of intergrading so that intermediates occasionally occur which cannot be definitely identified as either form. 5. Females of pijro have a somewhat diffuse discocellular dot on the primaries above. They may be easily separated from nicippe by the smaller size, the even inner edge of the marginal borders and the range, which is probably limited to the island of Haiti. Eurema Hubner Hiibner proposes the generic name Eurema in the Verzeichniss Bekannte Schmettlinge, on p. 97. As it is known that the Ver- zeichniss was not issued as a whole, but by signatures, the date on the title page, 1816, is not applicable to the whole volume. The signatures of the Verzeichniss were of 16 pages, so that Eurema is in the 7th. The weight of evidence seems at present to incline toward placing the date of issue of the 6th to the 11th signatures as 1820. It is, therefore, most likely that Eurema antedates Terias Swainson, Zook 111., I, t. 22, 1820-21, which is itself of rather uncertain date. Eurema Hubner is not to be confused Avith Eurema Doubleday, Gen. Dinrn. Lep., p. 192, 1848, which is a synonym of Hypanartia Hubner. The author, having studied carefully the structures of Eurema, does not consider that any subgenera are warranted. If there were need of any such E. amelia Poey is the only species which could reasonably be separated from the others, having as it does ~Ro stalked on Rg + R4+5. Therefore, Abaeis Hubner, Xanthidia Boisdnval and 120 December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Leconte, Pyrisitia Butler and Sphaenogona Butler are placed in synonymy. There is more need for a separation of the Old World species from the New World ones than for splittings in the latter. 1. alhula Cramer, PI. II, Fig. 32, upper side, male, f. sinoe Godart. Not figured. f. tapeina Bates, PI. II, Fig. 35a, under side, male. Fig. 35b, upper side. Alhula shows great variation among individuals from the same locality — so much so that the author has not even placed sinoe and tapeina as subspecies, much less as distinct species. The forms are all identical genitalically, and are distinct from anything else. The author has examined perfect series of intergrades between alhula and sinoe from the following localities : Peru : El Campamento, Chanchamayo distr., Putumayo distr., Puerto Bermudez, Rio Pichis ; British Guiana : Tumatuniari ; Surinam : Kwakoegron- Saramacca R. ; Brazil : Teffe, Obidos, Para. French Guiana. Speci- mens of sinoe alone are known to the author from Kartabo, British Guiana and Trinidad. In both these localities there is considerable variation, some specimens possessing only a very narrow border on the secondaries. Whatever the causative factor in the formation of sinoe may be, it does not appear to be rigidly geographic or seasonal. In his description of sinoe Godart refers to a narrow black border on the secondaries of some specimens which others lack. This is sufficient to fix the name and accordingly marginella Felder must be placed as a synonym. Leucilla R. Felder and celata R. Felder refer to specimens of tapeina from Mexico. Intergrade series between alhula and tapeina are in the author’s collection from Sao Paulo and Paysandu, Brazil. He has seen specimens of tapeina from no localities other than Mexico and Southern Brazil. The occurrence of the form from both the northern and southern limits of the range of alhula is significant, inasmuch as it appears to be missing in the tropical part. It may, therefore, represent a temperate climate race, in which case it would certainly be worthy of the designation of sub- species. For the present, however, it is merely placed as a form, because of insufficiency of material. Clara Bates and lirina Bates represent merely specimens of alhula, slightly smaller in size, in which the black marginal border of the primaries has been somewhat reduced. 121 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 3 2. reticulata Butler, PI. II, fig. 46, upper side, male. Reticulata is a very distinct species, and one that somehow does not look as if it belonged in Eurema, although it agrees well struc- turally with the other species. Marmorata Dognin from Ecuador is undoubtedly a synonym. I suspect that cloris Rober is nothing more than the female, which is unknown to me, inasmuch as its greater size, more diffuse marginal border and more intense mark- ings and coloring beneath are all characteristics in which female Euremas usually vary from the males. 3. deva Doubleday, PI. II, fig. 44, upper side, male. (a) chilemis Blanchard, PI. II, fig. 45, upper side, male. This species was originally described as Papilio agave by Pabri- cius in 1793. The name was preoccupied by Papilio agave Cramer of 1775, so that deva Doubleday, the first substitute name proposed, is valid. Agavoides Wallengren and fahricia Poey are substitute names subsequently proposed. This species is quite constant over most of its range. Chilensis Blanchard is, however, a valid geo- graphic race from Chile. 4. Eurema pseudomorpha new species. PI. II, fig. 34, upper side, holotype male. PI. IV, fig. 101, under side, holotype male. The confusion arising from the use of the name tJiymetus Pabri- cius for several different species of Eurema as well as for a species of Phyciodes {Nymphalidae) and for a species of Tyndaris {Calli- dulidae), has resulted in the fact that this species has been over- looked, being considered as thymetus. It seems time to attempt to settle what thymetus Pabricius really is. The descrix)tion is exceed- ingly vague, but inasmuch as the species is described in the Nymphalidae and between lucindus and morpheus, both of which are well recognized Phyciodes, the theory that thymetus Pabr. is a Phyciodes appears well grounded. Rober (Seitz, Macrolep. Y, I, p. 435) states that it is probably a feebly marked form of P. liriope Cramer, which seems probable. At any rate it certainly does not belong in Eurema. The present author made the same mistake. In his paper on the phytogeny of the New World species of Eurema he referred to this species as thymetus Pabricius. Length of primary from base of costa to apex, 25 mm. Upper side of both wings lemon-yellow. Primary with a brownish black 122 December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA border wliicli begins on costa slightly basacl of the tip of Sc and extends on outer margin to the tip of Ciig. Secondary immaculate except for a small brownish black dot at the end of each vein except 2d A. Anal area of secondary above slightly lighter in color than the rest of wing. Primary beneath slightly deeper yellow than above. Base of wing as far as cell suffused with deep yellow or light orange. Inner margin lighter yellow than rest of wing. Edge of wing from tip of Ri to tip of C1I2 with a narrow red line. Secondary beneath deeper yellow than primary, with spots as shown in PI. IV, fig. 101, bright cherry red. Venation of primary normal as in other species of Eurema. On the secondary Rs and are connate from the cell and the lower discocellnlar is almost straight and about half again as long as the middle one. 3Iale genitalia. Practically identical with the genitalia of any of the barred” species of Eurema. Uncus long, slender, slightly curved. Valve pointed, with lobes as f oIIoays : Lobe a, internal, arising equidistant from dorsal edge and base, long, slender, pointed, strongly recurved. Distal process arising ventrally from tip of valve, flat, triangular, pointed. Lobe e arising equidistant from dorsal and ventral edges of valve near tip, inclined ventrad, somewhat bent and broader at tip, bluntly pointed. Holotype male, Bolivia, S. A., no. I. C. M. 1100 in collection of Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. 5. lucina Poey, PI. I, fig. 1, upper side, male. (a) fornsi Poey, PI. I, fig. 2, upper side, male. It is probable that lucina and fornsi represent merely pattern forms of one species. Both are limited to Cuba, occurring there in the same localities at the same season. They differ only in the extent of the black marginal border of the secondaries, and to a great degree intergrade. Genitalically they are identical, not only with each other but also with the closely related priddyi Lathy from Haiti and Cuba. Aral) ell a Lucas is evidently a, synonym of lucina. Conjungens Herrich Schaffer is merely a large fornsi female with somewhat heavy borders. 6. priddyi Lathy, PI. I, fig, 3, upper side, female. • (a) forhesi new subspecies, PI. I, fig. 4, paratype upper side. PI. I, fig. 5a, holotype c?, under side. PI. I, fig. 5b, holotype J', upper side. 123 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 3 Limited to Haiti, and very different from lucina in that the ground color is yellow instead of white, and in that the males lack all trace of the suffnsed snbmarginal bar on the primaries, priddyi is evidently a distinct species, in spite of being genitalically iden- tical with lucina. In Cnba occurs a hitherto nndescribed race of priddyi, to which the author applies the name of forhesL Eurenia priddyi forbesi, new subspecies. PI. I, fig. 4, paratype J', upper side. PI. I, fig. 5a, holotype J', under side. PI. I, fig. 5b, holotype upper side. J*. Average length of primary, measured from base of costa to apex, 13.5 mm. Ground color of wings above white or yellowish white, thus differing from priddyi priddyi in which the ground color is a bright yellow. Border of both wings above brownish black, that of primaries showing little variation, that of secon- daries varying considerably in extent, as shown in figs. 4 and 5b. Primary beneath pearly white. Costal cell pinkish brown. A shading of yellow, dusted with fuscous scales, along costa, broad basally, narrower toward apex. Apex with a similar shading cov- ering the same area as the marginal border above. The fuscous scales concentrated into a diffuse snbapical submarginal spot. An elongate blackish brown spot at end of cell. Inner margin with pearly sex-scaling below 2d A, extending to outer margin. Secondary beneath light yellow, thickly dusted with brown and fuscous scales. These are concentrated to form a snbmarginal broken wavy band. Male genitalia identical with those of lucina and priddyi priddyi. Holotype male. Isle of Pines, Cnba, in collection American Museum of Natural History, New York City, N. Y. Paratype male. Isle of Pines, Cuba, in collection U. S. National Museum. Paratype male. Isle of Pines, Cnba, in author’s collection. I take pleasure in naming this race for Dr. W. T. M. Forbes, of Cornell University. 7. jucunda Boisdnval, PI. I, fig. 6, upper side, male. PI. I, fig. 7, upper side, female, f. 5 pallidula, new form, PI. I, fig. 8, upper side, female, f. sidonia Felder, PI. I, fig. 9, upper side, male. After studying a large series of specimens the author has come to the conclusion that sidonia Felder is best placed as a form of 124 December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA jucunda. The transition from jucunda to sidonia is merely a case of the suffusion into the disc of the wing of the marginal border of the secondaries, and a corresponding general increase in extent of the fnscons markings. The author possesses an excellent series of intergrades between the two forms. Probably they repre- sent geographic races in process of formation, jucunda occurring thronghont the sonthern United States and Mexico while sidonia, occurring no further north than Mexico, ranges southward through part of Central America. Because of this great overlap in range, taking in all of Mexico, the author does not consider that sidonia can be placed as a race of jucunda. Ella Rober, described as a form of sidonia from Ecuador, is evidently more applicable to the following species, nigrocincta Dognin. White females of jucunda occur. These have been confused with lucina and with elathea females by various authors. Eurema jucunda f. 2 pallidula new form, PI. I, fig. 8, upper side. Differing from typical jucunda females in the following par- ticulars : (a) Ground color of upper side of wings white instead of light yellow. (b) Primaries beneath with less yellow shading basally. (c) The gray bar above and parallel to the inner margin of the primaries above shows more tendency to reduction. Holotype female, Barrios, Guatemala, Dec. 18, 1912, in collection American Museum of Natural History, New York City, N. Y. Five paratype females, various localities in Mexico and Guate- mala, deposited as follows : one in British Museum, one in Hill Museum, Witley, Surrey, England, one in collection Cornell Uni- versity, Ithaca, N. Y., one in United States National Museum, AYashington, D. C., one in anthor’s collection. 8. nigrocincta Dognin, PI. I, fig. 10, copied from Plate 3, fig. 6 of author in Notes snr la Panne des Lepidopteres de Loja et environs, (Eqnatenr) P. Dognin, Paris, 1887. Nigrocincta from Ecuador and Peru is an exceedingly rare species, two males in the U. S. National Museum, one of which is the type, being the only specimens in the United States of whose existence I am aware. It evidently represents a form, differen- tiated originally as a race of jucunda or sidonia, which now con- stitutes a distinct species. Ella Rober, described as a form of 125 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 3 sidonia from Ecuador, probably is applicable as a synonym of nigrocincta. 9. palmyra Poey, PI. I, fig. 11, upper side, male. (a) lydia Felder, PI. I, figs. 12 & 13, upper sides, males. Palmyra is evidently very closely related to jucunda, inasmuch as many males of both p. palmyra and p. lydia are identical with jucunda males except for the white secondaries. The writer has considered the possibility that palmyra could, in fact, very well be placed as a race of jucunda. However, when we regard nigrocincta as a jucunda derivative, as it undoubtedly is, the ranges of the two forms overlap from Central Mexico to Peru, and only in Northern and Western Mexico and the Southern United States is jucunda found alone. Therefore, palmyra is placed as a distinct species, with the reservation that it is exceedingly closely related to jucunda. Palmyra occurs commonly in Cuba, the type locality, and in most of the Antilles. Lydia represents a mainland race, ranging from Mexico to Brazil. Many specimens of lydia, however, from Honduras, Panama and Ecuador are not essentially different from typical specimens of p. palmyra from Cuba. While lydia is here placed as a race of palmyra, it, therefore, cannot be considered as a very distinct one. Lemnia Felder, described from Brazil, merely represents a lydia with a slight tinge of yellow on the secondaries, a character insufficient to validate the name, especially as many specimens from Brazil show no trace of this yellow. Two lines of variation are evident in both p. palmyra and p. lydia regarding the width and extent of the black marginal border of the secondaries above, as is shown in the two specimens of p. lydia figured. Both variations occur in specimens taken flying together, so that they may be regarded as merely individual. In the course of time these variations may, of course, increase and stabilize. They are noted here mainly because transitionals be- tween the two types are rare. 10. daira Godart, PI. I, fig. 14, upper side, male. PI. I, fig. 15, upper side, female. (a) eugenia Wallengren, PI. I, figs. 16 & 17, upper sides, males. PI. I, fig. 18, upper side, female. (b) ehriola Poey, PI. I, fig. 19a, under side, fig. 19b, upper side, male. PI. I, fig. 20, upper side, female. 126 December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Fapilio delict Cramer, described in 1782, was a homonym, inas- much as the name Fapilio delia was preoccupied by Denis and Schiffermneller in 1776. Plhbner proposed for delia the snbstitnte name demoditas in the Verzeichniss Bekannte Schmetterlinge, on p. 96. This work was issued in signatures, and the sixth signature, in which occurred demoditas was not issued until 1820. Godart’s substitute name of daira, issued in 1819, therefore probably takes precedence. Cepio Godman and Salvin was described as a race of daira from Mexico, characterized by being smaller and paler, with whitish fringes instead of reddish. Such specimens do indeed occur, but not nearly so exclusively as they appear to have in Godman and Salvin ’s material. Fully 70 per cent of the material the author has examined from Mexico has been perfectly typical daira, indis- tinguishable from specimens from the southern United States, the type locality. It therefore seems advisable to place cepio in synonymy, inasmuch as the characters cited do not occur constantly enough to validate the use of the name as a race. Eugenia Wallengren, described from the island of St. Joseph, probably located in the Gulf of California, appears to the writer to be applicable to the form generally known as rliodia Felder. The original description is excellent and leaves no room for doubt on this point. The type was evidently a female. Eugenia differs from d. daira in having the secondaries white in the male and both wings whitish in the female, with a slightly less intense coloring beneath. Transitionals commonly occur between the two forms, especially in the female sex, where their ranges overlap. Eugenia ranges from Mexico to Brazil, and daira ranges from the southern United States into Mexico. Evidently eugenia is to be placed as a race of daira. Fersisiens Butler & Druce merely refers to speci- mens of eugenia from Costa Rica. No constant difference can be found between eugenia and persistens, and the latter is accordingly placed as a synonym. Ehriola Poey from Cuba is evidently closely related to eugenia, differing in a reduction in width and a straightening of the sub- marginal bar of the primaries above of the males, and in a slight reduction of the black apical patch on the secondaries above in both sexes. Specimens of eugenia from Panama are almost indistin- guishable from typical specimens of ehriola from Cuba. It seems advisable, however, in view of the comparative constancy of ehriola throughout the West Indies,, to separate it from eugenia as another 127 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol.IX, No.s race of daira. Typical ehriola from Cuba are of a very reddish tinge on the secondaries beneath. Specimens from Jamaica show a rather more yellowish brown, or even a yellowish gray. Specimens from Haiti have a greater suffusion of yellow on the primaries be- neath and a slightly larger apical patch on the secondaries above. In all forms there is a rather heavy clouding of fuscous scales and a distinct pattern of broken wavy submarginal lines on the secon- daries beneath. There is considerable of a question in the writer’s mind, in which Mr. N. D. Riley of the British Museum concurs, as to whether daira, jucunda, nigrocincta and palmyra may not all repre- sent merely seasonal and geographical forms of one species. In this case daira and its forms would represent a more heavily colored, probably wet season form, and jucunda would represent a lightly colored, probably dry season form. There is considerable evidence to back up this theory. For the most part the ranges of the two species coincide. The average of all the specimens examined shows, moreover, that they tend to occur in the same locality at opposite seasons. The male genitalia of all the forms are nearly identical, but are also nearly identical with elatliea. However, in view of the evident close relationship of daira and jucunda it is evident that they have been derived from some com- mon stock, and have not yet differentiated very far. We would, therefore, expect the ranges to be more or less coincident. Regard- ing the seasonal differences the following exceptions are important : in Mexico there is an overlap of occurrence from October to March of daira and jucunda f. sidonia ; in Cuba palmyra has been recorded from August to November and ehriola in August, December, Janu- ary and February; in Jamaica palmyra has been recorded in No- vember, December and March, and ehriola in January ; in St. Vin- cent palmyra and ehriola both occur in April. These overlaps of seasonal occurrence appear a bit too great to allow of placing daira and jucunda as seasonal forms of the same species on the basis of present evidence. What is needed badly is accurate life-history work. Anybody doing such should, how^ever, keep strongly in mind the possibility of daira, jucunda and palmyra being conspecific. 11. elafhea Cramer, PL I, fig. 21, upper side, male. PI. I, fig. 22a, under side, female. PI. I, fig. 22b, upper side, female, ab. venilia D ’Almeida, PL I, fig. 23, upper side, male, f. flavescens Chavannes, PL I, fig. 25, upper side, male. 128 December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA PI. I, fig. 26, under side, male, f. mycale Felder, PI. I, fig. 24, upper side, male, f. tegea Felder, PL I, fig. 28, upper side, male, f. medutina Felder, PL I, fig. 27, upper side, male. ElatJiea presents the most puzzling situation in the group. In the first place there has always been considerable doubt as to just what form the name applies to. In the second place the species shows an exceedingly great amount of variation, so that it is almost impossible to draw any clear-cut distinction between the forms. Definite variations cannot be assigned to definite localities — either there is too great an amount of individual variation or else the same variation proves to be repeated in a number of widely sepa- rated localities. A very large number of rather close geographic races might be split off, but this would be far too cumbersome if carried to completion. The distinctions drawn in the key are, there- fore, to be regarded as purely arbitrary, and as merely affording a convenient and probably temporary means of classification. Inter- grades occur so frequently between even the few forms recognized that numbers of specimens will be found that cannot be definitely placed. What elathea needs, and needs badly, is not more names or study of adult specimens but an exhaustive study of the early stages in the hope of finding some clue to this mass of variation. All the forms placed under elatliea possess one character in common — the presence of a black submarginal bar on the upper side of the primaries of the males, as distinguished from the other spe- cies where the bar is gray. There is so much individual variation that splitting into more than one species would only introduce fresh complications. The Antillean form shows the greatest homogeneity, all specimens possessing a well-defined pattern of fuscous scales on the under side of the secondaries. The ground color of the secon- daries beneath varies from red-brown to brownish yellow. This agrees well enough with Cramer’s plate of elatliea. Inasmuch as Cramer ’s data regarding the type locality of elatliea are not to be trusted it seems wisest to apply the name to the Antillean form. The variations among Antillean specimens, though in some cases well marked, do not warrant the application of any more names. Midea Menetries, described from Santo Domingo, is therefore placed as a synonym. Occasional males occur as aberrational forms, lacking tlie black bar on the primaries, over the entire range of the species. To this the name venilia has been applied by D ’Almeida. The same aber- ration occurs in others of the barred species, but does not seem 129 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 3 worth any further naming. It is worthy of note that those males which lack the bar almost invariably show a decided increase in the intensity of coloring of the wings beneath. The remainder of the forms, occurring all over Central America and northern and central South America, have been merely arbi- trarily divided up for convenience in classification. In the future it may be possible for someone, having more data available, to do better. One form, however, deserves special mention. Mycale Felder was described as having the submarginal bar of the primaries con- tinuous with the marginal border. The character is distinct enough so that mycale specimens are for the most part unmistakable. Oc- casional specimens occur, however, in which the bar only partly reaches the border. Mycale cannot at present be said to occur in any definite localities or at any definite season. It is, however, the dominant form in Surinam during April. Specimens occur fre- quently from various parts of Matto Grosso, and from Minas Geraes, Manaos, Para, Rio and Tefte in Brazil, from Bogota, Choachi and Villavicencio in Colombia, and from various localities in Ar- gentina. Type locality — Bahia, Brazil. Tegea Felder shows some slight signs of being a localized race from Colombia and Venezuela, but medutina specimens from the same localities show a tendency to intergrade with tegea. Type locality — Bogota, Colombia. Specimens here placed under medutina come from a wide range of localities. The author has examined specimens from La Cumbre, Bogota, Villavicencio, Choachi and Las Vegas in Colombia, from El Campamento, Chanchamayo dist., Lima, Hacienda San Juan and other points in Peru, from Paramaribo, Surinam, and Province del Sara, Bolivia. Type locality — Venezuela. There is much inter- grading with flavescens, and many specimens cannot be definitely determined. Specimens of flavescens with the secondaries beneath more heavily marked with reddish brown than usual intergrade with elathea, and specimens with less reddish brown or ochraceous than usual inter grade with medutina. Specimens of flavescens have been examined from Castra Punta, Rio de Janeiro, Para, Manaos, and Matto Grosso in Brazil, from Choachi and Villavicencio in Colom- bia, from Riobamba in Ecuador, from El Campamento and Lima in Peru, from Caracas, Venezuela, from Paso de los Libros, Argen- tina, and from Uruguay. Type locality — Caracas, Venezuela. 130 December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 12. agave Cramer, PI. II, fig. 29, upper side, male. (a) sinoides Capronnier, PI. II, fig. 30, upper side, male. Jodutta Hiibner was applied as a substitute name, because of the supposed homonymy of Papilio agave with Papilio agavus Denis & Schiffermuller. Specimens from southern Brazil agree in lacking the marginal border on the secondaries above, constituting a valid race Avhich has been named sinoides by Capronnier. 13. phiale Cramer, PL II, fig. 31, upper side, male. (a) cohmihia ¥ elder (?)• Phiale appears to show comparatively little variation. Speci- mens from Colombia often have the black border of the secondaries reduced or missing, and to this form the name Columbia Felder is applied as a race, though somewhat doubtfully. Singularis D ’Al- meida from southern Brazil (vicinity of Rio) was described from a female with the border of the primary reduced, that of the second- ary lacking, and a yellowish suffusion. It cannot be held as a valid form or race on the scanty evidence presented, as likewise paula Rober, which also applies to southern Brazil specimens. 14. pgro Godart, PI. II, fig. 39, upper side, male. f. hyona Menetries, PI. II, fig. 40, upper side, male. In the series of pyro and hyona in the American Museum of Natural History all of the pyro are from sea level and most of the hyona are from 1,600 ft. altitude. This looks suspiciously as if hyona were an altitude form, but the evidence is not complete enough to so place it here. Pyro is one of the very few species of Eurema which appears to have no synonyms — something to be won- dered at. 15. messalina Fabricius, PL II, fig. 41, upper side, male. PL II, fig. 42a, under side, female. PL II, fig. 42b, upper side, female. In placing bidaea Boisduval as a synonym of messalina the writer follows Poey and Herrich Schaffer. The description of bulaea might well apply to any of half a dozen species of Eurema. The type locality given, Senegal, is evidently incorrect. Blakei Maynard applies to a lightly marked specimen of this species from the Bahamas. Whether this constitutes a valid race is a bit of a question. The writer thinks that it does not, for individ- uals of messalina from Cuba, the type locality, are very often just as lightly marked as any from the Bahamas, and sometimes more so than the type, which he has examined. 131 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vo1.IX,No.3 16. portoricensis DeWitz, PL II, fig. 43, upper side, male. Portoricensis is often confused with lightly marked specimens of dina Poey. Genitalically it is identical with pyro and messalina and distinct from anything else. So far as I know the species occurs only in Porto Rico. Tenera Avinoff applies to a perfectly normal individual. 17. nicippe Cramer, PL II, fig. 36a, under side, male. PL II, fig. 36b, upper side, male. PL II, fig. 37, upper side, female, f. 5 flava Strecker, PL II, fig. 38, upper side. Tliat nicippe is a very distinct species is evidenced by the fact that it shares with very few others the distinction of having no synonyms. Flava is a dimorphic yellow female form. 18. adamsi Lathy, PL II, fig. 47a, under side, male. PL II, fig. 47b, upper side, male. PL IV, fig. 100, upper side, female. Adamsi is an exceedingly rare species in collections. J\Ir. Lathy tells me that this is due to its environment, which is limited to the mountainous regions of Jamaica. Here it sometimes occurs com- monly, but its fast flight combined with the roughness of the ter- rain make it a very difficult insect to catch. Structurally its affini- ties are with the seven following species which have the secondaries tailed or angulate. Genitalically it is almost identical with hois- duvaliana. It differs from these species, however, in not having Rs and Ml of the secondary stalked. There is considerable variation in the width of the marginal border, which appears to be seasonal. 19. ecuadora Hewitson, PL II, fig. 48, upper side, male. Ecuador a is a model species in that it is very distinct and has no variations. Its only fault is that it is quite rare. The female is un- known to me. 20. gratiosa Doubleday & Hewitson, PL II, fig. 49, upper side, male. PL II, fig. 50, upper side, female. Gratiosa appears to remain quite constant throughout its entire range, which includes Colombia, northern Brazil, Venezuela and Panama. Godman and Salvin mention a specimen from Panama possessing very narrow black margins, which is possibly referable to arhela graduata. Theona Felder, first described as the female of tlieodes, evidently refers to a female of gratiosa. 132 December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 21. boisduvaliana Felder, PL II, fig. 51, ripper side, male. PI. II, fig. 52, ripper side, female. Reakirt confused this species with gratiosa Doubleday & Hewit- son. Ingrata Felder applies to a 'boisduvaliana with the red mark- ings beneath reduced, a variation which is certainly not worth a name. 22. arbela Hubner, PI. II, fig. 53, upper side, male. (a) gr adnata Butler, PI. II, fig. 54, upper side, male. (b) , elsia new subspecies, PI. II, fig. 55, upper side, male. Hubner ’s plate of arbela is unmistakable. Arbela may, how- ever, be sometimes confused with forms of salome Felder, from which it is fortunately most distinct genitalically. The author has examined specimens of a. arbela from the follow- ing localities: Brazil — Novo Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro; Peru — Yuri- maguas, June, Col. Perene, June 8, El Campamento, June 21 ; Ar- gentine— ■Tncuman, Pebrnary ; Bolivia — Prov. del Sara. Type locality, ' ' Java and Brazil. ’ ’ Graduata appears to be a lower Amazon race. The author has specimens from Teffe, Brazil, taken between December 6 and Janu- ary 7, and from Obidos, Brazil, August 22-29. Elsia may not be so distinct a race. The type is from 28 km. east of Bogota, Colombia. The paratype is from the Hoffman Col- lection, American Museum of Natural History, labeled ''Chapada, February.” The data on specimens in the Hoffman Collection are untrustworthy. The ^'Chapada” in southern Brazil is probably the one meant. Eurema arbela elsia, new subspecies, PL II, fig. 55, upper side, holo- type male. Differs from a. arbela and a. graduata as follows : 1. The ground color of the upper side of both wings is white. In a. arbela both wings above are yellow, and in a. graduata the primaries above are yellow and the secondaries white. 2. The apical orange suffusion on the secondaries above is more reduced than in a. arbela or a. gratiosa. 3. The red markings on the secondaries beneath are both lighter in color and more reduced in extent than in' a. arbela. The wing venation and male genitalia of a. elsia are identical with those of a. arbela and a. graduata. Holotype male, from 28 km. east of Bogota, Colombia, in author ’s collection. Paratype male, ^'Chapada, February,” in collection of Amer- ican Museum of Natural History, New York City, N. Y. 133 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 3 23. xanthocMora Kollar, PL II, fig. 56, upper side, male. (a) pomponia Hopffer, PL II, fig. 57, upper side, male. PL III, fig. 58a, under side, female. PL III, fig. 58b, upper side, female. f. 5 marjoria new form. Over the greater part of its range, which is large — from Mexico to Peru — xantliochlora shows little appreciable variation. Speci- mens from Peru, however, show marked differences, as noted in the key, and clearly constitute a valid race to which the name pomponia Hoppfer is applicable. Syharis Hopffer refers merely to a yellow female of pompoma. Consfanfia Felder and paulina Bates refer to minor variations of x. xantliochlora which are not worth a name. As in many other species of Eurema a white female form occurs. This can rather easily be confused with females of gratiosa which are normally white. The author, therefore, applies to it a name as follows : Eurema xanthocMora pomponia f. 5 marjoria new form. Distinguished from normal females of xanthocMora pomponia by the fact that the ground color of the wings, both above and below, is white instead of yellow, and that the red markings on the underside of both wings are lighter in color and more limited in extent. Holotype female, Pueblo Pardo, Col. Perene, Peru, June 12, 1920, in collection Cornell University. Paratype female, El Campaniento, Col. Perene, Peru, June 11, 1920, in collection Cornell University. It seems to the author that color forms of races may also be con- sidered as applicable to all races of the same species. This is, how- ever, a matter that will bear considerable discussion. Such a pro- ceeding would certainly result in cutting down an inordinate num- ber of names. 24. mexicana Boisduval, PL III, fig. 59, upper side, male. PL III, fig. 60, upper side, female. (ab) recta, new aberration, PL III, fig. 61, upper side, holo- type male. (ab) 'biedermanni Ehrmann. (a) hogotana Felder, PL III, fig. 62, upper side, male. PL III, fig. 63a, under side, female. PL III, fig. 63b, upper side, female. Typical mexicana has the emargination of the black border of tile primary rather narrow and decidedly hooked downward, as is 134 December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA shown ill the figure. With regard to this emargination two lines of variation are apparent. In one, named hiedermanni by Ehrmann, this white emargination is being filled in with black. For Holland ’s figure of the type see Ann. Carnegie Mns., Vol. XVII, no. 2, 1927, PL XXV, fig. 6. In the other line of variation the emargination is broadened out and square, lacking the hook downward at the tip. This hook downward is so characteristic of mexicana that to avoid confusion it seems best to the author to name this aberration : Eurema mexicana ab. recta new aberration. Length of primary of holotype, measured from base of costa to apex, 20 mm. Differs from mexicana in that the white emargination of the black border of the primary above is square-ended and extends from Mg to C1I2, whereas in typical mexicana this emargination is much narrower and hooked downward at the tip. Tlie entire ground color of recta is a more yellowish white than in typical mexicana and the costal orange on the secondary above is more suffused down- ward. The black marginal border of the secondary is more reduced than in typical mexicana. Holotype male, Texas, purchased from 0. Fulda, in collection American Museum of Natural History, New York City, N. Y. The general suffused coloration and small size of this specimen are more or less characteristic of northern mexicana specimens. The present specimen also bears a curious but undefinable resem- blance to a female mexicana. The widening out of the emargination in the border of the primary is characteristic of several other species of Eurema. From Costa Rica to Colombia mexicana is represented by the race bogotana Felder. Males of this race are cliaracterized by the absence of the orange on the secondaries above. Females of bogotana have the marginal border of the primaries far more re- duced than do females of m. mexicana. They are very easily con- fused with females of salome Felder from which they may be sepa- rated by their whitish ground color and heavy red markings on the secondaries beneath. 31. inexicana has been recorded from Panama and Honduras. Henrici Maria applies to an aberration of m. bogotana from Colombia which corresponds to mexicana ab. biedermanni Ehrmann. The writer does not believe in holding different names for the cor- responding aberrations of subspecies, and so has placed henrici as a synonym. 135 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 3 25. Salome Felder PL III, fig. 64, upper side, male. PI. Ill, fig. 67a, under side, female. PI. Ill, fig. 67b, upper side, female, f. limoneus Felder PI. Ill, fig. 65, upper side, male, f. fahiola Felder PL III, fig. 66, upper side, male. Salome is a rather variable species, occurring from Mexico to Ecuador, and possibly still further south. Three forms are recogniz- able and sufficiently distinct to be worth a name. These do not, however, appear to constitute valid races but merely forms (possi- bly seasonal), often occurring in the same localities and intergrad- ing freely. Moreover, the females of all three forms are indis- tinguishable from each other. The author has examined specimens from the following localities: Salome. Colombia (Villavieencio, Bogota, Choachi) ; Ecuador (Huigra). limoneus. Mexico (general) ; Costa Rica (Cartago) ; Colombia (Choachi, Bogota) ; Ecuador; Venezuela (Mucuchachi). fahiola. Colombia (Bogota) ; Venezuela (Caracas) ; Peru (general). Specimens of limoneus from Central America show a slightly heavier suffusion of orange on the secondaries above, but are other- wise indistinguishable from specimens from further south. Inas- much as limoneus ranges so much further north than the other forms it might be considered as a northern race. The writer hesi- tates to do this, however, feeling that the evidence is insufficient. Tile females remain extremely constant throughout the entire range of the species. In pattern they show a marked relationship to the females of mexieana hogotana, from which they can be dis- tinguished by the yellow ground color and the ochraceous reticula- tions and suffusion on the under side of the secondaries. Jamapa Reakirt refers to a female limoneus from Vera Cruz, Mexico, in no way differing from typical specimens. 26. amelia Poey, PL II, fig. 33, upper side, male. Amelia appears to be a rather rare species, and one little known. It stands apart from all other species of Eurema in having R2 of the primary shortly stalked on Rg + R^ + 5. Genitalically it is also distinct from all other species. It seems advisable to give a descrip- tion of the wings beneath: Primaries beneath white, shaded with yellow and fuscous scales along the costa and to the apex. A fuscous line at upper end of cell. 136 December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Secondaries beneatli yellowish, thickly powdered with fuscous scales. A broken wavy submarginal line of fuscous dots. Two spots at end of cell, the upper one the larger. Range : Cuba. 27. proterpia Fabricius, PI. Ill, fig. 68, upper side, male. PI. Ill, fig. 69, upper side, female. (a) watsonia Klots, PI. Ill, fig. 70, upper side, paratype male. PI. Ill, fig. 71, upper side, allotype female. Proterpia watsonia was described by the present writer as a race from Ecuador on the basis of a series of male specimens. The race is characterized by its more intense orange coloring and by the in- crease in extent of both the black scaling along the veins and of the marginal fuscous shading. Recently the writer acquired a female of this race, which shows similar characteristics. Accord- ingly he hereby wishes to fix this specimen as the allotype and does so as follows : Eurema proterpia watsonia Klots, allotype female, Ecuador. PI. Ill, fig. 71, upper side. Differs from p. proterpia females in the following characteristics : 1. Ground color of wings above slightly deeper orange. 2. All veins above scaled with fuscous except discocellulars of secondaries. 3. Marginal border of primaries heavier, extending broadly to inner margin. 4. Marginal border of secondaries lieavier, extending broadly to tip of Cuo. 5. Both primaries and secondaries above dusted with fuscous scales over entire surface, more thickly near bases and marginal borders. Length of primary from base of costa to apex, 22.5 mm. Allo- type deposited in collection American Museum of Natural History, New York City, N. Y. Since the publication of the original description of proterpia watsonia the author has deposited a male paratype in the collection of each of the following : British Museum, London, Eng. ; Hill Museum, Witley Surrey, Eng.; V. S. Natl. Museum, Washington, D. C. 28. gundlacJiia Poey, PI. Ill, fig. 72, upper side, male. PL III, fig. 73, upper side, female. Specimens of gundlachia are sometimes very hard to distinguish from proterpia. In general the tails of the secondaries are a bit 137 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 3 more pronounced in gundlachia and the secondaries beneath are I more apt to be more deeply colored with brown. | Maria has applied the name alba to a white female form of | gundlachia, a name already used in Eurema (Eurema lisa f. J alba Strecker). There is, however, no statement in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature to the effect that a varietal name shall not be repeated within a genus. The writer has, therefore, ! accepted this name as valid. Indeed it would be an excellent idea, in his opinion, if the same designation were used for all corre- ^ sponding varietal forms in the same genus. Such a proceeding would do away with one danger of our system of nomenclature be- | coming too cumbersome. The writer is well aware that he himself t has given different and, he hopes not preoccupied names to two C white female forms in the present paper. That, however, is the fault of the Code which has left this point indefinite. The writer knows perfectly well that if he had not named these forms, merely ; calling attention to their existence, someone else would have done so. 29. lisa Boisduval & Leconte, PL III, fig. 71, upper side, male. PL III, fig. 75, upper side, female, f. clappi Maynard, PL III, fig. 76, upper side, male, f. 5 alba Strecker, PL III, fig. 77, upper side, female. (a) euterpe Menetries, PL III, fig. 78, upper side, male. As pointed out by Barnes and McDunnough (Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lep. N. A., Vol. IV, No. 2, p. 67) lisa Boisduval & Leconte takes precedence over euterpe Menetries. Lisa refers to the North Ameri- can form of the species. Euterpe then applies to the Central Ameri- can and West Indian race, which is of somewhat doubtful value. Sulphurina Poey refers to a euterpe from Cuba which appears to show no differences sufQcient to validate the name. Clappi May- nard refers to a form with the marginal border of the secondaries reduced to an apical patch and a narrow straight line. It is worthy of retention as a form. Alba Strecker is a dimorphic white female form. Centralis Herrich Schaffer, described in his Schmetterlinge der Insel Cuba undoubtedly refers to a white female of lisa euterpe. A specimen in the British iMuseum, from the Kaden Collection is so labeled. Lisa need in no forms be confused with any other New World species. It has been confused with smilax Donovan (often attrib- uted to Godart), a rather similar yet distinct Old World species. - It has also been confused with thy7netus Fabricius, a form discussed by the writer under species 4, pseudomorpha. 138 December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA 30. cUna Poey, PL III, fig. 79, upper side, male. f. 2 citrina Poey, PI. Ill, fig. 80, upper side, female. f. memidus Butler, PI. IV, fig. 83, upper side, yellow male. PI. IV, fig. 84, upper side, female. PL IV, fig. 85, upper side, orange male. (a) westwoodi Boisduval, PL IV, figs. 81-82, upper side, males. (b) 'parvumhra Kaye, PL IV, fig. 86, upper side, male. (c) leuce Boisduval, PL IV, fig. 87, upper side, male. PL IV, fig. 88, upper side, female. Tills species presents a number of complications. Dina dina is from the Greater Antilles. F. 2 citrina Poey, described from Cuba and also found occurring on others of the Greater Antilles, is prob- ably a valid .form, characterized by smaller size, and a limiting of the orange suffusion on the secondaries above to the apical and mar- ginal regions. Westwoodi Boisduval as a mainland Central Ameri- can race is distinct enough to be valid, characterized liy its larger size and greater suffusion of orange on the secondaries. Specimens of westwoodi occur (fig. 82) with the black marginal border of the primaries greatly reduced. The variation is not good enough to be worth a name, all the more as a valid race of dina, i.e., parvum'bra Kaye from Jamaica is characterized by the same thing, combined Avith smaller size and more yellow coloring. In Haiti orange forms of dina appear to be dominant, but yellow specimens occasionally occur, flying witli the orange ones. This yelloAv form is meynidus Butler, which is here placed as a color form. Of rather wide distribution in South America and extending up into Panama is another race of dina to Avhich the name leuce Boisduval applies. Diodina Butler, flavilla Bates, circumcincta Bates and hahneli Staudinger are all synonyms of leuce, represent- ing at most merely minor variants. There appears to be more or less intergrading between leuce and nise Cramer. Athalia Felder evi- dently refers to specimens somewhere in this inter grade series. In the Biologia Centrali-Ainericana is figured a specimen which had been compared with the type of athalia. This is referrable to leuce, so athalia is so placed, rather than as a form or synonym of nise, which should appear more likely from the original description. It is probable that dina was derived from some nise form anci that athalia represents more or less of a transitional stage. 31. chamherlaini Butler The writer is puzzled by chamherlaini. Described from the Bahamas, it is one of three things: (1) A valid and extremely 139 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 3 rare species. (2) An Oriental species allied to Eurema laeta, de- scribed on the basis of incorrect data. (3) A synonym or race of E. lisa. The second is very unlikely, while either of the others is very possibly correct. It is here placed tentatively as a species. The question can be settled by some one with access to the type, if this is in existence. There is also some possibility that it repre- sents a form of E. nise but this is very doubtful as nise is not known to occur anywhere near the Bahamas, while lisa undoubtedly does. 32. nise Cramer, PI. IV, fig. 89, upper side, male. PL IV, fig. 90a, under side, male. PI. IV, fig. 90b, upper side, male. (a) stygma Boisduval, PI. IV, fig. 91, upper side, male. PL IV, fig. 92a, under side, female. (b) perimede Prittwitz, PL IV, fig. 92b, upper side, female. PL IV, fig. 93a, under side, male. PL IV, fig. 93b, upper side, male. PL IV, fig. 94, upper side, female. There has been a great deal of confusion as to the correct appli- cation of the name nise Cramer. Cramer ’s plates show the prima- ries and secondaries above of the same color. Boisduval states that this is due to a mistake in the coloring and that nise really refers to a specimen in which the primaries are of a deeper shade of yellow than the secondaries. Moschler takes exception to this, claiming that Cramer meant his plate to have the wings concolorous above. He then proposes the name of diosa for the form with the primaries of a deeper yellow than the secondaries, which Boisduval had called nise. In confirmation of Moschler ’s views it must be noted that Cramer compares his nise to E. liecahe L., an Old World species Avhich has the wings above concolorous. It therefore seems that Moschler was correct, and that the name nise Cramer should be ap- plied to the species with the wings above concolorous yellow, having two discocellular dots on the secondaries beneath and none on the primaries. Specimens of this species from Central America, however, in- variably possess a discocellular dot on the primaries beneath. To this form the name perimede Prittwitz applies, as a race of nise. Specimens, especially females, sIioav considerable variation with regard to the width and extent of the marginal border above and the intensity of the wavy markings on the secondaries beneath. A number of names have been applied to such variants. Study of a considerable series of specimens from all parts of Central America 140 December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA shows that the validation of any of these names as races is impossi- ble ; and the differences are certainly not great enough to warrant the application of varietal names. These names have, therefore, ])een placed as synonyms of nise perimede. The typical nise form, occurring over most of mainland South America, shows as does nise perimede much variation. Again this has resulted in the loose application of names to a number of forms Avhich are certainly not geographical races and which do not show sufficient difference or stability to be worth consideration as color forms. There are no data to show that any of the forms are sea- sonal. They have, therefore, been iDlaced as synonyms. Two forms only appear worth validation. Stygma Boisduval from Peru probably constitutes a good geographic race, character- ized by the presence of considerable red on the secondaries beneath (dry season form 1). Nise nise females from all parts of South America show this character, but the author has seen no males with distinct red markings on the secondaries beneath from anywhere else but Peru, and has seen a considerable number of such specimens from there. Ab. alcides D ’Almeida appears, from the original description, to be an exceedingly distinct variant and one well worth a name. The writer wishes he could say as much for the other nise forms described by the same author which, however, are merely minor variants and are placed in synonymy. Cordohensis Kohler, from the Argentine, might possibly be a valid race. The available data are, however, too meagre. Tenella Boisduval wms applied to a form with a wide black border on the secondaries. The variation is too common. Cramer’s plate of nise shows no border on the secondaries, but I suspect that the specimen was a female, which sex commonly lacks the border. Tenella can, therefore, merely be taken as applying to the male of the species and is, therefore, a synonym. Floscula Weeks, from Bolivia might be a valid race, but the data are too meagre. TJiymetus Pabricius, which has been applied to various nise forms, is not properly a Eurema at all. 33. venusia Boisduval, PI. IV, figs. 95-96, upper sides, males. PI. IV, figs. 97-98, upper sides, females, f. liml)ia Felder, PI. IV, fig. 99, upper side, male. Moschler’s substitution in 1882 of diosa as applicable to the species Avith the primaries above of a deeper yellow than the sec- ondaries, called nise Cramer by Boisduval, is not Amlid, as Boisduval had applied the name venusia to a specimen of this species, in 141 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. s 1 1836. Of tins I am assured by Mr. N. D. Riley of the British Museum who had examined the type, a c? from Martinique. Felder applied the name aequatorialis to this species in 1881. Venusta applies to specimens in which the secondaries are plainly yellow, though lighter in color than the primaries. Limhia Felder applies to specimens lacking any yellow on the secondaries, which are white and in strong contrast to the primaries. There is much intergrading between the two forms. Neither form can be assigned to any definite locality, making the allocation of races out of the question. There is considerable variation with regard to the pres- ence or absence of the black border of the primaries above, and also as regards the intensity of the wavy markings on the secondaries beneath. None of the variants here have been named, nor do any of them appear worth a name. Specimens from Colombia have the wavy markings beneath in general more prominent than specimens from any other locality. Specimens from St. Lucia, St. Thomas and Grenada are apt to have the border of the secondary greatly re- duced, and are often smaller and more washed-out looking. deflorata Kollar From the description quoted by Rober in Seitz, Macrolep. Vol. V, this would be a synonym of albula. The writer has been unable to find the original description, as the reference given for it by Rober is incorrect, and it does not appear to be mentioned any- where else. arabella Hubner The reference cited by Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep., p. 445 is incor- rect, and the writer can find no other reference to this form. Bibliographical List of New World Eurema Names References are to the original descriptions. Numbers in paren- theses are those of the species in the present article to which the name applies. Names in parentheses are the genus in which the author originally placed the species. adamsi Lathy (18) {SpJiaenogona) Ent. Mo. Mag., Vol. 9, Sec. Series, p. 200, 1898 aequatorialis Felder (33) (Terias) Wein. Ent. Mon., V, p. 85, n. 46, 1861 aesiope Menetries ( — ) (Terias) Cat. Mus. Petr. Lep., I, p. 85, t. 2,. f. 3, 1855 agave Cramer (12) (Papilio) Pap. Exot., I, t. 20, H-I, 1775 142 December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA agave Fabricins (3) {Papilio) Ent. Syst. Ill, I, p. 193, n. 599, 1793 agavoides Wallengren (3) {Terias) Wien. Ent. Mon., VII, p. 67, no. 33, 1863 alba Maria (28) (Teria sic) Bol. Soc. Colomb. Cien. Nat., N. 85, May, 1926, p. 47 alba Strecker (29) {Terias) Synon. Cat. Macrolep. N. A., p. 85, Reading, Pa., 1878 alhina Poey (9) {Terias) Mem. Cuba, t. 24, f. 14-16, 1851 albula Cramer (1) {Papilio) Pap. Exot., I, t. 27, E, 1775 alcides D ’Almeida (32) {Terias) Ann. Soc. Ent. France, T. 90, p. 63, 1921 amelia Poey (26) {Terias) Mem. Cuba, I, t. 18, fig. 11-13, 1851 arahella Lucas (5) {Terias) Sagra, Hist. Cuba, VII, p. 515, t. 16, fig. 5-5a, 1856 arbela Hiibner (22) {Eurema) Zutr. E'x. Scbmett., fig. 641-642, 1837 atlialia Felder (30) {Terias) Reise Nov. Lep., II, p. 208, no. 219, 1865 atinas Hewitson ( — ) {Terias) Bol. Butt., p. 4, 1874 biedermanni Elirmann (24) {Terias) Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., p. 84, 20, 1925 blakei Maynard (15) {Terias) Man. N. Anier. Butt., p. 216, Boston, 1891 bogotana Felder (24) {Terias) Wien. Ent. Mon., V, p. 84, no. 41, 1861 boisduvaliana Felder (21) {Terias) Reise Nov. Lep., II, p. 200, 1865 boliviensis Rober (22) {Terias) Seitz, Macrolep. World, V, I, p. 81, 1910 bulaea Boisduval (15) {Terias) Sp. Gen., I, p. 680, no. 47, 1836 calceolaria Butler & Druce (30) {Terias) Cist. Ent., I, p. 110, 1872 cassiae Sepp (1) {Papilio) Surin. Vlind., II, t. 56, 1848 celata R. Felcler (1) {Terias) Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien., p. 466, 1869 centralis Herricli Schaffer (29) {Terias) Corr. Blatt. Regensb., p. 11, no. 15, 1864-65 cepio Godman & Salvin (10) {Terias) Biol. Cent. Amer., Insecta Lep. RhopaL, 2, p. 169, tab. 64, fig. 5-8, November, 1889 cliamberlaini Butler (31) {Terias) Ann. Nat. Hist., VII, i, p. 295, 1897 143 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 3 chilensis Blanchard (3) (Terias) Gay, Fauna Chil., VII, p. 17, t. 1, fig. 5, 1852 cMoe Felder (24) {Terias) Reise Nov. Lep., II, p. 199, no. 202, 1865 circumcincta Bates (30) {Terias) Journ. Ent., I, p. 241, no. 5, 1861 citrina Poey (30) (Terias) Mem. Cuba, t. 18, fig. 4-7, 1851 clappi Maynard (29) (Terias) Man. N. Amer. Butt., p. 216, Boston, 1891 Bates (1) (Terias) Jonrn. Ent., I, p. 243, no. 12, 1861 Columbia Felder (13) (Terias) Wien. Ent. Mon., V, p. 86, no. 48, 1861 conjungens Herricli Schaffer (5) (Terias) Corr. Blatt. Regensb., XVIII, p. 167, 1864 constantia Felder (23) (Terias) Reise. Nov. Lep., II, p. 200, no. 205, 1865 cordobensis Kohler (32) (Teriasf) Fann. Argentina, I, p. 15, fig. cubana Herrich Schaffer (9) (Terias) Corr. Blatt. Regensb., XVIII, p. 166, 1864 daira Godart (10) (Pieris) Enc. Meth., IX, p. 137, no. 59, 1819 damaris Felder (24) (Terias) Reise Nov. Lep., I, p. 198, no. 200, 1865 deflorata Kollar (?) ''Denk. Ak. Wiss. Wien. Math. Nat. Cl. I, p. 363” vide Seitz Macrolep, V. I delia Cramer (10) (Papilio) Pap. Exot., Ill, t. 273, A, 1782 demoditas Hiibner (10) (Eurema) Verz. Bek. Schmett., p. 96, no. 1016, ‘A816” depuiseti Boisduval (24) (Terias) Lep. Gnat., p. 11, 1870 deva Donbleday (3) (Terias) Gen. Dinrn. Lep., p. 78, no. 7, 1847 dina Geyer (30) (Eurema) Zntr. Ex. Schmett., fig. 951-952, 1837 dina Poey (30) (Terias) Gen. Lep., 1833 diodina Butler (30) (Terias) Ann. Nat. Hist., 4, XV, p. 397, no. 4, 1875 diosa Moschler (33) (Eurema) Beit. Schmett.-faun. Surin., V, (Supplement) (from Verh. der k.k. zool. bot. Ges. Wien.) 1882 doris Rober (2) (Terias) Seitz Macrolep. World, V, I, p. 82 fig. 24b, 1910 ebriola Poey (10) (Terias) Mem. Cuba, t. 24, fig. 7-13, 1851 ectnuu Butler (22) (Sphaenogoua) Cist. Ent., I, p. 175, 1873 ecuadora Hewitson (19) (Terias) Equat. Lep., p. 2, no. 2, 1869 elathea Cramer (11) (Papilio) Pap. Exot., II, t. 99, C-D, 1779. elatJiides Staudinger (11) (Eurema) Ex. Schmett., p. 28, pi. 16, 1888 144 December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA ella Rober (8) (Terias) Seitz Macrolep. World, V, I, p. 84, 1910 elsia Klots n. subsp. in present paper (22) {Eurema) eiigenia Wallengren (10) {Terias) Wien. Ent. Mon., IV, p. 33, no. 2, 1860 euierpe Menetries (29) (Colias) Bull. Mosc., p. 299, no. 13, 1832 and Nonv. Mem. Mosc., Ill, p. 121, t. 11, fig. 4, 1832 fahiola Felder (25) {Terias) Wien. Ent. Mon., V, p. 85, no. 44, 1861 fahriciaEoQj (3) {Terias) Hist. Nat. Cuba, p. 252, 1851 flava Strecker (17) {Terias) Synon. Cat. Macrolep. N. A., p. 85, Reading, Pa., 1878 flavescens Chavannes (11) {Terias) Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Vand. (Lausanne), III, 1849 flavilla Bates (30) {Terias) Journ. Ent., I, p. 241, no. 4, 1861 floscula Weeks (32) {Terias) Proc. N. Eng. Zool. Club, II, 85-90, 1901 forhesi Klots (6) {Eurema) . In present paper, n. subspecies. fornsi Poey (5) {Terias) Mem. Cuba, I, p. 443, 1851 gaugamela Felder (25) {Terias) Reise Nov. Lep., p. 199, no. 203, t. 26, fig. 5, 1865 gentilis Boisduval (13) {Terias) Sp. Cen., I, p. 658, no. 9, 1836 germana D ’Almeida (32) {Terias) Ann. Soc. Ent. France, T. 90, p. 63, 1921 guatJiene Boisduval (15) {Terias) Sp. Gen., I, p. 680, no. 46, 1836 gracilis Avinoff (22) {Terias) Ann. Carnegie Mus. 16, p. 363, 1926 graduata Butler (22) {SpJiaenogona) Cist. Ent., I, p. 174, 1873 gratiosa Doubleday & Hewitson (20) {Terias) Gen. Diurn. Lep., t. 9, fig. 5, 1847 gratiosa Reakirt (21) {Terias) Proc. Ent. Soc. PliiL, II, p. 359, no. 3, 1863 gundlachia Poey (28) {Terias) Mem. Cuba, p. 246, t. 24, fig. 1-3, 1851 haJineli Staudinger (30) {Eurema) Exot. Scbmett., p. 28, pi. 16, 1888 henrici Maria (24) {Teria sic) Bol. Soc. Col. Cien. Nat., no. 85, p. 45, 1926 liyona Menetries (14) {Colias) Bull. Soc. Imp. Mosc., V, p. 301, no. 14, 1832 ingrata R. Felder (21) {Terias) Verb. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien., p. 465, no. 1, 1869 145 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 3 iradia Poey (15) (Terias) Mem. Cuba, t. 18, fig. 14—11, p. 253, 1851 jacareiyagumia D’ Almeida (32) {Terias) Ann. Soc. Ent. France, t. 90, p. 63, 1921 jaegeri Menetries ( — ) {Terias) Cat. Mus. Petr. Lep., I, p. 85, t. 2, bg. 1, 1855 janiapa Reakirt (25) {Terias) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 239, no. 5, 1866 jodutta Hiibner (12) {Eurema) Verz., Bek. Schmett., p. 96, no. 1019, 1820- jucunda Boisduval & Leconte (7) {Xanfliidia) Lep. Amer. Sept., p. 52, t. 19, fig. 1-3, 1833 larae Herrich Schaffer (30) {Terias) Corr. Blatt. Regensb., XVI, p. 120, 1862 lemnia Felder (9) {Terias) Reise Nov. Lep., ii, p. 205, no. 213, 1865 lepidula D ’Almeida (32) {Terias) Ann. Soc. Ent. France, t. 90, p. 63, 1921 leuce Boisduval (30) {Terias) Sp. Gen., I, p. 659, no. 10, 1836 leucilla R. Felder (1) {Terias) Verb. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wein., p. 466, 1869 linibia Felder (33) {Terias) Wien. Ent. Mon., V, p. 86, no. 47, 1861 Iwioneus Felder (25) {Terias) Wien, Ent. Mon., V, p. 84, no. 43, 1861 lindaW. H. Edwards (32) {Terias) Papilm, IV, p. 53, 1884 lirina Bates (1) {Terias) Journ. Ent., I, p. 224, no. 15, 1861 lisa Boisduval & Leconte (29) {Xanihidia) Lep. Amer. Sept., p. 53, t. 19, fig. 4-5, 1833 longicauda Bates (28) {Terias) Ent. Mo. Mag,, I, p. 32, no. 13, 1864 lucina Poey (5) {Terias) Mem. Cuba, t. 18, fig. 8-10, 1851 lydia Felder (9) {Terias) Wien. Ent. Mon., V, p. 87, no. 50, 1861 mana Boisduval (12) {Terias) Sp. Gen., p. 681, 1836 marginella Felder (1) {Terias) Wien. Ent. Mon., V, p. 97, no. 53, 1861 marjoria Klots (23) {Eurema) new female form in present paper marmorata Dognin (2) {Eurema) Le Nat., I, p. 189, 1888 medutina Felder (11) {Terias) Wien. iEht. Mon., V, p. 97, no. 52, 1861 melacheila Moschler (1) {Eurema) Lep. Sur. (Beitrage zur Schmett.-fauna v. Surinam) I, p. 5, 1882 memulus Butler (30) {Terias) P. Z. S., p. 251, t. 19, fig. 6, 1871 146 De cember, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA jnessalina Fabricius (19) (Papilio) Mant. Ins., II, p. 22, no. 236, 1787 mexicana Boisdnval (24) {Terias) Sp. Gen., I, p. 655, no. 3, t. 19, fig. 1, 1836 midea Menetries (11) {Colias) Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc., V, p. 298, no. 12, 1832 musa Fabricius (13) {Papilio) Ent. Syst., Ill, i, p. 195, no. 607, 1793 mycale Felder (11) {Terias) Reise Nov. Lep. II, p. 204, no. 210, 1865 neda Godart (32) {Pieris) Enc. Meth., IX, p. 135, no. 154, 1819 — nelplie Felder (32) {Terias) Verb. Zool.-bot. Ges. p. 466, no. 3, 1869 nicippe Cramer (17) {Papilio) Pap. Exot., Ill, t. 20, C-D, 1782 nigrocincia Dognin (8) {Eurema) he Nat., II, 3, p. 134, 1889 7iise Cramer (32) {Papilio) Pap. Exot., I, t. 20, K-L, 1775 nisella Felder (32) {Terias) Verb. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, XII, p. 474, 1862 pallidu Cbavannes (12) {Terias) Bull. Soc. Vand. Sci. Nat. (Lausanne) III, 1849 pallidula Klots (7) {Eurema) new female form in present paper pahnyra Poey (9) {Terias) Mem. Cuba, t. 24, fig. 4-6, 1851 panopea D ’Almeida (32) {Terias) Ann. Soc. Ent. France, T. 90, p. 63, 1921 parvumTra Kaye (30) {Terias) Trans. Ent. Soc. Bond., p. 481- 482, 1925 paida Rober (13) {Terias) Seitz, Macrolep. AVorld, V, I, p. 85, 1910 paulina Bates (23) {Terias) Jonrn. Ent., I, p. 240, no. 2, 1861 perimede Prittwitz (32) {Terias) Stett. Ent. Zeit., p. 134, 1865 persistens hrxWex & Druce (10) {Terias) Cist. Ent., I, p. 110, 1872 y)hicde Cramer (13) {Papilio) Pap. Exot., I, t. 27, 1775 Phoenicia Felder (11) {Terias) Reise Nov. Lep., II, p. 205, no. 214, 1865 plaiaeet Felder (11) {Terias) Verb, der k-k Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, XII, p. 474, 1862 pomponia Hopffer (23) {Terias) Stett. Ent. Zeit., p. 336, no. 17, 1874 portoricensis DeWitz (16) {Terias) Ent. Zeit., p. 237, 1877 priddyihdiXhj (6) {Terias) Ent. Mo. Mag., IX, 2d ser., p. 223, Oct., 1898 proferpm Fabricius (27) {Papilio) Syst. Ent., p. 478, no. 152, 1775 pseudomorpha Klots (4) {Eureyna) new species in present paper pyro Godart (14) {Pieris) Enc. Metb., IX, p. 137, no. 60, 1819- 147 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 3 recta Klots (24) {Eurema) new form in present paper reticulata Butler (2) {Terias) P. Z. S., p. 539, no. 88, vol. of 1871, 1872 rJiodia Felder (10) {Terias) Wien. Ent. Mon., V, p. 97, no. 51, 1861 Salome Felder (25) {Terias) Wien. Ent. Mon., V, p. 84, no. 42, 1861 semiflava Butler (22) {Sphaenogona) Ann. Nat. Hist., 4, XY, p. 396, no. 1, 1875 sidonia Felder (7) {Terias) Yerh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, p. 465, no. 2, 1869 singidaris D ’Almeida (13) {Terias) Melanges Lep., Etudes sur la Lep. au Brezil, p. 47, no. 309, pi. 1, fig. 3, Berlin, 1922 sinoe Godart (1) {Pieris) Enc. Metli., p. 138, no. 66, 1819- sinoides Capronnier (12) {Terias) Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., T. 17, p. 13, pi. 1, fig. 2, 1874 sniilacina Felder ( — ) {Terias) Reise Nov. Lep., II, p. 208, no. 220, 1865 smilax Godart (29) {Pieris) Enc. Metli., IX, p. 136, no. 56, 1819- solana Reakirt (10) {Terias) Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., p. 240, no. 6, 1866 stygma Boisduval (32) {Terias) Sp. Gen., I, p. 661, no. 14, 1836 stygmula Boisduval (29) {Terias) Sp. Gen., I, p. 661, no. 15, 1836 sulla Weymer (32) {Terias) Stubel; Reise Nacli Equator, p. 123, fig., 1890 sulphurina Poey (29) {Terias) Mem. Cuba, t. 18, fig. 1-4, 1851 syharis Hopffer (23) {Terias) Stett. Ent. Zeit., p. 337, no. 18, 1874 tapeina Bates (1) {Terias) Journ. Ent., I, p. 244, no. 14, 1861 tegea Felder (11) {Terias) Reise Nov. Lep., ii, p. 203, no. 211, 1865 tenella Boisduval (32) {Terias) Sp. Gen., I, p. 657, no. 6, 1836 tenera Avinoff (16) {Terias) Ann. Carnegie Mus., 16, p. 363, 1926 tlieodes Felder (22) {Terias) Wien. Ent. Mon., Y, p. 85, no. 45, 1861 tJieona Felder (20) {Terias) Reise Nov. Lep., ii, p. 202, no. 208, 1865 ttiymetus Fabricius ( — ) {Papilio) Mant. Ins., II, p. 30, no. 320, 1787 venusta Boisduval (33) {Terias) Sp. Gen., I, p. 658, no. 8, 1836 venilia D ’Almeida (11) {Terias) Melanges Lep., Etudes sur les Lep. de Bresil, p. 44, no. 39, Berlin, 1922 venustula Staudinger (32) {Terias) Yerh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien., XXY, p. 93, no. 3, 1876 vitellina Felder (11) {Terias) Wien. Ent. Mon., Y, p. 86, no. 49, 1861 148 December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA watsonia Klots (27) (Eurema) Ent. News, XXXIV, p. 301, 1923 westwoodi 'BoisdvLYsl (30) {Terias) Sp. Gen., I, p. 666, no. 22, 1836 xanthoclilora Kollar (23) {Terias) Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien. Math. Nat. CL, I, p. 363, no. 36, 1850 Lucas ( — ) (Terias) Kev. Zook, p. 430, 1852 Many people have kindly helped the author in the study of Eurema. He particularly wishes to express his gratitude to Dr. W. T. M. Forbes, of Cornell University, and Mr. Frank E. Watson, of the American Museum of Natural History, for all the help and en- couragement they have given him. Mr. N. D. Filey, of the British Museum, has most generously given of his time in sending data re- garding the collection of that institution and in working out the relationshij)s of many of the forms. Authorities of other museums have been unfailingly helpful. Mr. F. Martin Brown, of Avon College, has contributed a goodly number of specimens. Of course there will prove to be mistakes, omissions, and errors of judgment. The author can only hope that such will be viewed with toleration, and that persons using the paper may tell him their opinions. The list of names is, as nearly as possible, complete through the 1926 volume of the Zoological Record, and the literature to the end of 1927. 149 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 3 EXPLANATION OF PLATES A few words of warning appear advisable to nsers of these plates. In the first place, while the plates are accurate as far as showing the markings of the specimens, they are not to be taken too seriously as regards the color. Accordingly a short color descrip- tion of each specimen figured has been appended below. Secondly, markings on the under side of the wings show through in some cases in figures of the upper side, and vice versa. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Plate I. All figures x 1 1. E. lucina Poey Cuba, in coll, author. Wings above white, borders brownish-black, submarginal bar and shading on costa diffuse gray. Wings beneath with chrome-yellow and fuscous clouded markings. 2. E. lucina f. fornsi Poey ,J', Pinar del Rio Cuba, Sept. 12- 23, 1913, in coll, author. Coloring as in lucina. 3. E. p. priddyi Lathy J, Port-au-Prince, Haiti, Mar. 5-11, 1922, in coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Wings above yellow, borders brownish-black. Primaries beneath yellow with fuscous cloudings, secondaries lighter yel- low with fuscous cloudings and diffuse markings. 4. E. priddyi forhesi Klots paratype J', 1214 km. South of Pinar del Rio, Cuba, Sept. 12-23, in coll, author. Wings above white, borders and costal shading brown- ish-black. Primaries beneath white, yellowish and fuscous dusted at base and apex, discocellular dark brownish. Secondaries beneath yellowish with fus- cous clouding and markings, diffuse. 5. E. priddyi forhesi Klots holotype male. Isle of Pines, Cuba, in coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., coloring as in Fig. 4. 6. E. jucunda Boisduval & Leconte J', Lakeland, Fla., U. S. A., May 8, 1912, in coll, author. Wings above yel- low, borders and bar brownish-black, inner margin of primaries beneath bar orange. Primaries beneath yel- low, dusted with fuscous, pearly on inner margin. Secondaries beneath whitish, dusted with fuscous. 7. E. jucunda 5, Gainesville, Fla., U. S. A., Sept. 2(>-Oct. 2, 1914, in coll, author. Coloring as in Fig. 6, slightly lighter throughout, inner margin of primaries beneath whitish, not pearly. 150 December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 11 . Fig. 12. Fig. 13. Fig. 11. Fig. 15. Fig. 16. E. jucunda f. 2 pallidula Klots holotype female, Barrios, Guatemala, Dec. 14, 1912, in coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Wings above white, borders and shadings brown. Wings beneath white, primaries faintly shaded with yellow basally and apically, some faint fuscous dusting on both wings. E. jucunda f. sidonia Felder Cuernavaca, Mexico, in coll, author. Coloring as in j. f. jucunda J', less yel- low on primaries beneath. E. nigrocincia Dognin. Copied from plate of author in ''Notes sur la Faune Lepidopteres de Loja et environs (Equateur),^’ P. Dognin, Paris, 1887, PI. Ill, Pig. 6. Coloring as in sidonia. E. palmyra palmyra Poey J', Havana, Cuba, Aug. 10-22, 1925, in coll, author. Wings above : primaries yellow, secondaries white, borders blackish-brown. Wings be- neath iDearly white, very lightly dusted with fuscous scales. E. palmyra lydia Felder J', Onealio, Mexico, Nov. 10, 1912, in coll, author. Wings above colored as in p. palmyra. Secondaries beneath more heavily dusted with fuscous scales. E. palmyra lydia Felder J', Cartago, Costa Rica, in coll, author. Coloring as in Pig. 12. E. daira daira Godart J', Crestview, Fla., U. S. A., Oct. 16, 1914, in coll, author. Wings above yellow, bor- ders blackish-brown, bar gray, hairy, inner margin below bar orange. Primaries beneath yellow, inner margin pearly white to gray, costa, apex and outer margin red-brown dusted with fuscous scales. Secon- daries beneath red-brown, dusted with fuscous scales. E. daira daira Godart 2, Texas, U. S. A., in coll, author. Colors above as in male. Inner margin of primaries beneath more narrowly whitish. Secondaries beneath more intensely colored than in male. E. daira eugenia Wallengren J', Jalapa, Mexico, in coll, author. Primaries above yellow, borders blackish- brown, bar brownish-gray, inner margin below bar orange. Secondaries above white, border blackish- brown. Primaries beneath light yellow, pearly white and gray on inner margin, red-brown dusted with fus- cous on costa, apex and outer margins. Secondaries 151 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 3 Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. beneath light reddish-brown, dusted with fuscous, a diffuse submarginal broken wavy band. 17. E. daira eugenia Wallengren J', Taruma, Ecuador, in coll, author. Coloring as in Fig. 16, bar grayer, color- ing beneath more intense. 18. E. daira eugenia Wallengren 5? Cartage, Costa Rica, in coll, author. Wings above white, tinted with yellow. Wings beneath as in Fig. 16 but with inner margin of primaries only narrowly whitish. 19. E. daira ehriola Poey J', San Carlos Estate, Guantanamo, Cuba, Dec. 22, 1918, in coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coloring above as in Fig. 16, but with bar lighter gray. The bar is narrower and straighter than in d. eugenia. In the figure it is confused with the orange margin below it. Coloring beneath as in Fig. 16, the secondaries a more pinkish-brown. 20. E. daira ehriola Poey 5? Mandeville, Manchester, Ja- maica, B. W. I., Dec. 14, 1919, in coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Wings above white (in some specimens tinted with yellow), borders blackish-brown. Pri- maries beneath suffused with yellowish (in some speci- mens strongly yellow), yellowish-brown to reddish- brown on costa, apex and outer margin. Inner mar- gin pearly white. Secondaries beneath yellowish- brown to reddish-brown, with fuscous and darker brown dusting and markings. 21. E. elathea Cramer c?, Montego Bay, Jamaica, Mar. 2, 1911, in coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Primaries above yellow, fuscous dusting along costa, blackish-brown border, bar black, not hairy, inner margin below it orange. Secondaries above white, border blackish- brown. Primaries beneath white, subcostally tinted with yellow, costa, apex and outer margin light brown- ish dusted with fuscous, inner margin pearly. Sec- ondaries beneath light brownish, dusted and marked with fuscous and darker brown. 22. E. elathea Cramer 5, Jamaica, B. W. I., in coll, author. Wings above white, tinted with yellowish, borders blackish-brown. Wings beneath as in male, coloring more intense, inner margin of primaries not pearly. 23. E. elathea ab. venilia D ’Almeida ,J', Trinidad, B. W. I., Mar. 31, 1927, in coll, author. Coloring above as in 152 December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Fig. 24. Fig. 2 0. Fig. 26. Fig. 27. Fig. 28. elathea male, with submarginal bar of primaries lack- ing. Coloring beneath as in elathea male, Fig. 21, but deeper throughout. E. elathea f. mycale Felder J', Zanderij I., Boven, Para dist., Surinam, Apr. 27, 1927, in coll. Cornell U. Col- oring above as in elathea male. Fig. 21. Primaries be- neath white, subcostally and subapically tinted with yellow, very lightly dusted with fuscous, inner mar- gin pearly. Secondaries beneath white (in some speci- mens yellowish), lightly dusted with fuscous. E. elathea f. fiavescens Chavannes J', Para, Brazil, Oct. 3, 1919, in coll, author. Coloring above as in elathea male. Pig. 21. Primaries beneath white, strongly tinted subcostally and subapically with orange yel- low; costa, apex and outer margin light ochreous yel- low faintly dusted with fuscous ; inner margin pearly. Secondaries beneath white ; costa and outer margin light ochreous yellow, faintly dusted with fuscous scales. E. elathea f. fiavescens Chavannes J', under side, El Campamento, Peru, June 4-7, 1920, in coll. Cornell U. Wings beneath as in Fig. 25, but the shading and coloring are everywhere more intense and the fuscous dusting is heavier. E. elathea f. ynedutina Felder J', Urucum, Corumha, Matto Grosso, Brazil, Dec. 27, 1919, in coll. Cornell U. Coloring above as in elathea male. Fig. 21. Primaries beneath white, with a narrow basal subcostal and an apical yellow tinting, costa and apex dusted with gray scales, inner margin pearly. Secondaries beneath dusted with gray or fuscous scales which combine to form narrow, broken, wavy, submarginal band. E. elathea f. tegea Felder J', Aguadita, Colombia, June, 1915, in coll. Cornell U. Coloring above as in elathea male. Pig. 21. Primaries beneath white, broadly tinted with yellow subcostally and subapically, lightly dusted with fuscous scales along costa and apex, inner margin pearly. Secondaries beneath white, faintly tinted with yellow, slightly deeper at outer margin, sparsely dusted with fuscous scales, with no pro- nounced markings. 153 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vo1.IX,No.3 Fig. 29. Fig. 30. Fig. 31. Fig. 32. Fig. 33. Fig. 34. Fig. 35. Plate II. All figures x 2/3 E. agave agave Cramer J', Iquitos, Brazil, May 11, 1920, in coll, author. Wings above white, borders blackish- brown, costal shading gray. Primaries beneath white, shaded with yellow and sparsely dusted with fuscous along costa, apex and outer margin. Secondaries be- neath white, lightly tinted with yellow, more heavily at the margins and with fuscous dusting and diffuse markings. E. agave sino'ides Capronnier Santos, Brazil, May 20, 1919, in coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coloring as in a. agave, with yellow tinting and shading of wings be- neath heavier. E. jMale pliiale Cramer J', Aguadita, Colombia, June 14, in coll. Cornell U. AVings above white, marginal borders blackish-brown, submarginal border of secon- daries chrome yellow. Primaries beneath white, base of costa and apex yellow (in some specimens ochra- ceous yellow) . Secondaries whitish suffused with light yellow (in some specimens ochraceous yellow), with darker dustings and suffused markings. E. albula f. alhula Cramer J', Teffe, R. Amazon, April 20, 1920, in coll, author. Wings above white, border of primaries blackish-brown. Wings beneath white, base of costa of primaries yellow. E. amelia Poey J', 10 km. south of Pinar del Rio, Cuba, Sept. 12-23, 1913, in coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Wings above white, borders blackish-brown. A black- ish-brown discocellular dash on primaries above, often quite faint. Primaries beneath pearly white, yellow dusted with fuscous on costa and apex. Secondaries beneath yellow dusted with fuscous, with diffuse fus- cous markings. Both wings beneath with two discocel- lular spots, the upper the larger. E. pseiidomorpha Klots holotype J', Bolivia, S. A., in coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Pa. Upper side of wings yellow, border of primaries brownish-black. Wings beneath yellow, secondaries deeper than primaries, marginal line of primaries and markings of secon- daries bright red. E. alhula f. tapeina Bates J', Sao Paulo, Brazil, in coll, author. Wings above creamy white, border of pri- 154 December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Fig. 36. Fig. 37. Fig. 38. Fig. 39. Fig. 40. Fig. 41. maries brown. Primaries beneath white, costa, apex and outer margin ochraceous yelloAW Secondaries be- neath ochraceous yellow, with diffuse brown markings. This is the extreme form. Many specimens have light yellow beneath instead of ochraceous, with the mark- ings correspondingly fainter. E. nicippe Cramer J', Gainesville, Fla., U. S. A., Sept. 29-Oct. 2, 1914, in coll, author. Wings above orange, borders and discocellular spot of primaries blackish- brown. Primaries beneath light orange, yellow along costa, apex and outer margin, whitish along inner margin, with brown markings. Secondaries beneath yellow with brown and fulvous markings. E. nicippe Cramer 2, Scranton, Pa., U. S. A., in coll, author. Wings above light brownish-orange. Wings beneath colored as in male. E. nicippe f. 2 flava Strecker 2, Indiana, U. S. A., Henry Edwards Coll., in coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Wings above yellow, borders brown. Primaries beneath yel- low, reddish-brown on costa and apex. Secondaries beneath reddish-brown with lighter markings. Some specimens have the reddish-broAvn replaced by light 3mllowish-brown. E. pyro Godart Port au Prince, Haiti, May 2, 1922, in coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Wings above orange, borders blackish-brown. Primaries beneath yelloAV, distal ly tinted Avith orange, markings fuscous to broAvn, a red terminal line. Secondaries beneath yel- loAv with brown and fulvous markings. Females have the marginal borders of the Avings above more diffuse internally and have a discocellular s^Dot on the pri- maries above. E. pyro f. Jiyona Menetries Petionville, Haiti, Jan. 24-29, 1912, in coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Primaries above orange, borders brownish-black. Secondaries above with basal two-thirds irregularly yellow, ter- minal third orange with broAvnish-black border. Wings beneath as in pyro^ Fig. 39. E. messalina Fabricius J', Prov. Oriente, Cuba, Aug. 10-22, 1925, in coll, author. Wings above white, bor- ders brownish-black. Primaries beneath white, base of costa pink, costa, apex and outer margin narrowly 155 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 3 Fig. 42. Fig. 43. Fig. 44, Fig. 45. Fig. 46. Fig. 47. Fig. 48. yellow, markings blackish-brown. Secondaries be- neath light yellow, markings brown. E. messalina Fabricius 2, Prov. Oriente, Cuba, Aug. 10- 22, 1925, in coll, author. Wings above colored as in male, the apical spot on the secondaries beneath show- ing through. Primaries beneath as in male, the sub- apical spot larger. Secondaries beneath colored as in male, except for a large purplish-pink apical spot. E. porioricensis DeWitz J', Coamo Springs, Porto Rico, July 26-27, 1914. Wings above yellow, borders black- ish-brown. Wings beneath slightly lighter yellow, markings brown except for apical spot on secondaries which is pinkish, and larger in female. E. deva deva Doubleday J', Novo Friburgo, Brazil, in coll, author. Wings above light yellow, border of pri- maries blackish-brown. Markings of secondaries be- neath show through. Wings beneath pale yellow, red- dish on margins, spots and markings red and brown. E. deva cJiilensis Blanchard La Rioja, Argentina, in coll, author. Colors as in deva deva, in general paler throughout. E. reticidata Butler J', Ecuador, in coll, author. Wings above orange yellow, border brownish-black. Mark- ings of secondaries beneath show through. Primaries beneath orange at costa, shading gradually to whitish- yellow on inner margin, a narrow red line on apical margin, discocellular spot blackish-brown. Secon- daries beneath ochraceous yellow with pinkish-brown reticulations and spots. E. adamsi Lathy J', Dunrobin Distr., Mandeville, Ja- maica, B. W. I., Nov. 28, 1919, in coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Wings above white, borders brownish- black. Primaries beneath yellow, whitish on inner margin, with reddish markings on costa and apex. Secondaries beneath ochraceous yellow with reddish- brown reticulations and markings. In the plate the borders of the upper side of the wings show through in the figure of the under side. For 2 see Fig. 100. E. ecuadora Hewitson J', Gerazugh, Ecuador, in coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Wings above white, borders blackish-brown, apical patch on secondaries orange. Wings beneath yellowish, secondaries slightly deeper in color, with reddish markings. 156 December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Fio*. Fiff. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 49. E. gratiosa Doubleday & Hewitson J', Villavicencio, Co- lombia, Jan., 1927, in coll, author. Primaries above yellow, border blackish-brown. Secondaries above white, border blackish-brown, apical patch orange yel- low. Wings beneath light yellow with brownish-red markings. In some specimens the markings beneath are bright red. 50. E. gratiosa 2, Obidos, E. Amazon, Brazil, Sept. 12, 1919, in coll, author. Wings above yellowish-white, the pri- maries with more yellow than the secondaries, border blackish-brown. Wings beneath as in male. Some specimens have the primaries bright yellow, but the secondaries are always of a lighter yellow. Other specimens are almost pure white above, and corre- spondingly lighter in coloring beneath. 51. E. hoisduvaliana Felder J', Tnrrialba, Costa Eica, in coll. author. Wings above yellow, borders brownish-black, secondaries suffused with orange apically. Wings be- neath yellow Avith reddish and reddish-brown reticu- lations and markings. 52. E. hoisduvaliana Felder 2, Turrialba, Costa Eica, in coll. author. Wings above light yellow, borders brownish- black. The markings of the secondaries beneath show through on the figure of the upper side. Wings be- neath as in male. 53. E. arhela arhela Hiibner J', Prov. del Sara, Bolivia, in coll, author. Wings above yellow, borders brownish- black, secondaries apically suffused with orange. Wings beneath yelloAv Avith reddish-broAvn and red markings. 54. E. arhela graduata Butler J', E. Amazon, Brazil, Jan. 7, 1920, in coll, author. Primaries above light lemon yellow, secondaries above white apically suffused Avith orange yelloAv, borders of both Avings broAvnish-black. Wings beneath light yellow with markings light red- dish, very pale. 55. E. arhela elsia Klots holotype J', 28 km. east of Bogota, Colombia, in coll, author. Wings above white, bor- ders blackish-brown, secondaries apically suffused Avith orange yellow. Wings beneath yellowish-white, faintly marked Avith reddish. 157 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 3 Fig. 56. E. X. xantJiocJilora Kollar J', Villavicencio, Colombia, Feb., 1927, in coll, author. Wings above yellow, bor- ders blackish-brown. Wings beneath yellow, mark- ings reddish-brown and fuscous. Fig. 57. E. xantJioclilora poniponia Hopffer J', San Ramon to Pueblo Pardo, Chanchamayo Distr., Peru, June 17, 1920, in coll. Cornell U. Wings above and below as in X. xantJioclilora. Fig. 58. Fig. 59. Fig. 60. Fig. 61. Fig. 62. Fig. 63. Plate III. All figures x 2/3 E. xanthocJilora pomponia Hopffer Col. Perene, Peru, June 15, 1920, in coll. Cornell U. Wings above lighter yellow than male. Wings beneath yellow, apical markings on primaries and apical patch on secon- daries bright red, other markings reddish-brown. E. m. mexicana Boisduval J', Oklahoma, U. S. A., July 24, in coll, author. Wings above white, borders dark brown, costal suffusion of secondaries orange. Pri- maries beneath white, suffused marginally with yel- lowish, markings fuscous. Secondaries beneath yel- lowish with red markings. In some specimens the markings on the secondaries beneath are reddish- brown. E. m. mexicana 5, Oklahoma, U. S. A., Aug. 6, in coll, author. Wings above yellowish white, border dark brown. Primaries beneath white suffused with yel- lowish. Secondaries beneath light yellow, with red- dish markings. E. mexicana ah. recta Klots, holotype c?, Texas, U. S. A., in coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Wings above yellow- ish-white, borders dark brown, costal suffusion of sec- ondary orange. Wings beneath yellowish-white, more yellow on secondaries, with reddish markings. E. mexicana hogotana Felder J', San Miguel, Colombia, in coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Wings above yellowish white, borders dark brown. Primaries beneath white narrowly margined with yellowish, secondaries be- neath yellow, markings on both wings beneath reddish- brown and reddish. E. mexicana ho got ana Felder J, Cartago, Costa Rica, in coll, author. Wings above yellowish-white, borders dark brown. Primaries beneath white, marginally 158 December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Fig. 64. Fig. 65. Fig. 66. Fig. 67. Fig. 68. Fig. 69. Fig. 70. Fig. 71. Fig. 72. tinted with yellow ; costa, apex and outer margin nar- rowly red. Secondaries beneath yellowish, reticula- tions and markings red. E. Salome f. salome Felder J', 28 km. east of Bogota, Co- lombia, in coll, author. Wings above yellow, borders dark brown ; costal and outer areas of secondaries suf- fused with orange. Wings beneath yellow, secondaries suffused and marked with ochraceous reddish. E. salome f. limoneus J', Mexico, in coll, author. Wings above yellow with borders dark brown, orange suffu- sion of secondaries limited to an apical patch. Wings beneath as in salome f. salome markings sometimes red. E. salome f. faliola Felder J', Huacapistana, Peru, June 1-2, 1920, in coll. Cornell U. Wings above yellow, borders dark brown, very little orange suffusion on secondaries. Wings beneath as hi salome f. salome. E. salome Felder 2, Cartago, Costa Rica, in coll, author. Wings above light yellow. Wings beneath as in salome f. salome J', Fig. 64. E. proterpia proterpia Fabricius c?, Cartago, Costa Rica, in coll, author. Wings above orange, costa and mark- ings on veins brownish-black, marginal clouding fus- cous. Primaries beneath light orange, secondaries be- neath orange yellow with faint brownish markings. E. proterpia proterpia Fabricius 2, Cartago, Costa Rica, in coll, author. Wings above light brownish-orange, borders and markings along veins dark brown. Wings beneath as in male. E. proterpia ivalsonia Klots paratype J', Riobamba, Ecuador, in coll, author. Wings above bright orange, costa and veins brownish-black, clouding fuscous. Wings beneath as in p. proterpia, except that there is more difference in coloring between the primaries and secondaries. E. proterpia watsonia Klots allotype 2? Ecuador, in coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coloring as in p. proterpia 2, except that the fuscous dusting on the wings above is heavier and the secondaries beneath are lighter yellow. E. gundlacliia Poey J', Cartago, Costa Rica, in coll, author. Wings above colored as in proterpia. Pri- maries beneath light orange, costa narrowly brown, apex more broadly brown. Secondaries beneath heav- ily reticulated with light brown. 159 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 3 Fig. Fis. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 73. E. gundlachia Poey 2, Cartago, Costa Rica, in coll. author. Wings above lighter, more brownish orange than in male. Secondaries beneath usually more heavily reticulated with brown than in male. Some specimens have a dark brown apical patch on the sec- ondaries above, and the tips of all the veins dark brown. 74. E. lisa lisa Boisduval & Leconte c?, DeFuniak Springs, Fla., U. S. A., Oct. 17-19, 1914, in coll, author. Wings above yellow, borders dark brown. Wings beneath yellow, inner margins of primaries pearly, costa and outer margins with a narrow pink line, markings fus- cous, except for apical patch of secondaries which is pinkish-orange. 75. E. lisa lisa J, Flushing, Long Island, N. Y., in coll. author. Wings above light yellow, borders dark brown. In many specimens the wings above are pink- ish-white. Wings beneath as in male, markings heavier. 76. E. lisa f. clappi Maynard J', Cartago, Costa Rica, in coll. author. Coloring as in lisa lisa male, markings be- neath less distinct. 77. E. lisa f. 5 alha Strecker 5, Kendal Distr., Manchester, Jamaica, B. W. I., Nov. 16, 1919, in coll, author. Wings above white, borders dark brown. Primaries beneath light yellow, inner margin white, costa and outer margin with a narrow pink line, markings fus- cous. Secondaries beneath light yellow, apical patch and narrow line on outer margin pink, markings and dusting fuscous. All sorts of intergrades occur be- tween lisa females which are normally yellow above and f. 5 alha which are pure white above. 78. E. lisa eater pe Menetries c?, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, Nov. 20, 1920, in coll, author. Coloring as in lisa lisa male, markings beneath less distinct. 79. E. dina dina Poey J', Santiago, Cuba, Aug. 9, 1925, in coll, author. Wings above orange yellow, borders dark brown, secondaries outwardly suffused with orange. Wings beneath lighter orange yellow, paler on inner margin of primaries, markings fuscous. E. dina f. 2 citrina 2, Prov. Oriente, Cuba, May 10-22, 1925, in coll, author. Wings above more lemon yel- 160 Pig. 80. December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA low than male, Fig. 79, borders dark broAvn, orange snffnsion on secondaries sharply limited apically and marginally. Wings beneath light yellow, paler on inner margin of primaries, reddish-orange at apices of both primaries and secondaries, markings fuscous. Fig. 81. Fig. 82. Fig. 83. Fig. 8-1. Fig. 85. Fig. 86. Fig. 87. Plate IV. All figures x 2/3 E. dina westwoodi Boisduval J', Florida, Costa Pica, in coll, author. Wings brighter orange yellow than in d. dina, borders dark blackish-brown, a deeper orange suffusion at outer margin of secondaries. Wings be- neath yellow, primaries paler at inner margin, some very faint fuscous markings. E. dina westwoodi Boisduval J', Jalapa, Mexico, Nov. 3, 1912, in coll, author. Wings above orange yellow, border dark brown, a slightly deeper orange suffusion at outer margin of secondaries. Wings beneath yel- low, primaries lighter than sceondaries, secondaries with fairly heavy fuscous markings. E. dina f. memulus Butler J', San Lorenzo, Repub. Domin., W. I., June 27-29, 1915, in coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Wings above yellow, border dark brown, a slight marginal orange suffusion on secondaries. Wings beneath yellow, inner margin of primaries whitish, faint fuscous markings on secondaries. E. dina f. memulus Butler 2, Petionville, Haiti, Jan. 24-29, 1922, in coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Coloring both above and below as in dina f. 2 citrina, Fig. 80. E. dina f. memidus Butler J', orange form, San Lorenzo, Repub. Domin., W. I., June 27-29, 1915, in coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Wings above bright orange, borders brownish-black. Wings beneath orange yel- low, lighter on inner margin of primaries, with faint fuscous markings. E. dina parvumlora Kaye J', Jamaica, B. W. I., no. 4508 in coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Wings above liglit yel- low, border dark broAvn. Wings beneath light yellow, inner margin of primaries whitish, markings brown- ish fuscous. E. dina leuce Boisduval J', Villavicencio, Colombia, Jan., 1927, in coll, author. Wings above lemon yelloAv, bor- 161 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 3 Fig. 88. Fig. 89. Fig. 90. Fig. 91. Fig. 92. Fig. 93. Fig. 94. Fig. 95. Fig. 96. ders dark brownisk-black. Wings beneath yellow, inner margin of primaries Avhitish, faint fuscous markings. E. dina leuce Boisduval 5, Obidos, Brazil, Aug. 23, 1919, in coll, author. Coloring aboA^e as in male. Coloring beneath as in male, except that there is reddish-orange on the apices of both primaries and secondaries, and the fuscous markings are heavier. E. nise nise Cramer Lima, Peru, May 9, 1920, in coll. Cornell LT. Wings above lemon yellow, borders dark broAAUi. Wings beneath yellow, inner margins of pri- maries lighter, faint markings fuscous. E. nise nise Cramer J', Corumba, Matto Grosso, Brazil, Dec. 14-15, 1919, in coll. Cornell U. Coloring as in Fig. 89, wings above a trifle more orange yellow. E. nise stygma Boisduval J', Peru, in coll, author. Wings above yellow, slightly tinted Avith orange, bor- ders dark broAvn, secondaries outAvardly suffused with light orange. Primaries beneath light yelloAv, paler at inner margin, costa narrowly red, apex broadly red. Secondaries beneath dnll orange yelloAV, outer margin and spot on apex reddish, marking and discocellular dots fuscous. E. nise stygma Boisdiwal 5, Peru, in coll, author. Col- oring as in male, reddish and fuscous markings be- neath more intense. E. nise perimede Prittwitz J', Cartago, Costa Rica, in coll, author. Coloring as in nise nise J', Fig. 91. Note discocellular dot on primary beneath. E. nise perimede Prittwitz 2, Truxillo Distr., Honduras, in coll, author. Wings above slightly lighter yellow than in male. Markings on secondaries beneath more distinct; sometimes a pinkish apical spot. E. V. venusta Felder J', Grenada, B. W. I., July 13, 1927, in coll, author. Primaries above slightly orange yellow, secondaries above yellowish-white, borders dark brown. Wings beneath pale yellow, primaries whitish on inner margin, secondaries Avith fuscous markings. E. V. venusta Felder J', Roseau Valley, Dominica, B. W. I., Nov. 18, 1920, in coll. Cornell U. Primaries aboA^e lemon yelloAv, secondaries aboA^e paler yelloAv. 162 December, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Fig. 97. Fig. 98. Fig. 99. Fig. 100. Fig. 101. Wings beneath as in Fig. 95, fuscous markings fainter. E. venusta Felder 2, R. Amazon, Brazil, in coll, author. Primaries above yellowish-white, secondaries above white, border dark brown. Primaries beneath yellow- ish-white, costa, apex and outer margin tinted with yellow. Secondaries beneath white, marginally tinted with yellow, discocellular dots and some very faint markings fuscous. E. venusta Felder 2, Castries, St. Lucia, B. I., Sept. 10-12, 1919, in coll. Cornell LT. Wings above yellow- ish-white, border dark brown. Wings beneath as in Fig. 97. E. vemista limhia Felder Bolivar, Venezuela, Aug. 22, in coll, author. Primaries above yellow, secondaries above white, border dark brown. Wings beneath light yellow, secondaries with discocellular dots and very faint markings, fuscous. E. adamsi Lathy 2, Jamaica, in coll, author. AVings be- neath light yellow, slightly tinted with ochraceous, inner margin of primaries whitish, apex of primaries and whole of secondaries reticulated with reddish ochraceous. E. pseudomorplia Klots holotype c2, Bolivia, in coll. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia. Color description un- der Pig. 34. 163 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX (n. s.), No. 3, PI. I PI. I. All figures x i. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Voi. IX (n. s.), No= 3, PI. II PL II. All figures X2/3. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX (n. s.), No. 3, PL III PL III. All figures X2/3. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol IX (n. s.), No. 3, PI. IV PI. IV. All figures x 2/3. i VOL. IX (New Series) MARCH, 1929 No. 4 SMiKSjjIto,,-,;., A Journal of Entom^ogy. .4.. PUBLISHED BY THE Oil f ^9Ss BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor E. L. BELL GEO. P. ENGELHARDT Published Quarterly for the Society by the Science Press, Lime and Green Sts., Lancaster, Pa. Price of this number, $2.00 Subscription, $4.00 per year Date of Issue November 27, 1929 Application for entry as second-class matter under the Act of March 3, 1879, made .Tune 15. 1926, at the Postoffice at Lancaster, Pa. AmerigAna VoL. IX (n. s.) Brooklyn, N. Y., March, 1929 No. 4 The Biology of the White Pine Weevil, Pissodes Strobi (Peck), and A Study of Its Insect Parasites from an Economic Viewpoint BY RAYMOND L. TAYLOR Assistant Forest Entomologist, Maine Forest Service In charge, Entomological Laboratory, Bar FLarbor, Maine. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE General introduction 167 The Host The biology of the white pine weevil 169 The Parasites Breeding methods, apparatus, general data secured 206 The Several Parasites : Introduction 227 Eurytoma pissocUs Gir 228 Lonchaea corticis Taylor 237 For the Following Pages See No. 1, Vol. X Microhr'acon pini Maes 1 Eupelmus pini Taylor 12 Rhopalicus pulchripennis (Cwfd.) 17 Coeloides pissoidis (Ashm.) 22 Calliephialtes nuhilipennis (Vier.) 26 Spathius sp 30 Pleurotr'opia n. sp 30 Eucolia sp 33 Hemiteles liumeralis Prov 35 Parasites reported by other investigators 35 Parasites obtained incidentally in this study 38 Insect predators 40 Nematodes 44 The feasibility of applied parasitism 46 Acknowledgements 53 Summary 54 Bibliography 73 March, 1929 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA THE BIOLOGY OF THE WHITE PINE WEEVIL, PIS- SODES STROBI (PECK), AND A STUDY OF ITS INSECT PARASITES FROM AN ECONOMIC VIEWPOINT^ Raymond L. Taylor General Introduction For a long period, the white pine weevil has been a serious enemy of the white pine, Pinus strobus; and this preferred food plant is an exceedingly valuable tree wherever, and whenever, it has occurred. The American colonists were familiar with the virtues of white pine and depended upon its excellent timber for their ships, homes and furniture; it was the chief export of New England; it was, indeed, so well thought of that in Massachusetts the white pine was emblazoned upon both an issue of coinage and a colonial banner. The colonists did not notice the weevil, how- ever, and under the natural conditions of virgin mixed forests, Pissodes could not have been as abundant as it is now. White pine, with its rapid growth, its high yield and its great range of utility, is needed to-day more than formerly and, in response to the stimulus of a great demand, this pine has been so extensively planted in pure stands that, paradoxically, the entire supply of Pinus strobus has suffered a great decrease in quality and quantity. This is readily appreciated when it is realized that the weevil, like any enemy of a given food plant, tends to become more numerous when concentrations of its food are made available over wider areas. Of all the enemies of the white pine, the two which unquestion- ably are most important are the white pine bliter rust, Cronartium ribicola Fischer and the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck). Since it has been a debatable point wdiich of these is the more pernicious, it may not be amiss, briefly, to compare them. While the blister rust is eventually fatal, its distribution is not coincident with the range of the pine and it is of particular significance that the thorough eradication of nearby Ribes offers a positive and com- plete control. The weevil, on the other hand, should be considered ^ Contributions from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey Institution, Harvard University, No. 316. A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Bussey Institution in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Science in Applied Biology, Harvard University. 167 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 4 the more destructive^ because its ravages, while not fatal, are responsible for an enormous loss in prime timber; it occurs, in general, wherever white pine is found ; and there is no single posi- tive control nor any likely possibility of its extermination. The injuries caused by this curculio are so obvious that the feasibility of further plantings of white pine has been questioned by many foresters. Pissodes strobi has been known for more than a century; the amount of work done upon it is large and there have resulted therefrom, a number of suggestions for its control. Many of the methods suggested are much too expensive or otherwise inexpedient. The role of its parasites, however, while usually conceded to be im- portant, has been neglected until recently. This study was under- taken as an attempt to fill this gap in the biology of Pissodes. It is realized that only a beginning has been made, but it is hoped that the conclusions derived from the data secured may be of value. The major portion of this paper deals with the results of observa- tions and the breeding of insect parasites from September, 1926, to May, 1929, near Forest Hills, Boston, Mass., and environs.^ Some observations have been made at Petersham, Mass., and at Boyce, Clark County, Va. Most of the field observations were made at the Stony Brook and Blue Hills Reservations of the Massa- chusetts District Commission near Roslindale and Milton; a ma- jority of the parasite material was collected there. Material has been studied from other states, viz., Maine, New Hampshire, Ver- mont, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Mary- land, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Michigan. This paper divides naturally into the following parts : A. THE HOST I. The Biology of the White Pine Weevil This part is primarily historical and comprises a summation of the work done on the life history of the pest and the various control measures advocated. An attempt has been made to unify and ^ Britton (1920) states that the white pine weevil causes more damage to young pines in Connecticut than any other agent. Blackman (1916) considers that “. . . the insect is by all odds the most serious enemy of the white pine in New York and ad- jacent states.” ^ Milton, Dedham, Brookline, Newton, Winchester, Stoneham, North Beverly and Hingham. 168 March, 1929 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA arrange the data compiled from the various sources for ready comparison. Criticisms have been made, corroborations and dis- agreements with published work are included, and some new observations and data have been added in their logical position. The intention has been to bestow credit where it belongs and if there are omissions of this sort they are unintentional. B. THE INSECT PARASITES I. Breeding Methods, Apparatus, and General Data Secured This section is an arbitrary grouping of what the title states. Data pertaining to the parasites collectively are tabulated here for emphasis and convenience. II. The Several Parasites Here are included the biologies of the forms definitely parasitic upon Pissodes st7'ol)i, in so far as they were determined, a list of other parasites obtained, and a list of those obtained by other workers from similar material but not obtained in the course of this study. Predators and miscellaneous agents in the natural control of the weevil are briefly discussed. Data which are specific rather than collective may be found in this section under the head- ings of the several parasites. III. A Discussion of the Feasibility op Applied Parasite Control of Pissodes strobi This subject is made a separate section because of its economic importance. It is based directly upon what is given in the pre- ceding two parts. The practical significance of the findings of this study is dealt with and a speculation concerning the possibilities in the importation of foreign forms is made. All summaries and bibliographies are grouped and appended. A. THE HOST I. The Biology op the White Pine Weevil Introduction As pointed out, the white pine weevil is the most serious enemy of Finns strohus in most localities where the tree occurs. It has been conservatively estimated that in New York and New England from 70 to 90 per cent of all white pines are weeviled before they are 15 years old.^ Though the trees are not killed, save in very rare ^ Graham (1926), p. 6. 169 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 4 instances, they are spoiled both esthetically and commercially. The damage, briefly, consists of the production of crooked trees as a direct result of the death of the leaders. The depredations of the weevil are controlled in the field by a series of interacting factors such as insect parasites, birds, insect predators, and other ‘‘ecologi- cal” agents ; limitations in the food supply afforded by the leaders result in the starvation of a very high percentage of the early instar weevil larvae. Suggestions of many types of artificial con- trol have been made in the literature and these will be taken up at their proper place. Synonymy Rhynchaenus strohi Pissodes nemorensis Pissodes strohi Pissodes strohi Pissodes strohi Pissodes strohi Pissodes strohi Pissodes strohi Peck (1817) Say (1831) Say (1831) Say (1859) Gemminger and Harold (1871) Le Conte and Horn (1876) Hopkins (1911) Blatchley andLeng (1916) Pissodes strohi has been confused with P. wehhi Hopk. (Champion, 1902), P. fiskei Hopk. (Packard, 1890) in catalogs, and P. approximatus Hopk. and P. ajfinis Randall, as well as Hylohius pales Boh., have been mistaken for it both in the litera- ture and by collectors. History In a very interesting record in the Massachusetts Agricultural Repository and Journal for January, 1817, Professor W. D. Peck of Harvard University gives an account of a weevil, Rhynchaenus strohi, “. . . which destroys the leading shoot of the Weymouth Pine.” No one interested in the white pine weevil should neglect to read Peck’s description of the destruction caused by this native pest, and his style, moreover, is a refreshing change from that of some of our present day technical papers. In this account, which is the earliest authentic record, the curculionid is described, figured, and named, while an unknown ichneumonid parasite is also figured. This account is further interesting in that it is one of the first in which any injurious native insect was described. 170 March, 1929 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Since 1817 the weevil has been studied by a number of entomolo- gists, notably Harris (1841), Fitch (1857), who worked out the general facts of the life cycle, Packard (1890), who elaborated upon this knowledge, Hopkins (1907), Peirson (1922), Graham (1926), MacAloney (1926), and Barnes (unpublished). Felt (1906, 1915), Britton (1920), and others have made contributions. Hopkins achieved a very well done piece of work on the biology of Pissodes and was the first to suggest that the parasites be sal- vaged from pruned leaders. Peirson handled the biology of the weevil adequately enough for his purpose ; Graham, has given Pissodes a very lucid and inclusive treatment and has made valu- able experiments on its control; both Graham and Peirson have made notes on the parasites; MacAloney ’s work corroborated Graham on control to a large extent and he was the first to surmise how the weevil attains the white pine leaders; Barnes has made some very interesting studies, primarily along anatomical and phy- siological lines.^ It is apparent that this curculionid has long been destructive and has merited the considerable amount of attention it has received. Under the present conditions of small wood lots and much dimin- ished natural stands of Pinus strohus in process of replacement by new, and frequently pure, plantations, it is likewise apparent that, unless adequate control measures are found, the further increase of the weevil may be expected. Distribution In general, Pissodes strobi is found coincident with the natural range of white pine. It is widespread and abundant throughout the southeastern portion of Canada, New England, New York, the Ap- palachian forest zone, Michigan, and parts of Wisconsin and Minne- sota. It is found sporadically, or occasionally, in other states such as Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, and Ohio, and in scattered localities, west- ward to the Rockies. It is most important in New England, the states bordered by the Great Lakes, and Maryland.'® It is of interest that large quantities of young white pines have been exported to ^ Some work with parasitism has been done by Barnes and his parasite distribution data will, by his offer and permission, be in- cluded in this paper. MacAloney has also bred out a number of weevil parasites. His similarly unpublished parasite distribution data will, by his offer and permission, be included herein. ® A map may be found in Hopkins’s (1911) paper. 171 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 4 Japan within the past ten years and that the plantations there are now heavily infested with Pissodes strohi. Host Plants Pinus strohus is by far the favored food of the weevil and all other host trees are exceptions to a general preference. Picea ahies (P. excelsa) and Pinus sylvestris are commonly attacked. When trees other than Pinus strohus are attacked, they often are found to have been mixed with, or adjacent to, infested white pines. It is very probable that native pines and spruces, other than those given in the following table, will be found to be attacked by the white pine weevil. Other species of the genus Pissodes are common on conifers throughout the range of P. strohi. P. approximatus is found in Table 1 Host Plants of Pissodes strol)i Choice Species Noted by: Date First White pine Pinus strohus * All workers 1817-now Second Norway spruce Picea ahies * Graham, Peirson, et al. 1926 1922 Commonly Scotch pine ..Pinus sylvestris * Graham, Peirson, et al. 1926 1922 Occasionally Pitch pine P. rigida Hopkins 1911 i ( Jack pine P. hanlcsiana Hopkins 1911 i ( Labrador pine P. divaricata Blatchley 1916 i ( Infrequently Red pine P. resinosa Graham 1926 Reported Japanese pine P. densiflora Peirson 1922 ( i Himalayan cedar.. ...Cedrus deodara Currie 1905 ( i Red spruce Picea ruhra Hopkins 1911 ( i White spruce P. glauca Peirson 1929 ( i ® Balsam fir ....Ahies halsamea Packard 1890 ( 1 ® Eastern hemlock.. canadensis Packard 1890 Noted in this study. ® The records of balsam fir and eastern hemlock as food plants of Pissodes strohi have been questioned by Graham (1926) who be- lieves that Packard, in his writings, has confused other species of Pissodes with the white pine weevil. No one since has corroborated the record of the former, but Peirson, verbally, has reported the weevil in Tsuga. 172 March, 1929 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA the thick bark of the trunk, stumps, logs, and the bases of saplings of a number of pines ; P. affinis has often been taken in similar sites ; and P. nemorensis is found on the bark of several pines south of Pennsylvania. As might be expected, these and others are occa- sionally mistaken for the white pine weevil but, if the relative size and general characters do not readily aid in the correct determina- tion, the habits are at once an apt and conclusive means of identi- fication. In the natural range of Pinus strohus, only Pissodes strohi will be found associated with the terminal shoots^ (although it may be temporarily or accidentally present on the trunk or laterals).® Character of Injuries A young white pine with the apical portion brown, dry, and withered, is apt to be a weeviled one ; if the shoot is more or less riddled with holes, there can be no doubt about it. With a light in- festation, the injury to the leader usually does not extend below the topmost whorl of lateral branches; under ordinary conditions, the destruction of the leader below this whorl is common; in heavy in- festations, weeviling may destroy the shoot below the second and even the third whorl. Extreme cases, where the twelfth whorl from the top had been reached, have been noted. It is important to bear in mind that the amount of a year’s growth, and hence the height of the leader and the distance between Avhorls, varies with the stand. Leaders which measure three feet are common in lo- calities favorable for white pine ; those at Stony Brook were seldom over 18 inches and often less. It is evident that, if the distance ^ In California, Hopping (1920) reports a new species, P. ter- minalis, which mines the leaders of Pinus contorta; also in the west, P. sitchensis Hopk. and P. engelmanni Hopk., according to Hop- kins (1911), destroy the terminal shoots of Picca sitchensis and P. engelmanni respectively. All other members of the genus in the U. S., so far as is known, are primarily bark feeders in mature trees. ® Peirson (1922) says, ‘Hn the original primeval forest that at one time covered New England, the weevil is thought by some en- tomologists to have lived largely iu the mature pines, boring into the sapwood of dying trees and only occasionally attacking the lead- ers of young pine. ... To some extent it has probably retained this habit of attacking mature pine and spruce. ...” If this hypothesis is correct, it follows that some Aveevils might have been observed reverting to the older habit. No investigator has reported such an observation yet, phylogenetically, the present specialized habit is very probably derived as suggested. 173 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 4 weeviled is rather definite, the loss of a whorl is to a large extent dependent upon the previous vigor of the attacked tree. Lateral branches are often occupied by a few weevil larvae that have entered from the leader and, in heavy infestations, thirty or more grubs may be found in their basal parts. It is noteworthy that laterals without larval mines are killed as surely as those oc- cupied if the leader has been weeviled to any point below the nodus of that whorl. It is equally striking that, if only four or five larvae mine a leader of average thickness, the death of all that portion above their operations is just as certain as in the cases where the lethal minimum is exceeded, though the extent of injury and the rapidity of destruction may be greater with the larger number of larvae. It is difficult to estimate the ‘‘average’’ number of larvae in a shoot® in a typical infestation : An incidental count of grubs in 116 shoots from wddely separated localities gave a mean of 25.8. Over one hundred fifty large-sized larvae in a single shoot have been counted. It is apparent that there is usually present a large sur- plus of weevils over the number necessary to accomplish the de- struction of the leader, and all methods of control must reckon with this fact. Indeed, more often than not, there are many more larvae in a terminal shoot than can be supported by the available food supply. The manner in which the injuries are effected is as follows: From the points of oviposition, which range from the extreme tip of the leader to several feet below the terminal bud cluster, the newly-hatched larvae begin to mine in the cortex, phloem, and cambium. Very quickly, the majority of the larvae burrow down- ward, and as they grow they consume and occupy all the tissues between the true bark and the xylem. When their food require- ments, which Barnes has found to be from .5 to 1 g. per larva, are satisfied, they then bore inward into the wood and excavate a cell in which to pupate. Since, the cambium, phloem, and cortex are consumed, and much of the xylem cut across, the leader is killed by a summation of physiological deficiencies. ® An easy method of determining the approximate number of weevil larvae in a given series of leaders is to immerse in water each shoot, which has been cut an inch or so below the frontier of weevil advance; as the larvae descend they emerge from the cut end, are drowned, and sink to the bottom of the container where they may be counted. (This method cannot include the larvae which, for various reasons, fail to emerge from the cut end.) 174 March, 1929 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA When a leader is destroyed, the laterals of the topmost nn- weeviled whorl are stimulated to compete for supremacy. If one lateral succeeds in ‘‘taking the growth”, a characteristic bayonet- shaped trunk results; two laterals, which are equally successful, produce a forked tree ; or, commonly, a parity of growth of all the laterals causes a bushy ‘ ‘ cabbage pine ’ Successive weeviling pro- duces various combinations of the above results of the laterals’ competitive growth and subsequent “ straightening up”. Trees, with one initially successful lateral, followed by years of unweeviled growth, may overcome the bayonet-shape tendency but, otherwise, they are rendered worthless for spars or good lumber; the timber, in the cases of repeated weeviling especially, is seriously decreased in value for any use beyond pail and tub stock, inferior box stock, fuel, and the like. It shordd be evident that the loss in height caused by normal weeviling in any year is always more than the tree would have added since, invariably, more or less of the pre- ceding growth is destroyed as well as the terminal bud cluster. Repeated weeviling may not only bring growth to a standstill but may actually, in extreme cases, shorten the tree annually. Mac- Aloney (1926) reports the case of a 60 year pine, 66 feet tall, which had been weeviled 67 times. The acme in cabbage pines is prob- ably the one noted by Blackman and Ellis (1916) where, after repeated weevilings, 75 or more struggling leaders were observed. The loss of height growth, in terms of all the trees on a given tract, means a consequent retardation of the development of the stand itself and is a factor of great importance in the economics of tim- ber production. Other less common and less important injuries are suggested by Graham’s (1926) note of a secondary injury in increased snow breakage due to the greater capacity of weeviled and bushy trees for holding snow, and the observation by several writers that the adult weevils, when they feed upon emergence, may weaken the tree to some extent. Kellicott (1879) made an observation that weeviled trees are more susceptible to attacks of the pine top moth, Dioi'yctria (Pinipestis) (Nephopterix) zimmermani (Grote) but his “pine weevil,” orange larvae, which were found to winter in the larval condition and to feed on the bark of mature trees, are obviously not Pissodes strohi. In this study, Dioryctria zimmer- mani was never observed in weeviled leaders. The first indications of impending injury by Pissodes strohi are evident in Massachusetts usually in late April or May when the adults may be found feeding or in copula on the terminal bud clus- 175 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 4 ters or on the shoots just below these clusters. Small perforations in the bark, with exuding droplets of clear pitch, may be noted. These feeding and egg-laying punctures later become less apparent as the pitch glazes over and becomes white. The dark green bark gradually turns brown and becomes thin and smooth-looking as the whole shoot is increasingly desiccated. When the thin, smooth bark assumes a mahogany color, the needles begin to turn a life- less, light brown. Birds may tear at the paper-thin bark in search of the larvae just underneath and may expose the dark brown frass. and whitish wood fibers characteristic of weevil work. Bulges un- der the bark in July indicate that the larvae are excavating pupal cells. From late July to early September, circular exit holes, about 2.5 to 3 mm., often with frass and wood chips sifting out, appear in the mahogany bark. By this time the whole top of the tree is dead and the needles, which have browned during the summer, begin to fall in September. The exact iDoint in the leader where weeviling has ceased may be readily determined by the difference in the color and the appearance of the bark. During the winter and the following year, the dead shoot bleaches while the laterals compete for the replacement of the leader. If the old terminal shoot is well riddled, it usnally breaks off, otherwise, it remains a decaying snag. The injury to Scotch pine or to Norway spruce is accomplished in the same way as in the white pine, though the evidences of weevil infestation are not so striking, the general wilted appearance of the leader is a fair indication (if frost injury is not suspected) and the presence of exit holes make the cause of the condition certain. Conditions of Injury The white pine weevil is remarkably consistent in its choice of conditions for repeating the life cycle and this specificity indicates the operation of physical and physiological factors to a degree not yet completely measured. It is the young pines, principally, which are attacked by the insect. Graham (1926) puts the first attack of the weevil at a tree age of five to seven years, or when the pine is about two to three feet high, with the maximum susceptibility when the tree is 12 to 18 years old, and a virtual immunity to at- tack when the tree attains an age of 25 to 30. Peirson (1922) states that ‘‘the majority of weeviling in pure open pine plantations oc- curs when the pines are between the heights of two and twelve feet.” MacAloney (1926) agrees with the foregoing and has found 176 March, 1929 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA that '^at a height of 60 feet weeviling is practically negligible.” He has found, however, occasional infested leaders at 88 feet. The lower limit of range is nursery stock, as noted by Britton (1920). It was noted, incidental!}^, on the Stony Brook tract that, in agree- ment with the above, weeviling under four feet was exceptional and that the maximum infestation occurred at seven to twelve feet or about ten years old.^° There seems to be no doubt that, within a given height or age class, the weevil i3refers the more vigorous or rapidly growing leaders, as pointed out by Graham (1926). This preference ob- viously results favorably to the insect, when the greater amount of material to be mined in a longer terminal shoot (before the whorl is reached) is considered. The factors responsible for such a deli- cate choice have not been discovered but the tendency is apparent. The matter of tree selection by Pissodes, in general, may be considered as the resultant of a number of physiological factors including positive phototropism and negative geotropism. Holding this, it may be further considered, logically, that the majority of weeviled trees should be the tallest trees of a plantation, these, too, where the light is best. The only reasonable exception to this can be where the weevil is so abundant that the trees tend to be infested en masse and, in this case, the majority of the weeviled trees are in the common height class solely because the taller trees are in the minority. Thus, such cases in no way nullify observations that, in moderate infestations, the (highest) trees receiving the most in- solation are the chief targets of weevil oviposition. This habit of being attracted to the best trees causes more harm than the dam- age to the optimum trees themselves, inasmuch as the development of the whole stand tends to be retarded by a slowing down of the natural thinning out process. In this manner, the slower growing trees, instead of being surpassed, manage to take even terms with the previously more vigorous but now weeviled trees, and the rate of growth for the stand as a whole is reduced by the retardation, or even stagnation, of a natural competitive growth. The relative importance of the height of the trees, their rate of growth, and the manner in which the weevils reach the leaders, have been discussed by several writers: Peirson (1922) assumed that the height of the pine was the more important factor. He based tliis view upon the assumption that the weevils fly over a These figures refer, of course, to pines whose yearly growth is substantially less than is the case with those growing at a higher elevation and farther from the seacoast, as at Petersham, Mass. 177 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 4 stand and are attracted by the tallest trees. Graham (1926), while he has no evidence to disprove this assumption, relates banding' experiments which indicate that the weevils crawl up the trunk; his field observations would seem to show that a rapidly-growing, shorter tree was preferred to a slower-growing, taller tree.^^ Mac- Aloney (1926) also banded trees and reasoned with acumen that both Graham and Peirson are correct as far as they have gone. He says, “Thus we find that the weevils may get to the leader by one of three ways, crawling up the stem from the ground, fiying to any part of the tree itself and then crawling up the rest of the way, and by fiying directly to the leader itself.’’ Barnes has corrobor- ated this hypothesis rather conclusively since he has found that the weevils reach the leaders just as described. The matter of which is more important in weevil attraction, height or rate of growth of the tree, is still unsettled. The rate of increase in Pissodes infestation from year to year is a phase of interest to all workers, economic or otherwise, who are naturally concerned in what may be expected the following season in a weeviled tract. Peirson (1922) states that, “As a general rule the percentage of trees weeviled each year is approximately the same ...” but some of the data gathered by others do not cor- roborate this. MacAloney (1926) reported data as follows: 1925 1926 Check plots around Plot 1 37% 57% Check plots around Plot 2 21% 35% or rates of 1.54 and 1.66 times the 1925 infestation, respectively. These check plots may have been, and probably were, influenced by the plots where the trees were banded but an increase of infes- tation in 1926 over 1925 is evident. In the banded plots, however, there was a “substantial decrease in per cent of weeviling over the previous year’s infestation.”^^ Graham’s (1926) data, expressed The frequent condition is that rapid growth and superior height are concomitant, and this is conspicuous, of course, in even aged stands. 12 1925 1926 decrease Plot 1 51% 12% 39% Plot 2 27% 15% 12% 178 March, 1929 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA graphically, not in per cents but in number of trees per acre, ran as follows : Infestation < i 1910 1911 about { i 18 trees 105 “ or 5.83 X that of 1910; i i 1912 i c 66 “ ( ( .62 X “ “ 1911; ( ( 1913 ( < 96 “ ( ( 1.45 X “ “ 1912; ( i 1914 ( c 165 “ i i 1.71 X “ “ 1913; i i 1915 ( ( 250 “ i ( 1.51 X “ “ 1914. Average for five years, 2.26 x the infestation of the previous year. The year 1915 had an infestation 13.8 times that of 1910 but this high rate is very misleading in that the trees of 1910 were but 2.5 feet high and were rapidly becoming increasingly susceptible. Since the trees were so small Graham drew no conclusions other than the obvious ‘‘increase of the intensity of weevil infestation with height growth. ... No attempt to estimate the rate of increase of infestation for the Stony Brook tract was made in view of the virtually complete removal of parasites and the effect this would have had on the normal rate of increase. A comparison of the rates of increase before and after the removal of the parasites would have been illuminative but this was not feasible. The acceptance of the rates of new infestation given above should be regarded with caution since so many variables enter that are not considered in these fig- ures. It suffices, probably, to conclude that there is a tendency for the weevil to increase each year unless artificial control, unfavor- able weather, a rise in the number of parasites, or some other agency compensates. An intensive estimate beyond the scope of one in- dividual and in several contrasted localities would be interesting but probably of little value unless a general formula could be de- rived. There are obvious difficulties attached to the evaluation of the variables which must be considered in the derivation of such an expression. Description The adult. The adult is an oblong, ovoid beetle ranging from 4 to 6.5 mm. in length, most of them nearer 6 mm., heavily chit- inized and consequently hard to the touch; the entire body and legs are reddish light brown to darker brown in color; the elytra are marked more or less distinctly with areas of light yellowish It is only fair to mention that Barnes, in his unpublished thesis, utilized these data in much the same way. 179 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 4 and whitish scales on the posterior third near the median margins. The thorax, femora, and the venter may or may not possess other small patches of the whitish, cylindrically triangular scales, but the thorax usually has several small round spots, while single scales are scattered over the ventral aspect of the abdomen. The head is elongated to form the slender, cylindrical rostrum typical of the Cnrcnlionidae ; it is as long as the thorax in the female and slightly shorter in the male ; the antennae are inserted on each side very near the middle of the rostrum. The length of the head and thorax combined is slightly less than that of the wing covers; they are rather regularly and densely punctate; the elytra are covered with parallel striae which contain rows of pits that are larger and deeper than the thoracic pnnctations; the elytra are somewhat broader than the thorax at its widest point, with parallel sides for the an- terior two thirds, converging to an apex posteriorly. The legs are strong, snb-eqnal, with tibiae that possess an incurved spine at the apex of each, with short, broad, four-segmented tarsi, and with simple tarsal claws. The egg. The eggs range about .8 x .5 mm. in size,’^^ are slightly to considerably oblong, equally rounded at both ends and, when first laid, are a pearly white in color and possess a certain degree of translncency. The larva. The footless larva is a creamy white, often with a yellowish cast, and shows considerable variation in the proportion of thickness to length during its developmental period. A full grown larva is about 1.4 mm. thick and 7.5 to 8 mm. long, although many that pupate are smaller than this. The head, which is some- what narrower than the body, is a conspicuous feature as it is hard, a light brown, and polished; the two small eye spots are black and distinctly visible; the ventral anterior of the head is a darker brown and the mouth parts are dark brown to black. The body appears divided by a number of convolutions in the epidermis, with bulges between the constrictions due to the large amount of subdermal fat ; however, three thoracic and nine abdominal seg- One hundred eggs averaged .788 x .488 mm. Peirson (1922) gives the egg as measuring 1.5 mm., which is about twice the size of the eggs observed. Britton (1920) says that according to Felt (1915), the egg . . is globular, whitish, transparent, about one- sixteenth of an inch in diameter ...” This is also about twice as large as the eggs seen, and they were not globular. For the sake of accuracy, the above number of eggs were measured. It may be noted that a fair degree of uniformity in size was found. 180 March, 1929 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA ments may be distinguished. The first thoracic and the abdominal segments, except the posterior one, bear a round, light brown spiracle on each side. Sparse, colorless hairs are distributed over the dorsal and pleural areas. A pulsating, somewhat, darker, nar- row area, lying anteriorly-posteriorly along the middle of the dor- sum, indicates the position of the heart. The pupa. The pupa, at first, is white to creamy ; pigmentation occurs gradually, the eyes and mandibles first becoming brown, then black; the legs and snout ‘‘color up” next until, finally, the adult coloration is obtained. The grooves in the elytra are marked and a conspicuous feature is the pair of sharp, slightly curved spines which project from the ventral posterior of the abdomen. The length corresponds to that of the adult, or 4 to 6.5 mm. Life Cycle Pissodes sti^ohi has but one generation a year and the greater part of its life cycle is spent in the adult condition. If, in general, the weevil lives several years as do some other members of the genus, and as originally suggested by Hopkins (1907) and dis- cussed by Graham (1926), the adult stage is thus greatly prolonged. If the weevil is actively reproductive three, or even two, seasons, it is potentially a much more difficult pest to control than appre- ciated. No explicit data in regard to this point have yet been obtained. The exact time of appearance in the spring, oviposition, egg- hatching, pupation, emergence, and the like, cannot be given a defi- nite calendar date for the obvious reason that the weather varies considerably from year to year. Thus it might seem more accurate to correlate initial weevil activity with the development of common flora, as did Graham (1926),^^ but even this is unreliable. Barnes put the first w^eevil appearance when the mean temperature reaches 60° F. Since the time of first appearance varies from year to year with the advance of the flora in the spring, it is apparent that Pis- sodes responds more quickly to a rising temperature and is, more- over, less dependent upon rainfall than the flora. Thus some tem- Graham correlated the appearance of the first adults in 1915 at Ithaca, N. Y., with the flora when, “Of the deciduous trees only the cherries were beginning to put forth leaves . . . American elms had begun to set fruit . . . the shadbush and the aspens were in full bloom . . . (while) oaks and hickories showed scarcely any sign of activity.” 181 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 4 perature scale may well be devised for the seasonal activities of the curculionid. In the spring of 1927 at Stony Brook, the first weevils were noted ovipositing May 15, after the oaks were in full foliage; they were numerous one week later. The coolness of the first part of the month undoubtedly retarded the appearance of Pissodes. In 1928, same locality, the first weevils were seen April 7. This was before any of the deciduous trees were in bloom. The following excerpt of the daily temperatures, as recorded by the United States Weather Bureau at Boston, shows the effect of a warm period in advance of the usual gradual rise and agrees with Barnes’ conclusion : Table 2 Temperature for Early April, 1928, Boston, Mass, Date Maximum Minimum Mean 1 40 31 36 2 44 29 36 3 56 35 46 4 61 43 52 5 84 42 63 6 82 52 67 7 76 54 65 8 70 45 58 9 50 37 44 A colder period drove the weevils back into the surface litter and, except for sporadic appearances, they were not abundant on the shoots until May 3, when oviposition was first noted. It would seem quite probable that ovipostion in normal amount would have begun at the early April date if the warm period had been pro- longed a few days more. A comparison of data taken with respect to the life cycle is tabulated (Table 3) for convenience. There are several important features in the life cycle and these include the most surprising correlation between the length of the various phases and the climatic conditions, especially temperature, the lack of accuracy of calendar dates in predictions, and the spread of weevil activity, e.g., oviposition occurring over a six weeks period is common (the extremes noted in 1928 were May 3 and July 11) ; it is the usual thing to find stages weeks apart in shoots from the same stand, and, commonly, even in the same shoot. 182 March, 1929 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Table 3 Calendar of Pissodes Life Cycle Stage Ithaca, N. Y., H5 Graham (1926) Conn., ’19, Britton (1920) Stony Brook, Mass., ’27 Stony Brook, Mass., ’28 First appear- ance April 26 About May 1 May 15 (Prob- ably May 12) April 7 Oviposition April 2 7- July 6 “A few days later” May 15 to mid- June May 3 to July 11 Hatching 6 to 14 days, 6 to 10 days 10 days or About 19 days^'^ time (May 3-11) more; May 25 on May 22 on Larvae start (June 3) Majority by First case July pupal cell As a rule in less than July 15 4; (probably July 1-3) Larvae re- 14 days; pupae two months 16 days ; About 10 to 14 main in pupal cell seen June 17 pupae seen August 1 days Pupation ‘‘About 12 “About 10 About 14 days About 12 days; period days ’ ’ days ’ ’ first adult August 9 first adult July 13 Adults Mid- July into Latter July Aug. 15 into See Table 4 emerge October into Sept. September Feeding period ‘ ‘ A short time ’ ’ A few days A few days Pre-hiber- nation Not distil iguished Until the mean 1 below 60° F. temperature drops The following table is based upon 335 weeviled leaders caged from July 11 to Sept. 22 (Table 4). The time element has been emphasized since it is of vital import in regard to parasitism. Parasites more or less sensitive to thermal changes than Pissodes may fail to be at their proper stage of de- Parenthesis indicate that the date has been estimated. It is possible that other larvae in the eld hatched more quickly but it is indicated that the hatching period may be considerably pro- longed by cool weather. 183 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol.IX, No. 4 Table 4 Emergence of Adult Pissodes in 1928 Date No. Date No. Date No. Date No. July 31 1 Aug. 13 205 Aug. 26 96 Sept. 8 3 Aug. 1 0 14 190 27 50 9 7 ■ 2 2 15 :170 28 40 10 0 3 2 16 150 29 28 11 4 4 6 17 185 30 37 12 7 5 8 18 175 31 16 13 7 6 12 19 310 Sept. 1 10 14 0 7 27 20 181 2 7 15 0 8 63 21 142 3 9 16 0 9 72 22 176 4 13 17 2 10 120 23 101 5 6 11 168 24 102 6 1 12 175 25 104 7 4 velopment to oviposit when the weevil is in an optimum stage for parasitization. Thus it was found in the spring of 1927 that, un- der natural conditions, either the parasites appeared too early, or the weevils too late, for a maximum of parasitism to occur. The warm days of late April in that year brought out some of the para- sites before their host had appeared, or considerably in advance of weevil oviposition and the production of larvae large enough to be parasitized. It is evident that, under natural conditions, some of the parasites are able to survive a waiting period, or they find other acceptable hosts, but, under laboratory conditions, 'parasites not kept at an artificially lower temperature may not live until the time for parasitization is at hand. This single factor, then, may negate the possibilities of success in the manipulation of para- sitic forms in the laboratory. On the other hand, if the parasites come out a little later than “normal’’ they may find no hosts among Pissodes; in fact, it appears that the summer emergents in most cases are not able to parasitize the weevil because the sus- ceptible period of the latter has passed. Habits The possible dissemination of the adult weevil in the spring by flight is of considerable economic importance. It was not shown until recently whether Pissodes could fly. Peirson (1922) assumed that the weevils flew and says that the “Evidence all points to the 184 March, 1929 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA fact that the beetles usually fly over the plantations before egg laying.” Graham (1926) made a solitary observation: “This one occasion was in mid-afternoon of a warm day in the early spring of 1916. On that day many weevils were flying. They were strong fliers. . . . This unusual occurrence suggests the possibility of a short period of flight during early spring, whereby the weevil be- comes widely disseminated, followed by a period when it seldom if ever takes wing.” MacAloney (1926) has noted weevil flights and Barnes obtained some interesting data on the types of weevil flight, the conditions for the same, and the like; and he was able to keep in sight an individual weevil for about one hundred yards, which, when lost to view, was still on the wing and flying strongly. The question of distance flights is still unsettled. Whether by technical flight, or by the carrying power of the wind,^® there are indications, however, that the weevil is able to infest new territory at appreciable distances from the area of origin : 1. Specimens of Pissodes opproximatus Hopk. have been taken in the “wash-up”^® in early June near Nahant, Mass., by P. J. Darlington, Jr. It seems reasonable that the closely related P. strohi might be obtained in a similar situation and the time of col- lection corresponds to the general oviposition period of the genus. 2. An interesting note with a bearing upon the subject was re- lated by Mr. James Morris of the Massachusetts State Forester’s Ofbce. It appears that an open field, a former nursery, at East Sandwich, Cape Cod, Mass., was planted to white, red, and Scotch pine, while a few intermingled hardwoods were allowed to remain. This tract was free from weevils until 1921 and the trees, which ranged from four to nine years in age, had been growing vigorously. In this year, however, in the one season, a very heavy infestation of Pissodes developed. Since the plantation was at least 18 miles from the nearest white pine, according to the Forester’s Oflice rec- Barnes states that while the weevils do not initiate flight in a strong wind, they take off into a slight breeze and then turn and fly with it. It is not incredible that a freshening wind might make the flying weevils “involuntary” colonists in new tracts at some distance from the starting point. 19 The “wash-up” refers to the flotsam and jetsam, including the bodies of insects, thrown upon the beach by the waves. Insects, which have been taken out to sea by an offshore wind while on the wing and which have eventually fallen into the water, are thus made accessible to collectors. 185 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 4 ords, and the Cape Cod canal intervened, and with a consideration that snch a heavy infestation in one season would very probably not occur through accidental agencies of any other nature, the inference seems reasonable that a relatively large number of the beetles flew or were blown to the locality. The weevil may have been present in the pitch pine {Pinus rigida) so abundant on Cape Cod, but with the suddenness and severity of the attack, this ex- planation would not seem quite sufficient. It would seem that, since Pissodes does fly, the possibility that winds may take it long distances is always present. It must further be borne in mind that, while it is a relatively heavy weevil, the in- sect has the thoracic musculature of a strong flier. After a con- sideration of all such evidence which has been mentioned, it seems probable that Graham was correct when he presented the contin- gency that the weevil may become widely disseminated prior to, or during, oviposition. When the adults have attained the top of the leader in one of the ways mentioned previously, they feed on the meristematic tissue beneath the tender bark at the tip and upon the terminal bud cluster for a day or two. Males and females in copula for hours at a time during the feeding period are common and may be observed readily. After mating, the females oviposit progressively down the shoot while the males are found more or less nearby during the entire oviposition period. Most of the eggs are laid near the ex- treme tip of the leader, from the terminal bud cluster to a foot be- low, but punctures which contain eggs may be found a yard below the tip. Weevils which reach the leaders several weeks after the first heavy oviposition has occurred, usually begin their progressive downward oviposition in advance of, or below, the other eggs or hatched larvae. It is difficult to distinguish between punctures which contain eggs and lesions made by feeding since they are made in the same manner and are the same size. It is only by dissection of the leader or by a close watch of the acts of the female that a determination of which punctures contain eggs can be made. A small number of shoots taken at random at the height of the oviposition period, yielded an average of II feeding holes in the bud cluster, 43 feeding punctures in the leader, and 40 other punctures which contained 61 eggs. This agrees with MacAloney’s (1926) finding that '‘Roughly ... 75 per cent of the punctures contained eggs.’’ After a cavity is made with the mandibles, the female moves over the puncture so as too place the tip of her abdomen above it. 186 March, 1929 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA One, two, or three eggs are placed within the cavity, which is slightly larger than the contents. The complete process of excava- tion and oviposition requires at least 30 minutes and may extend over one hour. MacAloney (1926) says that the females each lay from 50 to 150 eggs, which are usually distributed between several leaders. Several females simultaneously ovipositing on the same leader is very common. MacAloney reports an average of about 125 eggs per shoot. In the process of development, the uniformly pearly white egg changes so that the middle portion is yellowish or cream while the ends appear to be filled with a hyaline liquid. When the eggs hatch, the first instar larvae at once begin the consumption of the succulent tissues which surround them. The heads of these larvae have no pigmentation and are soft ; internally, an amorphous yellow mass, reminiscent of the yellow band in the developing egg, is present. An interesting point is whether these larvae of Pissodes are posi- tively geotropic. Some of the larvae mine upward but the large majority mine downward; except in rare instances, those which do not mine downward fail to survive because of lack of food. It is believed that the weevil larvae are not positively geotropic, at least to any appreciable degree. This belief is based on the following grounds: (1) The direction of the first mines indicates that the larvae begin to feed in the directions they are pointed when they hatch. They mine laterally, in circles, or upward, apparently, as readily as downward at first and, if the competition is not too severe, such a course is not invariably disastrous for a pupal cell at, or near, the extreme tip of the leader has occasionally been found. Usually after a short time, however, when the pine tissues are less moist and the food at the tip more or less consumed, the larvae, apparently by ^ ‘ trial and error ’ find that the food is better and more abundant below the area of initial feeding. As more and more of the grubs take this direction, the alternative of eating downward becomes more and more necessary if starvation is to be avoided ; subsequently hatching larvae must mine downward at once or starve. (2) Thus, the presence or absence of, and the quality of, the food supply may be assumed, reasonably, to be at least one factor in the direction taken by the larvae. ( 3 ) Barnes inverted weeviled leaders and found that the larvae mined both upward and downward (4) Leaders kept in a horizontal position, incidentally in this study, have shown that the larvae, in general, continued to mine into the edible tissue or towards the thicker end. (5) What might seem alone a decisive 187 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 4 answer to this question is the behavior of the weevil larvae when they are crowded at a whorl. In such instances the larvae enter the laterals and mine outward and upward. These findings combined would seem to indicate an independence of positive geotropism, or, at least, its being of secondary importance in the behavior of the weevil larvae. The larvae feed voraciously and, according to Peirson (1922), di- gest their food in approximately one hour. Within a few days after hatching the typical weevil ^'ring” is formed. It is clear that, if the ring is incomplete, the larvae are often drowned in the profusion of exuding pitch but, if their numbers are sufficient to make a com- plete circle, the tissues are apparently consumed so rapidly that the output of pitch is much reduced. In this ring“° the larvae form one or more ranks with their bodies in virtually uninterrupted contact all the way around the leader. Behind the front ranks there may be several less regular and complete ranks, composed of fewer larvae, and behind these, stragglers are numerous. Competition for food is very intense and the rear rows, and especially the stragglers, find very little to eat unless they are able to enter the front row. Most of the larvae, which are unable to catch up, and those hatching behind the ring, starve to death ; indeed, it is estimated that 80 to 90 per cent of the immature larvae in the average” leader starve to death. Under these conditions cannibalism, as originally noted by Hopkins (1907), occurs. To find the mandibles and head of a larva embedded in the partly consumed body of another is not rare.^" Since the victims of this intraspecific destruction were doomed to starvation in any case, this cannibalistic habit is of no economic importance. It will also be shown, later, that the value of a para- site is lessened to the extent that it feeds upon these fore-doomed, partly grown larvae. The rate of weevil advance down the leader has been measured in the field by the simple method of sticking pins in the shoots at the frontiers of weevil progress and by making daily measurements from pin to pin. These readings were made at the time when most of the One factor which is responsible for the formation of the ring is that the progressive downward oviposition of the adult insures that the first-hatched larvae move into zones of later oviposition at about the time these eggs hatch and the ring is thus augmented as it progresses down the shoot. Many lethal injuries, which are unattended by any nutritive benefit, are also, inflicted upon one another by these larvae left marooned in groups in the frass. 188 March, 1929 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA larvae were about two weeks under maturity and the rate derived probably represents one close to the maximum. It may, of course, be assumed that when the larvae are younger and smaller their rate of advance will be less. It will be noted that a delay occurs in passing a whorl ; often a lateral is chosen in preference to continu- ing through the tougher tissue of the node. With a figure for the average maximum rate of advance and one for the average duration of larval feeding, it becomes possible to make a rough estimate of the probable average distance a series of given leaders will be destroyed. When this done it will very probably be found that white pines in Table 5 The Rate of Descent of the Leader by the Weevil Ring No. of tree 7 /lO 7/11 7/12 7/13 7/14 7/15 7/16 Average per shoot in centimeters 1 3.1 1.5 2.7 AF" 0.0 3.1 1.81* 2 .3 1.1 3.1 0.0 ah 0.0 1.5 .85 3 1.3 1.8 2.6 4l hh 0.0 2.4 1.74 4 1.5 1.3 1.6 1.3 “ob 0.0 3.2 1.27 5 1.3 1.6 1.3 1.4 0.6 L8 1.5 1.35* 6 1.8 1.6 0.0 0.1 0.4 3.6 2.6 1.44 722 1.8 0.0 oil 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ( -31) 8 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 0.9 .64 9 1.3 3.5 L3 0i6 0.5 1.5 0.5 1.31 10 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.5 1.1 1.0 0.9 .93 11 2.5 ■ 2.3 2.2 4.9 4.4 0.8 2.9 2.85 12 2.1 1.9 2.7 2.4 1.6 0.0 3.4 2.01 13 1.9 4.2 3.0 1.4 0.0 5~4 3.5 2.77* 14 1.6 1.8 2.8 2.1 0.8 2.2 1.6 1.84* 15 2.6 1.0 2.9 0.9 2.4 2.5 2.1 2.05* 16 2.8 1.9 0.8 2.4 0.2 1.9 1.6 1.65 17 0.7 1.5 1.2 2.2 0.8 1.2 1.3 1.27* 18 1.8 1.5 0.0 3.4 3.7 2.9 2.3 2.23* 19 0.9 1.3 2.3 0.3 0.0 2.0 0.0 .97* 20 1.7 2.6 2.0 1.6 06 1.7 2.7 1.87 Average per day 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 .9 1.7 2.0 Average per 1.64 shoot per day. * Tree was grown in more open expanse. 0.0 underlined indicates a whorl or node. All the larvae in this shoot proved to be pitch-drowned ; this shoot was not averaged in the final figure of 1.64 cm. 189 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol.IX, No. 4 favorable localities those which have long leaders, may be expected to be nnweeviled below the first whorl. As the larvae mature they fall out of line, burrow into the xylem, form their pupal cells, and become quiescent. Because of the differential time of maturity, the leader thus has pupal burrows scattered along its length, though the majority of cells will be in- creasingly concentrated until the limit of advance is reached. Due to later oviposition, a ring of larvae may continue to mine a con- siderable distance below where the majority of the earlier ring is pupating ; this is common in heavy infestations. The burrow lower- most in the shoot usually does not represent the farthest advance, for it is very likely to be so filled with pitch that the larva or pupa within it is drowned. Upon the dissolution of the ring formation, the last few larvae, however large and vigorous, are thus placed at a distinct disadvantage. If too many larvae are present at one point, deeper burrows are made into the wood and, if the necessity arises, galleries are constructed in the harder tissue of the whorl. Often many cells are found at the bases of the lateral shoots, and burrows for several inches within the laterals themselves are by no means uncommon. One top from a heavily infested tree taken at random showed 14, 8, 5, and 2 pupal cells in four of the larger lat- erals at the first whorl. The weevil larva becomes motionless after its pupal cell is formed, while the changes of pupation take place. The contents of the body become more fluid and the thoracic region swells. The mandibles remain closed and apparently cannot be moved, though the power of abdominal writhing upon stimulation is not lost. After a gradual continuation of the processes of internal reorganization, the thorax, its appendages, and the abdomen become more differen- tiated. The hardened head shell is sloughed off and the pupal head appears, completely formed. In virtually every case, the pupal cells are so constructed that the larva or pupa lies parallel with the longitudinal axis of the leader and, after the larva has turned its ventral portion toward the nearer surface of the shoot, the head faces the entrance gallery which was entered. The head is thus toward the apical end of the shoot, in contrast with the head-down position of the feeding larva, and the adult, when formed, is in the only possible position for suc- cessful emergence. Only more or less wadded wood chips and a dry, paper-thin bark intervene between the outer air and the pupal cell, and often this latter barrier is removed by birds; yet despite 190 March, 1929 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA this seemingly easy means of egress, about four per cent of the weevils become stuck and perish. It has been considered desirable to separate the pupal cells into three arbitrary classes for greater convenience in discussion in con- nection with parasitism. This classification is based upon their position in the leader. Type One: Cells in the pith and primary xylem, with galleries descending from the periphery generally at a sharp angle; in slender leaders, one-fourth to three-eighths of an inch in diameter, the cells are almost invariably of this type; in thicker shoots, the entrance shafts may be vertical. Under these conditions parasitism by Eurytoma pissodis Gir. most often occurs and the degree of para- sitization in individual leaders may be as high as 100 per cent. Type Two: Cells entirely in the xylem, nearer the surface than those of Type One, with entrance galleries often descending at less sharp an angle; the long axis of the cell may be considerably off from parallel with that of the leader; more common in leaders thicker than three-eighths of an inch and is the most common type of all since the average leader is thicker than three-eighths of an inch. In this situation parasitism by Microhracon pini Mues. and other braconids is common. Type Three: Cells essentially shallow depressions in the pe- ripheral xylem, roofed with wood fibers, and immediately under the bark. This type of cell is distinctive and similar to the ‘^chip cocoons” (Packard, 1890) characteristic of the more primitive mem- bers of the genus Pissodes. It has been impossible to determine if cells of this type are constructed by feebler larvae or under the stimulus given by the qrowded condition of the leader. In either event, this type of cell is most accessible to parasites and birds. Under these conditions large numbers of weevils are destroyed, especially by the parasitic fly, Lonchaea corticis Taylor. All pupal cells are apparently just large enough to hold a pupa after both ends and the entrance shafts have been wadded with masses of shredded wood, the result of excavation. The pupal cells are never lined with any material. The weevil larva occupies its cell about 10 to 16 days in order to become a pupa, and the pupation period itself requires about two weeks more. During this period the pupal development and grad- ual pigmentation occur in relative security if parasitism has not taken place previously. The adults remain in the pupal cell from one week to one month, usually about two weeks, before they 191 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 4 emerge. The cause of this delay is somewhat obscure. The final pigmentation of the adult requires but a few days. Since the en- trance shaft of a cell is more or less plugged with wood fibers, and it is clear that when the entrance is well blocked the adult cannot emerge, it is probable that much of this time is required to remove the obstructing debris ; nevertheless, the time consumed before emergence seems somewhat excessive for this task alone. After the adults have emerged through neat, circular holes in the bark, about 2.5 to 3 mm. in diameter, they feed upon the needles and bark of the laterals and main stem for several days to a week until their feeding decreases in vigor and they become torpid. Ap- parently the temperature usually prevailing in August induces this quiescent state or aestivation. The weevils cling to the bark or remain motionless in crevices and are not readily observed at this time. When cold weather begins the weevils seek the pine litter and lapse into the true torpor of hibernation. Barnes has found that they never penetrate the ground proper but in cold weather work down to it ; they are essentially a winter-hardy insect, though more or less are doubtless winter-killed, especially by alternate thaws and freezes. The possibility of fall mating has been discussed by Graham (1926) and others. Though occasional weevils may simulate copu- lation, actual insemination at this time seems doubtful, while fer- tilization in the fall, as stated by Hopkins (1907) and corroborated by Barnes, is impossible ; though sperm may be ripe, the ovaries of the females are entirely too undeveloped to produce eggs. If some of the weevils live several years, oviposition in the fall by old females is a theoretical possibility but very probably does not occur. According to Barnes, fall flights may occur if the temperature is favorable and it follows, therefore, that a spread of Pissodes into new territory may take place at this time. Control The white pine weevil is difficult to control and, indeed, no thoroughly satisfactory treatment, whether for ornamentals where expense is secondary, or for large areas where direct control may not be justified, has yet been devised. Numerous control experi- ments have been made by different investigators and many con- structive recommendations have been derived from these, but the problem is still open to a complete solution. This paper will sum- marize the findings of those who have experimented with control. 192 March, 1929 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA It is clear that of all research done, though parasites have been held to be valuable, no one has attempted to measure their effectiveness. Hopkins (1907) estimated that from presumably all natural causes, not more than three to five per cent of the hatched larvae reach maturity. How these figures are obtained is, unfortunately, not given. A count of the exit holes, pupal cells, and the like, in a sample of 3,009 weeviled leaders dissected in the course of this study, showed that 17,713 or about 50 per cent of the mature larvae successfully emerge as adults (and the mature larvae are only about 10 to 20 per cent of the average of 100 to 125 eggs laid per leader) or 5 to 10 per cent of the weevil eggs. If only half of the emerged adults survive the thaws and freezes, small ground mam- mals, and birds in the spring, then the percentage of eggs of one year represented by mating forms the following spring is from about 2.5 to 5 per cent, which is virtually identical with Hopkins’ estimate. It would seem, with its very large natural mortality, that the weevil might be substantially reduced by the addition of artificial measures of control but such is not the case. The margin of safety in overproduction is so considerable that even partial control is dif- ficult. It should be recalled that one fertilized female may lay well over 100 eggs and that only four or five partly developed weevil larvae are sufficient to kill a leader. Control of the weevil may be grouped under the following head- ings and sub-headings ; A. Natural control, in rough chronological order. 1. Failure of eggs to hatch. 2. Starvation of larvae due to a. Mining in the wrong direction. b. Lack of food because of competition. 3. Drowning of larvae and pupae in pitch. 4. Larvae preyed upon by clerids and Dioryctria larvae. 5. Larvae and pupae preyed upon by birds. 6. Larvae and pupae parasitized by flies and parasitic Hymenoptera. 7. Larvae and pnpae destroyed by bacteria and fungi (?) 8. Adnlts stuck in the leaders. 9. Adults eaten by ground mammals. 10. Adults eaten by ground birds. 11. Adults winter-killed. 12. Adults eaten by birds in the spring. 193 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 4 B. Artificial control. 1. Mechanical methods. a. collection, chiefly by jarring. b. *traps. c. banding. d. ^bagging. e. pruning. 2. Chemical methods. a. sprays and washes. b. dusts. c. ^gas. d. ^baits. e. repellents. 3. ^Thermal methods. 4. Silvicultural methods. a. Shading, accomplished by 1. Mixed species of pine. 2. Mixed pines and hardwoods. 3. Dense plantations of pure pine. 5. ^Biological methods. a. Introduction of parasites. a. Introduction of insect predators. c. Introduction of predatory birds. d. Introduction of pathogenic organisms. Methods of control will be discussed briefly in the order given. Those headings which are marked by an asterisk are omitted from discussion as methods not at all feasible or never tried. A. Natural control. (1) Usually almost all of the eggs laid in the leaders hatch, however, as also noted by Barnes, eggs that do not hatch before or shortly after the weevil ring has been formed fail to do so, very probably because the shoot is then too dry. (2) If the newly-hatched larvae are in a region of frass, as is often the case, they will starve ; a similar fate is the lot of the minority that mine in a direction where food is scarce. All the larvae in the ring itself are not destined to survive because of the limitations in the food supply. As has been stated, about 10 to 20 per cent of the first instar larvae find sufficient food to reach larval maturity; the others, on the whole, starve to death. (3) Those larvae and pupae which have constructed or occupy cells below where the majority of the members of the ring have done so, are liable to death from the pitch put forth by the tissues of the leader. In 3,009 weeviled shoots, 882, or about 2.5 per cent of the mature larvae and pupae were so drowned. 194 March, 1929 ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA (4) A comparatively large number of insects, in their larval stage, undoubtedly prey upon the weevil grubs. Chief among the insect predators are the larvae of clerid beetles and the summer caterpillars of a new species of Dioryctria. Packard (1890) and Riley (1885) state that “the young of Tenebrionidae” are very commonly predacious upon Pissodes larvae but no investigators have substantiated this. A list of insects of unknown, of doubtful, and of no connection with the weevil but resident in coniferous leaders concurrently with, and subsequently to, the stages of Pissodes, has been published (Taylor, 1928) ; of these there are probably a number of species which occasionally consume weevil larvae upon encounter. The several predators which apparently seek out the grubs and which are more numerous will be discussed in Section B II. (5) Birds are of great importance in reducing the numbers of Pissodes. It is common to find weeviled leaders, which have been stripped at the optimum time, almost entirely free of the insect. Indeed, if the bird population were greater, so that more of the leaders were cleaned, it is probable that the weevil would be noticeably checked. The observations of Graham (1926) and MacAloney (1926) give the credit to such birds as the nuthatches, the chickadees, and certain woodpeckers. Graham also points out that the adult weevils are exposed to ground feeders. MacAloney has stated that ‘ ‘ Through protection of insectivorous birds ... we may get a greater degree of control than by any other biological method.” This author found that “. . . nearly 30 per cent of the leaders were stripped by birds and the larvae eaten” in one planta- tion. In the course of this study, data were obtained incidentally while making other counts, and these will be given for comparison. In the sample of 3,009 leaders dissected, all shoots, where the bark was torn in a manner characteristic of birds, were examined care- fully and all incomplete pupal cells of Type Three, where there was no positive evidence of parasitism, were ascribed to birds. While subject to error in such determination, the figures obtained are believed to be close approximations of the bird effectiveness in the material studied. Only well grown and mature larvae are dealt with in this table but field observations have shown that, appar- ently, it is not until the larvae are fair-sized that the birds become aware of this source of food. In cases in the above table where the percentage of effectiveness in some of the states other than Massachusetts is low, it is probable 195 Table 6 The Effectiveness of Birds in the Control of Pissodes strobi ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA Vol. IX, No. 4 ® . 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