:^mm:^ Ml 11 ' "fl^Blf U *jVv PROPERTY OF Z. p. METCALF LIBRARY OF 1885- 1056 TPIE ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE. VOL. V. ,. A ¥Um, LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE PROPRIETORS, BY R.CLAY, BREAD-STREET-HILL; AND SOLD BY WILLIAM BALL, PATERNOSTER-ROW. MDCCCXXXVIII. " God, in the school of nature, useth a method so suitable and correspondent to our dulness, that our meditations should not want in the creatures, volumes (I may say) wherein to read most excellent admonitions and instructions : in every creature are they engraven in ordinary characters, and in a lesser print; as in the Scriptures that be written in capital letters once, the creatures are a bright glass, wherein we may behold our God ; for as God is a glass in heaven, wherein all his creatures are seen, so are the creatures a glass upon earth, wherein we may behold and know our God." Spiritual Honey from Natural Hires. By Samuel Pubchas, A.M. 1C57. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. A. S. K., 181. B— T-n, Usk, 477. Bowerbank, J. S., F.G.S. and Z.S., 39, Critchell Place^ New North Road, 300. Christy, William, jun., F.L.S. and Z.S., Clajjham Road, 305, 431. Clark, Bracy, F.L.S., 7, Taunton Place, Regent's Park, 336. Davis, A. H., F.L.S., Adelaide, South Australia, 248. Doubleday, Edward, Member of the Entomological Society of France, Epping, 21, 199, 2G9, 402, 409. Douglas, J. W., 16, Edward Street, Windsor Terrace, City Road, 62, 257. Haliday, A. H., M.A., Belfast, 209, 518,519. Hewitson, W. C, Bristol, 77. Hope, Rev. F. W., M.A. F.R.S. L.S. &c., 37, Upper Seymour Street, 312. Insect Hunter, 66. Irish Insect Hunter, 140. Matthews, Rev. A., M.A., Weston, 188. Newman, Edward, F.L.S., 21, Union Street, Deptford, 168, 372, 408, 483, Shuckard, W. E., Vice-Pres. Ent. Soc. of London, 31, Robert Street, Chelsea, 335, 481, 505. Taylor, H. Stuart, 43, Dorset Street, Baker Street, 253. Walker, Francis, F.L.S. G.S. &c., 49, Bedford Square,^ 35, 102, 417, 453,518. Walton, John, M.E.S., 1, 254. Westwood, J. O., F.L.S., Member of the Entomological Society of France, Sec. Ent. Soc. of London, The Grove, Hammersmith, 259, 459, 500. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Plate XVlI.—See Art. XXII . p. 248. Fig. 1. Anterior Wing of Alysia manducator. Fig. IG. Ant. Wing of Alysia ruficeps. 2. Ditto ditto rufidens. 17. Ditto ditto Galatea. 3. Ditto ditto atra, mas. 18. Ditto ditto Cephalotes. 4. Ditto ditto tipulcB. 19. Ditto ditto speculum. 5. Ditto ditto Aurora. 20. Ditto ditto florimela. C. Ditto ditto Circe. 21. Ditto ditto apii. 7. Ditto ditto pumilio. 22. Ditto ditto perdita. 8. Ditto ditto angiistula. 23. Ditto ditto pumila. 9, Ditto ditto fucicola. 24. Ditto ditto venusta. 10. Ditto ditto rufinotata. 25. Ditto ditto 11. Ditto ditto gracilicornis. 26. Ditto ditto concolor. 12. Ditto ditto contracta,/(;m. 27. Ditto ditto punctigera. 13. Ditto ditto id. mas. 28. Posterior Wing of A . manducator 11. Ditto ditto maritima. 20. Ditto ditto picinervis. 15. Ditto ditto puUato. 30. Ditto ditto punctigera. Plate XVIII.— Ste Art. LII. p. 506. EXPLANATION OF THE WOOD CUTS. No. 1. P. 34. 2. 55. 3. 65. 4. 193. 5. 194. C. 200. 7. 209. 8. 210. 9. 260. 10. 261. 11. 267. 12. 267. 13. 377. 14. 379. 15. 389. 16. 399. 17. 487. 18. 491. 19. 495. Eshirig Bridge, near Godalming. Freshwater Bay, Isle of Wight. Wickham Hatch, Kent. Figure and anatomical details of Deinopsis fuscatus, Mallhews. F'itto ditto of Centroglossa Conuroldes, Matihctin. The house at Trenton Palls. Anterior wings of Hymenoptera. Posterior ditto ditto. Figure and anatomical details of Xiphodontus niger, Westwood. I^itto ditto of Ceratognathus niger, fVestwood. Figure of Dorcus Cancroides, Olivier. Ditto of Dorcus obtusatus, Westwood. Figure and anatomical details of Macratri linearis, Newman. ^'^^^o ditto of Hydnocera serrata, Newman. I)itfo ditto of Phymaphorapulchella, Newman. I^'t'o ditto of Bruchomorpha oculata, Newman. I^i'to ditto of Tanychilus striatus, Newman. I>itto ditto of Cacosceles CEdipus, Newman. ^'Mo ditto of Pempsamacra Tillides, Newman. CONTENTS. Page Valedictory Address ix A RT. I. Notes upon the Genera Sitona, Polydrusus, Phyllobius, and Apion. By John Walton 1 Art. II. Communications on the Natural History of North America. By Edward Doubleday 21 Art. III. Monographia Chalciditum. By Francis Walker ... 35 Art. IV. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London . . 5G Art. V. More Random Thoughts. By J. W. Douglas 02 Art. VI. A recently discovered Chapter of the Wanderings and Ponderings of an Insect-Hunter 6G Art. VII. Note on the Economy of Hedychrum. By W. C. Hevvit- son 77 Art. VIII. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London . 79 Art. IX. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of France . . 82 Art. X. Proceedings of the Entomological Club 87 Art. XI. An Essay on the Stridulation of Insects. By M. Goureau 89 Art. XII. Monographia Chalciditum. By Francis Walker . . , 102 Art. XIII. Of the Management of Bees in Cashmere 119 Art. XIV. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of France . .122 Art. XV. Notes of an Irish Insect Hunter 140 Art. XVI. Entomological Notes. By Edward Newman .... 168 VI CONTENTS. Page AiiT. XVII. Brecon Beacon.— Craig-Pvvllch-DCl 181 Art. XVIII. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London 183 Art. XIX. Notice of some new Genera and Species of Brachelytra. By Rev. A. Matthews, M. A 188 Art. XX. Communications on the Natural History of North America. By Edward Doubleday 199 Art. XXI. Proceedings of the Entomological Club 206 Art. XXII. Essay on the Classification of Parasitic Hymenoptera. By A. H. Haliday, M.A 209 Art. XXIII. Mr. Davis's Journal, up to December 20, 1837 . . 248 Art. XXIV. Notice of the Capture of Vanessa Antiopa in the Neigh- bourhood of London. By the Rev. H. Stuart Taylor .... 253 Art. XXV. Additional Notes on the Genus Apion. By John Walton 254 Art. XXVI. Lines written on visiting the Neighbourhood of Boxhill, Surrey, June 1837 257 Art. XXVII. Lucanidarum novarum exoticarum Descriptiones, cum Monographia Generum Nigidii et Figuli. Auctore J. O. West- wood, F.L.S. &c 259 Art. XXVIII. Verses read before the Literary Society of Epping . 2G8 Art. XXIX. Communications on the Natural History of North America. By Edward Doubleday 269 Art. XXX. On the Structure of the Scales on the Wings of Lepi- dopterous Insects. By J. S. Bowerbank, M.E.S. &c 300 Art. XXXI. Notes on Madeira. By William Christy, jun., F.L.S. &c 305 Art. XXXII. Observations on the LameUicorns of Olivier. By the Rev. F. W. Hope, M.A. F.R.S. &c 312 Art. XXXII.* Proceedings of the Entomological Club .... 326 Art. XXXIII. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London ib. Art. XXXIV. Note of the Mode of removing the Grease from In- sects by the application of Naphtha Petrolei. By W. E. Shuckard 335 Art. XXXV. Note on Gistrus Equi, the Bot of Horses. By Bracy Clark 3JG CONTENTS. VH Page Art. XXXVI. Magazine of Natural History. Edited by Edward Charlesvvorth, Esq 338 Art. XXXVII. The Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. Vol. II. Part I. London, 1837 339 Art. XXXVIII. Notices of Foreign Entomological Works . . . 350 Art. XXXIX. An Essay on the Stridulation of Insects. By M. (joureau 357 Art. XL. Entomological Notes. By Edward Newman .... 372 Art. XLI. Communications on the Natural History of North America. By Edward Doubleday 402 Art. XLII. Note on Meloe, &c. By Edward Newman .... 408 Art. XLIII. Communications on the Natural History of North America. By Edward Doubleday 409 Art. XLI V. Monographia Chalciditum. By Francis Walker . . 417 Art. XLV. Recollections of Five Days in TenerifFe. By William Christy, jun 431 Art. XL VI. Descriptions of some Oxyuri.^ By Francis Walker. . 453 Art. XLVII. On the Comparative Structure of the Scutellum and other Terminal Dorsal Parts of the Thorax of Winged Insects. By J. O. Westwood, F.L.S. &c 459 Art. XLVII I. Descriptions of some Chalcidites discovered by C. Darwin, Esq. By Francis Walker 469 Art. XLIX. Notes on various Insects, by" J. B n; with further explanatory Observations, by W. E. Shuckard 477 Art. L. Entomological Notes. By Edward Newman 483 Art. LI. On the Genus Cerapterus of Swederus. By J. O. West- wood, F.L.S 500 Art. LII. Description of some new Genera of Coleoptera in the Author's Collection. By W. E. Shuckard 505 Art. LIII. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London . 513 Art, LIV. Varieties 518 ERRATA IN VOL. IV. P.is?e 41, for l»in et 2u'n, read2om et Sum. 56, line 11, for O, read O. cselatus. 59, — 13, for informain, read in formam. 95, — 4, a//t'r orbita, insert pectore. 97, — 15, erase in. — — 30, erase et. 205, — 8, for erectus, read evectus. 206, — 20, for mas, read a. 209, — (), for 2, read l«m. 217, — 1, after interior, insert anterior!. 220, — 3, ioi fern, read n;ns. — — 27, for Gnaptodon, read Gnamptodon. 253, — 8, for stern, read stem. 432, — 28, for antennas integr.iret, read antennis interjecta. ERRATA IN VOL. V. Pago 220, line 5, add Palpi articulis fi et 4. 232, — 24, add Palpi articulis G et 4. 238, — 34, for §, read §. 215, — 23, after 5(5, insert nervosa. VALEDICTORY ADDRESS. The Entomological Magazine is ended.— In offering to the public the Fifth and last Volume, and at the same time bidding my readers farewell for ever, I have thought it desir- able to relinquish the editorial plural, and address my brother entomologists in the more egotistical but less assuming .sm^M/a?\ Whether this vv^ork has or has not accomplished its proposed object, — ^the advancement of entomology, — whether it has been conducted well or ill, is for my readers to determine. Of its merits or demerits its avowed Editor cannot speak. In the pages of the volumes before me many papers occur which seem to require a few comments. I will make these comments as concise as possible. I am well aware how irk- some is the reading of Prefaces, and that the only merit they can by chance possess is brevity. The Colloquia Entomologica. — However censurable many passages in these Colloquies may be, (and I have nothing to say in extenuation or palliation,) it is but just that he who de- serves should alone bear the obloquy. With one exception^ they are written exclusively by myself. I need scarcely add that the conversations are purely imaginary, and that the supposed interlocutors never avowed the sentiments they found ascribed to them. It is no pleasant task to volunteer this confession; but the duty is imperative. I cannot allow " See Vol. I. p. 492. This acknowledgment appears to contradict a state- ' ment made in Vol. II. p. 476. In explanation it is only needful to say, that a kind friend undertook the editorship of that volume, and consequently the Col- loquia were not then '•' either really or avowedly editorial." NO. V. VOL. V. b X VALEDICTORY ADDRESS. my friends to suffer the ill effects of my own imprudence. The writing of these hasty and desultory papers afforded me a momentary pleasure: be the penalty also mine; I neither seek nor shun it. The Septenary System. — The strictures on this system are more violent than the occasion warranted, and would not have been admitted had any other person than myself been the object of attack. I never have, and I trust never shall, reply to a word of censure against myself. If just, I profit by it; if unjust, I laugh at and forget it. I now as firmly as ever believe in the main points of the septenary system, — the cen- trality of typical forms, and the consequent approximation of circles, as shown in my arrangement of the classes of Tetra- pterous hexapods ; — but let me add, that I consider time could scarcely be spent more idly than in endeavouring to work out sevens, fives, or threes, in the families, genera, and species. I regret to see minds of great natural capacity frittering away their powers in this puerile employment. Monographia Chalcidilum. — This monograph, which is per- haps the most elaborate and extensive ever written, could not be completed within the limits of this Magazine. Mr. Walker has printed the remainder, consisting of about 250 pages, in a separate volume, which I recommend to my readers as essen- tial to the completion of the subject. Metamorphosis of Crustacea, — In the Third Volume of this Magazine*^ occur some of those invaluable papers, by Dr. Thompson, which have excited so much discussion among Naturalists ; some having even attempted to dispute the author's veracity. On this subject Mr. MacLeay has thus expressed his opinion, in a work presently to be mentioned: — " It is true that, in consequence of the publication of Professor Rathke, some persons disputed the truth of Dr. '' Metamorphosis of Pinnotheres, III. 85 ; Metamorphosis of Porceilana and Portunus, III. 275; Double Metamorphosis in Macropodia Phalangium ; also Notes on that of Gecarcinus hydronomus, Thelphusa erythropus, Eriphsea Car- ribeea, and Grapsus pelagicus, III. 370; Natural History and Metamorphosis of Sacculina carcini, III. 452. VALEDICTORY ADDRESS. XI Thompson's assertions ; but, so far as my own observations allowed me to form an opinion on the subject, I was ever in- clined to think that this gentleman merited well of science, which is far more than could be said of any of those persons who, by crude inferences, but never by direct observation, have ventured to attack him."" With a candid acknowledgment that I have never proved by demonstration the truth of Dr. Thompson's assertions, I wish to take this opportunity of expressing my perfect and entire belief in the whole of his statements. I cannot understand on what grounds any casual commentator is to overthrow statements resulting from a long and laborious investigation. Before the evidence of so dili- gent an observer as Dr. Thompson can be in the least shaken in the minds of the unprejudiced, a series of careful experi- ments must be formed, a series of rigid results noted, and the statements now existing must be met by counter-statements of equal weight. Has this been the case ? Do we not, on the contrary, find that investigation corroborates, rather than invali- dates, these important assertions? Mr. MacLeay unhesitat- ingly says, that Captain Ducane, R.N., who has made at Southampton most interesting observations on the metamor- phosis of Crustacea, has confirmed Thoyilpsons observalions. Although confirmation is always desirable, and sets the matter more thoroughly at rest, yet I confess that Dr. Thompson's unsupported statements carry perfect conviction to my mind. His conclusions rest not on isolated or accidental observations, but on elaborate researches, conducted with scrupulous care. In his Memoir on Pinnotheres,^ Dr. Thompson states that he kept alive those females which had large bunches of ova, and that he actually " sazv the ova hatch in great numbers, under the form of a new kind of Zo'e." This is no expression of opinion, no proposition of a theory, but a statement of a posi- tive fact. I cannot appreciate highly the feeling that would quash this assertion. It seems to me that Dr. Thompson's statements are not to be shaken by doubts or arguments. "= Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa; Annulosa, p. 53. '' Entomological Magazine, Vol. III. p. 88. Xli VALEDICTORY ADDRESS. Nothing short of a patient investigation, co-extensive with his own, will in any degree detract from the merit, originality, or brilliancy of his discoveries, or throw any shade over the soundness of his views. Natural History of North America. — Messrs. Doubleday and Foster having visited most of the states of the Union, and taken up their temporary abode in the various localities they considered best calculated for entomological pursuits, are now on the eve of returning to this country. The communications from Mr. Doubleday are therefore concluded, and I am unable to state his views as to any more complete or extensive accounts of the Natural History of the United States. Mr. Doubleday, before returning to his home, is availing himself of the kind assistance of Dr. Harris, a zealous and able American entomologist, in naming such insects of his collection as have been previously described by the late lamented Thomas Say. Dr. Harris having in his possession the works and MSS. of Mr. Say, and possessing, moreover, an extensive and accurate know- ledge of the species Mr. Say has described, entomologists will at once perceive the almost inestimable value of his assistance. Entomological Notes. — These will be continued in the Magazine of Natural History, the New Series of which, from the value of its contents, and the high scientific reputation of many of its contributors, has strong claims on the cultivators of Natural History. The present is a rich era in entomological publications, especially as regards this country. A new edition of Drury's beautiful Plates of Insects, with descriptive letter-press by Mr. Westwood, and a second edition of Dr. Bevan's Honey Bee, with some valuable additions, have just made their ap- pearance. Mr. John Curtis's unrivalled pictorial work on British Entomology, is still regularly continued. Besides these we have a work by Mr. Kirby, on the Entomology of Canada ; by Mr. MacLeay, on the Entomology of South Africa; by Mr. Hope, on the Scarahcci of Fabricius, and on VALEDICTORY ADDRKSS. Xlll Exotic Hemiptera ; by Mr, Shuckard, on British Fossorial Hymenoptera ; and by Mr. Westvvood, on the Modern Classi- fication of Insects. To each of these I must devote a few lines. We have also in prospect a general work on British Genera of Insects, by Mr. Shuckard ; and a work on British Bees, by the same gentleman ; both of which are to appear before the end of the present year. I do not think Mr. Kirby's work on the Insects of Canada® at all likely to extend the fame of that celebrated author. Numerous new families are named, but not described, and seem formed on the mere spur of the occasion, without any rational ground, or any apparent object, except that of giving paternity to a name. I moreover observe that many well- known insects, and amongst them the large North American Trichii, and several Melolothidcs, are re-described as new. On the other hand, hosts of European species are given as Canadian, without doubt or hesitation, without even a com- parison of their characters. The technical terms are angli- cized after the barbarous manner of the French, but with a still greater violation of scientific usages : thus, ants are called Forviicidans ; wasps, Vespidans, &c. It gives me pain to condemn any thing from the pen of so honoured an author as Kirby ; but I speak now as an individual commenting without fear or favour on what is going on around him ; and justice compels me to say that I consider the work throughout charac- terized by a morbid taste for name-giving, and by a care- lessness perfectly unaccountable. Mr. MacLeay's work on the Insects of South Africa^ is not more in accordance with modern views of precision and accuracy. I find in this work an equal lack of care, and the same overweening propensity to the giving of names ; several even of the figured species have been previously named ;^ and I must * Fauna Boreali-Aiiiericana, by John Richardson, M.D. Part IV. and last. The Insects by the Rev. William Kirby. Fletcher, Norwich: Longman, London. 1837. ^ Illustrations of the Anniilosa of South Africa, collected during an expediiion into the interior, under the direction of Dr. Andrew Smith, By W. S. MacLeay, Esq. London : Smith & Elder. 1838. 8 In a plate o) Cetoniida' five out of six are re- christened. XIV VALEDICTORY ADDRESS. remark that, throughout the work, science is perpetually made subservient to theory, and the author rides his hobby, Quinarian- ism,\vith an energy and eagerness that must discompose the risible muscles of the most saturnine entomological physiognomy in existence. In the Horts Entomologicce no competent mind can fail to trace deep and original thought, close and connected reasoning, fresh and vigorous expression ; but the theory, so sublime in its first dazzling entirety, becomes feeble, if not ridiculous, in the analytical detail of the Cetoniidce before us. INIr. Hope's Coleopterist's Manual'* is a work of great utility: the design is excellent, but the execution is too hurried. The object of the work is to show to what modern genera the Linnasan and Fabrician species of Scarahceus are to be re- ferred. In the execution of this task Mr. Hope introduces several new genera, all of which appear to me clearly defined, and of far more intrinsic value than the generality of recent genera. I cordially recommend this little volume to every student of general entomology. Mr. Hope's Descriptive Catalogue of the Exotic Hemiptera' in his own collection, is another work of great utility, — a com- plete viultum in parvo: the descriptions are of course in Latin, and are, for the most part, very clear and careful, yet concise. I have much pleasure in recommending this little work. Mr. Shuckard's Fossorial Hymenoptera'^ is of far higher scientific character than either of the preceding publications ; the author has followed that excellent advice of Horace — Denique sit quod vis, simplex duntaxat et iiinim; and, in accordance with the spirit of the line, he has produced a work at once simple and complete. The author possesses an ardent love of, and a complete mastery over, his subject. A more perfect work on entomology has seldom appeared : all British entomologists must possess it. ^ The Coleopterist's ftlanual, containing the Laniellicorn Insects of Linnaeus and Fabricius. By the Rev. F. W. Hope. Henry G. Bohn, London. 1837. i A Catalogue of the Hemiptera, in the Collection of Rev. F. W. Hope. London, 1837. '' Essay on the Indigenous Fossorial Hymenoptera. By W. E. Shuckard. Richter and Co. London. 1837. VALEDICTORV ADDRESS. XV Mr. Westwood's work' is of a very different kind from the foregoing, and is, as the title expresses, an introduction to the modern classification of insects. It is published in monthly numbers, six of which have ah'eady appeared, and four more are to render the work complete. This restriction of a work to a limited size is, in my opinion, exceedingly ill-judged; the sixth number does not finish the Coleoptera, and the other classes are as yet untouched. Mr. Westwood should give us at least twenty numbers. The work consists of two distinct parts ; the second part is a brief and crude, if not careless abstract of the characters of British genera, the object of which is not apparent. The first part must be spoken of in difTerent terms : it appears to me a careful and judicious digest, of rare and extensive learning, of elaborate and deep research. It is impossible to read these highly interesting pages, and to com- pare the text with the numerous cuts, executed from the author's own drawings, without feeling a profound respect for that invincible industry which has collected so immense a mass of information. Mr, Taylor's Bee-keeper's Manual" is a very small and un- pretending volume : the author evidently possesses a know- ledge of his subject, arranges his matter judiciously, and writes in a clear and intelligible style. Our apiarians are seldom entomologists, neither are our entomologists apiarians ; hence the questions most interesting to the entomologist, as the im- pregnation of the queen, the hexagonal figure of the cells, the structural difference of queens and neuters, and many others, remain still in utter darkness. My remarks on Kirby and MacLeay, the magnates of ento- mology, will no doubt be considered somewhat too free. Let those who think so examine their recent quartos as I have I Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects, founded on their natural habits and corresponding organization; to which is added, a Descriptive Synopsis of all the British Genera. By J. O. Westwood. London, 1838. ™ The Bee Keeper's Manual ; or, Practical Hints on the Management and complete Preservation of the Honey Bee, and in particular in Collateral Hives.- By Henry Taylor. Groombridge, London. XVI VALEDICTORY ADDRESS. done, — undazzled by the broad margins of either, — unappalled by the dictatorial and superciHous style of the latter. I assert, without fear of contradiction, that a dozen pages of Shuckard's " Fossores," or Westwood's " Introduction," contain more in- formation, more entomology, aye, more philosophy, than can be found in the two hot-pressed quartos now open before me. From the text I turn to the plates with real satisfaction ; those in Kirby's work are good, in MacLeay's they are almost per- fect: I have never seen any pictorial illustrations so beautiful. It is but justice to the highly-gifted artist to say, they are by Mr. Charles M. Curtis. Reader! it is no easy task to say farewell, after a companion- ship of so many years. If I have offended thee, it is now high time to forgive and to forget it. Truly can I say, that, from the bottom of my heart, I forgive all those attacks which have been directed against myself. If any there be still conscience- stricken, and trembling in the anticipation of chastisement, I beg of them to fear no more, and accept of my forgiveness. Edward Newman. Deptford, 2Sfh October, 1S38. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE. OCTOBER, 1837. Art. I. — Notes upon the Genera Sitona, Polydrusus, Plnjllo- bius, and Apion. By John Walton. My Dear Sir, — You are aware it has been my intention for some time to send you a few general remarks, upon the discre- pancies that seem to have existed for a long period, amongst the species of the above-named genera. The interesting family to which they belong, has had a great share of my time and attention for more than two years. If you think the following observations may be interesting, of use to Entomologists, and of sufficient importance to merit a place in the Magazine, they are very much at your service. I will just say, 1 have had no other object than the elicitation of truth, by endeavouring to remove some of the obscurity which prevails amongst the species of the said genera. If I have been successful, I hope it will induce others, infinitely superior to me, to retrace their steps, by investigating other genera, seeing how much there is yet to be done at home ; instead of allowing themselves to be so much enamoured by new forms and exotic novelties. There is much truth in the assertion, that if Entomologists would confine their studies for a time to orders or families, according to their several tastes and leisure, our path to knowledge would be made smoother, and our acquisitions the more valuable and useful. NO. I. VOL. V. B 2 notes upon the genera sitona, &c. Genus. — Sitona. The confusion which, more or less, exists in the synonymy, and amongst the species of this genus, is so general and ex- tensive, that I think I may be excused in attempting to put it into better order. I have the pleasure of saying, I have been permitted freely to examine nearly all the principal metro- politan cabinets, with reference to this and the following genera : they are all much in the same plight ; but it would be ungrateful not to mention here, the kindness and politeness that I have everywhere experienced from the Entomologists of Lon- don, for which I feel obliged. I hope I may be excused in referring to the collection of Mr. Kirby, as it has become the property of the Entomological Society, by the generosity of its illustrious donor, and is of easy access to entomologists. There seem to be no less than five Protean species in this genus, — viz., S. Spartii, S. lineatus, S. tibialis, S. puncticollis, and S. pleuritica, — every where plentiful ; and when we take into con- sideration how closely species and their varieties frequently approximate to each other, both in habit and sculpture, we shall cease to wonder at the inaccuracies in this genus. Sitona Spartii and tibialis. I must now crave the reader's patience, to follow me through a short narrative of the circumstances which gradually led me to the consideration of the following species. After a fruitless endeavour to ascertain some of their names, by means of books, and the examination of some of the London collections, I com- menced, on my return home from London, in March 1836, to collect numbers of the S. Spartii, and *S'. tibialis, from the Ulex Europcpus, which I put into oblong card boxes, about H inches deep, covered with glass ; and, by means of a pocket lens, I could most satisfactorily identify the sexes of each species, by observing them in coitu, and removing each pair, by means of a light pair of forceps, into pill-boxes. Thus I amused my- self for several weeks, until I collected upwards of one hundred pairs, which I mounted, and displayed upon cards ; and, when exhibited to Mr. Curtis, during a short sojourn at my house, in June 1836, he could not help laughing. Those which I did not detect in coitu, I put into pill-boxes, until I had several BY JOHN WALTON. hundreds of innumerable varieties, of two species, viz. — ^S*. Spartii^ and S. tibialis : the latter was more plentiful than the former, and both always found upon the above-mentioned plant, in Yorkshire. By capturing, setting out, and examining so many of these species, and their surprising varieties, I became familiar with what is technically called their habit, by secur- ing them, as I apprehend, soon after their coming out of the chrysalis : they were in beautiful condition, and covered with shining scales, of a metallic lustre, particularly ^S*. tibi- alis. I was pleased to observe I possessed numerous and very singular varieties, in form, colour and size ; thus I be- came master, if I may use the expression, of these two species. I continued, all the remainder of the year, to collect every in- sect of this genus that I met with. The colour of the scales of »S'. tibialis is extremely variable, of every shade, from a coppery, silvery, bluish grey, and green : the elytra are generally line- ated, but in many instances concolorous, and therefore entirely without lines. This species is liable to be confounded with S. lineatus ; but the habit is dissimilar, the elytra are shorter, and the eyes more prominent ; the slender bluish grey varieties of the S. lineatus so closely approximate to the same varieties ot the S. tibialis, that it is difficult for persons unacquainted with the habit of the two species to separate them. In this case, the sculpture on the thorax, when examined, will at once de- cide the doubt. Sitona lineatus. — The scales upon the elytra are generally more or less distinctly lineated, but frequently concolorous, and without lines. The small slender varieties are usually of a bluish grey ; and the full, robust forms are often cinereous, brown, and also of a bluish grey colour ; the cinereous, or brown, incline to a coppery red, which, in certain positions, have a brilliant metallic lustre. I have, therefore, been led not to attach much importance to the colour of the scales and the lineations thereof: they are often perfectly useless in decid- ing species, and mislead by their want of uniformity ; they hide the sculpture more or less, and this important character cannot be seen distinctly without scraping them off, which is easily performed with a pen-knife, or some other light instrument. The five Protean species mentioned before, vary so consider- ably in size, and assume so many singular variations in form and colour, that it is impossible for language to give a correct 4 NOTES UPON THE GENERA SITONA, &C. idea of the same. The largest in size are broader and more robust, generally of a coppery or gold colour, which, in cer- tain lights, is more or less brilliant ; and their head, thorax, and elytra are more conspicuously developed. As they diminish in size, their stature becomes gradually more slender, the fore- head narrower, and less gibbous, the thorax and elytra are also considerably modified in form, and the colour of these slender varieties is generally of a greyish blue; they are usually found nearly without scales. Whether this peculiarity is occasioned by the roving propensities of the males, or arises from age, or a greater predisposition to be detached by abrasion, it is difficult to say. Sitona puncticollis. — A gentleman, of whose long practical experience in this order, and of whose accurate judgment and keen discriminating eye I have the highest opinion, having called my attention to the slender varieties of this species, which appeared to him distinct fromthe true S. ptmctlcolUs, (and which are known by the name of S. canina,) on account of their shorter elytra, and from the circumstance of his having re- ceived them from Scotland, without any of the true S.jninc- ticollis, I have considered and examined his observations, with a mind open to conviction, — with a sincere desire, if possible, to search out the truth, — nay, more, with a feeling, rather to be wrong than right ; but I cannot resist the evidence of my own senses ; and my opinion is, that this species is spe- cifically identical with S. puncticollis, differing almost entirely in its less robust form. The general character of the sculp- ture, after a careful examination, I find to be the same. The length of the elytra is not comparatively uniform : this is, in my opinion, a mere individual variation ; but this is not the most remarkable discrepancy in the form of the elytra : in some of the narrow examples, it is singularly attenuated, from about the middle to the apex. I may add, the number of maculae, or spots on the anterior margin of the thorax, as well as the number of those on the disk, in recent and fresh specimens, are the same in the narrow, slender varieties of this species, as in the broader or more robust forms, and are more or less evident, unless obliterated by age, or otherwise. This species I take in abundance by sweeping grassy fields ; and fine spe- cimens can only be obtained by selecting from great numbers ; they are generally found in bad condition. BY JOHN WALTON. O S. pleurifica and S. subaurata. — I have not the slightest he- sitation in uniting these two species of Mr. Kirby. I speak confidently, because I have taken them in the autumn of last year, in the utmost profusion, by sweeping grassy fields. *S'. pleuritica is smaller, and of a more slender form than the S. sub- aurata,— the latter is of a larger, broader, and of a more robust form; in fact, the regular gradation, or law of continuity, in a good series, is evident throughout : in recent and good spe- cimens, the elytra are beautifully tessellated, andjthere are two distinct spots on the thorax, — a character common to all the recent varieties, however small, that I have seen. This spe- cies is NOT hispid. S. suturalis has the habit of S. hispidulus, but it is at once distinguished from the latter by its being pu- bescent. Its sub-immersed eyes, and its lineated suture, dis- tinguish it at once from all the other species of this genus. It seems to be provincial, being found in Wales and Yorkshii*e : all the other species are discriminated by specific characters so distinct, that it would be perfectly superfluous to make any observations upon them. I must now refer to a series of each species, deposited in a drawer at the Entomological Society of London ; they are not so full and complete as I could wish, because I had no idea of writing this paper before I came to London, consequently I did not bring up with me a full series of varieties. I refer also to Mr. Kirby's collection ; and also to a good series of each species, in the cabinet of the Entomo- logical Club. Genus. — Polydrusus. I have very few remarks to make upon this genus. P. amaurus of Marsham, seems to be a variety of P. con flu ens ; and the P. amaurus of Mr. Kirby's MSS. is a P/if/llobius Mali : this name, since it does not represent a species, must sink into a synonyme. P. marginatus is a good species, and very local, the only known habitat being birch-wood. P. pulchellus may be a species ; there is a single example in Mr. Stephens's cabinet, taken at Darenth Wood. P. cervinus is like one of the Protean species of the genus Sitona ; it varies as much in size, and in the colour of its scales, from a green, greyish blue, silvery, to a copper. P. melanotus is a variety of the preceding. P. sericeus seems a distinct species, from a specimen in the 6 NOTES UPON THE GENERA SITONA, &C. cabinet of Mr. Curtis, and one or more in that of Mr. Stephens. O? P. fukicorms I have only seen one specimen, which is in Mr. Stephens's cabinet, and which appeared to me a variety of P. cermnus. All the other species are very distinct. Genus. — Nemoicus. N. ohlonqiis varies in the colour of its thorax, being some- times black and sometimes testaceous. I have captured it, in copula, of both colours on the thorax. Genus. — Phyllobius. Whoever has paid attention to the colour of the scales in this genus, as well as to the variation of the colour of the legs, and to that of the antennae, will not attach much importance to these fugitive characters in determining a species. I have captured the P. Alnetl with legs of every shade of colour, from black to rufous ; and have taken the P. ccesius, in copula with P. Alnetl, the latter having black legs and the former testaceous; I have in vain attempted to find a character to separate them ; the slender smaller forms, with pale legs, I consider to be males ; some of the varieties, with black legs, have the scales upon the elytra of a rich silky lustre ; and in certain damp situations, in a wood, much screened from light, I have taken this species with their elongate green scales changed to an ash-grey, giving to the insect the appearance of being pubescent. Specimens with this character I first suspected to be a distinct species ; but having subsequently taken a pair; in copula, one of them with green elongate scales, and the other grey, I found a solu- tion to this anomaly. Mr. Curtis has the two examples in his cabinet, which I gave to him. P. Pyri is thought to be distinct, from its hair-like golden scales, but they are variable in their tint, to a greenish, or satiny green, thereby approximating to some of the varieties of the preceding, showing there is no uniformity in this character, but that one colour gradually merges into another. I am very much inclined to think that the colours of the scales in this species are modified, and changed by fortuitous circumstances, depending upon light, heat, and moisture ; I have found them abundantly amongst nettles, umbelliferous plants, and herbage BY JOHN WALTON. 7 of various kinds ; specimens from the former were always darker than others. Until there is a difference discovered in the habit, and a specific character, of sufficient weight or consequence, in the sculpture, I shall regard them all as one variable species. Mr. Stephens thinks, that P. ccesius may be a mere variety, or the opposite sex of P. Pijri. I am convinced that P. ccesius and P. Alneti are identically the same species ; for these and the above reasons, I have united them all under the Linnsean name of P. Pyri. P. maculicornis. — A very distinct northern species, taken by me in Yorkshire : in the habit and sculpture, when examined, it will be found to be very diflferent from P. argentatus, its nearest congener ; there is also a good character in the second joint of the funiculus of the antennas, it is shorter and stouter than in the following insect, the two first being of equal length, whereas in the following species (being the only one with which it can be confounded), the second joint is longer and more slender than the first of the funiculus, therefore of unequal lengths. P. argentatus. — There is in this species and the preceding a very singular and very remarkable variation to be noticed in the form of the thorax : the females (for I have taken both species in copula) have the sides of the thorax considerably di- lated at the middle, and gibbous on the disk, giving it a globose appearance ; the small varieties have the thorax subcylindrical ; the colour of the legs and antennas are more or less dark, regulated by the situation in which they are found ; there is also another character, in this and the preceding species, worthy of notice, — they are often taken with powerful dentated mandibles, projecting from the apex of the rostrum, a character which gives them the appearance of a Cicindela. I have observed other species in this genus as well as in Pob/drusus, with exerted mandibles, some simple and others dentate ; from which I infer it is a general character in these nearly allied genera. P. Pomona^ is a variety of P. nniformis. P. uniformis is a distinct species, dissimilar in habit to P. parvulus; the abdomen beneath is densely clothed with scales, nearly to the apex. P. albidus is a variety of P. uniformis. P. parmdus, a variable but distinct species ; the abdomen beneath is pubescent, and piceous or testaceous at the apex. I have taken numerous pairs of this and P. uniformis, in cop/uld, 8- NOTES UPON THE GENERA SITONA, &C. some of which I have lodged in the cabinets of the Entomo- logical Society and Entomological Club, for the inspection of visitors. P. minutus, is a variety of P. parvulus. P. mridicollis, said to be a good species. I have never taken it. Genus. — Apion. The excellent Monograph of Mr. Kirby on Herbst's genus Apion, published in the ninth and tenth volumes of the Lin- naean Transactions, is of inestimable value to entomologists ; it evinces great labour and deep research His valuable corre- spondence with his friend Major Gyllenhal, with presents of insects, enabled him to identify numerous species, to correct the synonymy, and to render the same in many cases less ob- scure. Notwithstanding his great exertions, I cannot help think- ing the genus is yet in a very unsatisfactory state ; on the whole, this celebrated work of Mr. Kirby is as complete, and as free from errors (considering the state of our knowledge at the time, and the scantiness of some of the materials which he had to work upon,) as could be expected ; my surprise is, that the errors are so iew when I consider the difficult nature of the subject, and many other unavoidable circumstances. I cannot resist my inclination to avail myself of this opportunity, here to record my individual sense of the generosity and kindness evinced by Mr. Kirby, in presenting the whole of his invaluable collection of insects to the Entomological Society : it is a proof how deeply he feels for the prosperity and advancement of his favourite science. I congratulate the entomologists of London upon so valuable an acquisition, upon the advantages they possess in having free access to the cabinets ; without this I could not with any degree of satisfaction to my own mind, much less to that of others, have attempted to point out the few inaccuracies that comparatively exist in his valuable and interesting mono- graph. Ample means were afforded me, carefully and I hope rigorously, to examine the identical insects described by Mr. Kirby : for want of this evidence I must have remained silent, and yielded to the high authority of so celebrated an author. Through the politeness and kind attention of the curators of the Entomological Society, I have been permitted to remove this genus, and the preceding genera, into two separate drawers, to place Mr. Kirby's names under each species, and to attach BY JOHN WALTON. y thereto a label numbered with red ink, exactly in the same order as left by him, the names and red ink numbers put to every insect, in regular order, as I took them out of the cabinet, will afford greater facilities for examination, and prevent them from being accidentally transposed or misplaced. The simple method which I adopted to identify the sexes of S. tibialis, by means of oblong card boxes covered with glass, I applied with equal success to many species of this genus. I am aware objections may be raised against this plan, which I shall not attempt to combat here : I will merely say, if the ex- periments are conducted and watched with patience and atten- tion, under a careful provision against all circumstances that may create errors, by taking several pairs m coitu, and by a close examination of the same, I have no doubt in my own mind, the most sceptical person will be convinced of the identity of the sexes ; at all events, there can be no mistake with the males of species by this method, because they are seen with certain organs, and observed in certain situations. Though I may in many instances have succeeded, to the satisfaction of my own mind, in uniting each sex to its legitimate partner, by this method, yet I regard it only as a collateral aid in proving the sexes. There are many important sexual characters more or less developed throughout this extensive genus, and which I con- sider of equal consequence with observing or taking them any way in coitu ; these sexual characters are so conspicuously de- picted, and so uniformly well defined, in the generality of the species, that I have no hesitation in saying that an entomologist, practically and familiarly acquainted with them, could at once decide upon the sex of a species that he had never seen before. I will now attempt to give an outline, and to describe generally, as well as I can, and as the nature of the subject will permit, the sexual characters of this genus. In my opinion, the sexual distinctions are so important to be known, that no entomologist can acquire a correct knowledge of all the species of this interesting genus without them : most of the errors have originated for want of a better acquaintance with the same. The extreme locality of some of the species, and the great rarity of others, no doubt, has combined in a great measure to impede and retard our studies of these characters. NO. I. VOL. V. c 10 NOTES UPON THE GENERA SITONA, &C. The variation in the form of the rostrum is the first and most important sexual character to be noticed. In the males it is very generally shorter and thicker than in the females ; filiform, sometimes attenuated, and often pubescent before the antennae ; more generally glabrous, and, when compared with the females, somewhat dull and obscure, or less glossy. The antennae of the males are very generally seated at a greater distance from the base of the rostrum than that of the females, but the distance varies more or less. When the antennae are entirely testaceous in the males, the club is black in the females. The rostrum of the females is longer, thinner, and more or less attenuated, before the antennae — sometimes filiform, gene- rally glossy and glabrous, — rarely pubescent. The antennae are frequently seated nearer the base of the I'ostrum than in the males ; but the distance is more or less variable. In pubes- cent species, the males are more hairy than the females, and the rostrum is pubescent before the antennae. With all due deference and respect to the authority of so judicious and skilful an entomologist as Mr. Kirby, I must venture to say, that, at the commencement of his admirable monograph, it is evident he was not so well acquainted with the sexual charac- ters ; but he evinces a more accurate knowledge towards its conclusion. This is what might be expected of every person, as he became better acquainted with the species — for example: the characters which induced Mr. Kirby to separate A. rufi- corne from A. Craccw, are entirely sexual. I must be allowed to quote his own words: — "This little insect, {A. ruficorne) although very nearly related to A. Cracca', is, I think, very distinct from it. The hair on the body is thicker, the rostrum has a shorter acumen, and it is covered, from the base to the tip, with white hairs : the antennae, likewise, are entirely testa- ceous." A. Craccw, A. Pomonce^ and A. subulatum, the only three species found in this country with subulated rostrums, have all a strong analogy to each other in their sexual charac- ters. The males of each species are more pubescent than the females ; the rostrum, though subulated, is distinctly stouter in the males before the antennae, than in the females, and co- vered with pubescence. The rostrum of the females is not so stout before the antennas as in the males : it is also more attenuated, glabrous, and shining, than in tiiat sex. There is also a remarkable sexual character in A. Craccw, and a few BY JOHN WALTON. 11 other species in this genus : the antennae of the males are en- tirely testaceous, and the female has the club black, with the base testaceous. I have recently taken the sexes of A. Pomonw, at Birch Wood, in copula. No. 5" A. Ervi, 5 mas. and fern. ; No. 6, A. Lathyrl, 6 fern, and mas. Mr. Kirby says, ''this species (meaning the latter) so nearly resembles the preceding, that it is not without considei'able hesitation that I give it as distinct. Since, however, I possess the sexes of each, and the males differ in the shape of the ros- trum, and the females, both in the proportion of the clava of the antennee, and the connexion of its joints, these circumstances will, I think, warrant my separating them." " That they feed upon the same plant, though a presump- tive, is by no means a demonstrative evidence of their identity, since it often happens that the same plant furnishes food to seve- ral species of this genus. Major Gyllenhal, however, sent this amongst specimens of A. Ervi, considering it, I suppose, a variety." I must here venture to dissent. Mr. Kirby must have had, at this time, a very confused idea of the sexual characters, otherwise this great error is utterly unaccountable. This opinion is corroborated by the insects in his collection : the males are sometimes denoted by feminine characters, and the females by male ones. See No. 9, A. xorax ; No. 10, A. cwrulescens ; No. 43, A. seniculus, (Sfc. In reply to his rea- sons for making a male and female out of two females, and a female and male out of two males, I must observe, I cannot see any difference in the shape of the rostrum between his first two females ; nor can I see any difference in the shape of the rostrum of the last, which are two males ; neither can the pro- portion of the clava of the antenna, and the connexions of its joints, differ very materially in the same sex, unless by some fortuitous cause. A. Ervi and A. Lathyri I captured in ray net, in copula, while sweeping. Their situation was not ambi- guous,— they separated with difficulty. The sexual characters are very distinctly marked in both, and are exactly analogous to the sexual characters of A. Viciw, which Mr. Kirby afterwards described, (No. 14, A. Vicice, mas. and fem.) and accurately a These are Mr. Kirby's numbers, as tbey stand in the Monograph ; and are taken from his identical described specimens. The sexes arc also distinguished by Mr. Kirby as above. 12 NOTES UPON THE GENERA SITONA, &C. identified the sexes. The males of both species {A. Ervi and A. Vicke) have the hair on the body thicker, the rostrum shorter, filiform, pubescent from the base to the tip, and the antennae are seated near its middle, and are entirely testaceous. The females of both species are less hairy on their bodies, the ros- trum longer, attenuated before the antennae, glabrous and shin- ing ; the antennae seated nearer the base of the rostrum, with their clubs black, and their basal joints rufous. Both species are very plentiful about Knaresboro', in Yorkshire. Of these two species, so analogous to each other in their sexual charac- ters, I beg to refer to a series of both sexes, placed by me in a spare drawer at the Entomological Society, and also to Mr. Kirby's insects themselves, in support of my opinion. If sexual characters are allowed to predominate in separating species, and the act of taking and observing them in copula be of no weight in support of well developed sexual characters, then A. ruficorne, A. Lathyri, A. Maharum, A. foveolatum, A. mar- cMcum, A. unicolor must all stand, and A. Pomonw, A. Viciw, A. Vorax, and numerous others, must be doubled. No. 16, A. Malvarum, and No. 17, A. i-ufirostre. Mr. Kirby has confounded the sexes with each other. The late lamented Dr. Leach took these insects in coitu, the former name is there- fore dropped with universal consent. No. 2[, A. Far/i, is an immatui'e male, of the A. flavi-femoratum of Kirby. No. 23, A. jiavi-femoratum, var. j3 (cestimim) is a distinct species, and var. 7 ivaripes) the same. A. No. 27, is A. foveolatum, var. jS, 7. A. No. 37, is A. Spencii, 37 mas. and fem. Having taken many of this species (for the two are male and female) in different localities, near Knaresboro', in July 1836, and not being able satisfactorily to name them by Mr. Stephens's illustrations, I compared them when I was in London, the latter end of July, with the above in Mr. Kirby's collection. Mr. Waterhouse was present, and agreed with me, that the two species and their varieties, given as distinct, were alike, and the same as mine, excepting one insect, with Mr. Kirby's original number, 27, attached to it : that is to say, he thought the A. foveolatum different from the varieties |3 y, from A.SpeiKu,Sl mas. and^wi.,and also from all mine. On my return home into Yorkshire, the beginning of August, I went to Scarboro' : in a ravine or dell, just beyond the White Nab, BY JOHN WALTON. 13 south of the town, and near the sea-coast, I found the Jstra- galus Glycyphyllus, out of bloom, but not the A. Astragali as I expected. More inland, up the dell, to make up for my disap- pointment, I found upon the Vicia cracca the two species in question, and the A. unicolor, all in plenty. Having taken about two hundred of each (being as many as I wished to pos- sess, for the pleasure of supplying my friends) in three or four successive days ; and being fortunate enough in securing seve- ral pairs in coitu, of both species, upon examining their sexual characters, I was delighted to find the whole of them conspicu- ously distinct, both in the A. Spencii and the A. unicolor. By mounting the whole on cards, with the sexes in pairs, and dis- playing their legs and antennae, 1 was pleased to see I possessed a very long series of varieties of the sexes of the two species. The prominence of the eye, and consequent narrowness of the forehead, in A. Spencii varies considerably in both sexes, but surprisingly so in the female. The rostrum, in this species, also varies in length ; the variation in the prominence of the eye is a character I have observed in many other species — viz. in A. Tiolaceum, A. curtirostre, &c. of which I possess very singular examples, picked out of quantities that I have from time to time collected. Mr. Kirby says, " A (meaning the one described) differs from var. /3 and var. 7 more than the sexes usually do, and may possibly be distinct ; yet they are so extremely similar to each other, that I judged it best not to separate them." I quote this opinion of Mr. Kirby to support mine ; because Mr. Waterhouse and myself were at issue on this identical insect, which he thought not the same as its varieties, j3 and y. It is numbered, and labelled 27, by Mr. Kirby. I presume it is the original specimen described by him : there is no mark on the label to denote the sex : it is a male, — a variety, with a narrow head, and the pubescence is worn off by age or other- wise ; the var. /3 is a male also, and var. y a female. A. Spencii is described from an unique specimen, in the col- lection of Mr. Spence ; but there are now two insects in Mr. Kirby 's collection, which appear to have been added after- wards. The first, with a number and sexual mark, thus 37 5 ; and the other labelled thus $ ; both of which are correct, as far as regards the sexes ; but the insects are female and male of A. foveolatum. At the end of the second part of his mono- 14 NOTES UPON THE GENERA SITONA, &C. graph, by the accession of several specimens, this insect is better described ; and Mr. Kirby does not seem to have the least suspicion that it is the A. foveolatum, or at all like it, but links it in affinity, and next to, A. Spartli, a very different insect. 1 must again refer to my series of this species, {A. Spencii) of both sexes, and to Mr. Kirby's. A. foveolatum, being the first described, and a male insect, according to the rigid rules of nomenclature, should stand ; and it is a good specific name. A. Spencii, a female insect, is unfortunately described after- wards, but in the same monograph. 1 shall, therefore, retain the latter name in my cabinet, as a " tribute, justly due to one of the most acute and learned entomologists of this island." A. striatmn is the female of ^, immune ; and No. 31, A. immune, is the male of the former. This is a truly Protean species ; it varies very considerably in the form of the thorax and elytra: the longitudinal furrow on the thorax of both sexes is present in my Yorkshire specimens, and absent in the males only, of those taken in the south. There are two insects in Mr. Ingall's collection, one of which, at first, appeared to me to be a distinct species, and allied to A. immune ; since which I have seen other specimens in the collection of the Entomological Club, and another in Mr, Ingall's, which lead me to a suspi- cion that it may turn out a singular variety of A. immune. My great aversion to create new species from single examples, es- pecially when allied to an exceedingly variable one ; and the want of a long series of varieties from the London habitats of A. Pisi and A. immune, imposes upon me silence for the present. I captured numbers of this species from the Ulex Europwus, on warm days in February last, and I experienced no difficulty in identifying the sexes of many pairs of the same ; the form of the rostrum, and the situation of the antennae thereon, in both sexes, so much resemble each other, that it requires some little practical experience to separate them by the eye. No. 32. A. virens, Q2fem. ; No. S3, A. marchicum, 33 mas. Mr. Kirby says, " this little insect {A. marchicum) is so simi- lar to the one before it, that I suspect it may be only a sexual variety. The principal difference lies in the thick- ness and shortness of the rostrum." The first is a female, and the second a male : I have taken them repeatedly in coitu, and, from their well-defined sexual characters, I have BY JOHN WALTON. 15 no doubt whatever they are female and male ; consequently the latter name must fall. No. 36, A. Spartli, 3Q mas. and fem. I have several times compared this insect with A, Rumicis. I cannot discover any important variation either in the habit or sculpture ; I believe them to be the same insect. I invite Entomologists to examine them ; it is an insect which I have never taken in the north, therefore I do not feel myself justified in expunging one of the names ; though I have no doubt in my own mind, that A. Rumicis will fall, when passed through the ordeal of a rigorous examination with A. Spartii. The sexes are correctly given in both species, and will, therefore, not interfere with our opinions as to a separation. No. 39, A. imicolor. 39 mas. a.ndfem. This species seems to have been first described from a single specimen, in the collection of Mr. Spence ; since which two specimens, male and female, have been added to Mr. Kirby's collection, and the specific description has been amended in the second part of his mo- nograph. The geminated elevation between the antennas is not an uniform character. I have examined, from time to time, upwards of one hundred specimens ; sometimes it is absent, and sometimes present, in both sexes. I have females with, and without, this geminated elevation, — the sexes I cap- tured in copula, at Scarboro', as before mentioned. No. 41, A. aterrimus. As the label, with the number, is not attached to the pin containing the insect, but on a separate pin above it, it may not apply to this small insect, which seems to be A. velox {long, f — 1 lin.) ; it cannot be intended to represent A. ater- rimus, described by Mr. Kirby, because it is so much larger, (long. Corp. H lin.) I think a different insect must have been attached to this number, — perhaps an A. Radiolus. Mr. Stephens has omitted A. aterrimus altogether, as a species un- known in this country. No. 45, A Gyllenhalii. Major Gyllenhal sent Mr. Kirby this species ; it is represented by a single insect, pinned, la- belled, and numbered 45 ; it happens, unfortunately, to be a female of ^. unicolor. I have deposited a dozen specimens of both sexes, for the inspection of Entomologists, in the cabinet of the Entomological Society, amongst which will be found examples, with piceous and black antenna;. Other dark species of this genus, particularly A. Seniculiis, vary in the 16 NOTES UPON THE GENERA SITONA, &C. colour of the antenna; ; I propose, notwithstanding the priority of description, in this case to retain A. Gyllenhalii, as a tribute to so eminent an Entomologist. No, 5Q. A. Radiolus, mas. fern. No. 57, A. oxibrum, {51, fern, mas.) In the second part of Mr. Kirby's monograph, he has expunged A. oxurum, as merely a variety of A. Radiolus. No, 67, A. Angustatum ; this single insect is A. Loti. No, 68, A. scutellare. This is a very distinct species, the last described by Mr, Kirby ; it seems to be taken in plenty, by Mr. Gibson, of Hebden Bridge, Yorkshire. I never took but one specimen, a female ; but I possess two males. There are three females of this species in the British Museum, named A. Kirhii, and placed there by the late Dr. Leach, — a name, I am sure, every Entomologist will support in preference to A. scutellare, out of reverence for the living and the dead. A. glabratum. There is a note in the hand-writing of Mr, Kirby, in his MSS. list, that induces me to think this species is a variety of A. Loti. "69, N.D. A. glabratum, Spence, var. Apion Loti, K." There is an insect pinned, with a label, and a number 69, N.D. attached to the pin, but it is a male of ^. vicia', which unfortunately increases the obscurity : the original specimen appears from Mr. Stephens's illustra- tions, to be in Mr. Spence's cabinet. I have not seen one in London; I must, therefore, give this name in doubt. No. 71, N.D. A. , Kirby MSS. is A. Loti; No. 72, N.D., J. im- pressicolle, Kirby MSS. This is a female of A. punctigerum, No. 73, N. D., A. IcBviusculum, Kirby MSS. This a fine male specimen of the same. No. 74, A.dissimile, Kirby MSS. This is an A. Icsvicolle, mas. A. Curtisii. This insect is in the cabinet of Mr. Curtis : at first sight it has the habit of the female of A. puhescens ; but, upon a closer examination, it sometimes differs : the rostrum of the former is rather shorter and stouter ; the antennae in A. puhescens are black ; in A. Curtisii, piceous, with the club black, and placed a little nearer to the base of the rostrum. A. puhescens is deeply impressed between the eyes, and ob- scurely striated. A. Curtisii is very indistinctly impressed between the eyes, and delicately striated ;** in other respects, ^ These differences in the sculpture are seen more or less distinctly with a powerful lens. I use a Coddington for minute insects, it defines so well ; but without care there is danger of mutilating the insect, on account of its short focus. BY JOHN WALTON. 17 I cannot see any difference. There is clearly one, if not two speci- mens of J. Curtisii in the collection of the Entomological Club, one of which certainly departs considerably from A. pubescens in the form of the rostrum. A. rubens, taken by Mr. Ingall, at Shirley Common, near Croydon, is very distinct from A. hcematodeSi and is the same insect mentioned by Mr. Stephens, in his illustrations. I will just observe, in addition to the cha- racters noticed by him, that it has, distinctly, a shorter head than the latter. A. sangiiineum is also a very good species : it is said to be a native of Scotland ; but I find it tolerably plentiful about Knaresboro'. A. stolidum. Mr. Waterhouse assures me, he has collated this insect with an original speci- men from Germar, and that he feels perfectly satisfied of its identity. He has two specimens in his cabinet, and there is one in the collection of the Entomological Club : it is, appa- rently, a very rare species. A. Icevigatum. Of this beautiful and very distinct species, I have only seen one example in the collection of Mr. Kirby, taken by his friend, the Rev. Mr. Sheppard : it must be very rare, or very local. A. picicornis. Mr. Waterhouse took this distinct new species at Dorking : there is one in the collection of the Entomological Club. A. Hookerii, I have frequently met with this insect by sweeping in clover-fields ; and, during the summer and autumn, near Low Harrowgate I captured this rare insect in great plenty : I have no doubt the TrifoUum pratense is its natural food. A. obscurum is a distinct species : the one in Mr. Kirby's collection is a male, with its rostrum rather short, and attenuated before the antennae. There is another, in Mr. Stephen's cabinet, which is a female, given by Aylmer Bourke Lambert, Esq., to the late Mr. Marsham. A.fampes. This species is stated to have black coxse, and the anterior are said to be occasionally yellow ; it is also stated the two anterior coxae are sometimes black, and some- times yellow : the fact is, the two anterior coxa? of the females are black, and the trochanters yellow ; in the males, the ante- rior coxae and trochanters are all yellow, so that this sup- posed want of uniformity in the colour of the coxae is a mere sexual character, not observed before, that I am aw^are of, for want of not attending to the said characters. A. Icevicolle. A very distinct species. Mr. Kirby says he thinks it was taken, but is not quite certain, in the parish of Wittershani, in the NO. I. VOL. V. D 18 NOTES UPON THE GENERA SITONAj &C. Isle of Oxney, in Kent, a spot which abounds with insects, particularly Hymenoptera. A. csstimim. This species has the anterior trochanters, in both sexes, dark or piceous : an uniform and good character, to assist in separating it from its congeners. A. ruficrus seems also a very good species; it may be instantly known by its black anterior coxae and tro- chanters, broad head, prominent eyes, and coarse sculpture : the only insect it is likely to be mistaken for is the female of A. difforme. A. taripes is a good and distinct species; it is easily recognised by the lower half of the intermediate and hinder tibiae being black, and by its long and very much curved rostrum. A fiUrostre. The female of this species has a broad testa- ceous ring at the apex of the anterior femora, which seems to be a sexual distinction, as I could not discover it in the males. There is a female specimen in Mr. Kirby's collection, with this testaceous ring, which seems to have escaped his eye. I first noticed it in a specimen of Mr. Ingall's, as a singular charac- ter in a black jnsect. A. ebeninum. I have taken this insect in great plenty from the LoUis major, in several wet or damp localities, growing amongst rushes, near old clay pits or old stone quarries ; I have no doubt it feeds upon this plant, having frequently taken it alone upon it. A. Ononis. This insect is very local in Yorkshire. I swept the Ononis arvense in a great number of places before I met with the insect ; it was very plentiful when I found out its locality. A. puncticollis is a distinct new species, in the cabinets of the Entomological Club and Mr. Waterhouse. Every species of this boundless science is of itself a study. A knowledge of the habit of insects, when acquired, is of great value, and depends on close attention to every possible variety of size, form, colour, &c. It is somewhat modified by individual variations of form ; and with me I confess it is a work of time to become familiar with it ; but it is there I am convinced; and, when known, it is surprising how quickly species are recognised. In my opinion, the sculpture of every species has a general character peculiar to itself, yet frequently subject to individual and important variations in the arrangement of the punctures, striae, furrows, &c. He who insists on mathe- matical precision in the sculpture of every individual of a species, as if every insect was stamped with a die, or cast in a BY JOHN WALTON. 19 mould, will never be at a loss for arguments to multiply new species, and to support bad ones. It is natural to suppose — and it is supported by analogy — that insects are liable to slight variations of sculpture, which should not be considered as specific, but only an individual difierence. The sculpture is so variable in its nature in different species, that I have long been of this opinion, that it is exceedingly difficult, if not impossible, for language, however copious, to give to the mind a correct idea of the same ; consequently, I think it is of use, and of great assistance, to refer to other de- scribed species, as a collateral aid to understand the sculpture of others. In the following list of insects, I have only given a few foreign synonyms, and such only of the British as were necessary to identify as much as possible the insects themselves: my reasons for not giving more of both are, that I believe the principal part of them are yet in a very incorrect state ; it would, therefore, only have increased the obscurity. Having very considerably reduced the number of species in the preceding genera, I expect the attention of entomologists will be drawn to the subject, and my conclusions investigated : this is what I desire; and I shall be glad to render any gentleman all the assistance I can, in the communication of specimens, by which he may confirm or refute such species as may be doubted. I have stated what I believe to be the truth, and if in error, it is but a common infirmity of human judgment, from which the most skilful cannot claim exemption. I remain, my dear Sir, yours truly, John Walton. P. S. — Annexed is a List of the Species, with the synonyms; those marked with an asterisk I have found in Yorkshire. SiTONA, Germ. Sitona, Germ. * 1 Spartii, Kir. MSS. * 3 lineatus, Fab. Ulicis, Kir. MSS. chloropus, Kir. MSS. femoralis, Strph. * 4 tibialis, Gyl. Dej. Cat. * 2 hispidulus. Fab. affinis, Kir. MSS. rufipes, Kir. MSS. albescens, Kir. MSS. pallipes, Sleph. lineatulus, Kir. MSS. chloropus, Marsh. 20 NOTES UPON THE GENERA SITONA, &C. SiTONA, Germ. * 5 puncticollis, Kir. MSS. flavescens, Kir. MSS. griseus, Kir. MSS. longiclavis, Kir. MSS, caninus, Fab. Sf Gyl. nigriclavis, Marsh. octopunctatus, Ger. » 6 pleuritica, Kir. MSS. subaurata, Kir. MSS. chloropus, Marsh. * 7 suturalis, Steph. * 8 humeral is, Kir. MSS. * 9 crinitus, Olivier. macularis, Kir. MSS. *10 cambricus, Kir. MSS. rugolosus, Dill. 1 1 fuscus, Marsh. trisulcus, Kir. PoLYDRUSus, Gerfn. 1 confluens, Kir. MSS. amaurus, Marsh. 2 marginatus, Steph. 3 pulchellus, Steph. 1 * 4 cervinus, Linn. melanotus, Kir. MSS. 5 sericeus, Schall. * 6 undatus, Fah. seleneus, Kir. MSS. 7 fiilvicornis, Fab. 1 * 8 micans, Fab. * 9 flavipes, Gyl. 10 speciosus, Steph. Nemoicus, Dill. ] oblongus, Linn. rufescens, Kir. MSS. testaceus, Kir. MSS. Phyllobius, Schon. 1 Pyri, Linn. Gyl. caesius, Marsh. angustatus, Kir. MSS. Alneti, Fab. cnides, Marsh. seruginosus, Kir, MSS. 2 maculicornis. angustior, Kir. MSS. nigripes, Kir. MSS. 3 argentatus, Linn. flavidus, Kir. MSS. femoralis, Kir. MSS. 4 Mali, Fab. vespertinus, Kir. MSS. Polydrusus amaurus, Kir. MSS. 5 uniformis, Marsh. Pomonae, Steph. obscurior, Kir. MSS. albidus, Steph. Phyllobius, Schon. 6 parvulus. Fab. uniformis, Kir. MSS. minutus, Steph. 7 viridicollis, Fab. Apion, Herbst. 1 Craccae, Linn. $ ruficorne, De Geer. 2 Pomonae, Fab. caerulescens, Marsh. * 3 subulatum, Kir. $ var. P, Kir. MSS. $ Marshami, Steph. $ Platalea, Ger. 4 Limonii, Kir. * 5 Rumicis, Kir. Spartii, Kir. * 6 Affine, Kir. * 8 curtirostre, Ger. brevirostre, Kir. humile, Ger. plebeium, Ger. 9 velox, Kir. aterrimum, Kir. MSS. *10 simile, Kir. *11 tenue, Kir. *12 Seniculus, Kir. 13 Curtisii, Kir. ? * 1 4 pubescens, Kir. *I5 violaceum, Kir. *16 Hydrolapathi, Kir. caeruleopenne, Steph. 17 Malvffi, Fab. *18 haematodes, Kir. 19 rubens, Ingall's MSS. *20 sanguineum, Gyl. *21 frumentarium, Linn. 22 vernale, Pk. *23 Onopordi, Kir. rugicolle, Steph. bifoveolatum, Steph. elongatum, Steph. *25 Radiolus, Marsh. aterrimum, Marsh. oxurum, Kir. penetrans, Ger. $ nigrescens, Steph. 26 Stolidum, Ger. 27 laevigatum, Kir. *28 ^neum, Fab. «29 Carduorum, Kir. tumidum, Steph, •30 rufirostre, Fab. malvarum, Kir. *31 pallipes, Kir. *32 confluens, Kir. 33 pusillum, Ger. ? 34 atomaria, Ger. 35 picicornis, Waterh. MSS. *36 vicinum, Kir. •37 Hookeri, Kir. NATURAL HISTORY OF NORTH AMERICA. /v 1 Apion, Herbst. *38 Pisi, Fab. striatum, Marsh. $ immune, Kir. atratulum, Ger. carbonarium, Ger. *39 Sorbi, Fab. *40 Ervi, Kir. $ Lathyri, Kir. •41 punctigerum, Pz. $ laeviusculum, Kir. MSS. sulcifrons, Kir. $ impressicolle, Kir. MSS. *42 Spencii, Kir. $ foveolatum, Kir. intrusum, Gyl. columbinum, Ger. *43 virens, Kir. $ Marchicum, Kir. 44 Astragali, Pk. *45 Loti, Kir. angustatum, Kir. MSS. 46 puncticoUis, Waterh. MSS. 47 civicum, Ger. 48 pavidum, Ger. t *49 Kirbii, $ Leach. 5 scutellare, Kir. 50 obscurum, Marsh. Apion, Herbst. *51 flavipes, Herb. •52 nigritarse, Kir. *53 assimile, Kir. *54 apricans. Herb. flavifemoratum, Kir. $ Fagi, Linn. 55 laevicolle, Kir. $ dissimile, Kir. MSS. *5Q sestivum, Ger. Leachii, Steph. 57 ruficrus, Ger. *58 Gylienhalii, Kir. unicolor, Kir. 59 varipes, Ger. 60 difforme, Ger. 61 filirostre, Kir. 62 glabratum, Ger. 1 *63 ebeninum, Kir. •64 Viciae, Pk. Griesbachii, Steph. *65 Ononis, Kir. *66 vorax, Herb. *67 punctifrons, Kir. aeratum, Steph. *68 subsulcatum. Marsh. subcaeruleum, Steph. *69 Meliloti, Kir. Art. II. — Communications on the Natwral History of North America. By Edward Doubled ay. " Alone, by the Schuylkill, a wanderer roved, And bright were its flowery banks to the eye; But far, very far, were the friends that he loved. And he gazed on its flowery banks with a sigh. O Nature ! though blessed and bright are thy rays, O'er the brow of creation enchantingly thrown, Yet faint are they all to the lustre that plays In a smile from the heart that is dearly our own." Trenton Falls, 1 5th May, last communication I went on board the steamer for the town, till the steamer getting on board it began to and consequently saw little American Hotel, at Albany, instantly obtained a room, 1837.— After I had finished my to Hudson, and saw R. Foster, New York; then walked about for Albany arrived. Soon after rain, so I was forced to go below, of the country. I reached the a few minutes after landing, and although it was very full. The 22 NATURAL HISTORY OF NORTH AMERICA, legislature is sitting, and many senators and members of the Assembly were there. Next day I went to the Chambers, to hear the deliberations. The members of the Assembly meet in a large square room, with a gallery at one end, and a place also below for strangers. Immediately opposite the door is the speaker's seat, below are the clerks, and then six semi- circles of desks for the members, divided by a pathway up the centre. Each member has a chair, a spitting-box, and a desk to lay his legs on, and occasionally to write letters on: the most marked attitude of attention, either for a senator or Assembly-man, is to lean back so that the chair rests only on its hind legs, lay his legs on the desk, and put his hands in his trowsers pockets. The debates were dull, but business appeared to be got through quickly. The senate-house is smaller, but nearly similar in its construction. Albany is a tolerably well-built town, abounding in churches. The Baptist's church is so grand a building, that I mistook it for the Capitol. The persons with whom I met at the hotel were very pleasant and communicative, especially when they found I was just landed from the old country, for few suspect me to be from England. There is less difference between the physiognomy of the Americans and English than I expected to find; in the youth of New York there is much more evidence of consumptive habit than in the youth of London. I often thought, when there, of Theocritus : — " The crimson rose, the bulbul's pride, The purple violet in the shade, The lily white, the maiden's pride, Alike are bright, alike must fade ; The purest flake of virgin snow Its very being must forego. 'Tis so with youth," &c. On the 11th of May I left Albany by the railroad to Sche- nectada, and thence to Utica, where R. Foster was to meet me. To Schenectada the road is rather dull, chiefly pine-barrens, i. e. sandy plains, covered with low pines, and an under-growth of Azaleas, Kalmias, Andromedas, &;c. not yet in bloom. Schenectada stands in rather a fine situation ; here we changed carriages, and were quickly off for Utica — thirteen carriages, each containing twenty-four passengers, and three luggage- waggons and a lot of wood-carts behind. I regretted passing BY EDWARD DOUBLEDAY. 23 SO rapidly along the valley of the Mohawk, on one side of which runs the railroad, on the other, the canal. It is a most romantic valley, with some as beautiful scenery as can well be imagined. In seven hours after leaving Albany I was seated at dinner at the hotel at Utica. After dinner I strolled out to see the town. One street in Utica is the pleasantest and cleanest that I have seen in any American town, always excepting Broadway, New York. Next morning I started from Utica to look at this spot, having the night before made a bargain for a one-horse waggon and guide. At half-past seven precisely the vehicle was at the door of the hotel : it was a neatish affair, with four wheels and a long body ; there was no cover, and the seat ran down the middle ; the guide was a boy about thirteen years old. We were soon off, and I, equally soon, was off my seat; but this was the fault of the Utica pavement. We were quickly beyond the town, and came to a wooden bridge. " I mustn't drive fast over this, it's rather rotten," said the guide. All the bridges are so, and there is a fine of one dollar for riding or driving over them faster than a walk. We passed over in safety, and got into a road with ruts ten inches deep, and stones as big as an eighteen-gallon cask. It was a glorious morning; the Blue-birds shot by, glowing in the sunshine, bright as the blue of the heavens; flocks of little golden Thistle- birds sported along the road; hundreds of Martins {Hirimdo fidva) were sitting in the ruts, collecting mud for building their nests ; the Bob-o-tinks were singing in the apple-trees; sometimes an Oriole or aTanager shot by us, or a Kill-deer Plover rose up from our track. All out of the waggon was delightful ; but, alas! if I turned my attention for a moment to a Blue-bird, or a Bob-o- tink, 1 was sure to be thrown off my seat by a sudden jerk. " I guess, Sir, you don't keep a look out for the stones," said the boy ; so I kept a look out for the stones, grasped the seat with both hands, and left the Bob-o-tinks to themselves. " I guess they don't take toll at this gate," said the boy, as we beheld a turnpike gate on the other side of a pond of water, through which we had to approach it ; " they won't let them when the road's bad." A little further on the road was im- passable, and the boy drove round through a swamp. " One of our drivers got overturned here three times in one night," said the boy ; " I guess he was not a mighty careful driver." 24 NATURAL HISTORY OF NORTH AMERICA, About half way up a hill lay five or six huge logs of timber across the middle of the road. " Them's to keep people from getting stuck in that springy place, I guess," said the boy. Nice hill to drive down of a dark night, thought I. After a while the boy said it would be all good road, and we at once went into soft mud up to the axle-trees. At last we arrived : I made a bargain for accommodation, and returned, per wag- gon, to Utica for my luggage. Of all the beautiful combinations of wood, rock, and water that I have seen, this is the sweetest. Had I the pencil of Salvator Rosa, or the pen of a Milton, I might try to give you some faint idea of it ; but I feel really unable to make you com- prehend, much less to feel, the beauty of the scene, by any words of mine. Imagine on each side of the stream a steep lime-stone rock, evidently worn by the attrition of water, presenting in some places a broken slope, with here and there a vast projecting mass overhanging the stream, in others a steep and inaccessible declivity of various height, almost per- fectly smooth, and worn by the current during the lapse of ages ; imagine these rocks crowned with vast Hemlocks, Beeches, Birches, &c., and the steeps clad with Arbor-vitas, twenty to forty feet in height, and a variety of other shrubs, extending to the water's edge; imagine the occasional flats and intermediate spaces clothed with thousands of species of flowers and plants, now springing up so rapidly that every hour makes a change, and you will form some idea of the walls through which the mass of waters pours along the valley. Dark, gloomy, and cool, are some parts of its recesses, for even now, though the thermometer has been at 63° in the shade, vast masses of snow remain unmelted. From a narrow passage between the rocks the water rushes most furiously ; then, spreading out to three times the width of the pass, boils tumultuously, a sheet of foam being spread over its surface ; a little lower it becomes more calm, then again it leaps roaring over a rock fifteen feet in height ; it soon again becomes less agitated, but still flows most rapidly, till it comes to the principal fall ; here it pours down a perpendicular sheet of foam on to the rocks, which break its fall into the abyss below ; it now rushes furiously through another narrow pass, and continues its foaming course over masses of rock till it joins the Mohawk. After the sun has past the meridian an BY EDWARD DOUBLEDAY. 25 hour or two, a beautiful rainbow appears over the principal fall. When I first saw this fall in all its glory, I stood in the dark shade of the gigantic Hemlocks, looking into the abyss ; the silvery spray glistening in the sun, — the snow-white foam rising in clouds almost to the summit of the rock on which I stood, — a bow of the most brilliant possible colours extend- ing from the foot to the summit of the falls, — the cliffs opposite, though rising almost perpendicularly, yet clothed with the most beauteous mantle of Arbor-vitas and other graceful shrubs. I stood lost in delight. It was truly a scene — " Which man must see, To know how beautiful this world must he." Along the side of the river, beneath the rocks, runs a path, but when the river is high, as is at present the case, it is inac- cessible, from being in a great measure covered with water. I hope soon to be able to avail myself of it. To-day I clam- bered down the cliff, by means of the roots and branches of shrubs. This mode of progression is any thing but agreeable; but I contrived, by this means, to get a fine view of the princi- pal fall from its foot. Here and there are large masses of rock overhanging the path, and from these trickle little springs. Under one of these masses a Pewee, Muscicapa nuiiciola of Wilson, has fixed her nest. Wood Thrushes, Ferruginous Thrushes, Robins, and numerous other birds, steal under the bushes ; the Woodpeckers and Nuthatches are busy with the old stumps of the decaying pines ; the Blue Jays scream in the branches, and hundreds of little Sylvics, Chicadees, Fly- catchers, &c. are chasing insects amongst the trees and under- wood. Now and then a Baltimore glances by, shining in the sunbeams. Be it remembered, Baltimores, Tanagers, Blue Birds, Blue Jays, all appear more brilliant on the wing than they do when dead. A Humming-bird was seen yesterday. I have seen four species of Picus, viz. pileatus, erythi'ocephalus, villostis, and auratus. The syhicB are just coming: I have seen S. Black- burniana, chrysoptera, striata, varia, pardalina, citrinella, &c. They are as tame as it is possible : the landlord will not allow them to be disturbed. Only Owls, Crows, and Hawks are doomed to feel the power of a rifle. All small birds are NO. I. VOL. V. E 2G NATURAL HISTORY OF NORTH AMERICA, protected. Here it is truly " a populous solitude of bees and birds," though as yet the bees ace hardly out. I have only had time to explore the woods in one or two directions. On this side of the river the woods are thickest and largest. After a slight interruption I understand they extend quite to Canada : they consist of Hemlock, Sugar Maple, Beech, Birch, Elm, Lime, &c., with a great variety of shrubs below. There are one or two large patches of Rasp- berries not yet out, but which promise well for Bomhi, of which some very beautiful species are coming out. The ground is covered with plants, not many of which are yet in blossom. I have found four species of Viola ; V. Canadensis, V. rotundi- folia, and two others with which I am not acquainted. There is a vast quantity of Trillium erection and erythrocarpum, the last is peculiarly beautiful ; also Uvidaria grandifiora and sessiliflora, Claytonia Virginica, and a most beautiful and fragrant Funiaria. In one part of the wood is .nearly an acre of Ciipripedium, of a species with which I am not acquainted, at least, the flower not being expanded, I cannot determine it. A little Saxifraga, which I think must be S. Virginiensis, is very common on the rocks. Soon there will be thousands of flowers. The ferns are just coming up ; some of them are very beautiful. R. Foster arrived here on the Hth. We have roamed to- gether six or eight miles over the hills, but did not obtain much, except a quantity of splendid Cicindela, resembling C. catnpestris, but ten times more brilliant. It has a very peculiar economy, but on this I must dilate at a future time. There are Jtdi here, more than three inches long, and about two- thirds of an inch in circumference. I have just now been to the front of the house, and a Picas Carolinensis allowed me to get within six yards of him, and he was not ten feet from the ground. I have seen a pair of Migratory Pigeons, and some large Hawks. Trenton Falls, 6t/i June. — Here I am still, at this sweet place, in good health, in good spirits, plenty of insects to catch, of birds to watch, of flowers to admire, and of books to read; and, besides R. Foster, a couple of most intelligent persons to converse with. I love the Americans, they are so truly kind- hearted, warm, and generous, and so constantly ready to assist a stranger. BY EDWARD DOUBLEDAY. 27 Now as to the mode of spending ray time. I am up between five and six, sometimes earlier, spreading the Lepidoptera that I have taken over night ; when this is done I take a short walk, — breakfast at eight,^ — out again till noon, — dine at two, — read in the porch, or spread insects, during the heat of the day, and then out again till dusk; then take tea, and then light up the bar-room windows to catch moths. Last night we took out the sash, and had two lamps burning, one of which, however, was moved to another room, R. Foster and one of our friends going to watch it, while the other remained with me. At present the moths are not numerous, but my friend Mr. Good- here tells me that later in the season they are so numerous, as well as Lucani, Melolonthw, &c., that they frequently sweep out hundreds of a morning. What astonishes me is the great number of species, compared with the number of individuals. The house stands all but in the woods, with a grass-plat in front : on one side of the front is a piazza, and to the right an old-fashioned Dutch porch ; here I love to sit with Mr. Good- here and watch the birds, of which he is as fond as I am. Close to the porch was a Robin's nest, not three yards from our heads ; the old birds were continually flying backwards and forwards, feeding their young, without exhibiting the least fear of us, even though we sometimes amused ourselves by firing at a mai'k with a rifle : at last we missed them, and, on looking into the nest, found that all the young had been killed. They have now built in a tree, so close to my window that I could touch the nest with a walking stick. There are numbers of Thistle-birds, Yellow-birds, Snow-birds, Song Sparrows, &c. always about : the Snow-birds are as tame as possible, they come into the porch to pick up the crumbs. Under the piazza is a bunch of Aquilegia Canadense, to which the Humming-birds often come : they look far more lovely than I even had expected ; their flight is so exquisite, and they hover so beautifully before the flowers, making, from the motion of their wings, a most curious sound. There is also a pair of King-birds about here, but I have not seen their nest. I was much amused the other day by seeing one of them attack a large hawk, apparently a buzzard ; his cry is like that of our English Buzzard, and his flight the same. This Hawk is a continued source of vexation to me, and I want to shoot him, but he is too shy ; a few days ago he flew over 28 NATURAL HISTORY OF NORTH AMERICA, with a snake in his claws, and Mr. Goodhere fired at, but missed him ; however he dropped the snake. Well, this fellow was on the dead top of an old Hemlock, near the creek, just opposite the house ; the King-bird settled just below him on the tree, then flew into the air above him, and descended with fury on his head ; the Hawk was evidently afraid to move ; the King-bird flew round and round him, then perched close to him, and continued to strike him with his head ; at last, tired of teasing the Hawk, he flew away. Yesterday, just as I was coming out of the wood, I stumbled on a brood of young Partridges ; I previously knew of the nest, Mr. Goodhere having shown it to me. The old hen ran about so near me that I could have killed her with my stick. These Partridges {Tetrao Umhellus) are not common here. A few Passenger Pigeons are breeding here. I have found the nest of a White-eyed Vlreo, containing four eggs of her own and two of the Cow-bunting; I have not disturbed them, being desirous of watching them : the nest is suspended like that of a Regulus : the old one sat about two yards off" watching me. The Rose-breasted Grosbeak is the sweetest songster I have yet heard here. Excepting the Nightingale and Woodlark [of England] I know no bird whose song I like better. The song of the [American] Robin is like that of our [English] Thrush ; his cry, when alarmed, resembles that of our Black- bird. One of the small Thrushes has a most singular note : I cannot be sure whether this bird is the mustelinus or minor of Wilson. The Ferruginous Thrush sings most sweetly, — somewhat like our own. There is a nest of musteUmis close to the house. A Pewee has her nest in one of the outbuild- ings. The Swifts here fly just like our own, but do not scream ; they have a very different cry, somewhat like tweak. There are no Purple Martins here ; they never stay about a house when there are no boxes for them to build in: boxes, or martin-houses, are pretty plenty, so they are seldom driven to build elsewhere. The Crows here go three to a nest! always three ! — as far as I can tell, this is invariably the case. The Little Grackles are still in flocks, and Mr. Goodhere tells me they are always so seen. There are not many Baltimores here, although we often see one. There are no Orchard Orioles, although I hear there are plenty a few miles hence. The Night-hawks are here, but not the Whip-poor-will : the BY EDWARD DOUBLEDAY. 29 Night-hawk's squeak is very singular ; they fiy much earlier than ours ; I have heard them two hours before sunset, and they sometimes fly as early as two o'clock on cloudy days. There are two species of Sandpiper. There are still very few Coleoptera, fewer than I expected, but the moth-catching goes on in the bar-room ; our friends here get out their flutes and music books, (the moths seem to like the sound of music, always coming in when it is played,) I, and R. Foster, our nets and boxes, and thus we sit till ten o'clock. There are many beautiful little crystals found in the rocks here ; the children collect them, and bring them to the house to sell to visitors. I have, in a former letter, much under- rated the height of the falls ; the High Falls are above one hundred feet; looking from above, they do not appear so much. The walk, for two or three miles along the rock, only safe when the water is very low, is most grand : a few days ago this walk was blocked up by a huge Hemlock falling from the top of the rocks ; although three feet in diameter, it was broken short into four pieces by the fall ; we soon rolled it into the stream, to be whirled along over the rocks. The Hemlocks here ai'e from ninety to one hundred and ten feet high, and at three and a half feet from the ground are three feet in diameter. The Cypresses here are also very large ; I have seen many which I could not clasp with my arms within two or three feet. The largest tree I have seen is a broad- leaved Elm, which, having been blow^n down, lies rotting, with hundreds of other fine timber trees ; I could not get at the lower end to measure it, but, six yards from the root, it measured five and a half feet in diameter. I climbed it, and walked along it as it lay for ninety feet, for which length it is perfectly straight, and here branches into three limbs, each of which we should (in England) call a fine timber tree. June Itk. — To-day I have taken Lyccena Phlwas, and a most beautiful Melitwa. P. Turnus comes to the lilacs. I am now looked on as one of the family here, and feel myself so. We have a few visitors here, some of them very pleasant people ; they seldom stay more than one day. I catch moths in the bar-room, quite regardless of attracting the attention of strangers. There is no troublesome curiosity in the Americans I have met with : if they ask questions, it is with a desire of 30 NATURAL HISTORY OF NORTH AMERICA, obtaining knowledge, never from idle curiosity. I have never been troubled by them, and had rather carry my net on my arm • through Trenton, than Harlow or Loughton. I have, indeed, been once or twice questioned, but always in a plea- sant way. June 10th. — After a deal of consultation thereon, R. Foster and I have resolved that he shall proceed, and I remain here. I am to meet him at Mount Pleasant, in the Ohio, where he will wait for me, and continue to collect until my arrival : this plan will considerably increase our number of species. I do not regret being left here, but in the south I know we shall not like to part. Every body in the house is enlisted in my service, and I have employed this morning, from six o'clock till twelve, in spreading the captures of last evening. Every night brings more than the preceding. The weather is very hot ; the thermometer has been above 80°, with a cloudy sky. June \Wi. — R. Foster has started, and I shall miss him much, but less here than at any other place. Butterflies are fast increasing in number. Turnus is not now uncommon ; four or five specimens come together to the lilac ; I catch them in my fingers, but they are very frequently imperfect, having their tails broken off, but are not rubbed. Colias Palceno, or C. Europome, is very common, but is difficult to catch ; Mr. Goodhere says he has seen hundreds of them sitting together on the mud, during the heat of the day. The Toads here bask in the sun. The Musquitos are very trouble- some, as is also a minute insect, allied to, but not a Simulium; it is about half a line in length ; its bite is very sharp, and causes a good sized bump. I have just caught a Sesia and a Macroglossiim, on the lilacs. I saw another Sesia, but could not catch him, he was so swift ; to use a common phrase of this country, " a streak of lightning is a fool to one." June loth. — I am quite puzzled to account for the small number of Coleoptera — a good many species, but so few speci- mens of each : there are thousands of Wood-borers, as every stump testifies. There are now fewer birds than there were three weeks ago ; many of the Sylmce are gone northwards, I suppose. Fire-flies are getting common, but I cannot catch them, owing to their flying so high, and they only emit light by momentary flashes. I have been with a lantern to the flowers BY EDWARD DOUBLEDAY.' 31 of the wild Raspberries, but no moths were at them ; this seems unaccountable. I have taken the most lovely Noctiia I ever saw, the form and size of Thyatira derasa, but of a different genus. Mr. Moore has caught me a most curious Bombyx ; it is all buff, with the exception of a large ocellus, which occupies nearly the whole of the under-wings. I cannot get a Luna, although I have picked up wings belonging to two individuals. Last night the moon was uncommonly brilliant, and we only took one moth at the lanterns. Trenton Falls, June 28th. — Here I am still in this sweet place. Every day brings me fresh proofs of the good-heartedness of its worthy owner, Mr. Goodhere ; and so far am I from finding, as I had been taught to expect, that my pursuits would be despised, that I am actually looked upon with greater respect on the very account of these pursuits, and experience atten- tions and assistance, not only from those of the household, but from the neighbours around, with whom I may chance to meet. How I love America ! The Fire-flies here are all Lampyrites; I have seen no Elaterites shine, and Mr. Goodhere informs me that there are none ; they are beginning to be common, and, if I mistake not, I have three, if not four species. They appear con- stantly to emit a light, but so faint that, unless near, it is not discernible ; at intervals of two or three seconds they give out a vivid flash, like that of a rifle ; this flash is most commonly whitish, but is sometimes reddish, and sometimes greenish, and I am inclined to regard this variation of colour as indi- cating different species. It is amusing, though difficult, to chase these Fireflies ; you see a flash, and then another, and dash forward in the apparent line of the insect's course, but the insect is too cute for you ; he has turned short, and is flashing away to the right or left, far beyond your reach. In the hand, the flash is dazzling. I have sought in vain to discover the mode in which it is produced ; I have no glasses of sufficient power to be of any service in dissecting. Coleoptera are not at all plentiful ; you may sweep the grass for an hour, and not get twenty specimens ; you may turn over stones for as long, and be rewarded by a single Scaphinotus or a Carabus ; with the exception of one species of Melolontha, you may beat the trees for a whole day, and not obtain ten S2 NATURAL HISTORY OF NORTH AMERICA, individuals, unless you meet with an Acer spiratum or a Dog- wood bush in blossom. In the rotten trunks of trees you do somewhat better, but not much. I must say, that I consider the multitudes of ants which occur every where to be, in a great degree, the cause of this. The Orthoptera bid fair to be very numerous, judging from the number of larvae and pupae. Neuroptera are just coming out; there are a few very fine LihelliiUtes ; there are several species of Agriori precisely like our own. Now for the Lepidoptera. Butterflies are not yet nume- rous, and the short twilights forbid mothing, so the only way is to light up for them. I am much struck with the resem- blance which many of the Lepidoptera bear to those of England. The following species, if not identical with ours, are too near them for one to discern any difference. Arctia papyritia. Noctua umbratica. Noctua furva. Georaetra procellata. derasa. propugnata. lucipara. tetragonaria. Gamma. pulveraria. comma. illunaria. impura. hexapterata. Orion. suffumata. lota. dubitata. meticulosa. margaritaria, combusta. putataria. rurea. Papilio Atalanta. augur. Antiopa. brunnea. Phlaeas. These may be identical with our own, yet really I cannot think so, unless there are importations from the old world. After catching four or five apparently British moths, it is very striking to see a huge Cecropia entering the room. Last night, in an interim between the arrival of the moths, (for they come by fits,) I was sitting reading Rienzi, when I saw something huge and white ; it was a magnificent Luna, — such a beauty ! and oh my anxiety, as he played around the window, just out of my reach! At last he entered, and in a moment was in my hand. This was by far the most foreign Lepidopterous insect I had seen. In Diptera I have taken a few fine things, and a great many very like our own. Tliere is one very singular Tipula here, with its legs, especially the tarsi, very much dilated, and BY EDWARD DOUBLEDAY. 33 ringed with black and white ; these are mostly in the grass, and are only to be obtained by sweeping, consequently are generally without legs ; I have, however, succeeded in ob- taining one or two perfect specimens. The musquitoes of this country are genuine Culices, and come very near to C. annu- latus ; their bite is very annoying, and if you stand still but for a moment in the low or swampy grounds, they attack you by dozens ; in the house we rarely see them ; their bite is not worse than that of C. annulatus. In the south they are said to be very large, and their bite to be very bad : many of the wonderful stories current here have a reference to them, and I shall relate two. 1st. Some time since a quantity of veryhai'd bricks were laid by the side of the Father of Waters, for some building which was to be erected on the shore ; on a sudden they all disap- peared,— what became of them no one knew. The following day the captain of a Mississippi steamer was descending the stream, and, looking up in the air, a dark cloud appeared approaching him : nearer and nearer came the cloud, and more and more extraordinary appeared the outline of it. Was it a flock of pigeons ? No ! What could it be ? He took out his telescope, and lo it was a flight of musquitoes, each with a young alligator under one wing, and a brick under the other. The musquitoes were on a long journey ; the alligators were for provisions on the road, the bricks were tak( n as whetstones for their beaks. 2d. A sportsman was walking by the side of the Mississippi, he saw a huge musquito, of the kind called " gallynippers," making directly towards him ; he stepped on one side, and the gallynipper passed him ; but in the line of his course was a young locust tree, and he was going so fast that he could not turn out of his course to avoid it; the insect's beak came in contact with the tree, and passed right through ; the sports- man stepped back, struck the projecting end of the beak with the butt-end of his rifle and clenched it, thus riveting the gallynipper to the tree. I forgot to say that I have a good many fossorial Hymenop- tera ; there are but few Chalcidites yet, but some very pretty Ichneumonites. Here there are no reptiles, and of Mammalia I can get but few. There are many Ground Squirrels in the woods, but I do not like to hurt them. I had one alive and loose in NO. T. VOL. V. F 34 NATURAL HISTORY OF AMERICA. my room, but it looked so piteous at me that I could not k ill it, and so let it go again. I soon afterwards caught another in my hand, but he had lost part of his tail, so I let him go too. There is one so tame as to come into the house. He came to me a few days ago as I was sitting in the porch, and ran over my boots, examining them very attentively ; then he disappeared through a grating into the dairy, where he goes to drink the milk; then he ran up the piazza and round the house : he often steals almonds, &c. from our dining-room. The little Song Sparrows and Snow-birds come to the door for the broken pieces of biscuit we give them. Now they have young ones, and bring them too, feeding them before the door. How I love to watch them ! Do not forget nie at the meetings of the Club. I do not forget you. " And still on that evening, when pleasure fills up, To the highest top sparkle" each heart and each cup, Where'er my patli lies, he it gloomy or hright, !My soul, happy friends, shall be with you that night, Shall join in your revels, your sports, and your wiles, And return to me beaming all o'er with your smiles, Too blest if it tell me, that, 'mid the gay cheer. Some kind voice had murmured, — I wish he were here." ui) Art. lU.—Momcfraphia Chakiditim. By Francis Walker. ( Continued from Fol. IV. page 461 J the green myriads in the peopled grass." Genus Encyrtus — continued. Fern. — Corpus angustum, sublineare, scitissime punctatum, pu- bescens, nitens : caput parvum, transversum, convexum, brevissi- mum, tliorace paullo angustius; vertex sat latus ; frons abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres : antennas graciles, subclavatse, pubescen- tes, corpora paullo breviores ; articulus 1"'. gracilis, fusiformis ; 2°^ longi-cyathiformis ; 3°% et sequentes longi, sublineares, usque ad 8"™. curtantes vix latescentes ; clava fusiformis, acuminata, articulo 8°. latior et triplo longior: thorax ovatus, supra planus ; mesothoracis scutum longitudine vix latius ; paraptera non conve- nientia; scutellum obconicum : abdomen ovatum, planum, thorace brevius et angustius : pedes longi : alae amplae, longissimae. Sp. 35. En. Mitreus. Fem, Viridis, scutellum et abdomen cuprea, antemice ni^rce, pedes nigro-fusci, mesopedes /ulvi, alee Umpidce. Encyrtus chalconotus ? Dalman, Kongl. Vetens. Acad. Handl. for ar, 1820; Nees ah Ess. Hym. Ich. affin. Monogr. II. 232. Lsete viridis, subsericeus : oculi et ocelli rufi : antennas nigrae ; ar- ticulus 1"\ viridis : scutellum cupreum : abdomen nigro-cupreum, nitens, laeve, fere glabrum, basi cyaneo-viride : sexualia fusca: pedes nigri ; coxae virides ; trochanteres fulvi ; genua flava ; tibiae nigro-fuscee ; tarsi fusci : mesopedes fulvi ; femora basi fusca ; tarsi flavi, apice fusci : alae limpidae, corpore longiores ; squamulas fuscae ; nervi fulvi. (Corp. long. lin. § — f ; alar. lin. 11 15 ^ '■■2, ^4V Var. /3. — Abdomen basi asneo-viride. P'ar. y. — Scutellum apice viride. September; Scotland; Cumberland, Devonshire; Isle of Wight. S6 MONOGRAPHIA CIIALCIDITUM. Fern. — Corpus crassum, sat longum ; scite squameum, pubescens, parum nitens : caput transversum, breve, latitudine thoracis, convexum ; vertex latus ; frons abrupte declivis : oculi medi- ocres : antennae subclavatse, graciles, corpore pauUo breviores ; articulus V. fusiformis, gracilis ; 2"'. longi-cyathiforrais ; 3"'. et sequentes longi, sublineares, usque ad 8"". curtantes et latescentes ; clava fusiformis, articulo 8°. latior et triplo longior : thorax ovatus, convexus : mesothoracis scutum transversum ; paraptera fere convenientia ; scutellum subrhombiforme, postice productum : abdomen ovatum, planum, thoraci longitudine et latitudine fere sequum : oviductus occultus : pedes sat longi. Sp. 36. En. Phithra. Fem. Cyaneo - viridis, scutellum ceneum^ abdomen cupreum, antennce nigne, pedes nigro-fusci., mesopedes pallidiores^ alee limpidce. Cyaneo-viridis : caput et paraptera aeneo-viridia : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennae nigrae ; articulus 1"'. nigro-viridis : scu- tellum et metathorax aenea : abdomen nigro-cupreum, nitens, lasve, fere glabrum : propedes nigro-fusci, genua flava, tarsi obscure fulvi ; mesopedes fusci, femora et tibiae aplce basique fulva, tarsi fulvi apice obscuriores ; metapedes nigri, genua flava, tarsi fusci : al« limpidae ; squamulae fuscae ; nervi fulvi. (Corp. long. lin. I ; alar. lin. \\.) Found near London. Fem. — Corpus angustum, sublineare, nitens, scitissime squameum, breviter pubescens : caput transversum, thoracis latitudine, breve, convexum ; vertex latus ; frons convexa : oculi mediocres : an- tennae graciles, subclavatae, corpore paullo breviores ; articulus 1"'. gracilis, fusiformis; 2"\ longi-cyathiformis ; 3"^ et sequen- tes transversi, subquadrati, usque ad 8""\ latescentes ; clava fusi- formis, articulo 8°. plus duplo longior vix latior : thorax ovatus, supra planus: mesothoracis scutum longum quoad latum ; parap- tera fere convenientia ; scutellum subrhombiforme, postice pro- ductum : abdomen ovatum, planum, thorace paullo brevius et angustius : oviductus subexertus : pedes longi. Sp. 37. En. Ancharus. Fem. Viridis, scutellum et abdomen cuprea., antennce nigrce^ pedes nigro-fusci., mesopedes pallidiores, alee limpidce. Laete viridis : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennae nigrag ; articu- lus 1"' cyaneo-viridis: scutum postice cupreo varium : scutellum MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 37 cupreum ; metathorax cupreo-seneus : abdomen cupreum, nitens, laeve, fere glabrum, basi cyaneum : oviductus vaginae fuscas, breves : propedes fulvi, femora nigra apice flava, tibiae et tarsi supra fusca ; mesopedes pallide fusci, genua et tarsi flava, hi apice fusci ; metapedes nigri, genua et tibiarum apices flava, tarsi fulvi apice obscuriores : alse limpidee ; squamulae fuscae ; nervi fulvi, apice fusci. (Corp. long. lin. f ; alar. lin. 1.) Found near London. Fem. — Corpus pubescens, parum nitens, scite punctatum : caput transversum, thoracis latitudine, breve, convexum ; vertex latus ; frons abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres : antennae clavatae, corpore paullo breviores ; articulus ^"^ gracilis, fusiformis ; 2"^ longi- cyathiformis ; 3"'. et sequentes breves, subquadrati, usque ad 8""'. paullulum latescentes ; clava fusiformis, articulo 8". quadruple longior et multo latior : thorax ovatus, convexus : mesothoracis scutum transversum ; paraptera non convenientia ; scutellum brevi-obconicum : abdomen brevi-ovatum, planum, laeve, nitens, fere glabrum, subtus carinatum, apice acuminatum, thorace bre- vius et latius : oviductus occultus. Sp. 38. En. Atheas. Fern. Viridl-ameus, abdomen cupreum, antennw oiigro-fusccc, pedes nigro-fusci, mesotarsi flavi, alee suhllmpidw. Viridi-aeneus : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennae nigro-fuscae ; articulus l°^ viridis ; 2''^ niger : abdomen nigro-cupreum : pedes nigri ; genua et tarsi fusca ; mesopedes fusci, genua flava, tarsi flavi apice fusci : alae sublimpidae ; squamulae fuscse ; nervi flavi, apice fusci. (Corp. long. lin. \ ; alar. lin. 1.) September; Penzance, Cornwall. Fem. — Corpus breve, sublineare, punctatum, pubescens, parum nitens : caput breve, subquadratum, thorace vix latius ; vertex latus ; frons abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres, extantes : anten- nae graciles, pubescentes, thorace vix longiores ; articulus 1"'. gracilis, fusiformis ; 2"'. longi-cyathiformis ; 3"\ et sequentes parvi, transversi, usque ad 8"". latescentes ; clava conica, com- pressa, acuminata, articulo 8°. triplo longior et paullo latior : thorax brevi-ovatus, convexus : mesothoracis scutum transver- sum ; paraptera non convenientia ; scutellum obconicum, basi medio impressum : abdomen ovatum, planum, Iseve, nitens, fere glabrum, apice acuminatum hirtum, thorace paullo latius vix brevius : oviductus occultus : pedes graciles. 38 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. Mas. — Caput thorace angustins : antennae filiformes ; articiili 3". ad 8""". quadrati, suboequales ; clava fusiformis, articulo 8°. plus duplo longior. Sp. 39. En. truncatellus. Mas et Fern. Viridis, scutellum et abdomen cuprea, antenncB mari nigro-fuscce fem. nigrce^ pedes nigrl, tarsi prcBsertim mesopedum pallidiores, alee mari alhce fem. Umpidcs. Encyrtus truncatellus. Dalman^ Kongl. Vetens. Acad. Handl. for ar, 1820; Nees ah Ess. Hym. Ich. affin. Monogr. II. 232. Fem. — Nigro-cupreus : oculi et ocelli rufo-pieei : antennae nigrae; articulus 1"\ nigro-viridis : caput et scutum cyaneo-viridia : pedes nigri ; coxae et femora nigro-viridia ; genua fulva ; tarsi fusci ; mesotarsi fulvi, apice fusci : alse limpidae ; squamulae et nervi fusca ; metalarum nervi flavi. (Corp. long. lin. 3 — \ ; alar. lin. f — |.) Mas. — Antennae nigro-fuscae ; articulus l"^ viridis ; 2"^ niger : mesotarsi flavi, apice fusca : alae albae. Var. /3. — Fem. Caput et mesothoracis scutum viridia. Var. y. — Fem. Viridis : paraptera, scutellum et metathorax cuprea : abdomen nigro-cupreum : genua flava ; tarsi flavi, apice fusci ; mesopedes flavi, femora basi fusca, tibiae pallide fuscse apice flavae, tarsi apice fulvi. June to October; on grass in woods, near London; Isle of Wight. Mas. — Corpus angustum, lineare, punctatum, pubescens, parum nitens : caput magnum, transversum, subquadratum, thorace la- tins ; vertex latus ; frons abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres, non extantes : antennae filiformes, pubescentes, corpore paullo brevi- ores ; articulus 1"\ fusiformis ; 2"^ cyathiformis ; 3"^ et se- quentes ad 8"". longi, eequales, sublineares ; clava fusiformis, acuminata, articulo 8°. multo longior : thorax oblongo-quadratus, convexus : mesothoracis scutum vix latius quam longum ; parap- tera fere convenientia ; scutellum brevi-obconicum : abdomen sublineare, nitens, laeve, fere glabrum, thorace brevius non latius, apice rotundatum : sexualia exerta : pedes graciles : alae angustae. Fem. — ^Antennae subclavatae, corporis dimidio longiores; articulus 2"^ longi-cyathiformis ; 3"% et sequentes oblongo-quadrati, usque MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 39 ad 8'™. latescentes ; clava fusiformis, articulo 8°. paullo latior et fere triplo longior : abdomen subtus carinatum : oviductus oc- cultus. Sp. 40. En. Dius. Mas et Fem. Viridis, scutellum et abdo- men cuprea, antenruB fuscce^ pedes fusci Jlavo-ciTicti, femora viridia, ales Umpidce. Mas. — Lsete cyaneo-viridis : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennae fuscas ; articulus 1"% nigro-viridis ; 2"^ niger : humeri albi : scu- tellum cupreum : abdomen nigro-cupreum: sexualia flava : pedes fusci ; coxae et femora viridia, hse apice pallide flava ; protibise apice basi et subtus fiavae ; mesotarsi flavi, apice fulvi ; metatarsi fulvi : alse limpidae ; squamulse et nervi fulva, hi apice fusci. (Corp. long. lin. \ — f ; alar. lin. | — 1.) Fem. — jEneo-viridis : antennae nigro-fuscse ; articulus 1"'. viridis ; 2"^ apice flavus : scutellum cupreum : tibia apice flavae. Found near Belfast, by Mr. Haliday. Fem. — Corpus angustum, sublineare, punctatum, pubescens, paruni nitens : caput breve, transversum, thoracis latitudine ; vertex angustus, planus; frons antice convexa, dein abrupte declivis : oculi majusculi : antennae clavatae, crassoe, corporis dimidio longi- ores ; articulus T". fusiformis, sat validus ; 2"'. cyathiformis ; 3"'. et sequentes subquadrati, usque ad 8"". gradatim latiores et longiores ; clava magna, longi-ovata, articulo 8°. latior et plus triplo longior : thorax ovatus, convexus : mesothoracis scutum transversum; paraptera non convenientia ; scutellum obconicum : abdomen ovatum, planum, thorace paullo longius vix angustius : oviductus occultus. Sp. 41. En. Sosius. Fem. Viridis., scutellum et abdomen cuprea., ardennce nigrce^ pedes nigro-fusci., mesopedes pallidiores^ alee limpidcB. Obscure viridis : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennae nigras ; ar- ticulus 1"\ viridis: scutellum cupreum: abdomen cupreum: basi laete viride : pedes nigri ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi fulva, hi apice fusci ; mesopedes pallide fusci, genua tibiae apice et tarsi flava, hi apice fusci ; protibiae fuscae, apice fulvae : alae limpidae ; squamulas fuscse ; nervi fulvi, apice fusci. (Corp. long, lin. I ; alar. lin. ^.) Found near London. 40 MONOGRAPHTA CHALCIDITUM. Fern. — Corpus angustum, sublineare, pubesceiis, snbnitens, scite punctatum : caput transversum, breve, convexum ; qualis thoraci latitude ; vertex latus ; frons abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres : antennae clavatae, graciles, corporis dimidio breviores ; articulus 1"'. gracilis, fusiformis ; 2"'. longi-cyathiformis ; 3"'. et sequentes minuti, subquadrati, usque ad 8""'. latescentes ; clava longi-ovata, articulo 8°. latior et plus duplo longior: thorax ovatus, convexus : mesothoracis scutum transversum ; paraptera non convenientia ; scutellum obconicum : abdomen ovatum, planum, juxta thoraci longum et latum : oviductus occultus : pedes graciles. Sp. 42. En. Corybas. Fem. Viridis, abdomen cupreum^ an- tennce fuscce, pedes fusci, tarsi fidri^ ales limpidce. Obscure viridis : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae fuscse ; articulus 1"*. viridis ; 2'". niger : scutellum viridi-oeneum : abdomen nigro-cu- preum : pedes fusci ; coxae virides ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi fulva, hi apice fusci ; mesopedum tibiae pallide fuscse, tarsi flavi apice obscuriores : alae limpidse, minime fulvescentes ; squamulte fuscag ; nervi fulvi. (Corp. long. lin. \ — |; alar. lin. ^—1.) Var, /3. — Thorax omnino viridis. June ; near London ; New Forest, Hampshire. Tern. — Corpus breve, latum, pubescens, parum nitens, scitissime punctatum : caput transversum, breve, thorace angustius ; vertex planus, sat latus ; frons impressa, abrupte declivis : oculi medio- cres : antennae clavatae, graciles, corporis dimidio paullo longiores; articulus 1'". gracilis, fusiformis ; 2"^ longi-cyathiformis ; 3"^ et sequentes transversi, subquadrati, usque ad 8"'". latescentes ; clava longi-ovata, articulo 8°. latior ettriplo longior : thorax brevi- ovatus, parum convexus : mesothoracis scutum transversum ; paraptera non convenientia ; scutellum obconicum : abdomen subrotundum, thorace brevius et paullo latins : oviductus occultus: pedes graciles : alae amplae. Sp. 43. En. Liriope. Fem. Viridis aiit viridi-ceneus^ abdo- men cupreum^ antennce nigrce^ pedes nigro-fusci, tarsi flari^ ales UmpidcB. Obscure viridis : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennae nigras ; arti- culus l"^ viridis : scutellum, paraptera et metathorax viridi-aenea : abdomen nigro-cupreum : coxae et femora nigra ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi flava, hi apice fusci ; tibiae fuscse ; mesotibiae fulvae, apice fuscae : alae limpidae, corpore longiores ; squamulae fuscee ; nervi fulvi. (Corp. long. lin. \; alar. lin. 1.) MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 41 Var. /3. — Thorax omnino viridis : abdomen basi nigro-viride. Far. y. — Mesotibiae fuscae, apice flavse. July; pine-trees, near London. Fern. — Corpus latum, crassum, pubescens, scitissime punctatum, parum nitens : caput transversum, breve, convexum, juxta thoraci latum ; vertex latus ; frons abrupte declivis : oculi medi- ocres : antennae clavatae, corporis dimidio paullo longiores ; arti- culus 1"'. gracilis, fusiformis ; 2"'. longi-cyathiformis ; 3"'. et sequentes subquadrati, usque ad 8°"°. curtantes et paullulum latescentes ; clava fusiformis, acuminata, articulo 8°. latior et triplo longior : thorax ovatus, convexus : mesothoracis scutum transversum ; paraptera non convenientia ; scutellum brevi- obconicum : abdomen ovatum, nitens, l^ve, fere glabrum, thorace paullo latius et brevius ; oviductus occultus. Sp. 44. En. Sosares. Fem, ^neo-mridis aut cupreo-ceneus, abdomen cupreum, antennw nigrce, pedes nigri^ mesopedes fusci, tarsi favi^ alw limpidce. Obscure aeneo- viridis : oculi et ocelli picei : antennse nigrae ; arti- culus 1"^. viridis: abdomen nigro-cupreum : pedes nigri ; tro- chanteres fusci ; genua flava ; tarsi flavi, apice fusci ; protarsi fulvi ; mesopedura femora et tibiae pallide fusca, spinae fiavae : alae limpidae ; squamulae et nervi fusca. (Corp. long. lin. § — | ; alar. lin. 1 — 1|.) Var. /3. — Caput et thorax cupreo-asnea : abdomen nigro-cupreum, basi viridi-varium. Var. y. — Viridi-aeneus : scutellum seneum : abdomen cupreo-aeneum, basi viridi-varium : genua fulva ; tibiae nigro-fuscae ; tarsi fulvi, apice fusci. September ; near London, Cornwall. Fem. — Corpus crassum, latum, pubescens, scite punctatum, parum nitens : caput transversum, breve, convexum, thorace angustius ; vertex angustus ; frons abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres : an- tennae clavatce, corporis dimidio longiores ; articulus l"^ fusi- formis; 2°\ longi-cyathiformis; 3°'. et sequentes subquadrati, usque ad 8°". latescentes ; clava fusiformis, articulo 8°. latior et plus triplo longior : thorax brevi-ovatus, convexus : mesothoracis scutum transversum ; paraptera non convenientia ; scutellum brevi-obconicura : abdomen brevi-ovatum, thorace paullo brevius vix angustius : oviductus occultus. NO. I. VOL. V. G 42 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. Sp. 45. En. Pertiades. Fern. Purpureo-ater viridi uarius, abdomen cupreum, antennce nigro-fusccc^ pedes nigri^ mesopedes fusci, tarsi fuhi, aloe limpidoe. Purpureo-ater : caput viride : oculi et ocelli rufi : antennas nigro- fuscse ; articulus 1"'. viridis : scutellum seneo -viride, nitens, apice cupreum : abdomen nigro-cupreum : pedes nigri ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi fulva; mesopedes pallide fusci ; genua, tibiae apice et tarsi fiava, hi necnon metatarsi apice fusci : alag limpidae ; squamulae fuscae ; nervi fulvi, apice obscuriores. (Corp. long, lin. f ; alar. lin. \\.) Far. /3. — Metapedum genua et tarsi fusca. September ; near London ; Isle of Wight. Fem. — Corpus crassum, pubescens, scaber punctatum, parum nitens : caput transversum, subquadratum, thorace fere angustius ; vertex latus; frons convexa, ad os abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres, non extantes : antennfe clavatse, pubescentes, corporis dimidio longiores ; articulus V\ fusiformis ; 2°^ longi-cyathiformis ; 3"". et sequentes breves, subquadrati, usque ad 8"". paullulum lates- centes ; clava ovata, articulo 8". multo latior et plus duplo longior: thorax ovatus, convexus : mesothoracis scutum transversum ; paraptera non convenientia ; scutellum brevi-obconicum : abdo- men brevi-ovatum, planum, subtus carinatum, thorace multo brevius non latius : oviductus subexertus. Sp. 46. En. Thinaeus. Fern. Viridis, abdomen cupreum, antennce nigral, pedes nigro-fusci, femora viridia, mesopedeS' pallidiores, alee limpidce. Nigro-viridis : caput viride, antice et subtus purpureo et cyaneo varium : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : os fuscum : antennae nigras ; articulus 1"\ nigro-viridis : pectus Iseve, glabrum, nitens : scutelli latera Isete viridia : metathorax nigro-cupreus : abdomen nigro- cupreum, nitens, basi laete viride : coxae et femora nigro-viridia ; genua fulva ; tarsi fusci ; protibise nigrae, apice et basi fulvae ; metatibiae nigrae ; mesopedum trochanteres fulvi, femora nigra apice flava, tibiae fuscae apice et basi flavae, tarsi flavi apice fusci : alae limpidae ; squamulse fuscae ; nervi fulvi, apice obscuriores. (Corp. long. lin. f ; alar. lin. Ig.) Found near Belfast, by Mr. Haliday. Fem. — Corpus latum, crassum, punctatum, parum nitens : caput transversum, breve, subquadratum, thorace fere angustius ; frons MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 43 abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres, non extantes : antennae clavatas, pubescentes, corporis dimidio vix longiores ; articulus l"^ fusi- formis, non dilatatus ; 2"". longi-cyathiformis ; 3"'. et sequentes breves, usque ad 8""". latescentes ; clava longi-ovata, articulo 8°. plus duple longior et paullo latior : thorax ovatus, convexus, pubescens : mesothoracis scutum transversum ; paraptera non convenientia ; scutellum obconicura : abdomen subrotundum, planum, laeve, nitens, thorace multo brevius vix latius : oviductus subexertus : tibiae rectse. Sp. 47. En. Dercilus. Fem. Nigro-ceneus, antennae nigrce^ pedes nigro-fasci fulvo et flam varii^ aloe fulvo-Umpidce. Ater : caput nigro-aeneum : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae nigrse : scutellum nigro-aeneum : abdomen nigro-aeneum, basi nitens : oviductus vaginae nigrae, brevissimae : pedes nigri ; tarsi fusci; propedum femora et tibiae apice fulva ; mesopedum femora nigro- fusca apice fulva, tibiae fuscae apice et basi fulvae, tarsi fulvi apice fusci : alae lirapidae ; proalae apud stigma fulvo tinctae ; squa- mulae fuscae ; nervi fulvi, apice fusci ; stigma minutum. (Corp. long. lin. f — I ; alar. lin. 1 — \\.) Var. /3. — Tarsi flavi, apice fusci ; mesopedum tibiae fulvae basi fusco-cinctae. Var. y Var. /3 similis : protarsi fulvi, apice fusci ; mesotibias basi nigro-fuscas. Mas 1 — Antennae filiformes, pilosae, corpore non breviores ; arti- culus 1"\ fusiformis, gracilis ; 2"'. cyatliiformis ; 3"^ et sequentes ad 8"™. longi, lineares, subsequales ; clava fusiformis, acuminata, articulo 8°. multo longior : abdomen obconicura, thorace brevius et angustius. ^neo-viridis, abdomen cupreum., antennw nigro-fuscce, pedes flam, metapedes fusci, alw siiblimpidce. ^neo-viridis : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae nigro-fuscse ; articulus 1°% viridis ; 2"^. niger : abdomen nigro-cupreum, basi laete viride : pedes flavi, femora basi et tarsi apice fusca ; protarsi fulvi ; meso- tibiae apice fulvo cinctas ; metapedes fusci : alae sublimpidae ; squamulae et nervi fusca. (Corp. long. lin. \ ; alar. lin. f .) June, September; near London, Windsor Forest; Isle of Wight. 44 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. Fern. — Corpus angustura, sublineare, scitissime squameum, niinime pubescens, parum nitens : caput transversum, breve, juxta thoraci latum ; vertex latus ; frons subimpressa, ad os abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres, non extantes : antennae subclavatas, corpore paullo breviores ; articulus 1"% fusiformis; 2"S longi-cyathiformis ; 3°'. at sequentes longi, lineares, pubescentes, usque ad 8""". paul- lulum curtantes et latescentes ; clava fusiformis, articulo 8°. triplo longior et paullo latior : thorax ovatus, planus : mesothoracis scutum transversum ; paraptera non convenientia ; scutellura brevi-obconicum : abdomen ovatum, planum, thorace paullo latius non longius : oviductus occultus : pedes graciles. Sp. 48. En. Babas. Fem. jEneo-tiridis, abdomen cupreum^ antennce rdgro-fuscce, pedes fidvo-fiavi., metapedes fusci^ alee limpidoe. ^Eneo-viridis : oculi et ocelli picei : antennas nigro-fuscas : abdomen nigro-cupreum : propedes laeti flavi ; mesopedes fulvi, tarsi flavi apice fulvi ; metapedum femora nigro-fusca apice flava, tibiae fuscse basi fiavae apice fulvae, tarsi flavi apice fulvi : alae limpidae ; squamulae et nervi fulva, hi apice obscuriores. (Corp. long. lin. | ; alar. lin. 1.) Found near Belfast, by Mr. Haliday. Fem. — Corpus angustum, sublineare, nitens, scitissime squameum, parce et breviter pubescens : caput transversum, breve, juxta thoraci latum ; vertex latus ; frons subimpressa, ad os abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres, non extantes : antennje subclavatae, corpore paullo breviores ; articulus 1"'. fusiformis ; 2"'. longi- cyathiformis ; 3°^ et sequentes oblongo-quadrati, usque ad 8"". latescentes ; clava longi-ovata, articulo 8°. latior et plus duplo longior : thorax ovatus, planus : mesothoracis scutum trans- versum ; paraptera non convenientia ; scutellum quasi semi- circulum fingens, basi angulatum : abdomen ovatum, planum, thorace paullo latius non longius, apice rotundatum : oviductus occultus : pedes graciles. Sp. 49. En. Ariantes. Fem. Viridis cupreo varius., antennce fulvw apice fuscce., pedes flavi., metapedes nigro-fusci, alee fulvo limpidoe. Viridis : caput cupreum : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae fulvae ; articulus 1"% nigro-viridis, basi et apice fulvus ; clava fusca: scutellum cupreo-varium : abdomen cupreum, basi leete viridi- MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM, 45 cupreum : pedes flavi ; metapedum femora nigro-aenea basi et apice flava, tibiae pallida fuscae : alae angustae, fulvo-tinctae ; squamulae et nervi fulva. (Corp. long. lin. | ; alar. lin. f .) Found near Belfast, by Mr. Haliday. Fern. — Corpus parvum, nitens, scite punctatum, parum pubescens : caput trans versum, breve, convexum, thorace paullo latius ; vertex latus ; frons convexa, abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres : antennae clavatse, corporis dimidio multo longiores ; articulus 1*^*. validus, fusiformis ; 2"^. longi-cyathiformis ; 3"^. et sequentes breves, sub- quadrati, usque ad 8™\ latescentes ; clava longi-ovata, articulo 8°. latior et triplo longior : thorax ovatus, planus : mesothoracis scutum transversum ; paraptera non convenientia ; scutellum subrhombiforme : abdomen ovatum, planum, subtus carinatum, thorace paullo latius non longius : oviductus occultus : pedes graciles : alae amplae. Sp. 50. En. Elbasus. Fem. Ci/aneus, abdomen cupreum, antennae fuhw flavo cinctw apice fuscw, pedes Jlavi, metapedes nigrL aloe limpidce. Cyaneus : caput nigrum, obscurum : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae fulvae ; articulus 1"^. niger, basi et apice fuscus ; 2"^. basi supra fuscus ; 7"^- et 8"^. flavi ; clava nigro-fusca : abdomen nigro- cupreum : pedes flavi ; tarsi fulvi ; metapedum femora et tibiae nigra, genua fulva : alae limpidae ; squamulae et nervi fulva. (Corp. long. lin. \ ; alar. lin. |.) September ; on grass beneath trees, near London. Fem. — Corpus crassum, sublineare, scitissime squameum, pubescens, subnitens : caput transversum, breve, juxta thoraci latum, vertex sat latus, parum convexus ; frons antice convexa, dein abrupte declivis : oculi majusculi : antennae crassas, corporis dimidio non longiores ; articulus 1"^ fusiformis, subtus dilatatus ; 2"^. longi- cyathiformis; 3"^. et sequentes transversi, brevissimi, usque ad 8"™. latescentes ; clava conica, acuminata, articulo 8°. multo latior et quadruplo longior : thorax ovatus, planus : mesothoracis scutum transversum ; paraptera non convenientia ; scutellum brevi-obco- nicum : abdomen ovatum, planum, hand aliter thoraci longum et latum : oviductus occultus : alae angustae. Sp. 51. En. Scaurus. Fem. Viridis, scutellum et abdomen cuprea, antennas nigrce, pedes nigro-fusci flavo cincti, tarsi fulvi, alee limpidce. 46 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. Viridis ; caput antice cyaneo-viride : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennae nigrse ; articulus l"^. nigro-viridis : mesothoracis parap- tera et scutellum cuprea, hoc apice viridi-aeneum nitens : meta- thorax cupreo-seneus : abdomen cupreum, lasve, nitens, fere glabrum, basi laete viride : propedum femora nigra apice flava, tibiae nigro-fuscse apice et subtus pallidiores, tarsi fulvi apice fusci ; mesopedes flavi, femora nigra basi et apice flava, tibiae nigro-cingulatae, tarsi apice fusci ; metapedes nigri, tibiae basi flavae, tarsi fulvi apice fusci : alae limpidae ; squamulse fuscae ; nervi fulvi, apice fusci. (Corp. long. lin. g — | ; alar. lin. | — |.) Var. /3. — Metatarsi fusci. June, July ; on grass beneath trees, near London. Fem. — Corpus angustum, crassum, sublineare, scitissime punctatum, pubescens, subnitens ; caput transversum, breve, juxta thoraci latum ; vertex sat latus, fere planus ; frons antice convexa, dein abrupte declivis : oculi majusculi: antennas breves, crassse, clavatae, corporis dimidio breviores ; articulus P^ fusiformis, subdilatatus ; 2"^. longi-cyathiformis ; 3"^ et .sequentes transversi, brevissimi, usque ad 8™\ latescentes ; clava ovata, acuminata, articulo 8°. multo latior et plus quadruple longior : thorax ovatus, fere planus : mesothoracis scutum transversum; paraptera non convenientia; scutellum obconicum : abdomen ovatum, supra planum, subtus carinatum, apice acuminatum, thorace paullo longius vix angus- tius : oviductus occultus : pedes validi : alse angustae. Sp. 52. En. Jancirus. Fem. jEneo-viridis, abdomen ceneum, antennce nigro-fuscce fidvo cinctce, pedes nigro-fuscl fulvo cincti, tarsi flav% alee Umpidts. ^neo-viridis : caput viridi-cyaneum : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennae nigro-fuscse; articulus 1"^ viridis; 2^^ niger, apice fulvus ; 7"*. et 8"^ fulvi ; clava nigra : scutellum apice cupreum : abdomen nigro-seneum, basi nigro-viride : pedes nigri ; trochan- teres et genua fulva ; tibiae apice flavae ; tarsi flavi, apice fusci ; protarsi fulvi, apice obscuriores ; mesopedes flavi, femora nigra apice flava, tibiae basi et tarsi apice fusca : alee limpidae ; squamulse fuscae ; nervi fulvi, apice fusci. (Corp. long. lin. \ ; alar. lin. § .) June, August ; on grass beneath trees, near London. Fem. — Corpus longum, angustum, nitens, pubescens, scitissime punctatum : caput transversum, breve, convexum, thorace angus- tius ; vertex latus ; frons abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres : antennae clavatae, pubescentes, corporis dimidio non longiores ; MONOGRAPHIA CIIALCIDITUM. 47 articulus V\ gracilis, fusiformis ; 2"^ longi-cyathiformis ; 3"^ et sequentes breves, subquadrati, usque ad 8"™. latescentes ; clava fusiformis, articulo 8°. triple longior et paullo latior : thorax ovatus, fere planus : mesothoracis scutum transversum ; paraptera non convenientia ; scutellum obconicum : abdomen longi-ovatum, planum, thorace angustius et paullo longius, subtus carinatura, apice acuminatum : oviductus sub-exertus. Sp. 53. En. Sitalces. Fern. Viridis, abdomen cupreum, antenncB nigrce, pedes nigro-fusci^ tarsi fuhi^ alee limpidce. Viridis: antennae nigrae ; articulus l"^®. viridis : oculi et ocelli picei : abdomen nigro-cupreum : pedes nigro-fusci ; genua fulva ; tarsi fulvi, apice obscuriores ; mesotarsi flavi, apice fusci : alae limpidae ; squamulse et nervi fusca. (Corp. long. lin. | ; alar. lin. 1|.) May ; near London. Fern. — Corpus longum, angustum, nitens, pubescens, scitissime punctatum : caput breve, convexum, juxta thoraci latum; vertex latus ; frons abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres : antennae clavatae, corporis dimidio vix longiores; articulus 1"^ validus, fusiformis; 2"^ longi-cyathiformis ; 3"^^. et sequentes angusti, sublineares, usque ad 8"™. latescentes ; clava longi-ovata, articulo 8°. multo latior et plus triple longior : thorax ovatus, planus : mesothoracis scutum quam longum vix latius ; paraptera fere convenientia ; scutellum obconicum : abdomen fusiforme, depressum, subcom- pressum, acuminatum, thorace angustius et paullo longius : alae amplae, Sp. 54. En. Tennes. Fem. jEneo-ater, antennae nigrce, pedes nigri, genua fulva, tarsi fusci, ales sublimpidce. jEneo-ater : capitis frons viridis : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae nigrae : pedes nigri ; pro et mesogenua fulva ; tibiis spinae flavas ; tarsi nigro-fusci : alse sublimpidae ; squamulae et nervi fusca, hi apud stigma obscuriores ; metalarum nervi fulvi. (Corp. long. lin. | ; alar. lin. \\.) Found near London. Fem. — Corpus longum, angustum, pubescens, scite punctatum, parum nitens : caput brevissimum, semicirculum fingens, juxta thoraci latum ; vertex latus ; frons abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres, non extantes : antennae clavatae, corporis dimidio breviores ; arti- culus P^ fusiformis, gracilis ; 2"^. longi-cyathiformis ; 3"^ et sequentes transversi, subquadrati, usque ad 8""". latescentes ; clava 48 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. adempta : thorax oblongus, quadratus, planus ; raesothoracis scu- tum quam longum vix latius ; paraptera non convenientia ; scutellum rhombiforme : abdomen teliforme, depressum, laeve, nitens, fere glabrum, thorace dimidio longius: oviductus occultus : alae angustae. Sp. 55. En. Parus. Fem. Ater, abdomen cupreum, antennae nigro-fuscce, pedes nigro-fusci^ tarsi pallidiores, alee limpidce. Ater : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae nigro-fuscse : abdomen nigro- cupreum : pedes nigri ; tibiae basi pallide flavae ; tarsi nigro-fusci ; mesotarsi fulvi : alae limpidae ; squamulas fuscae ; nervi fulvi, apice fusci. (Corp. long. lin. | ; alar. lin. 1.) Taken by the Rev. G. T. Rudd, near Darlington, in Durham. Fem. — Corpus sat longum, pubescens, punctatum, obscurum : caput transversum, breve, thorace vix latius, antice semicirculum fingens: oculi mediocres, non extantes : antennae subclavatae,9-articulatae? graciles, corporis dimidio breviores ; articulus 1"^ fusiformis, gracilis ; 2"^ longi-cyathiformis ; 3"^ et sequentes longi, sub- lineares, usque ad 6""^. curtantes ; clava fusiformis, articulo 6°. plus duplo longior et paullo latior : thorax oblongo-quadratus, vix con- vexus : mesothoracis scutum transversum ; paraptera supra non convenientia; scutellum subrhombiforme : abdomen longi-ovatum, depressum, thorace paullo angustius et longius, subtus carinatum, apice productum et acuminatum ; segmenta 1"™. et 2"™. maxima : ventralia non conspicua : oviductus occultus. Sp. 5Q. En. Jugseus. Fem. Ater, antennnce nigro-fuscce, pedes nigro-fusci, tarsi fusci, mesotarsi fulvi, ales limpidcB. Ater : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae nigro-fuscae ; articuli 1"^ et 2"^ nigri : abdomen nitens, laeve, fere glabrum : pedes nigri ; troch- anteres et tarsi fusci ; genua flava ; mesopedum spinae flavae, tarsi fulvi: alae limpidae; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma parvum, subrotundum. (Corp. long. lin. f ; alar. lin. 1.) Found by Mr. Haliday, on box-trees, near Belfast. fgyn. — Corpus crassum, punctatum, pubescens, parum nitens : caput transversum, breve, thorace vix angustius; vertex convexus, latus; frons abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres, non extantes: antennae extrorsum crassiores, corpore breviores; articulus l"^ fusiformis ; 2"^. longi-cyathiformis ; 3"^ et sequentes oblongo- quadrati, pubescentes, usque ad 8"™. curtantes et minime lates- MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 49 centes ; clava fusiformis, articulo 8". plus duplo longior vix latior : thorax subquadratus, convexus : mesothoracis scutum transver- sum ; paraptera non convenientia ; scutellum subrhombiforme : abdomen longi-obeonicum, juxta thoraci longum, apice acumina- tum : oviductus occultus. Sp. 57. En. Belibus. Fem. Ater^ abdomen cupreum, an- tenncB nigres^ pedes fiavi, femora nigra, tihice plerumque fuscce, alee limpidcB. Ater : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae nigrae : abdomen nigro-cupreum : femora nigra ; tibiae fuscae, apice flavae ; protarsi pallide fusci ; pro- et mesofemora apice flava ; meso- et metatarsi flavi apice fusci : alae limpidae, corpore longiores ; squamulse et nervi pallide fusca. (Corp. long. lin. | — | ; alar. lin. | — 1.) Var. /3. — Tibiae flavae ; metatibise fusco cincta2 ; protarsi fulvi. October; near London. Fem. — Corpus angustum, pubescens, scite punctatum, parum ni- tens: [caput transversum, convexum, breve, juxta thoraci latum ; vertex latus ; frons abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres : antennae filiformes, pubescentes, extrorsum crassiores, corpore paullo bre- viores ; articulus l"^ fusiformis, crassus ; 2"^ longi-cyathiformis ; .3"'. et sequentes usque ad 8"™. curtantes ; clava fusiformis, articulo 8°. plus duplo longior vix latior : thorax ovatus, convexus : meso-thoracis scutum transversum ; paraptera fere convenientia ; scutellum obconicum : abdomen longi-ovatum, planum, thorace multo longius, apice acuminatum, subtus carinatum : oviductus occultus. Sp. 58. En. Scyles. Fem. Niger aut viridi-cupreus, anfennce nigrce aut nigro-fuscce, pedes fidvi, femora nigro-cincfa, tibicB 7ionnunquam fusccc, alw sidAimpidw. Niger : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennae nigrae : abdomen nitens, lasve, fere glabrum : pedes fulvi ; tarsi obscuriores ; femora nigra, basi et apice fulva ; mesopedes flavi, femora supra et tarsi apice fusca : alae sublimpidae ; squamulae fuscae ; nervi fulvi. (Corp. long. lin. f — \ ; alar. lin. 1 — 1|.) Var. (3. — Nigro-viridis: antennae nigro-fuscae : scutellum obscure cupreum : abdomen nigro-cupreum : tibiae fuscae ; mesotibise fulvae. September; Dorsetshire; North Wales. NO. I. VOL. V. H 50 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM, Fern. — Corpus breve, crassum, scitissime punctatum, nitens, pu- bescens: caput transversum, breve, convexum, juxta thoraci latum ; vertex latus ; frons abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres : antennae clavatae, graciles, corporis dimidio longiores ; articulus V\ gracilis, fusiformis ; 3"'. et sequentes ad 8""". producentes et paullo latescentes ; clava longi-ovata, acuminata, articulo 8". latior et plus duplo longior : thorax ovatus, altus, parum convexus : mesothoracis scutum transversum ; paraptera non convenientia ; scutellum brevi-obconicum : abdomen brevi-ovatum, planum, thorace brevius vix angustius : oviductus sub-exertus. Sp. 59. En. Mamitus. Fern. Ater, abdomen nigro-cupreum^ antennce nigro-fuscw, pedes Jlavo-fusci, femora nigra, aim limpidw. Ater : caput obscurum : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae nigro-fusca^, subtus pallidiores ; articuli 1 °^ et 2°'. nigri : abdomen nigro- cupreum : oviductus flavus ; vaginae fuscae, brevissimse : pedes flavi; propedum femora nigra apice fulva, tibiae supra fuscae, tarsi fulvi ; mesopedum femora nigra apice fulva, tibiae basi et tarsi apice fusca ; metapedes nigri, trochanteres et genua fusca, tibiae apice flavae, tarsi flavi apice fusci : alae limpidse ; squamulae fuscae ; nervi fulvi apice obscuriores. (Corp. long. lin. \ ; alar, lin. |.) Found near London. Mas. — Caput transversum, brevissimum, convexum, thorace vix latius ; frons abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres, vix extantes : mandibulae 3-dentatae, sub-quadratae ; dentes minuti, acuti : antennae clavatae, corpore breviores ; articulus 1°\ gracilis, sub- fusiformis ; 2°\ longi-cyathiformis ; 3"^. et sequentes oblongo- quadrati, usque ad 8"™. curtantes et latescentes ; clava oblique truncata, articulo 8°. latior et duplo longior : thorax oblongo- quadratus, convexus : mesothoracis scutum transversum ; parap- tera supra vix convenientia ; scutellum brevi-obconicum : abdomen sub-rotundum, planum, paullo longius quam latum, thorace multo brevius et paullo angustius ; segmenta ventralia occulta : alae amplae. Fern. — Caput breve, juxta thoraci latum ; frons quam mari con- vexior : antennae corporis dimidio longiores ; articuli 3"^ et sequentes sub-cyathiformes, usque ad 8"*". curtantes et lates- centes; clava quam mari major, articulo 8°. multo latior et triplo longior: abdomen brevi-ovatum, thorace brevius non latius, subtus MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 51 carinatum ; segmenta ventralia vix conspicua : oviductus non exertus. Sp. 60. En. clavicornis. Mas et Fern. Viridis cupreo et aureo varius, abdomen cupreum, antennce mari fulvcB fem. nigrw, pedes fusco-fulm, alee limpidce. Encyrtus clavicornis. Dalman, Kongl. Vetens. Acad. Handl. for ar, 1820 ; Nees ah Ess. Hym. Ich. affin. Monogr. II. 225. Mas. — Caput aureo-viride, scaber punctatum : oculi et ocelli rufi : antennae fulvae ; articulus 2"^^. flavus ; clava fusca : thorax viridi- seneus, scaber punctatus ; mesothoracis scutellum aureum, apice Iseve : pectus nigrum, nitens, laeve, glabrum : abdomen cupreum, Iseve, apice hirtum : sexualia fulva : pedes fulvi ; pro- et meso- femora basi pallide fusca ; metapedum femora fusca, tibiae nigro- fuscae, tarsi apice fusci : alae limpidae ; squamulae et nervi fulva, hi apud stigma obscuriores. Fem. — Caput viride, antice cyaneo-viride, postice viridi-aeneum : an- tennae nigrae ; articulus 1"^ fulvus, apice fuscus ; 2"^. nigro- fuscus : thorax viridi-asneus ; mesothoracis scutellum cupreum : abdomen cupreum, basi viridi-varium : pro- et mesofemora fusca, apice fulva. (Corp. long. lin. ^ — 1 ; alar. lin. 1 — If.) Var, /3. — Mas, thorax cupreus, antice et utrinque viridis. Var. y. — Mas, caput cyaneo-viride : thorax viridis ; mesothoracis scutellum cupreum. Var. I. — Mas, caput et thorax viridia : abdomen basi viridi-varium. Var. f. — Mas, profemora nigro-fusca, apice fulva. Var. ^. — Fem. caput, thorax et abdomen omnino cuprea. Var. J/. — Fem. abdomen cupreo purpureum, basi viridi-aeneum. Var. 6. — Fem. abdomen purpureo cupreum, basi laete viride. Var. I. — Fem. caput viride: thorax viridis, cupreo varius ; meso- thoracis scutelli discus cupreus. Var. K. — Fem. thorax viridis ; mesothoracis scutellum apice aeneum. May to September ; near London; Isle of Wight; Scotland. Sp. 61. En. Eupales. Fem. Cupreus, E. clavicorni an- gustior et plerumque multo minor, antennce nigrcs, pedes fusco- flavi, femora nigro-anea, ales limpidcc. Cupreus : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennae nigrae ; articulus 1"*. nigro-aeneus : abdomen basi cupreo-viride : sexualia flava : 52 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. pedes flavi ; coxae et femora nigro-senea, hse apice flava ; tibiae fusco-cinctas ; tarsi apice fusci : alse limpidae ; squamulae et nervi fulva. (Corp. long. lin. §; aiar. lin. 1.) Far. ft. — Corpus oinnino cupreum : femora nigro-senea ; genua fusca ; tibiae fuscae, metapedum obscuriores. Found near London. Mas. — Corpus, pedes et alas non aliter E. clavicorni : antennae sub- filiformes, verticillato-pilosas, juxta corpori longi ; articulus P^. gracilis, subfusiformis ; 2"*. brevis, cyathiformis ; 3"^. et sequentes ad 8"™. longi, discreti, verticillato-pilosi ; clava sublinearis, apice truncata, articulo 8°. paullo latior et duplo fere longior. Sp. 62. En. Arceanus. Mas. Virldis cupreo varius, abdo- men purpurea cupreum^ antennae fuhcBf pedes fusco-fuhi, femora nigro-cenea, alee limpidce. Viridis : oculi et ocelli rufi : capitis vertex et mesothorax cupreo varii, hujus scutelli discus cupreus : abdomen purpureo-cupreum, basi cupreo viride : antennae pallide fulvae, apice obscuriores, fusco-pilosae : pedes fulvi ; coxae et femora nigro-aenea, hae apice fulva ; metatibiae nigro-fuscae ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci : alae limpidae ; squamulae et nervi fulva. (Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar. lin. If.) Found near London. Mas. — Corpus et alae non aliter E. clavicorni : pedes graciliores ; tibiae rectae : nervus cubitalis ad alae apicem propensior : antennae filiformes, juxta corpori longi; articulus 1"®. fusiformis, vix dila- tatus ; 2"^. parvus, subrotundus ; 3"^ et sequentes longi, lineares, approximati, usque ad 8"™. curtantes ; clava fusiformis, articulo S''. plus dimidio longior et paullo angustior : abdomen ovatum, basi latum, thorace brevius et angustius. Sp. 6S. En. Tanais. Mas. Aureo-cupreus, abdomen par- pureo-cupreum^ antennae crocece, pedes flavi, alee limpidae. Aureo cupreus, nitens : caput aureo-viride ; vertex cupreus : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennae croceae ; articulus 1"% laete flavus ; 2"'. niger : abdomen purpureo-cupreum : pedes laete flavi ; coxae aeneae ; metatibiae fusco bicinctse : alae limpidae ; squamulae et nervi fulva. (Corp. long. lin. f ; alar. lin. 1|.) Found near Belfast, by Mr. Haliday. MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 03 Fem. — Corpus breve, crassum, punctatum, parum nitens : caput transversum, subquadratum, juxta thoraci latum ; frons abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres, non extantes : antennae clavatae, crassae, corporis dimidio vix breviores ; articulus l"^ valde dilatatus ; 2°'. longi-cyathiformis ; 3"^ et sequentes subcyathiformes, breves, usque ad 8°"". latescentes ; clava longi-ovata, acuminata, articulo 8°. plus duplo longior vix latior : thorax oblongo-quadratus, con- vexus ; mesothoracis scutum transversum ; paraptera supra con- venientia ; scutellum subrhombiforme, basi impressum : abdomen rotundum, planum, lasve, nitens, thorace brevius vix latius : ovi- ductus occultus : pedes sat longi. Sp. 64. En. Dahlbomii. Fem. JEneo-viridis, abdomen nigro-ceneum, antenncs nigrce apice fiance, pedes fiavo-fusci, femora obscuriora, proaloe fusco-fasciatcs. Encyrtus Dahlbomii. Westwood, Lond. aiid Edinb. Phil. Mag. Third Series. X. QS, 441. Caput viride, postice viridi-seneum : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennae nigrae ; clava laete flava : thorax viridis : scutellum viridi- aeneum : abdomen nigro-aeneum : pedes flavi ; coxae et meta- femora nigro-viridia ; pro- et mesopedum femora nigro-fusca, tibiae fusco cinctae ; metatibiae nigro-fuscae ; tarsi apice fusci ; pro- tarsi fulvi : alae sublimpidae ; proalae fusco apud stigma late at interrupte fasciatae ; squamulae et nervi fusca, hi apice obscuriores. (Corp. long. lin. | — §; alar. lin. 1 — IJ.) June, July; on lime-trees, near London; Isle of Jersey. Found at Port Marnock, near Belfast, by Mr. Haliday. Fem. — Corpus, pedes et alae non aliter E. Dahlbomii : antennae cla- vatae, corporis dimidio vix longiores ; articulus 1"% fusiformis, non dilatatus ; 2"^ longi-cyathiformis ; 3"^ et sequentes transversi, minuti, usque ad 8™^. latescentes ; clava ovata, plana, acuminata, articulo 8°. pauUo latior et plus duplo longior. Sp. 65. En. Erginus. Fem. Nigro-cyaneus, humeri albi, antennae fuscce apice albce, pedes fiavo-fusci, femora nigro- cyanea, proalce fusco-fasciatcB. Nigro-cyaneus, parum nitens : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennis articulus 1"'. nigro-viridis ; 2"^ niger; 3"'. 4"^ et 5"^ fusci ; caeteri albidi : humeri albi : abdomen nitens, laeve : coxae et femora nigro-cyanea ; tibias nigro-fuscae ; trochanteres et genua fusca ; 54 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. tarsi flavi, apice fusci ; protarsi fulvi : alae limpidae ; squamulEe et nervi fusca, hi basi flavi ; proalse cuique apud stigma fascia lata abbreviata fusca. (Corp. long. lin. i ; alar. lin. 1.) July ; on lime-trees, near London. Mas. — Corpus sublineare, angustura, punctatum, pubescens : caput transversum, breve, convexum, juxta thoraci latum ; vertex fere planus ; frons convexa : oculi mediocres, non extantes : antennae graciles, fusiformes, pubescentes, corporis dimidio longiores ; arti- culus P^ gracilis, longissimus, extrorsum crassior ; 2"^. et se- quentes longi, lineares, usque ad 8^™. curtantes ; clava teliformis, articulo 8°. plus duplo longior et basi latior : thorax ovatus, parum couvexus : mesothoracis scutum transversum ; paraptera non con- venientia ; scutellum brevi-obconicum : abdomen subrotundum, planum, laeve, fere glabrum, thorace brevius et latius : pedes longi. Sp. 66. En. flaminius. Mas. Nigro-mridis^ suhtus ferriir gineus, abdomen Qiigro-cupreum, antennce nigrce apice albcB^ pedes rufo-picei, mesotarsi albi, proalcs fusco-fasciatce. Encyrtus flaminius. Dolman, Kongl. Vetens. Acad, Handl. for ar, 1826 ; Nees ab Ess. Hym. Ich. affin. Monogr. II. 220. Nigro-viridis, parum nitens : caput subtus ferrugineum : oculi et ocelli picei: antennas nigrae; articuli 8°. ad 11"™. albi: pectus ferrugi- neum, postice nigro-cyaneum : abdomen nigro-cupreura, nitens, basi cupreum micans, subtus nigro-cyaneum : pedes rufo-picei ; mesotarsi albi : alae albae ; proalje cuique fascia lata arcuata fusca ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar. lin. 1|.) Reared at Paris, from the chrysalis of Galeruca Calmariensis, by the Comte de Castelneau. > Fem. — Corpus breve, latum, crassum, convexum, punctatum, pube- scens : caput transversum, breve, convexum, juxta thoraci latum ; frons abrupte declivis : thorax brevi-ovatus : mesothoracis scutum transversum ; paraptera supra convenientia, scutellum brevi- obconicum : metathoracis scutellum semicirculum fingens : abdo- men subrotundum, laeve, fere glabrum, thorace brevius et paullo latius ; segmenta ventralia occulta : oviductus non exertus : antennae clavatae, pubescentes, corporis dimidii longi tudine ; articulus 1"\ fusiformis, vix dilatatus ; 2"'. longi-cyathiformis ; S"^ et sequentes breves, subcyathiformes, approximati, usque ad 8"™. latescentes MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 5!) et curtantes ; clava ovata, plana, articulo 8°. duplo longior et paullo latior : alae amplae, corpora longiores. Sp. 67, En. tessellatus. Fern. Ciipreus, antennce nigrce aiit fusccB nonnunquam alho-cinctcs, pedes fidvo-fusci, femora nigro- cenea, alee fusco-varice. Encyrtus tessellatus. Dalman, Kongl. Vetens. Acad. Handl. for dr, 1820; Nees ah Ess. Hym. Ich. affin. Monogr. II. 209. Obscure cupreus, parum nitens : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : an- tennas nigrae : abdomen cupreum, nitens : coxae cupreae ; tro- chanteres et genua ferruginea ; tarsi flavi, apice fusci ; pro- et metafemora nigro-senea ; propedum tibiae et tarsi fulva, hi apice fusci, illae fusco cinctse ; mesopedes flavi, femora basi fusca, tibiae fusco cinctse ; metapedes nigro-fuscfe ; tibiae fuscae : alse limpidse ; proalse fusco variae; squamulae et nervi fusca, hi apud stigma obscuriores. (Corp. long. lin. | ; alar. lin. Ig.) Var. j3. — Antennae fuscae ; clava nigra. Var. y. — Antennae fuscae ; articuli 7"'. et 8"'. albidi ; clava nigra. June, September ; North Wales ; Isle of Wight. Taken by the Rev. G. T. Rutld in Hampshire, and by Mr. Haliday near Lanark, Scotland. 56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Art. IV. — Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London. Sitting of the Third April, 1837. Rev. F. W. Hope, in the Chair. The minutes of the last meeting were confirmed. Several donations of books and insects were announced by the Secretary. A splendid pair of Chiasogimthus Grantii, from Chiloe, were exhibited, and presented to the Society by Mr. Darwin. A series of Carabi, collected by Mr. Darwin, in Terra del Fuego, were exhibited. The Chairman stated, that with one exception, he believed them to be all new ; or, at least, had not been seen in any European cabinet since the days of Fa- bricius ; and that they appeared to form a very valuable con- necting chain between the northern and southern insects. Mr. Darwin described their habits, and the localities where taken. Mr. Westwood, in consequence of seeing the advertisement of a powder at a shop in the city, professing to protect turnips from the attack of the fly, by being mixed with the seed, took occasion to caution members and their friends against the impo- sition. The attempt had originated from the error of a writer in the " Entomological Magazine," calling himself " Rusticus," who stated that the egg of the turnip-fly was found upon the seed, which had since been proved to be totally incorrect ; and therefore no such powder, applied in that way, could be of any possible avail. Specimens of Termites, with part of a nidus, accompanied by a note from Lord Prudhoe, presenting them to the Society, were exhibited. Specimens of a lepidopterous larva, found in immense quan- tities in a wheat-stack, near Bristol, with a sample of the wheat, were received from Mr. Raddon ; and also some foreign spe- cimens extracted from turpentine, and various drawings. Extracts from parliamentary evidence of the state of some of the pictures in the National Gallery, attacked by Anohia, were read by Mr. Westwood. It appeared that the work of destruc- tion was going rapidly forward in one or two large and valu- able pictures. Mr. Sells suggested a solution of the bitter ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 57 principles of quassia and colocynth, with camphor in turpentine, as a remedy. Mr. Hope suggested a varnish of resin anime applied to the back of the picture. It was agreed, on all hands, that the metallic poisons would be dangerous to the picture. Mr. Waterhouse thought that in case all other means failed, a box might be made air-tight, with the back of the infected pic- ture in the way of a lid, and that the fumes of prussic acid might then be applied with safety and effect. He had found this method succeed perfectly in destroying larvoe^ as well as the perfect insect, in which state it was generally much more dif- ficult to reach the vital principle than in the imago. Several members thought that the evil existed principally, if not solely, in the guards or frame-work of the pictures, many of which were made of white soft wood, peculiarly liable to the attacks of in- sects ; and a very easy remedy might be found in the removal of these, and substitution of new ones made of materials not liable to be thus infested, Mr. Thomas Bell thought the whole subject of so much importance, that a committee might be ap- pointed to make experiments of the various remedies proposed, and report. A paper from Mr. S pence, communicating a number of valuable observations on the habits of the Scoliti, so destructive to the elm, and other large timber trees, was read. Extracts from a letter received by Mr. Westwood from Mr. R. Lewis, one of the Society's members, dated Van Die- men's Land, was read, detailing his success in Entomological captures. A communication from Mr. Smith to Mr. Ingpen, on the nature of the gall, so frequent on the under side of oak leaves, was read. It appears to have been a disputed point whether this gall was a fungus, or an insect habitation. From his pre- vious want of success in discovering any tenant of any kind to these galls, Mr. Smith had been inclined to the latter opinion ; but early this season he was examining some oak leaves in Coombe Wood, in a situation where they were drifted toge- ther in a heap. Those on the surface were quite dry, and the galls withered. Underneath they were moister ; and on pro- ceeding to examine the galls on those which were compara- tively fresh and pulpy, he found each of them, to his no small pleasure and surprise, to contain a little black Cynips, in the perfect state. He afterwards carefully examined the oak leaves NO. I. VOL. V. I 58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Still remaining on the trees, but these were all dry, and without any signs of insect life. He supposed the peculiarity of the habit, and time of reaching the imago state, had hitherto eluded the vigilance of Entomologists. Several members stated that the same discovery had been made abroad. Specimens of the Cynips were exhibited. The Rev. F. W. Hope produced his promised paper on insects internally inhabiting man. The paper was illustrated by several specimens, through the kindness of Mr. Owen, of the College of Surgeons, and thirteen tables, exhibiting in one view the genera, species, authority, date, country, sex of the subject attacked, symptoms, result, &c. &c. It enumerated forty-three distinct species of insects, mostly of the classes Coleoptera and Dipteia, as having been found inhabiting the living human body, sometimes the causes of painful and protracted disease, and sometimes of death. After giving a general history and analysis of the instances he had been able to collect, the author proceeded to endeavour to account for their introduction. The process of roasting and boiling, to which our food was usually subjected, he admitted was efTectual in destroying insect life in any of its stages. But the ova of Diptera he thought were frequently deposited in cold provisions, and thus introduced into the stomach and reared. Salads he thought were a fruitful source of introducing larvae ; and muddy water, often incautiously drunk by children, of both ova and larvee. He combated the objection that insects could not subsist in the temperature of the human body, by the well- known examples of their occurrence in horses, cows, &c. The paper excited much interest, and considerable discussion. Mr. Westwood inquired of the author whether he considered there w^ere any insects indigenous to the human species, or whether their occurrence was accidental. Mr. Hope replied that he thought their introduction was mostly accidental, but he was inclined to a belief in an CEstrus Hominis. Mr. Owen adduced some curious instances of a worm infesting that animal crawl- ing alive out of a boiled codfish, to the no small discomfiture of those around the table ; and the existence of a particular species of snail in the thermal springs of Italy. In illustration of the capability of some of the lower animals of bearing a high degree of temperature, Mr. Shuckard mentioned, on the autho- rity of Mr. Standish, the fact of a moth escaping alive out of a ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 59 boiled potato. The habit of the common cricket, and the cock-roach, infesting ovens and bakeliouses, was also quoted. Mr. Bracy Clark contended, at considerable length, against the existence of Oestrus Hominis. He entered into a general history of the QLstri attacking animals, their mode of opera- tion, and their liability when deprived of their usual nidus, to make one of the human subject, if found exposed. Pallas, he said, was the first who introduced an CEstrus Hominis, and the continental writers had followed him without sufficient authority; for that every authenticated instance of an GLstrus found on man, had turned out to be the true CEstrus Bovis. He likewise urged the improbability of an Oestrus being created, whose proper habit it was to deposit its eggs in the human body, which was usually carefully clothed. Sitting of the 1st of May, 1S37. Mr. Stephens, President, in the Chair. The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed. Several new members were balloted in. A list of donations presented since the last meeting, was read by the Secretary. A gigantic species of the genus Prionus ; a case of insects containing, among others, the specimens described by Mr. Grey, in the Second Part of the Transactions; and a selection of extraordinary and highly interesting forms, from the collection of Sir Patrick Walker, — were severally exhibited. Specimens of the same species of Ant, forwarded by Dr. BosTOCK, from Liverpool, which had lately been discovered extending itself in various parts of London, supposed to be Myrmica linearis, were exhibited. Mr. Shuckard stated that he had minutely examined these ants, and decidedly pro- nounced them not to be the above-named insect, but a species entirely new. A paper, by Mr. Sells, on the Chigoe of the West Indies (Pulex penetrans), was read, accompanied by specimens, with further observations by IVJi'. Westwood, accompanied by draw- ings, investigating the specific characters of this insect. Mr. Sells described the manner of its attack, insinuating itself more particularly beneath the toe-nails ; the mode resorted to by the negroes for ridding themselves of the little tormentors ; and the consequences of neglect, or of unskilful operation. 60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Mr. Westwood decided that it was not a true Pulex, but required to be erected into a new genus, of which it was probably the type. The Secretary, after explaining that the Entomological Society of France had mainly directed their labours to the discovery and description of new species, while the Entomo- logical Society of London had aimed at more practical objects and results, read a portion of a letter from M. Victor Audouin, foreign honorary member, president of the Entomological So- ciety of France, to show that they were now imitating the Entomological Society of London in this respect. M. Audouin, in this letter, detailed the plan of a course of lectures he had just engaged in, on the economy of insects in relation to the use or injury of man, in the three departments of agriculture, manufactures, and medicine. A paper by Mr. Main, on the Capes or Roupe, a familiar disease among chickens, occasioned by the nidus of a species of vermes in the throat, and frequently fatal to two-thirds of a brood, was communicated by Mr. Ingpen. A paper by Mr. Ashton was read, describing the singular construction of the cornea of some insects. In the dragon-fly, {Lihellula Viilgata,) for instance, the numerous facets or lenses constituting the eye, are not of equal size, but are much larger towards the upper part than in the lower part of the eye. In some insects the variations in the size of the mesh are gradual, in others distinct ; in some vertical, in others central, and in others lobed or tongue-shaped ; but in all the instances of this remarkable construction that had fallen under Mr. Ashton's observation, he thought he could trace a relation or correspon- dence between the large facets, and that part of the eye most exposed by the habit of the insect to the strongest blaze of~ light, which he therefore supposed to be a provision of nature for moderating and equalizing its effects. All this was illus- trated by descriptive drawings. Mr. Shuckard stated, that Mr. Ashton had just anticipated him, having been for some time engaged in an extensive series of similar observations; but he thought this singular variation in the structure of the eye would be found to be sexual. The Rev. F. W. Hope presented a monograph of Mr. Darwin's new Carahi, from Southern America ; — and also a paper on the emblematical signification of the sacred Scara- ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. Gl bcEus of Egypt. He enumerated the various ideas and objects of whichj by different authors, it was supposed to be the emblem ; and gave it as his judgment, that its deepest and most universal meaning had been entirely overlooked. It is vi^ell known that the Egyptians were believers in the immor- tality of the soul ; and from the situations near the heart, and under the eyelids, in which it was invariably found, from its being worn by soldiers going to battle, &c. he argued that the sacred beetle was the primary type and emblem of immortality, and the resurrection. Mr. Pettit and Mr. Westwood both con- firmed the views of the author, though the latter gentleman thought that the idea was by no means new, being to be found at large in the writings of Latreille. Sitting of the 5th of June, 1837. Rev. W. KiRBY, Honorary President, in the Chair. Various donations of books and papers were received, and thanks voted respectively. Mr. Westwood made some observations on the extraordi- nary backwardness of the pi'esent season, as to whether it had any effect in retarding the regular appearance of insects. As far as he had observed it had no influence, but he thought the subject well worthy the investigation of Entomologists. A paper from Mr. Jennings, on the larvae of a dipterous insect voided in large quantities from the human subject, illustrated by specimens and drawings ; a paper by Mr. Westwood, descriptive of several new genera exhibited, with drawings ; extracts of a letter, detailing the singular proces- sional and migratory habits of two sorts of caterpillars, from a Member abroad ; and a paper by Dr. Richardson, on a caterpillar then ravaging the cherry-trees in Kent, with speci- mens,— were severally read, but did not elicit any observations of public interest. 62 MORE RANDOM THOUGHTS. Art. v. — More Random Tlioughts. By J. W. Douglas. The fact that the world which we call ours, turns on its axis daily without being perceived by us, is accounted for by knowing that we also turn with it. In like manner must it be, that the onward march of every thing connected with mind is so little noted, because we, in some measure, are also borne along in the mental revolution that is going on around us. Yet let us reflect but for a moment, and we shall see that pro- gression is a law which is universally obeyed by all creation, and that nothing is stationary. The elegant butterfly, that like a thing of air floats in the sunbeam, was once contained in an ^gg scarcely visible. Every flower that fills a place in the garland that Nature weaves around the earth — every shrub and tree that graces the moun- tain side or lowly plain — has arisen from a minute seed. The noble river that proudly bears on its broad bosom the majestic ships, was, but a few miles back, a stream scarcely able to float the tiny straws that the breeze had committed to it. Even the sun, the centre of our system, the soul of its body, in his daily appearance, comes not on us at once in his full glare, but rises gradually to the meridian ; and though at times obscured by clouds, and at length by his decline giving birth to night, yet, 'tis only to rise again more glorious than before. Yet, more than in all these, the great principle of advancement is seen in the mind of man, — that emanation from the Deity, which, though differing from all things, is yet related to all, finding in every thing, more or less, an object for its attention. Indi- vidually, man advances by degrees ; his mind and body expand- ing in proportion as each is exercised and trained, until he reach his full physical and mental stature. Collectively, he has advanced comparatively but a short distance in the infinity of intellectual space ; for it is but lately, that, by the invention of the press, he has been able to record, for the benefit of his posterity, the discoveries of his mind or the emanations of his genius. But this point in his history having been gained, he is in a condition to keep his race continually going on ; and though his stay here may be as brief as ever, yet his children may now be as wise as if their lives were a continuation of his ; and so on for ever. MORE RANDOM THOUGHTS. 63 It is now only that we begin to reap the benefit of the wisdom of former ages ; now is " The dawn of mind, which, upwards on a pinion Borne, swift as sunrise far illumines space. And clasps this barren world in its own bright embrace." For, compared with the extent of space to be explored, what do we know of nature or of nature's laws ? We gaze with wonder at the discoveries of Newton, and are astonished at the giant mind that could grasp a world, and hold it till he had measured the extent of its orbit ; and yet he was so impressed with his own ignorance, that he said he was but a child gather- ing pebbles on the shore of the ocean. And if he were a child, what are we? , But it will be asked. What has all this to do with^Entomology ? And truly I must plead guilty to having wandered from it, as in a fine country one is often tempted, by the beauty of a pro- spect or the elegance of a flower, to turn aside from the straight path. Yet, though this paper may not be very closely con- nected with Entomology, and that science may hold a high place in our esteem, we should not forget that insects form but a part of a whole system, and that the other parts are worthy of some attention. For if attention be exclusively confined to one object, one portion only of the mind being employed, the other faculties remain idle, and the individual will be, in fact, an ignorant man. To its Creator, a world may not be of more importance than an insect, and the one was as easily formed as the other ; yet between the two there is no chasm, no gap left to create a marked division, or to give us cause to prefer one object at the expense of another. The gradations of nature's work are so gentle and minute, that every class of mind may find its appropriate employment ; — and the distribu- tion of mental qualities is as varied as that of the material world. It is pleasing also to observe, that he who has merely the power to note the outward appearances of nature, is happier if he use that power, than if he allow it to remain idle. For it is wisely ordered, that in proportion to a man's powers, mental or physical, and in proportion to the exercise they receive, is his feeling of happiness. How great then are the pleasures of the natural philosopher, he who can inquire into 64 MORE RANDOM THOUGHTS. the causes of all he sees ; of the moral philosopher, who can investigate the nature of mind, and its adaptation to the ex- ternal world; and of the poet, who unites the powers of each, and communes with the unseen Spirit of the universe ! But, while to every well constituted mind the contemplation of genius and the investigation of natural phenomena are highly pleasing ; while we hold converse with the spirits of such men as Shakspeare, Milton, Burns, and others, and feel that they are indeed the friends of man ; we should not forget that, unhappily for mankind, the influence"of such minds has been felt to a very limited extent, and that intellect of no mean order^ has degraded itself by lending its power to carry out the very lowest qualities of our nature. Hence has arisen crime of all sorts and degrees ; above all, that wholesale destruc- tion by man of his brethren, known by the name of war. It is a melancholy fact, that while the works of genius have been neglected, military glory has held, and still holds, the highest place in men's estimation, and a love of it is studiously cultivated. How many thousand victims have been offered up on the altar of ambition ; and what an immensity of misery has the lust of power caused! Yet it is some consolation to know, that this system, from the nature of things, is also advancing towards its end ; and to reflect, that as the progress of know- ledge causes men to think, they will be less easily induced to believe that shedding blood and getting glory are synonymous. They will learn that there is no true glory but what is accom- panied by happiness. Of this, those who have profited by the lavish waste of human life are well convinced, and hence have endeavoured to prevent men from becoming acquainted with their true condition. As well might they command the winds to be hushed, or the waves to be still ; — they could as easily counteract one law of nature as another. The course of truth is also onward. But I still wander on ; and though tempted to proceed, will rest here. While to the naturalist I ought, perhaps, to offer some apology for the intrusion of this paper on his notice, I would, to him who is not a naturalist, commend the study of natural history, as affording an inexhaustible fund of mental gratification ; and as an incentive to perseverance, would have him reflect, that, while deriving from it pleasure to himself. MORE RANDOM THOUGHTS. 65 he is at the same time hastening the development of general knowledge, and the universal happiness of the human race. " Then let us pray that come it may, As come it will for a' that ; That sense and worth o'er a' the earth, Shall bear the gree and a' that. " For a' that, and a' that. It's coming yet for a' that, That man to man the warld o'er, Shall brothers be for a' that." l/j/A Augtist, 1837. J. W. D. NO. I. VOL. V. 66 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS Art. VI. — A recently discovered Chapter of the Wanderings and Ponderings of an Insect-Hunter. Man, in the plenitude of his wisdom, has hit on a contrivance by which one horse may be made to draw two gigs, and the happy combination is yclept a four-wheeled chaise. It was a bright sunny morning in August,when a carriage of this descrip- tion issued from that hostelry in the little town of Rhaiadr-y- Gowy, which is usually known as the Lion, and is decorated with a painting, purporting to be a portraiture of some san- guinary individual of that species. The animal which gave progressive motion to the vehicle in question was a sleek, well- fed, brown mare : she received, with a playful laying back of the ears, a graceful arching of the neck, and a quiet smile of acknowledgment, two or three smart sounding stripes, which were intended to give effect to the start, at the same time putting herself into a somewhat imposing trotting attitude, and stepping out in good earnest ; while the agitated double body emitted a series of croaking sounds in rapid succession, for all the world like a steam-engine with the croup. These sounds proceeded from a swivel, on which the fore part of the vehicle turned, and they kept time with admirable precision to the regular step of the sleek brown mare. The anterior gig was furnished with a leathern apron ; this appendage was neatly furled, and secured to the dashing-board by two ornamental perpendicular leathern straps. From between the apron so furled, and the dashing- board, rose a forest of the fronds of various species of ferns, the roots of which were concealed by the furled apron aforesaid. The vehicle contained three passengers, two in the anterior, one in the posterior gig, three carpet-bags, three Mackintoshes, a dog-stick, a trowel, and an insect-net. There was visible on the physiognomies of the three passengers, the traces of that dauntless and invincible energy which loudly proclaimed that the enterprise in which three such individuals were associated was one of no ordinary interest. As the inhabitants of Rhaiadr-y-Gowy gazed in speechless admiration, the vehicle turned briskly up the road towards Llangurig, until surmounting the easy ascent from the town, the driver sharply reined in the sleek brown mare, and an individual might then be seen descending from the anterior, and another OF AN INSECT HUNTER. 67 from the posterior gig. The first of these gathered a waving frond of fern from the mountain side, and fixed it Hghtly in his beaver, allowing it to float freely on the mountain breeze ; he then drew the insect-net carefully from its retreat, and threw it into the hollow of his arm : his companion ornamented his beaver with oak, and the two pursued their journey for a while on foot ; using the vehicle as an occasional resting-place for themselves, and a constant receptacle for ferns and flowers gathered by the way. The country round Rhaiadr-y-Gowy is of the finest boldest character of wild beauty. The roads leading towards Bualt, Cwm Elan, and Llangurig, and also the old Aberystwith road, are alike in character, though different in detail. The road, to Llangurig is admirably cut ; it follows the course of Wye, and though passing among mountains tumultuously upheaved, it has no single ascent of any importance. The rocky overhanging brows of the mountains, their wooded bases, the luxuriant forestry of the banks of Wye, and the fast flow of its waters over a stony bed, rendering it a continued rapid, all combine to make this road from Rhaiadr highly interesting to the traveller ; but as we approached Llangurig the country stretches out into vast and dreary mountains, that afford very little to catch the eye of the painter, the tourist, or the naturalist. Llansfuriff is an odd collection, of a church and half a dozen houses, all apparently built in the year one, and all equally astonished at finding themselves suddenly on a Macadamized mail-coach road, — an event which has lately taken place, and caused a mighty increment of horses, hostlers, and stabling. Wye here flows over a loose shingle ; its waters are clear as crystal, and abound with small fish, which swim about in shoals of myriads, and are much in favour with the jack-herns, who stalk about in the various little bays and tributary waters, and seem quite at home, and if disturbed rise with reluctance on heavy flapping wings, and seldom fly far. Leaving Llangurig the road gradually winds up between the vast chain of Cwm Toidder mountains on the left, and the Plin- limmon range on the right. These mountains possess a fine undulating outline, continually varying ; they are clothed with a sour rushy herbage to their summit, and feed an immense num- ber of small half-starved looking sheep and black cattle: they have a black, dreary, desolate and inhospitable look about them. 68 WANDERINGS AND PONDEKINGS The kites were for ever wheeling over them, shaping their course with their elegantly- forked tails ; and buzzards were continually heard mewing above us. One moor-buzzard, of whitest head, swept across the mountain ; sparrow-hawks and kestrils were abundant wherever the vast waste had, by the way-side, reluc- tantly submitted to any attempt at cultivation. The day was hot, and the rapid Aglaia continually winged by us and away up the mountain ; it occurred principally where an occasional tract was partially clothed with fern, Pteris aquilina, of which plant it appears particularly fond. The ubiquitous Alexis flitted along the road, and Tithonus fluttered round every flower. I have before remarked the abundance of flowers in Wales, and even in this dreary region every acre of soil that had been turned up by the ploughshare produced an abundant garden of the gayest flowers, and afforded a most pleasing contrast to the monotonous face of nature all around us. From Llangurig the road rises by a gradual ascent to the Plinlimmon Inn, a distance of eight or nine miles ; it has here reached its highest point : the two chains of mountains ap- proximate, and the road passes between them. The view which opens beyond, has a similar monotonous and dreary grandeur : mountain is piled on mountain in every direction, and all possess the same undulating outline, and the same smooth, treeless verdure, until, at a turn in the road, Ponterwydd, with its three houses, its mill, its two bridges and solitary hostelry, appeared before us. Here we were right glad to make a halt ; as I believe does every traveller, whether on foot or horseback, or in a carriage. It is like an oasis in a desert. The house was full to overflowing ; it was crammed with travellers of all sorts and sizes; the stables were full of horses and hostlers, and coachmen and postboys : the coach-house was inhabited by a most choice variety of vehicles, besides a cast of hawks, viz. kites and buzzards, which mewed incessantly, and which' made very free with the various implements of locomotion. — Extract from Note-book. " Potatos at Ponterwydd were nasty green poisonous-looking bulbs, in size and colour more like the berries than the roots of the plant ; they were served three or four hundred in a dish : their taste was not disagreeable." Brightly rose the sun over the mountain tops, each casting its huge shadow on another ; here and there a mountain was half darkened by its own projection. Grand, but desolate is OF AN INSECT HUNTER. 69 such a scene. The sound of a scythe, plied by a solitary being with that jerk so peculiarly Welsh, echoed from hill to hill : the swarth was nothing but the harsh and stunted rush, valueless except for litter. Occasionally in the more sheltered situations a few small corn-fields were clustered around some miserable sheds, and waved their still green corn ; but the thin, backward, and weather-beaten crops were rather a melancholy than a pleasing sight ; they seemed fully to participate in the dreary desolation which reigned around. It is in this situation, in the bosom of this very desolation, that there exists scenery as lovely, as unspeakably romantic, as man ever beheld, or as his warmest imagination can picture. It is here that our longings for the beautiful are satisfied ! It is here that the spirit drinks to repletion as nature's glorious fount ! It is here that wood, rock, and water are thrown together in endless variety, in beauteous disorder, in boundless profusion. The desolate country I have attempted to describe is inter- sected by numerous mountain streams : of these the principal are the Rheidiol, the Mynach, and the Ystwith. These rivers, instead of flowing quietly through an open country, are in this district concealed in chasms which intersect the mountains in various directions. Now it will require the judgment of a far better instructed geologist than the Insect-Hunter, to say whe- ther the rivers have, in the lapse of ages, by the excessive rapidity of their course, worn for themselves the chasms through which they now flow, or whether, at some distant period, the earth has been convulsed by subterraneous agency, its surface cloven, and thus those chasms created of which the rivers now avail themselves. The evidence of fissure is said to be quite indisputable, and I believe it will be difficult to account for the remarkable appearances at Ponterwydd and the Devil's Bridge, by the present action of the water. At Ponterwydd in particular it will be seen that the Rheidiol has neither chosen the most direct nor the most easy course, but has found a way through a solid rock, of very considerable height: it first flows towards the Inn, and then turns at a right angle, still through the rock, the opposite and perpendicular walls of which nearly correspond : it then arrives at a spot which it might have reached from the bridges with a tenth part of the difficulties which it has chosen to encounter. Wherever the rock is hard 70 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS and compact, we find the chasm narrow, and its walls nearly perpendicular : where the soil is composed partially of rock and partially of softer materials, the latter have yielded to the action of the water, and have crumbled away by degrees, falling into the stream ; while the more solid rocks still stand boldly in their places, or have fallen from time to time into the torrent, damming up its tumultuous waters, and compelling it to take some fresh leap, or turning its course for a space in some new direction. In these situations we frequently observed the finest forest trees firmly rooted in the clefts of the rock, and stretching their arms over the roaring waters. Again, in other parts, the soil has been of a still more yielding quality, and the crumbling has been a rapid and continual operation, insomuch that the chasm has widened into a considerable ravine, the banks of which are less abrupt, and are entirely covered with a shrubby growth of forestry, which seldom rises even to a middle height before the soil is loosened about the root, and the tree pines away, or slides by degrees nearer and nearer to the water, until some great flood wholly uproots it, drives it headlong over the rocky river-bed, and perhaps carries it out to sea, or lands it afar off", amid corn-fields and gardens. Immediately before the windows of the Ponterwydd Inn is one of the finest of these chasms, or rather more correctly speaking, is the finest part of that chasm which commences here, and winds among the mountains for several miles. The river Rheidiol, after passing under the two bridges at Ponter- wydd, receives a very considerable mountain stream, which we had observed accompanying the road hither from near the Plinlimmon Inn : the united stream then rushes into the chasm above described. After it has made the angle already alluded to, another mountain stream leaps into it from a con- siderable height : we saw this at night after a very heavy thunder shower, and the cataract at such times is one of great beauty ; beyond this the walls of the chasm are perpendicular but irregular ; every little cleft affords rooting to some beauteous shrub or waving fern. Afterwards the walls decrease in height and beauty, then winding round a remarkable tongue of land, covered with the greenest turf, the chasm deepens, and its sides become sloping, though still excessively steep, and are entirely clothed with forestry. This character continues for miles, the bottom being solid rock, worn into the most grotesque and OF AN INSECT HUNTER. 71 wondrous forms by the constant and violent action of the water. In the midst of this scenery is the Parson's Bridge, so called from a drunken parson having fallen in and been drowned there: the country people still show an indentation on the rock, which they assert he made in falling ; the indentation, however, exhibits no symptom of such an origin, and perhaps the whole story is as fabulous as this portion of it. The bridge is composed of two very shaky timbers, and is accompanied by an equally shaky hand-rail. To a timorous person it would be dangerous in the extreme, as the rail would be no support in case of giddiness. The river below appears excessively deep, and its rocky sides are perfectly smooth and perpendicular. A hundred yards or so below the Parson's Bridge, a beautiful mountain stream comes tumbling down the bank of the chasm from the very top, a distance of not less than two hundred feet. The scenery continues the same to the fall of Rheidiol. We passed in single file over the Parson's Bridge, and ascended the wooded bank of the chasm by a winding, but very steep path. Crossing a field, we entered a little churchyard, in which a huge Druidical-looking stone stands bolt upright : I believe the tourists have made out something marvellous about this, but I know not what. This church and churchyard are in the main road leading to the Devil's Bridge. €[je JFall^ of Mpnacfj. The Cynophobist, the occupant of the posterior gig, an accidental fellow-traveller, the companion of a day, and fourthly and lastly, the Insect-Hunter, have turned into tlie coppice to the right of the road, have followed the well-beaten and stony track, and have reached that point which overlooks the falls of Mynach. These falls have been hackneyed by tourists ; the subject is threadbare : every bombastic word in the English language has been used in describing them. Every wealthy and overfed invalid, ordered by his physician to Aberystwith to take in a fresh cargo of health, has raised his languid eyes to behold them. The road leading to them is so exquisitely macadamized that his Grace of Newcastle need not awake as he rolls by them on his way to the princely Hafod. The 72 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS Insect-Hunter has little relish for scenes labouring under these serious disadvantages : but, in this instance, the scribblers had done no injury, because they had given him no idea of what was now before him. The scene possessed none of the vastness, of the awfulness, of the horror, of the blackness of which so much has been written. The Insect-Hunter was disappointed in its size, and most agreeably so in its loveliness. The beauty of the scene before us was far beyond being expressed by words ; I shall therefore merely describe its character. The chasm of the Mynach is of the kind which I have spoken of as being partially composed of solid rock : the interstices of the rock, in this instance, afforded firm hold for the most luxuriant and vigorous forest trees ; these formed the great filling up of the picture before us : the centre was composed of rock, beautifully varied in colour, and mingled with an infinite diversity of vegetation. Near the top of the picture the Mynach appears to rush out of the solid rock, its prior course being entirely unseen ; the first is not an unbroken fall, as it has often been described, but dashes over rough rocks, which break it up, as it were, into a dazzling whiteness : the fall is about six yards, the bottom part being hidden by the boughs of trees which stretch across the stream, and a series of which continue to intercept the view of the second fall. This is still more interrupted by rough points of rock than the first, and is equally whitened by the contact ; it appears but partially through the boughs, and its entire height is about twenty yards. Immediately from its base issues a broad unbroken fall, of about six yards ; this last, and the basin which receives it, are entirely unconcealed by any intervening boughs. From the rocky basin the river again falls, and this fourth and last fall is full forty yards ; but, like the first and second, its descent is broken and somewhat scattered : the river is now entirely lost to view, the ti*ees in the ravine intercepting a sight of its further progress. Rooted in the clefts and mingled with the rock, the oak, beech, birch, and mountain-ash were principally con- spicuous ; at the roots of these, roses, brambles, and a various undergrowth of vegetation, occupied every chink which a root could penetrate. Ferns particularly prevailed, and where the rock was wholly impenetrable, delicately green mosses and pictorial lichens spread themselves over its surface. All the undergrowth was constantly moistened with the spray of the OF AN INSECT HUNTER. 73 falls, and was now glittering in the rays of an unclouded sun, while gay little rainbows flickering and hovering over the scene, gave it a still additional brilliancy. Below the falls stood a blasted oak tree : the excessive whiteness of its weather- beaten bark, and the exquisitely delicate green of ferns and mosses which half covered it, were finely contrasted with the sombre foliage of the oaks in the back-ground, unlighted by the sun. Several large dragon-flies were sailing with untiring wing over the falls, pursuing their insect prey. The graceful Paphia occasionally floated across, and settled on the abundant blossoms of a bramble that hung suspended from the summit of a projecting rock beneath our feet. Turning to the right, you look down the chasm in v;hich flow the waters of Rheidiol and Mynach, united only a few hundred yards below your feet; and looking still further to the right, you see the noble and snowy fall of Rheidiol leaping from its own spacious forest-clad chasm. This fall is beauti- fully broken, and its volume of water is much greater than that of Mynach : it is heard also at a greater distance. After the Rheidiol and Mynach have united, a mountain stream, whose name the Insect-Hunter did not learn, came dancing into the chasm with a broken fall of eighty or ninety yards. Returning from this truly beautiful spot, you again reach the road, and, continuing your onward course, suddenly find yourself on the Devil's Bridge. This bridge spans the chasm of the Mynach immediately before the series of falls already described: the arch is twenty-eight feet, but the chasm, six feet below, is spanned by a second arch of only twenty feet : this second is a gem of a bridge ; below it the chasm narrows a few feet, and then its walls go perpendi- cularly down thirty-five or forty yards. The lower arch is wholly invisible from the upper, being exactly under it. The falls of Mynach are not seen from the bridge, the river making a sudden turn, and being, moreover, completely hidden by the trees ; neither is it possible from any one point of view to see the falls and the bridges, although so frequently thus shown in engravings. The height, from the bridge to the bottom of the last fall, is stated to be one hundred and fifty yards, but I think this is more than the reality ; I should estimate i^; to be between one hundred and ten and one hundred and twenty yards. The extreme singularity of the chasm or fissure through which NO. f. VOL. V. L 74 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS Mynach flows to its falls, and the daring character of the enterprise which united two such fearful precipices with a bridge, were likely to give rise, during the earlier ages of superstition, to tales of the supernatural. The earlier struc- ture was therefore attributed by common consent to his satanic majesty, and is universally known by his name. The current legend on this matter I shall subjoin, as one of those pleasant records which illustrate the views of our forefathers. The upper bridge was built in 1753. While looking from this bridge into the chasm, a guide approached us, and conducted us to the river, both above and below the bridge ; he also took us to the foot of each of the falls, and described their height, &c. The river under the bridges is comparatively still, and very deep. We had no means of fathoming the depth, but the sound of stones thrown in indicates a much greater depth than one would be led to expect from the rapidity of the river's course, and its generally small volume of water. — But now to the legend. Cfie SBuilDing of tfje SBciDge* Once on a time an old woman had a favourite black cow, that fed quietly all day and all night on the Cwm Toidder moun- tains, and came home every morning and every evening to her mistress to be milked. Now it happened one evening that the cow came not home ; so the old woman was much troubled, and she waited and waited, but no cow came. Seeing the cow would not come home of herself, the old lady went out to fetch her, and walked up the mountain and down the mountain, till she came to the place where Mynach flows between two high rocks, and there she saw her cow on the other side of the river. Thereupon she set up a loud lamentation and howling, for she knew that the cow could not come to her, and that she could not go to the cow. There was no way of crossing the river, and it was a day's journey to go round about. In this strait the devil appeared to her. " So ! so !" says the devil, "you've lost your cow, old lady, have you? Well, never mind, I'll build you a bridge over the river, and you shall go across it and fetch your cow, if you like." "Thankee, sir," said the old woman; "thankee kindly, sir! I'll be much obliged to you if you will;" and she curtsied very OF AN INSECT HUNTER. 75 low, and made obeisance with great humility. " To be sure I will," says the devil, " to be sure I will ;" and he cast a look at her out of the corner of his eye — " to be sure I will, but the cow 's worth something, I must make a bargain for toll — keep that dog quiet, can't you!" Now the devil said this about the dog, because the old woman had a little rough-haired cur dog, that bristled up his mane, and kept on growling and grumbling at him. " Harkee, old girl ! if I build you a bridge, I'll have the first that crosses it. — Is it a bargain?" The old woman was sore perplexed when she heard this ; if she went over for the cow, she knew very well she had sold herself to the devil ; and if the cow came to her, then she lost her cow ; but a lucky thought came to her, that she might save both herself and the cow: at any rate she would try. *' Bridge or no bridge ?" said the devil ; " Be quick, old girl ! Bridge or no bridge?" " Build the bridge, sir, if you please," said the old woman; and again she made a very respectful obeisance. " Ay, ay !" said the devil, " it's very easy to say. Build the bridge ; but do you agree to the toll ?" " Yes, sure, sir," replied the woman ; and with that the devil put both his fore- fingers into his mouth, and gave such a shrill whistle that the mountains, woods and rocks rang again ; the hawks and owls left their hiding places in the rocks, and flew about, not know- ing where they went ; and one struck another in its flight, and both fell together into the abyss, and were carried away by the rushing waters : and trees tossed and waved their branches, though there was not a breath of air. But there was the bridge, sure enough, and the devil was sitting on the very middle of it, and rocking himself to and fro, and grinning pleasantly with delight: and the old woman shook like an aspen leaf; but she took a crust of bread from her pocket, and showed it to her dog, and threw it over the bridge ; and the dog ran bounding over for the bread, and passed the devil where he sat on the middle. " Whip the dog!" said the devil, for he was cut to the quick; he bad been outwitted by an old woman; he did not want the dog, so he did not try to stop him ; but the moment the dog had passed him, he knew that the bridge was crossed, and the spell was broken: he was very angry and very mortified, but he was a gentleman, and did not attempt to hurt the old woman, for he knew his bargain only extended to the first that crossed; so he arose and doffed his cap 76 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS. politely to the old woman (for the keen respect the keen) ; and having done so, he hung his tail, being much humbled, and walked off/' This summer seat of the Duke of Newcastle is four miles from the Devil's Bridge ; it is tastily situated near the chasm of the Ystwith, the back of the chasm opposite the house being very high, and beautifully wooded. Nature has done much more for this pleasant place than is generally admitted ; it is a complete farce to attribute all its beauties to the hand of man, as is usually done by the eulogists of Hafod : it is true, the original owner planted a great many trees, and laid out many winding roads and paths, and built an odd looking white house: but nature gave him the glittering Ystwith, the wooded chasm, and that wild irregularity of surface which con- stitutes the chief beauty of all romantic scenery. The day was excessively hot ; those were indeed melting moments which we spent in marching to Hafod ; and it was most delightful to lie at full length beneath the huge sycamores in front of the house, and rest awhile from our toilsome walk. These sycamores have been planted in fours, each four being so close together that they have actually united, and appear as single trees. The effect is very good ; the prodigious head borne by each group is quite imposing. A like good taste has pervaded the other operations of planting ; the fine foliage of the copper beech is beautifully exhibited by these trees being placed singly, and in front of masses of foliage tinted with the most opposite hues. After thoroughly satisfying ourselves with Hafod, we returned by the Devil's Bridge to Pontnewydd ; and right gladly did we welcome its bridges, its rivers, its mill, its chasm, its waterfalls, its lone and treeless hostelry, its mutton, and its blue potatoes. ■•> Mr, Hemingway, author of " A Panorama of North Wales," appends to his account of this transaction the following excellent remark : " It must be said that Satan behaved very honourably in this case, for he kept liis word, — which is more than men always do." NOTE ON THE ECONOMY OF HEDYCHRUM. 77 Art. VII. — Note on the Economy of Hedychrum. By W. C. Hewitson. Dear Sir, — I feel unwilling that the following particulars should remain unknown ; both because I hope they are of sufficient interest to obtain a place in your Magazine, and that they may lead to further inquiry. My knowledge of the Hymenoptera is much too scanty to furnish the names of the two insects, the subject of the following notice. I shall, therefore, feel obliged by your supplying the deficiency ; and should either of them be a desideratum to the cabinet of the Club, please to admit it. Mr. G. Waring, of Bristol, had for years been much in- terested by observing the numerous insect inhabitants of an arbour in his garden, in which interest I had, last year, the pleasure of partaking. Its sides are formed of hazel, which is everywhere perforated by the larvee of Ohrium minutum. The beetle is in the greatest profusion. The roof, which is thatched with straw, swarms like a large bee- hive with one of the insects I now send you (No. 1). Every straw, and they were many, which I examined in the spring (I do not think there was one exception), contained several of the larvae ; some as many as eleven or twelve ; each in a separate cell, and carefully separated from its next neighbour by a pithy substance; all with their heads towards the open end. At the end of June, when the insects were first beginning to come out, I cut open a number of the straws, and in each found individuals which had come to maturity before their turn, and were no doubt anxiously waiting the egress of those which preceded them. I expected to find that they would, in such cases, liberate themselves by gnawing a passage through the straw, but this they had not attempted. Some of the straws, perhaps about one in ten, contained one, or rarely two, of the Chrysis-like (No. 2) insect, placed indis- criminately amongst the others. In the beginning of August, when the former insect was abroad in thousands (the other being also very numerous), I again opened several of the straws, in and out of which they were continually passing, and found many of them partly filled with a sweet glutinous substance. 78 NOTE ON THE ECONOMY OF HEDYCHRUM. I will here leave the subject, and shall be very glad to see it followed by your own remarks. Mr. Hope, to whom I showed the insects at the Meeting of the British Association last year, was of opinion that they were neither of them para- sitical upon the other, but upon a third insect Yours truly, William C. Hewitson. Derhij, August, 1837. The insect No. 1 is Psen caliginosus of Mr. Stephens's cata-- logue ; we cannot exactly say what it is of Mr. Shuckard's " fossores" as he had divided Psen into two genera, from both of which this little insect is excluded by the structure of its wings. The insect No. 2 is Hedychrum hidentulum. See Entomological Magazine, Vol. IV. p. 175. The whole order of Chrysidites, to which Hedychrum be- longs, are in a manner parasitica], i.e. they avail themselves of the nidus of another insect, for the purpose of depositing their egg, which, thenceforward, is entrusted solely to the care of its foster parents. The genus Chrysis lives on the most friendly terms with various species of Osmia, Odynerus, &c. entering their habitations with perfect freedom, and without the least fear of molestation : we have even seen the common Epipone spinipes wait quietly at the entrance of its tunnel until a brilliant Chrysis ascended the tunnel, after having paid a visit to the interior regions; and when the Chrysis was fairly emerged, we have seen the Epipone caress it and fondle it, touching it lightly and affectionately with its antennae and tongue. From this it is to be inferred, that the connexion between the families is entirely of a friendly nature, and wholly devoid of that cruel ferocity which characterizes the attack of Ichneumons on the larvae of Lepidoptera. With the excellent opportunity of observation possessed by Mr. Hewitson, we regret he has not himself ascertained with more precision the connexion betvv^een the two distinct genera which he has obligingly transmitted to us. Editor. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 79 Art. VIII. — Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London. {Continued from p. 61.) Sitting of the 8d of July, 1837. J. F. Stephens, Esq. President, in the Chair. After the necessary routine of business had been gone through, it was moved by Mr. Children, " That under pre- sent circumstances, and especially out of regard to the Princess Victoria, now Queen of England, the Patroness of the Society, all further business whatsoever be postponed till after the funeral of his late Majesty the King;" which having been seconded by the Rev. F. W. Hope, was carried in silence, and the Meeting adjourned to the next in due course. Sitting of the 7th of August, 1837. J. F. Stephens, Esq. President, in the Chair. Mr. Bowerbank exhibited some specimens of cork, which had been greatly injured by a species of Termes. The vessel in which the cork was brought over to the docks, had pre- viously contained a cargo of hoofs, horns, and bones, from which they were produced.. A great deal of injury had also been done to the mast of the ship, which would have to be replaced, and it was even feared that the vessel itself was destroyed. The insects had already committed very extensive ravages, likewise, in the localities of SafFron-hill and Whitechapel, where they attacked the posts in all directions, and were also very common in Wapping. He suggested for their destruction the essential oil of almonds, the vapour of which would pro- bably be effective. Mr. Bainbridge exhibited a small species of Moth, which had been very injurious to apple trees in the neighbourhood of Lambeth, in many cases the leaves having been destroyed altogether. The cocoons are formed on the leaves, which soon become covered with webs so strong, that in many cases, the young leaves cannot burst through ; but the larger leaves of apple trees escape, and pear trees are but rarely attacked. 80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Mr. Westwood detailed an entomological visit lately made to Paris ; and, amongst other subjects, introduced to notice a disease vvitli which silkworms have been very extensively attacked in France, called muscadine. The malady is a para- site, which gradually envelopes the whole body in a white fungus, and destroys the worm ; the mischief being produced by the explosion of a fungus, which is taken in by the spiracles and pores of the skin, as has been proved by M. Audouin, who has inoculated several worms and beetles with it. There was also a specimen of Srol//tus pi/amans, an insect which attacks the oak, and has been latterly so destructive that 80,000 trees in the Bois de Vincennes have been cut down through its attacks. JNIr. \Yestwood made some remarks on the progress of entomology in France, which he stated to be in advance of this country ; there being more working cultivators, and the col- lection at the Jardin des Plantes being superior to that at the British ISIuseum; M. Audouin had lately delivered a course of fifty lectures on entomology. Mr. Westwood exhibited the living larva of the Ant-lion, MiirmeJeon- forntica-Ico. This curious little creature being placed in a receptacle containing sand, instantly buried itself in the sand, leaving only its mandibles visible, and performed the operation of throwing up the sand with its head, as de- scribed in " the Grammar of Entomology" and elsewhere. Sitting of the 4th of September, 1837. J. F. Stephens, Esq. President, in the Chair. On the question of the confirmation of the minutes of the last meeting being put, Mr. Ingpen wished to make a cor- rection in the record of what passed at the last meeting, when a lepidopterous insect was exhibited, with an excrescence double the length of the head, supposed to be of the nature of a fungus, growing out of one of the eyes. On further exa- mination, the supposed fungus .had turned out to be the stamen of an orchideous plant accidentally stuck in the;eye. Several donations of books were announced, new Members balloted, in, &c. A paper, accompanied by a drawing, was presented, descriptive of Epomidiopteron Julii, an hymenopterous insect in the British ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 81 Museum, and the only male specimen known, by M. de Romand, original Member of the Entomological Society of France, who was present. The paper being written in French, a translation was read by Mr. Shuckard. A further portion of a paper, addressed to Mr. Kirby, being a miscellaneous detail concerning various Foreign insects, was read. Mr. BowERBANK exhibited four living specimens of an African Cerambyx, reared in the London Docks. They were imported in the larva state in wood from Fernando Po. Spe- cimens of the wood, with the living larvae, were exhibited by Mr. Bowerbank, who stated that the perfect insects had been in his possession two or three weeks, fed only with a little water daily. They were in fine condition, and very lively. He presented them to the Society. Mr. AsHTON wished to mention a remedy he had found successful for removing the oil or grease that so frequently disfigured the cabinet. — Apply the purest spirit of turpentine to the grease spot, and afterwards some powdered pipe-clay, upon the removal of which in a day or two, the grease would be found to have disappeared; and nothing but a very faint mark of the turpentine remain. He was aware this remedy had been used for the cure of the grease in the insects them- selves, but thought its application to the removal of grease spots on the paper was new. Mr. Bowerbank said it was the old remedy employed by collectors to remove grease and dirt from valuable prints, &c. with the addition of spirits of wine being several times lightly painted over the parts, which would completely remove the mark left by the turpentine. Mr. Shuckard stated, from M. de Romand, that a lye made from charcoal was perfectly effectual. Mr. Newman doubted the success of any method that had yet been discovered, as he had invariably found the grease to return after a while, being removed only from the surface, and the cork of a cabinet acting; as a reservoir of the exudation. NO. I. VOL. V. M 82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Art. IX.— Proceedings of the Entomological Society of France. Sitting of the Tth of September, 183G. M. DupoNCHEL in the Chair. The following list of donations was announced : — M. Marino de Sans. Inauguration de I'Academie des Sciences naturelles et des Arts de Barcelonne. M. A. Villa. Sulla pioggio animale de Castelvecchio, notizie ulteribri. M. Mequignon. Supplement a I'Histoire naturelle des Lepidopteres. Par M. Duponchel. 6" livraison. The Academy. Verhandlungen derkk. Landswirthschafts- Gesellschaft in Wien. M. Victor de Motchoulski. Notice sur le genre Bryaxis. M. H. Lucas. Description d'une Atte nouvelle. The Royal Society of London. Nos. 17 and 18 of the Proceedings of that Society. The Academy of Science at Berlin. Compte rendu des travaux de I'Academie des Sciences de Berlin. January to April, 1836. The Academy. Abhandlungen der Koeniglichen Academic der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. 2 vols. 1832 and 1834. M. Gervais communicated to the Society that he had pro- cured in abundance, in hot-houses of the Museum, a species of lulus, living in the tan, which he believed to be undescribed, and proposed to name lulus lucifuqus. The species concealed itself entirely during the day, either in the tan or the mould, and only appeared at night. He thus described it: — somewhat less than I. terrestris ; the body, more particularly its anterior portion, thicker than in that species ; colour whitish, with the dorsal vessel very apparent ; the lateral portion of each segment with a comma-shaped red spot, into which the lateral pores open ; eyes very black ; the hook of the penultimate segment obtuse, and not extending beyond the anus. The lateral pores secrete a reddish liquid, which smells precisely like nitrous acid. M. Gervais has endeavoured to ascertain the nature of this liquid, and he has found that it is not an alkali, nor yet an acid, which might have been imagined from its odour. He has preserved ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Oi" FRANCE. 83 specimens of this luliis for many weeks, in a vessel exposed to the light, and has observed that they invariably conceal them- selves under decayed vegetables or in the tan in the day, and only mount to the surface and move about by night. A notice of Apate elongata and A. substriata, by M. Her- mann AssMUss, was read. A notice of a new species of Polydesmus, by M. Gervais, was read. A notice of numerous Lepidoptera from the south of Spain, by M. Rambur, was read. M. Arnaud, of Chambery in Savoy, having been proposed by M. Feisthamel, was admitted a Member of the Society. Sitting of the 6th of October, 1836. M. DupoNCHEL in the Chair. The following donation was announced : — M. DupoNCHEL. Supplement a I'Histoire naturelle des Lepidopteres. Par M. Duponchel. Tome III., T" livraison. A monograph of the genus Oxymecha, by M. Emile Blanchard, was read. A description of a new Tineite, by M. Barthelemy, was read. A description of a new species of Ricimis, by M. Barthe- lemy, was read. An account of an Entomological Tour in Andalusia, by M. Graslin, was read. M. Giraldes having been proposed by M. Audinet Ser- ville, was admitted a Member of the Society. Sitting of the 2d of November, 1836. M. Duponchel in the Chair. The following donations were announced : — The Imperial Society of Naturalists at Moscow. The Fourth Volume of that Society's Transactions, also the Eleventh Volume of the Bulletins of that Society. M. Mequignon. Genera des Insectes, par MM. Guerin et Percheron. 5™'^ livraison. M. Leon Dufour. Memoir of an Excursion on the Pyrenees. A letter from M. Germar was read, informing the Society 84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE that he was engaged on Fossil Insects, and soliciting the Society to insert in the record of its Proceedings an invitation to entomologists to transmit any facts or specimens connected with the subject. A letter was read from M. Zoubkoff, principal Secretary to the Imperial Society of Naturalists at Moscow, soliciting the Society to announce in the record of its Proceedings, that persons desirous of communicating with the Imperial Society, must do so through the Russian Ambassador. A letter was read from M. le Baron Walckenaer, in refer- ence to two papers published in the pi'evious Number of the A /males ; one by M. Lucas, on a new species of Lycosa; the other by M. Leon Dufour, on the genus FlUstrata : the object of the letter was to prove that the Li/cosa erijthrognata of Lucas was identical with Lycosa raptoria of Walckenaer ; also to offer some observations on the affinities of the genus FlU- strata. M. Duponchel read a notice sent to him to M. de Villiers of Chartres, on the subject of a scientific meeting which had taken place at Blois, during last September. In this commu- nication M. de Villiers expressed the regret he experienced at not meeting with a single Member of the Entomological Society ; he also stated that he had proposed the plan of naturalists exerting themselves in the particular district, and the particular branch of study, best suited to them ; keeping a record of the same, and submitting these various records to the ensuing scientific Meeting, which should print, publish, and circulate them. The proposition was acceded to. M. Pierret informed the Meeting that PapiUo Feisthamelei had been found in the environs of Perpignan, in company with Podalirius. This was the first notice of P. Feisthamelei having occurred in the French Pyrenees. M. Pierret also informed the Meeting of the loss the Society had sustained by the death of M. Alexandre Dela- MONTAIGNE. Sitting of the IGth of November, 1S36. M. Duponchel in the Chair, The following donations were announced : — M. Duponchel. Complement de I'Histoire naturelle des Lepidopteres. Par M, Duponchel. Tome I. 20'"^ livraison. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCILTY OF FRANCE. " OO M. le CoMTE DE LocHES. Memoire sur le vol des Insectes, also Essai sur cette question, Quels sont les moyens les plus convenables pour propager la culture de I'Abeille dans les pays montueux tels que la Savoie ? M. GuERiN. Monographic du genre Limnadia, also Mono- graphic du nouveau genre Calognatha, also Notice sur le genre Fulgora. The Royal Society of London. The First Part of the Philosophical Transactions of that Society. A letter from M. Lefebvre was read, resigning his office of Secretary to the Society, on account of his removal from Paris. After the letter was read, the Society deliberated on the expediency of proceeding immediately to the election of a new Secretary, or of deferring the matter to the next Sitting : the latter was agreed to. It was further resolved, on the proposition of the President, that the Assistant Secretary should write to M. Lefebvre, expressing to him the regret felt by the Society on account of his resignation ; and that both letters should be printed in the record of the Society's Trans- actions. M. Audouin communicated to the Society some observations made by M. Payon, on the existence of small crustaceous animals, of the order Branchiopoda, in the salt-water pits in the neighbourhood of Marseilles. When the water, by constant evaporation, becomes saturated with salt, these little animals speedily die ; and rising from the bottom, where they continued while alive, float on the surface, their bodies emitting a smell of violets, and tinging the water with a red colour, which indicates the approach of the salt harvest. Linnaeus named this little insect Cancer salinus, from the circumstance of its having been first found by Schlosser in this situation. M. Audouin also stated that he had been consulted by the muni- cipal authorities at Versailles in reference to multitudes of small insects which infested the flour in the granaries of that town ; he found them to consist principally of the small coleopterous insect called by Linnaeus Ptinus fur. Its presence in such immense quantities in flour was a fact that M. Audouin con- sidered entirely new to entomologists, who had previously invariably spoken cf it as attacking collections of various kinds, especially those containing skins and other animal substances. It was on account of this propensity, that De Geer called this insect Vrillette carnissiere. It is doubtless 86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE more in the state of larva, than that of imago, that this insect attacks flour. M. Audoiiin has found in the sample submitted to him an immense number of these larvae ; they had made galleries in all directions, and many had formed for themselves little cells or cocoons of the agglutinated flour ; but no single one was actually transformed within its cell, in which it was doubtless waiting the approach of spring. These larvae are about five or six millemetres in length ; white ; the segments of their bodies soft, and covered with long bristly hairs ; their head is somewhat corneous, and of a pale yellow colour, but the labrum and mandibles are brown. These larvffi, when disturbed, contract in the same manner as those of the Cock- chafer and other lamellicorn Coleoptera ; in other respects they somewhat resemble those larvee, but can extend the body to a greater length, and they move much more readily on a smooth surface. It is only during the night that they burrow in the flour ; during the day they are motionless. Together with these larvae were many of the insects in the perfect state. In- dependently of those of Ptimis fur, M. Audouin found three minuter and totally different larvae, which were evidently lepi- dopterous, and perhaps those of Pyralis farinalis ; they were but four or five millemetres in length, and appeared to be very young. These larvae will be attentively watched, and the result communicated to the Society, as well as further remarks on the metamorphosis of Ptinus fur. The following papers were read : — Description of a new species of Procrustes, by M. Barthe- LEMV. On the copulation of some Lepidopterous genera, by M. DONZEL. General considerations on Entomology, by M. le Comte de LOCHES. Memoir on the genus Ranina, by M. Julien Desjardins. Memoir on a new insect from the Isle of Mauritius, by the same. Memoir on a gall of the broom, and on the insect which inhabits it, by M. Leon Dufour. Description of a new Zyga^na, by M. Pierret. M. Leconte of Havre, proposed by M. Boisduval; M. Badham of Glasgow, proposed by M. Buquet; and M. le CoMTE DE Loches, proposcd by M. Charles Chevalier, were severally admitted Members of the Society. ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB. 87 Art. X. — Proceedings of the Entomological Club, Sitting of the 21st of September, 1837. Mr. Newman in the Chair. The following donations were announced, and the thanks of the Club voted to the respective donors : — Mr. W. C. Hewitson, of Derby. Some specimens of hyraenopterous insects, illustrative of a paper sent for publi- cation in the Entomological Magazine. Mr. W. Imeson, of Woodside near Sydney. A collection of insects of all classes, made by himself in that neighbourhood. Among these there were several hundred fine Coleoptera, many of them entirely new to entomology. Mr. Henry Doubleday, of Epping. A fine assortment of British Lepidoptera, collected by himself at Epping during the present summer, purposely for the Entomological Club. Also a series of Sympetrum faveolatum. Mr. Doubleday mentions the occurrence of this formerly rare species of Libellu- lidce in the utmost profusion, during the present summer, in a part of Epping forest where he has collected for a number of years without observing it. Mr. Robert Foster, of London. Several thousand in- sects, collected by himself in the northern part of the United States of North America, principally at Trenton Falls, about 200 miles north of New York. This collection was on the table ; and a similarity between the species and those of Britain was observable. Mr. Stephens gave it as his opinion that the species were not identical, comparing the individuals with British ones, and pointing out trivial characters of diflcicnce in various butterflies, as Pklo^as, Atalanta, Antiopa, &c. In the Coleoptera the same near similarity existed ; in Cicindela, and the following genera of Carabites, it would require the most careful descriptive definition to distinguish the species from those of common occurrence in Britain : — Carabus, Brachinus, Chla^nius, Pogonus, Calathus, Anc/iomenus, Agomwi, Pcecillus, Argutor Omaseus, Ophonus, Steropus, Platysma, Pterodichus, Amara, Harpalus, Stenolophus, Trechus, Epapkius, Pergphus, and Philocthus. Mr. Samuel Alexander Burlingham, of Worcester. A second donation of twenty pair of Clostera reclusa. Upwards 88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB. of three hundred specimens of British Lepidoptera, collected by himself, at Worcester, for the cabinet of the Entomological Club. Mr. Ingall, of London. Various British Lepidoptera. Mr. BowERBANK, of London. Some living specimens of a beautiful Cerambicidious insect, reared from larvae imported in timber from Fernando Po. Mr. J. Eveleigh, of Manchester. A beautiful series of Macrodontia cervicornis, a specimen of Eniplocerus armillatus, thirty pair of Nyssia zonaria, and a variety of British Lepi- doptera. Bracy Clark, Esq. F.L.S , &c. of Regent's Park, having been at a previous sitting proposed by Mr. J. F. Christy, and seconded by Mr. Bennett, was balloted for, and unanimously elected an honorary corresponding Member of the Entomolo- gical Club. M. FRAN901S Jules Pictet, of Geneva, having been at a previous meeting proposed by Mr. Newman, and seconded by Mr. Hoyer, was balloted for, and unanimously elected an honorary corresponding Member of the Entomological Club. Mr. Newman announced that Mr. Walker wished to resign his office of Secretary to the Entomological Club; Mr. Wal- ker's resignation was accepted, and Mr. Bennett was unani- mously elected the Secretary in his place. Mr. Davis tendered his resignation of Membership in the Entomological Club, on the ground of his being abeut to leave England, and settle with his family at Adelaide in South Australia ; h^ took leave of the Club with great regret, having spent some of the happiest hours of his life at its various Meetings ; and it would afford him great pleasure, when in a distant country, to do every thing in his power to forward the objects for which the Club was associated, and to use his best exertions to add to its collection. Mr. Davis's resignation was accepted, and he was at once admitted an honorary corresponding Member of the Club, the usual formula of the ballot being dispensed with. William Christy, Esq. of London, was then proposed by Mr. Bowerbank, and seconded by Mr. Bennett, to fill the vacancy in the Club caused by the resignation of Mr. Davis ; and was at once unanimously elected, the usual formula of the ballot being in this case also dispensed with. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE. JANUARY, 1838. Art. XI. — An Essay on the Stridulation of Insects, By M. GOUREAU. [Extracted from the Annales de la Society Entomologique de France.] Nearly all insects are mute. Those which possess the power of producing sounds are distributed amongst the various orders, with the exception of Neuroptera, Diptera, and Aptera, which, as far as I am aware, contain no sound-producing insect inhabiting Europe.'^ The most remarkable scsund-producing insects are, crickets, grasshoppers, locusts, and Cicadce. These little animals, throughout the summer, emit a sharp, monotonous, and weari- some sound, familiar to every one, and generally known by the name of song. Now, it has been agreed to designate by this word the noise produced in the larynx by the passage of air expelled from the lungs, and we must at once perceive that there is a wide difference between the mechanism by which the song of insects and that of other animals is effected ; and since the former do not breathe by the mouth, we cannot, in strict correctness, give a name implying voice to sounds which they emit, except in those instances where such sounds are caused by the expulsion of air through the trachea?. But if this noise result from the friction of sonorous membranes * The buzzing of insects is not the object of inquiry in this paper. As I am not aware that the correctness of the cause assigned for tlie production of this sound, in an article of the Revue Entomologique, Vol. III. p. 101, has been dis- puted, 1 have not thought it needful to speak of it here. NO. II. VOL. V. N 90 GOUREAU ON THE against eacli other, or is produced by any other meclianical cause, it is not a true voice, and should be designated by a new word, in order to distinguish, by ditferent appellations, things which are in themselves distinct, and to prevent the possibility of confounding articulate sounds with those that are entirely mechanical. It is my intention, in this memoir, to show that insects have no true voice, and in lieu thereof are provided with musical instruments, by the use of which its place is sufficiently supplied. Instead of calling them song- insects, it will be better, after the example of the illustrious Latreille, to designate them as musicians. Stridulation appears to me a very suitable word by which to designate the sounds they produce. I shall employ it in this acceptation, but do not intend to discard entirely the terms voice and song^ which are in general use, as these will frequently enable me to avoid tautology. There have been many hypotheses invented to explain the production of the song of insects. Some authors have affirmed that it was generally caused by the friction of the elytra against each other ; and this is in many instances correct ; but the hypothesis was incomplete, inasmuch as it was not accompanied by an intimation of the way in which this friction produced stridulation, or a description of the musical instruments of such as were the subjects of observation. Others have attri- buted these sounds to the action of air included between the elytra, which, escaping when the insect rubs them against each other, rushes against the nervures by which they are divided into compartments, and causes them to vibrate and produce a sound ; but this is not the fact. Other entomologists have thought that the noise results from certain specific internal organs. The structure of the CicadcR seems to have furnished the origin of this hypothesis, which does not apply to all the other sound-producing insects. Lastly, a learned foreign ento- mologist^ has recently conjectured that the vocal organ of tlie locusts resides in the sub-alai'y cavities which these insects possess, and that the song of the crickets and grasshoppers is produced by the rapid emission of air through the posterior stigmata of the prothorax, which passes along the elytra, and causes a vibration of the sonorous membrane. But this idea •^ Vide the Hevue Entomologiqnc, Vol. I. p. 161. STKIDULATION OF INSECTS. 91 is comprehended in one of the preceding hypotheses. The same entomologist attaches great importance to the rapid emission of air by the stigmata of the metathorax ; for he attributes ahuost all the sounds produced by insects, and buz- zing in particular, to this cause. But experiments which are not difficult to repeat," will convince every one that insects buzz when these stigmata are hermetically closed, and that locusts produce stridulation without the assistance of the sub- alary cavities. I shall not enter into a detailed examination of any of these opinions, most of which have been entertained during times when imagination was consulted more frequently than observation, in accounting for natural phenomena. In our description of the musical instruments of insects they will be sufficiently refuted. The celebrated Latreille has indicated the cause of the noise produced by the Orthoptera, in these words i"^ — " Sometimes they produce it by rubbing briskly the internal and more membranous portion of the wing-cases, which somewhat re- sembles a piece of talc or a mirror, against each other ; and sometimes by a similar and alternate action of the posterior thighs on the elytra and wings, the thighs having the same effect as the bow of a violin." These expressions contain the true cause of the song of the Orthoptera. The object of the present memoir is to develop them, to apply them to each kind, to describe the musical in- struments of the various species, and to clear up the uncer- tainties which at present exist on this subject. Crickets (Gryllus, Latr.) The field-cricket, (Gryllus campestris,) is very common in the province of Gex, where the warm and sandy soil is very favourable to its increase. The larva is produced from an egg of a dirty whitish colour, at the end of July, being about three millimetres in length, and two in diameter. The females are not very fruitful. One that I kept in a box during its life, '^ Vide the Revue Entomologique, Vol. III. p. 101. '' Cuvier, Regne Animal, Vol. V. p. 180. In this and the following quota- tions, the second edition is referred to. 92 GOUREAU ON THE only laid four eggs. It is probable, however, that captivity and the want of suitable food had some influence, and that in a state of liberty it would have been more prolific. The young larvae inhabit a little hole scooped in the soil. At the entrance of this they conceal themselves, and watch for their prey. At this period of their lives they are sometimes met with in the evening, during twilight, collected together in great numbers, and crossing roads and footways, leaping like toads. This is possibly in obedience to some instinct. However, it appears to me more likely that they have left their dwellings in conse- quence of their having been inundated by floods, and are in search of a drier district; for I believe they are generally thus seen after storms. The first time I saw such a congregation I took them for toads, and thought I was witness to one of those showers, the occurrence of which was discussed at the Academy of Sciences in the autumn of 1834. It does not seem to me impossible that inattentive observers may have fallen into a similar error, and that some of the recorded showers of toads may have no better foundation. These young insects pass the winter in their holes, protected, generally, by a stone which covers them. As soon as they feel the warmth of spring they quit these hiding places, and con- struct others in a warm aspect, where they find the insects on which they feed, and here they take up their abode and un- dergo metamorphosis : here, too, is the scene of their loves, and it is here the females lay their eggs. In the two first states, that is, under the form of larva and pupa, they are mute ; but when they assume the adult state, and become perfect insects, they acquire the power of song. As soon as they have quitted the covering of the pupa, they are white, soft, and incapable of producing sounds ; soon, however, their colour deepens, their elytra become firm and sonorous, and they stridulate. The male alone possesses the power of stridulation ; he makes use of it to attract and please the female. Placing himself at the entrance of his habitation, he sings strongly and briskly, incessantly repeating his song, which is loud, sharp, short, and monotonous. When a female, attracted by his music, approaches, he advances towards her, touches her with his antennae, and modifies his accents ; his song becomes softer and less loud, and is interrupted by a short sharp sound, occurring at frequent intervals of equal length. STRIDULATION OF INSECTS. 93 The crickets then take several little turns about the habitation of the male, from which they do not go far. He precedes his mate, walking with short steps, if I may be allowed the ex- pression, en rampant. Crickets, when at liberty, are very timid, and are not easily surprised whilst engaged in singing, or in the execution of the other functions of their lives. On the least noise, or at sight of a strange object, they are immediately silent and run into their holes ; and one is surprised, in passing through a country abounding with these insects, to hear their songs cease as you advance. But if you eonfine a male and female in a box, they soon become familiar, and an opportunity is afforded of ob- serving their amours and listening to their song. It is a good plan lo shut up two males with one female ;^for the jealousy between the former makes them redouble their ardour. They at first keep at some distance, and call the female with loud songs ; when they meet they fight, seizing each other with their strong jaws. Mostly one of them falls a victim, and is devoured. These insects can live a long time without food ; which would seem likely to be the case with animals whose in- stinct leads them to lay in wait for, and not to pursue, their prey. They may frequently be observed passing their antennae between their mandibles, pressing each joint slightly with their teeth ; this is probably to clean them. They also frequently clean the velvety appendages of the abdomen, passing them between the spines of their hind legs. In captivity, the manner in which they sing may be readily observed. The male cricket begins by stretching out his legs, placing his breast against the ground, at the same time slightly elevating the abdomen ; in this attitude he raises his elytra and rubs them briskly against each other. The noise produced is louder and stronger in proportion to the rapidity of the motion and degree of pressure. To prove that the sound is the result of this movement, it is sufficient to cut oflPone of the elytra; we shall then see the cricket execute the stridulatory move- ment without producing any sound. On attentively examining an elytron of one of these insects, it is found to consist of a thin, dry, transparent membrane, which produces a distinct sound on being rubbed. It is com- posed of two plane surfaces, comprising together a right angle, the edges of which are formed by four straight longitudinal 94 GOUKEAU ON THE and parallel nevvures. One of these surfaces is placed on the back of the insect, and may be called the back-cover (couvre- dos) ; the other passes along the side, and may be conveniently termed the side-cover {couvre-Jlanc). The back-cover is divided into numerous compartments by other (regularly- curved) nervures, forming two principal sets : the first of which is composed of four nervures or cords, and rests on the middle of another nervure, which I have named the bow {Varchet) ; the second is formed of three nervures which take their rise at a remarkable point of the internal border which I call the brush {la brosse). These two sets are separated by a nervure which touches at its lower extremity an oval space surrounded by another nervure. The ends of the elytra are reticulated. In order to have a good view of the bow, we must look at it with a magnifying glass from below ; we shall then see a large nervure, thicker in the middle than at the ex- tremities, running from the internal border towards the base of the elytron, spreading a little across on its return, and termi- nating towards the origin of the elytron. This nervure pro- jects and is striated, or cut transversely like a file. Below its origin at the internal border the brush is seen, formed of a bundle of short stiff hairs, and above a space which is of a firmer consistence, and more transparent than the rest of the elytron, and somewhat triangular in form : to this I have given the name of treble-string {la chanterelle). Now if we imagine the two elytra crossed and rubbed against each other, we shall perceive that the bow of the upper passes over the treble- string of the lower one, and that the striae rubbing against the border would excite vibrations there, which would be com- municated to the whole of the elytra, and produce sounds. By a reciprocal action the bow vibrates itself, and causes the elytron to which it is attached to vibrate also ; so that stridu- lation is the result of the simultaneous vibration of the two elytra. The use of the nervures that cross the elytra is obvious : they divide their surfaces into a great number of variously-formed compartments, which have each a particular vibration and a separate sound ; the combination of all these little sounds produces the general sound or stridulation. Be- sides this use they strengthen the membrane of the elytron, and prevent its being bent, and thereby contribute to the pre- servation of the instrument. STRIDUFATION OF INSECTS. 95 The musical instrument of the cricket may therefore not inaptly be compared to a tabor {tambour de basque) divided into a great number of compartments by cords fastened to the skin, which is crossed by a large knotted cord : the manner of playing on which we must suppose to be by passing over this latter a plate of some sonorous metal. When the insect crosses his wings rapidly, and passes the whole length of the bow over the treble-string, he makes that loud and lively stridulation which we hear so frequently, and this is the song with which he calls the female ; but when he rubs the brush against the internal border of the elytron by a slight vibratory movement, he produces that sweet and soft sound by which he expresses his satisfaction. By raising the elytra and rubbing them against each other by means of a pin, the sound may be artificially produced on a living insect, or even on a dead one, provided its joints retain their pliability. We can also cause the bow to sound by passing a pin along its stri«. The sounds obtained by these means are not so loud as those which are made by the cricket when alive and at liberty, but are quite sufficient to enable one to recognise the stridulation. The elytra of the female do not present the same peculiarities in structure as those of the male : they are not so complicated, in fact are simply reticulated ; consequently they are not susceptible of the production of sounds. On attentively examining the fore legs of the cricket, male or female, we perceive on their external surface below the knee a long white shining plate, that covers a little cavity which is lined with a thin skin of a dull white colour. The functions of this organ, which may be designated by the name of mirror (miroir), are unknown to me. In the larva and pupa state this organ is wanting; yet there is a sensible depression, which may be considered its rudiment, at the spot where it is found in the perfect insect. I therefore conclude that the functions for which it is required are only performed in the adult state. I am also unacquainted with the uses of the hollow velvety appendages which terminate the abdomen in both sexes. The house-cricket exactly resembles the field-cricket. The musical instrument of both is the same, and their songs are also similar. 96 GOUREAU ON THE Besides these two species, another is found in the province of Gex, the wood-cricket (Gri/llus sylvestris), which does not appear at the same time as the field-cricket. Its larvae are seen in the spring, and the perfect insect from near the end of August to the beginning of winter. Some individuals would appear to survive this rigorous season, as they have been found under stones in the month of February. I have not observed that it inhabits a burrovv^ ; I have always found it under stones, or on grass under trees at the foot of mountains. Placed in a box with the female the actions of this insect resemble those of the field-cricket. The male approaches the female fre- quently, extends his legs, places his breast against the ground and elevates the abdomen ; in this position he raises the elytra and rubs them with rapidity against each other. A feeble monotonous noise results very different from the short, sharp sound produced by the field-cricket on a like occasion. The wood-cricket is small, and its elytra only cover half the abdomen : and what is very remarkable, the back-covers differ in colour and consistence in the same insect : the lower or left is white, soft and transparent, while the right is hard and of a brown colour. Their nervures are the same in number, and disposed in the same manner, but are only slightly elevated on the inferior, whilst they are strong and project considerably on the superior. This difference leads me to believe this insect is not capable of producing sounds if it crosses its elytra in any other than the natural manner, that is to say, if it places the right below and the left above. The elytra of the field- cricket are perfectly symmetrical, and produce a sound which- ever way they are crossed. In the wood-cricket, the musical instrument is composed of the bow, and of two sets of nervures, placed one under the other, separated by another nervure, which cuts them almost at a right angle. There are four nervures in the first, and six in the second ; but I have not observed the brush at the origin of the bow, near the transparent triangular part, which I have called the treble-string in the field-cricket ; the internal border of the elytron would appear to supply its place. It might be that the glass, which was the only instrument I used in my observations, did not magnify sufficiently to enable me to distinguish parts so minute, as it was with difficulty that I could STRIDULATION OF INSECTS. 97 with its aid satisfy myself that the bow was striated. We should expect the song of the wood-cricket to be feeble and monotonous, on account of the elytra consisting of a softish and scarcely sonorous membrane, and the simple form of the musical instrument, and also from the absence of the brush : and in fact the sounds produced by this insect are less song- like than those of the field-cricket. The female has no instrument on her elytra, and is conse- quently mute. Both sexes are furnished with the velvety appendages at the extremity of the abdomen, and mirrors on their fore-legs. Another spepjes, the mole-cricket (Gryllotalpa vulgaris), is very common in the province of Gex, and does considerable injury in the gardens. I have never heard them sing when at liberty or in a state of captivity, but I have produced the stridulatory sound both on a living and dead insect, by slightly raising the elytra and rubbing them against each other. The elytra of the mole-cricket are perfectly symmetrical. There is on the back-cover a musical instrument analogous to that possessed by the before-mentioned insects : they have the striated bow, the treble-string, and a single large nervure which descends from the inferior origin of the bow in an oblique direction towards the extremity of the elytron : I have not observed the brush. This instrument being more simple than that of the field-cricket, is not capable of producing such varied sounds. Latreille says he heard the song of this insect only in the evening or during the night, and that it is soft and pleasing. It is only the male that sings. The elytra of the female are simple like those of the female field-cricket, and consequently incapable of producing sounds. The mole- cricket possesses the velvety appendages at the extremity of the abdomen, but I have not observed any thing resembling the mirrors on the legs of the other crickets, though from analogy I was led to look for them. In order to speak of all the crickets I have found in the country in which I reside, I should mention Xya variegata, Illig., a very small species which lives in the fine sand of the islands in the Rhone below Cologne. It is met with in the spring. It is generally found on the sand ; but is often seen emerging from the sand, in which it buries itself and hollows out galleries either for the purpose of concealment, or to seek NO. II. VOL. V. o 98 GOUREAU ON THE its prey. This little insect leaps with surprising agility by means of its posterior thighs, which are much thickened. This character, and the form of the posterior tarsi, which are com- posed of two parallel pieces, which are without articulation, and each terminated by a small hook, distinguishes X. variegata from the mole-crickets, which in the other parts of the body it closely resembles. The elytra of this little insect appear to be smooth, and present under the magnifying glass two slender longitudinal nervures on the side-cover, and a slight im- pression near the inner border towards their extremity. There is nothing like a musical instrument distinguishable. I am inclined to believe these insects mute, not only because I have never heard them stridulate, but also because I have never seen them make the same movement with their elytra or legs that the crickets, grasshoppers, and locusts do when they wish to produce sounds with their instruments. Grasshoppers {Locusta, Latr.) The grasshoppers form another family of sound-producing Ortkoptera, whose musical instrument has considerable analogy with that of the crickets. It is placed like theirs at the base of the elytra, and the insects play it by rubbing these organs briskly one on the other. But the two instruments are not symmetrical, and the insect remains mute if he crosses them in an unnatural order. The left elytron should be above and the right below. These organs vary in the different genera ; and they even differ slightly in species of the same genus. Amongst the long-winged grasshoppers, the males alone are provided with them, but the females of those with short elytra which compose the genus Ephippiger of Latreille, possess the faculty of song as well as the males. The males sing to call the females, and to please them. Three or four are sometimes seen collected together on the branches of the same shrub, where they perform concerts in company, which although they may not seem very harmonious to us, doubtless do so to the grasshoppers themselves. They appear to take great delight in this music, and to emulate each other in singing. In these concerts it has been observed that the musical instruments are not all equally perfect ; that some give out clear and acute sounds, whilst others produce STRIDULATION OF INSECTS. y9 dull and harsh ones : this may be caused by some injury which the membrane of the drum (tambour) has received, or from some defect in the bow, the teeth of which would be worn by long and frequent use. If we detach the elytra of a long-winged grasshopper, we shall find the musical instrument placed upon the back-cover, very near the origin, where the elytra are dilated at the inner border. In looking at the right elytron from above, we see an oblong transparent hyaline space, which is of a hard con- sistence, and sonorous, to which the name of drum (tambour) may be given. It is surrounded by a border, which is thickest at the interior margin, to which I have given the name of treble-string. The drum is surrounded by a band of a nearly similar consistence, but hardly so transparent, and shghtly convex at the lower part, on which two nervures are per- ceptible. On the top of the left elytron viewed from below, a dilatation is seen analogous to that of the right, but not so transparent. Its consistence appears to resemble that of the other portion of the elytron. What is most remarkable about it is a thick nervure, striated like a file, which crosses it in a nearly parallel direction to its upper border, which I have named the bow. Underneath the right elytron, along the upper border of the drum, we may distinguish, with the assist- ance of a glass, another little bow, which appeared to me little calculated to produce sounds, and which we will designate the false-bow (faux-archet). I was not able to excite a sound by rubbing it on the elytra. It may be, however, that during the movements which the grasshopper makes when singing, this bow is rubbed on the dorsal part of the metathorax, or on the border of the wing, and that it contributes in this way to stridulation ; but I have not observed any thing confirmatory of such a conjecture. The musical instruments of the long-winged grasshoppers, such as h. verrucivora, mridisstma, lilifolia, grisea, &c., nearly resemble those that have just been described ; and, as we have already observed, the males alone are provided with them ; the females being without, are mute. The saddled grasshopper (Ephippiger) possesses a remark- able property, which is not observable in any of the stridulant insects hereinbefore mentioned, nor in those which I shall have occasion hereafter to examine : it is, that the females have 100 GOUREAU ON THE musical organs, and sing almost as loud as the males. Pro- bably the same peculiarity obtains in all the species of the genus Ephippiger of Latreille, which is composed of insects havino- short wing-cases with convex scales. The type of the genus, which is the only species I have examined, is without wings, and has its extremely-short elytra entirely concealed by the projection of the prothorax. It would perhaps be more correct to say that they have neither wings nor elytra, for these latter appear to be nothing more than the musical instruments. The saddled grasshopper is a very noisy insect : it is gene- rally seen on bushes. Its song, which nearly resembles that of the other grasshoppers, may be compared to that produced by passing the nail up and down a fine-toothed comb, stopping a short time between each turn. This simple, regular, and uniform song distinguishes this species from L. riridissima ; which insect moves the bow on the drum with rapidity, and many times in succession ; after having done this, it makes a short stop, and begins a new couplet like the first, and of the same length. In Ephipp'uier the musical instruments are not symmetrical, and those of the male and female are different ; but in both sexes it is necessai-y, in order to produce sounds, that the right should be below and the left uppermost. The musical organ of the male is composed of a thin trans- parent smooth membrane, of an oval form, enclosed within a nervure by which it is surrounded. This membrane, situated on the right elytron, forms the drum, the internal border of which answers to the treble-string ; the bow, which is placed under the left elytron, is formed of a strong transverse nervure, striated like a file, and coloured brown. The border of the elytron is scaly and sonorous, of a yellowish colour, and covered with rugosities. The drum in the female is situated on the right elytron : it is a circular cavity, of a hard consist- ence, and sonorous. It is traversed breadthways by a large nervure, which is striated like a file ; other smaller nervures extend over the surface above and below, but these do not present any remarkable appearance. The left or superior elytron is rather less convex than the inferior, and somewhat differs from it in consistence : it is reticulated by the same number of nervures. The inner border performs the office of treble-string. The exterior border of the elytron is folded STRIDULATION OF INSECTS. 101 down ; its substance is less membranous than that of the in- struments, and it is covered with rugosities. The bow of the female is placed on the right elytron contiguous to the drum, while the situation of that of the male is on the left. On con- sidering the form of the instruments we have just described, it evidently would appear that the insect, in order to produce sounds, must rub its elytra one on the other. During this movement the bow passes over the treble-string and excites vibrations, which are transmitted to the other instruments, and stridulation is the result. The elytra are concealed under the prothorax; and the insect, when using them, commences by raising the prothorax, in order to allow of their playing more freely, and this he accomplishes by depressing his head and slightly bending the abdomen. The organs of the male are rather more developed than those of the female, and con- sequently produce stronger sounds. I have often found in woods and on hedges a grasshopper, the name of which is unknown to me, but which apparently belongs to the genus Anisoptera of Latreille. The male alone possesses elytra, which are very short, though rather longer than those oi Ephippiger. The female may be almost said to be without them, for they are so small as to be recognised with difficulty ; she is mute, and is attracted by the song of the male, whose sonorous organs resemble those of the same sex in EpMppiger. In these the drum may be distinguished, situated on the right elytron (the position of which is always under the left) ; the treble-string formed by the inner border of the drum, and the bow placed under the left elytron. This insect plays on his instrument in the same way as the other grasshoppers, by rubbing the elytra one on the other. All the grasshoppers I have seen are provided with an organ, which is peculiar to this family of insects, and which merits attention. It is situated along the prothorax above the coxae of the fore-legs. In order to see it to advantage, it is necessary to raise the lateral borders of the prothorax : we shall then see two cavities in the thorax, somewhat resembling the Phrygian cap in shape. These cavities are lined with a soft hyaline and smooth membrane ; from near the top a tube of the same colour and consistence takes its rise, which is inserted into the thigh and continued to the knee. The cap and tube are readily detached, and separated entirely from the 103 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. animal. If we attentively examine the fore-foot, we shall per- ceive on each side immediately below the knee, a transparent protuberance, coloured in some species and white in others, covering a cavity in which the extremity of the tube terminates. This transparent plate presents an analogy to that part in the crickets to which I have given the name of mirror. This pro- thoracic cavity is found in both sexes : the larva3 and pupae possess it: hence we may infer this organ is useful to the insect in all the stages of its existence. But what its functions are, I do not know. We cannot consider it a stigma, since it has no communication with the tracheae ; it remains constantly open, and does not appear to be under the animal's control, which is not the case with the other thoracic stigmata, which are formed of two moveable lids resembling eyes with the eye- balls removed. In order to satisfy myself that this cavity was not the opening of a stigma, I plunged a grasshopper head- foremost into water, and held it there till it was drowned. The cavity remained motionless, and did not appear affected by the contact of the liquid, whilst bubbles were seen at the orifices of the four thoracic stigmata. This experiment, repeated many times and always with the same results, leads me to conclude the great prothoracic cavity is not a respiratory opening; and what makes the correctness of this conjecture more probable, is the possibility of removing the part in question, together with its tube, from the insect without injury. To he cmilinued. Art. XII. — Monographia Chalciditum. By Francis Walker. (Continued from page 55.) the green myriads in the peopled grass." Genus Encyrtus — continued. Fern. — Corpus breve, crassum, convexum, punctatum, parum nitens: caput transversum, breve, juxta thoraci latum ; frons abrupte declivis : antennae clavatce, pubescentes, corporis dimidii longi- tudine; articulus V\ fusiformis, dilatatus ; 2"^ longi-cyathiformis ; MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDITUM. 108 3"'. et sequentes subcyathiformis, breves, usque ad 8""". lates- centes et curtantes ; clava ovata, plana, articulo 8°. multo latior et plus duplo longior : thorax ovatus : mesothoracis scutum transversum ; paraptera supra fere couvenientia ; scutellum brevi- obconicum ; metathoracis scutellum semicirculum fingens : abdomei subquadratum, lasve, nitens, fere glabrum, thorace pauUo brevius vix latius, subtus convexum, apice rotundatum : segmenta ven- tralia occulta : oviductus non exertus : alse amplas. Sp. 68. En. Sylvius. Fern. Cupreus ferrugineo varius, an- temicB fusees albo cinct^ apice nigrcB. pedes fusco-fuhi, femora scepissime cenea, proalcs fusco fasciatoe. Encyrtus sylvius. Dolman, Kongl. Vetens. Acad. Handl. for dr, 1820 ; Nees ah Ess. Hym. Ich. affiti. Monogr. II. 205. Caput ferrugineum, apud os nigrum ; vertex postice fuscus : trophi ferruginei ; oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennis articulus 1°*. niger ; 2"^ et sequentes ad 6""^. pallide fusci ; 7"^. et 8"^ albidi ; clava nigra : thorax seneo-cupreus ; raetathorax nigro-cupreus ; pectoris laminae ferruginece ; abdomen nigro-cupreum, subtus et basi cupreum : pedes pubescentes ; coxse et femora aenea ; tro- chanteres et genua ferruginea ; tibias fuscae ; tarsi fulvi, apice fusci ; propedum femora et tibiae apice basi et subtus fulva ; mesopedum femora et tibiae ferruginea : alae sublimpidae, corpore longiores ; squamulae et nervi fusca, hi apud stigma obscuriores : proalae cuique apud stigma fascia brevis lunata fusca. (Corp. long. lin. f— 1 ; alar. lin. 1^— if.) Var. /3. — Metatibiae fulvo fasciatas. Var. y. — Caput cupreum : pectoris laminae nigro-cupreae : abdomen subtus purpureo-cupreum. Var. h. — Pedes fulvi ; propedum femora extus et tibiae basi fusca ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci ; metapedum femora et tibiae pallide fusca. September; Isle of Wight. Found on lime-trees, in Galway, by Mr. Haliday. Mas. — Corpus sublineare, crassum, convexum, punctatum, pubes- cens : caput transversum, breve, subquadratum, juxta thoraci latum ; vertex latus ; frons abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres, non extantes : antennae pilosce, corpore paullo breviores, ad articulura 8"™. filiformes; articulus l"'^ gracilis, fusiformis ; 2°'. cyathi- formis ; 3"^. et sequentes longi, lineares, usque ad 8"^". paullulum curtantes ; clava fusiformis, articulo 8°. paullo latior et plus duplo 104 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. longior : thorax ovatus : mesothoracis scutum transversum ; parap- tera fere convenientia ; scutellum rhombiforme : abdomen ovatum, planum, laeve, fere glabrum, thorace paullo longius, apice hirtum : pedes pubescentes. Fem. — Corpus quam viari latius : antennpe clavatae, corporis dimidio longiores ; articulus 2^^ longi-cyathiformis ; 3"^ et sequentes subcyathiformes, usque ad S""". curtantes et latescentes ; clava brevis, oblique truncata, articulo 8°. longior et paullo latior : thorax et abdomen brevi-ovata : oviductus occultus. Sp. 69. En. Swederi. Mas. Ater, antennwfuhce apice fmcce, pedes fulvi, metapedes nigri^ alw limpidce. Fem. Ferrur ffinetis, antennce apice fuscce, alcefusco loarice. Encyrtus Swederi. Fem. Dalman, Kongl. Vetens. Acad. Handl. for ar, 1820 ; Nees ah Ess. Hym. Icli. affin. Monogr. II. 224. Encyrtus hirticornis. Mas. Dalman,Kongl.Vetens. Acad. Handl. for ar, 1820; Nees ah Ess. Hym. Ich. affin. Monogr. II. 223. Encyrtis Vitis. . . . Curtis, Brit. Ent. 395. Mas. — Ater, obscurus : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae fulvae ; articulus 2"\ supra fuscus ; clava fusca : abdomen nitens : pedes fulvi ; femora supra nigro vittata ; tarsi apice fusci ; metapedum femora et tibiae nigra : alae limpidas ; squamulse et nervi fusca. Fem. — Ferrugineus, obscurus : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae apice fuscae : abdomen nitens : metapedes supra fusci ; mesotibiae basi fuscag ; pro- et metatarsi apice hi basi quoque fusci : alae sub- limpidae ; proalae fusco variae ; squamulse et nervi fulva, hi apice fusci. (Corp. long. lin. \\ ; alar. lin. 2.) Reared in July from the coccus of the vine, at Lambeth, by Mr. Samouelle. Found near Paris, by the Comte de Castelneau. Sp. 70. En. scutellaris. Fem. Ater, scutellum basi fiavum, antennce picecB^ pedes picei, proalce fuscce basi limpidcB, Pteromalus scutellatus. Swederus, Kongl. Vetens. Acad. Handl. for dr, 1795. Encyrtus scutellaris. Dalman, Kongl. Vetens. Acad. Handl. for dr, 1820; Nees ah Ess. Hym. Ich. affin. Monogr. II. 221 ; Bayer de Fonscolomhe, Ann. des Sciences Nat. XXVI. 304. MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 1&5 Ater, obscurus : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennae piceae, basi et apice pallidiores : mesothoracis scutellum basi Isete flavum : abdo- men nitens : pedes picei ; genua fulva ; tarsi fulvi, apice fusci : proalas fuscae, basi limpidae ; maculae 2 costales nigro-fuscae ; nervi fusci ; metalae limpidae. (Corp. long. lin. 1^ ; alar. lin. 2|.) Reared from the coccus of Cotylus Avellana, by Mr. Curtis. Found near Paris by the Comte de Castelneau. Mas. — Corpus sublineare, crassum, convexum, parce pubescens, scite punctatum : caput transversum, breve, subquadratum, thorace paullo latius ; frons abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres, non extantes : antenna filiformes, pubescentes, corporis dimidio paullo longiores ; articulus V\ gracilis, fusifbrmis ; 2"'^ brevis ; 3"^ et sequentes ad 8""^. lineares, subaequales ; clava fusiformis, articulo 8". paullo latior et fere duplo longior : thorax ovatus, altus, postice abrupte declivis : mesothoracis scutum latitudine fere longius ; paraptera vix convenientia ; scutellum rhombiforme : abdomen sublineare, planum, scitissime punctatum, fere glabrum, thorace paullo brevius et angustius. Sp. 71. En. obscurus. Mas, Ater, tarsi picei, proalce/iisco- fasciatcB. Encyrtus obscurus. Dalman., Kongl. Vetens. Acad. Handl. for dr, 1820; Nees ah Ess. Hym. Ich. affin. Monogr. II. 209. Ater, subnitens : oculi et ocelli picei : antenna) nigras : abdomen nitens : pedes nigri ; pro- et mesotarsi picei : proalae subfuscae, basi limpidae, fusco fasciatse, ad costam nigro bimaculatse ; nervi fusci; metalse limpidae. (Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar. lin. 2.) May, near London. Found on the white-thorn, in Putney Common, by Mr. Haliday. Fern. — Corpus crassum, breve, punctatum, obscurum, pubescens : caput transversum, breve, convexum, juxta thoraci latum : antennae clavatae, breves, corporis dimidio fere breviores ; articulus 1"^ fusiformis, vix dilatatus ; 2"'. subcyathiformis ; 3^^. et sequentes parvi, usque ad 8™\ latescentes ; clava ovata, plana, articulo 8°. multo latior et plus duplo longior : thorax ovatus, convexus : mesothoracis scutum transversum ; parapsidum suturas non con- spicuse ; paraptera supra non convenientia ; scutellum brevi- obconicum : abdomen subrotundum, planum, Iseve, nitens, fere glabrum, thorace brevius et paullo latius ; segmenta subtus per NO, II, VOL. V. P 106 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. medium carinam fingentia apice apertam ; ventralia occulta : oviductus non exertus : alae amplae. Mas. — Antennse moniliformes, verticillato-pilosae, corpore breviores ; articulus P^ fusiformis ; 2"^ brevis, subrotundus ; 3"% et sequentes ad 8"°. sublineares, discreti ; clava fusiformis, pubescens, articulo 8°. angustior et multo longior : abdomen paullo longius quam latum, thorace brevius et angustius. Sp. 72. En. sericeus. Mas et Fem. Cyaneo-mridis alho- puhescens, abdomefi cupreum, antennco mari fuh<^ fem. fuscce, pedes fusci, femora viridi-cyanea, alee limpidcv. Encyrtus sericeus. Dalman, Kongl. Vetens. Acad. Handl. for dr., 1820 ; Nees ah Ess. Hym. Ich. affin. Monogr. II. 217. Fem. — Obscure viridis, albo-pubescens, subtus cyaneus nitens fere glaber : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennae nigro-fuscae ; articuli 1". ad 6°". apice, 7"^ et 8"'. omnino flavi ; clava apice flava : humeri albidi : abdomen cupreo-viride : pedes nigro-fusci ; coxae et femora viridi-cyanea ; trochanteres ferruginei ; femora apice et tibiae apice basique albida ; tarsi fusci ; mesopedum tibiae pallide fuscae, tarsi flavi apice fusci : alae limpidae, corpore longiores ; squamulse et nervi fusca. (Corp. long. lin. \ — | ; alar, lin. f-ll.) Var. ft. — Abdomen cupreum : mesotarsi fusci, basi flavi. Var. y. — Abdomen cupreum, basi et apice viride. Var. ^.— Antennis articuli 7"'. et 8"^ fusci. Mas. — Cyaneo-viridis, parum nitens : antennae fulvae ; articuli 1"'. basi 2"^que omnino fusci : abdomen viridi-cupreum. (Corp. long. lin. |— I ; alar. lin. f — 1|.) Var. ft. — Mesotlioracis scutelli discus cupreus : mesofemora pallide fusca, basi et apice flava. July to October ; lime-trees, oak-trees, &c. near London ; North Wales. Found in Ireland, Scotland, &c. by Mr. Haliday; on elm-trees, at Paris, by the Comte de Castelneau. Mas. — Corpus breve, latum, obscurum, pubescens, scite punctatum : caput transversum, breve, convexum, thorace vix latius ; vertex latus ; frons abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres : antennae fili- formes, pilosse, corpore vix longiores; articulus 1"'. fusiformis, vix dilatatus ; 2°\ brevis ; 3"'. et sequentes ad 8"™. longi, lineares, subaequales ; clava fusiformis, articulo 8". multo longior : thorax MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 107 ovatus,convexus: mesothoracis scutum transversum; parapteranon convenientia ; scutellum brevi-obconicum : abdomen brevi-ovatum , planum, thorace brevius non latius : pedes graciles : alae amplae. Fem. — Antennas capitatae, corporis dimidio vix longiores ; articulus 2''\ longi-cyathiformis ; 3"^ et sequentes transversi, cyathiformes, brevissimi, usque ad 8"". latescentes ; clava subrotunda, articulo 8°. multo latior et plus triplo longior : abdomen subrotundum, planum, subtus carinatum, thorace paullo latius et multo brevius : oviductus occultus. Sp. 73. En. Pappus. Mas et Fem. Niger, thoracis latera fuha, abdomen nigro-fuscuni, antennos fusees fem. apice nigra, pedes fiisci, cdce limpidce. Mas. — Niger : os flavum : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae fuscae ; articulus l"^ basi subtus fulvus : thoracis latera fulva : abdomen nigro-fuscum : pedes pallide fusci, subtus fulvi : alae limpidae ; squamulae et nervi fusca. Fem. — Antennae fuscae ; articulus 1"\ et 2"\ nigri, apice fusci ; clava nigra ; pedes fusci : alarum nervi fulvi. (Corp. long. lin. ^ — \ ; alar. lin. f — 1.) Var. ft. — Mas, pedes fulvi, subtus flavi. July; on gi'ass beneath trees, near London. Found at Holywood, near Belfast, by Mr. Haliday. Fem. — Corpus breve, latum, subquadratura, punctatum, pubescens, obscurum : caput transversum, convexum, juxta thoraci latum: thorax quadratus, planus : mesothoracis scutum transversum ; paraptera non convenientia ; scutellum subrhombiforme : abdomen subrotundum, thorace brevius vix latius : oviductus occultus : antennae clavatae, corporis longitudine ; articulus 1^^. fusiformis, vix dilatatus ; 2"^ longissime cyathiformis ; 3"'. et sequentes transversi, parvi, subcyathiformes, usque ad 8"". latescentes ; clava sublinearis, apice obtusa, articulo 8°. latior et triplo longior : pedes graciles : alas amplee. Sp. 74. En. hederaceus. Fem. Niger flam marginatus., ab- domen nigro-fuscimii antennce fiiscw, pedes fulvi, alee limpidcB. Encyrtus hederaceus. Westwood., Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag. Third Series. X. 63, 441. Niger, albo pubescens, subtus pallide flavus : caput fuscum, antice laste flavum : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennas fuscae ; i'08 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. articulus 1"^ basi et 2"-'. apice fulvi : thorax antice et utrincjue flavus : abdomen nigro-fuscuni ; latera pallida fiava : pedes fulvi ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fulvi : alse limpidse ; squamulae et nervi flava. (Corp. long. lin. g ; alar. lin. f .) July ; on grass beneath trees near London. Found at Holy wood, near Belfast, by Mr. Haliday. Sp. 75. En. punctipes, Mas et Fem. Nigro-piceus, caput flamim^ antennce mari fuhw fem. albidce fusco cinctce ajnce nigrw^ pedes albidi fusco ciucti, alee limpidcs. Encyrtus punctipes. Dalman, Kongl. Vetens. Acad. Handl. for ar, 1820 ; Nees ah Ess. Hym. Ich. affin. Monogr. II. 201. Fem. — Caput flavum ; vertex laete ferrugineus, postice fuscus : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennis articulus l"^ ater, apice et extus albidus ; 2"'. niger, apice albidus ; 3"^ et sequentes ad 6"". fusci, subtus albidi ; 7"^ et 8"^. albidi ; clava atra, apice albida : thorax nigro-piceus, albo pubescens : abdomen nigrum, nitens ; fascia utrinque abbreviata, pallide flava : corpus subtus fuscum ; thoracis latera et prothorax albida : pedes pallide flavi ; tibiae fusco quadri- cinctae ; tarsi apice fusci : alse limpidas ; squamulae et nervi fulvi, hi apud stigma obscuriores. (Corp. long. lin. \ — | ; alar, lin. 1-1.) Mas. — Antennae pallide fulvse, subfiliformes, extrorsum crassiores, corpore non breviores : articulus 1"^ fusiformis, dilatatus, pallide fiavus, apice supra fuscus ; 2"°. cyathiformis, flavus, basi fuscus ; 3"^.et sequentes lati, quadrati, usque ad 8"'". paullulum crescentes; clava fusiformis, articulo 8°. duplo longior vix latior. Var. jo. — Fem. mesothorax ferrugineus : abdomen nigrum, utrinque et apice flavum. Var. y. — Fem. Var. 13 similis : antennis articuli 3". ad 5"™. nigri. Var. 2. — Fem. piceus : caput antice fulvum : antennae pallide fuscse : abdomen nigro-fuscum : pedes pallide flavi ; tibiae fusco bivittatse ; tarsi apice fulvi. May to October ; on lime-trees, near London ; North Wales ; Hampshire. Found at Holywood, near Belfast, by Mr. Haliday. Fem. — Corpus breve, latum, crassum, obscurum, punctatum, brevis- sime pubescens : caput transversum, breve, convexum, juxta thoraci latum ; Irons abrupte declivis ; oculi magni, exlantes : MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 109 thorax obloiigo-quadratus, fere planus, duplo quam latus longior : mesothoracis paraptera supra non convenientia : scutellum sub- rhorabiforme, breve, latum : abdomen subrotundum, planum, thorace brevius vix latius : oviductus non exertus : antennaj clavatse, corporis dimidio vix longiores ; articulus P^ subtus valde dilatatus ; 2"^ longi-cyathiformis ; 3"'. et sequentes brevis- simi, subrotundi, usque ad 8™\ latescentes ; clava subrotunda, plana, articulo 8". multo latior et plus triplo longior : pedes graciles : alae amplse. Sp. 76, En. fulvifrons. (Haliday MSS.) Fem. Ferrugineus nigro-varius, abdomen nigrum^ antennw nigro-fuscw albo cinctw, pedes flaw-fusci^ alco Umpidcc. Caput flavum ; vertex ferrugineus : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennis articulus 1"^ niger, basi et apice flavus ; 2"^ niger, apice flavus ; 3"^ et sequentes ad 6""^. nigro-fusci ; 7"**. et S"s, albidi ; clava atra, apice flava : thorax niger : mesothorax ferrugineus, albo pubescens, scutum antice nigrum : abdomen nigrum, utrinque et apice flavum : corpus subtus pallide flavum : pedes flavi ; fe- mora et tibise fusco late fasciata ; tarsi apice fusci ; protarsi fulvi : alae limpidse ; squamulse et nervi fulva. (Corp. long. lin. | — | ; alar. lin. § — 1.) Var. /3. — Mesothoracis scutum postice nigrum, scutellum nigro cinctum et per medium vittatum : abdomen nigrum, apice fulvum. Var. y. — Var. fi similis : mesothoracis scutum fusco-vittatum. Var. d. — Var. y similis : mesothoracis discus nigro-fuscus. Var. e. — Var. S similis: caput inter oculos fusco fasciatum: abdomen omnino nigrum. July ; near London. Found at Holywood, near Belfast, by Mr. Haliday; and at Paris by the Comte de Castelneau. Fem. — Corpus breve, latum, cra"ssum, obscurum, punctatum, brevis- sime pubescens : caput transversum, breve, convexum, juxta thoraci latum ; frons abrupte declivis : antennae clavatse, corporis dimidio vix longiores ; articulus V\ fusiformis, non dilatatus ; 2"^. longi-cyathiformis ; 3"^. et sequentes brevissimi, usque ad 8"™. latescentes ; clava brevi-ovata, plana, articulo 8°. multo latior et plus duplo longior : thorax oblongo-quadratus, fere planus, duplo longior quam latus, mesothoracis paraptera supra non convenientia ; scutellum subrhombiforme, breve, latum : abdomen subrotundum, planum, thorace multo brevius vix latius : oviductus exertus : pedes graciles : alee amplse. 110 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. Sp. 77. En. apicalis. Fem. Fulvus aut ni(/ei\ antennce flatce aut nigrce apicealhw, pedes flavi autfusci^ alw fusco fasciatw. Encyrtus apicalis. Dalman, Kongl. Vetens. Acad. Handl. for ar, 1820; A^ees ab Ess. Hym. Ich. affin. Monoc/r. II. 220. Nigro-fuscus : caput obscure fulvum ; frons et vertex laete ferruginea : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennae fuscae; artlculus 1"^. fulvus; clava albida : thoracis latera fulva : abdomen basi utrinque fuscum, apice pilosum : oviductus flavus, abdominis dimidio brevior ; vaginae flavse, parce et breviter pubescentes : pedes flavi ; coxae fuscjE ; pro- et metapedum femora et tibiae, necnon mesotibiae fusco late cinctae ; tarsi apice fusci : alae albae, apice sublimpidae ; proalae cuique per medium fascia lata sublunata fusca ; squamulse et nervi fulva, hi apud stigma fusci incrassati. (Corp. long. lin. | ; alar. lin. 1.) Far. (3. — Scutellum obscure ferrugineum. Far. y. — Antennis articulus l"^ fuscus, apice fulvus. Far. S. — Caput utrinque et postice fuscum : antennis articuli 1°. ad 8^™. nigro-fusci : thorax supra niger : abdomen nigro-piceum, nitens : pro- et metapedum femora et tibiae necnon mesotibiae fusca. Far. e. — Caput flavum ; vertex laete flavo-ferrugineus : antennis articulus 1"^ flavus; 2^^. apice flavus; 3"'. et sequentes ad 8"™. pallide fusci : thoracis latera flava : mesothoracis scutum postice flavo marginatum et utrinque maculatum : pedes Isete flavi ; coxae, meso- et metatibiae fuscae. Far. ^. — Var. e similis : prothorax flavus : mesothoracis scutum flavum, antice fuscum : abdominis segmentum 1^™. flavum. Far. 7]. — Far. e similis: abdomen basi fulvum. Far. 6. — Caput flavum : antennae flavae ; articuli 2"'. basi, 3"% 4"'. et 5"°. pallide fusci : thorax ferrugineus, utrinque et subtus flavus: mesothoracis scutum flavum; discus ferrugineo vittatus: abdomen basi et apice flavum : , pedes laste flavi ; metatibiffi basi fusco cinctae. May, June; on grass beneath trees, near London. Found at Holy wood, near Belfast, by Mr. Haliday. Reared from Coccus Platani Syharum at Paris, by the Comte de Castel- neau. Fem. — Corpus angustum, sublineare, obscurum, scite punctatum, pubescens : caput transversum, breve, convexum, thorace paullo MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. Ill angustius ; vertex latus ; frons abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres : antenhse clavatas, corpore pauUo breviores ; articulus 1"'. fusi- formis, subtus valde dilatatus ; 2"'. longi-cyathiformis ; 3"'. et sequentes longi, sublineares, usque ad 8™\ latescentes et cur- tantes ; clava fusiformis, articulo 8". latior et plus duplo longior : thorax ovatus, convexus : mesothoracis scutum transversum ; paraptera non convenientia ; scutellum subrhombiforme : abdo- men longi-ovatum, planum, subtus carinatum, thorace pauUo longius et angustius : oviductus occultus. Sp. 78. En. Bohemanni. Fem. Nigro-piceus autfuhus, an- tenncB fuscce apicejlavce^ pedes fusci autjlavi, alee limpidce. Encyrtus Bohemanni. Westwood, Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag. Third Series. X. 63, 441. Nigro-piceus, albo pubescens, subtus pallide flavus : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennae fuscse ; articulus 1 '^^. niger, basi et apice flavus ; 2"^. nigro-fuscus, apice flavus ; 7"^. et 8^^. fulvi ; clava pallide flava, basi fulva : abdomen fuscum : pedes fusci : alae limpidae ; squamulas et nervi pallide fusca. (Corp. long. lin. I — |; alar. lin. f — 1.) Var. /3. — Antennis clava omnino flava : pedes fulvi, supra fusco vittati. Var. y. — Caput laete fulvum, subtus flavum : antennis clava omnino flava : thorax piceus, utrinque flavus : abdomen fulvum, subtus flavum : pedes fulvi, subtus flavi ; mesopedes flavi, tarsi apice fulvi : alarum squamulae et nervi fulva. Var. 2. — Var. y similis : abdomen fuscum, subtus fulvum. Var. e. — Var. y similis: scutellum apice fulvum. Var. '(. — Var. y similis : thorax laete fulvus, subtus flavus : pedes laete flavi, tarsi apice fulvi ; protarsi omnino fulvi. July ; on grass beneath trees, near London. Fem. — Corpus crassum, nitens, scitissime punctatum, fere glabrum : caput transversum, juxta thoraci latum ; vertex angustus ; frons convexa, antice abrupte declivis : oculi magni, non extantes; antennae clavatse, pubescentes, corporis dimidio paullo longiores ; articulus 1"®. validus, fusiformis, non dilatatus; 2"^. longi-cyathi- formis ; 3"^. et sequentes breves, subquadrati, approximati, usque ad 8"^". latescentes ; clava longi-ovata, articulo 8". fere triplo longior et paullo latior : thorax ovatus, planus : mesothoracis 112 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. scutum transversum ; paraptera supra convenientia ; scutellum rhombiforme : abdomen ovatum, planum, thorace pauUo brevius. Sp. 79. En. Cedrenus. Fern. Fnlviis, antennw fulvw albo cinctw ajnce nigrcv^ pedes fait i, alcv suhfuscce albo varlcv. Fulvus : oculi et ocelli rufi : antennse fulva; ; articuli G"*. 7"^^. et 8"^. albidi; clava nigra : metathorax fuscus : abdomen pallida fulvum : pedes fulvi ; tarsi pallidiores : aloe subfuscffi : hie et illuc fere limpidse ; proalas cuique apud stigma fascia alba ; squamulae et nervi fulva, hi apice fusci. (Corp. long. lin. § ; alar. lin. 1^.) July; south of France. Fem. — Corpus angustum, nitens, scite punctatum, vix pubescens : caput mediocre, transversum, subquadratum, convexum, thoracis latitudine ; vertex mediocris ; frons abrupte declivis ; oculi medi- ocres : thorax ovatus, planus, postice subquadratus : mesothoracis scutum transversum ; paraptera non convenientia ; scutellum brevi-obconicum : abdomen planum, ovatum, thorace vix longius : oviductus occultus : alse angustse. Sp. 80. En. Myrlea. Fem. Viridis cupreo varius, abdomen nigro-cupreum^ pedes nigri, tarsi flavi^ proalw fusco-bifasciatau Viridis : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : thorax cupreo-varius : abdomen nigro-cupreum, basi cupreo-viride micans : pedes nigri ; genua fulva ; tibiae nigro-fuscse ; tarsi flavi, apice fusci : alse limpidse ; proalae cuique fascia lata apud stigma necnon apex fuscse ; squamulae et nervi fusca. (Corp. long. lin. f ; alar. lin. 1 .) July ; south of France. Fem. — Corpus breve, latum, subtrigonum, pubescens, nitens, scitis- sime punctatum : caput transversum, subhemisphsericum, supra planum, thorace angustius ; vertex latus ; frons antice producta, aciem quasi fingens, subtus retracta : oculi mediocres, non extantes : antennas clavatae, graciles, corporis dimidio paullo breviores ; articulus 1"% fusiformis, crassus ; 2"'. longi-cyathi- formis ; 3"% et sequentes transversi, minimi, usque ad 8"™. lates- centes ; clava longi-ovata, articulo 8°. multo latior et quintuplo longior : thorax planus, vix quam latus longior : mesothoracis scutum transversum ; paraptera non convenientia ; scutellum brevi rhombiforme: abdomen longi-obconicum, planum, laeve, thorace longius et paullo angustius, apice acuminatum: oviductus exertus; vaginae breves, pubescentes : pedes validi, pubescentes. MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 113 Sp. 81. En. nubilipennis. (Curtis's Guide.) Fem. Cyaneo- viridis, abdomen nigro-cupreum, cmtennce jlavce nigro-cinct(S , pedes flavi, femora nigra, proalte fusees alba variw. Encyrtus Dalraanni ? Westwood, Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag. Third Series. X. 63, 440. Cyaneo-viridis : caput Isete viride : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennae flavae ; articulus l"^ niger ; 2°'. fuscus, apice flavus ; 3"". 4"^ et 5"^ supra fulvi ; clava basi nigra, apice fulva : abdo- men nigro-cupreum : oviductus vaginae nigro-fuscae, apice flavae : pedes nigri ; tarsi flavi, apice fusci ; pro- et mesotibise flavae, basi nigrse : alae limpidse, apice subfuscee ; proalae cuique discus obscure fuscus maculis 3 limpidis, 1*. parva apud stigma, 2*. magna ad alae apicem propior et in discum descendens, 3% ad alae marginem posticum 2^^. compar ; squamulas et nervi fusca, hi apud stigma nigri. (Corp. long. lin. \ ; alar. lin. f .) Var. /8. — Mesothoracis scutum postice purpureo-cyaneum : abdo- minis latera viridia. July ; on grass in woods, near London. Fem. — Praecedenti similis at corpus multo longius : thorax et abdo- men ovata. Sp. 82. En. Zetterstedtii. Fem. Viridis cupreo 'varius, ab- domen nigro-cupreum, antenna? nigrcefavo cinctce, pedes favi, femora nigra, proalw fusco xarice. Encyrtus Zetterstedtii. Westicood, Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag. Third Series. X. Q^, 440. Lsete viridis : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae nigrae ; articuli 7"®. et 8"^. pallide flavi ; clava fusca : thoracis discus cupreo-varius : mesothoracis scutellum apice viridi-cyaneum : abdomen nigro- cupreum : oviductus vix exertus : pedes nigri : tibiae flavae, basi nigrae ; tarsi flavi, apice fusci ; metatibiae nigrae, apice flavae : alae limpidae ; proalae cuique fasciae 3 connexae et apex fuscae, ad costam obscuriores ; squamulae et nervi fusca, hi apud stigma nigri. (Corp. long. lin. \ ; alar. lin. |.) Found with E. nubilipennis. Fem. — Corpus parvum, breve, compactum, scitissime punctatum, pubescens, nitens : caput fere planum, juxta thoraci latum, antice convexum, longitudine vix latius ; vertex angustus ; frons pro- ducta : oculi magni, non extantes : antennae clavatae, corporis NO. II. VOL. V. Q 114 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. dimidio vix longiores ; articulus 1"". raaxime dilatatus et extus productus ; 2"*. parvus ; 3"^ et sequentes ad 8°"". lati, brevissimi, cyathiformes, pubescentes ; clava ovata, magna, articulo 8°. latior et plus triple longior: thorax quasi conicus, fere planus, postice quadratus : niesothoracis scutum transversum ; paraptera non convenientia; scutellum brevi-obconicum : abdomen brevi-ovatum, planum, apice acuminatum, thorace paullo latius et brevius ; segmenta 1'™. et 2""\ magna : oviductus occultus : pedes validi : alse angustae. Sp. 83. En. corniger. (Haliclay MSS.) Fem. Nigro-cyaneus^ caput Icete viride, abdomen niciro-cupreum, antennw nigrce^ pedes nigro-fmci, tarsi fiaxi, proaloi fuscce. apice limpidce. Nigro-cyaneus : caput Isete viridi micans : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennae nigrae : abdomen nigro-cupreum : pedes fusci ; coxae et femora nigra ; tarsi flavi, apice fusci ; genua fulva ; pro- et mesotibiae apice flavae ; metatibias nigro-fuscEe ; mesofemora fusca : proalse obscure fuscse, apice limpidae ; squamulae et nervi fusca; metalae limpidos. (Corp. long. lin. \ — \ ; alar. lin. \ — \.') Found in the Isle of Man, by Mr. Haliday. July; Forest of Fontainbleau. Fem. — Corpus longum, angiistum, nitens, pubescens, scitissime punc- tatum : caput transversum, supra planum, juxta thoraci latum ; vertex latus ; frons antice producta et quasi aciem fingens, subtus abrupte retracta : oculi mediocres : antennae maxime incrassatae, pubescentes; articulus 1"^. latissimus, apice bispinosus ; caeteri quasi clavam fingentes fusiformem; 2"^. angustus ; 3"% et sequentes transversi, brevissimi, subcyathiformes, usque ad 8"™. latescentes; clava conica, articulo 8°. latior et flagelli dimidio longior: thorax ovatus, planus : prothorax supra conspicuus : mesothoracis scutum transversum ; paraptera non convenientia ; scutellum obconicum : abdomen longi-ovatum, planum, thorace angustius vix longius, apice angustum et acuminatum: oviductus exertus: pedes validi: alae angustae. (Cerapterocerus, JFestivood.) Sp. 84. En. rairabilis. Fem. Cyaneo-viridis, abdomen nigro- cupreum., antennce nigrce, pedes jlati, femora nigra, proalis discus fuscus iridios emittens concolores. Cerapterocerus mirabilis. Westwood, Loudon sMaa. Nat. Hist. VJ. 495. Laete cyaneo-viridis : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae nigrae : abdomen nigro-cupreum : oviductus vaginas nigrae, pubescentes, breves : MONOGRAPHIA CIIALCIDITUM. 115 pedes nigri ; tibiae flavae, basi nigro-fuscae ; tarsi flavi, apice fusci ; metatibias nigras, apice flavae : propedes flavi ; femora supra et tibiae basi pallide fusca : alae limpidse ; proalas cuique discus fuscus radios 6 emittens latos alae marginem attingentes, vittas quoque 2 basales radiis connexse et macula parva apud costam fuscse ; squamulae et nervi fusca, hi apud stigma nigri. (Corp. long. lin. f — I; alar. lin. |— 1.) Var. ft. — Caput viride : thorax aeneo-viridis. May ; on grass beneath oaks, near London. Fern, — Corpus longum, angustum, depressum, leeve, nitens, glabruni : caput oblongum, brevi-ovatum, planum, thorace latius ; vertex sat latus : oculi mediocres, non extantes : antennas clavatae, crassae, pubescentes, corporis dimidio pauUo longiores ; articulus 1"^. dilatatus ; 2"^ cyathiformis ; 3"\ et sequentes transversi, brevissimi, usque ad 8""'. latescentes ; clava ovata, articulo 8°. vix latior sed plus triplo longior: thorax longi-conicus, supra planus : segmenta in unum confusa : abdomen longi-ovatum, depressum, thorace pauUo latius non longius, apice acuminatum et hirtum : oviductus occultus : pedes graciles ; metafemora lata ; mesotarsi vix incrassati : alae nullae. (Ectroma, Westwood.) Sp. 85. En. fulvescens. Fern. Piceus, apterus, auteuiKB fiic/rce, pedes favi, metafemora nigra. Ectroma fulvescens. Westwood., Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag. and Jour n. of Science. Third Series. III. 344. Piceus : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi: antennae — : pedes flavi; ungues fusci; metafemora nigra. (Corp. long. lin. §.) July ; on grass beneath trees, near London. Mas. — Corpus breve, crassum, convexum, punctatum, obscurum, pubescens : caput transversum, breve, subquadratum, thorace vix angustius ; vertex latus ; frons abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres, non extantes : antennae submoniliformes, latae, pubescentes, cor- pore vix breviores ; articulus 1"\ fusiformis ; 2''^ brevis ; 3"'. angustus ; 4"^ et sequentes ad 8'" . lati, oblongo-subquadrati ; clava fusiformis, articulo 8°. duplo longior non latior: thorax ovatus, altus : mesothoracis scutum transversum ; paraptera non convenientia ; scutellum subrhombiforme : abdomen longi-obco- nicum, compressum, planum, nitens, laeve, thorace brevius et angustius, apice hirtum : sexualia vix exerta : pedes graciles ; mesotarsi vix incrassati. 116 _ MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. Fern. ? — Antennae clavatae, corporis dimidio breviores ; articulus 1"^. subtus dilatatus ; 2°'. longi-cyathiformis ; 3". et sequentes sub- cyathiformes, brevissimi, usque ad 8""°. latescentes ; clava brevi- ovata, articulo 8°. latior et plus duple longior : thorax quam mari latior : abdomen brevi-ovatum, planum, subtus carinatum, thorace brevius et paullo latins : oviductus occultus : mesotarsi dilatati. Sp. 86. En. Gabestus. Mas et Fem. Ater, abdomen nigro- cupreum, antennce mari nigro-fasccB , fem. nigrw, pedes nigro- fusci, tarsi flat i, alee mari limpidce, fem. suhfusccB. Mas. — Ater : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae nigro-fuscae : abdomen nigro-cuprenm : pedes nigri ; genua et tarsi fusca ; mesopedum tibiae fuscas apice flavae, tarsi flavi apice fusci : alae limpidae ; squamulae fuscae : nervi fulvi. Fem. — Antennae nigrae : tarsi fulvi, apice fusci : mesopedum femora nigro-fusca, tibiae flavae basi fuscae : alae subfuscae ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. ^ — | ; alar. lin. f — |.) Var. (3. — Mas, protibias nigrp-fuscae : metatarsi fulvi apice fusci. Found at Holy wood, near Belfast, by Mr. Haliday. Mas. — Praecedenti similis : antennas filiformes, verticillato pilosae, juxta corpori longi ; articulus l"^ fusiformis ; 2"\ subrotundus ; 3"^ et sequentes longi-ovati, subasquales ; clava fusiformis, acumi- nata, articulo 8°. multo longior : sexualia subexerta. Sp. 87. En. Barca. Mas. Ater, abdomen nigro-cuneum^ an- temia? fuhcB basi nigro-fuscce, pedes nigro-fusci, tarsi flavi, alee limpidw. Ater: oculi et ocelli picei: antennae fulvae ; articuli 1"'. et 2"^ nigro-fusci : abdomen nigro-aeneum : sexualia flava : coxae et femora nigra ; pro- et mesofemora apice flava ; propedum tibiae fuscae subtus flavae, tarsi fulvi; mesopedum tibiae nigro-fuscae apice et basi flavae, tarsi flavi apice fulvi ; metapedum tibiae nigro- fuscae, tarsi fulvi : alae limpidae ; squamulae et nervi fusca. (Corp, long. lin. \ — 3 ; alar. lin. | — |.) September ; Isle of Wight. Found at Holywood, near Belfast, by Mr. Haliday. Mas. — Corpus breve, latum, pubescens, scite punctatum, parum nitens : caput transversum, breve, convexum, juxta thoraci latum ; vertex latus ; frons abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres : antennae MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 117 filiformes, pilosse, corpore paullo longiores ; articulus l"^ fusi- formis, gracilis ; 2"\ cyathiformis ; 3"^ et sequentes longi, sub- lineares, sequales ; clava fusiformis, articulo 8°. fere duplo longior : thorax ovatus, convexus : mesothoracis scutum transversum ; paraptera non convenientia ; scutellum brevi-obconicum : abdomen brevi-ovatum, subquadratum, planum, thorace brevius vix angus- tius : pedes graciles. Sp. 88. En. Elpis. Mas. Ater, antennae nigrce, pedes nigro- fusci, tarsi fuhi, alcB limpidce. Ater : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennae nigrse : abdomen nitens, loeve, fere glabrum : pedes fusci ; femora nigro-fusca; genua, tibiae apice et tarsi fulva, hi apice fusci : alse limpidse ; squamulse fuscse ; nervi fulvi. Corp. long. lin. ^ — \\ alar. lin. | — |.) Fern. 1 — Mari latior : antennae subclavatas, graciles, corporis dimidio longiores; articulus 1"% gracilis, fusiformis; 2"^ longi-cyathi- formis ; 3"^ et sequentes breves, subquadrati, usque ad 8"™. minima latescentes ; clava fusiformis, articulo 8°. paullo latior et triplo fere longior : abdomen rotundatum, thorace multo brevius et paullo latius : oviductus occultus. Pedes nigri ; tarsi fulvi, apice fusci ; pro- et mesotibise fuscaj ; mesotarsi flavi, apice fulvi. Var. jo. — Antennae nigro-fuscae. August ; on grass in fields, neai' London. Mas. — Corpus breve, sat latum, nitens, pubescens, scitissime punc- tatum : caput breve, transversum, subquadratum, juxta thoraci latum ; vertex latus ; frons impressa, abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres, extantes : antennae filiformes, graciles, corpore vix longiores ; articulus 1"'. longi-fusiformis, gracilis ; 2"^ brevis, subcyathiformis ; 3"^ et sequentes longi, lineares, hirti, usque ad 8"". paullulum curtantes ; clava fusiformis, articulo 8". fere duplo longior : thorax ovatus, planus : mesothoracis scutum quam longum paullo latius; paraptera non convenientia; scutellum brevi-obconicum, apice obtusura : abdomen obconicum, planum, apice acuminatum, thorace brevius vix angustius : sexualia vix exerta ; pedes graciles : alse amplse. Fern. — Caput quam mari longius, vix thoracis Jatitudine ; frons convexa : oculi non extantes : abdomen ovatum, supra planum, subtus carinatum, thorace paullo latius vix longius : oviductus occultus : antennae clavatee, graciles, corporis dimidio longiores ; articulus 2"^ longi-cyathiformis ; 3"'. et sequentes breves, sub- 118 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. quadrati, usque ad 8"'". latescentes ; clava fusiformis, articulo 8". latior et fere triplo longior. Sp. 89. En. Scythis. Mas et Fern. Viridis cupreo et ceneo variiis, abdomen cupreum, antennae fulvcv, pedes flam, meta- pedes fnsci aut nigri, alec limpidw. Mas. — Laete aureo-viridis : oculi et ocelli obscure rufi : antennae fulvae ; articulus 1"". laete flavus : abdomen cupreum : pedes flavi ; tarsi fulvi ; metapedum femora et tibiae fusca, apice et basi flava : alee limpidse ; squamulae et nervi fulva. Fern. — Viridis : caput obscure cupreum : antennae fulvae ; articulus 1"\ nigro-viridis, apice fulvus ; 2"^ supra fuscus : mesothoracis scu- tellum viridi-cupreum : abdomen cupreum, basi viridi micans : pedes flavi ; metapedum femora nigro-fusca, tibiae basi fuscae : alae sublimpidae, quam mari breviores et angustiores. (Corp. long. lin. 5 — 5 ; alar. lin. \ — 1.) Var. ft. — Mas, thorax viridis : antennis articulus 1"'. apice fuscus: femora et metatibiae nigra, apice et basi flava ; mesotibiae basi fuscae. Var. y. — Mas, Var. ft similis : tibiae flavae, apice fuscae. Var. h. — Mas, Var. ft similis : mesothoracis scutum cyaneo-viride. Var. e. — Fern, thorax viridi-aeneus. Var. 'C. — Fein, protibise supra basi pallide fuscae ; mesotibiae basi fusco-cinctse; metatibiae fuscae, apice flavae. Var. rj. — Fern. Var. 'C similis : thorax aeneus. Var. 6. — Fern, caput viride. Var. L. — Fern, caput et thorax omnino viridia. June to October; on heath, near London; Isle of Wight; Forest of Fontainbleau. Found at Holywood, near Belfast, by Mr. Haliday. Fern. — Corpus angustum, sublineare, pubescens, scitissime punc- tatum, parum nitens : caput transversum, breve, convexum, juxta thoraci latum ; vertex latus ; frons abrupte declivis : oculi mediocres : antennae clavatae, graciles, corporis dimidio multo longiores ; articulus 1"% fusiformis, gracilis ; 2"\ longi-cyathi- formis ; 3"'. et sequentes subquadrati, usque ad 8""". latescentes ; clava fusiformis, articulo 8°. paullo latior et plus triplo longior : thorax ovatus, planus : mesothoracis scutum transversum ; parap- tera non convenientia; scutellum brevi-obconicum : abdomen ova- tum, planum, thorace paullo brevius vix latius: oviductus occultus. HONEY BEES OF CASHMERE. 119 Art. XIII. — Of the Management of Bees in Cashmere.^ Every farmer in Cashmere has several bee-hives in his house, and in some houses I have counted as many as ten. A provision is made for these in building the house, by leaving appropriate cavities in the walls, which somewhat differ in size, but agree in their general form, each being cylindrical, and extending quite through the wall. The tube thus formed is lined by a plastering of clay mortar, about an inch in thickness, and the mortar is worked up with the chaff or husk of rice, or with the down of thistles, which latter is employed also for clay mortar in general, being the first application of this sub- stance to the use of man which I have yet witnessed. The dimensions of an hive are, on an average, about fourteen inches in diameter, and when closed at both ends about twenty or twenty-two inches in length. That end of the cylinder nearest the apartment is closed by a round platter of red pottery-ware, a little convex in the middle, but with the edges made flush with the wall by a luting of clay mortar ; and the other extre- mity is shut by a similar dish, having a circular hole about a third of an inch in diameter in its centre. It does not appear that there is any particular rule for the height of these hives from the ground, as they are sometimes confined to the walls of the lower or basement story, generally appropriated to cattle in the farm-houses of Cashmere ; at others, are inserted into those of the first floor; and are frequently seen in both situ- ations in the same house, as well as in the walls of its out- buildings. So little difference exists betwixt the practices ordinarily pursued in Cashmere and in Europe, in respect to hiving new swarms, as not to call for notice ; but that adopted here for preserving the old swarm, when the honey is taken, well deserves imitation by other bee-farmers. Although the season for taking the honey had passed when I visited Cash- mere in the beginning of November, the cottagers indulged my wish of seeing the process by which this was effected, with litde injury to the bees, and with perfect safety to the indivi- duals concerned in its management, and which was as follows : — II Living in readiness a wisp of dry rice-straw, and a small quantity of burning charcoal in an earthen dish, the master of the house, with a few strokes of the point of a sickle, disengaged a Extracted from Moorcroft's Travels in Cashmere, Journal of the Geogra- pliical Society. 120 HONEY BEES OF CASHMERE. the inner platter of the tube, bringing into view the combs suspended from the roof of the hive, and almost wholly covered with bees, none of which, however, offered to resent the aggression, or to enter the room. Having placed the straw upon the charcoal, and holding the dish close to the mouth of the hive, he blew the smoke strongly against the combs, but removed the straw the instant it took fire, to prevent it burning the bees, and quenched the flame before he employed it again. Almost stifled by the smoke, the bees hurried through the outer door with such rapidity that the hive was cleared of its inhabitants within a few minutes ; when the farmer, introducing the sickle, cut down the combs nearest to him, which were received into a dish previously slidden underneath them, and left undisturbed about one-third of the combs, which were almost close to the outer door. He then replaced the inner platter, and brushing off' hastily a few bees which clung to the combs, though apparently in a state of stupefaction, threw them out of the house. Observing many other bees lying motionless on the floor of the hive, I inquired whether they were dead or only stupified, and was answered that they would recover ; however, I was not wholly satisfied that this recovery would take place : preparations for continuing my journey at a very early hour on the following morning having unluckily prevented my examining the spot where they had been thrown, until poultry had for some time been feeding near it. The expelled bees returned as soon as the cavity was freed from smoke, without stinging a single individual ; and the whole business was completed within ten minutes, without, as was asserted, any perceptible loss. The honey was light- coloured, and of a taste as pure and sweet as that of Narbonne. It possessed less of tlie cloying quality generally attending this substance than any other I recollect to have met with ; and I could not learn that the farmers had any suspicion of its ever being intoxicating or poisonous, as is the case occasionally with that made by the Bhoura {apis imtabilis), or large wild-bee, in the northern mountains of Gurwhal, from feeding, as it is reported, on the flower of the monkshood. I was directed more particularly to inquiry upon this subject, by having observed this plant in flower in the valley of Runga, a few miles to the eastward of the bee-district, and think it pro- bable that it extends to these mountains. The peasantry of HONEY BEFS OF CASHMERE. 121 Cashmere are unacquainted with the employment of honey as the basis of a fermented liquor, but eat it raw, or mixed with articles of common food, whilst the most wealthy substitute it for sugar in preserving fruits. It is customary to take the hive every year, and the end of September or beginning of October is found the best season for this operation ; a little time still remaining for the bees to add to the portion left for their support during five months. This amounts to about one-third of the whole produce, and would appear to suffice, as swarms seldom die, and the Cashmerees substitute no other article for food. It is stated that an old swarm yields more honey than a young one, and that families seldom die except of old age. I was informed, that it was no uncommon circumstance to preserve the same community for ten and even for fifteen years ; but this was held to be of very rare occurrence. In consequence of the bees being thus literally domesticated, they acquire a mildness of conduct far more decided than those of Europe ; and it is possible that the confidence thus gained, subduing their natural irascibility, may generate an increase of industry, or, at least, an increase of produce in relation to the number and size of the individuals of each community. It is also clear, that the situation of the hive keeps many of the natural enemies of the bees at a distance. The bee of Cashmere is a little smaller than that of Europe, though a little larger than the domesticated bee of Kumaoon and of Gurwhal. The Bhoura, the rock-bee of Gurwhal, or the bee of the southern mountains, is, on the other hand, greatly larger than the domesticated bee of Europe, and greatly exceeds it also in the number of individuals in each community, and in the size and weight of its combs. But its honey is sometimes contaminated by an intoxicating quality, and the temper of the insect is so irritable as to be brought into a dangerous activity by a slight show of aggression. The former quality is suspected, upon probable grounds, to be caused by the secretion of the aconite eaten by this bee ; and its irritability of disposition to be owing partly to the exposed situation of the combs, suspended from the lower surface of a ledge of rock, and partly to the occasional attempts of bears to carry them off. Both these detractions from the merits of this bee are merely the result of localities ; and, under due precautions, it is presumed that its irascibility might be so far NO. II. VOL. V. 11 1,'>2 PROCEEDINGS OF TilE subdued as to render it just as safe an inhabitant of a wall- hive as the smaller variety of bee. In a portion of the Punjab, near the hills, this bee is also met with ; and I have seen the under surface of the principal branches of a large peepul-tree studded with so many colonies, individually of such great strength, as to deter the neighbouring peasanty from attempting to deprive them of their stores, notwithstand- ing it was conjectured that there were several hundred weight of combs on the tree. The largest of these assemblages of combs, the probable accumulation of several seasons, was of such a size as I think it not prudent to cite ; but, from the specimens I have seen of the produce of this bee, I conceive their domestication, if introduced into Europe, would prove a most valuable acquisition to this branch of farming, although I must confess myself unable to devise any safe and easy plan for transporting such a colony. Art. XIV. — Procpedinrjs of the Entomological Society of France. Sitting op the 7th December, 1836. M. DuPONCHEL in the Chair. The following donations were announced : — The Royal Academy of Sciences at Stockholm. The Proceedings of that Academy during the year 1835; also, An account of the works "on Natural History, published during the year 1835. M. Graels. Inauguration of the Society of Arts and Natural Sciences at Barcelona. Don Salvador Lopez y Ramos. A Memoir of the Agri- cultural Instruments used in Spain ; also, A Memoir of Insects injurious to the Vine. M. Brulle. An account of the Scientific Expedition to the Morea : the Entomological part, with plates. M. Dahlbom. Some Swedish Journals, containing extracts from the Annals of the Society. The Secretary read a copy of the letter which he sent to M. Lefebvre, the late secretary, on the occasion of his resign- ing that important office. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF FRANCE. 123 M. Feisthamel announced to the Society the death of M. Picard, a naturalist, who had been employed by an associ- ation of scientific men, most of them members of that society, to collect objects of natural history on the coast of Guinea. The youthful and unfortunate naturalist had survived only a few days after arriving in the country which he was about to explore. After this communication the Society proceeded to the election of a Secretary in the place of M. Lefebvre, and M. Brullj:; was chosen for that office, and M. Pierret was chosen Assistant Secretary in the place of M. Brulle. M. Serville addressed the Society to the following effect. He expressed his wish that the Society should adopt towards M. Lefebvre, on his resignation of the secretaryship, a course altogether unprecedented. He considered it right that one who had really founded a society, one who had long meditated its establishment, and had finally triumphed over every ob- stacle, should receive from that society a mark of gratitude entirely at variance with its ordinary regulations; and he would therefore propose that the name of M. Lefebvre be added to the list of Honorary Members, although that list was already full : he thought the position in which the Society stood with regard to M. Lefebvre fully justified the proceeding, however irregular. This proposition, after full discussion, was even- tually abandoned, and the Society came to the resolution of abiding strictly by its laws; it was then agreed that the regret of the Society at not being empowered by its laws to make M. Lefebvre an Honorary Member should be expressed to that gentleman, but that on the earliest occasion that offered, M. Serville's proposition would be adopted. A notice by M. Pierret on two new species of Lepi- doptera ; and A notice by M. Feisthamel on the female of Pachypus exaratus, were then read. M, Guerin remarked, that he had observed on a Cactus, in the Conservatory of the Museum of Natural History, a great quantity of the cochineal insect, and many males amongst them, — a circumstance which appeared very extraordinary at this time of the year. M. Guerin also remarked that he had figured the male in the " Iconographie du Regne Animal,*' from a specimen he had received in spirits. 124 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Sitting of the 21st December, 183&. M. DupoNCHEL in the Chair. The following donations were announced : — Mr. Newman. Nos. XVI. and XVII. of the Entomological Magazine. MM. Castelnau and Gory. Histoire Naturelle et Icono- graphie des Insectes Coleopteres, 8'"%9'"% et 10'"Mivraisons. M. Walckenaer. Histoire Naturelle des Insectes Apteres, torn. 1". avec trois livraisons de planches. M. V^alckenaer presented to the Society a lump of amber, of extraordinary size, and containing many insects of various orders, besides one Arachnidan, already described by M. Walckenaer, under the name of Atta fossilis. The author of this communication requested the Society would appoint two of its members to describe in the Annales such of these insects as might be considered new. MM. Serville and Chevrolat undertook the task ; and, in consequence of M. Audouin's re- marking that it would be important to ascertain whether the specimen in question was really Amber or Gum Copal, M. Brogniart was proposed as likely to assist in the inquiry, and was accordingly added to the committee. On the subject of M. Guerin's communication at the previous sitting, on the cochineal insect, M. Audouin, under whose care they were placed, rose, and spoke as follows : — " V^e have accomplished propagating the Coccus Cacti of Linnaeus ever since the year 1833. Frequently previously to that date, namely in 1817, 18, 20, 28, and 31, attempts were made, but invariably without success. M. Peloie, our principal gardiner in the conservatories of the Museum, having in 1833 learned that M. Lot, a florist in Paris, possessed a plant of the Nopal infested with Cocci, obtained some from him, and conveyed them to the Jardin-du-roi. From that period they have continued to increase, and now three plants are entirely covered with them. From that period I have studied them incessantly. Before publishing the result of these researches I think it best to place before the Society some specimens, which will illustrate various obscure points in the history of these curious insects. I have been able to trace many suc- cessive generations. Having observed the females at the moment of oviposition, I have recognised in that operation ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF FRANCE. 125 many instances of analogy to circumstances attending the re- production of Aphides at a certain period of the year. The female Coccus, whose abdomen is vastly distended, produces successively hundreds of little ones, which proceed from her body, not as eggs but, as hexapod and very active insects. At the time of their birth the young are excessively small, and of a bright red colour: they soon scatter themselves over the surface of the Nopal, and after having chosen a convenient place, they fix themselves, and acquire in time the size of little peas. It is, however, the females only that acquire this size, and it is these alone that are an article of commerce. The males are exceedingly different in form ; they possess wings, which the females are entirely without ; and their size is so diminutive that for a long time they totally escaped obser- vation. Indeed in their adult state they scarcely attain the size possessed by the females at the time of their birth : measured with nicety, they are a millemeter in length, whilst the females measure a centimeter. Their body is red, without any down, and their wings are semi-transparent, and covered with a kind of whitish powder. About the time of coition these are very active, and wander incessantly over the surface of the Nopal : their activity is increased by exposure to the sun's rays : the males are at this moment particularly abun- dant in the conservatories of the Museum, and a great number of young females are observable in the act of plunging their beaks into the stalks of the Nopal, in order to fix themselves. All the females, even the smallest, are covered with an abun- dant cottony down, which is a secretion from the surface of the skin, and which I have made my particular study." M. AuDOUiN then explained the economy of the larva of an insect which forms galleries in the shoots of the pear-tree ; and he exhibited to the Society the stem of an espalier- pear-tree, aged four or five years, which he had obtained from a large garden in the Rue de Varrenes, under the management of M. Derviliers. This skilful horticulturist hav- ing observed many pear-trees with longitudinal fissures in the bark, — which, although they appeared superficial, and injurious to the bark only, yet were a certain indication of disease, and rarely failed to cause the death of the tree, — consulted M. Audouin as to the cause of this phenomenon. The investi- gation he had made speedily convinced him that this malady, 126 PllOCEEDINGS OF THE instead of being caused by an uncongenial soil, or an insalu- brious atmosphere, as had been previously supposed, was actually the work of an insect. Having raised the bark along the fissures, he found below them three longitudinal furrows excavated between the wood and the bark, but almost entirely in the latter : these furrows extended two feet : commencing some inches below the top of the stem, they extended to within four or five inches of the ground; but their length was really greater, on account of the number of flexuosities which they presented in their course, which, if accurately mea- sured, would add at least a third. Three deviations made by the larva, and which occasion three long zigzag lines, occasion- ally crossing each other, are evidently for the purpose of enabling it to find in its course, and before it reaches the foot of the tree, a sufficient quantity of nutritive matter. M. Audouin having traced these grooves, found they originated in a spot from whence a branch had been cut the previous year. At this spot he found a small circular interval between the bark and the wood : the eggs whence the larvae proceeded had been laid on the new bark, — and it is indeed a spot most favourable for their reception. On this account there would be an obvious advantage in covering the sore, as soon as made, with the ointment of Saint-facre : it would protect the trees not only from the insect in question, but from many which deposit their eggs on the dry wood, and are thus easily intro- duced into the bark. M. Audouin exhibited and described the larvas which had excavated the furrows in question ; they belong, without doubt, to a coleopterous insect, and probably to one of the family of Serricornes. Further observations, and the advantageous results arising from the treatment of the infested trees, will be laid before the Society. M. GuERiN addressed the Society on the subject of Sclero- derma, a genus of Hj/menoptera. Notwithstanding all his researches in the various works on Entomology, he has been unable to recognise this genus, which is by Latreille attributed to Klug, but of which there was no satisfactory description in the works of that illustrious entomologist. M. GuERiN called the attention of the Society to some articles written by Mr. Westwood for the British Cyclopedia ; also to the publication of the posthumous works of Mr. Say, in the Boston Journal. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF FRANCE. 127 The following papers were read : — . Notice of a new Orthopterous genus, of the {amWy Mantidcs, by M. Serville. Essay illustrative of the history of Entomological Societies, by M. DE Castelnau. Description of a new species of GeometridcB, of the genus Crocallis, by M. Donzel. Notes on the economy of the larva of Bryophila Alga;, by M. Guenee. Description of a new species oi Arrfijnnis, by M. Lefebvre; at the close of which the author made some observations on the development and variation of the black spots on those species of Satyrus which he had named Leucomelaniens ; he concluded, from their numerous variations, that the position of these, forms a character by which to distinguish the sexes : he further communicated to the Society, that he had observed in his own garden, during the past summer, a great number of Satyrus Galathea. Sitting of the 4th of January, 1837. M. Duponchel in the Chair. The following donations were announced : — Recueil de la Societe d' Agriculture, &c. de Rouen, Nos. XV. XVI. and XVII. M. GiRALDES. Anatomical studies, or researches on the organization of the eye, considered in reference to man and certain animals. M. Wesmael. a Monograph of the Braconides of Belgium ; also a Monograph of the Odyneri of Belgium ; also a Notice of Ichneumon gynandromorphus ; also Observations on the species of the genus SpJiecodes. M. Amyot then communicated to the Society various details contained in the Memoirs of the Agricultural Society of Vienna, on the subject of the injury done to the forests by certain insects. The government having inquired of this Society the best means of entirely preventing, or at any rate of arresting, the progress of this devastation, it obtained a reply, that one of the members being occupied at that time in an extensive work on this very subject, it was necessary to await the result of his researches. 128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE M. AuDOUiN related the chief results obtained in some researches which he had made for several years relative to the Scolyti, which do so much mischief in our forests, woods, and public walks. M. Audouin said it afforded him pleasure to announce that MM. Wesmael and Spence, with whom he had much communication concerning these insects, and in company with whom he had examined their ravages, particularly at Brussels, in the spring of 1836, wholly coincided with the view which he took of the principal facts connected with their history. He considered the injury to be caused by the perfect insect as well as by the larva. It was an error to suppose that the perfect Scolyti took no nourishment, and employed them- selves solely in propagating their kind ; they were at this period of their existence peculiarly voracious, and attacked by swarms the trunks of trees, in order to extract from them a nutritious juice : they perforate the exterior bark with their mandibles, and, having entered, form for themselves little galleries of various depths, which enter the external layer of the wood of the trees : now this external layer contains a great quantity of viscous sap, or cambium ; the Scoh/ti soon, however, quit these galleries, and leave a round hole where they make their exit. Hence results much evil to the trees ; partly from the loss of sap from the holes, especially in the spring, when it is flowing freely ; and partly because the water, either from rain or melted snow, is admitted, which, once introduced, finds its way under the bark, and produces a disorganization of the tissue to the extent of several inches. Thus it is easy with a little skill to distinguish at once those trees which are suffering from this cause ; they may be recognised by black spots in the bark, — not very apparent, it is true, but, when the bark is removed, very obviously depicted on the wood in oval patches as black as ink, and often covered with a liquid of the same colour. Now it is curious to observe, that these diseased trees, thus rendered sickly, as M. Audouin has assured him- self, by the attacks of the perfect Scolyti, are the very trees which the following year will be selected by the female Scolyti to deposit therein innumerable eggs, whence issue hosts of larvae, which, burrowing in every direction, consign the tree to inevitable death. Nevertheless, it not unfrequently happens, that those trees which have been simply perforated by the perfect Scolyti for nutriment, and which have not been sought ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF FRANCE, 129 by the females on the following year, not only survive, but recover, at the end of two or three years, their pristine vigour. Trees also which have been attacked by a few females only, have, in some instances, appeared to revive. It often also happens to the elm, that trees to which the perfect Scolyti have yet done no injury in seeking for food, are nevertheless attacked by females, and eggs are deposited upon them ; but, when this is the case, it is always observable, that the tree is suffering from some other cause,— either a canker, or some wound which had facilitated the introduction of rain-water. In other instances the elms had been attacked by the larv« o^Xyleu- tes cossus, of which the number is sometimes very considerable. M. Audouin remarked, that these various causes induced the same result, namely, sickness to the tree, and consequent non- ascension or slow circulation of the sap ; this state of sickness is indispensable to the laying of the eggs of the Scoh/tus, and it appears of little consequence to the parent how it has been superinduced. This fact has undoubtedly imposed on those persons who have asserted, that none but those trees which were either dead or inevitably dying were ever attacked by the Scohjti. Those who assert this are certainly in error ; for it is without doubt ascertained that, in the greater number of cases, the tree, notwithstanding its diseased state, would have recovered had it not been for the subsequent oviposition by the female Scolyti. With regard to Scolytus pygmojus, which produces such devastation among the oaks, M. Audouin observed that this insect, besides perforating in the perfect state the bark of the oak-trees, often also attacks, and this with the only aim of obtaining proper food, the young shoots of the year while they are still green, cutting them at their base. Some species of oak are much more liable than others to be attacked in this particular way, and the tree itself suffers much from the continued injury. We may observe in the botanical garden of the Jardln-du-rol, a Portugal oak, {Quercus Lusitanica,) which is regularly stripped of its young shoots towards the middle or end of June. Its trunk and branches are still very healthy ; its bark is very hard and rough ; and it seems that the Scolyti, which are of the species pyc/manis, find it difficult to pierce ; hitherto, therefore, they have not depo- sited their eggs in this tree, but have confined themselves to the sap of the young shoots. M. Audouin gave it as his NO. II. VOL. V. s 130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE opinion, tliat the Scoliftl wliicli annually attacked this Quercus Lusitcmlca proceeded from the timber-yards in the neighbour- hood of the Museum of Natural History. M. Feistiiamel observed that, interesting as were the remarks of M. Audouin, yet he thought that the mortality of the trees ought not to be attributed so much to the Scohjti as to the dryness of the summer ; the Scohjtl appeared to him but a secondary cause: he believed that these insects attacked none but those trees which were already diseased ; thus in the year 1835, the previous summer having been excessively dry, the forest of Vincennes had sustained great injury from the presence of the Scoljjti, whose increase had, he believed, been principally caused by the excessive drought. In support of this opinion, M. Feisthamel added, that in the Forest of Vincennes the mortality only took place in those spots where there was a deficiency of vegetable mould ; whence the roots, being near the surface of the soil, could not reach a bed suffi- ciently moist ; the trees have thus literally perished from the great drought. Out of the " fifty thousand trees which were obliged to be felled, a very few had been growing in good soil. M. Feisthamel further announced, that he should shortly ofier to the Society a more detailed statement on this interesting subject; and he combated the opinion of M. Audouin, that the injury may be remedied by removing the trees which had been attacked : he believed that the Scolytus, happily, was not the cause of all the evil attributed to it, since it appeared that, although the trees attacked by it and cut down in 1835, in the Forest of Vincennes, were not removed, yet in 1836 no single tree had perished. During this year they had only felled a number of trees little greater than the number that annually perish. From these facts M. Feisthamel concluded that it was drought, and not the Scol//ti, which occasioned the great loss of forest-trees. The Society then elected their officers for the current year, as under : — M. Audouin .... President. M. BoiSDUVAL M. Brulle M. PlERRET M. AUBE M. Serville Vice-President. Secretary. Assistant-Secretary. Treasurer. Curator. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF FRANCE, 131 Sitting of the 18th of January, 1837. M. BoisDUVAL in the Chair. The following donations were announced: — M. GiiAiiLLs. Statutes of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences at Barcelona. M. GuERiN communicated to the Society that he had received from the Isle of Cuba, by the hands of M. Poey, a species of PorcelUo nearly related to Porcellio riidis, of the neighbourhood of Paris, but still quite distinct from that insect ; and he proposed to call it Porcellio Poefi. " For a long time," said M. Guerin, " the inhabitants of the Isle of Cuba have assured me that they find at Havannah the Porcellio which is so common in our houses ; they were so persuaded of its identity with ours, that they have never sent it me. Not agreeing in this opinion, I pressed its being transmitted to me, thinking it would prove a different species ; and if not, we should at least be furnished, by its presence in both countries, with an interesting fact in entomological geography. At last I have received a considerable number of this insect, and find they belong, like ours, to the subgenus Porcellio of Latreille ; at first they appear exceedingly like the Porcellio ruclis of our houses, but on a closer comparison I find they differ strikingly in the form of the head and antennae, in the proportion of the abdominal setae, and especially in the six anterior feet, which are furnished below with brushes formed of clavated spines, a peculiarity which is not observable in any of our species. This complicated formation of the feet may possibly serve to facilitate their progress on smooth and perpendicular surfaces, and seems, in some way, to explain their frequent appearance in the houses of Havannah." M. Guerin announced that he had received at the same time a bottle containing twenty thou- sand specimens of the Aphodius marginellus of Fabricius. M. Gervais communicated to the Society a portion of the result of his researches into the semi-metamorphosis in Myria- poda ; he stated, that in Iidus the variations bear not only on the number of segments of the body and number of legs, but also on the eyes, which are far less numerous in the young than in the adult lulus, and the appearance of which takes place in a very regular manner. The Lithobii also undergo a semi- metamorphosis : the number of the segments of the body, that 132 PROCEEDINGS OF THE of the legs, and also that of the joints of their antennse, varies ; it is now ascertained that the number of their eyes varies also. One individual, having but seven pair of legs, possessed but two eyes on each side of its head ; now it is well known that in the adult LWwhius the eyes are numerous, grouped together, and easy to distinguish. M. Gervais referred to M. Savigny's work on Egypt, in which a Lithobius was figured, which had but four eyes on each side of its head, like the true Scolopendra ; he thought that M. Savigny must have possessed an individual whose eyes were not yet perfectly developed, but which still was further advanced towards maturity than an individual with two eyes only; and he was confirmed in this opinion by the fact, that the Lithohius figured by M. Savigny had but twenty joints to its antennae, whilst other known species had more than thirty joints when arrived at the perfect state. The following papers were read : — A Memoir on the Stridulation of Insects, by M. Goureau. Observations on the Causes of the Appearance of Cehrio, by M. Graells. M, le Comte de Perrochel, of the Chateau de Saint Aubin, M. Leprieur, jun. of Dieuze, and M. Lequien, of Paris, were admitted members of the Society. Sitting of the 1st of February, 1837. M. AuDOUiN in the Chair. A letter from M. Guerin was read, containing his resigna- tion of membership in the Society ; on the subject of this letter it was determined, that it should be re-read at the follow- ing sitting, and that the members should be apprised of it before deliberating on its contents. M. Gervais, in addition to his observations at the last sitting on the metamorphosis of the Myrkipoda, reported that he had since had an opportunity of examining the young of Geophiliis. A young individual of this species which he had procured at Paris, and which was but a line in length, pos- sessed but six pair of legs ; the joints of the antennae were already fourteen in number, and the last segment of the body possessed the two setae which are characteristic of the genus. M. Gervais is preparing a figure and description of this little animal. ENTOMOLOGICAL fvOCICTY OF FRANCE. lOO M. AuDOUiN submitted to the Society some Crustacea which he had received from M. Bravais, and which were very remark- able on account of their similarity to certain bivalve shells ; many Crustacea possessing this character, as Cythere, Cypris, Lpicetcs, and Limnadia, were already known, but here the resemblance was much more complete, for the cross striaj of the shell were readily to be traced, and its size was at least a centimeter; nevertheless, the class to which these animals belonged could not be mistaken. These Crustacea, M. Au- douin considered, ought to constitute a new genus, allied to Lynceusy and would connect this genus with Limnadia: they will form the subject of a future paper. They were found in a little pond of brackish water at Arzen, near Oran, on the coast of Africa ; in the same pond Dytlsci were captured. M. AuDOUiN then exhibited to the Society some Crustacea, very nearly related to the above, which he had received from M. Deshayes. These Crustacea, which equal in size those of Arzea, have been found in different provinces of the Russian Empire; and a naturalist of that country, M. Krynecki, has recently published a description of them in the " Bulletin de la Soclete des Naturalistes de Moscou,'' under the name of Limnadia tetracera. M. Audouin entered minutely into the structure of these Crustacea, and clearly demonstrated that they could not be placed in the genus Limnadia, that they approached much more nearly to Lynceus, and indeed that they belonged to the same genus as the Crustacea previously ex- hibited from Arzen: to this new genus he proposed the name Cyzicus, a genus composed at present of but two species, C. Bravaisii and C. tetracerus. M. Audouin then remarked on the widely separated habitats of the two species, Russia and the Coast of Africa ; and observed that it was by no means a solitary instance of genera, at present composed of very few species, being found dispersed over far distant regions of the globe ; even confining himself to the Entomostraca, he would cite the genus Limnadia, which, till lately composed of a single species, a native of France, was now enriched by a second, very similar to the first, which had been found by M. Desgardin in the Island of Maurice, situated within the tropics. Reverting to the Entomostraca of Arzen and of Russia, M. Audouin observed that he had found among them both males and females ; this fact he considered of great 134 PROCEEDINGS OF THE importance in the history of these animals, for in many genera, and particularly in Limnadm, we had hitherto been unable to distinguish the sexes, and had consequently considered them hermaphrodites ; in the specimens before him, from Arzen and Russia, there was not the least doubt of the existence of dis- tinct sexes. The males were invariably without eggs, and were furnished moreover at the anterior part of their body with two pair of appendages, terminating in points, and with stout claws, with which they, without doubt, seized the females, and held them during the act of copulation. The females are without these organs, and are provided with ovaries filled with eggs. M. Audouin terminated his address by submitting to the Society some minute Crustacea of the genus Lynceus, probably the L. hraehjurus of Muller. They had been for- warded to him by M. Waga, the distinguished professor of Natural History at Warsaw. Although but three millimeters in length, they were considered as giant Entomostracea, com- pared with Dapknea and Cypris; yet were dwarfs in comparison with Lhnnadia and Cyzicus. . The Lyncei also possessed dis- tinct sexes. M. Audouin will recur to these peculiarities in a memoir which he is preparing on various animals. The following papers were read : — Description of the Libellulina of the neighbourhood of Aix, by M. BoYER de Fonscolombe. Description of a new species of the genus Adena, by M. PlERRET. Memoir on two Thiece which attack the olive, by j\I. Boyer de Fonscolombe. M. Ahrens, of Augsburgh, was admitted a member of the Society. Sitting of the 15th of February, 1837. M. Audouin in the Chair. The following donations were announced : — M. DupoNT. His Monograph of the Trachy derides, ex- tracted from the Magazine of Zoology. MM. Castelneau and Gory. The 11th number of their Natural History, and Iconography of Coleopteva. The Secretary read a second time the letter from M. Gue- RiN, resigning his membership in the Society. On this subject Col. Feisthamel, Vice-President of the Society during the ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF FRANCE. 135 preceding year, denied those allegations contained in the letter which referred to him. The Society came unanimously to the conclusion, that the charges in M. Guerin's letter were wholly unfounded. M. Guerin's resignation of membership was ac- cepted. M. Feistiiamel communicated to the Society some par- ticulars respecting the death of M. Picard, which he had announced at the last sitting. Most of its members having been personally acquainted with M. Picard, and considering that this young traveller had fallen a victim to his devotion to the science of Entomology, the Society engaged M. Feistharael to draw up a necrological notice on this subject. M. AuDOUiN communicated to the Society that M. de Theis being charged with the Consulship of Wallachia, he would not be able, for a considerable time, to be present at their sittings; but he offered to the Society his services in the country in which he was about to reside. M. Amyot acquainted the Society with the publication of the translation of a Chinese work on the mode of cultivating the Silkworm ; this translation, he said, had been made by direc- tion of the Minister of Trade, and copies would be distributed to the various public societies. M. Amyot hoped the Presi- dent would apply for a copy. M. AuDouiN presented to the Society two specimens of a remarkable Crustacea, which much resembled the Argiilus foliaceus of Jurine, but differed from that insect in wanting the breathing apparatus attached to the anterior feet, and also in its size, exceeding a centimeter and a half in length. This Crustacea had been found in Cayenne, by M. Lacordaire ; it is parasitical on a fish called Apnara, much esteemed as an article of food, and found in all the rivers of that country. M. Audouin described the insect, and considered it the type of a new genus, to which he proposed the name Dolops. The species he wished to dedicate to M. Lacordaire, and therefore called it Dolops Lacordairei. M. DupoNCHEL read the Report of the Committee chosen at the preceding sitting, to draw up regulations on the subject of the library, and the duties of the curator. The consider- ation of this Report was deferred till the next sitting. M. DupoNCHEL, in his own name and that of M. Pierret, read a report on a paper by M. Desjardins on a species of 1S6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE Alucita. The conclusions contained in the report were adopted, and the Society resolved that it should be printed in the Annates at the conclusion of M. Desjai'din's paper. M. Serville read, in his own name and that of M. Brullk, a report on another paper by M. Desjardins, on a new species of Hemiptera, of the family Hydrocorisce. The Society also adopted this report, and ordered its being printed at the con- clusion of M. Desjardin's paper. M. Le CoMTE Dejean of Paris, M. Dayere of Paris, and Dr. Greville of Edinburgh, were severally admitted members of the Society. Sitting of the 1st of March, 1837. M. AuDouiN in the Chair. The following donations were announced : — M. Levrault. Annales Fran^aises et etrangeres d'Anato- mie et de Physiologic comparees, par MM. Laurent et Bazin, V^. Livraison. M. Villa. De Quibusdam Coleopteris Italiae novis aut rarioribus, by M. Arogona. M. Le Comte Dejean. The first four numbers of his nevf Catalogue. M. BoisDUVAL announced to the Society the death of M. Charding, an entomologist of Lyons. The Society requested the Secretary to write to M. Donzel, to solicit that gentleman to prepare a necrological notice on M. Charding. The Secre- tary announced to the Society that it had lost another of its members, M, Robert, residing at La Chenee, near Liege. M. Aube read a letter which had been addressed to him by M. Paris, a member of the Society, on the subject o^ Dytiscus latissimus, which that entomologist had received in great quan- tities from ponds in the neighbourhood of Epernay. This fact, added to the record of its capture last year in Sologne, proves that this species o^ Dt/tiscus is more widely spread over France than has hitherto been supposed. The Count Dejean observed, that it was an interesting fact that females of Dytiscus latiss'hnus had been found with smooth elytra. M. BuQUET, on the part of M. Trobert, presented to the Society drawings of insects supposed to be new ; these were ENTOMoL-OGICyVL SOCIETY OF FKAXCE. lo/ the Other sex of the GoUathus, lately described by M. Euquet under the name of G. Grallii, and which had been taken on the Island of Fernando Po, and two Calosomata from the Cape de Verd Islands. M. Buquet assured the Society that he would carefully examine the specimens themselves previously to recording them as new in the publications of the Society. Before passing to the reading of the papers which were in the hands of the Secretary, the Society deliberated on the report received at its last sitting, on the subject of some altered regulations which appeared requisite, in consequence of the removal of its library, which had hitherto been deposiietl at the residence of the Curator. The Society adopted the course proposed in the Report, and entrusted the Council with drawing up some regulations for the management of the library, a copy of which should be placed in the room where the sittings were held, in order to prevent the possibility of any misunderstand- ing of the duties of the librarian. The following papers were read : — A description of two new Lepidoptera of the family Noctuidce, by M, GuENEE. A notice on the metamorphosis of a species of Ap'ihis, by M. AUBE. Observations on certain organs in different genera of Insects, by M. DoYERE. M. Faldermann, of St. Petersburgh, and M. Olnhausen, of Augsburg, were admitted members of the Society. Sitting of the 1.3th of March, 1837. M. AuDOUiN in the Chair. The following donation was announced: — M. Percheron. Bibliotheque Entomologique. M. GuYOT called the attention of the Society to a Diitit-cus which connected the species circtimcinctiis and duhius. The specimen was a female, with smooth elytra, or at least very slightly striated, and not in any degree comparable to the deeply sulcated appearance which females usually present. The only individuals which M. Guyot had seen appeared to him perfectly mature, although the elytra were still soft. M. AuDOUiN noticed the existence of a pamphlet which had been published many years since, at Perpignan, by ]M. Farines, NO. ir. VOL. V. T 138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE on the Pyralis pilleriana of Hubner, an insect particularly in- jurious to the vine. M. AuDouiN laid before the Society the prospectus of a new Society just established in Paris, which had called itself the SociHe Sericicole, and the object of which was to study the best mode of breeding and rearing the silkworm, and of harvesting and applying the silk which it produces. M. AuDouiN noticed to the Society the pamphlet of M. Felix Duval, printed at Montpelier, on insects injurious to the vine, and of which the Spanish work of M. Lopez y Ramos seemed to be nothing more than a literal translation. The plates in the two works appeared identical, with the exception that the figures were placed a little differently, and in the Spanish work a very few new ones were added. M. AuDouiN, in conclusion, described the very rare folio work of Cyrillo ; it contained twelve plates, and described the insects found in the vicinity of Naples : he stated he had lately added this book to his library. M. DoYERE acquainted the Society with the observations which he had lately laid before the Philomatic Society, on the subject of the organs of perforation possessed by insects, and particularly of the oviposition of the female Cicadoe. Reaumur had often occupied himself with this subject, and all subsequent authors had been quite content to follow him implicitly : but M. Doyere thought this interesting mechanism deserved a fresh investigation ; and he believed it possible to assemble the various facts under a general theory, at variance with all that M. Reaumur had proposed. He would take for example the female Cicada ; in this insect the ovipositor is formed of three pieces or stalks, closely arranged together. According to the received opinion, the two lateral pieces or files played along the centre piece, which had no other object than directing the motions of the others, and preventing them from spreading; the perforation resulting from the motion of these files on the wood. M. Doyere had observed — 1st, That the teeth of these pretended files are too blunt, and appeared to him ill calculated for this employment. 2dly, That from considerations entirely mechanical, and a priori, the instrument, according to Reaumur's theory, would require a sufficient fulcrum, having no other than the body of the insect b orne on its legs ; and being consequently ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF FRANCE. 139 reduced, for its maximum limit of action, to the weight of its own body, a power entirely insufficient in all insects armed with either stings or pointed ovipositors. This consideration alone is sufficient, independently of all anatomical researches, to make us acknowledge the necessity of solutions entirely different from those which are now received. 3dly, That, moreover, the longitudinal movement of the files is impossible; indeed, had not Reaumur neglected internal anatomy, he must have observed that the two lateral pieces to which he assigns the principal part in the act of perforation, are, in reality, fixed by one of their edges to the penultimate segment of the abdomen, and that the only piece of the three which is really moveable is the central one, which is attached to the extremity of a powerful lever, moved by two large powerful masses of muscle. In consequence of this fact, and others which would occupy too much space here, M. Doyere is led to the following con- clusions : — 1st, That the only movement which the lateral pieces can perform is a rotatory movement, the object of which is to force the central piece from the groove in which it lays embedded when at rest. 2dly, That the lateral pieces, erroneously termed files, only act in the process of perforation as grapnels ; spreading by the action of the central piece, they fix themselves firmly in the wood by their teeth, at their extremity, and thus form the point of resistance wanted in Reaumur's theory. Finally, that the middle piece is in reality the instrument used for perforation, and acts at the same time as a means of spreading the grapnels, and fixing their teeth in the fibres of the wood ; and as a punch or perforator, after it has passed the extremity of the grapnels, for perforating deeply into the sub- stance of the wood itself. M. Doyere said, that in this theory the entire mechanism, power, and fulcrum, are contained in the penultimate segment of the abdomen, which is consequently sufficient for its func- tions, independently of the other parts of the body. He deferred, till another opportunity, laying before the Society a variety of observations which he had made on the stings of Hymenoptera, the rostrum of Hemipteray and the ovipositor of many female Orthoptera. 140 NOTES OF AN The following papers were read : — Note on the Peculiarities presented in the Changes of Skin in Charaxes Jasius, by M. Duponchel. Descriptions of three new Lepidoptera from Sicily and Spain, Cleophmm Elisaldei, Anthocaris Damone, and Acontia Graellsii, by M. FeisthameL Art. XV. — Notes of an Irish Insect-Hunter. Chapters I. — IV. [Ill which the ISToter arriveth at Dublin ; mingleth in the election; crosseth the country from east to west; traverseth on foot among the Cunnemara maun- tains — but saith nothing about insects.] At twelve hours' notice we were ready. Passing all the wonders of the route from London to Birmingham by night- coach, — thence, tld rail, just opened, to Liverpool, in precise time to scramble on board the Post-office steam-packet for Dublin, — suffice it to say, that, after a tolerably blowing night, on regaining the deck I found we were just entering Kingstown harbour, in the teeth of a brisk wind, on as fine a fresh morning as ever converted the sea into the irregularly moving surface of a molten mirror, ploughed up and shattered, as the prow met each wave in the particular track in which we were dashing, like mingled quicksilver and liquid emerald, on the spray of which were reflected ten thousand broken rainbows. I have not seen the Bay of Naples, or of Constantinople ; nor had I ever heard the Bay of Kingstown described, — there- fore I was not prepared for this magnificent iiiLroduction to the sister-isle. The far out-stretching mountain-promontory of Howth-hill forms its northern boundary ; the bold and pic- turesque termination of the Wicklow range, its southern. They are the respective horns of something more than a crescent, and, each armed with its lighthouse, seem to invite you in and offer protection, which the enormous artificial works render perfect. An 800-ton vessel may unload alongside the quay at any time ; and the largest merchantman or man-of-war may take refuge within the pier immediately after flood. IRISH INSECT-HUNTER. 141 Never having visited a foreign country, I cannot say that my feelings on landing were the same as if I were setting foot for the first time on any other shore. Nor will I give the slightest countenance to any consideration of Ireland, as a thing sepa- rate and apart from ourselves. I have always had for that country a place in my affections — a kindly interest and regard, hke as for a sister, from whom the mistaken partiality and caprice of a parent had kept me asunder and in ignorance of from childhood. I loved her, — not, perhaps, with the glov/ of earliest acquaintance, and the attachment that springs from daily interchange of kindness and full community of feeling and pursuit, — but with that spontaneous, undefined emotion, not unmingled with a degree of curiosity and excitement, that is sure to be awakened, in the heart not barbarized, the more strongly towards an unknown but rightful claimant, when neglected and oppressed. There might be untoward features of person or character to account for our parent's conduct, but this does not satisfy or stifle the call of natural aflfection There is abundance that is characteristic on first landing in Ireland. You have secured your carpet-bag or portmanteau, — mounted with the throng the steps of the paddle-box, — escaped over the plank on to the adjoining steamer, and finally gained the broad flight of steps leading up to the quay. Now beware of those ragged urchins that, jabbering like monkeys, instantly seize on such portable luggage as you have about you, and seem as if they would tear it to pieces like rats. A tremendous thwack across the shoulders of one of them, from a man who saw we were annoyed by their officiousness and clamour, instantly scattered the crew. We pitied the poor little fellow that received the blow, but were glad to get quit of their excess of civility. About two or three minutes brings you to the train, waiting for the steam-packet passengers. Rail-road travelling, to me, is the most tedious of all kinds of locomotion. The time is undoubtedly shortened ; but that by which you measure time, namely, the succession of ideas, is retarded by the paramount monotony in at least equal pro- portion. It is a singular paradox, that in proportion to the paucity and slowness of your ideas will time on hand appear tedious in passing, but rapidly to have passed on retrospection, because there is nothing to occupy space, nothing but a vacuum 142 NOTES OF AN to look back upon ; and, on the contrary, in proportion to the rapidity and volume of your ideas, and events therewith con- nected, will time in hand appear to pass quickly, and the retrospect to fill an age. This is the true rationale of occu- pation being a cure for ennui. And if, on this principle, we apply the Rule of Three Inverse to rail-road travelling, I believe we shall find the advantage of seeming quickness, that is, less tedium, on the side of the post-road and horses, and still more in favour of the pedestrian ! That between Kingston and Dublin is, however, the very worst piece of rail-road I know of anywhere. They were changing the granite for wooden sleepers, as more durable, with less jar. There are several stoppings at stations in this short distance, so that they were half an hour performing the five miles ; which, after a night's sea-sickness, and the prospect of breakfast at the end of it, is intolerable for a rail-road. On alighting at the terminus, you are surrounded by a similar set of ragged boys, with the addition of a posse of the owners or conductors of that most national of all vehicles, — the Irish car. Being strangers to the ways, and manners, and style of appearances here, we avoided the whole set of cars, (though there was a choice most varied in all respects but one,) for the sake of respectability ; and fixed upon one of the most promising of the lads who were pressing their services upon us, to carry our baggage and show us the way. Catch an Irishman at fault if you can. Man and boy, they are replete with information, and never confess their ignorance of any thing. Our little avant courier answered with the most unhesitating assurance our inquiries as to his knowledge of the house we had the direction of; and, briskly trotting on before, made inquiry ybr himself of every similar urchin he met with on the way. We reached our destination in safety, and were comfortably seated at breakfast in the centre of the Irish metropolis thirty-six hours after we had left our own home in London. I am not going to inflict a description of the Irish capital. Our " concern" was not with the great cities and flourishing part of that country. It was the people rather than the places that we wished to see for ourselves. It was the state of the peasantry in the most remote and destitute districts, that we were anxious to witness, if practicable. Our chief interest and IRISH INSECT-HUNTER. 143 sympathy was with wild, uncivilized, catholic Ireland. Still, as strangers, we must not entirely pass over Dublin, lest it should be taken for indifference or deficiency of notice. Sack- ville-street is the great lion of Dublin, and Saclsjville-street is the only thing in all Ireland with which we were disappointed. This arose from the very common cause of extravagant antici- pations. I fancied, from what I had heard, that all the public buildings in Dublin were congregated together in this one street; and having often seen it described as one of the " finest streets in Europe," I expected to find it all palace and archi- tecture. We were disappointed, therefore, to find ourselves actually in Sackville-street without being actually overpowered by its grandeur, or even quite sure of its identity ; and when we came to the conclusion that it must be Sackville-street, the existence of plain matter-of-fact shops operated against its dignity, by obtruding ideas of pounds, shillings and pence, and brought it down to our own ordinary level of good business streets. There is nothing great in Sackville-street except its width, — said to be one hundred and seventy yards. It is very inferior to our Portland-place in aristocratic air, and to many streets of Edinburgh in point of architecture. Large hotels, some of which were the town residences of members of the nobility before the union of the two Parliaments, occupy a considerable portion of the street. Nelson's column is placed in the centre, and, from the bridge, esteemed the best point of view, appears directly opposite the post-office, which, having no building to correspond with its projecting pediment, had, to my eye, an ugly, lop-sided effect. Whether the best taste is displayed by placing a column or pillar in the centre rather than at one end of a street, may be questioned, on comparison with our Duke of York's column, Waterloo-place. In the former situation it is necessarily more or less of an obstruction, breaks the unity of the view, and loses the fine effect of a long avenue. But, apart from exaggerated expectation, Sackville-street is a fine street, and Dublin a fine city. There are other streets that vie with Sackville-street, except in width. The line along the river is as broad, or broader, and contains far more of architecture and interest. The view from Carlisle-bridge, as an architectural one, is said to be unrivalled in Europe, the eye being met by a fine building whichever way you turn, — 144 NOTES OF AN the Custom-house — the Post-ofiice, with Nelson's pillar — the Four Courts — and the Bank. The last-mentioned building, formerly designed for the Parliament-house, is beautiful and unique. We have nothing in London to compare with the separate or combined elegance of its several fronts ; and the Custom-house transcends ours in about the proportion that the Thames does the LifFey. There are squares too, not so splendid but larger, and in better taste than ours; and one or two busi- ness establishments that excel any we have to show, — not in plate-glass and gas-lights, — but in size and appearance of substantial respectability. On the other hand, we saw misery and wretcliedness enough; but still, I suppose, did not happen upon the worst parts of Dublin, often described in such harrow- ing terms; for, except in the somewhat greater proportion of the shoeless and stockingless, which is only national, we saw nothing but what there is unfortunately parallel enough to in our own metropolis, in each particular of filth, destitution, and density of population. Things which we see plainly abroad, at home and beneath our eyes too frequently pass unnoticed; and perhaps there is a habit of looking for misery in Ireland. I believe there are thousands, both of visitors and residents, in this vast metropolis of London, who may think too that they are well acquainted with its every feature, and yet have no idea of the extent of its pauper population, nor of the appalling state ol" filth, disease, and squalid misery, of many of its quarters Of course, we visited Phoenix Park, which far exceeds in extent and variety any of ours : and the Zoo- logical-gardens, which form one of its attractions, though not large or very numerously stocked, are interesting and prettily laid out. Travellers who wish to see things as they really are, should not take letters of introduction. This is a particularly good rule for those who cannot obtain them. The next least evil to none at all, is as many as you can possibly get, and to persons of all ranks and parties, professions, opinions, and manner of occupation in life. You can scarcely help receiving a bias from the channel in which you are thrown, more parti- cularly when connected with kindness and hospitality. Letters of introduction act as a groove or tram-road, confining you to a certain course or direction. We had but two ; one to J. Tardy, Esq. of Mount-pleasant, near Dublin, the esteemed IRISH INSECT-HUNTER. 145 entomologist, whom we found upon inquiry to have been some time deceased ; the other, to a resident gentleman, from ■u'hom we received the greatest kindness, and the most useful practical information as to getting along. The election for Dublin city was at its highest point of interest. The poll here is open for five days : this was the fourth. O'Connell and Ilutton, the popular candidates, in spite of the whole corporate opposition brought to bear against them, had headed the poll yesterday. They had increased their majority to-day. To-morrow the poll would close. Excitement and party-feeling was at its height. In the Tory papers of the day, we read long accounts of the disturbed and disorganized state of the populace, of the dreadful outrages committed, of the bands of hired ruffians prowling about in lawless array, armed with bludgeons, insulting every one having the appearance of respectability, and endangering the lives of the peaceable and the stranger, if in any way suspected of a Protestant bias. Our friend happening to be of liberal opinions, proposed going down to the Court-house, for the chance of hearing O'Connell speak at the announcement of the poll. I was delighted with the opportunity of making myself ac- quainted with a genuine Irish mob ; and should certainly like to have witnessed the learned Agitator address a native street- audience in his own capital. In this we were disappointed. He did not speak that evening, probably reserving himself for his expected final triumph of the morrow. But we were most amply repaid in hearing Henry Grattan, Counsellor O'Dwyer, and Tom Reynolds, *' second only to Dan." I never witnessed any thing finer, either in manner or effect, than the speech of the first-named gentleman. I believe he could have done any thing with his audience. He seemed most thoroughly to understand them. His stentorian voice is particularly well adapted for out-door occasions. Its rich volume almost seemed to fill the arch of heaven, and commanded attention, which the measured slowness of his delivery enabled the dullest capacity to keep up. His language was of the simplest order, yet full of vigour and animation, with that happy mixture of half wit, half eloquence, so nationally characteristic, and so truly irre- sistible. When he paused, which was not unfrequent, the applause was boundless and unrestrainable. His tall, graceful, commanding figure, and high intellectual expression, contrasted NO. II. VOL. V. u 146 NOTES OF AN" singularly enough with his ragamuffin audience, and greatly added to the effect. On looking from one to the other, one would have thought there could have been nothing in common between the speaker and his auditory, — nothing in him that they could understand, — nothing in them to appeal to. But he possessed the true art of oratory, by which the great models of antiquity performed those wonders. He did not descend to the level of his hearers, by pandering to their base passions and inflaming their low desires, but he brought them up to his own elevation, and carried them along with him to the highest pitch of excitement and enthusiasm. He appealed to those common feelings of humanity, of love, of home, of kindred, of country, of right, of truth, of religion, which, after all, are more readily awakened in the unsophisticated, though poor and destitute, than in the learned, the pampered, and the rich. He was full of the happiest turns and allusions. There is a rich vein to be worked upon in every human being, however ignorant, humble, or depressed. There are universal feelings of right and wrong, an inherent sense of justice and injustice, which no tyranny or persecution can ultimately destroy. They may be stifled or kept down in one generation, but they are born again with the next, — eternal in their nature. All children of one common Parent, there is no law of entail or primogeniture in the feelings of humanity, or the powers of the mind. But did we escape alive and unharmed out of the mob ? An Irish election mob, in the Irish capital, under the excitement and triumph of the popular cause ? — vociferating the most vio- lent language, dealing terror and destruction around them, and defying the civil power, — of course ? Nothing of the kind. I have learnt the meaning and the power of " peaceful agitation." We had worked ourselves as near the platform as possible, into the very centre of the crowd, and were within hearing of the cheers of the rival mob of the opposing candidates. Occasion- ally there was an irresistible pressure from that quarter, and we were borne backwards en masse. But there was none of that rude struggling by, and terrific elbowing, and brutual violence of a London mob. Every one seemed as anxious to keep his neighbour as himself in his place, and to prevent the weakly and females from being borne down in the crowd ; and on the returning tide gave preference to those who had occupied fore- IRISH INSKCT-HUNTER. 147 most places before. During one of the great pressures a tall, good-humoured looking Irishman, after eyeing me awhile, and perceiving I was somewhat inconvenienced, firmly planted him- self against the dead, or rather living weight, and gained me space. '* You're used to liberty," says he, " your honour, in your own country, and you're come to spake up for it here." He stuck by me, and begged I would not be alarmed while he was near, till the crowd dispersed, which they did in the most quiet and orderly manner, on the last speaker's waving his hand, to signify all was done, and bid them go home. From some ex- perience, I unhesitatingly pronounce the London mob to be a set of uncivilised, savage, and ruffianly barbarians, as compared with the traduced Irish. A trait of characteristic civility we met with in the driver of the car which took us to Phoenix Park, that contrasts finely with the usual demeanour of our cabman or coachee. Though I tried to drive a bargain with him for his fare, as soon as he found, with the tact of the lower Irish, that we were strangers to Dublin, his heart opened, he became extremely communi- cative, and voluntarily drove us a considerable round, for the purpose of pointing out the fine streets and public buildings ; and at the entrance of an inclosed square where the band were playing, he stopped of his own accord for us to get out and listen to the performances, without restriction to time. We might as easily have escaped another way as not. Our object being to penetrate into the wildest and least frequented parts of the island, we cut the north entirely out of our map; but even in Dublin we found the greatest igno- rance of the means of communication, and readiest mode of access to the west. In the best maps there are no roads marked beyond Castlebar and Westport, in county Mayo, and none in the western parts of Galway at all. We therefore found this region generally looked upon as an undiscovered and inaccessible country. Now, for the information of all future travellers, there is a rapid and well-appointed mail leaves Dublin, every evening, for Westport, on the coast of the Atlantic opposite. This we did not learn of, and therefore took the Galway coach, which we understood had a branch to Tuam, as the nearest approach. The SQene on starting, at six o'clock in the morning, is in no way different to that at a similar hour in London. The 148 NOTES OF AN Irish coachmen are, if any thing, more punctual and impatient, and a cloak or umbrella is not admitted to be possession of a place ; on booking which, along with the receipt, you are furnished with a printed set of salutai'y advices and rules of behaviour, conceived in the usual quaint style. Just out of Dublin you meet the various mails coming in. 'i he road is pretty and diversified, and ornamented with numerous seats and villas. In about six miles you reach Lucan, with its com- manding and picturesque church, its spas, aiid commodious Spa- house. This is the grand resort of the pleasure-seeking, holiday-making folk, in Spring and Summer, to eat straw- berries, drink the waters, and enjoy the scenery. The Litiey accompanies the road thus far, which it crosses at a village a little beyond, in a fine broad rapid. The celebrated Maynooth is the first stage on this road. It consists principally of one long dull street. The College is a low unimposing building, without any architectural pretension, but apparently very extensive. It is frowningly overhung by the massive grey luin of an old abbey or cathedral, by far the most striking object. We pass Kill-cock, Blackwater-Bridge, Clonard-Bridge, Tyrel's-Pass, and Kilbeggan ; accompanied the greater part of the way, on one side or the other, by the grand canal, which forms a direct communication, by means of the Shannon, between Dublin and Limerick, and on which boats of tolerable speed regularly ply. 1 1 would afford an in- teresting mode of reaching the latter city, for the traveller who had time at command. At Kilbeggan we had the first specimen of an Irish market- day, a sight too novel and curious to be passed by unrecorded. The street was literally filled with a phalanx of women, or . rather of women's caps, — for that the wearers were beneath was a matter to be inferred, rather than actually ascertained by observation, — until the living mass opened to make way for the coach, and immediately closed again behind it. The scene was full of humour, and the effect to an English eye was droll and graphic in the extreme. The next town. Moat, is one of considerable size, with a good wide street, and some respect- able residences. A little out of Moat, turn the rise of the road, and — all hail to the glorious Shannon ! Not romantic in this part of its course, — not wild with rock, and rich with wooded bank, — but IRISH INSECT-HUNTER. 149 sweeping with broad brimful course, and calm majestic flow, over the long level Bog of Allen, far as the eye could reach. The town of Athlone is seen occupying a considerable site on both banks. This is an old military-looking place, imposing enough at a distance, but narrow, dirty, and disagreeable. It is approached by the customary long, low suburb of miserable mud cabins, which sometimes extends a mile or more in con- tinuation of the principal streets of the larger towns. The Shannon is crossed by a wretched and narrow bridge, — made still narrower by two mills being built upon it, — consisting of some eighteen or twenty irregularly built arches. Here, like- wise, it was market day, — and the bridge •was crammed with women, or their upper representatives as before noted, so thick and immovable that there seemed to be a regular block, and no other alternative than that of the sheep-dogs, viz. running over their heads. How they got out of the way, or where they squeezed into, I cannot imagine. It was not without difficulty and danger that the coach made its way amongst them over the bridge, and up the steep crooked street opposite into the market-place, each equally crowded. With all this bustle, and the number and size of the shops, it had every appearance of being a place of considerable traffic. There are extensive barracks and fortifications on the Connaught side, which province you enter on leaving Athlone. The country between Athlone and Ballinasloe ofi^ers nothing remarkable. It is a continuation of the same dreary flat ; — bog on both sides of the road, a boundless waste, — relieved only by the slight cultivation on its edges. Ballinasloe is a good town for its size, and is the centre of communication for this part of .the island. Coaches branch off to different places, and the mails here exchange their bags. The main street is of hand- some width, and contains many good houses, besides a comfort- able hotel where the coach stops. We were booked for the Tuam branch. The road continues over the same uninteresting level, through the villages of Ahascragh, Castle-Blakeney, and Mount-Bellew, where Mr. Bellew resides. This is one of those estates that so strikingly exhibit the difference between the kind and resident landlord and the reckless absentee. Here every thing looks smiling and happy, — the cottages comfortable and well glazed, — and their occupiers visibly under the hand of improvement. A large tract of bog has been 150 NOTES OF AN reclaimed within these few years, and converted into a well- planted and handsome estate, — most profitable, unquestionably, to the owner, — a source of employment to the tenantry, — and an ornament to the face of the country. Moilogh and Kille- reen complete the journey to Tuam. Now let me record our first impressions on being thus intro- duced at once into the very heart of Ireland. The general aspect of the centre of the island, — through which we had travelled, — is one vast flat. So insignificant are the elevations throughout the whole of this line of country, that chemical lights, displayed for the purpose, on the Nephin-Bog Mountains, in the extreme west of the county Mayo, were visible from the high ground about Dublin, being a distance of one hundred and ten Irish, or about one hundred and forty English miles, in a straight line right across the island, — thus proving that no eminence sufficient to obstruct the view existed between. The road itself is as good as an average of the same length on any line in England, and is intersected by numerous cross-roads running up into the country in every direction. Towns and villages are larger and more numerous than with us in merely country districts ; and the country itself is every where thickly inhabited. The deficiency of timber, the absence of hedge- rows, and the general poverty of the agriculture, leave a bare and sometimes desolate appearance. There are no large sub- stantial farm-houses, with their corn-fields and cattle, and few plantations to decorate and enliven the landscape. The only cultivation throughout large districts is just about the cabins, in small patches, reclaimed by hand-labour from the edges of the bog, stretching far and wide behind, and is of the very commonest order, — a little patch of barley, a few straggling oats, a little flax, or the potatoe patch. The cabins alongside or in sight of this road were not, upon the whole, so very miserable, mostly better than mere mud walls, and more or less glazed. Besides pigs, fowls, and geese in abundance, goats, tied two and two, were very com- mon at the doors. The inclosures were generally loose stone walls, or earth ; but the common entrances were sound mortared pillars, with iron gates. If I were asked to express, in a word, one of the most characteristic differences of feature between the country here and our own favourite districts, I should say the English rural lane, which does not exist in Ireland. IRISH INSECT-HUNTER. 151 A Stranger passing through would suppose every little road- side hamlet to be a place of immense resort, for at least six out of seven of the cabins or cottages, including hovels the most mean-looking and miserable, have a board of invitation to the traveller hung out, and variously expressed : — " Lodgings, hj Margaret Connor," or " Mary O'Donnell," and " Beds to let." The order, too, in which the invitation to good cheer was fre- quently written on the sign-boards of the little road-side inns, viz. "Licensed to sell spirituous liquors — Entertainment;" the latter word often underneath, in the way of an after-thought or nota bene, indicated, I thought, too plainly the national preference for the liquid excitements over the solid enjoyments of life, — a regard for drinking as the more constant and serious business, — the rest only an occasional occupation or light amusement. ... It strikes me now that I do not remember to have noticed a single instance of incorrect spelling on any of the sign-boards or other notifications, of which we have such ludicrous specimens in the rustic districts, and even in the larger towns, of England and Wales. There was plenty of dirt and rags to be seen ; but, on the whole, we found the population cleaner and better clad than, from all accounts, we had expected. The men generally wore a grey coat or jerkin, and were mostly provided with hats, shoes, and stockings. Among the women, at least six days in the week, shoes and stockings can scarcely be said to exist. The matrons wear caps, — the girls neither caps nor bonnets ; but the cloak! — " how it strikes a stranger!" — that Protean article of dress ! what would an Irish country girl be without her cloak ! Besides its own proper duty, it performs the part of shawl, hood, bonnet, cap, veil, umbrella, parasol, gown, ad infra, — I dare not give the English any further, — according as it is variously worn, sometimes most gracefully, and always picturesque. The colour of the cloak is generally either blue or scarlet, according to the district, and is made to display a degree of native taste with which we were equally surprised and delighted. When we had further opportunities of observ- ing the fine tall figures, and becoming manner of the country lasses, thronging the hills and cross-roads on Sunday, all neat and tidy, with this cloak so variously worn, — their long black hair carefully parted over the forehead, and flowing behind, except when the wearer owned a gay party-coloured handker- 152 NOTES OF AN chief, or a comb with which she restrained its ricli luxuriance, I could not help inwardly condemning the man or woman that first invented the cap or the boddice, as utterly destitute of feeling and good taste. The ecclesiastical buildings form a striking feature, the more so from the total absence of every other description of architecture. I have never passed through any line of country where the churches presented such attractive and beautiful ob- jects. The towns and villages, as before remarked, are larger and more numerous than with us; and every one of them has its Protestant, and its one or two Catholic edifices. The former, in particular, though sometimes small, are always neat and in good keeping, — extremely varied, but chaste in their designs and elevation, — universally in picturesque situations, where such could be commanded, — and not unfrequently on an eminence, or in a planted inclosure, a little out of the respective town or village. They were wholly unexpected, and gave rise to many a pleasing recollection ; and as I gazed with admiration on the light and elegant spire, pointing direct towards the clear blue heaven, in token of the purity and exalted nature of its true and living purpose, — or the more massively turretted church, inclosed in a garden with park-like gates, and an avenue, and well-kept gravel-walk, seeming to breatlie an atmosphere of peace, and happiness, and good-will to men, — I thought of many a familiar and sweet secluded spot ; and perhaps there is more to remind one of home scenes and wanderings in this than in any other feature. We visited the new Catholic Cathedral of Tuam before breakfast. Many were at their devotions at this early hour. It is a magnificent specimen of modern gothic architecture, and when the tower is finished, will be a finely conspicuous object for many miles round. The altar is a tasteful and costly piece of workmanship, built entirely of rich and variegated marble. This is the building that occasioned so much acri- mony and paper-bitterness, on account of the names of some members of our noble Protestant families being found in the subscription list. I pity the narrow policy that would confine the worship of God to our own particular views, or to any one form or system ; or that would not aid a brother to perform that sacred duty in the way that his conscience dictates, or that he has been taught to think best. Not but that, with the strong IRISH INSECT-HUNTER. 15a and enlightened conviction of having found the more excellent way, we are at liberty and bound to persuade ; but having used our best endeavours, we must leave every man to the result of his own conviction, and should respect it as much as our own. No man, or set of men, have any right to assume that they, and they only, are in the right, and possess the key of light and of truth. It is truly astonishing and deplorable to observe how this really popish principle of our own infallibility pervades every sect and denomination, and seems, as it were, to be one that is engrafted in the very constitution of the human mind. True Christianity is utterly opposed to any such assumption, and to every species of narrowness and sectarianism, in its whole spirit and tendency. Its distinguishing character is breadth, and universality, in its perfect adaptation to the wants of every member of the human family, wherever situate, and under whatever condition or circumstance in life I was glad to find the Protestant and titular Archbishops of Tuam, who reside close together, were on friendly terms ; which example extended itself to the population, and is generally the case where either one party or the other greatly preponderate. The proportion here is about one Protestant to one hundred Catholics. The city of Tuam is irregular and dirty, without any recommendation either in itself or the surrounding country. From the first stage out of Tuam the character of the scenery begins to change. Beyond the flat, dreary bog-level you catch the first glimpse of the Nephin chain of mountains, and peer- ing behind and above them all the peak of Croagh-Patrick, or ** the Reek," is seen still at a distance of forty miles. Along the road the edges only of the bog continue to be cultivated, principally in patches of potatoes and barley, with an increased proportion, as you approach westward, of that most elegant of all crops — the flax. The villages of Roundfort and Holymount are the next stages. A little before reaching the latter place is a handsome building, which, on inquiry, we found to be an agricultural school, belonging to an English Company, but about to be given up and sold for want of support. We could not very distinctly learn the causes of failure, but gathered that it was the difficulty of obtaining scholars, from the inapt- n€ss of the Irish to learn upon system, rather than any defect or mismanagement on the part of the Company. It is a great NO. II. vol,. V. X 154 NOTES OF AN pity such an institution should not succeed, where there are milhons of acres lying waste, and a population comparatively unemployed. The same labour that is now frittered away in shreds and patches, if employed with system, and directed by capital, would bring a vast quantity of land into the finest cul- tivation, and afford a most profitable investment. Instead of going out to South Australia, or the Canadas, why not colonize Ireland ? . . . There is a beautiful seat of Lord Lucan's on enter- ing Holymount, which is a neat little place, with its massive Catholic and light elegant-spired Protestant church. Far over the bog, on the right, may be descried the ruins of the once flourishing Abbey and Monastery of Mayo. Though the name of the county remains, the town has long since ceased to exist. It was an English monastery, and once numbered one thousand five hundred students. This is said to be where Alfred the Great was educated, and likewise the place of his burial. The natives still show his tomb. The road as you advance begins to assume a more picturesque character, occasionally winding among hills, bare, but afford- ing relief to the eye, after the long dreary waste upon which it had been gazing. Lough Mask is on the left hand. From the stage at Belcarragh the majestic Reek presents a most strik- ing and extraordinary appearance. The great Nephin range seems to have dispersed itself, and for some miles the gigantic Reek stands alone, right across the road, a perfect pyramid, regular as if hewn, and only differing from those of Egypt in being a thousand times greater. It continues to preserve more or less of this singular form, but loses its direct bearing with the road, and perfect regularity of outline, by the pro- jection of its shoulders, and clefts and hollows becoming visible on nearer approach. We passed through this part of the country on a Sunday. It was striking and beautiful to observe these simple peasantry winding down the hills into the roads, all decent and orderly, to mass. The men mostly tolerably well-clad ; the women and girls — more erring on the side of scantiness — in their own costume, as before described. There were many arch faces among the latter, prettily shaded by a branch or two which some carried to screen them from the sun. It was uncommonly amusing to observe many of them, on reaching the main road from across the fields and paths, stop by the banks to put on llllSH INSECT-HUNTER. 155 their shoes and stockings, which they had before carried in their hands, or underneath their cloaks ; whether this plan was adopted to protect their feet from the dust, or for the sake of show, — having walked free and unencumbered, for comfort and economy, until they joined the larger throng in the public road, — we must leave till we can inquire next time of their swains and admirers. Round the chapels by the way-side groups of both sexes were kneeling, with a fervour of devotion and reality that one could not doubt. We may say what we like against the Catholic religion, against the tyranny it usurps and the ignorance it fosters, — I am assuredly no Catholic in principle ; I own allegiance spiritual to no man, and to no power on earth, — but there is a zeal, an earnestness, a fervency of piety to be seen in the poor Catholic, to our shame be it spoken, that we rarely discern in the more enlightened but too often cold and formal sectarian. With the Catholic, religion seems to be a part of his very being, a portion of his daily life, the breath of his existence ; while with the Protestant, and highly-professing Dissenter, it is but too frequently only an occasional and often a very irksome duty. We may deplore the delusions to which we think the poor Catholic a victim, and pity, from the bottom of our hearts, what we believe to be his ignorance and his superstition ^ but, — " Despise him not, — his greatest crime May, in his Maker's eye sublime, In spite of all thy pride, be less Than e'en thy daily waywardness." The next town, Castlebar, would not disgrace any part of England. It consists of a large open square or green, inclosed with post and chain, and one or two broad lateral streets. There is a handsome Court-house, several good hotels, and many excellent residences. A number of respectable persons were gathered to receive the mail, in expectation of its bearing the news of the final close of the Dublin election. The inte- rest this had excited all along the road was intense ; men and women, boys and girls, running out of the cottages to greet the mail as it passed, and inquire. On alighting at Castlebar I was presently surrounded, and acted my brief and important part, answering a thousand questions, by which as many things were settled in no time, in the rapid Irish manner, to their 156 NOTES OF AN great satisfaction, till summoned off by the repeated sound of the coachman's whip. Next to the Dublin, the most intense inquiries were made respecting the Middlesex election, then pending. I left them with the impression on my mind, hastily received, but irresistible from the nature of their remarks and their demeanour, that these people were not ignorant and factious, but enlightened and ardent lovers of liberty. I had little expected to find that eyes were fixed upon our metro- politan proceedings, and that our exertions were responded to and watched with the deepest interest and sympathy, at a small town in a remote corner of Ireland, where I before had sup- posed the people sank in the greatest ignorance and apathy. Just out of Castlebar there are several sweet pretty cot- tages, commanding as fine views of secluded lake and mountain as can well be conceived. Lough Dan lies for some miles along a bottom on the right of the road, backed by the wildest mountains. The country is here thinly inhabited and ill culti- vated, and the cabins very poor. We are neighbouring the mighty Reek apace. The road had been gradually rising for some time. One more turn, and the whole of Clew Bay is spread out like a map, dotted with its numberless islands ; and beyond through the opening, between Cleir Island and Achill Head, is seen the broad Atlantic. We reached Westport about mid-day. The distance is 124 Irish, or near 160 English miles from Dublin. Whether it was the circumstance of finding myself in a civilized country, where I had expected the discomforts and inconveniencies of a wild, uncultured, unvisited people, and a different language ; or the feeling of ease and perfect security, where I had anticipated difficulty, and even personal danger; or the fineness of the weather ; or the excitement of travel and novelty ; or the effect of mere good humour, and thorough determination to be pleased and judge favourably, without which talisman no one should ever leave his own home and fire-side, — I do not know; but somehow or other the town of Westport pleased me more than any place I ever remember. We had the whole afternoon before us. So after ordering dinner at Mrs. Robinson's, — we had no idea that dinners were to be got in this part of Ireland, — we employed it in surveying the town and neiglibourhood. And first let me do justice to Lord Sligo's park and domain, which is liberally thrown open IRISH INSECT-HUNTER. 157 as a promenade and pleasure-ground to the inhabitants and visitors of Westport. The gates of the park terminate the principal street; you ring and enter. There are, perhaps, finer domains in England, — one or two; but " The Domain" is every thing to the inhabitants of Westport, and they seem most fully to appreciate it. A long winding drive conducts you over a bridge before the house, which is a plain structure without pretensions, at this time under repair, in consequence of the shortly-expected return home of the noble owner. You can diverge at various points into more private walks. The timber in the park is some of the finest to be met with any where in Ireland. At the western extremity you come upon water, defended by a low wall. The water is partly out: there is a tide-mark ; there is sea-weed ; there is shipping at a little distance ; you can no longer doubt, — it is the shore of the Atlantic on which you are standing, an estuary of which comes up here, and forms the boundary of his Lordship's do- main. Turn a little, cross that bridge, and the blue expanse of an ornamental fresh-water lake meets the eye. There are long drives and fine avenues at every point. After exploring some of these we took a more private walk along the bank of the stream that feeds the lake. It was one of those pellucid streams that reveal their unequal depth, in which every pebble may be counted ; and the poor frighted fish, unused to the sight of a stranger, try in vain to conceal themselves. At a little distance it is drawn into silver sheen by a gentle ledge of rock, which just allows the water to slide down with a soft murmur, without disturbing its translucency. But what is that object peering over-head from behind the mass of foliage, and looking down upon you like a giant? It is the pointed summit of the Reek, so near and so lofty that it seems as it were to take the arch of the sky, and almost bend over you. Its base is hidden, and its real bulk disguised, by the depth and breadth of the impenetrable mass of foliage from the midst of which it appears to spring, like an enormous ornamental pyramid, scarcely out of keeping with the height and vastness of the intercepting forest. Clear of intervening objects, and it occupies one-third of the horizon. On a little elevation, in a sequestered part of the grounds, stands the Protestant church, quiet and unpretending. We met several parties, and many well-dressed promenaders of both sexes, in the park. Others 158 NOTES OF AN were sitting on the grass, in retired and picturesque situations, reading, or otherwise enjoying themselves, in a most rational and agreeable way. Westport is a regularly built town. The principal street consists of Mrs. Robinson's hotel, — so highly spoken of by Inglis, as scarcely second to any in the kingdom for the ex- cellency of its accommodation, — occupying a considerable frontage on one side ; the Catholic chapel, a substantial and handsome stone edifice, on the other, with many very respect- able private residences. It is wide enough to admit of the river being conducted through it in a straight course, banked in and planted with a mall of ash, elm, and alder. The trunk of each tree is bastioned round, and there is a good carriage road before the houses, on each side of the river. The whole had a singular and somewhat continental appearance. About the centre the river is crossed by a stone bridge, leading up the steep declivity of one of the business streets of the town. The Market-house, alternately used as a school and chapel as well, occupies the centre side of a pentagon, with a street out of the opposite angle, appropriately enough called Shop Street, and another street out of each of the two lateral angles. The usual long rows of low mud cabins terminate one or two of the streets, and stretch far into the country, making up a con- siderable population ; but being of good width, and on a steep ascent, they were kept tolerably clean and looked healthy. There seemed to be a kind of stocking-market going on, from the assemblies of women, each with some half dozen pair under her arm or in her lap ; and we observed a greater proportion of the population comfortably furnished in this respect than in the more interior towns. There was even a considerable sprinkling of English straw bonnets and veils, contrasting prettily with the almost bare and fullblown busts of some of the native beauties. Westport has a good quay, extensive gra- naries, and considerable shipping, on the side where the estuary comes up ; and there are several large linen factories in the neighbourhood. We walked a mile or two out of the town, and then, by way of exploring the country, struck into one of the cross roads, that seemed to lead up into the heart of the bare and barren mountains. From below they were apparently devoid of cul- tivation, and without an inhabitant. To our astonishment we IRISH INSECT-HUNTER. 159 found the hills full of people. At every turn and cover in the least sheltered, or where a hollow retained a scratch of earth that could be cultivated, were one, two, or three cabins, with their respective patches of corn, flax, or potatoes. The latter crop is every where grown for the family use, and forms the staple, and, with a little occasional goats' milk, their sole subsistence. The flax is turned to some little profit, for every cottage has its wheel. The barley is made into whiskey. If any other grain is grown it is seldom touched by the family, but with the pig, if one can be kept, sooner or later goes to pay the rent. We found these poor people harmless and well-behaved ; all understood English ; and though we cannot say that some inquisitive faces were not to be seen at the cabin doors as the strangers passed by, we were never rudely stared at. Six o'clock next morning found us seated in a car bound for Louisburg, a place I have not been able to discover in any map or book whatever, though of some size ; a specimen, therefore, of an unadulterated Irish town. It is ten Irish miles still further west, and near the extreme point of this part of the coast. The road winds between the southern bank of the deep estuary, at the head of which Westport stands, and the foot of the majestic Reek rising abruptly on the left. It was one of those enchanting mornings that bathe every object in a flood of the purest radiance. From its jutting promon- taries, deep indentations, and numerous islands, the estuary appeared more like a chain of inland lakes. Just round the edges of the water, and in the deep hollows of the mountain, still hung the mist of the morning, and threw up, in stronger relief, the polished surfaces of the seeming lakes, and other bright points of the landscape, like the dead border sometimes left in burnished gold and silver. Above all was cloudless azure, save a light and delicate fringe drifting off* fantastically in the way of the wind, where the extreme point of the Reek pierced the sky. This is not a mail road, be it known, and an Irish country car has not always the luxury of springs ; there- fore sundry irresistible jerks, which multiplied in number and intensity as we proceeded, reminded us occasionally of things more home and material than sea and sky, and the truly mag- nificent views, notwithstanding, of Achill Head, Cleir Island, and the wide ocean beyond. But we were in luck's way for seeing the people as well as the country. It was Westport- 160 NOTES OF AN fair that day, and the road was alive with company. The hills poured out their hundreds singly and in groups, all bearing or driving their little market-store : a single sheep, or two neatly tethered with a hay-band ; here and there a cow, or a colt or two ; a few with pigs ; some with a bundle of flax under their arm ; and baskets and panniers of potatoes in abundance. If all the other roads were thronged like this, there would be many thousand people, and no small amount of property, at the fair. It was an uncommonly interesting sight. We could not help exceedingly admiring many of the faces and figures that we met. There was nothing low or degraded in the countenances of the men ; and the women, in their picturesque costume, bare- foot, but some with gay scarlet cloaks, and now and then a smart cap and trappings, — bonnets were very rare, — presented many a remarkably fine study. There was an attention to little matters of attire and cleanliness, and a taste displayed that we little expected to meet with in this remote district, and was therefore the more pleasing ; and I mention these circum- stances because, however trifling, there are no surer indications of the tone of character, and state of civilization of a people, than the attentions paid to dress and personal appearance. Further on the road came several troops, who were probably the later and more lazy buyers. Many of them were well mounted, most of them double, men and their helpmates. A few of the latter, mounted alone, were astride, but which was somehow managed with the greatest decency. . . . The ascent of the Reek is a "station" among the Catholics, and we saw several pilgrims on the road. We did not expect to find Louisburg otherwise than a very poor place. Still it has its Catholic and its Protestant church ; and it was gratifying to learn that both the people and their respective pastors were living together in the greatest harmony. The minister, as the Protestant clergyman is called, has a good house, and was spoken of with much respect. We ordered breakfast at the only half-hotel, half-shop, of the place, and while it was getting ready walked a mile or so towards the beach, accompanied by a civil man who offered his services. We had rather thought of visiting Cleir Island, which is best accomplished from this point. It is a high mountain, cut off from the main land, or rather the extensive summit of a lofty mountain which the sea has surrounded, and presents a IRISH INSECT-HUNTER. 161 vemarkably bold feature in the scenery tor many miles round. However, we were satisfied with the close view we had of it here, not thinking it would afford us any further novelty, either in itself or the character of its inhabitants, different from the main land. While we were discussing the tea and eggs, in the little back room, unfloored, but not otherwise uncomfortable, our landlord seemed to be driving a pretty good trade in the general line in the shop. After due inquiry we determined to make for Clifden that day. This journey was to be performed on foot, for no longer was even an Irish car of any practicable service. The distance, from the best information we could obtain, — and the landlord and his family, and the neighbours who had gathered round, seemed most anxious to afford all in their power, — we calculated to be about twenty (Irish) miles ; but none of them had ever been there, and by their account there was no kind of accommodation to be met with, not even a potato to be begged or bought on the way. This was not strictly correct. We finally engaged the man whom we had before picked up, and who reckoned he knew the mountains thoroughly, as guide and burden-bearer. We started in high spirits, our landlord accompanying us some little way, and parted with the warm Irish blessinsf of " God send you safe home !" Our guide was a Joyce, and a John Joyce too, but not " the Joyce " of Inglis. He hailed a little ragged boy at some distance, and charging him with a message that he would be back "after to-morrow," dispatched him to his cabin-home far up among the hills, to communicate the intelligence of his long and hazardous undertaking, or — his luck. Our course struck at once into a defile, in the heart of the most bare and solitary mountains, winding behind the Reek ; bog on each side to the base of their enormous ridges, and totally uninhabited. Not a living thing, bird or even insect, was to be seen. One lone woman, bare-foot, bare-head, and wrapped in an ancient cloak, was all we met with, and she rather added to the strange and in- describable solitude. She evidently possessed a superior mind, or the wrecks of one. Her figure was gaunt, but far above the common, and with her wild eye, and long hair floating in the wind, she was as near the personification of a weird sister, as can well be conceived. Thei'e was something mysterious about her history. Our guide, who knew her well, said she NO. 11. VOL. V. Y 16:2 NOTES OF AN Wiis the neglected daughter of a gentleman of rank, early abandoned, and for long had lived solely among the mountains, wandering about from one to another. She did not beg, but accepted a trifle with evident gratitude. About three hours brought us in sight of the two lonely lakes, Doiloch and Fynn- loch. On the tongue between them is the solitary fishing-box of the Marquis of Sligo, called Delphi. We wished to see this spot, of which we had heard much, or might have lessened our distance three or four miles, by not bearing so much to the left or eastward. It is a perfect oasis in the desert. Here we rested awhile, and Mrs. Brown, of the lodge, presented us with copious draughts of refreshing milk, and offered us her best accommodation, if we would remain there the night, or stay for a day or two. But we had the Cunnemara mountains before us. The Ma'am- Turk range, and the Twelve Pins of Buna- rola were now in sight. About two miles further brought us down to the Killery, at the little village, or rather hut settle- ment of Bundurragh. The Killery, or Killeries as it is usually written, is a narrow arm of the sea, stretching very far inland, in the manner of a Norwegian Fiord, and so completely land- locked by lofty mountains as to have the appearance and character of a chain of inland lakes. Without a previous know- ledge of the country, you would scarcely have deemed it possible that you were coming down upon the salt water; but we had pre- sently evidence enough of the fact. They call it a ferry here, hut the tide was out ; and the ferry-boat, with the two or three fishing-boats belonging to the village, were all safely housed in a little creek, protected by a ledge of rock, over which the ebb was running a rapid. A council of war was held by the old ferryman and his son, with the collected strength of the village ; and the conclusion arrived at was, that neither of the boats could be got over the bar till the returning flood, though ten shillings was the remuneration offered, — a revenue to these poor people. It would evidently be two to three hours before the tide could come up sufficiently to float over the bar. From information here we found we had still sixteen miles to make on the other side — nearly double what we had calculated upon — to Clifden, the nearest place where there was any decent accommodation. We had already walked twelve instead of seven, and sixteen Irish miles more, in a strange and difficult country, after four o'clock, — which was the earliest IRISH INSECT-HUNTER. 1G3 we could calculate upon getting over if we waited for the tide, — with the possibility of being benighted after all, was not the most comfortable thing to think of. What was to be done ? To stay there was impossible ; to go back, mortifying. The hand of sickness had visited even this remote corner of the globe. A severe epidemic had recently proved very fatal, and two-thirds of the poor families were still lying under its effects. An English lady and gentleman were spoken of as having visited them a few days before, and been very kind. In oiu- dilemma a brawny old man at last said that we might possibly get at a boat — which he called by some particular name that I could not catch — in a direction he pointed, down the Killery. We seized the suggestion. He accompanied us over a rough promontory, and after scrambling about a mile along a most wretched and fatiguing beach, extremely wet and slippery, we reached a rude kind of fishing-boat. The old man brought the owner and his crew out of some invisible place ; and manned by one stout girl, and three miserably ragged men, he pushed us off with his blessing. The girl was bow oar, and with her broad bare feet on the stretching-board, pulled away most manfully. She had an open expressive counte- nance, and an air of strength and command about her almost majestic, and might have sat for a full-length of Boadicea with great effect. Our wild convoy, — the deep repose of every thing around, — the loveliness and magnificence of the scenery, — the buried solitude which sank into a feeling almost oppres- sive, as we gained the centre of the Killery, and mountain after mountain rose in gloomy grandeur, and seemed to inclose us in nature's interminable and everlasting barriers, — combined with a sense of our utter insignificance here, so blasting to the self-consideration and importance of our city lives and actions, where we appear to be the secret springs and movements of every thing around, — all came over our spirits like a spell, not unmingled with awe. . . . On landing we had to clamber up the rocks on the opposite shore, but shortly fell in with a new line of road recently cut through this mountainous district. At a place called Lahee, further up the Killery, where this road crosses it by means of a ferry, " the Joyce" of Inglis's tour still resides. As a general rule, wherever there are two roads in a country, an old one and a new one, if you are encumbered with a 164 NOTES OF AN vehicle, you take the new one as a matter of course ; but if you are a pedestrian, and " free to choose," by all means take the old one. The old road is generally the nearer line be- tween one place and another, and embraces the most abrupt and finest points of view. The new road is as level as possible, avoiding or cutting through hills, filling up valleys, and utterly regardless or abhorrent of every thing picturesque and romantic. This remark has no reference to the present road, which was cut where there had never been a road thought of before, and was grand and varied in the highest degree; but it has redoubled reference to a choice between a mountain track and any road at all, which may have some- thing to do with our history presently. Land and water, lake and mountain, arc so strangely inter- mingled in this wild country, the sea-bays penetrate so deep, and are so completely land-locked, that on leaving behind one shore and gaining a further elevation, it is impossible to con- jecture whether you will nex.t drop down upon an arm of the sea, or a fresh-water lake. They are to be met with here within half a mile of each other. Keil-loch is one of the largest and most solitary of the latter. Huge masses of naked rock, strewn about and piled in the wildest disorder, form its mountain boundaries, perfectly inaccessible, except by the road you enter. Though totally destitute of any thing like foliage to relieve the dreary nakedness of its shores, — except here and there a stunted birch, rooting itself with difficulty in some fissure of the rock, — they were not without their beauty. Never saw I such varied, such surpassing heaths. One solitary cottage we met with in this desolate region, and entered to ascertain if it could furnish a drop of milk, and to inquire the distance. It was not of the very worst order, having two apartments, — was glazed, and possessed a little crockei'y inside. It was tenanted by a woman and her two grown up daughters. One of them was squatted by the turf fire, and moved not on our entrance. The other, under her mother's directions, with much alacrity, and even politeness of manner, supplied us with bowls of delicious goat's milk. We doubt whether the girls understood our English, from their not joining in it ; but, if so, it is the only instance we met with. For, though they currently converse together in Irish, and universally break out into that language when earnest or angry, IRISH INSECT-HUNTER. 165 we never encountered any approach to that reluctance or difficuhy among the most isolated of these people, which is often the case in Wales and Scotland. The mother conversed freely. She said we were still twelve miles from Clifden, but five might be saved by a short cut about three miles further on. Our guide was an intelligent man for his station in life. We had much conversation with him on the light in which strangers — ourselves, for instance — were looked upon on coming amongst them ; the general feeling towards England and the English government ; the state of education ; the terms between the Catholics and Protestants in this part of the country ; and the opinion respecting O'Connell, I had several times expressed my surprise at the readiness with which our English was understood and answered even by children. He said that schools were now formed almost every- where, in which English was universally taught ; that, had we carried our proposed visit to Cleir Island into execution, we should have found the people just as civilized, and just as good English spoken ; that, though they had hitherto no great attachment to England, they could not but look upon good English coming among them as friends ; that there were no heartburnings between Catholics and Protestants here; and they fancied O'Connell was doing quite as much for himself as for them. Our guide himself was a Catholic. At length we reached the point where we were to take tlie short cut. We here met a man on horseback. He said we could not possibly reach Clifden, on foot as we were, that night, for he was more than two hours out of it. We spoke of the short cut. He advised us against attempting it. Our guide reckoned he knew the direction perfectly, and could find the way readily enough when once put into it. The temptation of saving five Irish miles, and reaching our desti- nation at last, was too strong; and the horseman then pointed out some land-marks for our guidance, as far as the eye could reach. So up the face of the mountain we went, glad to escape the road ; and our spirits rose as we ascended above it, and saw it winding its weary length far away and round. So far all well. The ascent was glorious. Nothing could exceed the magnificence of the views that burst upon us. Awful mountains, as desolate as could be conceived, rose one above another, on one side ; on the other, Cleir Island, the Claggan, 166 NOTES OF AN and Achill-head, stood forth in the sea, hke the everlasting piers and buttresses of a world. At our feet lay a glorious scene of gilded lake and sea, and dark mountain-promontory thrown into long shadow and high relief by the setting sun. We turned one mountain, and dropped down into a pleasant valley where were several cots or cabins, and the people, men and maidens, were winding yarn in the open air. They were the picture of untainted pristine simplicity, and looked very happy. One of the men left his work, and accompanied us some distance through an intricate piece of ground, and, pointing out our course as far as we could see, under a ledge of rock on the face of the opposite chain of mountains, said it was a long long way beyond that. I remarked we should reach that point well enough in good day-light, and should probably from thence see the remainder of our course. He shook his head doubtingly. — Gentle reader ! art thou familiar with moun- tains ? Let me advise thee never to trust thyself to a trackless and unknown pass across them, for the sake of shortening distance and saving time, without plenty of day-light before thee. We boldly pressed forward. And now, that thou mayest fully sympathize with us, let me inform thee here, just at this point, who we are. Our sole company, besides the guide, consisted of myself and my wife, throughout these adventures. We had now turned the range of remarkable mountains called the Twelve Pins, and were crossing the Ma'am. How deceitful is the distance and nature of mountains ! The ledge of rock we were to make for, seemed, from where it was first pointed out, an easy distance and almost straight line. We found wide intervening valleys, by the descents into which we frequently lost our mark, and, when we reached it at length, the sun shot his last horizontal ray, and sank into the ocean. From this point I had calculated on seeing our destination, or at least the line of country to secure it ; but after clambering for some time amongst alternate rock and bog until we had rounded it, only the dull sweep of another interminable mountain-reach pre- sented itself to the eye. I was aware that the summits of these vast ridges were often a long undulating level, swelling higher and higher to their crest, which I hoped one after another of them would prove to be, and gain us the view downwards, on the other side of the mountain, with our long-expected haven in the distance. What was our dismay, when — instead of IRISH INSECT-HUNTER. 167 the wide ocean, which I knew we must come in sight of again, and had most anxiously looked out for — the last of these only revealed to us another tremendous valley, and another ridge, more rocky and still loftier than before ! The day-light was now fading fast. It lasts long on the mountain elevations, but fails the more rapidly on descending into the hollows. Knowing full well how wide a slight deviation in the bearing may lead in unknown mountainous regions, I questioned our guide closely whether he really was sure of his direction, for every track and indication had long been lost. A suspicion even crossed me of the possibility of his treachery, and of his entangling us among these horrid mountains till night-fall, with evil design. I measured him with my eye, and again put some searching questions, by which I became thoroughly satis- fied that the poor fellow was at least as much alarmed as we were ; and was himself almost knocked up with the length of this day's march, and the increased fatigue of our pack upon his shoulders. We again pressed forward with renewed vigour; and, in descending, we all came at once upon the brink of a precipice, so dim and sudden, that we were only just able to see our danger, and check our career. We had to go a considerable way along, before we could effect a descent ; the darkness increasing with the depth at every step we took. I again became assured that our guide knew some- thing of the nature of mountain regions, by the admirable certainty with which he made the only spot where the wild .stream at the bottom of this ravine could be crossed, and the best point for climbing its opposite precipitous side. That which we had come down appeared, on looking back, — perhaps aided by the darkness, — absolutely perpendicular, and inde- scribably black and awful. The clambering had to be effected one by one, and we could no longer see each other at the distance of a few yards. Our guide still pressing forward with all his might to save what day-light remained, we had, though with a feeling bordering on self-immolation, to hail him repeatedly to keep in sight. Most arduously was the summit of this ridge gained ; and, when we had attained it, we could perceive nothing but the most inhospitable wilder- ness of enormous rocks, more like the very nucleus of these savage mountains, than any nearer to human habitations. After groping amongst them some time for an exit, I believe we 168 ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES, had all given ourselves up for the night. I had begun to look out for a rock that would afford the most shelter, and for m5'self would not have cared. But my companion was toiling a few paces behind ; and she, as I afterwards found, had already calcu- lated her strength to keep walking about till dawn, rather than sit down or recline anywhere in the damp and cold, now heavily falling around, and had made up her mind to it. A night upon the mountains may be something to talk about ; it is another thing to endure. And when we have needlessly exposed ourselves to peril of any kind, thoughts of distant home, and children, and friends, will rise up with painful retribution. We had not spoken a word for some time, but kept moving on. We turned one more enormous projecting rock, and suddenly, behold, down, far down in the very depths of the silent gloom, was the gleam of distant lights ! " Thank God !" fervently exclaimed our guide Art. XVJ, — Entomological Notes. By Edward Newsman. {^Cont'm'ued from Vol. III. p. 501.) Class. — Coleoptera. Natural Order. — Cetoniites, Neioman. Genus. — Cetonia, Fabricius. Ceto. Numisma. JEneo-nigra, siibtus Icutior : prothorace, ely- trisque punctis, calceo equi simillimis, impressis : capite., pro- thoracisque marginihus maculaque singulo angulo posteriori, elytrorum lineis interruptis numerosis, abdominis lateribus, podiceqiie toto, vestimento cinereo tectis. (Corp. long. 'Qunc. ; lat. '5 unc.) Black, with a tint of metallic green ; this tint is more observable on the under than the upper side : the thorax and elytra are im- pressed with numerous marks, bearing, especially on the elytra, an exact resemblance of a horse-shoe ; this mark is not peculiar to this species, various others, as C. aurata, C. affinis, C. ohscura, &c. possessing it, though in a less obvious degree. There is, on BY EDWARD NEWMAN. 1169 various parts of the insect, more particulariy the head, the margins and a nearly round spot at each posterior angle of the protliorax, various scattered and irregular n\arkings on the elytra, the portion of the abdominal segments adjoining the elytra, and the entire anal plate, are covered with a close coating of grey or cinereous scales. The country of this insect is unknown to me. Mr. Walker presented it to the cabinet of the Entomological Club. Ceto. stillata. Nigra; parce punctata ; vestimento flavente tecta: prothoracis marginibus^ maculisque sex; scutelU apice; elytrorum maculis sexdecem ; abdominisque lateribm, albidis. (Corp. long. .5 ; lat. .275.) Black, covered with a close coating of yellow scales : elytra with several series of somewhat crescent-shaped impressions: the margins of the prothorax, and six spots arranged in two longi- tudinal lines on its disk, the apex of the scutellum, and eight spots on each elytron, are of a dirty white colour. Inhabits the East Indies. Presented by Mr. Walker to the cabinet of the Entomological Club. Ceto. fictilis. Brunnea ; mstimento sordido passim tecta : elytris lineis 5 tenuibus glaberrimis elevatis ; marginibus suturalibus postice sulcatis; apice productis, subacideatis. (Corp. long. .6 unc. ; lat. .S5 unc.) Brown, with occasional patches of a darker hue approaching to black : spots, composed of a close coating of brown scales, are scattered over the prothorax and elytra, without much apparent regularity : on each elytron are five very slender shining longitudinal lines ; a pair near the suture ; a second pair at a short distance, and a single one further on the disk : the posterior portion of the sutural margin of each elytron is distinctly grooved, and terminates in a produced point. Inhabits Java. Presented by Mr. Bennett to the cabinet of the Entomological Club. Genus. — Trichius. Trie. Deltoides. Niger: prothoracis margine, deltaque disci^ niveis : elytra, flavo^ ferrugineo nigroqiie signata : podex albus., margine plagaque mediana nigris. (Corp. long. .5 unc. ; lat. .3 unc.) NO. II. VOL. V. z 170 ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES, Black ; head black, palpi rust-coloured : protliorax black, with a maro-in of pure silvery white, and a triangle, with its base towards the head and its apex towards the elytra, of the same colour: elytra rust-coloured, with an obscure yellow mark near the base and a distinct one on the disk of each, the latter somewhat resembling the letter T, of a dull yellow margined with black : the podex is white, with its margin and a quadrate central spot black ; this spot is at the lowest point connected with the black margin ; beneath black, the sides having white stripes : the legs are rust-coloured, with the femora darker. Inhabits Mexico. Presented by Mr. Walker to the cabinet of the Entomological Club. Trie, bistriga. Nigerrimus^ pilosus : utrumque elytron., lineis duahus tenuUms testaceis, oblique transversis, alterdque sub- suturali, signatum. (Corp. long. .4 unc. ; lat. .225 unc.) lilack ; shining ; partially covered, more particularly beneath, with a long grey pilosity : each elytron is marked with two slender obliquely transverse testaceous lines, and another longitudinal line of the same colour runs on each side of the suture. Inhabits the United States of North America. Presented by Mr. Walker to the cabinet of the Entomological Club. Natural Order. — Carabites, Newman. Genus. — Eutoma, Newman. ('aput, cum mandibulis, latitudinelongior; oculis vix prominentibus : antennae vix capitis longitudine, sub clypeo, ad mandibularum basin, inserta; ; ll-articulatae, moniliformes, extus sensim cras- siores ; articulo ultimo longiori : clypeus dentibus duobus acutis duobusque obtusis armatus ; labrum sub clypeo occultum ; mandi- bulae validse, porrectae, subtrigonae, extus subrotundatae, intus tridentatse : maxillarum, lacinia extus subincurva intus dense pilosa, apice ungue instructa ; galea biarticulata, articulo basali brevi, apicali cylindrico quintuple longiori ; maxipalpi 4-articulati, articulis 1". ad 3"™. brevibus, 4°. majori, latiori, securiformi: labium profunde emarginatum, dente medio valido ; labipalpi breves, 3-articulati, articulo ultimo omnino majori, latiori, securiformi : prothorax capite vix latior antice truncatus capitem recipiens, postice rotundatus, sed ultra productus, constrictus, quasi petio- latus : elytra linearia, thorace capiteque paullo angustiora : pedes breves; protibiae validae, subdilatatte ; extus dentibus duobus validis, intus spina mediana denteque apicali valido armatce. BY EDWARD NEWMAN. 171 Euto. tinctilatus. Nigrum, nitidum: caput profunde hisul- catum, sulcis longitudinalihus antice furcatis: elytra IcBvigata nigra, lateribus IcBte cyaneis ; singula, puncto pro/undo versus apicem impresso. (Corp. long. .75 unc. ; lat. .15 unc.) Black ; shining : the sides of the elytra are beautifully tinged with blue : the figure is linear, and the habit that of a Clivina : the head is marked in front by two very deep longitudinal impressions, which are anteriorly forked, and posteriorly terminate on the crown : the clypeus is armed with two strong teeth, and between these are two lesser ones : the prothorax is perfectly smooth, square in front, receiving the head ; behind rounded, but still continued and prolonged into a cylindrical peduncle : the thorax has a longitudinal dorsal impressed line, and, together with the elytra, is margined by a distinct lateral carina; the elytra are smooth and shining, each is impressed with a deep fovea dorsally, near the apex : the legs are short, the fore tibiaj being armed with two strong and sharp external teeth, as well as one internal spine, and one apical sharp internal tooth. This insect, which is evidently one of the Scaritidce, inha- bits New Holland, and is a form of very rare occurrence in that island. It was presented by Mr. Walker to the cabinet of the Entomological Club. Natural Order. — Cerambycites, Newman. Genus. — Tricheops/ Newman. Caput porrectum latitu dine longior : antennae 11-articulatae, corpore paullo longiores ; articulus 1"^ longus, apice crassior; 2"^. bre- vissimus, S^^. prirao brevior ; 4"^ adhuc brevior ; casteris longi- oribus et, apicali breviori excepto, subsequalibus : oculi trifariam divisi ; pone antennam, ad verticem tendit portio superior ; infra antennam, clypeum versus porrigit mediana ; subtus capitem pandit inferior : prothorax latitudine longior, lateribus paullo post medium uni-spinosis : elytra linearia, apice suturali acuminata : pedes elongati, femoribus simplicibus. Trie, ephippiger. Flava ; oculis mandibularumque apicibus nigris : antetinarum articuUs 1°. 2". 5°. apice, 7". 9". fuscis, elytrorum plagd maxima basali cinereo-fuscd marglnibus satu- ratioribus: cceteris Icete flavis : prothorax tuberculis 6 dorsali- bus instructus. (Corp. long. .65 unc. ; lat. .15 unc.) ^ TpixVi trifurium ; o\p, uculus. 172 ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES, Head yellow, elongate, porrected ; mandibles acute, black at the tip; antennae 11-jointed, the basal joint is very long, and the second very short, these two are entirely brown ; the third and fourth are much longer than the second, but shorter than the first, these are entirely yellow ; the fifth and remaining joints are longer, and of nearly uniform length ; the fifth has the basal half yellow, the apical half brown ; the sixth is entirely yellow, the seventh brown, the eighth yellow, ninth brown, the tenth yellow, and the eleventh and last pale brown. The eyes are black, and of a very remarkable figure ; they are divided into three distinct lobes or branches ; the upper lobe stretches behind the antennae, towards the top of the head ; the middle lobe comes forwards below the antennas, towards the clypeus ; and the lower lobe, which is all but divided from the other two, extends downwards and forwards nearly to the labium. The prothorax is elongate, and entirely yellow ; near its anterior margin an indentation completely en- circles it ; rather behind the middle is a single spine on each side, and dorsally, it has six small tubercles, of which four are disposed in pairs anteriorly,. and the other two stand one on each side of the disk, about two-thirds of the distance from the anterior towards the posterior margin ; the other parts of the insects are entirely of a bright yellow, with the exception of a large saddle- like brown mark on the anterior part of the elytra, and occupying nearly half of them ; the margins of this mark are very dark- coloured and distinct ; the elytra are linear with the external apex rounded, the internal spined. Inhabits New Holland. Presented by Mr. Imeson, who captured it, to the cabinet of the Entomological Club. Genus. — Uracanthus ? Hope. Urac. bivitta. Brimneus ; caput ohscurum, leviter griseo-tomen- tosum ; prothorax obscurus, dorso transverse corrugatus, ad latere striga haud inarginem anteriorem attingente, macidisque 2°^"\ griseo-tomentosis, signaMis : elytra griseo-fomentosa, sin- gido linea longitudinali glaherrima. (Corp. long. .9 unc. ; lat. .15 unc.) Brown ; head rather darker, and sparingly covered with grey hairs ; prothorax also darker, wrinkled transversely on its upper surface, and having some small glabrous tubercles in a cluster near the centre of its disk ; towards each side is a longitudinal patch covered with a grey pilosity, and which reaches the posterior but not the anterior margin of the prothorax ; below this patch, on BY EDWARD NEWMAN. 173 each side, are two small pilose dots : the elytra, and the^entire under surface, are covered with the same griseous pilosity, but each elytron has a longitudinal band, perfectly glabrous, extending from its humeral angle to its external spined apex. Inhabits New Holland. In the cabinet of the Entomological Club. Natural Order. — Anthribites, Newman. Genus. — Pachyura? Hope. Pach. monilis. Grisea, supra tuberculis confertis nigris obtecta; utroque elytro lineis 4 longitudinalibus nigerrimo griseoque alterne coloratis : pedes grisei, tarsis nigerrimis. (Corp. long, rostro baud incluso, .55 unc. ; lat. .25 unc.) Grey : the head, prothorax, and elytra being entirely covered with minute black shining tubercles : the prothorax has a deep longi- tudinal impression, extending from near the centre to its posterior margin ; the elytra have four equidistant longitudinal lines, each composed of a series of black and grey spots, alternating regularly: the legs are grey, vv^ith the exception of the tarsi, which are ex- cessively black. The femora are stout, and entirely without spines. Inhabits New Holland. Taken by Mr. Imeson, and pre- sented by that gentleman to the cabinet of the Entomological Club. With my slight knowledge of exotic forms, I feel fearful of advancing an opinion at variance with that of so eminently skilful an entomologist as Mr. Hope; but I confess that it ap- pears to me extremely probable that the species of his genus, Pachyura^ will turn out to be nothing more than female Isa- canthce, the femoral spines being not unfrequently a sexual character ; be this as it may, the present species is abundantly distinct from the one which he has so carefully described in the Zoological Transactions, Vol. I. pp. 102, 103. Natural Order. — Curculionites, Newman. Genus. — Barynotus, Germar. Sp. 1. Bary. terricola. " Curculio fusco-cinereus, tomentosus elytris obsolete striato-pmictatis, plantis nigris.''* Curculio tomentosus. MarsJiam ; Entomologia Britannica, p. 270, whence the above specific character is copied. 174 ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES, Sp. 2. Bary. mercurialis. " CurcuUo squamosus obscure aa- ratus coleoptris apices versus linels tribus elevatis." Curculio merculialis. Fabricius ; Systema Eleutheratorum, Tom. II. p. 530. Curculio iEcidii Marsham ; Entomologia Britannicat p. 307. With the exception of Marsham no one mentioned the species above noticed as Barynotus terrlcola, until Mr. Stephens, in his " Systematic Catalogue of British Insects ;" we here find, at Vol. I. p. 171, the following references, under the head Bary- notus mercurialis. " Curculio mercurialis. . . . Fabricius, E. ii. 530." " Curculio y^cidii Marsham ; 307." " $ Curculio tomentosus. Marsham ; 270." Thus implying that C. tomentosus being the female of a de- scribed species, the name must fall. Subsequent captures have, however, proved that there exist both sexes of both species ; and a careful examination and comparison proves them to be perfectly distinct, in which I believe Mr. Stephens now fully agrees with me. As regards the name it unfortunately happens that Fabricius had previously given it to a species very similar in size and habit which inhabits Guinea ; I therefore suppose I am warranted in proposing a new one, indicative of its mode of life, being always found crawling on the ground, or con- cealed under stones, &c. in mountainous districts. Both species have the elytra punctate-striate, but while in B. terricola the interstices are smooth, in B. mercurialis the 3d, 5th, and 7th are very conspicuously elevated, and the 6th, 8th, and 9th are also elevated, though in a minor degree. Class. — Hemiptera. Natural Order. — Cimicites, Newman. Genus. — Coreus. Coreus crudus. Sordide ochraceus; punctis minutis nume- rosis impressus ; subtus pedibusque dilutior, tenue rufo-tinctus ; antennarum apicibus fuscis ; proalarum apicibus striatis. (Corp. long. .57 unc.) The colour of this insect is a dull ochreous yellow, rendered still darker by the numerous black impressed dots which nearly cover BY EDWARD NEWMAN. 175 the upper surface ; the under surface and legs are paler, and slightly tinged with red ; the eyes are black, the tips of the antennae are dusky ; the transparent portion of the fore wings is longitudinally striated. In habit this insect somewhat resembles Coreus quadratus of authors ; the head, antennae, and prothorax are very similar, but the abdomen is so much narrower that it is entirely covered by the wings, and the head, though pointed, is not produced into a spine, as in that species ; it also exceeds C. qua- dratus in length, being in this respect fully equal to C. scapha. A pair of this species were taken at Norbury Park, near Mickleham, in September, 1836, by Mr. B. Standish, and pre- sented by him to the cabinet of the Entomological Club. Class. — Neuroptera. Natural Order. — Perlites, Newman. Genus. — Pteronarcys, Newman. Caput transversum; porrectum ; cum oculis, thorace angustior : oculi rotundati, laterales, distantes ; antennae ad orem sitas ; filiformes ; basi ad apicem pedetentim attcnuantes, multi-articulatae : instru- menta cibaria, fere membranacea, mollia ; desiccando corrugant ; labrum transversum, lineare, sub clypeo fere reconditum : mandi- bulae membranacese, obtusae : maxillarum lacinia vix membranacea, brevis, acuta ; galea exarticulata, apice obtusa, lacinia paullo longior ; maxipalpi galea duplo longiores, 5-articulati ; articulus l"^ brevis, 2"®., 3"^., 4"'.que, longiores, extus valde crassiores, 5°'. cylindricus, incurvus : labium quadratum, antice postic^que trancatum, antice paullo angustior, lateribus subrectis ; palpiger fer^ quadratus, lateribus rectis ; labipalpi maxipalpis breviores, 3-articulati, articuli longitudine subaequales, 1"^ 2"'.que extus cras- siores, 3"% cylindricus incurvus ; ligula trifida, divisiones laterales acutae, subpalpiformes, mediana obtusa rotundata : prothorax fer^ quadratus, longitudine paull6 latior, capite paullo latior, margini- bus leviter elevatis : alae amplissimae, sexuum amborum pariter volanlis repandae, pariterque sedentis abdominem tegentes ; pro- alarum nervurae, quae e disco ad marginem apicalem extendunt, etiam regionis posterioris nervurae, etiam metalarum nervurae apicales, nervuris numerosis transversis intersectae : caetera Perlce. Hoc genus e Perla facile distinguebis, magnitudine majori, alis- que reticulatis : ordinis principes includit : species nunc confir- matae tantum tres ; Americam Borealem incolant. 176 ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES, Sp. 1. Pter. regalis. Fem. Fusca; caput., prothorax, meso- thorax et metathorax lined communi longitudinali flata signata; abdominis segmenta postice flata ; alis hyalinis fusco tinctis ; pedihiis fuscis genubus concoloribus. (Corp. long. 1 unc. ; alarum dilat. 3.35 lin.) Brown : head transversely wrinkled between the eyes, and having a yellow mark on the crown, extending forwards towards the clypeus: prothorax with impressed lines, and a deep fovea on each side, and having a yellow line passing longitudinally down its centre ; meso- thorax with deeply impressed indentations, and distinct yellow mark- ings along its centre and on each side ; metathorax anteriorly with a transverse yellow spot, and posteriorly with an arrow-head point- ing forwards /|\ of the same colour; the margins of the abdominal segments are also yellow : the fore wings are hyaline, but have throughout a dingy tinge of brown, which tinge is darker along the subcostal nervure, and terminating in a still darker spot beyond the middle. Inhabits Canada. In the cabinet of the Entomological Club. Sp. 2. Pter. biloba. Fem. Fusca; caput, prothorax et mesothorax concoloria ; metathorax linea longitudinali flava ; alis hyalinis fusco-variegatis ; pedihtis fuscis, genubus con- coloribus; protelum subtus lobis duobus conicis auctum. (Corp. long. .9 unc. ; alar, dilat. 2.9 unc.) Brown, the head not wrinkled between the eyes, and without any yellow markings ; prothorax with variously impressed lines, having also a faint yellow spot on its anterior and posterior mar- gins, and these are connected by a still fainter longitudinal line : mesothorax shining, without indentation or coloured markings ; metathorax shining, with a longitudinal yellow line ; abdomen uniformly brown ; base of the caudal setcE yellow ; beneath the eleventh segment is furnished with two flat obtuse processes, which are parallel with the abdomen, and point toward its ex- tremity. The wings are hyaline and glossy, with a slight tint of brown, with three very conspicuous subcostal brown spots on the fore and one on the hind wings ; the costal and subcostal nervures have a yellowish tint, and the other nervures are dark brown ; the legs are dark brown, and the knees of the same colour. Inhabits the United States of North America. Taken by Mr. Foster at Trenton Falls, and presented to the cabinet of the Entomological Club. BY EDWARD NEWMAN. 177 Sp. 3. Pter. Proteus. Mas et Fem. Fusca ; caput, pro- thorax et mesothorax lined longitudinali interruptd signata sunt ; alls hyalinis, fusco variegatis ; pedibus fuscis, genubus flavis: protclum subtus inerme. (Corp. long. "85 unc. ; alar, "dilat. 2-75 unc.) Of this supposed species I have before me four specimens, no two of which agree in the yellow markings on the head and prothorax ; it is therefore a task of much difficulty to attempt a detailed description. I must also observe, with respect to considering P. Proteus as distinct from P. biloba, that I do not ground the specific distinction on colour, which throughout the group is remarkably instable, but on the pos- session, or want of, the two unusual appendages beneath the abdomen already described. Of P. Proteus I certainly pos- sess both sexes, and I have besides one male, which I refer to P. bibola, but as it agrees with that insect in colour only, and not in the abdominal structure, I have refrained from describing it. Returning to the present species, I can do little more than anglicise my technical description. Brown ; the head, prothorax, and metathorax variously marked with yellow, the markings seeming to be referrible to a longitudinal line passing centrally through each of these segments ; the wings are less transparent than in the preceding species, and are more distinctly and deeply variegated with brown, yet the markings occupy the same situations ; the legs are brown, with yellow knees, and the abdomen is without the two lobes de- scribed in the former species. In conclusion I may add, that should ulterior observations prove the necessity of uniting the two species, I shall be rather gratified than otherwise by such a result, as I consider the creation of imaginary species, and consequent unnecessary addition to the host of names already before us, extremely ill-judged. Inhabits North America. Taken at Trenton Falls, by Mr. E. Doubleday, and presented to the Cabinet of the Entomo- logical Club. Genus. — Pkrla, Geoffroy. Perla abnormis Fusca; fere concolor ; alee fuscescentes, superne apicibus reticulata}. (Corp. long. '9 ; alar, dilat. 2"5.) Brown, with scarcely any different shade of colour ; wings deeply tinged with brown, and the upper portion of the tips of both fore NO. II. VOL. V. a a 178 ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTliS, and hind wings have various transverse nervures, forming a de- cided although small portion completely reticulated. Inhabits North America. Taken by Mr. Foster, at Trenton Falls, and presented to the Cabinet of the Entomological Club. Perla Xanthenes. Lutea, alarum Qiervuris vi.t conspicuis ; antennis, pedibusque concolorihus : oculis oceUisqtie nu/errimis : prothorax quadratus, postice valde angustior. (Corp. long, ad. "75 unc. ; alar, dilat. ad 1 '75 unc.) Pale yellow ; the nervures of the wings very indistinct, and with the antennae and legs of the same colour ; the eyes and ocelli alone are black; the prothorax is quadrate, but considerably narrower posteriorly. Inhabits . Two specimens in the British Museum. Genus. — Isogenus, Newman. Isog. frontalis. Fusca, capite antice inter antennas, postice ad verticem, Uneaque prothoracis lo7igitudinali flavis : proalw hyalincB, fusco-tinctcE , mibeculd costali idtra meditmi, vix con- spicud fused. (Corp. long. '77.5 unc. ; alar, dilat. 1*425 unc.) Perla bicaudata. Kirby. Fauna Boreali-Americana, part Insects, p. 252. Inhabits the United States of North America. Taken by Mr. Foster -at Trenton Falls, and presented to the Cabinet of the Entomological Club. Natural Order. ? Genus. — Mantoida, Newman. Caput transversum pronum ; cum oculis, thorace duplo latior : oculi magni, laterales, rotundati ; antennae filiformes, corporis dimidio longiores, multi-articulatae ; articulo basali magno, 2°. parvo, 3°. elongate, caeteris brevissimis ; ante medium leviterincrassatae ante apicem pedetentim attenuantes apice ipso paullo incrassato et, ni fallor, cheliformi, sed, dira calamitate, unieae antennae apex (unica tantum erat!) examinando fractus et perditus : labrum elonga- BY EDWARD NEWMAN. 179 turn, niembranaceum, apice ri)lundatLini : mamlibulEe validae, corneae, fere trigona;, extus convexse, intus concavse ; apice acuto, dente parvo contiguo ; basi intus dente acuto : maxillarum lacinia tenuis, marginibus reflexis, apice gracilis sed rotundatus, extus subconcavus intus prope basin, dente magno setoso instructus ; galea mihi invisa ; maxipalpi 5-articulati, articulus l"^ brevissi- mus fere reconditus, casteri elongati subsequales cylindrici, 5"'. incurvus : labium fere quadratum, lateribus concavis ; palpiger fere quadratum, medio emarginatum ; labipalpi 3-articulati, ar- ticulis cylindricis subaequalibus, 3"'. incurvus ; ligula quadri- partita, lobi laterales subcylindrici, subpalpiformes,apicibus acutis ; lobi interni breviores obtusiores, hirsutiores : prothorax angustus, capita duplo longior : corpus lineare, apice acuto ante apicem setis duabus brevibus 7-articulatis instructum : alse hyalinse, reticulatae, angustae, sublineares, apice rotundatse, area supracos- tali vix ulla : pedes diversi ; propedes quasi Mantidis, coxae elon- gatae ; femora, presertim basi, crassa, coxis vix longiora, subtus spinarum validarura triplici serie armata ; tibiae femoribus brevi- ores, tenuiores, apice spina magna incurvA delinientes, subtus spinarum validarum unica serie armata ; tarsi ante tibiarum apicem inserti, 5-articulati; articulus P^ elongatus, caeteris omnin6 longior, 2"^. brevis 3"^ 4"^. que adhuc breviores, 4"'. 2"'". longitudine sequans ; propedum structura manifeste raptoria, femorum spinis spinae tibiarum donee sejungeram firme clausi erant ; mesopedes metapedesque siinplices. Mant. nitida. Brunnea, glabra ; antennae nigrce, ante apicem albidiv ; caput et prothorax linea commimi longitudinali fla- vidd signata ; alls glaberrimis. (Long, corp. 'Q5 ; alar, dilat. 1*25 unc.) Brown, shining ; the antennae are black, with a whitish space before their extremity ; the tips of the mandibles and palpi are black ; there is a continuous longitudinal yellowish line commencing near the antennae, and passing over the head and along the pro- thorax ; the other parts of the body are of a uniform glossy brown ; the wings are very transparent, yet slightly tinged with brown, and are excessively glossy ; the legs are paler than the body, and unicolorous, with the exception of the first joint of the fore tarsi, the basal half of which is nearly white, the apical half black. In habit and structure approaching Mantispa. Inhabits Para, in South America. In the cabinet of Mr. Hanson, to whom I am indebted for the loan of the specimen. 180 ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES, Natural Order. Genus. — Merope, Newman. Caput corpore valde ungustiore, pronum, antice elongatum, os sub- pectore inclinatum : antennae dimidio corporis vix breviores, multi-articulatse, ante medium incrassatas, apice tenues, ante oculos insertae, basi fere attingentes ; articuli hirsuti, longitudine sub- aequales : oculi elongati, reniformes, ad verticem, quasi Dipterorum conniventes, et infra antennis approximantes : instrumenta cibaria elongata et rostrum, quasi Panorpce, formantes ; labrum elon- gatum apice acutissimum ; caetera baud examinavi : alae baud plicatse, reticulatas, amplissimas, quasi Hemerohii, apice rotundatae, magnitudine subaequales : tarsi 5-articulati : abdomen obesum apice acutum. Mero. tuber. Fuscescens: antennw., caput et prothorax satura- tiora ; abdomen, pedes et . alw dilutiora ; ocidi nigri ; pro- alarum margo posterior prope basin tuber e parto instructa, (Corp. long. -35 unc; alar, dilat. 1*05 unc.) Head narrow, elongate, bent under the breast as in Panorpa ; eyes very long, kidney-shaped, meeting on the crown of the head as in Diptera : wings ample, not folded, and in shape resembling those of Hemerobius ; the fore-wings have a small knob on the posterior margin, near the base ; the colour is dingy brown ; the antennae (which are much like those olaBombyx, ) head, and prothorax, being darker ; the abdomen, legs, and wings, lighter ; the eyes are quite black : in habit, between Panorpa and Hemerobius. Inhabits the United States of North America. Taken at Trenton Falls by Mr. E. Doubleday, and presented to the Cabinet of the Entomological Club. Natural Order. ? Genus. — Ithone, Newman. Caput porrectum, fere rotundatum, corpore duplo angustiore ; an- tennas setaceae, corpore pauUo breviores, basi approximantes, multi-articulatas ; articulo basali magno, rotundato, caeteris valde minoribus, subaequalibus ; oculi mcdiocres, rotundati : labrum obtusum, setosum, medio subemarginatum ; mandibulae elongatae, BRECON BEACON, AND CR AIG-PWLLCH-DU. 181 apice acutas, paullo incurvae, haud dentatas : maxillarum lacinia obtusa, apice membranacea, intus pilosa ; galea tenuis, lacini^ vix brevior ; maxipalpi 5-articulati articulo 1". 2".que brevissimis, caeteris longioribus subaequalibus ; maxilla extus setis rigidis in- structa ; labium membranaceum, exemplario meo rugosum quasi desiccatum ; labipalpi 3-articulati, articuli breves, subsequales : prothorax transversus brevis, capite latior ; mesothorax fere qua- dratum, metathorax latitudine brevior; abdomen breve, obesum, hirsutum : alas amplse, longitudinaliter sinuatse, quasi plicatiles, magnitudine subsequales : tarsi 5-articulati. Itho. fusca. Fusca, setosa, subtus dilutior et paullo flavescens ; alee fuscescentes, nerviireB longitudinales setis tectce^ transverse^ nisi supracostales nudes. (Corp. long. '55 unc. ; alar, dilat. 1'65 unc.) Entirely brown on the upper surface, but paler beneath, and in some parts approaching to yellow : the wings brown and scarcely trans- parent, ample, and somewhat folded longitudinally ; the nervures are numerous, all the longitudinal ones, and also those above the costa, are clothed with hairs, while the transverse nervures are quite naked : in size and in habit, this insect is intermediate between Chauliodes and Sialis. Inhabits Presented by Mr. Walker to the Cabinet of the Entomological Club. Art. XVII. — Brecon Beacon. — Craig-PwUch-Du. TO THE EDITOR OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE. Sir, — As you were so good as to give my former specimen a place in your Cabinet, I have ventured to send you two more ; but should much prefer your not amputating the two last feet, {joints of the tarsi?) as they constitute one of the characters of my new species, or rather variety. Possibly, being so much immersed in Latin, you were unable to make out the English metre. Crkkhowell, 27th July, 1837. A. S. K. 182 BRECON BEACON, AND CKAIG-PWLLCH-DU. BRECON BEACON. (See Entomoloyical Magazine, No.XVII. p. 88, 8fc.) There may be Peaks more lofty ; — the broad mass Of Snowdon holds in undisputed sway Lordship o'er Cambria's mountains, — in array Of rival grandeur 'thwart Llanberis' Pass, The Glydder rear their alpine forms, and they. With David and Llewellyn in their train, To Cader-Idris yield divided reign : Onward the impulse of new scenes obey, Range that wild i-ealm of wonders undismay'd, And where Plinlimmon spreads his vast domain, — Sire of our noblest streams, — due tribute pay ; — Still have I watch'd the change of light and shade Upon thy Beacon — Brecon, and the roll Of cloud-like ocean, and the day-light fade Behind thy mitred summit, — with control Of feeling less subdued — and awe, and wonder unallay'd! Again, CRAIG-PWLLCH-DU/ I've seen full many a wild and noble Fall That England, Scotland, Ireland's guide-books show, — • The Tees, the Clyde, the Shannon may be all Of liquid grandeur and majestic flow, O'er bed of rock or ledge sublimely thrown, That high-road tourists claim as all their own ; — I've worshipp'd at thy fall, O Foyers, — knelt At scenes amid the Grampians, such as are Beyond the pencil and the pen how far! Oft have I track'd my native hills alone, To search their hidden wonders, and have felt My part in Nature's universal dower ; — Yet ne'er have loftier charms more inly dwelt, Nor touch'd a deeper chord or sense in me, Of lonely beauty's magic breathing power, Than thine — unsketch'd, unsung, unsullied — Craig-Pwllch-Du! a Lest your readers should not understand our vernacular, and so spoil the rhythm of the last line, 1 beg to subjoin the Walker thereof. The name of this solitary waterfall is pronounced exactly as if spelt Cray-PooUh- Dee, — "Pool of he Black Rock," — Radnorshire, South Wales. 183 Art. XVIII. — Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London. Sitting of the 2d of October, 1837. J. F. Stephens, Esq. President, in the Chair. The following donations were announced, and thanks ordered to be given to the several donors : — The Imperial Society of Naturalists of Moscow. The Bulletin of that Society for 1837, Parts I. II. and III. The Author. Neue Schmetherlinge, by Dr. Klug, Part I. The Editor of the Athen^um. That Periodical for September. The Editor of the Magazine of Natural History. No. X. of the New Series. Mr. Children. Directions for collecting Zoological, Bo- tanical, and Geological Specimens. The Editor of the Entomological Magazine. No. XXI. of that work. Mr. Westwood exhibited portions of the leaves and stems of the common Hollyhock, which had been perforated by the larvae of two small beetles, Apion radiolus and Altica fuscipes ; he observed that the former of these burrowed into the younger and more tender parts of the stem, thus causing very considerable injury to the embryo leaves and flowers. The fact that the Hollyhock was an exotic plant, and was thus evidently attacked by British insects, was one of much interest, as prov- ing that insects will accommodate themselves to other food than that on which they appear originally to have fed : but when it was recollected that the exotic Hollyhock and the indigenous Malva syhestris, the common Mallow, on which A. radioliis was usually found, belonged to the same natural order of plants, this would appear but a slight deviation from its usual economy. A paper was presented by Mr. Sells, detailing a variety of daily observations made on Athalia centifoliw^ the black of the Turnip. No facts in its history, or means for its destruction, besides those repeatedly before the public, were adduced or proposed. Mr. Westwood detailed the remarks made at the late scien- tific meeting at Liverpool, by Messrs. MacLeay, &c. on the 181- PROCEEDINGS OF THE disease to which the common house-fly appears subject, and which is exhibited by a dilatation of the abdomen, and the appearance of something Hke a fungus between the segments ; Mr. MacLeay, at the Liverpool meeting, expressed his con- viction that the disease was occasioned by, or was in itself, a plant, at present undescribed, growing on the insect, and not plethora, as had been suggested by Mr. Kirby ; Mr. MacLeay considered it a highly interesting fact that we had now positive evidence in each kingdom, the animal and vegetable, of indi- viduals which lived parasitically on those of the other : plants livino- on plants, animals on animals, and animals on plants, had long been known to us ; but we had now, for the first time, an instance of a plant living on an animal. In reply to Mr. MacLeay's observations, Professor Lindley had remarked, that a disease called " Muscadine," which had for many years existed among the silkworms in the south of France, and had occupied the attention of the Academie des Sciences, was supposed to proceed from a parasitic plant; he thought the vegetable parasite of the fly was a species of Botrytis. Mr. Westwood, after adverting to these observations, presented draw- ings of the plant in question, which he considered to be very similar to the Botrytis Bassiana, the supposed parasite of the silkworm ; this Botrytis was said to consume the fatty parts of the silkworm, and to leave the remainder transparent, and brittle like glass : this, however, was not the case with that of the fly. Mr. Shuckard observed that he has noticed many genera of Diptera, and especially Scatophaga, attacked by the same disease. The President said he had observed it also in the Hymenopterous genus Diodontus. Mr. Saunders exhibited a small case of Lidian insects. Mr. Westwood exhibited a turnip which had been attacked by several large grubs; these had completely riddled the turnip before the attack was perceptible exteriorly. Mr. Westwood proceeded to detail the operations of these grubs, when Mr. Yarrell observed that they were the larvae o( Agrotis Segetiim, whose ravages had been fully described. Mr. Sells read an elaborate diary of the numbers of the larvae of the bots of Horses, which had been brought to him during the past summer, stating the dates and daily numbers. After he had finished this detail he remarked, that he con- sidered Mr. Bracy Clark in error, in supposing that these \, A ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 185 larvae subsisted on the contents of the horse's stomach ; it was his (Mr. Sell's) opinion that their food consisted of the fluids of the vascular surface of the stomach itself; an opinion which was strengthened by a fact communicated to him by an old veterinary surgeon, in which a bot had actually eaten a hole through the parietes of a horse's stomach, by which hole a portion of its contents had escaped. He also believed Mr. Clark was entirely in error in supposing that the presence of bots was in any way beneficial to horses ; where very few in number, they might probably be harmless, but where numerous, he considered them excessively injurious. Mr. Westwood ex- pressed his surprise that Mr. Clark should have supposed that (Estrus Equi, &c. fed on vegetable, while he well knew that other closely allied species, as (E. Ovis, Bovis, &c. fed on animal matter ; the affinity of these species ought to have led him to conclude that they were not likely to subsist on such different kinds of food. Sitting of the 6th November, 1837. J. F. Stephens, Esq. President, in the Chair. The following donations were received, and thanks ordered to be given to the several donors : — Rev. W. KiRBY. Fauna Boreali Americana. (Part IV. Insects.) Edited by himself. The Editor. Magazine of Natural History. New Series. No. XI. The United Service Club. Catalogue of its Library and Museum. The Editor, Athensum for October. Messrs. Villa, of Milan. Conulli de Coleopteris novis ac rarioribus minusve cognitis Provinciae Norvarni. The Editor. Naturalist for October. Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society. The Annual Report of that Society. The Author. Yarrell's British Birds, Nos. II. III. Mr. W. W. Saunders exhibited a box of insects from Mr. Sydney Smith Saunders, a member of the Society, now resident in Albania. It contained many interesting specimens. Mr. Bain bridge communicated a paper, giving an account of the detection of Ptmus Hololeucus, in the warehouse of an no. ii. vol. v. b b i86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE extensive brush-maker in the north of the city ; and exhibited specimens. A letter from Mr. House was read, detaihng the method by which he had succeeded in rearing a Hybrid, between Smerln- thus Ocellatiis and S. Populi, accompanied by two specimens. The upper wings were those of the latter, the under ones those of the former species ; and these characters were constant thoughout all the specimens reared. The antennae were half- pectinated, and the new insects exhibited a singular mingling of the characters, not only of their two parents, but of the two sexes likewise. A Paper by Mr. Westwood, on Amblythyreus rhombiwntris, a new exotic Hemipterous insect, was read. Some remarks from Mr. Children, on the autumnal dis- ease of Flies, supposed by Mr. MacLeay to be of the nature of a Fungus, in contravention of that opinion, were read. A Paper by Mr. Ashton, illustrated with drawings, on the wings of Hemipterous Insects, and the curious apparatus, of two distinct constructions, by which their wings are united together in flight, as in Hymenoptera,— by which the last-named order was deprived of the sole right to their title, — was com- municated. A Letter from Mr. Raddon was read, with specimens of a small Moth, found to be extremely destructive in granaries at Bristol, and begging the communication of a remedy. The letter stated that turpentine was of no use, for the knots and other most resinous parts of the skirting and floors appeared to be the favourite morsels of these infesters. The application of Kyan's Patent was suggested by Mr. Waterhouse. A communication from the Earl of Derby, with a feather of a Harpy Eagle, in his possession, infested with a species of Pediculus. They were seen, when alive, running in and out of the quill of the feather, by a very minute hole they had made near its root. Sitting of the 4th December, 1837. J. F. Stephens, Esq. President, in the Chair. The following donations were announced : — Rev. F. W. Hope. Der Naturforscher, 27 Vols. The Editor. Athenaeum for November. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 187 The Imperial Society of Naturalists of Moscow. The Bulletin of that Society, No. IV., 1837 ; also, its Rules. An example of a Caterpillar from New Zealand, attacked by a fungus, arising from behind the head, and protruding more than twice the length of the caterpillar, with a drawing of the same, was exhibited. Mr. Westwood stated, that through the kindness of Dr. Buckland, who exhibited several similar speci- mens at the last meeting of the Linnaean Society, he had been allowed to dissect one of them, and found the whole of the interior of the caterpillar filled with a white hard substance, something like almonds, except a tortuous dark line running through it, which he supposed to be the alimentary canal. Mr. F. Smith exhibited a doubly-stylopized specimen of Halictus nitidiusculus. Mr. Westwood presented, and explained, three printed Tracts, with Illustrations by M. Wesmael, on monstrosities in certain insects. One of these was the imago of Limenitis PopitU, bearing the head of the caterpillar, which gave rise to an argument as to whether one or more segments of the larva went to form the head of the perfect insect. Mr. Shuckard, supported by the observations of Mr. Smith and Mr. Newman, maintained the latter opinion. Mr. Westwood could see no proofs of it whatever. The first part of an Essay by the Rev. F. W. Hope, on insects used for the food of man, was read. It went through the orders Coleoptera and Orthoptera, detailing a vast variety of authority for the use of insectal food, from Scripture dov/n- wards ; and recommended the encouragement of the use of locusts for food by the governments of those countries liable to be periodically overrun with these pests, as the best remedy against their devastations. Mr. Westwood read a translation from Kollar*s work on insects injurious to vegetation, describing the opei'ations and peculiar economy of Platygaster Boscii, an insect which attacks the pear blossom. 188 Art. XIX. — Notice of some new Genera and Species of Brachelytra. By Rev. A. Matthews, M.A. Considering the extent, the interesting economy, and the variety of organization of this section, it is strange that it has not excited more attention among entomologists than appears to have been afforded it. Howevei*, it is to be hoped that the extraordinary and novel forms which it presents, such as in the genera Pseudopsis and Diglossa, which have been recently so ably described,^ will invite a more scientific research into their structure and habits. That much is still to be done, must be apparent to all who have examined this class with even the least attention ; and it is soon seen that the more they are in- vestigated, the more curious and interesting the research will prove. In the early part of the last spring I devoted much time to collecting and investigating these insects, which abound in this neighbourhood ; and having discovered several apparently un- described species, and among them two new genera, I venture to ask space in your next number for this notice of them. It happened, whilst engaged in setting an insect, which at the time I fancied belonged to Conura, or some other genus of Tachi/poridce, that I observed two curious spinous processes issuing from its mouth ; I was immediately struck with the strong resemblance which these seemed to bear to the labial appendages of Diglossa, figured in the eighteenth number of the Entomological Magazine, which I had just then received. This led me to a closer examination of the insect ; and having dissected the mouth, I found that the spines proceeded from the extremity of a soft retractile organ, which proved to be the labium. My further attention being excited by this dissection, I afterwards found several species distinctly bearing the same generic characters, and I have ventured to name them Centro- glossa. I can hardly persuade myself that a genus consisting of several, evidently different species, and in itself so strongly characterised as this is, can hitherto have escaped the notice of entomologists ; but as I have fruitlessly endeavoured to discover » Entomological Magazine, Vol. II. p. 313; Vol. IV. p. 253. NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF BRACHELYTRA. 189 it in those works to which I have access, or by tlie friends to whom I have referred, I am advised to adopt the present mode of pubhshing a description of it. Of this genus four species are clearly distinct, as will subse- quently appear; and two more, I apprehend, are sufficiently so to warrant their separation, but from their rarity it is diffi- cult at present to speak with certainty respecting them. Their locality, with one exception, which will be immediately noticed, is in damp decaying vegetable matter; they are very lively and active, in many points closely resembling each other ; they are all clothed with a short sericeous pubescence, which in the living insect is very brilliant. In all of them there is an iso- lated seta placed near the middle of the intermediate tibiae : in colour they are so much alike, that it becomes a difficult task clearly to point out their distinctions by descriptions. The locality of one species (C elongata) before alluded to, differs from its congenera ; the only spot in which I have met with it being a bank of clay on the edge of a stagnant pool, where it burrows like the Heteroceri, and can rarely be seen on the surface. The other genus, which I have called Deinopsis, is nearly allied to the foregoing. Its habits, its locality, the rapidity of its motions, and the pubescence with which it is clothed, are precisely similar ; indeed its whole appearance bears the strongest resemblance to them ; but when the separated parts, especially those of the head, are examined, a difference so great is immediately seen as to make a separation unavoidable. Of this genus I have met with only one species. The follow- ing valuable observations, accompanied by the dissections given in the cuts, were sent me by my friend Mr. Westwood, for which I beg to offer him my best thanks. " In Centroglossa the mandibles, which are acute, are slightly hooked at the tips, and without any teeth on the inner margin, being only slightly serrated below the middle, are furnished on the inside with a large flat transparent appendage, thick- ened along the centre, with the inner margin straight, and discovered, under a very high-power lens, to be exceedingly finely serrated ; the back of this, at the tip, is rounded, the opposite angle being acute. In some of the Brachelytra we find a minute appendage attached to the inner edge of the mandible, of which this is evidently the analogue ; but in this 190 NEW (5ENERA AND SPECIES genus it is so much enlarged as to appear more like a supple- mental mandible, being more than one-third of the size of the real mandible. The maxillse are singular, the two terminal lobes being greatly elongate, the external very slender, with a few setEe at the tip; the internal curved, and acute at the tip, horny, with the inner margin finely denticulated, from the middle to the tip. The maxillary palpi appear only two- jointed, but by carefully examining the maxilla, the minute basal joint is discovered ; the terminal fourth joint, which in many of the Braclielytra is minute and conical, is here entirely evanescent. The mentum is transverse, rather narrowed in front, with the anterior margin straight, the angles produced into two long filaments, sparingly clothed with long setae ; two very long setse also arise near the centre of the front margin. The labium is membranaceous, apparently capable of retrac- tion, and oblong in its form, seeming to be divided by a suture across the middle, its anterior angles produced into two very long and setaceous filaments,, longer than the mandibles. The labial palpi are entirely evanescent. The four anterior tarsi are only four-jointed ; the two posterior five-jointed ; the un- gues very long, slender, and slightly curved, with a curved seta on the underside. The antennae have the basal joint small and rounded, the second elongate. "In Deinopsis the mandibles are very acute, and incurved at the tip, with two strong and acute teeth on the inside, beneath the apex. The internal lobe of Centi'oglossa is here replaced by a large appendage, extending from the base above the lowest of the teeth of the mandible, and armed along its inner margin with very acute and deflexed teeth, forming, in conjunction with the toothed mandible, a most effective instru- ment for laceration. The maxillae also participate rn this character ; the inner lobe, although very slender, being exceed- ingly acute at the tip, with several sharp teeth on the inside, beyond the middle, and extending to the tip; the long and slender outer lobe is also furnished at its apex with a series of acute and strong bristles. The maxillary palpi are similar in their general structure to those of Centroglossa. The mentum is large, transverse, broadest at the base, with the anterior margin nearly straight, the anterior angles being slightly porrccted. The labium is membranous, somewhat quadrate, rather narrowed in front, with a deep notch in the centre of OF BllACHELYTRA. 191 the anterior margin, within which, on each side, arises a long and curved bristle : the extremity of each lobe formed by this notch is furnished with a very minute appendage, composed distinctly of two joints, the terminal one being very minute and slender : the labial palpi are entirely evanescent. The legs are of a curious structure ; the anterior tibia? are furnished with three short spines or calcaria at the tips, and another on the outside beyond the middle ; the tarsi in all the legs appear only to be three-jointed, the two basal joints being moderately short, and the third longer than the two preceding together; its extremity is armed with several very long erect bristles, as well as with several others accompanying the claws, which are long, slender, and toothed in the centre. The antennas have the two basal joints longer than the rest. " It is not without some scruple that I have brought myself to adopt the nomenclature of the parts of the instrumenta lahialia, given above, more especially some in Deinojms ; there are appendages which might, perhaps, be considered as the true analogues of the labial palpi. The structure of the labium, and its various parts, notwithstanding all that has been written upon it, still requires a philosophical investigation, in order to prove the real representatives of each portion through- out the great variation of form which exists even in the mouth of Coleopterous insects alone, setting aside the other mandi- bulated and all the haustellated orders. By a comparative examination, however, of the mouth of these two genera with the other genera of Brachelytra, I think we cannot fail to trace the true analogues of these parts. In Hygronoma dimidiata, (Erichson, Kafer der Mark Brandenb. Homalota dimidiata^ Curtis, PI. 514,) the labial palpi are present, but the labium or lip, as the latter author indifferently terms it, is ' terminated by a transverse oval lobe, with two divaricating obtuse spines at the centre.' In Callicerus Spencii, (Curtis, PL 443, $ Homa- lota callicera, Erichson, 9 Callicerus hi/hridus, Hali.) the lip is also furnished * with two small lobes in the centre.' But, in Dinarda dentata, {Lomechusa dentata, Curtis, PI. 410,) which is most nearly allied to those insects, the lip is ' small, narrow, and bifid, each lobe producing a small glandular appendage.' In all these insects, however, the labial palpi are present. But, in Mr. Haliday's remarkable genus, Diylossa, (Ent. Mag. XVIII. p. 253,) we find a much nearer affinity to these two 192 NEW GENERA AND SPECIES genera; liere the maxillee are exactly formed as in Centroglossa; the lower parts of the mouth are also evidently similar, although, from the labium being retracted, Mr. Haliday was compelled to pass it with a mark of doubt, adding, that the palpi are ' represented by two parallel spines, so long as to pass beyond the extremity of the mandibles,' and which were the only parts of the labium which he had seen. The Oxy- telideous form of the body in Diglossa, and especially the struc- ture of the tarsi, separate it widely from Centroglossa." To the above observations of Mr. Westvvood, I must add, that the labium in Centroglossa is not only retractile, but also capable of considerable expansion ; for, in some specimens which I have dissected, the anterior margin of that organ, (which, as may be seen in Fig. b. 2, usually falls into a deep notch, forming the two lobes,) was nearly straight; and in this case the long filaments proceed more or less from the opposite corners of the mouth, extending nearly their whole length beyond it, and divaricating considerably. Mr. Westwood then goes on to say, " In addition to this genus, Dr. Erichson has just published the characters of several new genera of ' Aleocharini,'' closely allied to these ; and, as his work is as yet in very few hands, it may be service- able to give his short Latin characters of these genera, as they will, in all probability, occur in our own country. " SiLUSA. — Maxillee malis inaequalibus, interiore elongat