jJn. LJ&m- ft,. 353 7 fpU. 0i^*ui/li(^\^2^ . ^THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE A CODE OF NOMENCLATURE FOR USE IN ENTOMOLOGY cc , WASHINGTON, D. C. MAY, 1912 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE. ARRANGEMENT OF CONTENTS. Page Introduction 5 Binomial nomenclature 5 Publication 6 Priority 7 Names 8 Category I. Specific names, and ones of lower rank 10 Specific homonyms 12 Emendations, and misprints of specific names 14 Types of species 14 Category II. Generic, and subgeneric names 18 Types of genera , 19 Category III. Superfamily, family, and subfamily names 22 Category IV. Superordinal, ordinal, and subordinal names 22 Status of invalid names 23 Recommendations 23 Index 27 PRESS OF JUDD & DETWEILER, INC. WASHINGTON, D. C. v PREFACE. The following rules have been prepared for the purpose of aiding entomologists in deciding questions of nomenclature arising in their work. In preparing them the various codes of nomenclature have been freely consulted and used, articles on nomenclature in various journals read, and pamphlets on the subject have furnished some points. After a mass of matter was prepared, copies were sent to many of the principal systematic entomologists of America, in fact all whom we knew to be interested in such matters. Nearly all have expressed opinions on the more important rules, and many on almost every one. Various other workers have been consulted personally and the published utterances and catalogs of several entomologists have furnished opinions. After being worked over and over again the rules have gradually taken shape, often far from their original form. They have been subjected to some use in catalog making, type fixation, &c, and so far as possible they are brought into accord with the general practice of entomologists. The result, while hardly satisfactory to any one entomologist, expresses the opinion of sys- tematic workers far more accurately than the vote of any committee. These rules do not represent the personal desires of their prepara- tors, since there are several important rules which have been accepted reluctantly by one or both of the compilers in order to join the ma- jority of American systematic entomologists. As they stand there will probably be at least one objector to every rule, but we hope no one will object to all of them. The point of the use of a misidenti- fication as a genotype, and that on a name in synonymy preoccupy- ing the use of such name in the genus, provoked the mosl discussion, but the weight of opinion and of practice seems to sanction the rules as herein set forth. A few object to a valid specific name being re- quired as the basis of a genus, but by far the greater number express themselves as in favor of the rule. Rarely will two people express the same thought in the same lan- guage, and likewise two persons reading the same statement may disagree as to its meaning. An effort had been made to express the following rules in language as plain and definite as possible, and wherever it was thought helpful, examples are inserted. If the rules are carefullv considered, in conjunction with the examples, where 4 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE. given, little trouble ought result in their use. While an earnest effort has been made to cover all the questions that commonly arise, completeness in this matter is practically an impossibility. It seems scarcely necessary to discuss the necessity of an entomo- logical code. Most existing, codes fail to cover in a definite manner many points that continually arise in entomological work, or the lan- guage used is of such a broad or indefinite scope as to require official interpretation to make the meaning evident. Scarcely an entomolo- gist has been connected with the preparation of the larger codes and the codes prepared by entomologists have been of restricted scope, or made with certain questions in view. Each entomologist of much experience has acquired certain methods of dealing with points arising in his work, usually depend- ent upon personal judgment. One cannot expect that many active workers will sacrifice their personal judgment in favor of a consensus of opinion. But the new worker, without established ideas, is apt to use such tools as will do his work, and if he finds at hand a code that will answer the greater number of the questions that arise he will very likely use it, especially if it is clear and comprehensive and not subject to official interpretation and decision. That the present code of rules will be found helpful to many workers in the field of Ento- mology is the earnest hope of the compilers, Nathan Banks, A. N. Caudell. INTRODUCTION. 1. No person nor committee has authority to interpret, limit, or extend the precepts here laid down ; every user interpreting the rules for himself. 2. The word "VALID" as used in this code of rules means "WITH STANDING IN NOMENCLATURE," and the word "INVALID" means "WITHOUT STANDING IN NOMEN- CLATURE." Note. — Names in synonymy, or ones preoccupied, as well as names in use may be valid, having standing as defined above. Invalid names are nomina nuda. BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE. 3. All species of insects are to be named according to the binomial system of nomenclature as applied by Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae of 1758. This consists of the generic, or general, name of one word, and the specific, or trivial, name, of one word, or a hyphenated word. Example. — Alpha alba L. Note. — If a "binary" (two categories whether named or not) sys- tem were adopted as the basis of entomological nomenclature we would be compelled to go back to the first edition of Linnaeus' Sys- tema Naturae of 1735, as the use of the generic name (independent of the specific name) dates from that work. 4. The nomenclature of any author who has not followed the bi- nomial system is to be ignored. Accidental binomials occurring in the works of such authors are to be rejected as invalid, and accidental trinomials in works otherwise binomial are not to be excluded. 5. The use of a French binomial (or other language not in Latin form) does not validate the name. Thus "Acridien algerien" Is not available under the code. 6. The following cases shall be considered as complying with the requirements of binomial nomenclature: (a.) Where the Latin name of the foodplant has been used as a part of the name of an insect such name shall be considered a bi- 6 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE. nomial, and the two words are to be hyphenated or the name of the foodplant abbreviated to the initial, the former preferred. Example.— Cynips quercus palustris. This may be written Cynips quercus-palustris, preferably, or Cynips q-palustris. The name of the foodplant should not be dropped entirely. (b.) If an author in an index to plates gives a specific name with plate and figure reference between it and the generic name such treatment shall be considered as binomial, even where the generic name is more than one word. Examples.— Amadis, pi. 39, fig. c— Sphinx. (From Cramer.) Amalia, pi. 383, fig. b.— Phal Bomb. (From Cramer.) Note.— This is the method of Stoll, Cramer, Drury, &c, whose names have always been accepted. (c.) Where an author writes the first Latin word after a generic name in a different type from that of the other Latin words, or puts it in parenthesis, such word is the specific name, and the author is considered as having fulfilled the requirements of binomial nomen- clature. 7. Names based on hypothetical insects, or knowingly based on a composite specimen are invalid. 8. Names printed as provisional, or as suggested substitutes, are on the same basis as though definitely proposed. PUBLICATION. 9. Matter printed and offered for sale, or existant in the libraries of public institutions, constitutes publication. 10. Printing shall include only such methods of reproduction by which an edition is printed by use of type from one original. In the case of plates, a name engraved on the plate will hold. 11. To be valid for the purpose of entomological nomenclature matter must be printed in one of the European languages. 12. Names distributed in connection with specimens are not thereby validated. 13. Publication of new names in newspapers, either daily or weekly, popular magazines, non-technical agricultural journals, school programs, programs of meetings, or in price lists are not valid, no matter how or where printed. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE. 7 14. Additions or corrections given in one part of an article or work to matter on a previous page of that same article or work are admissible only when published on the same date. Example. — On page 41 an author makes a new genus, Alpha for a single species, alba n. sp. On page 105 he adds a second species, X. nigra Jones, to the genus. Alpha is then not monobasic unless it is shown that page 41 was published before page 105. 15. The date of a publication is the date of its first distribution. The date of a work published in parts is the date of first distribution of each part. In cases where the date of distribution is not given in or on the publication an approximate date may be accepted until a more definite date is known. There are a number of ways in which such approximate dates may be obtained, such as the date of first reception of the publication at some learned society or public institu- tion, the review of the publication in other works, etc. Dates shown to be false shall be corrected. 16. If reprints are distributed in advance of the distribution of the general article or volume, they become separate publications, and date from such distribution, if otherwise conformable to the rules. PRIORITY. 17. The law of priority applies to all generic names, and ones of lower grade, published since January 1, 1758, the assumed date of publication of the 10th edition of Linnaeus' Systema Naturse. No name, binomial or otherwise, published before this date has any standing whatever in entomological nomenclature. 18. In case two conflicting names occur in the same work, the one on the earlier page shall have precedence over that on the later page; if both appear on the same page, the one coming first on that page shall have precedence. 19. In case two conflicting names are published in separate works in the same year or the same month, and no evidence is obtainable of a more definite date, page precedence shall obtain until more ac- curate dates are determined. 20. In case two conflicting names are published in separate publi- cations on the same day, no account of longitude nor hour shall be taken, but absolute page and line precedence shall obtain. 8 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE. 21. If a publication has the pages unnumbered, they shall be counted as though they were numbered. If two styles of page num- bering (as Roman and Arabic numerals) occur in the same work the various pagings shall be considered as continuous. Example. — The new generic name Alpha appears on page xi of a work comprising preface pages i-xxi and text pages 1-100. On page 3 of the same work the generic name Alpha is used in a different sense than that of page xi. Then the name on page xi preoccupies that on page 3. 22. The law of priority shall apply where different stages (except egg) broods, conditions, sexes or forms of insects have been described under different names. NAMES. 23. Generic and specific names should be taken from the Latin or Greek languages, but any combination of letters in Latin form is permissible. The letters K and W may be used in scientific names. 24. Subgeneric names, and all of higher rank, should be written with a capital initial ; the specific name, and all of lower rank, with a lower-case initial. 25. A name once published cannot be retracted, even by the author. Nor does the author of a name, after the name is published, have any more privilege than any other person with that name. 26. A name invalid at its first appearance can never be made valid for that date by any subsequent action. 27. The author of a name is the one who validates it; however, when one author publishes the manuscript description furnished by another and anywhere in that work by direct statement, use of dif- ferent type, quotation marks, &c, so indicates it, the name validated by the publication of such manuscript (but not names of higher rank dependent thereon) belongs to the author of that manuscript, But the mere crediting a name to another without other indication, the use of "MSS.," "in litt.," or collection label does not convey authorship. Example. — Alpha Smith, 1900; an invalid generic name. In 1910 Jones uses Alpha, giving Smith 1900 as authority and date, and prints a description of Alpha alba n. sp. furnished by Smith, as clearly indicated by quotation marks and different type. Alba, the species, is credited to Smith, but Jones is responsible for Alpha, THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE. 9 the genus. However, had Jones also published a description of the genus admittedly furnished by Smith, then the genus would also be credited to Smith. 28. New names given with reference to figures, or previous de- scriptions, belong to the author publishing such names, whether credited to another or not. 29. Articles without signature, or with ones insufficient for iden- tification, are to be credited to "anonymous," unless there is internal or later evidence proving the real authorship. 30. Where an author has two names, or has changed his or her name, that name shall be used which is used in the article quoted. 31. In the division or restriction of species, genera, families, &c. the typical part must retain the original name. 32. When species, genera, families, &c, are united the oldest name shall be retained in use. 33. Names used by Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturas for species can never be changed, as they cannot In' homo- nyms, synonyms (except of each other), nor misidentifications of previous names, since nomenclatorially there are no names before this work. Names appearing in synonymy in this work may be used for purposes of identification of species, but cannot he resurrected, being permanent synonyms. 34. Names used before 1758 are not validated by reprinting after 1758. 35. Names may be divided into the following grades, or cate- gories : I. Specific names, and ones of lower rank. II. Generic, and subgeneric names. III. Superfamily, family, and subfamily name-. IV. Superordinal, ordinal, and subordinal nam.-. 36. The use of a name in one category does not invalidate it- use in another category, but in no case shall the same name be used twice in Zoology in the same category above category no. 1. 37. In species, subspecies, varieties, or races, the same aame -hall not be used twice in the same genus, but name- of lower rank, as hybrids, seasonal or colorational forms, hermaphrodites, gyandro- morphs, sports. &c, may be used twice in the same genus but not in the same rank immediately above. 10 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE. Example. — Alpha alba, var. minor, form longipennis Jones. Alpha alba, var. major, form longipennis Smith. CATEGORY I. (Specific Names and Ones of Lower Rank.) 38. A specific name becomes valid when published in connection with a description or figure of that species, or with reference to a previously published named or unnamed description or figure, or to replace a valid name of specific or lower rank. 39. A specific name published without reference to or in connec- tion with a generic name is invalid. 40. The citation of a manuscript name as a synonym of a valid name does not of itself validate the manuscript name, its status being subject to the rules governing new names. Example. — Alpha minor Linn. (= Alpha nor Latr. MSS.) Alpha nor Latr. is still but a manuscript species, even though a description of A. minor Linn, is therein included. 41. A new specific name mentioned in the description of a new genus is not thereby validated unless it is clearly stated that the description is that of both a new genus and a new species. 42. The date of a valid specific name is that of first publication of the page whereon that specific name becomes valid. 43. The name (or abbreviation) of the author of a specific name is placed, without intervening comma, after the specific name. 44. If a species is removed from the genus in which it was origi- nally described the author's name may be placed in parenthesis and, if desirable, the name of the person responsible for the first use of the new combination may be placed after the original author's name ; but in no case is it allowable to substitute another name for that of the original author of the species. Example. — Alpha alba Linnaeus, when transferred to the genus Beta by Gray, may be written : Beta alba Linn. Beta alba (Linn.) or Beta alba (Linn.) Gray, but not Beta alba Gray. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE. 11 45. A specific name, if a Latin adjective, should agree in gender with the generic name, even when published in connection with a subgeneric name of different gender. 46. Arbitrary specific names are not to be changed to agree in gender with the generic name. Example. — Cossus ore Str. is not to be changed to C088U8 orca, orcus, or orcidis. 47. A specific name given to any part or stage (except egg) of an insect, or to the cast or imprint of a fossil insect, is valid if otherwise available. 48. A specific name based wholly on a cocoon, case, gall, leaf- mine, or other work of an insect is valid, if otherwise available, only until the insect itself is described, when that name and authority replaces the one based on the work. 49. A specific name of an insect based wholly on characters of internal anatomy, on habits, or on anything other than external characters, or invaginated parts of the exoskeleton, is invalid. 50. Rules applicable to specific names apply also to names of lower rank except as provided in section 37 and certain of the following ones. 51. A subspecific, or varietal, name is a trinomial. 52. One of the subspecific or varietal names shall be a repetition of the specific name and have the same type. The name of the typical variety is usually omitted. Example. — Papilio glaucus glaucus Linn (usually written Papilio glomus L.). Papilio glaucus turnus Linn. 53. The name of a race is a quadrinomial, and is usually given to a local form. Example. — Papilio glaucus turnus incricanus Linn. 54. A misidentification shall not be perpetuated as a valid species. Example. — Fitch, under the genus (Ecanthus, treats and describes a species (fasciatus) which he considers as being the Oryllus fasciatua of DeGeer. It is now known thai the insed before Fitch was no! DeGeer's species. Thus the name (Ecanthua faxchatua cannol hold for the species treated by Fitch, as it was a misidentification, Dot the proposal of a new species. 12 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE. 55. A subspecies, a variety, or a race described in connection with a valid generic name but under an invalid specific name (or a mis- identified species) is validly established as a species, but the status of the invalid specific name is unchanged. Example. — Jones describes a new variety nigripes of Alpha alba Smith MSS. Nigripes stands as a valid species of Alpha and alba is still a manuscript name. 56. In writing the subspecific or varietal name the author of the species is omitted and that of the subspecies or variety given. Example. — Jones' variety alba of Smith's Papilio nigra is written Papilio nigra alba Jones. 57. The names of hybrids may be written with the male parent first, as Papilio philenor X Papilio asterias, or as a fraction with the male parent above as Papilio philenor. Papilio asterias. Specific Homonyms. 58. Homonyms (that is the same name for two different things) are of two classes, primary and secondary; primary when two species are described originally in the same genus under the same generic name (emended or misspelled) , and secondary when they are de- scribed under separate genera but later are referred to the same genus. 59. Specific names differing only in gender termination are con- sidered as homonyms, and a name is a homonym when it is the same as the corrected form of an earlier name emendable under these rules. 60. Specific names shall be considered as homonyms which are equivalent in established Latin usage, as in the following examples: i or ii at the end, as fitchi and fitchii. as or iee at the end, as slossonse and slossonix. ev or eu at the beginning, as euonomi and evonomi. i or ;' at beginning, as ianthinum and janthinum. 03, se, or e, as cceruleus, cseruleus, and ceruleus. i or y, as silvaticus and sylvaticus. c, ch, or k, as microdon, mikrodon; cochi, kochi; antochi, and antoki. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE. 13 Ending of prefixes in i, o, or a, as albipunctata, albopunctata, and albapunctata. r or rr before h, as hsem orhoidalis and haemorrhoidalis. 61. In case of primary homonyms the later name shall be changed, no matter to what genus they are now referred. 62. In case of secondary homonyms the earlier one shall retain the name, the later species to be renamed. This shall follow no matter which is first referred to the genus. Example. — Alpha alba Smith 1834. Beta alba Jones 1847. In 1848 Beta alba is referred to the genus Delta, and in 1852 Alpha alba is also referred to Delta. Beta alba Jones must be renamed. 63. In case a secondary homonym which has had its name changed on that ground, is referred out of that genus, its former name is to be restored; but if it is again referred to that genus, or another in which it is a homonym, the previous change of name again becomes effective. Example. — Alpha alba Smith 1824 is referred to the genus Beta and is not preoccupied by the Beta alba Jones 1812. which has been referred to the genus Delta. But if now the Beta alba of Jones be re-transferred to Beta, then the alba of Smith will have to be re- named, or if it had been renamed before, while both species were in Beta, the name by which it was previously replaced comes again into use. 64. If a species is described in, or referred to, a genus to which a species of the same name has at a previous time been referred, but does not now belong thereto, the later name shall not be changed.1 Example.— A Ipha alba Smith L892. In L860 the Beta alba of Jones was referred to Alpha, but later referred to Delta; the Alpha alba Smith is not to be changed. 65. A specific name, even in synonomy, preoccupies the use of that name in (he genus, provided the synonym is a valid name. 66. Misspelled specific names cannot preoccupy other names, but an emended name and names suggested as substitutes will preoccupy in both the emended and original spelling. 1 Entomologists should refrain from duplicating combinations which have entered largely into recent literature, such as Phyllodromia germanica, Dory- phora decimlmeata, Mytilaspis ixnimnnii, etc. 14 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE. 67. A species described in a subgenus is also described in the genus to which the subgenus belongs, and any future combination of that name with either the genus or subgenus constitutes primary homonymy. Example. — If a new species be described as Alpha (Nala) alba, then a later Alpha alba or Nala alba is a homonym. 68. Two or more specific names in the same genus based on the same root but spelled differently, except gender termination, do not conflict. Example. — Alpha hispana and Alpha hispanica do not conflict. Emendations and Misprints of Specific Names. 69. A specific name once published shall not be changed except for a few reasons. The following rules apply: a. Where a name is clearly based on a food-plant, host, locality, or a person's name and is misprinted, a change is permissible. Example. — The specific name of a parasite said to have been bred from Orgyia was originally spelled orvzise. This should be emended to orgyise; or if a species said to be named in honor of Mr. Brown is spelled brawni it should be changed to browni. b. An evident misprint shall be corrected. c. Corrections made in a work to matter on a previous page of that work shall be accepted if published at the same date. d. An evident typographical error shall be corrected. e. An evident error in spelling a valid name cannot be treated as a new name. /. A properly emended name takes the date and authority of the unemended form. The Type of a Species. 70. The type of a species is a single specimen. Specimens other than the type used in making the original description are termed cotypes, or paratypes; cotypes when no type is designated, paratype when a type is indicated. Many other names are in use for certain identified specimens. A number of these are as follows: Topotype.1 — A specimen from the original locality. 'A topotype of an insect in order to have any particular value should be taken at the same general time of year, and under the same (ecological con- ditions. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE. 1 ." Metatype. — A specimen compared by the author of the species with the type and determined by him as conspecific with it. Homotype. — A specimen compared by another than the author of a species with the type and determined by him as conspecific with it. Holotype. — A single specimen selected by the author of a species as its type, or the only specimen known at the time of description. Syntype. — One of two or more specimens upon which a species is based when no holotype has been selected (=cotype). Lectotype. — A syntype selected as a holotype. Allotype. — A paratype of the opposite sex to the holotype. Monotype. — The holotype of a species based on a single specimen. Chirotype. — The type of a manuscript name. Plesiotype. — A specimen upon which subsequent or additional description or figure is based. Apotype. — = Plesiotype. Hypotype. — = Plesiotype. Neotype. — A plesiotype selected to represent the holotype when the holotype is lost or destroyed. Heautotype. — A specimen named by the author of a species, or one used by him for figuring. Practically a metatype. Plastotype. — A cast of a type. Morphotype. — The type of the dimorphic form of a specie-. Autotype. — = Heautotype. Homeotype. — = Homotype. Ideotype. — A metatype. but a specimen not from the type locality. Androtype. — Male type, Gynetype — female type. Various combinations of the above have been used and many other names could be given for particular conditions in entomology, as for specimens from the same nest, as the type of social species, the descendants of the type of a species described from living specimens, from the same batch of eggs, from the same host, &C. 71. In the case of Coccids or other insects where a description is based on specimens in the natural condition, and on ones mounted on slides, the specimens in the natural condition may !"■ considered as type material, and the slide (or one of the slides if there are more than one) as the type slide, but in case of doubt, or a mixture of species, the type slide shall retain the name. 16 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE. 72. In case of minute insects or acari where more than one speci- men is mounted on a slide one should label but one slide as the type slide, and if there is doubt or a mixture of species it shall be treated as a case where the author has labeled more than one specimen as type. 73. The following rules apply for the fixation of types of species in the order given: A. Author's Fixation in the Original Description. a. If a specific name is based on but one specimen, that specimen is the type. b. If an author labels or, in the original description, designates a certain specimen as type, that specimen is the type. c. If an author in the original description designates a series or collection of specimens as type, then the type is among such desig- nated material. Note. — Obvious errors or transposals of labels are sufficient grounds for disregarding rules b and c. B. Fixation by Others than the Author, or by the Author Subsequent to the Original Description. d. A specimen to be chosen as type must be found among ma- terial presumably examined by the author at the time of its descrip- tion. e. The type shall not be selected from among material indicated in the original description as variational or aberrational, nor from material doubtfully included in the species. /. If it is anywhere stated in a work that a new species described therein is based on material wholly from a source other than the author's own collection, the type is to be selected from among such material. g. If there are distributed to two or more collections specimens of a species all labeled by the author as types, or none labeled as types, the type should be selected from the specimens retained, if any, in the collection of the author. In case of a joint work the first author has precedence. h. If two or more species are included in the original series of specimens upon which a new species has been based and the author THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE. 17 has not labeled, nor has he nor any one else designated one as type, nor restricted the type material, and it results that one of the in- cluded species is a synonym of an older valid species or has been afterwards (knowingly or unknowingly) described as a new species, then the type is restricted to the remaining material. Example. — Alpha alba Latr. 1831, described without type fixation from two specimens, a and b, which prove to represent two species, a proving to be the Alpha brunnea of Linn. 1768. Thus the type of Alpha alba Latr. is the specimen b by restriction according to the above rule. The same would have resulted had the species a been described as new prior to the type designation of alba. i. The first intentional definite type designation in accord with the above rules is final. The mere reference to a specimen as type is not to be considered as type fixation. 74. Where the type of a species is lost, or destroyed, the firsi in- terpretation shall obtain unless later acquired information clearly proves it should be otherwise, when a change is allowable. 75. In cases where specimens have been labeled as types by others than the author of the species such type labels shall be interpreted independently by each investigator since there is much variation in the credibility of such labels. 76. A species based wholly on a figure has the original of that figure as the type. 77. The type of a specific name proposed to replace a preoccupied specific name is the same as the type of the name replaced, irre- spective of any attached description. 78. The type of a new name proposed to replace a misidentifica- tion is among the material in the collection of the author of- the new name, if there is inherent evidence that he had material, and he gives a description or figure; otherwise, if based on the misidentifica- tion of a specified author the type is among the material utilized by such specified author if there is inherent evidence that he had ma- terial. If the name is given for the misidentification of several or no specified authors, then the type may be selected by any subse- quent worker from among the material of the authors concerned. If it results that there is no described material hack <>l' a name based on a misidentification or mi •interpretation then such name is invalid. 18 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE. CATEGORY II. (Generic and Sub generic Names.) 79. A generic name becomes valid when published in connection with, or with reference to, a valid (= described or figured) specific name, or to replace a valid generic name. 80. A description without mention of a specific name, or the men- tion of an invalid specific name, cannot validate a generic name. 81. A generic name first appearing as a synonym of another gen- eric name is valid (and may preoccupy or replace) if there be a valid specific name printed in connection with the names ; if no valid specific name is there cited, the synonym is invalid. 82. A generic or subgeneric name is a homonym and subject to replacement when it is spelled exactly like a previous valid generic or subgeneric name, letter for letter. However, 1 or J, and Eu or Ev at the beginning of a name are considered the same, and other words that are equivalent in established Latin usage. Example. — Julus and lulus; Euashmeadia and Evashmeadia; Elmis and Helm is. 83. If a new generic name is proposed as new it shall be consid- ered as new; if not stated to be new, it shall nevertheless be con- sidered as new, unless it is a misspelling of a previous name. 84. A name which, as plainly shown by the text, is proposed as an emendation, or a substitute for a certain indicated generic name, is a new name and a synonym of the original name, and can pre- occupy and replace. 85. All other variants are misspellings, and misspellings are to be corrected. 86. Emendations can be permitted only for unpronounceable names, or for misspelled generic, names given in honor of a person. 87. When a new species is also considered as representing a new genus it is not necessary, although advisable, to separate the two descriptions in order that both shall be validated. But when an author proposes new genera in synoptic tables and mentions in con- nection therewith only new or invalid specific names, such specific name or names is not thereby validated, the generic name, therefore, also being invalid at that place. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE. 19 88. A genus is not a synonym because it has among its originally included species one or more that is already the type of another genus. 89. Names, when used and treated by their author as generic names, are such, even when called by some other names, as "conors," &c. 90. To rank as a subgenus a name, or its initial, must be so stated or used, or placed in parentheses between the generic and specific names. Any name given to any division of a genus and neither designated nor used as a subgenus has no standing in nomenclature. Note. — There are thousands of such names, called series, cohors, divisions, groups, sections, legions, &c, or even families and races. Such have not been cataloged as genera nor subgenera. 91. Subgeneric names are subject to the same rules as generic names. One subgeneric name shall be the same as that of the genus to which it is subordinate, and its type the same as that of the genus. 92. A genus does not lose its genotype by becoming a subgenus, and a subgenus on becoming a genus retains its former type if it had one; otherwise a type must be selected from among those sp originally included under it as a subgenus. Type of a Genus. 93. In every genus there shall be one species known as the type, or genotype. Two essential qualifications of a genotype are: 1st. It shall have a valid name. 2d. That name shall have been origi- nally included, without question in the genus. 94. No specific name originally quoted in synonymy in a certain genus can be accepted as the type of thai genus, nor one doubtfully determined, provided there are others available for type citation under these rules. 95. Genera with but one originally included specific name (ex- clusive of synonyms and subspecies or varieties) are monobasic and genera with more than one such name, not including synonyms, are poly basic. 96. The genotype of a monobasic genus is the only specific w.iww cited, irrespective of misidentification or restriction. Example. — Alpha Smith, new genus with a single specific name included, the Beta alba of Jones. Then Beta = extending beyond. one occurs on a page, or O = adult. where the use is explained P) = egg lu ''K' work ni wn'rn it 0 = larva. appears. Footnotes are best indicated by arabic numerals. 26 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE. For the sake of uniformity, it is recommended that the following scheme of grouping be followed in the order indicated below when- ever applicable: Order. Genus. Suborder. Subgenus. Superfamily. Species. Family. Subspecies or variety. Subfamily. Race. Tribe. Aberration, sport, &c. Subtribe. • In cataloging, the employment of a small serial number after each reference, to be repeated in connection with the citation of informa- tion therein given, will indicate the authority for each item. Example. — Beta alba (Smith). Alpha alba Smith, Proc. Ent. Soc. Paris, vol. xii, p. 76 (1900) (i); Jones, Rev. Ent. Inf., vol. ii, p. 7 (1904) <2> ; Beta alba Brown, Ent. Journ., vol. lv, p. 80 (1911) <3>. Hab.— United States*1-3); Mexico*2). Feeds on Salix^ ; $ dimorphic (2). Thus Brown is responsible for the statement that it feeds on Salix, and Jones for the male being dimorphic, and occurrence in Mexico. INDEX. Abbreviations. 119. Additions and corrections. 14. Allotype. 70. Anatomy, internal, names based on. 49. Anonymous. 29. Apotype. 70. Arbitrary specific names. 46. Artificial specimens, names based on. 7. Author. 27, 28, 29, 30. name, how written. 43, 44. binomial. 4. of species, omitted with va- rieties, &c. 56. authority over a name. 25. Autotype. 70. Description of immature stages. 22. 47. species with that of a genus. 41. work of insects. 48. pre-Linnean. 17, 34. Distribution, date of. 15. Division of genera and species. 31. Early stages, names based on. 22, 47. Egg, name based on. 21'. 47. Elimination. 986, 101. Kn». Emendation of generic names. 84, 86. specific names. ii'.». Emended names may preoccupy. 66. Ending. See Termination. Errors of spelling. 69. Binary system. 3. Binomial system. 3. names not. 4. French. 5. cases considered as. 6. accidental. 4. Capital letters, use of. 24. Chirotype. 70. Coccids, type of. 71. Cocoon, name based on. 48. Comma, after specific name. 43. Corrections. 14. Cotype. 70. Credit, of names. 27. Date. 3, 20, 42. how ascertained. 15. of beginning of nomenclature. 17. publication. 15. separates. 16. valid specific names. 42. Description, specific date of. 42. in work of another au- thor. 27. Family names, termination of. 108. to be changed. 113. priority. 114. 115. Figure, author of. 28. names based on. 28, 38, 76. Fixation of genotype. 98. types of species. 72. Food plants, as names. 6fl. Fossil insects, names based on. 17. French binomials. 5. Gall, names based on. 18. Gender of specific names. 45, 46. Generic names, as substitutes. 84, 109. author of. 27. emendation of. 84, si;. homonymous. 82. in synonymy. si, 103. Invalid. 80, 81, '.'7c. < >ri _ri ii of. -'■'.. when neu v.. 89. when valid. 7!». sec also Genua 27 28 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE. Genotype. See Genus, type of. Genus and species, both new. 87. division of. 31. including type of another. 88. in synoptic table. 87. monobasic. 95. type of. 96. polybasic. 97, 98, 107. reduced to subgenus. 92. type of. 93, 9G, 97c, 98, 105. united with another. 104. without species. 79, 80. Greek language. 23. Group, use of term. 112. Gyandromorphs, names of, 37. Heautotype. 70. Hermaphrodite, names of. 37. Holotype. 70. Homeotype. 70. Homonyms, family and subfamily. 115. generic. 82. primary. 58, 61. secondary. 58, 62, 63, 64. special cases. 60. specific. 58. Homotype. 70. Hybrids, names of. 37. how written. 57. Hyphenated words. 6a. Hypothetical insects, names based on. 7. Hypotype. 70. Ideotype. 70. Illustration. See figure. Immature stages, names based on. 47. Index, names given in. 65. Initial of names. 24. Interpretation of rules. 1. Invalid, definition of. 2. names. 4, 26, 34, 118. Journals, names published in. 13. K, may be used in names. 23. Labels, in type designation. 73c, 735, 75. Language. 11, 23. Larva, names based on. 47. Latin, first word of description. 6c. language. 23. Latinizing of names, recommenda- tions. 119. Leaf mine, names based on. 48. Lectotype. 70. Linnaeus' Systema Naturae. 3, 17, 33. Location of type of species. 73f, 73#. Lost types. 74. Magazines, names published in. 13. Manuscript names. 12, 118. cited in syn- onymy. 27, 40. Metatype. 70. Metric system, use recommended. 119. Minute insects, type of. 71, 72. Misidentification, not to be perpetu- ated. 54. variety or subspe- cies described un- der. 55. type of species made to replace 78. Misprints of specific names. 69. Misspelled names do not preoccupy. 66. Misspellings. 69, 85. of generic names. 85. Monobasic genus. 95. type of. 96. Monotype. 70. Monstrosities, names based on. 37. Morphotype. 70. Mounted specimens, types of. 71, 72. Names, author of. 27, 28, 29, 56. based on composite species. 7. early stages. 22, 47. £mto*£; 22 fossils. 47. hypothetical insects. 7. internal anatomy. 49. misidentification, 78. works of insects. 4S. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE •2! I Names before Linnaeus. See Pre- Linnean names, between genera and species. 90. binomial. See Binomial names, categories of. 33. conflicting. 18, 19, 20. generic. See Generic names, grades of. 35. hybrid. 57. in synonymy preoccupy. 65. in works of others. 27. invalid. 26, 34. in same category. 36, 37. in magazines, newspapers, &c. 13. in same work. 18. in different works. 19, 20. in index. 66. manuscript. 12, 27, 40, 118. misspelled. 66, 69, 85. of authors. 43, 44. of same root. 68. on plates. 6&, 10. on same page. 18. provisional. 8. quadrinomial. See Quadri- nomial names, recommendations for form- ing. 119. specific. See Specific names, subgeneric. See Subgeneric names, subspecific. See Subspecific names, trinomial. 51, 52. used by Linnaeus. 33. valid. 38, 79. varietal. 37, 50, 51, 52, 55, 73e. with specimens. 12. Neotype. 70. Newspapers, names in. 13. Nomina nuda. 2. Numbering of pages. 21. Order, when two or more. 117. Ordinal names, how made. 116. Page precedence. 18, 19, 20. Pages, unnumbered. 21. two styles of numbering. 21. Paper, in parts. 14. Paratype. 70. Parenthesis, use of. Gc. Parts of a work. 14. Personal names, names based on. 119. Plastotype. 70. Plates, names on. 10. Plesiotype. 70. Polybasic genera. 95. types of. 97, 98, 107. Pre-Liunean names. " 17, 34. Preoccupied names, may be valid. 2. Preoccupation of names of species. 66, 67. Price lists, names in. 13. Primary homonyms, definition of. 58. to be changed. 61. Printing, definition of. 10. Priority. 17. application to stages, &c, of insects. 22. applied to families and subfamilies. 114. in ordinal names. 117. Programs, names published in. 13. Provisional names. 8. Publication, definition of. 9. date of. 15. Pupa, names based on. 47. Quadrinomial names. 53. Races, names of. 37, 53. rules for species apply also. 50. Recommendations. 119. Reference, names based on. 38, 79. Reprints. 16. Restriction of genus, species, &c. 31. Retraction of names. 25. Root, names based on same. 68. Rules, interpretation of. 1. Secondary homonyms. 58, 62, 63. 30 THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE. Selection of types of genera. 98. species. 73. Separates, date of. 16. Signs, recommendations relative to. 119. Slide, type of specimens on. 71. Species and genus both new. 87. division of. 31. in subgenus. 67. in synoptic table. 87. transferred. 44. Species, type of. 70, 73, 77. location of. 73/, 73g. Specific names, arbitrary. 46. author of. 27. conflicting. 18, 19, 20. date of. 42. based on figure. 76. differing only in gen- der. 59. emendations and mis- prints of. 69. invalid. 26, 34, 118. in generic descrip- tion. 41. in subgenus. 67. in synonymy preoc- cupy. 65. status of. 40. misspelled. 69. of same root. 68. on in each genus. 37. origin of. 23. re-referred to genus. 64. same in Latin usage. 60. valid. 38. without generic name. 39. Spelling, in generic names. 82. Stages, early, names based on. 22, 47. Subfamily, name of. 109. when changed. 113. in priority. 114,115. Subgeneric names, generic rules ap- ply. 91. Subgenus raised to generic rank. 92. requirements of. 90, 91. species described in. 67. type of. 91, 92. Suborder, name of. 116. Subspecies, name of. 37. Subspecific name, author of. 56. not available a s type. 73e. one to be same as the specific. 52. rules of species ap- ply. 50. or varietal names are tri- nomials. 51. Substitute names. 8. of generic name. 89. Subtribe, name of. 110. Suggested names. 8. Superfamily, name of. 110. Superorder, name of. 116. Synonym, generic. 81, 103. in Systema Naturae. 33. may be valid. 2. not available as a geno- type. 94. quoted under genotype. 97&. specific. 40. Synonymy, names in preoccupy. 65. Synoptic tables, names in. 87, 97c. Syntype. 70. Systema Natura?, basis of nomencla- ture. 3. names in. 33. names before. 17, 34. priority dates from. 17. Tables, names proposed in. 87. Tautonomy, type by. 106. Temporary names 8. Termination of names of family and higher rank. 108, 109, 110. Terminations, gender. 59. which are the same. 60. Topotype. 70. Tribe, name of. 111. Trinomial names. 5. Type, by elimination. 98&, 101, 102. different kinds of. 70. lost. 74. material. 71. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CODE. 31 Type of genus. 92, 93, 99, 100. in synoptic tables. 97c. in other genus. 88. by tautonomy. 106. when not valid. 107. of monobasic genus. 96. of new name. 78. of one genus not eligible as type of another. 98a. of polybasie genus. 97, 98. of species. 70, 73. 77, 78. of Coccidse. 71. of subgenus. 91, 92. of substitute genus. 105. slides. 71, 72. so labeled, not by author. 75. Unition of genera, species, &o. 32. Valid, definition of. 2. generic name. 79, 80. specific name. 38. Varietal names. 37, 51. author of. 56. described under in- valid species. 5."). not available a s types. 73e. rules to species ap- ply. 50. Volumes, considered as one work. 14. W, may be used in names. 23. Work, in parts, date of. 15. of insects, names based on. 48. 6*