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Cooper A new genus and species of lassinae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) from Brazil H.D. Blacker, M.D. Webb 12 Notes on Briaraxis depressa (Coleoptera: Pselaphidae) Donald S. Chandler 15 A preliminary survey of the Trichoptera of the Ozark Mts., Missouri. M.L. Mathis, D.E. Bowles 19 1990 additions to the annotated list of the insects of Macau Emmett R. Easton 30 BOOK REVIEWS 37, 38, 39, 40 BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED 39,40 THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ENTOMOLOGICAL NE WS is published bi-monthly except July-A ugust by The American Entomological Society at the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Race St., Philadelphia, Pa., 19103, U.S.A. The American Entomological Society holds regular membership meetings on the fourth Wednesday in October, November, February, March, and April. The November, February and April meetings are held at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, Pa. The October and March meetings are held at the Department of Entomology, University of Delaware, Newark. Delaware. Society Members who reside outside the local eastern Pennsylvania, southern New Jersey, and Delaware area are urged to attend society meetings whenever they may be in the vicinity. Guests always are cordially invited and welcomed. Officers for 1991-1992: President: Joseph K. Sheldon; Vice-President: Harold B. White; Recording Secretary: Paul W. Schaefer; Corresponding Secretary: Jon K. Gelhaus; Treasurer: Jesse J. Fresse. Publications and Editorial Committee: Howard P. Boyd, Chr., D. Otte, and Paul M. Marsh. Previous editors: 1890-1910 Henry Skinner (1861-1926); 1911-1943 Philip P. Calvert (1871-1961); 1945-1967 R.G. Schmieder( 1898- 1967); 1968-1972 R.H. Arnett, Jr.; 1973- 4/1974 R.W. Lake. Subscriptions: Private subscriptions for personal use of members of the Society, domestic and foreign: $5.00 per year postpaid. Subscriptions for non-members and for institutions such as libraries, laboratories, etc., domestic: $18.00 per year postpaid; foreign: $20.00 per year postpaid. Communications and remittances regarding subscriptions should be addressed to ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. The American Entomological Society, 1900 Race Sts.. Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA. Back issues of most numbers may be obtained by writing to the office of The American Entomological Society, 1900 Race St., Philadelphia, Pa., 19103, U.S.A. Membership dues: $10.00 per year (regular); $6.00 per year (student). Manuscripts and all communications concerning same should be addressed to the editor Howard P. Boyd, 232 Oak Shade Road, Tabernacle Twp., Vincentown, New Jersey 08088, U.S.A. Manuscripts will be considered from any authors, but papers from members of the American Entomological Society are given priority. It is suggested that all prospective authors join the society. All manuscripts should follow the format recommended in the AIBS Style Manual for Biological Journals and should follow the style used in recent issues of ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. Three doublespaced, typed copies of each manuscript are needed on 8 "4 x 1 1 paper. The receipt of all papers will be acknowledged and, if accepted, they will be published as soon as possible. Articles longer than eight printed pages may be published in two or more installments, unless the author is willing to pay the entire costs of a sufficient number of additional pages in any one issue to enable such an article to appear without division. Editorial Policy: Manuscripts on taxonomy, systematics, morphology, physiology, ecology, behavior and similar aspects of insect life and related terrestrial arthropods are appropriate for submission to ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. Papers on applied, economic and regulatory entomology and on toxicology and related subjects will be considered only if they also make a major contribution in one of the aforementioned fields. (Continued on inside of back cover) Postmaster Ifundeliverable, please send form 3579 to Howard P. Boyd, 232 Oak Shade Road, Tabernacle Twp., Vincentown, New Jersey 08088, U.S.A. SECOND CLASS POSTAGE PAID AT VINCENTOWN, NEW JERSEY, 08088, USA Vol. 103, No. 1, January & February, 1992 AN ANNOTATED, ANALYTICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF "MONSTROUS" CICINDELINE BEETLES, AND SOME PROBLEMS THEY AWAKEN1 Kenneth W. Cooper2 ABSTRACT: Brief introduction is given to monstrous beetles, with comment on the value of their exact analysis. All published accounts of such tiger beetles found (1849 - present) are cited, annotated, and their anomalies indexed. The 42 individuals recorded include 13 with branched appendages; of the 10 analyzable, only one (leg triplication) was sufficiently well presented to permit determination of secondary symmetries. It conforms to "Bateson's rules". Those specimens are listed for which re-analysis is desirable, along with problems some awaken. At first thought, it seems astonishing that about 73% of some 690 natural occurrences of "monstrous" beetles having malformed, branched appendages known to Balazuc (1947) should be representatives of but four of the 140 or more families of beetles. The four are: Carabidae, including Cicindelinae, (ca. 42%), Scarabaeidae s.l. plus Lucanidae (ca. 16%), and Cerambycidae (ca. 15%). However, it is likely that the respon- sible causal developmental mishaps, or (the less likely) regenerative responses to injury, befall all kinds of beetles with fairly similar fre- quencies. The pronounced bias reflected by members of the four families probably owes chiefly to their being favorites among collectors, hence they are especially sought, collected, kept in large series, and closely examined by many for notable variations. Cicindelines, too, are much admired, fervently collected, and even enjoy the distinction of a journal devoted solely to their kind. It therefore seems surprising that tiger beetles have provided comparatively few published records of individuals with abnormal branching appendages (compared with the Carabinae, for example). Perhaps the hyperactive adults of so many tiger beetle species lead to speedy culling of monstrous adult forms from their populations. If so, those collected present but a fraction of the frequency of those in the population that entered adult life with branched appendages. I have had cause to search for published, analytical accounts of cicin- delids with branched appendages in connection with a study (in MS) of a specimen of Cicindela scutellaris lecontei (Hald.). This female has a tri- furcated left antenna as well as a branched left mandible; all else seems normal. No cicindelid appears to have been recorded with a similarly 'Received June 26, 1991. Accepted June 28, 1991. Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 ENT. NEWS 103(1): 1-11. January & February, 1992 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS anomalous mandible. Indeed duplications of mandibles are among the rarest of anomalies reported among beetles; only 8 cases of possible or actual mandibular furcation have been described or mentioned. That apparent rarity may owe to the facts that mandibles are essential to predation and feeding, and are structural units, whereas other appendages ordinarily have 2 or more parts (palps) and as many as 1 1 (antennae), or rarely more. Hence other appendages have from a few to many more elements that potentially may give rise to branches. None, when branched, is so likely to be as great a threat to life as is a non-functional mandible. I have searched for published cases of monstrous cicindelids by scan- ning titles in Derksen and Scheidung-Gollner (1963 - 1968, references from 1864 through 1900) and Zoological Record (from 1900 to June 1990), as well as references in Bateson (1894) and Balazuc (1947, 1969). Regrettably the titles of a large majority of reports on monstrous beetles give no clue to the taxa treated. As the total potentially relevant pub- lications on monstrous beetles exceeds 1000, 1 was unable to review a majority of them. Accordingly I obtained and scanned or read articles by well-known workers on cicindelids whether or not their titles seemed promising (e.g., those of Walther Horn), those explicitly indicating a cicindelid anomaly, and those longer works dealing with a variety of teratological cases. Occasionally the latter provided a relevant case (e.g., Mocquerys 1860; Cockayne 1938). There is very likely a fair number of described anomalies of tiger beetles, the obscure references to which are unknown to me. I give below an annotated listing of the accounts of all cicindelid anomalies I have found and read (other than the numerous accounts of peculiar macu- lations, and trivial reports of mismatched and incompletely expanded or matured elytra). It is hoped that items known to others, but missing from the annotated list and index, will be brought to my attention or published in Cicindela so that ultimately there will be available a complete bibli- ography, or nearly so, of teratological tiger beetles. The importance of detailed accounts, supplemented by reliable illus- trations, especially of duplicated and reduplicated appendages and their parts is that they provide information, and some boundary conditions, of the naturally occurring outcomes of developmental errors and processes. Currently workers in molecular biology are making very considerable advances in the possible explanation of developmental duplications by experiments (mostly in chick, mouse and salamanders), by biochemical analyses, and by ad hoc theory (e.g. see: Meinert in Kay and Smith 1989; Brockes 1990;Noji#a/. 1991;Wanekero/. 1991). The theoretical interpre- tations of course must prove adequate to explain what is found in nature if they are to be widely applicable. It must be emphasized that many Vol. 103, No. 1, January & February, 1992 naturally occurring cases on record far exceed in complexity the dup- lications so far produced by experimentation. Bateson (1894) made a very thorough morphological study of du- plicate and reduplicate anomalies of appendages in both vertebrates and invertebrates. He defined as "primary symmetries" those shown by corresponding appendages from the two sides of a bilateral organism; e.g., the arms of a man, or the 2 prothoracic legs of an insect, which are related to one-another as symmetrical mirror-images. To coleopterists, among his notable contributions was the demonstration that, as with many other kinds of organisms, only a minority of carefully analysed cases among beetles with branched appendages fail to show "secondary symmetries". For example: if a leg of a beetle bears an extra femur and tarsus, and the orientations of the morphologically dorsal, ventral, anterior and posterior surfaces of each element of the leg has been determined, then the duplicated parts are almost always found to exhibit secondary symmetries; that is, they are mirror-images (but not necessarily dimen- sionally so) of the corresponding parts of the leg from which they arise, and therefore are similar to those parts of the corresponding leg on the opposite side of the body. He also showed that reduplicated (trifurcated) appendages are fairly common anomalies, and that in them all three of the branches tend to lie in the same plane when each element is fully extended along its main axis. In trifurcations, the parts of the middle member are mirror-images of the corresponding parts of both the limb from which it and its system member arose, as well as of those of its sister branch. If the asymmetrical letter F is used to denote the symmetry of antennal parts, and the parts of the branches of an antenna be indicated as 0 (the original length) from which the sister branches 1 and 2 arise together, then the case just described may be represented as: F0, jH, F2, or F2, ]T, F0 (depending on the orientation of the primary length of branch 0). Genuine exceptions to these rules have been found, but they are too few to have given rise to alternative or additional "rules". They may possibly form a sizable, but lesser class, for there are now very large numbers (1000 or more) of published, relevant cases among insects, which are unresolvable pro or con because the original descriptions and their illustrations are inadequate for a decisive analysis of their mor- phology. Regrettably this is also so for all but one of the relatively small number of described duplicate and reduplicate appendages of tiger beetles. It is desirable that henceforth adequate analyses and illustrations be required for all descriptions of teratologies. If the original specimens on which accounts were based are still available for study, careful an- alysis of most of them is to be desired. Some cases may defy resolution because of inadequate morphological landmarks, but they too should be ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS thoroughly analyzed so that this may be known to be so (as Bateson and Cockayne have so carefully done for certain cases). Means for drawing up suitable descriptions are given by Bateson (1894) and Balazuc (1947); Cockayne's notes and analyses (1925-1938, 1943) on specimens of mon- strous beetles may serve as easily available, useful models. Annotated bibliography of "monstrous" cicindelids. Specific names and their authors are those given in the texts. Other than Horn's (1938) recording of an artefactual chimaera, references are limited to those describing naturally occurring developmental, regulatory, or possibly regenerative errors that occurred in stages prior to completion of pupation. Structures apart from those discussed are said or assumed to be normal. Simple deformations caused by mechanical damage to the pupa or still teneral adult, as described by Antoine (1913), are omitted. Horn (1927) has stated under what circumstances departures from the normal range of maculation are worthy of record, and he supplied nearly 40 examples he judged to be such; no other references to peculiarities of markings are cited, nor do the common occurrences of unduly shortened or mismatched elytral lengths since Shelford (1915) and Horn (1927) provide sufficient records. The bibliography is arranged in chrono- logical order; most of the individual cases of anomalies are numbered. Guerin-Meneville, F.E. 1849. Cicindeletes de la Guinee Portugaise, decou- vertes par M. Bocande, avec des notes de ce voyageur et la description des especes nouvelles. Rev. mag. Zool. (2 serie) 1: 76-84, 138-150. 1. C. anthracina (p. 82), cf; L(eft) mesoleg developmentally atrophied; consists of coxa, trochanter, and a small rounded stump of femur. Mocquerys, S. 1860. Recueil de coleopteres anormaux. No. 4, 16 printed pp (not numbered), ill. Published by author; Rouen. [Republished by la Societe des Amis des Science naturelles de Rouen, with an introduction by J. Bourgeois: 1880. Coleopteres anormaux par Feu M. S. Mocquerys, Rouen;, xvi + 142 pp, 125 figs.] 2. Cicindela campestris (Fab.) (1860, 9th unnumbered page with fig.; 1880 reference, p. 88, fig.; here species attributed to "Lin." by editor), cf (sexed from figure): R(ight) antenna 7 articles, with a spherical tubercle at the anterior apices of articles 4-6, and apically on 7. Gadeau de Kerville, H. 1886. [Cinque coleopteres du genre melomelie]. Ann. Soc. ent. France (ser. 6) 6, Bull. Seances: CLXXIX. Vol. 103, No. 1, January & February, 1992 3. C decemguttata Fabr. v. durvillei Dej., cf : R antenna slightly longer than L; article-8 doubled, with the anterior branch having normal articles 9-1 1, posterior branch with 2 articles together equal in length to normal articles 9-11. Horn's (1908, p 19) citation is erroneous. Gadeau de Kerville, H. 1888. Coleopteres et hemipteres anormaux. ibid. 8, Bull. Seances: LXXXII-LXXXIV. 4. Cicindela sylvatica L., 9: R antenna slightly shorter than L; article-3 bifurcate, bearing the remainder of the primary antenna and sup- plementary article. Bateson ( 1 894, p 550) saw the specimen and classed it as either "partially amorphous or mutilated". Horn's (1908, p 19) citation is erroneous. Smith, J.D. 1888. An abnormal Cicindela. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 1:107. 5. Cicindela belfragei, ? sex: a sharp tubercle on left side of "thorax". Lopez, C. 1891 . A proposito di alcune Coleotteri anormale. Riv. ital. Sci. nat. e Boll. Naturalista, Siena. 11: 22-26. 6. Cicindela sylvicola Dejean, ? sex: L antenna bifurcate at 8th article; anterior branch but a single article; posterior branch with 3 normal articles. 7. Cicindela sylvatica L., ? sex: ? R or L antenna (analogous to Mocquerys' specimen, see #2 above): with 7 articles, and with 4 spherical tuber- cles as described by Mocquerys; antenna shortened beyond 3rd article; article-4 very short, bent on self, concave above, and much swollen. Both of Lopez' specimens are listed by Cockayne (1938, p 392) as among those beetles with furcate antennae of which the symmetry "...is not clear". It is doubtful that Mocquerys' specimen of C. campestris and Lopez' of C. sylvatica have furcate antenna. I concur that the symmetry relations (if any) of both cases 2 and 7 are unclear; the specimens need restudy. Balbi, E. 1897. Difformitates et monstrositates coleopterorum. Natural- ista Siciliano 2: 150-159, 2 pis. 8. Cicindela campestris L., p 152, figs 1 and I((a2x), ? sex: L mandible with a long, slender, gently inwardly curved, pointed prolongation, arising laterally near midlength, which is white, with pearly reflec- tions (a failure to tan and color normally like the remainder of the mandible?). 9. Cicindela campestris L., p 152, figs 2 and 2((a2x), ? sex: R and L antenna 1 1-jointed, of normal lengths but with deformed articles. R antenna has articles 1-4 distinct, article-5 as long as the first 4 to- ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS gether, remaining articles shortened. L antenna has the 1st article as long as normal segments 1-5 joined; remaining articles shortened, fig. I((oi2x) and text in part difficult to reconcile. Horn, W. 1905. Systematischer Index derCicindeliden. Deutsche Entomol. Ztschr 1905; Beilage, 56 pp. 10. Therates rugifer Horn, holotype, p 1 1, 9: a valid species, but rugulose sculpturing of head and prothorax "...in typo monstrosa!" [Horn 1902. Neue Cicindeliden gesammelt von Fruhstorfer in Tonkin 1900. Deutsche Entomol. Ztschr. 1902: 65-75 — also mentions a marked deepening of the juxta-sutural engraving of the elytra, a blister on left elytron.] See also comments on pp 475-476, and fig. 36, in Horn 1927 (below). Moore, R. 1906. Notes on the habits of Cicindela. Entomol. News 17: 338- 343. 1 1. Cicindela purpurea, ? sex: ankylosis of the elytra. Codina, A. 1908. Noticia sobre una monstruositat que 's trova en el palpe esquerra d'una female Cicindela paludosa var. sabulicola Waltl. Instil. Catalana d'Hist. Nat. 5: 74-76, 1 fig. 12. Cicindela paludosa var. sabulicola Waltl., 9: L antenna trifurcate, article-6 shortened, apically widened, 7th still wider apically, with 2 articular facets, from the inner of which extends 4 normal articles completing the apex of the normal (original) antenna; a bifurcate, "U"-shaped article-8, attaches to the outer facet of 7; from each limb of 8 there extends a length of 3 articles; each accessory limb shorter than normal, the outermost shortest. Roster, W. 1910. Monstrose Fuhlerbildung. Entomol. Blatt. Biol. System. Kafer. 6: 245. 13. Cicindela germanica L. abb. coerulea Hrbst, 9: L antenna with only 5 regular articles present; a 4-article limb given off below from the apically 2-facetted article-3, terminal article of 2nd limb is bowed dorsally. Shelford, V. 1915. Abnormalities and regeneration in Cicindela. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 8: 291-295, pi. 24. 14. Cicindela tranquebarica, fig. 1, ? sex: deformed labrum. \4a.Cicindela tranquebarica, Fig. 5, ? sex: R elytron shorter. 15. Cicindela sexguttata, fig. 4, ? sex: L elytron shorter. Vol. 103, No. 1, January & February, 1992 Campos, F. 1918. Algunos cases teratologicos observados en los Artropodos. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 1 1 : 97-98. 16. Tetracha suturalis Horn, ? sex: L middle leg with apparently 6-jointed tarsus; perhaps derived by a fracture and healing of article-3. Luigioni, P. 1926. Coleotteri anomali. Sopre due casi di polimelia ris- contrati in due individui di ""Cicindela germanica" Lin. Pontifica Acad. Sci., Rome, Atti 79: 81-86, 2 figs. 17. Cicindela germanica Lin., 1 fig., ? sex: R fore tibia with 3 tarsi of 5 articles each; apex of tibia angulate, spatulate posteriorly beyond normal apex. The normal tarsus arises from the not-angulate apex, the 2 accessory tarsi from the broadened angulation. *\S.Cicindela germanica Lin., 1 fig., ? sex: L mid-leg trifurcate, all from same coxa; the anterior 2 sister legs, each with its own trochanter, arise as though from a bifurcated base; both smaller than normal, anterior the larger; posterior leg normal. All appear to have arisen in same plane. The middle leg is the mirror image of both the anterior and posterior (normal) legs — case conforms to Bateson's rules. Horn, W. 1927. Ueber "Monstrositaten" and verwandte Vorgange bei Cicindelinen, Teil I. II. Wanderversammlung Deutscher Entomologen in Stettin. Entomolog. Mitt. 16: 471-477,48 figs. [No additional parts appear to have been published.] 19. C. aurulenta subsp.setosomalaris Horn, fig. and case 34,? sex: antenna (? side) of 4 articles, article-4 strongly flattened, distally broadened, bisinuate apically. [Horn also gives 3 cases of abnormal antennae (doubtfully natural) in two Pogonostoma coeruleum G. Lap. and one P. chalybeum Klug but he comments that these may be due to defor- mations caused in packing somewhat teneral individuals; see cases and figures 52-54.] 20. Tricondyla cyanea subsp. brunnea Dokht., fig. and case 33, ? sex: anterior rim of pronotum deeply, slightly asymmetrically, marginate — appearing as 2 separate, prominent lobes. 21. Collyris levigata Horn, fig. and case 49, ? sex: shortened and strongly, transversely crimped pronotum. 22. C. campestris L., fig. and case 51,9: foretarsus (? side) strongly shortened, 4 articles, 3rd bifurcate, with a reduced claw-bearing segment arising from lateral fork of article-3. 23. C.japana Mtsch., fig. and case 1 ,? sex: L elytron shortened. There are other cases in other species of R or L elytra shortened, ? sexes: see figs. 1 1, R; 14, L; 16, R; 17, R; 18, R; 22, L; 39, L. 24. C. striolata 111., fig. and case 2, ? sex: both elytra symmetrically shortened. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Cockayne, E.A 1938. Supernumerary antennae in insects. Trans. Roy. Entomol. Soc. London. 87: 385-396, 1 pi. 25. Cicindela 10-guttata Fabr., p 391, figs. 4, 4A, ? sex: R antenna normal for first six segments; seventh has two joints at distal end; from the outer arises a branch with four segments a little shorter than normal, otherwise well-formed; from the inner arises another branch of four segments. The first of these very broad, short, thick; the second also shorter, thicker than a normal ninth segment, so this may be a fused double structure. [The words are Cockayne's, but the description has been abbreviated. He classified the specimen as having "Antennae with two extra parts, the symmetry of which is not clear" (p 390).] Horn, W. 1938. 2000 Zeichnungen von Cicindelinae. Entomol. Beihefte, Berlin-Dahlem 5: 71 pp, 90 pis. C. dohrni Dokht., p 1 1. The holotype has been lost. Very probably an artefact; pronotum and elytra are from C. macrocnema obliquans Chaud.; head from a common type with dense, short setation of the genae and above. (Not included in numerical sequence because specimen probably a hoax.) Wood, G.R. 1965. A trifurcate tiger beetle antenna (Coleoptera: Cicin- delidae). Jour. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 38: 392-394, 2 figs. 26. Cicindela scutellaris lecontei (Hald.); ? sex: R antenna trifurcate at apically V-shaped article-9; from each limb of 9 extends a branch of 2 articles; a single, incompletely divided article extends between the arms of the V. All 3 branches appear to lie in the horizontal plane; the anterior of these terminated the "normal" portion of the antenna. Willis, H.L. 1967. Bionomics and zoogeography of tiger beetles of saline habitats in the central United States (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 47: 145-313, 168 figs. 27. Cicindela nevadica knausi, p 205, figs 85, 86, tf: L antenna incom- pletely trifurcated; partially bifurcate at apical fourth of article-3, hence with 2 apical articular facets bearing (? above) a limb of 8 individual articles, and (? below) a longer limb in which articles-7 and -8 of that limb are incompletely marked off, and doubled, but not separated lengthwise. In this respect, the antenna differs from most trifurcate antennae in which the 2 accessory branches arise from a common element — see cases 12, 26, and those in Bateson (1894), Balazuc (1947, 1969), and Cockayne (1938). [Willis 1969. Unusual antennal deformity in Cicindela nevadica. Cicindela 1: 1, and cover photo, again touches on this specimen.) 28. C. nevadica knausi, p 205, fig. 82, . Philadelphia, PA 19103. U.S.A. I Back issues of most numbers may be obtained by writing to the office of The American Entomological Society, 1900 Race St., Philadelphia, PA, 19103, U.S.A Membership dues: $10.00 per year (regular); $6.00 per year (student). i Manuscripts and [ all communications concerning same should be addressed to the editor: Howard P. Boyd, 232 Oak Shade Road, Tabernacle Twp., Vincentown, New Jersey 08088, U.S.A Manuscripts will be considered from any authors, but papers from members of the American Entomological Society are given priority. It is suggested that all prospective authors join the society. All manuscripts should follow the format recom- mended in the AIBS Style Manual for Biological Journals and should follow the style used in recent issues of ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. Three doublespaced, typed copies of each manuscript are needed on 8J/2 x 1 1 paper. The receipt of all papers will be acknowledged and, if accepted, they will be published as soon as possible. Articles longer than eight printed pages may be published in two or more installments, unless the author is willing to pay the entire costs of a sufficient number of additional pages in any one issue to enable such an article to appear without division. Editorial Policy: Manuscripts on taxonomy, systematics, morphology, physiology, ecology, behavior and similar aspects of insect life and related terrestrial arthropods are appropriate for submission to ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. Papers on applied, economic and regulatory entomology and on toxicology and related subjects will be considered only if they also make a major contribution in one of the aforementioned fields. (Continued on inside of back cover) Postmaster: If undeliventble, please send form 3579 to Howard P. Boyd, 232 Oak Shade Road, Tabernacle Twp., Vtncentown, New Jersey 08088, U.SA. SECOND CLASS POSTAGE PAID AT VINCENTOWN, NEW JERSEY, 08088, U.S .A. Vol. 103, No. 2, March & April, 1992 41 TWO NEW SPECIES OF ATHYSANELLA (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE) FROM CALIFORNIA1' 2 H. Derrick Blocker3, A.L. Hicks4 ABSTRACT: Two new species ofAthysanella (Gladionura), expulsa and vanesca, are described from the California Bay area near San Francisco. Each species is represented by a unique male specimen. Two new species ofAthysanella are described from Santa Cruz Co. and Alameda, California from specimens lent by the California Academy of Sciences. Because it is possible that the original habitats for these species have been greatly altered or destroyed during the past 75 years, we consider it important to describe these two species represented by unique specimens at this time. We hope that California entomologists will attempt to find relict patches of short grasses, or possibly Distichlis (saltgrass), in the Bay area of San Francisco. These patches might reveal other specimens of these new species as well as specimens of the several additional species ofAthysanella that have not been collected there for the past 50 or so years. These two species undoubtedly belong to the subgenus Gladionura and are probably closely related. Athysanella (Gladionura) expulsa, new species (Figs. 1-4) Length of male 2.8 mm; head width 1.1 mm; pronotal width 1.05 mm; interocular width 0.45 mm; vertex length 0.4 mm; pronotal length 0.35 mm; female unknown. Character code 0-1-1-1-0-0-1-0-1-0-0-1-1-1-0-0-1-1 (see Blocker and Johnson 1990). Color dark brown dorsally with irregular stramineous spots; vertex with darker band between ocelli; dorsum stramineous with darker brown spots on pronotum and vertex; forewings with costal margin and veins paler in color; venter mostly stramineous; face with fuscous bands one either side of midline; body with irregular fuscous markings. Forewings brachypterous. exposing 5.0 pregenital abdominal terga; ocelli 1.5 x its di- ameter from eye: hind tibial spur approximately 3/4 length of basal tarsomere. 'Received September 26, 1991. Accepted November 16. 1991. ^Contribution 92-176-J from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. ^Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4004. 4Insect Biocontrol Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Beltsville. MD 20705. ENT. NEWS 103(2): 41-43, March & April. 1992 42 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Pygofer (Fig. 1) short, process elongate, curved laterad, sickle-shaped, acute apically; plates (Fig. 2) triangular, rounded and embrowned apically; style (Fig. 3) bluntly rounded apically, preapical lobe digitate; aedeagus (Fig. 4) simple, slightly widest basally, with slender, hooked apex. Holotype male, California, Alameda, Nov., Koebele Collection (no other information included); described from this single specimen deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. A. (Gladionura) expulsa keys to couplet 1 1 in Blocker and Johnson (1990); curvata appears to be the best choice at that point but can be distinguished by the shape of the style; expulsa probably belongs to the argenteola group. Figs. l-8.Athysanella expulsa: 1 , pygofer, lateral view; 2, valve and plate, ventral view; 3, style, broad (dorsal) aspect; 4, aedeagus, lateral view.Athysanella vanesca: 5, pygofer, lateral view; 6, plate, ventral view; 7, style, broad (dorsal) aspect; 8, aedeagus, lateral view. Vol. 103, No. 2, March & April, 1992 43 Athysanella (Gladionura) vanesca, new species (Figs. 5-8) Length of male 3.0 mm (est.); head width 1.15 mm; pronotal width 1.1 mm. interocular width 0.45 mm; vertex length 0.4 mm; pronotal length 0.35 mm; female unknown. Character code: 0-1-1-1-2-0-1-0-1-0-0-1-1-0-0-0-1-1 Color basically stramineous dorsally with a dark brown pattern on vertex, pronotum, and scutellum; forewing brown with costal margin and veins paler in color; venter primarily stramineous; face with brown lines on either side of midline; thoracic area with brown patches. Fprewings brachypterous, exposing 4.5 pregenital abdominal terga; ocelli 2 x its diameter from eye; hind tibial spur approximately 1/2 length of basal tarsomere. Pygofer (Fig. 5) short, numerous macrosetae on dorsocaudal margin, process elongate and acute apically, curved lateroventrally; plates (Fig. 6) triangular, embrowned apically; style (Fig. 7) elongate, preapical lobe digitate; apex digitate, acute; aedeagus (Fig. 8) simple, with apical hook. Holotype male, California, Santa Cruz, Co., #4A, 500 ft., 9 June 1917 (W.M. Giffard); described from this single specimen deposited in the California Academy of Sciences. A. (Gladionura) vanesca keys to couplet 9 in Blocker and Johnson (1990) and does not fit either choice. It is probably closely related to expulsa but can be distinguished by the shape of the style; it is probably a member of the argenteola group. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Bob Whitcomb, USDA. Maryland, for his helpful comments on the manu- script and Norman Penny and Paul Arnaud for the California Academy of Sciences for lending this material. LITERATURE CITED Blocker, H.D. and J.W. Johnson. 1990. Classification of Athysanella (Gladionura) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 63:9-45. 44 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS MAYFLIES (EPHEMEROPTERA), STONEFLIES (PLECOPTERA), AND OTHER INTERESTING BIOTA OF WILDCAT CREEK, SOUTH CAROLINA, A BIODIVERSITY REFERENCE STREAM1 7 -3 Susan M. Daniels , John C. Morse0 ABSTRACT: The Wildcat Creek catchment, in the upper Piedmont region of South Carolina, is being considered for special protection to preserve its biological diversity. To help assess this diversity, specimens of mayfly (Ephemeroptera) and stonefly (Plecoptera) nymphs were collected and identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible with currently published information. Additional records were obtained from the Clemson University Arthropod Collection, Clemson University graduate student theses, and publications. A total of 35 mayfly species and 24 stonefly species are reported from the stream. Wildcat Creek is located nine km northwest of the campus of Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina. Its watershed encompasses approx- imately 204 ha (504 ac), the lower 96 ha (236 ac) of it owned by Clemson University. The University property is under commercial timber manage- ment by the Clemson University Experimental Forest. Private lands on the upper half of the watershed, held by 28 landowners, are mostly devoted to residential and agricultral uses. The stream's watershed is being considered for special protection as a natural area with exemplary biological diversity. The land on which the Experimental Forest and Wildcat Creek now lies was acquired by the United States government in 1933, during the depression, as a result of federal programs designed to stop land degra- dation. When first obtained, the land, managed by the Clemson University Forestry Department, consisted of "eroded hills patched with stunted and decadent hardwoods, the farms gullied, desperate with poverty" (Sorrells 1984). Clemson University became the steward of the forest in 1954 and, since 1933, has developed it as a model of managed forest property (Sorrells, 1984). Wildcat Creek is a clear, cold, first-order stream of the upper Piedmont region (about 245-275 m [800-900 ft] elevation above mean sea level [EAMSL]), with a sand and gravel substrate and generally closed forest ^Received September 21, 1991. Accepted November 21, 1991. South Carolina Governor's School for Science and Mathematics, 306 East Home Avenue, Hartsville, South Carolina 29550. Department of Entomology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634. ENT. NEWS 103(2): 44-52, March & April, 1992 Vol. 103, No. 2, March & April, 1992 45 canopy. The riparian vegetation is mixed hardwoods, with pine stands on higher slopes; occasional wildlife plots occur in the watershed and a picnic shelter and shaded recreation area are located near the mouth. The stream enters Six Mile Creek about 500 m above its confluence with Lake Issaqueena. The area is used for teaching and research by Clemson University groups. Field laboratories for courses in biological sciences, entomo- logy, and forestry are regularly taught here. Research for several M.S. theses and Ph.D. dissertations in the University's Department of Ento- mology has been completed in the watershed since the mid 1960's and a dissertation research project is in progress here for the Department of Biological Sciences. The site is open to the public each year from March through October and is a popular recreation area for picnicking, hiking and horseback riding. Seven species of macroinvertebrates in the watershed have been de- signated by The Invertebrate Taxa Review Committee of the South Carolina Heritage Trust Program as endangered or threatened in South Carolina or the United States (Morse et al. 1979, and unpublished data): 1. Sphodros coylei Gertsch and Platnick, 1980 (Arachnida: Araneae: Atypidae). Endangered in the United States, this spider is known only from Clemson and the Wildcat Creek area. South Carolina. The habitat of this spider is thought to be woodlands (Gertsch and Platnick 1980, Gaddy and Morse 1985). An intensive search for specimens of this species in the Wildcat Creek watershed, funded by the South Carolina Heritage Trust Program, resulted in dis- covery of one specimen (K.M. Hoffman pers. comm.). 2. Macromia margarita Westfall, 1947 (Insecta: Odonata: Macro- miidae). This species is threatened in South Carolina, where Wildcat Creek is the only known locality. Specimens have also been found in North Carolina and Georgia. Nymphs are found in cold running water with rocky bottom and low organic content (Westfall 1947, T.R. White pers. comm.). 3-7. The following species of caddisflies (Trichoptera) were considered threatened in South Carolina and will be discussed in more detail in a subsequent publication: Polycentropus carlsoni Morse (Polycentropodidae), Wormaldia thyria Denning (Philopotamidae), Pseudogoera singularis Carpenter (Odontoceridae), Psilotreta frontal 'is Banks (Odontoceridae), and Agarodes griseus Banks (Sericostomatidae). 46 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS The Wildcat Creek drainage also is the type locality for one species of black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae), Simulium loerchae Adler (1987), and is the site of two undescribed species in the S. tuberosum complex (Adler pers. comm.). Furthermore, the plant Nestronia umbellula Rafmesque (Santalaceae), North American sandlewood, has been labeled as a species for national concern by the Advisory Commission for South Carolina Rare and Endangered Plants (Rodgers et al 1979). Due to the occurrence of these unusual plants and animals, the South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department (SCWMRD) approached Clemson University to designate its lands in the Wildcat Creek watershed as a Registered Heritage Site. The purpose was to protect the area from pollution, sedimentation, clearcutting, or sales to private developers. The University's Forest Advisory Committee also is considering other alternative protective agreements. Another important reason for protecting the habitat and fauna of the stream is the likelihood that Wildcat Creek may serve as a reference stream for pollution assessment in the upper Piedmont. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) (Plafkin et al. 1989) and the cooperating South Carolina Department of Health and Envir- onmental Control (SC DHEC) regularly monitor populations of aquatic insects, especially pollution-intolerant mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies ("EPT") to detect changes in water quality. One or more reference streams in a given "ecoregion" are important standards against which to com- pare others in the same ecoregion. No comprehensive taxonomic study of the macroinvertebrates of Wildcat Creek has been made. McCaskill (1967, 1973) and McCaskill and Prins (1968) included Wildcat Creek stoneflies in their research on Plecoptera of northwestern South Carolina. Three species of Tallaperla were cited from Wildcat Creek by Stark (1983). Carlson (1971) studied emergence patterns of Wildcat Creek mayflies, creating a partial list of its species. He also collected stoneflies and caddisflies, depositing them in the Clemson University Arthropod Collection. White et al. (1979) pub- lished a report on the emergence patterns of stoneflies of northwestern South Carolina, including data from Wildcat Creek. Students from the Clemson University Aquatic Insects course (ENT 469/669) and Taxonomy of Immature Insects course (ENT 808) have collected and identified specimens from the stream since 1959, many of which specimens and records are now in the Clemson University Arthropod Collection. A separate study of the caddisflies of Wildcat Creek is in progress (M.A. Floyd pers. comm.). Vol. 103, No. 2, March & April, 1992 47 MATERIALS AND METHODS Research was initiated in the summer of 1991 to collect and identify mayflies and stoneflies from Wildcat Creek and to combine the resulting data with those from the above-mentioned other resources to develop comprehensive lists for these insect orders. Collections were accomplished with the semi-quantitative sampling equipment and techniques recom- mended by the US EPA (Plafkin et al. 1 989) in anticipation of comparative use of the resulting data in water quality assessments of other upper Piedmont streams. Identifications were accomplished for genera of Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera with the keys of Merritt and Cummins (1984) and Stewart and Stark (1988), except in cases where generic names have changed since these publications. Identifications for species were accomplished by specialists mentioned in the Acknowledgments or, for nymphs, were determined or confirmed by us with the keys of Unzicker and Carlson (1982) and Unzicker and McCaskill (1982) for mayflies and stoneflies, respectively. Specimens and records in the Clemson University Arthropod Col- lection were combined with the results of the above sampling and literature search. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Thirty-five species of mayflies (Table 1) and 24 species of stoneflies (Table 2) are reported from Wildcat Creek. The diversity of mayfly and stonefly species from Wildcat Creek is comparable with that of faunas of other streams surveyed in similar or nearby ecoregions of North and South Carolina (Table 3), exceeding the numbers of total species and unique species (among these streams only) for most of these other streams. Among these streams, only Upper Three Runs Creek, Aiken County, South Carolina, has larger total and unique numbers of stonefiies. (Upper Three Runs Creek ranks among streams with the highest recorded insect species diversity in the world and its environmental characteristics are quite different from those of Wildcat Creek [Morsel al, 1980, 1983].) Furthermore, the number of mayfly and stonefly species alone (59, not including caddisflies) is greater than the EPT taxa richness criterion for "excellent" classification by North Carolina Division of Environmental Management (NC DEM) standards for either Piedmont ( >3 1 taxa) or Mountain ( >41 taxa) ecoregion streams (Lenat, 1988). Although more extensive investigation techniques were used to estimate the total mayfly and stonefly fauna in Wildcat Creek than are usually employed in NC DEM biomonitoring procedures, the 48 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Wildcat Creek taxa richness numbers nevertheless are valuable for demonstrating the high biodiversity of the stream. For these reasons, we are convinced that the Wildcat Creek watershed is an exemplary biodiversity resource for South Carolina, not only for mayflies and stoneflies but also for other plants and animals. As such, it deserves special protection from habitat alteration, and the stream's macroinvertebrate fauna should be used by biological monitoring agencies as a standard for detecting freshwater perturbations. The watershed and its biota have been an excellent biological research and teaching envir- onment for many years and efforts to maintain the habitat and continue that use as their primary function are appropriate. Table 1. Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) of Wildcat Creek, Pickens County, South Carolina. Dates refer to range of capture times for imago or subimago specimens (only nymphs were collected where no dates are provided). Classification is according to McCafferty (1991). Determinations are by P.H. Carlson (PHC), S.M. Daniels (SMD), J.C. Morse (JCM), and W.L. Peters (WLP). Suborder RETRACHEATA Infraorder LANCEOLATA Superfamily Leptophlebioidea Family Leptophlebiidae Habrophlebia vibrans Needham. 20 Apr - 28 Aug. PHC, WLP. Habrophlebiodes americana (Banks). 20 Apr - 8 Oct. PHC, WLP. Leptophlebia austrina (Traver). 15 Mar - 7 Apr. PHC, WLP. Paralcptophlebia guttata (McDunnough). 5 Apr - 14 Oct. PHC, WLP. Superfamily Ephemeroidea Family Epemeridae Ephemera blanda Traver. 13 May - 22 Aug. PHC, WLP. Hexagenia limbata (Serville). PHC, WLP. Infraorder PANNOTA Superfamily Caenoidea Family Ephemerellidae Ephemerella catawba Traver. 14 May - 14 Jun. PHC, WLP. Ephemerella dorothea Needham. 8 Apr - 4 Sep. PHC, SMD, JCM, WLP. Ephemerella inconstans Traver. PHC, WLP. Ephemerella septentrionalis McDunnough. PHC, WLP. Ewylophella bicolor (Clemens). PHC, WLP. Eurylophellafuneralis (McDunnough). PHC, WLP. Eurylophella prudentalis (McDunnough). 6 May - 29 Jul. PHC, WLP. Eurylophella temporalis (McDunnough). PHC, WLP. Serratella deficiens (Morgan). SMD, JCM. Family Caenidae Caenis arnica Hagen. 15 Sep. PHC. Superfamily Baetiscoidea Family Baetiscidae Baetisca Carolina Trayer. PHC. Vol. 103, No. 2, March & April, 1992 49 Suborder SETISURA Family Isonychiidae Isonychia (I.) bicolor (Walker). 26 May - 29 Jun. PHC, WLP. Isonychia (Prionodes) georgiae McDunnough. 27 Jul - 5 Sep. PHC, WLP. Family Heptageniidae Epeorus dispar (Traver). SMD, JCM. Epeorus rubidus (Traver). 10 Apr - 30 Jul. PHC, WLP. Leucrocuta aphrodite (McDunnough). 14 Apr - 12 Sep. PHC, WLP. Stenacron interpunctatum (Say). 22 Apr - 25 Sep. PHC, WLP. Stenonema carlsoni Lewis. SMD, JCM (and Lewis, 1974, type locality). Stenonema mexicanum integrum (McDunnough). 22 May - 29 Sep. PHC, WLP. Stenonema pudicum (Hagen). 25 Apr - 1 1 Oct. PHC, WLP. Stenonema terminatum (Walsh). JCM. Suborder PISCIFORMA Infraorder IMPRIMATA Family Baetidae Acentrella ampla Traver. 20 Mar - 29 Mar. PHC, WLP. Baetis tricaudatus Dodds. JCM. Procloeon helium (McDunnough). 4 May - 26 May. PHC. Procloeon quaesilum McDunnough. PHC. Procloeon rivulare Traver. 26 May. PHC. Procloeon rubropictum (McDunnough). 12 Jun - 30 Jun. PHC. Family Siphlonuridae Ameletus sp. 15 Mar - 3 May. PHC, WLP. Siphlonurus mints Eaton. Apr. PHC, WLP. Table 2. Stoneflies (Plecoptera) of Wildcat Creek, Pickens County, South Carolina. Dates refer to range of capture times for adult specimens (only nymphs were collected where no dates are provided). Classification is according to Stark et al. (1986). Determinations are by S.M. Daniels (SMD), V.H. McCaskill (VHM), J.C. Morse (JCM), an anonymous reviewer (ANR), W.E. Ricker (WER), H.H. Ross (HHR). B.P. Stark (PBS), and T.R. White (TRW). Group EUHOLOGNATHA Family Capniidae Allocapnia aurora Ricker. 23 Nov - 12 Apr. EPS, WER, HHR. Allocapnia recta (Claassen). 23 Nov - 12 Apr. BPS. WER. Family Leuctridae Leuctra ferruginea (Walker). 23 Nov - 12 Apr. BPS. Family Nemouridae Amphinemura wui (Claassen). 31 May. WER. Family Taeniopterygidae Taeniopteryx maura (Pictet). 23 Nov - 12 Apr. PBS. Group SYSTELLOGNATHA Family Peltoperlidae Tallaperla comelia (Needham & Smith). 1 Jun. (Stark 1983). Tallaperla laurie (Ricker). 10 May - 22 Jun. WER (also. Stark 1983). Tallaperla maria (Needham & Smith). 25 Apr. (Stark 1983). 50 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Family Perlidae Acroneuria abnormis (Newman). SMD, JCM, WER, TRW. Acroneuria arenosa (Pictet). SMD, JCM. Beloneuria stewarti Stark & Szczytko. SMD (and Stark and Szczytko 1976.) Eccoptura xanthenes (Newman). SMD, JCM, TRW. Paragnetina prob. ichusa Stark & Szczytko. SMD, JCM. Paragnetina immarginata (Say). SMD. Perlesta frisoni Banks. WER. Family Perlodidae Clioperla clio (Newman). WER. Diploperla duplicata (Banks). SMD, JCM. Isoperla dicala Prison. 3 1 May. WER. Isoperla holochlora (Klapalek). SMD. Isoperla similis (Hagen). SMD. Isoperla sp. A. SMD. Remenus bilobatus (Needham and Claassen). WER. Yugus bulbosus (Prison). WER. Family Pteronarcyidae Pleronarcys biloba Newman. VHM, WER. Table 3. Total (tot) and unique (uniq) numbers of mayfly (Eph) and stonefly (Pie) species in selected streams of similar or nearby ecoregions of North (NC) and South Carolina (SC). WC = Wildcat Creek, Pic kens County, SC, 1st order stream, upper Piedmont; BC = Broadway Creek. Anderson County, SC, 3rd order stream, upper Piedmont (unpublished data); CC = Coley Creek, Oconee County, SC, and Transylvania County, NC, 1st order stream. Mountains (Morses al. 1989);UC = Upper Three Runs Creek, Aiken County, SC, 3rd order stream. Sandhills (Morse el al. 1980); PS = Fourholes Swamp, Berkeley and Dorchester Counties, SC, 3rd order stream. Coastal Plain (unpublished data); CP = entire Coastal Plain in South Carolina (Carlson, 1981). WC BC CC UC FS CP tot uniq tot uniq tot uniq tot uniq tot uniq tot uniq Eph 35 15 21 6 18 8 25 14 18 14 Pie 24 11 12 2 21 9 28 14 2 0 5 0 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to William C. Alexander and M. Katherine Kellam, the coordinators for the Mentor's Program at the South Carolina Governor's School for Science and Mathe- matics, who provided the opportunity for this research, and Dean T. Ross Wilkinson, Clemson University College of Agricultural Sciences, for the financial support for the senior author. Many former students collected and tentatively identified specimens upon which our lists are based. Most stonefly records resulted from the identifications by specialists Von H. McCaskill (VHM, Clemson University), William E. Ricker (WER. retired). Bill P. Stark (BPS, Mississippi College), Tina R. White (TRW), and the late Herbert H. Ross (HHR). Most mayfly records resulted from identifications by specialists Paul H. Carlson (PHC, Gainesville, Florida) and William L. Peters (WLP, Florida A&M Vol. 103, No. 2, March & April, 1992 51 University). Our sincere appreciation goes to Michael A. Floyd and Kevin M. Hoffman for tutoring the senior author in several specimen identifications. We also extend our gratitude to Steve Jones and Jane Gaddis for site information concerning Wildcat Creek and for directing us to important references. Peter H. Adler and Thomas M. Brown provided useful reviews of the manuscript. Three anonymous reviewers helped correct some of the cita- tions in Tables 1 and 2 and made useful suggestions for improving the manuscript. This is Technical Contribution No. 3223 of the South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Clemson University. LITERATURE CITED Adler, P.H. 1987. A new North American species in the Simulium vernum group (Diptera: Simuliidae) and analysis of its polytene chromosomes. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 89: 673-681. Carlson, P.H. 1971. Emergence and seasonal distribution of Ephemeroptera from Wild- cat Creek, Pickens County, South Carolina. M.S. thesis, Clemson Univ. 88 pp. Carlson, P.H. 1981. Aquatic insects as indicators of environmental alteration. Ph.D. dissertation, Clemson Univ. 90 pp. Gaddy, L.L., and J.C. Morse. 1985. Common spiders of South Carolina, with an an- notated checklist. South Carolina Agric. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 1094. 182 pp. Gertsch, WJ., and N.I. Platnick. 1980. A revision of the American species of the family Atypidae (Araneae, Mygalamorphae). Amer. Mus. Nov. 2704: 1-39. Lenat, D.R. 1988. Water quality assessment of streams using a qualitative collection method for benthic macroinvertebrates. Jour. North Amer. Benthol. Soc. 7: 222-233. Lewis, P.A. 1 974. Three new Stenonema species from eastern North America ( Ephemerop- tera: Heptageniidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 76: 347-355. McCafferty, W.P. 1991. Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Ephemeroptera (Insecta): A commentary on systematics. Annals Entomol. Soc. Amer. 84: 343-360. McCaskill, V.H. 1967. A survey of the stoneflies (order Plecoptera) of northwestern South Carolina. M.S. thesis, Clemson Univ. 58 pp. McCaskill, V.H. 1973. The stoneflies (order Plecoptera) of South Carolina. Ph.D. dis- sertation, Clemson Univ. 73 pp. McCaskill, V.H., and R. Prins. 1968. Stoneflies of northwestern South Carolina. Jour. Elisha Mitchell Scien. Soc. 84: 448-453. Merritt, R.W., and K.W. Cummins, editors. 1984. An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America, second edition. Kendall/Hunt Publ. Co., Dubuque, Iowa. 722 pp. Morse, J.C., D.W. Brooks, P.H. Carlson, J.F. Cornell, H.B. Douglass, E.W. King, V.H. McCaskill, T.E. Skelton, and J. Spooner. 1979. Status report: Arthropoda other than Crustacea. Pp. 46-51 in D.M. Forsytheand W.B. Ezell Jr., editors, Proc. First South Carolina Endangered Species Symposium, South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Depart.. Columbia, SC. 201 pp. Morse, J.C., J.W. Chapin, D.D. Herlong, and R.S. Harvey. 1980. Aquatic insects of Upper Three Runs Creek, Savannah River Plant, South Carolina. Part I: Orders other than Diptera. Jour. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 15: 73-101. Morse, J.C., J.W. Chapin, D.D. Herlong, and R.S. Harvey. 1983. Aquatic insects of Upper Three Runs Creek, Savannah River Plant, South Carolina. Part II: Diptera. Jour. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 18: 303-316. Morse, J.C. , S.W. Hamilton, and K..M. Hoffman. 1989. Aquatic insects of Lake Jocassee Catchment in North and South Carolina, with descriptions of four new species of caddisflies (Trichoptera). Jour. Elisha Mitchell Scien. Soc. 105: 14-33. 52 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Plafkin, J.L., M.T. Harbour, K.D. Porter, S.K. Gross, and R.M. Hughes. 1989. Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and rivers: Benthic macroinvertebrates and fish. U.S. Environ. Protec. Ag., Wash., DC EPA/444/4-89-001. 172 pp. Rodgers, C.L., R.C. Clark, J.M. Barry, W.T. Batson, J.E. Fairey III, S.M. Jones, J.N. Pinson Jr., R.D. Porcher, and R.W. Powell Jr. 1979. Status report: Native vascular plants endangered, threatened, or otherwise in jeopardy. Pp. 26-32 in D.M. Forsythe and W.B. Ezell Jr., editors, Proc. First South Carolina Endangered Species Symposium, South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Depart., Columbia, SC. 201 pp. Sorrells, R.T. 1984. The Clemson Experimental Forest: Its first fifty years. Clemson University College of Forest and Recreation Resources, Clemson, SC. 48 pp. Stark, B.P. 1983. The Tallaperla maria complex of eastern North America (Plecoptera: Peltoperlidae). Jour. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 56: 398-410. Stark, B.P., S.W. Szczytko, and R.W. Baumann. 1986. North American stoneflies (Plecoptera): systematics, distribution, and taxonomic references. Great Basin Natr. 46: 383-397. Stewart, K.W., and B.P. Stark. 1988. Nymphs of North American stonefly genera (Plecoptera). Entomol. Soc. Amer., The Thomas Say Found., Hyattsville, MD, vol. 12. 460pp. Unzicker, J.D., and P.H. Carlson. 1982. Chapter 3, Ephemeroptera. Pp. 3.1-3.97 in AR. Brigham, W.U. Brigham, and A Gnilka, editors. Aquatic insects and oligochaetes of North and South Carolina. Midwest Aquatic Enterprises, Mahomet, IL. 837 pp. Unzicker, J.D., and V.H. McCaskill. 1982. Chapter 5, Plecoptera. Pp. 5.1-5.50 in AR. Brigham, W.U. Brigham, and A Gnilka, editors. Aquatic insects and oligochaetes of North and South Carolina. Midwest Aquatic Enterprises, Mahomet, IL. 837 pp. Westfall, MJ., Jr. 1947. A new Macromia from North Carolina. Jour. Elisha Mitchell Scien. Soc. 63: 32-36. White, T.R., P.H. Carlson, and R.C. Fox. 1979. Emergence patterns of fall and winter stoneflies (Plecoptera: Filipalpia) in northwestern South Carolina. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 81:379-390. Vol. 103, No. 2, March & April, 1992 53 NEW DISTRIBUTIONAL RECORDS FOR DIPLOTAXIS ATLANTIS (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE)1 Paul K. Lago2, Scott McCleve3 ABSTRACT: The distribution ofDiplotaxis atlantis is extended north-westward to include North Dakota and Montana. During a survey of the phytophagous Scarabaeidae of North Dakota (Lago, etal. 1979) 28 specimens of a species ofDiplotaxis were collected on western wild rose (Rosa woodsii Lindl.) at Heart Butte Dam, Grant County, that could not be readily identified using the available literature. The name D. tristis Kirby was applied to the series and the specimens were sent to Mrs. Patricia Vaurie for verification. Although she agreed with the identification, she also indicated that minor discrepancies existed between this series and true tristis (Vaurie 1976, pers. comm.). Recently, surface sculpture of the right mandibular mola was dis- covered by one of us (McCleve) to be of value in identifying Diplotaxis. After reexamining the North Dakota series, we have concluded that the species is, in fact, D. atlantis Fall, generally considered to be eastern in distribution (Vaurie 1956, 1960). The real problem in identifying these specimens using Vaurie's (1960) key rests with the interpretation of the clypeal emargination (couplet 4, p 356). Some species within the brevicollis - haydenii group may have the clypeus either emarginate or truncate and will key in either direction from couplet 4. Specimens of D. atlantis can be keyed only if the clypeus is said to be truncate; however, the North Dakota specimens, as well as some from eastern localities, have a slightly emarginate clypeus. This character state was mentioned by Vaurie ( 1 960: 390; "very slightly sinuate"), but was not taken into account in the key. While working through a large collection ofDiplotaxis from Montana State University, five males of D. atlantis were discovered. Label data read: "Mont. Bighorn Co., Bighorn R., Ft. Smith, 25 May 1988, D.L. Gustafson col". These specimens are similar in all respects to those from North Dakota, including the slight clypeal emargination. None of these ^Received November 9, 1991. Accepted December 23, 1991. ^Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 32210 13th Street, Douglas, AZ 85607 ENT. NEWS 103(2): 53-54, March & April, 1992 54 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS western specimens has the medio-basal pronotal line that Vaurie (1960) mentioned as being present on central Oklahoma representatives of atlantis. Previously, the known range of D. atlantis extended from New England southward to Arkansas and westward to central Iowa, eastern Nebraska and central Oklahoma (Vaurie, 1960). The discovery of the two apparently disjunct populations reported here greatly extends this range to the northwest (southwestern North Dakota and southcentral Montana). ACKNOWLEDGMENT Brett Ratcliffe and Bill Warner offered valuable comments for the improvement of this paper. LITERATURE CITED Lago, P.K., R.L. Post and C.Y. Osteo. 1979. The Phytophagous Scarabaeidae and Troginae (Coleoptera) of North Dakota. North Dakota Insects Publ. 12. Schafer-Post Series. North Dakota St. Univ. 131 pp. Vaurie, P. 1956. Diplotaxis of the eastern United States, with a new species and other notes (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). Coleopts. Bull. 10: 1-9. Vaurie, P. 1960. A revision of the genus Diplotaxis (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Melolonthinae). Part 2. Bull. Amer. Mus. Natur. Hist. 120 (2): 163-433. CORRECTION In the paper "1990 Additions to the Annotated List of the Insects of Macau" (Ent. News 103(1): 30-36, January and February, 1992), a name correction is needed on page 34 under "Diptera: Streblidae". The bat fly species of Raymondia pagodarum is incorrect. The correct species should have been identified as Brachytarsina amboinensis (Rondani). The author caught this correction too late for inclusion in the original paper and regrets this error. Vol. 103, No. 2, March & April. 1992 55 AN EFFICIENT AND INEXPENSIVE PITFALL TRAP SYSTEM1 William H. Clark2, Paul E. Blom3 ABSTRACT: An inexpensive pitfall trap system which allows for rapid and easy field collection of invertebrates is described. The system is constructed from metal cans and plastic jugs which are common household materials and would normally be discarded. Ethylene-glycol antifreeze works best for a preservative, protecting specimens for several years in the field. This system has proven successful in the western United States and Baja California, Mexico. Pitfall traps have been used over the years to collect a wide variety of animals (arthropods: Beirne 1955, Peterson 1959, Knudsen 1966, Freeman 1974, Eorroret al. 1989, Dunn 1989; reptiles and amphibians: Gibbons and Semlitsch 1981, Corn and Bury 1990; and mammals: Smith et al. 1975, Gibbons and Semlitsch 1981, Clark and Yensen 1982, Williams and Braun 1983, American Society of Mammalogists 1987, to list a few). Variations in applications have included the addition of covers (Amer- ican Society of Mammalogists 1987), ramps (Bostanian et al. 1983), funnels (Best 1977), and/or the use of drift fences (Gibbons and Semlitsch 1981, Clark and Yensen 1982); and baits (Greenslade and Greenslade 1971) to enhance efficiency of collecting specific taxa. An inexpensive pitfall trap system constructed from readily available and usually discarded household materials is described which allows for rapid and easy field collection. We have used this system for ten years in the western United States and Baja California, Mexico, with excellent success. MATERIALS AND METHODS This pitfall trap design follows Morrill (1976) who used 16 oz. plastic Solo® cups. Our needs were for a more permanent trap of a larger capacity since the traps were to be left unattended for long periods of Deceived September 7, 1991. Accepted December 19, 1991. ^Orma J. Smith Museum of Natural History, Albertson College of Idaho, Caldwell, Idaho 83605 USA and Department of Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sciences, Division of Entomology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843 USA •'Department of Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sciences, Division of Entomology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843 USA ENT. NEWS 103(2): 55-59. March & April. 1992 56 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS time. Traps were constructed from metal cans and plastic jugs (Fig. 1). The outer liner of the system was a 3 Ib. 'coffee' can buried flush in the ground. A few holes were punched in the bottom to allow for drainage of excess rain water. The plastic lid, which comes with most three pound cans, was used to keep soil from falling into the outer liner during initial installation or later maintenance and for closing the trap during non- sampling intervals. The outer liner remained in the ground until the pitfall trap was discontinued. The inner liner was either plastic (i.e. bottom of 16 oz juice bottles) or metal (the bottom of a smaller 'coffee' can), filled with preservative and placed inside the outer liner. Inverte- brates were channeled into the inner liner by a funnel cut from the top of a round, 1 gallon plastic jug (Fig. 1). A large cover (rock, board, etc.) helped in keeping out precipitation and excess debris and deterring larger animals attracted by the preservative (see Hall 1991). Addition- ally, the cover may have helped in attracting thigmotaxic invertebrates seeking covering objects. We selected an ethylene glycol-based anti- plastic jug out 3 Ib can bottom Figure 1. Assembly of the pitfall system from 'household' components. Vol. 103, No. 2, March & April, 1992 57 freeze as the killing agent for its relatively slower rate of evaporation and preservation characteristics, protecting specimen integrity during sev- eral years of field exposure. Also, the antifreeze was readily available in a variety of outlets if the supply had to be supplemented in the field. Proper disposal of the ethylene glycol after its use and protection of vertebrates from pitfall traps containing it are recommended since it is an environ- mental hazard (Hall 1991). To service the trap the contents were strained through a wire mesh household strainer. A fine fabric mesh (such as mosquito netting) was placed inside the strainer when collection of smaller invertebrates was desired. If the preservative was clean, it was collected in a container for reuse; if too dirty or diluted it was placed in a container to receive proper disposal. The sample and inner liner were rinsed with water, and the sample placed into a labeled jar with 70% ethyl alcohol (ETOH). T.D. Miller (pers. comm. April 1991) suggested a first rinse with soap and water to more thoroughly remove the ethylene glycol. The recharged liner and funnel were reset and the cover placed back over the trap. Time at the trap location was further reduced by exchanging old for new pre- charged liners, and straining the sample later. A band saw was useful for trimming the inner liners and funnels. Storage of the components was facilitated by nesting the parts in the three pound can liners, which could then be stacked in boxes or on shelving. Components for approximately 100 traps were easily accumu- lated in one year via a standing request with friends and colleagues. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION We have collected well preserved samples from traps that had been out for up to three years in the Central Desert of Baja California, Mexico. When a long collection interval was anticipated the antifreeze was used undiluted, allowing for future dilution by precipitation, and thereby minimizing specimen deterioration. For shorter periods, the more com- mon 50:50 antifreeze to water ratio was employed. When traps dried completely, a great many of the specimens could be successfully rewetted for processing with ETOH or water. In a few wetter locations some molding was encountered over longer periods of exposure (i.e. > 1 yr), though this was usually of little consequence in the xeric habitats we sampled. The system works just as well over short time periods. A major advantage of this system was the short time (five minutes or less) required to service. This both optimized field time and drew less attention to the trap location in populated areas. If field conditions dictated that the initial rinse be minimal, a more thorough rinse was ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS made before final pinning or alcohol storage. We have observed that generally, specimens taken in the ethylene glycol mixture tended to retain more flexibility even after pinning than insects killed in cyanide or ETOH. This was expecially true of the medium to large sized beetles. In areas of high liner fall we encountered some filling and blockage of the funnel by leaves. Under such conditions the traps need to be serviced more frequently or screened in some fashion for optimal efficiency. Our pitfall trap system has yielded many interesting species and distribution records (Papp 19S9: Triplehorn in prep}. Many other studies using specimens from this collection system will be published in time. While precise collection dates could not be determined when the traps were used for extended periods, they did provide information on the presence of species in various habitats. This preliminary information has served as the starting point for more detailed investigations. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was supported, in part by grants from EARTHWATCH and The Center For Field Research ofWatertown. MA. Dave Ward. Jr.: Mary. Ellen, and Cindy Clark: Gary Shook: and others have assisted with the field testing of this pitfall trap system. Shook and Ward reviewed an earlier draft of this paper and James B. Johnson and Frank W. Merickel provided comments on a later draft Albert Allen has sorted many pitfall samples and offered valuable suggestions. Published with the approval of the Director of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station as Research Paper #91766. LITERATURE CITED American Society of Mammalogists. 1987. Acceptable field methods in mammalogy: preliminary guidelines approved by the American Society of Mammalogists. Jour. Mamm. 68(Suppl.): 1-18. Beirne, B.P. 1955. Collecting, preparing and preserving insects. Publ. 932. Canada Dept Agric.. Ottawa. Canada. 133 pp. Best. R.L, 1977. The pitfall trap. Carolina Tips. 40(5): 1-18. Borror. D J.. C .A. Triplehorn. and N.F. Johnson. 1989. An introduction to the study of insects. Saunders Coll. Publ.. Philadelphia. PA. 875 pp. Bostaniaa, N J., G. Boivin. and H. Goulet 1983. Ramp pitfall trap. Jour. Econ. Entomol. 76(6): 1473- 1475. Clark. W.H.. and E. Y'ensen. 1982. Nuevo registro de la musarana deserticola .\oriosorex cr, Torault nr. base camp. 200 m.. —III. 1985. J. H. Martin. Royal Ent. Soc. London. Project WALLACE. B.M. 1985-10 (BMNH). Paratype. 1 male, same data as holotype except Gng. Ambang nr. Kotamogagu, Fog 7, 1200 m., 18.11.1985 (author's collection). Remarks.— This species can be distinguished from marlatti by its longer head, by presence of a dorsal flange on the dorsal appendage and ventral keel on the ventral appendage of the aedeagus. Tharra emilyae, new species (Figs. 13-16) Length. — Male 6.40 mm., female 7.30 mm. General color fuscous with ochraceous head, pronorum, scutellum and basal half of clavus of forewings. Similar tocosfata Nielson in male genital characters. Head narrower than pronotum; crown produced distally to about 1/3 of its entire median length beyond anterior margin of eyes, narrower than width of eye, elevated, surface striate; pronotum shorter than crown; scutellum longer than pronorum; forewings and venation typical; clypeus and clypellus typical. Male. — Pygofer in lateral view with long narrow caudoventral process, process nearly reaching to dorsal margin of pygofer (Fig. 13); aedeagus symmetrical, dorsal appendage long, broad in basal 1/3. tapered toward slightly enlarged and curved apex, with long spine subbasally. arising from each side of lateral margin and projecting basally. dorsal margin dentate in middle 1/3. ventral appendage broad basally. tapered distally to truncate apex (Fig. 14, 15); plate broad in middle 1/3 (Fig. 16). Female. — Seventh sternum large, about twice as long as preceding segment, caudal margin broadly rounded. Holotype (male).— INDONESIA: Sulawesi Utara, Domoga-Bone N.P.. — .V.1985, at light, Clark's camp. 1 140 m.. J. H. Martin. Royal Ent. Soc. London, Project WALLACE, B.M. 1985-10(BMNH). Allotype female, same data as holotype (BMNH). Paratype, 1 male, 1 female, same data as holotype (author's collection). Remarks. — This species can be distinguished from costata by the broader base of the ventral appendage of the aedeagus, by the dentate dorsal margin of the dorsal appendage, and by the broader plate. This species is named for my granddaughter, Emily Nicole Hammer. Vol. 103, No. 3, May & June, 1992 71 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank W. J. Knight, The Natural History Museum. London for loan of the specimens and for his helpful comments in improving the contents of the paper. This research was supported in part by endowment funds from the Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum for which I am grateful. LITERATURE CITED All references cited prior to 1986 will be found in a recent catalogue by Oman. Knight and Nielson cited below. Knight, W. J. 1988a. Project WALLACE Report. Commemorative Expedition to North Sulawesi, January-December 1985. The Royal Entomol. Soc. of London and Indo- nesian Inst. of Sc.. 60 pp. Nielson, M. W. 1986b. New thagriine leafhoppers from the Oriental region with a key to 30 species (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Coelidiinae). Great Basin Nat. 46(2):321-335. Oman, P.W., Knight, W. J., and Nielson, M. W. 1900a. Leafhoppers (Cicadellidae): A bibliography, check-list and index to the world literature 1956-1985. C.A.B. Inter- national Institute of Entomology, 368 pp. Zhang, Yalin. 1990a. A taxonomic study of Chinese Cicadellidae (Homoptera), 218 pp. 72 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS DESTRUCTION OF YOUNG COLONIES OF THE RED IMPORTED FIRE ANT BY THE PAVEMENT ANT (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)1 Thomas G. King, Sherman A. Phillips, Jr. 2 ABSTRACT: The ranges of the red imported fire ant. So/en ops/s/n victa, and the pavement ant, Tetramorium caespitum. are now virtually contiguous in North Carolina, and these species have undoubtedly interacted. Our laboratory study shows that T. caespitum will destroy young S. invicta colonies placed within its foraging range. If 5. invicta moves northward, interactions between these two species may intensify. The pavement ant, Tetramorium caespitum (L.), and the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, can both rapidly mobilize many workers to dominate large food sources. Often this attempt to dominate a resource results in conflict with other ant species which they eliminate or "extirpate" as the situation requires (Wilson, 1971). Interspecific con- flicts between ant species resulting in numerous deaths rarely occur in temperate ecosystems (see MacKay and MacKay 1982 for exceptions), but can occur when more than one extirpating species cohabit in an ecosystem. These conflicts occurred when S. invicta. a native of South America, was introduced into Alabama in the 1940's (Hung and Vinson, 1978). It has since spread across most of the southern U.S.A., eliminating the native, dominant species from much of their former range. At present, territorial limits of S. invicta in North America are largely defined by abiotic factors, namely cold weather in its northernmost range and arid conditions in its westernmost range (Hung and Vinson, 1978). Bhatkar et al. (1972) suggested that the northward expansion of S. invicta may have been slowed or halted by the presence ofLasius neoniger Emery, an aggressive and populous northern ant species. They stated that L. neoniger colonies, although numbering less than 1000 ants, maintained between 8,000 and 10,000 nests per acre in two study areas. This density, coupled with the distinctly superior combative capabilities demonstrated against S. invicta. may allow this ant to successfully compete with S. invicta. If so, L. neoniger could be ont of the agents of Deceived October 1, 1991. Accepted March 10, 1992. ^Department of Agronomy, Horticulture and Entomology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock. Texas 79409. ENT. NEWS 103(3): 72-77. May & June, 1992 Vol. 103, No. 3, May & June, 1992 73 indigenous biological control restricting the range of S. invicta in North America. T. caespitum occurs throughout much of the Holarctic and Ethiopian faunal realms and has been reported on every continent except Antarctica (Creighton, 1950). In much of its extensive range, it maintains a prominent role, often sharing that position with L. neoniger in the Nearctic, and L. niger (L.) and L. alienus Forster in the Palearctic (Brian and Elmes, 1974; Creighton, 1950). Presently, the North American range of T. caespitum includes the Atlantic Coast south to North Carolina, and sporadic and occasionally extensive regions west to California (Creighton, 1950; Nuhn and Wright, 1980). In the Palearctic, T. caespitum lives in open areas, scavenging for insects and collecting seeds (Brian et al, 1967; Brown, 1957; Smith, 1943). In the Nearctic, the species is usually confined to areas near human habitations (Brown, 1957; Creighton, 1950). The present ranges of T. caespitum and S. invicta are now contiguous in North Carolina, and the assumption that some contact has occurred between these two highly successful species is not unreasonable. Contact should continue to occur because the potentially northernmost range of S. invicta (Pimm and Bartell, 1980) overlaps with the southernmost range of T. caespitum (T.G.K., personal observation). The present laboratory study describes the reaction of T. caespitum to repeated introductions of both young colonies and single foundress queens of 5. invicta placed within its foraging range. Although the final results obtained from the interaction of T. caespitum and S. invicta are restricted to conditions imposed by a controlled environment, the actual responses observed resulting from the forced interactions should simulate normal behaviors of T. caespitum to repeated incursions by S. invicta under more natural conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS A colony of approximately 1 5 workers and one queen of T. caespitum. collected in late summer of 1988 from Bucks County, Pennsylvania, was reared in an artificial nest placed within a four square meter, Fluon- coated plastic enclosure. The ants were fed insects and sugar water (50% sucrose), supplied with a source of free water, and kept at a temperature of approximately 25°C. After six months, the colony numbered more than 2,000 workers. Polygyne colonies (two or more queens per colony) of S. invicta from Kerr County, Texas, were collected in early spring of 1989 and divided into six sub-colonies, each containing two queens, between 100 and 200 workers, and brood. Test tube nests were used to house the 74 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS sub-colonies. All artificial nests were constructed according to Banks et al ( 1 98 1 ). Once daily for three days, a sub-colony was placed 20 cm from the mature T. caespitum nest within the four square meter enclosure, and the sequence and timing of the sub-colony's destruction were recorded. Subsequently, the three other sub-colonies were introduced sequentially as previously described, but this time at one meter distances. Finally, three S. invicta queens were placed within the foraging area, and interspecific interactions were observed and recorded. RESULTS When the S. invicta sub-colonies were placed 20 cm from the T. caes- pitum nest, several S. invicta workers made contact with T. caespitum foragers within one minute. S. invicta attacked T. caespitum during this initial contact, grasping them with their mandibles and repeatedly stinging the foreign workers. Curiously, individual T. caespitum workers rarely engaged S. invicta workers unless supported by nestmates, often waiting for additional workers to arrive before advancing toward the S. invicta nest. These supporting T. caespitum workers arrived within 10 minutes. Isolated T. caespitum workers that became surrounded by S. invicta usually ceased their movement and subsequently retreated to an area where T. caespitum formed a sizeable majority. Due to this tech- nique, T. caespitum approached the S. invicta nest as a mass of ap- proximately 100 workers slowly moving toward the source of aggression. S. invicta workers that entered the mass of approaching T. caespitum were captured by single T. caespitum workers that grabbed one of the S. invicta worker's appendages. Other T. caespitum workers then grabbed other appendages, pulling in opposite directions and causing the severing of the seized appendages. The T. caespitum workers would also sting, but the sting appeared to have little effect on the S. invicta workers. Between five minutes and one-half hour passed before T. caespitum had incapacitated all S. invicta workers in the foraging area and began entering the S. invicta nest. When encountering the test tube nest, T. caes- pitum workers lunged inward, attempting to grab the gasterflagging S. invicta workers at the nest entrance. Gasterflagging, a process of spraying venom on enemies, caused T. caespitum to spasm for approxi- mately 10 seconds before returning to normal. If a T. caespitum worker succeeded in grabbing a 5. invicta worker, it would quickly withdraw, dragging the S. invicta worker into the mass of T. caespitum where it would be dismembered. In this slow fashion, T. caespitum pulled S. invicta workers, one at a time, out of their nest to be killed by the mass of Vol. 103, No. 3, May & June. 1992 75 beleaguered T. caespitum. The T. caespitwn progression into the S. invicta nest continued until all S. invicta were dead. The captured S. invicta brood were taken back to the T. caespitum nest, presumably to be eaten. When S. invicta nests were placed one meter from the T. caespitum colony, the sequence was the same but required more time. Contact between the species occurred within 2 minutes, and more than 10 T. caespitum workers gathered within 15 minutes to attack the S. invicta aggressors. More S1. invicta workers had time to leave the nest; and as a result, the T. caespitum workers took longer to encircle the S. invicta nest site. Also, the S. invicta colony was able to escape to a new location shortly after T. caespitum workers began penetrating its nest. This reaction prolonged the conflict, since approximately 15 minutes passed before T. caespitum discovered theS. invicta colony's new nesting site. The rediscovery of the S. invicta colony resulted in a second atack, following which 5. invicta scattered. Within one day, all S. invicta were killed. T. caespitum suffered less than two dozen fatalities per trial, with death resulting primarily due to numerous S. invicta stings. A single queen of S. invicta was capable of killing a T. caespitum worker. Actual capture of S. invicta queens therefore required several T. caespitum workers acting together, pulling at the queen's appendages and stinging repeatedly. None of the S. invicta queens were captured after 10 minutes, but all were killed within 24 hours. DISCUSSION The ranges of T. caespitum and S. invicta are now contiguous in North Carolina, and the two species have probably encountered one another. This study shows that T. caespitum may have the potential of delaying expansion of S. invicta. In North American the success of T. caespitum has been limited primarily to human inhabited areas.These areas already occupy large portions of the Atlantic seaboard and continue to gain in size. T. caespitum is extremely territorial, a trait evidenced by frequent conspecific wars (Wilson, 1971; Brian etal., 1966). As a result, destruction of the young S. invicta colonies by T. caespitum was expected. Not expected was the efficiency of attack by T. caespitum because more than five S. invicta workers died for every T. caespitum worker killed. The success of the T. caespitum attack depended on cooperation between workers and the ability to maintain a homogeneous mass of attacking workers within which S. invicta workers would be dismembered. In England, these skillful attack methods enable T. caespitum to "rout" large 76 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS colonies of L alienus, and defeat colonies of L niger (Brian et al, 1966). Colonies of T. caespitum contain an average of approximately 10,000 workers (Brian, 1979); whereas mature S. invicta colonies maintain in excess of 60,000 workers (Tschinkel, 1986). Conflicts between mature colonies, therefore, could result in S. invicta overwhelming T. caespitum. Colder temperatures retard colony growth in laboratory colonies of S. invicta (Porter, 1988); and as a result, the average colony size of S. invicta and T. caespitum may be more comparable in the northernmost range of S. invicta. If not, T. caespitum may dominate its habitat only if it destroys young S. invicta colonies in the field as it did in the laboratory. Our study simply identifies one potential biotic factor which may impose mortality on S. invicta. However, the results we obtained (destruction of S. invicta) are limited to conditions inherent in laboratory studies of this type. Therefore, although the responses of T. caespitum to S. invicta are accurate, caution should be exercised regarding the effectiveness of T caespitum as a controlling agent until field studies are conducted to substantiate our laboratory findings. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank A P. Bhatkar, M. V. Brian, J. C. Cokendolpher, M. L. Peek, and H. G. Thorvilson for their critical reviews. This manuscript is contribution T-4-286, College of Agricultural Sciences, Texas Tech University. LITERATURE CITED Banks, W.A., C.S. Lofgren, D.P. Jouvenaz, C.E. Stringer, P.M. Bishop, D.F. Williams, D.P. Wojcik, and B.M. Glancey. 1981. Techniques for collecting, rearing and handling imported fire ants. U.S.D.A. Science and Education Administration, Adv. Agric. Tech., South. Sen, No. 21, 9 p. Bhatkar, A.P., W.H. Whitcomb, W.F. Buren, P. Callahan, and T. Carlysle. 1972. Confrontation behavior between Lasius neoniger and the imported fire ant. Environ. Entomol. 1:274-279. Brian, M.V. 1979. Habitat differences in sexual production by two coexistent ants. J. Animal Ecol. 48:943-953. Brian, M. V., J. Hibble, and A.F. Kelly. 1966. The dispersion of ant species in a southern English heath. J. Animal Ecol. 35:281-290. Brian, M.V., G.W. Elmes, and A.F. Kelly. 1967. Populations of the ant Tetramorium caespitum Latrielle. J. Animal Ecol. 35:281-290. Brian, M.V. and G.W. Elmes. 1974. Productions of the ant Tetramorium caespitum in the southern English heath. J. Animal Ecol. 43:889-903. Brown, W. 1957. Is the ant genus Tetramorium native in North America? Breviora. 72:1-4. Creighton, W.S. 1950. The ants of North America. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Univ. 104:1-585. Hung, A.C.F. and S.B. Vinson. 1978. Factors affecting the distribution of fire ants in Texas. Southwest. Nat. 23(2):205-214. Vol. 103, No. 3, May & June, 1992 77 MacKay, W. and E. MacKay. 1982. Coexistence and competitive displacement involving two native ant species. Southwest Nat. 27:135-142. Nuhn, T.P. and C.G. Wright. 1980. An ecological sup'ey of ants in a landscaped suburban habitat. Am. Mid. Nat. 102(2):353-362. Pimm, S.C. and D.P. Bartell. 1980. Statistical model for predicting the range expansion of the red imported fire ant. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 73:261. Porter, S.D. 1988. Impact of temperature on colony growth and developmental rates of the ant, Solenopsis invicta. J. Insect Physiol. 34:1 127-1 133. Smith, M.R. 1943. Ants in the genus Tetramorium in the United States with a description of a new species. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 45:1-5. Tschinkel, W.R. 1986. The ecological nature of the fire ant: some aspects of colony function and some unanswered questions, pp. 72-87. in Fire ants and Leafcutter ants: biology and management. Westview. Boulder, Colorado. 435 pp. Wilson, E.O. 1971. The Insect Societies. Belknap. Cambridge, Massachusetts. 548 pp. CALVERT AWARDS FOR 1991 AND 1992 In 1987 the American Entomological Society initiated the Calvert Award to be pre- sented annually to a young person in the greater Delaware Valley for an outstanding insect- related project. The Award was named in honor of Dr. Philip P. Calvert who joined the Society as a teenager, later became its president, and was a member for 74 years. As a pro- fessor of biology at the University of Pennsylvania and an associate of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Dr. Calvert played an important role in stimulating an interest in insects among young people. This year the Calvert Award was presented to Amy Dorfman, a tenth grade student at Central High School in Philadelphia— the same school from which Calvert graduated in 1888! Her project was entitled, "Farnesol vs. Natural Predation: Will the Benefits of a Lar- vacide Outweigh the Advantages of Interaction in a Food Chain?" President Joseph Sheldon presented Miss Dorfman with one-year memberships in the American Ento- mological Society and the Young Entomologists' Society, a one-year subscription to Entomological News, and a check for $50. Amy's project and those of three other students at the Delaware Valley Science Fairs were displayed at the April 22 membership meeting at the Academy of Natural Sciences. First runner-up was Dawn Riddle, a ninth grade student also from Central High School, whose project was on, "The Effects of Chemicals on the Pheromone Trails of Ants." Two honorable mentions were awarded, both to juniors from Ocean Township High School, Oakhurst, New Jersey. Gisela Insvaste studied the "Effect of Protozoan Lambor- nella clarki on Larval Populations of the Mosquito Aedes aegypti in the Laboratory" and Denis Shmuler made a "Comparison of Stem and Leaf Growth of European Violets Ger- minated in Harvester Ant Nests." Last year Amy Dorfman's project was first runner-up to that of Helen Glezos, then a sophomore at Woodstown High School, Woodstown, New Jersey, who addressed the ques- tion, "Does Captive Feeding Increase the Growth and Life Span of the Praying Mantis?" Second runner-up in 1991 was presented to Kevin Bonner, a ninth grade student at Archbishop Wood High School, Warminster, Pennsylvania. He studied "Substance Pre- ference among Carpenter Ants." The awards were presented on April 24 at a Society meet- ing featuring Dr. Thomas Donnelly, a particularly appropriate guest speaker. Dr. Donnelly had met Philip P. Calvert through their mutual interest in dragonflies. At the beginning of his talk he related some of his memories of Dr. Calvert. Harold B. White 78 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS OCCURRENCE OF FITTKAUIMYIA (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE: TANYPODINAE) IN TEXAS1 Jack R. Davis2 ABSTRACT: Recent collections of Fittkauimyia larvae from three localities in Texas constitute the first documented Nearctic occurrence of the genus outside Florida. Larvae were found in shallow, slack water areas of small prairie streams, in association with submerged wood. The nature of occurrence suggests that Fittkauimyia is widespread, although not abundant, in eastern Texas. The little known chironomid genus Fittkauimyia Karunakaran appears to be of tropical-subtropical origin (Fittkau and Roback, 1983). It has been reported from scattered localities in Indonesia, Australia, Africa, and South America, with previous Nearctic records restricted to Florida (Roback, 1982; Fittkau and Roback, 1983; Hudson ef al, 1990). The genus is not yet known from the Palearctic (Ashe ef a/., 1987; Ashe and Cranston, 1991). During recent water quality studies, I have collected Fittkauimyia larvae on five occasions from three localities in Texas: TARRANT COUNTY: West Fork Trinity River at Beach Street in Fort Worth, 25 July 1987, 6 October 1987, 21 June 1988; DALLAS COUNTY: Elm Fork Trinity River at SH 356 in Dallas, 1 1 October 1988; GUADALUPE COUNTY: Geronimo Creek off FM 20 N Seguin, 10 April 1990. Fittkauimyia larvae are distinguishable from other Tanypodinae by characteristics of the mandible, ligula, and dorsomentum. No other larvae have a similar arrangement of teeth on the mandible (Fig. 1) (Derotanypus also possesses accessory mandibular teeth, but only on the dorsal side). The inner teeth of the ligula are incurved on the outer margins, and thus appear inclined toward the middle tooth (Fig. 2). The dorsomental plates are joined mesially as in Tanypus, but differ in that adjacent, lateral plates are present (Fig. 3). In most morphological respects, the Texas specimens closely re- semble Fittkauimyia sp. 2 Roback (1982), which is known only as larvae from Florida and is a possible synonym of F. serta (Roback). The latter species originally was ascribed to Parapelopia Roback (1971), now tentatively considered a junior synonym of Fittkauimyia (see Roback, Deceived September 9, 1991. Accepted March 10, 1992. 2Texas Water Commission, P.O. Box 13087, Capitol Station, Austin, Texas 7871 1. ENT. NEWS 103(3): 78-80, May & June, 1992 Vol. 103, No. 3, May & June, 1992 79 1982). Fittkauimyia serta is known only as adult males from Florida; larvae and pupae have not been associated with the adults. Fittkauimyia larvae have been reported from streams and the littoral of lakes (Fittkau and Roback, 1983), and in Florida have been found primarily in shallow water with mixed emergent vegetation, particularly freshwater marshes (Hudson et al., 1990). The Texas records are from small prairie streams less than 10 m wide and 1 m deep, with base flows < 0.5 m-Ys. Specimens were found in glides or shallow pool environments with slow current velocities. Water quality was generally good, and associated macrobenthic communities were healthy. The Trinity sites, which are near one another, are channelized and slightly influenced by urban runoff. The Geronimo Creek site, about 350 km to the south, is unmodified and relatively pristine. Fittkauimyia larvae were relatively scarce in the five collections, with total numbers obtained ranging from 3 to 47. Specimens were collected Figures 1-3. Features of fourth instar Fittkauimyia larvae from Texas. 2. Ligula and paraligula. 3. Mentum. 1. Mandible. 80 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS on modified Hester-Dendy artificial substrates at the Trinity sites, and by handpicking from submerged wood, primarily underneath loose bark on logs, in Geronimo Creek. At the latter site, none occurred in kick net samples from riffles or sweep net samples from stream margins. Based on personal observations and information from the literature, the preferred microhabitat appears to be in association with emergent macrophytes or decomposing wood in shallow, quiet waters. The aforementioned successful collecting techniques have not been widely employed in the state, which may partially account for the lack of previous records. The paucity of selective collecting and the substantial distance between the Trinity and Geronimo Creek sites suggest that Fittkauimyia is widespread in eastern Texas, although in relatively low numbers. Its presence further substantiates the importance of Neo- tropical influence on derivation of the aquatic invertebrate fauna of Texas. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Appreciation is extended to David R. Lenat and Broughton A. Caldwell for reviewing the intitial draft of the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Ashe, P. and P.S. Cranston. 1991. Family Chironomidae. Pp. 1 13-355, in: A. Soos (ed.). Catalogue of Palearctic Diptera, Psychodidae-Chironomidae, Vol. 2. Elsevier, New York. Ashe, P., D.A. Murray, and F. Reiss. 1987. The zoogeographical distribution of Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera). Ann. Limnol. 23: 27-60. Fittkau, EJ. and S.S. Roback. 1983. The larvae of Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chi- ronomidae) of the Holarctic region: Keys and diagnoses. Entomol. Scand. Suppl. 19:33-110. Hudson, P.L., D.R. Lenat, B.A. Caldwell, and D. Smith. 1990. Chironomidae of the Southeastern United States: AChecklist of Species and Notes on Biology, Distribution, and Habitat. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Fish. Wildl. Res. 7. 46 pp. Roback, S.S. 1971. The adults of the subfamily Tanypodinae ( = Pelopiinae) in North America (Diptera: Chironomidae). Monogr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 17.410pp. Roback, S.S. 1982. The Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of Australia II. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 134: 80-112. Vol. 103. No. 3, May & June, 1992 81 DISJUNCT DISTRIBUTION AND A NEW RECORD FOR AN ANTHOPHORID BEE, XENOGLOSSODES ALBATA (HYMENOPTERA: ANTHOPHORIDAE), IN SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES1 M. W. MacGown^ and T. L. Schiefer^ ABSTRACT: Xenoglossodes albata (Anthophoridae: Eucerini) is reported from a remnant of the Black Belt Prairie in Oktibbeha County. Mississippi. Although all flowering plants in prairie remnants were sampled during June, 1991, females with pollen were collected only on flowers of Petalostemum purpureum. Collections of this oligolectic bee in Mississipi represent the first record of the genus in southeastern United States and a disjunction of the species from its previously known range in the midwestern plains states. The Mississippi Entomological Museum is currently conducting a survey of selected arthropods, including bees and their floral hosts, in remnants of the Black Belt Prairie in northeastern Mississippi and the loessal hills in Grenada County, Mississippi. More than 900 specimens of bees have been collected in these unique habitats since June, 1991 , and among these is the first record of Xenoglossodes albata (Cresson) in the southeastern United States. Xenoglossodes includes 18 species, of which all but A', albata occur in the western United Stales. Xenoglossodes albata previously was known to occur only in the midwestern plains states from Colorado to Texas and South Dakota and as far east as Illinois, where it has been reported as a visitor to Petalostemum purpureum (Vent.) Rydb. (Fabaceae) (Hurd, 1979; Robertson, 1929). In our survey of bees in prairie remnants in Mississippi, we collected the following specimens of A', albata in Oktibbeha County: 2 females and 3 males, 14 June 1991, on P. purpureum (T.L. Schiefer); 5 males, 22 June 1991, on P. purpureum (R.L. Brown); and 1 male, 1 July 1991, on P. candidum. (Willd.) Michx. (J.R. MacDonald). Females were carrying pollen, whereas males were assumed to be gathering nectar. This species appears to be oligolectic on Petalostemum purpureum in Mississippi as females with pollen were not collected from any of the other flowering plants in the prairie remnants, which were extensively sampled during this time period. All of the specimens were collected approximately 6 miles north of Starkville in the southeastern quadrant of Section 36, Deceived Oct. 8, 1991. Accepted March 10, 1992. ^Mississippi Entomological Museum, Drawer EM, Mississippi State, MS 39762. ENT. NEWS 103(3): 81-82. May & June, 1992 82 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS T20N, R 14E. Two visual sightings of this species were made during June in Lowndes County, near Crawford, in Section 34, T 17N, R 16E. The Black Belt Prairie was once one of the largest prairies in the eastern United States, extending on Cretaceous Selma Chalk from northern Mississippi to near the Alabama-Georgia border. Although most of the prairie was lost to agriculture by the early 1900's, several small remnants have survived, including 6 of our survey sites that range in size from 100 to 350 acres. These remnants have suffered some erosion and incursion ofJunipents and hardwoods, and their deterioration is probably due to lack of fires. The flora, which consists of Bouteloua, Liatris. Blephila, Siplium, Petalostemum, and other genera characteristic of prairie habitat, has flowering peaks in mid-June and again in mid- September. Although visits to these remnants were made weekly or twice weekly from the first of June to the end of September, X. albata was detected only on 2 sites, associated with the mid-June blooming peak of Petalostemum. Petalostemum purpureum is not recorded from Mississippi in most general texts. Rickett (1967) lists it as a prairie inhabitant from Indiana to Saskatchewan and Montana, southward to Tennessee and New Mexico, and occasionally further eastward, and Bailey and Bailey (1976) list it as occurring from Indiana to Saskatchewan, south to Tennessee and New Mexico. However, during June through early August it was one of the predominant plants of all six prairie sites under investigation. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The survey of arthropods in unique and threatened habitats is supported by NSF Grant No. BSr-9024810 (Richard L. Brown, Principal Investigator). The identification of Xenoglossodes albata was confirmed by Robert W. Brooks, University of Kansas. LITERATURE CITED Bailey, L. H. and E. Z. Bailey, 1976. Hortusa Third. A Concise Dictionary of Plants Cultivated in the United States and Canada. Macmillan Publ. Co. N. Y. 1920 pp. Hurd, P. D,. 1979. Superfamily Apoidea, pp. 1741-2209. In Krombein, K. V., P. D. Hurd, D. R. Smith and B. D. Burks, eds. Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. Smithsonian Inst. Press, Wash. D. C. Rickett, H. W., 1967. Wildflowers of the United States, Vol. 2. The Southeastern States. N. Y. Bot. Garden and McGraw-Hill Book Co., N. Y. 688 pp. Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and Insects. Science Press. Lancaster, PA. 134 pp. Vol. 103, No. 3, May & June, 1992 83 NEW NEOTROPICAL CONOPIDAE (DIPTERA)1 Sidney Camras^ ABSTRACT: Three new species are described: Physoconops nigroclavatus from Brazil;- Myopa metallica from Chile, the first record of Myopa south of Mexico; and Stylogaster iviei from the Dominican Republic, the first record of Stylogaster from the West Indies. The following new species, especially the unexpected generic range extensions, show that much remains to be known of this family. Psysoconops (Psysoconops) nigroclavatus, sp. nov. Holotype. & BRAZIL: Nova Teutonia, Santa Catarina, 27° 11 B, 52°23'L, 300-500m.. 1.1965, Fritz Plaumann, in kopula. (author's collection, ex. Donald Pearson Collection.) Vertex and frons black. Opaque black triangular area on side of frons. Face and cheek black. Facial grooves and parafacials gold pollinose. Antenna mainly black. First segment four times as long as wide. Second segment two times as long as the first. First and third segments subequal. Occiput black. Gold pollinose above and at margins. Thorax black. Gold pollinose stripe medial to humerus and on pleura. Dorsum indistinctly yellow pollinose leaving three dark lines in some views. Legs black. Tro- chanters and base of tibiae reddish. Dark wing pattern from costa to fourth vein and vena spuria. Costal cell paler. Fifth vein without dark margin. Pattern fills the first posterior cell. Halter yellow, knob black. Abdomen black. Light yellow on side of third tergite at base.Fourth, fifth and sixth tergites diffusely gold pollinose. Length: 14 mm. Allotype. 9 same data, in kopula. Similar to holotype. More reddish on legs. Theca black, one-half longer than wide. Length: 12 mm. Paratypes. 12cfcf, same data, XI, XII, I, II, 1952 to 1966. Similar to holotype. Yellow pollinose at the upper frons more distinct in some. Length: 11-13 mm. 499, same data, XII, I. II, 1965 and 1966. Similar to allotype. Length: 1 1 to 14 mm. There is a faint brown margin along the fifth vein in a few specimens, and in one male it is more distinct. This species keys to nigromarginatus which differs by having no black on the halter, a distinct black margin along the fifth vein anteriorly, and distinct yellow pollinose posterior margins on the apical abdominal segments. Donald Pearson's Conopidae were willed to me. His Diptera col- lection otherwise went to the Field Museum in Chicago. Deceived August 5. 1991. Accepted March 10, 1992. 24013 North Milwaukee Avenue, Chicago, Illinois. 60641. ENT. NEWS 103(3): 83-85. May & June. 1992 84 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Myopa metallica, sp. nov. Holotype. cf CHILE: Quebradu, Ramon, Prov. Stgo., Nqv. 1969. L. Pena. (Field Museum). Head rufous. Black ocellar tubercle, proboscis, parts of the upper occiput, hairs on the antenna, apex of arista, and sparse hairs on cheek. Second and third antennal segments short, subequal, nearly as wide as long. Cheek nearly as high as eye height. Proximal segment of proboscis snorter than head height. Distal segment and palpis about two-thirds of proximal segment. Thorax, femora, and apical three-fifths of tibiae metallic blue-green black. Anterior spiracle of thorax, trochanters, and tarsi rufous. Basal two-fifths of wing rufous, re- mainder dusky. Halter reddish brown. Abdomen yellow rufous on second tergite. First tergite and most of the third tergite brownish rufous. A narrow apical transverse stripe on third tergite brownish rufous. A narrow subapical transverse stripe on third tergite, and remainder of abdomen and genitalia metallic blue-green black. Length: 9 mm. The metallic color is unique in this genus as far as I know. This specimen was brought to my attention by Phillip P. Parrillo, a cole- opterist at the Field Museum. Stylogaster iviei, sp. nov. Holotype. cf DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Prov. Pedernales, 24 kn N.Cabo Rojo, 610 m, 20-25 Aug. 1988, wet forest, malaise trap, M.A. Ivie, T.K. Philips, K.A. Johnson. Vertex and frons rufous. Ocellar triangle black, longer than wide and relatively pointed. Antenna rufous. Arista black. First antennal segment very short. Third segment one-fourth longer than second. Proboscis black, yellow at base. Labella white pollinose. Occiput black, white pollinose. Mesonotum dark rufous with black submedian lines and row of sublateral spots. Pleural stripe and metacoxa dark brown. Procoxal hairs black. Legs yellow. Metafemur with two black bands. Metatibia white on basal three-fifths. Basal two-fifths black haired. Middle fifth white haired. Distal two-fifths and metatarsus black. Wing hyaline. Costal hairs very short. Halter yellow, knob black. Abdomen rufous, long and narrow. Second to fifth segments about twice as long as wide. Narrow black posterior margin on segments two, three and six. Wide posterior black band on segment four and five. Fourth segment white pollinose on the pale basal area. White hairs on sides of second segment. Fifth sternite whitish, with two black marks containing black hairs.Genitalia yellow. Length: 6 mm. Allotype. 9 same data as holotype, 20 Aug— 09 Sept 1988. Similar to holotype. Dark marks on mesonotum less distinct. Fourth and fifth tergites not elongated and pollen present on both tergites. Oviposter yellow rufous; blackish centrally on sides of second segment. Apical (third) segment black except for narrow anterior margin. Egg guides yellow, nearly reaching tip of median process. Estimated length: 7.5 mm. of which the ovipositor is 2.5 mm. Paratypes. 4cTcr, same data, 20-25 Aug— 09 Sept 1988. Pernales, 13.5 km N.Cabo Rojo, 140 m., 21 Aug— 10 Sept 1988, cactus thorn scrub, flight intercept trap. Similar to holotype. Dark lines on mesonoum somewhat less distinct. Length: 6 — 7 mm. 299, same data and similar to allotype. These have a rufous area on the mesonotum anterior to the shortened and less distinct paramedian lines. One has very distinct transverse lines in this area. Vol. 103, No. 3, May & June, 1992 85 This species belongs to the stylata-group but is atypical in that the first posterior cell is not as wide, and the ocellar triangle is longer and more pointed anteriorly. The male keys to sedmani, while the female keys to biannulata, both of which have the mesonotum mainly black. A pair has been retained by the author. Dr. Ivie of Montana State University, Bozeman, informed me that the types will eventually go to the U. S. National Museum. He will also place specimens in the National Museum in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. REFERENCES Camras, S. 1955. A Review of the New World Flies of the genus Conops and Allies (Diptera: Conopidae). Proc. U.S. Nat.Mus. 105: 155-187. Camras, S. and P.P. Parrillo, 1985. Review of New World Stylogaster. (Diptera: Conopidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 78: 111-126. BOOK REVIEW REVISION OF THE WORLD SPECIES OF SPALANGIOPELTA (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA: PTEROMALIDAE: CEINAE). D. Christopher Darling. 1991. Life Science Contrib. 155, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto. 43 pp. $1 1.00 (paper). This revision recognizes 10 species, 6 from the Nearctic and Neotropical regions and 4 from the Palearctic. Three of the species are described as new, all from the Americas. Diagnoses for the subfamily and the genus are provided, as are a key to species and excellent illustrations, including SEMs., Males are unknown or uncertain for half of the species and the host a leafmining fly larva, is known for only one species. Both of these lacks are probably a consequence of the very small size (1-2 mm length) of these wasps, and are evidence that there is much yet to be learned about parasitic Hymenoptera. W.H. Day. Beneficial Insects Lab., USDAS. ARS. Newark. DE 86 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS AN ALCOHOL TRAP FOR CAPTURING VESPIDS AND OTHER HYMENOPTERA1 Jeffery W. Bentley2 ABSTRACT: Ajar filled with alcohol and tied to a pole can be used to capture social wasps and other Hymenoptera. The method may be safer for some highly aggressive wasp species. Since the trap can be made from simple materials it is easily accessible to field workers in the tropics, and is a good way of getting specimens in alcohol for shipping. The technique was invented with the collaboration of Honduran small-scale farmers. Some entomologists capture social wasps by gently laying the rim of an aerial net on the nest surface until a few workers crawl onto it out of "curiosity", then remove the net and sweep the wasps as they fly off it to return to the nest. Although if done carefully this method almost never alarms the colony, contact with the nest is necessary and that means slip- ups can occur (Robert Jeanne, personal communication). If the net bumps the nest the wasps may become alarmed and can attack (Jeanne 1981). An alcohol trap solves the problem of how to capture vespids without risk of touching the nest and alarming the wasps, some of which are aggressive and their sting painful. A wide-mouthed container (like a fruit jar) is tied to the end of a pole and filled with 70% alcohol (Figure 1 ). I use Figure 1 ^Received July 27, 1991. Accepted March 10, 1992. Crop Protection Department. Escuela Agricola Panamericana. Apartado Postal 93. Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Central America. ENT. NEWS 103(3): 86-88, May & June, 1992 Vol. 103, No. 3. May & June. 1992 87 isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol because it is easier to get in Honduras. When the trap is placed below the opening of the nest the field worker is (depending on the length of the pole) much farther away than if holding an aerial net. The alcohol trap is held still at the entrance to the nest, as close as possible without touching it so the wasps are not excited. As the wasps approach the jar (either in flight or from within the hive), the alcohol fumes intoxicate them and, depending on the species, individuals begin falling into the trap. A glass jar can be used, although clear plastic is lighter, which is important since the jar can seem heavy if held from the end of a long pole. The method has been successfully used on several vespid species. Agelaia cajennensis (F.), Polybia occidentalis (Olivier), P. diguentana R. du Buysson and other Polybia spp. fall into the alcohol within a few seconds. Some Mischocyttarus species are so readily intoxicated by the fumes that care must be taken to withdraw the trap quickly before the entire popula- tion of the colony falls to its death. Polistes major Palisot de Beauvois and P. instabilis de Saussure, are somewhat more resistant to the alcohol fumes. They become intoxicated but often fail to fall from the nest. Although they may have to be prodded from the nest, the alcohol fumes still slow the Polistes spp. down and make them easier to capture. Hymenoptera die almost instantly in the alcohol, and since they are already in alcohol it is quite safe and easy to transfer the wasps from the trap to vials for shipping. One disadvantage of capturing social bees in alcohol is that the specimens' dense setae become matted. The author, a cultural anthropologist, invented this method in stages, working with an entomologist and several Honduran farmers on an ethnoentomological study of Hymenoptera. After I brought back several decomposing specimens from the remote Rio Platano area in January, 1991, Ronald D. Cave, the entomologist, suggested bringing specimens back in vials of alcohol. On a later collecting trip, in Dulce Nombre de Culmi, Olancho, Honduras, while transferring live Hymenoptera from a net to vials, Oscar Lagos (farmer and forest guard) and I noticed that the stingless bees Scaptotrigona pectoralis(Da\\a Torre), Plebeia latitarsis (Frierse) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and the social wasp Protopolybia acutiscutis (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) became intoxicated by alcohol fumes and we started using the alcohol vials instead of the net to capture other bees, including Melipona beechei (Bennett), M. fasciata panamica Cockerell, Trigona pollens (Fabricius), T.jaty Smith, T. testacea orizabensis (Stran), T. amalthea (Olivier) and T. fulviventris Guerin (Hymen- optera: Apidae). A vial of alcohol was held near the hive opening and the bees approached it and fell in. 88 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS In March, 1991, in El Quebrachal, Olancho, Honduras, another farmer, Santos Inestroza, noticed me collecting Trigona sp. with a vial and sug- gested that aggressive wasps could be collected in a similar way by tying a jar to a pole, to allow the person to be further away. Later that month in El Zamorano, Francisco Morazan, Honduras, a farm worker, Santos Carrasco, made the trap at my suggestion. While there is a growing body of literature which suggests that agri- cultural scientists should work with farmers to design agricultural technology appropriate to farmers' conditions (Altieri 1984, Bentley and Andrews 1991, Biggs and Clay 1981, Chambers and Jiggins 1987, Marlton et al 1988, Rhoades 1987, Richards 1989, to name just a few), apparently no one has ever suggested that farmers' innate knowledge and creativity can be tapped for developing tools for basic scientific research. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks to Ronald D. Cave for identifying the wasps, to S.W. Batra for identifying T.jaty, T. testacea orizabensis, T. amalthea, and to Charles D. Michener for identifying the other bees. The intellectual contributions of Ronald D. Cave, Oscar Lagos, Santos Inestroza and Santos Carrasco in the development of the alcohol trap are much appreciated. Ronald D. Cave, Robert L. Jeanne, Abelino Pitty, Paul Richards and Luis Vasquez read and com- mented on earlier versions of this paper. The drawing in Figure 1 is by Ana Isabel Acosta. LITERATURE CITED Altieri, M.A. 1984 Desarrollo de Estrategias para el Manejo de Plagas por Campesinos, Basandose en el Conocimiento Tradicional. CIRPON — Revista de Investigation 2(3-4): 151-164. Bentley, J.W. and K.L. Andrews, 1991 Pests, Peasants and Publications: Anthropo- logical and Entomological Views of an Integrated Pest Management Program for Small-Scale Honduran Farmers. Hum. Org. 50(2): 113-124. Biggs, S.D. and E J. Clay 1981 Sources of Innovation in Agricultural Technology. World Development 9(4): 32 1-336. Chambers, R. and J. Jiggins 1987 Agricultural Research for Resource-Poor Farmers Part II: A Parsimonious Paradigm. Ag. Admin, and Exten. 27: 102-128. Jeanne, R.L. 1981 Alarm Recruitment, Attack Behavior, and the Role of the Alarm Pheromone in Polybia occidentalis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Behav. Ecol. and Sociobiol. 9:143-148. Matlon, P., R. Cantrell, D. King and M. Benoit-Cattin (eds.) 1988 Coming Full Circle: Farmers' Participation in the Development of Technology. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre. Rhoades, R.E. 1987 Farmers and Experimentation. Discussion Paper 21. London: Agri- cultural Administration Unit. Overseas Development Institute. Richards, P. 1989 Farmers Also Experiment: A Neglected Intellectual Resource in African Science. Discov. and Innov. 1(1): 19-24. Vol. 103, No. 3, May & June, 1992 89 SOCIETY MEETING OF FEBRUARY 26, 1992 DYAR'S "PETS": SLUG CATERPILLARS IN MOTION Dr. Marc Epstein, Dep't. of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Harrison G. Dyar was a colorful character in North American entomology in the early part of this century, and notable for major taxonomic accomplishments in various families of Lepidoptera in addition to mosquitoes. He also was a major force in the development of the Smithsonian Leptidoptera Collection and initiated and edited the journal Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus for a number of years. Aspects of his personality are equally legendary, ranging from pointed exchanges in print with other lepidopterists, including nomen- clatural barbs (corpulentris and Dyaria come to mind), stories concerning his having two families concurrently and tunneling between the two houses, and his 31 years of work for the USDA without a cent of compensation. Dr. Marc Epstein, of the Smithsonian Institution, has researched Dyar's life and work extensively (a biographical piece written by Dr. Epstein and Dr. Pamela Henson will appear in a forthcoming American Entomologist) and presented a lively and entertaining talk examining the stories, and sorting the fact from the fiction. At the same time. Dr. Epstein seamlessly weaved in the results of his own remarkable research on the behavior and phylogenetics of the Limacodidae (slug caterpillars), a group in which both Dyar and Epstein had and have particular interest. The family Limacodidae, with about 1000 species worldwide, possesses a broad range of larval morphologies, of which the most notable feature is a lack of prolegs and crochets. The larvae are polyphagous, feeding on tough leathery leaves most caterpillars would reject, and take several months to mature; consequently, Dyar, who reared these larvae extensively, referred to them as his "pets". Dr. Epstein also has reared numerous species, many from eggs collected from females, and has developed an impressive knowledge of the ontogeny of many larval features. He incorporates this knowledge along with morpho- logical characters of all life stages into his reconstructions of the phylogeny of this family and of the related groups, Megalophygidae, Aididae and Dalceridae. The audience was particularly captivated by the showing of videotape illustrating larval locomotion (shot through a pane of glass), silk production and cocoon formation (including a cocoon that mimics parasitoid emergence holes). Approximately 35 members and their guests attended the lecture. Preceding the meeting, the Academy's Department of Entomology held an "Open Collection" for members and visitors to tour the collection and facilities. About 15 people went along on the tours given by Donald Azuma and David Koenig. Jon K, Gelhaus, Corresponding Secretary 90 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS SOCIETY MEETING OF MARCH 25, 1992 FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY: THE USE OF INSECTS IN THE INVESTIGATION OF VIOLENT CRIMES Dr. Wayne Lord, FBI Academy, Quantico, VA An overflow audience was present for a fascinating lecture by Dr. Wayne Lord, a forensic specialist with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), on a "gruesome but important business," forensic entomology. Dr. Lord stressed that success in forensics depends on contributions from a variety of specialists and research fields, with his own experience equally varied in ecology (particularly of carrion insects), medicine and forensics. He emphasized that forensic entomologists must first be well-trained ento- mologists, zoologists and ecologists, and also have extensive training in forensic pathology and criminology. His initial work at the FBI was as a street agent, learning all facets of violent crime investigation and crime scene analysis, not just those dealing with insects. Forensic entomologists must have a firm knowledge in how human bodies decompose under different conditions, e.g., when decomposers are excluded from the body (saponi- fication or mummification) or when they have access (putrification). Decomposers include bacteria, fungi and vertebrates, but insects are by far the most important Diptera such as Calliphoridae, Muscidae and Sarcophagidae are the first to colonize the body, and beetles such as Staphylinidae, Silphidae, and much later, Dermestidae, follow in succession. An examination of insect evidence can estimate the postmortem time period, show whether a body has been moved, help determine where injuries were inflicted, and demonstrate the presence of poisons or drugs. In fact the insect evidence is often the only data to pinpoint the time of death if the body has remained undiscovered for more than 72 hours. A striking set of photographic slides showed the progression of decomposition on a corpse without trauma (head tissues disappear quickly because flies lay eggs into natural openings) and on corpses with injuries (in these cases flies lay preferentially around the wounds). A knowledge of the ecology, behavior and life histories of these insect decomposers can help determine if a violent crime took place even if years have elapsed since the death. Dr. Lord told of criminals who were caught over minute but compelling evidence such as a broken grasshopper leg in a pants cuff or weevil larvae in a cocklebur on a ski mask. The details that can be gleaned from a thorough examination of the body and crime scene (which can take many hours) can lead to such a thorough reconstruction of the crime that suspects have confessed, believing that "someone" must have watched them commit the crime. As Dr. Lord stressed, in some sense, the body and the decomposers are "telling" you what happened, if you can only understand the language. There were a few notes of local interest Chuck Mason announced that Field Day will be September 19 at Fair Hill, MD, instead of the usual spring date. Vince Ventre noted that collections from a recent trip to French Guiana included previously unknown, presumed hybrids of several species of heliconid butterflies. About 60 members and their guests were present at this meeting which was held at the University of Delaware. Jon K. Gelhaus, Corresponding Secretary Vol. 103, No. 3, May & June, 1992 91 BOOK REVIEW TRAP RESPONSES OF FLYING INSECTS. R. C. Muirhead- Thomson. 1991. Academic Press, London. 287 pp. $63.00. It is difficult enough to write a good comprehensive "big" book about a single topic of encompassing interest, but R. C. Muirhead-Thomson has gone beyond this in attempting to write a good "little" book about two such topics, i.e. the responses by insects to traps studied in the two artificially separated fields of medical and agricultural entomology. Published materials appearing in the book relating to both areas of interest have been carefully selected by the author in an effort to illuminate salient discoveries and applications in the general area of insect responses to traps. He has attempted to achieve within the covers of his book "an objective overall review" of a very large area of knowledge so as to make this information available to interested people on both sides of the insect trap-attractant fence. The book is logically arranged into nine chapters that discuss traps on the basis of "how they work". These chapters include; Light traps. Suction traps, Pheromone-based and sex- lure traps. Light traps versus pheromone traps, Flight traps and interceptor traps. Plant pest responses to visual and olfactory 'sticky' traps. Responses of blood-sucking flies to visual traps. Animal-baited traps and animal odours, and Attraction of blowflies and their allies to carrion-based traps. In each of these chapters the author carefully discusses the uses of the different kinds of traps and the principles associated with their effectiveness. The examples presented in the book are accompanied by a wealth of illustrations of specific experimental procedures and comprehensive and lucid explanations of methods and results. Pertinent references are gathered together at the end of the book. Insofar as Trap Responses of Hying Insects goes, it is a good "little" book about a very large field. The author, however, could have gone a little farther. No mention is made of the use of natural or artificial food-type lures in traps in agricultural entomology. A large body of literature exists on this subject and it is difficult to understand why the author chose not to discuss this diverse group of attractive substances. Furthermore, many of this type of lure are used to attract Coleoptera, but references to attractants for this large and extremely important order are almost completely lacking in the book. This is a serious weakness considering the many economic coleopteran pests, i.e., boll weevil, corn rootworms. Japanese beetle, rice and grain beetles and weevils, Colorado potato beetle, etc., that afflict the world. Moreover, it is among Coleoptera where sex pheromones with but a single active component are most commonly found and where the principle of attractant synergy between sex pheromones and food-type attractants was probably first demonstrated. Despite its weakness, this is a good little book. The fundamental principles of the responses of insects to traps are presented in a readable and coherent fashion. This tome would fit well on the bookshelves of an insect ecologist, a graduate student, or a serious researcher of insect attractants. T. L. Ladd, Jr. USDA., ARS.. OARDC. Wooster. Ohio 92 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS BOOK REVIEW PLANT KAIROMONES IN INSECT ECOLOGY AND CONTROL. Robert L. Metcalf and Ester R. Metcalf. 1992. Chapman and Hall. 168 pp. Insects are in a much more chemically diverse oriented world than most other animals, especially those insects that use the atmosphere as a medium in which to live. The presence of elaborate chemosensory antennae in the insects serves as evolutionary evidence of this. Plants are virtual factories for producing a large array of chemicals, a large portion of which are volatile. For example, 68 volatiles have been identified thus far from corn silk. Insects associated with plants at all trophic levels depend on a keen perception of plant chemicals. Much can be gained by having a thorough understanding of the relationships associated with insects and the plant chemicals they perceive. The book reviewed here, covering a number of the aspects of plant kairomones (biochemicals perceived by insects that serve an adaptive advantage to the insect receiver), is timely since much emphasis is currently being placed on developing insect control strategies which have minimal impact on the environment. Research is being directed more in this area of chemical ecology to gain a better understanding of plant-insect interactions and to search for more suitable alternatives to chemical insecticides. This book is a synthesis of knowledge representing more than 40 years of research and reviews on plant kairomones. Research in this area of chemical ecology has been a life time pursuit for the Metcalfs who have contributed extensively to the contemporary knowledge on plant kairomones. This work nicely blends the basic and applied aspects of plant kairomone research. The Metcalfs have worked a great deal with two groups of insects; the Dacinae fruit flies and the Diabroticites rootworm beetles. As might be expected, both groups are covered extensively in the book. However, other groups treated include the Ceratitinae and Rhagoletis fruit flies and the Japanese beetle. The synomones, mostly associated with odors that attract pollinators to flowers, are discussed in one short chapter. This latter area of chemical ecology holds some of the more interesting and diverse stories on coevolution of insects and plants, yet it is virtually unexplored by the research community. The book includes a chapter on general aspects of chemical ecology. This chapter discusses insect coevolution, host plant selection, detection, and behavior in relationship to kairomones, and includes a nice review of volatile plant kairomones as insect attractants. Another chapter reviews the volatile kairomones as lures for insects which includes a significant amount on the quantitative aspects of active odor space, behavioral thresholds, effective distance, and release rates, and discusses the effectiveness of various trap designs. The book does not include plant kairomones for insects in trophic levels above the primary consumers. A significant amount of research has been conducted which examines the effect of plant kairomones on natural enemies of herbivores, particulary parasitoids. This would have been a valuable addition. The book serves as a good general review on plant kairomones. Those with an interest in this field will find the book valuable. It is well written, well illustrated, and abounds with references. Charles E. Mason, Dep't. of Entomology & Applied Ecology University of Delaware, Newark, DE When submitting papers, all authors are requested to (1) provide the names of two qualified individuals who have critically reviewed the manuscript before it is submitted and (2) suggest the names and addresses of two qualified authorities in the subject field to whom the manuscript may be referred by the editor for final review. All papers are submitted to recognized authorities for final review before acceptance. Titles should be carefully composed to reflect the true contents of the article, and be kept as brief as possible. Classification as to order and family should be included in the title, except where not pertinent. Following the title there' should be a short informative abstract (not a descriptive abstract) of not over 1 50 words. The abstract is the key to how an article is cited in abstracting journals and should be carefully written. 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M.A. Goodrich, Department of Zoology, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL 61920. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ICHNEUMONIDAE - 1970-1990. By V.K. Gupta & Santosh Gupta Memoir Amer. Ent. Inst. No. 48. Price $50.00. 364 pages. 1991. ICHNEUMONIDAE OFCOSTA RICA 1 . By lam D. Gauld. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. No. 47 600 pages. Price $75.00 1991. Both available from Associated Publishers. 3005 SW 56th Ave.. Gainesville.FL 32605 FOR SALE: Insects from Venezuela. All species available here. Price list is available by request from Mr. Paul ROUCHE. Edificio El Algarrobo-Apto 2-C, Sector El Convento-II. Avenida SANZ, EL MARQUES - CARACAS-1070. VENEZUELA. Phone: 21.79.06. We can correspond in French, English or Spanish. EUROPEAN TETRASTICHINAE (CHALCIDOIDEA). Revision of remaining genera. By Marcus Graham. Memoir Amer. Ent. Inst. No. 49, 1991. 322 pages. Price $45.00. ICHNEUMON-FLIES OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO, Part II. Tribes Oedemposini. Tryphonini & Idiogrammatini. By Henry Townes, V. Gupta, & M. Townes. Memoir Amer. Ent Inst. No. 50, 1992. 296 pages. $45.00. Both available from ASSOCIATED PUBLISHERS, 3005 SW 56th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32608. Check with order. Postpaid. FOR SALE: Excellent quality insect mounting pins including standard black, stainless steel. Elephant. Best prices available. Also offering unmounted worldwide butterflies, moths and beetles with data in all price ranges. Personalized service to all — including new collectors! We specialize in Papilio. Morpho. and Heliconius. Send $5.00 U.S. for one year price list subscription to: IANNI BUTTERFLY ENTERPRISES. P.O. Box 8 1 1 7 1 , Cleveland. Ohio 44181, U.S.A. Phone: (216) 888-2310. WANTED: Information on any arthropods, especially insects, fossil or extant, named or studied by, or named for C.S. RAFINESQUE (1783-1840). Please send information or bibliographic citation about source, with return address, to J.D. Pratt, Biodiversity Unlimited, Armington, IL 61721, USA. FREE: High quality 1991 photo, 3.5" x 2.5", of only scientist (entomologist) to win two Pulitzer prizes: E.O. Wilson, seated with 1989 Benjamin Dann Walsh Award, a 25X life- sized metallic-sculpted Daceton armigerum ant ('Dacie'). Please send SASE with request to J.D. Pratt, Biodiversity Unlimited, Armington, IL 61721, USA. /or 103 USISSN0013-872X SEPTEMBER & OCTOBER, 1992 NO. 4 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS New species of Neotropical leafhoppers in the tribe Coelidiini (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) with a revised key to some species M. W. Nielson 93 Five new species of Balera (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) from Ecuador Paul H. Freytag 103 Trichoptera of headwater streams in the Fernow Experimental Forest, Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia M.B. Griffith, S.A. Perry 1 10 Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Argidae) from Dominican amber D.R. Smith, G.O. Poinar, Jr. 117 Arthropod parasites ofCoccinella septem- punctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae); world parasite list and bibliography P.W. Schaefer, V.P. Semyanov 125 Ephemerella apopsis (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), a new species from Rocky Mountain high W.P. McCafTerty 135 New records of Ectobius lapponicus (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) in North America Donald S. Chandler 139 Unusual prey capture and transport by Dolichovespula maculata (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) Frank E. Kurczewski Experimental microhabitat choice in Pseudicius piraticus (Aranae: Salticidae) 142 On pitfall trapping invertebrates SOCIETY MEETING OF APRIL 22, 1992 BOOK REVIEWS BOOKS RECEIVED & BRIEFLY NOTED Bruce Cutler 145 Eric van den Berghe 149 157 144, 148 156, 160 OA MEMOIRS OF THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY / 158, 159 THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS is published bi-monthly except July-August by The American Entomological Society at the Academy of Natural Sciences. 1900 Race St., Philadelphia. PA. 19103. U.SA. The American Entomological Society holds regular membership meetings on the fourth Wednesday in October, November, February. 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Papers on applied, economic and regulatory entomology and on toxicology and related subjects will be considered only if they also make a major contribution in one of the aforementioned fields. (Continued on inside of back cover) Postmaster: If undeliverable, please send farm 3579 to Howard P. Boyd, 232 Oak Shade Road, Tabernacle Twp., Vincentown, New Jersey 08088, U.S.A. SECOND CLASS POSTAGE PAID AT VINCENTOWN, NEW JERSEY, 08088, U.S.A. Vol. 103, No. 4, September & October, 1992 93 NEW SPECIES OF NEOTROPICAL LEAFHOPPERS IN THE TRIBE COELIDIINI (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE: COELIDHNAE) WITH A REVISED KEY TO SOME SPECIES1 M. W. Nielson2 ABSTRACT: Five new species in five genera of the tribe Coelidiini are described and illus- trated. These include Dicodia kleini, Boliviela sarcula, Omanolidia globosa, Tinocripus elongates and Evansolidia tumida. A revised key to species in Dicodia is also given. Since the revision of the tribe Coelidiini (Nielson, 1982e), 27 addi- tional new taxa have been described from the Neotropical region (Nielson, 1983i, 1986d, 1988a). Five new species, one in each of the genera Dicodia, Boliviela, Omanolidia, Tinocripus and Evansolidia, are de- scribed and illustrated in this paper. A revised key to the species in Dicodia is also included. Speciation in this group has not been as extensive as in its sister group, the Teruliini, in the Neotropical region. Reasons for the dif- ference are unknown but it is possible that the phenomena may be related to the origin of the tribes. Members of the Coelidiini occur in the tropical zoogeographical regions whereas the teruliines are restricted to the Neotropical region except for two adventitive genera in the Nearctic region and one introduced species in the Ethiopian region. The coelidiines may have originated in the Oriental region, elements of which reached the Neotropical and Ethiopian regions via neocontinen- tal development. Some intrusions into the southern and far eastern Palearctic region have been made by a few species. All of the known genera in these zoogeographical regions are indigenous to their respec- tive regions including Calodia which has moved extensively into the Australian region (Austro-Malayan subregion) from the Oriental region (Nielson, 1990b). 1 Received December 10, 1991. Accepted March 30, 1992. - Monte L. Bean Museum. Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602. ENT. NEWS 103(4): 093-102. September & October. 1992 94 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Key to species of Dicodia 1. Pygofer with long, prominent caudoventral and caudodorsal processes, caudoventral process sharp apically (Fig. 668. Nielson 1982); aedeagus with a single apical spine 2 Pygofer with short caudodorsal process and long, broad, caudoventral process (Fig. 662, Nielson 1982); aedeagus with 2 apical spines (Fig. 666, Nielson 1982) rhombifer (Linnavuori) 2( 1 ). Pygofer with caudodorsal process exceeding apex of caudoventral process (Fig. 668, Nielson 1982) 3 Pygofer with caudodorsal process even with apex of caudoventral process (Fig. 673, Nielson 1982) variegata (Germar) 3(2). Pygofer with caudoentral process closely appressed to caudodorsal process (Fig. 668, Nielson 1982); aedeagus broad throughout most of its length (Figs. 671 & 672, Nielson 1982) germari Nielson Pygofer with caudoventral process removed from caudodorsal process (Fig. 1); aedeagus narrow throughout most of its length (Figs. 2 & 3) kleini n. sp. Dicodia kleini, n. sp. (Figs. 1-5) Length. Male 9.00 mm. General color deep ochraceous with irregular, dark fuscous transverse band medially and subapically on forewings; head, pronotum and scutellum with dark fuscous markings; veins of forewings marked with short piceous and flavous stripes. Similar to germari Nielson in male genital characters but larger in size. Head in dorsal view moderately large, subconical in outline; crown broad, much wider than eye, produced distally and elevated, slightly carinate laterally; eyes large, elongate ovoid, occupying less than 2/3 of entire dorsal area of head; pronotum very large, much longer than crown; scutellum moderately large, about as long medially as pronotum; forewings and venation typical; clypeus long and very broad; clypellus broad and swollen basally. Male. Pygofer in lateral view with two very long caudal processes, caudodorsal process curved dorsally at middle, caudoventral process curved dorsally from base (Fig. 1); aedeagus long and narrow in dorsal and lateral views with apical spine, shallow lon- gitudinal excavation near middle, gonopore subapical (Figs. 2 & 3); style very short (Fig. 4); plate long and rather broad throughout, abruptly pointed distally (Fig. 5). Female. Unknown. Holotype. (male). BRAZIL: Rondonia, 7 km. E. Costa Marques, 21-31.1.1987, Malaise Trap, T. Klein (CAS). Paratype, 1 male, same data as holotype (author's collection). Remarks. This species is much larger than germari (7.20 mm.), has a narrower aedeagus and different configuration in the caudoventral proc- cess of the pygofer. I name this species for Terry Klein who has collected a number of new taxa of coelidiine leafhoppers from Brazil, which has measurably added to our knowledge of the biodiversity of the group. Vol. 103, No. 4, September & October, 1992 95 Figs. 1-5. Dicodia kleini, n. sp. 1. Male pygofer, lateral view. 2. Aedeagus. ventral view. 3. Aedeagus, lateral view. 4. Right style, dorsal view. 5. Plate, ventral view. 96 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Boliviela sarcula, n. sp. (Figs. 6-9) Length. Male 8.90 mm. General color fuscous with broad, piceous transverse bands on {brewings; crown, pro- notum and scutellum piceous with fuscous markings; veins of forewings with ivory longi- tudinal spots. Similar to retrorsa Nielson in male genital characters. Head in dorsal view narrower than pronotum, somewhat angular in outline; crown narrow, produced distally, foveate medially, narrower than width of eye; eyes large, semiglobular, occupying more than 2/3 of entire dorsal area of head; pronotum very large, longer than crown, with bullae on surface; scutellum moderately large, little longer medially than pronotum; forewings narrow, venation typical; clypeus long and broad; clypellus with broad, swollen base. Male. Pygofer in lateral view with two, long, narrow caudal processes, caudoventral process longer, extending beyond apex of caudodorsal process (Fig. 6); aedeagus long, shaft tubular, with ventral angulate projection subbasally and long spine subapically in lateral view, gonopore apical; dorsal apodeme bifurcate basally and attached laterally to near base of aedeagus (Figs. 7 & 8); style very long and very narrow in distal 4/5 (Fig. 9). Female. Unknown. Holotype (male). ECUADOR: Napo, Yuca, 50 km. E. Coca, 8.III.1983, L. Huggert, (LU). Remarks. This species keys to couplet 2 in my 1988a paper. It can be distinguished horn retrorsa by the much longer and narrower caudodor- sal pygofer process, by the position of attachment of the dorsal apodeme to the aedeagus and by the much longer and narrower apophysis of the style. Omanolidia globosa, n. sp. (Figs. 10-13) Length. Male 7.00-7.30 mm. General color piceous with two, large, flavous spots each on clavus and middle of costa of forewings; head ochraceous; pronotum and scutellum piceous, tiny flavous specks on forewings; a beautifully marked species. Similar to keiferi Nielson in male genital characters. Head in dorsal view narrower than pronotum, subconical in outline; crown narrow, narrower than width of eye at base, lateral margins convergent basally; eyes large, semiglobular, occupying about 2/3 of entire dorsal area of head; pronotum short, slightly longer than crown; scutellum moderately large, longer medially than pronotum; forewings and venation typical; clypeus long and broad; clypellus narrow. Male. Pygofer in lateral view with very long caudodorsal process, process nearly globular apically (Fig. 10); aedeagus in dorsal view broad, slightly tapered distally, in lateral view shaft narrowed in distal 1/3, apex abruptly angled dorsally, numerous short spines in row near lateral margin in basal half of shaft, gonopore laterodorsal near middle of shaft (Figs. 1 1 & 12); style broad, curved, with three short projections apically and row of short teeth on outer lateral margin in apical 1/3 (Fig. 13). Female. Unknown. Vol. 103. No. 4, September & October. 1992 97 Figs. 6-9. Boliviela sarcula, n. sp. 6. Male pygofer, lateral view. 7. Aedeagus. lateral view. Aedeagus, dorsal view. 9. Right style, dorsal view. 98 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 13 Figs. 10-13. Omanolidia globosa, n.sp. 10. Male pygofer, lateral view. 11. Aedeagus, dorsal view. 12. Aedeagus, lateral view. 13. Right style, dorsal view. Vol. 103, No. 4, September & October, 1992 99 Holotype (male). MEXICO: Michoacan, 7 mi. E. Sahuayo, 20. X.1981, M. W. Nielson (author's collection). Paratype, 1 male, Jalisco, El Colli, 3.VIII.1990, G. Moya-R. (CAS). Remarks. This species keys to couplet 4 in my 1982 paper. It can be distinguished from keiferi by the nearly globular apex of the caudodor- sal process of the pygofer and by the configuration of the apical projec- tions of the style. The marked forewings, which are absent in keiferi, will also separate the species. Tinocripus elongatus, n. sp. (Figs. 14-17) Length. Male 8.00 mm. General color ochraceous throughout, shiny. Similar togladius Nielson in male genital characters. Head in dorsal view narrower than pronorum, conical in outline; crown produced dis- tally, narrow, much narrower than width of eye, elevated and slightly carinate laterally; eyes large, elongate ovoid, occupying more than 2/3 of entire dorsal area of head; pronotum large, much longer than crown; scutellum moderate size, slightly longer medially than pro- notum; forewings long and narrow, venation typical; clypeus very long and narrow; clypellus narrow. Male. Pygofer in lateral view with two caudal processes, caudodorsal process short, curved, nearly U-shaped in outline, caudoventral process very long, narrow, reaching to apex of caudodorsal process (Fig. 14); aedeagus long, narrow, tube-like, curved in lateral view, apex flared (Fig. 15); style very long and narrow, swollen before apex and sharply pointed apically (Fig. 16); plate long and narrow, triangulate in distal 1/3, with numerous fine setae along outer lateral margin (Fig. 17). Female. Unknown. Holotype. (male). BRAZIL: Nova Teutonia, Santa Catarina, 13.VII.1964, no col- lector (NCSU). Remarks: This species keys to couplet 2 in my 1988 paper. It can be distinguished from Radius by the configuration of the aedeagus and by the very long, narrow style. Evansolidia tumida, n. sp. (Figs. 18-21) Length. Male 7.80-8.00 mm. General color dark fuscous with ivory and flavous markings; crown piceous with flavous border and median flavous stripe; pronotum and scutellum piceous with irregular flavous markings; forewings dark fuscous with irregular ivory to flavous transverse band below clavus and narrow disconnected transverse ivory band near middle of clavus, cells basad of anteapical cells with long, narrow, ivory to flavous markings; clypeus flavous with broad fuscous border. Similar to bispinosa Nielson in male genital characters. Head in dorsal view narrower than pronotum, broadly rounded anteriorly; crown narrow, width less then width of eye, lateral margins slightly convergent basally; eyes very 100 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 15 16 Figs. 14-17. Tinocripus elongatus, n. sp. 14. Male pygofer, lateral view. 15. Aedeagus, lateral view. 16. Right style, dorsal view. 17. Plate, ventral view. Vol. 103, No. 4, September & October, 1992 101 21 20 19 Figs. 18-21. Evansolidia tumida, n. sp. 18. Male pygofer, lateral view. 19. Aedeagus. dorsal view. 20. Aedeagus. lateral view. 21. Right style, dorsal view. 102 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS large, semiglobular, occupying more than 2/3 of entire dorsal area of head; pronorum short, about as long as crown; scutellum large, longer medially than pronorum; forewings and venation typical; clypeus long, narrow; clypellus moderately broad and swollen basally. Male. Pygofer in lateral view with small caudodorsal lobe (Fig. 18); aedeagus long, broad basally and narrow in distal half in dorsal and lateral views, several stout spines near middle of shaft directed basally, gonopore near middle of shaft (Figs. 19 & 20); style very broad in dorsal view, inner lateral margin expanded below middle, apex bifurcate (Fig. 21). Female. Unknown. Holotype (Male). BRAZIL: Rondonia, 7 k. E. Costa Marques, 11-13.IV.1988, Terry Klein (CAS). Para type. 1 male, same data as holorype except 2-3.1. 1988, (author's col- lection). Remarks. This species keys to couplet 3 in my 1988a paper. It can be separated from bispinosa by the much broader style and more numerous stout spines on the aedeagus. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to the following individuals for loan of specimens described in this study: Roy Danielsson, Zoological Institute, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Lewis Deitz, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (NCSU); Paul Freytag, University of Kentucky, Lex- ington, and Paul W. Oman, Oregon State University, Corvallis. Type specimens from the latter two institutions are deposited in the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco (CAS) at the request of the donors. I thank Ray Gill for reviewing the manuscript and offer- ing useful suggestions for improvement. This research was supported in part by endow- ment funds from the Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum. LITERATURE CITED References cited herein prior to 1986 are found in a recent catalogue by Oman. Knight and Nielson cited below. Nielson, M. W. 1986d. Genus Paralidia with descriptions of new species (Homop- tera:Cicadellidae: Coelidiinae). Great Basin Nat. 46(2):239-335. Nielson, M. W. 1988a. New genera and new species of Neotropical Coelidiini (Homoptera:Cicadellidae:Coelidiinae). Great Basin Nat. 48(2):232-249. Nielson, M. W. 1990b. New Oriental leafhoppers in the tribe Coelidiini with a revised key to the species (Homoptera: Cicadellidae:Coelidiinae). Entomologica Scan- dinavica 21(4): 445-475. Oman, P. W., Knight, W. J. and Nielson, M. W. 1990a. Leafhoppers (Cicadellidae): A bibliography, check-list and index to the world literature 1956-1985. C.A.B. Internal. Inst. of Entomol., 368 pp. Vol. 103. No. 4. September & October. 1992 103 FIVE NEW SPECIES OF BALERA FROM ECUADOR (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)1-2 Paul H. Freytag^ ABSTRACT: Five new species are added to the genus Balera: B. myersi n. sp., B. ecuadora n. sp., B. obtusa n. sp., B. napoensis n. sp. and B. plagata n. sp. These are described and illus- trated from Ecuador and compared to the known species, with a key to all species of the genus. The genus Balera (Typhlocybinae: Alebrini) was described by Young (1952) and reviewed by Young (1957); he included four species from Panama, Brazil, Bolivia and Trinidad. One additional species has been described from Colombia by Ruppel (1959). Five new species are de- scribed at this time from Ecuador and are compared with their clos- est relatives. All species described fit the generic characters, having the unusual apodemes of the first abdominal segment, the unusual small hook at the apex of the male genital plate, the same forewing venation and the general appearance of an Empoasca species. The color pattern varies from a general straw yellow to yellow green. Some species have the same overall color, with some or all of the following: an ivory spot on the hind margin of the head, an ivory medial dash on the basal part of the meso- scutellum and dark brown spots or dashes in the apical cells of the fore- wing. Also some species have yellow dashes in the basal half of the forewing. The color pattern varies some within a species and varies so little between species that the male genitalia must be relied upon to separate species of this genus. All specimens in this study are preserved in 80% ethyl alcohol with the abdomen cleared and preserved in glycerin. Holotypes are deposited in the California Academy of Science Collection. I wish to thank David Neill for the opportunity to collect these very interesting leafhoppers at the Jatun Sacha Biological Station, Napo, Ecuador. 1 Received March 16, 1992. Accepted April 21, 1992. 2 The investigation reported in this paper (No. 92-7-46) is in connection with a project of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station and is published with approval of the Director. 3 Department of Entomology. University of Kentucky. Lexington, KY 40546-0091. ENT. NEWS 103(4): 103-109. September & October. 1992 104 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Key to the species of Balera 1. Aedeagus without apical processes 2 1'. Aedeagus with apical processes 4 2. Aedeagus short, inflated, with three apical lobes (Bolivia) pellucida (Osborn) 2'. Aedeagus long and narrow 3 3. Aedeagus bifurcate on apical half (Colombia) bracata Ruppel 3'. Aedeagus not bifurcate, with pair of lateral keels on apical half (Panama) pusilla Young 4. Aedeagus with two pair of apical processes 5 4'. Aedeagus with one pair of apical processes 6 5. Aedeagus with dorsal pair of apical processes thicker and longer than ventral pair (Figs. 1 & 2) (Ecuador) myersi Freytag n. sp. 5'. Aedeagus with ventral pair of apical processes thicker and about same length as dorsal pair (Bolivia) emarginata (Osborn) 6. Style sharply pointed at apex (Fig. 11) 7 6'. Style bluntly truncate at apex (Fig. 7) (Ecuador) obtusa Freytag n. sp. 7. Aedeagus with apical ends of processes converging, in ventral view, near base of shaft (Fig. 17) (Ecuador) napoensis Freytag n. sp. 7'. Aedeagus with apical ends of processes parallel or slightly diverging (Figs. 9 & 21) 8 8. Aedeagus with apical processes nearly straight, in lateral view (Fig. 22); pygofer apex nearly pointed (Fig. 24) (Ecuador) plagata Freytag n. sp. 8'. Aedeagus with apical processes sinuate, in lateral view (Fig. 14); pygofer apex rounded, more robust (Fig. 16) 9 9. Apex of aedeagus, in ventral view, rounded, robust (Fig. 13); style not strongly angled on apical half (Fig. 15) (Brazil) caraguatae Young 9'. Apex of aedeagus, in ventral view, narrow, nearly pointed (Fig. 9): style strongly angled on apical half (Fig. 11) (Ecuador) ecuadora Freytag n. sp. Balera myersi n. sp. (Figures 1-4) Length of males 3.2-3.3 mm, width of head 0.6 mm; female unknown. Similar to car- aguatae in size and color, except only dark spots on apical area of forewing present. Overall color yellow green. Forewings with apical tip of clavus dark brown, usually five more large brown spots in various cells apical to clavus. Male genitalia: Genital plates long, narrow, exceeding pygofer only slightly. Pygofer triangular in lateral view with a sharp upturned apex. Style short, hooked at apical end, bent dorsad near middle. Aedeagus broad at base in lateral view, narrowed near apex with two pairs of apical processes, dorsal pair larger than ventral pair. Holotype male: ECUADOR — Napo, Estacion Biologica Jatun Sacha, July 31, 1989, blacklight trap, Paul H. Freytag and Tom Myers (CAS). Paratype male: ECUADOR — same data as holorype, except August 2, 1989, deposited in the University of Ken- tucky Collection. Vol. 103, No. 4. September & October, 1992 105 This species has two pairs of processes as in emarginata, however the larger of the two is dorsal, not ventral as in emarginata. The style is also thicker and the pygofer apex is less abruptly narrowed. It is an honor to name this species after Tom Myers, President of All-Rite Pest Control, Lexington, KY and an excellent collector and photographer of insects. Balera obtusa n. sp. (Figures 5-8) Length of males 3.6-3.7 mm, width of head 0.6-0.7 mm; female unknown. Size slightly larger than caraguatae, color similar. Overall color yellow green. Head with a white medial spot on posterior margin, ocelli white, eyes reddish white. Basal area of scutellum with a medial white dash. Small white spot on mesopleural area. Forewing with apical tip of clavus brown, five more small brown spots in various cells apical to clavus. Male genitalia: Genital plates long, narrow, slightly longer than pygofer. Pygofer triangular and bluntly pointed at apex. Style robust with apex dark and bluntly truncate. Aedeagus similar to caraguatae except processes are sinuate with apical tips close together on ventral side of shaft. Holotype male: ECUADOR — Napo, Estacion Biologica Jatun Sacha, August 2, 1989, blacklight trap. Paul H. Freytag and Tom Myers (CAS). Paratypes: two males, same data as holotype, deposited in the University of Kentucky Collection, and two males, same data as holotype, except August 1, 1989. at light, deposited in the National Collection, Quito, Ecuador. This species is closest to caraguate, but the blunt styles will easily separate these two species. Balera ecuadora n. sp. (Figures 9-12) Length of males 3.3-3.6 mm, width of head 0.6 mm; female unknown. Size and color similar to caraguatae. except spots on apical end of forewing elongate, not rounded. Overall yellow green. Head with a white medial spot on posterior margin. Meso- pleural area with a small white spot. Forewing with tip of clavus brown, with five brown elongated spots in various cells apical to clavus. Male genitalia: Genital plates long, narrow, slightly shorter than pygofer. Pygofer with apex broadly rounded. Style small, hook-shaped at apex. Aedeagus long, processes half length of shaft, slightly sinuate. Holotype male: Ecuador — Napo, Estacion Biologica Jatun Sacha. August 2. 1989. blacklight trap. Paul H. Freytag and Tom Myers (CAS). Paratypes: two males, same data as holotype. except dated July 31. 1989, one deposited in the University of Kentucky Collec- tion and the other in the National Collection, Quito, Ecuador. This species is closely related to obtusa but can be separated by having the genital plates of the male shorter than the pygofer and the normal type of style. 106 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Cd a: o Q < ID O LU 00 CO h- QQ O CVJ E E tf> CVJ CD CO tr LU Figures 1 -4 Balera myersi n. sp. 1 . aedeagus, ventral view, 2. Aedeagus, lateral view, 3. style, lateral view, 4. male genital capsule, lateral view, setae omitted. Figures 5-8 Balera obtusa n. sp. 5. aedeagus, ventral view, 6. aedeagus, lateral view, 7. style, lateral view, 8. male genital capsule, lateral view, setae omitted. Figures 9-12 Balera ecuadora n. sp. 9. aedeagus, ventral view, 10. aedeagus, lateral view, 11. style, lateral view, 12. male genital capsule, lateral view, setae omitted. All drawn to the same scale. Vol. 103, No. 4, September & October, 1992 107 Balera caraguatae Young (Figures 13-16) Balera caraguatae Young, 1957, p. 172. Length of male 3.3-3.6 mm, width of head 0.6 mm. Overall color yellow green. Head with a white medial spot on posterior margin, ocelli white. Mesopleural area with a small white spot. Forewing with six yellow orange dashes arranged in four rows from base to near apex of clavus, apical brown spots as in obtusa. This species is illustrated for comparative purpose, and to attempt to further clarify some of the male genitalic features which Young illus- trated in his original description. The specimen from which the draw- ings were made is labeled as follows: "BRAZIL — Rondonia, 82 km. S. Frazenda, Rancho Grande, 10°32'S, 82°48'W, November 13, 1991, at light, Tom Myers", and is in the University of Kentucky Collection. Balera napoensis n. sp. (Figures 17-20) Length of males 3.3 mm, width of head 0.6 mm; female unknown. Similar tocaraguafae. except male genitalia smaller with distinct differences. Overall color yellow green. Head with median white spot on posterior margin, ocelli white, eyes red. Forewing with tip of clavus brown, apical spots brown, apical margin brown. Male genitalia: Genital plate long, narrow, slightly longer than pygofer. Pygofer triangular with a bluntly pointed apex. Style small, hook-shaped at apex. Aedeagus short, processes extending two thirds distance to base of shaft, each with apex turning slightly toward shaft. Holotype male: ECUADOR — Napo, Estacion Biologica Jatun Sacha, August 1 . 1 989. at light, Paul H. Freytag and Tom Myers (CAS). Paratypes: one male, same data as holotype, except July 31, 1989. blackJight trap, in the University of Kentucky Collection, and one male, same data as holotype, except August 2, 1989. blackJight trap, in the National Collection, Quito, Ecuador. This species is closely related to ecuadora but smaller and with the aedeagal processes not sinuate. 108 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ro C\J I < -I CL 00 C/) CO LU o Q_ UJ o: < o Figures 13-16 Balera caraguatae Young 13. aedeagus, ventral view, 14. aedeagus, lateral view, 15. style, lateral view, 16. male genital capsule, lateral view, setae omitted. Figures 17- 20 Balera napoensis n. sp. 17. aedeagus, ventral view, 18. aedeagus, lateral view, 19. style, lateral view, 20. male genital capsule, lateral view, setae omitted. Figures 21-24 Balera plagata n. sp. 2 1 . aedeagus, ventral view, 22. aedeagus, lateral view, 23. style, lateral view, 24. male genital capsule, lateral view, setae omitted. All drawn to the same scale. Vol. 103, No. 4. September & October. 1992 109 Balera plagata n. sp. (Figures 2 1-24) Length of males 3.1-3.2 mm, width of head 0.5 mm; female unknown. Similar tocar- aguatae, but slightly smaller, and with smaller male genital structures. Overall color yellow green. Head with median white spot on posterior margin, ocelli white, eyes red. Mesopleural area with a small white spot. Forewing with faint yellow patches on basal half, apical spots similar to previous species with the addition of one spot on vein bordering appendix and three on apical margin. Male genitalia: Genital plates long, narrow, about same length as pygofer. Pygofer triangular with a bluntly pointed dorsally projecting apex. Style narrow with a hook-like apex. Aedeagus short with a pair of processes extending basad half distance to base of shaft. Holotype male: ECUADOR — Napo, Estacion Biologica Jatun Sacha, August 2. 1989, blacklight trap, Paul H. Freytag and Tom Myers (CAS). Paratypes: two males, same data as holotype, deposited in the University of Kentucky Collection; one male, same data as holotype. except July 31, 1989, deposited in the National Museum, Quito, Ecuador. This species is closest to napoensis, but can be separated by the narrower apex of the male pygofer and the processes of the aedeagus being closely appressed to the shaft and not curved at their apices. LITERATURE CITED Ruppel, R. F. 1959. Especies nuevas de Alebrini columbiana (Homoptera; Cicadellidae). Revista de la Academia Colombiana de ciencias Exacta Fisicas y Narurales 10(41): 367-370. Young, D. A. 1952. A reclassification of Western Hemisphere Typhlocybinae. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 35:3-217. Young, D. A. 1957. The leafhopper Tribe Alebrini (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum 107:127-277. 110 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS TRICHOPTERA OF HEADWATER STREAMS IN THE FERNOW EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, MONONGAHELA NATIONAL FOREST, WEST VIRGINIA1 Michael B. Griffith, Sue A. Perry2 ABSTRACT: In support of several ongoing studies on the ecology of streams in the Fernow Experimental Forest, West Virginia, adult Trichoptera were identified from emergence and light trap samples taken from six experimental catchments. Thirty-seven species from 24 genera and 13 families were collected, including four species that were previously unre- corded from West Virginia. Our research at the Fernow Experimental Forest West Virginia, on the effects of acid precipitation and on the nontarget effects of the application of the forest pesticide diflubenzuron, has included work on the macroinvertebrate communities of second order streams draining several headwater catchments (Griffith and Perry, 1991). Only two pre- vious studies have produced species lists for streams in the Fernow Experimental Forest. Harris (1973) collected benthic samples from the streams and weir ponds in Watersheds 1, 3, 4, 6, and 7, and Case (1983) collected kick samples of aquatic nymphs from Watersheds 1, 4, and 6. Both studies identified the insects primarily to genus. Tarter (1990) provided a checklist for the Trichoptera of West Vir- ginia. This checklist includes 176 species from 60 genera and 15 families. To facilitate ongoing and future research at the Fernow Experimental Forest, we conducted a survey of aquatic insects in the streams draining the catchments used in our studies. We present a species list of the Trichoptera collected in this survey. STUDY SITES The Fernow Experimental Forest is a U.S. Forest Service research preserve located 5 km south of Parsons in Tucker County, West Virginia, Deceived March 14, 1992. Accepted March 30, 1992. ^U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, West Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit-*, Division of Forestry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6125. 3The Unit is jointly sponsored by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, West Virginia University, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser- vice, and the Wildlife Management Institute. ENT. NEWS 103(4): 1 10-1 16, September & October, 1992 Vol. 103, No. 4, September & October, 1992 111 in the northern part of Monongahela National Forest (39°3'N, 79°40'W; Figure 1). Established in 1951, the 1474-ha experimental forest includes the entire catchment of Elklick Run, a fourth order tributary of the Black Fork of the Cheat River. The experimental forest includes nine gauged experimental catchments and several ungauged catchments.. We con- ducted surveys on six second order streams draining catchments designated as Watershed 1 (WS1), Watershed 3 (WS3), Watershed 4 (WS4), Watershed 7 (WS7), Watershed 13 (WS13), and North Fork of Hickman Slide Run (HSR). WS3, WS4, and HSR are reference catch- ments that have undergone little disturbance since about 1910, whereas WS1, WS3, and WS7 are experimental catchments that were last logged in 1958, 1969, and 1969, respectively. WS1, WS3, WS4, WS7, and WS13 are underlain by shales and siltstones of the Hampshire formation, whereas HSR is underlain by limestones and shales of the Greenbriar and Mauch Chunk formations. Because of the presence of limestone in the catchment, HSR is characterized by higher pH and alkalinity than the other streams. A more detailed description of the study sites may be found in the works of Griffith and Perry (1991, 1992). N Figure 1. Fernow Experimental Forest with locations of the study catchments. 112 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS MATERIALS AND METHODS The surveys were conducted from June 1989 through August 1991 using primarily emergence traps modified from the WEEK design of LeSage and Harrison (1979). These collections were supplemented by periodic light trapping with blacklight traps and collections by hand when adults were observed during other sampling. A more detailed de- scription of sampling may be found in Griffith and Perry (1992). All collected material was preserved in 85% ethanol. Voucher speci- mens have been placed in the collection of the West Virginia Coopera- tive Fish and Wildlife Research Unit in the Division of Forestry at West Virginia University. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION We collected 37 species from 24 genera and 13 families of Trichop- tera (Table 1). The most diverse families were the Rhyacophilidae, with seven species all from the genus, Rhyacophila, and the Hydropsychidae with six species from four genera. We collected four species which were previously unreported for the state of West Virginia. In general, the species list is characteristic of the small lotic habitats in the Fernow Experimental Forest, but some species seem to be from other larval habitats. Examples include the limnephilid, Nemotaulius hostilis (Hagen), the larvae of which have been reported by Stout and Stout (1989) from small remnant boreal wetlands in West Virginia. When the methods by which different species were collected were examined, the obvious conclusion was that we probably collected some species from outside these headwater streams with the light traps. Although the combination of survey methods we used worked well for Plecoptera (Griffith and Perry 1992), Trichoptera tend to be stronger fliers and may be attracted to lights far from their larval habitats (Waringer 1 991 ). Other species that were only collected using light trapping and probably came from other larval habitats included Ptilostomis ocellifera (Walker), Hy- dropsyche sparna Ross, and Rhyacophila fuscula (Walker). Ptilostomis ocellifera larvae also occur in lentic habitats whereas H.sparna (M.Grif- fith, pers.obs.) and R. fuscula (Sykora and Weaver 1979) tend to occur in larger streams. Most other species that we collected seem to match well with generic identifications from our benthic samples and are charac- teristic of the fauna of headwater Appalachian streams. This observa- tion is particularly true for the four species and one genus that are new state records, which seems to suggest that these small stream habitats have been undercollected in West Virginia. Vol. 103, No. 4, September & October, 1992 113 Two species, Adicrophleps hitchcocki Flint and Palaegepetus celsus (Ross), have been reported to occur in association with aquatic mosses and liverworts in Appalachian streams (Wiggins 1977) and to use these plants for case-building materials. The co-occurrence of these two species in streams in the Fernow appears to be unusual, but these streams support a diverse assemblage of aquatic mosses and liverworts (S. Stevenson, Fairmont State University, unpubl. data). In a survey of Plecoptera in these streams, several species appeared to exhibit distributions among streams that were related to water chemistry or catchment management history (Griffith and Perry, 1992). No species of Trichoptera were limited to the more alkaline stream, HSR, but one species, Homoplectra monticola (Flint), was only collected from WS4 and WS13, the two reference catchments. TABLE 1. Checklist of Trichoptera collected from headwater catchments in the Fernow Experimental Forest Tucker County, West Virginia. (E — collected in emergence traps, L— collected in light traps only, X — collected in larval collection only) Stream HSR WS1 WS3 WS4 WS7 WS13 Order Trichoptera Family Philopotamidae Subfamily Philopotaminae Dolophilodes distinctus (Walker) E E E E E E Wormaldia moesta (Banks) E E E E E Family Psychomyiidae Subfamily Psychomyiinae Lype diversa (Banks) E E E E E Family Polycentropodidae Subfamily Polycentropodinae Polycentropus cinereus Hagen E E E E P. maculatus Banks E E E E L E Subfamily Dipseudopsinae Phylocentropus lucidus (Hagen) L E Family Hydropsychidae Subfamily Arctopsychinae Parapsyche apicalis (Banks) E E E E Subfamily Diplectroninae Diplectrona modesta Banks E E E E E E Homoplectra monticola (Flint) E E 1 14 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Stream HSR WS1 WS3 WS4 WS7 WS13 Subfamily Hydropsychinae Hydropsyche morosa Hagen E H. spama Ross L L L L L L H. ventura Ross E L L Family Rhyacophilidae Subfamily Rhyacophilinae Rhyacophila banksi Ross E E E E R. Carolina Banks L E E L E E R. carpenteri Milne L E L R. fuscula (Walker) L L R. glaberrima Ulmer E L E E R. nigrita Banks E E E E R. vibox Milne E EL Family Glossosomatidae Subfamily Glossosomatinae Glossosoma nigrior Banks E E Family Hydroptilidae Subfamily Ptilocolepinae Palaeagapetus celsus (Ross) L L E Subfamily Hydroptilinae Stactobiella delira (Ross) L Family Phryganeidae Subfamily Phryganeinae Ptilostomis ocellifera (Walker) L Family Brachycentridae Adicrophleps hitchcocki Flint* XX E Micrasema rusticum (Hagen)* L Family Limnephilidae Subfamily Pseudostenophylacinae Pseudostenophylax uniformis (Betten) L L E Subfamily Limnephilinae Nemotaulius hostilis (Hagen) L Pycnopsyche gentilis (McLachlan) E E E E E E P. scabripennis (Rambur) E E E E Subfamily Goerinae Goera stylata (Ross)* L Vol. 103, No. 4. September & October. 1992 115 Stream HSR WS1 WS3 WS4 WS7 WS13 Family Uenoidae Subfamily Thremmatinae Neophylax an/qua Ross E E E Neophylax wigginsi Sykora and Weaver E E E Family Lepidostomatidae Lepidostoma griseum (Banks) E E E E L. togatum (Hagen) E L. vernale (Banks) L Family Molannidae Mo/anna u/merina Navas* E E Family Leptoceridae Subfamily Leptocerinae Oecetis cinerascens (Hagen) E *New state records ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank the following persons for assistance in identification of specimens and verification of species identifications: B. C. Kondratieff, B. J. Armitage. G. A. Schuster, O. S. Flint. Jr.. J. S. Weaver, III, S. C. Harris, and R. N. Vinyard. D. Eaton. E. Harrahy, and E. D'Silva assisted with collection of the emergence trap and light trap samples. D. C. Tarter. B. A. Foote, S. C. Harris and two anonymous reviewers made sugges- tions and comments on the manuscript. This research was supported by grants from the U.S. Forest Service, Fernow Experimental Forest of the Northeastern Forest Experimental Station and the Appalachian Integrated Pest Management project and by a Swiger Doc- toral Fellowship from West Virginia University to the first author. LITERATURE CITED Case, B. 1983. A preliminary study of macrovertebrates in six streams at the Fernow Experimental Forest Unpub. undergraduate honors thesis, Davis and Elkins College, Elkins, WV. Griffith, M. B. and S. A. Perry. 1991. Leaf pack processing in two Appalachian mountain streams draining catchments with different management histories. Hydrobiologia 220: 247-254. Griffith, M. B. and S. A. Perry. 1992. Plecoptera of headwater catchments in the Fernow Experimental Forest, Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., in press. Harris, S. C. 1973. A comparison of benthic fauna in weir ponds of streams draining deforested, fertilized, and forested watersheds. Unpub. M.S. thesis. West Virginia Univ.. Morgantown, WV. 116 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LeSage, L. and A. D. Harrison. 1979. Improved traps and techniques for the study of emerging aquatic insects. Ent. News 90: 65-78. Stout, B. M. and J. S. Stout. 1989. Northern caddisfly (Trichoptera) fauna in a remnant boreal wetlands of West Virginia. Ent. News 100: 37-40. Sykora, J. L. and J. S. Weaver, III. 1979. The Rhyacophila of Pennsylvania, with larval descriptions of R. banksi and R. carpenteri (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae). Ann. Car- negie Mus. 48: 403-423. Waringer, J. A. 1991. Phenology and the influence of meteorological parameters on the catching success of light-trapping from Trichoptera. Freshw. Biol. 25: 307-319. Wiggins, G. B. 1977. Larvae of the North American caddisfly genera (Trichoptera). Univ. Toronto Press, Toronto. 401 pp. Vol. 103, No. 4, September & October. 1992 1 17 SAWFLIES (HYMENOPTERA: ARGIDAE) FROM DOMINICAN AMBER1 David R. Smith2, George O. Poinar, Jr.3 ABSTRACT: Six sawfly specimens discovered in amber deposits from the Dominican Republic are represented by five adults and one larva. The five adults represent five new species of the Central and South American genus Didymia, a genus that no longer occurs in the West Indies. Species described are D. dominicana. D. davisi, D. protea. D. poinari, and D. ebena. The larva belongs to the Argidae but cannot be identified further. Six specimens of sawflies, five adults and one larva, have been dis- covered in Dominican amber. Four adults and the larva were found by the junior author, and the other adult was discovered in the amber collection of the Smithsonian Institution. All specimens belong to the family Argidae and all adults show differences that justify separate species. This is an unusual discovery. Only about six species of Symphyta currently occur in the West Indies (Smith, 1969), and only one, Seri- coceros krugii (Cresson), is known from Hispaniola (Smith, 1992). The amber adults belong in the subfamily Sterictiphorinae and in the extant genus Didymia that includes about 20 species distributed from Panama to southeastern Brazil. The presence of these Symphyta in Dominican amber, believed to be 20 to 40 million years old (Davis, 1 989; Manley and Poinar, 1991 ), indicates that sawflies were, at one time, much more wide- spread and diverse in the West Indies. Little is known of the habits of Didymia, and the host plants of only two species are recorded. Didymia connarusae Smith has been reared from Connarus fulvus in D.F., Brazil (Smith, 1992), and D. unifasciata Smith has been reared from Rouria glabra in Panama (Kimsey and Smith, 1985). Both plants are in the Connaraceae. Didymia has been recorded from Brazil (Amazonas, D.F., Goias, Espirito Santo, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Para, Rio de Janiero, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo), Panama, Peru, and Surnam (Smith, 1992). All of the adult amber species have the following characters in com- mon: tibiae without preapical spines; tarsal claws simple; forewing with radial cell closed, with long accessory vein; forewing with crossvein 3r-m 1 Received May 12, 1992. Accepted May 14. 1992. 2 Systematic Entomology Laboratory, ARS, PSI, U.S. Department of Agriculture, c/o National Museum of Natural History NHB 168, Washington, D.C. 20560. 3 Entomology and Parasitology Department, University of California, Berkeley, Cali- fornia 94720. ENT. NEWS 103(4): 1 17-124. September & October. 1992 1 18 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS curved, cell 2rs longer on Rs than on M (complete forewing venation visi- ble only in D. poinari and D. ebena, but the others are probably similar according to the parts that are visible); one or more of the maxillary or labial palpal segments expanded, much broader than the other seg- ments; maxillary palpus longer than eye length; lower interocular dis- tance subequal to or shorter than eye length. The hindwing venation is partially visible only in D. ebena, but the anal cell is probably closed in the specimens. These characters plus the short female antennae and general habitus place them in Didymia, according to Smith's (1992) definition, and none fit the species in his key. Since the sexes of many Argidae are very different in antennal structure and color, it is possible some of these described are opposite sexes of the same species. This, however, is impossible to determine. All amber specimens treated here are from the Dominican Republic. More specific locality information is not available. Didymia dominicana Smith, new species (Fig. 1) Female. Length, 7.0 mm. Yellow to orange with antenna, abdominal dorsum except downturned lateral margins of terga, apical 2 terga entirely, sheath, indistinct streaks on inner surfaces of femora, and extreme apex of hindtibia black. Antennal length subequal to head width. Clypeus shallowly, circularly emarginated; malar space linear; interanten- nal carina short, not extending onto supraclypeal area; maxillary palpus uniformly slen- der with 4th segment only slightly broader than others; 2nd and 3rd segments of labial palpus enlarged, 3rd segment largest; eye length about equal to lower interocular distance. Hindbasitarsus subequal in length to following tarsal segments combined. Only apex of forewing visible, veins 2r-m and 2m-cu interstitial. Sheath rounded at apex in lateral view, appearing slender in dorsal view, without scopae. Holotype. Numbered "H-10-48-A", deposited in the Poinar Amber Collection, Museum of Paleontology. University of California, Berkeley: Museo. Paleo. 39852. Didymia davisi Smith, new species (Fig. 2) Female. Length, 4.5 mm. Antenna and head black; thorax and legs appearing reddish; abdomen with basal terga and sterna appearing yellowish, with lateral stripe and apical 3 segments and sheath black. Antennal length slightly longer than head width. Clypeus nearly truncate; malar space linear; interantennal carina bisecting supraclypeal area to clypeus; segments of maxillary palpus appearing uniformly slender; at least 3rd segment of labial palpus enlarged; eye length subequal to or slightly longer than lower interocular dis- tance. Hindbasitarsis subequal in length to following tarsal segments combined. Wing Vol. 103, No. 4, September & October, 1992 119 Figs. 1, 2. 1, Didymia dominicana (H-10-48-A). 2, D. davisi (#10500). venation poorly visible, but radial cell of (brewing closed with long accessory vein. Sheath rounded at apex in lateral view, appearing slender in dorsal view, without scopae. Holotype. With label "Smithsonian Institution Entomology Department, Brodzinsky/ Lopez-Penha Collection, Reg. #10500." In the National Museum of Natural History. Washington, D.C. 120 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Didymia protera Smith, new species (Fig. 3) Male. Length, 5.0 mm. Entirely black. Antennal length 2.5X head width. Clypeus sub- truncate; malar space linear; sharp interantennal carina bisecting supraclypeal area to clypeus; maxillary palpus 1 .7X eye length, all segments uniformly slender; 3rd segment of labial palpus enlarged, 2nd only slightly broader than apical segment; lower interocular distance subequal to eye length. Hindbasitarsus subequal in length to following tarsal segments combined. Only apex of forewing evident; radial cell closed at apex with long accessory vein. Holotype. Numbered "H-10-48-B", deposited in the Poinar Amber Collection, Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley; Museo. Paleo. 39853. Didymia poinari Smith, new species (Figs. 4, 5) Male. Length, 5.5 mm. Black, with apparent reddish marks on pronotum, mesopres- cutum, and mesonotal lateral lobes. Antennal length 1.8X head width. Clypeus subtrun- cate, malar space linear; interantennal carina short, not bisecting supraclypeal area; 4th segment of maxillary palpus slightly broader than other segments; 3rd segment of labial palpus enlarged, 2nd segment apparently enlarged (difficult to see) but narrower than 3rd segment; lower interocular distance subequal to eye length. H indbasitarsus slightly shorter than length of remaining tarsal segments combined, about equal to following 3-1/2 segments. Forewing as in Fig. 4; veins 2r-m and 2m-cu interstitial. Holotype. Numbered "H-10-48-C", deposited in the Poinar Amber Collection. Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley; Museo. Paleo. 39854. Didymia ebena Smith, new species (Fig. 6) Male. Length, 3.0 mm. Entirely black. Antennal length 1.4X head width. Clypeus sub- truncate; malar space linear; interantennal carina short, not bisecting supraclypeal area; segments of maxillary palpus uniformly slender; 3rd segment of labial palpus enlarged; lower interocular distance subequal to eye length. Hindbasitarsus subequal in length to remaining tarsal segments combined. Most of forewing visible; vein 2m-cu meets M about midway between 2r-m and 3r-m; apex of radial cell appearing open, but faintly closed and with accessory vein. Hindwing with anal cell. Holotype. Numbered "H-10-36", deposited in the Poinar Amber Collection. Museum of Paleontology, University of California. Berkeley; Museo. Paleo. 39855. Argidae Larva (Figs. 7-9) It is rare to find larvae in amber. Characters such as the lobes adja- Vol. 103, No. 4. September & October, 1992 121 Figs. 3-5. 3, Didymia protera (H-10-48-B). 4, D. poinari (H-10-48-C) dorsal view. 5, D. poinari (H-10-48-C), ventrolateral view. 122 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS fc r- Figs. 6, 7. 6, Didymia ebena (H-10-36). 7, Argidae larva, dorsolateral view. Vol. 103, No. 4, September & October, 1992 123 Figs. 8, 9. Argidae larva. 8, Ventral view of head and thorax. 9, Head. 124 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS cent to the tarsal claws place it in Argidae, but it cannot be identified further. Too few larvae are known from Central and South America to adequately place this specimen. It is cited and figured here for reference. DISCUSSION The species described here, the only ones known from Dominican amber, may be separated by the following key: 1. Female 2 Male 3 2. Yellow; antennal length subequal to head width; interantennal carina short, not bisecting clypeus; length 7.0 mm dominicana Smith Head black, thorax and legs reddish, abdomen yellowish with black lateral stripe and apical segments; antennal length slightly greater than head width; interantennal carina bisecting supraclypeal area; length, 4.5 mm davisi Smith 3. Length about 3.0 mm (vein 2m-cu meets M about midway between 2r-m and 3r-m; hindbasitarsus subequal in length to following tarsal segments combined; interan- tennal carina short, not bisecting supraclypeal area; antennal length 1.4X head width) ebena Smith Length 5.0-5.5 mm 4 4. Antennal length 1 .8X head width; interantennal carina not bisecting supraclypeal area; hindbasitarsus slightly shorter than remaining tarsal segments combined ({brewing with veins 2r-m and 2m-cu interstitial) poinari Smith Antennal length 2.5X head width; interantennal carina bisecting supraclypeal area to clypeus; hindbasitarsus subequal in length to remaining tarsal segments com- bined profera Smith ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the following for review of the manuscript: Henri Goulet, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa; W. W. Middlekauff, University of California, Berkeley; R. V. Peterson and D. A Nickle, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, U.S.D.A., Washington, D.C. LITERATURE CITED Davis, D.R, 1989. An exceptional fossil amber collection acquired by the Smithsonian Institution. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 91: 545-550. Kimsey, L.S. and D.R. Smith. 1985. Two new species, larval descriptions, and life history notes of some Panamanian sawflies (Hymenoptera: Argidae, Tenthredinidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 87: 191-201. Manley, D.G. and G.O. Poinar, Jr. 1991. A new species of fossil Dasymutilla (Hy- menoptera: Mutillidae) from Dominican amber. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 67: 200-205. Smith, D.R. 1969. Symphyta of the West Indies, including those collected during the Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian biological survey of Dominica (Hymenoptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 71: 540-543. Smith, D.R. 1992. A synopsis of the sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) of America south of the United States: Argidae. Mem. Amer. Entomol. Soc. No. 39, 201 pp. Vol. 103, No. 4, September & October, 1992 125 ARTHROPOD PARASITES OF COCCINELLA SEPTEMPUNCTATA (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE); WORLD PARASITE LIST AND BIBLIOGRAPHY* Paul W. Schaefer^, Valentin P. Semyanov3 ABSTRACT: The literature and recent North American collection records indicate that at least 16 species of insects (ca. 14 Hymenoptera from 6 families, and 2 Diptera from 2 families) and two ectoparasitic mites are known as parasites or hyperparasites of Coc- cinella septempunctata. Lists include names of actual parasites or hyperparasites, other names and synonymies, as well as misidentifications or improper host associations, and all are referenced to new collection data or bibliographic citations. The sevenspotted ladybeetle, Coccinella septempunctata L., is an important predator of aphids in the Palearctic region. It became es- tablished in North America in 1973 (Angalet & Jacques, 1975; Larochelle 1979, Larochelle & Larivere, 1979), extended its distribution rather slowly at first (Hobeke & Wheeler, 1980), and then spread more rapidly south and west aided in part by humans (Angalet et al. 1979). By August 1986, its distribution included the eastern 2/3 of the United States and southern Canada (Schaefer et al. 1987). It has continued to spread and has now been recovered west of the Rocky Mountains in Utah due to natural spread and also it was intentionally released in California and Washington in 1988, with additional west coast releases in 1989 and 1990, and, with confirmed recoveries first in 1990, it is now present in all U.S. states (R. Flanders, USDA, APHIS, personal communication.). Because this species has been so successful in expanding its range and because it is a potentially beneficial agent in the biological control of aphids, we focused on the parasitic insects associated with C. septempunctata, especially those that might reduce the benefits gained from its presence in North America. Our initial efforts were to construct a world list of parasites of C. septempunctata. Beginning with the published (Richer- son 1970) and unpublished supplemental works of J. V. Richerson (pers. comm.), published lists by Johnssen (1930) and Thompson (1943). published account of parasites in Asia by Semyanov (1986). and a very useful unpublished card catalog of parasites and hosts housed (but no ' Received April 25. 1989. Expanded, revised and accepted May 4, 1992. 2 U. S. Dept. Agr., Beneficial Insects Introduction Res. Lab., Newark, Delaware 19713 USA. 3 Institute of Zoology, Acad. of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab 1. V-164. St. Petersburg. Russia. ENT. NEWS 103(4): 125-134. September & October. 1992 126 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS longer updated) at the USDA, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, located at the U. S. National Museum, Washington, D.C., we updated (as of January 1992) the list of known arthropod parasites of C. septem- punctata. Included are previously unpublished records of North Ameri- can parasites in which we have keyed our source to the collector and provided collection data. All North American parasites were identified by Michael E. Schauff (USDA, Systematic Entomology Lab., Beltsville, MD). Included are some references in which authors cite other sources. The resulting world list of C. septempunctata parasites, stages attacked, and information sources is presented in Table 1 . As many species appear in the literature under various names, Table 2 lists known synonymies and other name combinations that we believe refer to the same insect. In our literature search we found that several published records of parasites attacking C. septempunctata are in error. These are listed in Table 3, along with our reasons for removing them from the current master list of parasitic arthropods. In the bibliography, we include known abstracting journal citations regardless of whether we viewed the original article or not. These are re- ferred to as: RAE — Review of Applied Entomology; BA — Biological Abstracts, and BNI — Biocontrol News and Information. We hope that this compilation of parasitic arthropods associated with C. septempunctata will stimulate others to be alert for additional asso- ciations, especially in North America, where this beetle is a recent invader and most capable disperser. As it invades new geographic areas, the poten- tial for new associations is great and in time we may see many new species added to this list of arthropod parasites. TABLE 1. Parasitic arthropods associated with Coccinella septempunctata L. TAXON STAGE ATTACKED* REFERENCE ACARINA Podapolipodidae Ectoparas sp. Podapolipus sp. DIPTERA Phoridae Phalacrotophora fasciata (Fallen) Phalacrotophora sp. A A L.P L,P E 64 E 30 Pa 14,15.16,17,26.30. 35, 44, 55. 57, 63. 70. 73, 76, 77, 83 Pa 31.36.70 Vol. 103, No. 4. September & October, 1992 127 TAXON STAGE ATTACKED* TYPEb REFERENCE Tachinidae Medina luctuosa Meigen HYMENOPTERA Braconidae Pa 76, 77 Dinocampus coccinellae (Schrank) AX Pa 1.3,6,7.8.9. 10. 13. 16, 17. 18. 19.22. 23 24.25.26.27.28, 30.31,35,36.39.41 42, 43. 44, 46, 47. 48. 49.50.51.53.54. 60a. 60b. 61. 65, 66. 68. 69. 70. 72, 75. 76. 77.78.79.80.81,83. Ichneumonidae Metastenus townsendi (Ashmead) Syrphoctonus tarsatorius Panzer Gelis melanocephalus Schrank Unidentified species Eulophidae Tetrastichus coccinellae Kurdjumov 9 7 7 7 L.P 7 H ?H 9 Pa 84, 85. 86 82 17.44 44 4.37 2.3.8. 12. 16.22. 26.30.31.35.40,45. 47 56 58 61. 64 70, Tetrastichus epilachnae Giard Tetrastichus melanis Burks Tetrastichus sp. (not melanis) Tetrastichus sp. Encyrtidae Homalotylus flaminius (Dalman) L.P P P 7 L.P Pa 7 7 7 Pa 74, 76. 77. 83 38. 52. 62. 70 20.72 29 8.36 3. 17.30.31.32.33. 34,35.47.58.61,64. Homalotylus terminalis (Say) Homalotylus eytelweinii (Ratzburg) L LP Pa H 67, 70. 76. 77. 83 21 15.35.44 Homalotylus sp. Proctotrupidae Lygocerus sp. (via H. flaminius) Pteromalidae Pachyneuron solitarium (Hartig) Pachyneuron syrphi Ratzeburg Pteromalus sp. Unidentified sp. L.P L L 7 P 7 Pa H H H 9 •) 4. 59. 70 31 64 58. 70 81 35.61 L = Larvae, P = Pupae, A = Adult, ? = Uncertain of life stage. E = Ectoparasite. H = Hyperparasite, Pa = Parasite (= endoparasite or parasitoid). ? = Uncertain status. 128 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS TABLE 2. List of synonymies and other name combinations used for parasite species listed in Table 1. Name and alternate names or synonymy and source or reference. Medina luctosa Meigen 1824 Other genera: Degeeria. Source: Herting, B. 1 982. Catalogue of Palearctic Tachinidae ( Diptera). Stutt. Beitr. Naturkd. (A), 369, 228 pp. Dinocampus coccinellae (Schrank, 1802) Other genera: Ichneumon. Perilitus. Synonymy: Bracon terminates Nees, 1811 Euphorus sculptus Cresson 1872 Centistes americana Riley 1888 Perilitus terminatus (Nees) 1812 Microctonus terminatus Wesmael 1835 Dinocampus terminatus Foerster 1862 Perilitus americanus Riley 1889 Source: Cushman, R. A. 1922. The identity of Ichneumon coccinellae Schrank (Hym.). Proc. Ent. soc. Wash. 24(9):24 1-242: Marsh, 1979. (See entry no. 53) Gelis melanocephalus Schrank 1781 Other genera: Pezomachus; Hemimachus. Mutilla. Ichneumon. Cryptus. Hem i teles. Synonymy: Ichneumon fasciatus F. 1973 Hemiteles leutiventris Gravenhorst 1829 Source: Dalla Torre, C. G. De, 1901/1902. Catalogus Hyumenopterorum. Lipsiae, Sumptibus Guilelmi Engelmann. Homalotylus eytelweinii (Ratzburg, 1852) Other spelling: eitelweinii Ratzburg 1852 Source: Schauff, Mike (pers. comm. 3/90) Homalotylus flaminius (Dalman) 1820 Other genera: Encyrtus Synonymy: Lepidaphycus bosqui Blanchard 1936 Mendozaniella mirabilis Brethes 1913 Source: Gordh, 1979 in Krombein & Hurd (See entry no. 39) Homalotylus t. terminalis (Say, 1828) Other genera: Serlion Synonymy: Eutelus? scymnae Shinier 1869 Homalotylus obscurus Howard 1885 Source: Gordh, 1979 (Same as above) Phalacrotophora fasciata (Fallen, 1823) Other genera: Trineura, Phora, Aphiochaeta, Phalacrotophora (Omatessara). Synonymy: Phora atricapilla Curtis 1828 Source: Borgmeier, T. 1968. Catalogue of the Phoridae of the world (Diptera: Phoridae). Studia Entomol. 11(1-4): 1-366. Syrphoctonus tarsatorius (Panzer) 1809 Other genera: Bassus. Synonymy: Bassus exsultans Gravenhorst 1829 B. insignis Gravenhorst 1829 B. flavus Desvignes 1862 Vol. 103, No. 4, September & October, 1992 129 B. pulchellus Desvignes 1862 B. indicus Cameron 1909 Homoporus flavitrochanterus Uchida 1956 Source: Carlson, 1979 in Krombein & Hurd (See entry no. 39) Tetrastichus coccinellae Kurdjumov 1912 Synonymy: T. scaposus Thomson 1878 Source: Domenichini, 1966 (See entry no. 12). Tetrastichus epilachnae (Giard) 1896 Other genera: Lygellus Synonymy: Tetrastichus jablonowskii Szelenyi 1940 Source: Domenichini, 1966 (See entry no. 12). TABLE 3. Species or names erroneously recorded as parasites of Coccinella septem- punctata L. HYMENOPTERAN TAXON REFERENCE JUSTIFICATION Braconidae Eucorystes sp. Spathius sp. Eulophidae Pediobius foveolatus Crawford Tetrastichus neglectus Domenichini 1 1, 12, 70 Pteromalidae Pteromalinarum sp. 71 Improper host association. A para- site of Agrilus viridis L. (Bupres- tidae). 71 Improper host association. Para- site of larvae (Anobiidae. Ipidae, Cerambycidae) living under tree bark. Probably a misidentification of Homalotylus sp. Laboratory rear- ing shows P. foveolatus will only attack species in the Epilachninae (Coccinellidae), not other sub- families (Schaefer. unpubl. data). Improper host association. Actu- ally a parasite of Chilocorus, Exo- chomus and Scymnus and not of Coccinella despite reports to the contrary (ref. #12). 35. 61 Improper interpretation of origi- nal Russian report3. a Relying on the interpretations of George Steyskal and E. E. Grissell (Systematic Ento- mology Lab., USDA, Beltsville, MD), we conclude that in the original article by Oglobin ( in Russian), who recorded "Pteromalid'a" in italics, meaning simply a species of pteromalid (or the familiar form of the family). This should not have been italicized but in Russian is commonly done for the familiar form of family names. Johnssen confused the issue further by using the latinized, italicized form "Pteromalinarum sp.". meaning "of pteromalid." Therefore, Pteromalinarum is not a generic name and this notation should only be con- sidered as "a species of pteromalid." 130 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LITERATURE CITED (Text Only) Angalet, G. W. & R. L. Jacques. 1975. The establishment of Coccinella septempunctata in the continental United States. U. S. Dept. Agric., Coop. Econ. Insect Rep. 25: 883-884. Angalet, G. W., J. M. Tropp & A. N. Eggert. 1979. Coccinella septempunctata in the United States: recolonizations and notes on its ecology. Environ. Entomol. 8: 896-901. Hoebeke, E. R. & A. G. Wheeler, Jr. 1980. New distribution records of Coccinella sep- tempunctata L. in the eastern United States (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Coleop. Bull. 34(2): 209-212. Johnssen, A. 1930. (See citation no. 35). Larochelle, A. 1979. Les Coleopteres Coccinellidae du Quebec. Cordulia, Supplement 10: 1-111. Larochelle, A. & M. C. Larivere. 1979. Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coc- cinellidae) au Quebec: repartition geographique, habitat et biologic. Bull. Invert. Ins. Quebec 1: 68-73. Richerson, J. V. 1970. A world list of parasites of Coccinellidae. Jour. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 67: 33-48. Schaefer P. W., R. J. Dysart & H. B. Specht. 1987. North American distribution of Coc- cinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and its mass appearance in coastal Delaware. Environ. Entomol. 16: 368-373. Thompson, W. R. 1943. (See citation no. 83). REFERENCES CITED (In Tables Only) 1. Andre, E. 1891. Species des Hymenopteres d'Europe & d'Algerie. V. Braconidae (part 2): 635pp. +20 color pi. 2. Anonymous. 1980. Hawaii pest report. U. S. Dept Agric. Coop. Plant Pest Report 5(1): 17- 18. RAE 69:375. 3. Azam, K. M. and M. H. AH. 1969(70?). A study of factors affecting the dissemination of the predatory beetle, Coccinella septempunctata L. Final tech. rep., Andhra Pradesh Agric. Univ., proj. FG-IN-249(A7-ENT-40), 56 pp. +42 append. 4. Balduf, W. V. 1926. The binomics of Dinocampus coccinellae Schrank. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 19:465-498. 5. *Bhatkar, A. P. & B. R. Subba Rao. 1976. Biology ofPediobius foveolatus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a parasite of predatory ladybeetles in India. Entomol. Germ. 3(3):242-247. 6. Blackith, R. & R. Blackith. 1978. A new host for Perilitus coccinellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Irish Naturalists' Journal 19(5): 164-165. RAE 66:3511. 7. Blair, K. W. 1940. (Exhibits) London Entomol. & Nat. Hist. Soc. Proc. & Trans. 1939-1940, p. 16. 8. Borg, A. 1959. Ett starkt parasitangrepp pa nyckelpigan. Vaxtskyddsnotiser Staten Vaxtskyddsanstalt, Sweden. 23(6): 90-92. 9. Bryden, J. W. & M. H. W. Bishop. 1945. Perilitus coccinellae (Shrank) (Hym. Braconidae) in Cambridgeshire. Entomologist's Mon. Mag. 81:51-52. 10. Cartwright, B., R. D. Eikenbary & G. A. Angalet. 1982. Parasitism by Perilitus coccinellae (Hym.: Braconidae) of indigenous coccinellid hosts and the introduced Coccinella septempunctata (Col.: Coccinellidae), with notes on winter mortality. Ento- mophaga 27(3):237-243. BA 78:58492 RAE 72:6961. 1 1. *Domenichini, G. 1965. Tetrastichini (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) paleartici e i loro ospiti. Boll. Zool. Agric. Bachic. 6:61-204. 12. *Domenichini, G. 1966. Index of Palearctic Tetrastichinae. Index of Entomophagous Insects. LeFrancois, Paris, 101 pp. Vol. 103, No. 4, September & October, 1992 131 13. Donisthorpe, H. 1940. Xorides indicatorius Latr.? parasitic on Leiopus nebulosus L., and a list of other species of hymenopterous parasites of Coleoptera in Great Britain. Entomologist 73:(920): 14-20. 14. duBuysson, H. 1917. Observations sur des nymphes de Coccinella septempunctata L. (Col.) parasitees par le Phora fasciata Fallen (Dipt.) Bull. Soc. Entomol. France 15:249-250. 15. duBuysson, H. 1921. Phora fasciata Fall. (Dipt.) parasite par Homalotylus eitelweinii Ratz. (Hym.). Miscellanea Entomol. 25(9):66-67. 16. Dyadechko, N. P. 1954. Coccinellids of the Ukrainian SSR. Kiev., 156 pp. (in Russian). 17. Elliott, E. A. & C. Morley. 1907. II. Hymenopterous parasites of Coleoptera. Trans. Entomol. Soc. London 1907-1908, pp. 7-75. 18. Esbjerg, P. 1980. The seven-spotted ladybird (Coccinella septempunctata). Maned- soversigt over Plantesygdomme No. 524. pp. 171-174, (in Danish) RAE 69:1842. 19. Ford, R. L. E. 197 1 . The life cycle ofPerilitus coccinellae Schrank (Hym., Braconidae). Entomol. Gazette 22(1): 2. 20. **Forrester, O. T., Jr., r. ex. pupa C. septempunctata, Forestdale. Barnstable Co., Massachusetts, 22 July 1987. Del. M. E. Schauff. 21. **Ibid, except ex late stage larva. 22. Ghani, M. A. 1965. Investigations on the natural enemies of corn borers. Report proj. A17-FS-7 June 1960-March 1965, Commonw. Inst. Biol. Cont.. Pakistan Station, Rawalpindi, 45 pp. 23. Ghorpade, K. D. 1979. Further notes on Perilitus coccinellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in India. Current Research 8(7):112-113. RAE 68:1886. 24. Goidanich, A. 1933. Materiali per lo studio degli Imenotteri Braconidi. 1. Boll. Lab. Entomol. R. 1st. Sup. Agrario, Bologna, 6: 33-50. BA 9:17310. 25. Gorianov, A. A. 1915. The work of the bureau relating to applied entomology and phytopathology in 1915. Publ. Govt. Entomol. Bureau of Zemstvo. Govt. Riazan. 138 pp. (in Russian) RAE 5:90-91. 26. Grigorov, S. 1983. Parasites, predators and diseases of species of the family Coc- cinellidae. Rasteniev "dni Nauki 20(2):113-121. (in Bulgarian) RAE 71:7373. 27. Hamalainen, M. 1977. Storing dormant Coccinella septempunctata and Adalia bipunctata (Col. Coccinellidae) adults in the laboratory. Ann. Agric. Fenniae 16:184- 187. RAE 66: 1903. 28. Hemptinne, J. L. 1988. Ecological requirements for hibernating Propylea quatuor- decimpunctata (L.) and Coccinella septempunctata (Col.: Coccinellidae). Entomo- phaga 33(4):505-515. 29. **Hendrickson, R. M., Jr., r. ex pupa C. septempunctata. Rutgers Univ.. Middlesex Co.. New Jersey. 14 Aug. 1986. Del. M. E. Schauff. 30. Hodek, I. (Edit.) 1965. Ecology of Aphidophagous insects. Proc. Symp. Liblice near Praha. Dr. W. Junk Publ. Hague. 31 . Iperti, G. 1964. Les parasites des coccinelles aphidiphages dans les alpes-maritimes et les basses-alpes. Entomophaga 9(2): 153-180. 32. Ishii, T. 1928. The Encyrtinae of Japan. Bull. Impt. Agric. Expt. Stn. 3(2):79-160. 33. Ishii, T. 1932. The Encyrtinae of Japan. II. Studies on morphology and biology. Bull. Imp. Agric. Expt. Stn. 3(3): 161-202. 34. Ishii, T. On the natural enemies of Prontaspis yanonensis Kuw. Agric. and Hort. 12(1):60-70. 35. "Johnssen, A. 1930. Beitrage zur Entwicklungs- und Ernahrungs- biologic ein- heimischer Coccinelliden unter besonderer Berucksichtigung von Coccinella sep- tempunctata L. Zeit. angew. Entomol. 16(1):87-158. 132 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 36. Kawauchi, S. 1985. Ecological studies on the natural enemies of Coccinella sep- tempunctata brucki, Propylea japonica and Scymnus (Neopullus) hoffmanni (Cole- optera: Coccinellidae). Kurume Univ. Jour. 33(2):63-67 (in Japanese, Eng. summ.) RAE 73:6746. 37. Kirby. W. & W. Spence. 1828. An introduction to Entomology. Longman and Co., London. 38. Kiriukhin, G. 1948. Syngenaspis oleae Colvee, cochenille nuisible aux arbres fruitiers et ses parasites. Entomologie Phytopath, app. 6/7:69-76. 39. Krombein, K. V., P. D. Hurd, Jr. & D. R. Smith. (Edit.). 1979. Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. Smithsonian Institution Press., Wash. D.C., 3 vols., 2735 pp. 40. Kurdjumov, N. V. 1912. Hymenopteres parasites nouveaux on peu connus. Rev. Ent. URSS. 12:223-240. 41. Kurir, A. 1964. Erstmaliges Massenauftreten der Koniferenlaus Cinaropsis pilicomis Hartig auf Fichte in Osterrich. (The first outbreak of C. pilicomis on spruce in Austria). Zbl. ges. Forstw. 8 1(3): 139- 157. RAE 53:476. 42. Kuznetsov, V. N. 1975. The influence of some factors on the number of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Primorye, USSR. Proc. Biol. Pedol. Inst., Far East Centre Acad. Sci. USSR 27:143-152. (in Russian). 43. Lane, C. 1961. Some notes on overwintering ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Entomol. Monthly Mag. 97( 11 64-66) :99- 100. 44. Leonard!, G. 1926. Elenco delle speci di Insetti dannosi e loro parassiti ricordati in Italia fmo all'anno 191 1, Parte II, fasc. III. Ann. R. Inst. Super. Agr. (or Ann. R. Scuola sup. Agric.) Portici 3(1): 148-259. RAE 14:569. 45. Li, W. J. 1984. Tetrastichus coccinellae Kurjumov — a parasite of seven spotted lady beetle. Insect Knowledge 21(5):221-222. (in Chinese). 46. Lipa, J. J. 1944. Contributions to the knowledge of Chinese Coccinellidae. VI. Occurrence of Perilitus coccinellae (Schrank), a parasite of adult Coccinellidae in Yun- nan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Entomol. News 55:235-237. 47. Lipa, J. J. and V. P. Semyanov. 1967. Parasites of ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coc- cinellidae) in Leningrad Province. Entomol. Obozr. 46(1):75-80, or Entomol. Rev. 46(1): 43-45. 48. Lipa, J. J., S. Pruszynski & J. Bartkowski. 1975. The parasites and survival of the lady bird beetles (Coccinellidae) during winter. Acta Parasitologica Polonica 23(41):453- 461. RAE 65:1 192. 49. Liu, C. L. 1944. Contributions to the knowledge of Chinese Coccinellidae. VI. Occurrence of Perilitus coccinellae (Schrank), a parasite of adult Coccinellidae in Yunnan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Entomol. News 55:235-237. 50. Liu, C. L. 1950. Contribution to the knowledge of Chinese Coccinellidae. X. Occurrence of Perilitus coccinellae (Schrank), a parasite of adult Coccinellidae in North China (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Entomol. News 61:207-208. 51. Lyle, G. T. 1927. Contributions to our knowledge of British Braconidae. Entomologist 60:8-10. 52. Marchal, P. 1907. Sur le Lygellus epilachnae Giard (Hymen.). Bull. Soc. Entomol. France 12:14-16. 53. Marsh, P. M. 1979. Braconidae. In Krombein, K. V. et al. (eds.) Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. Vol. 1 . Smithsonian Inst. Press, Wash. D.C., 1198pp. (p. 291). 54. Marshall, T. A. 1887. VII. Monograph of British Braconidae. Part. II. Trans. Entomol. Soc. London 1887, pp. 51-131. Vol. 103, No. 4, September & October, 1992 133 55. Martelli,G. \9\3.Thea22-punctata is exclusively mycophagous. Giorn. Agric. Merid., Messina 6(10/1 1/12):189-195 (in Italian) RAE 2:150. 56. Mitic-Muzina, N. & Z. Srdic. 1977. Distribution and natural enemies of Mac- rosiphum (Sitobium) avenae Fabr. (Homoptera: Aphidoidea) in Yugoslavia. Zastita Bilja 28(3):255-267 (in Croat. En summ.) RAE 66:6032. 57. Menozzi, C. 1927. Contribute alia biologia della Phalacrotophora fasciata Fall. (Dip- tera: Phoridae) parassita di coccinellidi. Boll. Soc. Entomol. Italy 59(5/6):72-78. 58. Nikolskaja, M. N. 1934. List of chalcid flies (Hym.) reared in USSR. Bull. Entomol. Res. 25:129-143. 59. Niyazov, O. D. 1969. The parasites and predators of grape mealybug. Zaschita Rastenii 14( 1 1 ):38-40. (in Russian) RAE 61 : 1336. 60a. Obrycki, J. J. 1988. Interactions between Perilitus coccinellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and several coccinellid hosts, pp. 317-320. In E. Niemczyk and A. F. G. Dixon (eds). Ecology and effectiveness of aphidophaga. Proc. International Sym- posium. Teresin. Poland. Aug. 3 1— Sept. 5. 1987. SPB Academic Publ. bv. The Hague. 341 pp. 60b. Obrycki, J. J. 1989. Parasitization of native and exotic coccinellids by Dinocampus coccinellae (Schrank) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 62(2): 211-218. 61.Oglobin, A. A. 1913. On the biology of coccinellids. Revue Russe d'Entomologie 13(l):27-43. 62. Popova, V. 1964. Observations on some feeding relations among insects associated with alfalfa prior to harvest. Rash. Zashch. 12(2):21-22 (In Russian). 63. Pugh, C. H. 1941. Phalacrotophora fasciata Fin. (Dipt. Phoridae), bred from Coc- cinella septempunctata L. (Col.). Entomologist's Mon. Mag. 77:244. 64. Radwan, Z. & G. L. Lovei. 1982. Records of coccinellid parasites from apple orchards and corn fields. Acta Phytopathologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 17(1/2): 111-113. (in English) RAE 7 1:4752 65. Rao, V. P. 1965. Survey for natural enemies of Chermes species of insects attacking silver fir and spruce trees in the Himalayas. Final Tech. rept. proj. A7-FS-7 (FG-In- 100). May 2. 1960-May 1, 1965. Commonw. Inst. Biol. Cont.. India Station. 85 pp. 66. Rao, V. P. & M. A. Ghani. 1972. Studies on predators of Adelges spp. in the Himalayas. Commonw. Inst. Biol. Cont.. Trinidad, Misc. Pub. no. 3. Commonw. Agric. Bur., Slough. U.K. 116pp. 67. Reinhard, H. 1858. Beitrag zur Geschichte von synonymic Pteromalinen. Berl. Entomol. Zeit. 2:10-23. 68. Reinhard, H. 1862. Beitrag zur Kenntifs einiger Braconiden— Gattungen. Berl. Entomol. Zeit. 6:321-336. 69. Richards, O. W. 1926. On some British species of Perilitus Nees. Roy. Entomol. Soc. London, Proc. ser. B. 29(9/10):140-144. 70. *Richerson, J. V. 1970. A world list of parasites of Coccinellidae. Jour. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Colombia 67:33-48. 71. *Savoyskaya, G. I. 1961. On the knowledge of the biology of coccinellids in South- Eastern Kasakhstan. In: Uchenye zapisky Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo peda- gogitcheskogo instituta. vol. 19. pt. 1, pp. 107-117. (in Russian). 72. **Schaefer, P. W., r. ex pupa C. septempunctatn. Rising Sun. Kent Co.. Delaware. 9 Oct. 1986. Det. M. E. Schauff. 73. Schindler, F. A. & M. Schindler. 1928. Die nahrung der coccinelliden und ihre Beziehung zur Verwandtschaft der Arten. Arbeiten aus der Biologischen Reich- sanstalt fur Lund-und Forstwirtschaft 16(2):213-282. 134 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 74. Selim, A. A. 1977. Some notes on the activity of certain insect predators and parasites of the Hammam Al-Alil area. Mesopotamia J. Agric. 12(l):65-73. RAE 66:3874. 75. Semyanov, V. P. 1978. An unusual pattern of parasitism in the braconid, Dinocampus coccinellae Schrank (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Entomol. Obozr. 57:513-514. (in Russian) 76. Semyanov, V. P. 1981. New data on the parasites and predators of Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Trudy Vsesoyuznogo Entomolo- gischeskogo Obshchestva 63:11-14. (in Russian) RAE 70:3814. 77. Semyanov, V. P. 1986. Parasites and predators of Coccinella septempunctata. pp. 525- 530. In I. Hodek, (ed.) Ecology of Aphidophaga. Academia, Prague & Dr. W. Junk, Dordrecht, 562 pp. 78. Smith, O. J. 1953. Species, distribution and host records of the braconid genera, Microctonus and Perilitus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Ohio Jour. Sci. 53(3):173-178. 79. Sonan, J. 1939. On the ladybird parasite, Perilitus coccinellae Sch. (Braconidae). Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formose 29(192):225-229. 80. Stich, R. 1929a. On the occurrence of braconids that parasitize beetles in the adult stage. Zeit. wiss. Insektbiol. 24(l-3):89-96. 81. Stich, R. 1929b. (Answer to inquiry by O. Meissner, 1929, Entomol. Ztschr. 43:59). Entomol. Ztschr. 43(6): 75. 82. Tachikawa, T. 1972. A pteromalid parasite, Metestenus townsendi (Ashmead), of the coccinellid in Japan (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Trans. Shikoku Entomol. Soc. ll(3):85-86. 83. Thompson, W. R. 1943. A Catalogue of the Parasites and Predators of Insect Pests. Section 1: Parasite Host Catalogue. Part 1: Parasites of the Arachnida and Coleoptera. Imperial Parasite Service, Belleville, Ont. Canada, 151 pp. 84. Tullgren, A. 1916. An insidious enemy of our friend the ladybird. Entomol. Tidskr. 37:95-98. 85. Walker, M. F. 1961. Some observations on the biology of the ladybird parasite Perilitus coccinellae (Schrank) (Hym., Braconidae), with special reference to host selection and recognition. Entomologist's Mon. Mag. 97:240-244. 86. Westwood, J, 0. 1840. An Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects. Long- man, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman Publ. Co., London. * Contains parasite-host information which is erroneous, questionable, or which needs further verification. "* Represents recent North American collection records, previously unpublished. Vol. 103, No. 4, September & October. 1992 135 EPHEMERELLA APOPSIS, A NEW SPECIES FROM ROCKY MOUNTAIN HIGH (EPHEMEROPTERA: EPHEMERELLIDAE)1*2 W. P. McCafferty3 ABSTRACT: A new species of mayflies, Ephemerella apopsis McCafferty, is described from male adults taken at 1 1,000 feet elevation in Colorado in 1947. The species is evidently closely related to the eastern species E. needhami McDunnough, both sharing deeply forked, spineless penes and a small body size. It is an apparent anomaly that larvae of the new species, which are predictably much different than larvae of other Ephemerella known from the mountain West have evidently not been recognized or reported by western stream biologists. During an intensive study of the Ephemeroptera fauna of Colorado, being conducted by myself and Boris C. Kondratieff and Richard S. Durfee of Colorado State University, a new species of the genus Ephemerella was discovered among pinned material housed in the Pur- due Entomological Research Collection (PERC). Several factors as- sociated with this new species make it noteworthy. First, this genus (both sensu stricto and sensu lato) is one of only a few groups of mayflies that are presently very well known in North America, especially in the wes- tern half of the continent, thanks to the revisionary work of R. K. Allen and G. F. Edmunds, Jr. in the 1960's (esp., Allen and Edmunds 1965). Second, male adults of the new species possess distinctive, deeply forked penes. Only in E. aurivillii (Bengtsson) in the West (two more species in the East) are males known to possess this type of genitalia, but this much larger species is different in all details from the new species and could not be confused with it. Third, the specimens of the new species were taken at 1 1,000 feet elevation at Chasm Lake in Colorado in 1947. These data, together with the fact that aquatic macrobenthic pop- ulations in Colorado have been sampled and studied intensively by many freshwater ecologists and biologists for many years, seem to sug- gest a couple of possible explanations for this new species being dis- covered only now. Apparently, it is either very rare and limited with respect to acceptable habitat (it may even be extinct), or its larvae — the life stage of mayflies that has historically been most sampled in Colorado — have been taken but misidentified as another species of Colorado Ephemerella. Other species of Ephemerella that have been 1 Received March 23, 1992. Accepted April 9, 1992. - Published as Purdue Experiment Station Journal No. 13367. 3 Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907. ENT. NEWS 103(4): 135-138, September & October, 1992 136 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS found in Colorado are E. inermis Eaton and E. infrequens McDun- nough. Probability for the latter explanation may be diminished some- what, however, by one further observation. Both E. inermis and infrequens lack dorsal abdominal tubercles as larvae, whereas larvae of all previously described species of Ephemerella having deeply forked penes, such as the new species, possess dorsal abdominal tubercles. Thus, it is unlikely that the two larval types would be confused. In any case, I describe this material as a new species with the hope that additional specimens, especially reared larva-adult associations, will be sought by stream biologists in the mountain West. Only with such an effort will this anomalous set of circumstances possibly be resolved. Ephemerella apopsis new species Description of male adult. Body length 6 mm. Forewing length 7 mm. Body ranging from light to dark brown. Thorax dark brown dorsally, medium brown ventrally. Wings hyaline, venation hyaline. Middle and hind legs light/cream colored (forelegs missing). Abdomen chestnut brown dorsally, considerably lighter laterally, and light brown/tan ventrally with no apparent markings, except pair of faint black, sublateral, longitudinal stripes on terga 9 and 10. Genitalia as in Fig. 1 forceps without subapical expansion on seg- ment 2, otherwise typical of Ephemerella; penes lacking any spines, deeply forked, slender apically, with more expanded portion between narrowest apical portion and fused portion, and with fork V-shaped from base. Caudal filaments missing. Fig. 1. Ephemerella apopsis male adult holotype, genitalia, ventral view. Vol. 103, No. 4, September & October, 1992 137 Material. HOLOTYPE: male adult (pinned), Colorado, Chasm Lake [Boulder Co.. Rocky Mountain National Park], VII-24-1947, C. P. Alexander, deposited in PERC, West Lafayette, Indiana. Other material; 4 male adults, same data and deposition as holotype. Etymology. The trivial epithet is a Greek noun used in apposition and meaning "a lofty spot or eminence that gives a commanding view." Diagnosis A couplet (3A) needs to be interjected into Allen and Edmunds' (1965:247) key, "Keys to the North American species of the subgenus Ephemerella," as follows regarding male adults of western species: 3(2). Penes with long apical lobes and a deep median notch 3A Penes with short apical lobes and a shallow median notch 4 3A(3). Penis lobes with dorsal and medial spines; forewing more than 1 1 mm long aurivilii Penis lobes with no spines; forewing 6-8 mm apopsis DISCUSSION Larvae of Ephemerella are stream dwellers. Although the type locality for this new species is Chasm Lake, the represented adult specimens of E. apopsis most probably were associated with larvae that had developed in a local alpine stream (most probably Roaring Fork, which drains Chasm Lake). There is no doubt thatE. apopsis and E. needhami McDunnough are closely related species, most probably sister species. Because of the short series of E. apopsis, it is difficult to know exactly the extent of color dif- ferences between the two. Allen and Edmunds (1965) stated that the dor- sal abdomen of E. needhami was purple (terga 1-7) and brown (terga 8-10). No purple is evident on the pinned specimens before me. Allen and Edmunds (1965) also did not mention any stripes on the posterior terga (which seem to be faintly present on the new species), and I have not seen such in specimens of E. needhami from Indiana and Michigan. There also are no markings on the venter of the abdomen of the new species as was described for E. needhami. Traver (1935) indicated that the base of the forewings in E. needhami were somewhat smoky, but Allen and Edmunds (1965) evidently did not see this variation. The forewings of the new species show no sign of this tinge. Even if all of the possible color differences cited above were cor- roborated with additional materials as being consistent, they are not necessarily substantial variations of interspecific significance (based on my experience with color variation in Ephemeroptera populations). Perhaps the most provocative possible difference between the two 138 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS species is the shape of the penes. In E. needhami, the penes are jux- taposed up to the point of abruptly narrowing [Fig. 17 in Allen and Edmunds (1965)]. In E. apopsis, the penes are clearly separated from each other to the base of the fork (Fig. 1). Also in E. apopsis, the penes appear to be shorter relative to the length of the forceps [compare Fig. 1 herein with Fig. 17 in Allen and Edmunds (1965)]. The differences I report, however, may be a function of the specimens being fluid pre- served vs. pinned. Finally, there appears to be a slight difference in the relative size of the terminal segment of the genital forceps of the two species, being smaller in E. apopsis (see Figs, cited above). Very few transcontinental species of ephermerellids are known, E. aurivilii being one example, but it is certainly possible that the new species actually represents a western population or variant of E. need- hami. However, the larvae of E. needhami are among the most distinc- tive of any ephemerellids, due to the two rows of well-developed, curved tubercles along the dorsum of the abdomen and the dorsal dark stripe down the abdomen [see photographs in McShaffrey and McCafferty (1991)]. Also, E. needhami larvae are among the most commonly col- lected where they occur (this has been my experience in Indiana and Michigan). Their distinctive biology and ecology, particularly with reference to their relationship to the filamentous alga Cladophora, was recently treated by McShaffrey and McCafferty (1991). Considering all this, it is difficult to believe that they have never been taken or recognized in stream studies in Colorado. It, of course, could be argued that it is difficult to believe that any atypical western Ephemerella larvae have gone unnoticed during the current era of ecological surveys and research on streams in Colorado and other states and provinces in western North America. If the species under study happens to be extremely rare or extinct, however, we may never adequately address these particular questions. LITERATURE CITED Allen, R. K. and G. F. Edmunds, Jr. 1965. A revision of the genus Ephemerella (Ephe- meroptera: Ephemerellidae). VIII. The subgenus Ephemerella in North America. Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Am. 4: 243-282. McShaffrey, D. and W. P. McCafferty. 1991. Ecological association of the mayfly Ephemerella needhami (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae) and the green alga Cla- dophora (Chlorophyta: Cladophoraceae). J. Freshwater Ecol. 6: 383-394. Traver, J.R. 1935. Systematic, pp. 237-739. In The biology of mayflies, by J. G. Needham, J. R. Traver, and Y-C. Hsu. Comstock Publ. Co. Ithaca, N.Y. Vol. 103, No. 4, September & October, 1992 139 NEW RECORDS OF ECTOBIUS LAPPONICUS IN NORTH AMERICA (DICTYOPTERA: BLATTELLIDAE)1'2 Donald S. Chandler^ ABSTRACT: New collection records for the introduced "Dusky Cockroach" indicate that it has now extended its range through northern New England and into the maritime provin- ces of Canada. Adult males and nymphs, and to a lesser extent adult females, were found on low vegetation, with two new records of adult males in buildings. In 1984 the "Dusky Cockroach," Ectobiuslapponicus(L.), was found in southeastern New Hampshire by Chandler (1985), the first North American record of this European immigrant. A subsequent collection in eastern Vermont was noted by Nielsen (1987), and this species has now been collected several times in coastal and central New Hampshire. During a recent trip I found this species at Acadia National Park in Maine, and on Prince Edward Island for the first Canadian record of this species. It is clear that this cockroach is expanding its range, and now occurs throughout northern New England and the maritime provinces of Canada. As noted by Atkinson et al. (1991), the distribution of the species in Europe indicates that it could spread over much of northern North America. This note documents the range extension of this species, and includes information on its association with vegetation in North America. This species was initially brought to my attention because several specimens were found inside a house (Chandler 1985). An additional specimen since has been found in a kitchen in Bradford. New Hamp- shire, and another in a motel room in Waterville, Maine. However, all other specimens have been found outside, primarily in association with herbaceous vegetation. In Europe, nymphs and adult males of the "Dusky Cockroach" are found on low vegetation, with adult females more commonly found on the ground in leaf litter (Roth and Willis 1960). Nielsen (1987) found adults moving about on flowers of wild raspberries. I found adult males and females commonly on tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) in coastal New Hampshire, with males pre- 1 Received February 20. 1992. Accepted April 9. 1992. -Scientific Contribution Number 1760 from the New Hampshire Agricultural Experi- ment Station. ^Department of Entomology. University of New Hampshire. Durham. NH 03824. ENT. NEWS 103(4): 139-141. September & October. 1992 140 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS dominating with a sex ratio of about 2:1. Twenty-two adult males and only one adult female were taken along with 10 first and second instar nymphs when sweeping an herbaceous plant on Prince Edward Island that had not yet flowered and could not be identified. Adults were seen at or near the tops of these various plants on flowers or leaves, and when disturbed quickly dropped to the ground. Figure 1. Collection sites of Ectobius lapponicus. New records: U.S.A.: New Hampshire: Stratford Co.: 2 mi SE Durham, VI-10-1987 (2cf), Vl-1 1-1987 (3cT), VI-14-1987 (Icf ), J. F. Burger, sweep; 1 mi SW Durham, VII-14-1987 (2cf ), VH-18-1988(ltf),VlII-5-1989(lc)1),W.J. Morse, water tower. Merrimack Co.: Bradford, VI- Vol. 103, No. 4, September & October, 1992 141 20-1990 (Id1), D. C. Nepreau, in kitchen. Rockingham Co.: Odiorne Point St. Park, VII-8- 1990 (7cf, 29), D. S. Chandler, on tansy. Maine: York Co.: West Lebanon. VI I- 17/23- 1990 ( lcf),Vl-24/30-1991( Id1 ),D.W. Barry, UV trap. Kennebec Co.: Waterville, Vl-15-1991 (Id1), J. D. Nielsen, in motel room. Hancock Co.: Acadia National Park, Blackwoods Cmpgd.. VII-28-1991 (Id1), D. S. Chandler, ex: vegetation by road. Vermont: Windsor Co.: Norwich. Route 5, Vl-1 1-1987, G. R. Nielsen, on wild raspberry flowers. CANADA: Prince Edward Island: Prince Edward Island Nat. Park, Stanhope Cmpgd.. VIII-13-1991 (22cf, 19, 10 nymphs), D. S. Chandler, sweep. Specimens are in the insect collections of the University of New Hampshire, the University of Vermont, and the Lyman Entomological Museum (McGill University, Quebec). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank John F. Burger and R. Marcel Reeves, University of New Hampshire, for reading the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Atkinson, T.H., P.O. Koehler, and R.S. Patterson. 1991. Catalog and atlas of the cockroaches (Dictyoptera) of North America north of Mexico. Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc.Amer. 78:1-85. Chandler, D.S. 1985. A new introduction of a European cockroach. Ectobius lapponicus (Dictyoptera: Blatellidae). Entomol. News 96:98-100. Nielsen, G.R. 1987. Vermont Entomology and Plant Pathology News. No.. 8 (pp. 22-23) and No. 10 (pp. 26-27). Roth, L.M. and E.R. Willis. 1960. The biotic associations of cockroaches. Smithson. Misc. Coll. 141 :vi + 470. 37 plates. 142 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS UNUSUAL PREY CAPTURE AND TRANSPORT BY DOLICHOVESPULA MACULATA (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE)1 Frank E. Kurczewski^ ABSTRACT: Capture of Tabanus sulcifrons by a worker Dolichovespula maculata is de- scribed. The prey was atypically large, being about the same size as the wasp. Partial mutilation of the prey and an atypical method of prey transport, possibly related to large prey size, are detailed. Dolichovespula maculata (L.), the baldfaced hornet, is one of the most common vespids in the eastern United States (Akre et al. 1980, Greene 1 99 1 ). Little is known about the biology, ecology, and physiology of this species, and observations of unusual behavior are noteworthy. This species is an opportunistic forager and captures a variety of insects, including workers of other yellowjacket species, but adult flies seem to be the preferred prey (Duncan 1939, MacDonald and Deyrup 1989). Mac- Donald and Deyrup (1989) noted that workers are "particularly adept at capturing adult flies," and observed them taking adult Calliphoridae, Muscidae and Sarcophagidae, with one wasp collecting up to 17 flies per hour. On 30 July 1991 in a backyard in Auburn, Cayuga County, New York, I observed a worker baldfaced hornet capturing, mutilating and trans- porting toward her nest an adult horse fly of about her own size. The D. maculata flew in and pounced upon a female Tabanus sulcifrons Mac- quart which was resting on a twig of a northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis), ca. 1 m above ground. The wasp grasped the fly by its neck, using the mandibles, and maintained this hold for ca. 25 sec. She then released this grasp and, still straddling the horse fly head forward and dorsal side up, moved anteriorly on it and began to mutilate the fly's head with the mandibles. She masticated the fly's head for nearly 2 min. until it was unrecognizable as such and then began to do likewise to the fly's prothorax. The horse fly's right foreleg was removed in the process. Then, still holding the fly head forward and dorsal side up, the wasp grasped it with all legs and flew at an angle to the ground. During flight she resembled a Sphecius speciosus (Drury) (Sphecidae) transporting a Tibicen sp. (Cicadidae) to her nest! The baldfaced hornet proceeded to Deceived September 25, 1991. Accepted March 24, 1992. ^Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York, College of Environ- mental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210-2778. ENT. NEWS 103(4): 142-144, September & October. 1992 Vol. 103, No. 4, September & October, 1992 143 transport the horse fly, head forward and dorsal side up, on the ground in a series of flights, 5-10 cm long and 1-2 cm high. The wasp's wings beat continually, and they produced a barely audible buzzing sound during flight. About every 40-50 cm she paused and, remaining atop the fly, mutilated the anterior part of its thorax. After several such pauses and mutilations and a journey of nearly 5 m. she reached the base of one of many cedars growing in a row and began walking up its trunk at which time I collected the pair. Her nest was located two-thirds of the way up the 15 m-high cedar. The wasp weighed (wet) 234 mg and the partly mutilated fly, 1 79 mg (ratio of wet wgt. of wasp to prey, 1.3:1). The follow- ing day two other D. maculata workers were seen landing on this cedar, one with a nearly complete thorax of and the other with a thoroughly mutilated thorax and partial abdomen of T. sulcifrons. DISCUSSION Duncan (1939) noted that vespines often discard the prey's legs and wings "because of their high percentage of heavily sclerotized integu- ment and their relatively non-nutritious character." Schaefer (1991) found that worker baldfaced hornets would often amputate the wings, heads, legs, and parts of the abdomens of male gypsy moths and a dam- selfly prior to taking these prey to the nest. The thoracic musculature was. in all cases, saved and fed to the larval wasps. In the case of one female gypsy moth the hornet made no attempt to fly with this heavy prey but. instead, severed and discarded the head and much of the prothorax and abdomen before taking flight (Schaefer 1991). The question remains, therefore, whether or not the worker baldfaced hornet I observed would have continued to mutilate the head, thorax and abdomen of her horse fly as she ascended the cedar or take this unusually large prey item intact to the nest. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am indebted to M.F. O'Brien. Museum of Zoology. The University of Michigan, for reading this manuscript critically and to L.L. Pechuman. Cornell University, for confirm- ing the identity of the horse fly. LITERATURE CITED Akre, R.D., A. Greene, J.F. MacDonald, P.J. Landolf and H.G. Davis. 1980. Yel- lowjackets of America North of Mexico. USDA Agric. Handb. 552:1-102. Duncan, C.D. 1939. A contribution to the biology of North American vespine wasps. Stanford Univ. Pubs.. Univ. Ser. Biol. Sci. 8:1-272. 144 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Greene, A. 1991. Chapter 8. Dolichovespula and Vespula, pp. 263-305 in Ross, K.G. and R.W. Matthews. The Social Biology of Wasps. Comstock Publishing Assoc., Ithaca, NY. MacDonald, J.F. and M.A. Deyrup. 1989. The social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespi- dae) of Indiana. Great Lakes Entomol. 22:155-175. Schaefer, P.W. 1991. Predation by Dolichovespula maculata (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) BOOK REVIEW BIOLOGY OF BLOOD-SUCKING INSECTS. MJ. Lehane. 1991. Har- per, Collins Academic, London. 228 pp. $50.00 cloth, $29.95 paper. Topics studied include location of the host, host-insect interactions, ingesting and managing the blood meal, and transmission of parasites by blood-sucking insects. These topics are prefaced by a brief introduction to the importance of these insects and by a review of the current theories of how their specialized lifestyle evolved. The last chapter in this book provides an overview of the insect groups studied, a section that I believe would have been much better situated as the first chapter. While the book is intended for ad- vanced students or for researchers seeking to broaden their base, I think that even these peo- ple would benefit by having an introductory chapter that reviews the pertinent groups, not to mention the benefit to those of us who are not entomologists and who spent a great deal of time flipping to the last chapter and frantically skimming the pages until locating the desired group! Any book that is intended to be primarily a review of the major aspects and findings in a field as diverse as this will by nature be somewhat incomplete, and Mr. Lehane's book is no exception. The documentation is somewhat sketchy at times, leaving one to wonder whether the information presented is a summary of the cited authors or an opinion or con- clusion drawn by Mr. Lehane. However, it appears that this is mainly due to the paucity of information available. What I found to be the most remarkable aspect of this book was how little is known about many of the important species of blood sucking insects. While it is true that much research has been done on mosquitoes and tsetse flies, both important disease vectors, there are a great many important things still unknown about these insects. And of the information that has been discovered, the findings very often cannot be generalized to include other genera, and frequently they do not apply to other species within a given genus. As Mr. Lehane pointed out in his introduction, this book is not intended as a primary textbook for students of medical or veterinary entomology. The focus is on topics of biological importance to the specific task of hemophagia. So while the reproductive pat- terns of certain blood-sucking insects are discussed at some length, this is done so only in light of how a blood meal will affect such behavior. Very little is discussed of reproductive anatomy or behavior unless it contributes to the blood-sucking way of life. This approach is employed for all topics addressed, so for details on such matters one must turn to one of the numerous books dealing with such issues. As such the book is very interesting and use- ful for those seeking a synthesis of current information on a broad number of species, but it cannot and should not replace a textbook on a given disease or insect group. Michael J. McCusker, Eastern College. St. Davids, PA Vol. 103, No. 4, September & October. 1992 145 EXPERIMENTAL MICROHABITAT CHOICE IN PSEUDICIUS PIRATICUS (ARANAE: SALTICIDAE)1 Bruce Cutler2 ABSTRACT: In a substrate-choice test arena, individuals of Pseudicius piraticus spent significantly more time on branches than on leaves of mesquite. This is in concordance with field-collecting information, i.e., beating mesquite produces more individuals than sweeping mesquite. Female and immature coloration closely resembles the color of mes- quite branches and is probably cryptic. The jumping spider, Pseudicius piraticus (Peckham and Peckham), is found on shrubs and trees in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. This species does not belong in the genus Pseudicius, but in a genus related to Marpissa. Correct placement will result from a future revision. Individuals of this salticid spider are abundant in southern New Mexico on mesquite, Prosopis glandulosa Torr. While collecting specimens, it was noted that sweep netting produced relatively few P. piraticius, whereas beating garnered larger numbers. Three antepenultimate and two penultimate specimens from the vicinity of Las Cruces, Dona Ana Co., New Mexico were kept alive in the laboratory and tested with the substrate-choice arena shown in Figure 1. Spiders were released onto the sand and observed for 30 min. The total time spent on each of the possible substrates in the arena was noted. Three repetitions were done with each spider over three consecutive days. Pooled results are shown in Table 1. A Chi-square test indicated signifi- cant difference (P<0.005) from expected time at each location. Although not presented here, the same test for each individual spider was also significant at P<0.005. Thus, the hypothesis that all substrates were equally attractive is rejected. Much more time was spent on the branches than on any other individual substrate. There has been essentially no experimental work on microhabitat choice in Salticidae. Almost all that we know about habitat preferences in this family comes from field-habitat associations noted on museum specimen labels, or from ecological studies about such associations, but not directly concerned with habitat choice [see such papers as Dondale (1961) and Drew( 1967)]. Similarly, experimental data is lacking for other non-snare-building spiders (Cutler et al. 1977, Greenstone 1980, Jen- iReceived January 10, 1992. Accepted March 28, 1992. ^Electron Microscopy Laboratory and Department of Entomology, Haworth Hall. University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-2106. ENT. NEWS 103(4): 145-147, September & October, 1992 146 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Branch Leaves 11.9cm 4.70cm 12.3cm Fig. 1. Diagram of substrate-choice arena used to test Pseudicius piraticus. Vol. 103, No. 4, September & October, 1992 147 nings 1971, Lowrie 1973). Greenquist and Rovner (1976) studied re- sponses of two Lycosa species and two Schizocosa species (Lycosidae) to three types of artificial leaf structures constructed out of cardboard. They found differences among the species in time spent on the foliage vs. on the ground, as well as on the different "leaf types. As for P. piraticus, the experimental results coincide with field obser- vations, i.e., that beating, which shakes limbs, is more effective than sweep netting, which primarily samples foliage. When mature, P. piraticus is about 7 mm long with an elongated, flattened body. Females and immatures of this species are cryptically colored with a heavy grey, white, and black vesture of scales. Males are striking, being predomi- nantly black with a white central stripe. The cryptic coloration of the females and immatures matches the coloration of mesquite branches so well that immobile individuals are very difficult to detect even when their general location on the branch is known. Table 1. Time spent (in minutes) in residence on locations in test environment by five Pseudicius piraticus. Branch Leaves Sand Side Total Actual time 289 73 62 26 450 Expected time 112.5 112.5 112.5 112.5 450 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank David B. Richman. New Mexico State University, for the field assistance that made this study possible; and Deborah Smith. Department of Entomology, University of Kansas, and Hank Guarisco. Kansas Biological Survey, for reviewing the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Cutler, B., Jennings, D.T. and Moody, M J. 1977. Biology and habitats of the lynx spider Oxyopes scalaris Hentz (Araneae: Oxyopidae). Ent. News 88:87-97. Dondale, C.D. 1961. Life histories of some common spiders from trees and shrubs in Nova Scotia. Can. Jour, of Zool. 39:777-787. Drew, L.C. 1967. Spiders of Beaver Island. Michigan. Publications of the Museum. Mich. State Univ.. Biol. Series 3:153-208. Greenquist, E.A. and Rovner, J.S. 1976. Lycosid spiders on artificial foliage: stratum choice, orientation preferences and prey-wrapping. Psyche 83:196-209. Greenstone, M.H. 1980. Contiguous allotopy of Pardosa ramulosa and Pardosa tuobu (Araneae: Lycosidae) in the San Francisco Bay Region, and its implications for pat- terns of resource partitioning in the genus. Amer. Midi. Nat. 104:305-31 1. Jennings, D.T. 1971. Plant associations ofMisumenops coloradensis Gertsch (Araneae: Thomisidae) in central New Mexico. Southwest. Nat. 16:201-207. Lowrie, D.C. 1973. The microhabitats of western wolf spiders of the genus Purdosa. Ent. News 84: 103- 116. 148 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS BOOK REVIEW DIVERSITY IN THE GENUS APIS. Deborah Roan Smith, ed., 1991. Westview Studies in Insect Biology. Westview Press, Boulder, Co $59.95. Is cavity nesting in honey bees a primitive or a derived character? Has eusociality a dual or single evolution? What can a comparative ethological approach to the dance languages of the genus Apis reveal? These and other questions are discussed in Diversity in the Genus Apis recently available from Westview Press. The book grew out of a sympsium at the 1989 Entomological Society of America annual meeting. Expanded chapters based on the presentations of six participants are offered along with five additional chapters. Two of these additional chapters are by program par- ticipants on another topic. Although the honey bee literature may be the most extensive on a single arthropod, this volume greatly enhances our comprehension by its comparative presentation. A further strength is that it brings together our rapidly expanding knowledge on the lesser known members of the family. The issue of a single, as opposed to multiple origins, of eusociality in Apis is discussed from a morphological basis (Chapter 3 by Michael Prentice), nucleic DNA characters (Chapter 4 by Sidney Cameron) and mitochondrial DNA (Chapter 5 by W. Steve Sheppard and Bruce McPheron). Although there is no consensus reached, this review should help one formulate an opinion. Likewise, it also suggests the directions further studies might take to help reach a solution. Several chapters examine taxonomic and evolutionary issues of the 4 related bee tribes of Apini, Meliponini, Bombini and the Euglossini. Other chapters examine just the Apis species. This genus consists of cavity nesting Apis mellifera, A. cerana and A koschev- nikov; the dwarf bees A florea and A. andrenifornis and a third group, the giant bees A dorsata, which may be a species group of several subspecies or individual species. Each of these Apis lineages occurs over a wide range of habitats and climates. Each species consists of numerous morphologically differentiated populations ranging from ecotypes and allopatric species to reproductively isolated sympatric species. Numerous populatons occur on geographically isolated islands in the large archipelagos of Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. The book is well done in a number of aspects. While there are few photographs, an ade- quate number of tables, diagrams and line drawings illustrate major issues. The individual contributors excellently reference other chapters in the book. There is little repeat review of the same basic studies from one chapter to the next which sometimes happens in a book with individual chapter authors. The two indexes of subject and author are accurate and very thorough. Except for Chapter 10, on Apis mating systems by G. Koeniger, the book is similar in style and generally free of typographical and punctuation mistakes. There are two problems with the text. Chapter 10 is written in a very clipped style and. regrettably, has enough errors to distract the reader's attention. The conclusion of Chapter 9, by Fred Dyer on dance language, is not consistent with the balance of the book. It is not related to the other material in the book or the chapter itself. This book is not just for apiculturists. It is a fascinating examination of one taxa using the considerable arsenal of techniques, now increasingly available to systematics and evolutionary biology. It is a must for students of genetics— editor Smith makes the com- ment that the mitochondrial DNA of Ap/s is the second best studied of any organism, exceeded only by Drosophila. It is also a must for comparative ethologists and socio- biologists since the honey bee has become a "generic" model organism in the study of insect societies. Dewey M. Caron Dept. of Entomology & Applied Ecology, University of Delaware Vol. 103. No. 4. September & October. 1992 149 ON PITFALL TRAPPING INVERTEBRATES1 Eric van den Berghe^ ABSTRACT: This paper represents a concise guide to pitfall trapping, including recom- mendations on preservatives. Techniques are based on some 10,000 traps set worldwide over the past decade. The following methods are reliable, efficient, inexpensive and based on extensive field tests in terrains from arctic tundra to rainforest and desert conditions. Many of the present observations are covered in the literature compiled by Dunn (1989) on the subject. Although my prin- cipal quarry are carabids in the Genera Calosoma, Carabus, and Cychrus/Scaphinotus, there are typically substantial bycatches of Scor- pionidae, Phalangidae, other arachnids, Rhaphidorphorinae, Teneb- rionidae, formicine ants etc., making the methods of more widespread interest. In a typical season, I set anywhere from 1000 to 2000 traps, many of which are experimental to help determine what is most efficient for a particular set of conditions or area. Much of the information below is gleaned from trial and error although various colleagues have been instrumental in sharing ideas which are, to the best of my knowledge, unpublished. The bottom line is that there is no universal "best" design, but the following may help the beginner and even improve the efficiency of more advanced collectors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Although various tins, bottles, etc. will work, plastic cups much like those of Morill (1976), but smaller (200ml-250ml) are more practical. The major advantage of small cups is that they are easier and faster to install where digging is difficult, and take up less storage space, so that when travelling to third-world countries or even hiking into remote areas in North America, 200 in the suitcase or backpack require little space and add minimal weight. A further advantage (or disadvantage, depending on the quarry) is that small cups allow most lizards, shrews and other small vertebrates to escape, but will hold the largest beetles regularly encountered in the USA, e.g. prionine cerambycids. Even the small cups do catch salamanders and some shrews if there is ample liquid in the bottom of the cup, but the number is greatly reduced in comparison with larger cups. In a recent experimental series, ten 500ml and ten 250ml Deceived September 20. 1991. Accepted March 16, 1992. 2University of Maryland, AEL- Gunter Hall. Frostburg, MD 21532. ENT. NEWS 103(4): 149-156. September & October. 1992 150 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS cups interspersed in the same area yielded comparable numbers of car- abids, but only 4 shrews in the small cups compared to 31 in the larger ones (binomial P<0.001). Silphids attracted to shrews in the larger cups actually served as a deterrent to carabids, as those cups with an abun- dance of silphids contained little else. About Cups Plastic cups on store shelves come in two general shapes: shallow (depth roughly the same as the diameter) and "deep" (depth 1.5 times the diameter). The deep ones, as they can hold more rain, are harder to escape from, and can tolerate a few leaves in the bottom before organisms can climb out. These come in several grades: clear stiff ones tend to crack/break as they are forced into holes. Most colored stiff ones are fairly expensive, 20-407$ 1.00 but keep their shape well, and only become brittle after a year or two. Finally, the cheapest 1 00/$ 1 .00 are very thin-walled and can readily be forced into holes with protruding roots and take well to the contours of the hole one provides. The latter hold up to only one use. I alternate between economy and heavier duty cups but have no brand affinity. Buy whatever is most economical at the time. Paper cups are not recommended. Cup Modifications A common problem is that following a heavy rain, the cups are filled to the rim with water and specimens may spill out, plus the cup becomes ineffective for further trapping. In areas where this difficulty is antici- pated, the solution consists of small holes in the wall on opposite sides about 3cm from the bottom. These need not be much larger than pinholes, and are better if made by melting with a hot wire than by punctures, as the latter are more prone to tearing. It is most efficient to prepare the cups in advance at the campfire or at home. Keep hole sizes below 1 mm because larger holes afford footholds for potential escape and shrews can shred the cup starting at the hole. Such holes allow excess liquid to drain and the trap remains functional. Pitfall Placement A common difficulty lies in relocating traps several months after their initial placement — a good field notebook here is essential, and diagrams are useful. Notes should be precise enough to allow others with access to the notes to find the traps for themselves! Some collectors Vol. 103, No. 4, September & October, 1992 151 routinely leave traps in areas where they will not personally return, but give directions to colleagues who will be in the area for servicing. If notes are good enough for others to find the traps, then it should be easy to find them yourself. My own success at relocations this season aver- aged about 99%, but has been as low as 80% where I set traps in open woodland in the late-winter only to return and find a one meter high undergrowth on the next summertime check, or where traps were buried under snow, yet could still be found in spite of surroundings bearing no resemblance to the first visit. Patterns (i.e. straight line, loop), with a fixed number of paces bet- ween cups can go a long way toward letting you know exactly where to look for a missing cup. Beware, however, and do not underestimate the ability of vertebrates to figure out patterns, especially where cups are only a few paces apart. Hence individual patterns of more than ten cups are not recommended. Barrier pitfalls are more productive than simple holes in the ground (Gibbons and Semlitsch 1981), however they sometimes attract un- wanted attention and suffer molestation, plus they are quite labor- intensive to install. Nonetheless, the extra effort in installation may be warranted where the traps will function over long periods of time, and where it is known that the exact site will yield the desiderata. A com- promise is to place traps in or next to natural paths or obstacles, thereby getting the benefits of a barrier without the labor. Good places are alongside large rocks, next to fallen logs, around tree stumps, along cut banks, in ravines, etc. Man-made obstacles should not be ignored: stone walls along property boundaries and building foundations can be exceedingly productive, especially near permanent light sources such as campground outhouses. Where no obstacles are available, as in scrub/ semi desert situations, try placing traps near the bases of small bushes, which pro vide shade or shelter. If it takes an equal amount of labor to put out five simple cups or one short barrier, then cups are better as they will be sampling more microhabitats and allow one to more quickly zero in on the exact places where items of interest are found, then set barriers later to collect series. Trap Installation Obtain a small garden trowel, preferably one with a long, pointed, and stiff blade to cut through small roots and pry rocks without bending. Cookie cutter/plug cutting devices to remove cylindrical plugs of the dimensions to fit the trap sound good in the lab, but are nightmarish to use in the field. These require perfectly homogeneous soil without large 152 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS roots or stones, so the trowel is just as efficient under those conditions, and infinitely easier in difficult soils. Just insert and twist to produce a hole suitable for a small cup. In arid conditions or in loose sand, the sides of the hole often cave in as one digs. This can be remedied with some water in the hole. To force thin walled cups into holes, take the whole stack and push down then lift, leaving the bottom cup in the hole. The other cups add rigidity to prevent the cup being installed from becoming mangled. Alternatively, use fingers pushing against the bottom of the cup from the inside. In sphagnum, or very soft ground, and loose sand, it is often not necessary to dig, just push the cups into the substrate. Once the trap is set, be sure that the lip of the cup is flush with the ground, otherwise smaller species will be missed, and even larger ones are partially deterred. How long to set? An obvious disadvantage of pitfall collecting is that one is forced to either return or spend a long time in one place — unless conditions are exactly right and the desiderata can be baited. While one may not always have a choice of return times, the greatest proportion of the take generally comes in the first few weeks to a month. Longer intervals be- tween servicing are only undertaken when the optimal time of year is unknown or unpredictable as in deserts where success is linked with rain. It is best to return at intervals of not longer than one month in areas with moderate precipitation. Preservatives Although ethylene glycol is the overwhelming favorite choice in North America and is probably best for truly long intervals, rock salt or table salt may be an attractive alternative. This is a much more environ- mentally acceptable and cheaper preservative than antifreeze (also more readily available in the third world, plus it can tolerate the same amount of dilution as ethylene glycol. Simply add an equal volume of salt crystals (1-2 cm in the bottom of the cup), then add water to barely cover the salt (more in arid areas, less where much rain is anticipated). The longest I have run traps and obtained good specimens from salt brine is 8 months. For such long sets, however, a roof is essential, and ethylene glycol is a must in arid areas. Salt brine acts as a good preserva- tive but it is not useful if it dries out completely, and the truly long sets with salt require rather special weather conditions, where there is neither Vol. 103, No. 4, September & October. 1992 153 so much rain that the traps flood regularly, nor so little that they dry out completely. Salt is best for two- to five-week sets. Specimens thus preser- ved should be soaked in vinegar for a couple of days to let the salt diffuse out of specimens, otherwise it may precipitate out as the specimens dry. If this should happen, a quick (5 second), rinse in freshwater does no harm and dissolves the precipitate completely. Salamanders, annelids, and other soft-bodied organisms, will become completely dehydrated in salt brine, but will regain their original shape within hours if placed in water before fixing with formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is also an effective preservative in pitfalls, but there are limitations to its use. However, formaldehyde-based traps usually are relatively free of molestation by vertebrates (see section on animal disturbance). Salt or vinegar spills in the car are nothing serious — formaldehyde is! Specimens taken with formaldehyde in traps (or pre- served in ETOH) come out stiff, brittle, and unsuitable for genitalic preparation. These can be relaxed/salvaged, however, by soaking in dilute digestive enzymes such as pepsin for a few days (Persohn, pers. comm.). Since enzymes from pharmaceutical companies are not always readily available or inexpensive, an alterntive may be a solution of com- mercial meat tenderizer which contains digestive enzymes to achieve the same breakdown of muscle fibres. Vegetable oil may prove to be an alternative to antifreeze in very arid conditions. This will not work well where there is much rain, as the oil floats. A mix of salt and oil, may work, but long-term results are not yet available. This method seems promising as it does not pose the environ- mental hazard of ethylene glycol. Specimens can be recovered from oil in the same manner as from antifreeze, with a kitchen strainer, and a detergent bath to get them clean. Cost is comparable to antifreeze, but it is more available. Bait Depending on the quarry, baits can be very effective for very short- term sets, even just overnight. The possibilities here are virtualy endless. The Europeans are particularly fond of red wine vinegar as an attractor and short-term conservator. Ripe banana also attracts a wide spectrum of invertebrates including many that are typically considered to be strictly carnivorous. Meats, (e.g. squid) can also be effective, but any smelly bait is asking for trouble from vertebrate carnivores. Messy/sticky bait e.g. molasses, is best kept in small separate receptacles inside the trap so that specimens and traps are not soiled (see Fig. la). 154 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Roofing It is always a good idea to add a roof, in part to keep out unwanted debris and excess water, but also to obscure cups from curious larger ver- tebrates. In a mature forest, simply peel bark from fallen trees and use the bark as in Fig. Ib. Where stones are available they can also make an effective roof (Fig. Ic) and where nothing is locally available, corrugated fiberglass roofing material cut into appropriately sized squares or rec- tangles, also makes for lightweight, compact portable roofs (Staven pers. comm.). Where there is much wind, however, it is advisable to weight these roofs with soil or sand to keep them in place. An alternative heavier roof can be fashioned from standard composite roofing material which is available free in unlimited quantities wherever somebody is having their roof redone. Leaves make poor roofing. Although roofs may appear to restrict access, many invertebrates crawl under in search of shelter! What if traps are disturbed regularly? Vertebrate disturbances are particularly annoying in the Eastern U.S., and the remedy depends on the nature of the culprit. Typically, this can be diagnosed from the nature of the disturbance. Case 1: Cups still in the hole, but pushed up just enough so that the rim is no longer flush with the soil tend to be caused by moles or voles whose passage has been obstructed — if you push the trap down, and it is back up the next day — then move the trap a short distance to resolve the problem. Case 2: Cups completely out of the hole, contents spilled but clean and not chewed. This typical of squirrels burying/digging up nuts. Usu- ally only one or two out of a series of twenty cups will be affected, but vir- tually never the entire line. One is helpless against squirrel disturbance. Case 3: Cups (often the whole line) out and chewed or mangled. Opossum and raccoon are inquisitive and intelligent. Traps near water- ways are particularly vulnerable to discovery, and even roofs do not help much as raccoons routinely turn stones in search of invertebrates. Deer and raccoon damage is not easily distinguished, except that the former tends to occur more in open forest situations and the latter near streams. If the raccoon decides that it likes the trap contents there is little to be done except to be sure the preservative is odorless (i.e. salt), and traps are far enough apart that the raccoon does not discover a pattern and sys- tematically take out the whole line. If the whole line is taken out, there is little point in trying the exact site again that season. Instead, put out Vol. 103, No. 4, September & October, 1992 155 CL 03 Q) O O O 03 CD CO CD C '03 •+— • C O O +^ "03 _Q 03 CO 03 O CL 03 Q) O H— O O 0) to CO 13 v_ O O CO LJL Q. 03 Q) § M— O O 0) I O 156 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS small groups, widely spaced, and make sure they are not within sight of a deer trail (deer are very fond of salt!). As a last resort, use tabasco sauce or other distasteful substances along with the preservative, but this is too expensive to do routinely, and only works until the distasteful substance is diluted. In conclusion, while the above is intended to give general guidelines, these methods will require customizing to fit the organisms sought and local weather conditions. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Bob Acciavatti, Walter Heinz, Manfred Persohn, Klaus Staven, Bernard Lassalle and others who have unselfishly shared their considerable experience and pitfall- ing methods in helping to refine my own. This represents CEEES contribution #2297. LITERATURE CITED: Dunn, G.A. 1989. Bibliography of information on pitfall trapping. Young Entomol. Soc. Quart. 6:41-42. Gibbons, J.R. and R.,D. Semlitsch 1981. Terrestrial drift fences with pitfall traps: an effective technique for quantitative sampling of animal populations. Brimleyana 7:1-16. Morill, W.L. 1976. Plastic pitfall trap. Environ. Entomol. 4:596. BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED HANDBOOK FOR BUTTERFLY WATCHERS. Michael Pyle. 1992. Hough ton Mifflin Co. Soft cover. $11.95. This 'new' book for amateur butterfly watching enthusiasts appears to be an exact reprint, but in soft cover, of The Audubon Society Handbook for Butterfly Watching by the same author, originally published as a hard cover book by Scribners in 1984. Jane M. Ruffin, Lepidopterist, Rosemont, PA Vol. 103. No. 4, September & October. 1992 157 SOCIETY MEETING OF APRIL 22, 1992 EVOLUTION OF CRICKET SONGS Dr. Daniel Otte, Academy of Natural Sciences The "simple" chirping song of the cricket outside one's window at night, although often admired, is not usually fully appreciated by the listener for actual complexity, its evolution over hundreds of millions of years, nor for the important role it plays in speciation. All of these topics were discussed by Dr. Daniel Otte, curator in the Department of Entomology at the Academy, in a lively, and at times, humorous, talk that incorporated computer- generated audio, actual song recordings of crickets from Dr. Otte's many travels worldwide and various cricket "props". Due to an excellent fossil record, the evolution of crickets can be traced at least to the late Permian, over 250 million years ago. Unlike their sister group, the katydids, which show tremendous morphological variation, crickets have remained relatively homo- geneous. This applies in part to their mechanism of sound production as well. Whereas in crickets and katydids, a single mechanism is utilized (file and scraper on each wing, with the "ears" on the front legs), in grasshoppers at least 12 different sound producing mechanisms have been identified. That sound production in crickets is ancient can be demonstrated by the overall similarity of the wing in fossil and recent species, even as far back as the earliest known forms. This conservatism does not extend, though, to the "song" itself, which shows an amazing diversity among the 3500 extant, described species (pro- bably only one tenth of the actual diversity!). As in most other sound producing insects, it is the males which sing to attract females, and the females which choose the males. Because sound in crickets is produced by opening and closing the wings, a true continuous sound cannot be produced, but a single tooth strike, multiplied in a series, forms a pulse, and these pulses can appear like a true con- tinuum to the human ear. The pulse forms the basic building block of the song, and Dr. Otte has traced the evolutionary pathways of cricket songs through modifications of the pulses. For example, a train of pulses produces a trill, short gaps between series of pulses form chirps and mixing of these functions produce more complex songs. Most instructive was Dr. Otte's computer generation of audio pulses, which clearly illustrated how cricket song complexity can be constructed over evolutionary time through dropping, coupling or tightening pulses, with different pathways often yielding similar songs. In nature, though, the story is even more complex, as illustrated by audio tapes recorded in the field. Males must find a "sound window" among other conspecific males, and their environment may be full of other singing species of Orthoptera, other insects and even frogs. Songs of a species may vary throughout the day, and decedant species may diverge in evolutionary time depending on the makeup of other cricket species in their area. And the habitat may include more than cricket singing, such as katydids, cicadas, and even frogs, although this chorus of species poses far more difficulty for the human researcher than for any specific female cricket! The talk by Dr. Otte was preceded by the presentation of the Calvert Awards for student excellence. Among notes of entomological interest, Howard Boyd reported a massive aggregation of nesting plasterer bees (Colletidae: Colletes thoracicus (Smith) in burrows on a sandy slope in Lebanon State Forest in the New Jersey pine barrens. Mr. Boyd counted 550+ active bee burrows in an area of 6 x 18 meters. Over 40 members and their guests were present. Jon K. Gelhaus. Corresponding Secretary 158 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS MEMOIRS OF THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY AN IRREGULAR SERIES OF MONOGRAPHIC PAPERS BY STUDENTS OF AUTHORITY IN THEIR RESPECTIVE SUBJECTS AVAILABLE NUMBERS Nos. 4. The Blattidae of Panama. Morgan Hebard. 1919. 148 pp. 6 plates. $8.00. 5. The Types of Hymenoptera in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia other than those of Ezra T. Cresson. Ezra T. Cresson. 1928. 90 pp. $8.00. 8. The Eumastacinae of Southern Mexico and Central America. James A. G. Rehn and John W. H. Rehn. 1934. 84 pp. 6 plates. $8.00. 9. The Generic Names of the Sphecoid Wasps and Their Type Species (Hymenop- tera:Aculeata). V.S.L. Pate. 1937. 103 pp. $8.00. 10. A Revision of the North American Species Belonging to the Genus Pegomyia (Diptera:Muscidae). H. C. Huckett. 1941. 131 pp. 9 plates. $6.00. 11. Catalogue and Reclassification of the Nearctic Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera). Henry K. 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Rentz. 1973. 221 pp. $9.50. 30. The Systematics and Morphology of the Nearctic Species of Diamesa Meigen, 1835 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Dean Cyrus Hansen and Edwin F. Cook. 1976. 203 pp. $10.00. 31. The Stoneflies (Plecoptera) of the Rocky Mountains. Richard W. Baumann. Arden R. Gauflin and Rebecca F. Surdick. 1977. 208 pp. $10.50. 32. The Genus Isoperla (Plecoptera) of Western North America; Holomorphology and Systematics, and a New Stonefly Genus Cascadoperla. Stanley W. Szczytko and Kenneth W. Stewart. 1979. 120 pp. $7.50. 33. Revision of the Milliped Genus Sigmoria (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae). Row- land M. Shelley. 1981. 139 pp. $1 1.00. 34. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Chironomidae. Jackson- ville, Florida July 25-28 1982. 1983. 385 pp. $25.00. 35. A Reconsideration of the Milliped Genus Sigmoria. with a Revision of De/fo- taria and an Analysis of the Genera in the Tribe Apheloriini (Polydesmida: Xysto- desmidae). Roland M. Shelley and Donald R. 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This book lists the scientific names of all butterflies recorded in the United States and Canada along with their affiliated common names listed in succession of usage and preference. SYSTEMATICS OF THE CHRYSOXENA GROUP OF GENERA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE: EULIINI). 1992. J.W. Brown & J.A. Powell. University of California Press. 87 pp., 143 figs, on 28 pi. $1 5.00 Ppbk. The title of this small volume adequately describes its contents. When submitting papers, all authors are requested to (1) provide the names of two qualified individuals who have critically reviewed the manuscript before it is submitted and (2) suggest the names and addresses of two qualified authorities in the subject field to whom the manuscript may be referred by the editor for final review. All papers are submitted to recognized authorities for final review before acceptance. Titles should be carefully composed to reflect the true contents of the article, and be kept as brief as possible. 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Notices of wants and exchanges not exceeding three lines are free to subscribers. Positions open, and position wanted notices are included here and may be referred to by box numbers. All insertions are continued from month to month, the new ones are added at the end of the column, and, when necessary, the older ones at the top are discontinued. WANTED FOR RESEARCH. Biphyllidae (Coleoptera: Clavicornia) of the world. I would like to receive these on loan or will exhange for beetles of other families. M.A. Goodrich. Department of Zoology. Eastern Illinois University. Charleston, IL 61920. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ICHNEUMONIDAE - 1970-1990. By V.K. Gupta & Santosh Gupta Memoir Amer. Ent. Inst. No. 48. Price $50.00. 364 pages. 1991. ICHNEUMONIDAEOFCOSTARICAl.ByIamD.Gauld.Mem.Amer.Ent.Inst.No.47 600 pages. Price $75.00 1991. Both available from Associated Publishers. 3005 SW 56th Ave.. Gainesville.FL 32605 FOR SALE: Insects from Venezuela. All species available here. Price list is available by request from Mr. Paul ROUCHE. Edificio El Algarrobo-Apto 2-C. Sector El Convento-II. Avenida SANZ. EL MARQUES - C ARAC AS- 1 070. VENEZUELA. Phone: 21.79.06. We can correspond in French. English or Spanish. EUROPEAN TETRASTICHINAE (CHALCIDOIDEA). Revision of remaining genera. By Marcus Graham. Memoir Amer. Ent. Inst. No. 49. 1991. 322 pages. Price $45.00. ICHNEUMON-FLIES OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO. Part II. Tribes Oedemposini. Tryphonini & Idiogrammatini. By Henry Townes. V. Gupta, & M. Townes. Memoir Amer. Ent Inst. No. 50. 1992. 296 pages. $45.00. Both available from ASSOCIATED PUBLISHERS. 3005 SW 56th Avenue. Gainesville. FL 32608. Check with order. Postpaid. FOR SALE: Excellent quality insect mounting pins including standard black, stainless steel. Elephant. Best prices available. Also offering unmounted worldwide butterflies, moths and beetles with data in all price ranges. Personalized service to all — including new collectors! We specialize in Papilio. Morpho. and Heliconius. Send $5.00 U.S. for one year price list subscription to: IANNI BUTTERFLY ENTERPRISES. P.O. Box 8 1 1 7 1. Cleveland. Ohio 44181, U.S.A Phone: (216) 888-2310. 12-PAGE WORLDWIDE LEPIDOPTERA CATALOG! Includes Neotropical African, Palearctic and Indo-australian region butterflies. Specialists in Morphidae, Brassolidae and Papilionidae. Many ex-pupae specimens available. ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURALIST TOUR PROGRAMS AVAILABLE. Transworld Butterfly Company celebrates 16 years serving Lepidopterists in December 1992. Latest catalog $1 or one year's monthly lists via airmail $6. TRANSWORLD BUTTERFLY COMPANY, Apartado 695 1 , 100N San Jose, COSTA RICA, Central America. .VOL. 103 QL 461 E831 ENT USISSN0013-872X NOVEMBER & DECEMBER, 1992 NO. 5 rOMOLOGICAL NEWS urea (Odonata: Coenagrionidae), pecies of damselfly from Kica Michael L. May 161 A new species of Hanseniella (Symphyla: Scutigerellidae) from interior highlands of Arkansas Robert T. Allen 169 A new species of the bee genus Anthidium (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) from western North America A new species of Harpactus (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) from Spain New records of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, Canada Roy R. Snelling 175 S.F. Gayubo 180 Eric R. Whiting 185 Establishment of Rhinocyllus conicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on musk thistle in Tennessee P.L. Lambdin, J.F. Grant 193 New and additional records of small minnow mayflies (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Texas W.P. McCafferty, J.R. Davis 199 New records for Agapanthinus callophila (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae), a bee rare in collections BOOK REVIEW Wallace E. LaBerge 210 211 PUBLISHER'S STATEMENT MAILING DATES FOR VOLUME 103, 1992 INDEX FOR VOLUME 103, 1992 213 213 214 THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS is published bi-monthly except July-August by The American Entomological Society at the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Race St., Philadelphia, PA, 19103. U.SA. The American Entomological Society holds regular membership meetings on the fourth Wednesday in October, November, February, March, and April. The November, February and April meetings are held at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, PA. The October and March meetings are held at the Department of Entomology, University of Delaware, Newark. Delaware. Society Members who reside outside the local eastern Pennsylvania, southern New Jersey, and Delaware area are urged to attend society meetings whenever they may be in the vicinity. Guests always are cordially invited and welcomed. Officers for 1991-1992: President: Joseph K. Sheldon; Vice-President: Harold B. White; Recording Secretary: Paul W. Schaefer; Corresponding Secretary: Jon K. Gelhaus; Treasurer: Jesse J. Fresse. Publications and Editorial Committee: Howard P. Boyd, Chr., D. Otte, and Paul M. Marsh. Previous editors: 1890-1910 Henry Skinner (1861-1926); 1911-1943 Philip P. 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Manuscripts will be considered from any authors, but papers from members of the American Entomological Society are given priority. It is suggested that all prospective authors join the society. All manuscripts should follow the format recom- mended in the AIBS Style Manual for BiologicalJoumals and should follow the style used in recent issues of ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. Three doublespaced, typed copies of each manuscript are needed on 8Vi x 11 paper. The receipt of all papers will be acknowledged and, if accepted, they will be published as soon as possible. Articles longer than eight printed pages may be published in two or more installments, unless the author is willing to pay the entire costs of a sufficient number of additional pages in any one issue to enable such an article to appear without division. Editorial Policy: Manuscripts on taxonomy, systematics, morphology, physiology, ecology, behavior and similar aspects of insect life and related terrestrial arthropods are appropriate for submission to ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. Papers on applied, economic and regulatory entomology and on toxicology and related subjects will be considered only if they also make a major contribution in one of the aforementioned fields. (Continued on inside of back cover) Postmaster: If undeliverable, please send form 3579 to Howard P. Boyd, 232 Oak Shade Road, Tabernacle Twp., Vincentown, New Jersey 08088, U.S.A. SECOND CLASS POSTAGE PAID AT VINCENTOWN, NEW JERSEY, 08088, U.S.A. Vol. 103, No. 5, November & December, 1992 161 TELEBASIS AUREA (ODONATA: ZYGOPTERA: COENAGRIONIDAE), A NEW SPECIES OF DAMSELFLY FROM COSTA RICA1 Michael L. ABSTRACT: A new species of Zygoptera, Telebasis aurea, from southeastern Costa Rica, is described and figured. Brief notes on its ecology and probable relationships are provided. RESUMEN: Una nueva especie del suborden Zygoptera es descrita e eilustradas para America Central: Telebasis aurea para el sureste de Costa Rica. Se brindan, ademas, breves notas acerca de sus ecologia y probables relaciones especificas. The Zygoptera of the neotropics, although better studied than most tropical taxa, are still poorly known. Merely to catalog the diversity of that region is a monumental task facing biologists over the next decades. What follows is intended as a small contribution to that effort. The genus Telebasis is endemic to the New World and is principally Neotropical, with about 28 species (Tsuda, 1991). Telebasis has not been treated comprehensively, but Calvert (1901-1908, 1909) and Kennedy (1936) clearly illustrated diagnostic features for males of many species. Comparison with descriptions and/or authoritatively identified speci- mens of all the regional species confirm that the species described here is new. TERMINOLOGY AND METHODS Terminology for the caudal appendages follows Snodgrass (1954). for the penis Miller and Miller (1981), and for the wing veins Tillyard and Fraser( 1938- 1940). All measurements are in mm and were made with a ruler (to 0.5 mm) or a filar micrometer (to 0.1 or 0.01 mm). Total length and abdomen length include the cerci. Cerci and paraprocts were measured in lateral view from about mid-height of each (not from a common point) to its tip. Ovipositor lengths exclude the styli. Illustrations were modified from sketches made using a WildR stereo microscope equipped with a camera 1 Received April 27, 1992. Accepted June 10, 1992. ^ Department of Entomology, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station. Cook College. Rutgers University. New Brunswick. NJ 08903, U. S. A ENT. NEWS 103(5): 161-168, November & December. 1992 162 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS lucida and/or tracings of electron micrographs made with an Hitachi R S-510 scanning electron microscope. All specimens are preserved dry in transparent envelopes. Collections referred to are abbreviated as follows: ANSP — Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; FSCA — Florida State Collection of Arthropods (Gainesville); IORI — International Odonata Research In- stitute (Gainesville): MLM — personal collection of M. L. May (New Brunswick). Telebasis a urea, spec. nov. (Figs. 1A-E) Material examined: Holotype: cf (#1), Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Peninsula de Osa, pond 5 mi. S. of Rincon, 10 August 1970, in tandem with allotype, coll. by M. L. May, lORI.Allotype: 9 (#2), same data as holotype. Paratypes: 1 tf, 1 9 (pair in tandem, #'s 3, 4), 1 cf (not paired, #5), same data as holotype, MLM; 1 cf , 1 9 (pair in tandem, #6, 7), same data as holotype, FSCA Etymology: aurea, Latin for golden, referring to the color of the male. Diagnosis: A large and robust species with the rear of the head mostly black, the dark middorsal pterothoracic stripe fairly wide, and the abdomen nearly lacking dark markings. The golden orange color of the male is distinctive, as are the shapes of the caudal appendages and penis (Figs. 1 A-D). The female is distinguished by the presence and shape of the prothoracic processes and the pits on the middle lobe of the prothorax (Fig. IE). Holotype: Right metathoracic leg and left metathoracic tarsus missing, small crack on left side of anterior mesepisternum. Head with labrum and entire anterodorsal surface golden orange. Dorsum shiny black posterior to line extending from midpoint of each eye to just anterior to lateral ocelli, thence anteriorly to median ocellus. Small, orange bar along occipital ridge, rear of head black except ventral eye margins. Mouthparts yellowish, apexes of mandible and maxillae black. Prothorax dull orange dorsally, greenish yellow on pleura, with dark area on either side of midline of middle lobe and along sulcus between middle and hind lobe. Pterothorax with black middorsal stripe (including middorsal carina and antealar sinus but not antealar ridge or mesostigmal plates) widening from 1/3 width of mesepisterna at anterior end to about 3/5 width posteriorly, finally expanded to mesopleural suture just before antealar ridge; remainder of sclerite golden orange. Dark lateral markings including elongate spot on shallow fossa near upper end of mesopleural suture; stripe about 1/2 width of mesepimeron, extending from anterior bulge to extreme posterior end of sclerite, where much narrower along interpleural suture; hairline along metapleural suture. Remainder of thorax yellowish with slight greenish cast, except tan on mesinfraepister- num and extreme anterior mesepimeron; venter unmarked. Legs mostly pale, black on extensor surfaces and extreme apexes of femora and on flexor surfaces of all tibiae and external angle of protibiae, tarsi dark brown. Wing membranes distinctly flavescent, veins dark brown, pterostigmata tan; vein R3 branching from RT just before 7th (forewing) or 6th (hindwing) postnodal crossvein. Abdomen almost entirely golden orange, paler with greenish cast laterally on segment 1 and anterior end of 2, with brownish cast on 9 and 10; black dorsal spot on basal 1/2 of 1, Vol. 103, No. 5, November & December, 1992 163 also with sperm vesicle, margins of hamules, subapical denticles on segments 7-9, and dif- fuse dorsal stripes on basal 1/2 of 9 and full length of 10 black. Third abdominal segment 5.9 times as long as its height at midlength, 2.3 times as long as segment 2. Cerci 0.50 mm., brown with black medial tooth; paraprocts 0.51 mm, brown, very broad basally, much narrower apically and curved upward and inward (Figs. 1 A, B). Penis not extruded but pre- sumably as in Figs. 1C, D. Measurements: Total length — 37.0, abdomen— 29.0, hindwing— 21.0. Allotype: Both antennae with flagella broken off, pterothorax cracked along anterior margin of mesepisternum and anterior mesepimeron, abdomen somewhat compressed laterally. Head pattern as in holotype, pale colors dull brownish yellow, with slight bluish-green tint on labrum; distinct dark mediobasal spot and basal marginal streaks on labrum, dif- fuse spots on postclypeus. Eyes brown. Prothorax brownish yellow with dark, laterally concave dorsal stripe covering median 1/2 of middle and hind lobes and sulcus between anterior and middle lobes; small dark spot just beneath notopleural suture. Pair of divergent, straight, tapering but terminally rounded, flat processes, closely appressed to prothoracic dorsum, each extending from anterior edge of hind lobe to near medial edge of a distinct excavation at about midlength of middle lobe. Posterior lobe with margin sinuate and semi-erect. Pterothorax brownish yellow, dark markings as in holotype except all stripes slightly wider, C-shaped black mark on each mesinfraepisternum. Mesostigmal plates with black stripe crossing each at mid- width. Mesepisterna with distinct, black pit just behind middle of each mesostigmal plate. Legs as in holotype but with dark areas more extensive, slight pruinescence at bases. Wings hyaline; vein R3 branching from R2 at 5th-6th (forewing) or 5th (hindwing) postnodal crossvein. Abdomen marked much as in male, pale color ochre. Sternum mostly black, dorsal and pair of lateral dark streaks on segment 7. basal 2/3 of 8 and all but distal margin of 10 dark, cerci and ventral half of ovipositor dark. Third abdominal segment 4.1 times as long as its height at midlength (height excludes visible portion of sternum but still slightly ex- aggerated due to abdominal compression), 2.2 times as long as segment 2. Ovipositor 1.46 mm. Measurements: Total length — 37.5, abdomen — 29.0, hindwing — 21.0. Variation among paratypes: Males: Coloration like holotype except all 3 with slightly wider dark thoracic stripes, extent of dark on terminal abdominal segments vari- able, one with dorsum of 7 largely dark; wings hyaline (slightly immature specimen?) to strongly flavescent; RT, branching from R2 at 5th-7th (f.w.) or 5th-6th (h.w.) postnodal; third abdominal segment 5.2-5.8 times as long as high. Females: coloration as in allotype. both with more pruinescence on and around bases of legs; third abdominal segment 4.6 times as long as high. Eyes in life black above, dull lime green below in males, brown above, tan below in females (Paulson, in litt.). DISCUSSION All specimens were taken from a semipermanent pond in seasonal moist forest on the Osa Peninsula in southeastern Costa Rica. The pond was completely surrounded by trees but was large enough to receive sun- light during much of the day. Abundant submerged and emergent 164 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LLJ LL O 00 Vol. 103, No. 5, November & December, 1992 165 vegetation grew around its perimeter, and the Telebasis flew mainly among the latter, often in tandem pairs. I observed mature individuals only after 10:00 h; numerous teneral specimens could be flushed from the vegetation, especially from about 06:00 to 08:30. Associated Odonata included Lestes scalaris Gund\ac\\,Acanthagrion inexpectum Leonard,/!. trilobatum Leonard, Erythemis haematogastra (Burmeister), Micrathyria atra (Martin), M. dictynna Ris, M. pseudeximia Westfall, Nephepeltia phryne (Perty), Orthemis ferruginea (F.), and Perithemis mooma Kirby. D. L. Paulson has also taken what is apparently T. aurea (in litt; specimens were not examined) at San Vito de Java, C. R., at an elevation of about 1500m. Telebasis aurea is one of the largest Central American Telebasis, and the only one with the males of the distinctive color that suggested its name. Among the regional species T., garleppi Ris may be longer, but it is a more slender insect (third abdominal segment 6.7-7.3 times as long as high in 3 males, 5.5 times as long as high in 1 female), it lacks the dark mespimeral stripe, and the black color of the epicranium extends for- ward to the bases of the antennae; the abdominal color of males is the typical red or red-orange of most Telebasis, the cerci are strongly convex dorsally and about as high as long, and the penis bears well-developed pre-apical lateral lobes; the female prothorax is similar to that of aurea but the forward-projecting processes each curve inward and slightly upward to an acute tip that lies medial to the lateral excavations of the middle lobe. Telebasis theodori (Navas), from southern South America, is similar in color, especially in having flavescent wings, but differs in other characters, including the shape of the male caudal appendages, the pale color of the rear of the head, and the much less extensive dark markings of the pterothorax (Jurzitza, 1980; Garrison, 1991, showed that Jurzitza's T. aureipennis is a synonym of T. theodori). Relationships within the genus are not well understood, but the forms of the male caudal appendages and penis suggest a possible alliance with T. coccinata Calvert, T. salva (Hagen), and perhaps T. livida Kennedy. The female shares with several species the character of strap- like projections extending over the middle lobe of the prothorax, but their shape, together with the depth and position of the excavations beneath and/or lateral to them (Fig. IE) is distinctive). Figure 1 (opposite): Telebasis aurea spec. nov. A — male caudal appendages, lateral view; B— male caudal appendages, dorsal view; C— right cercus of male, dorsomedial view; D — head and distal shaft of penis, ventral view; E— head and distal shaft of penis, lateral view; F— prothorax and mesostigmal laminae of female, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm for A, B, C, F; 0.3 mm for D. E. 166 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS The following key will separate all the species of Telebasis known to occur in Mexico and Central America. Further information on the known range of each species, except aurea, appears in Paulson (1982) and Tsuda( 1991). Keys to Telebasis of Mexico and Central America Males 1 Cerci much longer than paraprocts, in profile their dorsal margin strongly convex, ventral margin straight or smoothly concave in apical 2/3 corallina 1' Cerci subequal to or shorter than paraprocts. not shaped as above 2 2(1') Posterior surface of head largely black 3 2' Posterior surface of head largely pale 8 3(2) Paraprocts about 1/2 the length of abdominal segment 10 at midheight, blunt apically; mesepisterna almost wholly black; small species, hindwing no longer than 13 mm flliola 3' Paraprocts much more than 1/2 the length of abdominal segment 10, tapering and more or less acute apically; mesepisterna usually not almost wholly black (except some digiticollis); larger species, hindwing usually longer than 15 mm 4 4(3') Abdominal segments 4-7 mostly black dorsally; cerci, in dorsal view, wider than long collopistes 4' Abdominal segments 4-7 mostly red or golden orange dorsally; cerci, in dorsal view, longer than wide 5 5(4') Pale color of abdominal dorsum mostly golden orange; black on epicranium extending anteriorly barely beyond ocelli; cerci and paraprocts nearly equal in length; hindwing 20 mm or longer aurea 5' Pale color of abdominal dorsum mostly red or orange-red; black on epicranium extending anteriorly at least to bases of antennae; paraprocts distinctly longer than cerci, or, if not, hindwing shorter than 20 mm 6 6(5') Cerci, in profile, about as long as high; middle lobe of pronotum mostly pale; hindwings generally longer than 20 mm garleppi 6' Cerci, in profile, distinctly longer than high; middle lobe of pronotum mostly black; hindwings generally shorter than 20 mm 7 7(6') Cerci about 3/4 length of paraprocts, or less, and, in dorsomedial view, appearing rounded at apex (similar to Fig. 1 C); mesepimeron with narrow black stripe often extending most of length of sclerite digiticollis T Cerci nearly as long as paraprocts and, in dorsomedial view, appearing squarely truncate at apex; mesepimeron usually with black stripe absent or reduced griffinii 8(2') Paraprocts truncate at apexes, only slightly longer than cerci; pale color of thorax mostly pale green, mesepisterna with black middorsal stripe uniform in width, mesepimera without dark markings isthmica 8' Paraprocts tapering and more or less acute at apexes, at least 1/3 longer than cerci; pale color of thorax mostly orange or red, mesepisterna with black middorsal stripe abruptly widened near posterior end, mesepimera with dark stripe or spot ... 9 9(8') Cerci, in ventrolateral view, with black subapical tooth bifid; Baja California only incolumis 9' Cerci, in ventrolateral view, with subapical black tooth not bifid; widespread . salva Vol. 103, No. 5, November & December, 1992 167 Females 1 Posterior surface of head largely black 2 1' Posterior surface of head largely pale 7 2(1') Dorsum of abdominal segments 1-3 and 8-10 pale. 4-7 black; pronotum without elongate processes collopistes 2' Dorsum of abdominal segments 1 -9 more or less concolorous, or 8- 10 only with dif- fuse dark areas; pronotal sculpturing variable 3 3(2') Dorsum of abdomen largely pale; pronotal processes strap-like, appressed to sur- face of pronorum 4 3' Dorsum of abdomen largely black or bronze; pronotal processes erect or absent 5 4(3') Pronotal processes slightly divergent, rounded apically (Fig. IF); abdominal seg- ment 3 about 4.5 times as long as its height at midlength aurea 4' Pronotal processes slightly convergent in distal 1/2, subacute apically; abdominal segment 3 about 5.5 times as long as its height at midlength garleppi 5(3') Mesostigmal plates each with large, posterodorsally-projecting lobe; small species, hindwing no longer than 13 mm filiola 5' Mesostigmal plates without large projecting lobe; larger species, hindwing usually longer than 15 mm 6 6(5') Pair of erect, divergent processes projecting anterodorsally from hind lobe of pro- notum digiticollis 6' Pronotum without erect processes griffutii 7(1') Pronotum without erect or strap-like processes projecting from hind lobe; mesepisterna with middorsal stripes obscure, or brown with only lateral margins black isthmica T Pronotum with erect or strap-like processes arising from hind lobe; mesepisterna with distinct, black middorsal stripe, only middorsal carina pale 8 8(7') Mesepisterna with black middorsal stripe uniform in width; mesostigmal plates each with distinct lateral protuberance, separated from main part of plate corallina 8' Mesepisterna with black middorsal stripe abruptly widened near posterior end; mesostigmal plates without separated lateral protuberances .... .... 9 9(8') Pronotal processes distinctly divergent, arising at or near midlength of hind lobe, extending almost vertically and not overhanging middle lobe; Baja California only incolumis 9' Pronotal processes nearly parallel, arising from anterior 1/3 of hind lobe, ex- tending somewhat anteriorly and usually partly overhanging middle lobe; widespread salva ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My sincere thanks to S. W. Dunkle and M. J. Westfall for giving me free access to the IORI and FSC A collections and to Don Azuma for permission to examine specimens from the Calvert collection at the ANSP. R. Garrison generously provided information on species not available to me and critically read the manuscript. Finally, I thank D. R. Paulson, who collected this species before I did. for the privilege of describing it. New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Publication D-08425- 19-91. 168 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LITERATURE CITED Calvert, P. P. 1901-1908. Neuroptera. Odonata. In F. D. Godman & O. Salvin, [eds.], Biologia Central! American!, pp. 17-420. Porter and Dulau, London. Calvert, P. P. 1909. Contributions to a knowledge of the Odonata of the Neotropical region, exclusive of Mexico and Central America. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 6:73-280. Garrison, R. W. 1991. Telebasis aureipennis Jurzitza 1980, a junior synonym ofTelebasis theodori (Navas, 1934) (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae). Odonatologica 20:459-463. Jurzitza, G. 1980. Telebasis aureipennis spec. nov. aus Iguazu, Misiones, Argentinien (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae). Odonatologica 9:185-187. Kennedy, C. H. 1936. Telebasis flammeola, T. carota and T. livida, new dragonflies from Ecuador. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 29:804-815. Miller, P. L., & C. A. Miller. 1981. Field observations on copulatory behavior in Zygop- tera, with an examination of the structure and activity of the male genitalia. Odo- natologica 10: 201-218. Paulson, D. R. 1982. Odonata. In S. H. Hurlbert & A. Villalobos-Figueroa [eds.]. Aquatic Biota of Central America and the West Indies, pp. 249-277. San Diego State Univ., San Diego, CA. Snodgrass, R. E. 1954. The dragonfly larva. Smith. Misc. Coll. 123: 1-38. Tillyard, R. J., & F. C. Fraser, 1938-1940. A reclassification of the order Odonata based on some new interpretations of the venation of the dragonfly wing. Austr. Zool. 9: 125-169, 195-221,359-390. Tsuda, S., 1991. A Distributional List of World Odonata. Osaka. Vol. 103, No. 5, November & December, 1992 169 ANEW SPECIES OF HANSENIELLA (SYMPHYLA: SCUTIGERELLIDAE) FROM THE INTERIOR HIGHLANDS OF ARKANSAS1 Robert T. Allen2 ABSTRACT: Hanseniella ouachiticha, new species, is described from Rich Mountain in western Arkansas. The new species is most closely related to//, vandykei from California. A key to the three known North American species is given. Edwards (1990) has pointed out that Symphyla are "extremely com- mon inhabitants of soil in all parts of the world." but that "the scientific literature on the group is not voluminous." Both statements are certainly true of this class of arthropods in North America. Edwards ( 1990) in dis- cussing the morphology and ecology of the Symphyla also rendered a valuable service to those wishing to work with this group by providing keys to the two North American families and the North American genera recognized in each family. The genus Hanseniella Bagnall belongs to the family Scutigerellidae. This paper describes a new species and presents a key to the three North American species of Hanseniella. The symphylid genus Hanseniella occurs on all the continents except Antarctica. The genus is most diverse in tropical areas. Only two species, H. californica Hilton (1931) and H. vandykei Michelbacher (1939), are known from North America, both species recorded only from Califor- nia. This paper describes a new species from the Ouachita Mountains of western Arkansas. 1 Received January 22, 1991. Accepted September 3, 1991. - Department of Entomology and Applied Ecology, University of Delaware. Newark. DE. 19717-1303. ENT. NEWS 103(5): 169-174, November & December, 1992 170 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Key to the North American Species ofHanseniella 1. Tarsal claws unequal (Fig. 21), one claw much longer than the other 2 Tarsal claws equal califomica Hilton 2. Proximal segment of first pair of legs with one long prominent seta; 21-26 antennal segments; central rod of head continued anteriorly vandykei Michelbacher Proximal segment of first pair of legs with three prominent setae (Fig. 24); 16-25 antennal segments, usually 19, 20, 21; central rod of head not continued anteriorly (Fig. 1 ) ouachiticha new species Hanseniella ouachiticha, new species Holotype: Arkansas, Polk County, Rich Mountain, Eagleton Overlook, 17 February 1988, extracted with Berlese funnel, Robert T. Allen, collector. Slide-mounted in CMC medium, deposited in the American Museum of Natural History, New York (AMNH). Paratypes. 79 slide-mounted (CMC medium) specimens, same data as the holotype; 10 specimens. University of Arkansas Arthropod Collection (UAAC); 5 specimens United States National Museum (USNM); 5 specimens AMNH; 59 specimens, Robert T. Allen Collection (RTAC). Etymology. This species is named after the Ouachita Mountains, a major subsegment of the Interior Highlands. Length. 2.5-3.0 mm (apex of head to apex of last abdominal segment). Head (Fig. 1). General: slightly wider than long, setae present over the entire surface, all about the same length and size, except for the setae along the posterior margins of the scuta. Central rod: weakly developed posteriorly, not evident in all specimens; lateral branches sometimes evident, extending toward the postantennal organs. Mandibles (Fig. 6): visible in most specimens; the mandible is a large endite apparently composed of two parts, the outer lobe bearing four distinct teeth, the inner lobe with a number of indentations not as deep or distinct as those in the outer lobe. Postantennal organ; small, not evident in all specimens. Antennae. (Figs. 7,14) Number of segments variable ranging from 16-25, but most com- monly 19, 20, 2 1 ; segments 1-3 usually with one whorl of setae; two whorls on segments 4-10, sometimes on 3 as well; other segments with three whorls, starting with segment 11; ter- minal segment with the usual three-stalked "sensory" structure; other segments without evident sensory organs. Scuta. (Figs. 2-5 9-13, 17-20) Posterior margins of scuta straight or only weakly concave. The following "table" enumerates the number of setae found along the posterior margin of Scuta I-XTV. The Short Setae are those between the Long Lateral Setae or all the posterior on Scuta V, VII, and XI. Scuta No. I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII xiii xrv Lateral Long Setae 4 2 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 2 Short Setae 0 13-16 16-20 14-22 18-23 19-25 18-23 17-24 17-23 18-22 16-14 15-20 11-19 10-19 Vol. 103, No. 5, November & December. 1992 171 0.5mm Figures 1-8. Hanseniella ouachiticha: 1. head; 2-5, scuta 1 to 4 respectively; 6. mandible; 7, antennal segments 1-6; 8, stylus, coxal sac and coxa of leg 10. 172 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Figures 9-16. Hanseniella ouachiticha. 9- 1 3, scuta 5 to 9 respectively; 14, distal four antennal segments; 15, spinneret; 16, trichobothrium vesicle. Vol. 103, No. 5, November & December, 1992 173 at /V hJ.If. 1 M;,':', ~ J4ff444k .-.yLy ,.f.-^4J'c^-J Figures \l-25.Hanseniellaouachiticha. 17-20,scuta lOto 13 respectively; 24. tarsus and claws of leg 10; 22. coxa of leg 10; 23, femur and tibia of leg 10; 24. proximal segment of leg 1 show- ing 3 prominent setae. 174 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Legs. Leg segments clothed with a dense covering of small pilose hairs. First pair: half the length of the second pair of legs; proximal segment with three distinct prominent setae on the anterior surface, distal segment with two rows of three prominent setae each on the anterior surface. Leg pairs 2-9; tarsi with two rows of 3-5 prominent setae (Fig. 21); tibae, femora, and trochanters with a variable number of prominent setae. Leg pair 10 (Fig. 23): tarsi with two rows of 4 prominent setae, sometimes also with 2-3 additional setae near these rows; tibia and femora with a variable number of prominent setae. Claws: (Fig. 21) unequal, one claw half or less than half the length of the other on all legs. Styli. (Fig. 8) Well developed, present at the base of leg pairs 3-11. Coxal Sacs (Eversible vesicles) (Fig. 8). Distinct, present at the base of leg pairs 2-11; the sac appears to be composed of two "sclerotized" areas, each with 2-3 prominent setae. Trichobothria (Fig. 16). Setae almost as long as the spinneret; ventral margin of tricho- bothrium vesicle with 7-8 prominent setae in the proximal 1/2-3/4; distal 1/4 with only one long prominent setae towards the apex. Inner apical margin with a seta 1/2 as long as body of the spinneret; outer apical margin produced into an acute spine-like process. DISCUSSION Hanseniella ouachiticha appears to be most closely related to H. van- dykei. The new species differs from H. vandykei by the characters given in the key, i. e. a fewer number of antennal segments, proximal segment of first pair of legs with three prominent setae rather than one, and the very short central rod of the head. In addition the proximal leg segment of the first pair of legs is elongate in H. ouachiticha and short, almost square, in H. vandykei. The type locality for the new species is on Rich Mountain, the highest feature (about 2,750 feet) in the Ouachita Mountains. All the specimens were found in a single Berlese sample taken from rotting logs and at the base of rotting stumps. This mountain is also the type locality for two species of endemic earth worms, a freshwater amphipod, and the Rich Mountain salamander. LITERATURE CITED Edwards, C. A. 1959, Keys to the genera of the Symphyla. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 44:164-169 Edwards, C. A. 1990. Symphyla. Chapter 28. in Soil Biology Guide, ed. D. L. Dindal, John Wiles & Sons, New York. Hilton, W. A. 1931. Symphyla from North America. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 24:537- 553. Michelbacher, A. E. 1939. Further notes on Symphyla with descriptions of three new species from California. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 32:747-757. Vol. 103, No. 5, November & December, 1992 175 A NEW SPECIES OF THE BEE GENUS ANTHIDIUM (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACfflLIDAE) FROM WESTERN NORTH AMERICA1 Roy R. Snelling2 ABSTRACT: Anthidium cochimi is described from the Lower California peninsula (Baja California Sur) and the southwestern United States (Arizona). Structural features that will aid in its recognition are illustrated. Males of A. cochimi are recognizable by a unique combination of characteristics of metasomal sternum 6 and terga 6 and 7; females are separable from similar species by characteristics of mandibular dentition, labral structure, and the structure of metasomal tergum 6. Diagnostic features are illustrated. The following new species of Anthidium is one that may easily be con- fused with A. sonorense Cockerell, particularly since the male shares with that species a characteristic hitherto believed to be unique to A. sonorense males: the presence of a short, forward directed spine on the middle of the apical margin of metasomal sternum 6. The ranges of the two species appear to be partially sympatric. Cockerell (1923) described/!, sonorense from a male collected in Sonora, Mexico, at Guaymas. At the same time a female from Isla San Jose in the Gulf of California was described as A. sonorense productum. A few years later Schwarz (1927) described a male from Sacaton, Final Co., Arizona, as A. rohweri. Both A. sonorense productum and A rohweri were synonymized with A. sonorense by Grigarick and Stange (1968). I have compared the types of all three of these taxa and agree with the synonymy proposed by Grigarick and Stange. The range of A. sonorense extends from southern Nevada and adjacent southern California, through Arizona, south into the State of Sonora, Mex- ico, at least to the Guaymas area; it has been collected also on the Lower California peninsula. There are few records from the peninsula and the extent of its southward distribution is unclear. At present the southernmost peninsular record is from sand dunes 8 km N of Guerrero Negro, at the bor- der between Baja California and Baja California Sur. Anthidium cochimi, new species Figures 1-5 DIAGNOSIS. Male: metasomal sternum 6(Fig. 2) with small anteriorly directed medioapical spine and lateral ridges low and evenly convex; basal apodeme of sternum 8 (Fig. 3) broadly 1 Received January 21, 1992. Accepted March 27, 1992. 2 Entomology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard. Los Angeles, California 90007. ENT. NEWS 103(5): 175-179, November & December. 1992 176 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS truncate-triangular, apical process short and broad; lateral process of metasomal tergum 6 (Fig. 1) slender and spine-like, slightly curved; lateral lobes of tergum 7 (Fig. 1) roughly triangular, broad, inner margins nearly straight; median process short and fully visible in pro- file (not on same plane as lateral lobes). Female: mandible (Fig. 5) with 7 teeth; median groove of labrum broad, extending about 2/3 labral length and its flanking tubercles distinct but not spine-like; median truncation of clypeus (Fig. 5) narrow and nearly straight apical margin laterad of median truncation with two low, rounded lobes; preapical carina of metasomal tergum 6 (Fig. 4) minutely crenulate and on each side terminating in short, acute tooth, pos- terior margin of tergum 6 visible only in median 1/4 in dorsal view. DESCRIPTION. Holotype male, measurements (mm): head width (HW) 4.4; head length (HL) (anterior margin of clypeus to posterior margin of vertex in frontal view) 3.5; wing length (WL) (from margin of tegula) 8.7; total length (TL) (HL + dorsal length of mesosoma + dorsal length of metasoma) 15.3. Paratypes: HW 3.2-4.4; HL 2.4-3.4; WL 2.4-3.8; TL 15.0-17.7. Head about 1.2 times as wide as long; inner eye margins moderately convergent below, upper interorbital distance 1.1-1.2 times lower interorbital distance; vertex margin nearly straight in frontal view, antennal scape attaining level of anterior ocellus; interocellar distance (IOD) about 1.8 times transverse diameter of anterior ocellus (OD); ocellocular distance (OOD) about 1.25 times OD; ocellovertexal distance (OVD) about 1.7 times OD. Clypeus about 1.2 times as long as wide and separated from inner eye margin by about 0.5 times OD; apical margin transverse. Labrum distinctly constricted near base; median groove deep and broad, extending about 0.66 length of segment; flanking tubercles of labral groove absent at base, preapical pair low and inconspicuous. Mesosoma and legs normal for Anthidium, except metatibia outer face anteriorly carinate. Metasomal tergum 6 with preapical carina broadly interrupted in middle, ending on each side in spine-like, slightly curved process; tergum 7 with broadly triangular lateral lobes, inner margins nearly straight for most of their length; median process short, suberect and curved dis- tad, not on same plane as lateral lobes when viewed in profile; setal brush of sternum 4 brown, occupying middle 0.33 of apical margin; apical margin of sternum 6 with short median spine that is bent cephalad, lateral lobes distinct, low and evenly convex; sternum 8 with basal apodeme broad, margins convergent toward transverse base, apical margin broad and lateral angles acute, median process short and broad. Genitalia: gonostylus in profile with margins nearly parallel, apex obliquely truncate; inner lobe of gonobase short and triangular in ventral view; ventral margin of penis valve with 6-7 coarse teeth; apex of penis valve strongly narrowed and bent ventrad. Punctation of head and mesosoma normal {or Anthidium, i.e.. most areas contiguously to subcontiguously punctate, punctures moderate in size, disc of tegula contiguously and more finely punctate; basal area of propodeum distinctly subcontiguously punctate. Discs of metasomal terga 1-3 with elevated middle portion moderately and subcontiguously punctate, interspaces moderately shiny; basal depression more finely punctate, punctures dense; apical depression more finely and contiguously punctate; elevations of terga 4-6 more coarsely punctate except in middle; tergum 7 coarsely rugosopunctate. Color blackish; antenna and legs dark reddish-brown but tarsi more reddish; clypeus, large lateral face mark, ending at level of antennal sockets, and underside of scape pale yellowish. The following brighter yellow: basal 0.66 of outer face of mandible; transverse spot on each side of vertex; spot on pronotal lobe; sublateral bands on anterior margin of mesoscutum and spot or band adjacent to tegula (may be absent); axillar spot (may be absent); posterior band on scutellum, narrowly interrupted in middle; anterior spot on tegula; external stripe on pro- and mesotibiae, that of mesotibia often more or less broadly interrupted; elongate basal spot on metatibia; small apical mark on metatibia (often absent); external face of all basitarsi; lateral and submedian marks of varying extent on metasomal terga 1-5 (sometimes lateral and sub- Vol. 103, No. 5, November & December, 1992 177 median spots narrowly joined on 3-5); tergum 6 with large submedian spots. Tergum 7 immaculate. Female, measurements (mm): HW 3.5-4.3; HL 2.7-3.5; WL 5.8-7.4; TL 9.5-13.2. Figures 1-5, Anthidium cochimi. 1, male metasomal terga 6-7. dorsal view; 2. male metasomal sternum 6, ventral view; 3. male metasomal sternum 8. ventral view. 4, female: metasomal tergum 6, dorsal view; 5, female head, frontal view. Figures by Tina Ross. 178 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Head width 1.2-1.3 times head length; inner eye margins moderately convergent below, upper interocular distance 1.2-1.3 times lower interocular distance; vertex margin low- convex in frontal view, weakly depressed in middle; antennal scape not attaining level of anterior ocellus; IOD about 2 times OD; OOD about 2.25 times OD; OVD about 2.5 times OD. Clypeus about 1.3 times as wide as long and separated from inner eye margin by slightly less than OD; median truncation of apical margin nearly straight, slightly narrower than distance between antennal sockets, apicolateral margin with two low, con- vex lobes, labrum about as in male but with prominent basal and preapical tubercles flank- ing median groove. Mandible with 7 teeth. Mesosoma and legs as usual in Anthidium. except metatibia outer face anteriorly carinate. Transverse preapical carina of metasomal tergum 6 (Fig. 4) minutely crenulate and ter- minating on each side as short, acute tooth; apical margin visible in dorsal view only in median one-fifth before passing under carina. Pilosity as usual in Anthidium; basitarsi with dense mats of finely plumose hairs; scopa variably entirely pale to largely very pale brownish except laterally. Color about as in male but clypeus with black apical margin and with basal black area that extends distad along midline, sometimes beyond midlength; axillar spots prominent; protibial stripe incomplete; mesotibia with basal stripe only; submedian and lateral marks of metasomal tergum 5 sometimes joined. TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype male: 17 mi SE Santa Rita, Baja California Sur, MEXICO, 18 Sept. 1983 (R.R. Snelling). Paratypes (all from Baja California Sur): 4 rfcf, 4 99, same data as holotype; 3 rfcf, 1 1 99, San Augustine, 8 SepL 1989 (F.S. Truxal); 1 cf, vie. Miraflores, 17 Sept 1983 (R.R. Snelling); 1 9, 19 km NW Mulege, 8 Sept 1977 (R.R. Snelling); 1 9, vie. Estaci6n Microondas "Ligui", 425 m el. (ca. 40 km S Loreto), 14 Sept. 1983 (R.R. 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