.d^ \ THE O EN T O MO LOGICAL MAGAZINE. VOL. III. ■illE LUM^ LONDON : FREDERICK WESTLEY AND A. H. DAVIS, STATIONERS'-HALL-COURT ; WAUGH 5t INNES, EDINBUKGIl ; AND VV. F. WAKKMAN, DUBLIN. M Dccc xxxvr. .c^^ I C)^0^ ^onl LONDON : R. CLAY, PRINTER, BREAD-STKEET-HILL. -ll^'-Ur LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Bennett, William, M.E.S., 48, Cannon Street, 416. B— n, J. 501. Christy, William, jun. F.L.S. Z.S. M.E.S., Clapham Road, 411. Davis, A. H., F.L.S. M.E.S., Camberwell, 103, 104. Doubleday, Edward, M.E.S., Epping, 98, 147, 283, 413, 414, 415. Edmonds, A. jun. Worcester, 206, 410. E.N.D. 304,410, 416, 427. Engleheart, N. B. Doctors' Commons, 409. Enock, William, jun. Hay, 415. Haliday, A. H., M.A., Belfast, 20, 121,315, 439. Heysham, T. C. Carlisle, 409, 410. lonicus, 176, 376, 460, Insect Hunter, 305. Marshall, Thomas, Birmingham, 510, 511. Mctford, Henry, M.R. C.S. 379. Newman, Edward, F.L.S., Deptford, 12, 408. Newman, George, jun. Leominster, 416. Newman, Henry, Leominster, 208. Richards, Worcester, 410. Rudd, Rev. G. T., M.A. F.L.S., Yarm, 170, 207. Rusticus, Godalming, 336. Shove, G. 407. Shuckard, W. E., M.E.S., 91. Stephens, J. F., F.L.S. Z.S. M.E.S. 415. Swainson, William, F.R.S. L.S. M.E.S., London-Colney, 1. Thompson, W., F.L.S., Deputy Inspector-General of Hospitals, 85, 275, 370, 452. Tot, 208. Trusted, G. 408. Walker, Francis, F.G.S. L.S., 49, Bedford Square, 57, 94, 159, 178, 182, 217, 341, 405, 412, 465. Waterhouse, George R., M.E.S., Royal Institution, Liverpool, 412, 496. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Plate Xl.—See Art. V. Fig. 1. Wing of Ensina sonchi.; 2. Ditto Oxyphora Westermanni. 3. Ditto Terellia Serratula;. 4. Ditto ditto Alciphron. 5. Ditto ditto florescentise. 6. Ditto Forellia arnicae. 7. Ditto Orellia Wiedemanni. 8. Ditto Tephritis cornuta. 9. Ditto ditto lappae. 10. Ditto ditto tussilaginis. 11. Ditto ditto arctii. 12. Ditto Urophora cardui. 13. Ditto ditto pugionata. 14. Ditto ditto solstitialis. 15. Ditto Aciura lychnidis. 16. Ditto ditto discoidea. 17. Ditto Sphenella signata. 18. Ditto marginata. 19. Ditto Urellia radiata. 20. Ditto Acinia corniculata. 21. Ditto ditto parietina. 22. Ditto ditto laticauda. 23. Ditto ditto heraclei. 24. Ditto ditto leontodontis. 25. Ditto ditto hyoscyami. 26. Ditto ditto flavicauda. 27. Ditto ditto absinthii. 2B. Ditto Noeeta guttularis. 29. Ditto Anomoia Goedii. • 30. Ditto Euleia onopordinis. 31. Ditto Acidia cognata. 32. Ditto ditto ? artemisise. 33. Ditto ditto? Zoe. Plate XU.—See Art. XXIII. Fig. 1. Ipliitrachelus Lar. Mas. 2. Platygaster Catillus, Fern- 3. Thorax of ditto, vertical section, sctltel mucronate. 4. Platygaster cochleatus, vertical section, scutel produced. 5. Ditto relutinus, Mas, antenna, ditto Feni. ■ Tipulae, Mas. ditto Fern, antenna. ditto thorax, yertical section, scutel. mucronate. ruficornis, Mas. ditto thorax, vertical section, scutel fasciculate, ditto trophi. 13. Abdomen of a male Platygaster, beneath. 14. Ditto female ditto. 15. Platygaster attenuatus, Fern. 16. Inostemma areolata, Pern. 1 7. Ditto, vertical section, scutel obtuse. 18. Ditto, antenna. 19. Ditto, ditto Mas. 20. Ditto, abdomen, ditto. 21. Inostemma scrutator, fe?K. antenna. Plate XIII.— See Art. XXXII. Fig. 1. Telenomua brachialis, Fcm. 2. Ditto Laricis, Fe7n. 3. Ditto ditto Mas, antenna. 4. Ditto othus, Fem. 5. Gryon miseUus, Mas. . - 6. Bceus seminulum, Fem. 7. Teleas varicornis, Fem. 8. Ditto claricornis, Fetn. 9. Ditto ditto Mas, antenna. 10. Xenomerus Ergenna, Mas. 11. Thoron metallicus, Fem. 12. Ditto ditto Mas, antenna. 6. Ditto 7. Ditto 8. Ditto 9. Ditto 10. Ditto 11. Ditto 12. Ditto CONTENTS. Page Art. I. On the Series of Nature, and on the Relations of Animals. Remarks occasioned by a Review of the Preliminary Discourse on Natural History. By Edward Swainson, Esq 1 Art. II. A few Words on the Transfoniiation of Insects. By Edward Newman. Read at the Linnsean Society, April 1, 1834 . . . . 12 Art. III. Essay on Parasitic Hymenoptera. By A. H. Haliday, M.A. 20 • Art. IV. Discussion on the Luminosity of Fulgora Candelaria, &c. at the Ninety-ninth Monthly Meeting of the Entomological Club 45 Art. V^ Descriptions of the British Tephritites. By Francis Walker 57* ARTi VI. Memoir on the Metamorphosis and Natural History of the Pinnotheres, or Pea-Crabs. By W. Thompson, F.L.S 85 Art. VII. Insects found on Hampstead Heath. By W. E. Shuckard 91 Art. VIII. Monographia Chalciditum. By Francis Walker ... 94 Art. IX. Notes on a Review of Mr. Swainson's Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural History. By Edward Doubleday ... 98 Art. X. List of Entomological Works 100 Art. XI. Varieties 102 Art. XII. Discussion on the Luminosity of Fulgora Candelaria, &c. at the Ninety-ninth Monthly Meeting of the Entomological Club . 1 05 Art. XIII. Essay on Parasitic Hymenoptera. By A. H. Haliday, M.A. 121 • Art. XIV. Remarks on the Entomology of Epping and its Vicinity. By Edward Doubleday i . 147 Art. XV. Observations on the British Cynipites. By Francis Walker 159 Art. XVL Remarks suggested by a Postscript to the Fifth Volume of Stephens's "Mandibulata." By the Rev. G. T. Rudd . . .170 Art. XVII. Some Observations on the Structure and Functions of Tubular and Cellular Polypi, and of Asidae. By Joseph Jackson Lister, Esq. F.R.S 172 Art. XVIII. Notes on various Insects. By lonicus 176 Art. XIX. Notes on Diptera. By Francis Walker 178 Art. XX. Monographia Chalciditum. By Francis Walker . . .182* Art. XXI. Varieties . . 206 Art. XXII. Wanderings in New South Wales, &c., being the Journal of a Naturalist. By George Bennett, Esq. F.L.S 209 Art. XXIII. On the Species of Platygaster, &c. By Francis Walker 217 Art. XXIV. Memoir on the Metamorphosis in Porcellana and Por- tunus. By J. V. Thompson, F.L.S. Deputy Inspector-General of Hospitals . 275 Art. XXV. A Tour in the Prairies. By the Author of the Sketch Book 280 Art. XXVI. Remarks on the Entomology of Epping and its Vicinity. By Edward Doubleday 283 Art. XXVII. List of Entomological Works 292 Art. XXVIII. Varieties 304 VI CONTENTS. Page Art. XXIX. Wanderings and Ponderings of an Insect Hunter . . 305 Art. XXX. British Species of the Dipterous Tribe Sphseroceridte. By A. H. Haliday, M.A 815 Art. XXXI. Portions of a Letter from the Author of the Letters of Rusticus to Edward Newman 336 Art. XXXII. On the Species of Teleas, &c. By Francis Walker . 341 Art. XXXIII. Of the Double Metamorphosis in Macropodia Pha- langium, or Spider-Crab ; with Proofs of the Larvae being Zoea in Gegarcinus hydrodomus, Thelphusa erythropus, Eriphia can-ibaea, and Grapsus pelagicus. By J. V. Thompson, F.L.S. Deputy Inspector-General of Hospitals 370 Art. XXXIV. Notes on various Insects. By lonicus 376 Art. XXXV. On the Origin of the Entozoa in the Bodies of Animals. By Henry Metford, M.R.C.S 379 Art. XXXVI. Notes on the Genus Aphis. By Francis Walker . 405 Art. XXXVII. Varieties 407 Art. XXXVIII. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, &c. By William Bartram 417 Art. XXXIX. Appendix to Captain Sir John Ross's Narrative of his Second Voyage, &c 427 Art. XL. On the Husk, or Hoose in Cattle. By George Colgate 433 Art. XLI. An Epitome of the British Genera, in the Order Thy- sanoptera, with indications of a few of the Species. By A. H. HaHday, M.A 439 Art. XLII. Natural History and Metamorphosis of an Anomalous Crustaceous Parasite of Carcinus Msenas, the Sacculina Carcini. By J. V.Thompson, F.L.S. Deputy Inspector-General of Hospitals 452 Art. XLIII, Extracts of Letters from C. Darwin, Esq. to Professor Henslow 457 Art. XLIV. Notes on various Insects. By lonicus 460 Art. XLV. Monographia Chalciditum. By Francis Walker . . . 465 Art. XLVI. A few Observations on the Habits of some Species of Bees. By G, R. Waterhouse, Cui'ator to the Museum of the Royal Institution, Liverpool 496 Art. XLVI I. Entomological Notes. By Edward Newman . . . 499 Art. XL VIII. Notes on the Cheese and Bacon-Hoppers, and the Cheese-Mite 501 Art. XLIX. List of Entomological Works 505 Art. L. Varieties 510 List of Subscribers of Five Copies of this Volume, to whom we return our most sincere thanks. W. Bennett. S. Hanson. J. BeVINGTON. J. HoYER. Rev. C. S. Bird. J. Milne. J. S. BOWERBANK. E. NeWMAN. J. F. Christy. G. Newman. A. H. Davis. W. Swainson. E. Doubleday. J. J. Walton. E R RATA. Page 16, line 36, for Tababus read Tabanus. 19, — 41, for hough read though. 20, — 28, for segmente read segmento. 21, — 15, for lavigatum read la^vigatum. 28, — 41, for laea read alse. 34, — 2, for juceis read piceis. 35, — 7, for subhylinse read subhyalina'. 37, — 3, for contermino read contermino. 44, — 1, /or Piconiger reaii Piceoniger. 49, — 21, for paratetum read paratehim. 96, — 21, for cingulata read cingulatae. 157, — 23, for Cailionys read Csehoxys. 176, — 17, for Jonicus read lonicus. 180, — 7, for Zygoneuva read Zygoneura. 183, — 34, for parapsides-fere read parapsides fere. 207, — 15, for Bombicydse read Bombycidse. 277, — 6, for Portimus read Portunus. 290, — 24, for King Ouzel read Ring Ouzel. 297, — 9, and page 298, line 4, /or Gecarcinus read Gegnrciniis 301, — 24, for Compte read Comte. 303, — 12, for Rupfertafeln read Kupfertafehi. 309, — 34, for scabiosa read Scabiosa. 349, — 7> for Prsecedenti read Prsecedente. 381, — 40, for Destoma read Distoma. 383, — 39, for Ascans read Ascaris. 387, — 11, /or Vena read Filaria. 413, — 18, for Jalia read Pentatoma. DIRECTIONS TO BINDER FOR PLACING THE PLATES. Plate XI. ... to face ... p. 57 — XIL ... _ ... 217 — XIII. ... — ... 341 ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE. APRIL, 1835. Art. I. — On the Series of Nature, and on the Relations of Animals. BemarJcs occasioned by a Revieiv of the Pre- liminary Discourse on Natural History. By William SWAINSON, Esq. The Reviewers having now, in the ordinary phrase, " done their duty," with my Preliminary Discourse, permit me, through the medium of your valuable pages, to make a few observations upon what has been said of my labours. I may safely appeal, indeed, to your present indulgence ; inasmuch as the remarks which folFow, in their spirit, are as applicable to the study of Entomology as to any other branch of Zoology ; and may, by eliciting others from such of your readers as are versed in the details of our science, tend to advance its best interests. I should wish, moreover, to discuss the questions at issue more as matters of science, than in the ordinary style of answering reviewers. When opinions are fairly and candidly stated, in temperate and courteous language, we cannot doubt that truth is the sole object for which the writer contends ; and he is, to say the least, entitled to a calm and conciliatory answer. But when, on the other hand, a reviewer sets out with a dishonest and malicious intention of misrepresenting an author, perverting his meaning, falsifying his statements, and fastening opinions upon him which he has never uttered ; when, moreover, from lack of argument, he is obliged to have recourse to jesting, he evidently shows he is neither a lover of NO. I. VOL. III. B 2 ON THE SERIES OF NATURE, science nor a lover of truth. The two leading scientific jour- nals, the Literary Gazette and the Athenaeum, have given us, on the present occasion, striking examples of these opposite classes of writers ; and this, perhaps, is the best test of their relative merits, of the feelings of their respective editors, and the abilities of their coadjutors. The remarks which follow will be chiefly, if not exclusively, directed to the opinions expressed by the writer in the Literary Gazette ; the other will be dismissed in a few words. The chief points at issue are such as every naturalist must be deeply interested in. They are, I. The Scale of Nature, and, IL The Relations of Animals. The first question will not detain me long, and I give it the priority, in support of my belief that the writer (evidently a good physiologist) has but a very slight, I might add, super- ficial acquaintance with Zoology ; and that he is still less acquainted either with the labours, or the opinions, of the large majority of British naturalists. The principal objec- tions urged against the circular theory of affinities, are, I. That it leads to " discordance among its divers followers." 2. " To most unnatural deductions to fill up hiatus and gaps." 3. " That the general form or contour of an animal is made a primary distinction." Now, as to the vahdity of these objections. L If discordance of opinion as to the value of a system is to condemn it, what system that has ever been invented must not, by such a test, be condemned? Let us take that of the Regne Animal, of which the writer has such an overweening opinion. It claims to be, and in many parts really is, based upon the mutual connexion of structure with habit. Why then has this system been opposed, — strenuously and successfully opposed, — on the very same principles of arrangement, by De Blainville, in the whole Animal Kingdom ; by Illiger, in the Quadrupeds and Birds; by Lamarck, in the Invertebrata; by Temmink, Vieil- lot, Lesson, Latreille, Wagler, and Bonaparte, in Ornithology ; and by a host of others of minor note. Here there is a " dis- cordance of opinion" among the followers of the principles of M. Cuvier, far, very far greater than what we have had among the advocates of circularity. The truth is, that no system ever given to the world has received so much opposition as that of M. Cuvier; for, although his anatomical facts have AND ON THE RELATIONS OF ANIMALS. S never, for a moment, been questioned by his opponents, they have all differed from him in the inferences to he drawn from those facts. The foregoing list substantiates this assertion in its letter and in its spirit. So that, if " discordance " among those who profess to follow the same principles, is to be urged as proof of the unsoundness of those principles, then the system of M. Cuvier is the most objectionable that was ever invented. 2. But there seems to be another strong objection to the circular theory, arising from its advocates being led to " most unnatural deductions to fill up hiatus and gaps. The circular theorists hesitating not to quote from extinct worlds ; when it appears to have been an essential condition to those beings, that, in the different eras which succeeded one another, with the usual character of their family, they united the characters of types, which made their appearance at more remote periods." There appears to me much ambiguity and looseness in this observation. The writer speaks of extinct animals, which, nevertheless, have " the usual character of their family ;" mean- ing, as I presume, their recent family. If so, the objection amounts to this, — because some of the types or forms of a recent family are found only in a fossil state, therefore we are to take no notice of them in our survey of existing races : we should have, in short, two systems of circles, one for the recent types, and another for the fossil types, of tJie same family ! This I presume to be the writer's meaning, — however absurd it may appear, — because he goes on to say that, " with the usual character of their family," these extinct animals " united the characters of types which made their appearance at more remote periods." What these still " more remote types" are, to which extinct animals have but a partial connexion, we are not informed. Who has seen them, or heard of them ? They are clearly in nubibus. They must relate to imaginary animals, created before all those whose remains have been discovered ! If this inference is not to be drawn from the passage, here fully quoted, I must confess its meaning is utterly past my compre- hension. But again, if all those extinct animals which have been discovered show us, as the writer himself admits, the *' usual character of their family," as seen in the recent types of that family, the logical inference follows, that both belong to 4 ON THE SF.niF.S OF NATURE, one family group. I must confess, however, that to me the wording of this objection is devoid both of precision and con- sistency. But as it is far from my wish to pervert the Reviewer's meaning, I shall view the objection in another light; viz. as condemning the introduction, into the circular arrangement, of such forms as more especially belonged to former ages of the world. By what means, therefore, let me ask, has the writer discovered that nature pursued a new set of primary laws,* in every age or " day" of the creation ? If it could be shown that the characters of any races of the fossil quadrupeds were so anomalous as to exclude them from the great tribes or families of living examples, — that their structure set at defiance all those principles of variation with which we are now fami- liar,— then, indeed, we should have something like presumptive evidence to favour this writer's extraordinary cavil. But a perusal of M. Cuvier's invaluable memoirs on these animals would have satisfied the Reviewer that such anomalies did not occur. And we, " the circular theorists," can assure him we are not behind-hand in the power of assigning nearly all these animals to their legitimate station in the one scheme of nature. But if what I have here urged in defence of introducing fossil animals into the natural system will not satisfy the Reviewer, his own authority, M. Cuvier himself, shall cancel his objec- tion. We beg, therefore, he will turn to the first volume of the Regno Animal, and he will there discover, doubtless to his no small astonishment, that the extinct genera of Mastodon, Anoplotherium, Paleothcrium, and Lophiodon, are actually in- troduced in the natural series, and incorporated with the living species of the Pachydermes, as part and parcel of that order : for although, as every Zoological student knows, these genera are all fossil ; yet, to use the writer's own words, " they have the usual characters of i\\e\x family" — or rather, order. And, accoi'dingly, M. Cuvier introduces them in the true series of Pachydermata. Here again the Reviewer, in condemning the circular theorists, condemns alike the Regno Animal. The third objection against the circular theory is, that " the general form or contour of an animal is made a primary distinc- tion;" meaning, I presume, that the outer structure of an ' I speak not here oi variation of form, but of the principles upon which that variation of form is regulated. — See my volume, On the Geography and Classification of Animals, p. 2'21'. AND ON THE RELATIONS OF ANIMALS. O animal is regarded, upon ordinary occasions, more than the ititier. And why should it not?'^Is not the one, in all ver- tebrated animals, an index to the other ? Cannot we decide as accurately, — nay, and with infinitely greater accuracy, — on the station of an animal, (its essential structure, its economy, and its habits,) from its outward form, as the anatomist can do from "the fragment of a bone?" We should be pursuing a day-dream, indeed, if this had not, and could not, be done among us, " by the hand of a master, with perfect ease ;" yes, and with a precision, moreover, of which the writer seems not to have the most distant conception. Waving this, however, I beg to inquire from him, whether outward structure is not as much a branch of comparative anatomy as any other ? The study of anatomy, in short, is the study of structure, and he who despises one part of the study despises it ^?^ toto. Where knowledge is to be gained by two methods, the one simple, the other difficult, I should always give the preference to that which most facilitates its acquisition. What, in short, are the bill, the wings, the tail, and the feet of birds, but so many parts of their comparative (although external) anatomy ? And what other parts so powerfully and strikingly determine and modify the external form? Now these are precisely the characters which both M. Cuvier and myself have chosen as the founda- tion of our respective ornithological systems ; but with this difference, that I have endeavoured to substantiate, by analysis, the system of this variation,^ while not the least attempt has been made to effect any such generalization in the Regne Animal. I mention this, not as depreciating that celebrated work, but as one of the many proofs that its illus- trious author had neither time nor inclination to study affinities, with the object of discovering the natural series. It is no disparagement to the highest naturalist, that he is obliged, from the boundless extent of our science, to limit his chief attention to some of its parts, and comparatively to neglect others. I have more than once repeated my surprise, that M. Cuvier, occupied with his innumerable inquiries in com- parative anatomy, (in itself the study of a life,) should have accomplished so much in Zoology. Nothing can detract from his splendid talents in the former department ; but I must confess my belief, in the language of one who well knew his '■ Northern Zoology, Vol. IL The Birds. 6 ON THE SERIES OF NATURE, powers, that "perhaps no man Hving has made so little use of his knowledge to construct a natural arrangement." I had almost passed over another objection, not indeed stated in precise language, but which seems to be urged against us, for laying any stress on the " unusual development of any particular part of the body, as an excessive tail," &c.; for, it is argued, where this development occurs it is not accompanied by a similarity of functions, therefore the character is subordinate or useless. Here the writer seems to be unconscious, that in thus censuring me, he is also condemning M. Cuvier, Geoffroy St. Hiliare, and all the princes of our science. I must, therefore, again entreat he will turn to the Regne Animal, where he will find that M. Cuvier separates the genus Inuus from that oi Macacus, because the latter have tails, and the former none. M. Geoffroy distinguishes Pithecia from MijceteSf because the tail of one is short, and of the other long and prehensile. Cebus again is separated from Mycetes, because its long prehensile tail is covered with hair. And as a sixth example, in the very same family, Callithrix is detached from Cebus, because its long hairy tail is not prehensile ! Now it so happens, that all these instances of primary generic characters, drawn from the structure of the tail, occur in a single group of the Regne Animal. If then I have erred upon this point, it is some consolation that the censure of the Reviewer is equally shared between me and M. Cuvier. In selecting this as a subject for condemning the '* circular theorists," the critic has been peculiarly unfortunate. I have ventured to express a belief that the writer is but very slightly acquainted with Zoology, and that he is equally so as to the sentiments of our most leading naturalists. To defend the circular theory, is really now become, as I am afraid your readers will think, a work of supererogation ; seeing that all those who, by their writings, stand in the foremost ranks of our native science, have, either directly or indirectly, by advo- cating or adopting this brilliant discovery of our illustrious countryman, rendered all further defence of this prime article of our creed, on the score of aidhority, quite unnecessary. When we look to the names of MacLeay, Horsfield, Gray, Professor Lindley, Vigors, Stephens, Sir W. Jardine, Selby, Bell, Newman, and Westwood ; not to mention such illustrious men as Fries, Agardh, Nees Von Essenbeck, and Isidore AND ON THE RELATIONS OF ANIMALS. 7 GeofFroy St. Hiliare upon the Continent, our list comprises nearly all the most distinguished naturalists now living. We differ, indeed, among ourselves, as to numerical divisions ; but the grand principle being unanimously admitted, that no group is natural whose affinities are not circular, will soon bring about a harmony of agreement in the details. But the time is gone by when even names, illustrious as they may be, can outweigh logical deductions from undisputed facts. If every one, therefore, of the above distinguished Zoologists and Botanists, was to read his recantation, and yet was unable to substitute any other theory, explaining and illustrating the facts of nature as fully as this does, their secession would have no influence whatever upon the philo- sophic naturalist, who will ever give the preference to that system, whatever it may be, which establishes the greatest uniformity of 'principle in the variation and construction of animals. After all, the value of a system is best seen in its details, in its workings, and by its realizing our ordinary conceptions on the affinities of nature. It is not abstract theories, however learnedly promulgated or defended, which will ever persuade us that the following is the natural series of animals, although it is so stated in the Regne Animal. Nowhere, as Mr. MacLeay truly observes, " do we find inconsistencies so conspicuous as in this series, which is that nevertheless of the most learned comparative anatomist in existence." ■= Cats. Elephant. Seals. Pig. Opossums. Horse. Mice. Camel. Hares. Antelope. Sloths. Sea-Cow, (Manattts). Armadillos. Whales. Ducks-bill, {Ornithorhynchus.) Eagles, &c. Why will the Reviewer, and similar devotees to the R^gne Animal, provoke such comparisons from those who rejoice to honour M. Cuvier in his proper sphere l We now come to the second point of discussion, no less important and interesting than the last, viz. the resemblances of animals. ■^ See Horse Entom., p. 271. 8 ON THE SERIES OF NATURE, With such a very Hmited knowledge of Zoology as our critic, from what has been said, would seem to possess, I am rather surprised that he should attempt to grapple with ques- tions of the most difficult and abstruse nature; questions, upon which the experience of near thirty years barely enables me, with doubt and difficulty, to venture. Such scruples, however, do not appear in the following new definitions of the various resemblances of animals, as thus given and prefaced by our Reviewer. " When Zoology became a philosophic study, the connexion having been traced between form and function, two elements of scientific classification were admitted : but every casual observer may also detect, in the animal kingdom, the repetition, as it were, of certain organs in crea- tures removed by the other features of their structure far from one another ;" — then the Reviewer quotes my examples, (without acknowledgment,) as if they were facts, brought forward by himself, of analogies. We then have the defi- nitions. " Taking the three terms, Affinity, Analogy, and Resemblance, in the definitions which should belong to them in natural history," our writer defines them in the following words : — 1. "By affinity, we would understand functional relation, or a similarity of structure, in which a similarity of function or of habit is imphed. 2. "By analogy, we would express a repetition of similar structures, where the whole of the functions or habits entailed by that structure are not present ; and, 3. " By resemblance, we would signify a repetition of structure where function is not implied at all." To each of these I must call the reader's attention. Defi- nitions are dangerous experiments, and require that every word should be weighed before it is committed to paper. 1. If, as it is urged, affinity can only be applied to two animals having " a similarity of structure, and a similarity of function or of habit," there are very few affinities in the animal world. For, let us only see how this law would act in practice. By this rule there would be no affinity between the Orang-Otang (Simla satyris, L.), and the Chimpanzee {Troglodytes niger, Geoff.) ; the former has the facial angle 65, and is destitute of superciliary ridges ; the latter has a facial angle of 50, and possesses these ridges : there is not then " a similarity of AND ON THE RELATIONS OF ANIMALS. 9 Structure ;" therefore, according to this law, there is no affinity, as insisted upon by M. Cuvier, between them. These two genera again, according to this rule, can have no affinity with the long-armed Apes or Gibbons {Hylobates, Illiger), because they differ from the former both in structure and in habits ; the buttocks of the Gibbons are callous, while those of the Orangs are hairy ; and yet all Zoologists have placed these animals immediately following each other. But let us test the truth of this proposition in our own branch, Entomology : the Gonepteryx Rliamni, Leach, has no " similarity of structure or of habit " with Eurymus Edusa, Sw. ; therefore, according to the above canon, they have no affinity with each other. For the same reason, we must be wrong in supposing Pontia cardamines is related by affinity to P. napi, for their structures are different. But not to multiply further instances, we must be quite wrong in supposing that any one genus can have an affinity with another genus ; because, as no two genera are " similar in structure," by " which a simi- larity of function or of habit is implied ;" so we must, by following the above rule, confine " affinities " to species, and to those species only, where the structures, functions, and habits, are perfectly similar. 2. Next as to analogy. By this term, our writer " would express a repetition of similar structure, where the whole of the functions or habits entailed by that structure are not present." What is this, but to say, in other words, that an animal may have a peculiar structure, and yet be unable to exercise those functions and habits which this very structure implies ? — It would be like two wood-peckers, having a "repetition of a similar structui'e" — that is, a wedge-shaped bill, stiff tail, and scansorial feet — the one able to use these endowments, the other denied this power ! Is there any such woodpecker known to exist ? Does any such instance of contradiction occur in the feathered creation ? or can the writer point out one solitary example of such an anomaly in the whole animal kingdom ? I feel confident he never could have thought upon his own words, for they directly and palpably assert, that there are animals who have been endowed by the Creator with a peculiar structure, and yet have been denied the power of performing the functions and habits thereunto belonging. Now, if such an animal is an instance of analogy, and is not to be found in NO. I. VOL. III. c 10 ON THF. SI RIES OF NATURE, tlie creation, it follows that analogy, as defined by our author, no where exists. 3. Resemblance, with naturalists, is usually considered as too comprehensive a term to express similitudes ; and there- fore we divide resemblances into two distinct sorts, viz. that of analogy and affinity, only using the general or generic term, when we are unable, from a deficiency of analysis, to decide upon its specific nature in the case before us. Our critic, however, is of a different opinion, and thinks that it deserves a separate definition. Resemblance he defines as " a repetition of structure, when function is not implied at all." Now, if this definition be correct, it is a complete denial of what he pi*eviously says,— that "Zoology, as a philosophic study, consists in tracing the connexion betiveeti form and ftmctio7i ;" and again in the following paragraph : — Zoology is " a science of structure and of function, and a philosophy founded on the use of parts and the habits of animals ; as such, it cannot retrograde." This is most true, but the assertions in the above definition would imply that structure and function are quite independent of each other ; and that one may exist, and in the same individual too, without the other ; consequently, that there is no solid basis even for his own definition of the " Philosophy of Zoology." If, in cases of resetnblance, which are innumerable, there is no connexion between structure and function, how can they be traced ? and what becomes of the philosophy of our science ? This defini- tion, in short, reiterates the last, in asserting that nature pre- sents the most outrageous anomalies : — it maintains that two animals may have a " similarity of structure," yet that one of them may not have a single function or habit of the other. Our author has refrained from bringing forward any facts or examples in support of his first and second propositions, but he quotes those I have given as instances of analog//, and he calls them resemblances ; as proofs, in short, where the structure is unaccompanied by its corresponding function. But upon what authority does he assert this? His, or rather niy instances of analogy, (p. 254,) are the " Tragopan Pheasant of India, the Horned Screamer of America, and the Unicorn Chatterer of Brazil," all which have horn-shaped protuberances on their heads. But what does the critic, any more than myself, know of the functions of these organs ? If he, or any one else, can enlighten us upon these points, science will be truly benefited ; AND ON THE RELATIONS OF ANIMALS. II but, labouring under this ignorance, are we to say that these peculiarities have no connexion with the habits of the birds ? Every thing we know of nature opposes the extravagant\ idea. Besides, it so happens, that upon one of these birds our critic is completely wrong, when he gives it as an instance of " a repetition of structure, when function is not implied at all." The horned screamer of Brazil has a real (spur-shaped) horn upon its front, which is used as a defence, precisely as much as are the horns of the bull or of the antelope. It is not, there- fore, an instance of what our author calls resemblance, because the structure is accompanied by the function. I have instanced this bird as an example of analogy between the genus Pala- media and the tribe of Ruminantia : both have horns used for the same purposes, — so far there is a. resemblance ; but the one is a bird, and the others are quadrupeds, and this makes the resemblance to be one of analogy. In like manner, the horned and bulky Dynastidce are analogous, as Mr. Kirby truly observes, to the same order of quadrupeds, and, con- sequently, to the same genus of birds. For myself, I know not of one animal in creation which will come under the author's definition, either of analogy or resemblance. I think the Reviewer, or at least your readers, will admit I have now given to each of these definitions every attention ; without any attempt, knowingly, to pervert the meaning their words would seem to convey. That the novel views contained in the Preliminary Discourse, no less than the undisguised opinions therein contained, would excite dissent and censure, was naturally to be expected ; but when dissent is courteously expressed, I am not only willing, but anxious, to excite discus- sion ; for even if I am throughout in error, much good will eventually result by such errors being detected. Posterity will judge whether I am in a day dream; and whether my Reviewer's concluding sentence upon my labours, that "they will not do honour to the progress of Zoological science in this country," is founded on an incapacity for comprehending them, or in immutable truth. One concluding sentence. Knowing pretty well the sen- timents of our leading naturalists, either personally or by their writings, I have naturally been anxious to surmise which of them could be the advocate of such singular opinions. Now there is only one among us who adopts, or who advocates, the Binary or Dichotomous system, — who excludes fossil from 12 ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF INSECTS. living animals, — who has set himself in opposition to the geological views of Ciivier, Buckland, and Conybeare, — who has criticised Leach, MacLeay, Samouelle ; and, on a former occasion, myself And when, moreover, I trace in your pages, under the signature of D. D,, the eccentric opinions contained in the " Philosophy of Zoology," and the " History of British Animals," I feel persuaded that all these are but diversified productions of one pen. The Dichotomous system, some how or other, is always brought in, as in the present case ; for the Reviewer says, " we shall come to the Dichotomous system, which must be true, for by the affinities of two beings, the links in the chain of creation are moulded." True it is that affinities are so marked, but we have seen that these links, which must differ in structure, are not what the writer defines to be affinities ; and that, consequently, if he is correct, there is no chain of creation. I have alluded to my suspicions as to the author of this review, that our younger students should not be alarmed by perceiving, under a variety of anonymous shapes and sig- natures, so much stress laid upon "the Dichotomous system ;" and thus be frightened from adopting, or examining, any other. I may be wrong in this supposition, but it is strength- ened by so many collateral circumstances, that nothing but a public denial on the part of Dr. Fleming will remove this impression. If this is given, I will cheerfully and sincerely acknowledge I have done him temporary injustice; — but his silence must be looked upon as an affirmative. ?• S. — I have neither time nor inclination to notice the authors of the other review : its falsehood is best refuted by the volume itself. January 20, 1835. W. S. Art. II. — A few Words on the Transformation of Insects. By Edward Newman. Read at the Linncean Society, April 1, 1834^^ " In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas." The metamorphosis of insects has, in all ages, attracted admiration. What can be more wonderful than that an * In order to account for the appearance of this article in the Entomological .Magazine, after its having been read at the Linnsean Society, it seems necessary ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF INSECTS. 13 unsightly and voracious worm should pass through a shrouded and death-like sleep, and wake at last a glorious butterfly, to bask in sun-shine, bathe in realms of liquid air, and quaff the heaven-distilled nectar of beauteous flowers ! Well might such a miracle be made a poet's theme ! Well might those phi- losophers, on whose minds there dawned, albeit dimly, the great truth of an after life ; — well might they imagine their toilsome existence typified in the caterpillar, their descent to the quiet grave in the tomb-like repose of the chrysalis, and the hereafter they sighed for, in the spirit-like resurrection of the happy butterfly ; — and, seizing with avidity the idea, well might they designate these aerial creatures by the name of " souls." Wonderful indeed is this transformation from one form to another, and wonderful it ever must remain ; yet science has offered us an explanation, which, v/hile it fills us with admi- ration, strips the subject of that paradoxical seeming which led some of our predecessors to suppose that one animal was actually converted into another ; science has shown us that the butterfly pre-exists not only in the chrysalis but in the crawling caterpillar. It is a very general and a very convenient opinion, that an insect is a being having a quadruple existence ; that at birth it is an egg ; which hatching produces a larva or caterpillar ; this becomes a pupa, and finally an imago ; from the imago eggs again proceed, and thus the round of existence is complete. This is confessedly a convenient idea, but the possibility of its application is so partial, that definitions drawn from it must be incomplete, — methods founded on it wholly artificial. When an organized being first exists, it does not, as far as human observation has reached, bear any resemblance to its parent. When an organized being has reached perfection, it precisely resembles its parent. The degrees or steps by which a being mounts to this perfection and similarity to its parent, constitute that which in an insect is termed metamorphosis. In every organized being there is a tendency in every part of its substance to become unfitted for its functions, and therefore useless. There is in every organized being a tendency to to state, that the Publishing Committee of that Society thought it unsuitable for publication in the Transactions, and returned it to the author accordingly. — Ed. 14 ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF INSECTS. throw off, discard, or get rid of all parts of its substance which have become useless. Finally, there is a tendency to form or . create fresh portions of substance, to supply the place and l{ perform the functions of those portions thus thrown off. In this three-fold disposition is to be found a solution of all those mysterious changes we behold in animals and vegetables. Generally this change of substance is most readily detected in the exterior covering ; but in man, the most perfect animal, the only undeniable proof of it is to be found internally I even in the bones. Numberless experiments prove that the substance of bones is continually undergoing change; portions are constantly being absorbed, other portions as continually secreted. By these processes certain portions of matter escape to fulfil other ends, while other portions of matter, introduced as nutriment into the stomach or lungs, are mixed with the blood, and rush to supply the place of that abstracted. Matter cannot perish ; each created article must endure for ever. Neither is matter afresh created. The mass of matter remains unalterably the same ; but to this disposition of matter to change its relative position, thus operating in the substance of organized beings, are to be attributed the shedding of hair in quadrupeds, the moulting of birds, the sloughing of snakes, the extraordinary changes of Amphibia, and the metamorphosis of Insects. It has just been observed that the bones of man bear more ample testimony to this constant tendency to exchange of substance, than any of his less solid parts ; the same may perhaps be said of all vertebrates, although some of them testify it so abundantly in other ways. Now the skeleton, or external covering of annulates, performs, in a great degree, the same part in the animal functions as the skeleton of the vertebrates ; the two are not identical but analogous, — they are substitutes for each other. In all Condylopodes this tendency to exchange of substance induces a full, complete, and often repeated ecdysis, or change of skin. We find the crab and the butterfly undergoing this ecdysis in an equal degree, both as to extent and number of times, but with how different a result ! — the crab remains a ci*ab, but it is a crawling grub becomes a butterfly ! Condylopodes divide into four great groups, three of which are again subdivisible into two each. The easiest and most ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF INSECTS. 15 convenient character for the primary division of annulates is the number of legs. Hexapoda have, in their final state, six articulated legs. They have no power to reproduce a leg, if accidentally lost. Two distinct tribes are included in this group : — Tribe I. — Tetraptera, or winged insects. II. — Aptera, or wingless insects. Octopoda have, in all their states, eight articulated legs. They have power to reproduce a leg, if accidentally lost. Two distinct tribes are included in this group : — Tribe III. — Arachnoida, or spiders. IV. — AcAROiDA, or acari. Anisopoda have, in all their states, the number of the legs varying from that of the Octopoda to that of the Myriapoda. They have power to reproduce a leg, if accidentally lost. Two distinct tribes are included in this group : — Tribe V. — Malacostraca, or crahs, lobsters, and similar shell- fish, with simple legs. VI. — Entomostraca, aquatic animals, somewhat similar, but having legs with branchial appendages. Myriapoda have an indefinite number of legs in their final state ; generally more than twenty, but only six in their first state. They have the power to reproduce a leg, if accidentally lost. One tribe only is included in this group : — Tribe VII. — Myriapoda, or centipedes. Of these seven tribes, the Tetraptera offer the most obvious characters in their metamorphosis for farther subdivision. It may be remarked as a singular fact, without applying it to any theory, that the perfect Aptera frequently represent the imper- fect Myriapoda, likewise the perfect Myriapoda represent the imperfect Tetraptera. The Tetraptera, like the Condy- lopoda, constitute four perfectly distinct groups, three of which are, in like manner, double groups, and the fourth is most heterogeneous in its contents, but from carrying the organs of sense, &c. to greater perfection, superior to the others. 16 ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF INSECTS. Amorpha, in which the penultimate state is provided neither with mouth nor organs of locomotion ; consequently it neither eats nor moves, neither does it bear any resemblance to the perfect state. This group contains : — Class I. — Lepidoptera. II. DiPTERA. Necromorpha, in which the penultimate state is provided with mouth and organs of locomotion, detached from the body, but so enveloped in a case that it can employ neither. The resemblance, therefore, to the perfect insect is very considerable, excepting in the total want of motion. This group contains : — Class III. — Hymenoptera. IV. — Coleoptera. IsoMORPHA, in which all the stages are active and voracious, and of similar form. This group contains : — Class V. — Orthoptera. VI. — Hemiptera. Anisomorpha, in which appears the Amorphous, Necromorphous, and Isomorphous characters, together with a typical and distinct character. This group is equivalent to : — Class VII. — Neuroptera. The Amorphous insects are divisible into two distinct groups ; one of which is by far more decidedly and essentially amorphous than the other; and, strange as the assertion may appear, the possession of this character in the extreme is nothing more than an approach to the Necromorphous group, which does not in any degree possess the character. The two groups of Amorphous insects are not limited to the classes Lepidoptera and Diptera, but are separated by the fact of their possessing, in the penultimate or quiescent state, the last skin of the ante-penultimate, or previous state ; thus, 1. Amorpha Adermata, which do not retain the skin of the previous state on entering the quiescent state ; which possess a slight power of motion, but not of locomotion ; which exhibit the site of the wings, legs, antennae, eyes, &c. Papilio, Lin. ; Sphinx, Lin. ; Phalcsna, Lin ; Tipula, Tababus, Asilus, Bombilius, &c., are the leading groups of Amorpha Adermata. Culex has a ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF INSECTS. 17 • locomotive pupa, and forms, therefore, an aberrant order of this section. 2. Amorpha Dermata, which, on assuming the quiescent state, retain the last cuticle of the previous state, virhich do not exhibit the least trace of the site of the wings, legs, antennae, or eyes. The sections contain the great orders, for which the genera, Syrphus, CEstrus, Musca, &c. serve as types. The insects of the last section, possessing, as they certainly do, the extreme character of the Amorpha, nevertheless, as has previously been stated, testify a very evident approach to the neighbouring Necromorpha ; for, when the skull or cover- ing of the quiescent insect is broken, a perfectly Necromorphous form is disclosed; and thus, though nothing could appear more different than the exterior appearance of the two, yet this examination proves that the real difference exists only in the circumstance that one group retains the covering of the previous state longer than the other group. If we select two well-known insects, the flesh-fly {Musca vomitoria), and the honey-bee {Apis mellijica), we shall find little or no difficulty in tracing the similarity. The grubs or maggots from which these insects proceed are not dissimilar ; but the grub of the fly merely ceases to feed, becomes quiescent, and hardens externally, while that of the bee ceases to eat, is walled in its cell by the workers, lines its cell with silk, casts its cover- ing, and becomes quiescent, every limb being distinct, detached, and perfect, but enveloped in a delicately soft and smooth skin, and perfectly motionless. This is the true Necro- morphous character. Now the fly, on the contrary, is Amor- phous ; but if a few days before the perfect insect appears, the hard and apparently inorganic case which covers it is gently opened, we find within a form precisely resembling the Necromorphous form of the bee just described : — thus it appears clear that the so-called pupae of the bee and the fly are neither substantially nor numerically the same state. Every ecdysis is certainly a transformation ; and therefore, calling the imago, as it certainly is, the ultimate state, then the so-called pupa of the bee is the penultimate ; and the so-called pupa of the fly the antepenultimate. The difference is thus explained : — the fly, on assuming the perfect state, casts two skins, the bee only one. NO. I. VOL. ill. D 18 ON TIIR TRANSFORMATION OF INSECTS. In turning to the other section of the Amorpha, the Amor- pha Adermata, the butterflies, moths, and gnats, we find, on examining them in the quiescent state, abundant evidence that we have before us not only organized but animated beings ; in these, the grubs, before becoming quiescent, cast their covering in the same manner as the bee ; but still unlike that insect, retain two distinct coverings, thus resembling the Amorpha Dermaia. Both these coverings are cast at the same time ; the interior, fine, semi-transparent, and delicately soft, must have been observed by all who have paid any atten- tion to the rearing oi Lepidoptera. Now the whole of the Necromorpha, as far as has yet been ascertained, finally undergo a single, and the whole of the Amorpha, on the other hand, a double ecdysis. The Isomorpha, of which the common cricket is an excellent example, have no quiescent state; neither can we find that they possess any state precisely equivalent to that portion of the lives of the two great groups which we have been com- paring. Their whole existence between the egg and the imago, consists of a gradual series of approaches to perfection, and during this interval, copulation certainly, and not impro- bably reproduction, often takes place. No character is yet known by which the penultimate, antepenultimate, and prior states can be determined. In the heterogeneous group, Anisomorpha, a group in metamorphosis, as in all other characters, equally related to the other three, we find a typical and distinct section in the dragon-flies {Libellnla, Lin.) These, like the Isomorpha, have no quiescent state : their preparatory state is aquatic, active and voracious : when arrived at the period for assuming the imago, they leave the water, and fixing their feet firmly to a slender stick or blade of grass, emerge from a double skin, and fly away. The exterior skin is hard, corneous, and brittle ; the interior, soft, fine, and pliable. Even the magnificent wings leave behind them a covering, which, unfolded with great care, will be found to retain an impression of their complicated meshes. The May-fly {Ephemera), one of the Anisomorphous insects, has a metamorphosis still more striking, and one that has been deemed anomalous and unaccountable. In the ante- penultimate skin it leaves the water, and attaches itself by the legs like the dragon-fly. Its antepenultimate skin then opens ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF INSECTS, 19 on the back ; the insect emerges and Hies away, leaving that one skin only : that beautifully delicate skin which the dragon-fly quits simultaneously with the harder one, being still retained by the May-fly. Here then we have the strange fact of an insect's flying before it reaches the imago ; that is, flying in its penultimate state. In twenty or thirty minutes at the farthest it settles again, casts its skin, and becomes a perfect imago. It thus appears, that, although until the final ecdysis, no insect arrives at perfection ; yet before that period, even in the state immediately preceding, it may feed, run, and even fly; or may swim, crawl, barely move, or be without motion, with- out apparent life, or without apparent organization. It appears that the apparently lifeless or quiescent state may be entered without ecdysis ; that ecdysis itself may be either single or double; that the states called pupa, in various tribes, are neither substantially nor numerically the same. That com- paring those few insects herein noticed, the fly, the bee, the cricket, the dragon-fly, and the May-fly, all of which represent great orders, we shall find it perfectly impossible to apply, if we aim at precision, any other than a numerical denomination to their intermediate states ; and finally, therefore, that insects, like higher animals, have but three eras of existence, the fcetal, the adolescent, and the adult. As to the number of times ecdysis takes place in the life of an insect, little can be said at present, owing to the careless- ness and imperfection of our researches ; and on this account it will be found safer to count downwards from the imago, than upwards from the eggs. Although the contrary has been asserted, and perhaps generally believed, it yet remains to be proved that the grubs of Diptera and aculeate Hymen- optera, undergo any ecdysis until full grown. The order Tenthredinites, on the contrary, and the Lepidoptera, change very frequently, with some exceptions ; for example, the caterpillar of the great Sphinx Ligustri sheds its skin but once. These various facts, so simple, so obvious, so plain, so com- pletely within the reach of the most cursory observer, proclaim that each variation in the number or manner of ecdysis is but another mode of metamorphosis ; proclaim that metamorphosis, hough in annulates, a complete and oft-repeated ecdysis, is but 20 HALIDAY ON another instance of that constant loss and reparation of sub- stance which is incident to all organized beings ; proclaim the existence of a general uniformity of plan, with which the widest differences, the greatest discrepancies, are not only compatible, but are essential to perfect harmony, are the surest and safest guides to natural arrangement, and serve, like the key- stones of arches, to unite objects before devoid of con- tinuity; proclaim finally the greatness of Him whose will shapes the whole into perfection. Art. III. — Essay on Parasitic Hymenoptera. By A. H. Haliday, M. A. {Continued from Vol. II., j • , r> u , , , . ,. J Ji.x. £r. dcnisrator, Fabr. areola bracnialis < it /-i o > , . jmagna II. Cyanopterus.«: P"'''™'' ( Ex.Br.flavator,Tahr. Adnot. — Genera Stephanus {Jurine Hym. Ord. II. Gen. IV.) et Plancus {Curtis. Ent. Mag. I. 188. Gen. DXLVIIL), qui Neesio ab Ess. Hybrizon audit (Monogr. 27. Gen. V.), ambo ni fallor referenda sunt in Evaniadas. Ilia vero claudunt seriem Ichneumonidum Braconoideorum, N. ab Ess. Etenim Ccelinius, Spathius, Perilitus, Hormius, Blacus, (Ichneutes etiam, si conjec- turse fidis) palpis 6-articulatis gaudent, insequitur protenus sectio altera, Ichneumonidse ; areolt disci exteriore nulld. complete in alts anticis ; abdomine haud penitus incurvatili ; palpis maxillarihus 6- artictilatis. Jchneumonides Adsciti Linea II. s. Bassi. N. ab Ess. Berl. Mag. V I. 200. Act. Acad. IX. 306. Alysioidei. N. ab. Ess. Monogr. 197. * Fam. III. Spinola Ins. Lig. II. 86. II. . . Latreille Fam. Nat. Diet. Nouv. cVHist. Nat. Ill^e. coupe. Latr. Regne Animal. Nouv. Ed. IV. Alysiidae Stephens's Syst. Cat. 355. Animadvertendum vero dispositionem Generum per Familias et Sectiones 1. s. 1. exhibitam a Methodi legibus declinare saepius. • Cyanopterus, Kvuvta Trrepo, propter alas coloratas. PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 23 Gen. VII. Perilitus. Palpi maxillares 6-, labiales 3 -rarius 2-articulati : caput transversum ; occiput marginatum: mandihulce forcipatce : alarum anticarum areola disci antica parum remota, vel incompleta ; posticarum areola brachialis posterior atite- riore parum brevior, nervus recurrens exterior mdlus : abdomen petiolatum ; aculeus linearis exertus. *Perilitus . . . N. ah Ess. Act. Acad. IX. 302. Gen. V. . . . Monogr. 29. Gen. VI. Zele (partim) . Curtis, Br. Ent. 415. Caput oblatum, thoracis latitudine ; occiput marginatum, parum concavum : oculi pilis raris, reectis, subtilissimis consiti, s. sub- glabri : ocelli in triangulum : clypeus fere semicircularis, ab epistomate linea impress^., utrinque foveolata, discretus : man- dibulas cuneatae, curvatae, apice bidentes, forcipatse, cum labro os antice claudentes, labrum breve, transversum, margine rotun- datum : epipharyngis ligula apicalis attenuata, prostans : maxillas lobus membranaceus obtusus : palpi maxillares 6-articulati, arti- culo 1™°. brevi : labii lobus integer obtusus : palpi labiales 3-articulati vel bi-articulati : antennae graciles, longitudine et articulorum numero variis : thorax oblongus, convexus ; meso- thoracis scutum sulculis ordinariis impressum, in ultima specie laevigatum : abdomen ovatum aut lanceolatum, feminis apice com- pressum ; segmentum primum elongatum, prope medium tuber- culatum, basi attenuatum petiolatum ; secundum magnum, sequentia decrescentia : aculeus linearis exertus : pedes graciles : alarum anticarum areola disci antica parum remota, vel cum cubitali-interiore confluens ; brachialis-posterioranteriorem parum superans ; stigma distinctum ; posticarum areola brachialis-pos- terior ampla, anteriore parum brevior, nervo recurrente apicis recto ; nervus recurrens exterior nullus. Statura et coloribus referunt hi quodammodo Exetastes et Meso- choros inter Ichneumonidas Genuinas. Quoad caetera vero Genus videtur optime definitum : abdomen vere petiolatum est, acce- dens in structuram qualem denique in Ichneiimone et Crypto absolutam vidimus. Ex Ichneumonidis Adscitis vix uUi alii cum his confundi queunt, praeter Leiophrontes e Subgenere 4'°. de quibus jam dictum est. Helcontes pauci (Subg. Zele) abdomine subfalcato et statur^ tota Perilitos quasi simulantes, alarum et petioli ratione habita distingui poterunt ; illis etenim areola disci antica costae contigua est, et segmentum primum attenuatum 24> HALIDAY ON equidem at nullo modo petiolatum, quum tubercula ejusdem ad ipsam basin sita sint. Periliti vero siqui propter areolam fere contiguam ad illos accedant, tamen petioli formam Generi propriam retinent. Blaci (e Subg. Ganychoro) capitis forma et alis statim agnoscendi sunt* Subgenera. ., ,. , ... , (tres .... I. Meteorus, Alarum anticarum areoltB cubitales ^ j _ ir ppnii itiis Subgen. I. — Meteorus/ Alarum anticarum areolae cubitales tres, 2"^^. parva ; radialis apicem alee fere attingens : abdominis segmentum primum sensim dilatatum. *Bracon, Fam. II. Genuini. N. ah Ess. Berl. Mag. V. 21. Perilitus, Sectio II. . . Act. Acad. IX. 302. . . Monogr. Sd. Palpi maxillares elongati vel mediocres; articulus 1™"^. brevissimus, 2'^"^. illo parum longior, 3''"^^. longior et crassior cultratus, reliqui lineares e quibus 6*"^ 4*°. brevior, 5'". vero plerunque longior est. Palpi labiales 3-articulati ; articuli longitudine subaequales, 1™"^^ obconicus, 2*^"^ crassior obovatus, 3*'"^ basi sensim attenuatus.g Sectio A. Alarum posticarurn areolce radiates 2, mox confusce ; anticarum cuhitalis 2^^. suhquadrata. N. B. Nervus recurrens ante apicem areolae cubitalis 1°"^. insertus in plurimis : alarum posticarum area radialis a brachiali perparum remota, uti etiam in specie 5'^. et 6*^., in sequentibus manifestius remota. Sp. 1. p. M. albitarsis. Fem. Rufo-testaceus, tarsis pos- ticis albidis ; aculeo brevi. (Long, corp 4| ; alar. 9 lin.) Perilitus albitarsis . N. ab Ess. Monogr. 34. Sp. 7. Fem. — Rufo-testaceus : oculi virides, maximi : epistoma angustum : mandibulae apice fuscae : palpi praelongi, pallidi : antennae circiter 43-articulatae. graciles, corpore longiores, apice obscuriores : meta- thorax lineolis et rugulis fere obliteratis : abdomen oblongum, falcato-compressum ; segmentum imum. gracile, reliquo abdomine ' Meteorus, Mereoifoj, propter folliculum pupae pensilem. « Oris partes collatae e speciebus 3"'. 5'^ 6'". T""". et 13"". PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 25 brevius, a medio in apicem sensim conico-dilatatum, vix acicu- latum • aculeus segmento 1"^°. non longior, valvulis fuscis : pedes longi graciles, unguicularibus'' fuscis, trochanteribus poste- rioribus nonnunquam fuscescentibus ; tarsorum posticorum articulo r"°. apice, 2'^°. 3^'". et 4'". totis albidis : alaj longae, lutescentes, nervis fuscis, stigmate luteo, lanceolate ; posticarum areola radialis interior subtiliter designata. Habitat Germaniam, Galliam (N. ah Ess.) Hiberniam borealem, rarus. Adnot. — Hie sollicite distinguendus ab Helconte Testaceatore. Sp. 2. P. M. albiditarsus. Mas. Piceus, facie, orbita, abdominis medio pedibusque ferrugineis ; poslicis obscuri- oribiis, tarsis albidis. (Long. corp. 4 ; alar, 8| lin.) Zele albiditarsus . Curt. B. E. 412. Sp. 4. et Fig. Mas. — Caput ferrugineum orbita supera concolore, vertice reliquo piceo : antennae corpore \ longiores, circiter 46-articulat8e, nigro- fuscse subtus dilutiores, scapo et pedicello ferrugineis : palpi praelongi: thorax piceus, scutelli apice et suturis obscure ferrugi- nosis ; metathorax punctulatus : abdomen piceum, segmento 2'^". sordide ferrugineo : segmentum l'""™. validum obconicum, basi sulcatum, obsolete aciculatum : pedes anteriores ferruginei, coxis et tarsis pallidioribus ; postici elongati, satis validi, coxis et femoribus ferrugineis aut piceis, trochanteribus pallidis, tibiis piceis basi ferrugineis, tarsis albidis, unguiculari ferrugineo : alae brunneo-hyalinse, lineola hyalina obsoleta, stigmate nervis que brunneis, radice et squamulis ferrugineis : stigma lanceolatum : nervus recurrens insertus solito interius : alarum posticarum areolae radiales insigniter discretae. Habitat in Hibernia boreali, nobis semel lectus ; — prope Londinum. J. Curtis. Sp. 3. P. M. caligatus. Niger, abdominis segmento 2*^°. pedibusque rufis ; tibiis tarsisque posticis fuscis, illis basi albidis. Fem. Aculeo brcvi. (Long. corp. 21 ; alar. 5 lin.) Fern. — Niger nitidus : antennae circiter 34-articulatae, corpore parum breviores, teretes, basi subtus piceae : os ferrugineum : oculi magni : epistoma subquadratum : metathorax obsolete punctatus : abdominis segmentum 1™"^, validum, obconicum, laeviusculum ; '■ Unguicularis, i. e. articulus ultimus tarsorum. NO. I. VOL. III. E 26 HALIDAY ON 2dum_ rufescens, apice nigrum : aculeus g abdominis longitudine : pedes rufo-testacei ; anteriores et posticorum trochanteres palli- diores ; posticorum tibise tarsique fusci, illarum basis perbrevi spatio pallida : alae obscure hyalinae, stigmate nervisque fuscis, radice et squamulis stramineis ; stigma latius quam praecedentibus, ovato-lanceolatum ; areola cubitalis 2'^-''. latior quam longior: posticarum areola radialis interior subtiliter designata. Mas. — Antenna; longiores ; abdominis segmentum 2'!^"^. obscurius rufescens. Habitat Hiberniam borealem ; Ebudas insulas, rarior. Sp. 4. P. M. chlorophthalmus. Testaceus ; alarum anti- carum nervo recurrenie interstitial. Mas. Metathorace et jjeiioli bast fuscis. Fem. Petiolo sulcata ; aculeo fere abdominis longitudine. (Long. corp. 83.; alar. 65 lin.) *Bracon chlorophthalmus . Spinola. Ins. Lig. II. 133. Sp.21. Bracon chrysophthalmus . N. ah Ess. Berl. Mag. V. 2\. Sp. 30. Perilitus chrysophthalmus . N. ab Ess. Monogr. S5. Sp. 8. Mas. — Obscure testaceus : oculi virides : antennae circiter 38- articulatae, corpore longiores, et colore obscuriores, (scapo et pedicello exceptis,) apice fuscse : pleurae, pectus fere totum et metathorax fusci ; hie punctato-rugulosus : abdominis segmentum 1"^"™. basi fuscum, lasviusculum, (forma fere qualis P. pendulatori, No. 7.) : alae lutescenti-hyalinae, nervis fuscescentibus, stigmate luteo, radice et squamulis stramineis : stigma ovato-lanceolatum : areola cubitalis 2''^. latior quam longior, apice attenuata, major tamen quam sequentibus ; posticarum areolae radiales inter se discretae nervo subtilissimo et plane decolore, nonnisi lucis obliquo reflexu et a2gre distinguendo ; areola cubitalis-interior pari modo indicata. 'Fem. — " Totus testaceus (luteo-ferrugineus) : antennae corpore lon- giores : abdomen oblongum, petiolus manifeste sulcatus : aculeus fere longitudine abdominis ; vel paulo longior secundum Spi- nolara.") N. B. Cave ne cum hoc confundatur Rogas chlorophthalmus, {N. ah Ess. Monogr. 202, sp. 3.), qui in genus Helconta referendus erit. Habitat Italiam, Spinola ; Germaniam, N. ah. Ess. ; Hiberniam borealem, mas mihi semel lectus. parasitic hymenopteka 27 Sectio B. Alarum posticarum areola radialis unica, anticarum cubitalis 2^\ transversa ; nervus recurrens fere inter stitialis. Conf. P. chlorophthalmus, No. 4. Sp. 5. P. M. micropterus. Antennis et 2^edibus hrevibus validis; segmento 1™°. apice parum cHlatato Iceviusculo ; alts parvulis fuscanis. Mas. Niger pedibus piceis. Fem. Antennis revolutis basi, abdominis medio jjedibiiscpie jnceo- ferrugineis ; aculeo abdomine breviore. (Long. corp. \\ — ^1 ; alar. 2i— 4 lin.) Fem. — Piceus aut niger : caput solito angustius, facie lata sub- antennis tumida, oculis parvis : os piceo-ferrugineum : palpi breves : antennae longitudine capitis cum thorace, validae revolutae piceo-ferruginese apice nigras, circiter 24-articulat3e : thorax sub- compressus ; metathorax scabriculus : abdominis segmentum imum_ gracile, basi ascendens, arcuatum medio tuberculatum, postice parum dilatatum, fere Isevigatum : abdomen reliquum vel segmentum 2'^™^. piceum aut sordide ferrugineum, venter com- pressus apice truncatus : aculeus abdomine brevior: pedes breves validi piceo-ferruginei : alae solito minores angustse, volando fere ineptae, fuscanag stigmate nervisque piceis, radice et squamulis ferrugineis : areola cubitalis 2^^. major quam proxime sequentibus. Mas. — Niger ore pedibusque piceis ; pedes antici tarsique dilutiores : antennae corpore paulo breviores, circiter 27-articulat8e, validaj teretes nigrse : alae paulo majores quam femince, sed minores quam reliquis : abdomen lanceolatum apice subcompressum. Habitat in gramine pascuorum passim non infrequens. Sp. 6. P. M. abdominator. Niger nifidus, abdominis me- dio pedibusque rujis ; alls brunneis, lineola hyalina ; abdo- minis segmento 1™°. obconico, longitudinaUter striato. Fem. Antennis basi rujis ; aculeo abdomine breviore. (Long Corp. 2—2\ lin. ; alar. ^\—^\. lin.) *Bracon abdominator . N. ah Ess. Berl. Mag. V. 24. Sp. SQ. Perilitus abdominator . A^. ab Ess. Monogr. 4L Sp. 17. Fem. — Niger nitidus : antennae plane filiformes, capite cum thorace longiores, circiter 24-articulatae, rufae scapo apiceque fuscis : oculi parvi : os piceum, palpi apice pallidiores : metathorax quam 28 HALIDAY ON reliquis manifestius rugoso-reticulatus, lineola longitudinali ele- vata : abdominis segmentum primum brevius quani sequentibus, obconicura circa medium tuberculatum, longitudinaliter striatum et basi sulcatum ; 2''"™. rufum aut piceum, 3''"'". basi nonnun- quam rufescens, reliqua nigra : pedes validi rufi, femoribus et tibiis posticis apice, tarsisque iisdem totis reliquis apice, fuscis : alee augustiores quam sequentibus, brunneo - hyalinae lineola hyalin^ sub-stigmate brunneo, radice et squamulis ferrugineis ; stigma ovato-lanceolatum ; areola cubitalis 2''^. brevis antrorsum attenuata. Var. /3. — Pedibus gracilioribus rufis immaculatis ; antennis saepe totis nigris. Mas. — Caput minus : antennas corpore longiores teretes, circiter 28-articulat3e, nigrse, vel basi subtus picese : segmentum 2'^"™. concolor aut piceum, rarius rufum. Habitat Hiberniam ; in agris passim non infrequens ; — Germaniam, N. ah Ess. Sp. 7. P. M. pendulator. Testaceus immaculatus ; vel caplte thoraceque fusco variis, vnetathorace et segmento 1™°. totis nigricantibiis ; segmento 1™°. elongato obconico, suh- tiliter striato. Fem. Antennis corporis longitudine ; aculco abdomine parum breviore. (Long. corp. 2 — 2| ; alar. 32 — 5^ lin.) *Ichneumon rufus, &c. . De Geer. II. 596. t. 44. f. 11—13? (Sed confer P. chlorophthalmus, No. 4.) Ichneumon pendulator . Latreille, Hist. Nat. XIII. 181. Sp. 8. Bracon ictericus . . . N. ab Ess. Berl. Mag. V. 22. Sp. 34. t. 2. f. 6. Zele Ephippium . . . Curt. B. E. 415. Sp. 5. Perilitus ictericus . . . N. ab Ess. Monogr. 37. Sp. 12. Antennce fosmince corporis longitudine vel parum breviores, circiter 33-articulatae, basi summ^ vel latins flavescentes ; maris lon- giores : metathorax subtiliter reticulato-rugulosus medio obso- letius ; apice nonnihil attenuato-rotundatus, denticulo parvo ad foramen petioli utrinque elevato in varietatibus a.ft. y., in reliquis obsoletiore : segmentum ini"in. elongato-obconicum, circa medium tuberculatum, longitudinaliter striatum striis quam in P. ahdo- minatore multo subtilioribus : abdomen illis oblongo-ovatum ; his medio latius, uculeo minus elongato : laea subhyalinse ; stigma PARASITIC HYMENOrXERA. 29 ovato - lanceolatum, sordide luteurn rarius infuscatum : iiervus recurrens areolae cubitalis 1"'*. apici summo insertus in Var. a. i3. y. Far. a. — Fern, flavo-testaceus facie et pedibus dilutioribus, tarsis posticis obscurioribus, stemmatico' fusco : oculi obscure virides : antennag apice fuscescentes. Var. fi. — Mas et Fern, antennae fuscescentes scapo et pedicello flaves- centibus : pectus fusco-maculatum : thoracis dorsum fuscum, lituris scuti et apice scutelli testaceis ; metathorax et segmentum jmuni, nigro-fusca : segmenta post 2''"'". dorso nonnumquam infus- cata : tibiae posticae apice et tarsi iidem obscuriores. Var. y. — Mas et Fern, his mox thorax totus fuscus, pleuris tantum antice rufescentibus, turn vertex totus fuscus ; nonnunquam stigma fusco-maculatum ; iisdem petiolus regulosus potius quam striatus. Adnot. — Cave ne hanc varietatem confundas cum P. cinctello, No. 10, qui differt petiolo longiore, antennis fere filiformibus, me- tathoracis sculptura et abdominis forma. Var, d. — Fern, testaceus, stemmatico, antennis basi demta, (metatho- race) et segmento l™°. fuscis ; femoribus, tibiis digitisque posticis apice obscurioribus. Mas. — Stigmate fusco-maculato ; tibiis posticis prope basin annulo fusco. Var. e. — Fern, obscurius testaceus, suturis thoracis fuscis, stigraatis liturA picea. Var. £. Zf. — Mas his antennae pedesque validiores ; colores mox in castaneum aut piceum transeunt : alae fumato-hyalinae, stigmate maculato ; vel obscuriores, hoc jiiceo : stigma quoque sensim dilatatum transitum in P. obfuscatum, No. 11, innuit. Pupa in folliculo ovato-attenuato sericeo flavicante inclusa, fili ope a folio pendet : De Geerio prodibant larvae ex eruca Zugcence Filipendtda; : foliis Coryli appensam vulgo inveniri, et larvis Crypti Areatoris obnoxiam esse memorat CI. Curtis, 1. 1.'' Habitat, Galliam, Latreille — Germaniam, N. ab Ess. — Sueciam, De Geer — A.ngliam, /. Curtis. — In nemoribus Hibernias nobis passim frequens. Var. e. i^. Mares e ripis Senani allati. ■ Stemmatlcum, i. e. regio media verticis, saepius triangularis, cui ocelli insident. k Folliculos plurimos oblongo-ovatos sericeos caiididos filo suspensos prope castra Lasiocampa- proccssioiiecc Reauniurius vulgo inveniebat (Tom. II. Mem, XI. p. 449.) Iclincumonem ex istis prodiisse narrat absque iadicio speciei. Verisimile est Perilitum fore. 30 IIALIDAY ON Sp. 8. P. M. rubens. Testaceus immaculatus ; vel cajnte thoraceque fusco-varits, metathorace et segme?ito 1™°. totis nigricantibns ; segmento V^°. ohconico eloiigato laviusculo. Fem. Antennis capite cum thorace longioribus ; aculeo ahdomine breviore. *Bracon rubens . N. ah Ess. Berl. Mag. V. 22. Sp. 32 ? Perilitus rubens . A^. ah Ess. Monogr. 35. Sp. 10? Edimus hie suo loco speciem praecedenti valde afRnem : fatendum vero discrimen esse nimis anceps, quum utrique statura partium inconstans sit. A P. pendulatore genuino qualis in nemoribus et hortis ille vulgo obvius sit, discrepant exemplaria in arenis mari- timis mihi lecta, hisce notis : colores in utroque mutabiles, in his sordidiores et magis confusi : statura minor : antennae breviores : mesothoracis sulculi in foveam punctatam latiorem efFusi : meta- thorax confertius rugulosus : petiolus basi et apice, aut fere totus Isevigatus. Mas. — Antennae corpore parum longiores. Var. a. — Fem. rufo-testaceus, petiolo obscuriore, antennis apice fusees- centibus ; pedes pallidiores ; alae fumato-hyalinae stigmate sordide luteo. Var. /3. — Mas et Fem. obscure testaceus, vertice medio, metathorace, segmento 1™°. et posterioribus fuscis. Far. y. — Mas et Fem. fuscus orbita, facie, pleurarum et scuti lituris et scutelli apice rufescentibus ; pedes sordide lutei, coxis posticis infuscatis. Habitat in arenis maritimis non infrequens. Sp, 9. P. M. colon. Fem. Flavus clorso nigricans ; orhita, segmenti S'^' fascia fusco-bipunctata et stigmate Jlavis ; petiolo, antennis j)edihusque gracilihtis ; aculeo g abdo- minis longitudine. (Long. corp. 2^ ; alar. 4i lin.) Fem. — Statura tota gracilis ; antennae corpore longiores graciles, circiter 30-articulat8e, basi subtus flavescentes : caput nigricans ; orbita obscurius, facies dilutius flavescentes : thorax nigricans pectore flavo, apice scutelli et suturis contiguis piceo-ferrugineis ; metathorax inaequalis scabriculus : petiolus quam P. pendulatori longior et gracilior, subtilissime striatus, nigricans : abdomen breve planum fere rhombicum, laevissimum nitidum ; segmentum secundum flavescens puncto laterali fusco, apice determinate PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 31 nigricans ; sequentia nigricantia ; anus et venter flavi ; venter ab apice segment! 2^K subito tumidus, arcuatus compressus : pedes elongati graciles pallide flavi, tibiis posticis apice tarsisque obscu- rioribus : alee subhyalinse, stigmate, radice et squamulis pallide flavis : nervus recurrens areolae 2''^ insertus. Habitat in nemoribus prope Senanum lectus rarius. Sp. 10. P. M. cinctellus. Fem. Nigricans, capite et tho- race anticeferrugineo-variis; antennis ante basin, abdo- minis fascia pedibusque ferrugineis ; segmento 1"°. obconico,basi lineari-elongato ; alis glaucis lineola hyalina, stigmate maculatn ; aculeo abdomine breviore. (Long. Corp. vix. 2 ; alar. 3 lin.) *Bracon cinctellus . A^. ab Ess. Berl. Mag. V. 23. Sp. 5. Perilitus cinctellus . N. ah Ess. Monogr. 40. Sp. 15. Fem. — Caput nigricans, orbita et facie ferrugineis : antennse circiter 26-articulata;, corpore breviores, filiformes, ferruginese scapo et apice fuscis : thorax antice ferrugineus, lituris dorsi confluentibus, pectore fere toto et metathorace nigricantibus : metathorax gra- nulatus opacus, apice non attenuatus at subtruncatus : abdominis segmentum primum basi magis elongatum quam in P.pendulatore et plerisque aliis, fere lineare, laevigatum, apice obconico-dilatatum aciculatum : abdomen planum laevissimum nitidum, brevius et minus compressum quam P. pendulatori, nigricans segmento 2*^*'. (apice demto) ferrugineo : pedei pallide ferruginei, genubus posticis fuscescentibus : alse quam P. ahdominatoris dilutiores, stigmate flavo litura picea. N. B. Bracon cinctellus, {Spinola Ins. Lig. II. 135. Sp. 22.,) vix hue pertinere potest. Habitat Hiberniam borealem minus frequens. — Germaniam N. ab Ess. Sp. 11. P. M. obfuscatus. Mas. "Obscure iestaceus, me- tathorace (thoracis dorse in aliis) nigra ; abdomine oblongo- ovato, petiolo obscuriore ; alis obscure hyalinis, stigmate magna fusco puncto albo, ^c." (Long. corp. 2| lin.) *Bracon obfuscatus . N. ah Ess. Berl. Mag. V. 22. Sp. SS, Perilitus obfuscatus . N. ah Ess. Monogr. 37. Sp. II. Zele thoracicus . . Curt. B. E. 415. Sp. 9. Exemplar femeUum ab amico Curtisio communicatum Z. thoracici nomine adscripto, hue referendum videtur. — Magnitudo P. 32 HALIDAY ON ahdominatoris ; caput deest : thorax nigro-fuscus, pleuris antice, scuti lineolis, scutelli apice sordide rufescentibus : abdomen testa- ceum, postice fuscum ; segmentum 1™"™. brevius quam speciebxis G'"". et 7""*., fuscum, subtiliter rugulosum : aculeus abdomine brevior : alae quam prsecedentibus latiores, hyalinae, stigmate majore fere trigono, fusco puncto baseos determinate pallido ut in proxime sequentibus. Habitat prope Londinum lectus. — J. Curtis. Sp. 12. P. M. atrator. " Piceo niger'" (ore), " antennis basi suhtus i^ed'ihusqne ochraceis " {ferriigineis) ; " abdo- minis medio piceo, segmento 1'"°. elongato obconico ; stig- mate fusco puncto pallido ; aculeo abdomine longiore." (Long. Corp. 2| lin.) *Zele Atrator . . . Curt. B. E. 415. Sp. 1. Perilitus Similator . N. ah Ess. Monogr. 41. Sp. 16. Fern. — " Antennae corpore breviores, basi subtus ochraceas : palpi pallide ocliracei." Curtis, I. I. — Exemplar a clm°. auctore nobis transmissum caret capite : corpus nigrum nitidum ; abdominis segmentum 2*^"™. piceum : petiolus qualis in sequentibus pie- risque, aciculatus : aculeus longitudine abdominis cum meta- thorace : pedes ferruginei ; posticorum femora supra, tibiae apice tarsique obscuriores : alae fere quales proxime sequentibus. Habitat Germaniam, N. ab Ess. — Angliam, J. Curtis. Sp. 13. — P. M. filator. Niger nitidiis, ore, antennis basi pedibusqne ochraceis (ferrugineis) ; segmento 1™°. basi valde elongato lineari, ajnce obconico-dilatnto ; stigmate fusco puncto pallido. Fem. Aculeo abdominis longitudine. (Long. Corp. 21 — 2§ ; alar. 4 — 4| lin.) Fem. — Niger nitidus : antennae capite cum thorace longiores, circiter 22-articulatae, graciles filiformes, basi aut latiiis ferrugineae : clypeus et os ferruginei : epistoma fuscum : oculi sat magni : metathorax nitidulus, rugulis et lineolis elevatis parum distinctis : segmentum 1"^"™. reliquo abdomine non brevius, basi ultra modum elongatum gracillimum, apice cito dilatatum striolis arcuatis subtiliter exaratum : abdomen ovato-lanceolatum subcompres- sum, segmento 2''". nonnunquam piceo : pedes dilute ochracei aut ferruginei, coxis et genubus posticis saepius obscurioribus : alae fere sequentium latae hyalinae ; stigmate trigono fusco, puncto baseos determinate pallido ; radice et squamulis stramineis : PARASITIC IIYMENOPTERA. 33 nervus recurrens apici summo areolae l"""*. insertus : areola radialis quam in reliquis paulo latior. Mas. — Antennae corporis longitudine teretes 28— Sl-articulatse, nigrae vel basi obscurius rufescentes. Habitat in nemoribus passim frequens. Femina, locis fungiferis autumno. Sp. 14. — P. M. delator. Fern. Niger nitidus, ore, antennis hasi subttis pedibiisqueferrugmeis,posteriorihus infuscatis ; segmento 1'"°. obconico, basi elongato attenuato ; stigmate fusco puncto pallido ; aculeo longitudine abdominis. (Long. Corp. 1 1 ; alar. 2f lin.) Fern. P. Jilatori. Simillimus at petioli forma statim distinguendus : petiolus brevior quam P. cinctello No. 10, sculpturA praecedentis : segmentum 2''™\ piceum : pedes posteriores fuscescentes, articu- lorum basi pallidiore : antennae graciles 23-articulatae, basi subtus obscurius ferrugineae. Habitat cum praecedente multo rarior. Sp. 15. — P. M. vexator. Fem. Niger nitidus, ore, antennis basi et pedibus ferrugineis ; segmento I™°. obconico, basi elongato attenuato; stigmate latissimo,fusco puncto pal- lido ; aculeo longitudine abdominis. Praecedentibus duobus iterum simillimus, magnitudine intermedius ; stigmatis latitudine ab utroque, petiolo breviore a P. Jilatori insuper, distinguendus : oculi magni : epistoma subtus angustatum, fusco ferrugineum : antennae 19 — 20-articulat8e. Habitat cum praecedentibus rarus. 3p. 16. — P. M. profligator. Fem. Niger nitidus, ore, an- tennis basi pedibusque ferrugineis ; abdominis medio piceo ; segmento 1'"°. obconico antice attenuato ; stigmate fusco puncto pallido ; aculeo longitudine abdominis. Fem. P. delatore minor, et illi proximus ; difFert prsecipue collo et metathorace brevioribus, segmento l'"". versus basin coarctato, baud lineari : segmentum 2'^""'. (nonnunquam basis 1™. etiam) piceum aut ferruginosum : antennae breviores, 20 — 21-articulatae, ferrugineae apice fuscae : pedes pallide ferruginei immaculati : areola radialis paulo magis oblonga basi angustior. Habitat ibidem rarus. NO. I. VOL. III. F 34 HALIDAY ON Sp. 17. — P. M.jaculator, Fem. Niger nitidus, pedibus et stigmate juceis ; segmento 1™°. obconico ; aculeo abdomine longiore. (Long. corp. 14 ; alar. 2^ lin.) Fem. — Antennae corpore breviores, graciles filiformes, 20 — 22-arti- culatae : abdominis segmentum l™ui». subtiliter rugulosum : acu- leus corpore paulo brevior : alse obscure hyalinse, stigmate piceo, basi non determinate pallescente, nervis piceo-pallidis ; areola radiali angustiore quam proxime prajcedentibus. Habitat in Hibernia boreali infrequens : P. scutellator, ibid. 38, Sp. 1 3. Obs. — Ad hoc subgenus pertinent etiam, P. pallidiis, (N. ab Ess. Monogr. 35, Sp. 9,) P. rtificeps (ibid. 39, Sp. 14,) P. consimilis (ibid. 42. Sp. 18), et Bracon einctellus (Spinola, Jus. Lig. ii. 133, Sp. 22), Br. petiolatus (Spin. ibid. 137, Sp. 23), potius Spathius esse videtur. Subgen. II. — Perilitus. Alarum anticariim areolce cubitales duce. *Bracon. Fam. II. HeiexocX. \l. A. N.ab Es.^.Berl. Mag. V. 26. Perilitus. Sectio I N. ab Ess. Art. Acad, IX. 302. Monogr. 29. Adnot. — Subgenera plura nominatim instituere dubitavi ob incon- stantiam palporum. Sectio A. — (Dichori.) Areola antica disci completa ; radialis ab apice alee remota : unica i species mihi nota accedit staturam Subgeneris 1™. Palpi longi- tudine mediocres ab illo parura discrepant ; maxillarium vero ' articulus 2'^"^. 3*'°. non est brevior : metathorax brevior est et t apice quasi retusus : segmentum imum^ ^ medio dilatatum : • alarum posticarum areola radialis a brachiali longe remota, ut etiam in sequentibus. Sp. 18. — P. rutilus. Mas. Niger, facie, orbita pedihusque obscure ferrugineis. Fem. Capite, abdomine posticei pedibusque fern/gineis ; aculeo abdominis fere longitudine. . (Long. corp. 1^ — 1£ ; alar. 2f — 3.^ lin.) * Bracon rutilus. N. ab Ess. Berl. Mag. V. 27. Sp. 40. Perilitus rutilus. A^. ab Ess. Monogr. 31. Sp. 3. Fem.-^Caput clareferrugineura, stemmatico fusco : antennae corporis sj longitudine, teretes, 25 — 26-articulatae, fuscae scape ferrugineo : I PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 35 thorax niger, scuti sulculis postice in foveam punctatam efFusis ; metathorax punctato-rugulosus : segraentum 1™""^ reliquo abdo- mine brevius, gracile medio tuberculatum, dehinc in apicem petiolo plus duplo latins, fere oblongum apice vix dilatatum, subtiliter longitudinaliter aciculatum, nigrum : abdomen oblongo-ovatum, totum vel tantunc postice fusco-ferrugineum : aculeus abdomine parum brevior : pedes clare ferruginei : alse subhylinse, stigmate lutescente, nervis, radice, squamulis pallide fuscis : stigma trigo- num : areola radialis elongato-semicordata, alae apicem nullo modo attingens : nervus recurrens interstitialis. Mas. — Colore obscurior : antennae validiores, corpore longiores : abdomen nigro-piceum : pedes obscure ferruginei, tarsis, posti- corum etiam coxis basi tibiisque fuscescentibus : alarum stigma nervique fuscescentes. Habitat Germaniam, N. ah Ess. ; Hiberniam, minus frequens. Sectio B. (Synchori.) Areola cubitalis-interior cum antica disci confluens ; radialis semi- cordata ah apice alee remota. a. Palpi lahiales 3-articulati. Sp. 19. P. brevicollis. Fem. Niger, facie, orbita et pedibus ferrugineis ; segmento 1"^°. obconico ; areola radiali longius- cnla ; aculeo 5 abdominis breviore. (Long. corp. 1| ; alar. 34 lin.) Fem. — Robustior et duplo major P. cerealium, statura tota facile distinguendus : antennae 26-articulatae corpore parum breviores, scapo rufescente : orbita, facies, os rufo-ferrugineae : palpi maxillares mediocres, articulis exterioribus non insigniter bre- vioribus ; labiales 3-articulati, articulis longitudine subequalibus : mesothoracis scuti sulculi efFusi in depressionem latam confertim punctatam, lineola longitudinali media distinctam ; anguli pos- teriores prope scutelli basin gibbi : metathorax perbrevis, verti- caliter truncatus, rugoso-reticulatus : abdominis segmentum p"um^ ascendens, multo validius quam sequentibus, obconicum medio tuberculatum, rugulosum angulis apicis longitudinaliter striatis : aculeus \ abdominis brevior, arcuatus, valvulis fusco-ferrugineis : pedes sordide ferruginei, tarsis, posticorum coxis etiam et tibiarum apice, fuscescentibus : alae hyalinae, nervis et stigmate fuscescen- tibus, radice et squamulis diluti in mare majus, angulum anticum areolae disci praesecans : in femina non ita : alarum posticanim areola radialis parum remota. Adnot. — Bracon lucidator, {N. ah Ess. Monogr. 90, Sp. 3) et Br. fuscipes {ibid. Sp. 4), ab bis generice separandi sunt. Sp. 1. B. G. pallipes. Niger abdominis tnedio piceo, pcdihus pallide ochraceis. Mas. Antetinis 25-articulatis, pubes- centibus, basi ferrugincis ; stigmatis apice obscuriore. Fem. Antennis circiter ^Ai-artictdatis, ferrngineis apice fuscis ; stigmate silaceo ; aculeo \ abdominis longitudine. (Long. Corp. plusquam 2 ; alar. 4i lin.) Fem. — Niger : os et clypeus obscure ferruginei : palpi pallidiores : antennae corporis longitudine, 24-, nonnunquam 25-articulatae, articulis exterioribus niinoribus quam in sequente ; ferrugineae scapo, articulis singulis flagelli puncto apicali, 5 aut 6 ultimis totis, fuscis : scutelli apex transversim acute elevatus : meta- thorax subrotundatus : abdomen subclavatum ; sequentum imum. vix 5 abdominis longitudine, lineare postice sensim dilatatum, tuberculis propius medium quam basin sitis : segmentum 2*^^^ paulo dilutius piceum : aculeus vix | abdominis longitudine : pedes pallide ochrei, unguicularibus saltem anterioribus et unguibus fuscis : alae hyalinae, stigmate, parastigmate, radice, squamulis silaceis ; stigmatis apex fusco-limbatus : nervi fuscopallidi, non- nulli fere decolores. Mas. — Caput oblatius : antennae corpore longiores confertim pubes- centes, articulis exterioribus brevioribus quam sequenti, intus ferruginosas scapo fusco, apice latius fusca : metathorax lenius declivis, obsoletius rugulosus : abdomen lineare apice parum incrassatum : pedes quam /e?»m<:e longiores graciliores : stigmatis apex et parastigma fuscescentes. Habitat in lucis umbrosis Anglias, Hibcrniae, Scotiae, minus frequens. Sp. 2. B. G. tripudians. Mas. Riifo-casianeus, capite anoque fuscis, pedibus silaceis, stigmate ochraceo ; an- tennis 2\-articulatis jiubescentibus , ba,si ferrvgineis. Fem. Niger, abdominis medio piceo, ^iedibus et stigmate silaceis ; "■ Parastigma, punctutn callosum, aut anastomosis, qua nervus trnnsversus areolae brachialis apicem claudens, concurrit cum costa ante basin stigmatis. NO. I. VOL. III. G 42 HALIDAY ON antennis \d-ariiculatis, ferrugineis apice fuscis ; aculeo vix 4 abdominis longitudine. (Long. corp. 1^ ; alar. 3i.) i Fem. — Nigro-piceus segmento 2''". abdominis dilutiore : antennae vix corporis longitudine, ferrugineae scape et apice fuscescen- tibus : OS et clypeus obscure ferruginei : thorax qualis prsecedenti : abdomen basi gracilius et postice manifestius incrassatum ; seg- mentum inunn_ y\^ i abdominis longitudine, gracile, fere lineare, tuberculis propius medium quam basin sitis : pedes graciles silacei unguicularibus saltern anterioribus et unguibus fuscis : alae hyalinae stigmate, radice, squamiilis silaceis ; nervi plerique decolores, nonnuUi fusco-pallidi. 71/as. — Rufo-castaneus, capite abdominisque segmentis posterioribus fuscis : OS et clypeus ferruginei : antennas graciliores quam sequent!, jDubescentes, fuscae basi ferrugineae : prothorax ferru- gineus : pectus fuscum : abdomen lineare postice incrassatum : pedes quam femince longiores graciliores : stigma et parastigma dilute ochracea. Habitat in salice caprea praesertim, gregarius. In convalle tuta qua requiescunt aurae, prope rivuli comantes ripas etamaena mnrmura, horis pomeridianis ubi sol testivus e coelo serenissimo effulgeat, Blaci tri'inidiantis mares innumeri choros A'ulgo implicant aerios, alternis orbibus, Chironomorum modo ; spectaculum gratissimum. Sp. 3. B. G. ruficornis. Niger, abdominis medio piceo ; pedibus ferrugineis ; alis subhyalinis, stigmate fusco basi flavo. Mas. Antennis 2{-articulatis, fuscis basi rufes- centibiis. Fem. antennis 20-articulatis, rvfo-ferrugineis apice obscurioribus ; aculeo J abdominis longitudine. (Long. 1^; alar. 3| lin.) * Bracon ruficornis . A^. ab Ess. Berl. Mag. V. 18. Sp. 24. tA.f.S. — Monogr. 49, Sp. 1. Fem. — Niger aut nigro-piceus, abdominis segmento 2^^. rufo-piceo : OS ferrugineum : antennae longitudine fere corporis, rufo-ferrugineae, articulis flagelli singulis puncto apicali ; 5 aut 6 ultimis totis, fuscescentibus : scutellum apice angulatum, nee tam acute ele- vatum quam praecedentibus : metathorax rotundatus nee tam abrupte truncatus quam sequentibus, confertim granulatus : abdomen brevius quam praecedentibus, subclavatum : segmentum imum^ 1 abdominis longitudine, validius quam illis, sensim parum PARASITIC HYMENOPTEKA. 43 dilatatum, leviter canaliculatum, tuberculis prope basin : aculeus segment! 1"'. longitudine : pedes ferruginei unguicularibus fuscis : alas fere hyalinae stigmate fusco, hujus basi et parastigmate flaves- centibus, radice et squamulis stramineis ; nervus cubi talis et nonnulli praeterea fusci, plerique pallidiores. Mas. — Metathorax rotundato-declivis : abdomen gracilius quam femince, lineari-clavatum. Var. l3. — Mas et Fem. — Corpore rufo-castaneo, capite anoque (non- nunquam metathorace et segmento 1™°.) fuscis. Far, y. — Exemplar femellum alterum, parvulum, an tennis crassi- oribus brevioribus, apice non infuscatis, ab amico Curtisio Spathii minuti nomine adscripto missum, pro specie distincta inferre vix audeo. Habitat in nemoribus umbrosis Anglise, Iliberniae, passim, Var. a rarior, /J. frequens ; Germaniae, Italias, N, ab Ess. Sp. 4. B. G. diversicornis. Niger, abdominis medio jji ceo ; pedibus ferrugineis, femoribus posticis fusco-annulatis ; alis obscuris. Mas. Antennis 2l-articulatis. Fem. An- tennis 20-articidatis, fuscis basi rufescentibus ; aculeo ^ abdominis longitudine. (Long. corp. 1^; alar. SJ.) * Bracon ruficornis . Var. /3. N. ab Ess. Berl. Mag. V. 18. Sp. 24. Bracon diversicornis . . . A^. ab Ess. Monogr. 49, Sp. 2. Fem. — Os piceo-ferrugineum : antennae breviores et validiores quam B. ruficorni, articulis exterioribus magis ovatis, fuscae pedicello et articulis 5 aut 6 proximis plerunque rufo-ferrugineis : metatho- racis forma intermedia inter ilium et sequentem : abdomen pedesque fere ut in hoc : alae paulo minores quam B. ruficorni, brumescentes stigmate nervisque fuscis, radice et squamulis fusco- ferrugineis. il/as.— ^Antennae basi rufescentes, vel fere totae fuscas : alas dilutiores qusan femince ; areola disci antica angulo tantum leviter praesecto. Habitat Germaniam, N. ab Ess. Hiberniam ; cum praecedente. rariiis. Sp. 5. B. G. ambulans. Fem. Niger, abdominis medio piceo ; pedibus ferrugineis , femoribus posticis fusco-annu- latis ; alis abbreviafi s ; antennis 20-articulatis, rufo- ferrugineis apice fuscis ■ acideo g abdominis longitudine. (Long. Corp. U; alar. 1^ lin.) 44 HALIDAY ON PAHASITIC HYMENOPTKRA. Fern. — Piconiger, abdominis segmento 2*^°. rufescente : os et clypeus obscure ferruginei : antennae articulis exterioribus paulo brevioribus et ultimo majore qiiam B. ruficorni, illi vero quam speciei 4*'^. similiores et pari modo pictae : caput fere rotundato-cubicum in hoc, in reliquis evadit sensim paulo oblatius : metatborax fere cubicus, apice rect'A truncatus, confertim granulatus : abdomen brevius et magis compressum : segmentuni l">"m. vix 5 abdominis longitudine, validius tuberculis obsoletioribus : pedes breviores, obscurius ferruginei, annullo brunneo ante apicem femorum posticorum : unguiculares omnes et basis coxarum posticarum fusci : alae parvae et angustae, brunnescentes, stigmate nervis que fuscis, radice et squamulis stramineis. Var. (3. — ]\fesothoracis scuto et scutello rufo-piceis. Habitat cum praecedentibus rarius. Subg. II. — Blacus. Antennce corpore breviores; maris \9 -articulates, filtformes ; feminse 17 -articulatce , apice moniliformes : abdomen compressum, segmenti 1"". tuberculis prope basin : ungues integri : alee utrique sexui pari modo areolatce ; stigmate trigono. * Bracon. Fam. I. Heterocl. II. B. N. ah Ess. Berl. Mag, V. 19. Blacus. Sectio I Act. Acad. IX. 306. Gen.tXII. Monog. 189. Gen. XIV. Blacus. Sectio b HoL Ent. Mag. I. 262. Caput saspe oblatius quam in praecedentibus : palpi breves, vali- diores, articulo maxillarium 3*'°. labialium 2'^°. insignius dilatatis :" antennae femince breves validse, articulis exterioribus valde dis- tinctis subrotundatis, ultimo longiore : prothoracis collum minus attenuatum : thorax vage punctatus pubescens, sulculis postice concurrentibus punctatis : metatborax subcubicus, apice medio quasi retusus, angulis superis productis ; rugulosus, areis minus distinctis, lineola longitudinali elevata : abdominis segmentum imiiiii brevius, oblongum, rugulosum, tuberculis prope basin ; Oris partes c Specie S'". ON THE LUMINOSITY OF FULGORA CANDELARIA. 45 segmenta posteriora magis compressa : pedes validi et breviores : tarsi graciles : ungues baud pectinato-fissiles : alarum stigma trigonum minus attenuatum : areola radialis angustior apice acutiiis clausa : nervus cubitalis plerisque ultra angulum lenissime subarcuatus. Maris antennae quam fcmince longiores et graci- liores, corpore tamen breviores, filiformes, lO-articulatse : caput oblatius : metathorax obsoletius rugulosus, angulis subdepressis : abdomen gracilius : pedes graciliores : alae saepe ampliores. Adnot. — Character hujus Subgeneris a meipso olim exbibitus I. c. nonnihil depravatus est, Sectionem B. tantum referens quoad alas. Adnot.— Blaci Neesiani e Sectione secunda {Act. Acad. IX. 306. Monogr. 192), nobis Aphidii sunt e Subgenere primo (Praon. Ent. Mag. I. 483). Ibidem collocabat et ipse Neesius quondam Speciem unicam in Aetis Berolinensibus editam (Braeon exoletus, Berl. Mag. V. 30, Sp. 47). In Actis Academice vero et Monographia, Species congeneres in Sectionem Blacorum conscripsit, ilia nihil- ominus in locum antiquiorem relata ; quam verisimile est elm", auctori non diutius adfuisse, quum characterem e priore opere ne vei'bo quidem immutatum reddidit. To be cont'mued. Art. IV. — Discussion on the Luminosity of Fulgora Cande- laria, Sec, at the Ninety-ninth Monthly Meeting of the Entomological Club. (Mr. Davis in the Chair.) Mr. Davis. — Gentlemen, the present highly respectable meeting of the friends of the Entomological Magazine, — for I see several amongst us who are not members of the club, — has been convened for the purpose of considering the propriety of altering the figure which appears on the wrapper, and in the title page of the Magazine. It has recently been asserted that the insects of the genus Fulgora are not luminous. The whole evidence in favour of the luminosity of Fidgorce is summed up in the " Introduction to Entomology, by Kirby and Spence;" a work of which I scarcely know how to speak in terms of sufficient praise. 1 will, with your permission, gentlemen, 46 ON THE LUMINOSriY read the whole passage : — " A genus, in the order Hemiptera, called Fulgora, includes several species, which emit so pow- erful a light, as to have obtained, in English, the generic appellation o^ lantern Jiies, Two of the most conspicuous of this tribe are the F. laternaria and F. candelaria ; the former a native of South America, the latter of China. Both, as indeed is the case with the whole genus, have the material which diffuses their light included in a hollow subtransparent projection of the head. In F. candelaria this projection is of a subcylindrical shape, recurved at the apex, above an inch in length, and the thickness of a small quill. We may easily conceive, as travellers assure us, that trees studded with multi- tudes of these living sparks, some at rest, and others in motion, must, at night, have a superlatively splendid appearance. In F. laternaria, which is an insect two or three inches long, the snout is much larger and broader, and more of an oval shape, and sheds a light, the brilliancy of which transcends that of any other luminous insect. Madame Merian informs us, that the first discovery which she made of this property caused her no small alarm. The Indians had brought her several of these insects, which, by day-light, exhibited no extraordinary appear- ance ; and she inclosed them in a box until she should have an opportunity of drawing them, placing it upon a table in her lodging-room. In the middle of the night, the confined insects made such a noise as to awaken her, and she opened the box, the inside of which, to her great astonishment, ap- peared all in a blaze ; and in her fright letting it fall, she was not less surprised to see each of these insects apparently on fire. She soon, however, divined the cause of this unexpected phenomenon, and reinclosed her brilliant guests in their place of confinement. She adds, that the light of one of these Fiilgorce is sufficiently bright to read a newspaper by ; and though the tale of her having drawn one of these insects by its own light is without foundation, she doubtless might have done so if she had chosen. Another species is figured by Donovan, in his Insects of India, of which the light, though from a smaller snout than that of F. laternaria, must assume a more splendid and striking appearance, the projecting part being of a rich deep purple, from the base to near the apex, which is of a fine transparent scarlet ; and these tints will, of course, be imparted to the transmitted light." The passage OF FULGORA CANDF.LARIA. . 47 you will find in the Second Volume, p. 413. The veracity of the authority of the Introduction to Entomology stands so unimpeachably high, that it seems scarcely necessary for me to say, that on a reference to Madame Merian's Insects of Surinam, I find the abstract here given perfectly correct. Neither need I repeat to you, that the wood-cut on the wrapper of the Magazine represents Fulgora candelaria, the jire-fly or lantern-fly of China. Before entering on the discussion of the abstract fact of the luminosity of Fulgora, I think it necessary to express my opinion as to the course we should adopt on its termination. I would beg briefly then to state, that if the non-luminosity of the Fulgora be positively proved, it is incumbent on us at once to deprive it of its rays, which must tend to mislead ; and at an early opportunity we must again meet, and consider the pro- priety of removing it altogether from its present situation, and substituting some other insect in its place. Mr. Doubleday has a motion on the subject, which he will now read to you. Mr. Doubleday. — I beg to move, " That the representa- tion of Fulgora candelaria, which appears on the wrapper of the Entomological Magazine, be forthwith deprived of the radii intended to indicate luminosity, and that the motto, sig- nifying ' allow me to illuminate the world,' be henceforth omitted." Mr. Chairman, I have to thank you for the impartial man- ner in which this subject has been introduced. Nothing could have laid the subject so fairly before us as the passage you have read. I now call your attention to the leading fact in that passage; vi%. that the species laternaria is the only species concerning which there is any evidence as to its lumi- nosity, and this evidence is that of Madame Merian, an authoress who has been detected, over and over again, in the most gross mistatements. Witness that remarkable one lately pointed out by Mr. MacLeay, concerning Mygale avicularia, which was supposed, on the sole authority of Madame Merian, to kill birds, having first entangled them in its web ; a more fabulous story than which the history of gnomes and fairies cannot boast. In the instance before us, Madame Merian gravely tells us, that the Fulgorce are produced from the great CicadcB ; so much for her accuracy ! But I will trouble you to refer to the note at the bottom of the page which you have 48 ON THE LUMINOSITY been reading; it runs thus: — "It is necessary to state, that not only have several of the inhabitants of Cayenne, according to the French Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle, denied that this insect shines, in which denial they are joined by M. Richard, who reared the species ; but the learned and accu- rate Count HofFmansegg informs us, that his insect collector, Sieber, a practised entomologist of thirty years' standing, and who, when in the Brazils for some years, took many spe cimens, affirms, that he never saw a single one in the least luminous." The passage, liowever, relates a remarkable circumstance, which induces me to quote it, namely, that not only Fulgorce, but the large Cicadce, of the South of France, when dead, become phosphorescent. By the way, you will find the passage in the Encyclopedic Methodique, Article Fulgore, not in the Nouvelle Dictionnaire :— " Apres avoir cependant questionne quelques naturalistes qui ont habite les colonies, touchant cette Fulgore qui pouvoit produire une matiere phos- phorique aussi lumineuse, ils nous ont dit n'avoir jamais pu s'appercevoir que cet insecte eut cette propriete; et peut-etre doit-il etre encore permis de conserver quelque doute sur la verite du fait. — M. Richard, naturaliste du roi, a eleve a Cayenne plusieurs especes de Fulgores, et entr'autres celle dont parle Merian, sans qu'il ait pu decouvrir quelque trace lumineuse sur le corps de ces insectes. Quoi qu'il en soit Reaumur nous apprend qu'ayant eu la curiosite de voir I'interieur de la vessie de cette Fulgore, il n'y vit qu'un cavite considerable, renfermee par un cartilage mediocrement epais. Quand on supposeroit que les substances qui y etoient lorsque I'animal vivoit, s'etoient dessechees, elles n'auroient jamais pu remplir, lors meme qu'elles etoient molles, qu'une petite partie de cette cavite. Se resoudroient-elles en phosphore apres la mort de I'insecte, et produiroient-elles alors la lumiere qui le fait distinguer? Ce qui peut venir a I'appui de cette con- jecture, c'est que j'ai souvent trouve, au midi de la France, de grandes especes de Cigales entierement phosphoriques apres leur mort." Here is the antidote with the poison, tht^ee respectable and accredited witnesses against one notoriously inaccurate one. I may remark, that the structure and economy of the Ful- gorce leads me forcibly to suspect that they are diurnal and I OF FULGORA CANDEL^RIA. 49 not nocturnal insects ; and this being the case, what would be the use of their lights ? I shall now proceed to prove, by most unexceptionable witnesses, that the English glow-worm, Lampyris, and cognate genera, are the fire-flies of the old continent; and that these, together with Elater, and cognate genera, are the fire-flies of the new ; leaving the Fulgora to be the fire-fly of poets and painters only. It is unknown except in fiction, therefore let fiction alone retain it. " Pictoribiis atque poetis Quidlibet audendi semper fuit a;qua potestas Scimus." Does it not become us then to discard a fictitious emblem from a work whose false steps are recorded with anxious accuracy ? Beginning with the Old World, our little island, cold though it be, has its fire-fly. The glow-worm is the only representative which we boast of this night-cheer- ing insect, and the luminosity appears to be, in our species, almost confined to one sex, the lady lighting up the beacon of love ; the male, however, is not without its tiny lamps, two minute phosphorescent spots appearing on the under side of the paratefum. I have a specimen now living, which has been reared from the e^g, by my friend Rogerson, of the Greenwich Observatory. It is seldom, in this country, that we have the satisfaction of seeing this insect on the wing, but instances have occurred. At Llanhowel, in South Wales, a resident observer has several times had transitory glimpses of these wandering lights, which might have passed for ignes fatid, but that they flew to his reading lamp, and proved themselves corporeal. France, Spain, Italy, and Turkey, have their hiccioU in abundance. A friend of mine, resident for some years near the Bay of Naples, describes their appearance as superlatively beautiful on a summer's eve. He observed, that when the air was heavy with the hrnmn del mare, they ceased to fly, and settled on the olives and other shrubs, from which he delighted in shaking them, and causing a shower of fire, like the golden rain of an exploded rocket. The oriental Forbes noticed them at Rome. " I have seen them," says he, " produce a fine effect in the dark recesses of the majestic Col- liseum, and illumine the garden of the Villa Medici. On the banks of the Arno they add much to the beauty of a Tuscan evening." The same author remarked them again in India, NO. I. vol.. HI. H 50 ON THE LUMINOSITY and here his evidence is invaluable, because //• M tf CJ X X bS H O ■^ ■" « O O Ph H P^ f-^ O H 13 <; tZ ^ ^ G ■- bo ^ ^ a 0. Braojsidg 'yp^({ -g % p jnoioQ -JEinSuB 13 "5 £ g^ •- Eiuo}su9 J . -Saiinod jou saapjoq apis aqj qim ■« Boiojsua J •spuBq ssojo jnoj qiiM S E S S -a 2 o J o ^ 2 sSui^ nuautuioad jou 'Oi U 'Oi be g Braojsidg; 'Jtoiqi JOU Suof jou s •= B I « CO s « Ml ^ a C ^^^ u o 1-4 o c . c W o -o c 4) a ^ s rs ::-« = s* -.§ 2% to "^ 'C J" „3 > bo O B e3 S o S — CS 2 S « s 15 ij 60 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE Ensina. — Desvoidy. Distinguished by the pale colour, the head narrowed and lengthened! in front, the long and bent mouth, the short and slender telum, , and the almost spotless wings. Body downy ; peristoma long and angular ; epistoma prominent ; ; feelers long and slender; third joint of antennae short, nearly ,r round ; telum of female flat, longer than half the abdomen ; fifth long nervure not reaching the border of the wing ; cross nervuress straight and upright. Sp. 1. Ens. sonchi. Yellow; thorax gre^j, and abdomeni green above, wings white, sometimes with a few very smalll brown spots. (Plate I. fig. 1.) Musca sonchi . Linn. Syst. Nat. II. 998 ; Gmel. Syst. Nat. . V. 2857. 121. Tephritis sonchi . Fallen, Dipt. Snec. Ortal. 14. 23. Trypeta sonchi . Meig. Europ. Zweiflug. Ins. V. 345. 50. Trypeta obsoleta Wied. Meig. Europ. Zweiflug. Ins. V. 349. 60. Ensinae chrysanthemi, herbarum, pratensis, linariae, scor- zonerae, doronici . Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, 752. 753. 1-6. Yellow : head black behind, clothed with white hairs, and round the eyes with a few black hairs ; border of the forehead red ; mouth almost white ; thorax clothed with white hairs and black bristles, , grey above, black beneath, yellow before and on each side ; scu- tellum pale green with a yellow border, red at the tip, the disk sometimes grey or green , metathorax black ; abdomen dark green above, with a band of yellow on the hind border of each segment, clothed with grey or black hairs and bristles ; telum black, of the female with the tip, and sometimes a spot on each side near the base yellow ; legs yellow, sometimes brown above • thighs sometimes tawny; 5th joint of tarsi, and sometimes 3d and 4th joints of 4 hind tarsi brown ; wings white, with a few hardly seen cross bands, and along the upper border some much darker and more marked small brown spots, varying in number • nervures brown, yellow towards the base of the wing ; borders of cross nervures brown ; poisers lemon colour. (Length of body 1— Uline; of wings 2— 2f lines.) Common in the south and west of England during the autumn. BRITISH TEPHKITITES. 61 OxYPHORA. — Desvoidy. Has the mouth like Ensina, but is much larger, the colour is tawny, the head is not narrowed nor lengthened in front, the wings are rust colour, varied with a few little limpid spots. Body downy ; peristoma nearly round, scarcely longer than broad ; epistoma slightly prominent ; feelers long and rather broad ; 3d joint of antennae short, oval, compressed, flat above, convex beneath ; scutellum rather prominent ; abdomen slightly arched ; telum very short; wings long ; 5th long nervure not reaching the border of the wing ; short cross nervure straight, upright ; the other one slightly bent, nearer above to the tip of the wing. Sp. 1. Oxy. Westermanni. Fern. Rust colour ; winys brown, varied loith numerous yelloiv, and a few white spots. (Fig. 2.) Musca vinulus? . . . Harris, Exp. 117, FIXXXIY. fig. 21. Tephritis Westermanni . Mei(/. Europ. Zweijlug. Ins. V. SSS. 32. PI. L. fig. 6. Oxyphora Cardui . . . Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, 757. 2. Rust colour, clothed with yellow hairs and black bristles : head pale, yellow beneath and round the eyes, with a few white bristles above ; mouth and feelers tawny, clothed with white hairs ; antennae tawny, 6th joint with a very short down ; scutellum tawny ; metathorax pale yellow, silky ; abdomen not bristly ; telum wedge-shaped, not longer than one fifth of the abdomen black at the tip ; legs clothed with short yellow hairs ; wings rich brown, varied with small yellow and white spots ; the former are very numerous, and often joined together in the disk of the wing, they are fewer towards the border, and cease altogether at the tip and along the lower part of the wing ; the latter are few*, various in size and shape, most of them along the lower border, largest one long and narrow in the disk of the wing between the 4th and 5th long nervures ; nervures brown, paler towards the base ; poisers tawny. (Length of body 3| lines ; of wings Q\ lines.) Very rare in England. Terellia. — Desvoidy. Sides of the body nearly parallel, shoulders square. Body slightly angular ; feelers long, broader towards their tips ; thorax nearly linear, with three white stripes on each side 62 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE beneath ; abdomen with four rows of black spots ; wings either unspotted, or with spots reaching from the upper border into the middle of the wing. Body tawny, covered with white down ; head broad, short, rounded in front, clothed with white hairs and black bristles, pale beneath j peristoma angular, scarcely longer than broad, almost white ; epistoma not prominent ; lip moderately long, clothed with black and white hairs ; feelers long and broad, their tips bright yellow ; antennae yellow ; 3d joint bright yellow, flat above, convex beneath, slightly pointed ; thorax angular, with a few black bristles above, and a black spot beneath on each side between the fore and middle legs ; scutellum covering the metathorax ; abdo- men nearly flat, sparingly clothed with black hairs ; telum of the female broad, flat, as long as half the abdomen, gradually narrowing from the base to the tip ; legs clothed with black hairs ; wings limpid ; nervures brown, yellow toward the base of the wing ; cross nervures straight and upright ; poisers yellow. The species inhabit dry and chalky districts, and are not common. Sp. 1. Ter. serratulae. Male and Fem. Wings limpid, un- spotted. (Fig. 3.) Musca serratulae . . . Linn. Syst. Nat. II. 997. 118; Faun. Suec. 1871; Gmel. Syst. Nat. Y. 2856. 118; Fahr.Mant. Ins. II. 352. 115; Spec. Ins. II. 453. 96 ; Ent. Si/st. IV. 356. 182; Turt. III. 620. Dacus serratulae . . . Fabr. Syst. Antl. 278. 27. Tephritis serratulae . . . Fallen, Dipt. Suec. Ortal. 14. 22. Trypeta serratulae . . . Meig. Europ. Zweijlug. Ins. V. 346. Trypeta pallens .... Wied. Meig. Europ. Zweijlug. Ins. V. 347 ; PI. L. fig. 5. Terelliae palpata & luteola. Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, 758. 9. 1, 2. Head beneath and sometimes round the eyes almost white ; mouth tawny, sometimes yellow ; 1st, 2d, 4th, and 5 th joints of the antennae sometimes almost white ; thorax above with two black bands joined together before, pale red beneath ; the two black or rarely brown spots circled with yellow ; metathorax brown ; abdomen BRITISH TEPHRITITES. 63 sometimes yellow, 4th segment with a black spot on each side of its tind border ; telum of the female with a black spot on each side of the base, brown at the tip ; legs pale yellow, almost white beneath ; coxse with flesh-coloured spots ; middle and hind thighs partly, and fore thighs altogether flesh-coloured, clothed with white hairs ; wings with a yellow spot between the upper border and the end of the 1st long nervure ; poisers sometimes almost white. (Length of body 2 — 2| lines ; of wings 3| lines.) June and September; Isle of Wight. Sp. 2. Ter. Alciphron. Male and Fem. Like Serratulae but much darker, wings limpid, spotted beneath the upper border. (Fig. 4.) Tephritis Alciphron . Newman Ent. Mag. I. 505. Like Serratulae in size and shape : head yellow beneath ; disk of the thorax almost black, with three angular tawny spots behind ; sides pale yellow ; scutellum dark tawny, the sides and tip paler ; metathorax brown ; spots on the abdomen hardly seen ; telum of female with a black stripe on each side above and beneath, 1st segment altogether black ; legs tawny ; tarsi darker : wings of the male with two large brown spots beneath the costa, one in the middle, the other much larger and reaching to the tip ; wings of the female with two small black spots, one at the end of the 2d, the other of the third nervure, and a yellow spot between the costa and the end of the 1st nervure ; costa yellow, black towards the tip of the wing ; cross nervures of male with brown borders. (Length of body 2 — 2| lines ; of wings 3| — 4 lines.) June ; Isle of Wight. Note. — Trypetce Wenigeri and Colon of Meigen are nearly allied to serratulce and Alciphron. Sp. 3. Ter. florescentiae. Male and Fem. Much smaller than serratulae, colour livelier, wings limpid, varied with white, and with four large black spots. (Fig. 5.) Musca florescentiae . Lin. Faun. Suec. 1880. Musca rufi-cauda . . Fabr. Ent. Syst. IV. S5S. 169. Dacus rufi-caudus . . Fabr. Syst. Anil. 276. 17. Tephritis florescentiae . Fallen, Dipt. Suec. Ortal. 7.9. Trypeta florescentiae . Meiq. Europ. Zweijlug. Ins. V. 321 . 16. Pi". XLVIII. fig. 25. ■ Head beneath and mouth yellow ; thorax yellow beneath, with a black {male) or brown {female) stripe on each side ; disk black. 64 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE with a yellow stripe on each side, and an angular spot of the same colour between ; scutellum of the female yellow, sometimes reddish yellow ; metathorax black, in the female rust colour beneath ; 4th segment of abdomen of male with a black spot on each side of its hind border ; telum of female rust colour, black above at the base and banded with black before the tip, some- times black altogether above and at the tip beneath ; legs yellow ; thighs of the female almost white ; wings varied with white, and with four large black spots, varying in size, three of them costal, and the 4th near the lower border where the 5th long and the cross nervures meet ; there is also a pale brown spot at the base of the wing, between the 3d and 4th nervures ; cross nervures of the female, and sometimes of the male, bordered with brown ; a variety has the middle costal spot and the one near the lower border joined together, and thus forming a band across the wing. (Length of body 1| — 2 lines ; of wings 2f — 3h lines.) June ; near London ; New Forest, Hampshire ; Isle of Wight. FoRELLiA. — Desvoidy. Distinguished by the rich saifron colour, the peristoma angular and hardly longer than broad, the slightly prominent epistoma, the long and nearly cylindric 3d joint of antennae, the yellow wings spotted with black. Body downy, rather long ; mouth short ; feelers nearly cylindric, not thickened ; antennae rather long ; scutellum short, obtuse, nearly triangular, almost hiding the metathorax ; abdomen nearly flat above, of the female longer than of the male, and gradually narrowing from the base to the tip ; telum of the female with half the length of the abdomen ; cross nervures of wings slightly curved, short one having the upper, longer one the lower end nearest the tip of the wing. Sp. 1. For. arnicae. Male and Fem. Saffron colour, wings slightly yellow, varied ivith grey and white, and with four large black spots. (Fig. 6.) Musca arnicae . Linn. Syst. Nat. II. 997. 115; Faun. Suec. 1872; Gmel. Sijst. Nat. V. 2856. 119; Fabr. Ent. Syst. IV. 352. 166; Schrank, Austr. Ins. 959 ; Aldrov. Ins. 346. Pi. I. fig. 5; Scop, Ent. Cam. 941. BRITISH TEPHRITITES. 65 Musca flava, alls fulvis, &c. Musca miliaria . . , . Musca onopordinis . . . Musca arcuata .... Trupanea splioerocephali Dacus arcuatus . . Tephritis arnicae . Trypeta arnicae . . Forellia onopordi Geof. Ins. II. 498. 12. Schrank, Austr. Ins. 476. 968 ; 'Gmel.Syst.Nat.Y. 2863. 306. Don.ll.eT.Fl LXII. ? Turt. III. 622? Fabr. Mant. Ins. II. 352. 105; Sp. Ins. II. 451. 86; Ent. Syst. IV. 353. 170; Gmel. Syst. Nat. V. 2856. 242; Panz. Faun. Germ. XCVIII. 22. Schrank, Fauna Boica,\\\. 2515. Fahr. Sijst. Antl. 277. 19. Fabr. Syst. Antl. 316. 1 ; Lair. Ghi. Crust, et Ins. IV. 355; Diet. d'Hist. Nat. 24. 196. 385; Fallen, Dipt. Suec.Ortal. 8. 10. Meig. Europ. Ziveijlug. Ins. V. SSS. 31. Desvoidy,Essai sur lesMyodaires, 761. 1. Body bright saffron colour, tawny beneath, clothed with black and white hairs, and a few white bristles ; head beneath and throat white ; epistoma rust colour in front ; lip tawny, clothed with black and white hairs ; feelers yellow, clothed with white hairs ; antennae yellow ; metathorax grey ; side plates beneath the abdomen brown ; telum rust colour, of the female brown at the tip ; legs yellow, clothed with black hairs ; wings slightly yellow, with several hardly seen grey and white spots, almost white at the base, having also four large black spots, sometimes varied with limpid punctures, the 1st joining the middle of the costa, the 2d and largest at the tip of the wing, the 3d on the lower cross nervure, the 4th and smallest near the base of the wing, under the 5th nervure ; costa and nervures yellow, the former brown towards the tip ; poisers pale yellow. (Length of body 2h — 3 lines ; of wings 4 — 5 lines. Common in July; on thistles, near London. NO. I. VOL. TIT. I K 66 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ; Orellia. — Desvoidy. The very prominent borders of the peristoma will distinguish this« genus from all the other Tephritites. It resembles Ceratites in i shape and markings. Sp. 1. Orel. Wiedemanni. Yellow, thorax varied with), black, wings limpid, with four brown bands. (Fig. 7.) Trypeta Wiedemanni. Meig. Europ. Zweiflug. Ins. V. 320. | 15. PI. XLIX. fig. 2. Orellia flavicans . . Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, , 765. 1. Head bright yellow above with a few bristles, the front ones black, , those behind white, paler beneath ; epistoma prominent ; mouth bright yellow ; feelers not thickened ; antennae bright yellow ; 3d joint nearly oval, pointed and slightly turned upwards at the : tip ; 6th joint very downy ; thorax black, clothed with white hairs and black bristles, smooth and shining behind ; scutellura bordered with yellow, not hiding the metathorax, with a cross yellow band behind, and nine yellow rays parting from the centre on all sides ; these rays are sometimes very broad, and occupy nearly the whole of the disk of the mesothorax ; metathorax dull greyish black ; abdomen bright yellow, paler towards the tip, each seg- ment with a black sometimes hardly seen spot on either side ; telum rust-colour, very short ; legs deep yellow ; wings limpid with four brown bands joined to the costa, and bordered with darker colour, 1st very short, 2d rather longer and sometimes joined to the 1st., 3d still longer, and reaching the lower border, 4th joined to the 3d., and passing along the costa to the tip of the wing ; nervures brown, yellow toward the base of the wing ; cross ner- vures straight and upright ; poisers pale yellow. (Length of body 2 lines ; of wings 3^ lines.) Found near London, but is not common. Tephritis. — Latreille. Colour green or brown : telum of female longer than half the abdomen ; wings limpid with five light brown bands bordered with darker colour. Body downy, clothed with white hairs ; head rounded, rust-colour above, yellow beneath ; peristoma white, angular, not longer than broad ; epistoma not prominent, slightly notched in the middle ; mouth short ; 3d joint of antennae nearly cylindric ; scutellum BRITISH TEPHRITITES. 67 . triangular, rounded at the tip, scarcely hiding the metathorax, which is black and slightly shining above ; abdomen clothed with black hairs ; telum rust colour, of female wedge-shaped ; legs clothed with black hairs; 1st band of wing scarcely seen ; costa and nervures brown, yellow toward the base of the wing ; shorter cross nervure straight and upright ; longer one slightly bent, its upper end nearer the tip of the wing ; poisers pale yellow. Sp. 1 . Teph. cornuta. Sea-green, antennce of male with a long appendage above. (Fig. 8.) Musca cornuta . . Fabr. Ent. Syst. IV. 357. 186. I Seatophaga cornuta Fabr. Syst. Anil. 209. 28. Tephritis cornuta . Fallen, Dipt. Suec. Ortal. 4. 1 ; Curtis Brit. Ent. V. 241. Trypeta cornuta . Meig. Eur op. Zweijlug. Ins.Y. 318. 12. PI. XLVIII. fig. 2. Body sea-green : peristoma broader in front ; lip yellow ; antennae yellow, those of the male with the 2d joint emitting a long pale yellow almost cylindric lobe armed with stout black bristles, 2d joint of the female brown above, 3d joint bright yellow, paler at the base ; thorax with a few black bristles above, yellow on each side and beneath, with a large grey spot on each side between the fore and middle legs ; abdomen with four black spots at the base of each segment from the 2d to the 5th ; the spots arc often hidden by the border of the preceding segment ; legs yellow ; wings limpid, 2d and 3d bands shortened; 4th reaching the lower border, 5th at the tip of the wing darker. (Length of body 2 — 3 lines ; of wings 4 — 5| lines.) June and September ; Isle of Wight. Sp. 2. Teph. lappae. Tawny, antennce of both sexes simple. (Fig. 9.) Musca arctii . . Panz. Faun. Germ. XXII. 23. Trypeta lappae . Meig.Europ. Zweijlug. Ins. V. 318. 11. Tephrytis arctii ? Desvoidy ,Essai sur les Myodaires, 767. 6. Tawny, clothed with white hairs and black bristles ; antennae pale red, 3d joint clothed with white down ; thorax with a grey spot on each side beneath the fore and middle legs ; mesothorax varied with grey above ; scutellum almost yellow ; abdomen greyish brown, covered with a thick down, and having four black spots at the base of each segment ; legs pale tawny ; wings with the 2d 68 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE band joined to the 3d, and the 4th to the 5th, at the upper border, the two former reaching a little lower than the middle of the wing. (Length of body 3 lines ; of wings 41 lines.) Found near London. Sp. 3. Teph. tussilaginis. Like T. lappae, but smaller ^ slenderer, and paler. (Fig. 10.) Musca tussilaginis Fabr. Mant. Ins. II. S5S.U2; Spec.lns.ll. 454. 101; Ent. Sijst. IV. 35.9. 193 ; Gmel. Sijst. Nat. V. 2858. 250. Trupanea acanthi * SchranJc, Fauna Boica, III. 2509. Dacus tussilaginis Fabr. Syst.Atitl. 277. 24. Trypeta tussilaginis Meig. Europ. Ziveiflug. Ins. V. 319. 13. PI. XLVIII. fig. 2b'. Tephrytes cylindrica et impunctata . Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, 767. 4, 5. Yellow, clothed with white hairs and black bristles ; antennae pale red, 3d joint clothed with white down ; thorax tawny above, with a grey spot on each side beneath between the fore and middle legs ; abdomen tawny, covered with a thick down, and having four black spots at the base of each segment; telum darker at the tip ; legs yellow ; wings with the 2d band joined to the 3d at the upper border, the latter reaching nearly to the lower border, 4th and 5th bands separate. (Length of body 2| lines ; of wings 4 lines.) Found near London. Sp. 4. Teph. arctii. Like T. lappae, but much smaller. (Fig. 11.) Musca arctii . . . Degeer,Ins.Nl.4!2.\Q.^\.ll.^g.Q—Vk Musca punctata? . Schrank, Ins. Austr. 963. Trupaneea punctata ? Schrank, Fauna Boica, III. 2510. Tephritis solstitialis Panz. Faun. Germ. CIII. 22. Tephritis arctii . . Fallen, Dipt. Suec. Ortal. 4. 2. Trypeta arctii . . Meig. Europ. Zweijlug. Ins. V. 317. 10. PI. XLVIII. fig. 28. BillTISH TEPHRITITES. 69 Tephrytes jaceae, dorsalis, pusilla et abdominalis . Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, 766. 768. 1, 2,3. 7. Light brown, beneath paler, ahnost tawny ; antennas pale red, 3d joint clothed with white down ; thorax grey above, the sides yellow, a black spot on each side between the fore and middle ■ legs ; scutellum almost yellow, with three black punctures ; spots of the abdomen largest on the 3d segment ; legs pale tawny ; wings with the 2d band joined to the third, (the latter nearly reaching the lower border), and the 4th to the 5th at the upper border. Length of body If — 2^ lines; of wings 2| — 3| lines.) Common near London, in the autumn. Urophora''. — Desvoidy. Like Tephritis, but colour black, scutellum bright yellow, telum of female very long, compressed, almost cylindric, wings white, with black bands. Body clothed with grey down and black hairs ; head yellow or tawny, with a few black bristles, slightly narrowed in front, black behind ; peristoma angular, white, bordered with saffron, hardly longer than broad ; epistoma not prominent, slightly notched in front ; mouth saffron, yellow towards the base ; antennae short, tawny ; 3d joint red, almost cylindric, slightly concave above, convex beneath ; throat yellow ; thorax beneath and metathorax above shining, the former with a bright yellow line on each side^ and a cross band of the same colour at the base of the fore legs ; abdomen nearly linear ; telum of the female narrowing to the tip ; legs clothed with black hairs ; wings yellow at the base ; costa and nervures yellow, brown towards the tip of the wing ; cross nervures nearly upright, longer one slightly bent ; poisers bright yellow. Sp. 1. Uro. cardui. Telum of female as long as half the abdomen, wings with four broad bands forming a waved line. (Fig. 12.) Musca cardui . Linn. Syst. Nat. IL 998. 126; Faun Suec. 1876. 1063; Degeer, Ins. VI. 49. 18;. Gmel. Syst. Nat. V. 2858. 126 ; Fabr. Mant. Ins. II. 35S. 120; Spec. Ins. II. 454. 100; Ent. Syst. IV. 359. 191 ; Stew. II. 263; Turt. III. 621. '' This name has been applied to a genus of Hemiplera. 70 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE Muscacardui . GcBd. Ins. I. 50; List. Gced. 313. 102. PI. CXXIX.; Blank. Ins. 189. PI. XVI. fig. T.; Meaurn. Ins. III. 457. PI. XLV. fig. 12 — 16; Leeuwenh. 58, fig. 10. Musca alis linea undulata^ &c. Geoff. Ins. II. 496. 8. Trupanea cardui, Schrank, Fauna Boica, III. 2514. Tephritis cardui . i^a&r. Si/st. Antl. 321. 21; Latr. Gen. Crust. IV. 355; Regne Anim.Y. 534; Lam. Anim. sans Vertebres, III. 364. 2. Trypeta cardui . Meig. Europ. Zweijlug. Ins. V. S2Q. 23. PI. XLIX. fig. 9. Urophorse Reaumurii, liturata, Sonchi, centaureae et Dejeanii. Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, 770 — 772. 4 — 8» Head bright yellow, paler beneath ; telum of female as long as half the abdomen ; legs tawny ; coxae brown ; thighs black, tawny at either end ; wings with tl.e 1st band joined to the 2d, and the 3d to the fourth above, 2d and 3d joined together below. Length of body 24 — 2| lines ; of wings 3a — 4| lines.) Inhabits thistles in the south of England during the summer and autumn. Sp. 2. Uro. pugionata. Telum of the female as long as the abdomen, wings with four separate rather broad hands. (Fig. 13.) Trypeta pugionata Meig. Europ. Zweiflug. Ins. V. 330. 28. PI. XLIX. fig. 11. Urophorae solstitialis etfemoralis. Desvoidy, Essai sur lesMyo- daires, 769, 770. 2, 3. Head tawny above, paler beneath ; legs tawny ; coxae yellow beneath; thighs black, tawny at either end; wings with the 1st band shortened, 2d sometimes divided, 3d and 4th sometimes join-ed together above. (Length of body 1^ — 2s lines ; of wings 3 — 3| lines.) Common in the south of England during the summer and autumn. BRITISH TEPHRlTlTES. 71 Sp. 3. Uro. solstitialis. Larger than U. pugionata, teluni of female longer than the abdomen, wings with four narrow bands, \st and 2d often shortened, divided, or wanting. (Fig. 14.) Musca solstitialis . Linn. Syst. Nat. II. 999. 127; Faun. Suec. 1879; Gmel. Syst. Nat. V. 2858. 127; Berk. I. 165?; Stew. II. 263; Turt. III. 621; Dow. IX. 15, PI. 294? ; Fabr. Sp. Ins. II. 454. 103; Ent, Syst. IV. 359. 195. Musca alis fasciis | ^^^ ^^ ^^^ j^ tribus, &c. . 3 "^ Musca dauci . . Fabr. Mant. Ins. II. 353. 118; Ent. Syst. IV. 358. 187 ; Gmel. Syst. Nat. V. 2857. 248. Musca stylata . . Fabr. Mant. Ins. II. 351. 104; Sp. Ins. II. 451. 85; Ent Syst. IV. 353. 168 ; Gmel. Syst. Nat. V. 2855. 241. Dacus stylatus has- 7 F«6r. Syst. Antl. 275—277. 13. 15. tatus et dauci . S 22. Tephritis solstitialis Fabr. Syst. Antl. 321. 25; FalUn, Dipt. Suec. Ortal. 6. 5; Lam. Anim. sans Vertebres, III. 364. 1. TrupaneaB cirsn et ) Schrank,Fauna Boica, III. 2505. 2507. leucacanthi . . ) Musca jacobese . Panz. Faun. Germ. XCVII. 22. Tephrites jacobeae . ^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^ ^^ et apnea . . 5 Trypetae stylata, cuspidata, aprica et solstitialis . Meig. Europ. Zweijlug. Ins. V. 327—329. 24—27. PI. XLIX. fig. 5, 10, 12, 13. Urophora cardui . Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, 769. 1 . Note. — Some of these synonyms may belong to the pre- ceding species, for it often agrees with the descriptions attached. Head tawny above, paler beneath ; legs tawny ; fore-coxae yellow beneath ; thighs sometimes black at the base ; wings with four separate bands, 1st one shortened, sometimes wanting ; 2d gene- rally entire, but sometimes shortened or divided, or even nearly effaced ; 3d and 4th usually joined together at the upper border, 72 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE sometimes separate, the former rarely shortened above. (Length of body 2 — 85 lines ; of wings 82 — 4^ lines.) Common in the south of England during the summer and autumn. AciURA. — Desvoidy. Like to Urophora, but more shining, peristoma longer, telum of female much shorter, wings almost entirely black. Body shining ; head and thorax clothed with black hairs and bristles, the former scarcely narrowed in front ; peristoma very pale, angular, much longer than broad ; epistoma notched in the middle ; mouth red ; feelers pale, slender ; antennae red, 3d joint short, slightly concave above, convex beneath ; scutellum almost a semicircle, not prominent ; abdomen nearly linear ; telum of female very short ; legs hairy ; wings black or brown, varied with limpid spots ; nervures brown, yellow at the base ; cross ner- vures nearly upright ; poisers yellow. Sp. 1. Aci. lychnidis. Black, legs red, wings black, with several little limpid spots. (Fig. 15.) Musca lychnidis . . Fabr. Mant. Ins. 11.353. 120; Ent. Syst. IV. 360. 197; Gmel Syst. Nat. V. 2858. 251. Tephritis lychnidis . Fabr. Syst. Ant I. 322. 26 ; Fallen, Dipt. Suec. OrtaL 14. 24. Trypeta lychnidis . Meig. Europ. Zweiflug. Ins. V. 324. 2L PI. XLIX. fig. 6. Head red ; thorax slightly grey above, with a reddish spot on each side near the base of the wing ; scutellum sometimes with a red border ; spots of wings mostly long and narrow, some of them reaching from the border into the disk. (Length of body 3 lines ; of wings 4| lines.) Very rare in England. Sp. 2. Aci. discoidea. Red, abdomen black, wings brown, with a few large limpid spots. (Fig. 16.) Musca discoidea . . Fabr. Ent. Syst. IV. 350. 155; Gmel. Sijst. Nat. V. 2854. 239 ? Dictya discoidea . . Fabr. Syst. Antl. 326. 3. Tephritis centaureae . Fallin, Dipt. Suec Ortal. 16. 26. Trypeta discoidea . Meig. Europ. Zweijiug. Ins. V. 323.19. PI. XLIX. fig. 14. BRITISH TEPHRITITES. 73 Thorax greyish brown above ; scutellum red ; metathorax black ; wings brown, at the base limpid with a brown cross band, at the tip with one small and three large limpid spots. (Length of body 2 lines ; of wings 3^ lines.) Very rare in England. Sphenella. — Desvnidy. Like Urophora, but head narrowed and lengthened in front, peri- stoma longer, epistoma triangular and very prominent, telum of female short. Sp. L Sphe. signata. Black; head tawn?/, scutellum yellow, wings white, with six dark brown bands. (Fig. 1 7.) Trypeta signata . Meiif. Europ. Zweijlug. Ins. V. 332. 30. pi. XLIX. fig. 4. Tephritis Hebe . Neumi. Ent. Mag. L 506. Body clothed with black down and hairs ; head with a few black bristles, tawny above, paler beneath, black behind ; antennae tawny, 3d joint red, flat above, convex beneath ; sides of thorax yellow ; metathorax shining ; legs tawny, clothed with black hairs ; wings inclining to yellow at the base, 1st band hardly seen, 2d shortened at both ends, 3d and 5th nearly reaching the lower border, 4th and 6th confined to the upper border ; ner- vures and poisers yellow, the former brown towards the tip of the wing. (Length of body Is line; of wings 2| lines.) In the south of England during the summer; but not common. Musca marginata, Linn, is nearly allied to the genus Urellia, but has a larger scutellum, and the spots on its wings are altogether different. Greyish tawny ; legs yellow ; wings white, spotted along the upper border and at the tip. (Fig. 18.) Tephritis marginata . Fallen, Dipt. Suec. Ortal. 7, 8. Trypeta marginata . Meig. Europ. Zweifluq. Ins. V. 322. 17. PI. XLIX. fig. 15. Body downy, clothed with white hairs ; head with a few bristles above (those in front black, those behind white), round the eyes and beneath white, behind black ; mouth and borders of peristoma NO. I. VOL. III. L <* DESCRIPTIONS OF THE yellow ; antennae yellow, 3d joint darker ; throat black ; thorax with a few black bristles above, grey beneath ; scutellum almost hiding the metathorax, which is brown ; abdomen brown, that of the female with the hind borders of the segments yellow ; telum black, of the female shorter than half the abdomen ; wings at the base above slightly brown with three small darker spots ; beneath the costa are three large black spots, often varied with little limpid circles, the 1st in the middle of the wing, nearly square, and often joined to the 2d, which is near the tip, and reaches the lower border, the 3d at the tip, irregular in shape ; two small pale brown hardly seen spots on the middle of the 5th nervure ; costa black, yellow at the base ; nervures yellow, brown towards the tip of the wing; poisers pale yellow. (Length of body li — 2 lines ; of wings 3- — 3^ lines.) Common in the south and west of England during the autumn. Urellia. — Desvoidy. Distinguished by the white colour, the narrow peristoma, the pro- minent epistoma, the small scutellum, and the milk-white wings, with a star-shaped spot near the tip of each. Body short, white, downy, clothed with white hairs ; head rounded, narrower in front, with a few bristles above, those between the eyes black, those behind white ; peristoma oval, long, narrow ; epistoma prominent ; mouth short, tawny ; feelers yellow, not thickened; antennae short, tawny, 1st joint clothed with white hairs, 3d almost oval, flat above, convex beneath ; thorax with a few black bristles ; scutellum small, short, semicircular, not prominent, nor hiding the metathorax ; telum black, as long as half the abdomen ; legs clothed with black and white hairs ; stars in the wings varied with little white circles ; nervures yellow, brown towards the end of the wing ; poisers bright yellow. Sp. 1. Urel. radiata. Spots on the wings black. (Fig. 19.) Musca radiata . . . Fabr. Ent. Syst. Suppl. 565. 157. Musca alis macula ra- ) ^ ^ ^ ^_ ._. _ diata,&c. . . . I G. Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, arctii et annulata ^ 776, 777. 2 — 4 Tephritis Theora . . Newm. Ent. Mag. I. 506. Head tawny above, pale yellow, and clothed with white hairs beneath, almost white round the eyes and in the grooves ; peri- stoma bordered with yellow ; mouth pale yellow ; antennas . tawny, 3d joint yellow: thorax beneath, metathorax and abdomen grey, posterior segments of the latter with hardly seen spots on each side ; telum dark rust-colour, of the female black at either end ; legs tawny, clothed with black hairs ; wings limpid, each with two broad sprinkled dark-grey branching bands, occupying almost the whole of the wing, their colour darker as they approach the costa, which, like the nervures, is black, changing to yellow towards the base. (Length of body \\ — 2 lines ; of wings 8g — 4 lines.) Common in the south and west of England, during the autumn. Sp. 8. Acin. absinthii. Dark grey, like flavicauda, but smaller, telum black, bands of wings more spreading. (Fig. 27.) Musca cinereus . . Harris, Exp. 75. PI. XXI. fig. 11. Tephritis absinthii . Fabr. Syst. Anil. 322. 30. Tephritis punctella. Fallen, Dipt. Suec. Ortal. 13. 21. Trypeta absinthii . Meig. Europ. Zweijlug. Ins. V. 340. 42. Acinia millefolii . Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, 111. 5. Tephritis Alethe . Newm. Ent. Mag. I. 506. Dark grey, almost black ; head tawny above, pale yellow and clothed with white hairs beneath, white round the eyes and in the grooves ; peristoma bordered with yellow ; mouth pale yellow ; antennae reddish-yellow ; abdomen hoary beneath ; telum black ; legs tawny, clothed with black hairs ; coxae, trochanters, and thighs grey •, wings with two dark grey bands joined together and reaching over the whole surface, varied with numerous little limpid spots and circles, darker towards the fore border; nervures brown, changing to yellow at the base of the wing ; poisers bright yellow. (Length of body 1 — Ig line; of wings 2| — Sj lines.) Common in England and Scotland during the summer and autumn. 80 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE NoEETA. — Desvoidy. Body much arched, scutellum smooth and shining, wings black, with limpid dots. Peristoma rather longer than broad ; epistoma not in the least pro-*J minent ; mouth short ; palpi moderate ; 3d joint of antennae veryy short, convex beneath, slightly concave above, and turned up- - wards at the tip, 6th joint long ; thorax very convex ; scutellum i very smooth, shining, convex, semicircular, prominent, almost t concealing the metathorax ; abdomen much arched ; telum con- - vex, longer than half the abdomen, very broad at the base, suddenly narrow and compressed towards the tip ; wings black,' varied with numerous little limpid circles. Sp. 1. Noee. guttularis. Brown ; scutellum, metathorax, , and telum black; legs tawny, with black thighs. (Fig. 28.) Trypeta guttularis .... Meig. Europ. Zweijlug. Ins. V. 341. 44. Noeetas flavipes et brunicosa. Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myo- daires, 778, 779. 1, 2. Head tawny in front, with a few black bristles before and white bristles behind, beneath very pale yellow clothed with white hairs, rich brown behind ; antennae yellow ; thorax rich brown, clothed above with white hairs and black bristles, and varied with little black spots round the bristles, and with some hardly seen brown stripes, pale tawny beneath ; scutellum and metathorax black, shining ; abdomen dark brown, almost black, clothed with tawny hairs ; telum black ; legs tawny ; coxae and thighs black, the latter armed with black bristles ; wings black, the disk with a few, the borders with many little limpid circles ; nervures brown, yellow towards the base of the wing ; poise rs yellow. (Length of body 1| — 2 lines; of wings 2 — 3§ lines.) Found but rarely in England and Scotland during the autumn. Anomoia.*^ Has the 3d joint of the antennae much longer and more cylindric, and the lower cross nervure of the wing much longer and more slanting than the other Tephritites. Body broad, flat, downy; head short, not narrowed or lengthened in front ; peristoma six-sided, scarcely longer than broad, front ' 'Avofwtos, dispar. BRITISH TEPIIKITITES. 81 side long, hind side short ; epistoma not prominent ; mouth short ; feelers slender ; scutellum prominent, semicircular, not hiding the metathorax ; abdomen short, broad, nearly round, slightly arched ; lateral plates beneath not much developed ; telum of the female very short ; wings ample ; lower end of the longer cross nervure much inclined towards the tip of the wing. Sp. 1. Ano. Goedii. Grey ; head tawny ; legs yellow; wings limpid f with a black spot at the base, sending forth rays to the upper and lower border and to the tip of the wing. (Fig. 29.) Musca purmundus. Harris, Exp. 74. PI. XXI. fig. 6. Trypeta Goedii . Meig. Europ. Zweijiug. Ins. VI. 382. 64. Head tawny above, pale yellow beneath, almost white round the eyes and in the grooves, with a few black hairs beneath, and still fewer black bristles above ; above the base of the antennae is a clear white curved spot, its front side notched in the middle ; peristoma white ; mouth tawny ; feelers yellow ; antennae tawny, 3d joint dull red ; thorax tawny, bearing a few black bristles, the disk brownish grey, with some half-effaced stripes ; scutellum yellow ; metathorax black, shining, its sides inclining to tawny ; abdomen dark brown, tinged with grey, clothed sparingly with black hairs, tawny beneath ; hind border of each segment hoary ; telum black ; legs yellow, clothed with black hairs ; wings limpid, tawny at the base ; a large black mark varied with a few little limpid dots reaches from the base nearly to the middle of the wing, and touches the fore but not the hind border ; at the end of this are two black cross bands, one reaching the fore, the other the hind border of the wing ; beyond these are two longer black bands, one straight passing by the longer cross nervure, and joining the lower border ; the other curved, rising to the upper border, and accompanying it to the tip of the wing ; nervures and poisers yellow, tips of the latter brighter. (Length of body If line; of wings 4 lines.) Very rare in England ; found in August on a lime tree ; near London. EuLEIA.'i This genus differs from all the preceding by the 6th joint of the antennae, which is smooth, and neither downy nor hairy ; it has * ES, ben6, \etos, Isevis, NO. I. VOL. III. M 8^ DESCRIPTIONS OF THE the shape of Anomoia, but the lower cross nervure of the wing is short and straight. Body smooth, shining ; peristoma rounded, longer than broad ; epistoma prominent ; mouth hairy ; lip bent ; feelers stout ; 3d joint of antennae cylindric, rather long ; scutellum prominent, semicircular, not hiding the metathorax ; abdomen oval, of the male narrower than of the female ; telum of female very short, scarcely reaching beyond the abdomen ; wings ample. Sp. 1. Eul. onopordinis. Rust colour or dark brown ; legs yellow ; wings limpid, along the upper border of each a large brown mark, varied with limpid spots, and sending forth several branches to the lower border. (Fig. 30.) Muscacoesio .... Harris, Exp. 75. PI. XXI. fig. 8. Musca onopordinis . . Fabr. Mant. Ins. II. 353. 125 ; Spec. Ins. II. 455. 104; Ent. Syst. IV. 360. 198 ; Gmel. Syst. Nat. V. 2859. 252; Stew. II. 26S. Musca centaureae . . Fabr. Ent. Syst. IV. 360. 199. Scatophaga onopordinis . Fabr. Syst. Antl. 210. 31. Tephritis centaureae . . Fabr. Syst. Antl. 322. 28. Tephritis onopordinis . Fall. Dipt. Suec. Ortal. 15. 25. Trypeta onopordinis . . Meig. Europ. Zweiflug. Ins. V. 316. PI. XLVIII. fig. 24. Trypeta centaureae . . Meig. Europ. Zweifiug. Ins. V. 324. PI. XLIX. fig. 8. Body varying from rust colour to dark brown, paler beneath ; head tawny, with a few black bristles above, pale yellow or almost white beneath ; mouth tawny ; feelers and antennae 'yellow ; thorax clothed with a few white hairs and black bristles, a black dot on each side above the base of the wing, on the disk some- times alternate dark and pale bands ; scutellum sometimes yellow ; metathorax black, shining, sometimes with a tawny stripe through the middle ; abdomen clothed above with black hairs and a few black bristles ; telum black ; legs yellow, clothed with white and black hairs, the thighs also with some black bristles ; wings limpid, a large brown changing mark covering the upper half of the wing, paler at the base, in it are four limpid spots of various sizes and shapes, and it sends four or five branches that join the lower border of the wing ; nervures brown, yellow at the base ; BRITISH TEPHRITITES. 83 poisers pale yellow. (Length of body li — 2 lines: of wings 3^— 4i lines.) Common in England ; on currant bushes, hazel trees, &c. in the summer. AciDiA. — Desvoidy. I Desvoidy does not include this genus with his Aciphorece, but it I can hardly be separated, though it is almost without their ! peculiar characters, and much resembles some of the Sapromyzites. Body rather long and narrow, slightly shining ; head round ; peri- stoma large, angular, not longer than broad ; epistoma scarcely prominent ; mouth of moderate length ; feelers not thickened ; 3d joint of antenna long and cylindric, 6th joint very downy ; scutellum small, shining, prominent, semicircular, hiding no part of the metathorax, which is also shining; abdomen of the male convex, nearly cylindric, scarcely as broad as the thorax, rather narrower at the base ; abdomen of the female broader at the base, narrower at the tip ; telum very short; wings long and narrow ; cross nervures straight and upright. Sp. 1. Acid, cognata. Tawny ; wings limpid^ with tawny or brown bands. (Fig. 31.) Trypeta cognata. Wied. Meig. Etirop. Zweiflug. Ins. Y.S\5. PI. XLVIII. fig. 19. Acidia cognata . Desvoidy, Essai surles Myodaires, 721. 2. Body tawny, clothed with a few black hairs and bristles ; head almost white round the eyes, pale yellow beneath, a white curved spot above the base of the antennae ; mouth yellow, clothed with white hairs ; antennae yellow ; metathorax with a large black spot on each side ; legs pale tawny, clothed with black hairs ; wings limpid, each with an irregular pale tawny mark reaching from the base to the middle, where at the upper border is a square dark brown spot, beyond this a narrow tawny band darker above stretches across the wing, still nearer the tip is another band of the same size and shape, but brown at both ends, and from it a dark brown curved band runs along the upper border of the wing, and ends with the costa ; nervures and poisers yellow, tips of the former darker. (Length of body 2| lines ; of wings 5^ lines.) Rare in England ; found in the autumn on ivy ; near London. Note. — The structure of the two following species is somewhat different from that of cognata. 84 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE BRITISH TEPHRITITES. Sp. 2. Acid. ? artemisiae. Pale tawny ; wings limpid, with five or six black spots. (Fig. 32, 33.) Musca perelegand Harris, Exp. 74. PL XXI. fig. 5. , Musca artemisiae Fabr.Ent.Syst.W .S^l.lQ'H. jl Tephritis artemisiae .... Fabr. Syst. Anil. 317. 5. Tephrites alternata et interrupta. Fall. Dipt. Suec. Ortal. 5. Trypetae artemisiae, alternata,| Meig. Europ. Zweiflug. Ins. continua, intermissa abrotani J V. 312— 314. Pl.XLVIll. fig. 16, 17.20,21,22. Body pale tawny, with a few black bristles above, yellow beneath ; head rovmd, almost white about the eyes and beneath ; peristoma white, nearly round, not longer than broad ; epistoma not pro- minent ; mouth yellow, clothed with white hairs ; palpi not thickened ; antennse yellow ; 3d joint moderately long, nearly cylindric ; thorax above with three slender pale brown stripes, and a small black spot close to the base of each wing ; scutellum convex, moderate, triangular, obtuse at the tip, not hiding the metathorax, which is black and shining ,; abdomen long, oval, very slightly arched ; telum very short, passing very little beyond the abdomen ; legs pale tawny, clothed with black hairs ; wings limpid, slightly yellow at the base, having four spots and the tip black ; 1st spot large, irregular, nearly square, joining the middle of the costa ; 2d small, surrounding the lower cross nervure ; 3d still smaller, round, below the fifth nervure ; 4th hardly seen, near the base of the wing ; nervures brown, yellow towards the base ; poisers yellow ; a variety has a 5 th spot below the costa, between the 1 st spot and the tip of the wing ; it sometimes joins the 2d, and thus forms a band across. (Length of body 2 lines ; of wings 4| lines.) May to July ,• on grass in damp meadows ; near London. Sp. 3. Acid. ? Zoe. Bright yellow ; wings limpid, with two or three black spots. (Fig. 34.) Trypeta Zoe. Wied. Meig. Europ. Zweiflug. Ins.V. 315. PI. XLVIII. fig. 14, 15. Last comes the beautiful little Zoe, with its bright yellow body and black and white wings. PINNOTHERES, OR PEA-CRABS. 85 Body bright yellow, with a few black bristles above ; head round the eyes and beneath white ; mouth pale yellow, clothed with white hairs ; antennae bright yellow ; thorax with three slender pale brown hardly seen stripes above and a lemon-colour stripe on each side ; metathorax black, shining ; abdomen clothed with black hairs ; telum rust colour ; legs yellow, clothed with black hairs ; wings limpid, slightly yellow at the base, with two large black spots, one nearly square, joining the middle of the costa, the other at the tip ; the female has a third narrower spot joining the upper border before the tip of the vv^ing ; nervures yellow ; poisers bright lemon colour. (Length of body 1| — 1| line ; of wings 3^ — 3| lines.) May and June ; on grass in meadows ; near London. Art. VL — Memoir on the Metamorphosis and Natural His- tory of the Pinnotheres, or Pea-Crabs. By W. Thompson, F.L.S. If we were to search out an instance amongst the Crus- tacea, best calculated to exemphfy the employment of deep design, and admirable adaptation of an animal to the mode of life it was intended for by its benevolent Creator, I think we should find it in the Pinnotheres. No person who reads this memoir with attention, but must be convinced of these obvious truths, or insensible to the operation of a providence, which caters for the most insignificant creature with as much care as for man himself, and which shows the Supreme in his attri- butes of omniscience and omnipotence, here, as at every step we take in our investigations into the ample book of nature. The species of this curious and highly interesting genus of crabs, of which the type is Cancer pisuni, Linn, the Pinno- theres pistim of Latreille, &c., are exclusively parasitic, but unlike the more familiarly known hermit-crabs, which take up their residence in empty univalve shells, these find their way into the tenements of living bivalves, which the females never afterwards quit ; there they remain, feed, grow, receive the visits of the males, and breed. How wonderfully they are adapted to this mode of life is obvious on the slightest in- spection : their small size, rounded form, without angles or 4)rojecting spines, the softness and yielding nature of their shell, 86 PINNOTHERES, OR PEA-CRABS. the delicacy of all their members, their extreme inactivity, are all circumstances which, on the other hand, render them more or less unfit for a separate existence ; and yet some naturalists, and amongst them the intelligent and accomplished Cuvier, shut their eyes, as it were, to all these peculiarities, and pre- tend to doubt the leading points of their history, and imagine that it is only by accident we find these and other Crustacea within the bivalve shells ! It is not because Pliny, in his voluminous compilation, appears to be at variance with himself, in his account of this animal, nor that because both ancients and moderns have embellished the subject with various ima- ginary conceits, that we are to discredit a circumstance so often noticed by competent observers, and that in various diflTerent species, and in both the Old and New World, and which indeed it is so easy to be convinced of by due inves- tigation. No doubt, other crustaceous animals are occasionally found within bivalve shells, but this appears to be rare, and they are obviously of species which have a separate existence; not so the Pinnotheres, the females of which are never found in any other situation, but within living shell-fish, and the males but rarely, and this because they appear to go from shell to shell in search of unimpregnated females, at the season of their amours. To be convinced, let any person take a sweep with a dredge on any bank of old muscles, modioli, or pinnae, where the Pinnotheres have been before observed, and almost every shell will be found to contain one full-grown female, some two, and others three, independent of young ones and males, which occasionally occur in common with the females, while not a single stray individual will be seen. As the fishermen at Cove often have recourse to those shell-fish for bait, I have had a pint, and upwards, of the pea-crab brought to me out of the muscles obtained in a few hauls of the dredge, and although so very abundant, I have myself dredged in every direction within the harbour, with a very fine net, and at all seasons, and never procured a single specimen of the pea-crab, either male or female, in this way, although crabs equally small iPorcellance) have been abundantly captured. Asistotle, of all the ancients, is the only naturalist who has given us any correct notions of these animals ; but as he pro- bably did not investigate for himself, he seems to be in doubt, whether the Pinnophylax, or guardian of the Pinna, was a small shrimp, or a crab. Lib. V. cap. xv. A few lines further PINNOTHERES, OR PEA-CKABS. 87 on, he says, " There breed in some shells white and very small crabs ; the greatest numbers are found in that species of muscle which have the shell protuberant {Modioli, no doubt) ; next in that of the PinncB, whose crab is named Pinnotheres. They are also found in cockles and oysters. These little crabs never grow in any sensible degree, and the fishermen imagine that they are formed at the same time with the animal they inhabit." He also gives currency to the idea, that their lives are so dependent upon each other, that if the shell-fish loses its little crab, they shortly afterwards perish themselves. It would be idle to combat such palpable absurdities ; I shall, therefore, proceed to state what appears to be matter of fact. The pea-crabs differ so much in the appearance of the two sexes, that it is not to be wondered at if they have been consi- dered as forming distinct species by some of the most acute naturalists, a difference that results from that wonderful adap- tation of the means to the end proposed throughout the whole of the creation. The females being of a domestic and indolent nature, adapted to live constantly enfolded within the soft mantle of the inhabitant of the shell, are soft and globular, with very short members ; the males, on the contrary, being erratic, and going from shell to shell, require a form and struc- ture more calculated to make their way amidst banks of shells, and within the opening valves of such as favour the residence of their mates ; hence they are of a flatter form and firmer tex- ture, of a smaller size, with long compressed members, and those adapted to swimming as well as running, being densely and deeply fringed; their extreme activity, and the facility with which they swim, contrasting singularly with the remark- able indolence and inactivity of the other sex. This peculiar structure in the males may serve to explain that passage of Aristotle, from which Cuvier supposed that the Grecian philo- sopher intended a species of Portunus, — " Cancelli autem qui perquam exigui in pisciculis reperiuntur, pedes novissimos latiusculos habent, ut ad nondum utiles sint, quasi pro pin- nulis aut remis pedes haberentur." — De Part. Anim. Lib. IV. cap. viii., as quoted by Cuvier, in his Diss. Crit. sur les Ecrivisses. As the females are found with an amazing group of ova under their abdominal plate, in spring, summer, and autumn, it is probable that they have several successive broods ; this circumstance renders it no difficult matter to select a number 88 PINNOTHERES, OR PEA-CRABS. of females with mature ova at any convenient time, and to pre- serve them alive in sea- water for a few days, or until the ova should hatch. METAMORPHOSIS IN PINNOTHERES. From several females selected and kept alive after the above manner, I had the satisfaction to see the ova hatch in great numbers under the form of a new kind of Zo'e, differing from all those previously discovered, with the front and lateral spines deflected, so as to resemble a tripod. In this stage the minute animals are like all the Zoea, purely natatory, disperse them- selves abroad, probably undergo a further change, and may be supposed to gain an easy access within the bivalve shells, before they lose the power of swimming. For a considerable time the young females are scarcely to be distinguished from the males, and in this stage both differ so much from the adult, as to render it probable that they have often been taken for individuals of a different species, as would appear to have been the case with Dr. Leach, whose figures of Pinnotheres Latreillii, in Mai. Pod. Brit. T. XIV. f. 6, 7, 8., refer to the young of his P. pisum ; this, I find, is also the opinion of Montagu. In what the food of the Pinnotheres consists remains to be determined, but must necessarily be, either the minute marine animals which flow in with the current of sea-water to the bronchia and mouth of the shell-fish, or the mucous secretions and ejections of the animal itself. The various notions enter- tained upon this subject, and upon the connexion subsisting between these two animals, may serve as an amusing conclusion to this outline of the natural history of the Pinnotheres, and cannot fail to excite our surprise, that such fables should ever have been written, quoted, and given credit to, by men of the character of Cicero, Pliny, Oppian, Hasselquist, &c. " The Pinna" says Pliny, " is never found without its companion, which is called Pinnotheres, or by others, Pinno- phylax ; this is a little shrimp, in some places a small crab, which bears it company in order to partake of its food. The Pinna gaping wide, and showing her naked body to tempt the little fishes, they soon make their approaches, and when they find they have full license, grow so bold as to enter in and fill it; this being seen by the guardian shrimp, by a slight nip he gives the signal to the Pinna, who thereupon shuts her shell PINNOTHERES, OR PEA-CRABS. 89 and suffocates whatever it incloses, giving a shave of the booty to her companion." — PHny, Hist. Nat. Lib. IX. cap. xHi. This history is nearly copied after Cicero de Nat. Deorum, Lib. II. cap. xlviii. Oppian has a conceit still more absurd, giving to the Pinnotheres a remarkable degree of ingenuity and dexterity, in supposing that it throws a small stone between the valves of bivalve shells, on finding them open, which pre- venting them from closing, enables it to devour the inhabitant! Hasselquist goes astray in another direction, and supposes the crab to go out and cater for the Pinna, and when it returns, to cry out for the shell to be opened ! ! On a due consideration of the facts stated in the former part of this memoir, and reasoning from analogy, we may fairly conclude that the crab is altogether useless and quite unneces- sary to the well-being of the shell-fish, and indeed attended with more or less inconvenience and annoyance, but that the shell-fish is absolutely requisite to the very existence of the crab, as much so, as all other animals to their respective parasites. The species of this genus would merit a separate memoir, bearing in mind the discrepancies presented by their young and by the two sexes, which even misled the best Crustaceologist of the age, who mistook both the one and the other for so many different species, describing the young as Pinnotheres Latreillei, and the male as P. varians. — Mai. Pod. Brit. T. XIV. f. 9, 10, 11. On this part of the Irish coast but two species have been hitherto observed, viz. P.pisiim and P. pinnce, the latter being found in Pinnce and Modioli. In the Mediterranean and Red Sea, some others are met with in the various species of Pinnce, and as some of these are 21 feet in length, we find their para- sitic Pinnotheres to harmonize in relative size, being in these huge bivalves nearly as large as a pigeon's egg. In America, one species inhabits the Ostrea virginica. In the West Indies one has been discovered by the late L. Guilding, in a cell, near to the muscular attachment of the animal of Turbo pica! Many more will, no doubt, be added to the list of species already known, now that the attention of Naturalists has been directed to these singular animals. From the statements of Aristotle and Pliny before alluded to, and those of a later date, by Forskal, Desc. Anim. p. 94, under the head of Cancer custos, of which he gives as the NO. T. VOL. III. N yo PINNOTHERES, OR PEA-CRABS. habitat " Lohajae intra Pinnas nigras ; in saccate rare," it is probable that some Macrourous decapoda, of an unknown genus, participates in the singular manners and habitudes of the pea-crabs. It does not appear that the Pinnotheres are used as food any where except in the United States of America, where the species described by Mr. Say, under the specific name of Pin- notheres ostreum, and found in the common oysters of that country, is said to be " excellent food, and those who eat oysters seldom reject it. When the fresh oyster is opened in considerable numbers, the crabs are often collected and served apart for the palates of the luxurious." — Journ. Acad. Nat. S. Phil. Vol. I. p. 68. From this it may be presumed, that the bad consequences often arising from eating muscles, &c., and attributed to the presence of these animals, must be owing to other causes. Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 1. Zoe of Pinvotheres pisum magnified. — Fig. 2. Tlie same in a front view. — Fig ?,. Male oi Pinnotheres pisvm, or Pea-Crab, magnified. 91 Art. VII, — Insects found on Hampstead Heath. By W. E. Shuckard. Dear Sir, — It may not prove wholly uninteresting to your readers, particularly to those located in or near the metropolis, to be apprised, now that the season is about to commence, of what one particular district in its immediate vicinity promises them by the exercise of a due degree of assiduity. It has fallen to my lot to capture the following insects at Hampstead and Highgate. I do not pretend to give it as a Fauna Insec- torum of that district, although it may be considered as a contribution thereto, for my attention was directed chiefly to the collection and observation of the habits of the Aculeate Hymenoptera. In this pursuit I have had, however, the good luck to introduce one or two entirely new things to the British lists ; and I strongly advise every collector of the insects of Great Britain not to neglect a place which seems hitherto most undeservedly to have been very much overlooked, and which is, I dare say, as rich in the other orders as I have found it in my favourite one. What would the Aurelian say to the cap- ture of Petiver's Cynthia Hampsteadiense ? I certainly cannot promise him so much, but a friend of mine took, two years ago, within almost a stone's-throw of the Heath, that remarkable variety of Vanessa Urticce, of which, I believe, only three specimens are known to exist. In the list of Coleoptera I include those only which I con- sider my best captures. I have taken a great number of more common ones, with which it would be idle to swell the array, but in the list of the Aculeate Hymenoptera, I mention all that I have taken at the above place, and they will be found to con- stitute the majority of the known British species ; and besides these, I have captured many new ones, which, as I have not yet named, I can merely indicate. The insects in italics were unknown as British until I took them, and I consider them very interesting additions to our Fauna. The list of the mul- titude of the species of Tenthredinidce , and Ichneumonidce, and Diptera, which I have not yet had leisure to examine and name, I will forward to you at some future time. Coleoptera. Oiceoptoma thoracica Simplocaria semistriata Tetratoma ancora Onthophilus striatus Lamprias chlorocephalus Cerylon Histeroides Onthophagus ovatus Ocys tempestivus Lyctus oblongus Aphodius testudinarius Choleva angustata Megatoma undata Hoplia argentea 92 INSECTS FOUND ON HAMPSTEAD HEATH. Necvobia quadra Corynetes violaceus PtUinus pectinicornis Anobium Castaneum Striatum Hylesinus Fraxini Clonus Scropliulariffi Tanymecus Palliatus Brachytarsus scabrosus Saperda cylindrica Tetrops pvseusta Callidium Alni Toxotus meridianus Doiiacia Lemnae dentipes sagittariae impressa Proteus simplex Crioceris melanopa Mniophila muscorum Cryptocephalus morsei Cassida salicornise Chilocorus 4-verrucatU3 Coccinella impunctata Mycetocharus scapularis Ripiphorus paradoxus Proscarabseus violaceus Megalodera thoracica Pselaphus Heiseii Bryaxis fossulatus Areopagus bulbifer Hymenoptera. Cimbex femorata Q Abia sericea Methoca Ichneumonides ^ Tengyra Sanvitalio Myrraosa melanocephala Tiphia minuta Sapyga punctata Pompilus niger notatus cinctellus exaltatus fasciatellus fuscus atiinis gibbus crassicornis viaticus Ammophila sabulosa hirsuta Tachytes porapiliformis Astata boops Nysson spinosus interruptus trimaculatus dimidiatus Oxybelus uniglumis Trypoxylon figulus clavicerum Crabro cribrarius patellatus tarsatus Xylurgus sexcinctus vagus vagabundus subpunctatus lobatus leucostoma capitosus podagricus clongatulus proxiraus assimilig Crabro albilabris affinis spinipectus Diodontus tristis luperus minutus Xylfficus insignis gracilis corniculus Pemphredon lugubris Cemonus unicolor lethifer Mellinus arvensis Gorytes mystaceus 4-tasciatus libitinarius tumidus Psen bicolor Equestris Cerceris arenaria Odynerus (many species) Epipone spinipes Vespa vulgaris rufa Saxonica Germanica holsatica two apparently new Andrena rosBe cingulata albicans fulvescens cineraria nitida tibialis nigroaenea bimaculata Trimmerana varians helvola Gwynana spinigera armata subdentata ftilva Clarkella Smithella rufitarsus fulvicrus contigua chrysosceles albicrus Shawella minutula nana parvula pilosula xanthura convexiuscula fuscata Afzeliella and forty species, which I i not determine by Kirby. Cilissa tricincta Panurgus ursinus Nomada Goodeniana alternata Lathburiana flava rufiventris Marshamella cornigera subcornuta lineola sexcincta Schaefferella JacobeBE solidaginis picta Nomada ruficornis Fabriciella quadrinotata flavoguttata rufocincta Slieppardana Dalii ferruginata Siguata and fourteen species not de- terminable, by Kirby. Melecta punctata Cailioxys conica Stelis aterrima Megachile Willughbiella ligniseca centuncularis Anthidium manicatum Chelostoma maxillosa Heriades campanularum Osmia hirta caerulescens bicornis Eucera longicornis Saropoda furcata vulpina subglobosa Anthophora retusa Haworthana Apathes rupestris campestris Barbutellus vestalis Bombus muscorum floralis Beckwithellus Sowerbianus Curtisellus Hypnorum Fosterellus sylvarum fragrans Hortorum Skrimpshiranus soroensis terrestris lucorum subinterruptus Donovanellus Burrellanus Cullumanus pratorum Derhamellus Raiellus lapidarius Harrisellus DiPTERA. Haematopota Italica Bombylius major I- minor Dioctria aestuans craboniformis Sybistroma (new species ?) Sargus pallipes Chrysotoxum arcuatum bicinctum Criorhina Oxycanthae Scricomya borealis Bucentes ? Gasterophilus Equi Echinomya grossa Tachina (several) Gonia aurifrons Musca (several) Anthomya (ditto) Ulidia Lissa dolium INSECTS FOUND ON HAMPSTEAD HEATH. 93 A goodly assemblage ! will, I expect, be the exclamation of many upon seeing this list ; but I honestly assure them, that every individual insect has been captured by myself within a circumference of less than five miles upon the Hampstead and Highgate district. I can promise them equal success if they will but work as hard as I have done. My only instrument has been a bag-net ; and all my captures I secure in small pill- boxes, for I care not to say that I dread impaling an insect alive. If we allow ourselves extraordinary latitude in tracing systematic analogies, let us make one step further, and con- ceive analogies of feeling to exist; — if erroneous (as has strongly been endeavoured to be proved, but never satisfac- torily) we certainly err on the right side — that of humanity — which I feel well rewarded for having respected, by the beau- tiful condition of the insects in my collection. I advise the collector not to be deterred by the fear of having this sen- timent styled morbid, for it is a duty to be as summary as possible in the destruction of life, when it is rendered essential to the pursuit of science. The development of man's intellect is of more importance than the life of any subordinate creature, although for its attainment we are not privileged to give unne- cessary pain by inflicting a lingering death. It is very evident that they possess feeling, although, perhaps, remote in its acuteness to ours; therefore, to refer the contortions of an impaled insect to mere impatience of restraint, is, I take it, a bitter sarcasm upon the obtuseness of our own sensibility. I hope the above list Avill induce collectors to consider those places worth their attention, and I wish them more success than I have myself met with ; but to insure it, they must be assiduous. Yours, &c. 29, Grove Street, Camden Town. W. E. ShUCKARD. 94 Art. VIII. — Monographia Chalciditum. By Francis Walker. i " the green myriads in the peopled grass." (^Continued from Vol. II., fage 502.) Sectio IV. Fem. Corpus breve, parvum : caput thorace paullo latius : mandibulae subquadratse, arcuatse, dentibus 4 sat longis acutis armatae ; dens 1"^ magnus, arcuatus ; 2"^. 3^^. et 4"*. minores : maxillae longae, subarcuatae : laciniae angustae, acuminatas, intus lobatae ; palpi 4-articulati, filiformes, graciles ; articulus 1*^^. mediocris ; 2"'. paullo longior ; 3'^^ 1'. longitudine ; 4^^ subfusiformis, 2°. duplo I longior : labium longiovatum, angustum ; palpiger apice furcatus ; ' ligula brevis, lata, ciliata ; palpi 3-articulati, ligula vix longiores, extrorsum crassiores ; articulus 1"^. mediocris, 2^^. brevissimus, 3^^. longiovatus, 1°. longior et crassior : antennae graciles, fere filiformes, corporis dimidio multo longiores, apice vix crassiores ; articuli 5°. ad 10"™. curtantes ; clava fusiformis, articulo 10°. plus duplo longior vix latior : thorax ovatus : prothorax supra vix conspicuus : mesothoracis parapsides scuto in unum confusae : me- tathorax brevis : abdomen ovatum, supra planum, apice paullo attenuatum, non compressum nee angulatum ; segmentum 1"™. magnum ; 2"'«. et sequentia ad 5"*". brevia ; 6™^. et 7*™. paullo longiora : oviductus abdomine occultus : alae amplae ; nervus cubitalis radiali multo brevior. Sp. 62. Pter. longicornis. Fem. Viridi-ceneus, antennee nigrcs, pedes fulvi, alee sublimpidce. Viridi-seneus, parum nitens : oculi ocellique obscure rufi : antennae nigrae; articulus 1*^^. fulvus : abdomen aeneum ; discus nigro- cupreus ; segmentum 1"™. viride, basi fulvum, apice ajneo-cu- preum : pedes pallide fulvi ; coxae seneo-virides ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice pallide fusci : alae sublimpidae ; squamulae et nervi flava, illae apice fuscae ; stigma fulvum, minutum. (Corp. long. lin. I — 1 ; alar. lin. 1| — If.) Var. /3. — Caput et thorax aeneo-viridia. MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 95 Var. y. — Caput viride : antennae articulo 1". apice fusco : thorax aeneo-viridis : stigma flavum. Var. Z. Var. y. similis : antennae articulo 1°. flavo : abdomen viridi-aeneum. Var. £. — Caput et thorax viridia : pedes flavi ; meso- et metatarsi pallidiores, apice fulvi. Found near London. Sectio V. Mas et Fem. Mas. — Corpus angustum, sublineare : caput thorace latius : anten- nas subfiliformes, capitis thoracisque longitudine ; articuli 5°. ad 10"™. subasquales ; clava lanceolata, articulo 10°. duplo longior non latior : thorax longiovatus : prothorax brevissimus : parap- sidum suturae vix conspicuae : abdomen depressum, basi ad apicem gradatim latescens, thorace multo angustius et paullo lon- gius ; segmentum 1"™. longum ; sequentia breviora, subaequalia : sexualia exerta : alae mediocres ; nervus cubitalis radiali brevior. Fein. — Caput thorace paullo latius: antennae extrorsum crassiores ; articuli 5°. ad 10"">. paulatim curtantes et latescentes ; clava articulo 10". duplo longior et paullo latior, articulus 11"^ linearis, 12"^ 13*^^. mucronem brevem abrupte acuminatum fingentes : abdomen ovato-lanceolatum, thorace latius et paullo longius, supra planum, subtus convexum, non angulatum nee compressum : oviductus occultus. Sp. 63. Pter. subniger. Mas et Fem. Nigro-ceneus, anten- ncB nigro-picece ) pedes fusco-Jlavi, femora viridia, alee suhlimpidce. Mas. — Niger, obscurus, parum seneonitens : oculi ocellique rufi : os fulvum : antennae nigro-picese ; articuli 1"^. et 2"^ nigro-aenei : abdomen nigro-aeneum, nitens : sexualia ftilva : pedes fulvi ; coxae et femora nigro-viridia : meso- et metapedum tibiae fusco cingulatae, tarsi flavi apice fusci : alae sublimpidae ; squamulae et nervi fixsca, illae apice obscuriores ; stigma parvum. Fem. — Antennae basi caput et thorax nigro-viridia : abdomen nitens. (Corp. long, lin 1 — If; alar. If — li.) Var. /3. — Mas, caput et thorax nigro-viridia : protibiae et protarsi pallide fusca. Var. y. Mas, Var. /3. simiJis : meso- et metatibiae fuscae, apice basique fulvae. 96 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. Far. c. — Fern, mesotibiae omnino fulvaa ; metatibiae fusco anguste cingulatae, September ; coast of South Devonshire and Cornwall. Sectio VI. Fem. Corpus mediocre : caput thorace latius : antennae graciles, extror- sum crassiores, corporis dimidio paullo longiores ; articuli 5°. ad 10^™. lineares, curtantes ; clava longiovata, articulo 10°. duplo longior et manifeste latior : thorax ovatus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturos vix conspicuae : metathorax brevis : abdomen longiovatum, acuminatum, subtus carinatum, non angulatum nee compressum, thorace longius ; segmentum 1""*. magnum ; sequentia breviora, 2°. ad 6™*. longitudine cres- centia : oviductus occultus : alae mediocres ; nervus cubitalis radiali multo brevier. Sp. 64. Pter. latipennis. Fem. ^neo-viridis, abdomen purfureum, antennce fuscce, pedes flam, alee limpidce. iEneo-viridis, nitens : caput viride : oculi ocellique rufi ; antennae fuscse ; articulus 1"^ fulvus, apice fuscus : abdomen purpureum ; segmentum l"*". viride, basi cupreum, apice purpureum ; 2"™. et sequentia basi aeneo-viridia : pedes laete flavi ; coxae virides ; femora fulva ; metatibiae fulvo cingulata ; meso- et metatarsi pallide flavi, apice fusci : alae limpidissimae ; squamulae et nervi flava, illas apice fuscae ; stigma fuscum, minutum. (Corp. long, lin 1| ; alar 2.) Found near London. Sp. 65. Pter. imbutus. Fem. Antennce quam jjrcecedenti obscuriores, alee minores. Cupreo-aeneus, parum nitens : caput postice aeneo- viride : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae fuscae; articulus 1"^ obscure fuscus, basi fulvus : abdomen viridi-cupreum ; discus purpureus ; segmentum 1*™. basi viride cupreo varium : pedes fulvi ; coxae et femora viridia, hae apice flava ; meso- et metapedum tibiae fusco-cingulatae apice flavae, tarsi pallide flavi apice fusci : alas flavo-limpidae ; squamulae et nervi flava, illae apice fuscae ; stigma fulvum, parvum. (Corp. long. lin. 1^ ; alar. 1|.) September ; Isle of Wight. MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 97 Sp. 66. Pter. mediocris. Fem. Caput quam prcecedentibus minus. Viridi-seneus, parum nitens : caput thorace pauUo latius : os fulvum : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae fuscse ; articulus 1"^. fulvus, apice obscurior ; 2"*. viridi-fuscus : abdomen purpureo-cupreum ; seg- mentum 1^™. Isete viride apice cupreum ; sequentia basi viridia : pedes fusci ; coxae virides ; femora apice flava ; meso- et meta- pedum tibias pallide fuscse apice flavae, tarsi flavi apice fusci : alae limpidse ; squamulae et nervi flava, illae apice fuscae ; stigma fulvum, parvum. (Corp. long. lin. 1| — Ij ; alar, li — 1|.) Far. 13. — Antennee articulo 1°. fusco, basi fulvo : thorax seneo- viridis : stigma fuscum. September; Isle of Wight. Sectio VII. Fem. Corpus longum, angustum : caput thorace paullo latius : antennae extrorsum crassiores, corporis dimidio vix longiores ; articuli 5°. ad 10"™. curtantes, sensim latescentes; clava longiovata, acuminata, articulo 10". duplo fere longior vix latior: thorax longiovatus : prothorax brevissimus ; mesothoracis parapsides scuto fere in unum confusse : metathorax brevis : abdomen subfusiforme, acumi- natum, thorace multo longius, supra planum, subtus angulatum, non compressum ; segmenta 1"™. et 6™\ sat longa, reliqua breviora : oviductus abdomine occultus : alse mediocres ; nervus eubitalis radiali brevior. Sp. 67. Pter. spicatus. Fem. Viridis, abdominis discus cupreus, antennce nigrce, pedes flavi, femora fulva, aliptera, new to Britain, in Vol. II. p. 439 of the Magazine.^ — Ed. ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE. JULY, 1835. Art. XII. — Discussion on the Luminosity of Fulgora Can- delaria, SfC, at the Ninety-ninth Monthly Meeting of the Entomological Club. (Mr. Davis in the Chair.) {Concluded from page 57.) Mr. HoYER. — Mr. Chairman, I beg leave to second the amendment. I think the objections made by our learned friend, the author of the Letters of Delta, are any thing but sound. He sets out with attempting to throw a slur over the accuracy of Madame Merian ; and brings forward, certainly, a very high authority to his support, — namely, Mr. MacLeay. The charge, notwithstanding all this, I think, will not stand the test of a cross-examination. Let us bring up the poor lady upon her defence, against these mighty Goliaths. Now, what says she ? *'J'ai ti'ouve sur le Quajares, plusieurs grosses araignees noires de cette esp^ce, qui avoient leur domicile dans ce gros nid rond, qui represente le coccon de la chenille de la planche suivante, car elles ne filent pas des coccons longs, comme quelques voyageurs ont voulu me le faire accroire, et elles sont armees de dents aigues, dont la morsure est tres dan- gereuse, parcequ'elle y rependent, je ne sais quelle humidite. Les Fourmis, leur servent de nourriture, et elles les attrapent sur les arbres, ou elles les evitent difficilement parceque, comme toutes les araignees, elles ont luiit yeux, &c. Quand elles ne trouvent pas de fourmis, elles arrachent des petits oiseaux de leur nids, et elles en sucent tous le sang." NO. II. VOL. III. p 106 ON THE LUMINOSITY Here, then, is nothing about entangling the bird in the web ; and I conceive slie has a right to retort upon her accusers. Her account I think rational ; and that so powerful an insect as she describes, when pressed by hunger, should attack the nest of the humming-bird, is, in my opinion, by no means improbable. That the old, or parent bird, would not become its prey, is likely ; but what resistance could a brood of young ones make in the absence of the parent bird? Litde or none, I expect, will be allowed ; and, therefore, under these circum- stances, I see no reason to doubt her statement. Now as to the fire-fly : any person reading her account of it, will readily perceive, that as to the larva of the insect, she writes in doubt ; and, consequently, with ambiguity. Her words are as follows : — ** Les Indiens ont voulu me persuader que de ces mouches, provenoient les ' Lantarendragers' ou * Portes-Lanterne,' qui sont tels que j'ai ici represente," &c. Further on, she says, it is true : " Je conserve une de ces mouches, qui est prete a se trans- former : elle a conserve toute la forme d'une mouche, n'ayant pas meme change ses ailes ; mais cette vessie, dont j'ai parle, lui a crue a la tete," &c. Here it is pretty evident she may be at fault, and confound- ing the larva of the one with the other. In describing the perfect insect, however, she is clear and distinct ; and its very local name (in my opinion, one of the strongest proofs of her correctness,) bears her out in her state- ment. In truth, a person reading her history of the insect, must feel it was next to impossible for her to make a mistake, unless it was a wilful one. To do so, she apparently could have no object ; therefore, until the author of the Letters of Delta brings forward something like clear and distinct proofs of her inaccuracy, I shall vote for the support of the poor slandered fire-fly. Mr. Walker. — Mr. Chairman, I shall beg leave to address a few words to you in support of the motion of the author of the Delta Letters. Many kinds of Fulgora inhabit Africa and Asia. F. candelaria is very abundant in China ; and it is next to impossible, that their luminosity, if real, would have escaped the notice of the European residents, or that the natives would not have alluded to it by giving the insects some significant OF FULGORA CANDELARIA. 107 name : yet that property has never been noticed in them, but frequently in Lampyris. In the last-mentioned genus, and in the phosphorescent Elateres, the luminous parts have a pale sulphur colour quite different from that of the rest of the body ; whereas the snout o{ Fulgora never shows the like peculiarity. Von Sack, in his " Voyage to Surinam," mentions three dif- ferent species of insects there, which are called fire-flies. His description of F. laternaria, or the lantern-carrier, is probably copied from Merian. He adds : " On putting two of them in a glass, a common print may easily be read by it. It seems, that the real species is principally found in the mountainous parts of Guiana, and only appears there in the rainy season. I have not been able to procure a living one." He then describes Elater and hampyris. Lacordaire observes, that at Cayenne, where the Fulgorce are very rare, some of the inha- bitants say that they emit a very brilliant light; others absolutely deny this fact. Having never seen the insects alive, he was obliged to remain in doubt. Spix and Martins often saw F. laternaria alive, but never observed any phosphorescence in it. The Indians call it Jacarenam-boya, or the crocodile- snake, and say that it inflicts wounds, and is extremely venomous. It flies swiftly, describing large circles, and appears chiefly in the evening on the sandy islands of the Amazon river. Its evening flight is an argument very much in favour of its being luminous ; but even allowing the luminosity, still it has a snout very different in shape from those of F. cande- laria, and the rest of the species of the Old World; and there is not the slightest authority for maintaining that these latter are luminous. As for common consent proving their luminosity, common sense proves that their luminosity would have been observed and talked of had it existed. It would be as rational to maintain that every Elater is luminous. I was astonished when I heard the author of the Letters of Rusticus talking about common consent ; he told us that the weasel sucked blood by common consent ; and that if a tail had been denied him by his first historian, he would be tailless by common consent. Common consent on subjects, means that the human mind has never thought about them till roused and freed from bondage by peculiar circumstances. Koempfer, in his History of Japan, tells us, that " the glow-worms (Cicindelce) settle on some trees, like a fiery cloud, with this surprising circumstance, that 108 ON THE LUMINOSITY a whole swarm of these insects, having taken possession of one tree, and spread themselves over its bi'anches, sometimes hide their light all at once, and a moment after make it appear again with the utmost regularity and exactness, as if they were in a perpetual systole and diastole." This was on the river Meinam. 0£ Buprestis vittata, in Japan, he says, " Another particular sort of Spanish flies is called Fan-mio ; they are extremely caustic, and ranked among the poisons. They are found upon rice-ears, and are long, slender, and smaller than the Spanish flies, blue, or gold coloured, with scarlet or crimson spots and lines, which makes them look very beautiful." He thus de- scribes another insect unknown to me: — " But the finest of all the flying tribe of insects, and which, by reason of its incom- parable beauty, is kept by the ladies among their curiosities, is a peculiar and scarce night-fly, about a finger long, slender, round-bodied, with four wings, two of which are transparent, and hid under a pair of others, which are shining, as it were polished, and most curiously adorned with blue and golden lines and spots. They say that all other night-flies fall in love with it; and that to get rid of their importunities, it maliciously bids them (for a trial of their constancy) to go and to fetch fire. The blind lovers scruple not to obey commands ; and flying to the next fire or candle, they never fail to burn themselves to death. The female is not near so beautiful as the male, but grey, or ash-coloured, and spotted." Howison, in his " Views of European Colonies," thus notices the West Indian fire- flies:— "One species emits a flash of white light at regular intervals of two or three seconds ; while the other, or larger kind {Elater noctilucus), displays two blazing spots of an emerald colour, and of unremitting brightness. The aborigines of Hispaniola are said to have employed the fire-flies of the latter sort to destroy the gnats and small insects which infested their huts, and also to give light in the evenings, and when they went abroad. In the last case, they would tie several fire-flies to their toes, and be guided by their light during a journey through the darkest woods. In the present day, the poorer inhabitants of Cuba often use as a lantern, a calabash pierced with small holes, and containing twelve or fifteen Cucmjos ; these afford sufficient light for all ordinary pur- poses, but it is necessary to shake the vessel occasionally, in order that the concussion may excite the insects to give out OF FULGORA CANDELARIA. 109 all their phosphorescence, which becomes feeble if they are allowed to remain long in a state of inactivity." I fear that all this will be considered unavailing as regards the emission of new light on the main question. Mr. Newman. — Seeing that my friend, the Editor, presses the original motion, I shall think it my duty, Mr. Chairman, to press the amendment proposed by my friend, the author of the Letters of Rusticus. I was in hopes, when the author of the Letters of Rusticus so ably and clearly pointed out that the author of the Letters of Delta had in no way disproved the luminosity of our insect ; and when my learned friend, seeing the weakness in this point of his otherwise masterly speech, requested of the Chairman permission to withdraw his motion ; I was in hopes, I say, that the discussion would then have at once terminated. Great indeed was my surprise, when I heard the present Editor of the Magazine going over a series of interesting but intangible topics, and adducing inapplicable arguments, precisely similar to those of the author of the Letters of Delta, which the author of the Letters of Rusticus had already so ably refuted. I am compelled to say, that the speech we have last heard, however luminous, throws on our luminous subject but one solitary ray of light, and that ray has disclosed a fact which militates against the theory advocated by the speaker ; I refer to that part of his speech in which the Editor produces evidence of the luminosity of the kindred species, Fulgora laternaria, and acknowledges that that point is proved. I am clear that the Editor, notwithstanding that shake of the head, and these words, "But even allowing the luminosity" of F. laternaria. Now laternaria being, by our friends opposite, thus acknowledged to be luminous, and can- delaria being reported luminous, and not one tittle of evidence being adduced to the contrary, all the supposed intended negative evidence relating to laternaria alone, surely we shall be acting with undue precipitation if we venture to legislate on the subject at present ; surely we shall be acting more safely and more wisely if we accede to the proposition of the author of the Letters of Rusticus, and adjourn the consideration of the subject sine die, leaving the author of the Letters of Delta at liberty to resume it whenever he shall have obtained more conclusive information. And now the strongest argument that I hear in favour of the change, is that of the present Editor, 1 10 ON THE LUMINOSITY who says, '^ Fulgora candelaria is very abundant in China; and it is next to impossible that their luminosity, if real, would have escaped the notice," &c. Now, as not one writer or traveller has ever seen Fulgora candelaria alive, but only in boxes, and spitted on long needles, it is extremely probable that its luminosity would have escaped notice ; at least, so it appears to me. I came here, not as a speaker, but as a listener; and I came, moreover, prepared to adopt what I considered the inevitable course of exchanging our old lamp, as in the story of Aladdin, for a new. I know well the opinion of the present and late Editors ; and I know that that opinion was against the luminosity of our insect ; my surprise was therefore a most agreeable surprise, when I found that opinion totally unsupported by the information which they had brought to bear on the subject. It is, therefore, with no view of supporting my own ideas — for you will recollect. Sir, the design of the fire-fly, and its accompanying motto, was my own — against the united voices of reason and truth, but from a sincere wish to establish truth by deferring the decision until we shall have incontestible evidence before us, that I now press the amendment. To me it has appeared very singular that these gentlemen should have shown so great a reluctance in approaching the real subject of inquiry. I had anticipated that they would have prov*ed, beyond a possibility of doubt, that our emblem was an emblem of error, and our motto a motto devoid of meaning. But they shun the inquiry. Like the fisher- man, who sailed his lugger round the very brink of Charybdis, avoiding with infinite dexterity the whirlpool that must inevi- tably have annihilated him, they have drawn a circle round the object of our inquiry, but carefully avoided making a nearer approach to it — for approach had surely been fatal — than the circumference of the circle which they have drawn. No one has been more delighted than myself in listening to the truly eloquent speech of the author of the Letters of Delta ; — elo- quent, because so pregnant with knowledge ; and my delight has been the more ardent, because that brilliant speech has not dimmed for an instant the lustre of our fire-fly lamp. In the extract which you read from Kirby and Spence, you must have observed, Sir, a very remarkable omission, and one for which it appears difficult to account, especially in the work of authors so scrupulously attentive to veracity and accuracy : OF FULGORA CANDELARIA. Ill it is this ; that although these authors speak of the observations of travellers on trees studded vi'ith the lights of multitudes of Fulgorce, yet no travellers, indeed, no traveller, is referred to, to whose works the inquirer might turn in order to examine, and duly weigh his evidence on the subject. I do not hesitate to say that I fully believe this omission accidental, not inten- tional. If the works of these travellers are nowhere to be found, then I acknowledge there will be some reason for fearing that our beacon-banner, like the manifold theories of the day, will become less palpable than the reflection of a nonentity, less substantial than the shadow of a shade. The learned author of the Delta Letters dwells on the fictitious character of Merian's work, and laughs at the idea of her Fulgorcs being luminous in life, admitting, neverthe- less, their luminosity after death. On this, the author of the Letters of Rusticus accounts for the luminosity of Merian's Fulgorce, by supposing they were dead. Now we gain nothing by this, because we want to prove the luminosity of a living, not a dead, Fulgora ; for ours is the effigy of a fire-fly in the full blaze of his living and flying brightness. But surely the Doctor has ventured on a slight departure from history, when he endeavours to make it appear that Merian's fire-flies were dead ; for he will doubtless recollect, that it was on account of the great noise they made in fighting that the box was opened. Now I imagine that fighting and noise are rather at variance with the economy of dead insects. But waiving this unim- portant discrepancy, there is something poetically beautiful ; and I could have wished to have wreathed the idea into verse, in the fact as recorded by the Frenchman, that the instant the spirit has departed, the body, instead of mingling with and becoming part and parcel of the earth, whence it originally sprang, dies but to assume a brighter being, — lighting up its own funereal pile, and truly possessing the *' gilded halo hovering round decay." The Editor has treated the author of the Letters of Rusticus with great severity for using the expression — common consent. Now I am well aware of the Doctor's capability of self-defence, were the opportunity allowed him ; but as we are only allowed. Sir, to address you once on these occasions, excepting the right of reply always reserved for the proposer, I shall volunteer my services in his behalf. It appears to me the Doctor is not 112 ON THE LUMINOSITY only perfectly right, but perfectly consistent, in his observation on the two occasions which the Editor has pitted against each other. In the first instance, the Doctor expresses his contempt of that class of naturalists, who, having the real object daily before them, prefer examining it through the medium of a book, which, in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, is a crude, ill-digested medley of the writings of others. Instead of fol- lowing in the train, the Doctor prefers employing his own eye-sight. In the second instance, eye-sight is not available — assiduous watching and observation are entirely useless ; had it not been so, I feel confident that the author of the Letters of Rusticus would not have appealed to " common consent." If, at some future day, the Hong, and other merchants. Lords Commissioners of the Woods and Forests of the Celestial Empire, should allow the Doctor free ingress and egress ; and if, after such privilege, we still find him referring us to " com- mon consent'' on the present question, I shall be much asto- nished, and shall most willingly acknowledge his inconsistency. In the mean time, I shall consider it perfectly justifiable to laugh at a fabulous account, attached by common consent to the weasel, and perfectly justifiable to pay respect to a fabulous account attached by common consent to the fire-fly of China. As regards the weasel, '' common consent'' certainly implies, as the Editor has well observed, " that the human mind has never thought about it till roused and freed from bondage by peculiar circumstances ;" but as regards the fire-fly of China, common consent simply implies a belief in the observa- tions of others, until we have an opportunity of making our own. It has struck me as not a little remarkable, that the three speakers in favour of the proposed change — 1st. The learned mover ; 2d. the worthy seconder, whom I hope we shall one day see in the chair of the Entomological Society, — a society from which I regret having been compelled to with- draw, by an act which ostensibly emanated from the body ; but which, I have subsequently found, the body not only disavow, but most severely condemn ; — a society which I have laboured, and which I will labour, to serve, to the best of my abilities ; and 3dly, the Editor of the Magazine. — It is a little remarkable, I say, that neither of these three have attended to the recent arguments of Dr. Hancock on the very OF FULGORA CANDELARIA. 113 subject now under consideration, — arguments entirely in favour of tiieir view of the subject; but I must say arguments, which, like their own, merely tend to show that it is difficult for us to prove the luminosity of Fidgora candelaria. Sir, I, for one, refuse to submit to the line of argument throughout adopted ; I most unhesitatingly insist, that the onus probandi lies with the mover of the alteration ; we have chosen a course, we have selected an ensign and a motto, and it is with our opponents to prove that we are in the wrong, ere we shall think ourselves called on to extinguish the ensign, to desert the colours which we have so often led to victory, or to abandon the motto which we have so triumphantly wreathed around our brows. Let us nail our colours to the mast, — let us rally around them, — let us guard them with love and veneration. When we forsake or exchange them, we betray ourselves. Oh ! as they have never been struck to the power of an enemy, it is ray ardent, my sincere hope, they never may be lowered to gratify the fancies of a friend. Mr. Bowerbank. — Mr. Chairman, I will just state that it is my intention to support the amendment. I think alterations of the kind now proposed always objectionable ; and I must say that, on the present occasion, I have not heard one single argument advanced in favour of the change, but what has been fairly met, and completely overthrown by the supporters of the amendment. Mr. Davis — {after a long pause, during which no one rose.) — If Mr. Doubleday has any reply, now is the time. You will recollect, gentlemen, that Mr. Doubleday's reply closes the debate. Mr. Doubleday. — Mr. Chairman, my habitual deference to the learned author of the Letters of Rusticus, and my unwil- lingness to press a proposal which might cause some little difference of opinion amongst our members, and disturb that harmony in which our debates are generally conducted, induced me to offer to withdraw my motion. I felt that I should be left in a minority, not because my cause was a weak one, but because I had no eloquence to oppose to that of the learned Doctor, and of my friend, the author of Sphinx Vespiformis, who, I was quite sure, would support the amendment directly I heard it proposed. I felt that I had against me the opinions of learned men, supported by the greatest talents and the greatest NO. II. VOL. III. Q 114 ON THE LUMINOSITY eloquence amongst us ; and what had I to oppose to it ? I am not eloquent; — I cannot use nice-turned phrases; — I am not used to addressing an assembly like those now before me — " Mais quelque defiance Que me doit donner la susdite eloquence, Et le susdit credit ; ce ncanmoins, messieurs, L'ancre de vos bontes me rassure. D'ailleurs, Devant le grand Dandin 1 'innocence est bardie Qui, devant ce Caton de Basse-Normandie Ce soleil d'equite que n'est jamais terni. Victrix causa Diis placuit sed victa latoni." The last four lines I must beg leave to translate thus. " From the perfect confidence that I feel in the good sense of those I have the honour to address, and in the impartiality of our Chairman, I have no doubt that my want of eloquence to sup- port a good cause will not injure it even when it has such opposition to contend with." I must first reply to the learned author of the Letters of Rusticus, who talks so much of common consent. He first misrepresents the objects of my remarks, then ridicules them. In quoting the different authors to whom I referred, I had in view one thing, which was to prove that we have, in favour of the luminosity of Fulgora, only the authority of a woman, notorious for her falsehoods or blunders, (contradicted positively by more than one correct observer) ; whilst, on the other hand, we have a host of authorities to prove the brilliancy of the Lampyrites and Elateres in the tropics, and that therefore it was far better either to cut off" the rays round our Fulgora, or to place on our title-page the figure of an insect undoubtedly luminous, rather than that of one whose luminosity was at the least, very, very doubtful. But the author of the Letters of Rusticus tells me it is luminous by common consent. Common consent of whom ? all the world ? No, forsooth, not of a thousand persons. Well, then, being luminous by common consent, it is so to be till proved not to be so. It is written in the History of Gualtimala, composed by a monk of the name of Juarros, that in a certain province of what is now called Central America, there is a species of grasshopper, to the exterior surface, or outer coat, of whose stomach adhere certain little seeds like those of the passion- flower. These being sown, spring up and become a species of gourd, bearing little round fruit, the seed of which being next OF FULGORA CANDELAKIA. 115 year sown, produce good and fine melons. The insect, of course, is rare, but the common consent of the inhabitants of that part proves it to be true ; and, therefoi'e, it is true until some one proves, by direct observation, that there is no such insect. " O medici mediam pertundite venam !" O most learned Rusticus, what hath befallen thee, to allow thyself to fall into such a train of reasoning ? Common consent forsooth ! Well, how many things have been believed by common consent, and are still believed by the multitude, which are false. Let the learned Doctor read Azara's Quadrupedos de Paraguay ; let him there observe how many things reported by travellers, and believed by common consent to be true, are found to be false when examined by competent observers. Are we to believe, as the vulgar do, by common consent, that hedge-hogs suck cows, — that they go into orchards in the autumn, and curling themselves into a ball, roll about amongst the fallen apples, and thus carry them home to their winter hiding-place? Who is to prove a direct negative to this story ? But the Doctor has another argument. Dead cicadfe shine, therefore dead Fidgorce may shine ; certainly this may be. Is our fire-fly dead? No! she is alive, and, " Non hiemes illam, non flabra, neque imbres Convellunt ; immota manet." Why then should we put a dead Fulgora on the cover, or the title-page ? Dead fish are luminous ; but what would the Doctor have said, had our excellent friend, Yarrell, placed on the cover of his admirable British Fishes, a putrescent salmon ? Thus much for our friend the Doctor. Our Editor has quoted a passage, which is a good specimen of the authority we have for the luminosity of Fulgora. " They are," says the author, "luminous, but I have never seen them alive." Then how does he know they are luminous ? Who told him? I should say that he had read it in Merian, or had heard it from some one who had adopted the notion first broached by her ladyship. In the remarks made about common consent by the Editor I fully agree. My friend, the author of Sphinx Vespiformis, who, on some occasions, has shown himself by no means slow in resolving, and acting too, 116 ON THE LUMINOSITY when circumstcvnces required promptitude of resolution and action, now pleads for time and inquiry. I have shown above the value of the evidence to which he alludes, when he asserts that one part of the Editor's speech proves that F. later naria is luminous, (as for this being admitted by that speech, 1 heard no such admission) ; but as our friend said, granting this, conceding it to be proved, it does not prove that candelaria is luminous also. Now I am about to prove to the satisfaction, I doubt not, of my learned friend of the seven circles, that the human nose is splendidly luminous. Perhaps I may first be allowed to read a few lines from our great dramatist : — *' Fed. — Do thou amend thy face, and I'll amend my life : Thou art our admiral, thou bearest the lantern in the poop, — but 'tis in the nose of thee : thou art the knight of the burning lamp. " Bard. — Why, Sir John, my face does you no harm. " Fal. — No, I'll be sworn ; I make as good use of it as many a man doth of a death's head, or a memento moi'i : I never see thy face, but I think upon hell-fire, and Dives that lived in purple ; for there he is in his robes, burning, burning. If thou wert any way given to virtue, I would swear by thy face ; my oath should be. By this fire : but thou art altogether given over : and wert indeed, but for the light in thy face, the son of utter darkness. When thou ran'st up Gadshill in the night to catch my horse, if I did not think thou had'st been an ignis fatuus, or a ball of wild-fire, there's no purchase in money. O, thou art a perpetual triumph, an everlasting bon- fire-light ! Thou hast saved me a thousand marks in links and torches, walking with thee in the night, betwixt tavern and tavern : but the sack that thou hast drunk me, would have bought me lights as good cheap, at the dearest chandlers in Europe. I have maintained that salamander of yours with fire, any time this two and thirty years ; Heaven reward me for it!" Now here we find it asserted by no less an authority than Shakspeare, that a man's nose was once luminous. We have no evidence to prove that all noses are not luminous, no one has ever denied their luminosity ; ergo, they are luminous. I trust our opposition will admit the truth of this reasoning ; or, OF FULGORA CANDELARIA. 117 at least, will give time for inquiry. Our friend, the author of Sphinx Vespiformis, says, that I avoid the subject; that I am fearful of inquiry, for that would prove fatal. Let me tell him I have no such fear, I wish for inquiry. Had not circum- stances, which I cannot control, prevented me, I should now be inquiring into this point in the very country oi F.latemaria. But my prospects have been blighted, — my hopes have faded away; and with these, all " the life of life has fled ;" but yet sometimes, in my solitary wanderings through our forest, or whilst I rest myself on the stump of some old oak tree, my imagination calls up to my view the splendid scenery of tro- pical America, her vast rivers, her snowy mountains, her groves of palms, of Lecythis, of Cavanilleria, and a thousand other magnificent trees, intertwined by Puidini, Banisterice, PassiJIorce, and Bignonice, with blue, crimson or golden blos- soms, from which the humming-bird now pecks the tiny insect, now darts from them through the air, " Like winged flowers, or flying gems;" and then a voice seems to whisper to me, such lands must thou visit — such scenes wilt thou find displayed before thee. O that these visions may be realized ! O that they may not be a mere mirage of a mind enthusiastic solely on one subject ! But I am wandering from my point. There have been those who have inquired, and of these no one has confirmed the statement of Madame Merian from his own observation ; and one, the last, from his own observations, positively denies it. No doubt, when his forthcoming volume on the Natural His- tory of British Guiana appears, we shall there find convincing proofs of the want of luminosity under which F. latcrtmria lies. But some day I shall observe these things for myself. " Si qua est Heleno prudentia si qua Vati fides, auimam si veris implet Apollo;" and no one will rejoice more than I shall, if I find that I am now in error. I shall then think of my worthy friend, and exclaim, •' O ! that thou wert but with me." Kirby, I will admit, speaks of the observations of travellers as to fire-flies, which he supposes to be Fiilgorce ; but I doubt not that had he referred to these, we should have found their words equally applicable to the Lamj)ynlQs as to Fulgorw. But the 118 ON THE LUMINOSITY venerable Father of Entomology, in this country, having his a mind preoccupied with the idea of the luminosity of Fulgora, J applied these vague expressions to them. I rejoice to hear the author of Sphinx Vespiformis overthrow the reasonings of Rusticus about dead FulgorcB, but he seemed very loth so to do. He wants them to be luminous when dead ; I grant they may be so, and grant there is then, " A gilded halo hovering round decay, The farewell beam of beauty past away." But it is not immediately after the spirit has fled that this is to be observed. After death, those particles of the body, which the power of the genius of Rhodes has retained in subjection, now no longer subjected to his power, solve those bonds which he had imposed on them, and " Freed from their fetters, they follow with impetuosity, after a long privation, the impulse which leads them to unite themselves ; and the day of death is to them a nuptial feast;" and from the chemical changes which now take place rises a phosphorescent light, which serves as a nuptial torch. How can we be justified in ridiculing a fabulous account of 'i an animal in our own country, and believing a fabulous account of another, because it comes from China ? Lery, in his " His- toria Navigationis in Brasiliam quae et America dicitur," has the following passage : — " Caeterum miserrimi nostri Barbari, in hac etiam vita misere ab Cacodaemone torquentur (quem alio nomine Kaagerre vocant) ipse enim eos nonnunquam vidi etiam nobiscum colloquentes protinus instar phreneticorum exclamantes, * Hei ! Hei ! opem ferte nobis nos enira verberat Aygnam,' immo affirmabant illi Cacodaeraonem ab se conspici modo belluae specie, modo avis, modo etiam aliqua portentosa forma. Quia autem magnopere mirabantur nos ab Cacodas- mone non infestari," &c., and this he illustrates with a cut representing the Cacodaemone tormenting the Tououpinam- baultii. Will my friend assert, that although it is perfectly just to ridicule ghost stories in England, we are to believe them when originating with a nation, the name of which is composed not of two but seven syllables, and which, besides, is some few thousands of miles from us. Perhaps as the country of the barbarians, with the name of seven syllables, is not so distant from us as is the Celestial Empire from the OF FULGORA CANDELARIA. 119 country of the barbarians, who rejoice in the name of two syllables long only ; this may have some influence, as distance seems much to add to the degree of belief we are to give to a story. What Dr. Hancock's arguments have to do with F. candelaria more than F. laternaria, I do not know ; but this I must say, that they first called my attention to the subject, although I must own that it has always appeared odd to me, that a part supposed to secrete a luminous fluid should, in the dead animal, appear never to have had any trace of glands, but to be merely a continuation of the integuments, differing in nothing from those of the rest of the body. Let the division this evening be what it may, I shall still adhere to my present opinion, not blindly and against positive evidence, but until some observer who is entitled to credit shall say, " I have seen a Fulgora actually alive, and shining ;" or until I myself have seen one. And, Mr. Chairman, I do hold, that were we to place, instead of the Fulgora, the image of an Elater, or more properly, a Pi/rophorus, surrounded with rays, radiating not from its nose, (like Bardolph's), but from its whole thorax, we should be acting more wisely than by leaving there the figure of an insect which only shines by common consent. Under these circumstances I must press my motion to a division. Mr. Hanson. — Mr. Chairman, although I was quite willing to second the motion of my friend, the author of the Letters of Delta, yet I must say that I did so, more that the subject might thereby gain a full and fair discussion, which, without a seconder, it could not have had. I willingly admit, that the learned disquisitions of my friend, the author of the Letters of Delta, and the present Editor, do bring authorities seemingly overwhelming in favour of Elater and Lampyris ; never- theless, retain the rays, say I ; we are quite convinced of one thing, that the figure is emblematical, that the rays are ideal. We were quite convinced of this when we agreed on adopting the figure as it is : on these grounds. Sir, I shall vote for the amendment. Mr. Davis. — Gentlemen, in opening this discussion, I expressed my opinion, that a motion similar to that subse- quently proposed by Mr. Doubleday, should have ray appro- bation, provided the non-luminosity of the insect in question were clearly proved. I have paid every attention in my 120 ON THE LUMINOSITY, &C. power to the debate ; and I must say that, as far as my owrk satisfaction is concerned, the non-luminosity of the insect in question is not proved. I am willing to divide the club on the amendment if desired, but it appears useless to do so. The amendment will be carried most certainly. Mr. Doubleday, do you still wish for a division ? Mr. Doubleday. — There are several Entomologists -who wish to have the subject definitely settled, and the present vote will set the matter completely at rest; because, supposing that I am beaten — of which there is no doubt — the question cannot, by the laws of etiquette, be again tried, while the club consists of the same members. As the meeting is a full one, and we have been very fully and fairly heard, I must say, that I think this opportunity for a final settlement of the subject ought not to be lost, and I therefore respectfully request the division. Mr. Davis. — Perhaps Dr. K will collect the signatures for the amendment, and some other gentlemen, also not a member of the club, those against it. The substance of the amendment, gentlemen, is, " That no alteration be made as regards the figure and motto in the wrapper of the Ento- mological Magazine." For the Amendment. Against it. W. Bennett, E. Doubleday, C. S. Bird, T. Ingall. J. S. BOWERBANK, F. WaLKER. J F. Christy, W. Christy, Jun. A. H. Davis, Samuel Hanson, J. Hoyer, Edward Newman. Majority Six. 121 Art. XIII. Essay on Parasitic Hymeno'ptera, By A. H. Haliday, M. A. [Continued from page 45). Of the Ichneumones Adsciti. Sectio a. Alarum anticarum areola disci-antica antice angulata. Adnot. — Ganychoris hi propiores. Antennas quam in Sectione B longiores: abdomen etiam minus compressum, in formam clavatam illorum transiens, a latere visum triangulare : alarum posticarum areola radialis parum remota. Sp. 6. B. hastatus. Fem. Niger, antennis et pedibus brunneis ; alts fuscanis ; aculeo corpore breviore. (Long. Corp. 1 \ ; alar. 2| lin.) Fem. — Niger : os brunneum : antennae capite cum thorace longiores, articulis exterioribus decrescentibus at omnibus subcylindricis, brunnese apice obscuriores : metathorax valide angulatus : abdo- men lineari-lanceolatum, segmento 1™°. postice nonnihil dilatato : aculeus gracilis subarcuatus, corpore parum brevior : pedes villosi brunnei : alae fuscanas, stigmate nervisque fuscis, squa- mulis piceis : areola radialis angusta, nerve cubitali ex angulo recta excurrente. Habitat Angliam. (Mus. J. Curtis.) Sp. 7. B. humilis. Niger, pedibus brunneis ; alis subhy- alinis. Fem. Aculeo ^ abdominis longitudine. (Long. Corp. vix 1 ; alar, vix 9, lin.) *Bracon humilis . N. ab Ess. Berl. Mag. V. 19. Sp. 26, /. I./.4. Blacus humilis . N. ab Ess. Monogr. 191. Sp. 3. Fem. — Niger: os piceum : antennse capite cum thorace parum longiores, articulis flagelli interioribus magis elongatis quam B. triviali, exterioribus decrescentibus ovatis : metathoracis anguli parvi obtuse prominuli : abdomen compressum ; segmentum l"'"™. oblongum, apice perparum dilatatum : pedes graciles picei, NO. II. VOL. III. R ]22 HALIDAY ON brunnei vel ochracei ; tibiue et tarsi (apice demto) dilutiores : alae •' subhyalinae stigmate nervisque pallide piceis, squamulis piceis. Var.fi. — Duplo major (Long. corp. 1| ; alar. 2g) : abdomen r| subclavatum parum compressum : alarum nervi validiores. Far. y. — Antennae capita cum thorace non longiores, apice cras- siores. Mas. — DifFert ut in reliquis. Habitat Germaniam, N. ah Ess. — Hiberniam ; in spicis Cerealiuraoj Autumno frequens. ! Sectio B. ! I Parastigma majus, angulum areolce disci-anticce prcesecans. Adnot. • — His abdomen ubique fere compressum, a dorso visum a lineare ; a latere trigonum, vel potius oblongum dorso arcuato o carinato : antennae fcemince latius moniliformes : areola radialis s alarum posticarum longius remota. Sp. 8. B. paganus. Niger, pedibus piceoferrugineis. Fern. Antennis brevissimis motiiliformibus ; aculeo ^ abdominis < longitudine. (Long. corp. 1| — 2; alar. 3|.) Fern. — Niger: mandibulae ferrugineae : palpi picei, maxillariumr articuli duo ultimi pallidi : antennae capitis cum thorace longi- ■ tudine, vel breviores ; validre, moniliformes, apice non crassiores ; ; articulis flagelli interioribus adhuc brevioribus quam sequent], i! exterioribus globosis, ultimo oblongo-ovato : thorax vage punc- tatus, pubescens ; scutellum confertius punctatum : metathoracis f anguli obtuse prominuli : abdominis segmentum \^^™. subrec- tangulum, duplo longius quam latius, basi summa nonnihil con- strictum : aculeus villosus 5 abdominis longitudine : pedes validi piceo-ferruginei, tarsis apice fuscis ; antici dilutiores ; posteriorum femora medio, tibiae apice, saepe obscuriores : alae albido-hyalinae, stigmate nervisque fuscescentibus, vel ochreis tum costa et para- stigmate obscurioribus, squamulis piceis. Mas. — Notis ordinariis a femina differt. Habitat in nemoribus minus frequens. Sp. 9. B. trivialis. Niger, pedibus ferrugineis. Fem. Aculeo \ abdominis longitudine. (Long. corp. 1 \ ; alar. 21 lin.) Praecedenti similis : antennae paulo longiores, versus basin sensim r graciliores ; articulis exterioribus globoso-ovatis, ultimo oblongo : PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 123 metathoracis anguli productiores : segmentum 1™"™. paulo lon- gius : aculeus § abdominis parum longior; pedes graciliores, femiginei apice summo tarsorum fusco : alarum stigma nervique pallidiores. ' Mas. — Utantea. Habitat in nemoribus passim gregarius, omnium vulgatissimus. Var. /3. — Duplo major, B. pagano aequalis et similis : semel tantum lectus. Adnot. — Blacorum species genuinae tres mihi invisae. — Bl. errans. N.abEss. Mon. 190, Sp. 1. — Bl. longipennis, ibid. Sp. 2 — Bl. exilis, ibid. 191, Sp. 4. Gen. IX. Helcon. Palpi maxillares 6-articulati ; labiales 3 — 4f-articulati : caput transversum : abdomen subsessile : alarum anticarum areola disci-antica contigua completa ; brachialis-posterior anteriorem parum superans : posticarum nervus recurrens unicus. Tabula Synoptica Subgenerum. cuneata angustissima 9. Orgilus. "a r 3-annulatum f ovatum fornicatum . 1. Triaspis. ^ g i aut fere ^ g o < exannulatum (oblongum planum . . 2. Calyptus. S"5 1^ segmentis ordinariis discretis ... 3. Eubadizon. / 3-articulati 4. Diospilus. 1a a r aequata; C immarginatum . 5. Macrocentrus. r2 2 I < ^ •' ) occiput ^ marginatum . . 6. Zele. .= bo j inaequalis mucronata ... [7. Helcon.] parum elongatae [8. Cardiochiles.] a^ J -S ^ \ « ^ e. cS t. Adnot. — Genus Eubadizonta quondam constituendum mihi proposu- eram ; his subgeneribus, Triaspis, Calyptus, Eubadizon, Diospilus: postea ab Helconte nullum discrimen satis stabile deprehendi : siquis tale excogitaverit, ita mallem ipse. 124 HALIDAY ON Subffen I. — Triaspis.^ Palpi labiates 3-articulati : caput oblatum ; occiput margi- natum : abdomen late sessile, ovatum fornicatum, rimulo- sum ; segmentis tribus subcequalibus, plus minus coalitis ; ventre concavo : alarum anticarum areolcB cubitales duce; radialis ovato-acuminata. *Sigalphus. Fam. I. a.* . N. ab Ess. Berl. Mag. VII. 247. Sigalphus. Sectio I. . . Act. Acad. IX. 309. . . Monogr. 267. Caput thoracis latitudine, oblatum suborbiculatum ; occiput mar- ginatum ; vertex transversus rotundatus ; oculi mediocres ovati, glabri aut subglabri (ut in reliquis hujus Generis) ; facies plani- uscula ; clypeus fere semicircularis, linea irapressa utrinque foveolata discretus. — (Oris partes ex H. caudato) : mandibulaa curvatae, acute bidentes : labrum transversum rotundatum, fere semiovatum, epipharyngis ligula apicali attenuata prostante : maxillae lobus distincte bipartitus ; lobi subsequales, exterior rotundatus, membrana paulo firmiore : palpi maxillares bre- viusculi ; articulus l™us^ g^ 2dus_ subaequales ; 3""^ longior cras- sior obovatus ; 4*^^ adhuc longior ; 5*^'^ 6*". brevior et 2^°. aequalis (in Sig. pallipede autem secundum descriptionem, N. ab Ess. palpi longiores sunt, articulus 5*^^. 6*°. longior, 3*'°. fere aequalis :) labium compressum, lobi apice sinuate : palpi labiales 3-articulati ; articulus in^^^. g^ 2""«". sesqui- longius quam latius, rugulosum, tuberculis ante medium prominulis ; reliqua laevissima, minus elongata quam illi et subtilius pilosa : tibiae posticie fere totse fuscae : coxae posticae nonnunquam apice tantum ferrugineo : alae fumato-hyalinae lineola hyalina obsoleta, stigmate nervisque fuscis, radice et squamulis ferrugineis. — Mas. Antennae corpore \ longiores, 32-articulatae. Habitat in nemoribus Hiberniae boreaiis lectus rarius.* * fSp. 13. H, E. macrocephalus. Fem. " Ater, nitidus, pedidus piceo-rufis ; abdominis segmento 1™". rugoso ; alis hi/alinis ; aculeo corpore sesquilongiore. (Long. corp. 1^ — 2 lin.)" Eubazus macrocephalus . N. ah Ess. B. M. VI. 215. Sp. 1. Eubadizon macrocephalus. • Monog. 234. Sp. 1. Habitat Germaniam, N. ah Ess. PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. 131 Subgen. III. — Eubadizon. Palpi lahiales quasi 3-articuIati : caput latum oblalnm ; occiput marginatum ; fades planiuscula : abdomen Uneare, sec/mentis ordinariis discretis, 1™". longiusculo parum attcnuato : alarum anticarum areolae cubitalcs duce ; radialis subovata. *Eubazus N. ab Ess. Berl. Mag. VI. 214. Gen. VII. Eubazus (partini) . . N. ab. Ess. Act. Acad. IX. 307. Gen. IV. Eubadizon, Sectio I. . iV. ab Ess. Monogr. 233. Gen. IV. Charmon A. H. H. Ent. Mag. I. 262. Statura fere Calypti, plerunque vero gracilior : pedes graciliores, • postici hand incrassati : abdomen lineare, segmentis 8, omnibus aut plerisque discretis ; 1™". longiore, basi parum angustato, tubereulis inter basin et medium : venter femince compressus, carinatus. Sp. 14. H. E. semistviatus. Niger nitidtis, ore pedibusque fiavoferrugineis ; abdominis segmentis 2 anterioribus sub- tiliter rugulosis. Fem. Aciileo corpore sesqui-longiore. (Long. Corp. 1£ lin.) Eubazus pallipes, fem. . A^. ab Ess. B. M. VI. 215. Sp. 2. Eubadizon pallipes . . Monogr. 2o5. Sp. 2. Mas. — Antennae graciles, corpore parum longiores, 28-articulat3e, scapo et pedicello subtus ferrugineis : mandibulse parvse fere occultje, cum labro palpisque flavo-ferruginese : clypeus parvus semicircularis: mesothoracis sulculi punctulati ; metathorax con- fertim punctatus : abdomen thorace vix angustius, lineare planum ; segmentum 1™"™. | totius longitudine, sesqui-longius quam latins, tuberculis angulatis ante medium sitis, confertim rugu- losum ; 2'^™\ illo brevius, ruguloso-striatum, margins laterali tenui disereto laevi ; reliqua decrescentia, Isevia, incisuris vix. discretis \ 2^^^™. et 3''""\ conjunctim sequentibus paulo longiora : forceps magnus conchiformis e sinu lato anali prodit ; pedes flavo- ferruginei ; margo apicalis tibiarum posticarum tarsique iidem fere toti fuscentes : alee hyalinse, stigmate nervisque fuscis, radice et squamulis ferrugineis : areola radialis apice acuminata : pos- ticarum areola brachialis-posterior f anterioris longitudine. — Feminam non vidi. 132 IIALIDAY ON Habitat Germaniani, A^. ah Ess. — Angliam, J. Curtis, (Mas. J, Curtis.) ' Sp. 16. H. E. flavipes. Niger nitidus, pedibus Jlavof err u- gineis ; abdominis segmento 1™°. bicarinato, reliquis Icevis- simis. Fem, Aculeo corpore longiore. (Long \\ — If; alar, ^i— 3 lin.) Statura fere sequentis, sed abdomen, antennae pedesque breviores. Fern, Antennae corpore breviores, filiformes, 21-articulatse, articulo ultimo magno oblongo. — Oris partes ab illo non multum discre- pant : labrum tenuissimum, lineari-lanceolatum, baud sinuatum : palpi multo breviores : maxillarium articulus l™"s. basi attenuatus et curvatus, 2*^°. longior : labialium articuli subsequales ; l™"^ obconicus, 2''"^. obovatus, 3''"^. utrinque attenuatus ; articuli penultimi minuti qualis in illo deprehenditur nullum vestigium. — Mesothoracis sulculi impunctati ; metathorax areatus, vage punc- tulatus : abdomen thorace angustius et vix longius ; segmentum imum_ plusquam § totius longitudine, tuberculis parvis inter basin et medium ; dorso carinis 2 acute elevatis, postice approximatis, interstitiis vix striolatis ; reliqua laevissima, 2*^^'". et 3''"'". vix discreta, conjunctim 1™°. sequalia, reliqua brevissima : venter carinatus, pallido pelluceus ; aculeus gracilis, corpore baud ses- quilongior : pedes flavo-ferruginei ; tibiae posticae apice tarsique iidem fere toti fuscescentes : alae hyalinse, stigmata fusco, nervis pallidioribus, radice et squamulis pallide ferrugineis : posticarum areola bracbialis-posterior vix § anterioris longitudine. — Mas. — Antennae corpore paulo longiores, 24 — 25-articulatse. Habitat Hiberniam borealem, rariils. Sp. 17. H. E. pectoralis. Niger nitidus, scutello et pectore rufis ; stigmate pedibusque pallidis. Fem. Aculeo cor- poris longitudine. (Long. corp. 2| — 3 ; alar. 4| — 6 lin.) Eubadizon pectoralis . N. ab Ess. Monagr. 'i^SQ. Sp. 4. Fem. Antennae corpore longiores, gracillimae, 42 — 46-articulat8e : oculi magni ovati : facies subquadrata ; clypeus transversus : mandibulae rufescentes ; palpi pallidi : mandibulae arcuatae ' +Sp. 15. H. E. coxalis. Mas. "Niger nitidus, pedibus luleis, coxis fuscis ; abdominis 1'"". segmento conico - angustato rimidoso ; alis hyalinis. (Long. corp. If)" Eiibazus pallipcs mas ? N. ab Ess. B. M. VI. 215. Eubadizon coxalis . Monofrr. 234. Sp. 1. Habitat Gcrmaniam. N. ab Ess. PARISITIC HYMENOPTERA. 133 acute bidentes : labrum tenuissimum, arcuatum medio sinuatum, epipharyngis trigonae acuminatse basin summam prastexens : maxillae lobus membranaceus, integer ovatus : palpi maxillares valde elongati graciles ; articuli l>nus_ g|- .j'lus. breves ; 3^^^^. lineari-cultratus ; reliqui lineares, 4*"^ longissimus, turn 5*"*. 6*"^. decrescentes : labium breve, lobi apice subretuso : palpi labiales 4-articulati ; articulus l™us^ brevior obconicus ; 2''"^ dilatatus, oblique subtruncatus ; 3*'"*. perexiguus ovatus ; 4*"^. elongatus, linearis basi attenuatus : thorax oblongus, utrinque attenuatus ; niger nitidus ; pectus, scutellum et suturse pone hoc nibrae : sulculi impunctati ; metathorax laevis, fossula media punctulata : abdomen thorace longius et angustius, lineare, apice compressum ; segmentum l^^™. vix ^ totius longitudine, lineare apice parum dilatatum, prope basin tuberculatum ; subtiliter rugulosum, aut lasviusculum ; reliqua Isevissima ; 2''"™. et 3*'"™. subtilius dis- creta, sequentia conjunctim longitudine sequant : aculeus corporis longitudine, valvulis depressis pubescentibus, nigris : pedes gra- ciles, pallide flavi ; tibiae posticae tarsique apice paulo obscuriores : alcE hyalinse, stigmate, radice, squamulis stramineis, nervis pleris- que fuscescentibus : stigma late obovata-lanceolatum ; areola radialis ovato-attenuata, apicem fere alse attingens : posticarum areola brachialis-posterior anteriore parum brevior ; nervus tenuis axillaris prope radicem alee. — Mas. Antennae longiores ; abdo- minis segmenta posteriora longiora ; stylus analis compressus, obtusus, exertus. Variat. — Thorace rubro, propectore et metathoracis dorso tantum nigricantibus : antennarum scapus et pedicellus rufi. — Obviae sunt etiam varietates intermediae. Habitat Germaniam, iV. ah Ess. — Hiberniam, non infrequens. Subgen. IV. — Diospilus.^ Palpi libiales S-articulati : caput transversum crassum ; occi- put marginatum : alarum anticarum areolce cubitales trcs. *Bracon. Sect. IV. Trib. 1- 1 ^. ^^ ^,, ^^^_ ^^^^i ix. SQS. Macrocephali ... .J N. ah Ess. Mon. 60. Eubazus (partim) .... Act. Acad. IX. 307? Eubadizon.Sect.il. . . Mon. 236? Adnot. — Helcontum paljns labialibus ^-articulatis, areolis cubi- talibus 3, multae species : mutantur et hse forma ut e locis laudatis ' Diospilus, a A| et crassior ; 3*'"*. illis conjunctim vix brevier, crassior, cultratus; 4'"\ paulo longior ; 5''"^ et 6*^*. breviores, fere lineares : labiii lobus integer obtusus : palpi labiales 4-articulati ; articulus 1™ obconicus ; 2*^"^ illius longitudine, crassior, obovatus ; 3''"^. minu-. tissimus, ovatus ; 4'"^. reliquis paulo longior, lineari clavatus: antennse validae, terctes, circiter 30-articulata3 ; m femina corporis i longitudine, apice recurvae ; in mare longiores : thorax oblongus,! subcompressus ; mesothoracis sulculi parum profundi ; raeta- thorax apice subtruncatus, denticulo parvo utrinque prope foramen i petioli : abdomen oblongum, apice compressum, thorace longius et angustius ; segmentum pnum^ oblongum, antice parum atte- nuatum, denticulo laterali prope basin ; 2*^^™. illi fere aequale, \ reliqua decrescentia in octavum minutissimum : venter com- presso - carinatus ano oblique truncato, rima segmenti ultimi antrorsum descendente : valvula ventralis obtusa compressa, baud \ anum attingens : pedes longiusculi ; postici validiores, femoribus ( tibiisque compressis ; calcaria valida, postica i metatarsi lon- gitudine : alcE angustae ; anticarum stigma lanceolatum ; areola %, radialis angusta cuneiformis, longe ante apicem alaj clausa; cubi- tales duse, nervus illas sejungens valde obliquus, in nervum i cubitalem extrorsum fere recta continuatus ; nervus recurrens areolae l""*. sub medio insertus : posticarum areola radialis vix i remota ; brachialis-posterior dimidio anterioris parum longior. Niger, capite tboraceque subobscuris, pubescentibus : mandibulae i picese aut rufae ; palpi nigri : metathorax punctulatus, vel granu- latus : abdominis segmentum l™^™^. subtilius crebre punctulatuni, i basi obsolete canaliculatum ; 2^^""^ pariter punctulatum, margine i plerunque laevi ; reliqua Isevissima nitida ; nonnunquam segmenta i anteriora fere laevigata sunt : aculei longitudo modo corpus i Eequaus, modo abdomen parum superans : alae modo fumato- • hyalinae, modo fuliginosae, lineol^ hyalina Y-formi sub stigraate > plus minusve distinct^, stigmate nervisque fuscis : pedum colores' variant ; modo. REMARKS ON' THE ENTOMOLOGY OF EPPING. 147 rt. pedes nigri ; fomora antica apice, tibiae eaedem fere totae, rufescentes ; tibiye posteriores basi fusco-piceae ; calcaria rufo pallida ; modo, /3. coxas et trochanteres nigri, apice rufi ; femora anteriora rufa, margine supero et infero, anticorum versus basin tantum, nigri- , cante ; postica nigra margine infero late rufo ; tibiae rufae, posticai apice fuscae ; calcaria rufa ; tarsi fusci : his praeterea antennae basi piceo rufas, scapo nigro : sed illae diversitates tam coloris quam puncturae sensim collabuntur. Habitat Germaniam, N. ah Ess. — Angliam ; Iliberniam ; in lito- ribus praesertim arenosis non infrequens. Advot. — Microdus punctulator, N. ab Ess. B. M. VI. 185. Sp. 1. Monogr. 150. Sp. 12: discrepat, punctur^i totius abdominis multo densiore, segmentorum post secundum marginibus posticis tantum Isevibus nitidis ; aculeo \ abdominis longitudine : suspicabar esse meram varietatem sed talem non ipse vidi. Art. XIV. — Remarks on the Entomology of Epping and its Vicinity. By Edward Doubleday. " What is writ, is writ, Would it were worthier." Dear Sir, — The list of Lepidopiera captured in this neighbourhood, and some other parts of the enclosed paper, were drawn out many weeks ago, just at the time when the return of spring, whilst it made me think of preparing for a new campaign, recalled the memory of former adventures. As the sportsman, when the sultry days of August are almost passed, enjoys, by anticipation, the sports of the approaching September — thinks and tells of his excursions in years that are gone by ; so in the spring the entomologist, whilst anxiously looking forward to the time when the first warm days call forth Brepha notha, Echlnomyia ursina, and a profusion of bees and other insects, turns back to the events of other days, dwells with pleasure on the captures he has made ; and then, recurring again to the prospects of the future, rejoices in the expectation of similar success, happy in the hope of increasing his own collections, but happier far in the prospect of being Y4<8 REMARKS ON THE able to augment those of his friends and fellow-labourers in science. I was induced to attempt to give a sketch of our Entomology, (which I had intended to render far more perfect than the hasty outline I now send you,) by the hope of being able to contribute to the gratification of others, by making known what rare insects we capture here, and thereby enabling those lovers of science to whom these may be desiderata, to know in what quarter to apply for specimens, and to tell them that these will be cheerfully given, as they may occur, to all scientific collectors who do not possess them. The wish to make some remarks on the habits of particular species, an opportunity for which is afforded by such a paper, and the hope that I might be aiding, in some degree, our knowledge of Insect Geo- graphy, by adding to my list of species some notices on the climate, elevation, soil, and other local characters of this neighbourhood, were two other motives which led me to begin this paper. Had I at once proceeded to finish it, it might have been far more perfect than it now is ; but when I had some little leisure to do well that which it was in my mind to do, and which I had promised you that I would do, I allowed my habitual dislike of writing to prevail over me, circumstances turned my attention to other fields for study, where, " Circumriguo surgebat lilia prato Candida purpureis mista papaveribus ; Qu£E modo decerpens tenero pueriliter ungui Proposito florem praetuli officio." Or, in plain English, I spent that time in reading the chro- nicles of the deeds of Spaniards in the days of the first discovery and succeeding desolation of the land of my affections, which ought to have been employed on this paper. And now that, in order to fulfil my promise to you, I must prepare it for the press, unforeseen and uncontrollable events have snatched from me those few hours of daily leisure on which I could count, and the affairs of business just now occupy me so fully, that they sometimes barely allow me time for needful repose. I lament now my error, but, " Quid juvat errores mersa jam puppe fateri, Quid lacrymif delicta juvant commissu secutie." \ly only course is, by extra exertion, to endeavour to make ENTOMOLOGY OF EPPING. 149 this paper a little like what it ought to have been, and perhaps would have been, and then trust to your readers' goodness of heart to excuse the imperfections of my work. I remain, yours, most truly, Epping, E. Doubleday. May 21, 1835. The town of Epping (anciently Eppinges) is now situated on the road from London to Newmarket, about sixteen miles from town. I say it is 7ioiv situated, because, in former days, it stood, I believe, two miles from its present location ; and, as it has once migrated two miles, we may suppose, that should similar causes operate again, it may make another move. According to a multitude of observations made by my uncle, Mr. T. Squire, well known as a mathematician and astro- nomer, the town stands in lat. 51° 41' 42" north long. 6' 15" east, at an elevation of 389 feet above the level of the sea. The mean annual temperature is 50|°, the mean of January 36°, of February 39°, of March 43°, of April 49°, of May 56°, of June 61°, of July 64°, of August 64°, of September 60°, of October 51°, of November 46°, of December 39°. The mean annual fall of rain is 26.77 inches. The soil of the adjoining country is generally a stiff cold clay, occasionally becoming more or less gravelly. Its surface consists of gently undulating hills, whose summits rise about one hundred, or rather more, feet, above the in- tervening valleys — but this is more especially the case on the eastern side of the road to London — and it is almost solely to this part that my remarks in this paper will apply. The eastern half of a circle, whose radius is about four miles, and whose centre is situated about a quarter of a mile to the west of the town, includes the place in which nearly all the insects mentioned in this paper have been taken, with one or two exceptions, by my brother, Mr. H. Doubleday, and myself. As there are some parts of this limited district which I have not thoroughly examined, I have no doubt that further researches will enable me to add many more species, even to the list of Lepidoptera. Last season our own little garden afforded three species, which I had not before seen in this neighbourhood - — Miselia covipta, Hadena saponaria:, and Agrotis radio/a. 150 REMARKS ON THE The country in this semicircle is composed chiefly of pasture and wood-land, in about equal proportions — there is but little arable land ; no river flows through it, and we have no large pieces of water. But let us examine it in detail, beginning at the south-western extremity : — There, at High-Beech, the ranges of little hills which compose most of this semicircle, terminate and give place to the valley in which stands the town of Waltham Abbey, whose monks, in former times, possessed all the land in this part, and in whose church lies, or is said to lie, all that remains of the last of our Saxon kings. The soil of High-Beech is sandy, but only for a small space. A portion of the forest here consists of tall trees, chiefly beeches and oaks, but nearly all that part of it which lies to the south and south-west of the town, is little more than an assemblage of pollard hornbeams, whose, seeds are in winter a favourite food of the grosbeak, a bird by no means rare here. Intermixed with the hornbeams are a few pollard and some tall oaks, and many tall crab-trees, hollies, and white-thorns. In the two latter the grosbeak mostly builds. Gentle reader, were this the proper place, I could tell thee many a history of this and our other birds, although I am not professedly an ornithologist ; but as Sancho says, " Tal vez ay, que se busca una cosa, y se halla otra." And thus it has happened, that in my solitary walks after insects, I have often learned as much of birds as of them. But this is neither here nor there. We have few flowers of which insects are fond, in this, or indeed in any part of our woods, — the UmhellifercB in par- ticular are almost entirely wanting. There are a few rather rare, plants which occur here, as Campanula hederacea, Polygonum multijlora, Hypericum elocles, Veronica montana, &c. The Entomology of this part differs chiefly from that of the rest of our neighbourhood, in offering fewer both of species and individuals, but Polyommatus Argus, Melitacea Selene, and Hipparchia Galathea, are abundant here ; whilst in the woods to the east of the town the first never occurs, the second is very rare, although M. Euphrosyne abounds, and the third has nearly disappeared. I have also taken here Brachinus crepitans, Cychrus rostratus, Carahus catemdatus, Berosus cericeps, Panurgus nrsinus, Acrocera globula, and some other insects we do not take elsewhere within our district. To the east and south-east of the town are the woods ENTOMOLOGY OF EPPING. 151 belonging to M. C. Marsh, Esq. of Park-hall, to Sir J. Smyth, of Hill-hall, and the woods called Ongar Park-woods, the property of Capel Cure, Esq., of Blake-hall. Adjoining these woods is a small portion of forest, resembling the rest of our forest in the abundance of hornbeams, but having fewer beeches, and a good many birches. This has, as well as the other parts, many open boggy places, which of course have their peculiar insects. There are likewise a vast number of gravel- pits, especially old deserted ones ; these being mostly full of water are the resort of numerous aquatic insects, amongst which I may mention — PcBlohiiis Hermanni, Rantus pulverosus, R. notatus, R. exoletus, R. acjiles, R. adsper- sus, Liopterus ohlongus, Dytiscus circnviflexus, and many other of the Dytiscites, Berosus luiidus, glohosus, &c. About midsummer the rushes on their sides swarm with Noc- tuites, which come to suck the honey of their flowers. Amongst these I may mention — Mythimna grisea, Caradrina ambigua, C sepii, C, cubicularis, C. alsine, C. glareosa, Leucania comma, L. impura, and L. pallens, Bomhycia viminalis, and Acosmetia lineola. There also we take, Anax formosa, jEshna teretiuscula, Gomphus vulgatissimus, Cordulia cenea, Lihellula 4^-jnaculata and Agrion riibellum — the three last in profusion. Libellula prceuubila is also found in the adjoining fields. I have recently been told that the last-named insect is merely the female of L. ^-maculata, and such t believe is now the opinion of some entomologists. For my part, J. am far from being of this way of thinking. I am at a loss to discover how one male insect can be the female of another ; and we certainly do take males with all the markings of a true jjrtvmibila, although there is not one male to ten females. But let me state the case fully and fairly. About the end of May, — when, " Lod prados se visten flores Agules, blancas y rojas Los arboles verdes hojas Las aves nueva colores," — we see flying along the hedges, or over the flowery fields, certain Libelhdrv, which bear a great resemblance in their flight to L. depressa ? ; in fact, at a distance, they might be 152 REMARKS ON THE mistaken for that insect. They take wide circuits over the grass, or skim, sparrow-hawk like, along the hedges. On a more attentive examination, we find that they closely resemble in form L. 4-maculata, but are a far prettier insect, owing to the predominance of a sub-orange hue over their body and a large portion of their wings, the apex of which is mostly marked with a fuscescent patch, as is also the middle of the costa of the anterior wings ; but these marks are not constant. A few days later there comes forth a host of L. 4<-maculata over every pond and gravel-pit in this part. These never, or at least very rarely, leave their native ponds, but hover over them like a Kestril, from morn till dewy eve, when they go to sleep somewhere or other, but where I know not, as I never could find them so much as dozing. From their dull colour, and being clothed with a long pallid pubescence, they appear as they fly almost grey, whereas L. jjrcsnubila, the pubescence of which is shorter and more fulvous, appears as I have said before, just like a L. depressa 5 . The females, which are very rare, are a little yellower than the males. The wings of these never have the fuscescent marks. No stress can be laid on the disparity of sexes, because sometimes, if not always, the female of Cordulia cenea is extremely rare, equally so with that of L. 4<-maciilata. Last year I took above fifty Cordulice, without finding one female ; neither could I detect one amongst the hundreds which swarmed over these pits. The woods of which I was speaking prior to this digression, extend in length about three miles ; their breadth varies very ' much, being broken in upon by pieces of cultivated ground, which almost break them into distinct patches of wood. They are crossed in various directions by foot-paths and broad rides cut in direct lines through them. Eight of these meeting at a fir-tree, on the top of a small hill, have given it the title of the centre tree. On either side of these woods are other small ones, the property of Sir J. Smyth and Mr. Marsh. These woods are chiefly oak, with some birches and aspens, beneath which is dense and almost impenetrable underwood, of oak, hornbeam, hazel, birch, aspen, and Rhamnns frangida, the whole intermixed with sallows, brambles, and honey-suckles. Beneath, in the spring, the ground is covered with primroses, wood-anemones, and the wild hyacinth, and the air is perfumed ENTOMOLOGY OF EPPING. 153 with the delicious fragrance of the humble lily of the valley. But there are none of the umbelliferous plants, of which the JEgertites and Lepturiles are so fond. The underwood is cut in rotation when at about fifteen years growth, which of course affects the number of insects. But this is increased or di- minished by causes which seem to defy all our attempts at discovering them. Species vanish from spots where they have abounded, and we know not why : no change perceptible to us has taken place in any of the peculiarities of the spot, but its old inhabitants are gone. The hand of man cannot have exter- minated them, as it has the noblest tenants of our woods ; their countless numbers are not to be destroyed by him as the Acci- piircs have been. Have they fallen a prey to the tribes of insectivorous birds which abound here ? for this is truly, " A populous solitude of bees and birds, And fairy forms, and many coloured things." But they are not now more numerous than they formerly were. Perhaps they have fallen before foes more nearly of their own rank in creation, — enemies more of their own kind. It may be so; but we know too little of their history to be able to judge. We can easily conceive that those insects which prefer the tall undeiwood will not remain when that is cleared, neither will those which prefer the newly-cleared parts remain after these have grown up. But spots congenial to their habits are always close by ; yet we find insects which once abounded . becoming gradually more rare, or suddenly disappearing alto- gether. Until within the last four or five years, Rlnjnchites populi, Saperda popnhiea, Chrysomela rtifipes, C. decem- punctata, Campylis dispar, Telephoriis Alpinus, Pogonocerus nebulosus, Clythra 4<-maciilata, Melandria caraboides, Apo- derus Avellance, and Attelabus curcidionoides, were all far from rare. The six first were abundant in almost all parts of these woods, especially the lovely R. populi, of which a hun- dred might have been collected in a few hours from the young aspen shoots ; in fact, one stroke of my stick has brought eight or ten at once into my nets. But now this has totally vanished ; and the five others are so rare, one, two, or three years may pass over without their occurring. The other species men- tioned were never very common, but nov/ tliey are rare, though NO, II. VOL. III. X 154 REMARKS ON THE perhaps less so in a great degree than the other species which formerly abounded. Yet the woods, " The coverts of old trees, with trunks all hoar, And light leaves young as joy, stand where they stood." And they stand, as a whole, unaltered ; for though portions are every year doomed to the axe, yet others are constantly grow- ing up, and the woods have undergone these partial changes, perhaps, for centuries. Thus much as to the locality. I must now proceed to give a slight outline of our Entomology, — very slight truly in all classes, save Lepidoptera^- — but my time is too short to do more. In the Geodephagous Coleoptera, we have little to boast of; in fact, with the exception of Dromius sigma, which Mr. Waterhouse took here \diSi'w'\niev,a.n(}iAmsodactyluspcBciloides, I cannot mention one rare species. The following genera have not occurred here to my knowledge ; some of them, of course, could not be expected to occur; but I mention all undoubtedly British genera, to avoid ambiguity. Drypta Trimorplius Cheporus Odacantha Licinus Oodes Lebia Epomis Zabrus Lamprias Rembus Pangus Polisticlms Callistus Actephilus Tarus Odontonyx Stenolophus Scarltes Platyderus Masoreus Dyschirius Pogonus Epaphius I'alosoma Sogines Aepus Pelopliila Miscodera Lymnaeum Nebria Broscus Cillenum Panagaeus Pterostichus Blethisa Of Brachinus I never knew of but one specimen, and that was B. crepitans, being taken near us. Of Agonum, Har- palus, Sec. we have scarce any but the most common and widely-dispersed species, unless A. sex - punctatum be an exception. This splendid insect may now and then be found running in the open parts of the woods, especially where the underwood has been lately cut. In the Dytiscites, notwithstanding our want of streams and large pieces of water, we are better off, as there are only the genera Agabus, Hydaticus, Graphoderus, Leionotus, Cy- bister, and Orectochilus, which we do not possess ; and of the other genera we frequently take some of the more uncommon species. ENTOMOLOGY OF EPPING. 155 In the Rypophaga we want — Dryops Sphaerites Syucliita Georyssus Thyraalus Cicones Elmis Pria Ceryloii Enicocerus Phloiophilus Crypta Hydrous Byphyllus Bitoma Spercheus Triplax Lasioderma Tritoma Mycetophagus Paramecosoma Alexia Tetratoma Holoparamecuh Corylophus Ips Xylotrogus Sericoderus Nemosoma Tiresias Scaphidium Colydium The extreme rarity of Boleii, or, as they are commonly called, saps, on the trees about us, account for the absence of some genera; others cannot be expected to occur here ; and if any of the minute genera, whether honoured with a name of six syllables in length, or doomed to rest content with only two, really occur here, they have as yet escaped me. Of some genera, as Leiodes, Octhebius, Micropeplus, and Necrodes, we rarely find a specimen ; other genera and species, on the contrary, abound. Necrophorus humator and mortuorum, Oiceoptoma thoracica, many species of Catops and Nifidula, are in unusual abundance. Perhaps it may be worth my mentioning, that N. vespillo is here very scarce, whilst N. mortuorum is so common that I have taken dozens out of one decaying rook. In the Helocera, Trinodes, Limnichus, Synccdypla, Noso- dendron, Oomorphus, Simplocaria, Onthophilas, and Platy- soma, are those genera which do not occur here. Our soil and situation will account for the absence of most of these, as well as for the scarcity of the Byrrhi, of which we only take B. pilula and sericea : the former of these is not very common here. In the Lamellicornes we are a little deficient. Of the Lucaniies, Dorcus parallelipipedus, and Lucanus cervus, are the only species taken here, both very rarely ; the latter is, I am told, more common at Loughton. Of the other Lamelli- cornes, we have Typliaus, Geotrupes, Aphodius (numerous), Trox (sahidosus only, and that very rare), Serica (rare), Melolontha, Hoplia (rare), Cetonia aurata (rare). The other genera do not occur, neither do any of the Biiprestites in the next division. All the species of Elater, — as the genus now stands in Mr. Stephens's Nomenclature, — are strangers to us, (except E. hipustulatus). Also, 156 REMARKS ON THE Cerophytum Atopa Gibbium Eucnemis Drilus Lasioderma Sericus Lycus Dorcatonia Ectinus Knicopus Ochina Lepidotus Dolichosoma Choragus Drasterius Opilus Bostrichus Ludius Thanasimus Apate Selatosomus Clerus Dinoderus Cardiophorus Xiletinus Trypodendron Ctenotiychus Mezium Platypus Of the Rhyncophora I have so many hundred unexamined specimens, that I dare not venture to give a list of what I imagine that we do not possess. And the same may be said of the Bracheytra. Notwithstanding the abundance of wood in this part, the Longicornes are but Httle numerous ; we only take, Trogosita Mauritanica Prionus coriarius (rare) Cerambyx moschatus (rare) Pogonocerus hispidus (rare) nebulosus Saperda populnea Tetrops prseusta C'lytus niysticus Clytus arietis arcuatus (rare) Callidiuni violaceum (very rare) variabile aliii (rare) Obrium minutum Rhagium inquisitor Rhagium bifasciatum Toxotus meridianus Leptura elongata scutellata (rare) melanura lavis ruficornis Pacliyta livida From the above list it will be seen that we do not possess one-third of the British species of this division ; and that of these, seven are of rare occurrence here. A large portion of the Eupoda, and also of the Cyclica and Trimeri, belong to our locality ; but the finer species of the second group, as Chrysomela lamina, C. Banksii, C. fulyida, C. graminis, C. sanguinolenta, and others, which in some parts are common, are wanting here. Zeugophora subspinosa abounds on the young aspens in Park-hall woods ; Z.Jiavi- collis I have only once taken. The following genera do not occur here. Macroptea Auchenia Calomlcrus Cardiapus Dlbolia Mniophila Timarcha Eumolpus SphEErosoma Endomychus Lycoperdina Hispa Sarrotriuni HypophlEEus Stene Uloma Alphitobius Alphitophagus Of the Orthoptera I can say but little, except that we are deficient in the larger species ; and as to the Neuroptera, I Diaperis Orchesia Phaleria Mordella Bolitophagus Rhipiphorus Opatnim Ripididius Heliophilus Sitaris Pedinus Oncomera Phylan Nothus Crypticus Conopalpus Eryx Lymexylon Mycetocharus Meloe Clstela Cantharis AUecula Sytaris Phloiotrya Notoxus Dircaea Aderus Hjrpulus Xylophllus Abdera Euglenes Scraptia Eutheia Hallomenus ENTOMOLOGY OF EPPING. 157 must confess to a plentiful degree of ignorance as to names. Of Lihellulites we have most of the species at all common, as well as those I have mentioned above. I have only taken here Sialis lutariiis, and two only of the Perlites. In the Phryganites, Neuronia fusca and Phryganea grandis, which, I have been told, are considered rare, are both common here, €specially the former. The genera Cimbex, Clavellaria^ Amasis, Lophyrus, Messa, Melicerta, Tarpa, and Janus, I have not found here ; but of the other Tenthredinina, we have a fair proportion ; some not very common species occurring, as Zarcea fasciata, Hylotoma Anglica, H. ustulata, H. segmentaria, Schizo- cerus pallipes, Cladius difformis, C. Geoff royi, C. pallipes, Croesus septentrionalis, Selandria aim, Allantus microcepha- lus, &c. Of the genus Lyda we have only L. sylvatica, the larva of -which feeds in companies on the pear. Of Cephus we find only C. pygmceus. Of the fossorial Hymenoptera we have but ^ew species, but perhaps more than I am aware of, as I have not paid to these all the attention they deserve. Of the Apina, we have about, or rather more than half, the British species ; amongst which are Stelis aterrima, Heriades campanularum, Megachile circumcincta, and M. XaniJio- melcena, Ccslionys conica, Apathus rupestris, &c. Of the other Hymenoptera I can say nothing certain. Stylops Dalii I have taken here, as I have before mentioned. I now come to the Lepidoptera ; and of the species of this order which I have taken here I must give a full list, as far as the Platypterycidce, and to this I shall append some observations on certain species. Gonepteryx rhamni Colias electra Pontia brassicEe chariclea rapje metra napi Mancipium cardamines Leucophasia sinapis Melitaea Silene Euphrosyne Argynnis Adippe Paphia Vanessa C. album Polychloros uiticse lo Atalanta Cynthia cardui Apatura Iris Hipparchia iEgeria Megaera Hipparchia Galathea Tithonus Janira Hyperanthus Theda betulae W. album quercus rubi LycBcna Phlaeas Polyommatus Argiolus Alexis Argus Thymele alveolus Tages Pamphila linea sylvanus Ino statices Anthrocera trifolii filipendulse Smerinthus tilia; populi ocellatus Acherontia Atropos Sphinx convolvuli ligustri Deilephila galii Elpenor Porcellus Macroglossum stellatarum Sesia bombyliformis fuciformis jEgeria ichneumoniformis culiciformis formiciformis tipuliforrais Hepialus bectus lupulinus hurauli sylvinus Zeuzera jEsculi Cossus ligniperda Pygsera bucephala Clostera reclusa Episema ca;ruleocephala 158 REMARKS ON THE ENTOMOLOGY OF EPPING. Cerura vinula Stauropus fagi Notodonta Ziczac Leiocampa dictaa dictseoides Lophopteryx carmelita canielina Ptilodontis palpina Ptilophora variegata Chaoiiia Dodonea Petasia Cassinea Saturnia earpini Lasiocanipa rubi roboris Trichiura crataegi Paecilocampa populi Eriogaster lancstris Lasioeampa neustria Odonestis potatoria Gastropacha quercifolia Psilura nionacha Dasycliira pudibuiida Demas coryli Orgyia antiqua Leucoma salicis Porthesia chrysorrhea aurillua Arctia caja Phragmatobia fuliginosa Spilosoma ineiitbrastri lubrieipeda Diaphora mendica Fumea imiscella Callimorpha Jacobfea miniata tithosia gilveola complana griseola Gnophria rubricoUis Setina eborina Triphaena orbona pronuba innuba fimbria iuterjecta Janthiua Ccrigo texta Lyta'a unibrosa Kusiua ferruginea Agrotis aequa suffusa segetum radiola exclamatioiiis hortorum Grapbipliora augur brunnea triangulum haja festiva punicea C. nigrum plecta Seniiophora gotbica Orthosia instabilis muuda sparsa stabilis cruda litiira pistacina lunosa ilavilinea niacilenta Upsilon Mythimna grisea conigera Grammesia trilinea bilinea Segetia xanthographa Caraedrina ambigua scpii cubicularis alsines glareosa Glxa vaccinii polita satellitia Amphipyra pyramidea Pyrophila tetra Naenia typica Xylina rhizoiitha putris Caloeampa exoleta Xylophasia lithoxylea polyodon rurea combusta Epomidion Hadena remissa Thalassina Genistae contigua plebeia Lithorhiza capsincola Saponarife Heliophobus popularis Mamestra furva pisi brassica; Chenopodii Persicaria Euplexia lucipara Hama basilinea testacea Apamea nictitans didyma oculea I. niger furca Miaiia literosa strigilis ^Ethiops humeralis terminalis fasciuncula Misclia Oxyacantlia; Aprilina compta Polia advenal bimaculosa herbida flavocincta dysodea seladonia Apatela aceris Acronycta megacepliala ligustri Psi tridens rumicis Hryophila perla Thyatira derasa batis Scoliopteryx libatrix Ceropacha duplaris diluta flaviconiis ridens Telliea subtusa retusa Bombycia viminalis Cosmia aftinis trapetzina Xanthia gilvago flavago Nnnagria Typhae Leucania comma inipuia Leucania pallens Phlogophora meticulosa CucuUia verbasci umbraticae lactucae Eremobia ocliroleuca Abrostola triplasia UrticcB Plusia Iota percontationis Gamma chrysitis Anarta heliaca Erastria fuscula Phytonietra a^nea Acosmetia arcuosa lineola Mormo maura Catocala nupta sponsa Brepha Partheiiias notha Euclidia mi glyphica Fidoiiia atomaria Anisopteryx leucopha-aria cBscularia Hibcrnia capreolaria prosapiaria defoliaria Phigalia pilosaria Nyssia hispidaria Biston prodromarius betularius Himera pennaria Crocallis elinguaria Odontopera bidentata Geometra alniaria quercinaria illunaria Juliaria lunaria illustraria Pericallia syringaria Angerona prunaria Rumia crataegata Ourapteryx samljucaria Campsea margaritaria Hipparchus papilionarius Hemithea vernaria cythisaria Cleora bajularia lichenaria Alcis repandaria destrigaria rhomboidaria Hemerophila abruptaria Boarmia abietaria tetragonaria crepuscularia consonaria extersaria punctularia Halia vauaria Numeria pulveraria Cabera pusaria exanthemata Ephyra omicronaria pendularia orbicularia porata punctaria trilinearia Bradyepetes amataria Epione apiciaria Eurymene dolabraria Phasiane plumbaria Larentia cervinata cheiiopodiata multistrigaria OBSERVATIONS ON THE BRITISH CYNIPITES. 159 Cidaria munitata unideiitaria ferrugata miaria niontanata fluctuata propugnata Harpalyee fulvata oceUata subtristata sylvaticata biangulata silaceata corylata Polyphasia immanata marmorata comma-notata centum-notata perfuscata Steganolophia prunata Lampropteryx suffumata badiata Anticlea rubidata derivata Electra spinachiata testata pyraliata Aoaitis plagiata Abraxas gi'ossulariata Melanippe hastata Xerene procellata adustata rubiginata Euthalia miata elutata Lozogramma petraria Scotosia rhamiiata betulata Triphosa cervinata dubitata Camptogramma bilineata Eucosmia undulata Chesias spartiata Oporabia dilutata Cheimatobia brumata nipicapraria Lobophora polycommata viretata hexapterata Eupithecia rectangulata V. ata absinthiata minutata marmorata simpliciata And some other species, of the names of which 1 am not quite certain. To be cont'mued. Minoa chaerophyllata euphorbiata Bapta punctata Emmelesia decolorata turbaria albulata candidata luteata Strenia clathrata Venilia maculata Ptycliopoda dilutaria Acidalia osseata virgularia aversata remutata subsericeata lactata floslactata Psecilophasia marginata Chlorissa thyniiaria putataria Timandra imitaria Ania emarginata Ennomos flexula Drepana falcataria liamula imguicula Art. XV. — Observations on the British Cynipites. By Francis Walker. The Cynipites, like other tribes of insects, have some cha- racters which are nearly constant, and some which vary much. Among the former, are the head, the joints of the antennae, and the nervures of the wings ; among the latter, the habits and economy, the thorax, and, still more, the abdomen. The greatest variation is between Anacharis and Ibalia. The whole tribe were formerly called gall-flies, and it was supposed that they laid their eggs in plants, which their grubs caused to swell around them, and to form excrescences, or galls. It may be inferred, from the recent discoveries of Entomo- logists, that only a very small portion of the British species live thus ; the rest are parasitic upon other insects. The external characters are sometimes very similar, although the economy is different; e.g. the species of the 10th and 23d groups in the following arrangement, move slowly, counterfeit death when touched, have the abdomen compressed, and the fore- wings very long and broad. Cynips aptera lives under ground, forms galls on roots, and is infested by Callimome rohoris ; 160 OBSERVATIONS ON THE C megaplera inhabits round berry-like galls on the trunks of trees ; C. rosce forms the mossy galls met with on rose-bushes ; and the oak-apples are produced by a fourth species. I am indebted to Mr. Haliday for much valuable information of the structure and economy of these insects, of which there are more than one hundred British species. I. — (Anacharis, Dalman,) Ent. Mag. Vol. IT. p. 518. II. — (^gilips, Haliday.) Corpus mediocre, compactum, con- vexum, atrum, laeve, nitens, parce at breviter hirtum : caput transversum, subquadratum, thorace paullo latins, laevissimura, , nitidissimum : mandibulae mediocres, quadratae, subarcuatse, den tibis magnis acutis 3 armatse : maxillae longae, graciles, subar cuatae ; lacinia? acuminatse, intus lobatae ; palpi 4 - artirulati, , graciles, longitudine mediocri ; articuli 1"^ et 2"^ mediocres I lineares subaequales, 3"^ longicyathiformis intus apice angulatua ( 2". paullo brevior, 4^^ fusiformis fere linearis 3°. longior et : gracilior : labium longum, angustum, lanceolatum ; palpiger : furcatus ; ligula brevis, lata, ciliata ; palpi 3-articulati, breves, , clavati; articuli 1"^ et2"^ graciles, lineares, hie brevissimus ; 3*^*. angusti-ovatus, 1". longior et crassior : antennae articulis mari 14, fern. 13, filiformes, corpore paullo longiores, breviter pubescentes; articuli P^. et 2"^. nitidi, hie subrotundus parvus, ille fusiformis validus ; sequentes ad postremo proximum subfiliformes, basi et apice paullo angustiores, longitudine gradatim decrescentes ; ultimus acuminatus, praecedente longior et gracilior : thorax ovatus, altus, postice angustior, supra transverse scitissime unda- tus : prothorax supra brevissimus vix conspicuus : mesothorax i maximus ; parapsidum suturae bene determinatae, punctataa, postice mutuo accedentes ; paraptera et epimera conspicua ; scu- tellum extans, plus minusve exsculptum, parum nitens, apice : abrupte declive, dum supra conspicitur ovatum, turn a latere i angulum subacutum fingens : metathorax mediocris, scaber, obscurus, declivis : petiolus brevis, gracilis, teres, glaber, parum nitens, scite impressus et sulcatus, metathorace infimo insertus: abdomen ovatum, glabrum, thorace angustius et plerunque paullo . brevius, non compressum nee acuminatum ; segmenta 6 trans- versa recta supra conspicua, basale maximum, sequentia ad apicale gradatim decrescentia ; segmenta ventralia laming angusta oc- culta ; oviductus minutus, reconditus : pedes graciles, simplices, recti, brevissime pubescentes ; tibiae apice bispinosae ; protibiae i spina unica longa valida curva armatae ; tarsi articulis P. ad 4"' longitudine decrescentibus, 5"^. 4°. longior ; ungues et pulvilli I BRITISH CYNIPITES. 161 parri ; protarsi articulo 1°. subtus inciso : alae mediocres, brevis- sime pubescentes ; proalae nervus longitudinalis alae basi emergens, sub costam spatio excurrens, dein abrupte flexus illam attingens et alas apicem accedens ; transversus basalis longitudinali subcos- tal! decedens, in alae discum recte declivis et desinens ; transversus medius longitudinali ad angulum progreditur, in alae discum excurrit ubi extimo transverse recurrente jungitur et conficitur : nervus quoque spurius saepe manifestus alse basi emergens ad nervi transversi basalis apicem furcillatus, furcae alas apicem attingentes, una ad nervorum medii et extimi concursum angulum fingens, altera quoque angulum fingens margini postico acce- dentem: metalae nervo unico subcostali simplici. Fern, antennae paullo breviores articulo ultimo praecedentis latitudine non acuminatus. Sect. I. corpore breviore antennis crassioribus petiolo brevissimo sulcato aliterque distinguendae, sestivae s. autumnales, quercetis tiliisque apricis frequentes. Ex. Anacharis rufipes, Westwood ; A. fumipennis, Westnood ; Cynips nitidula, Dalman. III. — Sect. II. similis : antennae extrorsum crassiores ; articuli 9°. ad 12"™. praecedentibus manifeste latiores ; ultimus adhuc latior, ovatus : mesothoracis scutellum summo apice productum acumi- natum, inde ad infimum basin retractum, ideoque angulum acutum fingens ; alae longae. — Species unica Scotise incola. IV. — (Melanips, Haliday.) Corpus mediocre, compactum, altum, atrum, nitens, breviter hirtum : caput transversum, subquadratum, laeve, thoracis vix latitudine, postice sulcis transversis rugosum : oculi mediocres, laterales, globosi : ocelli in triangulo supra verticem positi, spatium circumstantes elevatum ; medius paullu- lum ante laterales prostans : antennae articulis mari 14, /em. 13, filiformes, corporis longitudine aut paullo breviores, breviter pubescentes ; articuli 1"^ et 2"^ nitidi, hie subrotundus parvus, ille fusiformis validus ; 3*^^ subtus concavus ; sequentes ad postremo proximum subfiliformes, basi et apice paullo angustiores, longitudine gradatim increscentes ; ultimus acuminatus, praece- dente paullo longior : thorax ovatus, altus, fere laevis, rarius scitissime et confertim punctatum obscurum : prothorax supra brevissimus utrinque latior : mesothorax maximus ; scutum medio ad apicem trisulcatum ; parapsidum suturae bene deter- minatae, punctatae, postice mutuo accedentes ; paraptera et epi- mera magna ; scutellum extans, exsculptum, obscurum, basi NO. II. VOL. III. Y 162 OBSERVATIONS ON THE nonnunquam bifoveolatum, postice abrupte declive, dum supra ( conspicitur brevi ovatura, turn a latere angulum rectum minus i determinatum quam Sect. I. fingens : metathorax mediocris, scaber, obscurus, declivis, utrinque hirtus : petiolus crassus, bre- vissimus, vix conspicuus, punctatus, parum nitens : abdomen ( longiovatum, non acuminatum, altius quam latum, thorace angus- tius et brevius, laeve, nitidissimum, glabrum, nonnumquam oculo arinato scitissime punctatum ; segmenta 1*^™. et 2"™. maxima, subfequalia, fere dorsum omne occupantia, ilium basi utrinque hirtum ; sequentia brevissima, vix conspicua : oviductus longus, rectus : pedes ut 1°. at crassiores : alae mediocres, brevissime pubescentes ; nervi genuini ut Sectione P. : nervi transversi i medius et extimus angulum fingentes obtusiorem ideoque cum i nervo longitudinali spatium includentes longius : nervi spurii plerunque bene determinati rarissime omnino obliterati, ad ner- vorum medii et extimi concursum spatium includentes trian- gulare : metalae nervo unico subcostali ramulum rejiciente abbreviatum. Fern. — Mari similis : antennae breviores : abdomen altius, apice acutius ; segmenta subtus expassa. Parasitae, levipedes. V. — Sect. IV. similis : mari antennae corpore longiores, articulis 4°. ad IS^'". longitudine aequalibus : fern, antennae extrorsum crassiores corpore breviores; articuli 4°. ad 12"™. longitudine S aequales: scutellum scaberrimum, basi utrinque foveolatum. VI. — (Onychia, Haliday.) — Sect. IV. alRnis : antennae mari 14- i articulatae corporis longitudine, fern. 13-articulatse paullo bre- viores : thorax obscurus, scaber ; scutellum sulcatum, productum, acuminatum : petiolus brevis, gracilis : abdomen laeve, nitidum ; segmentum 1"™. reliqua omnino obtegens : alae mediocres; nervi spurii fere obsoleti. Species unica, Evania ediogaster, Rossi. VII. — Sect. II. similis : caput thorace angustius : mart antenna subsetaceae, corpore multo longiores; articuli 4°. ad 12"™. longi- tudine increscentes ; 13>^^ 12>. vix longitudine; 14"^. paullo longior : thorax longiovatus, convexus : mesothorax laevissimus, nitidissimus ; scutum medio apice impressum, parapsidum suturae postice profundiores ; scutellum non extans, basi utrinque fove- olatum, apicer leniter declive non angulatum : petiolus quasi bipartitus : abdomen longiovatum ; segmenta 1"™. et 2"™. maxima, subaequalia ; sequentia brevissima : alae quam Sect. I. . ampliores ; nervi liaud aliter Sect. IV. BRITISH CYNIPITES. 163 VIII. — (Figites, Latreille.) Caput scabrum, parum nitens : man- dibulas quadratas, subarcuatae, dentibus una 2 obtusis altera 3 acutis armatas : maxillae longse, graciles, subarcuatag ; laciniae acuminatas, intus lobatas ; palpi 4-articulati, graciles, extrorsum crassiores, articulus 1"^. brevis, 2^^ et 3^^ longiores, 4"^ adhuc longior, fusiformis : labium longum, obconicum ; palpiger fur- catus ; ligula brevis, lata, ciliata ; palpi 3-articulati breves, arti- culus 1"^. mediocris, 2"^ multo brevior, 3*^^ fusiformis setosus 1°. longior : mart antennae subsetaceas, corpore paullo longiores ; articuli 4°. ad 14"™. longitudine increscentes : fe7n. antennas subclavatae moniliformes, corpore breviores ; articuli 4°. ad 12""^. ovati longitudine decrescentes, latitudine crescentes, 13"^. 12°. multo latior et fere duplo longior: prothorax punc- tatus : mesothoracis scutum laeve, medio apice impressum, parapsidum suturae postice profundiores ; scutellum extans, scaberrimum, basi utrinque profunde excavatum, ante apicem transverse impressum, postice angulum rectum fingens : me- tathorax utrinque projectus : petiolus brevis, crassus, quasi bipartitus, profunde sulcatus, parum nitens : abdominis segmen- tum I"'", mediocre, basi nonnunquam sulcatum, utrinque basin versus abrupte retractum ; 2"™. maximum ; reliqua minima : alarum nervi transversi extimus et medius tenues, angulum acu- tiorem fingentes spatium ideoque eum nervo longitudinali brevius quam Sect. III. includentes ; nervi spurii triangulum ad nervo- rum medii et extimi concursum fingentes, saepissime obsoleti. Parasitae. IX. — Corpus mediocre, compactum, convexum, atrum, nitens, laeve, breviter et parce hirtum : caput thorace angustius, postice subtilissime punctatum : oculi et ocelli ut Sectione I. : antennas 14-articulatae, clavatae, graciles, corpore paullo breviores, breviter pubescentes ; articuli l"^ et 2"^ crassi, hie breviovatus, ille longicyathiformis ; 3^^. et sequentes ad 13"™. longitudine et latitudine crescentes ; 14"^ ovatus, 13°. latior et duplo longior: thorax ovatus, subtilissime punctatus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothorax maximus, scuti parapsidum suturae conspicuae, postice mutuo accedentes ; scutellum non extans, basi impressum, apice leniter declive non angulatum : metathorax mediocris, quadratus, abrupte declivis : petiolus brevissimus, obscurus, punctatus : abdomen longiovatum, Isevissimum, nitidissimum, glabrum, thorace paullo longius et angustius ; segmentum 1"'". mediocre, pilis albis basi utrinque dense hirtum ; 2"™. maximum ; reliqua minima : pedes gracillimi ; tarsi longi : alae amplae, dense 164 OBSERVATIONS ON THE pubescentes ; nervi genuini costse medium vix attingentes ; nervus transversus medius nervi 1". ex quo costam attingit ad nervum transversum extimum longitudine ; nervi spurii bene determinati, ad nervorum extimi et medii concursum simplices : metalas nerve unico subcostali, ramulum rejiciente brevem. X. — (Eucoila, Westwood.) Corpus breve, altum, nitens, laeve, fere glabrura : caput subquadratum, parvum, breve, thorace angustius: oculi et ocelli ut Sectione I. : mandibulae quadratae, subarcuatae, dentibus una 2 obtusis, altera 3 acutis armatse : maxillae longse, angustae, intus rectse, extus convexse ; laciniie acuminatse, intus lobatse ; palpi 4-articulati, graciles, apice crassiores, articulus 1^^ longissime cyathiformis, 2"^. dimidio brevior apice crassior, 3US. gracillimus 1°. longior, 4"^. fusiformis 3°. brevior sed multo latior : labium longum, angustum, postice acuminatum ; palpiger furcatus ; ligula brevis, latissima, ciliata, postice angustior ; palpi 3-articulati, crassi, breves, articulus 1^. longus apice latior, 2"'. brevissimus, 3"*. mediocris longiovatus : mari antennae articulis 15, setaceas, corpore dimidio aut duplo longiores, brevissime pubescentes ; articuli 1"^ et 2"^. nitidi, hie subrotundus, ille cyathiformis validus ; sequentes ad 14"™. longi, filiformes, paul- latim longitudine increscentes latitudine decrescentes ; 15"^. 14°. paullo brevior aut longior : fern, antennae articulis 13, subclavatae, corporis dimidio paullo longiores, breviter hirtse ; articulus 3"*. longus, subfiliformis ; 4"^ et sequentes ad 13"™. ovati, lon- gitudine et latitudine paullatim crescentes : thorax ovatus : prothorax supra brevissimus, utrinque latior, antice hirtus : meso- thorax maximus ; scutum latissimum, non sulcatum ; parapsides in unum confusae ; scutellum extans, scabrum, obscurum, basi utrinque foveolatum, medio quasi catilliferum, postice subpro- ductum pilis nonnullis rigidis hirtum : metathorax mediocris, declivis, parum nitens, utrinque pilis albis hirtum : petiolus brevissimus, asgre discernendus : abdomen longiovatum, altum angustum, compressum, contractum, thoracis longitudine ; seg- mentum 1"™. maximum, reliqua omnino obtegens, basi pilis albis densissime hirtum, subtus aciem fingens ; oviductus longus, spiralis; pedes et Sectione I. : alas brevissime pubescentes, apice breviter ciliatae : proalse maximse : nervus longitudinalis ut Sectione I. ; nervi transversi medius et extimus longiores subundati ; nervi spurii saepe optime determinati ad genuinas aspirantes, ubi medii et extimi attingunt angulum simplices. Parasita?, tardipcdes. XI. — Mas et Fem. Sect. X. similis : antennae articulis 4". ad 14"™. BRITISH CYNIPITES. 165 longitudine decrescentibus ; mari 3"^. raaximus 4°. duplicate longior, fern, mediocris. Species unica. XII. — Mas et Fern. Sect. X. similis : fern, antennae clavatse : alse minores, ciliatae ; nervi transversi breviores recti ; nervi spurii obsoleti. XIII. — Fem. Sect. X. similis : antennae subclavats ; articuli .3°. ad 6*^™. latitudine subaequales, 7°. ad 13™\ multo latiores. XIV. — Fern. Sect. X. similis : antennae clavatae ; articuli filiformes, 3°. ad 7""". latitudine gequales, 8". ad 12*^^ latitudine crescentes ; 13'^^ 12°. latior et duplo longior. XV. — (Kleidotoma, JVestwood.) — Mas et Fem. Sect. X. similis : mari antennae submoniliformes ; articuli 4°. ad 13*^™. longiovati : fem. antennae clavatae ; articulus 2"^. longicyathiformis ; 3"^. et sequentes ad 10"™. brevissimi, subrotundi ; ll^^ 12^^. et 13"^. multo latiores: mandibuloe quadratee, subarcuatse, den- " tibus una 2 obtusis, altera 3 acutis armatse : maxillae longae, angustae, intus rectae, extus convexae ; lacinias acuminatae, intus lobatae ; palpi 4-articulati, graciles, extrorsum crassiores, articuli l^s. et 2"^. mediocres, 3*^*. longior et gracilior, 4"^ fusiformis latior : labium longum, angustum, postice acuminatum ; palpiger furcatus ; ligula brevis, lata, ciliata ; palpi breves, articulus 2"^, brevissimus : alae longius ciliatae ; nervi medium non attingentes. XVI. — Fem. Sect. X. similis : antennae clavatse ; articuli 3°. ad 9"^™. angusti, latitudine gradatim crescentes, longitudine sub- aequales; 10°. ad 13"™. multo latiores. XVII. — Fem. Sect. XIII. similis: articulus 11"^ 10". longior, 12"^ et 13"^. multo latiores. XVIII. — Fem. Sect. X. similis : antennae clavatae ; articuli 4°. ad 8"™. angusti, longitudine crescentes ; 9°. ad 13"™. multo lon- giores, longiovati, longitudine et latitudine crescentes. XIX. — Mas et Fem. Sect. VIII. similis: man antennae submoni- liformes ; articulus 4"^. 3°. multo longior et latior ; fem. articuli 3"^ et 4"^ longitudine aequales. XX. — Mas et Fem. Sect. XIII. similis : thorax et abdomen valde compressa : alae minimae vix ullae : mari antennae articulo 3". valde arcuato. 166 OBSERVATIONS ON THE Species unica (Figites subapterus, Ent. Mag. Vol. II. p. 117,) ad littora maris degit. XXI. — Fern. Sect. VIII. similis : antennae subclavatas, corporis lon- gitudine; articuli 1"^ et 2"^ cyathiformes, hie brevior et angus- tior; 3"^ longus, filiformis ; 4"^ brevior; sequentes ad IS""", longitudine subaequales, latitudine crescentes : alae brevissimae. XXII. — Fern. Sect. XXI. similis : proalae amplissimae : metalse angustae. XXIII. — (Cynips, Linne.) Mas et Fem. — Corpus breve, angus- tum, convexum, nonnunquam pube sericea tectum : caput parvum, breve, thorace angustius, subquadratum, scabrum, ob- scurum transversum : oculi et ocelli ut Sectione I. : mandibulae quadratse, tridentatae, subarcuatae ; dens externus longus acutus, 2"*. et 3"^. approximati, hie obtusus ille acutus : maxillae longae, angustae, fere rectas ; laciniae acuminatae, intus lobatae ; palpi 4 - articulati, breves, validi, extrorsum crassiores, arti- culus 1"^. longus apice latior, 2"*. et 3"^. pauUo breviores lineares, 4"^ fusiformis 3°. latior et multo longior apice obtu- sus : labium longum, obconicum, antice abrupte angustius ; palpiger furcatus ; ligula brevis, lata, ciliata ; palpi 3-articulati breves, validi, subclavati, articulus 1^^ longicyathiformis, 2"^ brevis, 3"^ fusiformis 1°. longior: mari antennae lo-articulatae, subsetaceae, corpore longiores ; articulus 1^^. cyathiformis cras- sus ; 2"^. subrotundus angustior : 3^^. longus, subtus incisus ; sequentes ad 15"™. longitudine decrescentes : /em. antennae 14- articulatae, filiformes aut extrorsum crassiores corporis longitudine aut paullo breviores; articulus 14"^. accuminatus, 13°. longior: thorax ovatus, altus, scaber, obscurus nonnunquam laevis ; pro- thorax brevissimus, supra vix conspicuus : mesothoracis scutum IsEve, nitens, saepe glabrum, parapsidum suturae bene determinatae, posticemutuo accedentes ; scutellum extans, breviovatum, subpro- ductum : metathorax brevis, abrupte declivis : petiolus gracilis, brevissimus, Isevis, nitens : abdomen ovatum, compressum, nitens, laeve, fere glabrum : segmentum 1"™. maximum ; reliqua brevis- sima : sexualia occulta : oviductus in spiram convolutus : pedes lit Sectione I. : alas amplissimae, nervus longitudinalis ubi nervo transverso medio jungitur quasi discerptus, ante costam attingit abruptus : nervus transversus extimus longissimus, versus alae apicem productus : medius brevis arcuatus : basalis ad radi- cem alae propensus : nervi spurii optime determinati genuinos fingentes, areolam triangulam ad nervorum extimi et medii BRITISH CYNIPITES. 167 concursum fingentes : metalae nervo unico subcostali ramulum rejiciente longum. Tardipedes, gallicolae, (Cynips megaptera, Panzer, &c.) XXIV. — Mas et Fern. Sect. XXI. similis : antennse moniliformes ; thorax angustus ; segmenta non bene deterrainata ; scutellum non extans nee productum : abdominis segmentum 1^"^. magnum ; sequentia breviora : alae nullae. Species unica (Cynips aptera, Fabricius) radicibus subterraneis gallicola. XXV. — Mas et Fern, Sect. XXI. similis : abdomen minus compres- sum : antennae moniliformes; mart lA-fem. 13-articulatae, 3"^. quasi tortus, subtus arcuatus, apice dilatatus : abdomen thorace brevius et angustius ; segmentum 1""". magnum reliqua breviora : alae mediocres ; nervus transversus extimus quam Sect. XXI. brevior. XXVI. — Mas et Fern. Corpus mediocre, convexum, subtilissime scabrum, parce hirtum : caput breve, subquadratum, thoracis latitudine : trophi minimi : mandibulae quadratae, bidentatse, fere rectse ; dentes acuti : maxillae longae, angustae, fere rectae ; lacinise acuminatae, intus lobatae ; palpi 3-articulati ?, breves, clavati, apice setosi ; articulus 1"^. longicyathiformis, 2"^. brevis, 3"^. longiovatus : labium angustum ; palpiger furcatus ; ligula brevis, lata, ciliata ; palpi 2-articulati ?, brevissimi ; articuli lati, subrotundi : raar't antennae IS-articulatae, filiformes, corporis lon- gitudine ; articulus 1"^ cyathiformis ; 2"^. subrotundus ; 3"^ longus, gracilis, teres; sequentes ad 15"™. curtantes : fern. antennae pauUo breviores, extrorsum crassiores ; articulus 14"^. 13°. major: thorax ovatus : prothorax supra vix conspicuus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae bene determinatse, postice mutuo accedentes fere occurrentes : scutellum extans, fere rotundum, postice declive : metathorax mediocris declivis : petiolus brevis- simus : abdomen ut Sect. XXIII. : alae mediocres ; nervi ut Sect. XXIII., extimus transversus brevior. Tardipedes, gallicolae (Cynips lenticularis, Olivier, &c.) XXVII. — Mas et Fern. Corpus mediocre, convexum, hirtum : caput subquadratum, thorace paullo latius, scite punctatum, postice angustius : mari antennae 15-articulatae, filiformes, corpore longiores ; articulus 1"*. brevicyathiformis ; 2"^. rotundus ; 3"^. longus, gracilis, linearis; sequentes ad 13""". curtantes; 14"\ 13°. paullo longior : fern, antennae 1 4-articulatae, paullo bre- viores : thorax ovatus : prothorax supra vix conspicuus : meso- thoracis scutum subtilissime squameum ; parapsidum suturae 168 OBSERVATIONS ON THE bene determinatae, postice mutuo accedentes ; scutellum brevi- ovatum, extans, scabrum, vix productum, postice declive : meta- thorax mediocris, declivis : petiolus brevissimus : abdomen ovatum, subcompressum, thorace brevius et angustius, supra glabrum, nitens ; segmentum P'". maximum, reliqua obtegens : alae amplae ; nervus extimus transversus quam Sect. XXIII. multo brevior. Cynips Rosse, Linn. gaUicola. XXVIII. — (Ibalia, Latreille). Corpus longum, gracile, pubescens, parum nitens : caput mediocre, thoracis latitudine, scabrum, sub- quadratum ; vertex inter ocellos parum elevatus : mandibulae subquadratae, una bidentata, altera tridentata, dentes breves, vix acuti : maxillae breves, latae, apice intus maxime lobatae : palpi 5-articulati, mediocres, apice crassiores ; articulus 2'^^. sat longus ; 5^^. adhuc longior et crassior, ovato-fusiformis : labium latum , obconicum ; ligula brevis, lata ; palpi 3-articulati, breves, crassi ; articulus 3"^. subfusiformis, pilosus, 1». et 2^. fere longi- tudine : antennae filiformes, graciles, corpore breviores ; mari articulis 15, 2^^ brevissimus, 3"^ intus apice dilatatus, 4*^^ et sequentes ad 15^^™. curtantes ; fern, articulis 13, 1"^. validus longicyathiformis, 2^^^, parvus subrotundus, 3"*. et sequentes ad 12""*. primo gradatim denique abrupte curtantes; 13"^ 12". pauUo longior : thorax fere cylindricus, transverse sulcatus : prothorax brevis : mesothoracis scutum per medium longe sul- catum ; parapsidum suturae bene determinatae, postice mutuo accedentes ; scutellum subquadratum, scabrum, supra planum, postice abrupte declive angulum rectum e latere visum fingens, apice utrinque breviter recurvum et acute productum : meta- thorax mediocris, declivis, apicem versus utrinque spinis duabus minutis obtusis armatus : petiolus brevissimus : abdomen valde compressum, cultratum, thorace multo longius, segmentis 6 supra conspicuis, mari subarcuatum segmentis subaequalibus ; fern. segmenta I"™. 2"^. gt 3"™. subsequalia ; 4«™. paullo longius; 5™\ magnum, fere ad abdominis apicem productum ; 6"'". me- diocre, apice rotundatum ; segmenta ventralia lamina occulta: oviductus supra abdomen recurvum : pro- et mesopedes medio- cres : metapedes longi, validi ; coxae magnae ; tarsi articulo 1 ". reliquis una multo longiore : alae angustse ; proalae nervus 1"^ basi emergens, ad costam proxime excurrens, dein illam attingens et ad alae apicem accedens ; transversus basalis 1°. subcostali decedens, in alae discum incurve declivis et desinens ; trans- versus medius brevissimus, 1«.; angulo progreditur, transverse PARISinC HYMENOPTERA. 169 extimo longissimo ad costam valde proximo mox jungitur et conficitur : nervi 2 ad cellulam minutam sub nervorum medii et extimi concursum, unus e augulo postico alae apicem attingens, alter ad angulum internum nervi basalis medio jungitur et cellu- lam majorem perficit ; nervus quoque 2^^ excurrens 1^ basi emer- gens, per marginem posticum progreditur, medio flexus et ramulum brevem postice emittens, apice furcatus ; nervus denique per marginem posticum spurius : metalae nervus longus costam per- currens ; nervus quoque spurius 1'. basi emergens, spatio excur- rens, ramulum brevem postice emittens, denuo in 1^™. rediens. XXIX. — Corpus breve, altum, compactum, fere glabrum : caput thorace pauUo latius : vertex inter ocellos parum elevatus : mari antennae 14-articulatae, filiformes, corpore paullo longiores ; arti- culus 1"^. brevi-cyathiformis ; 2^^. subrotundus ; 3"^ longus, subtus parum incisus ; sequentes ad 13"™. minime curtantes ; M'*^. 13". paullo longior: fern, antennas 1 3-articulatas, extrorsum crassiores, corpore paullo breviores ; articuli 3". ad 12^™. cur- 'tantes ; 13^^ 12°. plus duplo longior: thorax breviovatus, lasvis, nitens : prothorax mediocris : mesothoracis parapsidum suturse conspicuse, postice mutuo accedentes ; scutellum subrotundum, scabrum, vix extans, subproductum, postice declive : metathorax mediocris, declivis : petiolus brevissimus, crassus, sulcatus : abdo- men ovatum, altum, contractum, nitens, Iseve, thorace brevius et angustius ; mari segmenta 1"™. et i5™\ maxima ; reliqua occulta ; fern, segmentum 1"™. sequentia omnia obtegens : pedes breves, validi : alae mediocres ; nervus 1^^. costam spatio ante exitum percurrens ; extimus sat longus ; medius rectus, ad alae apicem proclivis ; nervi spurii bene determinati, areolam includentes • triangulam. XXX. — Praecedentis structura : mandibulae quadratae, subarcuatse, una tri-, altera bidentata ; denies acuti : maxillae longae, angustae ; laciniae acuminatae, lobatae ; palpi 4-articulati, breves, extrorsum crassiores, articuli 1"^. et 2"«. mediocres, 3"'. brevior, 4"^. fusi- formis 1°. longior : labium longum, perangustum ; palpiger furcatus ; ligula brevis, lata, ciliata ; palpi 3-articulati, breves, validi, articulus 1"*. longi-cyathiformis, 2"^ brevissimus, 3"^*. ovatus 1^ longitudine : antennae mari articulis 14, 3'^*. maximus, 14"s. 13°. paullo longior; fern, articulis 13, 11°. ad 13""». saepe approximatis quasi clavam fingentibus : thorax scaber, obscurus : mesothoracis parapsides suturis vix conspicuis aut quod alae extinctae scuto in unum confusae, scutellum extans : abdomen nitens, laeve : alarum nervi saepe vix conspicui. Gallicolae, plerumque minutae. NO. II. VOL. III. X, 170 REMARKS SUGGESTED BY A POSTSCRIPT TO THE XXXI. — (Allotria, Westwood.) — Sect. XXIX. similis : mesotho- racis parapsidum suturse et alarum nervi spurii omnino obsoleta : palpi maxillares 4-, labiales 3-articulati : antennae mari 14-, /em. 13-articulat8e filiform es : mesothoracis scutum laevissimum gla- brum, scutellum convexum rotundatum : abdomen subcompressum fere globosum. Levipedes, parvae saepe minimse, nonnunquam apterse, Aphidum corpora parasitice incolentes. Art. XVI. — Remarks suggested by a Postscript to the Fifth Volume of Stephens s " Mandibuluta ^ By the Rev. G. T. RuDD. TO THE EDITOR OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE. Sir, — In a Postscript to his fifth volume of Mandibulata, Mr. Stephens adverts to a comparison which he fancies is made in your second volume, p. 516, "between the elaborate researches of Kirby andGyllenhal," and certain genera described in his Illustrations. From the sensitive manner in which he notices the remarks in the article he refers to, it is, I am sorry to say, too evident he considers them made in a spirit unfriendly to his work. I beg leave to disclaim any such feel- ing; but I assert my undoubted right of forming and express- ing an opinion on the manner in which Mr. Stephens, or any other author, executes the task he undertakes for the instruc- tion of those who may purchase or study his publication. In the article in question, I state, " whoever sits down to inves- tigate and make out individuals of a genus, in which the described species are numerous, will soon discover the unsa- tisfactory progress he can attain, the uncertainty in which he remains, after the most careful study of his author, as to the specific types to which his several specimens are to be refer- red ;" and in a note, " the genera Harpaltis, Amara, Cercyon, Aleochara, &c. of the Illustrations," are cited as cases in point. AVithout any hesitation, I repeat, that whoever sits down " to make out" a species of any one of the genera here enumerated, unless it be a very strongly marked one, will, after the most careful study of the " Illustrations," remain uncertain as to what particular species it is to be referred ; but that if the same person turn to Gyllenhal's work, or to Kirby's Mon. Ap. Ang., to ascertain an insect in the orders or family treated on FIFTH VOLUME OF STEPHENs's MANDIBULATA. 171 by them, he will rise satisfied that he has identified his species, or at least, that it is not described in their pages. Mr. Stephens says, I have been " regardless " of a note appended to the genus Amara in his Illustrations. I assure him I was fully aware of that note, which, as I understood, and do still understand it, has no reference io the difficulty of expressing with distinctness specific differences, but of ascertaining the number, and nomenclature, and location, of British insects generally, and of the species of Amara in particular. The accuracy and precision of Gyllenhal's descriptions seem fully admitted by Mr. Stephens, though accounted for by the length of time that admirable author took to mature them. In reference to Kirby's unequalled performance, Mr. Stephens says, " Although all his typical species may be ascertained according to the remarks in the paper referred to, it is stated by Mr. Shuckard, one of our best hymenopterologists, in Vol. III. p. 92, of the same publication, that he cannot ascertain above fifty species of Andrena and Nomada thereby." Now, "in the paper referred to," no such words as "all his typical species may be ascertained," nor any like them, as quoted by Mr. Stephens, occur ! ! ! ! From what motive Mr. Stephens has allowed himself to attribute to me words, and an assertion certainly not employed or made by me, is best known to himself. He has taken the trouble, too, of giving additional emphasis to the passage, by printing all in italics ! ! ! ! My friend Mr. Shuckard's^ testimony is of the highest value ; and if he distinctly (for I do not understand his remark in Vol. III., p. 92, exactly as Mr. Stephens interprets it,) aflirms that, from want of precision in the specific characters given by Kirby, he is unable to ascertain above fifty species of Andrena and Nomada, then I will readily allow the Monog. Apum Angliae is much more imperfectly executed than ento- mologists generally imagine. Mr. Stephens, with the view, I " In June of last year, during a collecting excursion to Hampstead, where, by the way, I captured Astata boops, Hedychrun roseum, Metlwca ichneiimonides, and several other reputed rare insects, Mr. Shuckard expressed his high admiration of Kirby's accuracy ; and I well remember he said he was quite satisfied, that if any one possessed an insect described in the Monog. Ap. Anglise, he would be able to determine it most satisfactorily. See also Mr. Shuckard's higl) encomium of the Monog. Ap. Anglise, in his paper on the Aculeate Hymen- oplein, published in the first part of the Transactions of the Entomological Society, for 1835. 172 SOME OBSERVAIIONS ON THE suppose, of showing that " the comparison " was invidious, enters into a statement of the periods occupied by Kirby and Gyllenhal, in preparing their respective works. It seems our celebrated countryman " devoted two or three years of his undivided attention to the small group of 212 insects," and with a result so imperfect, that out of the 100 species oi Andrena and Noynada, described by him, "one of the best hymenop- terologists of the present time cannot ascertain above fifty species, — i. e. exactly one half. Now if such be the extreme difficulty of conveying, in definite and intelligible terms, the characters by which species may be distinguished, inter se, that two or three years of undivided attention to a small group of 212 insects, by even a Kirby, has failed; what prospect does Mr. Stephens offer to his subscribers, when he pledges himself to describe, during the next twenty months, the 4,800 species recorded in his Catalogue, and not yet given in the Illustrations; (when, too, he states explicitly in "the Post- script," he can only employ a few hours stolen from relaxation and repose each evening after the fatigues of the day,) to say nothing of the hosts of minute Hymenoptera not indicated even in the Catalogue, and the probable extensive additions that will be made to our Fauna Insectorum in the course of the current period ! ! ! I think I do not overrate the number of British insects already known to exist, and still undescribed in the Illustrations, at 6,000, which will give 300 a month for the exercise of Mr. Stephens's descriptive powers ! ! ! ! If Kirby 's Mon. Apum Anglise, after all his care, tact, and time, and with its limited extent of subject, still leaves the entomologist unable to ascertain above 50 out of 100 Andrena and Nomada, I am afraid Mr. Stephens affords just ground for apprehen- sion, that to describe 300 insects per month is a task more easily undertaken than well accomplished. However, " Nous verrons." Art. XVII. — Some Observations on the Structure and Functions of Tubular atid Cellular Polypi, and of Asci- dice. By Joseph Jackson Lister, Esq. F.R. S. {From the Philosophical Transactions, Part II. for 1834.) The science of Natural History is now advancing with a rapidity which, twenty years ago, her most enthusiastic TUBULAR AND CELLULAR POLYPI. 173 votaries, even in their wildest visions, could not have anti- cipated. The circulation of blood in insects, and also in torpid vertebrates; the metamorphosis of Crustacea, the mechanism of pulvilli, and the circularity of relation, are discoveries which, with many others, must mark the present as the brightest era that has hitherto dawned on Zoology. Among those whose active and powerful minds have contributed largely, though often secretly and anonymously, to the great mass of know- ledge now possessed, the author of the paper before us stands conspicuous. Mr. Lister is one of that rare class of men who prefer obscurity to notoriety, — who are ever more willing to allow others the merit of their discoveries than to claim it for themselves, — who instantly communicate to an inquirer the brilliant result of years' research, making no reservation as to its appropriation. This is the spirit that we desire to see ; we are certain that the true proprietor of scientific knowledge loses nothing by it. Often have we seen another parading, for a short time, in the borrowed plumage of philosophy, often christening some discovery with his own name ; but the deceit is never successful : no one thinks of Americus as the discoverer of America. The paper before us is one of extraordinary merit; whether we regard the remarkable nature of the facts, the perspicuous manner in which they are recorded, or the lasting influence which such a record must exercise over the whole science of Zoology, we do not hesitate in pronouncing it one of the most valuable the Philosophical Transactions have ever contained. We suppress a short introductory essay which we had prepared, of the state of our knowledge of the Acrita, previous to the publication of Mr. Lister's paper, because we consider it our duty to devote all possible space to original commu- nications ; and we shall, therefore, content ourselves with referring the reader to the splendid work of Savigny,*^ and confine ourselves to a simple notice of the essay before us. Mr. Lister's first observation is on the Tnhdaria indivisa. When magnified about one hundred times, a current of par- ticles was seen within the tube, resembling, in its steady continuous flow, the circulation observable in Chara.^ The ° -Meraoires sur les Aniinaux sans vertebres, par Jules-Cesar Savigny. — Partie Seconde. Paris, 1816. " A genus of plants. 174 SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE particles were various in size ; some very small, others appa- rently aggregations of smaller ones ; some were globular, but most were without a regular form of any kind ; they flowed at a uniform rate, in distinct currents, upwards and downwards, each current occupying half of the circumference. There were slight vortices in the current at certain nodous portions of the tube : no passage of particles was observed between the tube and the stomach. The action between the stomach and mouth was different from that in the tube. The mouth became swollen by a flow from the stomach, which continued about a minute ; the contents of the mouth then returned to the stomach, which expanded, — the mouth at the same time contracting, — during which operation the connecting orifice was seen distinctly to open, and it continued so on the return of the flow to the mouth, till the stomach became nearly emptied; the orifice then gradually closed ; and again re-open- ing, allowed the fluid to repass into the stomach : the intervals between each contraction of the orifice were very nearly eighty seconds. The second observation is on Sertularia pluma ; the spe- cimen examined contained 400 to 500 polypi. " All the polypi were connected together by a soft granulated matter, which extended throughout the interior of the branches, stem, and root. With a power of 300,*^ a current of particles, varying in size and form, was observed running along the axis of this soft matter. It flowed in one channel, alternately backwards and forwards, through the main stem and lateral branches of a plume, and through the root, as far as the opacity permitted its being traced : sometimes it was seen to continue into the cells. The stream was, throughout, in one direction at one time ; it might be compared to the running of sand in an hour-glass, and was sometimes so rapid in mid-tide, that the particles were hardly distinguishable ; but it became much slower when near the change. Sometimes it returned almost without a pause ; but at other times it was quiet for awhile, as the particles took a confused whirling motion for a few seconds, the current afterwards appearing to set the stronger for this suspension. The whirling, or starting motion, took place sometimes at one, sometimes at another part of the stem and branches during the intervals of the currents. Five ebbs and *^ Oliservcil also witli a invvir oi ICO. TUBULAR AND CELLULAR POLYPI. 175 five flows occupied fifteen minutes and a half, — the same average time being spent in the ebb as in the flow. The longest continued stream was two minutes and a quarter ; the longest suspension, half a minute. When the connexion of a plume with the root was interrupted by bending its stem, the stream running down the middle was observed to continue its flow up one of the lower and stronger lateral branches, and then to return down that branch, and up the main stem, — the course of the current in most of the other side branches being still the same as in the middle one. On a stem being cut off below the commencement of the side branches, a few seconds passed before any thing exuded from the stump. A small stream of particles then issued, followed by a flow of viscous matter ; this stopped awhile, then went on again, but ceased altogether in about five minutes. It hung like honey about the end ; and on its gradually clearing away, the wound appeared healed. The alternate currents in the axis of the soft matter were seen in all the Sertularics that were examined, and appear to be an essential character of this family." Sertularia setacea. " From its transparency, and the smaller number of its moving particles, their individual qui- vering motions, and the course of its currents, were more conspicuous than in the former species. The stream some- times extended only to the pulp below the septum, and some- times mounted into the stomach; and in whichever part it terminated, agitation took place there on the ceasing of the upward flow. The soft part within the branches, which adhered generally to one side of the tube, had the look of a slimy matter, inclining to granular, and held together by greater tenacity at its outside. Nothing like muscular motion was seen in the pulp of this or any other species. As a little globular animalcule was driving rapidly past one of the expanded polypi, it instantaneously seized it, and brought it to its mouth by contracting its arms. They gradually opened again, except one, that remained awhile doubled with its end on the animalcule. The mouth, indistinctly, seemed filled with hairs or tentacula, that closed over the prey ; and after a few seconds, it was carried slowly down, in the manner of the Actinice, the mouth contracting and the neck enlarging into the stomach : here it was uncertainly seen, and soon dis- appeared. Agitation of particles in the stomach followed the 176 NOTES ON VARIOUS INSECTS. swallowing, and then the currents between the stomach and: the branch went on again as usual." Mr. Lister concludes, from his various observations of the Sertularics, that the circulating fluid is the great agent in absorption, and that it performs a prominent part in the obscure processes of growth. In this we fully agree, as these properties are indisputably possessed by the blood of verte- brated animals; but its flowing into the stomach of the polypus seems altogether an anomalous fact, and exceedingly difficult to account for. Our author suggests whether this fact does not indicate that the circulating fluid is also a solvent of the food. There are five plates accompanying this paper, engraved by Basire, from the author's drawings ; and we wish to call the attention of naturalists to them, as perfect models of accuracy and neatness. Art. XVIII. — Notes on various Insects. By Jonicus. Sir,— As a military man, whose profession is his first, and entomology a second pursuit, I feel diffident in publishing any of my observations on this, to me, most fascinating branch of Natural History ; believing from the present advanced state of the science, that such facts as a young and self-taught entomologist conceives new, may be merely details of well- authenticated truisms to his more experienced readers. Should you consider the following worth inserting amongst the varieties of your excellent publication, 1 trust they will make due allowance for my having regarded natural habits with deeper interest than scientific arrangement. 1. Filaria. — On the I8th of April last, finding to my surprise that a female specimen of Zabrus gibbus, which I had placed, with several other beetles, three hours before, in solution of spirits of wine, was not completely deprived of motion when taken out, I again submerged it in the spirits, and returned in about an hour. I then observed what appeared to be a black intestine protruding from the anus of the Zabrus about an inch ; and on more closely examining it, observed that it was an animated worm. Gently extracting it, I freed the beetle from two of these parasites— the second white and NOTES ON VARIOUS INSECTS. 177 entwined with the end of the former black worm, which folded with it in a knot. The beetle was dead : the two worms lived for a few minutes, shrivelled up and died. Each was nearly five inches long, the black more firm in texture than the white, which I suppose had not arrived at maturity. It exactly resembled Gordius Aquaticus, and were it not for the acknow- ledged resemblance of some of the Filaria to the Gordii, I should feel inclined to believe it that Annelide. This hap- pened at Fermoy, Ireland. 2. Scarites Icevigatus. — " Niger : tibiis anticis tridentatis, postice bidenticulatis : elytris oblongis, subdepressis, obsolete striato-punctatis, punctisque duobus posticis impressis." Common in Cephalonia from the 18th of April to the 20th of August. Found on sandy beeches, where the sand shrimps dwell. The latter, as every person must have observed, burrow in the sand like a dog, forming a perpendicular hole. About the 20th of April, 18,34, I watched one of the Scarites running on the sand, apparently in search of food. It ran into a shrimp hole, but finding it deserted, immediately came out and entered another : the shrimp happening to be near the top, sprung out when my friend was looking into his hole ; the Scarites however entered, but found nothing. At the next hole it was more fortunate, and I soon saw it return, dragging out its prey. On retiring behind some sea-weed to finish its meal, I captured it with the shrimp in its mouth- There is a smoother variety of this Scarites. The S. pyrac- rnon is also found on the Lixurie coast. I should observe that the Ionian Isles are particularly rich in various species of insects, many hitherto reckoned rare. In the course of eight months I captured in Cephalonia the following species of Scaritides : — Scarites Pyracmon. — Two dead specin;ens found in the sands, IfBvigatus. — Common. — Var. with former. Siagona Oberleitncri. — Amongst the barren clay hills oi Lixurie. Ditomus robustus. — About sixteen specimens. Calydonius. — Not common. Sphcerocephalus. — Not uncommon. obscurus. — Not uncommon. NO. II. VOL. HI. A A 178 NOTKS ON DIPTERA. In Corfu, during October and November, 1834, I captured the same Siagona and Dilomi, also Clivina Fossor. The Rev. C. F. Kuper had captured several Scarites in Corfu ; also specimens of Ditomus Dama, and a variety of D. obscurus, or distinct species. He may probably enlarge the list of known Ditomi hereafter. 3. Eggs of Maiitis Religiosa and C/ialcis. — During the winter of 1834, 1 observed in Cephalonia, on grass, the asphodel and other plants, particularly in marshes, brown ovoid masses, resembling the cocoons of small moths, and on examining them more closely, found that they were tough brownish white, composed of layers of scales placed with great regularity, and forming cells in series; the cells contained a yellowish liquid like the yolk of an egg. Having several specimens, I detected in one a minute white grub in some of its cells: this was in December, 1833. On the 17th of May, happening to look at one which lay in my desk, I observed four or five minute C/ialcidce settled in it, and upon opening it to discover whether they were the real occupants or intruders, I discovered several emerging, or perfectly formed. They are minute, about two lines in length, not including the ovipositor: black, with part of the body and the feet reddish ; hinder legs variegated, and thighs thickly incrassated ; eyes red ; antennae clavate ; oviduct exserted, and twice the length of the body. It appeared to make fully as much use of its hind legs as of its wings, leaping to a considerable distance. In some specimens the oviduct was four times the length of body and recurved. On the 24th of May I found several young Mantes in the desk ; and removing them, I placed one of the excrescenses under a tumbler where it would not be disturbed, and in a few days several young Mantes oratorice made their appearance, which removed all doubts as to the excrescence not being a mass of eggs. The young Mantes devoured each other, and the number diminishing, 1 let them out. Art. XW.— Notes on Diptera. By Francis Walker. Planetes. N. G. Cecidomyice proximum. Fern. An- tennce \^-aiiiculatce, corporis diittidii longitudine ; articuli longi, (equal es, (ptas'i bipartlti, bust rottindi, apice ovati; NOTES ON DIPTERA. 179 12"^ conicus, acuminatus : thorax trans caput longe produc- tus : pedes crassi ; tarsi incurvi, articulo basalt brevissimo. P. extremus. Fem. Obscure ferrugineus, parce Jiirtus : thoracis et abdominis latera pallida : antennce fusccB : pedes nigro-fusci : alee fiisccB, breves, pubescentes. (Corp. long. lin. 1|; alar. lin. 2^.) Found near London. Cecidomyia producta, Meigen. Found near London. Erioptera pygmaa, Macquart. Inhabits woods near Lon- don in May. Limnophila, Macquart. Separated from Limnobia, Meigen, and comprising L. punctata, Meigen, and other species, that have five posterior cells to each wing. Limnobia occulta, Meigen. Frequents the verdant banks of mountain rivulets in North Wales, and the vicinity of the lakes of Westmoreland and Cumberland during the autumn. The species of insects, as well as the soil and climate of the above-mentioned countries, are nearly alike. Cylindrotoma, Macquart. Founded upon Limnobia dis- tinctissinia, Meigen. Taken at New Lanark, Scotland. Tipula dispar, Haliday. Rare near London, but very common in North Wales from September to November. The short wings of the female, like those of many winter moths, are useless for flight, and it crawls over heath and furze bushes. Pachyrhina, Macquart. A genus answering to Meigen's second division of Tipula, and comprising T. crocata, pra- tensis, imperialis, &c. Ptychoptera lacustris, Meigen. Found at New Lanark. It has darker and more slender legs than P. contaminata. Dictenidia and Xiphiira, Brulle. These two genera were separated from Ctenophora, by Brulle. The type of the former is C. bimaculata ; of the latter, C. atrata ; while C. pectinicornis is left with that genus. Ptychoptera is allied to Dictenidia and Ptych. pectinata, Macquart connects them. Hexatoma nigra, Latreille. Found at New Lanark, Scotland. Bolitophila maculipennis. B. fusca major ; alee maculis dua- bus fascis, una disco, altera ad nervi suhcostalis apicem. (Corp. long, lin 3^ ; alar. lin. 6.) Found but very rarely near London in the spring; and in the autumn, near Amble- side, in Westmoreland. 180 NOri:S ON DIPTERA. B.fiisca, Meigen. Found in hedges, woods, &c. during i the spring, autumn, and winter, in various parts of England. Orphnephila clevia, Haliday. September, North Wales; frequents moist shady spots. Lestremia, Macquart. This genus has more affinity to \ Molobrus than to Cecidomijia. The antennae resemble those : of Zygoneuva, which is still nearer allied to Molobrus. Chrysomyia, Macquart. Answering to Meigen's second i division of Sargus, and comprising S.formosus, S. politus, &c. i Atherix melcena, Hoifmansegg. May, in woods near ij London. The male probably belongs to the genus Spaniaf J Meigen. The disposition of the nervures of the wings varies i very much. Atherix immaculata, Fabricius. Found near London in i June. Tachypezu arenaria, Haliday. Inhabits sea- weed and rocks i on the coasts of South Devonshire, Cornwall, and the Isle of Wight, during the summer and autumn. Var. ? /i. alata. Ala; amplce, subfuscce ad costam obscuriores. September, South Devonshire and Cornwall. T. graminum, Fallen. September, in the Isle of Wight, near Alum-bay. T. praelusio. Griseo-fusca, oculi obscuriores, pedes palli- diores, alee angusta brevissimce siiblimpidce. (Long, lin. h.) Dull, pale, half the size of T. graminum ; body longer and more slender, antennae very short, abdomen thrice the length of the thorax, looks like a little Molobrus, runs fast, but has not the activity of the preceding species. September, on plants in a thick wood, near the Devil's-bridge, North Wales. T. ? hirta. Nigra, obscura, parce hirta, T. arenaria triple major, oculi et halteres obscure rufi, pulvilli flavi ; alee subfuscoe amplce, nervi nigri. (Corp. long. lin. 1 \ ; alar. lin. 22.) June, on sea-weed in the Isle of Wight. Drapetis, Megerle ; 1 aterrima, Haliday ; 'ilfuscipes, Mac- quart ; 3 nigra, Meigen ; 4 eccilis, Megerle ; 5 flavipes^ Macquart. All these inhabit Britain, but probably are not all distinct species, for their size and the colour of their legs \ and wings vary very much ; they run with extraordinary swift- ness. D. nigra and Z). exilis may be found near London from May to October, among grass, and beneath planks placed on decayed vegetable matter, &c. When in these situations , NOTES ON DIPTERA. 181 I they are not easily recognized among the endless numbers of Borborites, which they resemble in form and habit. Like : them also they are infested by Acari, often so much so as to appear like moving heaps of those animals, the Dropetis being I concealed from the sight, and scarcely able to run. I have i seen them also in North Wales. D. Jlavipes inhabits the same localities near London, and in the New Forest, Hamp- ! shire, but is much rarer. D.fuscipes lives on the coasts of [ Wales, Devonshii'e, and Cornwall. i Argyra, Macquart. Founded upon Porphyrops diaphanus, argyrius, and the other species belonging to Meigen's first division of that genus. Medetenis conspersus, Haliday. September, in swampy spots on mountains in Westmoreland, Cumberland, and North Wales, particularly abundant on the summit of Plynlimmon. M. alpinus, Haliday. With the preceding, but much rarer. Madtccriiim maritimum, Haliday. June, on the sea-coast, near Lymington, Hampshire. Platypeza picta, Meigen. The largest and handsomest British species of Platypeza, and has most development of the character whence the generic name is derived. Found near London in the spring. P. dorsalis, Meigen. August, on grass beneath the trees near London. The little nervure, which unites the two last longitudinal nervures, at the lower base of the wing of this species is curved and short, in the others it is long and sti'aight. P. atra, Meigen, and P. holosericea, Meigen. August, on grass beneath trees near London. P. fumipennis. Mas. Aterrima, holosericea, halteres et pedes picei, metatarsi vix incrassati, alee fulvofumosce, nerviis 5i^^. longitudinalis rnarginem attingens, nervus transversus ordinarius margini proximus. (Corp. long. lin. 2 ; alar. lin. 4.) August, on grass beneath trees near London. P. aterrima. Mas. Aterrima, holosericea, halteres et pedes atri, metatarsi valde incrassati, alee JumosdB, nervus 5"^ longitudinalis abhreviatns, nervus transversus ordinarius margini proximus. (Corp. long. lin. If ; alar. lin. 3L) July ; on grass beneath trees near London. Callomyia elegans, Fabricius, C. speciosa, Meigen, C antennata, Fallen. Found in summer on grass beneath trees near London. 182 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. Trixa . September, North Wales. The same species as that which Dr. Leach sent to Meigen, and which the latter described as a variety of T. variegata, but observed that it i might be distinct. Themira pilosa, Ent. Mag. Vol. I. p. 254. For Themira pilosa, read Themira superba, Haliday, {Sepsis-idem, E. M. I. 170.) and transfer the reference to Themira putris. I am indebted to Mr. Haliday for the correction of this error. Psila rufa, HofFraansegg. September ; on heath near Llangollen, North Wales. P. pallida, Fallen. Found near New Lanark, Scotland. Diastata obscurella, Meigen. Frequents the dampest and most shady woods. Found during the summer and autumn in Hampshire, Devonshire, and North Wales. Phora abdominalis, Fallen. October ; on larches, North Wales. Art. XX. — Monographia Chalciditum. By Francis Walker. (Contimied from page 97.) " the green myriads in the peopled grass.'' Sp. 68. Pter. junceus. Fem. Viridis, abdominis discus purpureo-cupreus, pedes Jlavi, antennce et femora nigra, alee limpidce. Obscure viridis : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae nigrse ; articulus 1"^. basi fulvus : abdomen pupureo-cupreum, basi apice subtus et utrinque viride : pedes Isete flavi ; coxae virides ; trochanteres fusel ; femora nigra, apice flava ; meso- et metatarsi apice fusci ; protibiae et protarsi sordide fulva : alae limpidse ; squamulse et nervi flava, illse apice fuscae ; stigma minutum. (Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar. lln. 1^.) Found near London. Sectio VIIL— Fem. Corpus longum, angustum : caput thorace pauUo latius : antennae filiformes, corporis diniidio non longiores ; articuli 5". ad 10""'. MONOGRAPHIA CHALC'IDITUM. 183 curtantes ; clava fusiformis, articulo 10°. fere duplo longior: thorax longi-ovatus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parap- sides vix conspicuae : metatliorax brevis : abdomen fusiforme, acuminatum, thorace multo longius, supra planum, subtus angu- latum, non compressum ; segmenta subsequalia : oviductus abdomine occultus : alae amplae. Sp. 69. Pter. filicornis. Fem. Viridis, abdomen aureo- viride, antenncB nigrce, pedes fulvo-flavi, alee Umpidce. Laete viridis : oculi ocellique rufi : antennas nigras, graciles ; arti- culus 1"^. fulvus, apiee niger : abdomen aureo-viride ; segmentum P"*. cupreomicans, sequentia apice cuprea : pedes laete fulvi ; coxae virides ; meso-et metapedum tibiae et tarsi laete flava, hi apice fusci : alae limpidae ; squamulae et nervi fulv^a, illae apice nigrae ; stigma fuscum, parvum. (Corp. long, lin ]i; alar, lin. 2J.) Found near London. Sectio IX. — Fem. Corpus longum, angustum, subtilissime squameum, fere glabrum : caput thoracis latitudine : mandibul^ quadratae, subarcuatae, similes, dentibus 4 minutis armatae; dens 1"^. acutus ; 2^^ brevior et obtusior ; 3"^. multo minor ; 4"^. brevis, latus, obtusus ; maxillae longae, subarcuatae ; laciniag angustae, acuminatae, intus lobatse ; palpi 4-articulati, graciles, filiformes, articulus V^^. medi- ocris, 2"^. paullo longior, 3"^. 1'. longitudine ; 4"^ longi-fusi- formis, acuminatus, 2°. plus duplo longior : labium longum, angustum, subfusiforme ; apex s palpiger apice furcatus ; ligula brevis, lata, ciliata ; palpi 3-articulati, extrorsum crassiores, ligula vix longiores ; articulus 1^^. mediocris ; 2"^. brevissimus ; 3"^. longi-ovatus, 1". longior et crassior : antennae graciles, extrorsum crassiores, corporis dimidio vix longiores ; articuli 5". ad 10"™. longitudine decrescentes sensimque crassiores ; clava linearis, acu- minata, articulo 10°. plus duplo longior vix latior : thorax longi- ovatus, parum-convexus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis scuto parapsides-fere in unum confusae : metathorax bene deter- minatus, medio sulcatus: abdomen longi-ovatum, acuminatum, fere Iseve, thorace paullo longius, supra planum, subtus carinatum, non compressum nee angulatum ; segmentum 1""". longum ; 2um, 3um. et 4"™. brevia ; S'^'". 6"™. et 7"'". paullo longiora : oviductus abdomine omnino occultus : alae amplae ; nervus cubi- talis radiali brevior. 18i MONOGRAPHIA CIIALCIDITUM. Sp. 70. Pter. muscarum. Fem. Viridis, ceneo cupreo et \ cyaneo varius, antennce nigrce, pedes jlavi, alee limpidcB. Ichneumon muscarum . . Uinn. Syst. Nat. II. 938. 62; Faun. Suec. 1636; Gmel. Syst. Nat. V. 2713. 62; Deg. Ins. I. 604—608; tab. 32. fig. 17—21; Fabr. Sp. Ins. 1.438. 109; Mant.Ins. I. 270. 130; S7jst. Ent. 342. 84 ; Ent. Syst. II. 185. 214; Mull. Faun. Fridr. 621; VilL Ent. Linn. III. 205. 230. Cleptes muscarum . . . Fabr. Syst. Piezat. 156. 7. Cynips viridis nitens, &c. . Geoff. Ins. II. 308. 31. Lsetissime viridis, nitens : maxillae et labium viridia ; laciniae, palpi maxillares et ligula flava ; palpi labiales pallide fusci : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae nigrae ; articulus 1"^ fulvus, apiee niger: mesothoracis postscutellum viridi-aeneum : abdominis discus pur- pureus ; segmentum 1^™. cupreo varium, 6"™. et 7"™. seneo- viridia : pedes laete flavi ; coxae virides ; femora extus fulvo vittata ; meso- et metatarsi apice fusci : alae limpidissimse ; squamulae et nervi flava, illse apice nigrae ; stigma fulvum, minu- tum. (Corp. long. lin. 1 — \\ ; alar. lin. Ig — 2|.) Var. fi. — Caput supra thoracisque suturae aeneo-viridia : abdomen viridi-cupreum, fasciis 4 medio connexis purpureis ; segmentum 1"™. viride, cupreo maculatum. Var. y. — Abdominis segmenta basi utrinque et subtus laete cuprea. Far. S. — Thorax cupreo-viridis. Var. £.- — Abdomen cupreum ; discus purpureus ; segmenta apice viridia. Var. i^. — Antennis articulus 1"^. fuscus, basi fulvus, apice niger: abdominis segmenta cupreo varia ; 1""*. cupreum, apice viride. Var. Tf. — Abdomen laete viride ; discus purpureus. Var. 8, Var. r/, similis : antennae articulo 1°. supra fusco: pro- femora extus fusca. Var. I. — Abdominis segmentum l""*. cyaneum. Var. K. — Thorax supra cyaneo-viridis. Var. X. — Viridi-cyaneus : antennis articulus 1"^, fuscus, basi fulvus, apice niger : abdominis discus purpureus : profemora extus fusca. MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 185 Var. ft, — Caput et thorax aeneo-viridia : abdomen cupreo-varium. Far. r. — Antennae articulo P. flavo, apice fusco, Var. ^, Var. fx. similis : antennae articulo 1°. fusco, apice nigro : abdomen viride ; discus cupreus. Var. o. — Antennae nigro-fuscje : proalae subfulvae. Common on windows, &c. in most parts of Britain, through- out the year. Taken at Paris by the Comte de Castelneau. Sectio X. — Fern. Caput thorace paullo latius : antennae mediocres, subclavatae, corporis dimidio breviores ; articuli 5°. ad 10"™. curtantes et latescentes ; clava longi - ovata, articulo 10". duplo longior et manifeste latior : thorax ovatus, convexus : prothorax brevis- simus : mesothoracis parapsidura suturse vix conspicuas : meta- thorax brevis : abdomen acuminatum, thorace longius, subtus carinatum, non compressum nee angulatum ; segmentum 1"'". magnum ; reliqua breviora ; 2"™. et sequentia ad 6""^. longitudine crescentia : oviductus occultus : alae mediocres; nervus hume- ralis ulnari duplo longior ; cubitalis radiali brevior ; stigma ramiilum brevem emittens. *Abdomen Longi-ovatum. Sp. 71. Pter. basalis. Fem. ^^neo-viridiSf abdomen cu- preo-purpureum basi viride, antennce fuscce, pedes flavi^ femora viridia, alee UmpidcB. iEneo-viridis, parum nitens : caput viride : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae fuscse, apice et subtus pallidiores ; articulus 1"^. fulvus, apice obscurior : abdomen cupreo-purpureum, nitens, thorace multn longius vix angustius, paullo attenuatum ; segmentum 1"'". laete viride ; sequentia basi viridia : pedes laete flavi ; coxae et femora viridia, hae apice flava ; metatibiae fulvo cingulatae ; meso- et metatarsi pallidi, apice fusci : alas limpidae ; squamulae et nervi flava, illse apice fuscsc ; stigma fulvum, parvum. (Corp. long. lin. li ; alar. lin. 1|.) September ; Isle of Wight. Sp. 72. Pter. decisus. Fem. Viridi - ceneiis, abdominis discus purpureus, antennce ftiscce, pedes rufi, al(E sub- limpidce. Viridi-seneus, parum nitens : caput antice viride : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae fuscae, corporis dimidio vix longiores ; articidus NO. II. VOL. III. B B 186 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. j l"s. fulvus, apice fuscus : thoracis segmentorum suturae cyaneo- virides : abdomen aeneo-viride, nitens ; discus purpureus ; seg- mentum 1"™. cupreo varium : pedes rufi ; coxae virides ; genua, raeso- et metatarsi flava, hi apice fusci : alse griseolimpidae ; squamulai fulvze, apice fuscaj ; nervi fusci, basi fulvi ; stigma obscurius, parvum. (Corp. long. lin. 1^ ; alar. lin. 1 J.) Found near London. **Abdomen Ovatum. Sp. 73. Pter. lautus. Fern, j^neo-viridis, abdomen nigro- cupreum, antenna fnlvofuscce^ pedes Jlavi, femora viridla, tibia fulvo cingulatcc, alee fuscce. ^neo-viridis, brevis, latus : caput viride : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae fulvofuscae ; articuli 1°. ad 4"™. pallide fulvi : abdomen nigro-cupreum ; segmentum 1^™. splendide cupreum : pedes flavi ; coxae et femora viridia, hae apice flava ; meso- et meta- tibiae fulvo cingulatae ; tarsi apice fusci : alas fulvo-fuscas, basi fere limpid^ ; squamulas et nervi fulva, illse apice fuscae ; stigma fuscum, mediocre. (Corp. long. lin. \ — 1 ; alar. lin. Var. /3. — Thorax viridis. Found near London. Sp. 74. Pter. infectus. Fern. Viridi-cBnetts, abdomen cu- preo - purpureum, antemice fuscce, ^jet/e* fulvi, femora viridia, tibimfusco-cingulatce, alee limpidcB. jEneus, parum nitens : caput aeneo-viride : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae obscure fuscae ; articulus \^^. fulvus, apice fuscus : abdomen cupreo - purpureum ; segmentum l^'". laete viride, cupreo varium ; sequentia basi utrinque viridia : pedes flavi ; coxae et femora viridia, hae apice fulva ; meso- et metapedum tibiae fusco cingulatae ; tarsi apice fusci : alae limpidas ; squamulae et nervi fulva, illae apice fuscae ; stigma obscurius parvum ; nervus cubitalis radiali vix brevior. (Corp. long. lin. | — If; alar. lin. \\ — If.) Var. fi. — Viridi - aeneus : caput viride : abdomen viride ; discus cupreo-purpureus ; segmentum 1"™. basi cupreo-varium. Var. y. — Abdomen purpureum, utrinque cupreo -aeneum ; segmen- tum 1""\ aeneo-viride, cupreo-varium. MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 187 Var. S. Far. /3. similis : «aput viridi-seneum : thorax cupreo-aeneus : protibias fusco cingulatoe. Far. e. — Antennae articulo 1°. omnino fulvo. Far ^. Far. j3. similis : thorax viridis. September ; near London ; Isle of Wight. Sp. 75. Pter. placidus. Feni. Viridi-ceneus, abdominis discus pur pur eus, antenna nigro-f usees, pedes fulvi, femora viridi ftisca, tibia fusco-cingulatcB, al y. — Abdomen viride ; discus obscure cupreus : femora omnino fulva. August ; near London. Sectio XVI 1 1.— Mas et Fem. Mas. — Corpus breve, contractum : caput thorace vix latius : antennae clavatae, capitis thoracisque longitudine ; articuli 5°. ad 10"™. brevissimi, latitudine increscentes ; clava maxima, longi-ovata, articulo 10°. multo latior et plus duplo longior : thorax ovatus, parum convexus : prothorax supra vix conspicuus : mesothoracis parapsides scuto in unum confusae : metathorax mediocris : ab- domen rotundum, thorace latius; segmentum 1""\ magnum; sequentia brevia : alse perangustae, hirtissimse ; nervus cubitalis radiali vix brevior. Fem. — Caput thoracis latitudine : antennae capite thoraceque paullo breviores ; clava ovata, mediocris, articulo 10°. latior et duplo longior : abdomen brevi-ovatum, thorace paullo latius, supra planum, subtus angulatum, non compressum. Sp. 88. Pter. fucicola. Mas et Fem. Nigro-aneus, an- tenfice nigro-picecB, 2)edes Julri ant picei, alee suhfuscce. Mas. — Nigro-seneus, obscurus : oculi ocellique obscure rufi : an- tennae nigro-piceee ; articuli 1"^. basi 2"^. que apice fulvi : abdo- men nitens : pedes fulvi ; coxae nigro-aeneae ; tarsi apice fusci : alae subfuscae ; squamulae et nervi fusca ; stigma minutum. (Corp. long. lin. i; alar. 3.) I MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 195 Fern. — Antennae articulis 1°. et 2". nigro-aeneis : femora et tibiai fulvo-picea : alse nonnunquam ademptse. (Corp. long. lin. f ; alar. 1.) September; on sea-weed, near Torquay, in South Devon- shire. Sectio XIX. — Feni. Corpus mediocre : caput thorace latius : antennae graciles, extror- sum crassiores, corporis dimidio longiores ; articuli 5°. ad 10™'. vix curtantes ; clava lanceolata, articulo 10°. duplo longior vix latior : thorax ovatus : protliorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix conspicu^ : metathorax parvus : abdo- men longi-ovatum, supra planum, subtus valde angulatum, apice elevatum lanceolatum, thorace longius ; segmentum 1"™. mag- num ; sequentia breviora : oviductus occultus : alse breves, angustae ; nervus cubitalis radiali brevior. Sp. 89. Pter. nubilipennis. Fem. Viridi-cyaneus, abdomen rufum, antennce nigrm apice ftiscce, pedes riififusco cingu- lati, proalcc fusco nebulosce. Cyaneus : os fuscum : oculi ocellique obscure rufi ; antennas nigrse, apice fuscae ; articulus 1^^ flavus ; 2"^. 3"^. et 4"^. fulvi : gula fulva : abdomen rufum, apice aeneo-fuscum ; segmentum 1"™. basi utrinque viride : pedes rufi ; coxae cyaneae ; femora et meta- tibiae. supra apices versus fusca ; tarsi flavi, apice fusci : alse sublimpidae ; proalae fusco nebulosas ; squamulae cyaneo-fulvae ; nervi fulvi ; stigma parvum. (Corp. long. hn. f ; alar. lin. |.) Var. jo. — Caput et thorax viridi-cyanea : femora et tibiae omnino rufa. Found near London. Sectio XX. — Mas et Fem. Mas. — Corpus breve, sublineare : caput thorace latius: antennae graciles, subfiliformes, corporis dimidio longiores ; articuli 5°. ad 10"™. subaequales ; clava lanceolata, articulo lO^". plus duplo lon- gior paullo latior : thorax ovatus : prothorax brevissimus : meso- thoracis parapsidum suturae conspicuae : metathorax mediocris : abdomen subrotundum, thorace latius et brevius, apice trun- catum ; segmentum 1""\ magnum ; sequentia brevia : alse parvae aut minimae. 19t) IMONOGRAI'IllA CIIALCIDITUM. Fein. — Lougior : caput tliorace paullo latius : antennae subclavatae ; corporis (limidii longitudine ; clava articulo 10°. latior : abdomen ovatum, subconvexum, thorace paullo longius, subtus angulatum, apice elevatum acuminatum : oviductus occultus. Sp. 90. Pter. apicalis. Fem. Viridis ceneo et cyaneo-varius, anteimcufuscce, pedes fulvi, alee fulvo-limjiida. iEneo- viridis : caput viride : oculi ocellique rufi : antennas obscure fuscse, apice pallidiores ; articulus 1"^. niger, basi fulvus : abdo- minis segmentum 2"'". saepe magnum : pedes fulvi ; coxas virides ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fulvi : alse fulvo-limpidse, parvse ; squamulae et nervi flava, illee apice fuscai ; stigma parvum. (Corp. long. lin. | — | ; alar. lin. | — li.) Var. l3. — Antennae fuscae; articulus 1"^ basi fulvus. Var. y. — Viridis. Far. S, Var. y. similis : antennae pallide fusctE : squamulae apice fulvse. Var. e. — Viridi-aeneus ; caput aeneo-viride : antennae fuscae ; arti- culus 1"^ obscurior, basi fulvus : abdomen basi cupreo-aeneum. Var. i^. — Abdomen basi cyaneo-viride. Var. T]. — Cyaneo-viride. Var. 6. — Caput cyaneo-viride : abdominis discus cyaneus. Var, I. — Viridi-ajneus : abdomen viride. Var. K. — Antennae fulvae ; articuli 1°. ad 4*^'^. fusci. Var. X. — jEneo-viridis : mesothorax aeneus : abdomen basi viride. May to October; on grass in fields; near Londom. Isle of Wight. Sp. 91. Pter. hemipterus. Mas et Fem. Viridis ceneo et cyaneo-varius, antenna fuscce aid fulva, pedes fulvi aut Jlavi, alee, vix ullce. Mas. — Viridis, nitens : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae fuscae ; arti- culi P. ad 4"™. fulvi : sexualia fulva : pedes pallide fulvi ; coxae virides ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci : alse minimae, sub- fulva2 ; squamula; et nervi fulva. /'Vw.— Antennae obscure fuscae, apice pallidiores ; articulus P*. uigro-fuscus, basi fulvus. (Corp. long. lin. i — f .) Var. &. — Mas, antennae fulva; ; articulo 1". ad 4"'", flavi : pedes llavi ; meso- ct metatarsi pallidiores. MONOGRAPIIIA CIIALCIDITUM. 197 Far. y. — Mas, caput et abdomen cyaneo-viridia. Fa7\ S. — Mas, viridi-aeneus : abdomen basi et caput viridia. Far. e. — Mas, abdomen cyaneum. Far. '(. — Mas, aeneo-viridis : abdomen basi cupreo varium. Far. t). — Mas, senens: caput aeneo-viride : abdomen cupreo-asneum ; segmentum 1^™. cupreo-viride. Far. 6.— Mas, cyaneus: antennae fuscas ; articuli 1"^. fulvus, apice fuscus. Far. I. — Mas, antennae fuscae ; articulus 1"^. basi fulvus. Far. K. — Fern. cBneo-viridis. Far. \. — Fem. antennae articulo 1°. prorsus nigro-fusco. Fai: [x. — Fem. cyaneus : antennas fuscae ; articuli P. ad 4"'". obscuriores : profemora supra pallide fusca. July to September; on grass in fields ; near London. Sectio XXI. — Mas et Fern. Mas. — Corpus mediocre : caput thorace paullo latins : antenna extrorsum crassiores, corporis dimidio vix longiores ; articuli 5". ad 10""\ longitudine decrescentes ; clava longi-ovata, articulo 10". latior et plus duplo longior : thorax crassus, brevi-ovatus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix con- spicuse : metathorax brevis : abdomen planum, sublineare, thorace brevius et angustius ; segmentum 1^™. magnum ; sequentia brevia : sexualia exerta : alas mediocres ; nervus cubitalis radiali brevior. Fem. — Antennae clavatae, corporis dimidii vix longitudine ; articuli 5°. ad 10™\ latitudine crescentes ; clava ovata, articulo 10°. duplo longior et paullo latior : metathorax brevissimus : abdomen ovatum aut longi-ovatum, thorace angustius, supra planum, subtus angulatum, apice acuminatum elevatum : oviductus plerunque occultus. Sp. 92. Pter. cingulipes. Mas et Fem. Viridis cyaneo varius, abdominis discus cupreus, antennce fuscce, pedes Jlavi, femora viridia, alee albo-limpidce. Mas. — Viridis: oculi ocellique rufi : antennae fuscae; articulus 1"'. fulvus; 2"^. subtus pallidior : abdomen cyaneo«viride, nitens ; discus cupreo-aeneus : sexualia fulva : pedes flavi ; coxae et femora viridia ; meso- et metatarsi pallide flavi, apice fulvi : alae albolimpidae ; squamula; fulvae, antice viridcs ; nervi flavi ; sti";ma minutum. 198 MONOGRAPHIA CIIALCIDITUM. Fern. — Parum nitens : antennae nigro-fuscaj ; articulus 1"**. nigro- viridis, basi fulvus : abdomen ovatum, Isete cyaneo-viride, thorace paullo longius ; discus obscure purpureus ; segmentum 1"'". cupreo-varium ; 5"'". et 6"'". cyanea : oviductus fulvus: pedes fulvi ; coxce et femora viridia ; meso- et metapedum tibiae et tarsi fiava, fusco hi terminati illse cingulatae. (Corp, long. lin. 1— li; alar. lin. U— H.) Var. /3. — Mas, antennve articulo P. fulvo apice viridi, 3". fusco- viridi. Var. y. — Mas, cyaneus : abdominis discus cupreus ; segmentum 1"™. viridi varium. Var. h. — Mas, meso- et metatibise fusco cingulatae ; protibias et protarsi fulva. Var. e. — Mas, caput et thorax viridia. Var. C' — Mas, antennai articulis 1°. et 2°. fusco-viridibus. Var. T]. — Fern, cyaneo-viridis ; abdomen cyaneum ; discus obscure purpureus ; segmentum 1"™. cupreo varium. Var. 0. — Fern, cyaneus : abdominis discus obscure purpureus. Var. t. — Fern, cyaneo-viridis : abdomen purpureo-cyaneum ; discus obscure purpureus ; segmentum 1'™. cyaneo-viride. Var. K. — Fern, cyaneo-viridis : abdomen cyaneum ; discus obscure cupreus. September ; Isle of Wight. Sp. 93. Pter. albipennis. Fern. PrcBcedente gracilior, ab- domen longius et atigustius. Laete viridis : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae obscure fuscae ; articulus 1"^. nigro- viridis, basi fulvus : abdomen longi-ovatum, cyaneo- viride ; discus seneus ; segmentum 1™\ aeneo-varium, 7""". viridi-aeneum : pedes fulvi; coxae et femora viridia; meso- et metapedum tibiae apice et basi tarsique fliava, hi apice fusci : alze albo-limpidae ; squamulae fulvae, antice virides ; nervi flavi ; stigma minutum. (Corp. long. lin. | — 1^ ; alar. lin. 1 — 1|.) Var.fi. — Abdomen cyaneum; segmentum 1"'". cupreo-varium; 7"™. viridi-zeneum. Var. y. — Viridi-cyaneus : abdomen cyaneum, basi cyaneo-viride : meso- et metatibise fusco-cingulatae. Var B, Var. ft, similis : meso- et metatibiae fusco cingulatas. September ; Isle of Wight. MONOGRAPHTA. CIIALCIDITUM. 199 Sp. 94. Pter. plenus. Mas et Fem. P. cingulipedis sta- tttra, antenncB graciliores, alee ampliores. Mas. — Viridi-cyaneus : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae fulvae ; arti- culi 1^^. et 2^'s. nigro-fusci, ille basi flavus : pedes laete flavi ; coxae et femora viridia ; profemora apice flava ; trochanteres et protarsi fulvi ; meso-et metatarsi apice fusci: alas albo-limpidae ; squamulae et nervi flava, illee antice viridi-fuscse ; stigma minutum. Fem. — Viridis : antennae fuscae ; articulus 1"^ nigro-viridis, basi fulvus : abdomen aeneo-viride ; segmenta 2". ad 4™\ apice viridi- cyanea : femora apice flava. (Corp. long. lin. | — \\ ; alar. lin. 1— U.) September ; near Linton, North Devonshire. Sp. 95. Pter. solutus. Fem. JEneo-viridis, antenncefuscce, pedes flavi femoribus viridibus iibiis fusco cingulatis, alee Imp I dee. ^neo-viridis : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae fuscae ; articuli 1"^. et 2"^. obscuriores, ille basi fulvus : thoracis discus aeneus : abdomen laete viride, ovatum, thorace paullo longius et angustius ; seg- mentum 1™^. cupreo-varium ; sequentia basi et medio cuprea : pedes flavi ; coxze et femora viridia ; tibiae fusco cingulatae ; pro- tarsi fulvi ; meso- et metatarsi apice fusci : alae limpidae ; squa- mulae et nervi fulva, illae apice fuscae ; stigma pallide fuscum, minutum. (Corp. long. lin. \\; alar. lin. H.) Var. /3. — Antennae obscure fuscae ; articuli 1"^ et 2^^^. nigro-virides. Var. y. — Caput et thorax viridia, hujus discus viridi-seneus : tibiae fulvo cingulatae. September ; near the Land's End, Cornwall. Sp. 96. Pter. berylli. Fem. Viridis, abdominis discus cu- preus, antennce nigrce, pedes flavi, femora viridia, alee limpidcE. Sature viridis : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae nigrae, corporis dimi- dii longitudine ; articulus 1"^ nigro-fuscus, basi fulvus : abdomen longi-ovatum, nitens, thorace multo longius et angustius, apice attenuatum ; segmentum I"'", apice basique cupreum ; 2"™. 3""^. et 4^"". cuprea, basi utrinque viridia ; 5"™. et 6"™. apice 7^™. que basi cuprea : oviductus subexertus : pedes flavi ; coxae et femora viridia, hae apice flavae ; meso- et metapedum tibiae fulvo cin- 200 MONOfillArillA CIIALCIDITUM. gulatse, tarsi apice fiisci ; protarsi fulvi : alte limpidse ; squamulae virides; nervi fulvi; stigma fiiscum, parvum. (Corp. long. lin. H; alar. lin. 2.) August ; near London. Sp. 97. Pter. thovacicus. Fern. Cupreo - (eneus, antennae picece, pedes fulvi, femora ceneo-viridia, tibice fusco cin- gulatcB, alee limpidce. Cupreo-aeneus : caput viridi-aeneum, inter oculos cupreo-cEneum : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae nigro-picese, corporis dimidio vix breviores ; articulus I"^ basi fulvus : thorax brevis, latus, crassus : abdomen longi-ovatum, nitens, thoracelongius etmulto angustius, apice non attenuatum ; segmentum 1""\ laete viride, cupreo- varium, apice obscure cupreum ; 2™\ 3"™. et 4""*. obscure cuprea, basi utrinque aeneo-viridia ; sequentia seneo-viridia : pedes fulvi ; coxae et femora aeneo-viridia ; tibiae nigro-fuscae, apice basique fulvae ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci : alae limpidcE ; squa- mulae aeneo-fuscae ; nervi pallida fusci ; stigma obscurius, mediocre. (Corp. long. lin. U; alar. lin. 2.) Found near London. Sp. 98. Pter. cupreus. Fern. Cuprous, abdomen basi viride, antennce nigrce, pedes fulvi, femora anea, tibia ftisco cingulatce, alee limpidcB. Cupreus : caput aeneo-cupreum : oculi ocellique rufi : antennas nigrse, corporis dimidii longitudine ; articulus 1^^. nigro-aeneus, basi fulvus : thorax crassus : abdomen ovatum, nitens, thorace paullo longius vix angustius non attenuatum ; segmentum 1"™. laete viride cupreo varium : oviductus occultus : pedes fulvi ; coxae et femora aenea ; meso- et metapedum tibiae fuscae apice basique flavae, tarsi flavi apice fusci : alae limpidas ; squamulas et nervi fulva. illae apice virides ; stigma pallide fuscum, parvum ; metalarum nervi flavi. (Corp, long. lin. li ; alar. lin. 2.) Var. /5. — Abdominis segmentum 1™\ laete cupreum. September ; Isle of Wight. Sectio XXIL— Fern. Sect. XXI. similis: clava longi-ovata, articulo 10". plus duplo longior. MONOrxllAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. £01 Sp. 99. Pter. mesochlorus. Fem. Viridis ceneo et ciipreo varius, antennm fusccc, pedes jlavi, femora fusca, alee Umpidcs. Viridis, obscurus : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae pallide fuscse, corporis dimidio breviores ; articulus 1"^. fulvus, apice fiiscus ; clava fulva : abdomen cupreo-viride, thorace multo longius et angustius, apice attenuatum ; segmentum 1"'". Isete viride micans : pedes flavi; coxae virides ; femora fusca, apice flava ; tibiae fulvo cingulatas ; protarsi fulvi ; meso- et metatarsi apice fusci : alae limpidae ; squamulse et nervi fulva, illse apice obscuriores ; stigma fuscum, minutum. (Corp. long. lin. li; alar. lin. If.) Var. [3. — Viridi-aeneus : abdomen segmento 2°. ad apicem viridi- cupreum : alae minime fulvo tinctfe. Var. y, Var. j3, similis : thoracis dorsum cupreo-aeneum : abdo- minis segmentum 1"*". cupreo-varium. Var. S. — Abdominis segmenta 2°. ad 5"'". purpurea, subtus cuprea ; 6"™. et 7^™. cupreo-viridia. September ; Isle of Wight, Dorsetshire, South Devonshire. Sectio XX III.— Mas et Fem. Corpus mediocre, fem. latius : caput thorace latius: mandibulae subquadratae, arcuatae, similes, dentibus 4 acutis armatae ; dens 1"^ magnus, arcuatus ; 2"^ paullo minor ; 3"^ et 4"^ multo minores, subaequales : maxillae \ongee, subarcuatae ; laciniae an- gustse, acuminatae, intus lobatae, extus pilosae ; palpi 4-articulati, graciles, filiformes ; articuli 1"®. et 3^**. subaequales ; 2"^ paullo longior ; 4"^ longi-fusiformis, 3". fere duplo longior, apice pilosus : labium longi-ovatum, angustum ; palpiger furcatus ; ligula brevis, lata, ciliata ; palpi 3-articulati, crassi, ligula vix longiores ; articulus 1"^ subcyathiformis ; 2^^. brevissimus ; 3"^. fusiformis, acuminatus, 1°. multo longior : mari antennae filifor- mes, corporis dimidio paullo longiores ; articuli 5°. ad 10"™. longitudine sensim decrescentes ; clava linearis, acuminata, arti- culo 10". duplo longior: fem. antennae crassiores, subfiliformes ; clava longi-ovata ; articulo 10". duplo fere longior vix latior: thorax mari longi-ovatus, fem. ovatus ; prothorax brevissimus ; mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix conspicuae ; metathorax bene determinatus : mari abdomen sublineare, depressum, tho- race angustius vix longius, subtus carinatum ; segmentum 1"*". magnum ; sequentia breviora, subeequalia ; sexualia exerta : fem. abdomen ovatum, vix acuminatum, thorace paullo brevius, NO. II. VOL. III. D D 202 MONOGRArHIA CHALCIDITUM. supra planum, non angulatum nee compressura ; segmenta 6"™. et 7^™. quam mari paullo longiora ; oviduetus subexertus : alae mediocres ; nervus eubitalis radiali multo hrevior. Cynips viridi sericeus, &c. Ichneumon Antiopae . . Ichneumon puparum . Sp. 100. Pter. puparum. Mas. Viridis, antennce fulvcB, pedes Jlavi. Fem. JEneo-iiiridis, antenntje nigrce, pedes ftisci, femora viridia. Goed. Ins. I. 178. tab. 77 ; Mer, Ins. Eur op. tab. 44, 52 ; Frisch. Ins. IV. 10. tab. 1. fig. 5. 1,2; Roes. Ins. II. 18. tab. 3. fig. 4, 5, a. b.; Reaum. Ins. VI. tab. 30. fig. 13, 14, 15; De Geer. Ins. I. tab. 30. fig. 8 ; Onom, Hist. Nat. IV. 505; Muller. Sf/st. Nat. Linn. V. 2, 860. m. Geoff. Ins. II. 305. 24. Scop, Ent. Cam. 765. Li?in. Syst. Nat. II. 939. 66; Favn. Suec. 1636; Fabr.^ Sp. Ins. I. 438. 113; Mant. Ins. I. 270. 135; Stjst. Ent.?A2. 88; E7it. Syst. II. 186. 221 ; Gmel Syst. Nat.Y. 2713. 66 ; Schrank. Enuni. Ins. Austr. 758 ; Vill. Ent. Lin. III. 206. 234; MM. Zool. Dan. Prodr. 159. 1855; Fdesli. Verz. 50. 967. Fabr. Syst. Piezat. 151. 15. Fourc. Ent. Par. II. 387. 24; EncT/cl. MSthod. V. 782. 12. Swed. Act. Holm. an. 1795; Nees ab Esenb. Ich. affin. Monogr. II. 107. 21. Mas. — Laetissime viridis, nitens : labium et maxillae viridia, ilium quasi squameum ; laciniae fuscae ; palpi, palpiger, labium et maxillarum lobi pallide flava : mandibulas flavse, apice obscu- riores : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae fulvae ; articuli 2". ad 6"'". intus necnon sequentes apice basique lusci : abdomen viridi- ^ This author's description was probably taken from Pter. muscm-um. Diplolepis puparum . Cynips puparum . . Pteromalus puparum MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 203 aureum ; discus cupreo micans : sexnalia fulva : pedes laete flavi; coxae virides ; meso- et metatarsi pallidiores, apice fulvi : alse limpidissimse ; squamulae et nervi flava, illse apice fuscae ; stigma fulvum, parvum. Fern. — -(Eneo-viridis, parum nitens : palpi fusci, basi viridi-fusci : antennae nigrse ; articulus 1"*. fulvus, apice nigro-fuscus : abdomen viridi-aeneum ; discus obscure cupreus ; segmentum 1™^ laete viride, cupreo varium : oviductus rufus ; vaginae nigrse : pedes fusci ; coxae aeneo-virides ; femora viridi fusca ; genua, tibiae apice tarsique flava, hi apice fusci ; protibiae fusco-fulvae ; protarsi fulvi : alarum squamulje et nervi fulva, illae apice fuscae ; stigma pallide fuscum. (Corp. long. lin. | — 15 ; alar. lin. 1^ — 2.) Var. /3. — Mas, thorax aeneo varius. - Var. y. — Mas, antennae fulvse ; articulus 2"^. intus fuscus ; se- quentes apice basique minime fuscae. Var. ^. — Mas, thorax supra cyaneo-viridis. Var.e. — Mas, antennae fusco-fulvas ; articulus 1"^. flavus, apice fulvus. Var. Z. — Fern, caput viride : abdomen aeneum ; segmenta basi viridia. Var. t]. — Fern. Var /3, similis : thorax viridis. Var. 6. — Fern, tibiifi flavae ; meso- et metatibiae fulvo fasciatae. Var. K. Fern, abdomen aeneo-viride, basi ad medium cupreum. Var. I. — Fem. abdomen aeneum ; segmentum l"™.viride, basi cupreum. Var. X. — Fem. caput et metathorax viridia. Var. IX. — Fem. antermas articulo 1". fusco, basi fulvo ; meso- et meta- tarsi basi flavi. Described from specimens found near London, or sent to me from Paris, by the Comte de Castelneau. It is very abundant in Europe during the summer, infesting butterflies {Vanessa and Pontia) while in the chrysalis state. The fly appears in three weeks after the egg is laid. The relative number of males and females in a chrysalis is very variable. I once had a bright gold-coloured chrysalis of Vanessa Poly- chloros. In a few days its metallic hue changed to a dead yellow, that became gradually darker. I then opened it and found it full ol pupce. Their colour was pale, but soon turned to black, and then to a metallic green. They employed their legs, particularly the fore-pair, to divest themselves of their covering. Twenty males first came to maturity in the morn- ing, and twenty more, and one female, in the afternoon of the same day. On the following day, thirty-nine males and four- 204' MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. teen females appeared in the morning, three males and eight females in the afternoon. Two females appeared on the third day, and one on the fourth, making in the whole eighty-two males and twenty-six females. I have seen thirty females and four males emerge from three holes in the middle of a chry- salis of Pontia rapce, and thirty-six females and four males from another chrysalis of the same butterfly ; these last were much smaller than the former. Degeer mentions an instance when one chrysalis produced only males, and another only females. Sectio XXIV.— Mas. et Fem. Mas. — Corpus mediocre : caput thorace vix latius : mandibulze quadratse, subarcuatse, similes, dentibus 4 minutis armatse ; 1"^ acutus ; 2"^ et 3"*. paullo breviores et obtusiores ; 4*^^ latus, obtusus : maxillae longfe, subarcuatae ; laciniae angustae, acu- minatae, intus lobatae, extus pilosae ; palpi 4-articulati, graciles, filiformes ; articuli 1"^ et 3"\ subaequales ; 2^^ paullo longior ; 4"^. longi-fusiformis, 2°. fere duplo longior, apice acuminatus pi- losus : labium longi-ovatuni, angustum ; palpiger furcatus ; ligula brevis, lata, ciliata ; palpi 3-articulati, extrorsum crassiores, ligula paullo longiores ; articulus 1"^. mediocris, 2"^. brevissimus, 3"^ fusiformis, 1°. longior : antennae filiformes, corporis dimidio paullo longiores; articuli 5°. ad 10"'". longitudine decrescentes ; clava linearis, acuminata, articulo 10°. duplicato longior : thorax longi- ovatus, convexus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parap- sidum suturae vix conspicuae : metathorax bene determinatus : abdomen sublineare, depressum, subtus carinatum, thoracis longi- tudine et latitudine, basi angustius ; segmentum 1"™. magnum ; sequentia breviora, subasqualia : sexualia occulta : alse mediocres ; nervus cubitalis radiali brevior. Fem. — Mari latior : antennae crassiores, subfiliformes ; clava longi- ovata, articulo 10". duplo fere longior vix latior : abdomen rotun- dum, supra planum, subtus angulatum, thorace multo brevius ; oviductus occultus. Sp. 101. Pter. omnivorus. Mas. Viridis, abdomen flavo- maculatum, antennae fiilvo -fuscce, pedes Jlavi. Fem. Viridi-cenetis, antennce nigro-f usees, pedes fiilvi, femora fusca. Mas. — Laete viridis, nitens : os fulvum : oculi ocellique rufi : antennve fulvo-fuscag ; articulus 1"\ fulvus, apice obscurior : thorax MONOGIIAPHIA CIIALCIDITUM. 205 soneo-viridis : abdomen basin versus flavo maculatum ; discus cupreus : pedes Isete flavi ; coxae virides ; tarsi apice fulvi ; ungues et pulvilli fusci : alee limpidio ; squamuIiE et nervi flava, , illae apice fulvas ; stigma minutum. Fern. — Viridi-aeneus, parum nitens : oculi ocellique obscure rufi : antennae nigro-fuscse ; articulus 1^^. fulvus, apice fuscus : meta- thorax seneo-viridis : abdomen aeneo-cupreum ; segmentum 1"™. Isete viride, fulvescens, apice cupreum, subtus pallidius : pedes fulvi ; coxae virides ; femora fusca, apice flava ; tarsi pallide fulvi ; ungues et pulvilli fusci. (Corp. long. lin. 1 — 1| ; alar. 1| — 2|.) Far. j3. — Mas, antennae articulo 1°. pallide fulvo, basi flavo. Far. y. — Mas, thorax viridis. Var. S. — Mas, abdomen utrinque et apice cujjreum. Var. e. — Fern, caput et thorax asneo-viridia : meso- et metatibise fusco cingulatae. Var. c^. — Fern, femora fulva. Var. T], — Fern, tibiae et tarsi obscure fulva. i I July ; near London. Reared from the chrysalises of Papilionites, at Paris, by the Comte de Castelneau ; of a species of Acronycta, by Mr. Davis : and of Eyprepia caia, which Exorista larvarum had already infested, by Mr. Newman, who published an interesting account of it in Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist. Vol. V. p. 25^. Sectio VL Sp. 102. Pter. lugubris. Fem. P. mediocri simUis at minor brevior ohscurior. Viridi-aeneus, parum nitens : caput viride : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae fuscze ; articulus 1^^ obscurior, basi fulvus : abdomen nitens ; segmentum 1™\ viride, cupreo varium ; discus cupreo- purpureus : pedes flavi ; coxae virides ; femora viridi-fusca, apice flava; tibiae fuscae cingulatae; tarsi apice fusci; protarsi fulvi: alae sublimpida; ; squamulae et nervi flava, illa3 apice fuscje ; stigma fulvum, parvum. (Corp. long. lin. f — 1 ; alar, l^ — Ig.) Var. /3. — Mesothorax cupreo-a;neus. Var. y. — Caput et thorax aeneo-viridiu September ; Isle of Wight. 206 VARIETILS. Sp. 103. Pter. nigro-aeneus. Fern. P. lugubri similis at obscurior, antennce crassiores. Nigro-aeneus, parum nitens : caput nigro-viride : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae fusccE ; articulus 1"^ obscurior, basi fulvus : abdo- men nitens; segmentum 1^™. viride, cupreo-varium ; discus cupreo purpureus : pedes flavi ; coxae virides ; femora viridi- fusca, apice flava ; tibiae fusco cingulatas ; tarsi apice fusci ; pro- tarsi fulvi : proalae subfuscae ; squamulic virides ; nervi fulvi ; stigma minutum ; metalse sublimpidse. (Corp. long. lin. f — 1 ; alar. U— U-) Var. (j. — Abdomen nigro-viride ; segmentum P™. cupreo-seneum. Far. y, Var. /3, similis : abdominis discus cupreus. September ; Isle of Wight. Art. XXI. — Varieties. 5. Two Pupae of Saturnia in one Cocoon. — The follow- ing singular fact perhaps might not be deemed unworthy of insertion in your valuable magazine. A lady, whose name is Eginton, residing near Worcester, had a very fine larva of Saturnia Pavonia minor brought to her, which shortly after- wards formed its cocoon, and from its extraordinary size, she entertained great expectations of a very fine specimen to adorn her cabinet the following spring ; but to her great astonish- ment there emerged therefrom a male Viwd. female of the species in great perfection. A few days afterwards I called upon the lady, and witnessed this most singular fact, and made such inquiry as to be fully satisfied that no other insect of the kind, in either state, could have gained admission into the box where the larvae had been deposited to undergo its transformation. With the lady's kind permission I have thought fit to men- tion her name, who can, if needful, corroborate this very singular and extraordinary vagary of nature, as I am quite disposed to think that many Entomologists will imagine that some mistake must have been made, or else perhaps doubt or disbelieve the circumstance altogether; and really I must be candid enough to remark, that had I not been an eye-witness thereto, I should be much inclined to dispute the truth of it VARIETIES. 207 myself. I have been an Entomologist, and have collected diligently for upwards of thirteen years, and have known very singular occurrences, such as hermaphrodites of the order Sphingites, and some instances of Lepidopterous insects with five wings ; others, where circular and rather large holes have occurred in the anterior wings, though the specimens have been quite perfect in every other respect ; but an instance like the foregoing is, I think, of very unusual occurrence. A. Edmunds, Jun. Park-place, London-road. Worcester, May 12, 1835. 6. On the assembling of certain Insects. — Probably it has fallen to the lot of most of the ardent collectors of insects, to witness the extraordinary " gathering" of the males of several species of Lepidoptera, to pay their attentions to their virgin females. On one occasion I had ocular demonstration of the attractive charms of a female of one of the Bombici/dcc, and with ruthless hand put the gallants to death in great numbers. Recently I was fortunate enough to ascertain that one Cole- opterous insect at least was an " assembler." During the Easter week J met with Elater cylindricus in great pro- fusion, on the banks of the Tees, below Yarm. All I cap- tured were males, with one single exception. They appeared to be only just emerging from the pup^e ; and feeling anxious to witness their development, I took some pains to find whence they came. At length I spied an Elater emerging from a bank which had been cast up by a recent flood — its head only was visible. I turned out the insect with my finger, and suffered it to crawl for a minute or two on the sand thrown out. The " gentlemen " soon made their appearance, and in less than five minutes, sixteen had assembled on a space I covered with my hand, running over the little sandy heap with most vigoi'ous ardour. The female was in my fingers, and soon the males arrived and crawled about my hand with extraordinary eagerness. I removed several yards lower down the river; and after remaining a few minutes on one spot, was soon visited by numerous suitors, who forced their way with great accuracy towards the object of their pursuit. G. T. RuDD. Yarm, May IS, 1835. 208 VARir.TIKS. '' 7. The Aphis of the Coivslip. " Now in the cowslip's dewy cell The ylphis makes its bed." It begins in March to spread itself over the calyxes of the cowslips ; it then appears like a green speck, sprinkled with white powder, and has tribes of little spring-tails and ticklers^ skipping around it. In the course of a month it becomes wonderfully populous, and varies from half a line to a line and a half in length, — and to one with wings on its back are fifty without. The young one is dingy green, oval convex, formed of transverse parallel segments, the antennae paler and longer than the body, tipped with brown from the third to the sixth joint, the seventh all brown, the eyes dark brown, the mouth and horns of the abdomen with brown tips, the legs short and thick. As it advances in life it becomes darker, its antennae and legs are longer and more tapering, and some of the thoracic segments develope and bear wings or the rudiments thereof. The wings are almost colourless, the costa pale green, and the nervures brown. When it arrives at perfection the thorax is often spotted with black, and the potent juice of the cowslip gives it a jolly and rosy appearance. It does not inhabit — " pale primroses, That die unmarried, ere they can behold Bright Phoebus in his strength." Their insipidity is not agreeable to its taste, nor their hairy leaves to its skin. When the summer comes the cowslips fade and wither away, and the Aphis is seen no more; or its only vestiges are, some bleaching skeletons amidst a tangled mat of spiders' webs. Tot. 8. Pieris Cratesgi. Yesterday this butterfly was so abun- dant at Oldenbarn, that I took nearly thirty specimens with my fingers, from the blossoms of ChrijsatHhemum Leucan- thermim, on which they settled. Leominster, July 24, 1835. HeNRY NeWMAN. " Smynthunis and Thiips. — Ed. ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE. OCTOBER, 1835. Art. XXII. — Wanderings in New South Wales, ^-c, being the Journal of a Naturalist. In 2 Vols. B?/ George Bennett, Esq. F.L.S. London: Bentley. 1831. In this most amusing work, the author confines himself to a simple narrative of his own observations, together with such comments as were made on the spot. He observes every object with the intelligent eye of a naturalist, and de- scribes it without any attempt at effect: we may indeed say, that his style is too careless. We wish, also, Mr. Bennett had assisted us with more technical names of the objects he describes; such names might have appeared as foot notes, and thus situated, would have instructed the man of science, without annoying the more rapid mere -amusement reader. The value of the work may be imagined from our extracts, which we have not selected as in any way better than the average of the work, but as being strictly entomological. We commence with a notice of a larva, apparently Lepi- dopterous. It attaches itself to the sprigs of shrubs ; and, like the caddis worms, protects itself by a habitation from which it can protrude the anterior part of its body, being attached internally to its case by the tail, and by that means can feed and change its locab'ty at pleasure, bearing its case with it, and re-attaching itself to any other place that may suit its habits. Thus 1 have had them moving about in my room, attaching themselves to one place, and then removing NO. III. VOL. III. E E 210 Bennett's wanderings to another ; at first, much to my surprise at their power of mobi- lity, until I saw it was effected by the protrusion of the larva fromil its habitation. The case is composed, internally, of a very tough i web, and the exterior is covered by bits of twigs, interwoven uponi it in a perpendicular direction : it suspends itself from the twig by aii strong cluster of filaments. I have found this larva inclosed in its; case, of various sizes, from three to six inches ; this has led me to: conclude that, like the caddis worms, they increase in size in the: larva state, enlarging their habitations as the former ones become! too small for the increased size of their bodies. I found, by cutting one of the cases open, that they readily repair any injury their dwellings may have sustained ; for a few hours only elapsed, after i I had made the incision to view the inclosed larva, [when] I found the case restored as firmly as before. — Vol. I. p. 67. The following fact of a species of lobster, burrowing deep in mud, is new to us : — In the river there is a small and new species of lobster, which is nlso prociu-ed in large quantities from the muddy ponds on the Yas Plains : they are delicious eating, and are taken readily, by placing { a piece of raw meat on a bent pin. When one is felt at the bait, it is to be dragged gently to the margin of the pond (which is very ' muddy, but not deep), and taken on the back by the hand. A number can thus be caught in a short time. The aborigines call them Murugonan. They burrow deep in the mud, and the blacks i capture them by thrusting the hand into the holes, and dragging them out, although they often extend to such a depth that the whole length of the arm is inserted before the animal is secured. The ponds in which the lobsters are taken are always full of water, being supplied by springs : one of them was about fifty yards in length by twenty in breadth, but of no great depth at any part. They form a chain along the plains during the dry season of the year; but, during heavy rains, they unite into a running stream, which empties itself into the Yas river. It is only at the season when there is merely a chain of ponds or swamps that the lobsters can be caught with facility. In the Murrumbidgee, Yas, Tumat, and other large rivers, there is a different, and larger species of lobster, which is frequently found in the stomachs of the river cod. This kind is called Munqola by the aborigines, and they are captured measuring a foot and a half in length, and weighing three or four pounds. I examined a small one captured in the Murrumbidgee, at Jugiong. The colour of the upper surface of the shield Avas dark- green, with reddish tinges on the sides, the rings of the tail studded IN NEW SOUTH WALES. 211 with short thick spines, and similar, but smaller spines, on the sides of the shield ; the spines and claws were white ; the legs having been pulled off by the blacks, to prevent their escape during the time they were employed in catching others, I could not ascertain their colour. They are found under the large stones in the rivers, and are taken by the hand when the rivers are low. The natives usually seek for them in the evening, or at night, by torch-light, and say it is difficult to get them during the day-light. In March, the season commences at Sydney, for cray-fish, which are caught in large quantities, and of enormous size, about the sea-coast, and are hawked about the streets at a cheap rate ; therefore, in this colony^ cray-fish abound in the sea, and lobsters in the river. — Vol. I. p. 214. The following notice of the Cicadtz is interesting : — As the summer season was now fully set in, the previous silence of the woods was broken by the incipient, shrill, chirping noises, which resounded over them, occasioned by the male Tetiigonice, or tree-hoppers, emerging from the larva to the winged state ; the cases [which] the fly had left being seen on almost every tree or post. This genus is remarkable for the instrument with which it cuts grooves in the wood for the purpose of depositing its eggs. The musical organs, or drums, are only found in the males, and are equally interesting. The best published account respecting them is that by Reaumur. The aborigines call these insects Gulavg galang, and formerly used them as food, first stripping off their wings. They ate them in the raw state ; that is, as the native blacks told me, "When no white feller here, no black feller get bread or yam." My notice was particularly directed by the natives to the drums in the male insects, as the means by which they produced their thrilling sounds : at the same time adding, in their peculiar English, " Old woman Galang galang no got, no make a noise ;" implying that the females do not possess these musical instruments. There are several species of this genus known in Australia. During rain, these insects are silent, but recommence their clamour on the appearance of fine weather.— Vol. I. p. 237. We now proceed to the account of the Bugong moths, a remarkable example of the gregarious propensity of insects. Most of our readers will recollect Reaumur's history of count- less myriads of Ejihemerce, and various instances of similar multitudes of locusts and other insects. Captain Cook tells us, that at Thirsty Sound, on the coast of New South Wales, 212 Bennett's wanderings every branch and twig, for several acres, was covered with a \ species of butterfly, and the air was so crowded with them, that millions might be seen in every direction. And Captain King, as quoted by our author, observes : " Here, (Cape Cleveland,) as well as at every other place that we had landed upon within the tropic, the air is crowded with a species of butterfly, a great many of which were taken. It is, doubtless, the same species which Captain Cook remarks as so plentiful in Thirsty Sound. The numbers seen by us were indeed incredible ; the stem of every grass-tree {Xanthorrhceci) , which plant grows abundantly upon the hills, was covered with them ; and, on their taking wing, the air appeared, as it were, in perfect motion. It is a new species, and is described by ray friend, Mr. W. S. Mac- Leay, under the name of JLwplcea hamata." — {Survey of the Coast of Australia, Vol. I. p. 195.) In England we have occasionally seen gnats and ants almost equally numerous ; and in northern countries, the cruel mos- quito is no less abundant. But we must proceed with the account of the Bagongs. Near this station is a lofty table-mountain, rising above numerous ■vvooded hills, varying in their degrees of elevation : it forms the com- mencement of a mountainous range, extending in a south-west direction. It is named the Bngong mountain, from the circum- stance of multitudes of small moths, called Bugong by the aborigines, congregating, at certain months of the year, about masses of granite on this and other parts of the range. The months of November, December, and January, are quite a season of festivity among the native blacks, who assemble from far and near to collect the Bugong ; the bodies of these insects contain a quantity of oil, and they are sought after as a luscious and fattening food. I felt very desirous of investigating the places where these insects were said to con- gregate in such incredible quantities, and availed myself of the earliest opportunity to do so. — Vol. I. p. 266. Mr. Bennett was prevented by the weather from ascending the mountain till the 12th of December. Part of the ascent was made on horseback, the remainder on foot: at last he arrived at the summit of the mountain, composed of enormous masses of granite. This was the first place where, upon the smooth sides or crevices of the granite blocks, the Bugong moths congregated in such incre- IN NEW SOUTH WALES. 213 dible numbers ; but from the blacks having recently been here, we found but few of the insects remaining At last, we arrived at another peculiar group of granite rocks, in enormous masses, and of various forms ; this place, similar to the last, formed the locality where the Bugong moths congregate, and is called Warragong by the natives. The remains of recent fires apprised us that the aborigines had only recently left this place for another of similar character a few miles further distant From the result of my observations, it appears that the insects are only found in such multitudes on these insulated and peculiar masses of granite ; for about the other solitary granite rocks, so profusely scattered over the range, I did not observe a single moth, or even the remains of one. Why they should be confined only to these particular places, or for what purpose they thus collect together, is not a less curious than interesting subject of inquiry. Whether it be for the purpose of emigrating, or for any other particular cause, our present knowledge cannot satisfactorily answer. — Vol. I. p. 269. This scarcely seems to us a subject for deep speculation : the eggs of Lepidopterous insects are deposited by thousands in one spot ; the larvae of many are gregarious ; the pupae change, and the moths appear in company. They probably select the granite, as affording a commodious footing, an exposure to the sun, a refuge from the sun, or a shelter from the wind or rain. Perhaps resembling the granite in colour, the similarity hides them from insectivorous birds ; perhaps the smooth and perpendicular sides of the granite present an obstacle to insec- tivorous quadrupeds, which would otherwise devour them. We have no occasion to suppose that emigration, or any other unusual economy, is the object of their immense congregations; let us rather refer it to the simple operation of that heaven-born instinct which tends to the preservation of the unwitting object of its care, in every, even the most simple, propensity which it displays. To procure them with greater facility, the natives make smothered fires underneath those rocks about which they are collected, and suflfocate them with smoke, at the same time sweeping them off frequently in bushelfulls at a time. After they have collected a large quantity, they proceed to prepare them, which is done in the following manner : — A circular space is cleared upon the ground, of a size proportioned to the number of insects to be prepared ; on it a fire is lighted, and kept burning, until the ground is considered to 214 liENNEl r's WANDEKINGS be sufficiently heated, when the fiie being removed, and the ashes i cleared away, the moths are placed upon the heated ground, and stirred about, until the down and wings are removed from them : they are then placed on pieces of bark, and winnowed, to separate i the dust and wings mixed with the bodies ; they are then eaten, or placed into [in] a wooden vessel, called a ivalbun or culibun, (usually made from one of the knotty protuberances so commonly seen upon the trunks of the large Eucalypti trees,) and pounded by a piece of wood into masses or cakes, resembling lumps of fat, and may then be compared, in colour and consistence, to dough made from smutty wheat mixed with fat. The bodies of the moths are large, and filled with a yellowish oil, resembling in taste a sweet nut. These masses will not keep above a week, and seldom for that time ; but by smoking, they are able to preserve them for a much longer period. The first time this diet is used by the native tribes, violent vomitings, and other debilitating effects, are produced ; but after a few days, they become accustomed to its use, and then thrive and fatten exceedingly upon it. These insects are held in such high estimation, that they assemble from all parts of the country to collect them from these mountains. It is not only the native blacks that resort to the Bugong, but crows also congregate for the same pur- pose. The blacks (that is, the crows and aborigines), do not agree about their respective shares ; so the stronger decides the point ; for when the crows (called Arahul by the natives) enter the hollows of the rocks to feed upon the insects, the natives stand at the entrance, and kill them as they fly out, and afford them {i. e. the crows afford the natives) an excellent meal, being fat from feeding upon the rich Bugong. So eager are these feathered blacks, or Arabuls, after this food, that they attack it even while it is preparing by the natives ; but as the aborigines never consider any increase of food a misfortune, they lay in wait for the Arabuls with waddies or clubs, and kill them in great numbers, and use them for food. — Vol. I. p. 273. Some ot" our younger readers may not have met with a history of the den-constructing spider. It has repeatedly been our own good fortune to see the singular residence of this creature- There is a spider, which I frequently observed about Yas Plains, and also at other parts of the colony, which forms a den in the ground ; the opening is about an inch in diameter ; over this a lid is formed of web incorporated with earth, and a web hinge, accurately fitting the external aperture, which the animal can shut at pleasure. IN NEW SOUTH WALES. 215 I have heard of a person who was accustomed to feed one of these insects ; after feeding, it would enter the habitation, and shut down the lid, by drawing it close with one of its claws. It is nearly impossible to discover their habitations when the lid is closed, from its being so accurately fitted to the aperture. — Vol. I. p. 328. There is a passage relative to the King-crab, which we do not exactly understand. We understand the King-crab to be the genus Limulus ; but if so, surely the author has mis- taken the tail for the head. However, we will transcribe the passage, leaving our more learned readers to decide what animal is intended. Observing an antenna of some crustaceous animal projecting from the moist sand left by the receding tide, I pulled it, and drew out two fine King-crabs, jointed together by their under surfaces, and thus united, burrow [? they had burrowed] in the sand. They are called Ecan mimi by the Javanese ; but on this coast [Sumatra] they are named Moi moi. The male is larger than the female. They are eaten by the Javanese ; but on this coast they are not eaten, although the natives observe the Chinese are fond of them. The females lay their eggs in the sand, after carrying them for some time, and in about the second month the young are produced : these animals are perfectly harmless ; they crawl rapidly ; and when touched, draw the upper part of the shell a little inwards ; and as they move, the long antenna bears a resemblance to a tail. When placed on the back, they find much difficulty in regaining their natural position. — Vol. I. p. 400. One quotation more, and we have done. The second volume lays temptingly before us, but we resist. We could not open it without meeting with some passage which we should wish to purloin. It abounds in portraits from the life, — sketches from nature. Therefore, gentle reader, we recommend thee to read Bennett's Wanderings ; which, though not penned by a Waterton, though without the perfect finish, the exquisite style, of the Wanderings, are nevertheless truth-breathing, original, and delightful ; and being so, are surely worth the perusal of every naturalist. Every body knows the Hermit-crab, and therefore every body will under- stand the following: — A great number of the Paguri, Hermit, or Soldier-crabs, of dif- ferent sizes, were running about the beach : two large specimens 216 Bennett's wanderings in new south wales. that I found had each taken possession of the Dulium perdix, or Partridge-shell, to whicli they were as firmly attached as if in their natural habitation. The crustaceous portions of these animals is of a beautiful lilac colour, the softer parts yellow, and the antennae of a i dark red colour. The natives call them by the general name of Sepo. The smaller kinds inhabit Murices, Trochi, Neritce, Helices, , Lymnece, Cerethii, and the univalve shells. In some instances, I saw large shells of Harpa, &c. inhabited by very small animals of i this kind, moving their heavy and cumbrous dwelling slowly, and with difficulty ; there were some of a red, and others of a sea-green colour, but the larger were invariably of a beautiful lilac. May not this change of colour depend upon their age ? The Paguri feed upon dead animals, fish, and all kinds of ofFal, as well as vegetable matter, — such as the skins of plantains, remains of cocoa-nuts, fruits, &c. I have often observed a number of these creatures, of various sizes, congregated about a dead and putrid fish : and it is ludicrous, on disturbing them in the midst of their feast, to see them marching away, jumbling and overturning one another in the hurry, causing a clattering noise to proceed from the collision of their bur- rowed [? borrowed] coverings ; and should they not be able to escape capture, they draw themselves closely into the shell, closing the aperture so firmly, by closing the claws over the entrance, as to render it impossible to extract them without breaking the shell to pieces. Thus secured, they remain immovable, and apparently dead, and may be kicked or thrown about without giving any indications of life ; but danger past, they emerge partly from the shell as before, and move briskly away. The natives use them occasionally, but rarely, as food. It is not an improbable sup- position, that the ova of these curious crustaceous animals are deposited in the empty shells lying upon the beach ; and the changes these Crustacea undergo is one of the most interesting subjects of investigation which could engage the attention of a practical naturalist. It is a curious fact, that no matter whatever form the univalve shell may have, the posterior or soft parts of the animals inhabiting it are accommodated to it, thus causing persons not accustomed to observe the changes of natural objects, to regard this as an original inhabitant, and it is sometimes difficult to per- suade them of the reverse ; the posterior portion of the animal being naked, and the anterior crustaceous, the former evidently requires some protection. — Vol. I. p. 404. -^#" !17 Art. XXIII.— 0« tlte Specie^; of Platygaster, ^c. By Francis Walker. Thk Oxyurites or Proctotrupites, a tribe of parasitic Hymenoptera, of which this family forms a part, are an extensive group, and have a greater variety of structure than the Chalcidites or Ichneumonites, though inferior in number, and less attractive, from their usual black colour and minute size. They are distinguished by the shape of the ovipositor, which is flexible, retractile, and tubiform, like that of the Chry sites. They have most affinity to the Cynipiles, but these are at once known by the peculiar conformation of the wing-nervures. In this family, as in Scelio and Teleas, and some other genera, the segments of the abdomen above form a rim around those below. The wing nervures are very generally obsolete ; but in some species a single nervure proceeds from below the border, and ends in a round dot before the middle of the wing, and in two instances is forked. The two groups into which they have been divided by the form of the scutellum, may also be generally distinguished from each other by several other slight differences. The first group, comprising the species with the scutellum more or less lengthened and pointed behind, has the body generally hairy, the female antennae clubbed, the thorax smooth and shining, the abdomen of the female varying much in form, the second segment with two impressions at the base, the wings often fringed : while in the second group, or the species having the scutellum formed as a tubercle, the body is seldom hairy, the tips of the antennae are very slightly dilated, the thorax is punctured, the abdomen has usually the same shape in both sexes, with the second segment furrowed at the base, and the wings are seldom fringed- The sexes are often alike in shape, but the males may be easily distinguished from the females by their antenna?, in which the fourth joint is much more develoj)ed, and the tenth joint longer, and more pointed. The colour is generally black, that of the legs and antennae NO. III. VOL. HI. F F 218 ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTER. often red; the wings are iridescent and pubescent. They run swiftly, with their antennas incessantly vibrating, and are found on trees, but more often among grass in fields and woods, during the summer and autumn. They destroy the minute Diptera [CccidomyifE, &c.) that infest the corn, grasses, and other plants. These, while in the grub state, reside within the inmost recesses of the florets, and the Platygaster would be unable to reach to them were not its abdomen often very long and slender, and flexible towards the tip ; it has also a very long hair-like ovipositor concealed within the abdomen when not in action. In the fourth and fifth volumes of the Linnean Ti-ansactions is a long and interesting account of Tipiila {Cecidomyia) Tritlci, by Kirby, who also describes three minute species of Hymenoptera, that he found on the ears of wheat. The first of these Ichneumon {Platygaster) Ttpulce, lays its eggs in the grubs of C. tntic'i. He did not clearly ascertain the history of the second, but he suspected it to be parasitic on the eggs of the same fly ; the third, Ichneumon {Macroglenes) penetrans, belongs to the Chalcidites. In the first volume of the Entomological Magazine there is an excellent methodical arrangement of these and other, minute Hymenoptera, by Mr. Haliday; who, by the loan of his MSS. and collection, contributed much of the following descriptions : — Caput breve, transversum, mediocre, thoracis plerunque latitudine, postice concavum : mandibulae arcuatae, apice bidentatae : max- illae subtrigonae, paullulum arcuatae, lobe terminatae ovate externe pilose; palpi biarticulati, articulus \^^. brevis, 2"^. longus apice setis duabus armatus : labium ebconicum : ligula brevis, lata ; palpi uniarticulati, breves, apice setis duabus armati : oculi laterales, minuti : ocelli supra verticem trigone dispesiti : antennae 9- aut 10-articulatae, geniculatae, meniliformes, vibrantes, corporis longi- tiidine aut bre\ lores, vix pubescentes ; articulus 1"^ linearis aut subfusiforniis, longitudine triens : tberax antice et postice angus- tier : prothorax minimus, supra brevissimus, utrinque longior ; mesothoracis scutum maximum, parapsides subtrigonae postice latiores : paraptera trigona : scutelli abdominisque structura varia ; bujus segmenta dorsalia utrinque aciem fingentes segmen- torum ventr.'ilium margincs amplectentem : oviductus et ejus vaginae 2 latcralos longa, graoillimn, flexilia, in abdomen duni ON THE SPF.CIES OF PLATYGASTER. 219 quietem agunt recepta : pedes subaequales, mediocres, parce pubescentes ; coxas mediocres ; femora clavata ; tibiae sub- clavatae, apice spinis armatae, metatibiae longiores, protibias spina bifida majore armatae ; tarsi longi, graciles ; articuli 1°. ad 3"'". aut 4^™. longitudine decrescentes ; 4"^. aut 5"^ pr^cedente lon- gior ; protibiag breviores crassiores ; ungues minuti, distincti ; pulvilli longi : alae subtilissime pubescentes, iridescentes, ssepe ciliatffi ; squamuloe magnae, nitidte ; os basale crassum, longum : proalae nonnunquam nervus basalis puncto terrainatus et raris- sime nervulum demittens recte declivem ; metalae ante medium stigma costale setis 5 hamatis armatum. Femince plerunque abdomen latins aut longius et acutius, antennae breviores et apice crassiores, alae angustiores. * Tarsi pentamer'i. Genus I. — Platygaster, Latre'tlle. Platygaster, Latrcillc, Curds, Haliday, Nccs ab Essenbech. Scelio, Latreille. Ichneumon, Kirbij. Alarum nervi obsoleti. * Thorax compressus. 1. Fein. — Corpus longum, angustum : antennae clavatse, ejus dimi- dio vix longiores ; articulus 2"^. ovatus, mediocris ; 3"^. et sequentes ad 6"™. minimi; 7"^ et sequentes lati ; 10"^. 9". paullo longior : thorax longi-ovatus, compressus, quasi galeatus, capite multo angustior : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix conspicuae ; scutellum compressum, apice subarcuatum, acumi- natum, metathoracem non transiens : abdomen longi-ovatum, fere planum, thorace latius et paullo longius ; segmentum 1"™. breve; 2"™. dimidium occupans ; 3""\ et sequentia brevia, subaequalia. Sp. 1. Plat. Catillus. Fern. Atet; antennoi picecB, pedes picei aut ruji, tarsi Jlavi, alee limpidce. Ater, nitens, laevis, glaber: oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae piceae ; articuli 3^. ad 6""\ pallidiores : metathorax abdominisque segmentum 1^™. scabra, obscura : pedes picei ; coxae nigro-picese ; tibiae rufo-piceae, basi rufa? ; tarsi flavi, apice picei : alas lim- pidae, angustae ; squamulae piceae. (Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar, lin. 1^) 220 ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTER. Far. />. — Antennaj nigro-piccce ; articuli 1"^. siibtus, 2"^. et 10"*. apice picei : coxae, trochanteres et femora nigra ; pro- et mesotibiae ; flavae, supra piceo vittatae ; metatibiae piceae. Far, y. — Antennaj articulo 2°. rufo-piceo. Far. c. — Antennae articulo 1°. rufo : pedes rufi ; coxae piceae ; tarsi i flavi, apice fusci. Fai: e, Far. c, similis : metafemora et metatibiae apice picea. June ; on grass beneath trees ; near London. New Forest, Hampshire. Mr. Haliday has found it under the shade of trees, once at Holywood, and once in Galway, Ireland. ** Thorax non compressus. * Scutellum proditcttim. ■fScutellnm valde productum, spiniforme, abdomen attingens. 2. Mas. — Antennae filiformes, corporis fere longitudine ; articulus 2"^ ovatus ; 3"^ minimus ; 4"^. magnus, longus, sublinearis ; 5"^. parvus, ovatus ; 6"*. et sequentes majores, fusiformes, sub- aequales ; 10"^. linearis, acuminatus, 9°. longior : thorax ovatus, convexus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturse vix conspicuae : ab- domen brevi-ovatum, thorace vix longius ; segmentum 1"™. seorsum angustum, longum ; 2"™. maximum ; 3*^™. et sequentia minima. Perils — Antennae subclavatae, corporis dimidio longiores ; articulus 2^^^ cyathiformis ; 3"^. minimus ; 4"^ et 5"^ mediocres ; 6"^ minor; 7"^. et sequentes majores, lati, subaequales ; 10"^ acu- minatus, 9". longior. Sp. 2. Plat. Tipulse. Mas et Fem. Ater, antennce rufce apice nigrce aut jncece, pedes rvfi fusco cingulati, alee sub- linrpidce. Ichneumon Tipulffl. A7r%, Z?ww. Trans. IV. 232; V. 108; tab. 4. figs. 8,9; Steiv. II. 231; Turt. III. 476. Mas. — Ater, nitens, fere laevis, parce et breviter pubescens : caput subtilissime punctatum, parum nitens : oculi ocellique nigro- picei: antennae piceae; articuli 1°. ad 5""^. rufi : scutellum apice fuscum ; metathorax et abdominis segmentum 1""\ scabra, obscura, pilosa : abdomen laeve, glabrum; segmentum 2"™. basi bifoveolatum : pedes pallide rufi ; metatibiae tarsique apice picea : aljc sublimpidae ; squamulae picea?. ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTER. 221 Fern. — Antennae piceae ; articulus P*. rufus ; 7"^ et sequentes nigri : coxae piceae ; mesofemora et mesotibise apice picea ; metafemora et metatibise apice nigro-picea ; tarsi apice pallide fusci. (Corp. long. lin. | ; alar. lin. 1.) Var. ^. — Fern, antennae articulis 2°. ad 6^'™. rufo-piceis, 7°. ad 10"'". nigro-piceis. Var. y. — Fern, antennae articulis 7°- ad 10"™. piceis : pedes pallide rufi ; meso- et metapedum coxae omnino, femora et tibiae tarsique omnes apice pallide picea. Var. c, Fern. Var. y, similis : propedum femora et tibiae apice pallide picea. Var. £, Fern. Var. y, similis : mesopedum femora et coxae omnino rufa. Mr. Haliday has found the female on Cerealia, in England, Ireland, and Scotland ; the male only once on a rose-tree. The former is common on grass in fields near London, in June and July. Sp. 3. Plat. Nydia. Fem. P. Tipulae simillimus, alee fiiscce. Ater, nitens, laevis, parce et breviter pubescens : caput supra sub- tilissime punctatum, parum nitens : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae rufo-piceae, capite thoraceque longiores ; articulus 1"^. rufus ; 7"^. et sequentes nigri : scutellum apice rufum : meta- thorax abdominisque segmentum 1™\ scabra, obscura, pilis albis utrinque hirta : abdomen segmento 2". ad apicem glabrum, thorace latius, fere rotundum : pedes rufi ; coxae et metatibiae apice nigro-piceae ; femora necnon pro- et mesotibise fusco macu- lata ; tarsi pallidiores, apice fusci ; metafemora apice picea : alae fuscae, ciliatae ; squamulae piceae. (Corp. long. lin. \ — | ; alar, lin. 1—1.) Var. /3. — Pro- et mesotibise femoraque immaculata. June ; Windsor Forest. — July ; on grass in fields ; near London. Sp. 4. Plat. Laodice. Fem. P. Tipulae minor, abdomen longiits, alee angustiores limpiOce. Ater, nitens, fere laevis, parce et breviter pubescens : caput subti- lissime punctatum, parum nitens : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae piceae ; articulus V^^. basi pallide rufus ; 7"^- et sequentes nigri : scutellum apice fuscum : metathorax et abdominis seg- mentum 1"™. scabra, obscura, pilosa: abdomen laeve, glabrum; i222 ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTEK. segmentum 2"'". basi bifoveolatum : pedes rufi ; femora, tibiae et i tarsi apice picea : alee limpidse ; squamulae piceae. (Corp. long. lin. i— i ; alar. lin. i— §.) Far. /3. — Antennae articulis 7°. ad lO""*. nigro-piceis : procoxae pallide rufae. yar. y. — Antennae articulo 1°. omnino rufo : profemora et protibise omniuo rufa. Far. c, Far. y, similis : meso- et metapedum femora et tibiae apice nigro-picea. Far. e. — Antennse rufae; articuli 7°. ad lO"*". pice! : pedes rufi ; meso- et metafemorametatibigeque apice picea ; pro- et^nesotibias piceo cingulatae. Far. C, Far. e, similis : femora omnia necnon pro- et mesotibiae rufa. Far. r]. — Pedes omnino rufi. June ; on grass in fields ; near London. 3. Mas. — Antennae subclavatae, corporis dimidio longiores ; articuli 3*^^ et 5"^ parvi ; 4"^ paullo major ; 6"^. et sequentes majores, longi-ovati, sequales ; 10"^. acuminatus, 9°. longior : thorax ovatus, convexus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturse vix con- spicuae : abdomen ovatum, thorace longius ; segmentura 1"™. seorsum angustum, longum ; 2^™. maximum ; 3™". et sequentia minima. Sp. 5. Plat. Nice. Mas. Rufus, alee suhfuscce. Rufus, semipellucidus, nitens, fere Isevis, parce pubescens : caput fuscum, postice rufum : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae fuscae ; articuli 1°. ad S""". pallide rufi : mesothoracis scuti discus et mesoscutellum basi fusca ; metathorax abdominisque seg- mentum l""*. scabra, obscura, pubescentia : metathoracis post- scutellum optime distinctum, convexum, petioli partem anteriorem fingens : abdomen laeve, glabrum : pedes pallide rufi ; tarsi apice obscuriores : alae subfuscae ; squamulae rufsc. (Corp. long, lin. I ; alar. lin. 1^.) June; on grass beneath trees; near London. -\\ Scutellum productum, compressum, acuminatum, abdomen non aut vix attingens. 4. Fern. — Antennae clavatas ; articulus 2"*. longi-cyathiformis ; sequentes ad 6""^. minimi ; 3"\ et 4"-. lineares ; 5"^ ct 6"^ ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTER. 223 rotundi ; 7"^ et sequentes latissimi, approximati, a?quales ; 10"^ ovatus, 9°. longior : thorax ovatus : scutellum fere trigonum, abdomen non attingens : metathorax brevissimus : abdomen thorace multo longius, postice attenuatum, supra teliforme, oblique quasi obcapitatum ; segmentum 2"'". ejus trientem occu- pans ; 1"™. et 3""\ brevissima ; 4""". multo longius ; 5"™. 4°. iongius ; 6"^™. adhuc longius, acuminatum ; segmentum 2"™. ventrale subtus valde dilatatum, circulum fingens. Sp. 6. Plat. Osaces. Fern. Ater, antennce picets apice nigra, pedes rufo-picei, alee Ihnpidce. Ater, nitens, laevis, glaber : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennse . pieeae, corporis dimidio breviores ; articuli basi et subtus palli- diores ; 7"^. et sequentes nigri : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix conspicuas : abdomen thorace vix triplo longius ; segmentum 1"'". et metathorax scabra, obscura, pilis albis dense hirta : pedes picei ; femora et tibiae basi rufa ; protibiae rufae, piceo cingulatae ; tarsi pallide rufi, apice picei : alae limpidas ; discus subfuscus ; squamulse picese. (Corp. long. lin. | ; alar. lin. |.) Var. /3. — Metafemora omnino nigra. September; on grass in fields; near London. Found once in September on willows at Holywood, in Ireland, by Mr. Hall day. Sp. 7. Plat, ventralis. Fem. Ater, pedes rufo-picei, alee fuscce. Epimeces ventralis . . Weslwood, Loudon s Mag. Nat. Hist. Vol. VI. No. XXXV. p. 421. Ater, parum nitens, subtilissime punctatus, parce pubescens : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennse nigrae, corporis dimidii vix longi- tudine ; articulus 1"'. piceus, subtus rufus : mesothoracis parap- sidum suturae bene determinatsR : scutellum, metathorax, abdominis segmentum P™. omnino 2"™. que basi pilis albis dense hirta; hoc basi quoque bifoveolatum : abdomen laeve, glabrum, thorace vix duplo longius ; segmenta 3". ad 6"™. nisi ad apices subtilissime punctata, vix nitentia : oviductus flavus : pedes nigro-picei ; tro- chanteres, femora et tibiae basi rufa ; tarsi rufi, apice picei ; propedes pallidiores, tibiis rufis piceo cingulatis : alae fuscae, basi sublimpidae ; squamulse pieeae. (Corp. long. lin. ; — | ; alar, lin. 3-1.) 224 ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTER. Var. ft. — Antennae articulis 2°. ad G"'". piceis : protibife subtus rufae. Var. y. — Antennae articulo 1". oninino piceo. July ; on grass in fields ; near London. 5. Fern. — Antenna clavatse ; articulus 2"''. longi-cyathiformis ; sequentes ad 6"". minimi, 3"^ et 4"^ lineares, 5"^. et 6"^. rotundi; 7"^. et sequentes latissimi, approximati, as quale s ; lO"**. ovatus, 9". longior : thorax ovatus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae conspicuaj ; scutellum fere trigonum, abdomen non attingens : metathorax brevissimus : abdomen teliforme, thorace multo longius, postice attenuatum ; segmentum I"'", brevissimum ; 2"™. longi-ovatum, abdominis triente paullo brevius ; sequentia angusta, longa ; 4™^ 3°. multo longius ; 5""^. adhuc longius ; 6™\ 4". brevius, acuminatum. Sp. 8. Plat. Craterus. Fem. Aier, antenncB nigro-picece, pedes piceo rufi, femora nigra, aim limpidce. Ater, subnitidus, Isevis, fere glaber : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae nigro-piceae, corporis dimidio breviores ; articulus 1^^. basi 2"*. que apice pallidiores : metathorax abdominisque seg- mentum 1"™. scabra, obscura, pilosa ; 2^™. nitidum, glabrum ; sequentia subtilissime punctata, obscura ; pedes nigri ; femora basi et trochanteres picea ; tibiae rufae, apice supra pallide piceae ; metatibae apice nigro-piceae ; tarsi pallide rufi, apice picei : alae limpidae, albae ; squamulae picese. (Corp. long. lin. |- ; alar. lin. 1.) Far. jo. — Metatarsi supra piceo-rufi. Far. y. — Metatibiae apice pallide piceae. Far. ^. — Antennae articulo 1°. obscure rufo. July ; on grass in fields ; near London. G. Mas. — Antennae filiformes ; articulus 2"^. longi-cyathiformis ; 3"^. minutus ; 4"^. magnus, 3°. approximatus ; 5"^ paullo minor ; 6"*. mediocris ; sequentes latiores, aequales ; 10^^. acuminatus, 9°. longior : thorax ovatus : scutellum abdomen 'non attingens : abdomen longi-ovatum. Fem. — Antennae clavatae; articuli 3"^ et 4"^. parvi, angusti, lineares ; 5"s. et 6^^ cyathiformes, breviores, non latiores ; 7"^ et sequentes multo latiores, siibaequales ; 10"\ 9". paullo longior: abdomen seorsum convexum et acutum, thorace dimidio longius. ON THE SPECIES OP PLATYGASTEJ?. 2S5 Sp. 9. Plat. Sosis. Mas et Fem. Ater, antennce, liicca, pedes rufo-'picei, alcefusccB. Mas. — Ater, nitens, Isevis, parce albo-hirtus : caput obscurum, punctatum : oculi obscure picei : mandibulse rufae : antennae piceae, corporis dimidio multo longiores ; articulus 1"®. rufus, supra apice piceus ; 2"^. apice rufus : mesothoracis parapsides scuto in unum confusse ; scutellum cultriforme, metathoracem non tran- siens, apice fuscum : metathorax et abdominis segmentum 1"'". scabra, obscura, utrinque albo dense hirta ; segmentum 2™\ maximum, glabrum ; 3"". et sequentia brevia : pedes obscure picei ; femora et tibiae basi, trocb an teres et tarsi pallide rufa, hi apice picei ; propedum femora et tibiae obscure rufa ; tarsi fulvi, apice picei : proalse fuscae, angustae, basi necnon m'etalte omnino sublimpidae ; squamulae piceae. Fern. — AntennjB subclavatae, corporis dimidio paullo longiores ; articulus 1"^. fuscus, basi rufus ; 7"^. et sequentes nigro-picei : abdomen conicum, acuminatum, thorace dimidio longius ; seg- mentum 2""\ ejus dimidium, occupans ; 3^™. brevissimum ; 4"™. 3". paullo longius ; 5™\ adhuc longius ; 6™^ 5". duplo fere longius, acuminatum : oviductus flavus : coxae nigrse ; femora et tibiae nigro-picea, basi rufa ; profemora et pro tibiae picea, basi rufa. (Corp. long. lin. J — 3 ; alar. lin. \ — 1.) Var. /3. — Mas. mesofemora rufo-picea ; mesotibiae rufae, piceo cingulatae. Var. y. — Mas. antennae articulis P. et 2". piceis, ille basi rufus. Var. ^. — Mas. antennae articulis 1°. et 2°. pallide fuscis, hie apice et ille basi rufi. Var. e, Mas. Var. y, similis : profemora rufo-fusca. Var. C. — Mas. antennae articulis 3°. ad 7"™. obscure rufis. Var. 7]. — Mas. antennae rufo-piceae ; articuli P^. basi 2"^. que flavi. Var. 6. — Fem. tarsi omnes flavi, apice picei. Var. I, Fem. Var. 6, similis : protibiae rufae, fusco cingulatae. May to August ; on grass in fields ; near London. Found by Mr. Haliday on willows, at Holywood, in Ireland. Sp. 10. Plat. Rhanis. Fem. Ater, j^^des rufo-fusci, alee suhlimpidce. Ater, obscurus, subtilissime punctatus, parce pubescens : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae nigrae ; corporis dimidio paullo longiores : articulus 1"*. basi fuscus : mesothoracis parapsidum NO. III. VOL. III. G G 226 ON THE SPECIES OF PI-ATYGASTER. suturas vix conspicuae : scutellum, metathorax et petiolus dense; albo-hirta : abdomen nitidum, laeve, glabrum ; segmentum 2" ejus dimidio longius ; 3^"". 4"™. et 5"™. brevia ; 6*^'. multo longius : pedes picei ; coxae nigrae ; tibiae basi et propedum femora tibiseque omnino piceo-rufa ; tarsi rufi, apice picei ; meta- tarsi picei ; articiilus 1"^ basi rufus : alse sublimpidse ; squamulaei nigro-piceae. (Corp. long. lin. | ; alar. lin. 1|.) Far. /3. — Femora nigra ; profemora picea ; metatarsi rufi, apice picei. June ; on grass in fields ; near London. Isle of Wight. Sp. 11. Plat. Myles. Fem. Abdomen quam hujus sectionisi prcecedentibus brevius. Ater, nitens, laevis, fere glaber : caput thorace latius : oculi nigro- picei : antennae nigro-piceae, corporis dimidii vix longitudine ; articulus 1^^. basi flavus : thorax angustus : mesothoracis parap- sides scuto in unum confusae : scutellum abdomen non attingens, apice fuscum : metathorax abdominisque segmentum 1"™. pilis albis dense hirta : abdomen ovatum, nitidissimum, thorace latius vix longius : pedes nigro-picei ; trochanteres pallidiores ; tibiae basi rufae ; tarsi rufi, apice picei ; protibias rufag, supra fusco vittatas : alae albo-limpidae, angustae ; squamulse piceae, optima determinatse. (Corp. long. lin. i ; alar. lin. |.) Var. ft. — Protibiae piceae, apice subtus rufae. Found at Holywood, in Ireland, by Mr. Haliday. 7. Mas. — Antennae filiformes ; articulus 2^^ parvus, subrotundus ; 3"^ minimus ; 4^^ magnus, dilatatus, 3°. approximatus ; 5"^ parvus ; 6"^. et sequentes magni, longi-ovati, discreti, subagquales ; 10"s. acuminatus, 9°. paullo longior : thorax longi-ovatus, angus- tus, utrinque abrupte declivis : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix conspicu^ ; scutellum abdomen non attingens : metathorax abdominisque segmentum 1"™. bene determinata : abdomen longi- ovatura, apicem versus latius ; segmentum 2^™. ejus plus dimi- dium occupans ; 3"™. et sequentia brevia, subaequalia. Sp. 12. Plat. Seron. Mas. Ater, antenna nigro-picece, pedes rufi, metapedum femora et tibice apice picea, alee suhfusccB. Ater, longus, gracilis, nitidus, laevis, parce pubescens : antennae nigro-picete, corpore paullo breviores ; articulus 1"^ rufus : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : metathorax abdominisque segmentum 1"'". ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTER. 227 punctata, parum nitida, utrinque pubescentia ; segmenta 2"™. et sequentia glabra : pedes rufi ; coxae, metafemora, metatibiae tarsique apice picea : alse subfuscas ; squamulse rufo - piceae. (Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar. lin. Ig.) September ; on grass in fields ; near London. Sp. 13. Plat. Mamertes. Mas. Prcdcedenti similUmus, an- tenncs breviores, ala albo-limpidce, Mas. — Ater, nitens, Isevis, fere glaber : caput thorace latius : oculi nigro-picei : antenna; nigrte, corpore breviores ; articulus 1"^. basi piceus : abdomen cochleatum, thorace longius et latius : pedes nigri ; tibiae basi piceae ; protibiae subtus apice tarsique flava, hi apice picei : alae albo-limpidae, postice ciliatse ; squamulae nigro-picese. (Corp. long. lin. | ; alar. lin. 1.) Found in September, on willows, in Kent ; and at Holy- wood, in Ireland, by Mr. Haliday. Fem.1 — Caput thorace vix latius : antennae clavatae, corporis dimidii longitudine ; articulus \^^. subfusiformis ; 2"^. longi-cyathiformis ; sequentes parvi, 3"^ et 4"^. lineares, 5"^. et 6^^. rotundi ; 7"^ et sequentes lati : thorax ovatus, convexus : abdomen obclavatum, thorace fere duplo longius ; segmentum 1^™. et metathorax pilis albis utrinque hirta ; 2^'". ovatum, postice angustius ; sequentia obscura, quasi telum fingentia; 3"™. mediocre; 4^™. multo lon- gius ; 5"™. adhuc longius ; 6""^. 3*. longitudine : trochanteres et tibiae piceae, hae basi flavae; protibiae flavse, apice supra fusco maculatae. (Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar. lin. 1|.) Found in September, on willows, at Holywood, in Ireland, by Mr. Haliday. 8. Fern. — Corpus crassum, breve : antennae capitatae ; articulus 2"^. cyathiformis ; 3^^. et 4"^. parvi, angusti, lineares ; 5"^. et 6"^ cyathiformes, breviores, non latiores ; 7"^. et sequentes multo latiores, subaequales ; 1 0"^ 9°. paullo longior : thorax brevi- ovatus : mesothoracis parapsides scuto in unum confusae ; scutel- lum abdomen attingens : metathorax et abdominis segmentum l"°i. brevissima : abdomen piriforme, arcuatum, vix acuminatum, thorace paullo longius ; segmentum 2"™. ejus dimidium occupans, ovatum, latum ; sequentia abrupte angustiora ; 3"™. et 4"™. brevia ; 5"™. et 6""\ paullo longiora ; segmentum 2"'". ventrale subtus valde dilatatum. 22S ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTKIi. Sp. 11. Plat. Tarsa. Fern. /Iter, antennce picece, apice nigrcB, pedes piceo ruji nigro cingulati, alee linqndcB. Ater, subnitidus, subtilissime punctatus, parce pubescens : caput obscurum : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae piceas, corporis dimidio longiores ; articulus 1"^ rufus, apice supra piceus ; 7"^ et sequentes nigri : metathorax at abdomen basi dense albo-hirta : abdomen nitidum, laeve, glabrum ; segmenta 3"™. et 4'^'". apice, 5"™. et 6^™. omnino punctata, obscura : pedes rufi ; coxae et femora omnino tibiaeque apice nigra ; proferaora et protibiae rufo-picea ; tarsi pallide rufi, apice picei : alaa limpidse ; squa- mulae nigro-piceae. (Corp. long. lin. §■ ; alar. lin. |.) August; on gi'ass in fields ; near London. 9. Mas. — Antennae filiformes ; articulus 2"^. cyathiformis ; 3"^ minutus ; 4"^ magnus, 3°. approximatus ; 5"^. mediocris ; 6"^ et sequentes longi-ovati, latiores, discreti, aequales ; 10"*. acumi- natus, 9°. longior : thorax ovatus : mesothoracis parapsides scuto in unum confusae ; scutellum abdomen attingens : metathorax abdominisque segmentura 1"™. brevissima : abdomen ovatum ; segmentum 2"'". ejus dimidio longius ; sequentia brevia, sub- aequalia. Fern. — Antennae clavatee ; articuli 3"*. 5"*. et 6"*. parvi, subrotundi ; 4"*. angustus, linearis ; 7"^ et sequentes magni, lati, breves, subaequales : scutellum longius : abdomen convexus, apice acu- minatum et fere attenuatum. Note. — Platygaster decurvatus Ess. Monogr. may be placed here. Sp. 15. Plat. Jasius, Mas et Fem. Ater, antennce nigro- picecB, pedes rufo-picei, ala snhfuscce. Mas. — Ater, parum nitens, subtilissime punctatus, parce pubescens : oculi ocellique picei : antennee nigro-piceae, corpore breviores ; articuli P*. et 2"^ apice rufi : scutellum cultriforme : metathorax et abdominis segmentum 1"™. scabra, obscura, pilis albis utrinque dense hirta : abdomen nitens, laeve, glabrum, thoracis longitu- dine : pedes rufi ; coxae omnino, meso- et metapedum femora tibiaeque necnon tarsi omnes apice picea : alae subfuscae ; squa- mulse nigro-piceae. (Corp. long. lin. f ; alar, lin. 1.) Fern. — Antennae nigrae, corporis dimidio longiores ; articulus 1"®. basi rufus ; 2"^ et sequentes ad G"'". nigro-picei : pedes picei ; meso- et metatibiae rufae, hae piceo terminatse, illse cingulatae ; pro- tibiaj et tarsi omnes pallide rufa, hi apice picei. (Corp. long. lin. I ; alar. lin. 1.) August and October ; on grass in fields ; near London. ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTER. 229 Sp. 16. Plat. Acco. Feni. P. Jasio similis, antenna gra- ciliores, alcB angustiores. Ater, nitens, Icevis, parce et breviter hirtus : oculi nigro-picei ; an- tennae picese, corporis dimidio paullo longiores ; articuli 7°. ad lO""". nigri, lati : thorax ovatus ; scutellum, metathorax abdo- minisque segmentum 1"™. pilis albis densissime hirta : abdomen convexum, nitidissimum, acuminatum, thorace iongius ; segmen- tum 2^"^. magnum, glabrum ; sequentia brevia : pedes rufi ; coxae et femora picea, hae basi rufa ; profemora pallidiora ; meso- et metatibiae tarsique omnes apice fusca : alse limpidse ; proalae minime fulvo tinctae ; squamulae picese. (Corp. long. lin. | : alar. lin. 1.) Found in Ireland, by Mr. Haliday. Sp. 17. Plat. Euryale. Fern. Prcecedenii similis, abdomen ■ multo brevius et obtusius. Ater, nitens, laevis, parce hirtus : oculi nigro-picei : antennae piceee, validae, clavatae, corporis dimidio vix longiores ; articulus 1"^. flavus, apice piceus ; 7"*. et sequentes ad 10*^™. nigro-picei : thorax ovatus, convexus: mesothoracis parapsides scuto in unum confusae ; scutellum breve : metathorax abdominisque segmentum 1"". pilis albis dense hirta: abdomen ovatum, glabrum, thorace paullo Iongius et latius ; segmenta 3". ad 7"™. ejus trientem occu- pantia : pedes rufi ; coxae, meso- et metafemora metatibiEeque picea, hae basi pallidiores ; tarsi apice fusci : alae albo-lirapidae ; squamulae nigro-piceae. (Corp. long. lin. \ ; alar. lin. |.) Found once at Holywood, in Ireland, by Mr. Haliday. Sp. 18. Plat. Halia. Mas. Ater, antennas "pedesque picea, tarsi flavi, alis subfusca. Ater, nitens, laevis, parce pubescens : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : an- tennae piceae, corpore paullo breviores ; articulus l"^ omnino, 2"^ apice et subtus rufi : metathorax abdominisque segmentum I"'", dense pubescentia : abdomen glabrum, latum, thorace brevius : pedes picei ; propedes flavi, coxis piceis, tibiis piceo cingulatis ; meso- etmetapedum femora et tibiae basi flava ; tarsi omnes flavi, apice picei : alae subfuscae ; squamulae nigro-piceae. (Corp. long, lin. \ ; alar. lin. \?) August ; on grass in fields ; near London. 230 ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTEK. 10. Mas. — Antennae subfiliformes ; articulus 2"^ ovatus, basi angustior ; 3"^ et 5"^ minimi ; 4"^ maximus, 3°. approximatus ; 6"'. mediocris, cyathiformis ; sequentes latiores, aequales ; 10"'. acuminatus, 9". longior : thorax ovatus : mesothoracis parap- sidum suturae bene determinatae p scutellum abdomen attingens : metathorax abdominisque segmentum 1"°*. brevissima: abdomen ovatum; segmentum 2^"\ ejus dimidio longius ; sequentia brevia, subaequalia. Pgm, — Mart similis : antennae subclavatse, crassiores. Sp. 19. Plat. Abaris. Mas et Fem. Ater, antennae rufo- jjicece, pedes picei, protibice tarsique rufa, alcefuscm. ]\fas. — Ater, parum nitens, subtilissime punctatus, parce pubescens : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae pallide picese ; articuli 1"'. et 3"^ rufi ; 4"^ 5"^ et 6"^ rufo-picei : scutellum nisi ad apicem, metathorax, abdominis segmentum 1^°*. omnino 2"™. que basi pilis albis dense hirta : abdomen nitidum, laeve ; segmentum 2""\ glabrum ; 3^™. et sequentia parce albo-hirta : pedes picei ; coxae nigrae ; profemora apice, protibiae, genua et tarsi rufa ; hi apice picei : alae fuscse ; squamulae picese. Pern. — Antennae nigro-piceae ; articulus l"^ rufus; 2"'. et sequentes ad 6^^. rufo-picei : pedes rufi ; coxae et metapedum femora tibiae- que apice nigro-picea; tarsi apice picei. (Corp. long. lin. | — |; alar. lin. i| — 1.) August to October ; on grass beneath trees ; near London. 11. Mas. — Anteimae filiformes ; articulus 2"^ longi-cyathiformis ; 3us_ 5us^ et 6"^ minuti ; 4"^ magnus, 3". approximatus ; 7"^ et sequentes lati, sequales ; 10"^ acuminatus, 9°. longior: thorax ovatus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturas vix conspicuse ; scutel- lum abdomen attingens : metathorax abdominisque segmentum 1 uin. brevia : abdomen brevi-ovatum ; segmentum 2""^. ejus plus dimidium occupans ; sequentia brevia, subaequalia. Pern. — Antennae subclavatse ; articuli 3°. ad 6^™. minuti ; 3"^ et 4'". lineares ; 5"^ et 6"^ breviores, non latiores. Sp. 20. Plat. Ozines. Mas et Fem. Ater, antennce pedes- que rufo-picea, alee limpidce. Mas. — Ater, nitens, lasvis, parce pubescens : caput subtilissime squameum : oculi ocellique picei : antennae rufo-piceac, corporis ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTER. 231 dimidio multo longiores ; articulus l"^ rufus, apice rufo-piceus ; 7"^ et sequentes picei : abdomen glabrum basi cum metathorace dense albo-hirtum : pedes rufi ; coxas, metafemora, metatibise et tarsi apice picea : alee limpidse ; squamulse piceae. Fern. — Mart similis : abdomen paullo longius : pedes picei ; femora et tibiae basi tarsique rufa, hi apice picei ; profemora et protibiae pallidiora. (Corp. long. lin. i ; alar. lin. |.) Var. 13. — Fern, antennae articulis 2". ad 6"™. piceis. August ; on grass in fields ; near London. Sp. 21. Plat. Trebius. Mas et Fern. Ater, antennce picecB, pedes rufi, metapedes piceo cingulati, alec fusctB. Mas. — Ater, nitens, IfEvis, parce pubescens : caput subtilissime squameum : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae rufo-piceae, corporis dimidio multo longiores; articulus ]"^ rufus; 7"'. et sequentes picei : metathorax et petiolus dense albo-hirta : abdo- men glabrum : pedes rufi ; coxae nigro-piceae ; metapedum femora et tibias apice picea ; tarsi pallidiores, apice rufo-picei : alae fuscas ; squamulse piceae. Fern. — Man similis : antennae et pedes pallidiora. (Corp. long. lin. I ; alar. lin. |.) Found near London. 12. Mas et Fem. — Mart antennae subclavatae ; articuli 7". ad 10^™. lati : fem. antennae clavatae ; articuli ultimi latiores approximati : csetera ut 1°. Sp. 22. Plat, scutellaris. Mas et Fem. Prcecedentibus si. milis scutello breviore, ater, antennce basi pedesque pallida, metafemora picea. Platygaster scutellaris. Nees ab Essenbeck Hym. Ich. affin. Monogr. U. 309. 18. Ater, nitens, laevis, parce pubescens : oculi nigro-picei : antennae corporis dimidio paullo longiores ; articuli l"s, apice 2„g. que basi supra fusci ; 7"^ et sequentes ad 10""". nigro-picei : thorax ovatus : scutellum, metathorax abdominisque segraentum 1"™. pilis albis dense hirta : abdomen glabrum, vix petiolatum, tho- race latius vix longius : pedes fulvi ; coxae, meso- et metafemora 232 ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTER. picea ; metatibine apice fuscas ; tarsi flavi apice fusci : alae lim- pidse; squamula; piceae. (Corp. long. lin. 5 — 2 ; alar. lin. | — 1.) Far. /3. — Fe7n. mesofemora fulva. Found on willows at Holywood, in Ireland, by Mr. Haliday. ■\"\"\ Scute Hum brevius, vix acuminatum, abdomen non attingens. 13. Mas. — Antennas filiformes ; articulus 2"^ cyathiformis ; 3"\ 5"^ et6"^ minimi; 4"^ magnus, 3°. approximatus; 7"^ et se- quentes lati, fere rotundi ; 10"^ acuminatus, 9°. longior : thorax longi-ovatus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix conspicua; : metathorax abdominisque segmentum 1"'". bene determinata : abdomen thorace longius ; segmenta 3°. ad 6"'". brevia sub- £Equalia. Sp. 23. Plat. Leptines. Mas. Ater, antennce pedesque picea, tarsi ruji, alte. fuscce.. Ater, nitens, laevis, parce pubescens : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae pallide piceae, corporis dimidii longitudine ; articulus l"^ basi subtusque rufus : thorax angustus ; scutellum apice, metathorax et abdomen basi utrinque dense albo-pilosa : abdomen longi-ovatum, glabrum ; segmentum l"™. latum : pedes picei ; coxae nigrse ; meso- et metapedum femora et tibiae basi rufa ; profemora et protibiae rufo-picea, subtus pallidiora ; tarsi pallide rufi, apice rufo-picei ; ungues et pulvilli fusci : alse fuscee ; squa- mulae piceae. (Corp. long. lin. \ ; alar. lin. ^.) July ; on grass in fields ; near London. Sp. 24. Plat. Larides. Mas. Prcecedente crassior ; alee latiores, pallidiores. Ater, nitens, Isevis, parce pubescens : caput subtilissime punctatum : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae nigro-piceas, corporis dimidio paullo longiores ; articuli 1°. ad 6"'". picei, subtus rufi : abdomen longi-ovatum, glabrum ; segmentum 1"*". et metathorax dense albo-hirta : propedes omnino rufi ; meso- et metapedes picei trochanteres femora et tibiae basi, tarsique nisi ad apices flava alae sublimpidae ; squamulae rufo-picea;. (Corp. long. lin. 1 alar. lin. |.) Far. /3. — Pedes omnes picei ; tarsi, tibiae basi et propedum trochan' teres flava. July; on grass in fields; near London. ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYG ASTER. ^33 14. Mas. — Antennas filiformes ; articulus 2"^. cyathiformis ; 3"^ parvus; 4^'^ magnus, 3". approximatus ; 5"". et 6"^ mediocres ; 7"^. et sequentes paullo majores, requales ; 10"^. acuniinatus, 9°. longior : thorax ovatus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix conspicuse : metathorax abdominisque segmentum 1™". bene de- terminata : abdomen spathuliforme, thorace longius ; segmentiim 2^™. ejus plus dimidium occupans, basi utrinque impressum. Fern. — Antennae subclavatse ; articulus 2"^. longi-cyathiformis ; 3"*. et 4"^. mediocres, aequales ; 5"^. et 6"^. paullo minores ; sequen- tes majores ; 9"^. et 10"^. approximati, hie apice rotundus. Sp. 25. Plat. Nereus. Mas et Fem. Afer, antenna; picea, abdominis margo pedes que riiji,, rtlar fusc. magnitudine : thorax longi-ovatus : metathorax abdominisque segmentum I""", scabra, obscura, ille utrinque productus acutus : abdomen fusiforme, thorace multo longius ; segmentum 2"™. glabrum, thoracis longi- tudine, basi scite sulcatum, utrinque rufo marginatum ; sequentia brevia, subaequalia : pedes rufi ; tarsi pallidiores ; ungues et pulvilli basi fusci : alae obscure fuscae, perangustae ; squamulae piceae. (Corp. long. lin. § ; alar. lin. 1.) June ; Windsor Forest. ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTER. 243 ** Scutellum tuherculo simile, non productum. "j" Fern, abdominis segmenta postica attenuata. 18. Fern. — Antennae extrorsum crassiores, corporis dimidio breviores ; articulus 2^^. cyathiformis ; 3"^. minimus ; 4"^. et sequentes mediocres, breves, sequales ; 10^^. paullo longior, conoides, 9°. approximatus : thorax ovatus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae conspicuae ; scutellum minime convexum : metathorax brevissi- mus : abdomen teliforme, thorace duplicato multo longius ; seg- menta 1°. ad S*^"*. sequentibus paullo breviora ; P™. bene determinatum ; 2""*. et 3"™. ovatum fingentia, hoc 1'. longitudine, ilium thorace paullo brevius ; 4.^^. basi paullo latius, 3°. fere duplo longius ; 5"™. lineare, 4°. multo longius ; 6"™. acuminatum, 4". longitudine. Sp. 44. Plat, ensifer. Fern. Ater, pedes rtifo-fusci, alaalbce. Epiraeces ensifer . . Westwood, Loudon s Mag. Nat. Hist. VI. ^2i.^g. g.a Ater, nitens, laevis, fere glaber : caput subtilissime punctatum : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae nigrae ; articuli 1"^. basi 2*^^. que apice fusci : abdomen scitissime sulcatum ; segmentum 1"^™. scabrum, obscurum : pedes obscure picei ; coxae nigrae ; trochanteres rufo-picei ; tibiae piceae, apice basique rufae ; pro- tibiae rufae, piceo cingulatse ; tarsi rufi, apice picei : alae albo- limpidae ; squamulse obscure piceae. (Corp. long. lin. l^ — 1^ ; alar. lin. 1 — 1|.) Far. /3. — Femora basi rufo-picea ; protibiae piceae, basi apice et subtus rufae. July ; on grass in fields ; near London. Found in Ireland, by Mr. Haliday. 19. Fem. — Antennae subclavatae, capitis thoracisque longitudine ; articulus 2"^. cyathiformis ; 3*^^ minimus ; 4"^. 3°. approximatus ; sequentes 5°. ad 9"™. gradatim latescentes ; 10"^. brevi-ovatus, 9°. paullo longior et latior : thorax brevi-ovatus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae conspicuas ; scutellum maxime convexum : metathorax brevissimus : abdomen teliforme, thorace triple longius ; segmenta 1°. ad 3"™. sequentibus paullo longiora ; 1""". brevissi- mum ; 2*^™. fusiforme, thorace paullo longius ; 3*^™. 2'. dimidio * Many natural genera are probably comprised in Platygaster, but the genus Epimeces, referred to above, is founded on error ; sexual characters are there regarded as sectional, and vice versa. The observation on Plat, ruficmnis is also erroneous. 244 OM THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTEK. brevius ; 4"'". 3°. longius ; 5"'". adhuc longius, lineare ; 6"™. acuminatum, 3'. longitudine. Sp. 45. Plat. Acrisius. Fem. Ater, prcecedente brevior, abdomen basi angustius apice latins, tarsi picei, alee albce. Ater, obscurus, subtilissime punctatus, fere glaber : caput scite undatim sulcatum : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae nigrae : abdomen scitissirae sulcatum, pilis albis breviter et parce hirtum ; segmentum 1""*. scabrum ; 2"*". laeve, glabrum, nitens, basi sulcatum ; 3"™. et sequentia basi et apice nitida glabra : pedes nigri ; profemora apice, tibiae basi et apice tarsique picea : alae albo-limpidae ; squamulae obscure picese. (Corp. long. lin. H ; alar. lin. 1|.) Found near London. 20. Fem. — Antennae clavatas, corporis dimidio breviores ; articulus 2"^ cyathiformis ; 3"^. minimus ; 4"^ et sequentes ad 9""^. lati- tudine crescentes ; 10^^. brevi-conoides, 9°. vix longior : thorax brevi-ovatus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturse conspicuae : scu- tellum minime convexum : metathorax brevissimus : abdomen teliforme, thorace plus duplo longius ; segmentum 1"™. bene deterrainatum ; 2"™. et 3^™. ovatum fingentia thoracis longi- tudine, hoc 1°. brevius ; 4"™. 3°. duplo longius ; 5""". lineare, 4°. longius ; Q^^. acuminatum, ]'. longitudine. Sp. 46. Plat, elongatus. (Haliday, Curtis' Brit. Ent. 309.) Fem. Ater, antennae basi pedesque rnfa, alcefuscce. Ater, nitidissimus, laevis, glaber, caput postice et scutellum sub- tilissime punctata : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : mandibulae rufae : antennae nigro-piceae, crassae ; articuli 1°. ad 3^"™. rufi : abdo- minis acies rufus ; segmentum l'^™. et metathorax scabra, ob- scura, utrinque pilosa ; 2""". basi scite sulcatum ; 3"™. et sequentia scitissime sulcata basi et apice laevia : pedes omnino rufi ; ungues picei : alae fuscae ; squamulse rufae, (Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar, lin. 1.) Var. /3. — Antennae articulis 1". et 2°. supra pallide piceis. Var. y. — Antennae omnino piceae : meso- et metafemora piceo-rufa. June and July ; on grass in fields ; near London. 21. Mas. — Antennae filiformes, crassae, capite thoraceque paullo longiores ; articulus 2"^ cyathiformis ; 3"^ minimus ; 4"^ magnus, 3". approximatus ; 5"^ et sequentes mediocres, breves, aequales ; 10"^ conoides, acuminatus, 9°. longior: thorax brevi-ovatus: ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTER. 245 mesothoracis parapsidum suturse conspicuse \] scutellum con- vexum : metathorax brevissimus : abdomen ovatum, thorace lon- gius et angustius ; segmentum 1"™. bene determinatum ; 2"'". thorace paullo brevius ; sequentia brevia, subaequalia. Fern. — Antennae graciles, extrorsum crassiores, capite thoraceque longiores ; articulus 3'^^ minutus ; 4"^ mediocris ; 5"^ et 6"^. paullo latiores ; 7"^. et sequentes adhuc latiores, aequales ; 10"^. ovatus, 9". multo longior : abdomen teliforme, thorace triplo longius ; segmentum 2^"^. longi-ovatum, thorace paullo brevius ; 3um_ 2'. dimidiati longitudine ; sequentia angusta, plana, sub- incurva ; 4"™. 3°. multo longius ; 5"™. adhuc longius ; 6"™. brevius, acuminatum. Sp. 47. Plat, attenuatus. (Haliday, Curtis' Brit. Ent. 309.) Mas et Fem. Ater, fem. abdomen thorace triplo longius, genua et tarsi picea, alee. subfusc. ovatum, convexum, thorace paullo brevius ; sequentia teretia, plana; 4"™. 3°. fere duplo longius ; 5"™. 4*. longitudine ; 6*^"^. brevius, acuminatum. § Mesothoracis parapsidum suturce conspicuce ; scutellum convexum : abdomen thorace plus duplo longius. Sp. 49. Plat. Munitus. Fem. Ater, abdomen thorace du- plicato longius, tarsi nigro-picei, alee suhfuscce. Ater, parum nitens, subtilissime punctatus, parce et breviter pu- bescens : caput posticum transverse sulcatum : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae nigree, latae : thoracis latera laeviora, nitidiora : metathorax abdominisque segmentum 1"™. scabra : abdomen laeve, nitens, glabrum; segmentum 2"°*. basi scite sulcatum; oviductus rufus : pedes nigri ; femora et tibiae lata ; genua et tarsi nigro-picea ; propedum genua et tarsi picea, tibiae apice subtus rufae : alae subfuscae, sat latae ; metalae sublimpidae ; squa- mulae nigro-piceae. (Corp. long. lin. | — 1 ; alar. lin. 1 — \\.) Var. /3. — Genua et tarsi picea ; progenua et protarsi rufa, hi apice picei. Found near London. ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTER. 247 Sp. 50. Plat. Tisias. Fem. P. Munito miilto gracilior, alee angustiores. Ater, subtilissime punctatus, fere laevis, parum nitens, pilis nonnullis brevissimis vix conspicuis hirtus : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : • antennae nigrse, graciles ; articulus 2"^ apice fuscus : metathorax abdominisque segmentura 1"™. scabra ; abdomen nitidum, lasve, fere glabrum ; segmentum 2"™. basi scite sulcatum ; pedes nigri ; . genua et tarsi picea ; propedum genua, tibiae apice subtus et tarsi rufo-picea, hi apice obscuriores : alae subfuscae, angustae ; metalae sublimpidae ; squamulae piceae. (Corp. long. lin. f — | ; alar, lin 1 3 \ Var. 13. — Genua et tarsi rufo-picea ; protibiae et protarsi rufa, hi apice et illae supra picea. May ; on grass in fields ; near London. ^^ Mesothoracis parapsidum suturce optime determinatce ; scutellum glohosum : abdomen thorace vix duplo longius. Sp. 51. Plat. Cyrsilus. Fem. Ater, tarsi rufo-picei, alee sublimpidcB. Ater, nitens, laevis, parce et breviter pilosus : oculi ocellique nigro- picei : antennae nigrae, graciles, capite thoraceque longiores ; articulus 2"^. apice fuscus : metathorax abdominisque segmentum 1"*". scabra : abdomen glabrum ; segmentum 2"™. basi scite sulcatum : pedes nigri ; genua et tarsi picea ; propedum genua, tibise apice subtus et tarsi rufo-picea, hi apice obscuriores: alae sublimpidae ; proalas latae ; squamulse nigro-piceae. (Corp. long, lin. § ; alar. lin. |.) May ; on grass in fields ; near London. Found in Ireland, by Mr. Haliday. 24. Fem. — Antennae extrorsum crassiores, capite thoraceque multo longiores ; articulus 2"^. longi-cyathiformis ; 3"^. minutus ; 4"*. paullo major ; 5"*. et 6"^. mediocres ; 7"^ et sequentes longi- ovati, latiores ; 10"^ acuminatus, 9". longior : thorax ovatus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix conspicuae ; scutellum glo- bosum : metathorax abdominisque segmentum 1^™. brevia : abdomen thorace vix duplo longius, apicem versus sub-incurvum ; segmentum 2^™. ejus dimidii longitudine, ovatum ; 3""". breve ; 4"™. longius ; 5""". adhuc longius ; 6™'. acuminatum, 4'. longi- tudine. 248 ON THE SPECIFS OF PLATYGASTER. Sp. 52. Plat. Pelias. Fern. P. Cyrsilo similis, ajitenncs gra- ciliores, abdomen hrevius. Ater, parum nitens, subtilissime squameus, pubescens ; oculi ocelli- que nigro-picei : antennas nigrae, graciles ; articulus 2"^ apice fuscus : raetathorax abdominisque segmentum 1"". scabra : ab- domen nitens, laeve, glabrum ; basi seite sulcatum ; pedes nigri ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi nigro-picea ; propedum genua, tibias apice et tarsi rufo-picea, subtus pallidiora : alae sublimpidae ; squamulae piceae. (Corp. long. lin. \ — § ; alar. lin. § — |.) Found near London. August; on willows, in Ireland; Mr. Haliday. 25. Fern. — Antennag subclavatae, capite thoraceque paullo longiores ; articulus 2"^. longi-cyatbiformis ; 3^**. et 4"*. mediocres, approxi- mati ; 5"^. et sequentes ad 9*^™. subrotundi, gradatim latescentes ; 10"^ ovatus, 9°. longior et latior: thorax ovatus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturse conspicuse ; scutellum convexum : meta- thorax brevis : abdomen fusiforme, convexum, thorace plus duple longius ; segmentum 2""*. ejus dimidium occupans ; 3"™. et 4"™. brevia, subaequalia ; 5""\ et 6*^™. longiora, plana, quasi trullam fingentia, hoc acuminatum. Sp. 53. Plat. Vaenia. Fem. Ater, nitens, tarsi rtifi, alee suhlimpidce. Ater, nitidissimus, laevis, glaber : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : an- tennae nigrag ; articulus 2"*. apice fuscus : metathorax scaber, utrinque pilis albis hirtus : abdominis segmentum 1"™. sulcatum, sat bene determinatum ; 2"™. longi-ovatum, apice latius : ovi- ductus rufus : pedes nigri ; trochanteres picei ; tibiae nigro- piceae, basi rufse ; tarsi rufi, supra picei, apice obscuriores : alae sublimpidae ; metalae limpidae ; squamulae nigro-piceae. (Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar, lin, 1|.) May ; on grass in fields ; near London. 26. Fem. — Antennas extrorsum crassiores, capitis thoracisque vix longitudine ; articulus 2"^ cyathiformis ; sequentes breves, approximati ; 3"^ et 4"^ vix disjuncti ; 5"^ et 6"^ mediocres ; 7"'. et sequentes paullo latiores, aequales ; 10"^ ovatus, 9°. lon- gior : thorax ovatus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturas conspicuae ; scutellum parum convexum : metathorax abdominisque segmen- tum 1""\ brevia: abdomen teliforme, thorace duplo longius; ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTEH. S49 segmentum 3""\ 2°. trieiitis longitudine ; 4"™. 3°. multo longius ; S"'". et 6"™. 4'. longitudine, hoc acuminatum. Sp. 54. Plat. CEbalus. Fem. Ater, obscurus, protarsi picei, alee albo-limpid(B. Ater, obscurus, subtilissime punctatus, parce et breviter pubescens : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae nigrae, validae, capitis tho- racisque vix longitudine : metathorax abdominisque segmentum 1"™. scabra : abdomen nitens, laeve, glabrum ; segmentum 2"™. longi-ovatum, basi scite sulcatum : oviductus flavus, apice fuscus : pedes nigri, validi ; tarsi lati ; propedum genua, tibiae apice subtus et tarsi picea : alse albo-limpidae ; squamulse nigro-piceae. (Corp. long. lin. § ; alar. lin. |.) Found near London. 27. Mas. — Antennae filiformes, corpore breviores ; articulus 2"'. cyathiformis ; 3"*. minutus ; 4"^ maximus, 3°. approximatus ; 5«^ et sequentes ovati, sequales ; 10"^ acuminatus, 9". longior : thorax ovatus, altus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturse vix con- spicuae ; scutellum globosum : metathorax brevis : abdomen ovatum, thorace vix longius ; segmentum 2"*°. ejus fere totum occupans ; 1'"". bene determinatum ; 3*"". et sequentia bre- vissima. Fem. — Antennae extrorsum crassiores, capite thoraceque paullo lon- giores ; articulus 2us. longi-cyathiformis ; sequentes ovati ; 3"'. minutus ; 4"'. mediocris, 3°. approximatus ; 5"^. et 6"^ breves ; 7"^ et sequentes paullo latiores ; 10"^ ovatus, 9°. longior: abdomen thorace dimidio longius ; segmentum 2"™. ejus dimi- dium vix occupans ; 3""". breve ; sequentia paullo longiora, 6"™- acuminatum. § Mesothoracis parapsidum suturce conspicuce. Sp. 55. Plat. Demades. Mas et Fem. Ater, tarsi picei, alee fusc(B. Ater, parum nitens, subtilissime punctatus, breviter pubescens : caput posticum transverse sulcatum : oculi ocellique nigro picei : antennae nigrae ; articulus 2»s. apice fuscus : metathorax scaber : abdomen nitidum, laeve, glabrum ; segmentum l*"". sulcatum ; 2"". longi-ovatum, basi scite sulcatum : oviductus fuscus : pedes nigri ; genua et tarsi picea ; propedum genua, tibiae apice subtus et tarsi piceo-rufa : hi apice obscuriores : proalae fuscae ; metalae NO. III. VOL. III. K K 250 ON THE SPECIES OF PL ATYG ASTER. sublimpidse ; squamulae nigro-piceae. (Corp. long. lin. 5 — |; alar. lin. I — |.) Var. /3. — Mas, genua et tarsi pallidiora. Var. y. — Fern, genua et tarsi rufo-picea ; progenua et protarsi rufa, hi apice picei. Var. S. — Fern, genua et tarsi nigro-picea, propedibus pallidiora. Found near London. Sp. 56. Plat. Orcus. Fern. Prcecedenti similis, alee Intiores. Ater, parum nitens, subtilissime punctatus, dense et breviter pubes- cens : caput posticum transverse sulcatum : oculi ocellique nigro- picei : antennae nigrse : metathorax scaber ; abdomen nitens, lasve, glabrum ; segmentum 1"™. profunde sulcatum ; 2""". longi- ovatum, apice latius, basi ad medium scite sulcatum : pedes nigri, validi ; genua et tarsi nigro-picea ; propedum genua, tibiae apice subtus et tarsi pallidiora : alae obscure fuscas, apice latae obtusae ; metalse subfuscae ; squamulse nigro-piceae. (Corp. long. lin. f ; alar. lin. |.) Found near London. Sp. 57. Plat. Chrysippus, Fern. Abdomen quam preeceden- tibus longius. Ater, obscurus, subtilissime punctatus, breviter pubescens : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae nigrae, capite thoraceque paullo longiores ; articulus 2"'. apice fuscus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae optime determinatae : metathorax abdominisque segmen- tum 1""™. scabra, obscura: abdomen nitidum, laeve, glabrum, con- vexum thorace duplicato brevius, apicern versus minime incurvum ; segmentum 2""*. ejus dimidio paullo brevius, basi scite sulcatum, apice latius ; 4""". et sequentia quasi telum fingentia; 6"™. 5°. bre- vius : oviductus pallida flavus, abdominis dimidio longius : pedes nigri ; trochanteres et genua picea ; protibiae apice et tarsi rufo- picea, subtus pallidiora : alae obscure fuscae ; squamulae nigro- piceae. (Corp. long. lin. |; alar. lin. If.) May ; on grass in fields ; near London. Sp. 58. Plat. Gorge. Mas et Fern. Ater, pedes rufo-picei, alee albo-litn/jidce. Mas. — Ater, parum nitens, subtilissime squameus, breviter pubes- cens : caput posticum snlcis transversis scite undatum : oculi ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTER. 251 ocellique nigro-picei : antennae nigrae, breves, crassie, capitis tho- racisque longitudine ; articuli 1"^ basi 2"^ que apice fusci : meta- thorax abdominisque segmentum P"*. scabra, obscura : abdomen longi-ovatum, nitidum, lasve, glabrum, thorace paulio longius at angustius, apice rotundum non acuminatum ; segmentum 2"™. ejus dimidio multo longius, basi scite sulcatum ; 3"™. et sequentia brevissima : pedes nigri ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi nigro-picea ; propedes pallidiores, tibiae apice subtus et tarsi rufa, hi apice fusci : alae albo-limpidas, breves ; squamulse picese. Fern. — Mari similis : abdomen thorace dimidio longius, postice attenuatum et acuminatum ; segmentum 2"^". ejus dimidio paulio brevius, apice latius ; S'*™. 2^ quintae partis longitudine ; 4""'. 3'^. longius ; 5""". 4°. multo longius ; 6"™. 4'. longitudine, acumina- tum : pedes nigro-picei ; trochanteres, genua et tibiae apice rlifo- picea; tarsi rufi, apice picei. (Corp. long. lin. \ — \ ; alar, lin. §.) Found near London. §§ Mesothoraeis parapsidum suturce vix conspicuc^. Sp. 59. Plat. lolas. Fem. Ater, tarsi nigro-picei, {•I'jB limpidce. Ater, parum nitens, fere laevis, breviter pubescens : oculi ocellique picei : antennae nigrae, graciles, capite thoraceque multo longiores ; articulus 2*^^. apice fuscus : metathorax abdominisque segmentum 1"™. scabra, obscura : abdomen nitidum, laeve, glabrum, thorace multo longius : segmentum 2"*". ovatum, abdominis fere dimidium occupans, basi scite sulcatum ; S"^*". 2'. quintae partis longitudine ; 4^"\ paulio longius ; 5*^™. adhuc longius ; 6""^. 5'. longitudine, acuminatum : pedes nigri ; genua et tarsi nigro-picea : alae lim- pidae ; squamulae piceae. (Corp. long. lin. \ ; alar. lin. f .) Found near London. Sp. 60. Plat. Galenus. Fem. Prcecedente minor, abdomen plus attenuatum. Ater, nitens, laevis, glaber, minimus : oculi nigro-picei : antennae nigrae, subclavatae, corporis dimidio multo longiores : thorax brevi- ovatus ; segmenta vix conspicua : mesothoraeis parapsides scuto in unum confusae : pro- et metathorax brevissima : abdomen longi-ovatum, subarcuatum, postice attenuatum acuminatum, thorace dimidio longius ; segmentum V™. brevissimum ; 2"^". 252 ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTEK. maximum ; S""". et seqixentia brevia, subaequalia : pedes nigri ; genua et tarsi obscure picea: alae limpidse, parvse ; squamulae piceae. (Corp. long. lin. 5 ; alar. lin. g.) Found in Ireland, by Mr. Haliday. -j"|- Mari et Fern, abdomen ovatum aut longi-ovatum, non aitenuatum. 28. Mas. — Antennae moniliformes, nodosae, corpore paullo bre- viores ; articulus 2"^. brevi-cyathiformis ; 3"^. minimus ; 4"^. maximus, dilatatus, 3°. approximatus ; 5"^ et sequentes ad 9"™. aequales, sub-cyathiformes ; 10^^. angusti-ovatus, acuminatus, 9°. longior : thorax ovatus, convexus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae conspicuse ; scutellum globosum, extans : metathorax brevis, utrinque apice dentatus : abdomen spathuliforme, thorace paullo longius ; segmentum 1"™. bene determinatum ; 2"^™. maximum ; sequentia brevia. Fern. — Antennae moniliformes, extrorsum crassiores, corpore multo breviores ; articulus 2"^ cyathiformis ; 3"*. parvus ; 4"^. medi- ocris, cyathiformis, 3°. approximatus ; 5^®. et sequentes sub- sequales ; 10"*. ovatus, O". paullo longior et angustior : abdomen longi-ovatum, thorace longius et paullo latius. § Thorax punctatus. ^ Mesothoracis parapsidum suturcp conspicuce. Sp. 61. Plat. Otanes. Mas et Fem. Ater, propedes rufi, alcB albo-limpid alar. If.) Var. 13. — Mas, Propedum femora et tibiae rufa, medio supra picea. Found near London. Sp. 70. Plat. Sterope. Fem. P. Oloro simillimus, alee angus- tiores. Ater, parum nitens, subtilissime punctatus, parce et breviter pubescens : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae nigrae, capite thoraceque longiores ; articulus 2"^. apice fuscus : metathorax abdominisque segmentum 1"°^. scabra, obscura : abdomen nitens, laeve, glabrum, thorace paullo longius ; segmentum 2"°*. ejus fere totum occupans, basi scite sulcatum ; sequentia brevissima, pilis nonnullis albis hirta : pedes nigri ; genua et tarsi picea ; pro- pedum genua, tibiae apice subtus et tarsi rufo-picea : alae limpidae, perangustas ; squamulae nigro-piceae. (Corp. long. lin. | ; alar, lin. f ) Var. j3. — Genua tarsique omnia piceo-rufa. Found near London. Sp. 7L Plat. Cebes. Mas. P. Dictyi similiiudine, antennce graciliores, alee angustiores obscuriores. Ater, longitudine mediocri, subtilissime punctatus, parum nitens, fere glaber : oculi ocellique picei : antennae nigrae, corporis dimidio multo longiores ; articuli l"^ basi 2"^. que apice nigro- picei : metathorax abdominisque segmentum 1"™. scabra, obscura: abdomen laeve, nitens, thorace paullo longius ; segmentum 2"™. basi scite sulcatum : pedes picei ; genua pallidiora ; coxae nigrae : alae subfuscae, perangustae ; squamulae piceae. (Corp. long. lin. | ; alar. lin. \\.) New Lanark, Scotland. Sp. 72. Plat. Deipyla. Mas. P. Prcecedenti simillimus paullo brevior, anten?)(S graciliores, alae obscuriores an- gustiores. Ater, parum nitens, subtilissime punctatus, parce et breviter pubes- cens : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae nigro-piceae, capite ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTER. .iol thoraceque longiores ; articuli 1"^. basi 2"^. que apice pallidi : tliorax subtus laevis, nitens : metathorax abdomiiusque scgmen- turn 1"'". scabra obscura : abdomen longi-ovatum, nitens, lasve, thorace pauUo longius at latins ; segmentum 2"™. glabrum, apice latins, basi scite sulcatum : pedes picei, unicolores : proalse fuscae, perangustos ; metalse sublimpidse ; squamulse picese. (Corp. long. lin. f ; alar. lin. 1.) May; on grass beneath trees ; near London. Sp. 73. Plat. Eriphyle. Fem. P. Oro similis, antennis articulus 7"\ sequenlibiis minor. Ater, latus, obscurus, subtilissime punctatus, fere glaber : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae nigras, clavatse, capite thorace- que pauUo longiores ; articulus 2"^. apice fuscus : thorax subtus et utrinque Isevior nitidior : metathorax abdoniinisque segmentum 1™\ scabra, obscura : abdomen ovatum, nitidum, keve, glabrum, acuminatum, thorace panllo longius et latius ; segmentum 2""\ basi scite sulcatum : pedes nigro-picei ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi pallidiora ; protibias apice subtus rufae : ala? albolimpidee, breves ; squamulae picese. (Corp. long. lin. § ; alar. lin. 1.) Found near London. Sp. 74. Plat. Evadne. Mas et Fem. P. Philinnae similis, alee obscuriores. Mas. — Ater, angustus, longus, parum nitens, subtilissime punc- tatus, breviter pubescens, caput posticum sulcis transversis scite lineatum : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae nigree, capite thoraceque vix longiores ; articulus 2"^. apice fuscus : meso- thoracis parapsidum suturae bene determinatae : metathorax abdominisque segmentum 1"". scabra, obscura, utrinque dense pubescentia : -abdomen subfusiforme, nitens, laeve, glabrum, thorace multo longius ; segmentum 2™''. ejus dimidio longius, basi scite sulcatum ; sequentia brevia, subaequalia : pedes nigri ; genua et tarsi nigro-picea : alae fuscae, angustae ; metalas sub- limpidae ; squamulae nigro-piceae. Fem. — Mari similis : abdomen acutius et pauUo longius : genua et protibias apice subtus rufa ; tarsi picei. (Corp. long. lin. 3 — §; alar. lin. \ — |.) Var. j3. — Fem. pedes nigro-picei ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi piceo- rufa. June and July; near London. New Forest, Hampsliire. NO. III. VOL. III. L L A?5S ON Tin: specirs of platygastetx. Sp. 75. Plat. CEclus. Mas et Fern. PrcBcedenti similisj , antennce longiores, alee latiores. Mas. — Ater, latus, parum nitens, subtilissime squameus, parce et breviter pubescens : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae nigrae, capita thoraceque longiores ; articuli 1"^ basi 2"^ que apice fusci : metathorax abdominisque segmentum P™. scabra, obscura : abdo- men ovatum, convexuni, nitidum, laeve, glabrum, basi angustius; segmentum 2"™. basi scite sulcatum ; 3"™. et sequentia bre- vissima : pedes nigri ; trochanteres picei ; genua et protarsi rufa, hi apice picei ; protibias rufae, supra piceae : alae subfuscse aut sublimpidse, sat latae ; metalag limpidse ; squamulae piceae. Fern. — Mari similis : abdomen longi-ovatum, supra con vexum,postice abrupte angustum et acuminatum, subtus basi convexum apicem versus incurvum ; segmentum 2^"^. ejus fere dimidii longitudine, apice latius ; 3"™. 2'. sextas partis longitudine ; 4^^"^. 3°. longius ; 5""^. adhuc longius ; 6"™. 5°. brevius, acuminatum : pedes nigri ; trochanteres genua et tarsi picea, subtus pallidiora ; progenua et protarsi piceo-rufa, hi apice obscuriores. (Corp. long. lin. 1— §; alar. lin. f— ^.) Found in Ireland, by Mr. Haliday. May ; near London. New Lanark, Scotland. Sp. 76. Plat. Bucolion. Mas. Ater, pedes rufo-picei, alee fuscce latae ohtuscB. Ater subnitens, subtilissime punctatus, pilis nonnuUis albis hirtus : caput obscurum, punctatum, postice scite rugosum : oculi ocel- lique nigro-picei : antennje nigro-piceae, corporis dimidio longiores ; articuli P^ et 2"^ apice picei, ille basi rufus: mesothoracis parap- sidum suturae bene determinatae : metathorax obscurus, punctatus, utrinque pilis albis vestitus : abdomen nitens, laeve, glabrum, thorace paullo longius et angustius ; segmenta l'^™. omnino 2""*. que basi scite sulcata ; 3""^. et sequentia pilis nonnullis albis hirta : pedes rufo-picei ; coxae nigro-piceae ; trochanteres, tibias apice basique et tarsi rufa, hi apice picei ; protibiae rufae, supra apices versus piceae : proalse fuscae ; metalae sublimpidse ; squa- mulae rufo-piceae. (Corp. long. lin. | ; alar. lin. 1|-.) Found near London. U Mesothoracis parapsidum suturce vix conspicuce. Sp. 77. Plat. Abia. Mas et Fem. Ater, jiedes rvfi, alee limpidce. Mas. — Ater, parum nitens, subtilissime punctatus, fere glaber, subtus laevior et nitidior : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTER. fi5.9 nigras, capite thoraceque longiores ; avticulus 1"^ rufus, apicc supra piceus ; 4"^ paruni dilatatus : scutellum pilis albis hirtum : metathorax abdominisque segmentum 1"™. scabra, obscura : abdomen nitens, Issve, thorace longius et latius, basi utrinque pilis albis vestitum ; segmentum 2"™. basi scite sulcatum : pedes rufi ; coxae piceas ; femora et tarsi apice picea ; tibiae supra apices versus rufo-piceae ; al^ sublimpidae, angustae ; squamulse rufo- piceas. Fern. — Mart similis : antennae piceas, breviores ; articuli 1°. ad 4"'". rufi : abdomen thorace vix longius : pedes rufi ; coxae piceo-rufas ; tarsi apice picei. (Corp. long. lin. ^ — | ; alar, lin, | — 1.) Far. fl. — Pedes rufi ; coxae basi et tarsi apice picea. New Lanark, Scotland. September; Cumberland. Sp. 78. Plat. Oscus. Mas et Fern. P. Abias similis, alee longiores et laiiores. Mas. — Ater, parum nitens, subtilissime punctatus, parce hirtus : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae omnino nigrae, sat graciles ; articulus 4"*. parum dilatatus : metathorax abdominisque seg- mentum 1"™. scabra, obscura : abdomen nitens, laeve, pilis non- nullis albis hirtum ; segmentum 2"™. glabrum, basi scite sulcatum : pedes rufi ; coxae nigrse ; femora pallide picea, apice basique rufa ; tarsi apice picei : alae sublimpidae ; squamulae rufo-piceas. Fern. — Mari similis, paullo latior ; antennae paullo breviores, articuli 1*^^. basi 4"^. que picei, 2"^. et 3"^. rufi. (Corp. long. lin. j — 1 ; alar. lin. | — 1|.) Var. /j. — Mas, antennis articuli 1°. ad 6^'". pedesque omnino rufi. Var. y. — Fern, antennae obscure piceae ; articuli 2"^ et 3"^. pallide picei, subtus rufi : profemora rufa ; meso- et metatibiae pallide piceae. Var. h. Fern. Var. (3. similis : antennae articulo P. rufo, 2°. et 3°. piceis. Var. e. — Fern, antennae piceae ; articuli 1"^. apice et basi, 2"^ 3"^ que omnino rufi : profemora rufix. Ireland, Mr. Haliday. Near London, England. New Lanark, Scotland. Sp. 79. Plat. Lysicles. Fern. P. Osco similis, paullo latior. Ater, parum nitens, subtilissime punctatus, fere glaber : oculi ocel- lique nigro-picei : antennee nigrae, corporis dimidio paullo longiores ; 260 ON THE SriXIES OF PLATYGASTER. articuli 1". ad 1"™. riifi : metathorax abdominisque segmentutn 1"'". scabra, obscura : abdomen niteiis, keve, pilis nonnullis albis hirtum, thorace pauUo longius et latius ; segmentum 2^1". glabrum, basi scite sulcatum : pedes rufi ; coxae piccffi; tarsi apice picei : alse albidolimpidae ; squamulse piceae. (Corp. long, lin. 1—1; alar. lin. U— U-) Far. /3. — Antennas articulis 1°. ad 4"'». supra pallide piceis. Far. y, Far. /3, similis : meso- et metapedes supra picei. Far. c, Far. /3, similis : metafemora supra picea. Far. £, Far. j3, similis : meso- et metapedum femora et tibiae supra picea. Far. 'C. — Antennae articulo 5". piceo. Far. r;.— Antenna? articulis 1". ad 5"™. rufis. j/ay^ 0. — Antennae articulis 5°. ad 10"™. piceis. Found in August by Mr. Haliday, in marshes and grass in drains, at Holywood, Ireland. September; on grass in fields; near London. Isle of Wight. New Lanark, Scotland. Sp. 80. Plat. Vestinus. Mas. Prcecedenti similis, brevior, alafusccB. Ater, parum nitens, subtilissime punctatus, fere glaber : oculi ocel- lique nigro-picei : antennae nigro-piceae, capite thoraceque paullo longiores ; articuli 1°. ad 4"™. rufo-picei : metathorax abdo- ir.inisque segmentum P"". scabra, obscura: abdomen nitens, loeve, thorace paullo longius et latius ; segmentum 2"™. glabrum, basi utrinque impressum : pedes rufi ; coxae piceae ; protarsi flavi ; ungues et pulvilli picei : alse fuscae ; squamulae piceae. (Corp. long. lin. f ; alar. lin. 1|.) September; near the Land's End, Cornwall. Sp. 81. Plat. Nisus. Fem. P. Osco similis at ejus dhnidio minor. Ater, parum nitens, subtilissime punctatus, fere glaber : oculi ocel- lique nigro-picei : antennae piceae, corporis dimidio multo longiores, validae ; articuli 1°. ad 4"™. rufi : thorax subtus et utrinque Isevis, nitens : metathorax obscurus, punctatus : abdomen laeve, nitens, glabrum, thorace paullo longius ; segmenta 1"™. omnino 2"™. que basi scite sulcata ; 3^™. et sequentia pilis nonnullis albis hirta : pedes rufi ; tarsi apice picei : alie hyalinae, albidae ; squamulae rufo-piceae. (Corp. long. lin. | ; alar. lin. f .) Found near London. ON THE SPECIES OF PLAIYG ASTER. 261 §§ Thorax Icevis, nitens. Sp. 82. Plat, ^^geiis. Fem. Ater, pedes j^icei, tarsi riifi, alee alho-lhnpidce. Ater, nitens, laevis, parce et breviter hirtus : oculi nigro-picei : an- tennae nigrse, extrorsumcrassiores, corporis dimidio paullo longiores ; articuli 1"^. basi et apice 2"^ que apice et subtus picei : thorax ovatus : mesotlioracis parapsidum suturae conspicuse : abdomen cochleatum, thorace dimidio longius ; segmentum 1"™. sulcatum, utrinque hirtum ; 2"™. basi minima sulcatum ; 3"™. et sequentia brevia: pedes picei; coxae et femora nigra ; trochan teres apice rufi ; tarsi et protibiae rufa, illi apice picei : alse albo-limpidae ; squa- mulae nigro-pice^. (Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar. lin. l^.) Found in Ireland, by Mr. Haliday. Sp. 83. Plat. Ennius. Fem. P. yEgeo brevior et midto minor. Ater, nitens, laevis, parce hirtus : caput postice scite sulcatum : oculi nigro-picei : antennae piceae, subclavatae, corporis dimidio longiores ; articulus P^. niger, apice piceus ; 3"^. flavus : thorax ovatus : mesothoracis parapsides scuto in unum confusas ; scutel- lum hirtum : metathorax scaber : abdomen longi-ovatum, thorace paullo longius; segmentum 1"™. omnino 2"'". que basi scite sul- cata : 3"™. et sequentia brevissima : pedes flavi ; coxs et femora picea, hag apice flava ; meso- et metatibiae piceo cingulatae ; tarsi apice picei : alae albo-limpidae ; squamulae piceae. (Corp. long, lin. 1 ; alar. lin. |-.) Found in Ireland, by Mr. Haliday. Sp. 84. Plat. Minthe. Fem. Ater, antemice et jJedes nigro- picea, tarsi rufi, alee Umpidee. Ater, nitens, Isevis, breviter pubescens : caput posticum transverse striatum : oculi ocellique nigro-picei: antennae nigro-piceas, capite thoraceque longiores ; articulus 2"^. apice fuscus : metathorax abdominisque segmentum 1™\ scabra, obscura : abdomen laeve, nitidissimum, glabrum, thorace longius, apicem versus latins ; segmentum 2™^. basi utrinque foveolatum ; sequentia brevissima : pedes nigro-picei ; coxae nigrae ; femora basi et trochanteres rufo- picea ; tibiae basi et tarsi rufii, hi apice picei : alas limpidae ; squamulae piceae. (Corp. long. lin. if ; alar. lin. \\.) Found near London. 362 ON THE SrECIES OF PLATYGASTER. Sp. 85. Plat. Cleodaeus. Mas et Fern. Prcecedente ntulto brevior, alee Uinpidiores. Mas. — Ater, nitens, laevis, fere glaber : caput posticum transverse Uneatum : oculi ocellique obscure picei : antennae nigrae, corpora breviores ; articuli 1"^ basi et apice 2us. que apice fulvi : meta- thorax abdominisque segmentutn 1"™. scabra, obscura : abdomen thorace paullo longius ; segmentum 2"™. basi scite sulcatum : pedes nigro-picei ; coxae nigree ; genua et tarsi rufa, hi apice fusci ; mesotibiae piceae ; protibia? rufas, medio supra piceas : alse limpidae ; squamulae piceae. Fern. — Marl similis : antennae paullo breviores et graciliores, omnino nigrae : metafemora nigra ; mesotibiag nigro-picese. (Corp. long, lin. I ; alar. lin. 1.) Found near London. Sp. 86. Plat. Abisares. Mas et Fem. P. Cleodaeo similis, alcB angustiores. Mas. — Ater, nitens, fere laevis, parce et breviter pubescens : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae nigrae, capite thoraceque longiores ; articulus 2"^. apice fuscus ; 4"^. dilatatus : mesothoracis parap- sidum suturae vix conspicuae : metathorax abdominisque seg- mentum 1^"^. scabra, obscura : abdomen laeve, thorace latius et paullo longius ; segmentum 2™\ glabrum, basi scite sulcatum : pedes nigro-picei ; genua et tarsi rufo-picea ; protibiae apice et protarsi basi rufa : alas sublimpidae ; squamulae piceae. Fem. — Antennae breviores, capite thoraceque vix longiores : abdomen longi-ovatum, thorace longius non latius ; segmentum 3""\ et sequentia brevia, subaequalia : pedes nigri ; genua et tarsi picea ; protibias apice et protarsi rufo-picea. (Corp. long. lin. I — | ; alar. lin. ^ — 1.) Var. /3. — Mas, tarsi rufi, apice picei. Autumn ; near London. Isle of Wight. Land's End, Cornwall. Found in Ireland, by Mr. Haliday. Sp. 87. Plat, niger. Mas et Fem. Prcecedenti similis at latior, alcB quoque midto latiores. Platygaster niger . . Nees ah Esenheck, Hym. Ich. affin. Monogr. II. 304. 12. Mas. — Ater, nitens, IjEvis, brevis, latus, convexus ; pilis albis hirtus : caput posticum scite rugosum : oculi ocellique nigro- picei : antenncE nigrae, graciles, corpora breviores : thorax seorsum ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTER. 263 convexum : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae conspicuse : meta- thorax abdominisque segmentum 1"™. rugosa, obscura : abdomen glabrum, tboracis latitudine et longitudine ; segmentum 2"™. basi scite sulcatum ; S""". et sequentia pilis nonnullis albis birta : pedes nigri ; spinas tibiales rufae ; genua et tarsi nigro-picea ; protarsi picei : alae limpidse, mediocres ; squamuloe nigro-piceae. Fern. — Mari similis : antennae paullo breviores : abdomen thorace multo longius, apice acuminatum. (Corp. long. lin. g — | ; alar, lin. 1—1.) Var. /3. — Mas, protibias apice et protarsi rufo-picea. Far. y. — Fern, tarsi picei ; protibias apice et protarsi rufa, bi apice et illae supra picea. Found in Ireland, by Mr. Haliday. Common in summer and autumn ; near London. September ; Cumberland. Sp. 88. Plat. Manto. Mas et Fem. P. nigro minor angus- tior, alee minores. Mas. — Ater, nitens, laevis, fere glaber : caput parum nitens, postice transverse sulcatum : oculi ocellique rufo-picei : antennae nigrae, corporis dimidio multo longiores ; articulus 2^^. apice fuscus : mesotboracis parapsidum suturae vix conspicuog : metatborax abdominisque segmentum 1"™. scabra, obscura, utrinque pilosa : abdomen tborace paullo longius ; segmentum 2"'". basi scite sulcatum : pedes nigri ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi picea ; pro- pedes rufo-picei coxis nigris : alae albo-limpidse ; squamulae picese. Fem. — Mari similis : profemora nigra ; antennae breviores et graci- liores ; abdomen paullo latius. (Corp. long. lin. | — ^ ; alar. lin. Va7-. jS. — Mas, protibiae et protarsi flava, hi apice et illae supra picea. Far. y. — Mas et Fem. tarsi flavi, apice picei. Far. r. — Fem. meso- et metapedum genua et tarsi nigro-picea. From spring to autumn; on grass in fields; near London. September ; Isle of Wight. New Lanark ; Scotland. Found in Ireland, by Mr. Haliday. Sp. 89. Plat. Strato. Mas et Fem. Prcecedente gracilior, alee angustiores. Mas. — Ater, nitens, laevis, fere glaber : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae nigrae, corpore paullo breviores ; articuli 1"^ basi 2"^. que J:?64 ON THE SPECIF-S OF PLATYGASTER. iipicc fiisci : mesothoracis parapsitlum suturce vix conspicuae : metathorax abdominisque segmentum P™. scabra obscura : abdo- men glabrum, thoracis lougitudine ; segmentum 2""\ basi scite sulcatum ; 3""\ et sequentia pilis nonnuUis albis vestita : pedes nigro-picei ; trochanteres picei; genua, tibias apice basique et tarsi riifa, hi apice picei ; propedum femora apice rufa, tibise rufse piceo cingulata; : alae limpidas ; squamulse rufo-picese. Pern. — Mart similis : antennae graciliores breviores. (Corp. long, lin. ^ — |- ; alar. lin. I — |.) Var. ft. — Mas, tarsi supra picei. New Lanark, Scotland. Sp. 90. Plat. Laricis. (Haliday MSS.) Mas. Ater, antenna jiicecB, pedes riifi, alee limjiidce. Ater, nitens, laevis, fere glaber : oculi nigro-picei : antennas pallide picese, corporis dimidio longiores, extrorsum crassiores ; articulus 1"^ flavus ; 2"^. et sequentes ad 5^^. fulvi ; 7^^ et sequentes lati, quasi nodosi : thorax ovatus, postice hirtus : metathoracis scutellum acuminatum : abdomen glabrum, thorace longius non latius ; segmenta 1"™. omnino 2^™. que basi sulcata : pedes fulvi ; tarsi flavi, apice fusci : alse limpidae ; squamulse obscure rufae. (Corp. long. lin. f ; alar. lin. |.) Found in Ireland, by Mr. Haliday. Sp. 91. Plat. Euhemerus. Fem. Abdomen quam prcece- dentibus longius. Ater, nitens, Isevis, parce et breviter pubescens : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae nigrse, capite thoraceque longiores ; arti- culus 2^^. apice fuscus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix conspicuae ; scutellum magnum, dense pubescens, postice pro- minulum : metathorax abdominisque segmentum 1^™. scabra, obscura : abdomen longi-ovatum, glabrum ; segmentum 2""*. basi scite sulcatum : pedes nigro-picei ; coxse nigrse ; tibife basi rufae ; protibise rufae, supra picese ; tarsi rufi, apice metatarsi quoque supra picei : alae limpidae ; squamulae nigro-piceae. (Corp. long, lin. § ; alar. lin. f .) Found near London. Sp. 92. Plat. Athamas. Fem. Prcecedente crassior, antenna paullo breviores. Ater, nitens, laevis, parce et breviter pubescens : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae nigrae, sat latae, capite thoraceque longiores : ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTER. 265 thorax altus ; mesothoracis parapsidum suturag vix conspicuae : metathorax abdominisque segraentum 1"'", scabra, obscura : abdo- men lasve, glabrum, ovato-fusiforme, thorace longius angustius et minus convexum ; segmentum 2"". ejus dimidium occupans ; sequentia brevia, subaequalia : pedes nigri ; genua et tarsi nigro- picea ; progenua et protarsi rufo-picea, hi apice obscuri : alae albo-limpidae ; squamulae nigro-piceae. (Corp. long. lin. f ; alar, lin. 1.) Found near London. Sp. 93. Plat. Plotinus. Mas et Fem. Ater, tarsi nigro- picei, alceJusccB lata. Mas. — Ater, nitens, laevis, pilis nonnullis albis hirtus : caput trans- verse rugosum : oculi oeellique nigro-picei : antennae nigrae : metathorax obscurus, punctatus : abdomen thorace paullo longius et latius ; segmentum 1"'". omnino 2"'". que basi scite sulcata : pedes nigri ; tarsi nigro-picei ; protibias apice et spinae tibiales rufae ; protarsi picei : alae fuscae, latae, obtusae ; squamulae nigro- piceas. Fem. — Mari similis : antennae breves, corporis dimidio paullo longiores : abdomen thorace multo longius ; sulci ejus segmenti 2*. medium attingentes. (Corp. long. lin. \ — | ; alar. lin. | — 1|.) Var, j3. — Mas, propedum femora et tibiae picea apice subtus rufa, tarsi rufi apice picei. Var. y. — Mas, propedum femora et tibiae rufa, supra piceo vittata. Far. d. — Mas, alae subfuscse. Var. e. — Fem. tibiae basi rufo-piceae : sulci abdominales segmenti 2K medium vix attingentes. Found near London. Sp. 94. Flat. Pedasus. Fem. P. Plotino gracilior, tarsi rufi. Ater, nitens, laevis, breviter pubescens : caput parum nitens : oculi oeellique nigro-picei : antennae nigro-piceae, capite thoraceque longiores ; articuli \^^. basi 2"^. que apice fusci : mesothoracis parapsidum suturse vix conspicuae : metathorax abdominisque segmentum 1"™. scabra, obscura : abdomen thorace paullo longius ; segmentum 2"™. glabrum, basi scite sulcatum : pedes picei ; coxae nigrse ; protibiae apice subtus, genua et tarsi rufa, hi apice picei : alae subfuscae ; metalae sublimpidae ; squamulae piceae. (Corp. long. lin. f ; alar. lin. 1.) NO. III. VOL. III. M M 266 ON THE SPECIES OK PL ATYCJ ASTER. Far. /3. — Femora tihiasque basi nif'a : meso- et metatarsi piceo- rufi. July ; on grass in fields ; near London. Sp. 95. Plat. Zosine. Mas. Prcecedentis statura, antenncs et pedes nigra. Ater, nitens, laevis, pilis nonnullis albis hirtus : caput transverse rugosum : oculi oeellique nigro-picei : antennae nigrae ; articulus 4"^. parum dilatatus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix con- spicuae : metathorax abdominisque segmentum 1"™. obscura, punc- tata : abdomen thorace longius non latius ; segmentum 2^"^. basi scite sulcatum : pedes nigri ; tarsi nigro-picei ; protibiae apice rufo-piceae : alae fuscae ; squamulac nigro-piceae. (Corp. long. lin. I ; alar. lin. |.) Found near London. Sp. 96. Plat. Dryope. Mas. Prcecedente minor et brevior, tarsi pallidiores. Ater, nitens, laevis, glaber ; oculi nigro-picei : antennae nigrae, extrorsum crassiores, corporis dimidio longiores ; articuli 1"^ basi 2"®. que apice picei : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae non bene determinatse : metathoracis scutellum acuminatum : abdomen ovatum, thorace paullo latius et longius; segmentum 1"™. sca- brum ; 2"'". basi scite sulcatum : pedes nigri ; trochanteres et genua rufa ; tarsi picei ; propedum genua, tibiae apice et subtus tarsique flava, hi apice picei : proalae subfuscae ; metalae limpidae; squamulae piceae. (Corp. long. lin. |- ; alar. lin. |.) P'ound in Ireland, by Mr. Haliday. Sp. 97. Plat, inermis. (Haliday, Curtis' Brit. Ent. 309.) Mas et Fem. P. Zosines statura et coloribus, alee angus- tiores. Mas. — Ater, nitens, laevis, fere glaber : oculi oeellique nigro-picei : antennae nigrae, graciles, subfiliformes, capite thoraceque paullo longiores ; articulus 2"^ apice fuscus ; 4"^. dilatatus : mesotho- racis parapsidum suturae vix conspicuae : metathorax abdominisque segmentum 1"". scabra, obscura : abdomen ovatum, nitens, laeve, glabrum, thorace multo longius, apice latius ; segmentum 2"*". ejus dimidio longius, basi scite sulcatum ; 3"™. brevissimum ; sequentia paullo longiora ; 6""". acuminatum : pedes nigri ; genua et tarsi nigro-p icea ; propedum genua, tibiae subtus apice et tarsi i ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTER. 267 piceo-rufa : alaa fuscie ; metalas sublimpidae ; squamulae nioro- picese. Fern. — Mari similis, breviter pubescens : antennae apice latse : abdo- men fusiforme. (Corp. long. lin. |- — f ; alar. lin. § — |.) Far. /3. — Fern, genua et tarsi omnia nigro-picea. May ; on grass beneath trees ; near London. Found in Ireland, by Mr. Haliday. Sp. 98. Plat. Sagana. Mas et Fem. Prcecedenie minor graci- lior, alcB angustiores limpidiores. Ater, nitens, lasvis, parce et brevissime pubescens : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae nigrse, corporis dimidio pauUo longiores ; articulus 2"*. apice fuscus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix conspicuae : metathorax abdominisque segmentum 1"™. obscura, punctata : abdomen longi-ovatum, angustum, nitens, lagve, gla- brum, thorace longius ; segmentum 1"™. omnino 2"™. que basi scite sulcata : pedes nigri ; genua et tarsi nigro-picea ; protibiae apice rufo-piceae ; spinas tibiales rufae : proalae subfuscae ; metalae sublimpidae, angustaj, parvae ; squamulae picea". Fern. — Mari similis : abdomen acutius ; segmentum 2""^. ejus plus dimidium occupans ; sequentia brevia, subaequalia ; 6"™. paullo longius acuminatum. (Corp. long. lin. g ; alar. lin. f .) July; on grass in fields ; near London. Sp. 99. Plat. Ilione. Mas. Prcecedenti similis, antennce multo longiores. Ater, fere planus, nitens, Isevis, parce et breviter pubescens : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae nigrae, corporis dimidio multo longiores; articuli 1^^ apice et basi 2"^ que apice fusci ; 4"^ pa- rum dilatatus : mesothoracis parapsidvim suturas vix conspicuse ; scutellum fere planum : metathorax abdominisque segmentum l^m. obscura punctata : abdomen nitens, laeve, glabrum, thorace paullo longius; segmentum 2"™. basi scite sulcatum: pedes nigri ; femora basi apiceque et trochanteres picea ; tibiae basi apiceque, spinae tibiales et tarsi rufa, hi apice picei ; protibiae rufae, nigro cingulatae : alae subfuscae ; squamulae rufo-piceae. (Corp. long. lin. \ ; alar. lin. |.) Found near London. 268 ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTER. Genus II. — Inostemma, Haliday. Psilus, Jurine. Platygaster, Latreille, &c. Proalae cuique nervus unicus basalis proxime sub costam, alae triente pauUo brevior, stigmate terminatus. "i" Antenme 1 0-articulntce. Div". F. Mas. — Corpus parce et breviter pubescens : caput breve, trans- versum, thoracis latitudine, antice vix productum, postice con- cavum : antenuje moniliformes, capitis thoracisque longitudine ; -articuli 2". ad 9"'". cyathiformes ; 2"^ et 3"s. mediocres ; 4"^ et .'j"^ paullo minores ; 6"^ et sequentes latiores, discreti ; 10^^ angusti-ovatus, acuminatus, 9". longior: thorax ovatus, convexus : prothorax parvus, supra brevissimus, utrinque longior : mesotho- racis parapsidum suturae conspicuae ; scutellum fere planum, non prominens, semicirculum fingens : metathorax mediocris : abdo- men angusti-ovatum, thorace paullo longius, basi angustius ; segmentum 1""\ breve, lineare ; 2"™. maximum, abdominis plus dimidium occupans; sequentia brevia, subsequalia : alae medi- ocres ; humerus simplex. Fein. — Caput et thorax abdominis cornu receptione sulcata : antennas clavatse, capitis thoracisque vix longitudine ; articuli 2°. ad 4"™. longi-cyathiformes, angusti ; 5"*. et 6"^ multo breviores, non latiores; 7"'. multo latior ; 8"^ et 9"^ adhuc latiores; 10u^ ovatus, vix acuminatus : abdomen acuminatum, quam mari lon- gius, apice paullo elevatum ; segmentum 2"™. ejus dimidium occupans ; 3"™. et 4^°^. brevia ; 5"™. et 6"™. longiora : segmenta ventralia eodem modo disposita, marginem utrinque fingentia : cornu arcuatum, levissime striatum, segmenti 1'. dorso afSxum, thorace applicatum et caput attingens : oviductus abdomine duplo longior, in cornu receptus ? The female in this division has a horn rising from the first segment of the abdomen, and bending over the thorax to tiie head. Its use has not yet been ascertained ; Leclerc de Laval supposed that it incloses the ovipositor ; but Nees ab Esenbeck denies this. Sp. 1. Ino. Boscii. Mas et Fern. Atra, fem. cornu caput postice attingens, ala- albo-limpidcc. ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTER. 269 Psilus Boscii . . Jurine, Hymen, 318. Platygaster Boscii. Latr. Regne Anim. III. 475; Nouv.Edit. V. 302; Enct/cl. Method. X. 150; Curtis' Brit. Ent. 309 ; Nees ah Esen- beck, Hym. Ich. affln. Monogr. II. 306. 14. Atra, obscura, subtilissime squamea, fere glabra : oculi nigro-picei : ocelli pallide rufi : antennse nigrse ; articulus 2"^. apice fuscus : thorax utrinque et subtus Isevis, nitens : abdominis segmentum 1"^™. scabrum, sulcatum ; 2"™. nitens, laeve, glabrum, basi scite sulcatum ; sequentia subtilissime punctata, apice laevia nitentia, i pilis albis parce et breviter hirta : oviductus pallide flavus : pedes ! picei ; coxae nigrse ; tibiae basi et tarsi rufa, hi apice picei ; meta- tarsi supra rufo-picei : alse albo-limpidae ; squamulae et nervi picea. (Corp. long. lin. \ — 1 ; alar. lin. | — 1|.) Var. jj. — Mas et Fern, tarsi omnes necnon protibise basi et apice rufa. Var. y. — Mas, mesotarsi supra picei. On grass in woods, near London ; during the summer and autumn. June ; New Forest, Hampshire. New Lanark, Scotland. Found by Mr. Hahday, on Cerealia, in England, Ireland, and Scotland. Sp. 2. Ino. Melicerta. Fem. Abdomen quam P. Boscii H brevius, cornu caput non attingens, alee subfusccB. Atra, obscura, subtilissime squamea, fere glabra : oculi nigro-picei : ocelli pallide rufi : antennae nigrae : thorax utrinque et subtus laevis, nitens : abdomen quam P. Boscii brevius, apice minus acuminatum et elevatum ; segmentum 1"™. scabrum, sulcatum ; 2"i". nitidum, laeve, glabrum, basi scite sulcatum ; sequentia sub- tilissime punctata, apice Isevia nitida, pilis albis parce et brevi- Pter hirta : cornu caput vix attingens : pedes picei ; coxae nigrae ; tibiae basi tarsique piceo-rufa ; protibiae apice et protarsi rufa, hi apice picei : alae subfuscse ; metalae sublimpidae ; squamulae et nervi picea. (Corp. long. lin. f — | ; alar. lin. ^ — 1.) Var. /3. — Tarsi omnes rufi, apice picei. June and July; near London. Sp. 3. Ino. Lycon. Fem. P. Boscii similis, cornu caput fere superons. Atra, obscura, subtilissime squamea, fere glabra : oculi nigro-picei : ocelli pallide rufi : antennae nigrse ; articulus 2"^ apice fuscus : 270 ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTER. thorax utrinque et subtus laevis, nitens : abdominis segmentum 1"™. scabrum, sulcatum ; 2"™. nitens, laeve, glabrum, basi scite sulcatum ; sequentia subtilissime punctata, apice laevia nitentia, pilis albis parce et breviter hirta : cornu caput fere superans : pedes picei ; coxae nigroe ; tibiae basi et tarsi piceo-rufa : pro- tibiae apice et protarsi rufa, hi apice picei : alas albo-limpidse ; squamulse et nervi picea. (Corp. long. lin. | ; alar. lin. 1.) Found near London. Sp. 4. Ino. Menippus. Mas et Fem. Prcecedenti simillima, alcefuscts. Atra, obscura, subtilissime squamea, fere glabra : oculi nigro-picei : ocelli pallide rufi : antennae nigrse, mari capite thoraceque lon- giores, articuli 2"^. et 3**^ mediocres subaequales, 4"^. dilatalus, 5"^. et sequentes subaequales : thorax utrinque et subtus laevis, nitens: abdominis segmentum 1"™. scabrum, sulcatum; 2"™. nitens, laeve, glabrum, basi scite sulcatum ; sequentia subtilissime punctata, apice laevia nitentia, pilis albis parce et breviter hirta : cornu caput fere superans : pedes nigro-picei ; coxae nigrae : alae fuscae, quam /. Boscii angustiores ; squamulae et nervi nigro-picea. (Corp. long. lin. g — | ; alar. lin. | — 1.) Var. /3. — Fem. trochanteres, genua et tarsi picea. Var. y. — Fem. genua et tarsi rufo-picea. July ; on grass in woods; near London. It is sometimes infested by a small red parasite. Div°. 2^ Fem. — Antennae capitatae, capite thoraceque breviores ; articulus 2"*. cyathiformis, mediocris ; 3^^. et sequentes ad 6"'". minimi ; 7"^^. et sequentes magni, lati, approximati, clavam fingentes longi- ovatum ; 10"^. subtrigonus, 9°. longior, vix acuminatus : thorax brevi-ovatus, convexus ; mesothoracis parapsidum suturos con- spicuae ; scutellum semicirculum fingens, non prominens : me- tathorax brevis : abdomen oviforme, inerme, supra subtusque valde convexum, apice acuminatum ; segmentum 1"™. breve, sublineare ; 2™\ maximum ; sequentia brevia : alae mediocres ; humerus simplex. Ichneumon inserens, Kirby, (Linn. Trans. V. 107,) is allied to the following species ; but according to the description and figure, it has the tip of the first joint of the antennae dilated and divided. ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTER. 271 Sp. 5. Ino. scrutator. Fern. Atra, tarsi ruji, alcefuscce. Atra, subtilissime squamea, parum nitens, breviter pubescens : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae nigrse ; articulus 2"^ apice fuscus : metathorax longius pilosus : abdomen nitens, laeve, glabrum, thorace longius et angustius, apice fuscum ; segmentum I"'". obscurum, sulcatum, pubescens ; 2""i. basi scite sulcatum : pedes picei ; coxas nigrae ; tibiae basi tarsique rufa, hi apice picei ; pro- tibiae apice subtus rufae ; metatarsi supra rufo-picei : alae fuscae ; squamulse et nervi nigro-picea. (Corp. long. lin. \ — | ; alar, lin. f — 1.) Var. /3. — Tarsi omnes supra rufo-picei. Var. y. — Metatarsi supra rufo-picei. Var. ^. — Pedes nigro-picei ; coxae nigrae ; tarsi picei ; protarsi pallidiores. June; on grass in woods; near London. Found rarely by Mr. Haliday, on CereaUa, at Holywood, in Ireland. I Div°. 3^ Mas. — Corpus mediocre, parce et breviter pubescens : caput fere Iseve thoracis latitudine : antennae moniliformes, extrorsum cras- siores, corporis dimidio pauUo longiores ; articulus 1"^ longus, subfusiformis, gracilis ; 2"^ cyathiformis ; 3"^ rainutus ; 4"*. mediocris ; 5"^ et sequentes ad 9"™. majores, latescentes ; 10"^. conoides, acuminatus, 9°. multo longior : thorax brevi-ovatus, subtilissime squameus, parum convexus : prothorax brevissimus, supra vix conspicuus : mesothoracis parapsidum suture non bene determinatae ; scutellum parvum, planum, semicirculum fingens : metathorax mediocris : abdomen cochleatum, Iseve, planum, tho- race vix longius ; segmentum 1"™. breve ; 2"™. glabrum, max- imum, basi scite sulcatum ; S"'". et sequentia brevia, subaequalia : pedes graciles : alae mediocres : humerus ramulum eniittens in alae discum recte declivem. Fern. — Antennae clavatae, corporis dimidio multo breviores ; articuli 3". ad 7"™- minimi, brevissimi, latescentes ; 8"^. et sequentes maximi, lati ; 10"^. conoides, 9°. paullo longior: abdomen ovatum, thorace duplo longius, apice quasi caudam fingens ; seg- mentum 1"™. brevissimum ; 2"™. omnino laeve ; apicalia gracillima, cylindrica, teretia. 272 ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTER. Sp. 6. Ino. areolata. (Haliday, MSS.) Mas et Fem. Atra, tarsi picei, alee subfusccB. Atra : caput et thorax parum nitentia : antennae nigrae ; articulus l'^*. basi piceus: abdomen nitens : oviductus rufo-piceus ; vaginae nigrae : pedes nigri ; genua et tarsi picea ; protarsi nigri : proalae subfusese ; squamulae nigro-picese : nervi pallidiores ; metalae sublimpidae. (Corp. long. lin. ^ — g; alar. lin. f — |.) Found by Mr. Haliday, on grass in drains of the sea- coast, at Holywood, in Ireland ; sometimes, like Ino. Menippus, infested by a small red parasite. Div°. 4a. Fem. — Corpus breve, crassum : caput thoracis latitudine : antenffee clavatse, corporis dimidio paullo longiores ; articulus 1*^^. gracilis, fere filiformis ; 2^^ cyathiformis ; 3"'. parvus ; 4"^ et sequentes agquales, mediocres, subquadrati ; lO^^a cuminatus, 9°. duplo fere longior : thorax brevi-ovatus, couvexus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturse vix conspicuae ; scutellum tuber- culo simile : metathorax brevis : abdomen ovatum, convexum, tborace paullo brevius et angustius; segmentum 2^"^. magnum; V"^. 3"™. etc. parva : alae mediocres : humerus ramulum emittens in alse discum recte declivem. Sp. 7. Ino. Atinas. Fem. Atra, antenncB nigro-fuscm, pedes fiisci, ales siihfuscce. Atra, subtilissime punctata, parum nitens, parce et brevitur pu- bescens : oculi nigro-picei : antennae nigro-fuscae ; articuli V^^. basi 2^^. que apice fulvi : abdomen nitens, laeve, glabrum : pedes fusci ; trochanteres, genua, protibias apice subtus tarsique fulva, hi apice obscuriores : alae subfuscae ; squamulag nigro-piceae ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. g ; alar. lin. |.) Found near London. W Antennce 9-articulatce. Div°. 5\ Mas. — Antennae 9-articulatae, moniliformes ; articulus l"^ validns, fusiformis ; 2"^. parvus, globosus ; sequentes verticillato-pilosae, valde remoti ; 3*^^. magnus, brevi-fusiformis ; 9^% acuminatus : 8°. multo longior, thorax latus, brevi-ovatus, supra planus ; prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTER. 273 conspicuse : scutellum breve, quasi semicirculum fingens : metatho- rax mediocris, utrinque angulatus : abdomen longi-ovatum, cou- vexum, thorace multo angustius ; segrnentum 1™\ breve, latum ; 2™\ maximum ; sequentia brevissima subclavata ; tibiee tarsique gracilia. Sp. 8. Ino. Mecrida. Mas et Fem. Atra, pedes nigri tarsi picei, albo-limpidce. Mas. — Atra, brevis, lata, nitens, laevis, fere glabra : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae nigrse, easdem Eurytomce simulantes, corpore paullo breviores ; articulorum petioli picei : metathorax abdominisque segmentum 1""*. scabra, obscura ; 2"™. basi scite sulcatum : pedes nigri ; genua et tarsi picea ; propedes picei, j^enua, tibiae apice subtus et tarsi flava : alae albo-limpidae ; squa- mulag et nervi picea. (Corp. long. lin. \ ; alar. lin. g.) Found near London. ** Tarsi tetrameri. Genus III. — Iphitrachelus, Haliday. Mas. — Corpus breve, latum : caput thoracis latitudine : oculi pro- minentes : antenna; 10-articulatae, nodosae, verticillato-pilosae, easdem Eurytomce simulantes, corpore paullo breviores ; articulus ps. crassus, quasi membrana inclusus ; 2"^ parvus, fere rotundus ; 3"^. major, longi-ovatus ; 4"^ adhuc major, dilatatus ; 5"'. et 4"^. sequentes aequales, discreti ; 10"^ fusiformis, acuminatus, 9°. duplo longior : thorax brevis, convexus, paullo longior quam latus : prothorax supra inconspicuus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturse bene determinatae ; scutellum gibbum, fere rotundum, scuto discretum : metathorax mediocris ; stria supra dorsum membranacea, quasi foveas 3 fingens : abdomen longi-ovatum, sublineare, fere planum, thorace multo angustius ; segmentum 1"™. breve, membrana tectum ; 2"*^^. maximum, dorsum fere omne occupans ; 3"'". et sequentia brevissima : pedes graciles ; femora subclavata ; tarsi tetrameri, articuli 1°. ad 3"™. longitudine decrescentes, 4^^. 3°. paullo longior, ungues et pulvilli minuti : proalae humerus brevis, simplex, capitatus. Sp. 1 . Iphi. Lar. (Haliday.) Mas. Ater, pedes Jlavi, alee fuscce . Ater, obscurus, glaber, scitissime squameus : caput breve : oculi ocellique nigro-picei : antennae nigr^e ; articulus 1"^. fulvus ; 2"*. NO. III. VOL. III. N N 274 ON THE SPECIES OF PLATYGASTER. fuscus : spatium inter mesothoracis scutum et scutellum laeve, nitens ; metathorax et abdomen laBvia, nitentia, hoc thoracis lon- gitudine ; membrana fulva : pedes fiavi ; tarsi apiee fusci ; pro- tarsi pallidiores : alse fuscae, lat3e, apice obtusse ; squamulse et nervi picea. (Corp. long. lin. 5 ; alar. lin. f .) Found in August, by Mr. Haliday, in the Isle of Arran, Scotland. ADDENDA. Div°. 10^ Sp. 100. Plat, cochleatus. Fera. Ater^ antenna: pedesque Jlava, nice apice fuscce, alee limpidcB. Ater, nitens, Isevis, pubescens : caput subtilissime squameum, fere glabrum : oculi nigro-picei : antennae flavse, corporis dimidio pauUo longiores ; articuli 7°. ad 10^™. fusci, subtus pallidiores: thorax dense pubescens : mesothoracis parapsides scuto in unum confusae : metathorax abdominisque segmentum 1"™. scabra, obscura, pubescentia : abdomen Iseve, glabrum : pedes flavi.; ungues et pulvilli pallide fusci ; alae limpidae ; squamulae piceae. (Corp. long. lin. | ; alar. lin. 1^.) Found at Holywood, in Ireland, by Mr. Haliday. Div". Sp. 101. Plat. Hyllus. Fem. Ater, al(s limpidce. Ater, nitens, laevis, glaber : caput posticum scitissime squameum : oculi nigro-picei : antennae nigrae, clavatae, corporis dimidio paullo breviores ; articuli 3°. ad G"™. minimi angusti, 7°. ad 10"™. magni lati : mesothoracis parapsides scuto in unum confusae : scutellum, metathorax abdominisque segmentum 1""". pilis albis utrinque dense hirta : abdomen longi-ovatum, subcompressum, maxime convexum, thorace duplo longius, apice acuminatum ; segmentum 1""\ brevissimum ; 2™\ maximum ; 3"™. et se- quentia brevia : pedes nigri ; genua et tarsi nigro-picea ; pro- tarsi pallidiores : alae albo-limpidae ; squamulae nigro-picese. (Corp. long. lin. | ; alar. lin. 1.) Found in Ireland, by Mr. Haliday. 275 Art. XXIV. — Memoir on the Melamorphosis in Porcellana and Portunus. By J. V. Thompson, F. L. S., Deputy Inspector-General of Hospitals. Metamorphosis in Porcellana. Perceiving in the May Number of the Magazine of Na- tural History, that doubts are still entertained by naturalists, not only of the universality of metamorphosis in theCrustacea, but more especially in regard to certain species and genera, I am particularly happy to have it in my power to satisfy the doubts of one gentleman, Mr. Westwood, {loc. cit.) with regard to Porcellana, which, for particular reasons, he appears to think must form one exception. It is well known to Crustaceologists that this anomalous genus constitutes the connecting link between the Brachyura or crabs, and the Macroura; having the extensile tail of the latter, the body of the former, and a kind of intermediate form of all the other parts, and admirably illustrates that axiom of Linnaeus — " Natura non facit saltus." When, therefore, the extraordinary facts relating to the metamorphosis of the Brachyura and Macroura had become known to me, I naturally felt a great desire to ascertain whether the same law prevailed with regard to this intermediate genus, and was so fortunate as to succeed in hatching the spawn of the species of Porcellana, which we have in such abundance in the deep water of the harbour of Cove. I had previously discovered, by towing, a very remarkable Zoe, totally different in aspect from all those known or described. This was on the 28th of May ; and what is very singular, in four days after, viz. the 2d of June, I had the high gratification of seeing the very same Zot emanate from the ripe spawn of Porcellana, (fig. 1.) Notwithstanding the minuteness of this curious larva, it is rendered conspicuous against the light, by reason of its very long spines, and may be taken in great abundance during the whole of the month of June. In this instance we have another proof, in addition to that of Pinnotheres, given in the present volume, p. 85, that the Zoea, or larvae of the Crustacea, differ materially in the length and disposition of the spines and form of tail. In the present 276 MF.TAMORPHOSIS case, the frontal and lateral spines are disposed in a horizontal plane, and stretch out directly forwards and backwards, all of tliem being very (greatly attenuated and elongated ; the extrcr OF CRUSTACEA. 277 mity of the tail also differs from that of every other with which I am acquainted, in being spatulate and very deeply fringed. I beg here to repeat that my proofs of metamorphosis in the Brachyura extend to the repeatedly enumerated genera of Cancer (Zool. Res.), Carcinus, (Memoir just sent to the Royal Society), Portimus, (accompanying Memoir,) Pinno- theres, (Ent. Mag.), Porcellana, (above given,) Gegarcinus, Thelphusa, Eriphia, Inachus, and Pagiirtis. In the Ma- croura to Homarus, Palcemon, Crangon, Astacus, and Galathea. In regard to the changes which the crabs undergo after their last metamorphosis, and to which Mr. Westwood alludes, I agree with that gentleman that we as yet want facts to guide us. That they still differ from their parents in the form of their clypeus, and in its indentures (at least in Carcinus,) is evident by an inspection of the figure which accompanies my Memoir now before the Royal Society ; and by a careful perusal of my notes, I find the following additional information, viz. — " On the second change, the projection in front between the eyes disappears, and the five denticulations at the sides become more marked, with a very slight widening of the clypeus at this part ; the inner pair of antennas are also more developed and conspicuous. On the third change, the clypeus dilates a little more, the three posterior denticuli appear spinous, the two anterior ones remaining obtuse." It is therefore certain that another, or fourth change, is required in this individual before a naturalist could pronounce as to its species by a simple comparison with the parent crab. I Metamorphosis in Portunus. Having, in a Memoir which has been laid before the Royal Society, made known the particulars of the double metamor- phosis in the Brachyura (crabs) as observed in Carcinus mcenas, in which these curious changes of form and structure have been traced in as complete and satisfactory a manner as the case probably admits, so as to render quite evident that the young first present themselves to our notice as Zu'ea, and that they assume a second intermediate form, or that of Mega- lopcp, previous to their taking on that of their parent ; 1 have. 278 METAMORPHOSIS in the present Memoir, to adduce proofs of the same thing in another genus, viz. that of Portunus. The genus Carcinus appears to connect the genuine crabs (Arcifati,) with those of the natatory division to which Portu- nus belongs ; which therefore offers, very apropos, the second illustration of this curious fact. The most striking character of this genus, is to have the hinder, or fifth pair of members, formed like paddles, for swimming; and which, when the animal crawls, are bent up over the other feet. Several species of Portunus inhabit the harbour of Cove, as depurator, arcuatus, corrugatus, and marmoratus, of which the last is perhaps the most common. One of this species (P. marmoratus) being dredged up with spawn ready to hatch, has enabled me to observe and sketch its Zoe, (tig. ^,) which Fig. 2. bears a considerable general resemblance to those previously depicted of Cancer pagurus, (Zool. Res. PI. VIII. fig. 1,) and of Carcinus mcenas. In all these instances, it may be observed, that I had myriads of the fully-developed larvae before me, and not solitary specimens ; some struggling to extricate themselves from the envelopes of the ova, others swimming about in full activity. So great indeed is the resemblance of the Zdm of the above-named genera, that did we not know others of a different form, as Leach's Zde, clavata, the Zo'e of Pinnotheres (see p. 90), and that of Porcellana of the preceding Memoir, we might be apt to suppose a general correspondence in this respect in the larvae of all the Brachyura. As it will hardly ever be possible, by any contrivance, to OF CRUSTACEA. 279 insulate and preserve alive these almost imperceptible crea- tures, until they attain to their full growth as Zom, we cannot calculate upon ever tracing them during the whole of their progress. However, it is by no means unlikely that the Zoea being captured in their adult state, may be observed in the act of passing into the second form of Megalopce, as very nearly happened in the instance given in Zool. Res. p. 8. We must, until then, be satisfied with the facts detailed in the Memoir on Carcinus, where it is clearly shown that Megalopa is an intermediate stage between Zoe and the perfect crab, and from which we have every reason to presume that the same prevails with regard to the other genera of which we have not an equally clear chain of evidence. These facts first became known on the 8th of June, 1827 ; and on the 14th of the same month, 1 obtained the Megalopa (fig. 3,) which, from the Fig. 3. structure of its hind feet, is evidently that of a Portunus. It would be presumptuous, however, to say that it is that of the identical species of which the above-described Zoe is the larva, although it is not improbable from P. marmoratus being the most common species. 280 A BEE HUNT The proof here is also less complete than in Carcinus, as i this Megalopa has not been observed to pass into the crab, , which from analogy it is to be inferred that it does ; for, not- withstanding all the care that could be bestowed upon it to keep it alive, it unfortunately died before this eventful period arrived ; indeed, success is hardly to be expected in regard to the marine species of Crustacea, as they require such a mass of water, and such frequent changes of it, to preserve them but for a few days. This may be considered one of the many cases in which we are limited in our inquiries into the work- ings of Omnipotence, and must remain satisfied and thankful for what the Deity has placed within our power, and pleaseth to reveal. Art. XXV. — A Tour in the Prairies. By the Author of the Sketch-book. London: Murray. 1835. Sweet poet of America ! it is delightful to us to see thee descending from the airy regions of fiction, and adorning, with thy all but perfect pen, the simple history of fact. We despise not fiiction, but we positively reverence truth; and truth recorded in a poet's language is perhaps the most satisfying of all human productions. Irving and Cooper, the twin poets of America, have infinitely exalted that great and rising coun- try in the estimation of the literary world. Alike in vivid imagination, in power of description, and in their scorn of the trammels of rhyme, these poets have found favour, not only with their countrymen, but with every one who understands the language in which they write. Yet they differ : — Irving is the more quiet, the more facetious, the more comic, the more carefully precise, and excelling almost every writer in the appropriate and harmonious collocation of words and syllables. Cooper is the more bustling, the ^more exciting, the more tragic, the more splendid. Reader ! we are not deviating from our path ; we are consulting the welfare of Ento- mology, in shewing thee that Washington Irving is an entomologist. We shall extract the entire chapter, which bears for its title — IN THE PRAIRIES. 281 A BEE HUNT. The beautiful forest in which we were encamped abounded in bee-trees : that is to say, trees, in the decayed trunks of which wild bees had established their hives. It is surprising in what countless swarms the bees have overspread the far West, within but a moderate number of years. The Indians consider them the harbinger of the white man, as the buffalo is of the red man ; and say, that in pro- portion as the bee advances, the Indian and the buffalo retire. We are always accustomed to associate the bee-hive with the farm- house and the flower-garden, and to consider these industrious little animals as connected with the busy haunts of men ; and I am told that the wild bee is seldom to be met with at any great distance from the frontier. They have been the heralds of civilization, stedfastly preceding it, as it advanced from the Atlantic borders ; and some of the settlers of the West pretend to give the very year when the honey-bee first crossed the Mississippi. The Indians, with surprise, suddenly found the mouldering trees of their forests teeming with ambrosial sweets ; and nothing, I am told, can exceed the greedy relish with which they banquet, for the first time, on this unbought luxury of the wilderness. At present the honey-bee swarms in myriads in the noble groves and forests that skirt and intersect the prairies, and extend along the alluvial bottoms of the rivers. It seems to me as if these beautiful regions answer literally to the description of the land of promise, " a land flowing with milk and honey ;" for the rich pasturage of the prairies is calculated to sustain herds of cattle as countless as the sands upon the sea-shore, while the flowers with which they are enamelled render them a very paradise for the nectar-seeking bee. We had not been long in the camp, when a party set out in quest of a bee-tree ; and being curious to witness the sport, I gladly accepted an invitation to accompany them. The party was headed by a veteran bee-hunter, a tall lank fellow, in home-spun garb, that hung loosely about his limbs, and a straw-hat, shaped not unlike a bee-hive ; a comrade, equally uncouth in his garb, and without a hat, straddled along at his heels, with a long rifle on his shoulder. To these succeeded half a dozen others, some with axes and some with rifles ; for no one stirs far from the camp without flre-arms, so as to be ready either for wild deer or wild Indian. After proceeding some distance, we came to an open glade, on the skirts of the forest. Here our leader halted, and then advanced quietly to a low bush, on the top of which I perceived a piece of honey-comb. This, I found, was the bait or lure for the wild bees. NO. III. VOL. III. O O 282 A BEE HUNT IN THE PRAIRIES. Several were humming about it, and diving into its cells. When they had laden themselves with honey, they would rise up in the air, and dart off in one straight line, almost with the velocity of a bullet. The hunters watched attentively the course they took, and then set off in the same direction, stumbling along over twisted roots and fallen trees, with their eyes turned up to the sky. In this way they traced the honey-laden bees to their hive in the hollow trunk of a blasted oak, where, after buzzing about for a moment, they entered a hole about sixty feet from the ground. Two of the bee-hunters now plied their axes vigorously to the root of the tree to level it with the ground. The mere spectators and amateurs, in the mean time, drew off to a cautious distance, to be out of the way of the falling of the tree and the vengeance of its inmates. The jarring blows of the axe seemed to have no effect in alarming or agitating this most industrious community. They continued to ply at their usual occupations, — some arriving full-freighted into port, others sallying forth on new expeditions, like so many merchantmen in a money-making metropolis, little suspicious of impending bank- ruptcy and downfall. Even a loud crack, which announced the disrujjture of the trunk, failed to divert their attention from the intense pursuit of gain. At length down came the tree with a tremendous crash, bursting open from end to end, and displaying all the hoarded treasures of the commonwealth. One of the hunters immediately ran up with a wisp of lighted hay as a defence against the bees. The latter, however, made no attack, and sought no revenge : they seemed stupified by the catastrophe, and unsuspicious of its cause, and remained crawling and buzzing about the ruins without offering us any miolestation. Every one of the party now fell to, with spoon and hunting knife, to scoop out the flakes of honey-comb with which the hollow trunk was stored. Some of them were of old date, and a deep brown colour ; others were beautifully white, and the honey in their cells was almost limpid. Such of the combs as were entire were placed in camp kettles, to be conveyed to the encampment ; those which had been shivered by the fall were divided on the spot. Every stark bee- hunter was to be seen with a rich morsel in his hand, dripping about his fingers, and disappearing as rapidly as a cream tart before the holiday appetite of a school-boy. Nor was it the bee-hunters alone that profited by the downfall of this industrious community. As if the bees would carry through the similitude of their habits with those of laborious and gainful man, I beheld numbers, from rival hives, arriving on eager wing, to enrich themselves with the ruin of their neighbours. They busied them- REMARKS ON THE ENTOMOLOGY OF EPPING. 2'^3 selves as eagerly and cheerily as so many wreckers on an Jndiaman that has been driven on shore — plunging into the cells of the broken honey-comb, banquetting greedily on the spoil, and then wino'ino- their w^ay full-freighted to their homes. As to the poor proprietors of the ruin, they seemed to have no heart to do any thing, not even to taste the nectar that flowed around them, but crawled backwards and forwards in vacant desolation, as I have seen a poor fellow, with his hands in his breeches pocket, whistling vacantly and despond- ingly about the ruins of his house that had been burned. It is difficult to describe the bewilderment of the bees of the bankrupt hive, who had been absent at the time of the catastrophe, and who arrived, from time to time, with full cargoes from abroad. At first they wheeled about the air, in the place where the tree had once reared its head, astonished at finding all a vacuum. At length, as if comprehending their disaster, they settled down, in clusters, on a dry branch of a neighbouring tree, from whence they seemed to contemplate the prostrate ruin, and to buzz forth doleful lamen- tations over the downfall of their republic. It was a scene on which the melancholy Jacques might have moralized by the hour. We now abandoned the place, leaving much honey in the hollow tree. " It will be all cleared off by varmint," said one of the rangers. " What vermin ?" asked I. " O, bears and skunks, and racoons, and 'possums. The bears is the knowingest varmint for finding out a bee-tree in the world. They'll gnaw for days together at the trunk, till they make a hole big enough to get in their paws, and then they'll haul out honey, bees and all." Art. XXVI. — Remarks on the Entomology of Epping and its Vicinity. By Edward Doubleday. (Continued from page 159 ) " Ablatum mediis opus est incudibus illud Defuit et scriptis ultima lima meis. Et veniam pro laude peto : laudatus abunde, Non fastiditus si tibi, Lector, ero." Dear Sir, — In this, my second epistle to you on this subject, it is ray intention merely to offer a few remarks on 28J? REMARKS ON THR sundry species of Lepidoptera, which I did not like to pass over and leave, aliis post commemoranda. I have, however, little new to offer. I cannot say, Dtilci animos novitate te- nebo. All I hope for these few lines, is, '•' Ut non ignava legentum Otia delectant, admoneantque mei." There remains also for me to remark on several other classes. These I must for the present postpone ; but as you seem to think that your readers would not object to a small slice of Ornithology, I mean to append a list of such birds as have, to my certain knowledge, occurred in this neighbourhood. Per- haps it may be thought by some that there are other places more fitted for such lists. There may be, and perhaps it would not be hard to find one ; but, " Noil procul a stabulis audet secedere, si quae Excussa est avidi dentibus agna lupi. Quicumque Argolica de classe Capharea fugit ; Semper ab Euboicis vela retorquet aquis. Et mea cymba semel vasta percussa procella Ilium, quo lassa est, horret adire locum." I remain, yours most truly, Epping, July 18, 1835. E. DoUBLEDAY. Pontia napi. Though this butterfly appears here in profu- sion, I never met with either P. sahellicce, or napace ; which I cannot but think to be mere varieties of this insect. I have often, whilst collecting, been struck with the tendency to vary exhibited by some species in certain localities, whilst in other places we find no such a tendency. I will mention a very common insect as an example of this : — Harpalus ceneus, in this neighbourhood, scarcely ever varies from its type. At Sudbury and Walton I have found nearly every one of the five species it has been divided into equally common. How can we account for this ? Leucophasia sinapis. For five seasons I had never found this interesting insect, and had concluded that it had alto- gether disappeared. But in one of the few rambles I have been able to take this year, I captured one specimen. The same day I obtained, inter alia, Lyda inanita, Doros Conop- sea, and Conopia culiciformis. ENTOMOLOGY OP EPPING. 285 Melitcece Euphrosjjne et Selene. I have never yet seen these insects in the autumn. Mr. Stephens speaks of an autumnal brood. Argynnis Adippe. Rare here. Vanessa C. album. Many years since this insect used to occur in profusion. I cannot be certain as to the year, but should judge that it was about fifteen or sixteen years ago, for it was when I was a mere child ; but I have loved every thing that lived, every thing beautiful, from my childhood, and in my very earliest years was, in some sort, a collector. Some spe- cimens taken there were in existence not very long back, but are now pulvis et umbra, or rather only the first. Since those times I have never met with the insect here. Apatura Iris is very rare here. 1 have only taken one specimen, a male, in a field adjoining Mr. Marsh's woods. It had settled on the foot-path. I have heard of others being seen here by persons to whose judgment I can trust. TheclcB IV. album et rubi. The former of these is very rare here. Of the latter, one specimen only has occurred within my knowledge. Polyommatus Argiolus. Surely this butterfly ought to form a separate genus. Its habits, the texture of its wings, and their form, seem to point out an affinity to some of the Theclce. Polyommatus Agestis. My friend, Mr. John Ray, (a worthy namesake of our great naturalist) discovered this species in plenty in a field not a mile from the town. 1 was not previously aware of its occurrence here. Sphinx convolvuli. I have known of several captures of this noble insect in this parish, but they have all been made by unscientific persons ; and, consequently, nearly all totally spoiled by the captors. I have, however, a fine pair captured here. Deilephila Galii. The only specimen which has occurred here was captured by my brother, very early one morning, in August, 1831, hovering over the flowers oi Argemone grandi- fiora. D. porcellus and elpenor are far from common, but come nearly every year to the honey-suckles in our garden. The SesicE and j^gerice, mentioned in my list, are all rare here, except E. tipuli/ormis, which unfortunately is but too common. 286 REMARKS ON THE Cossus ligniperda is very rare here. Closiera reclusa. Some years ago I reared several from larva found on birch. I have not seen it of late. Stauropiisfagi. Only one specimen taken here. Lophopleryx Carmelita. A wing only, picked up by my brother, as mentioned in Stephens, H. Vol. II. p. 197. Trichiura cratcegi. Mr. Stephens takes no notice of the extraordinary variation in colour in diiferent larvag of this insect. I knovr of no insect where the variation is so striking. Demas coryli. This insect is, I believe, generally rare. Here it was most decidedly so until last autumn, when myself, and a companion, beat out thirty larvae in two days, from the underwood in Mr. Cure's woods. Leucoma salicis. Very rare here. Porthesia Chrysorrhea. This is in general very rare here ; but this year the larva has occurred in tolerable abundance. Porthesia aurijlua. I have observed that this insect, as well as the preceding species, is to be much more frequently met with in confined gardens in towns, than in more open situ- ations. L. salicis also seems rather partial to the neighbour- hood of large towns. P. aurijlua is here excessively rare. Diaphora mendica. This insect seems to be diurnal. I have only taken it on the wing in the day-time. Triphana orhona. The most common of the Noctuidce in this neighbourhood. T. fimbria and T.interjecta are both scarce here. The latter appears to be common in the neigh- bourhood of Coggeshall, the Bceotia of Essex. Cerigo texta. I cannot but think that Mr. Stephens has fallen into a very great error, in placing this genus next to Triphcena. Its crested thorax, the position of its wings when at rest, and its general colouring, mark its close affinity to Nrepana hamula has this year been unusually common. I may here mention, that this season some insects, which I have not seen here for some years, have re-appeared. Amongst others, R/tynchites populi and Attelahus cuculionoides, but not in their usual numbers, huperus rufipes has literally swarmed in our woods by myriads. One stroke of the stick would at once bring a score into a net. From the few walks I have this year been able to take, I should conceive that this has not been a bad season for insects in general, though not particularly favourable to Lepidopteru. And now let me turn to a subject which has not hitherto employed my pen. Perhaps this is one reason why 1 feel desirous to try my hand at it. " Juvat integros accedere fotiteis Atque haurire : Juvatque novos decerpere flores." I have first to state, that I owe all my knowledge of Orni- ENTOMOLOGY OF EPPING. 289 thology, or nearly all, to my brother. With his beautiful collection of British birds always before my eye, continually hearing his remarks on them and their habits, I have gained knowledge without labour, without study. Perhaps I may lay claim to some few observations, which I might be able to make on this subject, but these are few ; for though I have observed many things, those have been few which I had not previously learnt from him. I have, in the following list, adhered exactly to Mr. Selby's arrangement, because I conceive his work to be by far the best on our British birds. With this and Temminck's Manual, the British Ornithologist need never, or very rarely, be at a loss upon any point. And what lover of nature is there that would not be an Ornithologist? How much pleasure, and how pure, can be reaped in a few hours' walk through the fields or woods, from observing the habits of their feathered inhabitants ! How pleasing, on a calm summer evening, to watch the Nightjur skimming over the open heath, or circling some soli- tary oak, in search of its insect prey ! How sweet to wander before sun-rise, through the woods, when the whole choir of summer birds welcome with their songs the approach of day ! There are moments when even the most fortunate feel desponding; and, " Lone — as the corse within the shroud, Lone — as a solitary cloud, A single cloud on a summer day, While all the rest of heaven is clear, A frown upon the atmosphere, That hath no business to appear When skies are bright and earth is gay." But truly to be pitied would that man be who did not reap some joy from the animated and happy scene around him. But men will not gather pleasure where it grows most luxu- riantly ; they prefer the unwholesome vegetation of a stagnant marsh to the bountiful produce of a rich field. " O ! miseras hominum menteis ! O pectora cceca !" How few persons would believe that the following list of our birds can excite any feelings of interest in the mind of a rational person, or could be made subservient to any useful purpose ! NO. III. VOL. III. p p 290 REMARKS ON THF, Catalogue of Birds which have occurred in the neighbour- hood of Epping. Accipitcr fringillarius, Falco subbuteo, tinnunculus, BBsalon Buteo vulgaris, Milvus vulgaris, Otus vulgaris, bracliyotos, Strix flamniea, Ulula stridula, Ilirundo rustica, urbica, riparia, Cypselus murarius, Muscicapa grisola, Lanius colUirio, IVIerula viscivora, pilaris, niusica, Iliaca, vulgaris, torquata, Saxicola j^Cnanthe, rubc'tra, ruhicola, Erythaca rubccula, Pha?nicura ruticilla, Salicaria LocusteUa, Phragmitis, Arundinacea, Philomela Luscinia, Curruca atricapilla, hortensis cinerea garrula Sylvia hippolais? sibilatrix, trochilus Regulus auricapillns, Parus major, caeruleus, palustris ater, i caudatus, Accentor modularis, Motacilla alba, boarula, (lava, Antlius pratensis, arboreus, Alauda arvensis, arborea, Emberiza miliaria, citrinella, schoenieulus. Passer domesticus, Fringilla Calebs, montifringilla, Carduelis spinus, Sparrow Mawk Hobby Kestril Merlin Common Buzzard Kite Long-eared Owl Sliort-eared Owl Barn Owl Tawney Owl Chimney Swallow Martin Sand Martin Common Swift Spotted Fly-catcher Red-backed Shrike Missel Thrusli Fieldfare Song Thrush Redwing Blackbird King Ouzel Wheat-Ear Wiin-Chat Stone-Chat Redbreast Redstart Grasshopper Warbler Sedge Warbler Reed Wren Nightingale Blackcap Greater Pettychaps Whitethroat Lesser Whitethroat Lesser Pettychaps, or Chiff-Chaff Wood Wren Willow Wren Gold - crested Regu- lus, or Golden- crowned Wren Great Titmouse Blue Titmouse Marsh Titmouse Cole Titmouse Long - tailed Tit- mouse Hedge Sparrow Pied Wagtail Grey Wagtail Yellow Wagtail Meadow Pipit Tree Pipit Sky Lark Tree Lark, or Wood Lark Common Bunting Yellow Bunting, or Yellowhammer Reed Bunting House Sparrow Chaffinch Mountain Finch, or Brambling Siskin Carduelis elegans, Linaria cannabina, montana. Coccothraustes vulgaris, cliloris, Loxia curvirostra, PyiThula vulgaris, Sturnus vulgaris, Corvus corax, corone, cornix, frugilegus, monedula, Pica melanoleuca, Garrulus glandarius, Picus viridis, major, minor, Yunx torquilla, Sitta Europaea, Certliia familiaris, Troglodytes Europaeus, Upupa Epops, Cuculus canorus, Columba palumbus, yEnas, turtur, Phasianus colchicus, Perdix cinerea, rubra, coturnix, Ardea cinerea, Botaurus stellaris, Totanus oehropus, Hypoieucos, Scolopax rusticola, gallinago, gallinula, Rallus aquaticus, Crex pratensis. Gallinula chloropus, Vanellus Cristatus, Cliaradrius pluvialis, ffidicnemus crepitans, Cygnus ferus, Anas Boschas, ttuerquedula crecca, Podiceps minor. Sterna Hirnndn, Larus ridibundus, catius, rissa Puffin us Anglnrum, Goldfinch Common Linnet Mountain Linnet, or Twite Lesser Redpole Lin- net Grosbeak, or Haw- finch Green Grosbeak, or Greenfinch Common Crossbill Bullfinch Starling Raven Carrion Crow Hooded Crow Rook Jackdaw Magpie Common Jay Green Woodpecker Great Spotted Wood- pecker Lesser Spotted Vv'ood- pecker Wryneck Nuthatch Common Creeper Common Wren Hoopoe Cuckoo Ring Dove Stock Dove Turtle Dove Common Pheasant Common Partridge Red Partridge Quail Common Heron Common Bittern Green Sandpiper Common Sandpiper Woodcock Common Snipe Jack Snipe Common Rail, or Water Rail Corn Crake Common Moorhen, or Gallinule Crested, or Green Lapwing, or Pewit Golden Plover Common Thickknee, or Norfolk Plover Wild, or Whistling Swan Wild Duck Teal Little Grebe, or Dab- chick Cnnimoii Tern Black-headed Gull Common Gull Killiwake Shearwater Besides the above, I may mention that the great ash- coloured Shrike {Lanius cxcuhitor), the Cormoi'ant {PJioIa- crocorax carbo), the Scaup Duck {Fidigula marila), the ENTOMOLOGY OF EPPING. 291 Grey-lag Goose {Anser palusiris), have been killed at Harlow, and the Whimbrel {NuDienius Plifsopus) at Sewardstone ; the former place being about six miles north of us ; the latter, about the same distance to the south. The five last birds in my list in no wise belong to us, and must have been driven inland by stress of weather. The Tern was killed flying over some large old gravel pits, which were full of water; the Shearwater was picked up dead in a field near the town ; the three species of Gulls were all met with, in a very exhausted state, after long stormy weather. Of the species of Hawks contained in my list, two only are at all common here; namely, the Sparrow-hawk and Kestril. The Hobby is very rare. The Merlin is merely a visitant in the autumnal months, and that very rarely. I only know of one having been killed here, and that a young female. The Buzzard and Kite are now extinct, (thanks to the game- keepers) ; but the former I have seen within four or five years. Previous to that time I have very often watched them soaring high in the air, over the Park-hall and Hill-hall woods. They feed chiefly on small quadrupeds, toads, frogs, and insects ; but a toad is their most favourite dish. Hirundo riparia does not breed here. Merula torquata. Seen only at the time of their equatorial, or polar migrations. Salicaria arimdinacea. One specimen shot at a large pond near the town. I am not aware of its being found near any of the rivers around us. It is common at Sudbury. Motacilla Boarula. A winter visitant. I saw this bird in June, in the Vale of Llangollen, and near Snowdon. Fringilla Montifringilla. An occasional visitant at the time of their spring and autumn migrations. The bill of this bird becomes nearly black in summer. This change is not uncommon amongst this tribe of birds. The Grosbeak has a pale whitish bill in winter ; in summer it is of a deepish lead colour ; so also has the Chaffinch. Carduelis spinus. An occasional visitant. Coccothraustes vulgaris. This interesting bird is very common here, though rarely to be seen, save by a practised Ornithologist, from its shyness. In the winter it visits our gardens, to feed on the fallen stones of plums, bullaces, or laurel, which it dexterously cracks with its powerful bill. 292 LIST OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. Sometimes it may be found in small companies, of ten or fifteen, feeding on the fallen seeds of the hornbeans. It generally builds in a tall whitethorn, or holly ; the nest is sometimes as loose as a Ring-dove's, but at others it bestows rather more pains upon it. It lays from five to six eggs. When the young are fledged, they visit the gardens near the forest in search of green peas. I have been told that last year, nearly, if not quite thirty, were killed in the garden of Colonel Conyers, of Copt- hall, whose park, I believe, to be a favourite breeding place of this bird. Corvus comix. Very rarely seen here. Picas minor. Not often met with in this neighbourhood. U/mpa Epops. One specimen of the Hoopoe was killed a few years since, about a mile from the town. Botaiirtis stellaris has occurred here but once. CEdic?ienms crepitans. In calm moon-light evenings in spring, we frequently hear the call of this interesting bird, as it passes over at a considerable height. I never knew of more than one specimen being killed in this parish. Totanus ochropus occurs here in May, July (the first week), August, and September. Had I time, I could with much pleasure have said more on this subject ; but this being wanting, I must now conclude. And as it may be long, very long, before I shall again obtrude myself on the notice of your readers, allow me to wish them all good night ; and to add thereto one other wish, in the words of an unfortunate poet : — " Detuv inoffensse metam tibi tangere vitse, Qui legis hoc nobis non inimicus opus. Atque utinam pro te possint mea vota valere Qusepro me duros non tetigere Deos !" Art. XXVII. — List of Entomological Works. 1 . On the History, Habits, and Instincts of Animals ; by the Rev. W. Kirhy, M. A. ,- being No. VII. of the Bridge- water Treatises. London : Pickering. 1835. 2. The Magazine of Natural History; conducted by J. C. Loudon. London : Longman. 1835. Monthly Num- bers, XL VH. to LH. LIST OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. 293 Newman, in a paper read before the Linnaean Society of London, and lately published in this Magazine,-"^ has shown most clearly, that the metamorphosis of insects is nothing more than ecdysis, or a sloughing of the external covering. It is perfectly true, that ecdysis occasionally takes place with little or no alteration of external form ; it is true also, that in metamorphosis a complete change of external forms frequently takes place ; but it is equally true, that we are acquainted with every degree in the graduated scale between the maximum and minimum degree of change. Under these circumstances, we are compelled to acknowledge that metamorphosis is ecdysis, and that ecdysis is metamorphosis ; for the mind refuses to apply one reasoning to any given portion of a series, and seek another reasoning for a different portion of the same series. There is no subject which has caused so great a sensation among Naturalists as the metamorphosis of Decapods. For this highly important discovery we are indebted to Mr. Thompson. He has shown, beyond the possibility of dispute, that Decapods commence their existence under a form widely differing from that in which they arrive at maturity. Bosc, in his "Histoire Naturelle des Crustaces," has named, described, and figured, a minute oceanic insect, under the name of Zu'ea l^elagica^ Latreille altered the name to Zde, in his " Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum -"^ and Leach, in the " Edinburgh Encyclopaedia," "^ and " Encyclopaedia Britannica,"'^ adopts the latter name, and describes the insect. This same Zde is now proved to be the state of a crab, or some Decapod, imme- diately on its exclusion from the ovum. Another genus, named Megalopa by Leach, and not hitherto supposed to be related to Zee, proves also to be a young crab advanced another stage towards perfection ; but it appears that more than one ecdysis is necessary to convert a Zoe into a Mega- lopa, and probably several more to convert a Megulopa into a crab. The very recent date of these important discoveries clearly shows how much we are still in the dark as to the value of our genera of Crustacea, and how completely we stand in need of a complete revision of our classification in this branch of Entomology. Sincerely do we hope that Mr. Thompson ■' Sec page 12 of the present volume. b Tom. II. j). 13-5, pi. 15, f. 3,4. ;^ Tom. I. p. 21. '' VII. 889. •= Suppl. I. 423. 294 LIST OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. will undertake it ; aided by the labours of Desmarest, Audouin, Milne, Edwards, and other continental writers — and with his own great knowledge, derived from real observation, there is no man living so competent to the task. Long after the Decapods have relinquished their prepa- ratory form, and assumed that in which they reach perfection, they have yet to undergo a repeated and complete ecdysis, the mode of which appeared to vary considerably in different orders. In a common lobster, which Mr. Newman has shown us, destroyed while in the very act of casting its shell, the cephalothorax, or principal shell, is parted longitudinally down the back, and one half appears ready to fall each way. In the spider-crab Mr. Hill describes the moult thus : — A few clays since a spider-crab was sent alive to me, taken in the act of changing its coat. The operation was singular. The upper and lower shell being parted, the legs were withdrawn from their old cases, and served as a lever to detach the under shell from the upper. Some exertion of the legs was necessary to raise the upper shell : this had been accomplished, but it was not entirely detached from the body when brought to me. The body was quite soft, and the new skin of about the consistence of parchment. — Magazine of Natural History, Vol. VIII. p. 468. We will now proceed to a statement of the Rev. Mr. Bree's, a writer, whose veracity is beyond doubt; and we find that, touching the question of metamorphosis considered as the decided change of shape, we have in the common fresh- water cray-fish, (Astacifs fluviatilis) an exception to the general rule. The first passage quoted refers to the ecdysis of cray-fish, after having attained a considerable magnitude. On these occasions, I well recollect, we seldom failed to find first the exuvice, or cast shells, of the cray-fish ; secondly, certain cray-fish, which had so lately undergone the operation, that their new shells had not yet acquired their usual firm consistency, but were soft and flabby, and as pliable to the touch as a piece of thin parchment. These soft-shelled individuals we used to consider as out of season, and we generally refrained from taking them. Thirdly, I may state, that when the cray-fish came to be dressed, and served up at table, it was no unusual occurrence to meet with som.e which had so nearly approached the period of their change, that on breaking the outward shell, a second and newly-formed shell Avas perceptible beneath it. Fourthly, and to crown all, 1 have more than once seen LIST OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. 295 cray-fish in the act of casting their shells ; i. e. with the old shell not completely thrown off, bnt still adhering to the animal. Of the precise mode and manner in which they disengage themselves from their old shells, I regret I can give no particular account. I can state, however, that the shell is cast entire, not broken into pieces, nor split above, so that the cray-fish, as we might expect, must crawl out from the fore-part beneath. The operation of casting the shell, I should conclude, is not confined to any one fixed period of the year, but is regulated by other causes. My visits to the brook in question were made in the months of July and August ; at which season, as already stated, some specimens were to be found which had recently undergone the change, others were about to undergo it ; but by far the greater number exhibited no signs either of recent or future casting of the shell. — Magazine of Natural History/, Vol. VIII. p. 468. Mr. Thompson, it should seem, maintains the existence of trans- formations throughout the Crustacea, similar, I suppose, to those of the larvse of insects. Now here, again, I cannot speak to the fact as regards crabs and lobsters ; and I know that there are anoma- lies in nature. But the young of the fresh-ivater cray-fish most unquestionably are hatched, and come into the world of the same shape as the adult ones In the above-mentioned brook, I have caught cray-fish with the ova apparently just hatched, and the minute young not having yet, as it were, left the nest, but still adhering to the under part of the parent. — Ibid. p. 469. The same number of the Magazine of Natural History con- tains a notice, with figures, of a new Phyllosoma, by Mr. Lukis ; also a notice, with figures, of Sqnilla Desniarestii, by the same gentleman ; the figures are admirably cut in wood. Some observations on the living Sqiiilla are so interesting that we cannot forbear quoting them. The Squilla 1 kept alive in a basin of sea-water for two days, during which time I had a fair opportunity of observing its activity and peculiar habits. It sported about, and after a first approach, exhibited a boldness rather unexpected. When first alarmed, it sprang backward, with great velocity ; after which, it placed itself in a menacing attitude, which would rather have excited a fear of exposing the hand to it. The prominent appearance of the eyes, their brilliancy and attentive watching, and the feeling power of the long antennae, evinced quick apprehension and instinct. I brought a silver tea-spoon near them, which was struck out of my hand with a suddenness and force comparable to an electric shock. This blow 296 LIST OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. was effected by the large arms, wliicli were closed, and projected in an instant with the quickness of lightning. An apparent anxiety to keep the head and claws in front, made me suspect that the animal lodges its hinder part in holes and recesses, from which it can strike at its prey or other passing objects. The attitude represented in the figure (nearly linear), was maintained during my observa- tions ; and I did not see any inclination to close the tail in a more compacted form. — Magazine of Natural History, Vol. VIII. p. 464. Recurring to the work whose title stands at the head of this article, it seems to us that we shall scarcely do our duty without offering an observation on its general tenor. Far be it from us to set up our opinion in opposition to that of Mr. Kirby ; far be it from us to tell one so much our superior in these matters that he is wrong : yet will we venture, in humility and perfect kindness towards Mr. Kirby, whom we respect and love, to make a few comments on the work before us. Mr. Kirby starts witli the motto, " C'est la Bible a la main que nous devons entrer dans l.a temple auguste de la nature, pour bien comprendre la voix du Createur;" and keeping this maxim in view, facts in nature are bent into unison with the Bible, or passages in the Bible receive new and strange interpretations to make them agree with nature. Now, though we admit to the full the exquisite beauty and sublimity of various metaphorical and illustrative allusions to natural objects which occur throughout the Holy Scriptures, yet we consider the sacred volume designed for higher objects than the elucidation of scientific questions, or the description of perishable objects. We cannot view it as a book of Natural History. Nevertheless, wide as is the difference between Mr. Kirby's belief and our own on this point, and wider it cannot be, we must still add, that we feel confident that Mr. Kirby's views are not promulgated without a firm and conscientious belief, on his part, that they are perfectly sound, and calculated to advance the design of the work he has undertaken, — that of showing " the power, wisdom, and good- ness of God, as manifested in the creation." As works of science, we have been sorely disappointed with the Bridge water Treatises. Considered as a work of science, we offer no opinion of the individual treatise now under consideration ; yet we have no hesitation in recommending it to the general reader. LIST or ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. 297 The aged cannot rise from its perusal without pleasure, nor the young without having received instruction. On the history of Crustacea, Mr. Kirby has been some- what diffuse ; and although a work of this sort is necessarily a compilation, and contains in the way of fact little or nothing of novelty, yet, in the present instance, the mass of infor- mation collected from various authentic sources is highly valu- able. In extracting the following passage respecting a species of land-crab {Gecarcinus carnifex), we have been more attracted by its interest than its novelty. They descend the mountains, which are their usual abode, in such numbers, that the roads and woods are covered with them. They feel an impidse so to steer their course, that they may travel by the easiest descent, and arrive most readily at the sea, the great object at which they aim. They resemble a vast army marching in battle array, without breaking their ranks, following always a right line ; they scale the houses and surmount every other obstacle that lies in their way. They sometimes even get into the houses, making a noise like that of rats; and when they enter the gardens, they commit great devastations, destroying all their produce with their claws. They are said to halt twice every day, and to travel chiefly in the night. Arrived at the sea-shore, they are there reported to bathe three or four different times. When retiring to the neigh- bouring plains or woods, they repose for some time, and then the females return to the water and commit their eggs to the waves. This business despatched, they endeavour to regain, in the same order, the country they had left, and by the same route, but only the most vigorous can reach the mountains. The greater part are so lean and weak that they are forced to stop to recruit their strength in the first country they reach. When arrived again at their habitations, they have a new labour to undergo, for now is the time of their moult. They hide themselves in their subterranean retreats for this purpose, so that not a single one can be seen : they even stop up the mouth of their burrows. — Kirby, on the History, &c. Vol. I. p. 124. With regard to the actual process of moulting, our author gives the account long since published by Reaumur ; and it is rather remarkable that that illustrious entomologist's obser- vations were made on the very same animal as those of Mr. Bree, recorded above. Our desire to bring together all the authentic information within our reach on this interesting- NO. III. VOL. III. Q Q 298 LIST OF ENTOMOLOGICAL M'ORKS, subject, induces us to transcribe the passage even at the risk of being charged with the repetition of an oft-told tale. One word on the previous quotation : the fact that it is essential for the Gecarcinus carnifex to pass its first days in the water, clearly proves the young of that species have a different economy from the adults. This fact establishes a metamor- phosis almost as decisively as the detection of the young under a totally different shape. In the spring, in boxes pierced with holes, which he placed both in the river and in an apartment, Reavnnur put the fresh-water cray-fish {Astacus fluviatilis). He observed, that when one of these was about to cast its crust, it rubbed its feet one against the other, and gave itself violent contortions. After these preparatory movements it swelled out its body more than usual, and the first segment of its abdomen appeared more than commonly distant from the thorax. The membrane that united them now burst, and its new body appeared. After resting for some time, it recommenced agitating its legs and other parts, swelling to the utmost the parts covered by the thorax, which was thus elevated and separated from the base of the legs ; the membrane which united it to the underside of the body burst asunder, and it only remained attached towards the mouth. In a few minutes from this time the animal was entirely stripped, except the legs. First, the margin of the thorax was seen to separate from the first pair of legs : at that instant drawing back its head, after reiterated efforts, it disengaged its eyes from their cases, and all the other organs of the anterior part of the head. It next uncased one of its fore-legs, or all or part of the legs on one side, which operation is so difficult, that young ones some- times die under it. When the legs are disengaged, the animal casts off the thorax, extends the tail briskly, and pushes off its covering and that of its parts. After this last action, which requires the utmost exertion of its remaining vigour, it sinks into a state of great weakness. Its limbs are so soft that they bend like a piece of wet paper ; but if the back is felt its flesh appears unexpectedly firm ; a circumstance arising, perhaps, from the convulsive state of the muscles. When the thorax is once disengaged, and the animal has begun to extricate its legs, nothing can stop its progress. Reaumur often took them out of the water with the intention of preserving them half uncased ; but they finished, in spite of him, their moult in his hands. Upon examining the exuviae of these animals, we find no external part wanting : every hair is a case which covers another hair. The lower articulations of the legs LIST OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. 299 are divided longitudinally, at a suture which separates during the operation, but which is not visible in the living animal. — Kirhy, on the History, &c. Vol. II. p. 52. The time requisite for hardening the newly - acquired crust, according to its previous state, is from one to three days. Those animals which are ready to moult, have always two strong sub- stances, called crabs' eyes, placed in the stomach, which, from the experiments of Reaumur and others, appear destined to furnish the matter, or a portion of it, of which the shell is formed ; for if the animal is opened the day after its moult, when the shell is only half-hardened, these substances are found only half diminished ; and if opened later, they are proportionably smaller. Thus has Creative Wisdom provided means for the prompt consolidation of the crust of these creatures, so that it is soon rescued from the dangers to which, in its naked state, it is exposed. — Ibid. Vol. II. p. 55. With this doctrine we scarcely agree ; it has always appeared to us, that the stomach is the least likely part of the animal to contain the matter for the future shell ; and we confess we are unable to devise a process by which the mass of calcareous matter contained in these substances shall be conveyed through the flesh to the external skin. The repro- duction of lost members in Crustacea is a most interesting subject, and one which claimed the close attention of Reaumur. Mr. Kirby, quoting that high authority on this subject, gives us the following account: — When a leg is mutilated in the summer, if examined a day or two after the experiment, the first circumstance observable is a kind of covering membrane, of a reddish hue ; in five or six days more this membrane becomes convex ; next it is protruded into a conical shape, and keeps gradually lengthening as the germinating leg is developed ; at last the membrane is ruptured, and the leg appears at first soft, but in a few days it becomes as hard as the old one. It now wants only size and length, and these it acquires in time, and at every moult it augments in a more rapid proportion than the legs which have their proper size. The antennae, maxillae, &c. are reproduced in the same manner ; but if the tail is mutilated it is never reproduced, and the animal dies. — Ibid. Vol. II. p. 57. It seems to us unaccountable, that Crustaceology , one of the most interesting branches of Entomology, should have so few students in comparison with the other branches of the oOO LIST OF KNTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. science. We have, perhaps, ourselves been somewliat to blame in not allowing it a more prominent place in our pages than we have hitherto done. We now announce our intention of repairing this error ; and, aided by the valuable contri- butions of Mr. Thompson, we hope that no future number will appear without, at least, one article on Crustacea. The singular and varied economy of these ci'eatures, their gigantic size, and the value of many species as articles of food and commerce, surely might w^eigh with the Entomologist, even though he held it of no importance that without them his cabinet must be incomplete. Of the Hermit, or Soldier-crabs, we have already spoken in our opening article. Mr. Kirby's work contains a still more complete and interesting account of them ; but after the quotation from Mr. Bennett's " Wan- derings," we must not transcribe it. Our author mentions a huge lobster, which ascends the cocoa and palm trees by night, devouring their fruit, of which it is so fond, that in confinement it will subsist on it for months, without suffering from want of water. One kind of land-crab is distinguished by the extra- ordinary disproportion of its claws ; one of them, sometimes the left, sometimes the right, being enormously large, while the other is very small, and often concealed, so that the animal appears single-handed. These crabs " have the habit of holding up the great claw, as if beckoning to some one." Another species of land-crab runs so fast that it is difficult to overtake it on foot. A third species requires a fleet horse to run it down. Bosc relates, that he found these in Carolina, where he experienced great difficulty in riding them down and shooting them with a pistol. There is a story, delightfully told, in a little book lately published, which, being founded on fact, gives some idea of the size, strength, and activity of a land-crab. It happened that, in one of the insurrections of the blacks in the West Indies, a corporal of marines was murdered, the head being separated completely from the body. At night, the body and head were buried by his comrades in a grave, which it may be supposed was not very deep. The next day a kind of skeleton-looking object was seen sporting about with the corporal's head under his arm. The sailors who witnessed this, as a matter of course, supposed the animal to be the corporal's ghost; but an officer of marines, accustomed to the country, knew better. He loaded a couple LIST OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. 301 of rifles, and going out with his servant in quest of the so-called ghost, soon found him. The head was still held under the arm of the animal, who, at sight of the enemy, made off with all speed. However, the first rifle-shot, well directed, caused him to drop the head ; and a second, after a severe chase among the brushwood, laid him kicking on his back. It need scarcely be added that the ghost was a large land-crab. 3. British Entomology; by John Curtis. Nos. CXXXF. to CXXXVIIL, Blarch to jane, 1835. 4. Illustralions of British Entomology ; by J. F. Stejihens. Nos. LXXII. to LXXX. 5. A Manual oj" Entomology , from the German of Dr. Her- mann Burmeistcr ; by W. E. S hue/card, M. E. S., With Original Notes and additional Plates. Nos. II. to VIII. This work will henceforth appear in double Numbers. 6. The Transactions of the Linnaean Society of London. Vol. XVII. Part 2, 18o0. On Dioiosis, a genus of Dip- terous Insects, with Descriptions of twenty-one Species ; by J. O. Weslivood, Esq., F. L. S. 7. A Treatise on the Geography and Classif cation of Animals ; by U illiam Swainson, Esq. 8. Etudes Entomoloyiques, on Description dTnsectes nouveau.v, et Observations sur leur Synonymie ; par M. de Laporte, Compte de Castle7ieau. Livraison 2. Paris, 1835. 9. Iconofjraphie du Regne Animal de M. le Baron Cuvier ; par M. F. E. Guerin. Paris. Livraisons 38 et 39. In- sectes, pi. 40, 56, 57, 58, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 75. 10. Iconoqraphie, S^c. des Coleopteres d'Europe ; par M. le Comie Dejean, et M. le Docteur J. A. Boisduval. Tome IV. Livraison 8. Paris. 11. Magasin de Zoologie ; par. F. E. Guerin. Paris, 1835. 302 LIST OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. 1^. Annciles de la Socittt Entomologique de France. Tome III. Trimestre 4. Paris, 1834; et Tome IV, Trimestre I. 1835. 13. Genera des Insectes, ^c. ; /J«r M. M. E. Gu^rin et A. Percheron. Livraison 1. Paris, 1835. 14. Faune Eniornologiqiie des Environs de Paris; par MM. Boisduval et Lacordaire. Tome I. Paris, 1835. 15. Tableaux Synoptiques des L6pidopttres d'Euro2)e; par MM. VilUers et Guenee. Paris, 1835. 16. CoUopteres du Mexique ; par A. Chevrolat. Fasci- culo 3, Paris, 1834. 17. Histoire Naturelle des Lepidopteres Rhopaloceres ou Papillons diurnes des dtpartemens des Haul et Bas-Rhin, de la 3Ioselle, de la Meurthe et des Josges, puhliee par L. P. Cantener. Livraison 3. Paris, 1834. 18. Monographie des Cetoines, et Genres voisins, SjC. ; par M. H. Gory, et M. A. Percheron. Livraison 7. Paris, 1834. 19. Histoire Naturelle des Lepidopteres, ou Papillons de France ; par Godart, continute p)ar M. Duponchel. Tome IX. Nocturnes ; Tome VI., Livraison 3 et 4. Supplement, c^'c. Tome I. Livraison 17. Paris, 1834. 20. Iconographie des Chenilles, Sec. Tome I. Livraisons 11 et V2. 2\. Icones Historiques des Lepidopteres nouveaux ou pen connus ; j^ar le Docteur Boisduval. Livraisons 27, 28, 29, 30. 22. Collection Iconographique et Historique des Chenilles, ^c. ; par MM. Boisduval, B.amhur et Graslin. Livraisons 25—30. 23. Histoire Naturelle des Lepidopteres d'Europe, par N. Lucas ; ouvrage orne de pres de 400 figures peintes daprcs nature ; jyar A. Noel. Paris, 1884. LIST OF k'nTOMOLOOICAL WORKS. 303 24. Faune Eiilomologique de rOceanie, comprenant les CoUopteres, les Hemipteres, les Hymenopteres et les Dip- teres. Par le Docteur Boisduval. Paris, 1835. 25. Histoire Naturelle el Iconographie des Insectes CoUopteres, par F. L. de Laporte, Comte de Castleneau, et H. Gory. Livraison 1. Paris, 1835. — This Number treats of the Chrysocliroidce, a family of Buprestites, com- prising the following genera, — Sternocera, Julodis, Ac- mceodera, and Chrysochroa. It is illustrated by four plates beautifully coloured. 26. Handbuch der Entomologie von Hermann Burmeister. Zweiter Band. Mit 2 Rupfertafeln nnd erkl'drendem Text in Quart. Berlin, 1835. 27. Outlines of Comparative Anatomy; by Robert E. Grant, M. D. Part II. containing the Muscular and Nervous Systems. Illustrated with thirty wood -cuts. London, 1835. 28. Suites a Buffon, Sfc. Histoire des Insectes ; Dipteres par M. JMacquart. Tome II. Accompagne de Planches. Paris, 1835. 29. Suites a Buffon, b^c. Histoire Naturelle des Crus- taces, par 31. Milne Edwards. Tome I. Paris, 1834. 30. Memoire sur V Organisation des Cirripedes et sur leur Rapports Naiurels avec les Animaux Articides ; avec 2 planches ; par G. J. Martin-Saint- Ange. Paris, 1835. 31. Monographie Die Arachniden. Von D. Carl. Wilh. Hahn. Nurnberg, 1835. So rapid is the progress of Entomology, and so abundant the works on the science, that were we to give an analysis, however cursory, of each, we should not have a single page left us for original matter. We trust this will be a sufficient apology to the authors of twenty-nine publications, whose titles only we have given in the above list. 304 Art. XXVIll.— Var/eiles. 9. — Locality/ of certain forms in Natural History. — " It is very remarkable that, in the production of certain forms of the animal and vegetable kingdom, nature should be so closely tied down to localities — a circumstance which we are as yet unable to account for. The forests of Brazil abound with hideous amphibia and innumerable insect tribes. It is impossible to touch the branch of a tree, or the leaf of a plant, without dis- turbing beetles or other insects ; but in Oahoo, as in the other islands of the South Seas, there is the greatest paucity of insects. In vain we examine the under-surface of the leaves, — -in vain we shake the trees, — no insects fall down ; we, however, meet with snails of very pretty forms, and often of brilliant colours ; sometimes striped very regularly, and a good deal like our Helix nemoralis ; sometimes entirely grass - green, which colour they however lose when dead, and which can have been communicated to the shell only by the animals having subsisted on green leaves. Instead of insects, nature has, in the Sandwich Islands, placed millions of land-snails upon the trees, while she has observed a medium in the Indian isles. There, as for instance at Manilla, she has assigned to vege- tation partly land-snails and partly insects — both frequently of enormous size and the most brilliant colours. There is a great variety in the size, colour, and form of the land-snails of the Sandwich Islands. Mr. Von Chamisso has already de- scribed a.n Auricula Owaihiensis, and -dn Auricula sinistrorsa ; and Mr. Green, an Achatina Stewartii, and an Achatina Oahnensis, besides several new kinds brought back by the French naturalists and ourselves. It is a curious circum- stance, that the greater number of these snails are sinister; while among us, and in all other parts, this deviation is very rare ; — nay, there are some kinds of the species Achatina, which seem to occur only sinister in the island of Oahoo." — Meyer s Voyage Round the Worlt/. 10. Hermaphrodite specimen of Polijommatus Alexis. — A specimen of this pretty little butterfly has been taken at Deptford, with the wings on one side bright blue, on the other brown; in one instance possessing all the characters of the male, in the other, all those of the female. Such an individual has been figured in the last number of the Annales de la Societe Entoniologique de France. E. N. D. ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE. JANUARY, 1836. Art. XXIX. — Wanderings and Po7idenngs of an Insect- Hunter. Chapter I. [The Insect-Hunter vvalketh over Blackheath, across the fields, to Eltham ; thence, by Sidcup and Foots' Cray, to Birch Wood ; he descanteth on writers and dogs ; he entereth the wood, and recordeth its productions ; he concludeth the chapter.] It happened, one fine morning, towards the end of June, that I rose before the sun, fitted myself out for an entomolo- gical expedition, and walked quietly over Blackheath, behind Morden College, and across the fields towards Eltham. The tower of Severn- droog, that ultima Thtde of Cockaigne, seemed to float, like an anchored ship at sea, on the dense white mass of mist that entirely hid from my sight Shooter's Hill, on which the tower stands. The skylarks hovering in the blue ether above me, were hymning the praises of their Maker. The corn-fields, heavy with dew, were not undulated by a single breeze. Near as I was to his multitudinous dwelling, sur- rounded by the evidence of his toil, there was no sound of man ; — I was perfectly, deliciously alone. The pi'esence, aye even the distant voice of man would have oppressed my very breathing, would have destroyed the charmed existence which I then possessed. I continued on my way, and each succes- sive mile produced its variety ; its men, its birds, its insects. Each mile was pleasing after its manner, but those traversed in the earliest hour were the most delightful. NO. IV. VOL. III. R R 306 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS After passing Sidcup, the country opens beautifully before the traveller ; a thousand fields and long tracts of wood appear before him. Hops, raspberries, plums, and cherries, are scat- tered profusely over the landscape, making the surface of the country appear like a continuous garden. About three miles distant to the left, a little cluster of black fir-trees mark that ever-welcome resting-place. Birch Wood Corner. Descending the hill, we reach Foots' Cray, remarkable for the advertise- ments at its various public-houses, that ale is there sold by the yard instead of by the pint. About a mile beyond Foots' Cray, on the grass, by the road side, I have frequently met with ChfTjsomela Goetlingensis : the locality is to the left of the road, and about one hundred yards on the London side of the turnpike-gate. At this spot I have taken Zabrus gibhus, crawling across the road. About three quarters of a mile further, the trees again appear, not distant now, but showing tlieir black tops in the very centre of the road, above which they appear to dance, rising and falling with every step the traveller takes. The extreme top of these trees always puts me in mind of a hound with tail erect, and nose puzzling on the ground in the attempt to recover a lost scent. The road is now cut through the hill, leaving a sandy bank on either side, the favourite haunt of bees, sand-wasps, and tiger- beetles. A few minutes more, and I am seated in the little bay-windowed room at the Bull Inn, the supposed scene of those strange imaginary dialogues which have been published, from time to time, in the Entomological Magazine, under the title of Colloquia Entomologica. At the period I first visited this inn, these dialogues had not seen the light, and therefore, could give no interest to the spot; but now the case is different : I never enter the room without a vivid impression that within its walls those dialogues are sup- posed to have occurred. That I am the Entomophilus, and my friend Doubleday, as he acknowledges, is the Erro, cannot be matter of doubt to ourselves or those who know us ; that the ideas, the fears, the anticipations, the aspirations, the reflections, are the genuine property of those in whose mouths they are placed is equally incontrovertible ; but it is doubtful, very doubtful, whether any one has the right thus to exhibit to the public the workings of minds which, in the freedom of social intercouse, he may have seen thus unveiled. OF AN INSECT HUNTER. 307 Independently of the Colloquia, the Bull has its interests. It is there the Entomological Club hold their symposia : happy, ! happy days, of which the anticipation or the remembrance last throughout the year. To me the very dogs are acquaintance ; • and however ludicrous it may appear to some of my readers, I acknowledge that I love dogs. The admission will be fatal to my reputation, will lose me many readers : the " Insect-Hunter" loves dogs ! he cannot help it : it may be a failing, but it is I irradicable, inherent. There is something so intelligent, so 'affectionate, about dogs, that I cannot help loving them. Rock wood is no more ! his deep mellow voice will never again elicit the echo of those lovely woods : he lived till life became a burthen. I was present when sentence of death was passed on him. I could not remonstrate : the deed was a deed of kindness. I wandered to the wood to be out of the way ; my net, instead of being flung jauntily into the hollow of my arm, as an American backwoodsman carries his rifle, was left in- verted by the fire-place. I sought for no insects, but whistled on my devious way. I always whistle when I am melancholy ; and a singing in my ear told me I had lost a friend. I have an entomological friend who has a very different feeling towards dogs — a feeling I cannot understand. He never travels without a dog-stick; and as soon as he spies a dog at a distance he puts himself in an attitude of hostility. His muscles become rigid, his eyes become fixed, and he advances towards the unfortunate animal with all the zeal of Don Quixote charging a windmill or a flock of sheep. He is pos- sessed of cynophobia ; he fears an attack, and attacks first to gain the advantage. The poor animal, unsuspicious of harm, at first appears lost in astonishment, then bristles his mane, and grows uncomfortable ; and, at last, in sheer self-defence, is driven to make the attack, which is so much the object of dread. But enough of dogs for the present. Birch Wood, as a locality for insects, has no equal in the vicinity of London : it matters not which class the collector is in quest of, he here may suit himself. The character of the wood is more various than that of any other with which I am acquainted. We enter it, from the Bull Inn, through a field of elder-trees ; an elder orchard, on the blossoms of which spe- cimens of Trichius nobilis have occasionally been found, and the pretty little Malachius fasciatus occurs in abundance. 308 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS After this field, or orchard, we pass through a belt of under- wood, principally Spanish chestnut, to a large plantation of Scotch and larch firs, on the trunks of which, if carefully examined, may be found a variety of moths. The various species of Aids and Boarmia are most abundant, each in its appointed season. Achatia piniperda I have also frequently found half hidden in the cracks of the bark. It is necessary to thin these plantations as the trees increase in size : the whole plantation is surveyed, a portion of the trees marked, and, with the axe, cut down close to the ground. On the stumps, immediately after the fall of the tree, will be found specimens of Hylobius abietis, and Hylurgus piniperda, and ater. When the stumps have rotted, and become touch- wood, they will be found to contain vast numbers of Rhagium bifasciatumy in the various stages of larva, pupa, and imago, and if a young oak has shared in the periodical condemnation, its decaying stump will be found to contain Rhagium vidgare. Both these Rhagia may be beaten, in abundance, from the blossom of the whitethorn and holly. Beneath the fir-trees, the grass, which is long, abounds in minute Diptera and parasitic Hymenoptera, and ihe fungi are most productive of Coleoptera. The Agarici produce Oxyporus rufus, and other rare Staphylinites ; the Boleti produce Agathidia and Staphylinltes, and the Lycoperdines, which are abundant, almost invariably contain Lycoperdina bovistce. Leaving this plantation, we pass through a thicket containing a number of juniper-trees and seedling firs: on these junipers I first discovered the beautiful Acanthosoma picta, one of the most splendid British insects of the order Cimicites ; it abounds here in March and the beginning of April, and is again met with in August and September. A species of Perilampus inhabits the same trees, and is readily beaten from them into a folding-net, the only way in which the Acanthosoma has been taken. Beyond this thicket the wood is composed principally of oak-trees, with an abundant undergrowth of hazel, birch, dogwood, whitethorn, &c. A portion of this undergrowth is cut down close to the ground, every year, and converted into hoops, and faggots, and hurdles, by which means the wood presents a diversity of growth ; a plot of a few acres being quite bare, while on one side of it another plot has a year's growth, and on the other OF AN INSECT HUNTER. 309 side ten years' growth. When a portion of the undergrowth has been cut, the ground is spontaneously covered with the humble ground-ivy and the common bugle, {Ajugu rejjtaiis.) Round the blossoms of the bugle the elegant Sesice hover to extract the sweets. Both the species fuciformis and hombili- formis may be taken daily, as long as the flower continues in blossom. The time is May, and synchronous with the Sesice are the elegant butterflies Euphrosyne and Selene, the lively Lucina, and the feeble, frail, and slender Sinapis. The wood is, throughout, intersected with roads, the thick foliage of the sides of which is most prolific, and should be carefully beaten into the large clap-net : the produce will be a variety o^ Noctuites, (particularly the rich A^. fimbria^ Tortricites, and beetles of all kinds ; and the grassy edges of the roads, if swept with the round hand-net, yield multitudes of minute Hyme- noptera and Diptera. In these roads the umbellate flowers are the resort of Zarcea fasciata, Leptura A-fasciata, and other rarities. To the south-east of the wood, and closely joining it, is a field of heath, which produces the following Orchidece in abundance: — Ophrys apifera, Listera ovata, Orchis hifoUa, morio, mascula, and maculata. In this field, the males of Saturnia carjnni and Endroniis versicolor, are occasionally taken on the wing : they fly in the afternoon, and invariably against the wind. - To the south-west of the wood is another field, like the former, uncultivated, and, throughout the summer, a perfect flower-garden. Here abound the various species of Hieracium, and other composite flowers, on which sun-loving insects delight to settle. Here also grow, in great profusion, Lotus corniculatus, Thymus serpyllus, Acinos vulgaris, Echium vulgar e. Poly gala vulgaris, with its various shades of red, purple, blue, and white ; Orchis mascula, maculata, and morio, ax\6. the tall white hijolia, are most conspicuous ; scabiosa succisa and arvensis ; Centaurea nigra and scabiosa. The entomological produce is abundant and various : on the Cen- taurea feed a number of Tephritites, the most abundant of which are — Alciphron, cornuta, pugionata, and sonchi. I have taken a hundred specimens of cornuta from the flowers of Centaurea scabiosa in a single day ; and a month earlier, before the flowers were expanded, I have found Alciphron 310 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS almost equally abundant on the same plant. On the bright blue Echium I have taken Ceratina ccerulea, one of our rarest British bees. On several dwarf umbellate flowers Tiphia femorata abounds. Several species of Cryptocephalus are found on the flowers ; and the bright sun-loving Pyraustce hover over the thyme in great numbers ; that little beauty octo-maculata is not uncommon ; and the gay red and green Zygcena, fly from blossom to blossom of the Centaurea sca- biosa. But I cannot give a list of the entomological treasures of this lovely spot ; the task were too tedious : my object is to show the character of the places which I visit, not to record their every production. Entering the wood, at the farther corner of the garden-field, we come to another excellent insect locality, a pond in winter, a bog in summer. In winter this pond is most productive in Colymbetes. I well recollect, one Easter Monday, when I had wandered here with three compa- nions, the extraordinary luck that we had in fishing that little pond. It strikes me that some reader may object to my apply- ing the term winter to Easter Monday ; that reader will find an answer by going into the woods on that day ; they will reply, it is winter still. On the day in question, we took Colymbetes bimaculatiis,fenestraUs,fuliginosus, guttiger, ater, and oblon^ gus, by hundreds, and about a dozen Grapii, out of this one little pond. In July I have watched for hours over and about the bed of this pond the beautiful vagaries, the elegant air- wanderings of the purple emperor, now alone, now with a companion soaring upwards, in circles and semicircles, till the eye refused its office, and sank to the earth for rest. And here, in August and September, the brilliantly red dragon-fly, Sympetrum rnfo-stigma, chases his dingy bride over the withering rushes. The roads in this wood afford the most excellent mothing ; Stauropusfagi, Peridoea serrata, Notodonta carir.elita, being among the rarities taken here. I wandered backwards and forwards for an hour in search of these, but without success, and I did not reach the inn till it was too late to distinguish the night moths as they flew, and the night-jar had ceased his tiresome monotonous burr. I was soon installed in my arm- chair with a variety of substantial before me, the discussion of which occupied but short time. Then I lighted my cigar, and meditated on the past, the present, and the future. I felt OF AN INSECT HUNTER. 311 myself to be standing on the very summit of a hill ; before me lay the futm-e, an interminable diversified region, misty and indistinct. I turned me, and looked back on the past — it was a bright, a sunny, and a goodly landscape. I gazed thereon with pleasure. Reader, dost thou ask why the past was to me so much more brilliant than the future ? I will tell thee : with me the present is blessed and sanctified by content. He that pursues his path in feverish excitement, in discontented drudgery, feasting his imagination with dazzling views of future glory, will never look back on such a life as mine. He may attain the summit of his hopes, but he will attain it merely to find that it is utterly unworthy the sacrifices he has made in its pursuit. He will look back on the past as on a scene of desolation, and the tinsel glitter of the future he will find is tarnished. As this, my first chapter, is drawing to a close, it may be well to explain who and what I am. The anonymous is used by an author for the same purpose as a veil by a woman : it enables him to be a little more pert than he would otherwise think quite decorous ; and, moreover, it excites a degree of curiosity which insures observation. The anonymous is seldom employed for concealment. The author of Pelham would be mortified at not being known as the author of Pelham. The author of the Letters of Delta would be cut to the quick if he heard a whisper that another laid claim to his inimitable vapouring about South America. The anonymous therefore I must preserve, at the same time taking especial care to make myself known lest I should hereafter have to complain that Hos ego versiculos feci, tulit alter honores. Who and what I am I will therefore tell you — by-and-bye. Chapter II. [The Insect- Hunter meeteth with a companion ; they discourse ; they jour- ney together to Darenth ; the Insect- Hunter discloseth a portion of his history.] The next morninff, whilst breakfasting, I received a visit from a brother of the net, a worthy man, with whom I have 312 WANDERINGS AND PONDERINGS since kept up something like an intimacy. He is still living, and the hand of time, during the years I have known him, has pressed on him but lightly. I will describe him as I saw him first : there is so vivid an impression made by the first view, that a figure seldom afterwards appears to present itself in so decided relief, seldom affords so striking a contrast with the existences around it. Mr. was of a spare make and moderate height ; he appeared to have outlived the age of man by some half dozen or half score years, during which period no great change in his garments or equipments appeared to have taken place ; his hat was placed on his head so jauntily aside that it almost hid his left eye ; his coat, waistcoat, and small- clothes had outlived the fashion which formerly, as imperiously as now, dictated their proportions. His net was in his right hand, and such a net ! the variety of its hues, and the multi- plicity of its rents, which had been carefully mended, bore ample testimony to its long servitude. A large flat pincushion, the repairs of which, in a diversity of materials, gave it the appearance of mosaic, hung round his neck by a piece of twine. His right hand held a hazel wand, the upper half of which was barked, and the extreme end shivered into a brush by beating the bushes. His entrance was magnificent ; the polished grace with which he lifted his hat with one hand, at the same time giving the wand an inimitable and almost unin- tentional flourish with the other ; the profundity of his bend, his bland and gentlemanly expression of countenance, would have done honour to the politest era of the past century. His overture being accomplished, he addressed me thus : — " Your servant. Sir ; took the liberty Sir ; have you taken the lobster this year?" The first and second sections of this address I attempted to answer with all the good manners I could muster : the third section utterly posed me. It occurred to me, if there was .»a lobster in the house, what a pretty addition it would have made to my breakfast ; but I kept this idea to myself. I produced my collecting boxes, which con- tained mostly Hymenoptera and D'qitera, many of them very minute.^ When the old gendeman saw them, a smite of con- scious, yet beneficent superiority irradiated his face. He ejaculated — " Only clear-wings ! " and closing the boxes, returned them to me, with an expression of countenance that told most obviously, although courteously, what an utter OF AN INSECT HUNTER. olS greenhorn he considered me. Leaving the room for a few minutes, he returned with two large folding-boxes filled with Geometiites, Noctuites, and a row of Colias Electta ; or, as he termed them, slender-bodies, full-bodies, and clouded yellows. The whole were for sale, at prices proportionate to their rarity, on which subject I felt myself wofully ignorant. I made a few trifling purchases, and we became excellent friends. This brother of the net, I found, had been staying some weeks in the neighbourhood, making Birch Wood Corner his head-quarters, and occasionally spending a day or two in some other favourite woods in the neighbourhood. On the morning in question he was going to Darenth Wood, or rather Darn, that being the name by which he designated it, and by which it is usually known. I immediately volunteered myself as a companion, and my offer was accepted. Long preparation was not needed by either of us, and within half an hour we were marching side by side. The lane, from Birch to Darenth, turns out of the Maidstone road to the left, imme- diately beyond the premises of the Bull. About a mile from Birch, my companion showed me the spot where he had taken five specimens of the beautiful Issoria LatJionia, or Queen of Spain. He found them settling on flowers in the hedges, by the way-side. As we proceeded, I was asked a variety of questions, intended to elicit my name and rank in the entomo- logical world. My companion was well acquainted with the leading entomologists, and spoke of them as intimates, relating a variety of transactions which he had had with each. We de- scended into a most romantic chalk-pit, to the right of the lane, in which is a cave of considerable extent, with a roof finely arched. \r\ the pit was a fine old plant of Atropa bella- donna, then magnificently in blossom. In this place I quite exhausted the polite patience of my companion, by my long examination of a colony of Anthophora retusa. This bee is isaid to build a kind of mud hive, or nest, against the trunk of a tree, a bank, or wall ; but in the present instance, and many others which I have since examined, there was no external building whatever, the bees entering the face of the bank by perfectly round smooth holes. Another kind of bee, Melecta, was continually arriving with the Anthophorce, and entering their holes; it appeared to be on a perfectly friendly footing with the NO. IV. VOL. III. s s 314 WANDERINGS AND I'ONDERINGS, &C. rest of the community. It is the economy of this bee to lay its eggs in the nest of the Anthojihora ; the grubs, on hatching, Jevour the food provided by the Anthophorce for their own young, which, thus deprived of their support, shrivel up and die. At length, emerging from the pit, we continued our course along the lane till it opens on Dartford Heath. To the left is Mr. Menett's park, the palings of which are the favourite resort and resting-place of moths : my companion pointed out to me a spot on these palings where he had taken, during the previous September, a fine specimen of Catocala Fraxini, the Clifton nonpareil. Leaving this park directly behind us, we stretched across the heath, bearing rather to the right, and after a sunny, dusty, and, as regards captures, unprofitable walk, we arrived, at four o'clock, at the Fox and Hounds, at Darenth. Kelham, the landlord of the Fox and Hounds, is quite a character : his tall gaunt figure, his toothless mouth, ever on the smile, his broad straw hat, his scarcely intelligible dialect, contribute to render him a man whom, once known, is not easily forgotten. The evening of our arrival at Kelham's was spent in mothing — I cannot now say with what success, but I perfectly recollect that my box, on my return, con- tained many species which, at that time, were quite unknown to me. I was not, at the period of which I am writing, a perfect novice in entomology ; " the boy is father of the man," and from my earliest years, I had been a hunter of butterflies ; but the taste, during the years of adolescence, had been well nigh dormant, until I quite accidentally met with Mr. Samouelle, in the year 1825. I had never before conversed with any one who possessed so much knowledge of the subject. Mr. Samou- elle, at the very time I became acquainted with him, was engaged in the formation of a social Entomological Society, and I was at once admitted a member. The first meeting of this Society, which I attended, I never shall forget. The slender knowledge I possessed of insects was derived from Berken- hout's " Synopsis," and Marsham's volume on Coleoptera ; , but, in the course of conversation, not a single name was i mentioned that I had ever read in either of these authors. I I was a perfect dummy. I longed for the utterance of one: sentence about " Emperors" or " Admirals " then I could have DIPTEROUS TRIBE SPH.EROCERID^. ',M5 chimed in ; but no, every word was entirely scientific. I re- solved, before another month, to furnish myself with a little more knowledge ; I procured Samouelle's " Compendium," and went to work. Entomology soon opened up to me a new and delightful world; and, as I lay on my sleepless bed at Darenth, I felt a greater love than ever for the science, on account of the agreeable society into which it had introduced me. Art. XXX. — British Species of the Dipterous Tribe Sphceroceridce. By A. H. Haliday, M.A. This group was first distinguished from the other Muscida;, under the generic name of Borborus, by Meigen, in the year 1803. Latreille, in 1809, called the same Sphcerocera ; and, at a much later period, Fallen included it along with Ccelopa, in his genus Copromyza. With the last-named author, it forms apart of the family Heteromyzides , while Latreille has ranked it in his vast and undigested section Scatomyzides. In Robineau Desvoidy's Essay on this family, we have it subdivided into nine genera, forming the most considerable portion of Putrellidece, the 2d section of his 7th tribe Napceellce. The remainder of that section is composed of the Biihydrcs of Fallen ; a con- junction that does not seem very natural. His generic and specific characters are unusually vague in this instance; and, as he has made no reference to the work of Fallen, it is not easy to identify the species intended by him. An admirable arrange- ment of the genus is given in the last volume of Meigen's European Diptera: thirty species are described, and distributed in six sections, characterized mostly by the wings. Macquart (in the system o{ Diptera, forming part of the Suites a Buffon) has elevated the group to a higher rank, and adopted those sections for his genera, admitting also Olina, from R. Desvoidy, and adding an eighth, Crimiomyia, to receive Borborus glacialis of Meigen. Neither of these last two appears to have occurred in Britain, and the type of the genus Ceroptera has been found only in Portugal. 1 extract Macquart's synoptic table of the genera entire, and propose to adhere to his arrangement and nomenclature. 316 BRITISH SPECIES OF THE CO CO -^ ■^ 4 IS J - c o -C _j- ^ IT >> .2 '^ cS cx: > ^ •= S-S 3 GO .2 ^" c •5 8-2 S *^ ' ajajduioo ipoq jou o DIPTEROUS TRIBE SPH^ROCERID^. 317 A very small proportion of the species described by conti- nental authors have yet been found in Britain. The diligent researches of Mr. F. Walker have added several well-marked species to our Fauna, and he most kindly transmitted the entire of his rich collection for my use. Even with these accessions the list is scanty, but I have convinced myself that many of their characters are subject to vary so much as to render oreat caution expedient in separating species. I have therefore omitted several, which may prove distinct, from not having a satisfactory series of examples. There is so much uniformity of colour among these insects, that we must generally depend on less obvious distinctions. I have found the disposition of the nerves in the wings sufficiently constant to be of service in this respect. Fam. — MusciD^. Tribe. — Sph^rocerid.e. Calyptra fere nulla. Nervus longitudinalis l"^ simplex, vix \ costcs pertingens : tarsorum j^osticorum articulus l"^ dilatatus, 2^°. brevior : antennarum articulus 3"^ sphceroi- deus, arista dorsali elongata gracillima. Synonyma. — Borborus, Meigen. Sphaerocera, Latr. Copromyza spp. Fallen. Nerea, Bacchis, Mycetia, Sphaerocera, Lordatia, Coprina, Fimetia, Scatophora, Olina, Rob. Desvoidy. Spseroceridae, Macquart. Front broad, subquadrate, a little inclined : orbits, frontals, and stemmatic triangle usually distinguished : ocelli three : eyes round: antennae rather distant, short, slightly deflected : 1st joint very small : 2d as long as 3d ; 3d transversely spheroidal, obliquely compressed : arista dorsal, long and slender, with only two joints apparent : face broad, impressed, membranaceous : epistoma prominent, bearing vibrissae at the corners : clypeus exerted transverse : cavity of the mouth very large, rounded : labium thick, fleshy ; below with a broad bellying sheath of horny consistence, and hairy : labella round, obbquely striate : labrum short : tongue obsolete : maxillas with a small linear and hairy lobe disengaged from the lip : palpi linear, bristly : thorax rather depressed : abdomen depressed, oblong, often showing only six segments in the male, as the penultimate is withdrawn ; and but five in the female, the remainder being very small, tubular, and internal ; sometimes falling short even of that number, from 318 BRITISH SPECIES OF THE some being indistinct : legs long, formed for running or leaping : onychii distinct, feathery : 1st joint of the hind feet shorter than i the 2d, dilated : wings in repose lying flat on the back : the 1st : main nerve short, not divided : axillary lobe rather large : calyptra i nearly at their smallest, the interior auricle disappearing: the larvae inhabit putrid substances. Synopsis of Indigenous Genera, (Snaked Sph^erocera. with the basal joint scarcely distinct Spubescent;^ perfect . Borborus. ( wings abortive . Apterina. 'jointed at the base; 2d or principal vP^*"?^" ^'^^ ^^ LiMOSINA. cross-nerve of the wing oblique Heteroptera Gen. I. — Sph^rocera. Arista glabra quasi exarticulata : frons, scutellum setis expertes : areola analis completa : nervus transversus ordinarius ab alee margine remotus. Borborus, A. b. . Meig. VI. 200. Sphaerocera . . . Macq. S. a B. II. 564. II. Lordatia, Coprina . Rob. D. 808. VIII. 810. IX. Front much produced, flat, without long bristles : face very short, concave : antennae reposed in deep lateral cavities : arista naked, the 1st joint very minute: thorax with the numeral callosities very protuberant, the suture before the wings deep, the sides of the metathorax angular : abdomen broad, very flat, margined, the 1st segment almost concealed : middle shanks without lateral bristles, hind pair ending in a curved spur : first joint of the hind feet very much dilated : anal cell of the wing, and the small one before it complete : principal cross nerve distant by its own length from the margin : 5th main nerve continued beyond it ; 4th ap- proaching the 3d, at the tip of the wing, by a gentle curve. A. Thoracis linece scutellumque hispidulce. Sp. 1. Spb. subsultans. Abdominis segmento 2'^°, prcBgrandi ; pedibus posticis elongatis incrassatis, mas, Jemoribus cla- vatis. Musca subsultans . . . Fabr. Sp. Ins. II. 444. No. 1. Rhagio subsultans . . Schra. F. B. III. 2402. Calobata subsultans . . Fabr.Syst. Antl. 264. No. 17. DIPTEROUS TRIBE SPH^ROCERID/E. 319 Copromyza subsultans . Fall. Heterom. 7. No. 3. Borborus subsultans . . Meig. VI. 200. No. 2. Sphasrocera subsultans . Macq. S. a B. II. 565. No. 1. Spbasrocera curvipes . . Latr. Gen. IV. 359. Lordatia merdarunij sterco- raria, cadaverina, necro- phaga Rob. D. 809. Nos. 1, 2, 3,5. Rather dull black, with faint lines on the thorax : frontal triangle more glossy : there are a number of minute points disposed in distant lines on the thorax, and scattered over the scutel : ab- domen very broad, the 2d segment appearing very large, as the 3d is confounded with it ; the rest are small, and gradually narrower : the coxde, and the base of the shanks are rust brown ; or the posterior legs are testaceous, with the feet, and generally the knees dusky ; the hind legs are very long, both the thighs and shanks thick, and the spur strong ; in the male the hind thighs are still more thickened : poisers dirty white : wings yellowish hyaline, often with brown streaks between the nerves : when newly excluded, the insect is of a pale greenish brown, with paler legs, darker abdomen, and hyaline wings ; and most species of the tribe at that period are of the same colour. (Length li — 2h ; wings 3 — 4 lines.) Every where abundant on dunghills, hotbeds, &c. Sp. 2. Sph. monilis. Pedibus simplicibns , annulo tarsorum anticorum albo. Head and thorax, as in No. 1 : abdomen as in Sph. denticulata : hind legs longer and more slender than in this last, and the 1st joint of the feet less dilated : fore feet rather thick, with the end of the first joint and the entire second white : the hind legs are scaicely thicker in the male than the female. (Length li ; wings 3 lines.) Found in the New Forest by F. Walker, Esq. ; also near London. AA. Thorax et scutellum granulati, hiijus margo denticulatus. Sp. 3. Sph. vaporariorum. Capite thoraceque nigris ; femo- ribus posticis parum incrassatis fem. clavatis mas. Lordatia coprina, Rob. D. 809. No. 4. Resembles the following species, but the hind thighs of the male are nearly as large as in No. 1, and a little thickened in the female also : 320 BRITISH SPECIES OF THE the 1st joint of the hind feet is less dilated than in No. 4, the wings shorter : abdomen attenuate behind : thorax generally without impressed lines, but is more irregularly and thinly shagreened I about the middle than elsewhere. (Length 1 ; wings 2 lines.) I find it commonly on deliquescent cucumbers. Mr. F. Walker also takes it near London. Sp. 4. Sph. denticulata. Capite ihoraceque nigris ; femo- ribus poslicis maris parum incrassatis. Borborus denticulatus . Meig. VI. 200. No. 3. Sphasrocera denticulatus. Macq. S. a B. II. 5Q5. No. 2. Coprina bovina . . . Rob. D. 810. No. 1. Dull black : arista blackish ; thorax and scutel shagreened and set with minute points, the former with two impressed smooth lines, the margin of the latter with a number of sharp teeth : abdomen, in the female particularly, broader than the thorax ; the 2d, 3d, and 4th segments nearly equal, 5th small : coxae and knees brown ; or the legs are testaceous, with the feet and the end of the shanks dusky in the fore pair. Hind thighs of female slender, a little thickened in male : poisers whitish : wings hyaline, with brownish nerves ; or of a dusky tinge, with the costal nerve blackish. (Length \\ ; wings 2| lines, or less.) In the same localities with the 1st species, but much less abundant. Sp. 5. Sph. scabricula. Brunnea, abdomine nigro. Head and thorax chestnut-brown, opaque, very thickly shagreened, and set with minute white points, lying fiat : head very long : eyes small : arista whitish : teeth of the scutel very sharp, decurved : abdomen black : legs short, set with very minute whitish bristles, light brown, with the knees and feet paler : hind thighs of the male not thickened : feet very short ; 1 st joint of the hind pair as long as the next three together : wings whitish hyaline, with pale ferruginous nerves ; the costal brown : they are shorter than in No. 4, and the rib is finely ciliate. (Length | ; wings \h line.) Found near London, by Mr. Walker. Gen. II. — Borborus. Arista piibescens, quasi exartiadata. Frons et scutellum setigerce. Areola analis completa. Nervus transversus ordinarius alee margini proximus. DIPTEROUS TRIBE OF SPH.EROCERID^. 321 Borborus A. c. . Meig. VI. 201. . . . Macq. S. a B.ll. 565. III. Sphaerocera, &c. Rob, D. 807. VII. &c . Front less produced than in Sphcerocera, some long bristles border- ing the frontals : face longer : antenn^E obliquely advanced : arista pubescent, the basal joint very minute : thorax smooth ; scutel short, with a pair of bristles at the end : anal cell of the wino- and the small one before it complete : the cross nerves remote, the principal one being close to the margin, and the ."Sth main nerve scarcely, if at all, continued beyond it : 3d and 4th not approaching. A. Tibiae posticce calcari instructce. B. Tihice medice extrinsecus setigerce, Sp. 1. B. nitidus. Niger nitidiis, halteribus albidis ; alts ferrugineis ; mas femoribus posticis basi uncinatis. Borborus nitidus, Meig. VI. 201. No. 4. Macq. S. a B.U, 5m. No. ]. Nerea nitidus . Rob. D. 803. No. 3. Borborus hamatus, Ent. Mag. I. 177. Curt. B. E. 469. Shining black : frontals dull black : arista hairy : palpi not dilated : thorax with a brassy tinge : segments of the abdomen nearly equal in length ; two filiform appendages beneath in the male : legs hairy : the posterior coxae, the trochanters, and knees, sometimes rust brown ; the middle shanks have a row of long spines down the outside. In the male the thighs are very thick ; the fore pair serrate below ; the hind pair longer, curved, and armed at the base below with a hook : the small second spur of these shanks is twisted and angular, and catches on the hook : in the female there is only a tubercle in its place : the 1st joint of fore feet slightly unguiculate at the tip ; the 2d joint of the hind feet is thickened, and as well as the 1st, covered below with yellow down : in the female the fore thighs only are thickened, and the basal joints of the hind feet are more slender : poisers whitish : the wings are rust yellow ; the nerves brown ; the cross nerves often darker. (Length 2i ; wings, 5 lines.) Inhabits fungi; not abundant in England and Ireland.^ In France, according to Macquart, may be found throughout * Found in Lanarkshire, Scotland. — Ed. NO. IV. VOL. III. T T 322 BRITISH SPECIES OF THE the winter. The identity of Meigen's insect, wliich is described as having a testaceous face, is doubtful. I have deferred to the authority of Macquart in uniting them. Sp. 2. B. suillorum. Niger nitidus, halleribus albidis ; alls ferrugineis, nervis transversis infuscatis. Mycetia tibiahs, Rob. D. 806. No. 2. Very like the last : the bristles on the outside of the middle shanks are much finer ; the legs more slender ; the thighs of male unarmed, and only the fore pair thickened ; the 2d joint of the hind feet slender : the posterior coxae, the trochanters and feet, and the extreme base of the shanks, are rust brown, the fore and hind feet darker : the cross nerves of the wings are constantly suffused with brown. (Length 1| ; wings, 3 lines.) Inhabits fungi in England and Ireland, but is rather uncom- mon. I cannot determine whether Macquart's 9th species may not be the same, though the great difference of size makes it less likely. In any case the name punctipennis will have to be dropped, as it is already used by Wiedemann. Var. /3, — Shanks and feet ferruginous ; end of the fore slianks and base of the fore and hind feet brown. Mycetia communis, Rob. D. 805. No. 1. Taken by Mr. F. Walker near London. Sp. 3. B. niger. Niger, opacus, villosus, halteribus fuscis ; alls hyalinis. Borborus niger, Meig. VI. 201. No. 6. Macq. S. a B. II. 566. No. 3. Dull black, hairy : a glossy line down the front : arista thickly pubescent : thorax slightly tinged with green : segments of the abdomen nearly equal : knees and feet dusky : fore thighs thick, hairy : first joint of the fore feet unguiculate at the tip in the male ; middle shanks with strong bristles or spines on the outside ; the 2d joint of the hind feet scarcely thickened : poisers dusky : wings obscurely hyaline, with brown nerves. (Length 2| ; wings, 4^ lines.) Not common in Ireland ; generally on mountain heaths. Mr. Walker has taken a specimen in England. DIPTEROUS TRIBE OF SPHiEROCERIDiE. 3'io BB. Tihice medice absque setis literalibus. Sp. 4. B. equinus. Arista subnuda; abdominis segmento 2*^°. maximo ; tarsis posticis brevibus ; mas, metatarso an- tico inernii. Copromyza equina . . . Fallen. Heterom. 6. No. 2. Borborus equina .... Meig. VI. 201. No. 5. .... Macq. S. aB.\l.5m.^o.^. Sphaerocera communis, fuli->72o6. Z). 807. Nos. 1, 2. 808. ginosa, coprivora ? . . ^ No. 3. Arista with very thin and short pubescence : 2d segment of the abdomen much larger than the 3d : legs rather short ; first joint of fore feet not unguiculate in the male ; the middle tibiae have a few bristles on the outside, but so short as to be scarcely visible : the hind feet are short and broad ; the first 2 joints broader ; the 3d nearly quadrate ; the 4th transverse : the small cross nerve is placed a little above the middle of the long discoidal cell : varies much in colour : the larger individuals (a) usually have the cheeks, face, and fore margin of the front rufescent : the frontals opaque, black or dusky : the orbits, frontal triangle, and thorax, shining brassy brown ; the last with 4 dusky lines : the abdomen in the male is incurved behind, with the terminal joint not much thickened : the last ventral emarginate, with prominent angles : the legs are testaceous ; the knees and fore feet, and the first 2 joints in the hind pair, dusky : in the male the fore thighs are black, with testaceous tip : poisers whitish : wings brownish hyaline ; the cross nerves sometimes darkened : smaller indivi- duals are sometimes (/3) glossy black : a very narrow margin of the front rufescent : frontals opaque : thorax without lines ; abdomen of the male more thickened at the end ; the ventral segment entire : poisers light brown or pale. In others (F) the base of the shanks becomes rust brown or testaceous ; and again (y) this colour spreads over the entire hind pair : even the diflTe- rence of form in the abdomen is not permanent. (Length l-j^ to 2\ ; wings, 3 to 5 lines.) Everywhere; the most abundant species of this tribe, swarm- ing about cattle yards. Sp. 5. B. nigrifemoratus. Arista subnuda ; abdominis segmentis subcequalibus ; niger nitidus ; f rente pedibusque testaceis,femoribusanticis,inma.i'e omnibus nigris ; me- tatarso antico maris inermi. 324 BRITISH SPECIES OF THE Borborus nigrifemoratus, Macq. S. a B. II. 567. No. 5. Like varieties /3 y of the last : male glossy black ; the narrow margin of the front testaceous : the 2d and 3d segments of the abdomen equal in length : the shanks and feet brown ; the base of the former testaceous ; or the posterior shanks with the middle feet entirely of the latter colour ; the hind feet longer than in the last : the cross nerves of the wing more remote ; the small one not reaching to one-third of the discoidal cell. I have seen no females, and only 2 males of this insect, and am still rather doubt- ful whether it be the species cited, or really distinct from the last. In Mr. Walker's collection. Sp. 6. B. flavipennis. Niger ; facie, coxis anticis et genu- bus testaceis ; halterihus albidis ; alisjlavescentibus pallido- nervosis. Fem. Black : the frontals dull ; the triangle glossy : face and palpi testa- ceous : thorax shining : abdomen dull black : 2d segment not longer : legs hairy : the fore coxae and the extreme base of the shanks rust-yellow : poisers whitish : wings yellowish : nerves scarcely darker ; the small cross-nerve placed about the first third of the discoidal cell : resembles the next species, but the fore and hind thighs are thick ; the 1 st joint of the hind feet almost triangular ; the 2d very little longer ; and the cross- nerves are much less distant. (Length 1^ ; wings, 2| lines.) Found by Mr. Walker near London. Sp. 7. B. longipennis. Niger ; pedibus ferrugineis ; femo- ribus et tibiarum opice fiiscis ; halteribus albidis; alis 2)allido-nerDosis ; f/ervis transversis remotis. Black : pubescent, with little gloss : frontals opaque: segments of the abdomen nearly equal : the extremity in the male but little thickened : hairy : the underside and sometimes the incisures pale : legs hairy ; in the male pitchy brown, with the fore coxae, and knees and the base of the shanks, rust-brown : in the female, either of the same colour, or rust-yellow, with the fore and hind feet, the end of the shanks and of the posterior thighs, brown : the spur springs before the extremity of the hind shank and is very slender and long : the 2d joint of the hind feet is one-half longer than the 1st, and a little thickened : in the male, the first joint of the fore feet is very distinctly unguiculate ; poisers whitish : wings hyaline with pale nerves ; the small cross-nerve DIPTEROUS TRIBE OF SPHiEROCERID^. 3'25 usually at the first fifth of the discoidal cell, (Length 1| ; wings, 3 lines.) On the sea coast of Ireland ; in various parts of England ; not rare. Sp. 8. B. vitripennis. Niger ; halleribus albidis ; alishya- linisfusco-nervosis, nervis transversis remotis. Borborus vitripennis, Meig. VI. 206. No. 20. Resembles the last in most points : is entirely black : the frontals very deep and opaque ; black : the triangle and thorax shining : the abdomen of the male is clavate at the end and less hairy : legs entirely black ; base of the poisers blackish : wings with the nerves more evident from their dusky colour ; the cross nerves scarcely so remote. (Length 1 ; wings, 2^ lines.) On sandy coasts of Ireland ; shores of Cornwall. Mr. Walker. Varies with the legs less hairy and much longer, the 2d joint of the hind feet not thickened. Found by Mr. Walker on the shores of Cornwall. AA. Tihice posticce ecalcaratce. Sp. 9. B. ater. Niger nitidus, glaber, /route antice et genubus testaceis; halteribus albidis. Borborus ater . Meig. VI. 203. No. 11. B. geniculatus, Macq. S. a ^. II. 567. No. 6. Glossy black, nearly glabrous : fore margin of the front and sides of the face testaceous : frontals almost naked, narrow, dull black : arista very slightly pubescent : scutel flat, semicircular, the terminal bristles minute : segments of the abdomen nearly equal : legs rather short and almost naked ; the fore thighs thick and shining : the extreme base of the shanks, in general also the fore coxos and the base of the middle feet, pale testaceous : the 2d joint of the hind feet not dilated, nor is the 1st of the fore pair unguicu- late in the male : poisers whitish : wings hyaline ; nerves brown ; the middle of the costal blackish ; the small cross nerve a little above the middle of the discoidal cell. (Length H ; wings, 3 lines.) Every where common. Gen. III. — Apterina. Borbori, modo alee et halteres abbreviati. Borborus B. Meig. VI. 209. Apterina . Macq. S aB.U. 513. VIII. 326 BRITISH SPECIES OF THE Sp. 1. A. pedestris. Borborus pedestris, 3Ieig. VI. 209. No. 30. Apterina pedestris, Macq. II. 574. No. 1. Dull black, hairy : arista pubescent : scutel very obtusely trian- gular : abdomen of male short, clavate, 2d segment very large, with a longitudinal line ; those which follow very short, the last large : legs long and hairy ; thighs thick, especially the fore pair ; hind shanks with a curved spur ; 2d joint of the feet twice as long as the 1st, not thickened; 1st joint of the fore pair unguiculate in the male : poisers abortive, dusky : wings shorter than the thorax : nerves disposed as in Borborus, but indistinct ; the 2d cross nerve falling on the margin, and forming a continuation of the costal. (Length li — 1| line.)] Mr. Dale has taken this species in Dorsetshire. I found it near London. It occurs in the north both of Germany and France. Gen. IV. — LiMosiNA. Arista pubescens basi geniculata. Areola analis incompleta, Nervi traiisversi approximati. Nervi lo?igitudinales 4"^ et 5"^ abbreviati. Borborus A. e. Meig, VI. 207. Limosina . . Macq. S. a B. II. 571. VII. Front bristly : arista pubescent, the 1st joint a little elongated : scutel large, flat, with long bristles : middle legs elongated, the shanks usually with lateral spines or bristles ; no spur at the end of the hind shank : costal nerve of the wing often bristly at the base ; the 2d main nerve distant from the tip ; the 4th and 5th vanishing beyond the principal cross nerve, which is remote from the margin : no anal cell, nor any complete one above the dis- coidal. A. Antennce oblique porrectce. B. Scutellum disco glabrum, nudum. C. Segmentum 41""^. abdominis in mare utrinque cirrosum. Sp. 1. L. silvatica. Nigra nitida, alls subhyaUnis ; halte- ribusfuscis. Borborus silvaticus, Meig. VI. 207. No. 24. Curtis, B. E. 469. No. 24. Limosina silvaticus, Macq. S. a B. II. 572. No. 1. Mycclia claripennis, Rob. D. 806. No. 3. DIPTEROUS TRIBE OF SPH^ROCERID.E. 327 Shining black, frontals dull blackish brown ; face testaceous ; arista very delicately pubescent: scutel long, with two marginal and two apical bristles : fourth segment of the abdomen in the male fur- nished at each angle with a long curved tuft of hair : legs lono-, pubescent ; spines of the middle shanks few and distant ; 2d joint of hind feet more than twice as long as first, linear, not thickened. In the male the middle legs are different ; the thighs are bearded and armed with a long spine at the base beneath ; the shanks have a pencil of hair within, about the middle ; the 1st joint of the feet is compressed, hollowed out below, and bearded : poisers blackish brown : wings hyaline or yellowish : nerves dusky ; the costal blackish, ciliate at the base ; the 2d main nerve terminating halfway between the 1st and 3d; the latter a little sinuous, running to the tip of the wing : the dis- coidal cell longer than usual, with its posterior angle rounded. (Length If, wings, 3^ lines.) Abundant, particularly on fungi ; the variety with limpid wings on sandy coasts CC. Segmentum 4*^". abdominis nudum, D. Halteres nigri capitulo albido. Sp. 2. L. limosa. Nigra, alls infuscatis ; scutelU setis his quaternis. Copromyza limosa, Fallen, Heterom. 8. No. 6. Borborus limosa . Meig, VI. 207. No. 23. Limosina limosa . Macq. S. a B. II. 572. No. 2. Nerea riparia . . Rob. D. 802. No. 1. Dusky black : front thickly set with bristles : face short, very much elevated between the antennas, brownish : thorax often dull rusty brown : scutel long, produced beyond the metathorax ; with three bristles at each side, and two at the tip : abdomen dull black : legs black, thinly hairy, the middle shanks thickly armed with spines, and the same pair of feet bristly : 2d joint of hind feet linear, twice as long as the first : poisers black, with a whitish knob : wings brownish : costal nerve bristly at the base ; 2d main nerve continued nearly to § of the interval between the 1st and 3d, the latter reaching the tip of the wing: interval of the cross nerves about twice as long as the principal one. (Length \\ ; wings, 3 lines.) Very abundant on putrescent vegetable matter in most situations. 328 BRITISH SPECIES OF THE Sp. 3. L. humida. Nigra, facie albida ; scutelli setis quaternis. Form of the last, but with much fewer and slighter bristles on every part ; one only at each side of the scutel, which is not so long : the face is hoary : thorax with dull blue reflections : abdomen of a glaucous tinge : legs and base of the costal nerve simply pubes- cent : wings obscure hyaline : nerves as in the last. Not rare about muddy drains, near Holy wood. Mr. Walker has taken it in England also. DD. Halteres unicolores, vel basi pallidiores. Sp. 4. L. arcuata. Nigra, tibiis tarsisque ferruginosis ; alarum nervo 3*'°. subarcuato ; scutelli setis bis quaternis. Limosina arcuata, Macq. S. a JS. II. 572. No. 4. Like L. limosa, face less elevated : fore coxas, both extremities of the shanks, and the feet reddish brown : poisers dusky red : wings obscure hyaline or brownish : nerves rust brown, costal bristly at the base ; 2d main nerve extending over § of the interval between the 1st and 3d, the latter curved, and terminating before the tip of the wing: interval of the cross nerves one half longer than the principal one: size of Z. limosa; sometimes but half the size. Every where rather common in shady situations, on fungi, &c. Sp. 5. L. geniculata. Nigra, coxis anticis, genubus tarsis- que ferruginosis ; alis infuscatis ; halteribus fuscis ; scutelli setis bis ternis. Limosina geniculata, Macq. S. a B. W. 572. No. 3. Resembles the last, but the wings are as in L. limosa : the scutel has two bristles on each side : one half smaller than L. limosa. I have found this species near Holywood, and Mr. Walker has taken it in England ; but it seems very uncommon. Sp. 6. L. crassimana. Nigra alis infumatis ; halteribus fuscis; tarsis crassis; mas, tibiis anticis clavato-compressis. Nerea stercoraria, Rob. D. 803. No. 2 ? Black ; the front sometimes with a narrow reddish margin : arista finely pubescent : scutel scarcely so long as the metathorax (with but four bristles, as in all which follow to the end of this section) : legs more pubescent than in any of the following ; spines or bristles of the middle shanks scattered : feet thick ; fore pair DIPTEROUS TRIBE OF SPH^ROCERIDiE. 329 evidently dilated in the male, in which also the fore shanks are clavate and furrowed, and the hind feet have two joints dilated : poisers brown or blackish : wings rarely hyaline, generally dusky : nerves darker ; base of the costal ciliate with short hairs ; the 2d ending nearer to the 3d than 1st: interval of the cross nerves generally one-half longer than the principal one. (Length 1 ; wings 2 J lines, sometimes less.) In profusion every where on dunghills and hotbeds, more rarely on fungi. Sp. 7. L. ochripes. Nigra capite pedibus que rujis ; tarsis posticis nigris. Borborus ochripes, Meig. VI. 209. No. 29. Limosina ochripes . Macq. S. a B. II. 572. No. 5. Head tawny red, a dot on the crown, and the occiput black ; antennae black, or red at the base : arista very delicately pubescent : thorax and abdomen black : scutel shorter than metathorax ; legs pubes- cent, tawny ; hind feet, generally also the fore pair and ends of fore shanks, blackish ; middle shanks with few bristles ; 2d joint of hind feet linear, twice as long as first : poisers whitish : wings almost hyaline : nerves pale ; base of the costal pubescent ; 2d half way between 1st and 3d; interval of cross nerves nearly twice as long as the principal one : generally larger than the preceding. Not rare on sandy coasts of Ireland. New Forest, and near London ; Mr. Walker. Sp. 8. L. scutellaris. Nigra scutello aterrimo ; facie, coxis, genubus que testaceis ; halteribus albidis ; tarsorum posti- corum articulis duobus incrassatis. Like the last in character : head black, face and fore margin of the front pale testaceous : thorax glossy black : scutel elongate, opaque, deep black : abdomen dull black : shanks and feet dusky : the fore coxae, the base of the shanks, often the entire of the middle shanks and feet testaceous or rust brown : 2d joint of the hind feet twice as long as the first, and thickened : poisers whitish : wings hyaline, with pale brown nerves, the costal darker ; 2d terminating much nearer to the 3d, which does not quite reach the tip of the wing : smaller than No. 6. With No. 6, but not common; north of Ireland. Near London ; Mr. Walker. NO. IV. VOL. III. u u S30 BRITTSH SPECIES OF THE Sp. 9. L. nivalis. Nigra facie pedibtisque ferruginosis ; halterihus et alis abbreviatis. Borborus nivalis, Ent. Mag. I. 178. Ctirt, B. E. 469. No. 29^. Dusky black : face dull rust colour : areola finely pubescent : scutel shorter than metathorax : legs pubescent, dull rust colour ; thighs and often the middle of the posterior shanks dusky ; 2d joint of hind feet not dilated : poisers abortive, dusky : w^ings not extending to the end of the abdomen, sometimes very small, brownish : no second cross nerve : about as large as No. 6. Not uncommon during the winter about the roots of trees in the north of Ireland : leaps very actively. Sp. 10. L. quisquilia. Nigra alis infumatis ; halteribus fuscis ; tibiis mar. simplicibus. Resembles L. crassimana both in size and character, but the feet are slender, and the fore shanks not clavate in the male : from most of the small species which follow, it differs by the longer scutel and more pubescent legs : I consider it as distinct, though not satisfactorily characterized. Has occurred once or twice along with L. crassiinana. Sp. 11. L. fungicola. Nigra nitida, f route opaca ; halte- ribus nigris ; alarum lineola costali nigra. Glossy black : the pubescence very fine : front opaque, deep black, with a glossy triangle : face elevated between the antennae, rather hoary : legs slender, scarcely pubescent : fore knees and middle feet brown : middle shanks with only a pair of bristles on the outside : 2d joint of hind feet one half longer than 1st, and somewhat thickened : poisers black : wings ample, blackish, rarely hyaline : nerves dusky ; the costal pubescent at the base ; black from the 1st to the 2d main nerve ; the lattef extends scarcely half way from the 1st to the 3d : the sub-marginal cell is wider than usual ; the interval of the cross nerves almost twice as long as the principal one : smaller than No. 6. Inhabits fungi, Holywood. North Devon, and near London ; Mr. Walker. Sp. 12. L. erratica. Nigro-fusca facie pedihusqiie ferru- gineis ; halteribus fuscis : alis infumatis. Approaches the last in character : the marginal and sub-marginal DIPTEROUS TRIBE OF SPH^EROCERID^. 331 cell of the wings are much narrower, the cross nerves less distant : the legs sometimes are entirely ferruginous ; in others the thighs and the middle of the shanks are pitchy ; or the legs are blackish, with the knees and feet ferruginous : wings brownish, with distinct brown nerves, the costal not incrassate : from the following it differs by the wings, the 2d joint of the hind feet not thickened, &c. ; but I am not satisfied that all these varieties belong to one species, or that some of them may not connect the present with the last. Sp. 13. L. clunipes. Nigro-fusca facie pedibusque ferru- gineis ; halteribus fuscis ; alis hyalinis : tarsorum posti- corum arliciilis duobus incrassatis. Borborus clunipes, Meig. VI. 208. No. 26. Limosina clunipes, Macq. S. a B. II. 573. No. 7. Dusky : margin of the front and the face ferruginous ; arista thickly pubescent : breast and legs ferruginous : 2d joint of hind feet nearly twice as long as 1st, and a little thickened : wings hyaline : the nerves nearly colourless, disposed as in the following; the costal ferruginous, slightly ciliate at the base, but without a spine, and a little thickened along the middle : scarcely so large as No. 18. Occurs along with No. 6, but rare. Mr. Walker takes it in England. Sp. 14. L. spinipennis. Nigra pubescens halteribus nigris ; alis denigraiis, cost a incrassata, basi spinigera. Rather dull black : face elevated between the antennae : arista with thick black pubescence : thorax thickly pubescent : more bristles on the middle shanks than in L. fungicola ; 2d joint of the hind feet scarcely thickened : poisers black : wings blackish : costal nerve thickened along the middle, somewhat bristly at the base, with a long erect spine springing near the root : 2d nerve ending halfway between the 1st and 3d ; interval of cross nerves rather longer than the principal one : size of No. 18. Occurs but rarely, in company with No. 6. Sp. 15. L. heteroneura. Nigra, facie pedihusque ferru- ginosis ; alis irfnscatis, nervis transversis fere contiguis. Black, pubescent : face reddish : arista thickly pubescent : legs nearly naked, dusky ; the fore pair, the knees and shanks rust brown : middle shanks with a pair of bristles only on the outside : poisers 332 BRITISH SPECIES OF THE brown : wings brownish : the costal nerve a little bristly at the base ; 2d nerve as in the last : interval of the cross nerves not longer than the small one. (Less than No. 18.) In the same situations. BB Scutellum sells aspersurn. Sp. 16. L. fuscipennis. Nigra pedibus piceis ; alis infus- catis ; halteribus fuscis capitulo pallido. Borborus fuscipennis, Ent. Mag. I. 178. Resembles L. limosa very much ; the legs are rather shorter and more hairy, and the cross nerves less distant : dusky black : face very short and elevated between the antennae, so that the head is nearly triangular above : front thickly set with bristles, its fore margin piceous : palpi reddish : thorax and scutel often dull rust brown : scutel elongate, with several bristles at the sides, and a few on the disk : abdomen opaque black : legs hairy, pitchy brown : middle pair very thickly armed with spines or bristles ; 2d joint of hind feet not thickened : poisers yellowish, with dusky base : wings brownish : the nerves nearly as in L. limosa, and dusky. (Length li ; wings 2^ lines, sometimes much less.) Inhabits sea-weeds drying on the shore. BBB. Scutellum pubescens. Sp. 17. L. vagans. Nigra opaca, alis infumaiis ; halte- ribus Jiavidis. Borborus vagans, Ent. Mag, I. 178. Dull black : eyes small : arista finely and thickly pubescent : scutel as long as the metathorax : legs pubescent, dusky, with the fore coxae and knees, and the middle feet rust brown ; sometimes the legs are entirely of the latter colour : middle shanks with numerous bristles ; 2d joint of the hind feet twice as long as the 1st, not thickened : poisers yellowish : wings brownish yellow ; nerves of the same colour ; costal more dusky, bristly at the base, rather thick : 2d nerve extending over | of the interval between the 1st and 3d : interval of the cross nerves longer than the prin- cipal one. (Length 1 ; wings 2 lines, or less.) Not rare on sea-weed. Sp. 18. L. lugubris. Nigra pubescens, alis denigratis; halteribus fuscis. Face piceous : eyes larger than in the last ; scutel shorter ; colour deep black : middle shanks and feet dusky : middle shanks with DIPTEROUS TRIBE OF SPH^ROCERID.E. 333 fewer bristles ; 2d joint of hind feet shorter : wings blackish : base of the costal nerve less bristly, 2d ending half way between the 1st and 3d ; cross nerves not so distant. (Length 4 : wines n line.) Common in the same situations with No. 6. AA. AntenncB in latera aversce. B. Oculi nudi. C. Areola marginalis costam mediam superans. Sp. 19. L. zosterse. Nigra opaca alts infiimatis. Borborus zosterae, Ejit. Mag. I. 178. Opaque black : front gibbous, bristly : face much elevated between the antennae, which are turned in opposite directions, lying close to the eyes ; their 2d joint is very bristly, and larger than the 3d : the arista thickly pubescent, the pubescence whitish : thorax scarcely pubescent, very flat, with an impressed line down the middle : scutel not as long as the metathorax ; glabrous, with four bristles, as also in those which follow : legs rather short, thinly hairy, piceous, with the knees and feet tawny, or entirely tawny : middle shanks armed with numerous bristles : 2d joint of hind feet not very long, scarcely thickened : poisers with a deep brown knob : wings of a brownish yellow, the nerves of the same colour ; costal more dusky, rather thick, bristly at the base ; 2d nerve extending little more than half way between the 1 st and 3d : intervals of the cross nerves considerably longer than the principal one. (Length l\ ; wings 3 lines.) There is a variety scarcely a third that size, but differing so little in other respects, that I cannot consider it a distinct species. Common on sea-weed : Mr. Walker has found it near London ; and also in the Isle of Wight, Cornwall, and North Wales. Sp. 20. L. leucoptera. Nigro-fusca, alts albis, costa nigri- cante. Dusky with paler legs : eyes small : arista with thick whitish pubescence : scutel short, nearly semicircular : middle shanks bristly ; 2d joint of hind feet long and scarcely thickened : poisers brown : wings whitish ; the costal nerve and those next to it dusky, the rest colourless ; the costal region dusky towards the end : costal nerve with a few bristles at the base, a little thickened from the 1st to the 2d main nerve; the latter ending much nearer to the 3d ; marginal cell long and very narrow ; sub- 334 BRITISH SPECIES OF THE marginal broad not extending quite to the tip of the wing: in- terval of the cross nerves equal to the principal one. (Rather less than No. 18.) The examples which I have before me are not in good order, but the small eyes, the 2d joint of the antennae, which is very bristly, and the wings satisfy me that the species is better placed in this section than in A. Taken by Mr. Walker, near London. CC. Areola marginalis perparva. Sp. 21. L. nigerrima. Atra velutina alts albis. Borborus nigerrimus . . Ent. Mag. I. 178. Curt. B. E. 469. No. 29\ Limosina minima . . . Macq. S. a B. l\. 573. No. 9. Deep black, without gloss : pubescence of the arista abundant, whitish : the feet short : middle shanks almost naked : poisers black : wings white hyaline ; nerves colourless, the costal blackish, not thickened : the 2d nerve scarcely reaches to the middle of the rib, the 3d is arched and terminates before the tip of the wing ; the marginal cell therefore is exceedingly small, the submarginal wide and oblong ovate : the cross nerves are almost contiguous. (Length not i, wings 1 line.) Occurs along with No. 6, but very rare : Mr. Walker has taken it near London. BB. Oculi hispiduli. Sp. 22. L. melania. Atra opaca alls hyalinis. Resembles the preceding very much : deep black, opaque : eyes small, with minute erect hairs ; arista thickly pubescent : legs piceous, middle shanks almost without bristles : poisers black : wings hyaline : nerves darker, very delicate, the costal blackish ; 2d extending nearly half way between the 1st and 3d ; the latter scarcely arched, nearer to the tip of the wing than in the last species : interval of the cross nerves equal to the principal one. (Length not J line.) Found with the last, but still more uncommon. Gen. V. — Heteroptera. Liraosinae characteres sed nervus ordinarius transversiis valde obliquatus. Borborus A. d. . Meig. VL 206. Heteroptera . . Macq. S. a B. IL 570. v. DIPTEROUS TRIBE OF SPH^EROCERID^.. 3S5 Sp. 1. H. pusilla. Copromyza pusilla . Fallen, Heterom. 8. No. 5. Borborus pusilla . . Meig. VI, 20G. No. 22. Heteroptera pusilla . Macq. S. a B. II. 570. No. 1 . Resembles a Limosina : the principal cross nerve is placed so slant- ing that it becomes confounded with the 4th main nerve, but forms with the 5th a very acute angle advanced towards the margin of the wing : the 2d nerve is also continued nearer to the tip : black : thorax and scutel pubescent ; the latter shorter than the metathorax : legs finely pubescent ; not many bristles on the middle shanks ; first joint both of the fore and hind feet acutely produced at the tip, in the latter triangular : poisers whitish : wings whitish hyaline, or dusky ; nerves blackish brown. (Length 1 ; wings 2 lines.) Taken by Mr. Walker, near London ; and in the Isle of Wight. The larva of Borborus equinus is like that of Scatophaga stercoraria in general form. The skin is quite transparent, so that the internal structure and the minutest ramifications of the tracheae can be seen through it ; but I could not dis- cover any trace of arterial circulation. The pulsations of the dorsal vessel were from 90 to 110 a minute. The skin is closely set with very minute erect points or short bristles, most thickly on the last segment. The mandibles come out under two conic processes of the head, each of which bears a smaller appendage of similar form on the upper side. The anterior opening of the tracheae is furnished with the usual fan-like process. The intermediate segments have no inequalities of any kind. The last has the usual conic protuberances behind the anal cleft, and its margin bears a circle of smaller ones ; those being the least which lie immediately above and below the openings of the tracheae, which are of the usual form, each consisting of three oblong spiracles surrounded by a dark ring. The full grown larvae, when extended, are about 4| lines in length. They do not enter the ground to undergo their transformation. Of a number out of eggs laid the first week of October, but few had changed at the end of that month ; but probably the period is less in summer, as Meigen says that 336 PORTIONS OF A LETTER Sphcerocera equina undergoes all its transformations in eighteen clays. The puparium is about 3 lines long, of a bright chestnut, cylindric, with the anterior extremity a little attenuate, bearing two protuberances the remains of the anterior spiracles ; the other end is blunt, the conic processes of the last seg- ment remaining as a number of small points. The whole surface is very finely shagreened. Sphaerocera, Macq. subsultans, Fahr. monilis, Hal. vaporariorum, Hal. deuticulata, Meig. scabricula, Hal. Borborus, Macq. nitidus, Meig. suillorum, Hal. niger, Meig. equinus, Meig. nigrifemoratus, Macq. flavipennis, Hal. longipennis, Hal. vitripennis, Hal. ater,' Meig. Apteriiia, Macq. pedestris, Meig. Limosina, Macq. silvatica, Meig. limosa, Fall. humida, Hal. Synopsis Specierum. Limosina. arcuata, Macq. geniculata, Macq. crassimana, Hal. ochripes, Meig. scutellaris, Hal, nivalis, Hal. quisquilia, Hal. fungicola, Hal. erratica, Hal. clunipes, Meig. spinipennis, Hal. heteroneura, Hal. fuscipennis, Hal. vagans, Hal. lugubris, Hal. Zosterse, Hal. leucoptera, Hal. nigerrima, Hal. nielania, Hal. Heteroptera, Macq. pusilla, FaU. Art. XXXI. — Portions of a Letter from the Author of the Letters of Rusticus to Edward Newman. Published by Permission of the Writer. De^r Newman, — The heat of the weather kills me. I wish the comet would take some other course. Why does he wreak his vengeance on the earth. Why don't he parch up Jupiter; or if he must come here, why don't he do, as Washington Irving says he ought — deluge the earth with water. Indeed I hear he is soaking the Scotch and Irish, at the very time that he is roasting us. I have not seen him yet: I suppose he is not visible — pray goodness he never may be ; if he come within eyeshot he'll roast us alive. The ground is FROM UUSTICUS. 3,37 already cracked, as though the earth were about to open to the centre ; we shall want leaping poles to cross the chasms. Did you ever observe the flies on the sunflowers cleaning themselves ? They first have a good long feast of honey, and cover themselves with pollen ; eyes, legs and wings, all as yellow as gold. When one of the thieves has managed to get so polleny that he can't see, he sets to work to clean himself: it is most amusing to see his operations ; the hind legs clean the wings, and the fore legs the head ; with great skill the pollen is scraped off the head, eyes, and face, and then rolled up into pellets by the fore legs and thrown away with a kind of jerk. I have seen this done fifty times. The humble bees on a sunflower are also very odd-mannered ; they get as drunk as Bacchus or Silenus ; then they get sleepy as Morpheus, and cross as Cerberus ; if you touch one he leans on one side, cocking up the opposite legs into the air, and plays divers other antics, till with his various trials to show that he is sober, and able to fight and defend himself, he sidles, staggers, rolls, and falls to the ground, and there lays on his back till he has slept himself sober. I have to-day cut open codling after codling, and found the pips regularly garrisoned with aphites — mark the termination — not one lone ajjhis, but a whole troop of all sizes. When 1 let in the daylight there was a considerable sprawling and waving of legs, and no small alarm in the hive, but by degrees they got used to light and fresh air, and were quite still. I tried to tickle them with a straw in order again to watch their move- ments, when lo and behold, they were dead, — gathered to their fathers, — gone to the tomb of all the Capulets. Some had heaved anchor and dropped from the pip ; others fixed more firmly had died at their post, and tucking their legs together under them, hung by their beak. In no apple was there any road in or out ; there was no chance of their passing to the outer air, or of their having come from it ; indeed their speedy death proved that change of air did not agree with them. I was particularly careful in my search for a via, but there was none. I have often seen the same thing in a bloated poplar leaf; but here is a possibility of the egg being laid between the cuticles of the leaf, then the sap-suction commencing, the bloat may be caused ; but this is impossible in a huge apple, with an inch and a half of pulp in every direction. NO. IV. VOL. III. X X 338 PORTIONS OF A LETTER 1 am quite unable to explain the mystery, so, like many other wiseacres, I content myself with wondering how, in the name of fortune, the aphites got there. Another odd station for aphites is on the roots of plants. I have found them by hundreds on a thistle root, closely packed together, and almost as white as snow. The other day I pulled up a large thistle that grew on an ant-hill, and thus I brought to light a whole colony of these white aphites. I had long known of the great value which ants set on these little beasts, so I shook down some dozens of them from the thistle root, among the ants, which were all a-swarm at the damage I had done to their dwelling. No sooner were the ants aware of the presence of the aphites than they began to fondle them with their legs — sometimes positively taking them round the neck — to tap them on the back with their antennae, and to lick them with their tongues ; they then took hold of them with their jaws, lifted them from the ground, and carried them with the greatest care, one by one, into the recesses of the nest. I walked by the same way about three hours afterwards, and found the nest all quiet and orderly, and not an aphis was to be seen ; so I went to work with my knife and scraped down the side of the hill. I soon came to the aphites ; they were clustered together on little bits of thistle root, which had been broken off in the ground, and were attended by numbers of ants. As soon as the ants found their cattle were again in jeopardy, they drew them gently from the root and carried them still further into the nest. I am quite convinced that honey-dew is the excrement of aphites, and that ants devour this honey-dew, and a sweet clear liquid honey it is. I have often watched an ant go from one aphis to another, stand behind each, and gently squeeze the body with its fore legs ; perhaps one aphis in ten, not more, will give out a small drop of honey as clear as crystal, which the ants instantly swallow. The ants take much more care of the aphites than the aphites do of themselves : they are sad dull, stupid creatures. It is very pretty to see the licking and washing and cleaning and caressing which the ants constantly bestow on them. When the aphites cast their skin, the ants instantly carry it away, nor will they let any dirt or rubbish remain among them or on them. But the most amusing care of the ant is guarding FROM RUSTICUS. 339 the aphites from the attacks of that little parasitic fly, whose operations Mr, Haliday has so well described.^ You must have seen a sheep-dog run over the backs of a whole flock of sheep, when closely crowded together, in order to bring back some sinner that has gone astray ; so will the ants in the hot sunshine run about over an establishment of aphites, drivint»- away the rascally parasite that is for ever hovering about them to destroy them. Believe me ever yours. Godalming, 15th August, 1835. P. S. I forgot to tell you that all our turnips this year are destroyed by the blacks; and I begin to think that these are the real turnip-^?/, the smaller animal being only the turnip-^ea. About the middle of July these real turnip-flies were showered down on us, as it were from the clouds ; they fell thicker than rain drops, and hovered about the turnips in such myriads that the whole fields were coloured with a rainbowy tinge, when the hot sun shone on the filmy gauzy wings of the flies. I will give you an entomological description of one of these flies : — the head and antennae are as black as a coal : the thorax is yellow before and on the top, but coal black on the sides and behind : the body is yellow : the wings are clear and very shining, and tinged with yellow, and the upper ones have a dash of coal black along the upper margin, which reaches three quarters of the way from the thorax to the tip of the wing : the legs are yellow, spotted with black. I could not find that these flies tasted the turnips ; they only came to them on family business. About the 9th of August the turnips began to look queer ; the flies had disappeared almost entirely before this, you must recollect. One Saturday I looked well over them, and found they were swarming alive with little black caterpillars. I told two or three men who were hoeing them that the turnips looked bad, and I showed the grubs to them, but they thought nothing of it, and I found I could not persuade them that any thing was the matter. On Sunday I could not get out as far as a turnip-field. On Monday I went out and the turnips were not: they had in two short days been swept from the face of the earth. The land was every where as bare as on the a Ent. Mag. Vol. II. p. 98. 310 PORTIONS OF A LETTER, &C. day it had been sowed. There was no speck of green for the eye to rest upon. It was a wild and universal desolation, and the black crawling vermin that had caused the ruin were clustered in bunches on the ground, and on the remnants of the turnips, and were dying of starvation. No plague of Egypt could have been more effective : the mischief was complete. Some few fields received the blast a few days later than others, but all had it ; not one escaped unless the crop were Swedes, and it is remarkable that these were untouched. I need not tell you that I boxed some of the grubs, to learn something of their history, but have not progressed in the affair yet. I am certain the grubs are the produce of the fly ; the eggs were laid on the young leaves of the turnips, and hatched and turned into grub. The build of the grub proves beyond a doubt that it is the larva of the fly. It is rather rough coated, but without hairs ; it is of a dull leaden sort of black colour, and has a lighter line along each side; it has twenty feet. It is fond of resting on the leaf curled up in a ring, and if disturbed tumbles on the ground without opening ; indeed, if not in a ring before, it rolls itself into one when touched. I send you a pen and ink sketch both of the grub and fly. The grub is the natural size ; the fly is of the length and breadth of the cross below it : the parts I have left white are yellow. I think I have done it accurately enough for you to tell me the name.^ I find, on referring to the accounts of the enemies of turnips, that these blacks were well known formerly, but the race seems to have become extinct and forgotten. I find a hundred recipes for their destruction, all of which are moonshine, except one, which is for a wonder rational. It is this : — buy an immense lot of ducks, and turn them in your turnips, and they will devour the grubs by millions, and become in a few days as fat as butter. Thus two birds are killed with one stone — the ducks fatted and the turnips saved. When we get on a little further with our in- quiries into the history of animals, especially such little things as insects, you may depend upon it we shall find the best way to check the increase of any hurtful kind is to encourage any other animal, beast, bird, fish, or insect, that makes the injurious I' The insect described is the Athalia spinarum of most entomological cabinets, but is described by Stephens as the Tenthredo centifolia: of Panzer ; Athalia centifolice, Stephens. f ( A^.HaJiday- ilcl ON THE SPECIES OF TELEAS. 341 one its prey. You see Providence has foreseen that the earth might at any time be desolated, actually unpeopled, by the natural increase of many kinds of insects, and has provided against it. I have calculated that the common tiger moth caterpillar is every year produced in this island in sufficient numbers to eat up every green leaf or blade of grass ; to starve all our sheep, cows and horses, and so to deprive us entirely of either animal or vegetable food. You know this caterpillar eats almost every thing ; well, of all caterpillars this has the most parasites, so many, that not more than one egg out of fifty thousand produces a moth ; thus its voracity and its pro- ductiveness are rendered harmless. I'll be bound you would laugh when I tell you I breed lady-birds on purpose to destroy aphites ; but it is true, and I assure you it answers capitally. You may depend on it the blacks have some natural enemy besides ducks : if not, ducks would do very well, except that the demand for ducks would be greater, I fear, than the supply ; but a farmer, especially if he has water, ought to keep an immensity of ducks, they are always useful, as they eat such lots of slugs and other vermin, and if within a moderate distance of London, always saleable at a paying price. Art. XXXII. — On the Species of Teleas, &;c. By Francis Walker. The upper abdominal segments form an edge to those beneath in this tribe, as in Platygaster, &c. but the Teleadidce possess a more developed structure, their feelers and antennaj generally have more joints, and a nervure runs along the upper border of each wing ; that of the fore wing sends forth a little branch, and is often continued to near the tip ; some of them have an outward likeness to Encyrtus, Mymar, &c. and are parasites of the eggs of other insects ; they have also the faculty of leaping, which the Platygastres have not : Scelio, however, possesses this faculty only in a very small degree, and differs in other respects from the type : Sparasion has the parts of the mouth much more developed, and can hardly be considered to belong to the same tribe; it runs with great swift- ness, but does not leap. 342 CN THE SPECIES OF TELEAS. S !-.« «/ S h> u a> ■s- = §J z< ON THE SPECIES OF TELEAS. 343 Gen. I. — Bmvs — Haliday. Fern. — " Corpus brevissimum, contractum, apterum : scutellum nul- lum : antennas breves clava compacta 5-annulata, ovato-acumi- nata." — Haliday. Sp. 1. Basus seminulum (Haliday, Ent. Mag. I. 270.) Ater, antenncB et pedes picea, genua et tarsi pallidiora. (PI. XIII. fig. 6.) Ater, convexus, altissimus, glaber, subtilissime punctatus, parum nitens : caput magnum, thorace multo latius ; frons convexa : oculi ocellique picei : antenna piceae, capitataj, 11-articulatae, corporis dimidio longiores ; articuli 3°. ad 6""\ minimi ; 7°. ad 11""*. latissimi, clavam fingentes ovatam maximam : thorax sub- cubicus : abdomen subrotundum, thorace latius vix longius ; segmentum unum ejus dorsum fere totum occupans : pedes picei, validi, saltatorii ; genua et tarsi pallidiora, hi apice fusci. (Corp. long. lin. y.) August; on windows and among grass in fields; near London. Taken during the same month, by Mr. Haliday, in new mown meadows in Galway, Ireland. Gen. II. — Gryon — Haliday. " Antennae 12-articulatae maris flagello iiliformi cxa.ss\uscvlo, femince clava 5-annulata : palpi maxillares 3-articulati : ramulus stigma- ticalis brevis : abdomen ovatum segmentis anterioribus sequalibus tertio breviore." — Haliday. Sp. L Gryon Nanno. Mas. Ater, antenncB et pedes ruf a, alcefuscce. Ater, subtilissime punctatus, glaber, parum nitens : caput longius- culum, thoracis latitudine : oculi ocellique picei : antennas rufas, moniliformes, capitis thoracis que longitudine, apice graciliores ; articuli 3°. ad 11""". transversi, approximati, brevissimi ; 12"^. conoides, acuminatus, 11°. longior: thorax ovatus, parum con- vexus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae conspicua? ; postscutelli dorsum spinam brevem validam emittens : abdomen longi- ovatum, planum, glabrum, nitens, laeve, thorace paullo latius et dimidio longius ; segmenta 1"™. omnino 2"™. que basi sulcata ; 3"™. longius : pedes rufi ; tarsi apice fusci : alas fuscoe, breves, 341' ON THE SPECIES OF TELEAS. angustae ; squamulae piceae ; nervi fusci, metalae sublimpidae. (Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar. lin. I2.) June ; New Forest, Hampshire. Sp. 2. Gryon Phlias. Fern. Ater, antennce nigrce, pedes picei, alee sublimpidce. T. Nanno. Fem. ? Ater, subtilissime punctatus, glaber, parum nitens : caput longi- usculum, thoracis latitudine : oculi ocellique picei : antennae i nigrae, clavatae, thoracis longitudine ; articuli 3°. ad T^™. minimi i 8°. ad 12""\ clavam fingentes fusiformem : thorax ovatus, parum I convexus : meso-thoracis parapsidum suturae conspicuae : post- scutelli dorsum spinam brevem validam emittens : abdomen longi-ovatum, planum, glabrum, nitens, laeve, thorace paullo latius et dimidio longius ; segmenta 1"™. omnino 2*^™. que basi sulcata, 3"™. longius : pedes picei ; trochanteres genua et tarsi pallidiora : alae sublimpidae, breves, angustae ; squamulae piceae ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar. lin. Ig.) July ; Forest of Fontainbleau. Sp. 3. Gryon Matuta. Mas. Ater, pedes picei, alee fusees, Ater, brevis, latus, crassus, altus, punctatus, obscurus, glaber : caput breve, thoracis latitudine : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae nigrae, latae, subfiliformes, corpore breviores, apice minime angus- tiores : thorax rotundus, convexus, postice abrupte declivis ; meso- thoracis scutum et scutellum lata, maxima, parapsidum suturae indistinctae ; metathorax supra vix discernendus : abdomen rotundum, fere planum, thorace vix longius ; segmenta 3 sub- aequalia dorsum fingentia : pedes picei, validi ; coxae obscuriores : alae fuscae, breves, angustae ; squamulae piceae ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. \ ; alar. lin. 5.) July ; Forest of Fontainbleau. Sp. 4o Gryon misellus. (Haliday, Ent. Mag. I. 771.) Mas et Fem. Ater, antennce picece, mari abdomen basi fiavum, pedes mari flavi fem. fulvi, alee subfiiscce. (PI. XIII. %. 5.) Hemisius minutus ? Westwood, London and Edinb. Phil. Mag. 8fc. Third Series, II. 12. 445. Ater, obscurus, sublinearis, punctatus, parum convexus, brevissime pubescens : caput longiusculum, thorace paullo latius : oculi ON THF, SPECIES OF TELEAS. 845 et ocelli picei : antennae mari piceae validog, subfiliformes, corpore paullo breviores ; scapus flavus ; articuli 3". ad 11™\ transversi, subaequales, flagellum longi-fusiforme fingentes ; 12"^. 11". multo longior, acuminatus : antennas fern, nigro-piceae, clavatje, corporis dimidio longiores ; scapus basi flavus ; articuli 3". ad 7^"\ bre- vissimi, 8°. ad 12'^'". lati clavam acuminatam fusiformem fingentes : thorax breviovatus, parum convexus ; mesothoracis parapsides scuto in unum confusae ; metathorax parvus ; abdomen brevi- ovatum, nitens, laeve, glabrum, fere planum, tborace paullo longius, mari basi flavum, fern, nigrum aut piceum ; segmenta subaequalia : pedes TOflr? flavi, fern, fulvi genubus tarsisque pallidioribus : alae subfuscse, angustae, rnari corpore breviores, fern, abdominis longi- tudine ; squamulas piceae; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. 3 — 5.) Var. j3. — Fern, abdomen basi fulvum. Found by Mr. Haliday ; on grass under trees ; from July to October ; at Holy wood and in Galway, Ireland. Near London. Taken by Mr. Davis. Gen. III. — Telenomus. — Haliday. Caput mediocre, breve, convexum, thoracis plerunque latiludine : mandibulag parvte, subtrigonas, arcuatas, unidentatae : maxillae subtrigonse ; palpi biarticulati : oculi laterales, mediocres : ocelli supra verticem trigone dispositi : antennae ad os insertae ; articulus 1"^. longus, mininie arcuatus; 2"*. longi-cyathiformis : prothorax supra non conspicuus : mesothorax maximus ; scutellum non prominens : metathorax vix conspicuus : abdomen sessile ; seg- mentum 1"™. brevissimum ; 2""\ maximum ; sequentia brevia, subeequalia : alas nervus cubitalis ante costae medium in discum » oblique descendens. * Antennce fem. 10- articulatce. Sp. 1. Telen. Eris. Fem. Ater, antennce nigro-picece, pedes picei, tarsi pallidiores, alee suhfuscce. Ater, latus, brevis, parum nitens, punctatus, pubescens : caput thoracis latitudine : oculi ocellique picei : antennae clavatae, nigro- piceae, corporis dimidio multo longiores ; articulus 4"^. longus ; 5"^ brevior; 6"^ adhuc brevior ; 7"^ et sequentes ad 10"'". breves, dilatantes ; 11"^ brevi-conoides, 10°. vix longior: thorax brevi-ovatus, convexus : mesothoracis scutellum nitens, lasve, NO. IV. VOL. III. Y Y 316 ON THE SPECIES OF TELEAS. glabrum : abdomen brevi-ovatum, convexum, nitens, Iseve, glabrum, thorace paullo longius : pedes picei ; trochanteres genua, tibiaeque apice flava ; tarsi pallide fusci, basi flavi : alse subfusese, sat latae ; squamulae picese ; nervifulvi, cubitalis longus. (Corp. long. lin. | — ^ ; alar. lin. g — |.) Var. j3. — Protibise flavoe, fusco cingulatae. Far. y. — Alae sublimpidas. Found by Mr. Haliday at Holywood, Ireland. September ; near London ; Isle of Wight. Sp. 2. Telen. Coilus. Fem. PrcBcedente minor brevior IcBv'ior glabrior. Ater, nitens, Isevis, brevis : oculi ocellique picei : antennae clavatse, robustas, corpore paullo breviores : thorax convexus, fere rotundus, breviter pubescens : abdomen subquadratum, planum, glabrum, thorace brevius et angustius ; segmentum 2"™. ejus fere totum occupans : pedes fusci ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi fiava ; pro- tibias flavae, fusco cingulatae : alae subfusca^, sat latce ; squamulse rufo-piceae ; nervi fulvi. (Corp. long. lin. \ ; alar. lin. i.) Found by Mr. Haliday, at Holywood. ** Antennce articulis mari 12, fem. 11. 'i" Caput suhcuhicum. Mesothoracis parapsides scuto in unum confusce : nervus cubitalis in alee apicem directus. Sp. 3. Telen. othus (Haliday, Ent. Mag. I. 271.) Fem. Abdomen thorace ])liis duplo longius. (PI. XIII. fig. 4.) Ater, nitens, laevis, glaber : caput thoracis latitudine : antennae picese, clavatae, graciles, submoniliformes, corporis dimidio lon- giores ; articuli 3". ad 8"™. curtantes et dilatantes ; 9"^. 10"^. et 11"^. lati, subaequales, clavam fingentes fusiformem ; ll'^^. acumi- natus : oculi ocellique picei : thorax ovatus, fere planus, bre- vissime pubescens : abdomen fusiforme, planum, thorace plus duplo longius : oviductus fuscus : pedes picei ; trochanteres et genua rufa ; tibiae rufo-piceae ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice picei: alse sublimpidae, angustae ; squamulae rufo-piceae; nervi flavi. (Corp. long. lin. | ; alar. lin. |.) Var. p. — Femora rufo-picea ; tibiae rufae. Taken by Mr. Haliday at Holywood. ON THE SPECIES OF TELEAS. 347 Sp. 4. Telen. Jaricis. (Haliday, Ent. Mag. I. 271.) Mas et Fern. Abdomen thorace longius, pedes picei. (PI. XIII. fig. 2. Fern. ; fig. 3. Mas antenna.) Ater, nitens, lee vis, glaber : caput thoracis latitudine : oculi ocel- lique picei : mari antennae nigro-picese, moniliformes, graciles, corpore paullo breviores ; articuli 3". ad ll""\ curtantes ; 12"^ longi-conoides, acuminatus, 11°. multo longior : fern, antennae clavatas, submoniliformes, corporis dimidio paullo longiores ; articuli 3°. ad 8""^. curtantes et dilatantes ; 9"^ 10"**. et ll"-\ lati, subaequales, clavam fingenles fusiformem non acuminatam : thorax ovatus, fere planus, brevissime pubescens : mari abdomen ovatum, planum, thorace longius, quam/era. brevius et latius : fern, abdo- men longi-ovatum, thorace longius : oviductus piceus, exertus : pedes picei ; trochan teres et genua flava ; tarsi flavi, apice picei : alse sublimpidse, angustae ; squaniulse rufo-picea; ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long, lin. \ — g ; alar. lin. i — |.) Taken by Mr. Haliday at Holywood. July, September; near London ; North Wales. Sp. 5. Telen. heteropterus (Haliday, Ent. Mag. I. 271.) Feni. Abdomen thorace vix longius, pedes flavi. Ater, laevis, gracilis, nitens : caput thorace paullo latius : oculi ocellique picei : antenuce fuscas, clavatse, graciles, submonili- formes, corporis dimidio longiores ; articuli P. ad 3"™. flavi ; 3°. ad 8"™. curtantes et dilatantes ; 9°. ad 11"™. lati, subaequales, clavam fingentes fusiformem non acuminatam : thorax breviter pubescens, parum convexus : abdomen ovatum, glabrum, fere planum, thorace vix longius : pedes flavi : alae sublimpidas, an- gustse ; squamulae fuscae ; nervi flavi. (Corp. long. lin. \ ; alar, lin. I.) Taken by Mr. Haliday at Holywood, Ireland. Sp. 6. Telen, Zethos. Mas et Fern. Nigro-piceus^ antennce et pedes flava, alee limpidm. Nigro-piceus, nitens, laevis, glaber : caput thorace paullo latius : oculi ocellique picei : antennae corpore breviores, mari flavfe basi pallidiores, moniliformes ; articuli 3°. ad 1 1"™. curtantes ; 1 2"^^. longi-conoides, acuminatus, 11°. multo longior -.fern, pallide flavae, clavatae, submoniliformes ; articuli 3°. ad 8""'. curtantes et dila- tantes; 9"^ 10"s. et 11"^ lati, subaequales, clavam fingentes fusiformem non acuminatam : thorax brevi-ovatus, fere planus : 348 ON THE SPECIES OF TELEAS. abdomen brevi-ovatum, thorace pauUo angustius : oviductus flavus : pedes pallide flavi : alae limpidae, mediocres ; squamuiae picese ; nervi pallide flavi. (Corp. long. lin. 5 ; alar. lin. 2.) Reared by the Rev. Lansdown Guilding, from the eggs of a Lepidopterous insect in St. Vincent's Isle. ■\i[ Caput transversum. * Caput thoracis latitudine : mari antennce submoniliformes ; arliculi 3°. ad II"™. curtantes ; 12"^ acuminatus, 11°. multo longior : fem. antennce clavatce ; articuli 3°. ad 7"'". discreti, curtantes et dila- tantes ; 8°. ad 11"'". lati, clavam fingentes fusiformem non acumi- natam : mesothuracis parapsides non bene determinatce aut scuta in unum confusce : nervus cubitalis in alee marginem posticum direcius. "l Fem. antennce clavatce ; articuli 3°. ad 8"™. discreti. § Thorax subplanus. Sp. 7. Telen. Phylias. Mas. AIcb angustce, tarsi rufo-fusci. Ater, nitens, Isevis, gracilis : oculi ocellique picei : antennae nigrae, graciles, corpore paullo breviores : thorax longi-ovatus, brevissime pubescens, parum convexus : abdomen planum, thoracis longi- tudine et forma : pedes nigro-picei ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi rufo-fusca : alse limpidae ; squamuiae piceae ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. f ; alar. lin. 1.) Found by Mr. Haliday at Holyveood, Ireland. Sp. 8. Telen. Dorsennus. Mas. Alco quam proicedenti latiores, tarsi Jlavi. Ater, nitens, Isevis, gracilis, glaber : oculi ocellique picei : antennae nigro-piceae, graciles, corpore paullo breviores : thorax longi- ovatus, parum convexus : abdomen planum, longi-ovatum, thorace vix brevius : pedes picei ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi fulva ; meso- et metatarsi basi flavi : alae limpidae ; squamuiae piceae ; nervi pallide fusci. (Corp. long. lin. \ ; alar. lin. |.) July; near London. Sp. 9. Telen. Andria. Fern. Ater, pedes ruji, femora picea, alcB limpidte. Ater, obscurus, punctatus, breviter pubescens : oculi ocellique picei : antennae nigro-piceae, corporis dimidio vix longiores : thorax parum convexus : abdomen ovatum, nitens, laeve, glabrum, thorace ON THE SPECIES OF TELEAS. old longius : oviductus piceus, exertus : pedes rufi ; coxae et femora picea : alse limpidse, angustas ; squamulas piceae ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. a ; alar. lin. |.) Far. /3. — Meso- et metatibise piceae. Taken by Mr, Haliday at Holywood, Ireland. Found near London. Sp. 10. Telen. Tritia. Fem. Prcecedenti latior, pedes omnino ruji. Ater, mediocris, punctatus, obscurus, pubescens : oculi ocellique picei : antennse nigro-piceae, corporis dimidio multo loiigiores : thorax brevi-ovatus : abdomen ovatum, nitens, Iseve, glabrum, thoracis longitudine : pedes rufi ; coxae piceae ; tarsi apice fusci : alse sublimpidse, mediocres ; squamulae piceae ; nervi fulvi. (Corp. long. lin. A ; alar. lin. 1.) June ; Isle of Wight. Sp. 11. Telen. Horus. Fem. Ater, pedes picei, alee fuscce, Ater, nitens, laevis, gracilis : oculi ocellique picei : antennae nigro- picese, corporis dimidio longiores : thorax brevissime pubescens, parum convexus : abdomen ovatum, glabrum, fere planum, thorace longius : pedes picei ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi flava, hi apice picei : alae fusca;, angustae; squamulae picese ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. § ; alar. lin. 1,) September ; North Wales. Sp. 12. Telen. brachialis, (Haliday, Ent. Mag. I. 271.) Fem. T. Horo hrevior et latior, ala quoque latiores. (PI. XIII. fig. 1.) Ater, nitens, laevis : caput thorace paullo latius : oculi ocellique picei : antennse nigrse, robustae, corporis dimidio longiores : thorax ovatus, breviter pubescens : abdomen ovatum, glabrum, thorace minime longius et latius ; segmentum 2""\ ejus dorsum fere totum occupans : oviductus fuscus : pedes nigro-picei ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi fusca : alse subfuscee, sat lats ; squamulae piceae ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. ^ ; alar. lin. I.) Found by Mr. Haliday at Holywood, in Ireland. Septem- ber; North Wales. Sp. 13. Telen. Stilpo. Fem. T. Horo brevior, T. brachiali angustior, pedes nigro-picei, aim suhfuscce. Ater, nitens, laevis, brevis, sat latus : oculi ocellique picei : antennae 350 ON THE SPECIES OF TELEAS. nigrae, corporis dimidio longiores : thorax ovatus, fere planus,^ brevissime pubescens : abdomen ovatum, planum, glabrum, apicemi versus latius, thorace vix longius ; segmentum 2"™. ejus fere totum occupans : pedes nigro-picei ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi flava, hi apice obscuriores : proalae subfuscae, angustse ; metalae limpidse ; squamulae picese ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. |; alar. lin. |-.) Found by Mr. Haliday at Holywood. Taken near London. §§ Thorax convexus. * Thorax lavis. Sp. 14. Telen. Othonia. Mas et Fern. Ater, minimus^ pedes fusci ; tarsi Jiavi, alcB sublimpidce. Ater, brevis, nitens, lasvis, glaber : antennae picese, mart corporis longitudine, /em. corporis dimidio longiores : oculi ocellique picei : thorax brevi-ovatus : abdomen subquadratum, thoracis longitudine, apicem versus latius : pedes fusci ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi flava, hi apice obscuriores : alse sublimpidse, parvee ; squamulae piceae ; nervi fulvi. (Corp. long. lin. \ — \ ; alar. lin. ^ — g.) May and July ; near London. Sp. 15. Telen. Vinicius. Fern. Prcecedente latior, pedes picei ; alee fusccB. Ater, brevis, latus, nitens, Isevis, glaber : oculi ocellique picei : antennae nigrae, corpore vix breviores : thorax rotundus, convexus : abdomen subquadratum, ad apicem latius, thorace vix longius ; segmentum 2"™. ejus dorsum fere totum occupans : pedes picei ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi flava, hi apice fusci : alse fuscse ; squamulae piceae ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. | — J ; alar. lin. September ; near London ; Isle of Wight. ** Thorax punctatus. ■f Pedes picei. Sp. 16. Telen. Cleostratus. Mas et Fem. Ater, minimus, l^edes picei, alee sublimpidce. Ater, brevis, latus, subtilissime punctatus, parum nitens, glaber : oculi ocellique picei : antennas nigrae, graciles, mari corporis lon- gitudine, fem. corporis dimidio longiores : thorax perconvexus, paullo longior quam latus : abdomen nitens, Iseve, mari sub- quadratum apicem versus latius thorace brevius et angustius, fem. ON THE SPECIES OF TELEAS, 351 brevi-ovatum thorace paullo longius ; segmentum 2""\ ejus dorsum fere totum occupans : pedes picei ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi pallidiora: alse sublimpidse, amplse ; squamulae picese ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. § ; alar. lin. h — |.) Found near London. Sp. 17. Telen. Orphne. Mas. Prcecedente paullo major, alcB latiores Ihnpida. Ater, brevis, latus, glaber, subtilissime punctatus, parum nitens : oculi ocelHque picei : antennae nigrae, graciles, corporis longitu- dine : thorax perconvexus, rotundus : abdomen nitens, Iseve, convexum, thorace vix longius ; segmentum 2""*. ejus dorsum fere totum occupans : pedes fusci ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi flava ; protibiae flavae, fusco cingulatse ; alse limpidae, latas ; squamulae picese; nervi fulvi. (Corp. long. lin. \ ; alar. lin. |.) Found near London. Sp. 18. Telen. Sitius. Fem. Ater, prcecedente major, pedes jiicei, alee obscure fuscce. Ater, latus, brevis, parum nitens, subtilissime punctatus, pubescens : oculi ocellique picei : antennae nigrae, corpore breviores : thorax brevi-ovatus, valde convexus : abdomen subquadratum, nitens, loeve, glabrum, apice latius, thorace brevius ; segmentum 2^^"^ ejus dorsum fere totum occupans : pedes picei ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi pallide fusca : alae obscure fuscae, latae ; squamulae piceae ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. ^ ; alar. lin. 1.) May ; near London. Sp. 19. Telen. Trophonius. Fem. Prcecedentis similitu- dine, aniennce breviores, alee angustiores fuscce. Ater, brevis, latus, subnitens, glaber, subtilissime punctatus : oculi ocellique picei : antennae nigrae, corporis dimidio longiores : thorax rotundus, convexus ; scutellum nitens, laeve : abdomen nitens, laeve, rotundum, thorace paullo longius et latius ; seg- mentum 2"™. ejus fere totum occupans : pedes picei ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi fulva, hi apice fusci : alse fuscae ; squamulae piceae ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. \ ; alar. lin. |.) Found near London. S52 ON THE SPECIES OF TELEAS. Sp. 20. Telen. Pilumnus. Fern. Prcecedentis statura, pedes ' plcei, alcB limpidce, Ater, brevis, latus, punctatus, obscurus, brevissime pubescens: oculi ocellique picei : antennae nigrae, corporis dimidio longiores : thorax rotundus, convexus : abdomen brevi-ovatum, nitens, laeve, , glabrum, fere planum, thorace paullo longius : oviductus piceus, exertus : pedes picei ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi fusca, hi subtus i flavi : alae limpidae ; squaraulse piceae ; nervi fulvi. (Corp. long, lin. i ; alar. lin. |.) Found near London. Sp. 21. Telen. Belenus. MasetFem. Prcecedentihus laiior et crassior, pedes picei, alee sublimpidcD. Teleas phalaenarum ? Nees ah. Esenbeck, Hymenopt. Ichneum. affin. Monogr. II. 387. Ater, brevis, latus, obscurus, punctatus, brevissime pubescens : caput breve, thoracis latitudine : oculi ocellique picei : antennae nigrae, sat latae, mari corpore breviores, fem. corporis dimidio longiores : thorax valde convexus, fere globosus : abdomen fere i| rotundum, subplanum, nitens, laeve, glabrum, thorace paullo ■ angustius vix brevius ; segmenta 1^™. et 2™\ basi sulcata : pedes picei, robusti ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi rufa ; protibiag rufae, piceo cingulatae ; tarsi apice fusci : alae sublimpidae, latae ; squa- mulae piceie ; nervi fusci ; cubitalis longior et radiali angulum minus acutum quam hujus generis speciebus plerisque fingens. (Corp. long. lin. s— | ; alar. lin. | — 1.) Found by the Comte de Castelneau, under leaves of oak trees at Paris. September; Devonshire. Found by Mr. Davis. — Pedes fiavi. Sp. 22. Telen. Alcon. Mas. Ater, pedes rufi, alee sub- limpidcB. Teleas Linnei ? Nees ah Esenbeck, Hymenopt. Ichneum. affin. Monogr. II. 288. Ater, brevis, latus, punctatus, obscurus, brevissime pubescens : caput breve : oculi ocellique picei : antennae nigro-piceae, graciles, corpore breviores : thorax valde convexus, fere globosus ; scu- tellum nitens, laeve, glabrum : abdomen subplanum, fere rotun- dum, nitens, laeve, glabrum, thorace paullo angustius vix brevius; ON THE SPECIES OF TFLEAS. ,J5i> segmenta I"'", omnino 2"™. que basi sulcata: pedes rufi ; coxae piceas : alas sublimpidse, latas ; squamulse piceag ; nervi fulvi. (Corp. long. lin. | ; alar. lin. I5.) Found under bark of elms at Paris, by the Comte de Castel- neau, who also has reared it from the eggs of a Pentatoma. Sp. 23. Telen. Turesis. Mas et Fem. PrcBcedentis dimidii magnitudifie, alcB angustiores. Teleas pumilio? Nees ah Esenbeck, Hymenopi. Ichneum. offin.Monogr. II. 288. Ater, brevis, latus, subnitens, subtilissime punctatus, pubescens : oculi ocellique picei : antennae nigro-picese, mari corpore paullo breviores, /era. corporis dimidio longiores ; articulus 1"^ basi rufo- piceus : thorax valde convexus, fere rotundus : scutellum nitens, Iseve, glabrum : abdomen nitens, laeve, glabrum, thorace vix longius, apicem versus latius ; segmenta 1"™. omnino 2"'".que basi sulcata, hoc abdominis dorsum fere totum occupans : oviduc- tus fulvus : pedes rufi ; meso- et metatarsi pallidiores, apice fusci ; coxae picese : alae fulvo-limpidas ; squamulee rufo- picese ; nervi fulvi, (Corp. long, lin ^ ; alar. lin. |.) September ; near London ; Cumberland. J;| Fem. antennce capitatce ; articiiU 3°. ad 8"™. approximati. Sp. 24. Telen. Colotes. Fem. Ater, pedes rtifi, ales sub- fuscce. Ater, latus, brevis, parum nitens, subtilissime punctatus, pubescens : oculi ocellique picei : antennae fuscae, corporis dimidio longiores ; articuli 1"^ et 2"^. flavi ; clava picea : thorax subrotundus, con- vexus : abdomen subquadratum, nitens, Iseve, glabrum, thoi-acis longitudine, apicem versus latius ; segmentum 2""\ ejus dorsum fere totum occupans: pedes rufi ; tarsi pallidiores, apice fusci; coxae piceae : alae subfuscas, angustee ; squamulae piceaj ; nervi fulvi. (Corp. long. lin. | ; alar. lin. \.) June; near London. Sp. 25. Telen. Nauplius. Fem. Ater, antenncB quam prcB- cedenti crassiores, pedes rufi, alee limpida, nervus cubitalis brevis. Ater, brevis, latus, obscurus, punctatus, brevissime pubescens : oculi ocellique picei : antennae nigrae, validae, corporis dimidio NO. IV. VOL. III. Z Z 354 ON THE SPECIES OF TELEAS. vix longiores ; articulus 1"^ basi fulvus : thorax convexus, fere rotundus : postscutellum prominens : abdomen brevi-ovatum, glabrum, subtilissime punctatum, thorace paullo longius : pedes i rufi ; trochanteres piceae ; tarsi apice fusci : alse fuscce, breves ; squamula; picese ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. I — l ; alar. lin. 1 1 ^ 5 2-) Found near London ; and in Lanarkshire, Scotland. Sp. 26. Telen. ? i^thra. Fern. Ater, pedes ntgro picei, tarsi rufi, alcefusccB. Obs. — Teleadi propius accedere videtur, nervo cubitali longiore tantum discrepans. Ater, brevis, latus, crassus, nitens, subtilissime punctatus, pubeseens : Teleadis similitudine : oculi ocelliqiie picei : antennae nigrae, robust^; corporis dimidio vix longiores ; articulus 1"^ basi fulvus : thorax rotundus, convexus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae conspicuae ; postscutellum spinam brevem validam emittens : abdomen fere rotundum, thorace paullo longius et latius ; seg- menta l^^™. omnino 2"™. que basi sulcata ; 3^™. longius : pedes nigro-picei, validi ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi rufa, hi apice fusci: alc3 fuscae, breves, angustae ; squamulae piceae ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. \ ; alar. lin. |.) Found near London. Taken by Mr. Davis. Gen. IV. — Thoron. — Halidmj. Caput transversum, thoracis latitudine : mandibulae subquadratae, tridentatae, longitudine mediocres ; una dentibus aequalibus, altera dentibus medio et interno minimis : maxillae latae, truncatae, subtrigonae, intus apice lobo brevi terminatae ; palpi 4-articulatae, moniliformes, extrorsura crassiores ; articulus 1"^. longi-cyathi- formis, mediocris ; 2"^ et 3"^ breviores ; 4"^. fusiformis, acumi- natus, 1°. paullo longior et latior : labium obconicum, mediocre ; ligula non conspicua ; palpi biarticulati, brevissimi, articulus 2"*. minimus: mar'i antennae 12-articulatae, moniliformes; radiculus longissimus ; articulus 1"^. longus ; 2"^ cyathiformis ; 3"^. et sequentes ad 11"'". ovati ; 12"^ fusiformis, IP. longior : /(?w. antennae capitatac ; articuli 3°. ad 7"™. curtantes, vix dilatantes ; clava 5-articulata, longi-ovata, magna, solida : prothorax supra vix conspicuus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae postice vix mutuo accedentes ; postscutellum tuberculo simile, non acumi- natum : metathorax mediocris, utrinque spinosus : abdomen ON THE SPECIES OF TELEAS. 355 longi-ovatum, petiolatum ; segmentum 1"">. angustiim ; 2"™. longius ; 3™\ adhuc longius ; 4"™. et sequentia brevia : segmenta ventralia I"'", et 2"™. maxima ; sequentia brevissima : pedes longi, graciles : alse pubescentes, ciliatae ; nervus costalis alae dimidio vix longior, ramulum emitteiis in alse disco oblique descendentem etmox stigmate calloso terrainatus : metalae nervus unicus costalis simplex. Sp. 1. Thor. metallicus. Mas et Fem. Nigro-ceneus, an- tennce nigrcB, pedes rvfo-picei,alce fusccR. (PI. XIII. fig. 11. fem. fig. 12. antenna ?nas.) Teleas metallicus . . . HaUdaij, Curtis, Brit. Ent.\ll. 333. Thoron metallicus . . Haliday, Ent. Mag. I. 272. Teleas fornicatus, mas. NeesabEsenheck,Hymenopt.Ichneum. affin. Monogr. II. 292. Teleas solidus,/^???. . . 290. Nigro-seneus, convexus, nitens, Isevis, pilis albis parce hirtus : oculi ocellique picei : antennae nigrse, mari corporis longitudine : fem. corporis dimidio paullo longiores ; articulus 1^^ basi et radiculus rufi : thorax brevi-ovatus, crassus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae bene determinatae : metathorax punctatus, obscurus : abdomen mari tborace multo longius, /em. acutius tborace plus duplo longius; segmenta 1"™. omnino 2"™.que basi ad medium sulcata : pedes rufo-picei ; coxae nigro-piceae ; trochanteres, femora apice et subtus protibiaeque rufa : alae fuscae, mediocres ; squamulae piceae ; nervi obscure fusci. (Corp. long. lin. I5 ; alar, lin. 2.) Var. j3. — Me.so- et metapedum femora et tibiae omnino rufa. Near London ; from March to October ; at the roots of grass, moss, &c. ; by the edges of brooks and ponds ; Devonshire. Found by Mr. Haliday at the edges of ponds, among roots of aquatic plants, and on the water, at Holywood, Ireland. The female is much more abundant than the male. Gen. V. — Xenomerus.'' Mas. — Antennae 12-articulatae, verticillato-pilosae, moniliformes ; articulus 1"^ longus, gracilis; 2"^ brevi-cyathiformis ; 3"^ et sequentes ad 11"'". ovati, discreti, subaequales ; 12"^ teliformis, * Hecys, alicnus, fxtpos, pars. S56 ON THIi SPECIES OF TELEAS. acuminatus, 11°. longior : abdominis segmenta 1"'". et 2""'. sub- sequalia ; 3""". magnum ; sequentia brevia : alae nervus cubitalis j brevis, e costse medio in discum fere recta descendens. Sp. 1. Xen. Ergenna. Mas. Ater, antennce nigro-picecs, pedes picei, alee limpidcE. (PI. XIII. fig. 10.) Ater, brevis, latus, nitens, laevis, glaber : caput thorace vix latius : oculi ocellique picei : antennae nigro-pioeae, graciles, corpore ! multo longiores : thorax brevi-ovatus, convexus : prothorax i supra non conspicuus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae dis- tinctae : metathorax brevis : abdomen subrotundum, fere planum, thorace pauUo brevius : pedes picei, longi, graciles ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi pallidiora : alae lirapidae, angustee, corpore longiores; squamulae piceae ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. | ; alar. lin. 1|.) July ; on windows ; near London. Gen. VI. — T ELE \s.— Latreille. Corpus compactum, convexum, pilis albidis hirtum : caput mediocre, transversum, subquadratum, thoracis vix latitudine : mandibulae longae, subquadratae, tridentatse, paullo arcuatae, basi intus di- latatae ; dentes acuti, externus mediocris, internus minor, medius adhuc minor : maxillae latas, subtrigonae, intus apice lobo brevi terminatae ; palpi triarticulati, graciles, filiformes ; articulus 1"^ mediocris; 2"^ brevior ; 3"^. acuminatus, P. et 2K longitudine: labium obconicum, mediocre ; ligula non conspicua ; palpi uni- articulati, brevissimi : antennae 12-articulatae, pubescentes, basi pedicello unico ortae : mari antennas filiformes aut moniliformes; ; articulus l"^ longus, minime arcuatus ; 2"^. brevissimus ; 3"^. 1°. . brevior; 4"^. et sequentes ad 11™\ longitudine decrescentes ; 12"^ acuminatus, 11". paullo longior : /em. antennae plus minusve clavatae ; articulus 1"^. longissimus, subarcuatus ; 2"^. longi- cyathiformis, gracilis ; 3"^. et 4"'. longiores, subaequales ; 5"^. et ; 6"^ minuti ; 7"^ et sequentes ad 12"™. latiores, breves, clavam i fingentes fusiformem : oculi mediocres, laterales, vix prominentes : ocelli 3, vertice triangulo instructi : thorax brevi-ovatus : pro- thorax brevissimus, supra vix conspicuus: mesothorax maximus; scutum et scutellum magna, hoc semicirculum fingens, ejus parapsides vix conspicuae ; post scutellum spinam emittens brevem validam arcuatam : metathorax mediocris, scaber, utrinque bispi- nosus : abdomen fere planum, ovatum aut subfusiforme, thorace plerunque longius ; segmenta 6 dorsalia et totidem ventralia ON THE SPECIES OF TELEAS. 357 conspicua, quorum I"'", angustum, 2"". longius, 3"'". adhuc longius, 4"'». 5™\ et 6""\ parva : pedes pubescentes ; coxae et trochanteres parva; protarsi breves articulo 1", validiore sub- arcuato : articuli 1°. ad 4"™. longitudine decrescentes, 5^^ 4°. paullo longior ; ungues et pulvilli minuti : alae angustse, subtilis- sime pubescentes, iridescentes, cuique nervus costalis unicus, ala3 triente brevior, apice ramulum emittens brevem stigmate terminatum minimo : metalse nervo unico simplici, dimidii longi- tudine. * Alee perfectce. ■f Antennce filiformes ; articuli lineares. Sp. 1. Tel. varicornis (Latreille ? MSS.) Fern. Ater, an- tennce alho cingulatcs, pedes ruji, alee fuscce. (PI. XIII. fig. 7.) Ater, scaber, obscurus, pubescens, parum convexus : caput thoracis latitudine : oculi ocellique picei : antennae nigrae, subfiliformes, extrorsum crassiores, capitis thoracisque longitudine ; articulus 1"^. basi piceus ; 3^^. et sequentes ad 6™\ albi ; 12"^ acuminatus, gracilior, flagellum longi-fusiforme : thorax ovatus : abdomen longi-ovatum, subnitens, subtilissime punctatum, fere glabrum, basi scitissirae sulcatum, thorace fere duplo longius : pedes rufi ; coxae nigro-piceae : proalae fumosae ; metalae pallidiores ; squa- mulae piceae ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. 2^ ; alar. lin. 34«) Described from a French specimen in the British Museum, named " Acanthophora varicornis" by Latreille? Those taken by Mr. Haliday in sand-pits, Kent, and at Holywood, Ireland, are much smaller, and their antennae are banded with red. Sp. 2. Tel. Metabus. Mas. Ater, genua rufa, alae sub- fuscce, ahdomen thorace viulto longius. Ater, punctatus, parum nitens : caput transverse undatim sulcatum : oculi ocellique picei : antennae corpore longiores : thorax brevi- ovatus, confertim punctatus : abdomen subfusiforme, thoracis latitudine at multo longius, sulcatum, ad suturas Iseve, apiceni versus dense hirtum ; segmentum I""*, profunde et confertim sulcatum ; 2"™. sulcis postice evanescentibus ; 3"™. sulcis ad hue levioribus : pedes nigri ; genua, trochanteres necnon tibiai basi et apice rufa : alac longitudine mediocri : proalae subfuscae ; 358 ON THE SPECIES OF TELEAS. metalae sublimpidae ; nervi fusci ; squamulae picejje. (Corp. long. liii. 2 ; alar. lin. 3.) May ; near London. Sp. 3. Tel. elatior. Mas et Fern. Prcecedefitis structura at IcBvior glabrior nitentior, mari abdomen thorace paullo longius. Teleas elatiov . . . Halidai/,Curtis,Brit. Ent.Vll. 333. Prosacantha spinosula? Nees ah Esenbeck, Hymenopt. Ichn. affin. Monog. II. 296. Ater, punctatus, parum nitens : caput posticum transverse undatim sulcatum : oculi ocellique picei : antennae mari corpore longiores, fem. capite thoraceque paullo longiores : thorax brevi-ovatus, punctatus : abdomen nitens, laeve, fere glabrum, mari ovatum thorace paullo longius, fem. longi-ovatum thorace multo longius ; segmenta 1""\ et 2"™. ad discum 3"™. qui basi scite sulcata; pedes nigri ; trochanteres, genua tibi^que apice et basi flava ; tarsi fusci, articulus 1"^ basi flavus : alse longitudine mediocri, sublimpidae ; squamulas piceae ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. 1|— 11; alar. lin. 2i— 2|.) Var. j3. — Abdominis segmenta 4". ad 6"'". punctata. Found by Mr. Haliday, in marshes ; in England, Ireland, and Scotland. Common near London. Taken near Paris, by the Comte de Castelneau. Sp. 4. Tel. Lycaon. Mas. Prcecedenti similis at brevior, ales quoque breviores obscuriores. Ater, punctatus, nitens : caput transverse undatim sulcatum: oculi ocellique picei : antennae corpore longiores : thorax brevi-ovatus, punctatus : abdomen ovatum, nitens, laeve, fere glabrum, thorace paullo longius; segmenta 1^™. et 2"™. ad discum 3"™.que basi scite sulcata : pedes nigro-picei ; coxae nigrae ; trochanteres necnon femora tibiagque apice rufa ; tarsi rufo-picei : alae fuscae ; nervi obscuriores; squamulae piceae. (Corp. long. lin. 1 — 15 ; alar. lin. 2— 2i.) Far. /3. — Abdominis sulci segmenti 3". fere apicem attingentes. Far. y. — Minor, alae subfuscae. September; near London, Devonshire, and Lanarkshire. ON THE SPECIES OF TELEAS. 359 Sp. 5. Tel. Therycides. Mas et Fem. Prcecedenti similis, antennce graciliores, alee angiistiores. Mas. — Ater, subnitens, subtilissime punctatus, fere glaber : oculi ocellique picei : antennae corpore longiores, thorax brevi-ovatus : abdomen ovatum, thorace paullo longius ; segmenta 1"™. et 2"™. scite et profunde sulcata : pedes picei ; coxae nigrse ; trochanteres et genua rufa ; meso- et metatarsi rufo-picei, basi rufi : proalse subfuscae ; metalse sublimpidse ; squamulae picese ; nervi fusci. Fem. — Mari similis : antennae corporis dimidio longiores : thorax punctatus, obscurus : abdomen longi-ovatum, thorace multo longius ; segmentum S"'". basi sulcatum : pedes nigro-picei ; coxae nigrae ; trochanteres genua et tarsi rufa. (Corp. long. lin. 1— IJ; alar. lin. 1| — 2|.) Var. 13. — Mas, pedes nigro-picei ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi pal- lidiora : alae fuscae. Taken at Holywood, Ireland, by Mr. Haliday; and at Paris, by the Comte de Castleneau. September; near London, North Wales, Isle of Wight, and Lanarkshire. July ; Forest of Fontainbleau. Sp. 6. Tel. Cephisus. Mas. Prcecedente paullo latior, antennce hi^eviores. Ater, subnitens, subtilissime punctatus, fere glaber : oculi ocellique picei: antennae corpore longiores : thorax brevi-ovatus : abdomen ovatum, thorace paullo longius ; segmenta 1"™. et 2"™. scite et profunde sulcata : pedes rufi ; coxae nigrae ; femora et tibiae picea, basi et apice rufa ; tarsi apice picei : alae albidae, apud costam fuscescentes ; squamulae piceae ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. 1|- ; alar. lin. 2.) June ; Windsor Forest. Sp. 7. Tel. Galba. Mas. T. Cephiso similliniuSf antennce crassiores. Ater, rugoso-punctatus, pubescens, obscurus : oculi ocellique picei : antennae corpore longiores : thorax ovatus : abdomen longi- ovatum, nitens, laeve, glabrum, apice pubescens ; segmenta l""". omnino 2"™. que basi scite sulcata : pedes picei ; trochanteres et genua rufa : alae subfuscae ; squamulae picese ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. 1|-; alar. lin. 2.) May ; near London. 360 ON THE SPECIES OF TELEAS. Sp. 8. Tel. Aratus. Mas. T. Therycidi similis, alts angus- tiores ohscuriores. Ater, subnitens, subtilissime punctatus, fere glaber : oculi ocellique picei : antennae corpore longiores : thorax brevi-ovatus : abdomen ovatum, thorace pauUo longius ; segmenta 1"'". et 2"*". scite et profunda sulcata : sexualia pallida : pedes nigri ; genua rufa ; trochanteres et tarsi picei : alse obscure fuscse, angustse ; nervi picei. (Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar. lin. If.) September ; neai* London ; North Wales. Found by Mr. Haliday at Holywood, Ireland. Sp. 9. Tel. Doto. Mas et Fem. Ater, pedes rufi, mari femora piceo cingulata, alee fusees. Mas. — Ater, obscurus, punctatus, pubescens : oculi ocellique picei : antennae nigrse, corpore longiores : thorax brevi-ovatus ; scutellum laeve, nitens : abdomen ovatum, Iseve, nitens, parce pubescens, thorace paullo longius; segmenta 1"™. et 2™\ scite sulcata: pedes rufi ; femora et mesotibise piceo cingulata ; tarsi apice picei : proalse fuscae ; metalas pallidiores ; squamulfe piceae ; nervi fusci. Fem. — Antennae capite thoraceque longiores : pedes omnino rufi. (Corp. long. lin. § — 1-^ ; alar. lin. 1 — If.) July, October ; near London. Found by Mr. Haliday at Holywood, Ireland. Sp. 10. Tel. Glaucus. Fem. Prcecedenti similis, antenna graciliores, alee latiores limpidce. Ater, subtilissime punctatus, pubescens, parum nitens : oculi ocel- lique picei : antennas nigrae, corporis dimidio longiores : thorax brevi-ovatus : abdomen ovatum, nitens, laeve, fere glabrum, thorace latius et multo longius ; segmenta 1^™. omnino 2"™. que basi ad medium scite sulcata : pedes picei ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi rufi, hi apice ohscuriores : alae limpidae ; squaraulse piceae ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. | ; alar. lin. H.) Found near London. Sp. IL Tel. ephippium. (Haliday, Curtis, Brit. Ent. VII. 333.) Mas. Rufus, caput antenna et abdomen nigro- picea. Rufus, laevis, nitens, pubescens : caput nigro-piceum : oculi ocel- lique picei : antennae nigro-picese, corpore dimidio longiores ; ON THE SPECIES OF TELEAS. 361 articulus l"^ rufus ; 2"^. rufo-piceus : thoracis discus rufo-piceus : abdomen nigro-piceum, ovatum, thorace longius ; segmenta 1""\ omiiino 2"™. que basi rufa, sulcata : pedes rufi ; protarsi obscuriores ; meso- et metatarsi apice picei : alse corpore longiores, angustje, fulvescentes ; nervi concolores. (Corp. long. lin, | — | ; alar, lin. U— 1^.) Taken by Mr. Haliday, on grass under trees, at Holywood. July ; near London. Sp. 12. Tel. flavipes. (Haliday, Curtis, Brit. Ent. VII. 333.) Mas, Nigro-piceus, T. ephippii similitiidine at minor. Nigro-piceus, subtilissime punctatus, nitens, pubescens : oculi ocel- lique picei : antennae nigro-piceae, corpore dimidio longiores ; arti- culi 1"^. et 2"^. flavi : abdomen ovatum, thorace paullo longius et latins ; segmenta 1™\ et 2"™. omnino 3"™.que basi sulcata : pedes flavi; tarsi obscuriores : alse fulvo-limpidae, angustae, corpore longiores; nervi fulvi. (Corp. long. lin. ^ — 3 ; alar. lin. f — 1.) Taken by Mr. Haliday, on grass under trees, at Holywood. September ; near London. Isle of Wight. Sp. 13. Tel. Mermerus. Mas et Fem. T. Arato et prcece- dentihus minor et brevior. Ater, parum nitens, punctatus, pubescens : caput fere Iseve : oculi ocellique picei : antennae nigrae ; mari corpore dimidio longiores, articulus 1"^ piceus basi pallidior ; fem. corporis dimidio longiores, articulus 1^^. basi piceus thorax fere rotundus : abdomen laeve, nitens, disco glabrum, thorace paullo longius et latius, mari brevi-ovatum basi nigro-piceum, fem. ovatum ; segmenta 1*^™. et 2^"". sulcata : pedes mari picei, tarsi tibiaeque basi genua et tro- chanteres pallidiora ; fem. nigri, trochanteres et genua rufa, tarsi picei basi rufi : proalse fuscae ; metalse pallidiores ; squamulae piceae ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. g — f ; alar. lin. 1 — li.) Var. j3. — Mas, abdoininis segmentum 3""\ basi sulcatum. Far. y. — Fem. minor : alae obscuriores angustiores. Common during the summer and autumn, on grass in fields, lime trees, &c. near London ; the female inhabits moss in winter. Isle of Wight ; North Wales ; Devonshire. Forest of Fontainbleau. Found in Lincolnshire by Mr. Davis, and at Holywood, Ireland, by Mr. Haliday. NO. IV. VOL. III. 3 A 3C)2 ON THE SPECIRS OF TELEAS. Sp. 14. Tel. Chesias. Mas. T. Mermero similis, aniennce multo breviores. Ater, punctatus, pubescens, parum nitens : oculi ocellique picei: antennae nigrae, corpore paullo longiores: thorax brevi-ovatus : abdomen ovatum, nitens, leeve, disco fere glabrum ; segmenta l""". omnino 2"i".que basi sulcata: pedes nigri, genua rufa; tarsi picei, basi et subtus pallidiores : alae fuscae, angustse ; squamulse piceas ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. § ; alar. lin. li.) September ; near Keswick, Cumberland. Fern.? — T. Mermero gracilior. Antennae capitis tlioracisque longitudine : abdomen longi-ovatum, disco glabrum ; segmentum P™. confertim sulcatum ; 2""*. et 3"™. basi scite sulcata : genua et tarsi picea. (Corp. long. lin. | ; alar. lin. U.) Found near London. Sp. 15. Tel. Xenetus. Fem. T. Mermero minor brevior, alcB limpidiores. Ater, pubescens, subtilissime punctatus, parum nitens : oculi ocel- lique picei ; antennae nigrse, corporis dimidio longiores ; articulus 1"^. basi piceus : thorax fere rotundus : abdomen nitens, laeve, fere glabrum, ovatum, segmenta 1"™. omnino, 2"™. basi fere ad apicem 3"™. que basi sulcata : pedes picei ; trochanteres et genua rufa ; tarsi rufo-picei, basi et subtus pallidiores : alse sublirapidse ; squamulaB piceae ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. i ; alar. lin. f.) Far. (i. — Abdominis segmentum 3""\ fere ad apicem scitissime sulcatum. From May to September ; on grass in fields, windows, &c. ; near London ; Hampshire ; Cumberland ; Cornwall. Found at Epping by Mr. Doubleday. Sp. 16. Tel. Paula. Fem. Prcecedente minor, alee et pedes obscuriora. Ater, parum nitens, punctatus, pubescens : oculi ocellique picei : antennfe nigrae, corporis dimidio longiores : articulus 1^^. basi piceus: thorax fere rotundus: abdomen ovatum, nitens, laeve, disco glabrum; segmenta I"'", omnino 2"™. que fere ad apicem sulcata, hoc parvum ; 3""\ maximum, basi et nonnunquam fere ad apicem scitissime sulciTtum: pedes^^nigri ; trochanteres et genua ON THE SPECIES OF TELEAS. 363 rufa ; tarsi picei, basi rufi : alae fuscas ; nervi picei. (Corp. long, lin. ~; alar. lin. |.) April, September ; near London ; Devonshire ; North Wales ; Isle of Wight. Found by Mr. Haliday at Holywood, Ireland. Sp. 17. Tel. Chyllene. Fem. T. Paula si?nilis, aJcc angvs- tiores. Ater, punctatus, obscurus, fere glaber : oculi ocellique picei : antennae corporis dimidio longiores : thorax brevi-ovatus : abdomen brevi- ovatum, nitens, Iseve, glabrum, tliorace longius et latins ; seg- menta 1^™. omnino, 2""^. basi ad medium 3"™. que basi sulcata: oviductus pallidus : pedes nigro-picei ; troclianteres, genua et tarsi pallidiora : alse fuscse, angustae ; squamulse piceae ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. y ; alar. lin. |.) September, October; near London; Isle of Wight; North Wales ; Cumberland ; Lanarkshire, Sp. 18. Tel. i^^gle. Mas et Fem. T. Xeneto similis, minor, cjracilior, ala angusi lores. Ater, pubescens, subtilissime punctatus, parum nitens: oculi ocel- lique picei: antennae nigrae, mari corpore multo longiores, fem. corporis dimidio longiores : thorax fere rotundus : abdomen brevi- ovatum, nitens, laeve, fere glabrum, fem. thorace longius et latius ; segmenta l^™. omnino necnon 2"™. et fem. 3^™. quoque basi scite sulcata : pedes nigro-picei, trochanteres et genua rufa ; tarsi rufo-picei, basi et subtus pallidiores : alse sublimpidae, angusta;, squamulae picejfi ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. ^ — | ; alar, lin. f-|.) Near London. Found also by Mr. Haliday at Holywood, L'eland ; and by Mr. Davis. Sp. 19. Tel. Bassus. Fem. Prcecedente latior brevior, pedes rufi. Ater, obscurus, punctatus, pubescens: oculi ocellique picei : antennae nigrae, corporis dimidio longiores ; articulus P^ piceus, basi pal- lidior : thorax fere rotundus : abdomen ovatum, nitens, laeve, parce pubescens, basi sulcatum : pedes rufi ; femora obscuriora : alae sublimpidae, angustae, breves ; nervi picei. (Corp. long. lin. 3 ; alar. lin. |.) July ; near London. 364 ON THE SPECIES OF TELEAS. Sp. 20. Tel. Asramanes. Fem. Ater, prcecedenlibus brevlor, pedes nigro picei, alcsfuscce. Ater, brevis, latus, parum nitens, punctatus, fere glaber : oculi ocel- lique picei : antennse nigras, corporis dimidio longiores : thorax rotundus : abdomen nitens, subtilissime punctatum, glabrum, rotundum, thorace paullo longius et latius ; segmenta 1*^™. omnino 2""". que basi sulcata : pedes nigro-picei ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi pallidiora : alae fuscas, angustas ; squamulae piceae ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. \ ; alar. lin. h.) Found near London. Sp. 21. Tel. Medon. Fem. Prcecedeulis statura, ales limpidcs. Ater, brevis, latus, nitens, laevis, glaber : oculi ocellique picei : an- tennae nigro-piceae, corpore paullo breviores : thorax rotundus ; mesothoracis parapsidum suturaj conspicuse ; spina brevis : abdo- men rotundum, thorace paullo latius : pedes picei ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi pallidiora ; alae limpidae, angustse ; squaraulas piceae ; nervi fulvi. (Corp. long. lin. ^ ; alar. lin. 3.) October ; near London, ■ff Antennce mari moniliformes ; articuli ovat'i. Sp. 22. Tel. clavicornis. Mas et Fem. Ater, femora in- crassata, tibia subclavatce, torsi breves lati, alee fuscce. (Plate Xin. fig. 8, Fem. ; fig. 9, antenna Mas.) Scelio brevicornis . . Latr. Hist. Nat. des Crust, et des Insect. XI I L 227. Scelio longicornis . . Latr. Gen. Crust, et Insect. \. Tab. 12. fig. 9, 10. Scelio rugosulus . . Latr. Gen. Crust, et Insect. I. Tab. 12. fig. 11, 12. Teleas clavicornis . . Lat. Gen. Crust, et Insect. IV. 33; St. Fargeau et Serville,Encycl. Method. X. 55Q. Cinipsillum clavicorne, Lam. Anim. sans Vertebres. VL 158. Mas. — Ater, brevis, latus, crassus, parum nitens, punctatus, pubes- cens : caput nitens, fere laeve : oculi ocellique picei : antennae nigrse, corpore paullo longiores : abdomen ovatum, planum, sub- tilissime sulcatum, disco fere glabrum, thorace longius vix latius : ON THE SPECIES OF TELEAS. 365 pedes nigro-picei ; trochanteres et genua rufa ; tarsi picei, basi et subtus rufi ; metatarsis articulus 1"^ seorsum crassus : alse fuscse ; nervi picei. Fem. — Obscurus : antennis articuli 7°. ad \2™^. valde approximati : pedes rufi ; coxjb et femora nigra ; metafemora quam mari cras- siora ; tibiae piceo cingulatse ; tarsi apice picei. (Corp. long, lin. 1— li; alar. lin. Ij— 2.) Var. (3. — Fem, tibise tarsique omnino rufa. Paris ; Comte de Castelneau. Holywood ; Mr. Haliday. From May to September ; near London ; Windsor Forest ; Hampshire ; Isle of Wight ; Cornwall ; South of France. Sp. 23. Tel. Brasilas. Mas et Fem. Ater, pedes rufo-picei validi, alee fusccB. Ater, obscurus, punctatus, pubescens: oculi ocellique picei : antennae nigrae, validse, mari corpore vix longiores, fem. corporis dimidio paullo longiores : thorax brevi-ovatus : abdomen ovatum, sul- catum, glabrum, thorace longius, ad suturas Iseve nitens : pedes validi, picei ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi rufo-picea : alae fuscae ; squamulse picese ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. f — l^ ; alar, lin. 1— If .) Var. /3. — Mas et Fem. abdomen la;ve, nitens, basi sulcatum : tro- chanteres, genua et tarsi rufa. Var. y. — Fem. pedes rufo-picei ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi rufa. September ; near London ; North Wales ; Isle of Wight. July ; south of France. Sp. 24. Tel. Ocyroe. Mas. Ater, pedes nigro-picei gracileSy. ales suhfusccB. Ater, nitens, subtilissime punctatus, pubescens : oculi ocellique picei : antennae corpore vix longiores : thoracis spina dorsalis brevis, recta : abdomen ovatum, Iseve, fere glabrum, thorace dimidio longius; segmenta 1"™. et 2^"^. profunde et confertim sulcata; 3""*. basi subtilissime sulcatum : pedes nigri ; trochanteres et genua rufa ; tarsi picei, basi rufi : alee subfuscae, mediocres ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar. hn. 1|.) From June to September ; near London ; Isle of Wight. Epping, Mr. Doubleday ; Paris, Comte de Castelneau. 3G(y ON THE SPECIES OF TELEAS. ! Sp. 25. Tel. Smerdis. Mas. Prcecedentis dimidii magni- - tudhie. Ater, subnitens, parum punctatus, pubescens : oculi ocellique picei : antennse nigrae, moniliformes, corpore paullo longiores : thorax ; brevi-ovatus : abdomen ovatum, nitens, laeve, glabrum, apice parce pubescens ; segmenta 1"™. omnino 2"™. que basi scite sul- cata : pedes picei ; genua pallidiora ; trochanteres flavi : alae subfuscae ; nervi picei. (Corp. long. lin. \ — \ ; alar. lin. |-— |.) Var. ft. — Minor : abdomen basi piceum. May to July; near London ; Fontainbleau. ** Alee truncatce aut nullce. Sp. 26. Tel. Lamus. Fem. Ater, abdomen piceum, pedes Jlavi, alcE suhlimpidce breves. Ater, pubescens, punctatus, parum nitens : oculi ocellique picei : antennse fulvse ; articulus 1^^ basi flavus ; clava picea : thorax fere rotundus ; spina minima : abdomen piceum, nitens, leeve, glabrum, thorace paullo longius et latius, basi fulvum : pedes i flavi : alae sublimpidae, breves, angustae ; nervi picei. (Corp. long. lin. J ; alar. lin. J.) Taken by Mr. Haliday, on grass under trees, at Holywood, Ireland. Sp. 27. Tel. apricans. (Haliday, Curtis, Brit. Ent. VII. 333.) Fem. Ater, pedes picei, tarsi ruji, ales fusees vix thoracis longitudine. Ater, punctatus, obscurus, pubescens : caput nitens, sublaeve : oculi ocellique picei : antennee nigrae, corporis dimidio paullo | longiores : thorax brevi-ovatus : abdomen ovatum, nitens, laeve, glabrum, thorace paullo longius et latius ; segmenta 1^"". omnino 2"°^. que basi sulcata : pedes nigro-picei ; tibiae pallidiores ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi rufa, hi apice fusci : alae fuscae, an- gustae perbreves, vix thoracis longitudine ; squamulae piceae ; nervi fusci. (Corp. long. lia. | ; alar. lin. ^.) Taken by Mr. Haliday, on sandy banks, at Holywood, Ireland. Sp. 28. Tel. Procris. Mas. Ater, apterus, antennce mari Jiliformes, pedes picei. Ater, punctatus, brevissime pubescens, parum nitens : caput tho- racis latitudine : oculi ocellique picei : antenmc filiformes, corpore ON THE SPECIES OF TELEAS. CG7 dimidio longiores ; articulus l"s. basi piceus : thorax brevi- ovatus: abdomen ovatum, nitens, subtilissime punctatum, fere glabrum, tliorace paullo longius et latius ; segmenta 1"™. omnino 2""^.que fere ad apicem sulcata : pedes picei ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi rufo-picea. (Corp. long. lin. ^ — |.) Var. /J. — Pedes nigri ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi picea. Var. y. — Trochanteres, genua et tarsi rufa, hi apice picei. Common on grass in fields, near London, during the summer and autumn ; Isle of Wight. Found by Mr. Haliday at Holy- wood, Ireland. Sp. 29. Tel. Timareta. Mas et Fem. Ater, antennce mari iiioniliformes , ales vix conspicuce. Mas. — Ater, punctatus, pubescens, parum nitens : oculi ocellique picei : antennae nigrse, moniliformes, corpore longiores : thorax brevi-ovatus : abdomen ovatum, nitens, Iseve, fere glabrum ; segmenta 1"™. omnino 2""^. que basi sulcata : pedes nigri ; trochanteres et genua rufo-picea aut picea ; tarsi picei aut nigro- picei : alte vix conspicuae. Fem. — Antennae corporis dimidio longiores, quam/em. sectionis 1'. plus clavatse ; articuli 3"^. et 4*^^. breviores. (Corp. long. lin. i— t.) September ; near London, Isle of Wight, Devonshire, and Lanarkshire. July ; South of France. Found by Mr. Hali- day at Holywood, Ireland ; and by Mr. Doubleday at Epping. Sp. 30. Tel. pulex. Fern. (Haliday, Curtis, Brit. Ent. VII. 383.) Prcecedentis dimidii magnitudine aui minor. Ater, brevis, punctatus, obscurus, pubescens, minimus : caput thorace paullo latius : oculi ocellique picei : antennae nigrae, validae, corpore paullo breviores : thorax rotundus : abdomen laeve, nitens, glabrum, rotundum, thorace paullo longius et latius: pedes picei ; genua et tarsi flava : alae nullse. (Corp. long. lin. I 1 N T — ^•) Found by Mr. Haliday, at Holywood, Ireland. Gen. VII. — ScELio. — Latreille. Caput subquadratum, thorace vix latius : mandibulae longae, arcuatae, apice bidentatas ; dentes acuti, subaequales : maxillae breves, 368 ON THE SPECIES OF TELEAS. latae, subtrigonae, intus apice lobo brevi lato terminatse ; palpi 3-articulati, filiformes, graciles ; articulus 1"^. mediocris, 2"^ brevis, 3"^. fusiformis 1', et 2'. longitudine : labium obconicum, sat longum ; ligula brevis, minima ; palpi 3-articulati, mediocres; articulus 2"^. brevissimus, 3"^ fusiformis 1°. paullo longior : mnri autennas 10-articulatae, moniliformes, longi-fusiformes; articulus 1"^ flagelli fere dimidii longitudine; 2"^ cyathiformis ; 3*^^ et sequentes ad 9""". subaequales, approximati, breves, fere rotundi ; lO'^^. conoides, 9°. longior et angustior : fern, antennae 12-arti- culatse, fusiformes, quam mari crassiores ; articuli 2"^. et 3"*. c}'athiformes, hie brevior ; 4"^ et 5"^ brevissirai ; 6^^ et sequentes ad 12"™. breves, approximati, subaequales, clavam fusiformem fingentes : prothorax brevis : mesothoracis scutellum semicirculum fingens : metathorax mediocris : abdomen thorace multo longius ; segmenta 6 dorsalia et totidem ventralia transversa suba3qualia: alse angustae ; nervus subcostalis, basi crassus, ad costae medium stigma magnum at non bene determinatum fingens, et mox abruptus : metalis nervi non conspicui. Sp. 1. Seel, rugosulus. Mas et Fem. Ater, scaber, pedes ( nigri aut ruji, alee fascce. Scelio rugosulus . . . Lair. Hist. Nat. des Crust, et des \ Insect. XIII. 227 ; Gen. Crust, et ! Insect. IV. 32 ; St. Fargeau et Serville, Encgcl. Method. X. 389 ; Curtis, Brit. Ent. VII. 325; Boy. de Fonscol. Ann. Sci. Nat. XX VI. 306 ; Nees ah EsenhecJc, Hymenopt, Ichneum. affin. Monogr. II. 263. Cinipsillum rugosulum. Lam. Anim. sans Vertehres IV. 158. Ater, obscurus, scaber, parce et breviter pubescens : oculi ocellique picei : antennae nigrae, validae, mari thoracis longitudine, fem. paullo breviores et latiores : thorax ovatus, convexus ; meso- thoracis parapsidum suturae vix conspicuas : abdomen longi- ovatum, planum, basi angustius, fem. paullo longius et apice acutius : pedes nigri ; tibiae piceae ; trochanteres et tarsi rufo-picei : alae fuscae, mediocres ; vittae basi et disco limpidiores ; squamulae piceae ; nervi vix conspicui. (Corp. long. lin. If — 2 ; alar. lin. 2-21.) Var. (3. — Mas, tarsi rufi. Var. y. — Mas, tibiae tarsique rufa. ON THE SPECIES OF TELEAS. 369 Var. B. — Mas, pedes omnino rufi. Far. €. — Fern, tibias rufo-piceas ; genua, tarsi et protibise rufa. Found by the Comte de Castelneau, at Paris ; by Mr. Hali- day, in August, on marshy heaths, in the Isles of Skye and Arran. Summer and autumn ; near London, Isle of Wight, Dorsetshire, Devonshire, South of France, &c. Gen. VIIL — Sparasion. — Latreille. Caput subquadratum, antice in aciem transversam acutam productum: mandibulse arcuatag, longae, angustae, bidentatae ; dentes sub- aequales : maxillae breves, latse, intus apice lobatae ; palpi 5-articulati, longissimi, filiformes ; articulus l*^^. gracilis ; 2^^. brevissimus ; Z^^. longi-cyathiformis, 1°. longior; 4^^. 1'. longi- tudine ; 5"^ uiulto longior : labium subpentagonum, ligulam obtegens ; palpi 3-articulati, mediocres ; articulus 1"^ longi- cyathiformis ; 2^^. brevior ; 3"^. fusiformis, 1°. multo longior : oculi laterales, sat magni : antennae 1 2-articulatae, apice graciliores, mari capitis thoracisque longitudine, fern. pauUo crassiores et breviores ; articuli approximati ; 1"^ fusiformis, longus ; 2"^ et 3"^. longi-cyathiformes ; 4"^. brevior; 5*^^. et sequentes ad 11^™. cyathiformes ; 12"^. conicus, angustus, acuminatus : thorax ovatus, convexus : pro- et metathorax brevia : mesothoracis parapsidum suturee conspicuae ; postscutellum tuberculum fingens subacutum : abdomen sessile, sublineare, planum, basi et apice angustius ; segmenta 6 dorsalia subaequalia conspicua, totidem ventralibus aciem fingentia : pedes validi, curraces ; femora et tibiae subclavata ; tarsis articulus l"^^. multo longissimus, pro- tarsis subtus arcuatus ; sequentes ad 4^™. longitudine decrescentes ; 5"^. longior; ungues et pulvilli parvi : alae pubescentes, irides- centes, mediocres ; proalis nervus subcostalis ad costae medium stigma fingens et inde ramulum emittens angulatum, in alae apicem porrectum ; metalis nervus subcostalis unicus simplex. Sp. 1. Spar, frontale. Mas et Fern. Alrum, protihicB apice subtusque riifcs, tarsi picei, alcefuscce. Sparasion frontale . Latr. Hist. Nat. des Crust, et des Insect. XII I. 230; Gen. Crust, et Insect. IV. 32; St. Fargeau et Ser- ville, Eiicycl. Method. X.M3; Cur- tis, Brit. Ent. VII. 317; Nees ah Esenheck, Hymenopt. Ichueam. affin. Monogr. II. 260. NO. IV. VOL. III. 3 B 370 METAMORPHOSIS Ceraphron cornutus. Jurine Hymenopteres. (PI. 13.) Oxyurus frontalis . Lam, Anhn. sans Vertebres. IV. 129. Bias. — Atrum, punctatum, pubescens, parum nitens : caput thoracis latitudine : oculi et ocelli picei : antennae nigrae, pubescentes : abdomen thorace multo longius ; segmenta scitissime sulcata, apud suturas laeviora : sexualia picea : pedes nigri ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi picea ; protibiae apice et subtus rufa : alae fuscae ; nervi obscuriores ; squamulae piceae. Fern. — Laevius, nitentius ; alae obscuriores. (Corp. long. lin. U ; alar. lin. 2^.) Very rare in England ; abundant in the Forest of Fontain- bleau ; taken also in the south of France, and at Paris, by the Comte de Castelneau. Art. XXXIII. — Of the Double MetamorpJiosis in Macro- podia Phalangium, or Spider-Crab, with Proofs of the LarvcB being Zoea in Gegarcinus hydrodomus, Thelphusa erythropus, Eriphia carribaa,and Grajysus pelagicus. By J. V. Thompson, F. L. S., Dejmty Inspector-General of Hospitals. Having, in preceding memoirs, given an account of the double metamorphosis in Carcinus^ and Portunus^ and brought forward proofs that the larvae of Cancer,'^ of Pinno- theres,'^ and of Porcellana," are also Zota, I have now to furnish all the other data illustrative of the same fact which ray journal affords. The above-mentioned genera include several of the more distinct and familiar types of the Br achy ur a, and those which I now make known, embracing the triangular division and several of the land-crabs, bring to a very satisfactory conclusion this interesting point. a In a paper sent to the Royal Society last April. ,, In the Entomological Magazine, Vol. III. p. 277. " Zool. Res. pi. 8. ^ Ent. Mag. Vol. III. p. 85. • Ent. Mag. Vol. III. p. 275. of crustacea. 371 Double Metamorphosis in Macropodia Phalangium. This, which is our common spider-crab, is very abundant in the deep water of the harbour of Cove, and is often met with in spawn during the summer months ; but as these kind of crabs are not to be kept alive out of their proper element, it was only by chance that I succeeded in discovering its larva, by capturing a female on the very point of hatching. This not only enabled me to sketch its imperfectly developed larva, (fig. 1,) Fig. 1. but also to secure a stock of them, as the best proofs of a fact which many zoologists are yet inclined to disbelieve. These sufficiently show that the larva is a Zoi, Avith only two pair of cleft members. Mecjalopa, of the same yellowish brown colour as the spider-crab, are also not uncommon in the same locality, but the full grown Meyalopa (fig. 2.) has so much of the character of the perfect crab in its colour, texture, antennae, and spines of the corselet, as to render it almost certain that it belongs to no other species ; taking into account the discoveries previously made of double metamor- phosis, and that the Brachyura pass through this intermediate disguise in quitting that of Zdia. In this instance, the proof is certainly not quite so clear and satisfactory as in those above referred to, and although the probability is in favour of the opinion I venture to hazard, yet it might be the Megalopa of the M. Dorsettmsis, the only other species common here, to which it could possibly belong. 312 METAMORPPIOSIS Metamorphosis in Gegarcinus hydrodomus, and some OTHER TERRESTRIAL AND AMPHIBIOUS GeNERA. Having exhausted the subject of metamorphosis, or rather the proofs I had to bring forward in relation to our native crabs, it is peculiarly pleasing and satisfactory to have it in my OF CRUSTACEA. 373 power to adduce some additional proofs of the same fact by examples taken from the above enumerated foreign genera of land and'amphibious crabs, which friends abroad have enabled me to do, by sending me females carefully preserved in spirits, with ova on the point of hatching. The Zo'ea, or larvae of these, although not perfectly de- veloped, are as much so as that of the spider-crab, as given above, (fig. 1,) with which indeed they correspond in every essential particular. Fig. 3 represents that of Gegarcinus ■:.:■ .-^iJ Fig. 3. hydrodomus (Herbst. PI. 41.) Fig. 4 is the larva of the crab (Herbst. PI. 47. f. 7,) which I name Thelphusa erythropus. Fig. 4. Fig. 5 is the larva still less""perfectly formed of the crab I have designated as Eriphia carribcea. The larva of 374 METAMORPHOSIS Fig. 5. another crab, found abundantly on the gulf-weed off the coast of America, so exactly resembles the other larvae as not to require a figure ; this I have set down in the catalogue of my Crustacea, (now in the possession of the Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland) as Grapsus pelagiciis. In concluding, I beg to recapitulate the genera of the Brachyura, to which my proofs of metamorphosis have now extended; viz. 1. Cancer. 2. Carcinus. 3. Portunus. 4. Macropodia. 5. Pinnotheres. 6. Gegarcinus. 7. Thel- plmsa. 8. Grapsus. 9. Eripliia. 10. Porcellana (an in- termediate genus.) Amongst the luminous Crustacea, taken in a voyage from the Mauritius, is the Megalopa (fig. 6) met with in the Fig. 6. Atlantic Ocean, on the l7th September, to the westward of the Cape Verd Islands. OF CRUSTACEA. 375 Specimens of the larvae and Megalopce of the Macropodia Phalangium, of the larvas of Thelplmsa erythropus and Grapsus pelagicus, will be deposited, for inspection, in the Museum at Chatham, together with specimens of the following, illustrative of metamorphosis in the Macroura : viz. Astacus marinus,^ Palinurus locusta, Crangon vulgaris, and Pagurus Bernhardus, of which latter tribe I have a sufficient number to be enabled to supply also duplicates to the Linnaean Society and British Museum. "^ " In the beginning of July last (1835) I procured about two ounces of the eggs of the common lobster, taken by some fishermen at Sherringham, near Cromer, from what they term a sick lobster, i.e. one about to cast its spawn. The whole, having been put into spirits of wine, were of a red colour, except the eyes, which have the appearance of a large black spot on each egg. On opening an egg with a needle, the young lobster was immediately developed, and at the same time a strong colouring liquid exuded from the egg. Among the eggs were a few specimens of the young lobster. Their extreme delicacy and tender- ness rendered it almost impossible to dissect them, but they displayed themselves very beautifully in water, and the extremities might be distinctly seen under the microscope. Blotches of colour were visible in the claw and upon various parts of the body. The eyes appeared in this early state sessile. The double antennae were perceptible, the large claw was distinctly and perfectly formed, and the second leg with the terminal claw well made out. The other legs appeared im- perfectly formed, and to be either very numerous, or mingled with transparent .skin-like appendages, having the appearance of the skins of legs cast off in moulting. The tail was well developed, and was distinctly perceived even in those young which were forced fi'om the egg with a needle. Two specimens of the young, which appeared double, were found, being strongly united at the head. Mr. Travis, a surgeon of Scarborough, clearly alludes to this state of the lobster ; in his letter to Pennant,* he says, ' Though the ova be cast at all times of the year, they seem only to come to life during the warm summer months of July and August: great numbers of them may be found, under the appearance of tadpoles, swimming about the little pools left by the tide among the rocks, and many also, tinder their proper form, from half an inch to four inches in length." — Mr. Brightwell, in No. LI 1 1, of the Magazine of Natural History. — Ed. * See British Zoology, vol. iv. p. 12. 376 NOTES ON VARIOUS INSECTS. Art. XXXIV. — Notes on various Insects. By Ionicus. {Continued from page 178.) Sir, — In offering a few more remarks on the entomology of Cephalonia and Corfu, I must limit my observations to a few. of the most remarkable insects added to my cabinet in the course of eight months in the former and four in the latter. It is quite impossible, that in such a short space of time I could make myself acquainted with its hst of insects. The few entomologists there had not commenced their collections much before my own ; and on meeting in Corfu, we found several conspicuous species in each cabinet which were not to be found in any of the others. 4. Carabus Preslii is the only one of the genus which we found. It was common in spring and autumn under stones and rubbish in both islands. But if I was disappointed in Carabi, I had the pleasure to find that they gave way to an allied, and to me more interesting, genus, Procrustes. 5. P. spretus was the most common of these. There were likewise several varying very slightly in the form of their elytra, and their smoothness or rugosity, which we could not make out from Dejean. Some we felt convinced were new species, particularly a male and female I caught together in Cephalonia. In general appearance they so much resembled each other, that we could scarcely consider them as distinct species until the sexes of each were found together. They appear first in spring, and again in the autumn, from October till December. 6. Calosoma auropunctatum. — I found one specimen of this rare and handsome beetle in a limestone cavern not far from Point Kobbo, in Cephalonia, on June 12th, early in the morning. Amongst the brushwood of the high cliffs near this cavern, the most conspicuous shrub was a large species of spurge, most of which was completely stripped by the full- grown caterpillars of the Deilephila Eupliorbice, some of which I took home and bred. I had never before seen a specimen of C. auropunctatum, but believe it to be the larger variety. 7. Cicindela littoralis. — Common about the bridge of Argostoli, the Lixurie and Argostoli coast, on the sands, from NOTES ON VARIOUS INSECTS. 377 April till September, living principally on insects thrown up by the sea. We could not find it in Corfu. It is much more active than C campestris, and is extremely difficult to capture. 8. BracJtinus Grceciis is rather rare. It is a fine large species, and is met with under stones at the edges of marshes and moist ground. On the approach of danger it immediately salivates, and a bubble of liquid matter appears at its mouth (as frequently as at the anus) ; but upon contact with the air, it explodes with a considerable report, and the gaseous matter may be seen rising up like smoke. It has a pungent fetid odour, not unlike some of the churchyard beetles. On being immersed in boiling water to kill it, it let off one of its explo- sions, and the water for about an inch around it effervesced much in the same manner as a Seidlitz powder. 9. Tijpkaius lonicus?^ — Smaller than T. vulgaris : thorax with a small curved horn at each side of the apex, and a very slight prominence at its centre : elytra striated. It is extremely common both in Cephalonia and Corfu during winter, spring, and autumn. On first meeting Mr. Kuper, he remarked, that he had also considered it as a distinct species The female sex, like that of T. vulgaris, is unarmed, and in habits resembles the latter. 1 0. Ateuchus variolosus flies always in the middle and heat of the day. It walks backwards with its pellets, in which it buries its eggs, and which are generally made of asses' dung. The pellet is about an inch and a half, or two inches in diameter, and in rolling it, they stand almost on their heads, with their backs to it, guiding it with their hind feet, and occasionally mounting to the top, when they find difficulty in urging it on, probably to destroy its equilibrium. Its wedge-shaped and dentated clypeus gives it strong mechanical powers in removing obstacles ; and as I frequently found it buried under stones, iri looking for Carabi, we may remark the wisdom of Providence in furnishing it with a lever to raise such heavy weights. Although common near Gibraltar, in Albania, and Cephalonia, we did not find it in Corfu. \l. A. sacer. — I found two specimens on the sea shore near Lixurie. 12. Gymnopleurus pillalarius has similar habits, and is the * Geotrupes subarmaius ? Dejean, Catalogue, 148. — Er. NO. IV. VOL. III. 3 C 378 NOTES ON VARIOUS INSECTS. stronger in proportion to its size. A friend placed one of them under a tumbler for me ; but it soon brought the \ tumbler to the edge of the table, and overhanging it sufficiently j to drop down. We afterwards placed a book above the tumbler, but this additional weight was not sufficient to prevent another display of its Herculean powers. Its pellets are twice the size of itself, and both male and female assist in rolling them. It is a common species in spring and autumn. 13. Sisyphus Schcefferi also rolls pellets. I could not discover the use of its long hind legs. 14. Cymindis miUaris and C. homagrica I found under moss-grown stones in a pine forest on the Black Mountain, Cephalonia, and close to a hut called Kennedy's Cottage. Lamia Luguhris I had captured, on a former excursion, on the very summit of the mountain, 5,316 feet above the level of the sea, on a mound of stones, containing petrified bones and fragments of terra cotta vases, supposed to have been the site of an altar to Jupiter. On this excursion I particularly gave my attention to examining the white bleached trunks of the pines which once clothed the mountain — a noble forest — and gave to it its surname of Black — (this forest was almost com- pletely consumed by fire) — but without success. On returning to Kennedy's Cottage, I was told by a brother officer, who had remained behind, that he had amused himself in the morning by watching two of them crawling up one of the pines close to the cottage. I accordingly examined the tree, and even took the trouble to climb it, but without success, and sat down to our pic-nic dinner not altogether pleased ; for I had been very unsuccessful, finding only scorpions, centipedes, and insects extremely common either in England or Cephalonia ; but after dinner, at sunset, the LamicB again took their walk, and I captured them crawling down the pine. In winter, part of the Black Mountain is covered with snow, and in summer the climate is a delightful contrast to the heat of Cephalonia. I found equally few flowers, the only interesting plants being the piony rose, holyhock, bee orchis, and sweet briar. I felt the more surprised, from having shortly before crossed the Simplon and Cenis, in which nature seems to do her best to blend the floras of Italy and Lapland. Lamia tristis I also found on pine ; and may remark that it was much darker in colour than such as I found on white cypress, olive, fig, and quince. ON THE ORIGIN OF ENTOZOA, &C. 379 This Lamia is most commonly found under stones, or crawling on walls, and appears to approach in habits the Dorcadion genus. 15. Gryllus Italkus. Fab. — The only species of locust in Cephalonia which appeared in such numbers as to prove destructive. The larvas appeared in May : some were very small, and they quite covered the ground for several yards, leaping in every dwection when approached. The grass was always burned and withered in the places they frequented. The full-grown locust appeared about the middle of June, and on examining one, which I caught, I found a great many large pink eggs attached to the imder wings, which were likewise pink. I extremely regret not being able to pay more attention to this circumstance, nor to bi'eed the parasites. How these eggs came to be attached to the wings, which are under and protected by the tegmina, it is difficult to con- jecture. I mention this as a hint to such entomologists as are in localities with Gryllus cccrulescens^ our English and closely allied species. Nov. 4, 1835. Art. XXXV. — On the Origin of the Enlozoa in the Bodies of Animals. By Henry Metford, M. R. C. S. The term JE//^o^oa (from the Greek tvroc, within, and ^wov, an animal) was first employed, by Rudolphi, to designate all those creatures which naturally and permanently infest the interior of other animals ; the first part of the definition ex- cluding all those which reside in the animal for a limited period only, such as the larvae of insects, &c. ; the latter part of the definition being used in contradistinction to Ectozoa, or those animals which inhabit the surface of the body. The term * Parasite has also been applied to them, probably from an analogy between their mode of life and that of a court- spunger, or any other animal living on the labour, or at the expense of another; but as this includes a great variety of living creatures, exceedingly dissimilar in other respects, this single point of similarity does not furnish us with the ground- work on which to found a rational nomenclature. The very simple structure of the Ento^oa points out to us the necessity 380 ON THE ORIGIN OF ENTUZOA of assigning to them nearly the last place in the chain of I animal existence, as we proceed from man, the most perfect and complicated organism, downwards. Cuvier has placed them in the second class of Zoophytes, and has included with them several external species. According to his arrangement, we liave them divided into the Cavitaires, or those which have an abdominal cavity and a distinct intestinal canal ; and the Parenchymateux, or those in which no proper intestinal tube is evident, and which, for the most part, possess a homo- geneous structure. This arrangement of Cuvier's is, however, unnatural, seeing that worms, most dissimilar in appearance, round, flat, and globular, are here promiscuously associated. The classifi- cation of Goeze is perhaps the most natural, (although far from perfect,) and it is that which Rudolphi has embraced — substituting classical names for German ones. The following are the orders. (See Rudolphi.) 1. Nematoidea — {vijjxa, a thread, and tidog, form) vermes teretes; Rimdwurmur of Zeder. 2. Acanthocephala (anavda, a thorn, and Ke:c. 4U) There ! reader, is not that a pretty picture — what signifies it that it was written fifty years ago i What signifies it that now a rail-road, or a canal, may pass through the very spot, this pic- ture of the lagoon is as fresh as on the day when it was painted; but hist ! something disturbs the face of the still lagoon ! an immense alligator rushes from the flags, which surround the margin, towards its centre. " His enormous body swells. His plaited tail is brandished on high above the lake. The waters descend like a cataract from his opening jaws. Clouds of smoke issue from his expanded nostrils. The earth trembles with the thunder of his roaring. From the opposite shore emerges his rival ; they dart upon each other ; the surface of the lake boils with the conflict ; now they sink to the bottom folded in horrid wreaths ; the water is discoloured and dark ; again they rise, their jaws clapping together echo through the deep surrounding forest ; again they sink, and the contest ends at the muddy bottom of the lake." The vanquished then sneaks off", but the victor, exulting, returns to the surface. " The shores and forests resound his dreadful roar." It was amusing enough, no doubt, to our traveller to witness t/iis combat, but he was in a short time engaged in one still more personally interesting. " I went on board, and pene- trating the first line of those [alligators] which surrounded my harbour, they gave way ; but, being pursued by several very large ones, I kept strictly on the watch, and paddled with all my might towards the entrance of the lagoon, hoping to be sheltered there from the multitude of my assailants, but ere I had half way reached the place I was attacked on all sides, several endeavouring to overset the canoe. My situation became precarious : two very large ones attacked me at the same instant, rushing up with their heads and part of their bodies above water, roaring terribly, and belching floods of water over me. They struck their jaws together so close to my ears as almost to stun me, and I expected every moment to be dragged out of the boat and instantly devoured, but I applied my club so effectually about me, although at random, that I was so successful as to beat them off a little." As soon as our traveller had succeeded in thus gaining a temporary respite, he made for the shore as fast as possible, and gained it in safety. This, to a common man, would have been adventure enough, but Bartram was not satisfied without catching the 420 NATUKAL IIlSTOllY OF supper of fish on which he had set his mind. After a short time, paddled his boat again to the middle of the lagoon, caught a handsome dish of trout, and a second time returned to the shore. As he was preparing the fish for supper, he looked up and saw a gigantic alligator coming from the w^ater, and preparing to spring at him ; he instantly drew back, and the disappointed monster retreated, sweeping several of the cap- tured fish into the water by the flourish of his tail. But the grandest scene is yet to come: " How," says Bartram, " shall I express myself so as to convey an adequate idea of it to my readers, and at the same time avoid raising suspicions of my veracity? The river, in this place, from shore to shore, and perhaps nearly half a mile above and below me, appeared to be one solid bank of fish of various kinds, pushing through the narrow pass of St. Juan's into the little lake on their return down the river, and the alligators followed them in such incredible numbers, and so close together from shore to shore, that it would have been easy to have walked across on their heads had the animals been harmless. What expressions can sufficiently declare the shocking scene that for some minutes continued, whilst this mighty army of fish were forcing the pass ? Thousands, I may say hundreds of thou- sands of them, were caught and swallowed by the devouring alligators. I saw an alligator take up several great fish at a time out of the water, and just squeeze them between his jaws, while their tails flapped about his ears and eyes ere he could swallow them. The horrid noise of their closing jaws, their plunging amid the broken banks of fish, and rising with their prey some feet upright above the water, the floods of blood and water rushing from their mouths, and the clouds of vapour issuing from their wide nostrils, were truly frightful." We seriously recommend the Floriclas to the attention of our valued friend, the author of the Letters of Delta; we particularly call his attention to " Crocodile Lick," as we presume the spot in question is now named. It is all very well for him to talk of the wonders of South America, but here we have a plain simple history by a man of strict veracity, an humble-minded Quaker, employed by the late Dr. Fothergill, of London, to collect facts in natural history in this unex- plored region. Waterton the Wanderer has been disbelieved because he states a few particulars about a solitary cayman^ THE FLORIDAS, &C. 4i2 1 and Delta is in a fever to get a peep at some other solitary cayman, or, perchance, the ghost of the very cayman on which Waterton rode ; let him go to " Crocodile Lick," cross rivers on a bridge of crocodiles, and then let him write Delta papers of what he has done, not of what he will do. The range of our imagination, wide though it be, presents us with no picture half so interesting as the learned Delta, rigged in full entomological apparel, his wide white hat literally blazing with impaled butterflies — the gorgeous butterflies of the tropics — his right hand waving his net high above his head, his left ever and anon extended to preserve his balance, and his feet cautiously picking their way across the mighty streams of America coolly tripping, " with light fantastic toe," from head to head of the terrific alligators, while milHons of these enraged and giant saurians half blinded him with their cloudy breath — half drowned him with deluges of water ejected from their maws — half deprived him of hearing by the incessant thunder of their roaring. Let us pass from Crustacea to Arachnoida. Strictly speak- ing, or rather to make our review strictly entomological, we will suppose the crocodile a crustaceous animal, his shelly skin clearly evinces a relationship to the ; but we are not now on system, we merely signify to our readers that we choose to call the crocodile crustaceous. Now we will go on with the spider. " As I was gathering," says our author, " specimens of flowers from the shrubs, I was greatly surprised by the sudden appearance of a remarkably large spider on a leaf; at sight of me he boldly faced about, and raised himself up as if ready to spring upon me ; his body was about the size of a pigeon's egg, of a buff colour, and, together with his legs, was covered with short silky hair ; on the top of his abdomen was a round red spot encircled with black. After I had recovered from the surprise, and seeing that the wary hunter had retired under cover, I drew near again, and presently discovered that I had disturbed him on a predatory expedition against the insect tribes. I was therefore determined to watch his proceedings. I soon observed that the object of his wishes was a large fat humble bee, that was visiting the flowers and piercing their nectariferous tubes. The cunning intrepid hunter concealed his approaches with the circumspection and perseverance of a i'22 NATURAL HISTORY OF Siminole when hunting a deer, advancing with slow steps, obliquely, and under cover of dense foliage, and behind the limbs, and when the bee was engaged in probing a flower he would leap nearer, and again instantly retire out of sight, under a leaf or behind a branch, at the same time keeping a sharp eye on me. When he had gotten within two feet of his prey, and the bee was intent on sipping the delicious nectar of a flower, with his back next the spider, he instantly sprang upon him, grasping him over the back and shoulders, and both disap- peared. I expected the bee had carried off' the spider, but I soon saw them, both together, suspended by a strong elastic thread, which the spider had fixed to the twig from which he leaped on the bee. The rapidity of the bee's wing, as he endeavoured to extricate himself, made them both together look like a moving vapour, until the bee became wearied with whirling ; in a quarter of an hour he was completely exhausted by his struggles and the wounds of the butcher, became mo- tionless, and expired in the arms of the devouring spider, who, ascending the rope with his game, retired to feast on it under cover of the leaves." Now, if it please thee, gentle reader, we will exhibit a scene of peace; the roar of the alligator shall not be heard, the cruelty of the spider shall not be seen, but all shall be sunshine, flowers, and butterflies. " I continued along the beach about a quarter of a mile, and came to a forest of Agave viv'rpara, the scapes or flowering stems of which rose to the height of thirty feet, the tops regularly branched in the form of a pyramidal tree, the plants very near each other, and covering a space of several acres. When the seeds of this plant are ripe they vegetate, and grow on the branches until the scape dies, when the young plants fall to the ground, take root, and fix themselves in the sand : the plants grow to a prodigious size before the scape shoots up from the centre. Having contem- plated this admirable grove, I proceeded towards the banks of the river, and though it was now late in December, the aromatic groves were in full bloom. The broad -leaved Myrtus^ Erythrina corallodendnnn. Cactus cocJdnelUfer, Cacalia siiffrvticosa, and particularly lihizopliora covjugata, which stood close to and in the salt waters of the river, were covered with beautiful white sweet-scented flowers, which attracted to them two or three species of very beautiful butterflies, one of THE FLORIDAS, &C. 423 which was black, the upper pair of wings very long and narrow, marked with transverse stripes of pale yellow, with some spots of a crimson colour near the body." This must be one of the Heliconuins. " Another species, remarkable for splendour, was of a larger size ; the wings were undulated and obtusely crenated round their ends, the nether pair terminating near the body in a narrow forked tail, the ground colour was lifht yellow, &c." This was, probably, Papilio Ajax. " But those which were most numerous were as white as snow, their wines large, their ends lightly crenated and ciliated with a cluster of little brilliant orbs of blue and crimson on the nether wings near the body. Theirnumbers were incredible; multitudinous as were the flowers, there was not a flower for each butterfly, and clouds of them continued hovering over the mellifluous groves." That is a December view. Our reader will recollect we quoted, a few months back, Washington Irving's account of the progress which the honey bee was making westward ; the same fact is proved by Bartram's statement. In conversation with a Dr. Grant, in company with whom he happened for a short time to travel, Bartram inquired how it w^as that, westward, among the Creek Indians, he had seen no bees? Dr. Grant replied that there w-ere few or none west of the Isthmus of Florida, and but one hive in Mobile, which was lately brought from Europe, the English supposing there were none in the country, not finding any when they took possession after the Spanish and French. " I have," continues our traveller, " been assured by the traders, that there are no bees in West Florida, which, to me, seems extraordinary and almost incredible, since they are so numerous all along the eastern coast, from Nova Scotia to East Florida, even in the wild forests, as to be thought, by the generality of the inhabitants, aborigines of this continent." Our author also witnessed and enjoyed a bee hunt. " On our way," says he, " we discovered a bee-tree, which we cat down, and regaled ourselves with delicious honey, leaving one of our companions to protect the remainder until our return with a tub to collect it and carry it M'ith us ; and, in the evening, we all returned safe with our sweet booty to the trading-house." At the present time, the honey bee is abundant throughout the United States, both as a denizen of the forest and a dependant on man. Generally 424 NATURAL IIISTOIIY OF speaking, the settler in the back- woods prefers' the precarious but luscious supply afforded by those swarms which have deserted man, and taken up their abode in fissures of rocks or hollows of trees, to the more regular but less abundant supply from hives of his own. Horse - biting flies seem, in the district through which our author travelled, to have been excessively numerous and annoying. We unhesitatingly pronounce these dreadful scourges to belong to the natural order Tabanites. A strange con- fusion appears to have existed on this subject, solely owing, in our opinion, to a very useless desire to make the terras used by Virgil, who was a poet and an observer of nature, but no entomologist, agree with those of Linnaeus, who was an observer and an entomologist, but no poet. Our friend, Bracy Clark, and the learned author of the Horae Entomologicae, amused the entomological public with a warm and learned controversy on the subject. The matter is this — there are three distinct orders of flies, whose names and histories have been mingled and confused. Tabanites, which suck the blood of horses and cattle. Asilites, which prey solely on insects. CEstrites, which feed not at all in the perfect state, but whose larvae feed in the stomachs, under the skins, or in the frontal sinuses of horses and cattle. Now, Virgil distinctly states that the same animal was called by the name oiAsilus by the Romans, and GEstrushy the Greeks; thus, of course, making these terms no more than synonyms ; but Linneeus, the scientific nomenclator, was no party to this. We beg pardon, we are so apt to wander — where were we? " These biting flies are of several species, and their numbers incredible. We travelled, almost from sun-rise to sun-set, amidst a flying host of these persecuting spirits, who formed a vast cloud around our caravan so thick as to obscure every distant object ; but our van always bore the brunt of the conflict; the heads, necks, and shoulders of the leading horses were continually in a gore of blood ; some of the flies were nearly as large as humble bees. They are armed with a strong, sharp beak or proboscis, shaped like a lancet, and sheathed in thin flexible valves ; with this beak they instantly pierce the veins of the creatures, making a large orifice, from whence the blood springs in large drops, rolling down as tears, causing a THE FLORIDAS, &;C. 425 fierce pain, or aching, for a considerable time after the wound is made." This must be Tabanus. " There are three or four species of less size, but equally vexatious, as they are vastly more numerous, active, and sanguinary, particularly one about half the size of the first-mentioned, of a dusky colour, with a green head." Unquestionably Hcematopota. " Another, yet somewhat less, of a splendid green, with the head of a gold colour ; the sting of this is intolerable, no less acute than a prick from a red-hot needle, or a spark of fire on the skin : these are called burning flies. Besides the preceding tor- mentors, there are three or four species of smaller biting flies ; one of a dusky grey colour, another much of the same colour, with spotted wings and a green head, and another very small and perfectly black ; this last species lies in ambush in shrubby thickets and cane brakes, near the water. Whenever we approached the cool shades, near creeks, impatient for repose and relief, almost sinking from persecutions from these evil spirits, who continually followed and surrounded us over the burning ridges and plains, and entertained hopes of peace and quietness under the cool and humid groves, then we were surprised by clouds of these last-named persecuting demons, of musquitoes, and of gnats." One of the finest passages in this delightful book is about EphemercB, but it is too long to quote. The author traces their history from the egg placed floating on the surface of the water, through its long approach to maturity, until — the creature of a day — it bursts from its confinement, and makes the air its home. " Solemnly and slowly move onwards to the river shore, the rustling clouds of the Eiihemerce. How awful the procession ! innumerable millions of winged beings, volun- tarily verging on to destruction, to the brink of the grave, where they behold bands of their enemies with wide open jaws ready to receive them. But, as if insensible of the danger, gay and tranquil, each meets in the still air his beloved mate, inimitably decked in new nuptial robes. What eye can trace them in their varied wanton amorous chases, bounding and fluttering on the odoriferous air ! With what peace, love, and joy, do they end the last moments of their existence ! " The description of the Cactus opu7itia, and its inhabitant the Coccus cacti, the valuable cochineal of commerce, is worth transcribing. " The Cactus opuntia is very tall, erect, NO. v. VOL. III. S I 4^6 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FLORIDAS, &C. and large, and strong enough to bear the weight of a man ; some are seven or eight feet high : the whole plant seems to be formed of great oval, compressed leaves, or articulations ; those near the earth continually increase, magnify, and indurate, as the tree advances in years, and at length lose the bright green colour and glossy surface which they promised in their youth, acquiring a ligneous quality, with a whitish scabrous cortex. .„ Every part of the plant is nearly destitute of aculei, or those m fascicles of barbs, which are in such plenty on the common dwarf Indian fig. The cochineal insects were feeding on the leaves. The female of this insect is very large and fleshy, covered with a fine white silk or cottony web, which always feels moist or dewy, and seems designed by nature to protect them from the violent heat of the sun. The males are very small in comparison to the females, and are very few in number; each has two oblong pellucid wings. The large polypetalous flowers of the Cactus are produced on the edges of the last year's leaves, are of a splendid yellow colour, and are succeeded by very large pear-shaped fruit, of a dark livid purple when ripe: its pulp is charged with a juice of a fine transparent crimson colour, and has a cool pleasant taste, somewhat like that of a pomegranate." Within the last fifty years, cultivation has widely altered the face of the country; throughout the United States the hand of man has been busy, the "eternal" forests have yielded, throughout extensive tracts, to the flame and axe ; but still North America is a country of great and increasing interest to the naturalist. The botanist may still delight his eye with surveying forests of Magnolia, acres of Yucca gloriosa, and thousands of acres of RJiododendra, Azalice, and Kalmies, presenting an uninterrupted sheet of bloom far as the eye can reach, in every direction. The giant alligator still abounds in that " father of waters," the Mississippi, and may be frequently seen basking on its surface like a floating log, although a thousand steam-boats are working on its waves. It was but the other day one of these huge reptiles entered the log-cabin of a *' squatter," devoured five children and their mother, while the father hardly escaped with life through the window of the cabin. It is to the entomologist that the Southern States of America oflfer the greatest attraction; from one peep at Abbott's NATURAL HISTORY OF THE POLAR REGIONS. 427 " Insects of Georgia," he may be sure of being rewarded. Throughout these sunny regions there is still sufficient forest to preserve every species in almost its pristine abundance, while the dangers and the labours of the naturalist are compa- ratively trifling. The brilliant Pyrophori seem to illuminate the night almost throughout the continent ; from New Orleans to Quebec, there is scarcely a locality in which we have not evidence of their presence, but it is in the Southern State of North America that they are most numerous and brilliant. In the gem-like Buprestites, and the more brilliant butterflies, perhaps these states can scarcely rival the Brazils ; yet so immense has been the importation from the latter country, that the Floridas and Carolinas promise infinitely more of novelty, and, in every respect, appear to us to offer greater inducements to the explorer. The climate, as a previous quotation has shown, is quite tropical. Through the whole tract of country, stretching coast- ward, to New Orleans, the orange, wherever cultivated, bears abundantly, and is loaded, even at mid-winter, with ripe and golden fruit, and this season seems better adapted to the European constitution than the more intense heats of summer, and promises an almost equally abundant harvest to the enter- prising entomologist. Art. XXXIX. — Appendix to Captain Sir John Ross's Nar- rative of his Second Voyage, &c. London : Webster. 1835. The universal interest which the achievements of Captain Ross have excited, is sufficient apology for an introduction of his name into a Magazine of this kind ; but, in the volume before us, there is so complete and excellent an account of Boothian zoology that we conceive it would be nothing less than a derelic- tion of duty were we to pass it by unnoticed. Captain J.Clark Ross, the nephew and companion of the dauntless adventurer , under whose command the expedition was undertaken, being a competent naturalist, has drawn up that portion of the volume which relates to zoology ; and of this account we have attempted to give a mere outline. In the list, it will be observed, there 428 NATURAL HISTORY OF are nineteen species of Mammalia, and of these twelve are terrestrial and seven aquatic. There are forty-one birds, of which nineteen are terrestrial, and twenty-two aquatic. The number of fishes is fifteen. There is no mention of Batrachian or Saurian reptile. There are thirty-six insects ; of these, one is a beetle, one earwig, four ichneumons, one ant, three bees, one stone-fly, six butterflies, eight moths, two plant bugs, four gnats, and flve flies. The Crustacea are sixteen in number, and the Mollusca five. In the list it will be found there is a total absence of quadrumanous, fehne, insectivorous, and eden- tate mammalia, and of xygodactyle birds ; among the insects there is only one example of Coleoptera, one of Orthojitera, two of Hemiptera, and one of Neuroptera. The only new forms that occur are among the Crustacea ; in these we have two genera, which we have not previously met with. Both of the new names given have been previously employed in ento- mology, so that they must fall, and others be instituted in their stead. The portion of the work which relates to entomology is illustrated by three highly finished and accurate copper-plate engravings, one of which, containing fifteen figures of insects, is elegantly coloured. There are, moreover, numerous por- traits of the natives of Boothia, drawn on stone, and accurately coloured. Catalogue of Animals described by Captain J. O. Ross as Natives of Boothia. MAMMALIOUS ANIMALS. Polar bear wolverine ermine tjrsus maritimus, Gulo luscus, Mustela Erminea, Canis lupus occiden-l talis, J lagopus, Vur. /B. fuliginosus Arvicola Hudsonia, trimucronata, Arctomys Parryi, Lepus glacialis, Cervus tarandus, Ovibos moschatus, Phoca foetida, Greenlandica, Barbata, Trichechus rosmarus, Delphinapterus beluga, Monodon Monoceros, Balaena mysticetus, American wolf Arctic fox Hudson'sBay Lemming Back's Lemming Parry's marmot Polar hare reindeer musk ox rough seal harp seal great seal Walrus white whale norwhal black whale Falco Islandicus, Strlx Nyctea, Alauda cornuta, Sylvia ^nanthe, jerfalcon snowy owl shore lark wheatear BIRDS continued. Emberiza nivalis, snow bunting Plectrophanes lapponica, Lapland finch Corvus corax, raven Tetrao lagopus mutus, Ptarmigan salicetl, willow grouse rupestris.rock grouse Columba migratoria, passenger pigeon ^ matu?' ''""''''^"} ^«'^^" "°g Pl°^«' pluvialis, golden plover Vanellus melanogaster, grey lapwing Strepsilas interpres, turnstone Grus Canadensis, Tringa maritima, alpina, Phalaropus fulicarius. Sterna Arctiea, Larus glaucus, argentatus, leucopterus, eburneus, tridactylus, Rossii, Sabini, brown crane purple sandpiper American dunlin flat-billed phalarope Arctic tern glaucous gull /black winged silvery I gull /white winged silvery I guU ivory gull kittiwake cuneate tailed gull fork tailed gull THE POLAR REGIONS. 429 BIRDS continued. INSECTS continued. Lestris pomarinus, pomarinejager Hipparchia Rossii [Papilionites] parasiticus. Arctic jager subhyalina, [ditto] Procellaria glacialis, fulmar petrel MelitEea Tarquinius, [ditto] Somateria spectabilis king duck PolyommatusFrank- > linii, 5 [ditto] moUissima eagle duck Heralda glacialis, long tiiiled duck Laria Rossii, [Arctictes] Anser bernicla, brent goose Eyprepia liyperborea, [ditto] Hutchinsii, Lesser Canada goose Haden^ Richardsoni, [Noctuites] Colymbus glacialis, great northern diver Psycophora Sabini, [Geometrites*! Arcticus, blackthroated diver Oporabia punctipes septemtrio [■ redthroatcd diver OrthotcEniaBentleyana , [Tortricites] nalis, septentrionona, [ditto] Uria Brunnichii, Brunnicli's guillemot Argyrotosa Parryana, [ditto] Grylle, black guillemot Acanthia stellata, [Cincicifes] Alle, little guillemot Pedeticus variegatus, [ditto] Culex capsius, [Culicites] Chironomus polaris. [ditto] FISHES. borealis, Tipula Arctica, [ditto] [Tipulites] Cyclopterus minutus Lipaiis communis Ophidium Parrii Helophilus bilineatus, Tachina hirta, Anthomyia dubia, [Helophilites] [Muscites] [ditto] Scatophaga apicalis, [Scatophagites] Gadus morrluia, common cod fish fucorum, [ditto] callarias Merlangus polaris Blennius polaris CRUSTACEOUS ANIMALS. Cottus quadricornis polaris Pleuronectes hippo- glossus, Salmo Kossii, Crangon Boreas, [Polar shrimp] [ halibut Ross's Arctic salmon Sabinea septemcarinata Hyppolyte aculeata Sowerbii alipes, long finned cliar borealis nitidus, Hoodii, angmalook masamacush polaris Mysis flexuosus Themisto Gaudichaudii Gammarus nugax ampulla INSECTS. boreus Joricatus Colymbetes mfestus, [Dytiscites] Sabini Forficula auricularia, [common earwig] Amphithoe Edvardsil Ichneumon lariae, [Ichneumonites] Acanthonotus cristatus Ephialtes, [ditto] Acanthosoma hystrix Campoplex arcticus, [ditto] Microgaster unicolor, [Braconites] Myrmica rubra, [Formicites] MOLLUSCOUS ANIMALS. Bombus Kirbiellus, [Apites] polaris. [ditto] Rossia palpebrosa Arcticus, [ditto] Clio borealis Tinodes hirtipes, [Phryganites] Limacina Arctica Colias Bootliii, [Papilionites] Bothnia reniformis Chione, [ditto] Cystingia Griffinsii Polar Bear. — Our author mentions that, during their stay at Fury Beach, many of these animals came about them, which they killed. Some, tempted by the fine appearance of the meat, made a hearty meal of the first that was shot. All who partook complained of violent headache, which, with some, continued two or three days, and was followed by the skin pealing off the face, hands, and arms. Wolverine. — At Victoria Harbour, two or three months before the ship was abandoned, they were surprised by a visit from one of these animals ; it climbed the snow wall and came boldly on deck, where the crew were walking for exercise. He seized on a canister with some meat in it, and feasted so 430 NATURAL HISTORY OF ravenously, that he allowed our author to slip a noose over his head, by which he was secured. Wolf. — They are extremely troublesome to the Esquimaux. A single wolf will go amongst any number of Esquimaux dogs, and carry off one without any resistance on the part of the rest. These dogs have such an extreme dread of the wolf that they tremble and howl when aware of its approach. Arctic Fox. — In July, 1831, one of their burrows was found on the margin of a lake : it had several passages opening into a common cell, beyond which was an inner cell, containing six young ones. In the outer cell and ^passages were great numbers of lemming, ermine, and the bones of hares, fish, and ducks. Four of the cubs were kept alive, and became very tame. Hudson's Bay Lemyning. — It has been found in the highest latitude yet reached : it congregates in the summer by the sea shores, and breeds among the loose stones : in the winter it con- structs a nest of dry grass on the surface of the earth, beneath the snow, and makes numerous passages from its nest, by which it roams in search of food, seldom appearing above the snow ; if it happens to venture out, it burrows in the snow with such rapidity on being disturbed, that it is seldom taken. Our author made a singular experiment on this animal. Having tamed one, and kept it in the cabin, he found it did not assume the usual coat of white, almost universally worn by the Arctic quadrupeds in winter; he therefore placed it on deck, in a temperature of thirty degrees below zero ; in a single day the cheeks and a patch on each shoulder had become perfectly white. The following day the white had extended : the four following days it still continued increasing in white, and on the seventh day the animal was perfectly white, except a transverse mark on the shoulders, which was prolonged some way down the back, in the form of a saddle. On examining the fur, the white hairs were the longest, and were white at the tips only : on clipping it with scissars, it was as brown as before the change. Polar Hare. — This animal is abundant in the polar regions, and appears to seek no shelter from the inclemency of the cli- mate. It produces from four to eight young at a birth. If caught young, it is easily tamed : one taken in June became tame enough to eat from the hand in a few days. It preferred THE POLAR REGIONS. 431 to share the peas-soup, plum-pucMing, bread, sugar, rice, and cheese, to the grass and herbs which had been prepared for it. It would not bear being caressed, but was fond of company ; would sit for hours and listen to conversation, and retire to his cabin when it was ended. Musk Ox. — The dung of the musk ox is considered a de- licacy by the natives ! \ Rough Seal. — This is a most valuable animal to the Esqui- U maux, and hunting it is one of his chief occupations, when all other animals have migrated southward to avoid the extreme cold. The Esquimaux thus traverses, with his dogs, the ex- tensive floes of level ice until they scent the breathing holes of these seals. As soon as a hole is found, the Esquimaux builds a snow wall, to break the excessive keenness of the breeze ; Ij he then waits in patience, with unlifted spear, till the seal rises to breathe, and smites him with unerring aim. Fulmar Petrel. — This bird follows the whale-ships, availing itself of the labours of the fishermen, by feeding on the car- cases of the whale, when stripped of their blubber. In return it is exceedingly useful to the whalers, by guiding them to the places where whales are most numerous, and crowding to the spots where they first appear on the surface of the water. Ross's Arctic Salmon. — This and the three following species of salmon, are supposed by Dr. Richardson to be entirely new, and will be figured in the forthcoming part of his " Fauna Boreali-Americana." The length of this species is 34 inches ; of S. alipes, 24 inches; of S. nitidus, 20 inches; and of S. Hoodii, 21 inches. Ichneumon LaricB. — This beautiful ichneumon is figured of a bright red colour; it was bred early in July, from the pupa of Laria Rossii : a second specimen was taken on the 8th of July. Colias Chio)w. — A very remarkable looking butterfly, par- taking very considerably of the appearance and colouring of the Pulyommati. It appears in the middle of July, and fre- quents the flowers of Oxytropis campestris, and Arctica. Melitcea Tarquinius. — Of this butterfly our author was for- tunate enough to find the larva. The following is his de- scription: it measured exactly an inch in length, by 0.22 of an inch in breadth; it was composed of thirteen segments; the first and last segments were furnished with two, the second and ■ 432 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE POLAR REGIONS. twelfth with four, and the remainder with six spines, dispersed in rows and equidistant on each side the back. The colour was dark brown, with a line of white spots along each side. A caterpillar, found under a stone, in the middle of March, perfectly hard frozen, showed symptoms of life in half an hour after being brought into the cabin, and in less than an hour was walking about the table. Laria Rossii. — The caterpillars of this moth were the sub- ject of the following experiment. Thirty of them were put in a box, and exposed to the winter temperature for thi'ee months ; on bringing them into the cabin, every one of them returned to i life and walked about ; they were again exposed to an atmo- sphere of forty degrees below zero, and instantly became re- frozen : after a week, they were brought again into the cabin, , and twenty-three returned to life : these were again exposed, refrozen, and, after being solid for another week, eleven of : them revived on being brought into the cabin ; a fourth time they were frozen, and two only recovered ; of these two one ! produced a moth, the other six flies. Culex capsius. — It appeared about the 10th of July, 15th became extremely numerous, and 22d so troublesome as to prevent the necessary duties of the ship. They were in per- fect clouds over the marshes, and these larvae constitute the principal food of the trout in the lakes. Acanthonotus cristatus. — This is a new and most singular genus of Crustacea AmpMpoda. It is nearly allied to Talitrus of Latreille, and was first discovered during Parry's second voyage, near the island of Igloolik. In the course of the pre- sent voyage a few specimens were taken at Felix Harbour. We subjoin the generic character. Antennae of nearly equal length, four-jointed; the terminal joint consisting of very many rings; the third joint of the superior antennae short; the four anterior feet monodactyle, filiform, having in the first four the ' terminal joint serrated ; rostrum produced, acute, incurved. Acanthosoma hystrix. — This is a still more singular animal I than the preceding, and is very distinct from any thing we have i seen. On each of the nine segments following the head are i seven spines, forming seven longitudinal rows ; there are two spines on the head, one on each side of the rostrum ; on the tenth segment are five spines, and on the following one three only. ON THE HUSK, OR HOOSE IN CATTLE. iSa Rossia palpehrosa. — A new molluscous animal, described and figured by Mr. Owen in a manner that leaves nothing to be desired. The description has afforded us great pleasure ; it is too long to extract, and too concise to abridge ; we therefore entreat such of our readers as may possess a taste for anatomical detail to study the masterly production. Limarina Arctica. — *' A very abundant species, peopling as it were the Polar seas, and constituting the chief source of subsistence to the Greenland whale. It is indeed most truly wonderful that so small and apparently insignificant an animal can be made to fulfil the most important purposes : from the smaller species of Crustacea to the enormous whale all derive their food directly or indirectly from this little creature. It is, in fact to the inhabitants of the Arctic ocean what the vegetable kingdom is to the inhabitants of the land — the foundation of animal existence." We have no space for further notice of this interesting work ; we can only by this slight sketch hold out the example of these accomplished and enterprising voyagers to those of our fellow- countrymen, who have fortune and leisure at their command. E. N. D. Art. XL. — On the Husk, or Hoose in Cattle. By George Colgate. (Addressed to the Editor of the Greenwich Gazette.) Sir, — As you considered a former letter on the subject of this most extraordinary disease of sufficient importance for in- sertion, and as several other papers copied it into their columns, perhaps some further particulars attending it, which have come under my observation, may not be uninteresting to some of your readers, and may tend to afford or elicit from others ad- ditional information as to the cause and cure. In that letter I stated that on examination of the weaning calves which had died, I found the disease to arise from worms the windpipe and lungs^; that it prevailed to a considerable NO. V. VOL. III. 3 K 434 ON THE HUSK, OR HOOSE IN CATTLE. extent in the neighbourhood; that it appeared but httle under- stood, and very difficult to cure ; that having found hme would destroy the worms when taken out, I had in addition to several other remedies caused them to inhale the dust of fresh slaked lime, with (as I considered) a beneficial effect. I have this autumn had another attack of the same disease among my cattle. It made its appearance about the same time as last year, but did not prove so fatal in its effects. The symptoms were precisely similar, being cough, with frothy discharge at the mouth, short breathing, weeping of the eyes, hanging of the head and ears, and continual inclination to rub the throat, either on the ground or over a rail or fence. About a dozen of my cows and heifers have had it this year ; my weaned calves were slightly affected, but all have recovered. The only remedies I applied this year were lime, by inhalation, and spirits of turpentine diluted and pom'ed into the nostrils every other morning ; but although I have taken considerable pains to ascertain the comparative merits of several remedies, particularly in the previous year, I am unable to speak con- fidently as to the effects of any of them — all I know is, that in 1834 fourteen died of the disease, and several others were so weakened and stunted from its effects, as to be worth only about half of what they would otherwise have been ; and that in 1835, with similar treatment, all have recovered ; and not only so, but when the disease goes off, those to which no remedy has been applied appear to recover as well as the others. It may be worthy of remark, that the season in 1834 and 1835 were, in this part of the country, similar; both being dry summers, and moist growing autumns. The disease in both years came on about August, and went off in November. At one time I thought it contagious, but from all I have been able to observe myself, and learn from others, I am of opinion that it is epidemic, but not infectious — that the cause is in the state of the atmosphere, as with the cholera* and other epidemic diseases, and probably taken by inhalation. Out of the fourteen which died in 1834, two or three which had been as bad as any, but had rather stronger constitutions, remained in a dwindling state for some weeks after the disease * Dr. Jenkins, in his treatise on the cholera, remarks, that it rages most in seasons when the progress of vegetation is most rapid. ON THE HUSK, OR HOOSE IN CATTLE. 435 had gone off from the others, and on examination, when they died, the worms appeared to have either died, or to have left the lungs, but left them too much diseased and ulcerated for recovery ; the head and throat of these were considerably swollen, similar to what is often in a sheep in the last stage of the rot. At the time the disease was at its height in 1834, Mr. Brown, surgeon, of Lewisham, who happened then to be attending my family, took considerable interest in the progress of the disorder, and examined the lungs and windpipe of one that died. He found a few straggling worms in the upper part of the windpipe, enveloped in frothy matter ; these appeared to have either crawled or to have been coughed up. At the lower part of the windpipe, and throughout the main air vessels of the lungs, were clusters of worms knit up together, sufficient in quantity to fill a common sized tea-spoon. The inner mem- brane, or lining, at the lower part of the windpipe was eaten away, and considerable appearance of inflammation in that part of the lobes of the lungs were partially ulcerated. To the naked eye the worms appeared to be a sort of ascarides, about as thick as common sewing thread, and from an inch to an inch and a half in length. On examining them with a microscope, with a strong light underneath, they appeared as large as a common eel, sufficiently transparent to observe the circulation of blood in their veins, and in shape pretty much like a leach. When first taken out they appear rather dormant, but warmth seemed to revive them. The animal from which they had been taken had been dead some five or six hours. Mr. Brown appeared to doubt whether any remedies could be applied sufficiently strong to destroy the worms without danger of killing the animal, but recommended as an experiment, giving twenty grains of calomel, with a little scammony, and to make them inhale the gas made from muriatic acid, black oxide of manganese and vitriol, similar to that used in fumigating apartments to prevent infection in fevers, scai'latina, and other contagious diseases. These remedies I tried, but without any evident effect. In my former letter I mentioned several remedies which had been recommended by veterinary authors and others ; I will now enumerate some others which 1 have since met with — not so much from the proofs I have had of their efficacy, as for the 436 ON THE HUSK, OR HOOSE IN CATTLE. purpose of affording to the better judgment of others who may have their cattle affected with the disease^ an opportunity of selecting such as they think proper. Mr. Clater, of Retford, in his " Every Man his own Cattle Doctor," says, " the hoose or cough in cows and young cattle proceeds from taking cold, either after calving, or from being kept in a warm hovel, and afterwards exposed to the inclemency of the weather. The symptoms are, shortness of breath, continual motion to cough or hoose, difficulty of breathing, which seems to press hard upon the diaphragm and abdominal muscles ;" and recommends the following drink : — Balsam of sulphur, two ounces ; Barbadoes tar, one ounce ; two eggs ; ginger, aniseed, cummin, elecampane root, grains of paradise and liquorice root, each one ounce in powder; salt of tartar, half an ounce ; honey, four ounces, — given in ale or gruel, with a glass of brandy. Let this drink be given every other or third morning, for three or four times. If it be at the commencement of the disease one or two drinks are generally sufficient. When this disease is of long standing, it is seldom removed without first giving a purging drink of one pound of Epsom salts, two ounces of ginger, and a quarter of a pound of treacle. The same author, speaking of the " hoose in calves," says — *' This disease most commonly attacks young calves the first year, while at grass in the summer. In some dry summers it has carried off great numbers. Upon examination after death the author has frequently caused the gullets to be laid open, and found a bunch of worms netted or matted together. These by their constant tickling motion cause the young animal to be in a constant state of hoosing or coughing, by which the powers of digestion are so much injured as to render the chewing of the cud impracticable, and if proper measures are not applied, they languish and pine away like a consumptive patient. The following drink will be found effective in destroying these kind of vermin : — Wormwood and savin, each, two ounces ; Indian pink, half an ounce : cut and bruise them small, and put them into a pitcher with a quart of boiling water ; cover them down and let stand till morning ; strain them through a cloth, and add ginger in powder, half an ounce ; aniseed, fresh powdered, two ounces ; linseed oil, two table-spoonfuls ; mix, and give it warm. The calf must fast two hours before and two after the ON THE HUSK, OR HOOSE IN CATTLE. 437 drink. Repeat it every other or every third morning. This is a proper dose for a calf six or eight months old, and may be varied a little according to age and size, and continued for three weeks ; then leave off a week and repeat it again, if the calf still remain unwell. Worms in horned cattle are not very common except in the above cases. In many instances where calves have been so bad of this disease as to baffle the power of other medicines, it has instantly given way on their taking one table-spoonful of spirit of turpentine, without being mixed with any thing. It may be repeated every third morning for three times. Now, by Mr. Clater's description of " opening the gullet," and the " powers of digestion being so much injured as to render the chewing of the cud impracticable, it appears to me that he found the worms in the ousing, or swallow, or passage to the stomach, and not to the windpipe or lungs — and the remedies, such as wormwood, savin, &c. are such as are generally used for destroying worms in the stomach and intestines; whereas, on examination of those that died of mine, and which was done very carefully in almost every case, the stomach itself, and the passage leading thereto, were perfectly healthy and free from any kind of worms, and their appetites and digestion continued good as long as they had strength to stand up to eat. In a work of considerable note and talent, entitled " The Complete Grazier," this disease is described as follows : — " Cough — where calves are exposed at too early an age to all the vicissitudes of the weather, before they acquire sufficient strength to undergo the changes of this climate, they are liable to take frequent colds, the consequence of which is, a cough, that often proves fatal if neglected. For curing this malady it has been recommended to pour half a table-spoonful of spirit of turpentine into the calf's nostrils. The nose should be smeai'ed with tar, and the animal kept within doors for a few hours, repeating this treatment as often as the cough becomes troublesome." This work says nothing about worms, but treats of the disease merely as a common cold. Inhaling the fumes of burnt tar is also recommended. Asafoetida is also strongly recommended. If in the gum, a quarter of an ounce dissolved in hot water, and given fasting. 438 ON THE HUSK, OR HOOSE IN CATTLE. repeated every other morning — or, which is by some thought preferable, equal proportions of asafoetida in solution, vinegar and aloes, poured into the nostrils. The former of the two I tried pretty extensively without any apparent effect; the latter mode is said to be quite effectual, but it was only lately that I was told of it. Mr. Green, of Westerham, had recourse to his old remedy — the juice of walnut leaves, in 1834, and found them again effectual. If I have not already trespassed too much on your space, and on the patience of your readers, I will conclude by giving a brief account of an experimental operation performed by Mr. W. Morey, of Peckham, with complete success, and on whose skill in the performance I consider it reflects great credit. The case was this : a cow became choked, as it is termed, by part of a Swede turnip sticking in the throat ; the common remedies (and which no cowkeeper should be without), choak-rope and probang, which are similar in effect, were both used, but to no purpose, as the obstruction was of such a shape that neither would remove it. The cow became hoven or blown, as is usually the case, by the constant efforts to swallow, and stabbing the side was had recourse to, which although rather formidable to appearance, is attended with little danger or inconvenience, and from neglect of which many an animal is lost, and which gave time for the operation, which was, to cut the throat open and take out the obstruction. The outer aperture was sown up, and the cow kept upon gruel for a few days, after which she was tui'ned out to grass. The only inconvenience which occurred was, that a portion of the food oozed out of the incision in the gullet, which was removed now and then by unsewing the throat. This was done two or three times, by which time it grew and closed up; and this inconvenience might not have occurred if the gruel diet had been longer continued. This occurred about last March, and I have the cow now perfectly sound. I am, Sir, yours respectfully, Lewisham, Nov.2% 1835. GeORGE CoLGATE. BRITISH GENERA, IN THE ORDER THYSANOPTERA. 4o9 Art, XLI. — An Epitome of the British Genera, in the Order Thysanoptera^ with Indications ofafeio of the Species. By A. H. Haliday, M. a. Ordo. — Thysanoptera. Metamorphosis semicomjjleta — AIcb quatuor subceqiiales, hand •plicatce- nee reticulata; longe ciliatce ; anticcefirmiores. — Os, hatistellum breve, dejlextan, carnosum, siphona hise- iiun includens, palpisque 4 instructiim. — Tarsi apice vesi- culosi, exungues. Gen. Thrips. . Linnceus. De Geer. Gcoffr. Fabr. &c. Physapus . De Geer. Act. Hohn. Ordo Thripsites Newman. Body elongate depressed, with the segments all inosculating by a broad surface. Head flat above, the face inclined backwards, the mouth descending under the propectus. The parts of the mouth are united to form a short conic sucker, more fleshy than horny, and not retractile. The labium, which composes the posterior half, has the three usual segments distinct, the stipes (mentum) being the longest, the ligulce shortest ; the palpi are inserted in a narrow membranous space between these last. The maxillce are flat, tri- angular, without division or articulation, their base coalescing with the scape of the labium, so that they have no free motion. A little beyond the middle and near the anterior edge are seated the palpi, which are longer than the labial pair. The maxillae are applied to the edges of the labium, so that they almost meet at the point and enclose in front a triangular space occupied by the clypeus and labrum. The clypeus is transverse, but not symme- trical; being longer on the leftside, its anterior line descending obliquely in that direction. The labrum seems to be wedge-shaped or triangular ; (but I have scarcely yet separated it satisfactorily.) The mandibles are setaceous, with a bulbous base appearing close to the edge of the maxillee, under which they dip immediately, becoming internal, and by their junction towards the tip forming a two-valved syphon. The compound eyes are lateral and separate. The antennae longer than the head, of eight or nine joints, but sometimes seeming to have only five or six ; filiform or capilla- 440 BRITISH CxENERA, I^f THE ceous, inserted on the advanced margin of the front, between the eyes. Simple eyes, usually three, placed in a triangle between the eyes, before the antennae. The prothorax is a distinct, rather ample segment, with free motion ; the propectus, deeply notched to admit the mouth. The pterothorax is composed of nearly equal segments, or the anterior smaller. The abdomen of ten segments, the 1st of which ( metapodeon, — Newman,) is concealed below by the postpectus. Wings, usually four ; linear, narrow, not folded nor reticulate ; the nerves and margin fringed with long hairs, "which diverging in flight, compensate for the smallness of the membrane. The upper pair are of stronger consistence, some- times true elytra. The legs are short, each pair distant, the middle most, the hind pair least so. The feet two-jointed, with a vesicular tip, without claws. The larva resembles the perfect insect, but has a softer body, with the mesothorax and metathorax distinct : the mouth is almost alike, the antennae and legs shorter ; there are no simple eyes, and the compound are replaced by con- glomerate eyes. The pupa resembles the perfect insect, but the articulations of the limbs are obscured by a film, and the wings enclosed in short fixed sheaths. The antennae are turned back on the head, and the insect, though it moves about, is much more sluggish than in the other states. In the first family the females are oviparous. I have neg- lected to observe whether it be the case in the others ; but the structure of the borer leaves little doubt on this point. They feed on vegetable juices, and are often extremely injurious from their multitudes. It is probable that many of them have several broods in the year ; indeed Passerini expressly asserts it. Others appear in the perfect state only for a short time, during the flowering season of a particular plant. The order Thysanoptera seems sufficiently distinguished from Hemiptera by the distinct palpi and the broad external maxillse; from Or^Ao/9ifera, by the internal capillary mandibles, and the maxillse, which are almost fixed, and have not the galea. The name proposed is taken from the plume-like fringes of the wings. From the way in which the alary segments are joined, there appears to be but one complete system of muscles for both pair of wings. ORDER THYSANOPTERA. 441 Synoptic View of the Families and Genera. A. No borer in the female .... Stirps et Fam. I. Tubuliflra. Gen. I. PhljEothrips. AA. A 4-valved borer in the female Stirps II. Terebrantia. B. Borer curved downwards Fam. II. Stenelytra. C. Body reticulate . Gen. II. Heliothrips. CC. Body smooth D. Abdomen tomentose Gen. III. Sericothrips. DD. Body glabrous Gen. IV. Thrips. BB. Borer recurved Fam. III. Coleoptrata. C. Nine distinct joints in the antennae . . . Gen. V. Melanthrips. CC. Four lastjoints of antennae minute and compact. Gen. VI. i'EoLOTURips. Stirps et Fam. — Tubulifera. Antennee S-articulata : j^ci^pi maxillares biarticulati, arti- culo 1™°. perbrevi : alcB avenics memhrcmacea, cruciato — incwnbentes : terebra ferainse nulla : segmentum idtimum in mare et femina attenuatum, tubulusum. — Ambulant lente. Gen. I. — PhljEothrips. Thrips spp. De Geer. Fabr. Geojfr. Sect. AA. OcelUs nullis nee alls, Sp. 1. Phi. pedicularia. Chestnut-browia, the end of the abdomen ferruginous; the first three joints of the antennae and the legs h'ght ochre yellow, the thighs darker. Sect. AA. Ocellis 3, alls completis ant ahbreviatis. Subs. B. Capitis lateribus parallelis. Sp. 2. Phi. aculeata. Fern. Nigra, antennis fere totis, tibiis anticis tarsisque albidis ; femoribus anticis subcequa- libus ; corporis setis fuscis ; elytris limpidis. Thrips aculeata. Fabr. Syst. Bhyng. 312.* No. 1. Distinguished from the rest by its long head and antennae, slender fore thighs, and the dusky colour of the long hairs. Varies (immature ? ) chestnut brown, with pale antennae, shanks, and feet. Sp. 3. Phi. Ulmi. Piceo-nigra, antennarum articulo 3^'". toto sequentibus bast, jlavo-palUdis ; tibiis hasi apiceque, afi- ticis totis tarsisque ferrugineis ; fetnoribus anticis incras- satis ; pollice in utroque sexu distincto. NO. V. VOL. III. 3 L 442 BRITISH GKNEUA, IN THE Thrips ulmi . Fabr. Syst. Rlujng: 313. No. 5. Thrips corticis De Geer, III. 11, No. 3, Tab. 1, fig. 8—12. Thrips, &c. . Geoffr. I. 384, No. 1. Tab. 7. fig. 6. Var. a. — Alata, elytris subflavescentibus. Var. /3. — Subaptera. Var. y. — Subaptera fusco-castanea. The male, is much shorter than the female, with the fore thighs twice as large, and the thumb, or tooth, on the inside of the fore foot common to all of this genus, very thick. The larva is very flat, white ; with the head, a cordate spot on the prothorax, the antennae, (except the two basal joints,) and the last two segments of the ab- domen, blackish. Inhabits under the bark of old trees, feeding on mucor. Sp. 4. Phi. flavipes. Castanea, ano ferrugineo ; antennis ante basin pedibusquejlavo-ferrugineis, femoribus posterio- ribus basi fuscescentibus ; femoribus anticis incrassatis ; elytris subflavescentibus. Sp. 5. Phi. Statices. Alata atra, antennis medio, tibiis anticis apice tarsisquefusco-paUidis ; femoribus anticis in- crassatis ; pollice maris distincto, feminae obsoleto. Antenna; short, thicker in the middle. Is always winged : the male shorter than the female ; fore thighs twice as large, and the thumb distinct. The larva is less depressed than that oi Phi. Ulmi; blood red, with the head, tail, antennae, and legs shaded black. The blood of the perfect insect is red, like the larva. The egg is shaped like that of Culex, being cylindric, rounded at one end, and crowned with a knob at the other. Inhabits the flowers oi Armeria maritima in myriads. I have also found the larva on the same plant so early as March. Subs. BB. Capitis lateribus antrorsum convergentihus. Sp. 6. Phil, coriacea. Capitis lateribus muricatis. The largest insect of the order. Pitchy black ; the 2d and 3d joints of the antennze, and the base of those which follow, the feet, fore shanks, and extremities of the others, pale yellow. The fore thighs thick. The hairs along the sides of the head spring from I ORDER THYSANOPTERA. 44.3 a double row of sharp tubercles. Antennae nearly as long as in Phi. aculeata. Communicated by Mr. Walker. JSp. 7. Phi. annulicornis. Capitis lateribus inermibus. In the general proportions, intermediate between Phi. Ulmi and Phi. Statices. The antennae shorter than in the former of these ; the intermediate joints pale, but all tipped with brown ; the fore shanks and the feet dull ferruginous ; the fore thighs thick, and the thumb as in Phi. Ulmi, fern . Stirps II. — Terebrantia. AntenncB pro typo 9-articulatcs : palpi maxillares 3-articu- lati : elytra jiarallela, sutura recta juxtaposita, magis coriacea, jiervis 3 longttudinalihus. Feminae terebra com- pressa acuta i^-valvis, rimes inferce segmentorum 9"', et 10™'. reposita : segmentum S'^^'". in eadem subtns bipartitum, in mare integrum. Salt ant abdomine repercusso. Fam. II. — Stenelytra. Palpi recti teretes : antennariim articuli 3 ultirni attemiati, S(jep)ius connati, et alter aul omnes obliterati : elytra angusta nervis longitudinalihus tantum; margine omni nervisque longe ciliatis : terebra feminae decurva, ani am- bitus inferus conformis (concavus.) Gen. II. — Heliothrips. Corpus reticulatum : collum incisum : antennce apice capil- lacece : alee angustissimce,fere capillares. Sp. 1. Hel. Adonidum. Fem. Dusky black, the extremity of the abdomen ferruginous. Antennfe and legs white, the base and sixth joint of the former dusky. Wings almost hyaline. The body above is entirely netted with elevated lines, forming pretty regular hexagons, equal in size on the head, where they are largest, to those of the eyes, and dis- posed in perfect rows on the abdomen. Inhabits flowers in hothouses. Communicated by F.Walker, Esq. 444 BRITISH GENERA, IN THE Gen. III. — Sericothrips. Corpus Iceve coriaceum, ahdomine tomenioso, ano in mare et femina conformi conico : alee, ahbreviatcB : caput ad oculos usque immersum : antenna stylus brevis biarticulatus. Sp. 1. Ser. staphyinus. Mas et Fem. Opaque black, with the abdomen silky. Second and third joints of the antennae and the legs, pale ferruginous ; the base of the thighs dusky. Elytra round, shorter than the pterothorax, white, with the base blackish. Inhabits the flowers of Ulex Europaa in plenty. Is exces- sively active in running and leaping. Gen. IV. — Thrips. Corpus Iceve aut subtiUter squameuni, glabrum : caput pone oculos producturn, collo non inciso. Synoptic Table of Subgenera. A. No simple eyes .... Subg. III. Aptinothrips. A A Three simple eyes. ■■■ B. Prothorax in front produced, narrowed Subg. I. Chirothrips. BB. Prothorax of equal breadth. C. Last segment armed with 2 dorsal spines in female. Subg. II. LiMOTiisn-s. CC. Last segment unarmed. D. Style of antennas longer than 6th joint. Subg. V. Belothrips. DD. Style shorter than 6th joint. . . Subg. IV. Thrii's, propr. Subgen. I. — Chirothrips. Caput perparvum : prothorax antrorsum attenuatus : pedes antici perquam incrassati : antennce breves compresscc, stylo biarticulato. Sp. 1. Thr. Ch. manicata. On spikes of grass. Subgen. II. — Limothrips. Prothorax ceqitilatus: antennae stylus biarticulatus, articulo 6'°. brevior: ocelli ires: alee feminae completes, maris nw/te. Feminae segmenta posteriora spinosa. Thrips spp. Auct. ORDER THYSANOPTERA. 445 I Sp. 2. Thr. L. denticornis. Mas et Fem. Antenna; arti- culo 3'' . extrosum acuminato. Fore legs incrassate. The tip of the abdomen in the female has several spines, besides the stronger pair on the back of the last segment. On heath and grass ; but rare. Sp. 3. Thr. L. cereahum. Mas et Fem. Antennae arti- culo 3"°. rotundato. *Thrips physapus. Kirby. Linn. Trans. III. 242. Vassalli-Eandi. Mem. Acad. Turin. XVI. LXXVI. The larva is yellow ; the pupa paler, with long wing cases. Exceedingly common on grass and cerealla. Mr. Kirby found them in the furrow of the grains of wheat. Earlier in the year Mr. Vassalh-Eandi detected them gnawing (as he ex- presses it, rather incorrectly, I think) the stems above the knots, and causing the abortion of the ear. It is at this period that tbeir attacks are most mischievous. In the year 1805, one- third of the wheat crop, in the richest plains of Piedmont, is said to have been destroyed by this seemingly insignificant little insect. Whatever the causes may be which produce the alarming increase of these tribes, they appear to operate almost periodically, and over a wide space; for in the same year (1805) the wheat crops in England also suffered from a similar disease, as the communications in contemporary periodicals inform us. Mr. Kirby was the first who observed that the male of this species is apterous. I have found, within the stem-clasping leaves of Elymus arcuarius, some very small individuals, which may perhaps prove a distinct species. Subgen. III. — Aptinothrips. Prothorax cequilatus : ocelli nulli nee alee : atitennce articu- lus 6'"^ apice attenvatus, absque stylo articulato. Thrips spp. Gleichen (Gnielin.) » LinnEBiis says of Thr. physapus, " hsec fbrle— uiide Secalis spies exinaniunt:" the " perhaps" has disappeared in Gnielin's compilation. 446 BRITISH GENERA, IN THE Sp. 4. Thr. Apt. rufa. Fern. Fulva oculis et rostri apice fuscis. Thr. rufa. {Gleichen, Tab. 16. fig. 6, 7.) Gmelin, No. 11. • Nicholsons Journal of Nat. Phil. Vol. XII. PI. 8. fig. 1. (very bad.) In profusion in the spikes of grass and cerealia. Sp. 5. Thr. Apt. nilidula. Fem. Testacea abdominis inci- suris, SfC.Juscis. One half smaller than the preceding. Found on a muddy sea-coast, I believe on the heads of Plantago maritima; but not common. Subgen. IV. — Thrips. Prothorax cequilatus : antennce stylus articulo 6*°. brevior : ocelli ires {alceqne ut plurimum) : segmentum feminag ulti- mum compresso-conicum inerme. Thrips spp. Auctt. Within the limits to which this sketch must be confined, I cannot pretend even to indicate all the species I have seen. At some other time I hope to resume the subject. The follow- ing divisions are not exactly those which I should adopt, did the space allow me to characterize the species ; but they will serve for the present purpose. N, B. The males are mostly one-half smaller than the females, and paler, sometimes widely different in colour. Sect. A. Tihia et metatarsus anticus apice intrinsecus uncinati. Sp. 6. Thr. Ulicis. Mas et Fem. Elytris nigricantibus basi albidis. In profusion on flowers of Ulex Europcea. I once met with several of the half-grown larvae in the keel of the blossom. They were much paler than in any other species that I know. The same species sometimes strays into the blossoms of Crocus Susianus ; and I once found an individual on corn, so late as July. I ORDER THYSANOPTERA. 447 Sp. 7. Thr. phalerata. Mas et Fem. Elytris nigricantihus, fascia ante apicem basique pallidis. I found a very few specimens on the borders of a corn-field ; and I think they were swept off Lathyrus pratensis. Sect. AA. Tibice et tarsi inermes. Subs. B. Elytra linearia, unicolora basi tanlum pallidiora. Subs. C. Antenncs stylus fiUformis, distincte biarticulatus. Sp. 8. Thr. obscura. Fem. Muller. Zool. Dan. No. 1084. The larva is like that of Thr. cerealium, but has a shorter head ; and the wing-cases of the pupae are shorter. Varies in autumn, with mere rudiments of wings. Common on wheat. Sp. 9. Thr. ulmifohorum. Fem. The larva in the same situations, yellow ; distinguished from most others by two small spines on the back of the last segment. Pupa pale, with very sjiort wing cases. I have found it undergoing the metamorphosis within the cavity of effete female cocci of the elm. Solitary on the under- side of elm-leaves. Mr. Curtis has kindly shown me a tract, by Professor Pas- serini,*^ on the Thrips of the olive, a species very injurious to that valuable tree, which also fixes itself under the leaves. No description is given ; but as Passerini supposes- it to be Thr. physapus, I conclude the colour to be dark, while Thr. ulmi- foliorum is nearly as pale as Thr. obscura. I Sp. 10. Thr. atrata. Mas et Fem. Nigra antennis pedibusque fere concoloribus ; elytris nigricantibus, basi albidis. In the flowers of Convolvulus Soldanella, Dianthus, Cen- aurea, Cyanus, Campanula;, &c. Sp. 11. Thr. vulgatissima. Mas et Fem. Thrips physapus . De Gear, III. 6. No. I. Tab. 1. fig. 1. Shaw, Zool. VI. 199. PI. Q'i. ' Notizie sopra una specie d'insetto del Gen. Thrips dannoso agli Olivi nel iTerritorio de Pietrasanta n. Atti dell'Accad. de Georgofili. T, xii. 448 BKITISH (iENERA, IN THE By far the most abundant species, occurring on a great variety of flowers in our gardens throughout the year; appear- ing first in spring with the Narcissi ; particularly fond of UmbelUfercB. The larva, which is yellow, I have found plen- tifully in the flowers of Sinapis nigra. Sp. 12. Thr. Cynorrhodi. Mas et Fern. Smaller and paler than the preceding : the style of the antennae shorter. Common in the flowers of wild roses. Subs. CC. Antennce stylus perbrevis, articulis vix discretis. Subs. D. Elytra fusca. Sp. 13. Thr. grossulariae. Mas et Feni. Common in the flowers of gooseberries in spring. Sp. 14. Thr. physapus. Mas et Fern. Nigra, anfennis pal- lidis, basi apiceque summo fuscis ; tibiis anticis tarsis- que lutescentibus ehjtr is fuscis. Thrips physapus . Linn. Fna. S. 1027. A very distinct species, and uncommonly active in its movements. The larva, in form, like that of Thr. vulgatissima, but deep orange red : the head, antennae, and legs, variegated with blackish lines and rings. Inhabits the flowers of Cichoracece. Linnaeus probably did not distinguish this species from Thrips vulgatissima, but his description of the larva belongs to this, with which the locality agrees. Sp. 15. Thr. fuscipennis. Fern. Common on Rtirnex, and other plants. Sp. 16. Thr. Ericae. Fem. On heath and mountains. DD. Elytra testacea aut pallida. Sp.l7. Thr. Urticse. Maset Fem. Schra. Beytr. 31. Tab. 1. fig. 25, 26. Fahr.Stjst.Rhyng.SlS. No.6. Common in couipany with 21ir. vulgatissima, but parti- cularly attached to yellow flowers, as Nasturtium, Thalictrum, r ■ ORDER THYSANOPTERA. 449 m Ranunculus, Sec. in which I find along with it a yellow larva, ■ like that of Thr. vulgatissima. Sp. 'iS. Thi". corymbiferarum. Mas et Fem. In the flowers of Corymb'ifercc, with a white border, in'the Botanical garden at Glassnevin, near Dublin. Sp. 19. Thr. minutissima. Linn. Fna. S. No. 1028. In company with Thr. vulgatissima, and not rare. Sp. 20. Thr. discolor. Mas et Fem. In flowers of Cruciferce, Glassnevin. Sp. 21. Thr. livida. In flowers of Ulex Kuropcea, very rare- Subs. BB. Elytra linearia, fasciata. Sp. 22. Thr. Primulas. Mas et Fem. Distinguished from the rest of this section by its small size and paler tints ; the style of the antennae is filiform and biarticulate. Inhabits the flowers of the primrose abundantly. Sp. 23. Thr. decora. Nigra, antennarum articulo 2''°. opice, 3^\ toto, 4'°. basi, tibiis apice, anticis fere tot is tarsisque pallidis ; antennarum stylo distincte biarticulato. The style of the antennae, in this species, is longer than in Thr. vulgatissima, and distinctly biarticulate ; in the remaining species it becomes much shorter. Sp. 24. Thr. dispar. Fem. Nigra, antennis fuscis medio indeterminate pallidis ; tibiis tarsisque pallidis, illis basi, anticis angustiusfuscis. Mas. Nigro-fusca, antemtis pedi- busque pallidis, illis basi et apice, femoribus basi, poste- rioribus late infuscatis ; elytrorum rudimentis albidis tantum. Style of antennae much less distinctly articulated and shorter than in the last. On Festucajttiitans, and other grasses, in autumn; not rare. Sp. 25. Thr. brevicornis. Fem. Distinguished by the short antenna? which become thicker towards the end. Found on Festuca Jluitans ; very rare. NO. v. VOL. III. 3 M 4-50 BRITISH GENERA, IN THE Subs. BBB. Alee pterothorace breviores. Sp. 26. Thr. subaptera. Fem. Colour dark, like Thr. Physapus, but the metathorax is shorter. Occurs on muddy coasts, on Plantago maritima, I believe. Sp. 27. Thr. pallens. Fem. Pallide testacea abdomine nigri- cante ; antennis basi et apice fuscis stylo vix disfincte biarticulaio. [See also Thr. obseura var. and Thr. dispar male.l Subgen. V. — Belothrips. Antennce stylus biarticulatus, articulo 6*°. longior: fem. segmentum ulfimum elongatum, compresso-carinatum, spi- niforme : (maris vero ut in reliquis, brevius, apice subtrun- cato): characteres reliqui fere Thripsidis. Sp. 28. Thr. B. acuminata. Mas et Fem. Black, with brown legs ; darker antennae and blackish thighs ; fore- shanks incrassate and a little concave below, but less so than in Thr. manicata, where they may be called clypeate. Found on sand-hills by the sea, but whether in the flowers of Galium verum, Lathyrus pratensis, or Plantago, I could not determine. Fam. III. — Coleoptrata. Elytra latiuscida, postice ciliata, nervis longitudinalibus et transversis : terebra recurva: antennce varies: corpus minus depressum. Gen. V. — Melanthrips. A ntenncB distincte d-articulatce : os breve : palporum maxil- larium articuli subcequales : alee anticce costa pubescentes, nervis transversis tribus : tibice anticts apice productce: terebra a basi parum recurva. Sp. 1. Mel. obesa. Mas et Fem. Deep black, with blackish elytra : larva depressed, pale yellow, body broad behind, the last segment with 4 small pointed scales : antennae rather long, 7-jointed. Found in the flowers of Reseda and Ranunculus. I ORDER THYSANOPTERA. 451 Genus VI. — iEoxoTHRiPs. Anfennce quasi 5-artictdatcB, scilicet articulis 4 ultimis minu- tissimis in apiculam terelem connatis : os longiiisculum teres : palporum maxillarum articulus ultimus perbrevis : oculi versus os producti : tibice inermes. Fem. terebra re- curva, et abdominis apex subtus fornicato-ascendens. Subgen. I. — Coleothrips. Corpus subdepressum : pterothorax latissimus, subquadratus : alee anticce costa nudes, nervis transversis quatuor. Mar. abdomen lateribus apjjendiculaium. Thrips spp. Auctt. Sp. 1. iE. C. fasciata. Mas et Fem. Elytris hasi, fascia apiceque albis. Thrips fasciata . Linn. Fna. S. 1030. . De Geer. III. 18. No. 4. Thrips, &c, . . Geoffr. I. 385. No. 3. Larva yellow, the abdomen behind deeper orange, a whorl of hairs on each segment, more conspicuous on the last two : prothorax elongate : antennae shorter than in the perfect insect, the number of joints similar : mouth nearly perpendicular, not inflected under the breast : joints of maxillary palpi not very unequal. In various flowers, especially Reseda. Sp. 2. tE. C. vittata. Fem. Elytrorum hasi et costce dimidio exteriore albis. Subgen. II. — iEoLOTHRiPS. Corpus longius, cylindricum : pterothorax constrictus : ala- rum vix rudimenfa. Sp. 3. /E. albicincta. Fem. Atra abdominis apice ferru- gineo ; antennis hasi et abdominis antici annulo albis. Addenda. — I have in vain searched on the juniper and flax for Thrips juniperina and Thr. variegata. Thr. fusca (Muller), on account of the insinuated resemblance to Thr. fasciata, may perhaps be the same with Melanthrips obesa^ but the description is too slight to afford any assistance in identifying the species intended. 4,52 Art. XLII. — Natural History and Metamorphosis of an Anomalous Crustaceous Parasite of Carcinus Mcenas, the Sacculina Carcini. By J. V. Thompson, F.L.S. Dcputy- Inspector-Gcneral of Hospitals. A LONG time previous to the discovery of the metamorphosis in the Crustacea, T had occasionally met with the common shore-crab {Carcinus Mccims), having a purse-like appendage attached to the under-side of the tail, (figs. 1 and 2.) The Fig- 1. Fig. 2. first of these being a female, it became a question whether this crab might not differ from others known to carry their ova after exclusion, attached in naked groups to the false feet under the tail. This was speedily decided, by finding males with the same appendage ; and by individuals of both sexes being occasionally met with, having two or even three of them, but always attached to the median line of the tail, and to the interstices of some of its uppermost joints. These anomalies appeared to declare that they could be no part of the crab itself, but some anomalous excrescence or parasite. These parasites, which may be seen of various size, resemble a leathern pouch or satchel in figure and texture, are perfectly symmetrical, having an opening drawn together and closed at the lower end, and are so attached by a short thick neck to the membranous interstice between one of the upper joints of the tail of the crab, as to appear continuous with the body of the animal. On removing them by force, the neck presents the appearance of irregular branched joints, and a large opening is seen, which has every appearance of being continuous between the rectum of the crab and the cavity of the parasite, so as to conduct us to the conclusion, that it is through this METAMORPHOSIS OF CRUSTACEA. 453 source it obtains the nutriment necessary to its support and growth. Externally the parasite does not present the slightest vestige of any kind of members. On laying open the body of the parasite, the external coat appears to be composed of a double membrane, the outer rough, the inner smooth, within which we arrive at another whitish membranous sac, quite loose, except at the neck and lower opening, with both of which it is closely united. This membrane being slit open, a very large and flattened glandular body comes into view, of a white colour and smooth surface, filling the body from side to side, along one of which it is firmly attached to the enveloping loose membrane, as well as to the lower opening, where it terminates by a narrow neck, which is probably its secretory duct; beneath this gland the ample ovary is situated, composed of numerous elongated bunches of concatenated ova, enclosed within a very trans- pai'ent membrane, attached only to the lower opening, where it terminates in two distinct apertures. Hitherto I have not been able to discover any other organs, unless a very small translucent sac, situated at the upper connected edge of the glandular body, and between it and the neck, with which it is also united. Query, — Can this be the stomach of the animal ? Such was the state of my knowledge in regard to this hitherto unobserved and very anomalous parasite, when I accidentally met with one of the above-named crabs in a trawl- boat, having a remarkably large and turgid parasite, from the lower aperture of which issued a purplish granular substance. Subjecting some of this substance to the microscope, it was found to consist of minute larvag (fig. 4), in which it was easy Fig. 4. 454 METAMORPHOSIS OF CRUSTACEA. to recognise a resemblance to Argulus armiger (fig. 6), a microscopic crustaceous animal, never seen but by the Dutch micographer Slabber. I could not, therefore, but felicitate myself upon the recovery of this long-lost type. Several years elapsed before I discovered this same larva in its advanced state (fig. 5), which I have since found to abound Fig. 5. METAMORPHOSIS OF CRUSTACEA. 455 in the harboui- of Cove during the Spring months ; by this discovery its identity, through Slabber's rude figure, became sufficiently apparent. Some important results and reflections naturally present themselves from a consideration of the foregoing detail, but they derive a ten-fold degree of interest by the subsequent discovery of the metamorphosis in the pedunculated Cirripedes, as developed in the Memoir read before the Royal Society. Without this we should still remain ignorant of the real affinities of this curious parasite, and of the mystery of its procreation. That it agrees with no tribe of the Crustacea is apparent, not even with the Cirripedes; nevertheless, its concealed affinity to these latter becomes evident, on a com- parison of the respective larvEe; and yet how different and masked is the perfect animal, which presents us with another point of affinity in a union of the two sexes in the same individual ; indeed, the SaccuUna furnishes the only example in nature of an animal all generative organs, to the apparent exclusion of every other, — its body being entirely filled with the ovaria, and an enormous testicular gland. (Fig. 3.) Fig. 3. To an animal permanently fixed, and deriving its sustenance wholly through the medium of another, sight and members would have been useless, and are therefore cancelled by a Providence which never errs, and invariably adapts every animal to the peculiar station it is intended to fill in the scale of existence. In this respect it is however singular, as there are no other parasites of this class but retain some few mem- bers, if only for the purpose of adhesion. If any naturalist is disposed to dispute the claim o^ SaccuUna to the rank of an animal when in its last stage, and to consider it as a mere conceptacle, I have only to observe, that its long- continued growth, and the complication of an obvious testicular 456 METAMOUPHOSTS OF CRUSTACEA. gland, are in opposition to such an opinion. Indeed, we cannot but perceive in this curious animal a repetition of the singular metamorphosis of the Cirripedes, and of some others which I hope shortly to make known, in all of which the animal in its last stage, contrary to what we observe in insects, is less perfect and more simple in structure than its larva ! In the first stage of the Sacculina, it is free, provided with a remarkably powerful natatory apparatus, with sight, lives to acquire a comparatively large size, and having fastened upon the crab destined for its future support, insinuates itself, first under the tail flap, and then penetrates the rectum of its victim, and there undergoes its very singular metamorphosis; and from being little larger than a pin's head, acquires such a remarkable bulk as to exceed in width the flap or tail part even of the female crab, and to weigh as much as a quarter of an ounce, and px'obably contain a million of ova ! This there- fore, comparatively to the size of the animal from which it derives its support, is the largest parasite known, and must incommode the crab in proportion to its growth and number, independent of opening a way for the attachment of barnacles, Serpuli and Zoophiles. From its prodigious fertility, and not even one-tenth of the crabs being so infested, numbers must be devoured in its first or free stage; it is in this way that it probably contributes to the grand scheme of creation, as in its second stage it appears to live merely to prolong its own race, and may have its use in filling up some link in the -scale of natural affinities. Thus I have no doubt but it will eventually tend to diminish the apparent interval between the Balani and Lepacles, should the advanced larva of the latter be found to become binocular, which is more than probable, considering their perfect resem- blance in their nascent state. REFERENCES TO THE FIGURES. Fig. 1. Parasite of Carcinus Meenas, as attached to the rectum of the crab, and showing its lower opening. Natural size. Fig. 2. The other side of the same. Fig. 4. The larva of Sacculina Carcini, when first hatched. Magnified. Fig. 5. The supposed larva when fully grown, magnified ; a horns, at the base of which its three eyes are seen, s the five spines of the dorsal clypeus. Fig. 6. A copy of Slabber's figure, the Argidus Armiger of Latreille, Fig. 3. The testicular gland ; a broad upper attachment, d lower narrow attachment, c puckered edge, by which one side is attached to the enveloping tegument, e its oppo- site free edge, b the translucent organ, supposed to be the stomach (?) of the animal, firmly lodged in a cavity on one shoulder of the gland. EXTRACTS FROM MR. DARWIn's LETTERS. 457 Art. XLIII. — Extracts of Letters from C. Darivin, Esq., to Professor Henslow. PRINTED FOR PRIVATE DISTRIBUTION. " St. Iago (Cape de Verd Islands) is singularly barren, and produces few plants or insects : on the coast I collected many marine animals, chiefly gasteropodous mollusca (I think some new)."— P. 3. " Rio de Janeiro. — I am now collecting fresh water and land animals ; if what was told me in London is true ; viz. that there are no small insects in the collections from the tropics, I tell entomologists to look out, and have their pens ready for describing. I have taken as minute (if not more so) as in England, Hydropori, Htjgroti, Hydrohii, PselapJii, Staphy- lini, Curculiones, Bembidia, 8cc. &c. It is exceedingly inte- resting to observe the difference of genera and species from those I know; it is however much less than I had expected. I have just returned from a walk ; and, as a specimen how little the insects are known, Noterus, according to Die. Class, consists solely of three European species. I, in one haul of my net, took five distinct species." — P. 5. " Monte Video. — 1 made an enormous collection of Arach- nidae at Rio ; also a good many small beetles in pill boxes, but it is not the best time of the year for the latter." — P. 5. " Amongst the lower animals, nothing has so much interested me as finding two species of elegantly coloured Planarice (?) inhabiting the dry forest ! The false relation they bear to snails is the most extraordinary thing of the kind I have ever seen. In the same genus (or more truly family) some of the marine species possess an organization so marvellous that I can scarcely credit my eyesight. Every one has heard of the discoloured streaks of water in the equatorial regions. One I examined was owing to the presence of such minute Oscilla- toria, that in each square inch of surface there must have been at least one hundred thousand present." — P. 6. " I might collect a far greater number of invertebrate animals if I took up less time with each, but I have come to the conclusion that two animals, with their original shape noted down, will be more valuable than six with only dates and place." — P. 6. NO. v. VOL. III. 3 N 458 EXTRACTS FROM " There is a poor specimen of a bird, v/hich to my un-orni- thological eyes appears to be a happy mixture of a lark, pigeon, and snipe. Mr. M'Leay himself never imagined such an inosculating creature." — P. 8. '* I have taken some mteYesting j^ mphibia ; SifineBipes; a new Trigonocephalus, in its habits beautifully connecting Crataliis and Viperus : and plenty of new (as far as my know- ledge goes), Saurians. As for one little toad, I hope it may be new that it may be christened Diaholicus. Milton must allude to this very individual when he talks of ' squat like a toad.' " — P. 8. " Amongst the pelagic Crustacea, some new and curious genera. Among Zoophites some interesting animals. As for one, Flustra, if I had not the specimen to back me, nobody would believe in its most anomalous structure. But, as for novelty, all this is nothing to a family of pelagic animals, which at first sight appear like Medusa, but are highly organized. I have examined them repeatedly, and certainly, from their structure, it would be impossible to place them in any existing order. Perhaps Jalpa is the nearest animal, although the transparency of the body is almost the only character which they have in common." — P. 9. " The southern ocean is nearly as sterile as the continent it washes. Crustacea have afforded me the most work. I found a Zoe of the most curious form, its body being only one-sixth the length of the two spears. I am convinced, from its structure and other reasons, it is a young Erichthus. I must mention part of the structure of a decapod, it is so very anomalous : the last pair of legs are small and dorsal ; but instead of being terminated by a claw, as in all others, it has three curved bristle-like appendages ; these are finely serrated, and furnished with cups somewhat resembling those of the Cephalopods. The animal being pelagic, this beautiful struc- ture enables it to hold on to light floating objects. I have found out something about the propagation of that ambiguous tribe the Corallines." — P. 11. " But what is of more general interest is the unquestionable (as it appears to me) existence [in Patagonia] of another species of ostrich besides the Struthio ostrea. All the Guachos and Indians state it is the case : and I place the greatest faith in their observations. I have the head, neck, piece of skin, I MR. Darwin's letters. 459 feathers, and legs of one. The difFerences are chiefly in the colour of the feathers and scales ; in the legs being feathered below the knee, also in the nidification and geocrraphical dis- tribution. "~P. 16. " We were driven into Chiloe by some very bad weather. An Englishman gave me three specimens of a very fine lucanoidal insect, which is described in the Cambridge Philosophical Transactions, two males and one female." [Chi- asognatlms Grantii, Stephens.] " In zoology I have done but very little, excepting a large collection of minute Diptera and Hymenoptera, from Chiloe. I took in one day Pselaphus, Anaspis, Latridius, Leiodes, Cercyon, and Elmis, and two beautiful true Carabi. I might almost have fancied myself collecting in England. A new and pretty genus of nudibranch Molliisca, which cannot crawl on a flat surface, and a genus in the family of Balanidce, which has not a true case, but lives in minute cavities of the shells of Concholepas, are nearly the only two novelties." — P. 2x'. " I also send a small bottle with two lizards ; one of them is viviparous, as you will see by the accompanying notice. M. Gay, a French naturalist, has already published, in one of the newspapers of this country, a similar statement, and has probably forwarded some account to Paris." — P. 30. The following is an extract from the newspaper referred to by Mr. Darwin. " Besides these labours I employed myself during the great rains in dissecting various reptiles. It must be interesting to know the influence of the climate of Valdivia on the animals of this family. In the greater part of those which I have been able to submit to my scalpel, I have found a truly extraordinary fact, that they were viviparous. Not only the innocent snake of Valdivia has offered to my notice this singular phenomenon, but also a beautiful and new kind of Iguana, which approaches very near to the Leposoma of Spix, and to which, on account of its beautiful colours, he has given the name of Chryso- saurus. All the species, even those which lay their eggs in Santiago, here produce their young alive ; and the same thing happens with the BatracJda, and particularly with a genus near to the Rhinella of Fitzingen, of which the numerous species have the skin pleasingly spotted with green, yellow, and black. I need not dwell on the importance of this last 4G0 NOTES ON VARIOUS INSECTS. example in reference to comparative anatomy : an importance which appeared to me still greater when, on analyzing a tadpole not yet transformed, I satisfied myself that nature has not varied her plan of organization. In these, as in the tadpoles, which live in water, the intestines were of a length very dis- proportioned to the body : now if this length was necessary to the latter, which live upon vegetable substances, it was alto- gether useless to those which are to undergo their metamor- phosis in the belly of the mother ; and thus nature has followed the march prescribed to her by a uniformity of construction, and without deviations from it, has admitted a single exception, a real hiatus, well worthy the attention of the philosophical naturalist." — P. 31. Art. XLIV. — Notes on various Insects. By Ionicus. {Continued from page 879.) 16. Myrmeleonidce were common in the Ionian Isles during the summer months. The earliest and smallest species ap- peared about April 17th. Having captured several of these in the perfect state, I was induced to look for the larva, and on the 19th, on the sea-shore, found several of a larger species, which appeared to have been not very long developed from the egg state, as they were nearly smooth, and preyed only on the smaller species of ants. They were then not nearly so expert in gaining their livelihood as they afterwards became, their prey frequently escaping after falling into the pit, and within reach of their jaws. Having frequently destroyed its pit, the specimen I kept would not rebuild it, but lurked in the sand. On May 16th, I missed it, and digging up the sand, found it at the depth of two inches in a hollow cavity, in which it probably changed its skin, as on the 19th it had returned above ground, and was lurking in its usual manner. On the morning of the same day I found several larger larvae, exactly resembling the one I kept, except in size : their pits were about two inches deep and two and a half inches in diameter, and were close to the train of a large black ant. I took one of them home and put it into the tumbler with my former friend, and some of the ants, when it immediately constructed a pit, and devoured several of the ants. I should observe that the NOTES ON VARIOUS INSECTS. 461 ant is naturally the more compact and stronger insect; its mandibles are more truncate, but are not so long nor sharp at the extremities, and the ant-lion being perfectly aware of this advantage, on seizing the ant invariably dragged it right under the sand, by which means the ant could not turn on it, or seize its soft body, without getting a mouthful of sand, i which I suppose would not have been more agreeable than the ashes of the Dead Sea fruit were to Satan and his crew ; but the larva of the ant-lion having hollow jaws, and feeding only on the juices of the ant, was by no means incommoded by the arrangement. Very shortly after this, the new ant-lion showed proofs of a very unamiable disposition: the weaker ant-lion had as yet escaped its observation, but a jerk of sand, directed at an unfortunate ant that was passing, showed our new friend that it was not the sole occupant of the tumbler. It then left its pit and ran under ground, like a mole, towards the weaker ant-lion, which ran off in the same manner, and a chase commenced. The larger larva proving the swifter, the smaller was obliged to turn round and show fight, but was easily seized and dragged under ground, when I interfered, and placed them under separate tumblers. By June 20th this new larva was nearly full grown : it was very industrious, seldom keeping its pit long entire. When a large lively ant was placed in the tumbler, and carefully avoided the pit, and the sand jerked at it, the ant-lion would frequently enlarge the pit, so as to give it the diameter of the glass, by which means the ant could not escape falling in. I also saw it occasionally catch house flies, which had happened to alight at the bottom of the pit, not observing the greedy pair of jaws which protruded and seized the fly. It spun its web about the end of June, and came out to a perfect insect on July 31st. In Cephalonia were several species of ant-lion. I captured seven species, but I believe there were others. M. Libelluloides was a very common species, and as far as my observations went, appears to differ from other ant-lions in the habits of its larva, which does not appear to excavate a pit, but lurks underground, running like a mole, and leaving a track behind it. The first of these larvae I met with on May 19th ; they are seven or eight lines in length, and are milk white with black spots ; the mandibles have three side teeth : the sides of the body are clothed with short scattered 462 NOTES ON VARIOUS INSECTS. white hair, and the anus and legs have a fringe of black hair. I had previously been looking for the nests of ant-lions; and walking along the sea-shore, came to a part of the sand in which was an excavated ring, about four inches in diameter, and so mathematically circular, that I perceived at once that it was the work of some insect. Observing the sand move at one part of the circumference, I dug up this Myrmeleon larva, attempting to devour a beetle {Asida grisea). I placed them both with some sand in a pocket collecting box, and took them home, and saw it again seize the beetle, dragging it under ground, where it held it for nearly three hours ; but the shell of the beetle proved so hard, that it eventually escaped uninjured. I often caught a similar larva afterwards, but always lurking in the sand ; and as I looked for its pit, it is not probable that that of such a large larva would escape my researches had it constructed one. This larva appears to prey principally on heteromerous beetles, such as Pedinus, Tentyria, Asida, Helops : also on the Otiorynchi, which are so common on the sands about Lixurie. Its bite is very severe. Ascalaphus Ilalicus was common on Mount St. Salvador, in Corfu. 17. Cetonia aurata, quercus, and metalUca, are found in the summer months in Cephalonia. C. aurata is rather un- common. I used to find it on a wild white rose ; and on one, to my great surprise, I discovered seven or eight of the Pedi- cuius, or rather larva of Meloe, according to the observations of Mr. Newman and others ; they were linear, pale, testaceous, and I line in length, and I subjoin a magnified figure, which I sketched at the time. The C. quercus and C, metaUica were at first common on the thistle, but after most of the thistle tribe had done flowering, I found them principally on the Ulrmts campestris, or elm. They were attracted to these and quince I NOTES ON VARIOUS INSECTS. 463 trees by a sweet juice which exuded from the trunks, and which has been supposed to have been caused by the wounds inflicted by the Cicada orni. There were frequently twenty or thirty on one tree, and the effect produced by the numbers buzzing about with their beautiful violet wings was highly gratifying to an entomological eye. 18. MulillidcB. — Of thirteen species of Mutilla which I found in Cephalonia, M. europcea was the most common, and varied much in size : male specimens were very rarely seen. I feel very little doubt but that the Mutillidce are parasitical on other bees or wasps. I have frequently seen the females enter the nests of Andrenidcs, and occasionally those of Cerceris. I also once caught a female climbing the trunk of the Ulmus campestris, on which some of the Eumenes had formed their clay bottle-shaped nests. Another species 1 took commonly on the sea sand, in which the Bembex rostrata had dug its nests. The cry of the Mutillce is shrill, and the sting very pungent ; they are swift in their motions. The males appear to pass the night under rubbish. I caught one one evening under a stone which I had turned up for Coleoptera, and another under some sea-weed, when looking for Scarites IcBvigatus. 19. Scholia 2-cincta, Fab. — On July 19th, in the same bay, a large spider had stretched its web between two spurge bushes. One of its victims was a Scholia, which was com- pletely enveloped by the spider in a shroud of white silk ; and on tearing this off, I received practical, and not particularly agreeable, proof, that the Scholia was still alive. A few days after, I saw several females, whom I traced to a sand bank, where their nests were. The nest runs about eighteen inches under ground, and the opening to it is very wide. I poked several of the ScholicB out, but found nothing in their nests ; but on returning, on August 5th, and digging up another, which a female had entered, I found a large locust, L. lineola, which is probably the prey of this species. S. flavifrons, which is three times larger, and is found in Corfu, and other parts of the Mediterranean, must commit great havock. "S". 2-ci?icta flies without any hum ; its male I took occasionally, but singly, on flowers. Of S. interrupta and 4 punctata I found only the male sex. They are extremely sluggish, crowding on ears of grass near the sea side, in societies of twenty or thirty : here 464 NOTES ON VARIOUS INSECTS. they pass the night, and scarcely make any attempt to escape when seized. I found them and the males of a large Dasy- poda indiscriminately intermixed. The males of 5*. sex-cincta? Fab. are found in much the same localities, whereas that of another species was solitary, and generally found on the flower of the bramble, and was tolerably active. 20. Bemhex rostrata. — This curious hymenopterous insect was common in a bay near Argostoli, during the heat of summer. The first I observed on July 20th, and by August 7th had several opportunities of watching their habits. They appeared to differ in the size and markings of specimens, and the male was of a lighter colour, appearing almost white when flying. They appear to catch their prey on the wing, as I saw them in considerable numbers in one part of the bay, but they very seldom alighted, and on the approach of each other they fly and pursue with great velocity : here I also caught their para- site, the Parnopes carnea. The nests of the B. rostrata are constructed in the soft light sea sand, which of course blows over the mouth of the nest, and makes it too small for the bee's entrance. The Bembex therefore alights with its head towards the nest, and with astonishing swiftness throws off the sand, covering the aperture to several inches of distance, scraping with its forelegs like a dog. Directly the mouth is clear it enters, carrying with it the prey intended for its future pro- geny, and the wind blowing over the nest again must in part conceal it from all enemies. Its prey consisted of such flies as frequented the sand ; amongst others I found a bottle-green fly. 21. Geotrupes suharmatus,^ which, at p. 377, I mentioned under the name of Typhceus lonicus, is found in Herme, near Guernsey, from which small island I have procured it, and therefore think it probable that it may be found in England. In this opinion I am confirmed by having, in some collections in Edinburgh, seen the unarmed female of G. subarmatus placed beside, and as the other sex of, the male Typhceus vulgaris ; whereas in others they have the real pair of T. vulgaris, the female of which is smaller than the male, and has shorter horns : it again very closely resembles the male of G. subarmatus. This I trust will soon be identified as an addition to British entomology, if not already done so. " Scarabaeus pumilus, Marsh. 1.8; Typliaeus vulgaris /3. Sleph. Syst. Cat. I. 107.— Ed. MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 465 22. Brachyceriis iindatus, feeds on the leaves of the Arum arisarum, on which we found it in great abundance in October in Corfu, when in company with Mr. Kuper. Brachycerus barharus feeds on the medicinal squill ; several are generally found at the heart of the leaves near the root, and are thus common, but not frequently met with by one unacquainted with their habits. They are nearly as hard in shell as the diamond- beetle, and they generally acquire a tinge of white from the clay, in which the squill grows, adhering to them. Brachy- cerus algirus feeds on the leaves of a very large and handsome species of lily, which grows in sea sand, and flowers in August ; the beetle, however, appears earlier in the season, but rather later than B. barharus. I took this species at Lixurie, Cephalonia. Art. XLV. — Monographia Chalciditum. By Francis Walker. {Continued from page 206.) the green myriads in the peopled grass." Pteromalus. Sectio XXV. Mas et Fern. Mas. — Corpus angustum : caput thorace vix latius : antennae filiformes, crassae, corpore paullo breviores ; articuli 5". ad 10""". curtantes; clava fusiformis, articulo lO". duplo longior: thorax sublinearis, convexus : prothorax brevis : mesothoracis parap- sidum suturse conspicuse : metathorax bene deterrainatus : abdo^ men lineare, depressum, thoracis longitudine at vix latitudine ; segmentum l'"'". magnum ; sequentia breviora, subaequalia : sexualia exerta : alae longse ; nervus cubitalis radiali brevior. Pem. — Corpus latius : antennae crassiores, clavatae, corporis dimidio paullo breviores ; clava brevi-ovata, articulo 10°. plus duplo longior et paullo latior: abdomen ovatum, subtus angulatum, apice elevatum et acuminatum, thoracis longitudine: oviductus occultus. NO. v. VOL. III. S O 466 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. Sp. 104. Pter. bellus. Mas et Fern. LcBte viridis, ciipreo- varius, antennce nigrcB, abdomen cupreu?n marl Jlavo macu- latum,2iedes Jlavi, femora viridia, alee limpidce. Mas. — Laete viridis, nitens, cupreo varius : os fulvum : oculi picei : antennae nigrae ; articulis 1"^. fulvus, apice viridis : abdomen cupreum, basi viride ; segmenta 1^™. et 2"™. flavo maculata: sexualia fulva : pedes Isete flavi ; coxae virides ; femora viridia, basi et apice flava ; protarsi fulvi ; meso- et metatarsi apice fusci : alas limpidae; proalae ad costam obsolete fulvo tinctse ; squamulae cupreo-virides ; nervi fulvi ; stigma fuscum, parvum. Fern. — Viridis : antennis articulus P^. fulvus, apice fuscus ; 2^^^. viridi-aeneus : mesothoracis scutellura postice aeneum : abdomen purpureo-cupreum ; segmentum 1"™. laete viride, apice cupreum; 5"™. et 6™*. basi viridia ; oviductus fulvus : femora viridia, basi et apice flava. (Corp. long, lin 1^ — 2 ; alar. lin. If — 2g.) Var. /3. — Mas, caput et thorax aeneo-viridia. Far. y. — Mas, caput viride : thorax asneo-viridis. Var. ^. — Mas, caput et thorax omnino viridia. Var. e. — Mas, abdominis latera et apex asneo-viridia. Var. 4. — Mas, femora flava, medio supra viridia. Var. rj. — Mas, Var. ^. similis : metafemora viridia, basi et apice flava. Var. 6. — Fem. mesothoracis scutellum omnino viride : abdominis segmenta omnia basi viridia. Var. I. — Fem. Var. 6. similis : thoracis suturee aeneo-virides. Var. K. — Fem. thorax aeneo-viridis ; mesothoracis scutellum cupreum. Var. \. — Fem. caput et thorax viridia: abdominis segmentum 1"™. viridi-cyaneum, apice purpureo-cupreum. Var. n. — Fem. caput et thorax viridi-aenea. Var. V. — Fem. Var. jjl. similis : mesothoracis scutellum et meta- thorax cupreo-aenea. Var. 0. — Fem. caput viridi-aeneum : thorax cupreo-seneus : abdomen cupreum ; segmenta basi viridia. Var, |. — Fem. thorax aeneo-viridis : metathorax viridis. Var. IT. — Fem. thorax viridis : mesothoracis scutum utrinque cupreum. Var. p. — Fem. Var. X. similis : abdominis segmentum 1"™. viride, apice cupreum. Var. a. — Fem. abdominis segmentum I""*, cyaneum, apice cupreo- viride ; 2"*". et sequentia basi viridi-cyanea. MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 467 Far. T. — Fern, alse omnino limpidse. Var. V. — Fern, cyaneo-viridis : abdominis segmenta postice cuprea : alae omnino limpidse. Var. (p. — Fern, metathorax viridi-seneus : meso- et metapedum tibiae et tarsi pallide fiava : alse omnino limpidae. Far. X. — Fern, viridi-aureus : abdomen cupreum ; discus cyaneo- purpureus ; segmentum 1™\ viride, cupreo varium : ala; omnino limpidae. Far. x^i. — Fe7n. caput viride : thorax viridi-cupreus : alae omnino limpidae. Far. w. — Fern, viridi-seneus : caput viride : abdomen cupreum, basi viride. May to September ; near London, Windsor Forest, Hamp- shire, Isle of Wight, Dorsetshire, Devonshire, Cornwall, North Wales, Cumberland, and Lanarkshire. Sp. 105. Pter. chloris. Mas. Lcete viridis, abdomen cu- preum immaculatum. Lsete viridis, nitens : oculi rufo-picei : antennae nigrse ; articulus jus^ viridis, basi fuscus : mesothoracis paraptera viridi-seneo margi- nata : metathorax aeneo-viridis : abdomen cupreum, basi et apice aeneo-viride : sexualia fusca : pedes laete flavi ; coxae et femora viridia ; meso- et metatarsi apice fusci ; protarsi fulvi : alae lim- pidae ; squamulae seneo-virides ; nervi fusci ; stigma parvum, obscurius. (Corp. long. lin. If — 2 ; alar. lin. 2| — 25.) Far. (3. — Thorax cupreo-maculatus : abdomen basi apice et utrinque . viride : protibiae extus fusco vittatae. Far. y. — Protibiae extus viridi vittatae; meso- et metatarsi fusci, basi flavi. Far. ^. — Thorax cupreo varius. Far. £. — Metacoxa; cyaneo-virides. Far. i^. — Thoracis discus cupreo-aeneus. Far. 7]. — Thorax cupreo et purpureo varius. Far. 6. — Abdomen viride ; discus cupreus. June and September; near London, Hampshire, Isle of Wiffht. 468 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. Sp. 106. Pter. constans. Mas et Fem. Lcete viridis, antenncB nigrce, pedes rufi, abdomen cupreum basi viride, alee limpidcc. Lsete viridis, nitens : oculi rufo-picei : antennae nigrae ; articulus 1"^ seneo-viridis ; man mesothoracis latera et metathorax seneo- varia : fem. thorax aeneo-viridis : man abdomen cupreum, apice aeneo - viride ; segmentum l"™. viride: sexualia fusca: fem. abdomen seneo-viride, basi cyaneum : pedes pallide rufi ; coxae virides ; protarsi fulvi ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci : ala? limpidae ; squamulae fulvae, apice virides ; nervi fulvi ; stigma obscurius, parvum. (Corp. long. lin. 1^ — 1| ; alar. lin. If — 2.) Far. (3. — Mas, mesothoracis scutellum asneo-viride. Far. y. — Mas, caput et thorax viridia, hujus discus cupreo-viridis. Far. L — Mas, femora omnia viridi vittata. Far. £. — Mas, Far, c. similis : mesothoracis scutellum, paraptera et epimera cuprea : abdomen cupreum ; segmentum 1^"^. basi viride, cupreo varium. Far. '(. — Mas, mesofemora intus viridi vittata. Far. 7j. — Mas, Far. y. et Far. c. coloribus. Far. 6. — Mas, abdomen laete viride ; discus cupreus ; segmentum 1"™. cyaneo-viride. Far. I. — Mas, Far. y. similis : caput et mesothoracis discus cyaneo- viridia : meso- et metatarsi straminei, apice fusci. Far. K. — Mas, caput et thorax viridia : abdomen cupreum, basi et apice viride. f^ar. \. — Mas, abdomen viride ; discus cupreo-viridis : meso- et profemora viridi vittata ; meso- et metatarsi pallide straminei, apice fusci. Far. fi. — Mas, caput et thorax viridi-cyanea : abdomen viride ; discus cupreus : femora viridi vittata. Far. V. — Fem. cupreo-viridis : abdomen cupreum. Far. E. — Fem. viridis : mesothorax postice et metathorax aeneo- virides : abdomen cupreum ; segmentum 1 "™. basi viride. Far. o. — Fern. Far. k. similis : thorax omnino viridis. Far. TT. — Fem. viridi-aeneus : mesothoracis scutellum cupreo-seneum : abdomen seneo- viride ; discus cupreus. Far. p. — Fem. Far. I. similis : femora supra viridi vittata. Far. a. — Fem. Far. p. similis : viridi-aeneus : abdomen cupreum, basi viride. Far. T, — Fem. viridis : abdominis discus cupreus. I I MONOGRAPHtA CHALCIDITUM. 469 far. V. — Fern, aeneus : caput seneo-viride : thoracis suturse virides : abdomen cupreum, basi cyaneo-viride. May to September ; near London. Isle of Wight, Dorset- shire, Devonshire, Cornwall, North Wales, Cumberland, Lanarkshire. Sp. 107. Pter. cliens. Fem. P. constantis statura, alee suhlimpidce fusco obsolete nebulosce. TEneus : caput viridi-aeneum : oculi rufo-picei : antennae nigrae ; articulus 1"^ viridis : abdomen cupreum ; discus obscure pur- pureus ; segmentum 1"™. Ijete viride : pedes fulvi ; coxse et femora viridia ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci : proalae fusco indis- tincte nebulosae ; squamulse senese ; nervi fulvi ; stigma obscurius, parvum. (Corp. long. lin. l£ ; alar. lin. 2.) September ; coasts of Devonshire and Cornwall. Sp. 108. Pter. impar. Mas et Fem. P. con^tanie angustior, Mas. — Laete viridis: oculi rufo-picei: antennse nigrae; articulus 1"^. viridis : abdominis discus cupreus ; segmentum 1"". basi cyaneo-viride : pedes fusci ; coxse virides ; trochanteres genua et tarsi flava, hi apice fusci ; protarsi fulvi : alse sublimpidae ; squa- mulae virides ; nervi fulvi ; stigma obscurius, parvum. Fem. — Viridi-seneus : mesothoracis scutellum cupreo-aeneum : abdo- men cupreum; segmentum 1™\ basi cyaneo-viride : pedes obscure fulvi ; femora viridi vittata ; trochanteres et genua flava; meso- et metatarsi pallidiores, apice fusci. (Corp. long. lin. IJ; alar, lin. If.) Var. fi. — Mas. thoracis latera cyaneo-viridia. Var. y. — Mas, femora viridia ; tibiae flavse, fusco vittatse. Var.h. — Fem. aeneo-viridis : abdominis segmentum 1™^ viride, apice cupreum. Var. E. — Fem. caput et thorax viridia : abdominis segmentum l""". basi viride: pedes rufi ; femora extus et coxae viridia ; protarsi fulvi ; meso- et metatarsi fiavi, apice fusci. Far. ^. — Fem. Far. e. similis : mesothoracis scutum viridi-aeneum. Var. 7}. — Fem. Var. h. similis : femora viridia ; tibiae fuscte. Var. 0. — Fem. caput viride: thorax aeneus: abdomen cupreum; segmentum 1""^. viride, apice cupreum : pedes rufi ; coxae virides ; propedum femora extus viridi vittata, tarsi fulvi ; meso- et metatarsi apice fusci. September ; near London, Isle of Wight, Lanarkshire. 470 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. Sp. 109. Pter. brevivitta. Fern. P. constante angusiior, antenncs graciliores, proalce cujusque disco macula oh- longa fusca. Viridi-aeneus : oculi rufo-picei : antennae nigrse ; articulus 1"®. viri- dis, basi fuscus : abdomen cupreum ; segmentum 1""*. basi viride: pedes rufi ; coxae virides ; meso- et metatarsi flavi apice fusci ; protarsi fulvi : alae sublimpidse ; squamulse viridi-senege ; nervi fulvi ; stigma fuscum, parvum ; proalse cuique macula indistincta fusca. (Corp. long. lin. 1| ; alar. lin. If.) Var. /3. — Femora supra viridi vittata. Jar. y. — Lsete viridis : abdomen viridi-aeneum ; segmentum 1"™. cyaneo-viride, apice viridi-aeneum ; alae limpidse. September ; near London. Isle of Wight. Sp. 110. Pter. illudens. Fern. V.he\\\ similitudine, antenncB paullo breviores, alee angustiores, femora omnino Jlava. Laete viridis, nitens : oculi rufo-picei : antennae nigrae ; articulus 1"^. fulvus ; 2"^. nigro-viridis : abdomen cupreo-purpureum ; segmentum 1"™. laete viride, cupreo-varium ; 2"™. et sequentia basi utrinque viridia : pedes lsete flavi ; meso- et metapedum tibiae et tarsi pallidiora, hi apice fusci : coxae virides : alae limpidse ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma fuscum, minutum. (Corp. long, lin. 2 ; alar. lin. 2|.) July ; New Forest. SectioXXVI. Fem. Caput thorace latius : antennae graciles, breves, clavatae, corporis dimidio breviores; articuli 5°. ad 10""\ curtantes et latescentes ; clava ovata, articulo 10°. latior et duplo fere longior : thorax longi-ovatus ; segmenta bene determinata : protliorax brevis : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae conspicuae : metathorax medio- cris, tristriatus : abdomen ovatum, subtus valde angulatum, apice acuminatum, thorace brevius : alae amplae ; nervus cubitalis radiali multo brevior. Sp. 111. Pter. pulchripes. Fern. Viridis, antennce nigro- fuscce, pedes Jlavi, aloe, limpida. Laete viridis, nitens : oculi rufo-picei : antennas nigro-fusca3 ; arti- culus l"\ fulvus, apice fuscus; 2"^ aeneus: abdominis discus MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 471 cupreo -aeneus : pedes laete flavi ; coxae virides ; femora et pro- tarsi fulva ; meso- et metatarsi apice fusci : alae lirapidce; squa- mul^ et nervi fulva ; stigma minimum, concolor. (Corp. long, lin. li— If ; alar. lin. 2|— 2|.) Var. I3. — Antennis articulus P^. fuscus, basi fulvus : femora fusca. apice flava. Far. y. — Caput et thorax cyaneo-viridia. Far. L — Abdomen viridi-cyaneum ; discus cupreo-seneus. May, June ; near London. Windsor Forest. Sectio XXVII. Fem. Caput thorace paullo latius : antennae subclavatse, corporis dimidii vix longitudine ; articuli 5°. ad 10""\ curtantes vix latescentes ; clava longi-ovata, articulo 10°. duplo longior et paullo latior : thorax longi-ovatus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parap- sidum suturas vix conspicuse : metathorax brevis : abdomen ova- tum, subtus convexum, apice acuminatum, thoracis longitudine : alse mediocres ; nervus cubitalis radiali brevior. Sp. 112. Pter. continuus. Fem. Viridis, antennee nigrce, pedes flavi, alee linqndfe. Laete viridis, nitens : oculi rufo-picei : antennae nigrae ; articuli ps. et 2"^ virides, ille basi fulvus : thoracis latera et metathorax aeneo-viridia : abdomen subtus cupreum ; segmenta apice asnea : pedes flavi ; coxae virides ; femora et protarsi fulva ; meso- et metatarsi apice fusci : alae limpidae, fulvo minime tinctse ; squa- ihulse et nervi fulva ; stigma obscurius, minutum. (Corp. long, lin. 2; alar. lin. 2\.) Far. /3. — Antennis articulus !"«. fulvus, apice nigro-viridis : thorax viridis : prothorax seneo-viridis : abdomen viridi-cyaneum ; seg- menta apice purpurea. Far. y. — Thorax cupreo varius. June, October ; near London. Isle of Wight. Sectio XXVIII. Fem. Corpus longum, gracile : caput thorace latius, antennas subclavata?, corporis dimidio breviores ; articuli 5°. ad 10"™. curtantes vix latescentes ; clava ovata, articulo 1 0°. plus duplo longior vix latior: thorax longi-ovatus; segmenta bene determinata: prothorax brevis : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae conspicuae : metathorax 472 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM, mediocris : abdomen fusiforme, acuminatum, thorace longius et angustius, subtus convexum; segmentum 1"™. magnum; 2"™. et 3"°\ breviora ; 4"'". et 5"^". longiora ; 6^^"". brevius ; 1"^^"^. 4'. longitudine : alse amplae ; nervus radialis cubitali duplo longior. Sp. 113. Pter. coUaris. Fern. Viridis, pedes fulvi, antennee et femora nigro-fusca^ abdomen cupreum, alee sublimpidce. Viridis : oculi rufo-picei : antennae nigro-fuscse ; articulus 1"^. fulvus, apice fuscus : metathorax cyaneus : abdomen Isete cu- preum ; segmentum 1"™. Isete viride, cupreo varium ; 6"™. apice cyaneum : pedes fulvi ; coxae virides ; femora nigro-fusca, apice basique fulva ; meso- et metapedum genua et tarsi flava, hi apice fusci : alse sublimpidae ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma minutum, concolor. (Corp. long. Hn. 2 ; alar. lin. 2|,.) Var. ft. — Mesothorax apice cyaneus : abdomen apice viride, June; Windsor Forest and New Forest. Sectio XXIX. Fern. Corpus parvum : caput thorace pauUo latius : antennae breves, sub- clavatae, graciles, corporis dimidio paullo longiores ; articuli 5". ad 10"™. curtantes et latescentes ; clava ovata, articulo 10°. latior et plus duplo longior : thorax ovatus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix conspicuae : metathorax mediocris : abdomen ovatum, acuminatum, subtus angulatum, vix thoracis longitudine : alae mediocres ; nervus cubitalis radiali multo brevior. Sp. 114. Pter. nanus. Fem. Cupreo-'". curtantes et latescentes ; clava ovata, articulo 10<*. duplo longior et paullo latior: thorax ovatus: prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix conspicuae : metathorax brevis : abdomen longi-ovatum, acumi- natum, subtus non angulatum, apicem versus attenuatum, thorace multo longius : alae mediocres ; nervus cubitalis radiali brevior. Sp, 123. Pter. dorsalis. Fem. Viridis, antennce nigrcR, abdominis discus j)urimreus, pedes flavi^ alee limpidce. Laete viridis : oculi picei : antennae nigrae, crassae ; articulus 1"^ pallide fulvus : abdominis discus et apex obscure purpurea ; segmenta basi viridia : pedes flavi ; coxae virides ; femora et pro- tarsi fulva ; meso- et metatarsi apice fusci : alae limpidae ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma obscurius, parvum. (Corp. long, lin. If ; alar. lin. 2.) Found near London. Sectio XXXIX.— Fem. Caput thorace latius : antennae clavatae, corporis dimidio vix longiores ; articuli 5°. ad lO*^"*. curtantes et latescentes; clava longi-ovata, articulo 10°. triple fere longior et paullo latior: thorax ovatus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix conspicuae : metathorax brevis : abdomen oblongo- quadratum, thorace paullo longius, non angulatum nee acumi- natum : alae mediocres ; nervus cubitalis radiali paullo brevior. j Sp. 124. Pter. subquadratus. Fem. Ctipreo-esneus, an- tennce Juscce, abdomen viridi-cupreum, pedes fulvi, ala fuscce,. Cupreo-aeneus, parum nitens : oculi picei : antennae fuscae ; articulus 1"^. fulvus : abdomen obscure viridi-cupreum, nitens : pedes fulvi ; coxae aeneae ; tarsi apice fusci : alae fuscae ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma concolor, minutum. (Corp. long. lin. | ; alar. lin. 1.) Found near London. MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 479 Sectio XL. — Fern. Caput thorace latius : antennae clavatae, graciles, corporis dimidio breviores ; articuli 5°. ad 10^™. curtantes et latescentes ; clava ovata, articulo 10°. latior et duplo longior : thorax ovatus : pro- thorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix con- spicuae : metathorax brevis : abdomen fusiforme, acuminatum, subtus leviter angulatum, thorace multo longius : alae mediocres ; nervus cubitalis radiali brevier. Sp. 125. Pter. attenuatus. Fem. j^neo-viridis, antenna: nigrcB, abdominis discus cupreo-purpureus, pedes fulvi, ales sublimpidce. iEneo-viridis : caput viride : oculi rufo-picei : antennae nigrag ; articulus 1"^ basi fulvus : mesothoracis scutellum postice cupreo- aeneum : abdomen laete viride, cupreo-varium ; discus obscure cupreo-purpureus : pedes fulvi ; coxae aeneo-virides ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci : alae sublimpidae ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma minutum, obscurius. (Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar, lin. IJ.) September; Land's End, Cornwall. Sp. 126. Pter. signatus. Fem. Niger, P. attenuate brevior, a7itennce nigro-fusccB, abdomen nigro-cupreum, pedes fulvi, femora viridia, alee sublimpiidce. Niger, obscurus : caput thorace paullo latius : oculi picei : antennae nigro-fuscae, subclavatae ; articulus 1"^. basi fulvus ; clava articulo 10°. plus duplo longior non latior: thorax brevis: metathorax nigro-viridis : abdomen nigro-cupreum, nitens, basi laete viride : pedes obscure fulvi; coxae et femora viridia, hag apice fulva; meso- et metapedum tibiae apice et tarsi flava, hi apice fusci : al« sublimpidae ; squamulae et nervi fulva, stigma obscurius, minutum. (Corp. long. lin. | ; alar. lin. 1|.) Found near London. Sp. 127. Pter. mundus. Fem. /Eneo-viridis, antennte fusc(B, abdomen (Bneo-cupreum, jiedes fulvo-fusci, alcB subfusca. jEneo-viridis, obscurus : caput viride : oculi rufo-picei : antennae fuscae; articulus l"^ fulvus: mesothoracis scutellum aeneum : 480 MONOGRAPH r A CHALCIDITUM. abdomen ajneo-cupreum ; segmentum 1""^. basi viride : pedes fusci ; coxae virides ; protibiae et protarsi fulva ; meso- et meta- tarsi flavi, apice fusci : alse subfuscae ; squamulae et nervi fusca ; stigma minutum, concolor. (Corp. long. lin. | ; alar. lin. 1^.) Found near London. Sectio XLI. — Fem. Sect. XVII. proxima. — Corpus breve, latum : caput thoraee latius : antennae clavatae, corporis dimidii longitudine ; articuli 5°. ad 10'™. curtantes et latescentes ; clava ovata, articulo 10°. plus duplo longior vix latior : thorax brevi-ovatus : prothorax brevis- simus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturas vix conspicuae : meta- thorax brevis : abdomen ovatum, acuminatum, non angulatum, thoracis longitudine : aise latae ; nervus cubitalis radiali brevior. Sp. 128. Pter. amplus. Fem. Nigro-ceneus, antennes nigrce, ahdometi cupreum, pedes fusci, alee sublhnpidce, stigma minutum. Nigro-aeneus, parum nitens : oculi picei : antennae nigrae ; articulus l"s. basi fuscus : abdomen obscure cupreum ; suturse viridi- cyaneae ; segmentum 1"™. laete viride, cupreo varium : pedes fusci ; coxae aenese ; trochanteres, genua et tarsi flava, hi apice fusci ; protarsi fulvi : alae sublimpidae ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma minutum, concolor. (Corp. long. lin. \\ ; alar. lin. ly.) June; Isle of Wight. Sp. 129. Pter. divisus. Fem. Cupreo-cetieus, antenncB nigro- fuscce, pedes fusci, alee suhlimpidce, stigma mediocre. Cupreo-aeneus, parum nitens : oculi rufo-picei : antennas nigro- fuscae ; articulus l"s. fulvus, apice fuscus: abdomen cupreum; segmentum 1""*. cyaneo-viride, cupreo varium: pedes fusci; coxae aeneae ; meso- et metapedum genua et tarsi flava, hi apice fusci : alae sublimpidse ; squamulae et nervi fusca ; stigma obscu- rius, mediocre. (Corp. long. lin. \\ ; alar. lin. \\.) Found near London. Sectio XLIL — Fem. Caput magnum, thoraee latius : antennae subclavatse, graciles, cor- poris dimidio longiores ; articuli 5°. ad 10™\ curtantes et paullo latescentes; clava ovata, articulo 10". latior et duplo longior: MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDITUM. 481 thorax brevi-ovatus, latus, crassus : prothorax brevissimus : meso- thoracis parapsidum suturse vix conspicuae : metathorax brevis : abdomen brevi-ovatum, subtus convexum non angulatum, thoracis longitudine : alse latss ; nervus cubitalis radiali paullo brevior. Sp. 130. Pter. cephalotes. Fem. ^neus, abdomen cupreum, antennce nigro-fuscce, pedes fulvi, femora osneo-fusca, aim suhlimpidce, iEneus : oculi rufo-picei : antennas nigro-fuscae ; articulus 1"^, fulvus, apice fuscus : abdomen cupreum ; segmentum 1"™. laete viridi-aeneum, apice cupreum : pedes fulvi ; coxae aeneo-virides ; femora aeneo-fusca ; meso- et metapedum tibias fuscEe, tarsi flavi apice fusci : alae subb'mpidae ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma fuscum, parvum. (Corp. long. lin. \\ ; alar. lin. 1|.) Var, /3. — Caput et thorax viridi-aenea. Var. y. — Abdominis segmentum l"*". laete viride, cupreo-varium ; sequentia basi viridia. September ; Isle of Wight. Sectio XLIII. — Fem. Corpus breve : caput thoracis latitudine : antennas clavatae, corporis dimidii longitudine; articuli 5°. ad 10^™. minime curtantes et latescentes ; clava ovata, articulo 10". multo latior et plus duplo longior : thorax brevi-ovatus, crassus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix conspicuae : metathorax brevis : abdomen ovatum, acuminatum, subtus valde angulatum, thorace longius et angustius : alae mediocres ; nervus cubitalis radiali brevior. Sp. 131. Pter. servulus. Fem. Viridis, antennce nigro- picecB, abdomen cupreum, pedes flam fasciati, ales sub- limpidcB. Viridis, parum nitens : oculi rufo-picei : antennae nigro-piceae ; articulus P^ nigro-viridis, basi fulvus : abdomen cupreum ; seg- mentum 1^™. laete viride ; 2^'^. et sequentia subtus et utrinque basi viridia : pedes flavi ; coxae virides ; femora viridi cingulata ; tibiae fusco cingulatae ; meso- et metatarsi apice fusci ; protarsi fulvi : alae sublimpidae ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma mi- nutum. (Corp. long. lin. | ; alar. lin. 1.) September ; Isle of Wight. NO. V. VOL. III. 3 Q I i82 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. Sectio XLIV.— Fem. Caput thorace paullo latius : antennae clavatse, graciles, corporis dimidio breviores ; articuli 5°. ad 10™». curtantes et latescentes ; clava ovata, articulo 10°. latior et plus duple longior : thorax ovatus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturse vix conspicuas : metathorax brevis : abdomen sublineare, an- gustum, compressum, acuminatum, non angulatum, thorace duplo fere longius : alae maximae ; nervus cubitalis radiali multo brevior. Sp. 132. Pter. eupterus. Fem. Cyaneo-viridis, antennm fusees, abdomen nigro-cupieum, pedes fusci, femora viridia, alcR Umpidce. Cyaneo-viridis : oculi rufi : antennae fuscae ; articulus 1"^ fulvus, apice fuscus : abdomen nigro-cupreum ; segmentum 1^™. basi viride : pedes fusci ; coxse et femora viridia, hae apice fulva ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci ; protarsi fulvi : alae limpidae, amplae ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma obscurius, mediocre. (Corp. long. lin. 1 — li; alar. lin. IJ — Ig.) Var. /3. — Viridis : mesothoracis scutellum viridi-cupreum. Found near London. Sectio XLV. — Fem. Caput thoracis latitudine : antennae subclavatae, graciles, corporis dimidii longitudine ; articuli 5". ad 10"™. curtantes et paullo latescentes; clava ovata, articulo 10°. longior et paullo latior: thorax ovatus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix conspicuae : metathorax brevis : abdomen ovatum, acuminatum, non angulatum, thoracis longitudine et latitudine : alae mediocres ; nervus cubitalis radiali multo brevior. Sp. 133. Pter. rusticus. Fem. Viridi-cupreus, P. brevi- corni simiUimus, antenncB nigro-picece, pedes fulvi, fhnora fusco cingidata, alee sublimpidcs. Cupreus, nitens : caput antice et postice viride : oculi picei : an- tennae nigro-piceae ; articulus 1"^. viridis, basi fulvus ; thoracis segmentorum margines virides : abdomen viridi-cupreum ; seg- mentum 1"™. micans ; discus obscure purpureus : pedes fulvi ; coxae virides ; femora fusco cingulata ; meso- et metapedum tibiae fusco-fulvae ; genua et tarsi flava, hi apice fusci : alae sublimpidse ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma fuscum, parvum. (Corp. long. lin. \\ ; alar, lin, Ig.) Found near London. MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 48c Sectio XLVI.— Fern. Caput thorace paullo latius : antennas subclavatce, corporis dimidii longitudine ; articuli 5°. ad 10™. curtantes et paullo latescentes ; clava ovata, articulo 10°. plus duplo longior et paullo latior : thorax ovatus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturse vix conspicuse : metathorax brevis : abdomen longi-ovatum, acuminatum, non angulatum, thorace longius et angustius : alae amplse ; nervus cubitalis radiali brevior. Sp. 134. Pter. diversus. Fem. y^neo-viridis, antennce jiigro-fusccc, abdomen cupreum, pedes fidvi, femora fiisca, alee Umpidce. iEneo-viridis : caput viride : oculi rufi : antennae nigro-fuscae ; arti- culus 1"^ nigro-viridis, basi fulvus : mesothoracis scutellum cupreo-viride : abdomen cupreum ; segmentum 1"™. laete viride, cupreo-varium : pedes fulvi ; coxae virides ; femora fusca, apice basique fulva ; meso- et metapedum tibiae fusco-fulvae apice flavse, tarsi flavi apice fusci : alse limpidas ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma obscurius, minutum. (Corp. long. lin. Ig — li ; alar, lin. lf-l|.) Var. /3. — Viridis : abdomen aneo-viride ; segmentum 1"™. cupreo- varium ; discus purpureus : femora viridia, apice fulva ; meso- et metatibiae fusco cingulatae. Var. y. — Viridis : thoracis discus seneo-viridis : antennae fuscae ; articulus 1^^ fulvus, apice supra fuscus : abdominis discus cupreus : femora et tibiae flava : alis squamulae et nervi flava ; stigma fulvum. September ; Isle of Wight. Sectio XLVII. — Fem. Sect. XX. proxima. — Caput thorace latius : antennae crassae, cla- vatae, corporis dimidii longitudine ; articuli 5°. ad 10'™. cur- tantes et latescentes ; clava longi-ovata, articulo 10". paullo latior et plus duplo longior : thorax crassus, brevi-ovatus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix conspicuae : metathorax brevis : abdomen ovatum, acuminatum, elevatum, subtus valde angulatum, thorace longius et angustius: pedes validi : alae mediocres ; nervus cubitalis radiali brevior. ■^^i' MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDITUM. Sp. loo. Pter, conifer. Fem. ^neo-viridis, antennce nigra, abdomen cupreum, jjedes fulvi, alee sublimpidce. -/Eneo-viridis : caput viride : oculi picei : antennae nigrae ; articulus 1"^ fulvus ; 2^^. fusco-viridis : abdomen cupreum, nitens ; seg- mentum 1^™. laete viride, cupreo varium : pedes fulvi ; coxae virides ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice pallide fusci : alae sub- limpidae ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma obscurius, minutum. (Corp. long. lin. f ; alar. lin. 1.) Found near London. Sectio XLVIII. — Fern. Caput thorace latins : antennae clavatae, graciles, corporis dimidio longiores ; articuli 5°. ad 10"™. latescentes, non curtantes ; clava longi-ovata, articulo 10°. plus duplo longior, non latior : thorax ovatus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix conspicuae : metathorax brevis : abdomen ovatum, acuminatum, subtus vix angulatum, thoracis longitudine : alas mediocres ; nervus cubitalis radiali \dx brevior. Sp. 136. Pter. sobrius. Fem. Cupreiis, antenna nigro- picecB, abdomen nigro-ceneum, pedes fulvi, alcefuscce. Cupreus, parum nitens : caput antice viride : oculi picei : antennae nigro-piceee ; articulus 1"^ fulvus, apice fuscus : abdomen nigro- seneum, nitens ; basi et apice seneo-viride ; pedes obscure fulvi; meso- et metatarsi pallidiores, apice fusci ; coxae aeneae : alae fuscse ; proalae apud discum obscuriores ; squamulae et nervi fusca ; stigma concolor, minutum. (Corp. long. lin. f — | ; alar. lin. 1-1.) Var. ft. — Antennis articulus 1^^ nigro-viridis, basi fulvus : abdomen basi cupreo micans : femora et tibiae fusca. Found near London. Sectio L Sp. 137. Pter. fusci-cornis. Fem. Prcecedentibus hujus sectionis paullo brevior, caput latins, antennce et pedes pallidiora. .^neo-viridis, parum nitens : caput viride : oculi rufo-picei : an- tennae fuscae ; articulus 1"^ fulvus ; 2"^. pallide fuscus : abdomen MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 485 iiigro-cupreum, nitens : pedes pallide fulvi ; femora meso- et metatibige obscuriora; coxae virides ; tarsi apice obscure fulvi: alae limpidse ; squamulae etiiervi flava ; stigma concolor, minutum. (Corp. long. lin. 1 — IJ ; alar. lin. Ij — 1^.) Var. (5. — Thorax asneus : caput aeneo-viride : antennis articulus 1^^. apice fuscus. Var. y. — Var. /3 similis : femora, meso- et metatibise fusca. September ; near London. Isle of Wight. Sectio III. — Subdiv. 2. Sp. 138. Pter. thalassinus. Fem. Viridis, P. megachloro ajfinis, antennce, fusco-fulvcB, pedes fulvi, femora viridi cingulata, alee limpidce. Caput thorace vix latius : antennae subclavatae, corporis dimidio breviores ; articuli 5°. ad 10^™. curtantes et paullo latescentes ; clava ovata, articulo 10°. latior et plus duplo longior: thorax ovatus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix conspicuae : metathorax brevis : abdomen longi-ovatum, acuminatum, non angulatum, thorace longius : alas amplas ; nervus cubitalis radiali brevior. Viridis, parum nitens : oculi ocellique rufi : antennae fusco-fulvae ; articulus 1^^ basi fulvus : abdomen nitens ; discus obscure cupreus : pedes fulvi ; coxse virides ; femora fusco-viridi cingulata ; meso- et metatarsi pallide flavi, apice fusci : alas limpidae ; squa- mulae et nervi fulva ; stigma fuscum, minutum. (Corp. long. lin. \\ ; alar. Hn. Ig.) September ; Isle of Wight. Sp. 139. Pter. bifrons. P. lucido et herbido affinis, abdomen brevius. Caput thorace vix latius : antennae clavatse, corporis dimidii vix longitudine; articuli 5". ad 10"™. curtantes et latescentes; clava ovata, articulo 1 0°. plus duplo longior, non latior : thorax ovatus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parapsidum suture vix conspicuae : metathorax brevis : abdomen longi-ovatum, acumi- natum, non angulatum, thorace paullo longius : alae mediocres ; nervus cubitalis radiali multo brevior. Viridis : oculi rufo-picei : antennjE nigrae ; articulus 1"^ basi fulvus : abdomen purpureum ; segmentum 1""\ laete viride, apice pur- pureum ; 2'™. et sequentia basi utrinque viridia : pedes pallide 486 MONOGRAPHIA CIIALCIDITUM. fulvi ; coxae virides ; meso- et metapedum genua et tarsi pallide flava, hi apice fusci : alae limpidse ; squamulae et nervi pallide fulva ; stigma obscurius, minutura. (Corp. long. lin. I5 ; alar, lin. li.) Found near London. Sectio III. — Subdiv. 4. Sp. 140. Pter. epimelas. Fem. Niger, abdomen nigro- cupreum, 2iedes Jusci, alec subliinpida. Caput thorace latius : antennae subclavatae, corporis dimidio breviores ; articuli 5°- ad 1 0"™. curtantes et minime latescentes ; clava ovata, acuminata, articulo 10°. duplo longior non latior : thorax ovatus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix con- spicuae : metathorax brevis : abdomen ovatum, acuminatum, subtus non angulatum, thorace pauUo longius : alae mediocres ; nervus cubitalis radiali multo brevior. Niger, obscurus : oculi picei : antennae nigrae ; articulus 1^^ nigro- seneus : abdomen nigro-cupreum, nitens : pedes fusci ; coxae nigrae ; trochanteres et genua flava ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci : alae sublimpidae ; squamulae et nervi fusca ; stigma concolor, parvum. (Corp. long. lin. ^ — 15; alar. lin. 1 — Ig.) Var. /3. — Abdominis segmentum 1*^™. basi laete viride : femora et tibiae nigro-fusca. Var. y. — Var. /3 similis : antennae nigro-fuscae. Var. I. — Antennis articulus 1"^ fuscus, apice niger : abdominis segmentum 1™\ basi et metathorax cuprea : femora et tibiae nigra. Var. £. — Var. j3 similis : antennis articulus 1^^ fulvus : tibiae fuscae. September; near London. North Wales. Sp. 14L Pter. confinis. Fem. ^neus, prcecedente brevior, antemics fusccB, abdomen nigro-cupreum, pedes flavi, alee fulvce. jEneus : caput aeneo-viride : oculi rufo-picei : antennae fuscae ; articulus 1"^. nigro-fuscus, basi fulvus : abdomen nigro-cupreum, basi viride, apice aeneum : pedes flavi ; coxae virides ; meso- et metatarsi apice fusci : alse fulvae ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma parvum, obscurius. (Corp. long. lin. f ; alar. lin. |.) Found near London. MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 487 Sp. 142. Pter. exilis. Fem. Viridis, P. tenui hrevior, antenncB nicfro-f usees , abdominis discus nigro-cupreus, pedes fulvi, alee limpidce. Viridis : oculi rufo-picei : antennas nigro-fuscse ; articulus 1"^ fulvus, apicefuscus: abdomen seneo-viride, nitens ; discus nigro-cupreus : pedes fulvi ; coxae virides ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci : alse limpidse; squamulee et nervi flava ; stigma minutum, con- color. (Corp. long. lin. f ; alar. lin. 1.) Found near London. Sp. 143. Pter. stenotelus. Fem. /Eneus, P. pingui si7nil- livius, antenncB fuscce, abdomen cupreum, pedes fulvi, alee sublimpidce. Corpus breve, latum : caput magnum, thorace latius : antennae clavatae, corporis dimidii longitudine ; articuli 5^. ad 10"™. cur- tantes et latescentes ; clava ovata, articulo 10°. paullo latior et plus duplo longior : thorax brevi-ovatus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix conspicuae : metathorax brevis: abdomen ovatum, acuminatum, non angulatum, thorace vix longius : alas sat latae ; nervus cubitalis radiali brevior. vEneus : caput viride, thorace latius : oculi rufo-picei : antennae fuscae ; articulus 1"^. fulvus : abdomen cupreum, basi viride : pedes fulvi ; coxae aeneae ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci : alae lirapidae ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma minutum, con- color. (Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar. lin. 1|.) Var. j3. — Thorax eeneo-viridis : antennae fusco-fulvae : abdomen viride, subtus aeneo-varium ; discus nigro-cupreus : coxae virides. Far. y. — Far.fi similis : thorax viridis: antennae fulvae: pedes pallide fulvi : alarum squamulae et nervi flava. Found near London. Sp. 144. Pter. chrysammos. Fem. Cupreus, P. saturati statura, antennce graciliores palUdiores, abdominis discus purpureus, pedes fulvi, femora fusco cingulata, ala fulvescentes. Caput thorace latius : antennae clavatae, corporis dimidio breviores ; articuli 5°. ad lO^^". curtantes et latescentes ; clava ovata, articulo 488 MONOGRAPIirA CHALCIDITUM. 1 0°. latior et plus duplo longior : thorax ovatus : protliorax bre- vissimus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturse vix conspicuse : meta- thorax brevis : abdomen ovatum, acuminatum, subtus non angulatum, thorace paullo longius : alae mediocres ; nervus costalis radiali brevior. Cupreus : caput viridi-seneum : oculi rufo-picei : antennae fuscse ; articulus 1"^. basi fulvus : abdominis discus obscure purpureus : pedes fulvi ; coxae aeneo-virides ; femora fusco cingulata ; meso- et metatarsi apice fusci : alae fulvescentes ; squamulae et nervi pallida fulva; stigma minutum, concolor. (Corp. long. lin. 1| ; alar. lin. If.) Found near London. Sp. 145. Pter. concisus. Fem. Viridi-ceneus, P. tenui brevior, antennce, fuse c, abdominis discus cupreus, pedes fulvi, alee subfiisca. P. redacto et confini proximiis at angustior. Caput thorace paullo latius : antennae clavatae, corporis dimidii longitudine ; articuli 5°. ad lO'^"*. latescentes non curtantes ; clava ovata, articulo 10°. paullo latior et plus duplo longior : thorax ovatus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturas vix conspicuae : metathorax brevis : abdomen ovatum, acuminatum, non angulatum, thorace paullo longius: alae angustae; nervus cubitalis radiali brevior. Viridis : oculi rufo-picei : antennae nigro-fuscae ; articulus 1"^. fulvus, apice nigro-piceus : abdominis discus obscure purpureus : pedes pallide fulvi ; coxae virides ; meso- et metatarsi pallida flavi, apice pallide fusci : alae sublimpidae ; squamulae et nervi flava ; stigma fulvum, minutum. (Corp. long. lin. f — | ; alar, lin. 1—1.) Var. p. — Thorax viridi-aeneus. Far. y. — Viridi-aeneus : caput aeneo-viride : abdominis discus obscure cupreus. September ; near London. Isle of Wight. Sp. 146. Pter. balux. Fem. Cupreus, antenncB nigro- picece, abdomen viridi-ceneum, pedes Jlavo -fusci, alee sublimpidcB, P. affini proximus, caput minus, alee angus- tiores. Caput thorace paullo latius : antennae clavatae, corporis dimidio breviores; articuli 5°. ad 10'^'^. curtantes et latescentes ; clava MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 489 longi-ovata, articulo 10\ paullo latior et plus duplo longior : thorax ovatus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturse vix conspicuae : metathorax brevis : abdomen ovatum, acuminatum, non angulatum, thorace paullo longius et latius : alse mediocres ; nervus cubitalis radiali brevier. Cupreus : oculi rufo-picei : antennae nigro-picese ; articuli 1"^ et 2"'. nigro-virides, ille basi fuscus : abdomen viridi-aeneum, nitens ; discus purpureo-cupreus ; pedes flavi ; coxae virides ; meso- et metapedum femora et tibiae pallida fusca apice et basi flava, tarsi apice fusci ; protibiae et protarsi fulva : alae sublimpidae ; squa- mulae et nervi fulva ; stigma fuscum, mediocre. (Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar. lin. 1|.) October; near London. Sp. 147. Pter. pervasus. Fem. Viridis, P. pexati statura, antennce nigrcE, abdomen cupreum, pedes Jlavi, alee sub- limpidcB. Corpus breve, latum : caput thorace paullo latius : antennae sub- clavatae, corporis dimidii longitudine ; articuli 5". ad 10"™. cur- tantes et paullo latescentes ; clava ovata, articulo ] 0°. plus duplo longior non latior : thorax ovatus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturas vix conspicuae : metathorax brevis : abdomen ovatum, acuminatum, non angulatum, thorace vix longius : alae mediocres ; nervus cubitalis radiali brevior. Viridis, parum nitens : oculi rufo-picei : antennas nigrae ; articulus jus^ nigro-viridis, subtus fulvus : abdomen nitens, cupreum ; segmentum 1™\ laete viride : pedes flavi ; coxae virides ; protarsi fulvi ; meso- et metatarsi apice fusci : alae sublimpida3 ; squamulse et nervi fulva ; stigma minutum. (Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar, lin. 1|.) June ; New Forest. Sp. 148. Pter. hilaris. Fem. Viridis, antennce fiisccc, ab- domen cupreum, pedes Jlavi, femora fusco cingulata, alcB albo Umindce. Caput thorace vix latius: antennae subclavatae, graciles, corporis dimidio vix breviores ; articuli S^. ad 10"". curtantes, vix lates- centes ; clava ovata, articulo 10". latior et plus duplo longior : thorax ovatus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parapsidum NO. V. VOL. III. 3 R 490 MONOGRAPHIA CIIALCIDITUM, suturse vix conspicuae : metathorax brevis : abdomen longi-ovatum, acuminatum, non angulatum, thorace longius : alae mediocres ; nervus cubitalis radiali brevior. Laete viridis, nitens : oculi rufi : antennae pallida fuscae ; articulus 1"^. fulvus : abdomen cupreum, basi cyaneo-viride : pedes laete flavi ; coxae virides ; femora fusco cingulata ; meso- et metatarsi apice fusci ; protarsi fulvi : alae albo-limpidae ; squamulae et nervi pallide fulva ; stigma obscurius, mediocre. (Corp. long. lin. | ; alar. lin. 1.) Found near London. Sp. 149. Pter. orbiculatus. Fem, Nigro-viridis, antennce nigro-fuscce , abdomen nigro-ceneum, pedes fusci, alee lim- pidce. Corpus sublineare, breve : caput thorace vix latins : antennae per- breves, graciles, clavatse, thoracis vix longitudine ; articuli 5°. ad 10*^™. latescentes, non curtantes ; clava ovata, articulo 10°. latior et plus duplo longior : thorax brevi-ovatus : prothorax brevis- simus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix conspicuas ; meta- thorax brevis : abdomen ovatum, acuminatum, non angulatum, thorace paullo longius : alae latae ; nervus cubitalis radiali brevior. Nigro-viridis : oculi picei : antennae nigro-fuscae ; articulus 1"^. niger, basi fulvus : abdomen nigro-aeneum : pedes fusci ; coxae nigrae ; femora nigro-fusca ; meso- et metapedum genua et tarsi flava, hi apice fusci ; protarsi fulvi : alae subfuscae ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma minutum, concolor. (Corp. long. lin. | ; alar. lin. 1.) Var. (3. — Antennis articulus 1"^. nigro-aeneus : abdomen nigro- cupreum ; segmentum 1™\ basi viride : coxae nigro-virides ; protibiaB fulvae. Var. y. — Abdomen basi et utrinque viride : coxae et femora viridia. September; near London. Devonshire. Isle of Wight. Sp. 150. Pter. fulvipes. Fern. Cupreus, P. tenui simil- limus, antennae fuscce, pedes fulvi, alee fulvescentes. Caput thorace paullo latins : antennae clavatae, corporis diniidii vix longitudine; articuli 5°. ad 10"™. latescentes, vix curtantes; clava ovata, articulo 10°. latior et plus duplo longior: thorax MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM.. 491 ovatus, breviusculus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parap- sidum suturae vix conspicuae : metathorax brevis : abdomen longi- ovatum, acuminatum, non angulatum, tliorace multo longius : alae angustas ; nervus cubitalis radiali brevior. Cupreus : caput aeneo-viride : oculi picei : antennae fuscae ; articulus l"s. fulvus, apice fuscus : abdomen viride, basi et subtus cupreo varium ; discus obscure purpureus : pedes fulvi ; coxae reneae ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci : alae fulvescentes ; squamulae et nervi pallide fulva ; stigma minutum, fuscum. (Corp. long, lin. 1 ; alar. lin. I5.) Found near London. Sp. 151. Pter. longulus. Fem. P. fulvipede longior, ales latiores. Caput thorace vix latius : antennas subclavatae, corporis dimidio breviores ; articuli 5°. ad 10^>. paullo latescentes, non curtantes ; clava ovata, articulo 10°. plus duplo longior et paullo latior : thorax ovatus: prothorax brevissimus: mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix conspicuae : metathorax brevis : abdomen subfusiforme, acuminatum, non angulatum, thorace multo longius : alae medi- ocres ; nervus cubitalis radiali brevior. Cupreo-^neus : caput et metathorax viridi-aenea : oculi rufo-picei : antennas nigrae ; articulus 1"^. nigro-fuscus, basi et subtus fulvus : mesothoracis scutellum cupreum : abdomen cupreum ; segmentum 1™\ laete viride, cupreo varium : pedes fulvi ; coxae virides ; meso- et metapedum genua et tarsi flava, hi apice obscure fusci : alae sublimpidas ; squamulae et ncrvi pallide fulva ; stigma ob- scurius, minutum. (Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar. lin. \\.) Found near London. Sectio III. — Subdiv. 5. Fem. Sp. 152. Pter. chrysos. Fem. Cupreus, antenncB nigro- fuscm, abdominis discus purpureus, pedes fusco-fulvi, femora cenea, ala suhlimpidce. Caput thorace paullo latius : antennae subclavatae, corporis dimidio longiores ; articuli 5°. ad 10"™. curtantes vix latescentes ; clava ovata, articulo 10°. latior et duplo longior : thorax ovatus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix con- spicuae : metathorax brevis : abdomen ovatum, acuminatum, 492 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. subtus non angulatum, thorace vix longius : alae mediocres ; nervus cubitalis radiali brevior. Cupreus : oculi rufo-picei : antennae nigro-fuscae ; articulus 1"^. basi fulvus : abdominis discus obscure purpureus : pedes fulvi ; coxae et femora aenea ; meso- etmetapedum tibiae fusco cingulatae apice flavae, tarsi fiavi apice fusci : alae sublimpidae ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma obscurius, parvum. (Corp. long. lin. ly ; alar. lin. 2.) Var. I3. — Caput viridi-aeneum : abdomen viridi-cupreum ; discus obscure purpureus. September ; Isle of Wight. Sp. 153. Pter. comes. Fem. PrcBcedenti similis, caput latius, antenncB crassiores, abdomen brevius. Viridi-aeneus : caput viride : oculi picei : antennae nigro-fuscae ; articulus 1"^ fulvus : abdomen cupreum ; discus obscure pur- pureus : pedes fulvi ; coxae virides ; femora fusco cingulata ; meso- et metapedum tibiae basi et apice pallidiores, tarsi flavi apice fusci : alae sublimpidae ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma parvum, obscurius. (Corp. long. lin. 1| ; alar. lin. 1|.) September; Isle of Wight. Sp. 154. Pter. vitripennis. Fem. Nigro-ceneus, antennce fusccBf pedes fulvi, alee albo limpidce. Corpus breve, latum : caput thoracis latitudine : antennae clavatae, graciles, corporis dimidio pauUo longiores ; articuli 5°. ad 10"™. curtantes et paullo latescentes ; clava ovata, articulo 10". paullo latior et plus duplo longior : thorax ovatus : prothorax brevis- simus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix conspicuae : meta- thorax brevis : abdomen ovatura, acuminatum, non angulatum, thoracis longitudine : alae latae ; nervus cubitalis radiali non brevior. Nigro-aeneus, parum nitens : caput nigro-viride : oculi rufo-picei : antennae fuscae ; articulus 1"". fulvus ; 2"\ fusco-fulvus : abdomen nitens : pedes fulvi ; femora obscuriora ; coxae aeneae ; meso- et metapedum tibiae apice tarsique flava, hi apice fusci : alae albo- limpidae ; squamulae et nervi flava ; stigma minimum, concolor. (Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar. lin. li.) July; near London. MOiIOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. 493 Sectio XXI. — Fem. Sp. 155. Pter. obscuratus. Fem. P. cingulipedis statural alarum nervi et pedes obscuriores. Viridis : oculi rufo-picei : antennae nigro-picese ; articulus 1"^. nigro-viridis, basi fuscus : mesothoracis discus seneo-viridis : abdomen cupreum ; segmentum 1"^™. laete cyaneo-viride ; 2^"". et sequentia basi viridia : pedes flavi ; coxae virides ; femora et tibiae fusca, apice basique flava ; tarsi apice fusci ; protarsi fulvi : alae sublirapidas ; squamulae fuscae ; nervi fulvi ; stigma parvura, concolor. (Corp. long. lin. 1^; alar. lin. If.) Var. /3. — Abdomen subtus apice cyaneum ; segmentum 1"™. cya- neum, apice cupreum : femora nigro-fusca, apice basique flava. June ; Isle of Wight. Sp. 156. Pter. gentilis. Fem, Lcete viridis, antenncB et pedes fulva, abdominis discus ptirpureus, aide limpidce. Caput thorace paullo latins : antennae clavatas, corporis dimidii longitudine ; articuli 5°. ad 10""\ latescentes non curtantes ; clava ovata, articulo 1 0°. latior et duplo longior : thorax ovatus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturse vix conspicuse : metathorax brevis : abdomen longi-ovatum, acumi- natum, subtus angulatum, thorace longius : alae mediocres ; nervus cubitalis radiali brevior. Laete viridis, nitens : oculi rufo-picei : antennae pallide fulvae ; articulus 1"". fulvus, apice fuscus : abdominis discus purpureus : pedes pallide fulvi ; coxae virides ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci: alaj limpidae ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma minutum, fuscum. (Corp. long. lin. l^; alar. lin. Ij.) Found near London. Sp. 157. Pter. inclusus. Mas et Fem. Cupreo-cBnens, an- tennce nigro-fuscce, pedes fusci aut fulvi, alee sublimjnda. Mas.— Capnt thorace latins : antennas extrorsum crassiores, corporis dimidio paullo longiores ; articuli 5°. ad 10"". subsequales ; clava ovata, acuminata, articulo 10°. paullo latior et plus duplo longior : thorax ovatus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix conspicuae : metathorax brevis : abdomen sublineare, thorace angustius vix longius : ala^ mediocres ; nervus cubitalis radiali multo brevior. 494 MONOGRAPHIA CHALCIDITUM. Fern. — Caput thorace paullo latius : antennae subclavatse, graciles, corporis dimidii longitudine ; articuli 5°. ad 10^™. curtantes vix latescentes ; clava ovata, articulo 10°. latior et duplo longior : abdomen longi-ovatum, acuminatum, subtus angulatum, thorace longius. Mas. — Cupreo-aeneus : caput viride : oculi rufo-picei : antennae nigro-fuscae ; articulus l"s. fuscus, basi fulvus : mesothorax postice et metathorax cyaneo-viridia : abdomen cupreum, basi cyaneo-viride : pedes fulvi ; coxae asneae ; trochanteres et genua flava, meso- et metatarsi concolores apice fusci : alae sublimpidae ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma fuscum, parvum. Fern. — Cupreo-aeneus, parum nitens : caput aeneo-viride : antennis articulus 1"^. niger, basi fulvus : abdomen aeneo-viride ; discus obscure cupreus : pedes flavi ; coxae asneae ; femora nigra ; tibiae nigro-fuscae, apice basique flavae ; meso- et metatarsi apice fusci ; protarsi fulvi. (Corp. long. lin. 1 — 15 ; alar. lin. \\ — If.) Var. /3. Mas. — Thorax viridis ; discus cupreo-seneus : femora et tibiae fusca. Var. 7. Fern. — Abdomen obscure cupreum ; segmentum 1"'". viridi- aeneum. Var. L Fern. — Cupreus : caput viride. September; Teignraouth, Devonshire. Isle of Wight. Sp. 158. Pter. cahgatus. Fem. Nigro-viridis, antennce nigro-picece, abdomen nigro-cupreu?n, pedes fulvi, femora viridia, alcefuscce. Nigro-viridis, parum nitens : oculi rufo-picei : antennae nigro-piceas ; articulus 1"^. nigro-viridis, basi fuscus : abdomen nigro-cupreum, nitens ; segmentum 1^™. cupreum, basi laete viride : pedes fulvi ; coxae et femora viridia ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci : alae obscure fuscae ; squamulae et nervi fusca ; stigma minutum, con- color. (Corp. long. lin. | — | ; alar. lin. | — 1.) Var. /3. — Tibiae fuscae, basi et apice fulvae. Found near London. Sp. 159. Pter. conterminus. Fem. P. caligato simillimus, paullo latior, alee limpidce. Nigro-viridis, parum nitens : oculi rufo-picei : antennae nigro-piceae ; articulus l"^ nigro-viridis, basi fulvus : abdomen nigro-cupreum. MONOGRAPIIIA CHALCIDITUM. 495 nitens ; segmentum l"™. basi laef e viride : pedes fulvi ; coxfe et femora viridia ; meso- et metapedum tibife fuscas, tarsi flavi apice fusci : alae sublimpidfe ; squamulfe et nervi fusca ; stigma mi- nutum, concolor. (Corp. long. lin. § — 1 ; alar. lin. f — ]i.) September ; Isle of Wight. Sp. 160. Pter. amabilis. Fem. Cyaneus, antenna nigro- picece, abdomen purpureum, pedes fulvi, alee Umpidce. Cyaneus, parum nitens : oeuli rufo-picei : antennee nigro-piceae ; articulus 1"^. fulvus : abdomen purpureum, nitens; segmentum 1"™. laete viride, cupreo varium : pedes fulvi ; coxae cyaneae ; meso- et metapedum tibiag et tarsi flava, hi apice obscuriores : alae limpidee ; squamulse et nervi fulva ; stigma minutum, con- color. (Corp. long. lin. 2\ ; alar. lin. 2\.) Found near Paris, by the Comte de Castelneau. Sectio XXII. Sp. 161. Pter. equestris. Fern. Cupreus, antenna et pedes Jusca, alee Umpidce. Caput thorace latius : antennae subclavatse, graciles, corporis dimidio longiores ; articuli 5°. ad 10^™. paullo curtantes vix latescentes ; clava longi-ovata, artJculo 10°. latior et plus duplo longior : thorax ovatus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix conspicuse : metathorax brevis : abdomen longi-ovatum, apice compressum et acuminatum, subtus angulatum, thorace longius : alae mediocres ; nervus cubitalis radiali multo brevior. Cupreus, parum nitens : oculi rufo-picei : antennae fuscae ; articulus 1"'. fulvus, apice obscurior : abdomen nigro-cupreum, nitens ; segmentum 1™\ viride, cupreo varium : pedes flavi ; coxae virides ; femora fusca ; meso- et metapedum tibiae fusco cingu- latse, tarsi apice fusci ; pro tibiae et protarsi fulva : alae limpidae, latae ; squamulae et nervi flava ; stigma fulvum, minutum. (Corp. long. lin. \\\ alar. lin. If.) Found near London. Sp. 162. Pter. simulans. Fem. P. mesochloro affinis sed brevior aliterque coloratus. Caput thorace paullo latius : antennae graciles, subclavatae, corporis dimidio breviores ; articuli 5°. ad 10""». curtantes et paullo 49G ON THE HABITS OF SOME SPECIES OF BEES. latescentes ; clava ovata, articulo 10°. latior et plus duplo longior : thorax brevi-ovatus, crassus : prothorax brevissimus : mesotho- racis parapsidum suturae vix conspicuse : metathorax brevis : abdomen ovatum, acuminatum, subtus angulatum, thorace longius et angustius : alae mediocres ; nervus cubitalis radiali vix longior. Cupreus, parum nitens : caput ^neo-viride : oculi rufo-picei : an- tennae fuscae ; articulus 1"'. fulvus : abdomen cupreo-purpureum, nitens, subtus cupreum ; segmentum 1"™. laete viride, cupreo varium ; 2"™. et sequentia basi utrinque viridia : pedes fulvi ; coxae et femora aenea ; tibiae fusco cingulatae ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci : alse fulvescentes ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma fuscum, parvum. (Corp. long. lin. Ig ; alar. lin. 2.) Sp. 163. Pter. Endomychi (Curtis's MSS.) Mas. JEneus, antenncB nigro-fusc(B, abdomen basi fulvuin, pedes fulvi, alcB limpidcs. Corpus crassum, latum : caput thorace paullo latius : antennae subfiliformes, corporis dimidio longiores ; articuli 5°. ad lO'^™. breves, cyathiformes, subaequales ; clava longi-ovata, articulo 10°. angustior et plus duplo longior : thorax ovatus : pro- thorax brevissimus : mesothoracis parapsidum suturae vix conspicuae : metathorax brevis : abdomen rhombiforme, thorace brevius ; segmentum 1"'". maximum ; sequentia brevissima : alee sat latae ; nervus cubitalis radiali multo brevior. ^neus : oculi rufo-picei : antennae nigro-fuscae ; articuli 1"^ et 2"^ fulvi : abdomen fulvum, nitens, apice aeneum : pedes fulvi ; coxae seneae ; meso- et metatarsi flavi, apice fusci ; alae limpidte ; squamulae et nervi fulva ; stigma obscurius, minutum. (Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar. lin. Ig.) Reared by Mr. Curtis, from the larva of Endomychus cucci- neus, — (British Entomology, XII. 570.) Art. XL VI. — A feiv Observations on the Habits of some Species of Bees. By G. R. Waterhouse, Curator to the Museum of the Royal Institution, lAverpool. Upon referring to Kirby's Monograph on the Bees of this country, I find that the male of Megachile circumcincta was not known to him ; and not being aware of its having been ON THE HABITS OF SOME SPECIES OF BliES. 497 described since the publication of that work, I have extracted a few notes from my Memorandum Book relatino- to that insect, together with some other species of bees, which, I hope, may be acceptable to the Entomological Mao-azine. On the 12th of June last, whilst taking a ramble by the side of the river Mersey, I observed a species of Megachile in considerable abundance ; thinking it might differ from the London species, with which my cabinet is pretty well stocked, I caught a few of them, and to my delight found them to be the same, I believe, as a species which had been shown to me whilst Curator to the Entomological Society, and by the entomologists who possessed it, thought to be a new species, of which the female as yet was not known. I therefore hunted with great diligence in the hopes of finding the female, but at that time without success. The males were flying about, and occasionally settling on the banks to bask in the sun, or sipping the honey from a little yellow flower — the Lotus corniculatus I believe — which was common in the neighbourhood. I never saw them settle on any other flower, though many were in bloom. ^ In these same banks I observed many little holes. My digger was of course soon at work, and with success ; for two or three nests, con- structed in the same manner as those of Megadiile Willugh- biella, sometimes with rose leaves, but occasionally with the leaves of other plants, made their appearance. These nests I took home, and shortly after reared from them specimens of Megachile circumcincta. This made me suspect that the bee which I had been catching in the neighbourhood was the male of that insect, — a suspicion which was fully confirmed shortly afterwards upon going to the same place again. The females of M. circumcincta were then in abundance, and engaged in making their nests ; the males were flying about in the neigh- bourhood of these nests, and many times gave me ample proofs of their relationship. Several of the pairs I caught. The male embraces the female whilst on the wing, but as they then cannot fly they come speedily to the ground. The female, M. circumcincta, is well known. The insect discovered to be the male very much resembles that of M, I mention this fact, because I think it important to ascertain, if possible, what flowers particular species of bees frequent, for many confine tliemselves, m •a great measure, to one kind. NO. V. VOL. III. S S 498 ON THE HABITS OF SOME SPECIES OF BEES. Willughhiella , but is rather less ; the anterior tarsi, though dilated, are not so broad as in that species. The terminal ' joint of the antenna is likewise, as in M. Willughhiella, larger than the rest, but differs in being rather shorter : the head is furnished with pale brown hair anteriorly, and the vertex with hair of a sooty-black colour : on the thorax and two basal seg- ments of the abdomen, the hair is of a reddish-brown colour, and on the apical segments of the latter, black : the underside of the body is furnished with ashy pubescence. Such is the colouring of the specimens which I afterwards reared, — but the pubescence was nearly of an uniform greyish cast in most of those caught at large. The nests of these insects are generally placed about six inches in the ground, and in a light soil, and consist of three or four cylindrical cells joined end to end. The perfect insect, when hatched, eats its way through the side of the cell near the top. I have reared many specimens of both sexes; — the eggs are laid in June, the insect has undergone all its transformations by the month of September, and remains in a torpid state until the following June.'' I set many specimens at liberty (by opening their cells) in the winter; the room being warm they crawled about pretty briskly, but were not able to fly. June 19, 1835, caught several specimens of Ccelioxys conica of both sexes ; they were flying about the nests of the Megachile above-mentioned, {M. circumcincta). I observed a female enter a hole, and was just about to put my net over the place to secure it, when to my surprise a female Megachile entered the same hole. It was a minute before either came out ; the Ccelioxys came first but escaped from me ; the other I caught. Sept. 1885, found, upon looking in my breeding - cage, that the larvae which were in the cocoons of the Megachile had all assumed the imago state ; some few had made their escape from the cells and were found dead in the breeding-cage, — among them there was a specimen of Ccelioxys conica, also dead.'' From this it is pretty evident that this species of *■ I have reared many species of bees, of both the families Apidee and Andre- nida, and invariably found that they had undergone all their transformations by the autumn. = As this species of CcBlioxys abounds in neighbourhoods where M. circumcincta is not found, it may be thought I make some mistake in the species; hence I will send this, and all other species mentioned in these Notes, to the Entomo- logical Society's Collection, where they may be examined by any entomologist. ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES. 499 Calioxys is a parasite upon M. circumcincta', and I think, likewise, upon M. Willughbiella. It is right however to state, that I had cocoons of one other species of bee {Osmia atri- capllla, on the habits of which I have some remarks to make at some future period), but it must be stated that I never observed the Ccelioxys go near the nests of that species, which are always found in quite a different situation. Art. XLVII. — Entomological Notes. By Edward Newman. {Continued fro7n Vol. II. p. 516.) Class. — Coleoptera. Natural Order. — Carabites, Newman. Genus. — Enigma, Newman. Caput punctatum, fere trigonum, prothorace vix angustius; oculis exstantibus : labrum rotundatum, elongatum, mandibulas tegens : mandibulae elongatse acutse, fulciformes, occultae, unidentatae : maxillae falcatse, acuta; ; galea, articulo terminali elongate ; maxi- palpi articulo tertio elongato, quarto breviore, apicali complanato clavato, truncato : labium medio profunde excavatum, lateribus elongatis exstantibus, acutis ; ligula rotundata, integra, elongata ; labipalpi articulo penultimo elongato, apicali breviore, robustiore, truncato : prothorax punctatus, cordatus, postice truncatus : elytra elongata, pene linearia, nonnihil truncata, postice membrana mar- ginali diaphana, octo-striata, punctortim binis ordinibus inter strias: metalae patefactae ad volandum aptatae : pedes breves, tarsi breviores, simplices non nihil cylindrici. Sp. Iris. Violacea, hirsuta, ore, antennis, oculis pedibusque nigris. (Long 1 unc. ; lat. 3 lin.) This beautiful insect has, at first sight, so exactly the appearance of a large Leistus or Nebria, that I at once sup- posed it intermediate between those genera and Calosoma. A second glance, however, and an examination of its mouth, prove this idea to be wholly erroneous, and point out its relationship to the genera Anthia and Graphiptems ; and it is between these and Catascopus of Kirby that it must 500 ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES, take its station. In this place, I find in the "Catalogue des Coleopteres," an insect which is described in the Supplement to the Count Dejean's " Species des Coleopteres," p. 455, that very nearly agrees with the insect before me ; and what is rather remarkable, it bears the very name {Euchnla) which I intended to employ. There was, however, so evident a differ- ence in magnitude, colour, and habitat, that I carefully went over the characters again, and found this important difference — Eucheila has the apical joint of the maxillary feelers cylindrical ; /Enigma has the ?ame joint flattened, clavate, and truncate. Enigma may therefore with propriety be placed between Catascopus and Eucheila. jEnigma iris was received from New Holland by Mr. Bowerbank, and has been presented by that gentleman to the Entomological Club. Its length is rather less than an inch, and its breadth rather more than a quarter of an inch. Its colour is the most lovely violet, which however varies on the slightest alteration of position. Over the whole surface of its head, prothorax, elytra, and legs, are scattered short hairs of a pale yellow colour. Class. — Neuroptera. Natural Order. — Perlites, Newman, Genus. — Chloroperla, Newman. Sexuum amborum alis pariter repandis, pariterque abdomen tegen- tibus : telo setis duabus instructo ; proalse nervo subcostal! cum costali parallelo. In July, 1833, I described a new insect, under the name Isogenus Nubecula, distinguishing it as a genus from Perla, by the circumstance of the wings being of full length in both sexes ; whereas, in the true Perlce, they are abbreviated in the male. The present genus, Chloroperla, or green Perla, is so named from the species having invariably a sea-green tint. It is readily distinguished from Perla by its having the wings in both sexes fully developed, as in Isogenus. It is separated from Isogenus by the nervures of its fore wings ; the costal and subcostal nervures in Chloroperla running parallel throughout their length, whereas in Isogenus, and also in Perla, the subcostal approaches and all but joins the costal nervure rather ON CHEESE AND BACON-HOPPERS. 501 beyond the middle. The number of transverse nervures uniting these two longitudinal ones is various ; but in Isogenus and Per/a it varies between twelve and eighteen; in Cliloroperla between three and six. From Nemoura the genus Chloroperla sufficiently differs, in its possessing the two caudal setae. Of this genus there are several species inhabiting this country, of which the most abundant are the C. viridis of Fabricius, and the C. lutea of Latreille. There is also a minute species, which abounds in Herefordshire, frequenting the alders by the sides of the trout streams :^ — it is a most transparent, delicate little creature. Chlo. apicalis. Tola luteo-viridi.s, oculis antennarum apici- biisque nigerrimis. (Long. 3 lin.) Entirely of a pale delicate green, with the eyes and extreme portions of the antennae intensely black. Art. XLVIII. — Notes on the Cheese and Bacon-Hoppers and the Cheese-Mite. TO THE EDITOR OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE. Sir, — I hope that you will excuse the liberty that I have taken in addressing this letter to you ; but if you think the following observations upon those pests (as they sometimes are) of the larder and the dairy, the cheese and bacon hoppers, and the cheese-mite, worthy a corner in your interesting mis- cellany, they are at your service. I am very much delighted with natural history in general, especially with that branch of it treating upon insects, their habits and dispositions, and I have observed with pleasure the great interest taken in it by all classes of persons ; a certain proof of this is the increase of works treating upon natural productions, especially of those written in a popular manner, and adapted for general readers. It should be a rule with the authors or editors of such works to be the more guarded in their expressions and descriptions in proportion as they depart from scientific detail, as an error is more easily impressed ' Common in like situations near Nantes in France. — Ed. #02 ON CHEESE AND BACON-HOPPKRS upon the mind of a first beginner than upon one that possesses the capabiHty of rectifying it. I am led to the above remarks, by observing an error in a work (the general execution of which I am very much pleased with) now in course of publication. The article to which I allude is in the British Cyclopaedia, Division III. on Natural History, Vol. II. p. 8, " Cheese-hopper, or Cheese-mite," in which the editors have confounded the larva of a dipterous insect with an apterous one (Acarus lactei). The error com- mences in the very heading of the article, by using the conjunc- tion " or ;" had they used " and," it would have been intelligible, but the name of such insect should have been the head of a separate article. It then proce'eds to give an interesting account of the cheese-hopper only, for the greater part of the article. Afterwards it says, — " Shortly after which the grubs are hatched, and feed upon the cheese, causing it to decay ; the fine powder which we perceive, and which is so highly prized by the gourmand, being nothing else but the excrement of the grubs." The second part of the above quotation relates to the cheese-mites alone, as it is a well-known fact, that when a cheese is infested with the hoppers there is no powder, but, on the contrary, a moisture ; now a cheese that is attacked by the mites is always powdery, wherever they harbour. Any dairy-maid knows that if the cheese is not well pressed to separate the whey entirely from the curd, it will be much more liable to the attacks of the hopper-fly than if it had been pressed as it ought to have been. They also call a cheese that is decayed by having maggots in it, " the wet rot," in con- tradistinction to the " dry rot," which the mites generally, but not always, accompany. There is also a very great difference in the attack of the two insects — the hoppers being always found in the interior of the cheese without any visible external aperture ; the mites are as constant to the exterior, and never penetrate into the inside (unless there are cracks in the cheese) until the outer part where they are is entirely consumed. The flies that I have succeeded in rearing from the larva, both in cheese and bacon, vary considerably from the one described by the editors before-mentioned. But perhaps there are seve- ral species, or even a family, the larvas of which possess similar saltatorial powers, and feed on the same sort of food, although I have met with but one species. They state, that some time after AND CHEESE-MITES. SOS the grub has assumed the chrysalis state, it becomes of a black colour ; now I have constantly found the case of the pupa of a chestnut brown, both when the pupa was inclosed, and after it had extricated itself from its envelope. The fly is also de- scribed as of the size of the common domestic fly, and of a blackish-green colour, shining. My specimens are glossy as well as that above-described, but the size is only from two to three lines in length, and of a slighter make in proportion than the domestic fly ; the colour is a light liver-brown, with a reflection of bronze ; they are so very different from any other flies that are found in houses, that a person who is acquainted with them knows them easily, even at the distance of three or four yards. They in general appear in the month of May, or beginning of June, according to the forwardness of the spring or summer. As I have heard many persons complain that it was impos- sible to preserve bacon from the attacks of the hopper, it perhaps may not be uninteresting to in-door economists to relate the manner in which I save my bacon, and preserve it uninjured, even to the next summer, if required, and also an occurrence that has confirmed me in its efficacy. As soon as the flitches are dry, after being hung to not later than the last week in April, I prepare some bags of strong brown paper, large enough to hold one gammon or ham, and a little of the open end to spare. I then separate the hams and gammons from the middles, put them into the bags, and either tie the neck of the bag up quite close, or else double it and sew it through the doubled part, taking care that there are no holes in the bags occasioned by tying them up, and never un- covering them again until they are wanted for use, and then only the particular one that is required. The occurrence alluded to above happened a few years ago. A neighbour asked me to permit him to dry three hams in my kitchen, as his was very low and confined. I accordingly consented — the hams were brought — but whether through bad management in the salting or not I cannot tell ; (it was certainly rather late in the season when they were cured ;) however, before they had hung three weeks, I could perceive a quantity of flies hovering about them. In another fortnight or three weeks they literally swarmed in the kitchen, and penetrated to every room in tht; house full as much as the domestic fly. I began to tremble with 504' ON CHEESE AND BACON-HOPPERS. apprehension for my own hams. I had papered them up before the others were brought ; but 1 feared that there was some small hole or crevice that had escaped my observation at the time, through which the female fly might have introduced her ovi- positor and laid her eggs upon the inclosed ham. The middles of the flitches that I had cut them from were hanging uncovered all the time ; but I have never observed the hoppers, either then or at any other time, attack that part, unless it has been badly salted, which I very much doubt was the case with the hams in question. I desired the owner to come for them, and cut the parts that might still be sound separate from the remainder and paper them up. We began to cut them, when I found that the hoppers had penetrated in the interior, along the bones and between the muscles, to that degree, that we could not cut a single piece larger than a man's fist from any part of them. I believe, that had they been left another fortnight or three weeks longer, it would have been impossible to have cut a slice free from the maggots. The pieces that we had cut out were papered up carefully to try to prevent any further attacks until they were used. They were taken home, and J was told that there was not one hopper to be seen in any of them when they were used. I had occasion soon after to cut up one of the hams that I had covered previous to the occurrence related above. I took down the one that was hanging nearest to the hams in question, when I was agreeably disappointed to find not one hopper in it. This was before the flies had dis- appeared from the kitchen entirely, but they were very much diminished in number. As the ham was not all used directly, a few of the flies that remained laid their eggs in it, and they were hatched into grubs before it was finished. The remain- ing c nes I did not open until two or three months afterwards, when I had the pleasure to find them also thoroughly free from the appearance of the larva ; which I consider was a certain proof that covering them in the manner before related is an effectual guard from the attacks of the hopper. It will not do to cover only the fleshy part of the hams, leaving the hock exposed, as I have seen many persons do, but they must be covered entirely. The foregoing fact, I can assure you, is nothing but the plain unvarnished truth. I remain, yours &c. J. B N. Feb. 13, 1836. LIST OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. 505 Art. XL IX. — List of Entomological Works. 1 . British Entornologij ; by John Curtis. Nos. 1 39 — 146, July 1835, to March 1836. 2. Illustrations of British Entomology ; by J. F. Stephens. Nos. 78, 79. October, November, 1835. 3. A Manual of Entomology, from the German of Dr. Hermann Burmeister ; by W. E. Shuckard, M. E. S. With original Notes and additional Plates. Nos. 9 — 18. {com- pletioji.) 4. The System of Zoology, Vol. III. being a Treatise on the Natural History and Classification of Quadrupeds; by William Swainson, Esq. 5. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London. Vol. I. Part 3. 1835. On Nycteribia, a Genus of wingless Insects ; by J. O. Westwood, Esq. F.L.S. 8fc. 6. Researches in Zoology, illustrative of the Manners and Economy of Animals ; with Descriptions of numerous Species new to Naturalists ; accompanied by Plates ; by John Black- wall, F.L.S. 8(c. 1835. 7. Illustrations of the Botany and other Branches of the Natural History of the Himalayan Mountains, and of the Flora of Cashmere ; by J. Forbes Roy la, Esq. F.L.S., G.S. &^c. Part 7. 1835. — This number contains coloured figures of some undescribed East Indian insects. 8. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. Part 2. 1835. 9. The Magazine of Natural History; conducted by J.C. Loudon. London: Longtnan. 1835,1836. 3Ionthly Nos. 5S — 59. 1 . Description of the Young of the common Lobster, Sfc. ; by T. Brightwell, Esq., F. L. S. 2. A descriptive Catalogue of the Insecta My riapoda, found in Berwickshire ; NO. V. VOL. III. 3 T 506 LIST OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. hrj George Johnston, M.D. 8(C. 3. Illustrations in British Zoology, Sfc. ; by the same. 4. On a Species of Eurynome, and on other Crustacea ; by S. Hailstone, jun. Esq. 5. On the Lepidopterous Insects of Switzerland ; by P. J. Brown, Esq. 10. Monographic des Braconides de Belgique ; par C. Wesmdel. Bruxelles, 1835. 11. Enumeration des Entomologistes vivans, suivie de Notes sur les Collections Entomologiques des jjrincipaux Musees d'Histoire Naturelle d'EurojJe, sur les Societes d'En- tomologie, sur les Recueils periodiques consacres a r Etude des Insectes, et d^une Table alphabetique des Residences des Ento- mologistes ; par G. Silber7nann. Paris, 1835. 12. Memoires de la SociSte de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve. Tome VII. Partie 1. Geneve, 1835. 1. Memoire pour servir a VHistoire de la Chenille du Hamac, Tinea Harisella, Linnt ; par Pierre Huber. 2. Description de quelques nouvelles Especes dTnsectes du Bassin du Leman ; par F. J. Pictet. 13. Clavis novi Hymenopterorum Systematis adjecta Sy- nopsi Larvarum ejusdem Ordinis Scandinavicarum Eruci- formium a Gustavo Dahlbom. Lundce, 1835. 14. Report on the Geology, Mineralogy, Botany, and Zoology of Massachusetts ; by Professor Hitchcock. Amherst, 1835. — This volume contains a list of the animals of Massa- chusetts— the Crustacea by Augustus A. Gould, M.D. — the Araneides by Professor N. M. Hentz — and the Insects by Thaddeus William Harris, M.D. 15. Histoire Naturelle des L^pidopteres, ouPapillons de France ; par Godart, continute par M. Duponchel. Tome IX. Nocturnes, Tome VI. Livraisons 5 — 11. Supplement, S^c. Tome I. Livraisons 18 — 27. Tome II. Livraisons 1 — 3. Paris, 1835. 16. Iconographie des Chenilles, Sfc. ; par M. Duponchel. Tome I. Livraisons 13 — 15. Paris, 1835. 17. Catalogue des CoUopteres de la Collection de M. le Comte Dejean. Livraison 4. Paris, 1835. LIST OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. 507 18. Icones Historiques des Lepidopteres nouveaux ou peu connus ; par le Docteur Boisduval. Livraisons 31 — 38. Paris, 1835. 19. Collection Iconographique et Historique des Che- nilles, Sfc. ; par MM. Boisduval, Rambur et Graslin. Livrai- sons SI— ^8. Paris, 1835. 20. Revue Entomologique de M. Silbermann. Tome III. Strasbourg, 1835. 21. Magasin de Zoologie ; par F. E. Guerin. 5^. annee. Paris, 1835. 22. Suite a Biiffbn, S^c. Introduction a l' Entomologie ; par M. Lacordaire. Tome I. Paris, 1835. 23. Iconographie, b\C. des Coltopteres d' Europe; par M. le Conite Dejean et M. J. A. Boisduval. Tome IV. Li- vraisons 9, 10. Paris, 1835. 24. Tableaux Synoptiques des Lepidopteres d' Europe, ^c. ; par MM. de Villiers et Guenee. Tome I. Livraisons 1—5. Paris, 1835. 25. Genera des Insecies, S^c. ; par MM. E. Guerin et A. Percheron. Livraisons 2, 3. Paris, 1835. 26. Iconographie die Regne Animal de M. le Baron Cuvier ; par M. F. E. Guerin. Livraisons 40, 41. Paris, 1835. 27. Monographie des Cetoines et Genres voisins, 5yc. ; par M. H. Gory et M. A. Percheron. Livraisons 8 — 10. Paris, 1835. 28. Histoire Naturelle des Lepidopteres ; par M. Bois- duval. Faisant partie des Suites a Buffon. Tome I. Paris, 1835. 29. Bulletin Zoologique, public par Guerin. Troisieme Section — Entomologie. 508 LIST OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. 30. Entomographien, par Eschscholtz ; traduite en Fran- fais. 1 Vol. Paris, 1835. 31. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France. Tome IV. Trimestres 1—3. 1835. 32. Die Wanzenartigen Insecten. Getren nach der Natur abgehildet und heschrieben von D. Carl.Wilh. Hahn. ; Dritter Band, Erstes Heft. Mit seeks fein ausgemalten Tafeln. Nurnberg, 1835. 33. Die Arachniden. Getreu nach der Natur abgebildet und beschrieben von D. Carl. Willi. Hahn. ; Zweiter Band. Sechstes Heft. Mit seeks fein ausgemalten Tafeln. Nurn- berg, 1835. 34. Histoire Naturelle et Jconographie des Insectes Coleopteres ; par F. de Laporte, Comte de Castelneau, et H. Gory. Livraisons2 — 4. Paris, 1835. 35. SchoRnherr Synonymia Insectorum. Genera et Spe- cies Curcidionidum. Tomus III. Pars 2. Parisiis, Lipsice, 1836. 36. Recueil des Actes de la Seance publique de r Academic Imperiale des Sciences de St. Pitersbourg, 1835. Prodromus Descriptionis Animalium ab H.Mertensio observatorum ; par M. J. F. Brandt. 37. Nouvelles Annales du Musium d'Histoire Natu- relle. Tome IV. Livraisons 2, 3. Paris, 1835. 1. Me- moire sur les Metamorphoses des Coleoj)teres ; par W. de Haan. 2. Rapjjort sur le Cirron de la Gale (Acarus Scabiei) ; par M. de Blainville. 38. Suites a Bvffon. Histoire des Insectes Hymenop- ieres ; par M. le Comte Amedee Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau. Tome I. Paris, 1836. 39. Beitrag zur lehre von der Geograpkischen Verbreitung der Insecten, insbesondere der Kdfer, von Dr. und Prof. G. C. Reick, in Berlin. {Acta Acad. Coes. Leop. Carol. Nat. Cur. Vol. XVI. P. 11.) LIST OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS. 509 40. Verzeichniss aller in Europa vorkommenden gesch- lechter der Inselden nach Latreilles System. Geordnet von Craft Ernst Hofmann. Miinchen, 1834. 41. A general and systematic Treatise on Insects ; hy James Wilson, F. R. S. E., M. W.S., ^c. Edinburgh, 1835. 42. M. Brandt, Bemerkungen uher die Mundmagen-oder Eingeweidenerven (Nervus sympatheticus sen Nervi repro- ductorii) der Evertebraten. Memoires de V Academic Impe- riale des Sciences de St. PHersbourg. Serie VI. Tome III. 1835. 43. Observations on the Compound Eyes of Insects; by Rudolph Wagner, Professor in Erlangen. — {Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Magazine, VIII. 46, 202. March, 1826.) 44. Medical and Physical Researches, &;c. ; by R. Har- lam, M.D. b)C. Philadelphia, 1835. — This work contains descriptions and figures of some new species of Crustacea, &c. 45. Disquisitiones Animalium Vertebris carentibus in Ovo formatione, de Generatione Insectorum in Ovo. Livraison 1. Frankfort, 1835. 46. Nomenclator En tomologicus ; par M. Herrich Schdffer. Paris. 47. Deutschlands Insecten; par M. Herrich Schdffer. Paris. ^ 48. Crustacen, Myriapoden, und Arachniden ; par M. Herrich Schdffer. Paris. 49. Conspectus Tenthredinidum, Siricidum et Oryssi- norum Scandinavice ; a Gustavo Dahlbom. Havnits. 50. Annates des Sciences Naturelles. Tome II. III. et IV. Paris, 1834, 1835. 51. The Zoological Journal, No. 20. 1835. 52. Memoires de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou. — (Parties Entomologiques des 6 Volumes parus.) Paris, 1835. 510 VARIETIES. 5S. Insectes nuisibles d la Vigne ; par D. Salvador Lopez. Madrid, 1835. 54. Runde, Brachelytrorum Species Agri Halensis. Hale, 1835. 55. Bericht uher die Fortschritte der Entomologie im Jahre, 1834, von H. Burmeister. Art. L. — Varieties. 40. Sir, — In your notices of recent captures, in the last number of the Magazine, Papillio Podalirius and Colias Europome again make their appearance. Whether or not it is really matter of any import- ance to know correctly what insects are indigenous, I shall not now inquire ; but all who, from want of opportunities for more extended observation, confine their notice to those of our own islands, will agree with me in wishing that some care should be used to ascertain which are truly British — not only as regards the species generally, but as to specimens also — by which our knowledge of doubtful species must be governed. A censure passed on all dealers, would be not merely illiberal, but unjust to many honest and worthy individuals : but the interest which the present widely diffused taste for Entomo- logy has excited, has certainly roused the cupidity of some who make a profit by imposing on the credulity of collectors ; and prudence might suggest that their declarations should be received with the same kind of reverence as those of horse-dealers. That Podalirius has been taken in England seems now well established, and it would be difficult to prove that those said to have been taken last season in the New Forest were not so ; but it would be satis- factory to have better authority than a nameless dealer. At page 530, Vol. I. of the Magazine, we see that " Colias Europome has been noticed in the meadows, near the confluence of the Avon and Severn, flying with great swiftness in August ; but is a rare insect near Worcester." Also, " C. Chrysotheme, rare near Worcester, in the cabinet of Mr. A. Edmonds." In your last number, Mr. Newman, (taking no notice of the reputed Chrysotheme,) says a pair of Europome are in the possession of Mr. Edmonds, of Wor- cester. The gentleman by whom Europome was first recorded as above, as being known at Worcester, has since said that his autho- rity for inserting it in his list, was, the having, in 1820, seen '* a brood" of them, "flying with very great swiftness," near Tewkesbury. Of the pair now in Mr. Edmonds's collection I know nothing — but I know of four or five other pairs of it, which are, or were lately, in VARIETIES. 511 cabinets in Warwick and Worcester shires ; and which were all pro- cured, a little more than two years ago, from a dealer who assured me that they had been taken in abundance in the neighbourhood of York. Being somewhat sceptical, I made inquiry, the result of which was that they had been seen at York, but only in the boxes of this dealer, who there asserted that they were taken at Manchester ; and thus succeeded in selling a pair of them as Hyale. To show the facility with which the cabinets of the credulous may be enriched by dealers, I will add that I very lately saw a box containing specimens of Mancipium Daplidicce, Argynnis Lathonia, Vanessa Antiopa, Lyccena VirgaurcecE and Chryseis, Deilephila Euphorbice and Lineata, Catocala Fraxini, <^c. Sfc, some of them in considerable numbers, with tolerably respectable looking pins, and all, of course, warranted British. Ere long these will have been admitted into different cabinets, and your pages may probably have to record their occurrence in the different localities assigned to them by the dealer. I am, Sir, yours, &e. Birmingham, February, 1836. Thomas MARSHALL. 41. Sir, — The Entomological Magazine of July last (No. 12) con- tains a somewhat circumstantial statement of the " singular fact," of a perfect male and female of Saturnia pavonia-minor being pro- duced from a single " very fine larva," to the great astonishment of their possessor. I then took for granted that more would be said upon the subject of so surprising a phenomenon ; but time has rolled on — two more Fire-flies have been saffered to enlighten the land — but not a ray has fallen upon the " singular fact." Of course, therefore, it is considered to be sufficiently clear, and should not be doubted. Unfortunately, however, all have not equally comprehensive minds, and my attention having recently been recalled to the subject by an application from a young friend for my opinion as to how such a wonder could be accounted for, I found myself somewhat posed. A doubt of the occurrence was not to be entertained, when it was recollected under what auspices it was introduced to the world. On referring to the original, I see that it is entitled " Two pupae of Saturnia in one cocoon," as if two animals had, for economy's sake, sheltered under one blanket, which would have been natural enough ; but this is not borne out by the context, whence I suspect that the Editor, like myself, did not fully comprehend the account. The statement itself is entirely at variance with its title. It expressly affirms that the cocoon was formed by one very fine larva, and that from it emerged a male and female of the species in great perfection. The relator witnessed the " most singular fact," having called upon 512 VARIETIES. the possessor a few days afterwards, and " made such inquiry as to be fully satisfied that no other insect of the kind, in either state, could have gained admission into the box where the larvae (? larva) had been deposited to undergo its transformation." Here all is clear and intelligible : a single larva formed its cocoon, and two moths emerged from it. Now, although we are bound to believe that which is put forth in the Magazine, gravely, and without comment, or even a single ! (which surely implies that it is almost a matter of course, as when a really wonderful thing is given three notes of admiration can be afforded; see Vol. I. p. 318,) yet I think we have a right to request that you will endeavour to obtain some more particulars, to enable dull brains, like mine, to comprehend it. Had the larva two heads, and two sets of legs, or only one of each ? Is it known whether the division took place when the larva changed to pupae, or when the pupa changed to moths ? Is the cocoon preserved ? Has it been opened ? Does it contain one or two exuviae ? If one, what is its appearance ? generally the head, eyes, antennae, wings, feet, and segments of the abdomen may be traced on the skin of the pupa. How are they arranged here ? If the possessor cannot answer these- questions, pray do try to induce some of your learned friends to give us a plausible, probable, or even possible theory, that we may have some ground for our faith. My old-fashioned preju- dices have said that the successive changes in the larva, and from larva to pupa, and from pupa to imago, are but as the casting off of so many garments, within which the imago was from the first encased, every part in its appropriate place, as I have often fancied I could see in the Lepidopterous pupae. — Are these mere fancies ? Does the larva contain merely an homogeneous pulp, which, if it be but sufficiently abundant, may be elaborated into two flies instead of one ? If not, then how are we to suppose that the two animals were disposed in the one skin ? Were they placed head to tail, or side by side, or one within the other ? Had the last been the case, one would think the inner one would have burst the other when making its escape — they must therefore have been severally contained within the caterpillar's skin. Had it a double set of spiracula, or how could breathing be carried on by both ? Must it have had two mouths, or could one communicate with two alimentary canals ? Is it probable but so many questions suggest themselves that I shall tire your patience ; and, as I am sure you know all that I would ask, I will conclude by again begging tlmt you will, by some means or other, gain further information on so very interesting a subject. I am, Sir, yours, &c. Birmivgham, February, 1836- TlIOMAS MaushalL. INDEX GENERUM, &c. Acanthocephala, 380. Acanthonotus cristatus, 432. Acanthosotna (crustacea) hystrix, 432. Acanthosoma picta, 308. Acaroida, 15. Achatia piniperda. 308. Achatina Oahnensis, Stewardi, 304. Acherontia Atropos, 416. Acidia, 83. Acinia, 75. Acinos vulgaris, 308, 309. Aciura, 72. Acosmetia lineola, 151. Acrocera globula, 150. ^geria tipuliformis, 285. ^gilips, 160. ^Enigma Iris, 499. jEolothrips, 441. jEshna teretiuscula, 151. Affinity, 8. Agathis, 22. Agonum 6-punctatum, 154. Agriotypus armatus, 412. Agrotis hortorum, 286 ; radiola, 149. AUantus microcephalus, 157. Alligators, 418,419, 420, 426. Allotria, 170. Amorpha, 16; Adermata,16; Dermata,17. Amphistoma, 399. Analogy, 8, 9. Anaspis, 459. Anax Formosa, 151. Ancylus, 21. Animals, origin of Entozoa in the bodies of, 379, Anisodactylus paeciloides, 154. Anisomorpha, 16. Anisopoda, 15. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 302, 508 ; des Sciences Na- turelles, 509. Anomoia, 80. Anser palustris, 291. Anthophora retusa, 313. Anticlea derivata, 288. Apathus rupestris, 157. Apatura Iris, 285. Aphis, cabbage, 406 ; cherry, 406 ; cow- slip, 208 ; hazel, 406 ; lime, 405 ; notes on, 405 ; oak, 405 ; Persicae, 415; white water lily, 406. Aphites, 338. NO. V. VOL. III. Aphodius fortunatus, 413. Apis mellifica, 17. Apoderus Avellanae, 153. Appendix to Captain Sir John Ross's Voyage, 427. Aptera, 15. Apterina, 316, 318, 325. Aptinothrips, 444, 445. Arachniden, Hahn's, 102. Arachnoida, 15. Arctic fox, 430. Argynnis Adippe, 285. Argulus armiger, 454. Argyra, 181. Army of fish devoured by alligators, 420. Ascalaphus Italicus, 462. Ascaris labiata, 401 ; lancea, 396 ; lum- bricoides, 382, 383, 384, 399, 400, 401 ; mystax, 395 ; vermicularis, 382. Ascidiae, 172. Asilites, 424. Assembling of certain insects, 207. Astacus fluviatilis, 294, 298. Ateuchus sacer, variolosus, 377. Athalia spinarum, 340. Atherix immaculata, 180 ; melaena, 180. Atropa belladonna, 313. Attelabus curculionoides, 153, 288. Andouin's Histoire Naturelle des In- sectes, 101. Auricula Owaihensis, sinistrorsa, 304, Bacon-hoppers, 502 — 504, Baeus, 342, 343, Bartram's Travels through Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, 417. Bear, Polar, 429. Bee hunt, 281, 423, Bees, 423 ; observations on, 496. Belothrips, 444, 450. Berabex, 464. Bembidia, 457. Berosus aericeps, 150 ; globosus, luridus, 151. Bipes, 458. Bites of Insects, 104. Blacus, 39, 44. Boarmia abietaria, crepuscularia, punc- tularia, strigularia, tetragonaria, 288. Boisduval's Collection des Chenilles d'Europe, Icones des Lepidoptferes d'Europe, 507. 3u 514 INDEX GENERUM, &C. Bolitophila fusca, 180; maculipennis, 179. BomlT'cia viminalis, 151. Boothia, animals of, 428, 429. Borborus, o\G, 318, 320 ; equinus, 335. Botaurus stellaris, 292. Bothriocephalus, 399. Brachinus crepitans, 150, 154; GriECus, 377. Brachycerus algirus, barbarus, undatus, 4G5. Brachygaster minutus, 415. Bracon, 22. Bridgewater Treatise, Kirby's, 292. British Entomology, Curtis's, 100, 301, 505; Stephens's, 100, 301, 505; spe- cies of Sphaeroceridae, 315. Bugong moth, 212. Buprestis vittata, 108. Butterflies, North American, 423. Buzzard, 291. Bynhus pilula, sericea, 155. Cabinet and books. Professor Studer's, 102, Cactus opuntia, 425, 426. Callithrix, 6. Callomyia antennata, elegans, speciosa, 181. Calosoma auropunctatum, 376. Calyptus, 128. Campanula hederacea, 150. Campylis dispar, 153. Capture of Colias hyale, 416 ; of Spliinx convolvuli, 416. Captures at or near Worcester, 410. Carabus, 459; catenulatus, 150 ; Preslii, 376. Caradrina alsines, ambigua, cubicularis, glareosa, sepii, 151, Carcinus Ma>nas, 452. Cardiochiles, 145. Carduelis spinus, 291. Catalogue des Coleopteres, Dejean's, 507; of animals of Boothia, 428, 429. Catocala Fraxini, 314; nupta, 416. Cattle, husk in, 433 ; remedies for, 435 —438. Cebus, 6. Cecidomyia producta, 179. Centaurea nigra, scabiosa, 309. Centistes, 21. Cephus pygmaeus, 157. Ceratina caerulea, 310. Cercyon, 459 ; scitum, 413. Cerigo texta, 286. Ceroptera, 316. Cestoidea, 380. Cetonia aurata, 155, 462 ; metallicus, quercus, 462. Chaffinch, 291. Chalcis, 178. Cheese-hoppers, 502 — 504 ; mites, 502. Cheimatobia rupicapzaria, 288. Chiasognathus Grantii, 459. Chirothrips, 444. Chloroperia apicalis, 501. Clilorops circumdata, 104. Chrysomela lOpunctata, 153; Gcet- tingensis, 306; rufipes, 153; sanguin- blenta, 413. Chrysomyia, 180. Cicadse, 211. Cicindela littoralis, 376. Cimbex femorata, 410. Cladius difformis, Geoflfroyi, pallipes, 157. Clostera reclusa, 286. Clythra 4-maculata, 153. Cocoon, two pupse in one, 206. Coccothraustes vulgaris, 291. Coccus cacti, 425, 426. Cochineal, 425, 426. Cocuyo, 53, 54, 108. Coelioxys conica, 157, 498. Coleothrips, 451. Coleoptrata, 441, 450. Coleopteres de Mexique, 302. Colias Chione, 431; Electra, 408,.410 ; Europome, 408; Hyale, 408, 409, 416. Collection, &c. des Chenilles, &c. Bois- duval's, 302, 507. Colymbetes ater, bimaculatus,fenestralis, fuliginosus, Grapii, guttiger, oblongus, 310. Cordulia aenea, 151. Cormorant, 290. Corvus cornix, 292. Cossus ligniperda, 286. Cowslip, Aphis of the, 208. Crayfish, 294, 298. Croesus septentrionalis, 157. Crumomyia, 316. Crustacea, double metamorphosis of some, 370. Ctenophora, 179. Culex caspius, 432. Curculiones, 457. Curtis's British Entomology, 100, 301. Cyanopterus, 22. Cychrus rostratus, 150. Cylindrotoma, 179. Cymindis homagrica, miliaris, 378. Cynipites, Observations on the British, 159. Cynips, 166. Cynthia cardui, 413. Cystica, 380. Cysticercus, 399 ; hepatis fasciolaris,389. Decapoda, 293. Deilephila Elpenor, 285 ; Euphorbiae, 376; Galii, 285,409,410; porcellus, 285. INDEX GENERUM, &C. 515 Dejean's Catalogue des Coleopteres, 507 ; Iconographie, 102. De Laporte's Etudes Entomologique, 301. Demas coryli, 286. Den-constructing spider, 214. Destoma hepaticum, 381, 382, 399,402; macrostonium, 390 ; mesostonium, 396 ; polymorphum, 401 ; trichoce- plialus, 400. Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, 57. Diapliora mendica, 286. Diastata obscurella, 182. Dichori, 34. Dictenidia, 179. Diospilus, 133. Diptera, notes on, 178. Ditomus calydonius, Dama, obscurus, robustus, sphseroceplialus, 177, 178. Dorcus paralielipipedus, 155. Double metamorphosis of some Crus- tacea, 370. Drapetis aterrima, exilis, flavipes, fus- cipes, nigra, 180. Drepana hamula, 288. Dromius sigma, 154. Dytiscus circumflexus, 151. Earwigs, 411. Echinococcus, 399. Echinorhynchus, 399, 400. Ecliiuni vulgare, 308. Eggs of Mantis religiosa, 178. Elater bipustulatus, 155 ; cylindricus, 207 ; noctilucus, 108. Elmis, 459. Endromis versicolor, 308. Ensina, 60. Entomological works, list of, 100, 505. Entomology of Epping, remarks on the, 147. Entomostraca, 15. Entozoa, 379. Ephemera, 18, 425. Epitome of Thysanoptera, 439. Epping, 149, 283. Erastria fuscula, 287. Eremobia ochroleuca, 287. Erichthus, 458. Erioptera pygmaea, 179. Eriphia carribaea, 373. Eristalis taphicus, 413. Essai sur les Myodaires, 57. Essay on Classification of Ichneumones adsciti, 20, 121. Etudes Entomologiques, &c. par M. de Laporte, 301. . . Eubadizon, 131. Eucoila, 164. Euleia, 81. Extracts of Letters from C. D.-* V v^ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES 3 9088 01262 6966 "j '' •.itr;- :V-, ^/:'