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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOLUME LXXI, 1960

PHILIP P. CALVERT, EDITOR EMERITUS
R. G. SCHMIEDER, EDITOR

EDITORIAL STAFF
J. A. G. REHN M. E. PHILLIPS

E. F. J. MARX H. J. GRANT, JR.

PUBLISHED BY

THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA, U. S. A.

1960

The numbers of ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS for 1960 were mailed at the Post
Office at Lancaster, Pa., as follows :

No. 1— January January 5, 1960

No. 2— February January 30, 1960

No. 3— March February 26, 1960

No. 4— April April 1, 1960

No. 5— May May 2, 1960

No. 6— June June 3, 1960

No. 7— July July 14, 1960

No. 8— October September 26, 1960

No. 9 — November November 4, 1960

The date of mailing the December, 1960, number will be announced
on the last page of the issue for January, 1961.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

JANUARY 1960

Vol. LXXI No. 1

CONTENTS

Weber — Behavior of fungus-growing ants 1

Nomenclature Notice 6

Gangwere — Culturing Orthoptera in the laboratory 7

Fremling — Subimaginal molt of Caenis hilaris 14

Alexander — New exotic crane-flies. Part I 15

Hubbard — Fleas from Iraq 21

Cook — The male of Chaoborus annulatus 25

Dennis — Cyrtolobus auroreus from Wisconsin 27

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BIOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LXXI JANUARY, 1960 No. 1

The Behavior of the Queen as Compared with the

Worker in the Fungus-Growing Ants

(Hym. : Formicidae)1'2

By NEAL A. WEBER, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pa.

The worker caste individual in the fungus-growers, as is
normal among ants, is a female which has reduced reproductive
organs, a smaller thorax without wings or sutures for them and
other morphological differences. In colonies deprived of the
functional female (the queen) the ovaries of one or more work-
ers may form viable eggs that develop into males, again a com-
mon ant pattern. It is frequently observed that the females
among ants are more durable than the worker and survive
unfavorable conditions longer. New colonies usually start from
isolated females that leave the parental nest and dig into the
soil to form a new nest in which eggs are laid and to which
food may be brought to the subsequent larvae.

While these differences between the queen and the worker
are obvious, a direct study of the contrasting behavioral pat-
terns of the two castes when confronted with a novel situation
is not so often made. Following is an account of an experiment
that supports the belief that the worker differs from the female
in the reduction of her instincts.

A worker and the queen were the survivors in June, 1957
of a part of a colony of Trachymyrmex urichi panamensis
Wheeler from Cerro Campana, western Panama, taken on March
23. These and a second worker had been given a test tube

1 Supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.

2 Paper presented before the Paris Congress, International Union for
the Study of Social Insects, July 1957.

(1)

SMITHSONIAN IAN i , 1ftcn
INSTITUTION JAN 1 1 I960

2 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1960

nutrient agar culture of the fungus of a Costa Rican colony of
Atta cephalotes on May 13, after their own fungus garden had
failed. It was noted that the queen forcibly removed a stray
Apterostigma worker, also a fungus-grower, that wandered into
this part of a common observation nest. Another Apterostigma
was driven out by one of the workers. The Trachymyrmex
adopted the Atta cephalotes fungus and built up a garden in-
side the test tube, using the nutrient agar medium for substrate.
By May 30 one of the workers had died or been killed by the
other ants and the remaining worker and female had dispos-
sessed the Apterostigma of a culture tube given to them on
the 13th, but of an entirely different fungus developed from
another colony of the same genus. The Trachymyrmex were
then given a culture of the fungus of a Panamanian Atta cepha-
lotes colony. This fungus was also eaten faster than it grew and
the two ants were given a tube culture of the fungus of an
Atta sex dens colony on June 7, which was immediately adopted
as were the other Atta cultures. By the 15th the ants had
made a garden by cutting up agar blocks and adding bits of the
fungus to them. This was suspended from the distal end of
the tube, and inside it.

Insufficient moisture caused the garden to dry by the 23rd
and the ants were given a culture of the fungus of Sericomyrmex
amabalis on nutrient Sabouraud's dextrose agar with the follow-
ing behavioral results: Beginning at 10:19 A.M. observations
were made at 15 and 40 X magnification through a binocular
stereoscopic microscope ; the temperature was 24° C. The times
given are all A.M.

10 :19 — Placed the fungus, 2.6 X 3.8 mm. in maximum diameters
and 1-2 mm. high, on its agar base in the form of a block
placed on wet sand 15 mm. from the queen. She immediately
perceived it and went directly to the mass, exploring it with
the apices of her antennae. Then she left this chamber and
went through a tunnel into the empty chamber that had con-
tained the other test tube cultures, only to find that the last
tube had just been removed. The worker followed her.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 3

10 :21 — The worker returned to the fungus and lapped the agar

base 1-2 mm. from the fungus, then tasted the latter.
10 :23 — Both ants now on the block.
10 :25 — They returned to the empty chamber.
10 :26 — Both went back to the fungus, whose formerly upright

hyphae had been beaten down by their licking and walking

on it.
10 :31 — The female is straddling the fungus, which is roughly

her own dimensions, and feeling it all over with palpi extended

and antennae vibrating quickly.
10 :32 — The ants discover a hole in the wet sand 55 mm. distant

that I had made for them. This hole 8 mm. in diameter and

about 10 mm. deep.
10:33 — The female returned to the fungus and bit it in places,

then went away.
1 0:34 — She went back and cut a piece about one-half the bulk

of her head. No agar was removed.
10 :35 — The female took the piece to the hole and placed it about

half-ways down against one side, where it stuck.
10 :36-38 — She removed and treated two more pieces similarly.
10 :40 — Both ants now on fungus mass, clearly tasting it briefly,

then returned to the hole.

10:43 and 10:45 — Two more pieces were removed by the fe-
male, the worker standing beside her as she cut the pieces

but without otherwise participating. The worker has been

moving about apparently at random.

10 :46— The female is removing a piece of the fungus as before.
10 :47^ — Similar behavior by the female.
10:48^ — She removes a piece the size of her head.
10:50 — Both ants are in the hole and examining the gradually

growing mass attached to one side.
10:51 — The female removes another piece, the worker beside

her but without participating.
10:51^-52 — Two trips with fungus by the female, the worker

going to the hole without carrying any.
10 :52|— 55 — Four trips made by the female, the last time taking

a little of the agar base.

4 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1960

10 :56 — She spends more than a minute examining the agar base,
cutting and tasting it and cleaning her fore tarsi and antennae.

10:57| — -She removes more.

10:59 — About three loads are left at the original site and she
explores the area within a radius of 30 mm.

11 :00-01| — Three trips by the female, the last time removing
the remainder of the fungus.

1 1 :02-03 — She explores this part of the chamber and visits the
agar briefly, then joins the worker at the new site. Later the
hole was completely concealed from above by the ants stick-
ing sand grains to the glass ceiling directly above it.

The forming of an initial cell and later garden in the fungus-
growers by the incipient queen has long been known and in
Atta cephalotcs it was noted (Weber 1937) that "this behavior
pattern is so strong that several times I found virgin female
ants, taken from the parental nest before their normal time for
emergence and without this hyphal pellet, attempting to develop
a fungus garden by gathering a cluster of sand grains and
manuring them." In another instance (loc. cit.} "Two artificially
dealated virgin females were placed in the same container. No
animosity was shown to one another. By the next morning they
were found to have excavated a narrow tunnel several centi-
meters deep and were busily engaged in deepening it. There
being room in the tunnel for but one at a time, they were taking
turns, one waiting for the other to come out with a load of sand
and then immediately darting in before the other could deposit
the load at the periphery of the chamber and return. They
actually jostled one another in their eagerness to excavate. For
eight days they occupied the tunnel together but on the morning
of the ninth, one was found, dead but undamaged, firmly packed
in sand at the end of the tunnel."

DISCUSSION

The above instance of striking behavioral differences between
the queen and her worker suggests an interpretation somewhat
at variance with that which prevails.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 5

In Wheeler's (1933) customarily exhaustive survey of the
literature, an explanation of the hehavioral differences between
the two castes is focussed on the reduced reproductive system
of the worker. In discussing the occasional substitution queen
(p. 147) he summarizes the situation as one where the ordinary
adult worker "must inherit the sensory, visceral and cerebral
basis of her mother's activities. There is in the normal worker,
therefore, merely a physiological curtailment of the purely egg-
laying stage of the old female, but neither a disruption nor even
a loosening of the neural anlage of her behavior cycle." After
considering Legewie's views that the workers (p. 150) "are
much more alert and display more versatile responses to their
environment . . . than the females, because their brain is less
powerfully influenced by their ovaries through the visceral, or
sympathetic nervous system" he concludes that "there is no
sharp constitutional neural difference between the female and
worker." "That the neural endowment is really the same in
female and worker and the differences in their behavior very
largely phenotypic, or due to environmental influences, seems
clearly to follow from the fact that both castes develop from
eggs of the same genetic constitution and that the nervous sys-
tem of the worker larva is very probably little if at all affected
by the partial inanition or malnutrition to which it is subjected
during its development."

My observations on numerous colonies of many species of
fungus-growing ants indicate that the behavioral situation is
very different. It has been my common experience that the only
persistent, vigorous colonies and gardens are those that contain
an egg-laying queen. The stimuli from the developing brood
causes greater activity of the workers leading to the develop-
ment of a larger fungus garden. So far as feeding of the larvae
is concerned, I have no observations to show that the larvae crop
the mycelium themselves and believe that they must always be
fed the fungus by the female or worker. This food would seem
to be qualitatively the same, whether given to the worker or
female larvae. So far as duplicate experiments of the type de-
tailed here are concerned, workers will accept a cultured fungus
and build a garden but not as fast or as efficiently.

6 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1960

It would seem, therefore, that the worker differs from the
female in having a less fully-formed brain, this term being used
for a primary coordinating center in the head and not neces-
sarily completely in the vertebrate sense. Neural tissue asso-
ciated with the compound eyes and ocelli varies with their size
and the worker usually lacks ocelli and has much smaller com-
pound eyes than the male or female. Mandibular muscles and
other structures may take up a larger part of the head so that
external changes of it may have little to do with the brain size.

It was long thought that the worker was more "intelligent"
(cf. Forel) than the female and it is obvious that the worker
commonly responds more quickly to stimuli and is more of a
"busybody" than the female. This immediate responsiveness
is not necessarily an indication of superiority but rather serves
well the needs of the colony for which the female is from the
first responsible.

In conclusion, it may be suggested that the worker caste in
fungus-growers, whatever may be its diverse functions, has a
less complete brain than the female and with consequent reduc-
tion in instincts. It acts less efficiently in perceiving substrate
and in forming the garden indispensable to this group of ants.

REFERENCES

WEBER, N. A. 1937. The biology of the fungus-growing ants. Part II.

Trop. Agr. (Trinidad, B.W.I.) 14: 223-226.
WHEELER, W. M. 1933. Colony-founding Among Ants with an Account

of Some Primitive Australian Species. Harvard University Press,

Cambridge, Mass. Pp. viii + 179.

Nomenclature Notice

All comments relating to the following should be marked with
the Commission's File Number and sent in duplicate, before
March 1st, to Richard V. Melville, Assistant Secretary, Inter-
national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British
Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 7,
England.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 7

Prothechus and Alloneura Rondani, 1856, suppression of
(Order Diptera) (Z.N.(S.) 230).

Beraea Stephens, 1833, designation of type species (Order
Trichoptera) (Z.N.(S.) 395).

Apatania Kolenati, 1847, designation of type species (Order
Trichoptera) (Z.N.(S.) 427).

Aphrophora Germar, 1821, designation of type species (Or-
der Hemiptera) (Z.N.(S.) 478).

saccharivora Peterkin, 1790 (Phalaena), suppression of
(Order Lepidoptera) (Z.N.(S.) 1315).

For details see Bull. Zool. Nomencl. Vol. 17, Parts 1/2.

The Feeding and Culturing of Orthoptera in the

Laboratory *

By S. K. GANGWERE

The grasshoppers and allies are interesting in their habits and
often economically important. Their generalized structure and
relatively large size make them especially suitable for research.
It is not surprising, therefore, that many investigations have
been carried out on various members of the order and that, as
a consequence, much has been learned about their laboratory
culture. Unfortunately, most papers on the subject are not
readily accessible, being widely scattered throughout numerous
journals ; they usually treat but a few economically important
species, most often either grasshoppers, crickets, or cockroaches ;
and they describe unduly complex cages and other equipment
and a very limited assortment of foods — usually artificial ones.

The author has been studying the feeding behavior of Orthop-
tera for many years, during which time he has maintained in
the laboratory forty-two of the common Michigan species and
has reared from eggs one or more species of most of the local
families. The following is a list of the species successfully
maintained for one to three months or more in the laboratory :

* Contribution No. 20 from the Department of Biology, Wayne State
University, Detroit 2, Michigan.

8

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[Jan., 1960

Acrididae : Acridinae

(slant-faced locusts)
Chloealtis conspersa
Chorthippus longicornis
Orphulella speciosa
Pseudopomala brachyptera x

Acrididae : Oedipodinae
(band- winged locusts)
Arphia pseudonietana
Arphia sulphurea 2
Cainnula pellucida
Chortophaga viridifasciata
Encoptolophus s. sordidus
Pardalophora apiculata 3
Spharagemon b. bolli
Spharagemon collare

Acrididae : Cyrtacanthacridinae
(spine-breasted locusts)

Melanoplus bivittatus
Melanoplus confusus
Melanoplus j.-r. femur-rubrum
Melanoplus kecleri luridus
Melanoplus b. bilituratus
Melanoplus s. scudderi
Paroxya hoosieri
Schistocerca alutacea

Tettigoniidae : Phaneropterinae

(bush and round-headed katydids)

Amblycorypha oblongifolia
A m bly c o ryp ha rotundifo lia
Scudderia c. curvicauda
Scudderia f. furcata
Scudderia septentrionalis 3

Tettigoniidae : Copiphorinae

(cone-headed katydids)
Neoconocephalus ensiger

1 Found difficult to maintain in the laboratory

2 Also reared from eggs in the laboratory.

3 Found difficult to maintain in the laboratory

4 Also reared from eggs in the laboratory.

5 Not a native species.

Tettigoniidae : Conocephalinae
(meadow grasshoppers)

Conocephalus brevipennis
Conocephalus f. fasciatus
Orchelimum gladiator
Orchelimum nigripes

Tettigoniidae : Decticinae
(shield-backed katytids)

Atlantic us testae ens

Phasmidae (walking-sticks)
Diapheromera femorata

Gryllidae : Gryllinae (field crickets)

Acheta domesticus*

Acheta pennsylvanicus

Gryllidae : Nemobiinae
(ground crickets)

Nemobius f. fasciatus

Gryllidae : Oecanthinae
(white tree crickets)

Oecanthus nigricornis quadripunctatus

Blattidae (cockroaches)
Blattella germanica 4
Byrsotria fumigata *' 5

Gryllacrididae : Rhaphidophorinae

(camel crickets)
Ceuthophilus meridionalis

Tetrigidae (grouse locusts)
Tcttigidea I. later alls
Tetri.v subulata

Mantidae (praying mantids)
Tenodcra sinensis 4

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 9

The present report emphasizing the feeding aspects of main-
tenance and culturing is based on information from the above
studies, together with some rearing data from the literature.
While it applies specifically to Michigan Orthoptera, wider
application of its content may be made. The included material
should be of interest to the orthopterist, to the experimental
biologist utilizing Orthoptera as research animals, and to the
biologist who merely wants to keep these insects alive for class-
room or observational purposes.

GRASSHOPPERS (ACRIDIDAE)

The recommended cage is a screen cylinder capped at both
ends (fig. 1). The body of the cage is a piece of wire window
screening 18 by 30 inches, rolled lengthwise and its two ends
stapled together to form an open-ended cylinder. A sheet of
glass 10 inches square forms the top. The floor is a standard
metal cake pan 9 inches in diameter. If the pan is tin, it is
lightly waxed or oiled to prevent rusting. Its inside surface
is left uncovered or is covered with paper toweling, newspaper,
or dry sand. The food-plants, which are placed on the floor,
and the sides of the cage furnish the only necessary perches.
Such a cage easily accommodates 20 or more average-sized
orthopterans. To suit one's needs the dimensions of the cage
may be altered in various ways ; e.g., a smaller cage may be
fashioned by using standard fruit jar lids in combination with
a smaller screen cylinder. This simple and inexpensive cage,
the design of which was originally suggested by Dr. Irving Can-
trail, of the University of Michigan, and then developed by the
author, gives maximum visibility, yet causes minimum altera-
tion of temperature, light, and humidity. It should be washed
every few days.

Unless one wishes to control artificially the laboratory condi-
tions, the cages are aligned on benches close to the windows of
a dry, well-ventilated room, where sunlight falls on them. This
is desirable because most adult grasshoppers survive best when
the temperature during the day is high, the relative humidity
low, and when they are exposed to sunlight at least sometime

10 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1960

during the day. If it is desirable to more closely approximate
the conditions outdoors, the windows of the room are left open.
Although Michigan grasshoppers have marked food prefer-
ences, most of them accept a number of kinds of foods. If one
wishes to use native food-plants they are clipped in the field
and their stems thrust immediately into water-filled 5- or 8-ounce
jars. A number of these can be conveniently transported in a
wooden box of construction similar to that of a milk bottle car-
rier. In the laboratory the mouth of each jar is closed by wad-
ding paper toweling between it and the stems of its plants ; this
prevents the grasshoppers from falling into the water and
drowning. An appropriate-sized Erlenmeyer flask, which does
not require wadded paper, may be used for the same purpose.
One or two of the jars are placed in each cage. The insects can
most easily reach the food if the foliage touches the sides of the
cage. Genera of native food-plants the leaves and flowers of
which are especially suitable to most Michigan slant-faced and
band-winged grasshoppers are the grasses Agropyron, Bromus,
Dactylis, Danthonia, Phleum, and Poa; those to Michigan spine-
breasted grasshoppers are the grasses and herbs Agropyron,
Aster, Bromus, Chrysanthemum, Dactylis, Monarda, Phleum,
Plantago, Poa, Rudbeckia, Solidago, and Taraxacum.

A number of laboratory foods may be substituted, if desired,
for native food-plants, except in the case of slant-faced grass-
hoppers, the Michigan species of which are entirely gramini-
vorous. Various laboratory-grown potted plants, e.g., wheat
and other grasses, are recommended for all grasshoppers, in-
cluding slant-faces. Lettuce is almost universally acceptable to
Orthoptera and is easy to use; it is placed in jars, as above, or
is thrown fresh on the floor every morning when the animals
have resumed activity. Bran flakes, chicken mash, and shredded
dog biscuits are excellent dry foods. Oat flakes are acceptable
when used with other foods. Several special laboratory rations,
e.g., Haydak's mixture (Haydak, '42), may also be used. A
little experience will dictate the amounts needed, but some kind
of food should always be available.

It appears that most Michigan orthopterans do not drink
regularly in nature (Gangwere, '59) ; thus, grasshoppers in the

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

11

FIG. 1. Grasshopper cage.

FIG. 2. Water receptacle.

12 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1960

laboratory, like their counterparts in the field, can obtain un-
bound water from their fresh, non-dry food-plants. If given
dry foods, however, they must also have access to a continuous
supply of water. A simple water container used by the author
consists of a homeopathic vial filled with water, plugged with
cotton, and placed on its side on the floor of the cage (fig. 2).
A small lump of modeling clay is fixed to the lip of the vial to
lift it from the floor.

Most species of grasshoppers can, with a little extra effort,
be reared through their entire life cycle. A finger bowl filled
with moist sand is placed on the floor of a cage holding adult
males and females. After the females have oviposited in the
bowl, the egg pods are left there or are removed at regular
intervals by running the contents of the bowl through a sieve.
These pods are then reburied in moist — not wet — sand in an-
other finger bowl in which they complete their development.
The latter procedure provides control over the number and age
of eggs. The eggs of species which undergo a temperature dia-
pause must, after two weeks, be frozen temporarily and then
be refrigerated for three or more additional weeks before they
can continue their development under room temperature.
Bodine ('25) has listed a number of common species which
require freezing for the completion of their development.

Once the nymphs have hatched, they are kept under approxi-
mately the same conditions as those to which the adults are
subjected, but a finger bowl filled with moist sand is placed on
the floor of their cage to provide additional moisture, without
which some of them will mature with twisted legs and wings,
these parts having dried prematurely. Because the rate of
development of grasshoppers and other insects is largely de-
pendent on the temperatures to which they are exposed, their
life cycle may be accelerated in the laboratory by exposing them
to heat from a 25-watt light bulb.

It has long been known that grasshoppers depart from most
other orthopterans in that they are diurnally active (Gangwere,
'58) ; therefore, one can observe their laboratory activities dur-
ing the day without using special equipment.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 13

KATYDIDS (TETTIGONIIDAE)

Katydids, although often bred with difficulty, are readily
maintained in the laboratory. Most Michigan species survive
well in the above-described grasshopper cage and under some-
what the same conditions, but they require partial shelter from
strong sunlight, and their food-habits are more diverse.

Among native food-plants, the flowers and leaves of a large
number of herbs and shrubs — no grasses — are acceptable to
most species except the cone-headed katydids, which eat only
the seeds of grasses and sedges, and the shield-backed katydids,
which have food-habits similar to those of ground and field
crickets. Genera of food-plants especially attractive to Michi-
gan bush and round-headed katydids, as well as to many others,
are Cornns, Dane us, Helianthus, Impatiens, Oxalis, Rhamnus,
Typha, Sagittaria, Solidago, and Vitis. Lettuce is the best
laboratory food for katydids, being attractive to all species ex-
cept cone-heads. Bran and oats, the latter being preferred, are
useful supplements to a lettuce diet or are used alone. No
water supply is needed unless the food is dry.

Depending on the species, katydids lay their eggs in the stems
of grasses and sedges, in galls, between the upper and lower
surfaces of the leaves of herbs and woody plants, in the bark
of woody plants, and occasionally in the ground (Blatchley,
'20) . Because of these varied and stringent oviposition require-
ments, katydids are somewhat difficult to rear. Nevertheless,
many can be carried through their entire life cycle in the labora-
tory, providing their oviposition requirements are met. This
usually involves placing in their cage a potted seedling or mature,
small plant of the proper host.

Most katydids, unlike grasshoppers, are nocturnal insects,
their activities occurring at dusk or during the early part of
the night. Consequently, to observe their normal activities in
the laboratory a low intensity light, e.g., a flashlight, is used.
Such a light does not disturb them, yet provides sufficient il-
lumination. Infra-red techniques may also be used.

To be continued

14 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1960

Subimaginal molt of Caenis hilaris (Say)
(Ephemeroptera: Caenidae) *

By CALVIN R. FREMLING, Winona State College,
Winona, Minnesota

Edmunds (1956) in a review of exuviation in flight of sub-
imaginal Ephemeroptera, stated that he has observed Caenis
simulans McDunnough to molt while at rest. The following
observation tends to substantiate his contention that Caenis only
"appears" to molt during flight as it drops the subimaginal
exuviae which have clung to the imaginal cerci.

At 7 p.m. (C.S.T.) on August 22, 1957, large numbers of
Caenis hilaris (Say) subimagoes were observed to molt on an
overturned life boat at Lock 19, Keokuk, Iowa. Immediately
upon alighting, the wings of the subimagoes were held horizon-
tally and exuviation was quickly initiated. The longest elapsed
time for a subimago to land, molt, and fly away as an imago,
was 65 seconds and the shortest observed time was only 8 sec-
onds. Apparently, molting was hastened by the onset of dark-
ness, and after 7 :10 p.m. very few subimagoes took longer than
10 seconds to land, exuviate and fly away. The subimaginal
exuviae often remained attached to the imaginal cerci when the
imago took to the air. Subimagoes, in undiminished numbers,
were still molting at 7 :20 p.m. when darkness rendered ob-
servation difficult.

LITERATURE CITED

EDMUNDS, G. F. JR. 1956. Exuviation of subimaginal Ephemeroptera
in flight. Ent. News 47: 91-93.

1 Journal Paper No. J.-3715 of the Iowa Agricultural and Home
Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Project No. 1373, Iowa
Cooperative Fisheries Research Unit, sponsored by the Iowa State Con-
servation Commission and Iowa State University of Science and Tech-
nology, with the cooperation of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
This project was also supported by the National Science Foundation
grant G-3831.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 15

New Exotic Crane-Flies (Tipulidae: Diptera).

Part I

By CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, Amherst, Massachusetts ^

In the present series of papers I am describing new species
of extra-North American crane-flies. The materials considered
at this time are from Argentina, Chile and Peru, having been
received from colleagues, including Schachovskoy in Argentina,
and Peria in Chile. The very interesting fly from Peru was
sent to me by my long-time friend and fellow worker on the
Tipulidae, Dr. Bernhard Mannheims, of Bonn, Germany. I am
very greatly indebted to these friends for this small series of
crane-flies.

Austrolimnophila (Austrolimnophila) mannheimsi
new species

Size medium (wing of male over 11 mm.) ; mesonotal prae-
scutum brownish yellow with an intermediate pair of darker
brown stripes ; pleura yellow with small dark spots ; legs dark
brown ; wings obscure yellow, with abundant brown dots in
all cells.

J*. Length about 12 mm.; wing 11.5 mm.; antenna about
2.5 mm.

Described from an alcoholic specimen. Rostrum light yellow ;
palpi brown, the first segment yellow. Antennae relatively
short ; basal three segments yellow, the remainder light brown ;
segments subcylindrical, the intermediate ones subequal in
length to their verticils. Head dark brown.

Pronotum narrowly darkened medially, broadly yellow on the
sides. Mesonotal praescutum brownish yellow with a pair of
darker brown intermediate stripes, the usual lateral pair lack-
ing ; scutal lobes conspicuously infuscated, central area yellow ;
posterior sclerites of notum light brown, the katapleurotergite
darker. Pleura yellow, with small dark spots above the mid-

1 Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory, University of
Massachusetts.

16 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1960

coxae and on the meron. Halteres elongate, medium brown,
base of stem restrictedly pale. Legs with coxae and trochanters
yellow ; remainder of legs dark brown. Wings with the ground
obscure yellow, the entire surface with abundant brown dots
in all cells and virtually equal in size throughout ; a slightly
larger concentration on the anterior cord ; veins slightly darker
brown. Venation : R^^s^i, longer than the basal section of R5;
Rs long, cell Mt deep, its petiole shorter than in; in-cu at near
one-third the length of M3+!f; weak secondary veins behind both
Anal veins, as frequent in the genus.

Abdominal tergites brown, the transverse basal impressions
pale ; sternites weakly bicolored, yellow, patterned with pale
brown basally and on sides, in cases virtually crossing the ster-
nites to form a band ; hypopygium brownish yellow. Male
hypopygium with the tergite transverse, the posterior border
virtually truncate, the median part a very little produced and
provided with a fringe of long conspicuous setae ; proctiger
large and membranous, pale. Basistyle narrowed outwardly,
on ventral face near base with a large subtriangular darkened
lobe, its apex subtruncate. Outer dististyle longer, appearing
as a gently curved rod, provided with setae, the outer apical
angle produced into a slender black spine ; inner style a little
shorter, very gently curved, tip narrowly obtuse. Gonapophysis
appearing as a flattened plate, the posterior lateral angle pro-
duced into a slender spine that is directed caudad.

Habitat. PERU. Holotype: alcoholic J1, Hacienda Udima,
near Taulis, circa 6°50'S. Lat., 79°10'W. Long., in mountain
forest, 1,600-2,200 meters; end of December 1952 (leg. H. W.
Koepcke), No. 6949; Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn,
Germany.

This interesting fly was sent to me by my long-time friend
and co-worker on the Tipulidae, Dr. Bernhard Mannheims, of
Bonn, to whom the species is dedicated. There are several
allied species in the Chilean Subregion, including Austrolim-
nophila (Anstrolimnophila) bradleyi Alexander, A. (A.~) mar-
tinezi Alexander, A. (A.} inerklei Alexander, A. (A.} nahueli-
cola Alexander, and A. (A.) tiinguraguensis Alexander, all with

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 17

somewhat similarly dotted and spotted wings, all separable
among themselves by the coloration, wing pattern and venation,
and especially in the structure of the male hypopygium.

Gynoplistia schachovskoyana new species

Size large (wing over 20 mm.) abdomen very long; antennae
19-segmented, with eleven branched segments ; femora yellow-
ish brown, paler apically, enclosing a narrow brown subterminal
ring; wings subhyaline, conspicuously spotted and dotted with
brown.

J\ Length about 30 mm. ; wing 22 mm. ; abdomen alone
25 mm.

2- Length about 33 mm.; wing 21.5 mm.; abdomen alone
27 mm.

Rostrum brown ; palpi brownish black. Antennae moderately
long, dark brown to brownish black, the incisures of the more
proximal flagellar segments paler; 19-segmented, the formula
2 + 2 + 9 + 6, in both sexes ; branches in male only a little
longer than in the female, the longest slightly more than one-
third the entire organ ; terminal segment elongate, about one-
half longer than the penultimate. Head dark brown, flecked
with brownish yellow, the vertex and genae beneath extensively
gray pruinose, especially distinct as a central line on the poste-
rior vertex.

Pronotal scutum whitish yellow, patterned with dark brown,
the scutellum more uniformly horn-yellow with a whitish spot
on either side. Mesonotal praescutum with the ground brown-
ish yellow, pollinose, with three brown stripes, the median one
divided by a narrow black vitta that extends about to three-
fourths the length of the sclerite ; lateral praescutal borders more
fulvous, more or less pruinose ; pseudosutural foveae large, pale
brown ; posterior sclerites of notum chiefly white pruinose, with
a more or less distinct darker central vitta, most evident on the
mediotergite and apparently not caused by rubbing. Pleura
dark brown above, including the dorsopleural region, paler sur-
rounding the anterior spiracle ; ventral half paler brown with

18 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1960

a conspicuous silvery stripe, most evident from the fore coxa
across the dorsal sternopleurite to the base of abdomen ; a dark
spot above the hind coxa on metepisternum. Halteres with
stem white, knob infuscated. Legs with coxae dark brown,
heavily pruinose ; trochanters brownish yellow ; femora yellow-
ish brown, paler apically, before tip with a narrow brown ring ;
tibiae yellowish brown, the tips broadly infuscated ; tarsi brown,
the outer segments brownish black. Wings with the ground
subhyaline, the outer cubital and anal cells weakly infuscated;
a conspicuous brown spotted and dotted pattern, including major
areas in the radial field, particularly in R and bases of the outer
radial cells ; stigma brownish yellow, variegated by brown
markings ; abundant smaller dots in costal field and more scat-
tered in cells M and Cu; larger clouds in cell 1st A at near two-
thirds the length and in 2nd A at midlength ; other narrow seams
at outer end of cell 1st M.%, fork of M1+Sf base of vein 2nd A,
and less evidently along the posterior margin ; veins brown.
Venation : RH+S+I, one-half the basal section of R5 or a little
longer; cell M! approximately three times its petiole.

Abdomen very long in both sexes, as shown by the measure-
ments ; brownish gray to brown, the lateral tergal border with
a narrow dark brown line that is only slightly interrupted on
the basal rings ; hypopygium small.

Habitat. ARGENTINA. Holotype: J1, Lago Lacar, Neuquen,
650 meters, January 22, 1954 (S. S. Schachovskoy). Allotopo-
typc: $, January 12, 1954.

I take pleasure in naming this striking fly for the collector,
Mr. Serge S. Schachovskoy, to whom I am indebted for many
interesting crane-flies from Neuquen. The large size, very long
abdomen, and conspicuously patterned wings readily distinguish
the species from all known relatives. The smaller Gynoplistia
pictipcnnis (Philippi) likewise has patterned wings but is en-
tirely distinct.

Molophilus (Molophilus) pastoris new species

Belongs to the plagiatus group ; mesonotal praescutum and
scutum light brown, the postnotum and pleura dark brown ; male

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 19

hypopygium with the basal dististyle an unusually long simple
blackened rod, with nearly the outer half strongly curved and
narrowed ; phallosome a setiferous cushion, its apex shallowly
emarginate.

J1. Length about 3.7 mm. ; wing 4.5 mm. ; antenna about
1.3 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae of male moderately long,
as shown by the measurements ; basal segments obscure yellow
or brownish yellow, the outer flagellar segments more darkened ;
flagellar segments oval to long-oval, with long conspicuous
verticils and erect pubesence. Head dark brownish gray.

Pronotum dark brown, the scutellum and pretergites testa-
ceous yellow. Mesonotal praescutum, scutum and scutellum
light brown, the humeri more reddened; postnotum and pleura
dark brown. Halteres pale yellow. Legs with coxae and tro-
chanters yellow ; femora yellowish brown to light brown, tibiae
and tarsi darker brown ; subbasal ring of fore tibia more black-
ened, conspicuous. Wings tinged with grayish yellow, the pre-
arcular and costal fields clearer yellow ; veins dark yellow ;
macrotrichia brown. Venation : R2 lying a short distance be-
yond the level of r-m; petiole of cell M3 relatively short, only
a little longer than m-cu; vein 2nd A only gently sinuous.

Abdomen dark brown, the hypopygium a very little brighter.
Male hypopygium with the beak of the basistyle slender, acute
at tip. Outer dististyle with the stem slender, the arms very
unequal ; basal style an unusually long simple blackened rod,
with more than the basal half stout, the more slender outer part
strongly curved, terminating in a long black spine. The struc-
ture suggests a shepherd's crook, whence the specific name.
Phallosome a setiferous cushion, the apex rather shallowly
emarginate.

Habitat. CHILE. Holotype: <$, Aucar, Chiloe Island, Janu-
ary 6-15, 1952 (Luis E. Pena).

Molophilns (Molophilns) pastoris is most similar to species
such as M. (M.) fagctonun Alexander, M. (M.) ritbidithoni.r
Alexander, and others, differing especially in the structure of
the male hypopygium, particularly the basal dististyle.

20 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1960

Molophilus (Molophilus) stenorhabda new species

Belongs to the plagiatus group ; mesonotum chiefly reddish
yellow, the postnotum and pleura slightly darker ; halteres pale
yellow ; male hypopygium with the beak of the basistyle very
slender ; basal dististyle an unusually long and slender simple
rod, narrowed to the acute tip ; phallosome a setiferous cushion,
its outer end deeply emarginate.

J\ Length about 3.5 mm. ; wing 4 mm.
5- Length about 3.8 mm. ; wing 4 mm.

Rostrum brown ; palpi black. Antennae dark brown, of mod-
erate length, if bent backward extending approximately to the
root of the halteres. Head dark brownish gray.

Pronotum testaceous. Mesonotum chiefly reddish yellow, the
praescutum somewhat more darkened medially in front ; post-
notum and dorsal pleura slightly darker. Halteres pale yellow.
Legs with the coxae and trochanters yellow ; remainder of legs
obscure yellow, the color more obscured by dark setae. Wings
weakly darkened, the prearcular and costal fields more yellowed ;
veins yellow, brighter in the yellowed portions. Venation : R%
lying just beyond level of r-m; petiole of cell M3 about one-
fourth longer than m-cu; vein 2nd A only moderately sinuous,
ending about opposite the anterior end of m-cu.

Abdomen dark brown, hypopygium yellow. Male hypo-
pygium with the beak of the basistyle very slender, acute at tip.
Outer dististyle with the arms very unequal, the inner one
slender ; basal style an unusually long and slender simple rod,
blackened, narrowed to the acute tip. Phallosome a setiferous
cushion, its outer end deeply emarginate, the notch about twice
as broad as either lobe, the longest setae on the lobes.

Habitat. CHILE. Holotype: $, Rio Coluco, Chiloe Island,
January 30, 1952 (Luis E. Pefia). Allotopotype: 5, pinned
with type. Paratopotype: 5, pinned with type.

In its general appearance and structure of the male hypo-
pygium, the present fly is most similar to Molophilus (Mo-
lophilus} rubidithora.v excavatus Alexander, differing especially
in the structure of the male hypopygium, particularly the un-
usually attenuated basal dististyle.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 21

Fleas from Iraq
BY C. ANDRESEN HUBBARD, Tigard 23, Oregon

It has now been six years since I returned from Iraq, the most
eastern of the Arab states, the one bordered on the east by Iran
(Persia), where the Fulbright program had sent me as a re-
searcher to study fleas and plague. Upon my return to the
States I spent six months studying my data and writing a paper
on the new fleas secured, the six being described in Iraq Natural
History Museum Publication No. 11, released December 20,
1956. Another year was spent incorporating all my personal
collection records from Iraq with all the known flea records of
the entire Arab world, the results a manuscript designed to be
a textbook with coverage from Morocco through Algeria,
Tunisia, Libia, Egypt, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Iraq.
This paper has been in the hands of the Iraq Museum of Natural
History awaiting publication for several years. I understand
it was partially set up when, on July 14, 1958, the World was
informed that King Faisal of Iraq had been assassinated and a
republic declared. I expect this coup will greatly delay the
publication of any American papers in Iraq so I think my
records from this country can be published in the United States
at this time without in any way lessening the value of the
larger paper.

Iraq is not a large country. It is irregularly shaped and
extends, perhaps, 600 miles from north to south and from east
to west. Except for the irrigation systems of the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers the southern 450 miles are desert. The
northern 150 miles are mountainous Kurdistan, the hills being
clothed with evergreen and deciduous trees. Such being the
case, desert rodents with their desert rodent fleas are found in
the desert ; woods mice and squirrels with their special fleas
in the northern hills; and domestic fleas, cat, dog, human, in
the villages and towns where people are concentrated. The
carnivors, as in other countries, carry the fleas of their prey.

The work of the siphonapterist and mammologist in Iraq is
rather trying. There seems a small Arab boy behind every
bush and as soon as the investigator's back is turned the children

22 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1960

make off with the traps to add them to the families ever scarce
wood supply. If the traps escape the small boys (adults also)
the always hungry jackals quickly devour the trapped mice,
even to skillfully removing them from small box traps. By
comparison an investigator in America could take as many
fleas in his country in one night as in over a month or more
in Iraq.

My Iraq records follow.

1. Pulex irritans Linne 1758. (human flea) Baghdad off

man, 5 pairs, April 15, 1953.

2. Ctenocephalides canis (Curtis) 1826. (dog flea) Bagdad

off domestic dog, 1 male, January 17, 1953; off Canis a.
aiircus (jackal), 1 female, January 24, 1953; Babylon off
Lcpus c. connori (rabbit), 1 pair, April 26, 1953.

3. Ctenocephalides felis felis (Bouche) 1835. (cat flea)

Baghdad off domestic cat, 6 pairs, May 1, 1953; Babylon
off Felis cJiaus ]urax, March 15, 1953.

4. Synosternus pallidus (Taschenberg) 1880. Baghdad west

off He mi-echinus auritus calligoni (hedgehog), 1 female,
April 14, 1953; Baghdad, 15 miles north on Tigris river
off Lcpus europaeus connori (hare), 2 pairs, May 21,
1953.

5. Synosternus cleopatrae (Rothschild) 1903. Baghdad, 15

miles out Falluja road off Merioncs c. crassus (jird-
gerbil), 8 males, 4 females, May 28, 1953.

6. Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothschild) 1903. (oriental rat flea)

Baghdad (Y.M.C.A.) off Rattus norvcgicus (Norwegian
rat), 1 pair, April 15, 1953; Baghdad off Rattus rattus
(black rat), 1 pair, May 26, 1953; Babylon off Rattus
norvcgicus, 1 pair, April 25, 1953.

7. Xenopsylla nubica (Rothschild) 1903. Basra, 40 miles

northwest off Jaculus loftiisi (jerboa), 2 pairs, January
31, 1953.

8. Xenopsylla astia (Rothschild) 1903. Baghdad off Nesokia

i. bu.vtoni (mole rat), 3 males, February 3, 1953, 5 pairs,
February 7, 1953 ; Baghdad, 7 miles northeast off Gcr-
billus dasyurusmcsopotamiae ( Harrison's gerbil), 2 males,
March 29, 1953 ; Baghdad, 20 miles out Kut road off
Gerbillus d. mesopotamiac, 3 males, May 15, 1953; Hilla
off Nesokia indie us bu.vtoni, 1 male, 8 females, April 24,
1953 ; Hilla, 5 miles west at police compound off Tatera
indica tacniura (date rat), 3 pairs, April 26, 1953;

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 23

Babylon Junction off Tatera i. taeniura, 1 male, April
24, 1953.

9. Xenopsylla conformis conformis (Wagner) 1903. Ra-
madi, 10 miles west, off Meriones crassus crassus (jird-
gerbil), 15 pairs, April 8, 1953; Baghdad, 20 miles west,
off Meriones c. crassus, 2 pairs, April 14, 1953 ; Baghdad,
9 miles north, 7 pairs, April 17, 1953, 3 males, 5 females,
April 18, 1953.

10. Coptopsylla smiti Hubbard 1956. Baghdad (New Bagh-

dad Race Track) off Gerbillus d. mesopotamiae (Harri-
son's gerbil), 1 male, January 31, 1953.

11. Stenoponia tripectinata irakana Jordan 1958. Baghdad

(Karradit Mariam) off Mus in. praetextus (house
mouse), 1 male, January 28, 1953; Baghdad (New
Baghdad Race Track), off Gerbillus d. mesopotamiae,

1 female, February 5, 1953.

12. Ctenophthalmus congener allousei Hubbard 1956. Sir-

sang, off Microtus Irani (Persian meadow mouse), 1 male,

2 females, June 28, 1953.

13. Rhinolophosylla unipectinata unipectinata (Taschen-

berg) 1880. Baghdad (Mustansiriyah) off Asellia tri-
dens (trident leaf-nosed bat), 1 female, May 26, 1953.

14. Chiropteropsylla brockmani johnsoni Hubbard 1956.

Baghdad (Mustansiriyah) off Asellia t. murraiana (tri-
dent bat), 1 female, May 26, 1953.

15. Nosopsyllus medus Jordan 1938. Baghdad (east) off Mus

m. praetextus (house mouse), 1 female, February 4,
1953; Baghdad (west, Karradat Mariam), off Mus in.
praetextus, 3 pairs, February 5, 1953 ; 1 female, March
31, 1953; Babylon off Rattus norvegicus (Norwegian
rat), 2 females, April 25, 1953.

16. Nosopsyllus pringlei Hubbard 1956. Ramadi, 10 miles

west, off Meriones c. crassus (gerbil), 1 female, April 8,
1953; Ramadi, 15 miles west, off Meriones c. crassus, 2
females, April 8, 1953 ; Baghdad, 7 miles northeast, off
Gerbillus d. mesopotamiae, 1 male, March 29, 1953 ;
Baghdad, 9 miles north, 2 females, April 17, 1953.

17. Nosopsyllus durii Hubbard 1956. Sirsang, off Microtus

irani (Persian meadow mouse), 3 males, 2 females, June
28, 1953.

18. Nosopsyllus bunnii Hubbard 1956. Basra, 40 miles north-

west, off Jaculus loftusi (jerboa), 3 females, January 31,
1953 ; Baghdad, 20 miles west, off Meriones c. crassus
(gerbil), 2 females, April 14, 1953.

24 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1960

The writer feels that the above records only touch the sur-
face of siphonapteran investigation in Iraq. Any student of
fleas realizes that fleas are seasonal and that it takes up to as
many years as the writer spent months in Iraq to do the field
justice. The squirrels and mice of northern Iraq (Kurdistan)
and the fossorial animal Spalax remain untouched. The carni-
vors of the country are little known from the standpoint of
ectoparasites. The relation of the fleas of the country to plague
is still unexplored. To the student interested in fleas and
plague Iraq is almost a virgin field.

The writer is indebted to Mr. Frans Smit, Curator of the
Rothschild Collection of Fleas at Tring, England, and Dr.
Robert Hatt, Director of Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloom-
field Hills, Michigan, who acted as mammologist on the Ful-
bright panel in Iraq during 1952-1953, for technical assistance
given.

N.B. During October of 1958 Dr. Bashir Allouse, Director
of the Iraq Natural History Museum in Baghdad, Iraq, mailed
out Part One of "Fleas and Plague in Iraq and the Arab
World" as Museum's Publication No. 15. Included in the
60-page introduction, which Part One is, are known fleas listed
from all Arab states, the plague situation in the Middle and
Near East and all present American techniques used in field
and laboratory plague studies. Part Two, scheduled to be pub-
lished during 1959 will contain the description of 70 Arab fleas
with their ranges, and will possibly cover 200 pages. However,
the continued unrest in the country, the writer's inability to
communicate with Dr. Allouse for the past 6 months and the
unfavorable feeling expressed in Iraq for Americans and British
may delay publication of Part Two indefinitely. Therefore the
writer is releasing this list of Iraq fleas at this time.

N.B.N. The writer was informed during the summer of
1959 that Dr. Allouse had found it expedient to be out of Iraq
for the time and that Part Two of his paper, although on the
press, was left without a proof reader or editor ; therefore its
appearance will be delayed indefinitely.

Ixxi ] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 25

The Male of Chaoborus (Sayomyia) annulatus

Cook1

By EDWIN F. COOK

When Chaoborus annulatus was described originally (Cook,
1956) only 21 female specimens were available. In 1957, Frank
W. Mead of the State Plant Board of Florida collected a num-
ber of this species among which were three males which he sent
to me for examination. The following description is based on
these specimens.

MALE:

Total length approximately 3.50 mm. Setae all very light tan
except those arising from darkly pigmented areas somewhat
darker brown. General body color very light grey with faint
brown pattern on thorax and abdomen ; legs conspicuously
ringed with brown.

Head: Head capsule white ; pedicel white with faint brown
tinge ; flagellar segment white except for brown rings at each
whorl of flagellar setae; palpal segments all light brown.

Head width 0.70 mm. ; width between eyes 0.27 mm. ; length
of prementum 0.22 mm. ; length of clypeus 0.19 mm.; length of
penultimate antennal segment 0.19 mm.; length of ultimate seg-
ment 0.16 mm.; H.W./W.B.E. == 2.58; H.W./P.L. == 3.14;
H.W./C.L. == 3.86; Pu.L./U.L. == 1.10.

Thorax: Color white with light brown markings. Anterior
pronotal lobes white ; posterior pronotum with a small brown
area at upper angle ; scutum with conspicuous brown vittae as
in C. punctipennis; no marks around seta bases; scutellum white
except for paired brown patches at posterior margin ; postnotum
brown ; pre-episternum with a medial brown area ; plural area
otherwise white. Pronotal setae 1 1 ; proepisternals 9 ; poste-
rior pronotals 1 ; pre-episternals 2 ; anepisternals 5 ; upper mes-
epimerals 3.

1 Paper No. 4184, Scientific Journal Series, Minnesota Agricultural
Experiment Station, St. Paul 1, Minnesota.

26 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., 1960

Thoracic appendages: Wings whitish, marked with an in-
complete pale brown crossband at the level of the bifurcation
of M. ; two irregular brown areas at m-cu and just basad of
this, and with the costal margin darkened ; no discrete, small,
brown spots. Wing length 2.33 mm. ; width 0.60 mm. ; W.L./
W.W. = 3.89. Leg structure and vestiture as in C. puncti-
pennis; white, conspicuously marked with brown rings on femora
and tibiae ; apices of tarsal segments also dark.

Abdomen: Ground color white; each segment with conspicu-
ous, lateral, trianglar, brown marking; seventh segment largely
brown.

Gcnitalia: (fig. 1) Tergite and sternite of segment 8 with
numerous long setae on posterior half ; tergite 9 slightly pro-
duced medially, a pair of slightly developed basal lobes each
bearing 12 long setae. Gonocoxite white on basal two-thirds,
brown distally. Gonocoxite with a membranous, setaceous
lobe. Gonostyle about one-fourth shorter than gonocoxite, pale
brown, with a few minute setae. Penis valve simple, darkly
pigmented apically. Coxite length 0.35 mm. ; style length 0.25
mm.; Co.L./St.L. =: 1.43.

Specimen examined: Two males, Columbia Co., Florida, Feb.
28, 1957, Coll. F. W. Mead ; 1 male, Alachua Co., Florida, Oct.
16, 1953.

Comments: The male of this species can be separated readily
from others of the subgenus Sayomyia in North America by the
partially banded wings and the structure of the male genitalia.

REFERENCE CITED

COOK, E. F. 1956. The Nearctic Chaoborinae (Diptera: Culicidae).
University of Minnesota Ag. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 218, pp. 1-102.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 27

A New Record of Cyrtolobus auroreus Woodruff
from Wisconsin (Homoptera)

By CLIFFORD J. DENNIS, East Central State College, Ada, Okla.

Four specimens, consisting of three males and one female,
of Cyrtolobus auroreus Woodruff were among several thousand
treehoppers collected in black light traps at Middleton, Dane
County, Wisconsin on June 9, 1959. These insects were col-
lected by Dr. John T. Medler, Department of Entomology, Uni-
versity of Wisconsin, and Mr. Phil W. Smith, Plant Industry
Division, Wisconsin Department of Agriculture.

The specimens match Woodruff's (1924) description in all
particulars except that his "rose" has a somewhat brownish
cast on the female, and his "dark rose" on the males is very
dark rose.

Frost (1955) reported the collection of this species from a
tungsten filament light trap in Pennsylvania.

This collection of Cyrtolobus auroreus Woodruff in Wiscon-
sin represents a new locality record.

LITERATURE CITED

FROST, S. W. 1955. Ent. News 66: 63-64.

WOODRUFF, L. B. 1924. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 32 : 1-62.

NOTICE. The December, 1959, issue of ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS was
mailed at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., on December 11, 1959.

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CONTENTS

Krombein — Biological notes on some Hymenoptera 29

Nomenclature Notes 36

Gangwere — Culturing Orthoptera in the laboratory (cont.) .... 37

Florschutz and Darsie — Records of ectoparasites on mammals . . 45

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LXXI FEBRUARY, 1960 No. 2

Biological Notes on some Hymenoptera that Nest

in Sumach Pith

By KARL V. KROMBEIN, Entomology Research Division,

Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department

of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

In 1958 I became interested in the wasps nesting in the soft
pith of scrubby staghorn sumach (Rhus typhina) and smooth
sumach (R. glabra) during an effort to elucidate the biology of
Chrysis (Ceratochrysis) enhuycki Cooper and its host Lepto-
chilus republicanus zendaloides (Robt.). The study on these
two wasps has been reported (Krombein 1959). Information
obtained on other Hymenoptera nesting in sumach pith is pre-
sented below.

The nests were obtained from sumachs growing along the
right of way of the Washington and Old Dominion Railroad
between Dunn Loring and Vienna in Fairfax County, Virginia.
Some species burrowed into the soft pith of the stems or larger
lateral branches with a diameter of 15 to 30 mm. Other species
utilized pre-existing borings in the pith.

A few nests were obtained during examination of the sumachs
on January 4, 1958, and March 7, 1959, but most of the nests
were obtained during the summer of 1958. I topped several
hundred stems and branches of smooth and staghorn sumach
on June 17 in order to provide easily accessible entry to the
pith. These particular sumachs were checked on July 1 and
15, August 15 and 28, September 3, 11, 19 and 26, and October
31, all stems that showed evidence of borings being gathered
each date. The following notes were made from an examination
of these borings and rearing of the occupants. Overwintering

(29)

.'ITHSONIAN CrD

TITUTiON rhB 4

30 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1960

nests were left outdoors from the end of October through
March 1959, and were then brought into my office ; emergence
dates from these nests are therefore earlier than normal.

I am indebted to the following specialists for identification of
prey or parasites obtained during this study: R. M. Bohart
(Ontalns) ; B. D. Burks (Symphyta and Chalcidoidea) ; H. W.
Capps (Lepidoptera) ; R. H. Foote (Diptera, in part) ; L. M.
Russell (Aphidae ) ; C. W. Sabrosky (Diptera, in part) ; A.
Stone (Diptera, in part) ; H. K. Townes (Ichneumonidae) ; and
W. W. Wirth (Diptera, in part). My daughters, Kristin and
Kyra, assisted in hunting for the nests.

Hemitaxonus dubitatus (Norton)

Larvae of this small tenthredinid sawfly pupate in borings.
I believe that they probably utilize abandoned borings rather
than chewing out their own, because at least one of them was
at the bottom of a boring 78 mm. long. The sawfly does not
spin a cocoon, but constructs a narrow plug of fine particles
of pith just above itself, and occasionally also beneath itself.
It does not construct a plug at the boring entrance. In one case
a species of Passaloccus constructed a one-celled nest above the
sawfly retreat. Sawfly prepupae were found in stems picked up
on September 11 and 26 and October 31. Larvae of this sawfly
have been recorded as feeding on Osutunda. However, in the
locality of my research I suppose that they feed on bracken
(Pteridium) which is common along the railroad tracks. I was
successful in rearing one male sawfly (92658 D) from the few
available prepupae. It pupated between April 6 and 10, and
emerged on April 13.

An ichneumonid, Cubocephalus canadensis (Prov.), was
reared from a prepupa of this sawfly (103158 E) found on
October 31. The parasite had spun its cocoon inside the sawfly
retreat. It transformed to a pupa on April 8, and a male
emerged on April 15. Another sawfly prepupa (91158 C)
found on September 11 had a slender parasite egg next to it.
This egg was 1.54 mm. long and 0.28 mm. wide across the
middle. It was adjacent to the thoracic legs but was not glued

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 31

to the body. It may have been an egg of Cubocephalus, but
unfortunately it failed to hatch.

Perithous mediator pleuralis Cresson

Four males of this ichneumonid were reared from a nest
(92658 B ) of a species of Pemphredon, probably harbecki Roh.
This nest was in a stem of staghorn sumach. The boring was
2.5 mm. wide and sinuous. It was about 32.5 cm. long with the
upper 13 cm. empty except for a plug of particles of fine pith
15 mm. thick located 9 cm. from the entrance. Some of the
cells were in separate pockets separated from the main boring
by a plug of fine particles of pith ; other cells were in a linear
series in the main boring and were separated by a few milli-
meters of pith particles. This nest architecture is characteristic
of harbecki rather than of lethijcr, the other species of Pem-
phredon which nests in sumach pith in this area.

When this nest was picked up on September 26, each of two
cells contained small black meconial pellets of the Pemphredon
larva and a small larva of Perithous feeding on the full grown
wasp larva. Another cell contained a chrysidid prepupa, prob-
ably of a species of Omalus, in its cocoon. I preserved a
mature wasp larva and samples of the aphid prey. The aphids
were identified as Rhopalosiphum rhois Mon. ; most of them
were wingless.

On September 29 a small parasite larva was feeding on the
chrysidid prepupa mentioned above. The other Perithous
larvae, which had been feeding on the Pemphredon larvae, were
now full grown and beginning to spin cocoons. The cocoons
were completed a couple of days later and were of very delicate
silken mesh. Four males of Perithous mediator pleuralis
emerged from this nest on April 13, 14, and 16, and two males
of Omalus sinuosus Auctt. on April 11 and 13, and one female
of the Omalus on April 13. All cells of the host wasp were
parasitized.

Reinhard (1929) reared pleuralis from nests of Pemphredon
concolor Say in an old beech stump.

32 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1960

Cubocephalus canadensis (Provancher)

A male of this ichneumonid was reared from a prepupa of the
tenthredinid sawfly Hemitaxonus dubitatus (Norton), q. v.

Perilampus canadensis Crawford

Two specimens of this perilampid emerged from cocoons of
the sphecid Ectcmnius stirpicola (Pack.), q. v.

Diomorus zabriskiei Cresson

Several specimens of this torymid were bred from cocoons of
Ectemnius stirpicola (Pack.), q. v.

Habritys latro Wallace

Adult females of this pteromalid were found in nests of
Ectcmnius stir pic ola, and a few were reared from cocoons of
this wasp, ^7. i'.

Epistenia coeruleata Westwood

This pteromalid is parasitic on prepupae of the vespid Lepto-
chilus re public anus zcndaloidcs (Robt.) nesting in sumach
(Krombein 1959).

Axima zabriskiei Howard

This eurytomid was reared from prepupae of the apid
Ceratina calcarata Robt., q. i'.

Omalus (Ornalus) sinuosus Auctt.1

This chrysidid was resirediromPeniphredonlcthifcr (Shuck.),
q. i'., and probably also from P. harbecki Roh. (see notes above
under Perithous mediator pleuralis Cr.).

The cocoons are spun of semitransparent white silk and range
from 4.6 to 5.1 mm. long. They are circular in cross section;

1 This species has h:-en misidentified as sinuosus (Say), 1828. It will
be described as a ne\v species by Bohart and Campos in a forthcoming
revision.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 33

the tail end is rounded and the head end truncate. Unlike the
cocoons of some other species of 0 mains, the head end of the
cocoon of sinnosus Auctt. is no thicker than the walls, and is
not composed of strands of silk spun in a fine, close spiral
pattern.

Chrysis (Ceratochrysis) enhuycki Cooper

This chrysidid is a social parasite of the vespid Leptochdus
republicanus zendaloidcs (Robt.) nesting in sumach (Krom-
bein 1959).

Leptochilus republicanus zendaloides (Robertson)

Biological notes on this vespid, which nests in sumach, and
its parasites were reported earlier (Krombein 1959).

Stenodynerus (Parancistrocerus) perennis perennis

(Saussure)

One nest (3759 Bj of this vespid was found in a stem of
staghorn sumach on March 7, 1959. On this date it contained
vespid prepupae in frail, light tan, silken cocoons lining the
cell walls. The nest was constructed in the upper end of a
long pre-existing boring in the pith. The boring was 3-3.5
mm. in diameter and was closed off 35 mm. from the upper end
by an earthen plug 3 mm. thick, constructed presumably by the
mother perennis. Above this plug were three cells, 11, 11, and
13 mm. long, capped by earthen partitions 1 mm. in thickness.
The lepidopterous remains in the cells were identified as mostly
larvae of Blastobasidae and a few fragments of larvae of another
family. One of the prepupae pupated between March 11 and
16, and an adult female of p. perennis emerged on March 30.

Ran (1935) also found typical perennis nesting in twigs, the
cells separated by clay partitions. Krombein (in Krombein and
Evans 1955) found perennis anacardivora (Roh.) also nesting
in a twig and provisioning its cells with larvae of Olethreutidae
and Gelechiidae.

34 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1960

Pemphredon (Cemonus) harbecki Rohwer

Two females of this sphecicl wasp were recovered from the
paper sacks in which I transported the stems from Dunn Loring
to my office on August 28 and September 26. A third female
(82858 B) was found, head outward, at the bottom of an
otherwise empty boring in a stem of smooth sumach 6 mm. in
diameter. The boring was 16 cm. long and 3 mm. in diameter.
A nest, possibly belonging to this wasp, was described under
Perithous mediator plcuralis, q. i\ The aphid prey stored in
this nest was Rhopalosiphum rhois Mon. All cells were para-
sitized by Perithous or by Omahis sinuosns Auctt. The type
series of harbecki was reared from a nest in pith of elder
(Sambucus).

Pemphredon (Cemonus) lethifer (Shuckard)

Two females of this species were recovered on September 11
and 19 from the paper sacks used for transporting stems on
those dates.

One nest of lethifer (91958 C) was found in a 'stem of smooth
sumach 7 mm. in diameter on September 19. This nest was not
completely stored, and may have belonged to the female found
loose in the paper sack. The boring was 150 mm. long and
2.5 mm. in diameter. The upper end was empty for 40 mm.
Below this empty space were tightly packed aphids for 7 mm.,
then in succession a wasp egg placed across the boring, 12 mm.
of tightly packed aphids and a small wasp larva, two full-grown
wasp larvae devouring the last of the aphids provided for them,
scattered small particles of pith for 15 mm., a large wasp larva
beginning to spin its cocoon, and several prepupae in cocoons.
The lower end was filled with fine particles of pith for 20 mm.
The aphids were purple nymphs, 0.75-1.25 mm. long of a
species of Aphis. The cocoons were 9-10 mm. long, and con-
sisted of a silken cap above and a partition of tougher silk at
the lower end which walled off the meconial pellets. Several of
the prepupae and mature larvae were preserved for taxonomic
study. The remaining prepupae pupated between April 1 and

IxxiJ ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 35

6. Three males of lethijer left the boring on April 14, 15, and
16, and one female on the 17th.

Another nest (DL 3) was found in a stem of smooth sumach
9 mm. in diameter on January 4, 1958. This boring was sinu-
ous, 2 mm. in diameter, and was closed by a plug of fine particles
of pith. It contained several Pemphredon prepupae, and at the
inner end two chrysidid cocoons, 6 and 4.5 mm. long, with aphid
remains attached to the cocoons. Males of lethijer emerged on
April 22 and 23, and a male of Onialus sinuosus Auctt. on the
24th. The other 0 mains died as a fully colored pupa.

Rau (1948), referring to this species as inornatus Say, pub-
lished a few notes on its biology. He found it nesting in hollow
stems of Weigelia and provisioning with Aphis gossypii Glov.

Passaloecus annulatus (Say)

A nest of this sphecid wasp (92658 C) was found in a stem
of smooth sumach 8-10 mm. in diameter on September 26.
The boring was sinuous, 20 mm. long and 2 mm. in diameter.
There was a thin plug of resin at the entrance. Beneath this
were two cells 11 and 9 mm. in length separated by thin parti-
tions of resin. The cells were stored with tightly packed aphid
nymphs belonging to a species of Macrosiphum. A small wasp
larva was present in each cell. Both larvae were nearly full
grown on September 29, and spun their cocoons the next day.
The cocoon consisted of just a delicate silken cap at the upper
end of the cell spun adjacent to the resin partition. The me-
conium was voided as a long black ribbon. One of the larvae
had deposited the meconium at the upper end of the cell next
to the silken cap, and had then spun another silken cap beneath
the meconium. One of the prepupae was preserved for taxo-
nomic study. The other pupated a few days before March 31.
It became fully colored but failed to eclose. It was readily
identifiable as a male of annulatus.

Another nest (92658 D), found in smooth sumach on the
same date, was probably a nest of annulatus also. It consisted
of a single cell constructed in 20 mm. of boring above a pupation
chamber of the sawflv Hcniita.i'onits dubitatns. The cell was

36 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1960

13 mm. long and was capped by a thin partition of resin. There
was an empty space of 6 mm. above the cell and then a thin
closing plug of resin at the boring entrance. The wasp egg was
injured when I opened the stem. The cell contained 26 tightly
packed, pale green aphid nymphs, 1.3-2.5 mm. long, of the
same species of Macrosiphiiin stored in the other nest of
annulatus.

Krombein (1955, 1958) reported annulatus as nesting in de-
serted anobiid burrows in structural lumber and provisioning
with nymphs of Drepanaphis sp., probably acerifoliae (Thos.)
and Macrosiphum sp.

(To be continued)

Nomenclature Notice

All comments relating to the following should be marked with

the Commission's File Number and sent in duplicate, before

March 1st to W. E. China, Assistant Secretary, International

Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British Museum

(Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 7, England.

Designation of a type species for the nominal genus Bolito-

chara Mannerheim, 1831 (Class Insecta, Order Coleop-

tera). Z.N.(S.) 243.

Designation of type species for the nominal genera Ischno-
poda Stephens, 1835, and Tachyusa Erichson, 1837 (Class
Insecta, Order Coleoptera). Z.N.(S.) 244.
For details see Bull. Zool. Nomencl. Vol. 17, Parts 3/5.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 37

The Feeding and Culturing of Orthoptera in the

Laboratory

By S. K. GANGWERE

(Continued from p. 13)

WALKING-STICKS (PHASMIDAE)

The nocturnally active walking-stick Diapherotnera, which is
probably typical of a number of phasmids, is readily maintained
in the laboratory. The same cage set-up as described for grass-
hoppers is used, but the food requirements differ markedly. It
is restricted, at least in the adult stage, to the leaves of various
trees and shrubs, including Hamamelis, Quercus, Primus, Ru-
bus, Tilia, and Ulmus, and refuses lettuce and other laboratory
foods. The young nymphs are known to accept leaves of Tilia,
and the author believes that they may eat those of Rubus.
Diapheromera adults do not need a supply of water, although
the nymphs benefit from a daily, light sprinkling with water
from an atomizer.

The eggs of Diapheromera are dropped carelessly on the floor
of the cage, where, as pointed out by Graham ('37), they can
be collected and placed in gauze-capped vials until hatching.
Mortality of the newly hatched is heavy. During hatching and
molting the young should have access to slightly moistened sand.

CRICKETS (GRYLLIDAE)

Michigan ground crickets (Nemobiinae) and field crickets
(Gryllinae), which are largely nocturnal insects, are kept in a
grasshopper cage or in a battery jar. If the latter, its opening
is closed with a weighted piece of window screening or with a
piece of cheesecloth held to the jar rim with rubber bands. The
floor is covered with dry sand. Some kind of shelter and
perching space is desirable ; this may be a small quantity of
excelsior or an inverted paper cup with notches cut in the mouth
edge, but the author prefers, for ease of observation, small tiers
made of a number of horizontal strips of pressed board, aligned

38 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1960

parallel to one another and nailed to wooden end pieces, leaving
-.1-inch gaps between them. One such tier is placed in a cage.
While the cage need not be kept in a darkened place it should
be kept in subdued light.

Ground and field crickets are scavengers ; thus, almost any
food is satisfactory. They thrive on lettuce, slices of various
fruits, crushed dog biscuits, chicken mash, peanut butter, cheese,
meat scraps, and laboratory rations, e.g., Haydak's mixture.
They eat both bran and oat flakes but prefer the latter. Their
food is placed in a petri dish or is thrown on the floor. They
obtain water from their food unless a dry type is used, making
necessary a water vial.

Adult ground and field crickets breed readily when their cage
contains a finger bowl filled with damp sand. After they have
oviposited, the eggs are left in the original cage or are removed
to a new one, where hatching and molting of the nymphs occur.

White tree crickets (Oecanthinae) are more difficult to main-
tain for long periods of time than are other Michigan crickets.
These largely nocturnal insects are kept in a grasshopper cage,
where they are provided with one or more native food-plants,
including leaves and flowers of Aster, Daucus, Linaria, Rud-
beckia, and Sol id ago. On occasion they should also be given
lettuce, pieces of various fruits, and small prey, e.g., aphids.
While they do not require drinking water, they appear to bene-
fit from the humidity of an occasional, light sprinkling with
water from an atomizer. Laboratory rearing is accomplished
only after some difficulty, for the appropriate host plant is
needed for oviposition. Fulton ('15) has described the ovi-
position habits of certain species.

COCKROACHES (BLATTIDAE)

The nocturnally active cockroaches are the easiest to rear of
all the Michigan Orthoptera. Most species are readily main-
tained in a battery- jar container such as described for crickets,
but some demand unusually great humidity. The inner edge
of the jar is lightly smeared with vaseline and the opening
closed with weighted window screening or, better, the edge is

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 39

not smeared but is capped with a glass plate, to prevent the
insects' escape. This latter set-up maintains a high humidity,
but a small piece of dampened sponge will probably be needed
to increase it. The floor of the cage may be covered with
excelsior or with wadded paper, but observation is facilitated
if dry sand is used, together with a perching tier, such as de-
scribed for crickets. The cage is always kept in subdued light
or in darkness.

Food is no problem, for these scavengers eat virtually any-
thing from human foodstuffs to paper, being especially fond of
amylaceous foods. They eat lettuce, slices of various fruits and
potato, crushed dog biscuits, chicken mash, peanut butter, cheese,
meat scraps, bran and oat flakes, and laboratory rations. They
can survive on the water in their foods but do best when given
a continuous supply in water vials.

Rearing of cockroaches in the laboratory is easily accom-
plished, for if adult males and females of a species are caged
together egg capsules or oothecae are the inevitable result, except
in the case of ovoviviparous forms. For a time interval char-
acteristic of the species, these are carried about by the females
and then dropped. Once dropped, they are allowed to develop
on the floor of the original cage or are placed in a new one,
where hatching occurs. The nymphs mature without difficulty
if they have sufficient food and warmth.

CAMEL CRICKETS (GRYLLACRIDIDAE : RHAPHIDOPHORINAE)

Michigan camel crickets, like most cockroaches, are noctural
scavengers requiring shelter, darkness, and high humidity.
Consequently, they can be maintained under essentially the same
conditions as cockroaches and in the same kind of cage, but the
sand is removed to prevent them from burrowing beneath it.
The cage is kept in subdued light or in darkness and always
contains a small piece of dampened sponge to moisten its air.
Though omnivorous, camel crickets do not have quite the lati-
tude in their feeding as do cockroaches. Nevertheless, they will
eat lettuce, bran and oat flakes, pieces of various fruits, meat
scraps, peanut butter, and cheese. As reported by Hubbell ( '37) ,

40 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1960

they can be induced to oviposit in a finger bowl containing moist
sand, in which their eggs will develop. This dish is kept in
the cage for a time after hatching to assure a high humidity, for
the young are especially delicate.

GROUSE LOCUSTS (TETRIGIDAE)

Grouse locusts, like their grasshopper relatives, are diurnal,
but their cage requirements are quite different from those of any
other orthopteran. Most Michigan species can be maintained
in a grasshopper cage, but the floor is covered with moist sand
or, better, with the moist organic soil of their habitat, together
with its covering of lower plants. The sand does not mold as
readily as the soil but is inferior in that it does not grow the
animals' food. Whatever the floor covering, it is kept moist
but not wet. A few pieces of bark are suitable for perches.
The grouse locusts' food consists of algae, molds, mosses, and
sprouts of grasses and herbs. Lettuce is a convenient labora-
tory food. Various laboratory-grown algae may also be used
for this purpose. A vial of drinking water is unnecessary.
Grouse locusts oviposit in the soil but, as indicated by Nabours
('37), are difficult to rear successfully.

PRAYING MANTIDS (MANTIDAE)

Mantids are easy to rear but are somewhat more trouble to
house and to feed. The cannibalistic adults and older nymphs
are kept separately in small screen cages of design similar to that
of the author's grasshopper cages ; these use standard fruit jar
lids as roof and floor. Small groups of young nymphs may be
placed together in gauze-capped vials but are most safely han-
dled and fed when housed individually. An appropriate-sized
perch, either a small strip of paper (for vials) or a larger strip
of cardboard or a twig (for cages), is placed in each container.
The cages are always kept in a well-lighted place but should be
sheltered from strong sunlight.

Mantids are predacious. The younger nymphs eat small,
soft-bodied insects such as aphids and fruit flies ; the older ones

Ixxij ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 41

eat larger insects such as houseflies and nymphal grasshoppers ;
and the adults eat large mealworms, grasshoppers, cockroaches,
etc. Because of their voracious appetite mantids should be fed
often. They do not require a supply of water.

To rear mantids, a male and a female are caged together,
copulation ensuing. The males are sometimes eaten by the
larger females during this time. The eggs are deposited in
oothecae, which are fixed to the twigs in the cages, where they
hatch without additional care. Young are placed immediately
in vials, sprinkled with water from an atomizer, and given prey.
Nevertheless, early mortality is great.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Dr. Irving Cantrall, of the University of Michigan Museum
of Zoology, who is a person of long-time acquaintance with the
Orthoptera, contributed both encouragement and sound advice
during the course of the foregoing maintenance and rearing
studies. His assistance was instrumental in solving a number
of technical problems. Drs. Cantrall, Alfred Beeton, of the
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and Henry Townes, of the
University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, critically reviewed
the manuscript. To these biologists the author is deeply in-
debted.

REFERENCES CITED

BLATCHLEY, W. S. 1920. Orthoptera of north-eastern America with
especial reference to the faunas of Indiana and Florida. Nature Publ.
Co. 784 pp.

BODINE, J. H. 1925. Effects of temperature on rate of embryonic de-
velopment of certain Orthoptera. Jour. Exp. Zool., 42 : 95.

FULTON, B. B. 1915. The tree crickets of New York; life history and
bionomics. New York Agric. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull., 42: 47 pp.

GANGWERE, S. K. 1958. Notes on the feeding periodicity of various

Orthoptera. Michigan Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters, 43: 119-132.
— . 1959. Notes on drinking and the need for water in Orthoptera.
In press, Canadian Ent.

GRAHAM, S. A. 1937. The walkingstick as a forest defoliator. Univ.
Michigan School Forestry and Conserv. Circ. No. 3 : 28 pp.

HAYDAK, M. H. 1942. Rearing grasshoppers under laboratory condi-
tions. Science, 95 : 657-658.

42 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1960

HUBBELL, T. H. 1937. Ceuthophilus. Cited below in Needham et al.:

285-286.
NABOURS, R. K. 1937. The grouse locusts. Cited below in Needham

et al. : 292-294.

REFERENCES TO THE CULTURE OF ORTHOPTERA

While there is no great body of information available on the
maintenance and rearing of Orthoptera, there are several papers
pertaining to most groups and a large number to three of them,
the grasshoppers, crickets, and cockroaches, especially the latter.
These are relatively difficult to find, being widely scattered
throughout numerous journals and usually composing but in-
cidental parts of larger studies. It would appear that a compila-
tion of papers of this type would have considerable usefulness.
The following therefore, is a list of the more useful of the
numerous such works the author has perused :

General Interest:

CAMPBELL, F. L., and F. R. MOULTON. 1943. Laboratory procedures in

studies of the chemical control of insects. A. A. A. S. Publ. No. 20 :

206 pp. (Equipment; rearing of cockroaches and various non-

orthopterans.)
NEEDHAM, J. G., et al. 1937. Culture methods for invertebrate animals.

Comstock Publ. Co.: 590 pp. (Rearing of cockroaches, mantids,

camel crickets, crickets, grasshoppers, grouse locusts, and numerous

non-orthopterans. )
PETERSON, A. 1934. A manual of entomological equipment and methods,

Part I. Edwards Bros. : 21 + xiii pp., 138 pis. (Numerous cages and

other types of equipment.)
— . 1937. A manual of entomological equipment and methods, Part II.

John S. Swift Co. : 334 pp. (Abstracts of papers on rearing of

various insects, including some orthopterans.)
— . 1953. A manual of entomological techniques. Edwards Bros. :

367 pp. (Equipment; rearing of grasshoppers, cockroaches, house

crickets, and numerous non-orthopterans.)

Grasshoppers:

ALBRECHT, F. O. 1953. The breeding of the red locust in captivity.
Bull. Ent. Res., 44: 1-4.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 43

BUXTON, J. A. 1957. Differentiation of nymphs of the genus Melanoplus

in Franklin County, Ohio, and the vicinity. Ohio State Univ. unpubl.

doctoral dissertation : 7-12.
CAROTHERS, E. E. 1923. Notes on the taxonomy, development and life

history of certain Acrididae. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 49 : 7-24.
FRY, H. J. 1927. Grasshopper culture in the laboratory. Jour. New

York Ent. Soc., 35 : 41-50.
HAYDAK, M. H. 1942. Cited above.
HUNTER-JONES, P. 1956. Instructions for rearing and breeding locusts

in the laboratory. Anti-Locust Res. Centre : 1-9.
PARKER, J. R. 1930. Some effects of temperature and moisture upon

Melanoplus incxicanus mcxicanus Saussure and Camtiula pelhicida

Scudder. Univ. Montana Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 223 : 132 pp.
SMITH, R. W. 1952. Another method of rearing grasshoppers in the

laboratory. Canadian Ent. 84: 269-271.

Katydids:

HANCOCK, J. L. 1916. Pink katy-dids and the inheritance of pink
coloration. Ent. News, 27 : 70-82.

Walking-sticks:

GRAHAM, S. A. 1937. Cited above.

MERTZ, W. N. 1929. Living plants and animals for the biological lab-
oratory: Diapheromera femorata. Turtox News, 7: 33-34.

SEVERIN, H. H. P., and H. C. SEVERIN. 1911. A few suggestions on the
care of the eggs and the rearing of the walkingstick, Diapheromera
femorata Say. Psyche, 18: 121-123.

Crickets:

BUNTING, W. 1954. On the culture of house crickets Achcta domcstica
(L.). Ent. Mon. Mag., 90: 214-215.

BUSVINE, J. R. 1955. Simple methods for rearing the cricket (Gryllulns
domesticus L.) with some observations on speed of development at
different temperatures. Proc. R. Ent. Soc. London, 30: 15-18.

GHOURI, A. S. K., and J. E. MCFARLANE. 1958. Observations on the
development of crickets. Canadian Ent., 90: 158-165.

HASKELL, P. T., and D. G. IVES. 1954. A culture method for Acheta
domestica (L.). Ent. Mon. Mag., 90: 94-95.

JORDAN, B. AI., and J. R. BAKER. 1956. The house-cricket as a labora-
tory animal. Entomologist, 89 : 126-128.

STONE, P. C. 1953. The house cricket as a laboratory insect. Turtox
News, 31: 150-151.

44 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1960

SWINGLE, H. S. 1945. Raising crickets for bait. Alabama Polytech.
Inst. Agric. Exp. Sta. Leaflet No. 22 : 4 pp.

Cockroaches:

DAHM, P. A. 1955. A convenient method for rearing large cockroaches

Jour. Econ. Ent., 48 : 480-482.
EDMUNDS, L. R. 1953. Collecting and culturing of native wood roaches

in Ohio, with some additional notes on their parasites. Ent. News,

64 : 225-230.
GOULD, G. E., and H. O. DEAY. 1938. The biology of the American

cockroach. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 31 : 489-498.
— . 1940. The biology of six species of cockroaches which inhabit

buildings. Purdue Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 451 : 31 pp.
GRADY, A. G. 1928. Studies in breeding insects throughout the year for

insecticide tests. III. Jour. Econ. Ent., 21 : 608-612.
HAUSMAN, S. A. 1955. Raising cockroaches in the laboratory. Turtox

News, 33 : 36.

HEAL, R. E. 1948. Rearing methods for German and American cock-
roaches. Jour. Econ. Ent., 41 : 329-330.
McCAY, C. M. 1938. The nutritional requirements of Blattella ger-

manica. Physiol. Zool., 11 : 89-103.
NOLAND, J. L. 1956. An improved method for rearing cockroaches.

Jour. Econ. Ent., 49: 411-412.
NOLAND, J. L., J. H. LILLY, and C. A. BAUMANN. 1949. A laboratory

method for rearing cockroaches, and its application to dietary studies

on the German roach. Annals Ent. Soc. Amer., 42: 63-70.
NUTTING, W. L. 1953. Giant cockroaches of the genus Blaberus as

laboratory animals. Turtox News, 31 : 134-137.

PIQUET, P. G., and J. H. FALES. 1952. Rearing cockroaches for experi-
mental purposes. U. S. D. A. Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar. Bull. ET

Series 301 : 11 pp.
QADRI, M. A. H. 1938. The life history and growth of the cockroach

Blatta orientalis, Linn. Bull. Ent. Res., 29: 263-276.
Ross, H. H. 1931. Life history of Blattella germanica. Trans. Illinois

Acad. Sci., 21 : 84-92.

Camel Crickets:
HUBBELL, T. H. 1937. Cited above.

Grouse Locusts:

NABOURS, R. K. 1937. Cited above.

HANCOCK, J. L. 1902. The Tettigidae of North America. Privately
publ. : 188 pp.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 45

Praying Mantids:

DIDLAKE, M. L. 1926. Observations on the life-histories of two species
of praying mantis. Ent. News, 37: 169-174.

MERTZ, W. N. 1029. Cited above.

ROBERTS, R. A. 1928. Notes on the biology of Stagmomantis Carolina.

Canadian Ent., 60: 209-212.

— . 1937. Biology of the bordered mantid, Stagmomantis limbata
Hahn. Annals Ent. Soc. Amer., 30 : 96-109.

ROEDER, K. D. 1936. Raising the praying mantis for experimental pur-
poses. Science, 83: 582-583.

Additional Records of Ectoparasites on Delaware

Mammals 1

By OTTO FLORSCHUTZ, JR., and RICHARD F. DARSIE, JR.2- 3

In 1945, MacCreary (1945a) published a list of ectoparasites
taken from Delaware mammals. The present study is a
follow-up of his original effort offering additional information
on parasites of five mammalian hosts.

Other records of Delaware ectoparasites have been published
by Ewing (1938) who listed Myobia musculi Schrank from
Mus musculus L. (collected by H. S. Peters, Ft. DuPont,
Delaware City; IV-13-33) ; Holland (1950), who reported on
a Ceratophyllid flea from the State; MacCreary (1945b) and
Darsie and Anastos (1957), who recorded Ixodidae from Dela-
ware; MacCreary and Catts (1954), who worked on poultry
parasites; and Scanlon and Johnson (1957), who referred to
Polyplacine lice from this State.

1 Published as Miscellaneous Paper No. 323 with the approval of the
Director of the Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station. Publication
295 and Scientific Article 211 of the Department of Entomology, No-
vember 24, 1958.

- Graduate Assistant and Associate Professor, respectively, Department
of Entomology, University of Delaware, Newark.

3 The authors are indebted to Dr. Edward W. Baker and Dr. Phyllis
T. Johnson, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C, for assistance
in identification of mites and lice, respectively.

46 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS | Feb., 1960

PROCEDURE

All hosts were captured alive in boxtraps during the winter
of 1958. The rodents were sacrificed and enclosed in pint-sized
ice cream cartons for 24 hours, then the parasites were picked
from host and carton and preserved in 70 per cent alcohol.
Additional specimens were recovered by brushing with a leaf
brushing machine developed by Henderson and McBurnie
(1943). The larger mammals were caught during a rabbit
trapping and transplanting program conducted by the Delaware
Board of Game and Fish Commissioners. They were neces-
sarily examined alive. There was no attempt to collect all the
parasites from the rabbits.

Representative parasites from each animal were selected and
mounted for study.

RESULTS

The following mammals, common in Delaware, were exam-
ined for ectoparasites : meadow mouse, Microtus pennsylvanicus
(Ord), house mouse, Mns nuisculits Linne, deer mouse, Pero-
myscus leiicopus (Rafinesque), cottontail rabbit, Sylvilagus
floridanus (Allen), and opossum, Didelphis virginiana Kerr.
Although only 28 specimens were inspected, a total of 1142
parasitic arthropods were recovered. Even so, not all the
parasites were removed from all hosts. Table 1 lists the num-
ber of hosts parasitized by each of the arthropod orders. The
meadow mice were by far the most heavily infested, and like-
wise had the largest number of species.

About one-fourth of the ectozoans were identified to species.
They are tabulated in table 2, along with their hosts. The
known Delaware records and a discussion of the ectoparasite
species follow.

ACARINA

Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing)

Newark, New Castle Co., ex Microtus pennsylvanicus, III-
26-58, 2$$; 111-27-58, 3$$; 1 11-28-58, 3$$; IV-17-58,

Ixxi]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

47

399; ex Peromyscus Icucopus, IV-3-58, 1 $ (O. Florschutz).
MacCreary (1945a) listed this species under the genus Atri-
cholaelaps. In addition to the above hosts, he named Blarina
brevicauda (Say) and Pitymys pinetormn pinetorum (Lee.).
This is probably the most widely distributed parasitic mite both
geographically and in terms of numbers of hosts ; see Strandt-
mann (1949), Baker et al. (1956), Hays and Guyton (1958)
and Allred (1958). It has been reported from Africa by
Zumpt and Till (1956).

TABLE 1. Number of Parasites Taken from Each Mammalian Host,

Delaware, 1958

Host

Number
Examined

Acarina

Anoplura

Siphonaptera

No.
Hosts
Infested

Total
X um-
ber

No.
Hosts
Infested

Total

Num-
ber

No.
Hosts
Infested

Total
Num-
ber

Microtus pennsylvanicus

Mus musculus
Peromyscus leucopus
Sylvilagus floridanus
Didelphis virginiana

11
3

1
11
2

11

1
I'
0

(1

672
10
100

10
0
0
0
0

232

1
0
0

II1

1

1

126

1

Total

28

13

782

10

232

13

128

1 Not all the ectoparasites were removed from these hosts.

Haemolaelaps spp.

Newark, New Castle Co., ex Microtus pennsylvanicus, III-
17-58, 1 nymph (O. Florschutz). Specific identification was
not possible due to its immaturity.

Listrophorus spp.

Newark, New Castle Co., ex Microtus pennsylvanicus, III-
27-58, 4 $9; 111-31-58, 2$$; ex Peromyscus Icucopus, IV-3-
58, 1 9- This mite genus has never before been reported from
Delaware.

Laelaps alaskensis Grant

Newark, New Castle Co., ex Microtus pennsylvanicus, III-
10-58, 499, 3^; 111-17-58, 499, 1^; ITI-26-58, 699,

48 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1960

IH-27-58, 6$$, I J; 1 1 1-28-58, 6$?, !<?; 111-31-58,
3??, !<?; IV-5-58, 8??; IV-17-58, 2$$; ex Peromyscus
leucopus, IV-3-58, 7 $$ (O. Florschutz). This is a new record
for Delaware, but may have been included in the Laelaps spp.
of MacCreary (1945a). It was one of the commonest mites
on the meadow mice. The identification key of Pratt and Lane
(1953) was useful in separating the two species of Laelaps.

Laelaps kochi Oudemans

Newark, New Castle Co., ex Microtus pennsylvanicus, III-
10-58, 1$; 111-17-58, 3$$, 1 nymph; 111-26-58, 4$?, 1
nymph; 1 11-27-58, 3 ??, 1 <?; 111-28-58, 2$$; 111-31-58, 1 $,
2cft?; IV-5-58, 9 ??, 2$3; IV-17-58, 2?$ (O. Florschutz).
This species was reported from Delaware by MacCreary (1945a)
under the name Laelaps microti (Ewing). The role of this
mite as a possible natural vector of tularemia was suggested by
Grzhebina (1939).

Radfordia affinis (Poppe)

Newark (Cowentown), New Castle Co., ex Mus musculus,
IV-3-58, 45?, 2 <ft? (O. Florschutz). This is likewise a new
Delaware mite record. This mite was the only one taken from
M. 'musculus, despite thorough examination of the host. Ewing
(1938) stated that he examined house mice from Delaware and
failed to find this species.

ANOPLURA
Hoplopleura acanthopus (Burmeister)

Glasgow, New Castle Co., ex Microtus pennsylvanicus, VI-
7-39, 3 ??, 1 <? (D. MacCreary) ; Newark, New Castle Co.,
ex house mouse, VI-28-39, 1 J* (E. J. Gerberg) ; ex M. penn-
sylvanicus, 111-10-58, 1$, 2^; 111-17-58, 4??, 2$$-, III-
26-58, 7$$, 1<?; 111-27-58, 12$?; 111-31-58, 1$, SJtf;
IV-5-58, 4$$, 4 &? (O. Florschutz). This is the most com-
mon rodent louse found in Delaware. It was also recorded

Ixxi]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

49

from Peromyscus leucopus and Mus musculus in Delaware by
MacCreary (1945a). The ecology of this louse was discussed
by Cook and Beer (1955). It is interesting to note that, in
large samples taken in Minnesota, they never found H. acantho-
pus on deer mice of the genus Peromyscus. Conversely, Hoplo-
pleura hesperomydis (Osborn) was the Peromyscus louse and
never found on voles of the genera Microtus and Clethrionymys,
the hosts of H. acanthopus.

TABLE 2. List of Ectoparasites Collected in New Castle County
Delaware, 1958, and Their Hosts

Host Species

Parasite

Microtus
penn-

sylvanicus

Mus

musculus

Peromyscus
leucopus

Syhilagus
floridanus

Didelphis
virginiana

ACARINA

Haemal aelaps glasgou'i

11

1

Haemolaelaps spp.

1

Laelaps alaskensis1

48

7

Laelaps kochi

32

Listrophorus spp.

6

1

Radfordia affinis1

6

ANOPLURA

Hoplopleura acanthopus

41

Polypiax alaskensis

2

SIPHONAPTERA

Cediopsylla simplex

109

Megabothris asio asio

1

Odontopsyllus mullispinosus^

1

Oropsylla arctomys

1

Total

142

6

9

110

1

1 New records for Delaware.

Polypiax alaskensis Ewing

Newark, New Castle Co., ex Microtus pennsylvanicus, III-
28-58, 1$; 111-31-58, 1 <$ (O. Florschutz). The male was
associated with H. acanthopus, while the female was the only
louse found on its host. Although this species was not found
by MacCreary (1945a), it was recorded from Delaware by
Scanlon and Johnson (loc. cit.} but without any locality data.

It is interesting to note that Beer and Cook (1958), in a
study of lice on Peromyscus in Oregon, found one species each

50 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1960

of Hoploplcnra (hesperomydis} and Polyplax (anricularis Kel-
logg and Ferris), and in about the same ratio as in the present
study, i.e., the former was much more abundant.

SlPHONAPTERA

Cediopsylla simplex (Baker)

Hasten Corners, Kent Co., ex rabbit, VI-22-39, 1 5 (D. Mac-
Creary) ; Newark, New Castle Co., ex Sylvilagus floridanus,
1-17-58, 3 ??, 2 JJ ; 1-18-58, 2 ??, 1 <? ; f-20-58, 7 ??, 2 <?<? ;
1-22-58, 3??, 7^; 1-24-58, 21??, 10^; II-1-58, 7$$,
2<?3; H-4-58, 5??, 3&?; 11-11-58, 7 ??, 7J^; 11-12-58,
3?$, 7Jtf; IV-8-58, 5?$, 5 JJ (O. Florschutz). This flea
was found in great abundance on all rabbits examined. From
5 to 20 fleas were collected per animal. MacCreary (1945a)
listed this species on Marmota mona.v monax (L.) but not on
rabbit ; the above data apparently serve as a new host record for
Delaware. C. simplex was found to be most numerous among
the New Jersey Siphonaptera, by Burbutis (1956).

Megabothris asio asio (Baker)

Delaware City, New Castle Co., ex Microtus pennsylvanicus,
V-20-39, 1 c? (D. MacCreary) ; Camden, Kent Co., ex M.
pennsylvanicus, VI-25-39, 1 J* (R. Traub) ; New Castle, New
Castle Co., ex meadow mouse, VII-29-39, 1 ^ (D. Mac-
Creary) ; Newark, New Castle Co., ex M. pennsylvanicus, IV-
4-58, 1$ (O. Florschutz). MacCreary (1945a) registered it
from Delaware. The first two records given above were pub-
lished by Holland (1950). He also figured parts of a female
from New Castle, Delaware (see his fig. 2).

Odontopsyllus multispinosus Baker

Newark, New Castle Co., ex Sylvilagus floridanus, 1-20-58,
1 $ (O. Florschutz). This is a new Delaware flea record. Only
a single female was collected in 110 rabbit fleas. The species

Ixxi I ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 51

was found to be the second most common flea on rabbits in
New Jersey by Burbutis (1956).

Oropsylla arctomys (Baker)

Yorklyn, New Castle Co., ex ground hog, VI-1-39, 1 ? (D.
MacCreary) ; Newark, New Castle Co., ex Didclphis virginiana,
1 1 1-7-58, 1 5 (O. Florschutz). The latter is a new host record
for Delaware and appears to be a rare host relationship. Ac-
cording to Jellison and Good (1942), the first to report it was
Jordan (1928) from Ligonier, Westmoreland Co., Pennsyl-
vania. Fox (1940) included it as a host of D. virginiana in his
host index. Recently Hamilton (1958), in a study of the life
history and economic relations of the opossum in New York
State, noted that this flea was recovered from a few individuals,
but it was not nearly so abundant as on woodchucks.

SUMMARY

During the winter of 1958, 28 small mammals were live-
trapped in the vicinity of Newark, Delaware, and examined for
ectoparasites. Five species of hosts were captured : Microtus
pennsylvanicus, Mus mnscuhis, Peromyscus leucopus, Sylvilagus
floridanus, and DidelpJiis virginiana. A total of 1142 para-
sites was recovered and 268 of them were mounted and iden-
tified. The rodent hosts were sacrificed and stored in indi-
vidual pint containers for 24 hours. The detached parasites
were then collected and preserved in 70% alcohol. Additional
parasites were collected by vigorous brushing. From the other
hosts, specimens were picked off by hand. During this study,
there were identified 113 mites of 6 species, 43 lice of 2 species,
and 112 fleas of 4 species. Two of the mites, La claps alaskensis
Grant, and Radfordia afjinis (Poppe), and one flea, Odonto-
psyllus multispinosus Baker, are new records for Delaware.

LITERATURE CITED

ALLRED, D. M. 1958. Pan-Pacific Ent., 34 (1) : 17-32.

BAKER, E. W., T. M. EVANS, D. J. GOULD, W. B. HULL and H. L.

52 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., 1960

KEEGAN. 1956. A manual of parasitic mites of medical or economic

importance. New York, National Pest Control Assoc., 170 pp.
BEER, J. R. and E. F. COOK. 1958. Pan-Pacific Ent, 34 (3) : 155-158.
BURBUTIS, P. P. 1956. N. J. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 782, 36 pp.
COOK, E. F. and J. R. BEER. 1955. Parasit., 45 : 409-420.
DARSIE, R. F., JR. and G. ANASTOS. 1957. Ann. Ent. Soc. Anier., 50

(3) : 295-301.

EWING, H. E. 1938. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 40 (7) : 180-197.
Fox, I. 1940. Fleas of Eastern United States. Ames, Iowa, Iowa

State College Press, 191 pp.

*GRZHEBINA, H. 1939. Rostov Inst. Mikrobiol, 17: 86-93.
HAMILTON, W. J., JR. 1958. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Mem. 357,

48 pp.
HAYS, K. L. and F. E. GUYTON. 1958. Jour. Econ. Ent., 51 (2) : 259-

260.
HENDERSON, C. F. and H. V. McBuRNiE. 1943. U. S. D. A. Cir. 671,

11 pp.

HOLLAND, G. P. 1950. Can. Ent., 82 : 126-133.
JELLISON, W. L. and N. E. GOOD. 1942. U. S. Pub. Hlth. Ser., Natl.

Inst. Hlth. Bui. 179, 193 pp.

*JORDAN, K. 1928. Nov. Zool., 34 (2) : 178-188.
MACCREARY, D. 1945a. Jour. Econ. Ent., 38 (1) : 126.

-. 1945b. Del. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 252 (Tech. 32), 22 pp.
MACCREARY, D. and E. P. CATTS. 1954. Del. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui.

(Tech.) 307, 22 pp.
PRATT, H. D. and J. E. LANE. 1953. Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 43 (11) :

358-360.
SCANLON, J. E. and P. T. JOHNSON. 1957. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 59

(6) : 279-281.

STRANDTMANN, R. W. 1949. Jour. Parasit., 35 (3) : 325-352.
ZUMPT, F. and W. M. TILL. 1956. Z. f. Parasitenkunde, 17: 282-291.
* References not seen by authors.

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

MARCH I960

Vol. LXXI No. 3

CONTENTS

Scott — Collembola of New Mexico. 1 53

Burks — Brachymeria intermedia in North America 62

Krombein — Biological notes on some Hymenoptera (Cont.) .... 63

Papp — Records of some North American beetles 69

Knull and Knull — Behavior of male Gyponini 78

Cook — The male of Chaoborus annulatus (illustration) 79

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LXXI MARCH, 1960 No. 3

The Collembola of New Mexico. I. Podurinae
and Hypogastrurinae '

By HAROLD GEORGE SCOTT -

This series records the first extensive survey of springtail
insects in New Mexico and one of the first analyses of the
ecological distribution of Collembola in so large and varied an
area. It was made in conjunction with a study of the altitudinal
distribution of several insect and arachnid groups directed by
Dr. C. Clayton Hoff, Professor of Biology, University of New
Mexico. Preplanned collections were made by Dr. Hoff with
the help of David Bergstrom, Travis Everett, John Gorham,
John Joseph, Dwain Parrack, and the author. Independent col-
lections were contributed by Chester Richmond and Richard
Spurrier. Specimens will be deposited with the Academy of
Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Most collections were made using Berlese funnels to drive the
insects from soil and litter into alcohol. Both field Berlese
(using p-dichlorobenzene fumes) and laboratory Berlese (using
light, heat, and dryness) funnels were employed. These devices
are described in Hoff, 1959 and 1949. Hand-picking, sweeping,
sifting, and light-trapping yielded additional collections. The
sample was made from 19 counties, 45 microhabitats, and eighty
100-foot bands between 4,000 and 13,100 feet altitude. The

1 A portion of a dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the
University of Xe\v Mexico in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

- Training Branch, Communicable Disease Center, Bureau of State
Services, Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health, Education,
and \Yelfare, Atlanta, Georgia.

(53)

SMITHSONIAN ...D _
INSTITUTION MAR 2 i960

54 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1960

plants referred to in the text are: alder (Alnus] ; aspen (Popu-
lits treuudoldcs} ; birch (Bctnla fontinalis) ; boxelder (Acer
negnndo) ; cottonwood (Populus ^v^slez^ni, P. angustifolia) ; fir
(Abies concolor, Pseudotsuga ta.i'ifolia) ; greasewood (Sarco-
batus vermiculatus) ; juniper (Juniperus pachyphloca and other
/. spp.) ; maple (Acer glabrum, A. grandidentatum) ; mesquite
(Prosopis fuli flora) ; mahogany (Cercocarpus) ; oak (Quercus
Gainbelii and other Q. spp.) ; pine, bristlecone (Pinus aristata) ;
pine, limber (Pinus fle.vilis) ; pine, yellow (Pinus ponderosa) ;
pinyon (Finns cdiilis} ; rabbit-brush (Chrysothamnus) ; sage-
brush (Arteniesia ) ; salt-bush (Atriple.v canescens) ; snow-
berry (SympJioricarpos) ; soapberry (Sapindus Saponaria) ;
spruce (Picca pungcns, P. Engelmanni and other P. spp.) ;
sycamore (Platanus Wrightii) ; walnut (Jiiglans) ; willow
(Sali.v} ; wolf-berry (Lycium*) ; yucca (Yucca glanca and other
F. spp.).

None of the species of Collembola recorded in this part has
been reported previously from New Mexico.

Order COLLEMBOLA Lubbock, 1870

Small (0.2 to 10 mm. long), wingless insects with holoblastic
cleavage and no obvious metamorphosis ; with scales, setae, or
both; rarely with integumentary blisters (pseudocelli) ; antenna
4—7 segmented ; eyes with 0-8 ommatidia ; tibiotarsus with outer
claw (unguis), usually inner claw (unguiculus), and often
clavate tenent hairs ; abdomen 6-segmented, sometimes appear-
ing 3-7 segmented externally ; usually with 3 pairs of abdominal
appendages (collophore on Abd I, tenacula on Abd III, furcula
on Abd IV). The collophore, unique and always present, is
the typical structure of the order.

Suborder ARTHROPLEONA Bonier, 1901

Body elongate, not subglobose ; segmentation distinct (or last
2-3 segments ankylosed).

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 55

Family PODURIDAE Lubbock, 1870

Pronotum setaceous, not greatly reduced, of the same texture
as the other segments.

Subfamily PODURINAE Borner, 1906

Head hypognathous ; mouthparts chewing ; postantennal or-
gan, pseudocelli, and anal spines absent ; furcula reaching beyond
collophore. This subfamily contains a single species : Podura
aquatica Linnaeus, 1758. The Indian Podura himalayana
Baijal, 1955, belongs in the subfamily Hypogastrurinae. P.
aquatica, not yet recorded from New Mexico, is one of the most
cosmopolitan species of Collembola and probably occurs within
the state.

Subfamily HYPOGASTRURINAE Borner, 1906

Head prognathous ; mouthparts chewing ; postantennal organ,
eyes, and furcula usually present ; pseudocelli absent ; anal spines
0-2.

Genus Hypogastrura Bourlet, 1839

Furcula present ; eyes 8 and 8 ; postantennal organ with 4-7
tubercles. The prior name Achorutcs Templeton, 1835, is sup-
pressed (ICZN Opinion 435, 1956).

Hypogastrura albamaculata sp. nov. Figure 1.

TYPE LOCALITY. Gallinas Canyon, NW of Las Vegas, San
Miguel Co., NEW MEXICO; Berlese of yellow pine-fir litter,
7,500 ft., 6-vii-1953.

DESCRIPTION. Body without ankylosis ; integument minutely
tuberculate ; yellow with mottled dark blue markings and a large
number of laterodorsal opaque white spots ; clothed by short
setae; antenna shorter than head; Ant III and IV semicon-
fluent ; postantennal organ with 4 peripheral tubercles ; unguicu-
lus minute, spine-like, almost entirely absent ; tenent hairs
2,2,2 ; unguis with strong tooth ; furcula short, not ankylosed,
not reaching collophore ; no dental spines or mucronal teeth ;

56 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1960

anus ventroterminal ; anal spines 2, stout, each about -£ length
of hind unguis ; body length 0.7 mm.

DISCUSSION. This species is distinguished from other Hypo-
gastrura by the rudimentary unguiculus, distinctive number of
tenent hairs, and the striking opaque white spots.

Hypogastrura banks! Maynard, 1951.

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Berlese of (1 ) pinyon litter and soil,
7,000 ft., 10 mi N of Golden, Santa Fe Co., ll-vii-1952; and
(2) rodent midden heap of fir cone scales, 10,300 ft., near Sandia
Crest, Sandia Mts., Bernalillo Co., 10-ix-1951.

DISTRIBUTION. N. M., N. Y.

Hypogastrura brevispinus (Harvey, 1893).

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Berlese of (1) Engelmann spruce
litter, timberline, 11,500 ft., Middle Mt., Taos Co., 10-ix-1953 ;
(2) aspen-fir-spruce litter, 9,600 ft., W of La Mosca Peak, Mt.
Taylor, Valencia Co., 20-vii-1953.

Hypogastrura californica (Bacon, 1914).

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Berlese of dry spruce-fir litter, 8,500
ft., near Tres Ritos, Taos Co., 7-vii-1953.
DISTRIBUTION. Cal., N. M.

Hypogastrura glasgowi (Folsom, 1916).

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Berlese of litter (aspen, oak, fir,
pinyon, yellow pine, juniper); 7,200 to 10,600 ft.; Bernalillo,
San Miguel, Lincoln, and Grant Co., Jun.-Oct., 1950-1953.

DISTRIBUTION. 111., Iowa, N. M., N. Y., Texas, Ontario.

Hypogastrura humi (Folsom, 1916).

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Berlese of litter (aspen, oak, spruce,
yellow pine, pinyon) ; 6,900 to 11,900 ft., Santa Fe, Bernalillo,
Taos, San Miguel, and Valencia Co., May-Oct, 1951-1953.

DISTRIBUTION. 111., N. M., N. Y., Ontario.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 57

Hypogastrura macrospinata Maynard, 1951.

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Berlese of grass roots, hollow tree
roots, and litter (aspen, oak, fir, yellow pine), 7,200 to 8,400 ft.,
San Miguel, Bernalillo, and Lincoln Co., Jun.-Sep., 1950-1954.

DISTRIBUTION. N. M., N. Y.

Hypogastrura manubrialis (Tullberg, 1869).

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Berlese of cottonwood litter, 5,000
ft., at Rio Grande just W of Bernalillo, Sandoval Co., 6-vi-1954.

DISTRIBUTION. N. M., N. Y., South America, Europe,
Australasia.

Hypogastrura matura (Folsom, 1916).

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Berlese of (1) soil and roots of
grasses and herbs, (2) litter (aspen-fir, cottonwood) ; 5,000 to
12,700 ft., Rio Arriba, Taos, and Sandoval Co., Jun.-Sep.,
1953-1954.

DISTRIBUTION. Cal., 111., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Minn., N. M.,
N. Y., Texas, Utah, Mexico.

Hypogastrura minutissima (Mills, 1934), new combination.
Achorutes minntissimns Mills, 1934, Collembola of Iowa, p. 14.

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Hand-picked from roots of dead
Compositae, 5,300 ft., Kirtland Air Force Base, Bernalillo Co.,
20-ix-1951.

DISTRIBUTION. Iowa, N. M.

Hypogastrura montana Maynard, 1951.

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Berlese of spruce litter, timberline,
12,000 ft., Lake Peak, Santa Fe Co., 26-vi-1954.
DISTRIBUTION. N. M., N. Y.

Hypogastrura promatro (Wray, 1950).

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Berlese and hand-picked samples
from alpine grasses, spruce, fir, limber pine, pinyon, aspen, pine,

58 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1960

cottonwood, desert grasses, under rocks, and under dung ; 5,300
to 11,200 ft., Taos, Santa Fe, Sandoval, Valencia, Torrance, and
Socorro Co, Jul.-Sep, 1951-1954.
DISTRIBUTION. Idaho, N. M, Utah.

Hypogastrura punctata (Coleman, 1941), new combination,
neotype designation.

Achorutes punctatus Coleman, 1941, Jour. Ent. Zool.. 33: 6.

The types of this species were accidentally destroyed (Cole-
man, 1941, p. 6). The New Mexico specimens agree perfectly
with Colemaivs description, and figures, and a neotype and co-
neotypes are hereby designated.

NEOTYPE LOCALITY. Sandia Mts., Bernalillo Co., New Mex-
ico; Berlese of fir-aspen litter, 9,200 ft, 14-vii-1951.

DESCRIPTION. Body without ankylosis ; integument minutely
tuberculate ; white to gray with conspicuous black spots ; clothed
by short setae ; antenna shorter than head ; postantennal organ
with 4 tubercles ; unguis without teeth ; unguiculus well-devel-
oped ; no tenent hairs or dorsal dental teeth ; anal spines 2, small ;
body length 1.3 mm.

DISCUSSION. This species is distinguished from other Hypo-
gastrura by the well-developed unguiculus, lack of tenent hairs,
and the conspicuous black spots.

DISTRIBUTION. Cal, N. M.

Hypogastrura tigrina (Harvey, 1900).

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Berlese of spruce litter, 10,900 ft.,
near Santa Fe Ski Run, Santa Fe Co, date unknown.
DISTRIBUTION. Maine, N. M, N. Y.

Hypogastrura tullbergi (Schaffer, 1900).

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Berlese of (1 ) fir litter, 11,200 ft,
Mt. Taylor, Valencia Co, 21-vii-1953; (2) alder litter, 8,400
ft, just W of Cowles, San Miguel Co, 31-vii-1954.

DISTRIBUTION. Mass, N. M, N. Y, Europe.

Ixxi]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

59

2

FIG. 1. Hypogastmra albamaculata sp. nov., dorsal view of holotype
with detail of left anal spine.
FIG. 2. Xenylla neomexicana sp. nov., dorsal view of holotype.

Hypogastrura uniunguiculatus (Tullberg, 1869).

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Berlese of (1) pinyon litter, 7,500
ft., just N of Santa Fe, Santa Fe Co., 5-ix-1952; (2 and 3) fir
litter, 10,000 ft., S-vii-1950 and spruce-fir litter, 8,600 ft,
23-vi-1951 ; Sandia Mts., Bernalillo Co.

DISTRIBUTION. Ill, N. M, Europe.

Hypogastrura viatica (Tullberg, 1872).

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Berlese, sifting, and hand-picked
collections from alpine grasses, yellow pine litter, under rocks;

60 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1960

9,000 to 12,300 ft. ; Taos, Santa Fe, Mora, and Valencia Co.,
Jun.-Oct., 1953-1954 ; commonly associated with ants.

DISTRIBUTION. Cal., N. M., Europe, Arctica, South America,
Antarctica.

Genus Xenylla Tullberg, 1869

Furcula present, not reaching collophore ; eyes 5 and 5 ; post-
antennal organ absent ; unguiculus absent.

Xenylla carolinensis Wray, 1946.

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Berlese of oak litter: (1) 8,200 ft.,
Hyde Park, Santa Fe Co, 28-viii-1952 ; (2) 7,500 ft, just NE
of Grants, Valencia Co, 6-viii-1952.

DISTRIBUTION. N. M, N. C.

Xenylla collis Bacon, 1914.

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Berlese of ( 1 ) clumps of alpine vege-
tation, 12,400 ft, Santa Fe Baldy, Santa Fe Co, 17-vii-1954;
(2) walnut litter, 6,900 ft. Water Canyon, W of Socorro,
Socorro Co, 10-vii-1954.

DISTRIBUTION. Cal.. N. M.

Xenylla humicola (Fabricius, 1780).

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Berlese of juniper litter, 6,900 ft,
SE corner of Sandoval Co., 30-i-1952.

DISTRIBUTION. Mass, N. M, N. Y, Ontario, Europe.

Xenylla neomexicana sp. nov. Figure 2.

TYPE LOCALITY. Just N of Red River Village, Taos Co,
New Mexico; Berlese of rotten coniferous stump, 8,700 ft, 31-
viii-1954.

DESCRIPTION. Body not ankylosed ; integument granular ;
clothed by short setae ; dark blue on yellow ; yellow interseg-
mental bands, sometimes indistinct ; mid-dorsal longitudinal blue
strip extending from posterior edge of head to posterior Abd

Ixxij ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 61

III ; antenna shorter than head ; postantennal organ absent ; eyes
5 and 5 ; eyepatches usually dark, but sometimes pale or absent ;
dens and mucro nearly confluent ; furcula small, not reaching
collophore ; 2 exceedingly minute anal spines ; body length
0.6 mm.

Xenylla welchi Folsom, 1916.

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Berlese of (1) grass clumps under
fir, 8,300 ft., Hyde Park, Santa Fe Co., 16-vii-1954; (2 and 3)
7,000 ft., Juniper-pinyon and pinyon litter, Sandia Mts., 24—ii-
1952, Bernalillo Co.

DISTRIBUTION. Cal., 111., Iowa, Kans., Md., N. M., Penna.,
Utah, Costa Rica, Europe.

SUMMARY

The New Mexico sample reported in this series of papers
represents 19 counties, 45 microhabitats, and 80 100-foot alti-
tudinal bands. Collections were by Berlese funnel, hand-picking,
sweep net, sifter, and light trap. The probable occurrence of
Podura aquatica in New Mexico and the taxonomic placement
of P. himalayana are discussed. Record is made of 17 species
of Hypogastrura including H. albamaciilatns sp. nov., and H.
punctata, new combination. Neotypes are designated for H.
punctata. Record is made of 5 species of Xenylla including
X. ncome.i'icana sp. nov. Ecological data are presented for all
22 species.

REFERENCES CITED

BACON, G. 1914. Jour. Ent. Zool. (Pomona), 6: 137-184.
BAIJAL, H. 1955. Agra Univ. Jour. Res. (Sci.), 4: 175-178.
BORNER, C. 1901. Zool. Anz., 24: 1-15.

-. 1906. Mitt, naturli. Mus. Hamburg, 23 : 147-188.
BOURLET, A. 1839. Mem. Soc. Sci. Agr. Lille, 1 : 377-417.
COLEMAN, T. 1941. Jour. Ent. Zool. (Pomona), 33: 1-11.
FABRICIUS, O. 1780. Fauna groenlandica, pp. 211-214.
FOLSOM, J. 1916. Proc. United States Natl. Mus., 50: 477-525.
HARVEY, F. 1893. Ent. News, 4 : 182-184.
. 1900. Ent. News, 9: 216-217.

62 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1960

HOFF, C. 1949. Bull. Illinois Nat. Hist. Surv., 24 : 413-498.

— . 1959. Univ. New Mexico Pub. Biol., no. 8, iv + 68 pp.
LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Systema naturae, 823 pp.
LUBBOCK, J. 1870. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 27 : 277-297.
MAYNARD, E. 1951. The Collembola of New York. Ithaca: Comstock

Pub. Co., xxiv + 339 pp.
MILLS, H. 1934. A monograph of the Collembola of Iowa. Ames:

Collegiate Press, xii + 143 pp.
SCHAFFER, C. 1900. Fauna arctica, 1 : 237-258.
TEMPLETON, R. 1835. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1 : 89-98.
TULLBERG, T. 1869. Akad. Afhandl., vol. of 1869, pp. 1-20.

-. 1872. Ofv. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 10 : 1-70.
WRAY, D. 1946. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 41 : 79-85.
. 1950. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 45: 91-95.

The Establishment of Brachymeria intermedia (Nees) in
North America. (Hymenoptera, Chalcididae)

From 1905 onward into the early 1930's Brachymeria inter-
media (Nees) was repeatedly introduced from Europe into New
England, for control of the gypsy moth. Apparently all these
attempts to colonize it failed. In 1935 Dowden (Jour. Agr.
Res., 50: 509) stated, "it has never become established in spite
of the large colonies of adults that have been liberated."

While working over the unidentified North American Brachy-
meria material in the U. S. National Museum collection, how-
ever, I found a single female specimen of intermedia that had
been reared in Massachusetts in 1942. The data associated
with this specimen are : Marion, Mass., reared from pupa of
Cacoccia, Aug. 1, 1942, H. J. Franklin. This specimen is a
rather small one, but it agrees in all diagnostic characters with
European specimens of intermedia and with the long series of
specimens that were preserved from the intermedia cultures at
the Gypsy Moth Laboratory, Melrose Highlands, Massachusetts.

B. D. BURKS

Entomology Research Division

U. S. Department of Agriculture

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 63

Biological Notes on some Hymenoptera that Nest

in Sumach Pith

By KARL V. KROMBEIN, Entomology Research Division,

Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department

of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

(Continued from p. 36)
Ectemnius (Hypocrabro) stirpicola (Packard)

This sphecid wasp nests more frequently in sumach than any
other hymenopteron. The female wasp excavates a somewhat
sinuous boring through the pith of stems of smooth or staghorn
sumach that is finally about 3 mm. in diameter. The boring
length is variable ; in 20 nests it ranged from 165 to 440 mm.
with a mean of 275 mm. The Peckhams (1898) reported nests
ranging from 300 to 400 mm. in canes of raspberry and black-
berry, and the Raus (1918) found that nests in elderberry
ranged from 150 to 330 mm. The female is very industrious.
The Peckhams reported that one female labored for 42 consecu-
tive hours to excavate a boring 39 cm. long. I did not examine
the sumachs frequently enough to obtain any data on the dura-
tion of nest construction and provisioning.

The cells are arranged in linear series within the boring. The
brood cavities ranged from 8 to 14 mm. in length with a mean
length of 10 mm. In about half the nests the bottom of the
boring contained plugs of rather loose particles of fine pith
ranging from 3 to 22 mm. in length. The partitions between
the cells were constructed of rather firmly packed particles of
pith and ranged in length from 2 to 23 mm. with an average
length of 9 mm. The Raus found a similar variability in the
length of cell partitions in elderberry.

In the few completely stored nests that I obtained the final
closure varied. In about half the nests there was an empty
space of 38 to 75 mm. between the last provisioned cell and
the closing plug. The closing plug was composed of rather
loose particles of pith ranging from 5 to 30 mm. in thickness.
Above the closing plug, and extending to the entrance of the
burrow, was an empty space from 15 to 140 mm. in length.

64 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1960

In a completed nest there is usually one cell for each 25 mm.
of boring — fewer if there is an abnormally long empty space
between the last provisioned cell and the closing plug, or above
the closing plug. The numbers of provisioned cells and boring
length in the seven completely stored nests that I obtained were
as follows : 8 cells in 165 mm. ; 15 cells in 330 mm. ; 15 cells in
346 mm.; 17 cells in 440 mm.; 8 cells in 250 mm.; 4 cells in
240 mm. ; and 2 cells in 269 mm.

E. stirpicola preys on small Diptera, storing from 6 to 18 in
a cell with a mean of 10. Most of the flies are various species
of acalyptrate muscoids, though occasionally I found cells with
large numbers of nematocerous or orthorrhaphous Diptera, as
in several of those reported below.

One cell in a nest picked up on July 1 contained the following
flies: Syrphidae — 10 Mesograpta marginata (Say) ; Otitidae—

1 Am phicnc plies pulhis (Wied.), 1 Rivcllia pallida Lw., 2 R.
steyskali Namba; Tephritidae — 1 Euaresta bella (Lw. ) ; Agro-
myzidae — 1 M elanagromyza sp. One cell in a nest picked up
on July 15 contained 8 specimens of the otitid Euxesta notata
(Wied.) and 1 of the lauxaniid Sapromyza pictiventris Mall.
A cell in a different nest picked up on July 15 was stored with
the following species: Otitidae — 3 R. steyskali; Tephritidae—

2 E. bella; Lonchaeidae — 1 LoncJiaca sp. ; Lauxaniidae — 1 Sa-
promyza itinbfosa Lw. ; Agromyzidae — 1 Agromyza sp. ; Tachi-
nidae — -1 Hyalomyodes triangulifera Lw.

Two out of three cells in a nest picked up on August 28 were
unusual in that they contained both sexes of a black fly. Cell 2
held the following specimens : Otitidae — 1 R. steyskali; Lon-
chaeidae—2 LoncJiaca polita Say ( ?) ; Tachinidae — 1 Nephop-
teropsis johnsoni (Coq.), 1 gen. and sp. near Celatoria; Musci-
dae — 1 Asyndetus sp. Cell 3 contained the following : Simuliidae
—5 Sinnd'nun jenningsi Mall.; Dolichopodidae — 1 Cond\lo-
stylns sp. ; Otitidae — 2 R. steyskali. Cell 4 contained 17 Siunt-
liinn jenningsi and 1 muscid, Coenosia sp. near antennalis Stein.

I have no exact data on the time required to provision a nest,
but I suspect that one or two cells may be stored daily. This is
based on the finding of an eight-celled nest on August 15 con-

IxxiJ ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 65

taining a mature larva ready to spin in cell 1, progressively
smaller larvae in cells 2-7, and an egg in cell 8.

The flies are permanently paralyzed and are incapable of
reflex movements. The egg is deposited on the first fly brought
into the cell. It is laid transversely on the neck beneath with
the head end attached at the midline and the tail end protruding
beyond the side of the fly. The egg is slightly curved ; one
measured 1.5 X 0.4 mm., and another 1.8 X 0.5 mm.

I obtained no information on the duration of the larval stage.
The Peckhams estimated 6 to 7 days for the duration of this
stage.

The cocoons are oriented so that the head end is upward,
toward the boring entrance. The delicate opaque cocoon is
spun of tan silk. It consists of a single layer of silk which is
not varnished. The meconium is voided at the narrow tail end.
The cocoon is about 7 mm. long, subfusiform in shape, with a
bluntly pointed head end. There is a small circular opening at
the apex and just a short distance beneath this a transverse
layer of silk.

When both sexes are present in a single nest, the arrange-
ment of sexes is random. Cocoons from nine nests were placed
in individual glass vials for rearing. Both sexes were obtained
from only two of these nests ; only males or parasites were
reared from the other nests. One nest (103158 B) contained
8 provisioned cells ; cells 1 and 3 contained dead prepupae in
cocoons and cell 5 contained moldy flies ; males of stirpicola
emerged from cocoons in cells 4 and 6 on April 10 and 13, and
females emerged from cocoons in cells 2, 7 and 8 on the 15th.
The other nest (3759 C) contained 15 provisioned cells; cells
1 and 3 contained dead prepupae in cocoons and cells 2, 14, and
15 held moldy flies; males of stirpicola emerged from cocoons
in cells 5, 6, 7, 10, and 1 1 on March 24 and 25, and females
from cells 4, 9, and 13 on March 26; the wasp from cell 8
chewed through the cork and escaped — most likely it was a
female because the males did not seem to chew into the corks
as readily; the cocoon from cell 12 was lost. The males in all
overwintering nests emerged one or more days earlier than

66 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1960

females. It is assumed that under natural conditions all males
would leave the nest before their sisters even though some of
the males were from the innermost cells. Probably there is
enough room in a boring for a male wasp to bypass a female's
cocoon without damaging the female.

The sex ratio in the two nests containing both sexes was
almost 1:1. Overall, the sex ratio showed a preponderance of
males by a ratio of 4:1, but this ratio may be inaccurate because
of the number of cells which contained parasites or dead wasp
larvae or prepupae.

E. stirpicola probably breeds continually during the summer,
for I collected recently stored nests on June 17, July 1 and 15,
August 15 and 28, and September 3, 11, and 19. Emergence of
the brood in a single overwintering nest lasts from 1 to 6 days.
Occasionally, however, there is divided emergence, some of the
progeny in a single nest emerging in September and others over-
wintering to emerge the following spring. The only such nest
(103158 D) that came to my attention was collected on October
31. Wasps had already emerged from the three cocoons at the
upper end of the boring; beneath these cocoons were 13 more
cells from which 8 wasps and 1 parasite emerged the following
April. The wasps overwinter as prepupae.

This wasp is heavily parasitized. I reared or found evidences
of parasitism by four species, one dipterous and three chalcidoid.

An empty puparium of a species of Amobia, either distorta
(Allen) or signata (Meig.), was found in an old nest on Sep-
tember 11. Another viable puparium of Amobia was found,
and accidentally crushed, in a nest containing wasp prepupae in
cocoons in other cells. There were remains of small adult
Diptera in the two cells containing the Amobia puparia in these
nests, but no signs of the host larva. Presumably the dipterous
maggot sought out and destroyed the wasp egg before feeding
on the stored prey — behavior that is normal for members of
Amobia.

A male of the perilampicl Perilampus canadcnsis Cwfd. was
reared from one cocoon of stirpicola in each of two nests. One
emerged on April 23 from the cocoon in cell 9 of an 11-celled
nest (103158 D), 10 days after the last stirpicola males in this

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 67

nest had left their cocoons. The other, in cell 2 of a four-celled
nest, died as a fully colored pupa toward the end of April, almost
2 weeks after the last males of stirpicola had left this nest.

The torymid Dionwrus zabriskiei Cr. was also found in two
nests. One nest (3759 D) contained three cocoons of stirpicola.
I made a small hole in each of these on March 11 and found a
setose parasite prepupa inside. One of these was preserved for
larval study. A second had pupated by March 16; an adult
female D. zabriskiei left the cocoon on March 30, 5 to 7 clays
later than adults of stirpicola from the same set of nests. The
third prepupa died. Another nest, picked up on August 15, held
a prepupa of zabriskiei in each of two stirpicola cocoons, as well
as several cocoons parasitized by Habritys latro, and several
cocoons from which stirpicola had emerged.

The pteromalid Habritys latro Wallace apparently is the most
successful parasite of stirpicola in this area. Like the other
chalcidoids attacking this wasp, it is a prepupal parasite, but
several parasites develop on a single wasp prepupa. Habritys
probably breeds continually during the summer, as does its host.
I found latro mothers in nests on July 1 and September 3, 11,
and 19, and nests recently parasitized by it were found on
August 15 as well as some of the other dates. The female latro
gains access to the stirpicola nest either during provisioning or
shortly after completion of the nest. It can tunnel easily through
the fine particles of pith that make up the entrance plug and
cell partitions.

The available data indicate that the female latro works her
way downward in the nest, depositing from 6 to 12 slender eggs
about 0.38 mm. long on each stirpicola prepupa in turn. The
live mother latro was found in the bottom of nests containing
several cocoons with latro prepupae ; so it is possible that she
never leaves the nest. The latro prepupae adhere very tena-
ciously to the cocoon walls.

Six females and four males of latro emerged on August 25
from one cocoon in a nest picked up 10 days earlier. I was not
successful in rearing many latro from overwintering nests. I
do not know whether there is a naturally high mortality or
whether the parasites died because the nests had been opened.

68 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1960

Although few nests were parasitized, the rate of parasitism
within an individual nest was usually high. In one eight-celled
nest, the two outer cells contained moldy flies, cell 6 produced
a male stir pic ola, and the cocoons in cells 1-5 held, respectively,
6, 11, 12, 7, and 10 latro prepupae.

Ceratina calcarata Robertson and C. metallica H. S. Smith

I obtained only one complete nest of calcarata and none of
metallica, though females or males of both species were found
in otherwise empty borings in both smooth and staghorn sumach
on July 15, August 15 and 28, and September 11 and 26. Two
females and 1 male of calcarata were found on October 31
hibernating in a boring in sumach.

The one completed nest (3759 A) was found on March 7.
It contained a dead, dry, partially colored Ceratina pupa that
had developed enough so that it could be identified definitely
as a male of calcarata. There were also several active prepupae
of a hymenopterous parasite. The small meconial pellets found
throughout this boring indicated that specimens of Ceratina had
reached the prepupal stage before being destroyed by the para-
sites. The parasites transformed to pupae between March 16
and 20 about 2 weeks after the nest was brought into my office.
The pupa has a flange on each side of the abdomen with a nar-
row curved expansion at about the third segment, presumably
to assist in holding the pupa in position in the boring. Six
females and 1 male of sabriskiei emerged from April 1 to 7 ; a
seventh female died in the pupal state ; and one prepupa was
preserved for taxonomic study.

REFERENCES CITED

KROMBEIN, K. V. 1955. Miscellaneous prey records of solitary wasps.
I. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 50: 13-17.

— . 1958. Miscellaneous prey records of solitary wasps. III. Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash.. 71 : 21-26.

— . 1959. Biological notes on Chrysis (Ccratochrysis) cnhuycki
Cooper, and its host, Lepfochilus rcpublicanus zcndaloidcs (Robert-
son). Ent. News, 70: 17-23.

— , and H. E. EVANS. 1955. An annotated list of wasps collected in
Florida, March 20 to April 3, 1954. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 57:
223-235.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 69

PECKHAM, G. W., and E. G. PECKHAM. 1898. On the instincts and

habits of the solitary wasps. Wise. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 2,

245 pp., 14 pis.
RAU, P. 1935. Notes on the biology of certain eumenid wasps. Bull.

Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 30: 110-112.
— . 1948. A note on the nesting habits of the wasp, Pemphrcdon in-

ornatus Say. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 41 : 326.
— , and N. RAU. 1918. Wasp Studies Afield. Princeton Univ. Press,

372 pp., 68 figs.
REINHARD, E. G. 1929. Witchery of Wasps. 291 pp. Century Co.,

N. Y.

Distributional Records on some North American

Beetles with Remarks on their Ecology

in Southern California *

(Notes on North American Coleoptera, No. 9)

By CHARLES S. PAPP, University of California Department of
Entomology, Riverside, California

In recent years, under the great inspiration of Dr. Fred S.
Truxal, Los Angeles County Museum, Department of Ento-
mology, a small but enthusiastic group of entomologists under-
took extensive collecting of insects in southern California. This
cooperative effort was not the result of a schedule ; rather it
was the result of anonymously executed individual activities
engaged in by members throughout the southern part of the
state. The results were revealed to each other through corre-
spondence, conversation, or at the meetings of the various ento-
mological clubs existing in the region. This work, I sincerely
hope, will eventually result in a more satisfactory knowledge
of our fauna. The collecting is urgent, especially in Los Angeles
and San Bernardino counties, where the rapid expansion in
population is taking over the wild areas, and where the recent
forest and brush fires have wrought great destruction. There

* Paper No. 1133, University of California Citrus Experiment Station,
Riverside, California.

70 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1960

must be no delay in recording the fauna, and in securing data
on life habits and other important matters.

In studying earlier publications on the insect fauna of south-
ern California, it is easy to see that the once densely covered
forests, brushes, valleys, deserts and other habitats no longer
exist and that their inhabitants have moved away or died out.
I do not refer to the injurious species, for their absence is the
result, more or less, of expanding control programs, but rather,
for example, to water beetles of all sorts, mud-loving beetles
and to some Carabidae with similar habits, which have practi-
cally disappeared along with the water (for comparison see
H. C. Fall : List of Coleoptera of Southern California with
Notes on Habits and Distribution. Occasional Papers Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences, No. 8, 1901, 282 pp.). All infor-
mation obtainable should be recorded before it is too late and
before the industrialization and the smog take over this once
blooming desert land.

Members of two families are mentioned in the present paper,
the Carabidae and Meloidae. In certain cases, where it is
necessary to have a complete picture of the distribution of the
species, other localities are also mentioned.

Family CARABIDAE

Nebria metallica Fischer. — Recorded from the Aleutian
Islands (Van Dyke, 1924) to the extreme northern part of
California (Fall, 1901). Hatch (1939) mentioned British Co-
lumbia and Washington. Seven specimens in the author's
collection come from Mint Canyon in the Angeles National
Forest, Los Angeles County (two specimens, May 1956), and
from the San Bernardino Mts., in the vicinity of Lake Arrow-
head (five specimens, July 1957). One of the specimens from
the Mint Canyon has moderately heavy punctures on the elytra,
otherwise as the others.

Nebria kincaidi Schwartz. — Originally described from
Alaska, from a single specimen (Type No. 5258, U. S. Nat.
Mus.), collected in Farragut Bay, June 5, 1899, as a species
allied to N. ing ens Horn and N. ovipennis LeC. Nine speci-

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 71

mens in the writer's collection are from Bend, Oregon (July),
with two moderately outlined red spots between the eyes.
Normally, the tarsi and the mouthparts are piceous, but in all
my specimens they are not reddish brown, and the color of the
elytra resembles more nietallica Fischer ; instead of being metal-
lic cupreous green, it is more purplish cupreous and only the
sides of the elytra have a slight indication of green. In other
features, the specimens from the vicinity of Mt. Rainier, Wash-
ington, are more similar to the Oregon specimens than to the
type from Alaska. Hatch (1939) recorded the species first
from the extreme northern part of Oregon (Mt. Hood), and
also from the state Washington.

Tachyura audax LeC. — Previously reported from Texas,
Arizona and Utah. The writer collected two specimens in
California's high desert area 5 miles SE of Little Rock, Calif.,
on the western shores of the Little Rock Wash on July 26,
1958. Five other specimens in the author's collection are from
Tujunga Canyon, Los Angeles County, taken by Mr. George P.
Mackenzie on March 12, 1946. Other specimens from the
same location are in the Mackenzie collection.

Platynus brunneomarginatus bicoloratus G. & H. (— bi-
color LeC.). — In very wet soil with heavy grass vegetation on
the shores of the Little Rock Wash. 5 miles SE of Little Rock,
Los Angeles County, California, on July 26, 1958, five speci-
mens.

Helluomorpha texana LeC. — Few specimens collected spo-
radically in southern Arizona, as a new record. Previously
known from Indiana and Texas. The Robert H. Crandall col-
lection (Altadena, Calif.) has specimens from Tucson, Arizona
(July 23, 1948) and Dr. John A. Comstock (Del Mar, Calif.)
collected and sent me two specimens during his collecting trips
from the Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., southern Arizona
(July 30, 1954 and July 20, 1955). Comstock collected both
specimens at night attracted by light. The Los Angeles Mu-
seum has examples from the same location, collected by F. S.
Truxal and Lloyd Martin. The species up to now has not been
observed in California.

72 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1960

Chlaenius cumatilis LeC. — This species is commonly found
in the foothill canyons in the San Gabriel Mts., California. In
July 26, 1958, the writer collected two specimens in the Little
Rock Wash, which is on the southern part of the Mojave
Desert, an area where this species has never been recorded.
It is noteworthy that these specimens are slightly darker than
those from the San Gabriel Mts., and their prothorax and head
are more iridescent greenish-blue, and their elytra a slightly
darker blue. This species quite frequently observed also in
the San Francisquito Canyon (Stange and Menke) and in the
Tujunga Canyon in Los Angeles County (Mackenzie and
Papp ) , the opposite, southern slopes of the Angeles National
Forest, in which area the species seem to be most easily found
during May until the first part of July. Most common in moist
areas, and in mid-summer occurred sporadically under rocks in
more or less shady places.

Chlaenius sericeus Forst. — According to our present knowl-
edge of its distribution, it is difficult to outline the area where
this beautifully colored species occurs. Sporadically collected in
Canada and the United States. To add to its distribution I
would like to mention some data from my collection : Farewell
Band, Snake River, Oregon, taken in July by K. M. and D. M.
Fender ; three specimens from Lakeside, Arizona, collected by
G. P. Mackenzie in August, 1948.

Agonoderus lineola Fab.— A well known Harpalini through-
out the entire country. First Dr. L. D. Anderson of the De-
partment of Entomology, Citrus Experiment Station, University
of California at Riverside, called my attention to this beetle in
Riverside in the early part of May 1958. Several phone calls
from citizens testified that this beetle had invaded certain parts
of the nearby territory, and definitely was a nuisance at March
Air Force Base and other parts close to the Box Springs Mts.
in Riverside County. With the help of my porch lights on May
17th, my house was the target of an invasion during the night
hours between 8 and 11 P.M. Next day in certain hidden
corners of the house several hundred specimens were found,
hiding from the bright desert sunshine. After about the 25th

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 73

of the month they disappeared and were not observed the rest
of the year.

Family MELOIDAE

Tegrodera erosa LeC. is a widely distributed species, re-
corded from Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and southern Cali-
fornia, but not from Mexico. Very easy to recognize : the
elytra with numerous, coarse, reticulating, elevated yellow lines ;
the sutura, lateral markings, and a band before the middle,
entirely fuscous. Head and prothorax orange yellow. Nine
specimens from Covered Wells, Pima County, Arizona (Au-
gust 30, 1950) in the writer's collection are typical specimens
(collected by Lloyd Martin).

Horn (1891) described a new race of T. erosa as latecincta
(Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., p. 44), which race was later consid-
ered as a good species (Leng: Cat. Col. Amer. 1920, No. 8117).
Horn collected his specimens in Owens Valley, California. Re-
cently (June 8, 1958) the author collected series of a very simi-
lar form in the Box Springs Mts., between Riverside and San
Bernardino, on the southern slopes of the rocky hills. Just
above Highlanders Village of the dry slopes of this range, in
the eastern side of the Rattle Snake Canyon, first my daughter
collected two specimens, then, on the same day, a short family
excursion resulted in 27 more shortly before sundown. One
week later, my son added 25 specimens from the same location
collected during his trip on rattle snake observation. Prof.
P. H. Timberlake, systematic entomologist in our Station, men-
tioned next day that some years ago he collected a series and
observed hundreds of the same species on the University cam-
pus. During the next two weeks we searched the mountains
for other specimens but we were unable to locate any.

Horn (op. cit.) described his species, the race latecincta, a
little more robust and the texture of the elytra firmer and less
coriaceous. In my collection I have a specimen from the
Garden of the Gods, Manitou County, Colorado (new for the
state), taken January 8, 1915, which completely fits the descrip-
tion given by Horn. However, the specimens from the Box

74 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1960

Springs Mts. have more coriaceous elevations on the elytra,
which elevations are slightly darker than in erosa from Pima
County, Arizona (coll. by L. Martin). The head darker
reddish-brown ; the prothorax, legs, body beneath, apex and
lateral margins, and the non-elevated portion of the elytra are
deep black. The antennae, with the exception of the reddish-
brown first joint, are entirely black. The typical black stripes
across the elytra just before the middle, wanting entirely in
eight specimens, in others with only a slight yellowish-gray tone
on the elevated parts. The specimens collected by Timberlake,
now in the collection of the Department of Biological Control,
University of California at Riverside, were found to be the same.

Another specimen in the writer's collection from Inyo County,
California (collected by Manzanar, June 29, 1943) has all the
typical black features beautifully developed, but the ground tex-
ture of the elytra is finer than that of others mentioned above,
and the margin of the black and heavily rugulose prothorax red
and shining, the sutura foreward from the median band of the
elytra widely black, especially around the scutellum, also the
shoulders are black.

Next season more attention will be paid to the study of the
form in the Box Springs Mts., and an extensive study of the
relationship between the species and its forms from different
locations will be the subject of research. Any cooperation in
this problem will be greatly appreciated.

Lytta nitidicollis LeC. — Fall mentioned (in op. cit., as
Cantharis) that this species occurs in "Pasadena, Riverside,
San Diego, in May ; rare at the former places, more common
in San Diego." Collecting in Pasadena and its vicinity for
more than five years, I do not know anyone who has collected
this species recently. It seems to me to be one of those which
have disappeared from this rapidly growing part of Los Angeles
County. On June 29, 1958, during a field trip in the Box
Springs Mts. about 4 miles SW from Loma Linda, in San
Bernardino County, on Brassica micans I collected 41 speci-
mens, of which about 15 pairs were in copulation, between 6 and
8 P.M. One week later the beetles all disappeared and were

IxxiJ ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 75

not observed the rest of the year. This is the only spot in these
mountains where this species is ever observed and collected.

Calospasta elegans LeC. — About a half a mile south of the
locality of the above mentioned Lytta species, in a closed area
about 3,000 square feet in size, on June 29, 1958, twelve speci-
mens of this colorful beetle were collected on the dry remains
of Eriastrum. Four days later 5 more specimens, and in middle
of July an additional 72 specimens were secured from the very
same spot. It is noteworthy that during the time (approxi-
mately three weeks) no specimens were found in copulation.
It is quite interesting that small and large females of this species
were found in about equal numbers. Eleven specimens col-
lected by the writer, and others added by Mr. Harold D. Pierce
(U. S. Dept. Agric., Riverside, Calif.), are from the Lancaster
area in the Mojave Desert, all collected during the month of
July, 1958.

Calospasta elegans var. humeralis Horn. — From the vicin-
ity of Borrego, San Diego County, large series collected by
G. P. Mackenzie in March 1939, of which the writer has 27
specimens in his collection. The typical elegans, mentioned in
the previous paragraph, shows a slight indication of color varia-
tion, the bluish markings sometimes smaller or larger, but all
the specimens of var. humeralis are exactly the same.

Calospasta perpulchra Horn. — This species first caught my
attention during the past three years. Specimens secured from
different localities show typical characters in the pattern of the
elytra. While it is observed that they are typical of a certain
region of southern California, regions which are well separated
by mountain ranges, I take the liberty of introducing two new
varieties of this species, which are characterized in the follow-
ing short key :

—Both the metallic blue bands on the elytra are complete.
From Palm Springs area in Riverside County, in April ....

perpulchra Horn.

a. The first metallic blue band never reaches the margin of
the elytra, and often is very short. From Mojave Desert,

76 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS | March, 1960

Victorville and Barstow, in May

var. mackenziei new var.1

b. The first metallic band is not present, the second one is
wide and complete, with a perfect round inclosure of a
moderately large yellow spot near the apical portion of the

elytra. From Vincent area, in July

var. bioculata new var.

Nemognatha. — This genus is well represented with 15 spe-
cies from southern California. Before I submit the distribu-
tional records of my collection, I would like to summarize the
individual species, their distribution and their food plants as
known to me. The enumeration may be a help to students
interested in this genus.

N. apicalis LeC. occurs in the entire state on Helianthus,
Grindelia and Solidago.

N. bifoveata Enns is from the extreme eastern part of south-
ern California and is to be found on Monarda.

N. bridwelli Wellm. in San Bernardino County and south-
ward, on Pluchca weeds.

N. cribraria LeC. known from Ventura County on Chryso-
thamnns.

N. cantharidis MacSw. distributed in southern California, in
the southwestern San Bernardino County on Encelia farinosa,
in Imperial County on Garaea, in San Diego County on Phichea
and in Riverside County on Encelia and Pluchea.

N. curta Enns from Inyo County and the western slopes of
the Death Valley. The host plant is unknown.

N. dichroa LeC. from the middle of the state of California
and in the northeastern desert area of southern California on
Helianthus.

N. dubia LeC. north from San Diego and Riverside Coun-
ties, frequently observed on Helianthus annuus.

N. hurdi MacSw. in the western half of southern California
and up to the north, on Grindelia and Hemisonia heermannii.

1 In honor of Mr. George P. Mackenzie, San Marino, California, a
pioneer coleopterist of the Pacific Southwest, sincerely dedicated.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 77

N. macswaini Enns except the northwestern part of south-
ern California, on Larrca, Encelia and Covillea.

N. miranda Enns in the western and southern part of south-
ern California. Host plant unknown.

N. nigripennis LeC. In the entire state, on Eriastrum,
Grindelia, Phichea, Eriognum, Chrysothamus, Bahia and
Asclepias.

N. pallens LeC. south from the Death Valley, on Icosoma.

N. scutellaris LeC. from the entire state of California, on
Layia, Eriogonum, Calyptridiiim, Malocothrix, Achillea, Ascle-
pias, Monardella, Erysium and Eriophyllum.

N. soror MacSw., a widely distributed species, from Santa
Barbara County up to British Columbia, on Achillea millefolium.

There are a few new records of the species of Nemognatha.
If not otherwise noted, all the locations are in southern Cali-
fornia : N. dichroa from Vincent, Los Angeles Co., 10 speci-
mens collected in July. No record was taken of the host plant.
— N. cantharidis with 19 specimens from Borrego, Borrego
State Park, in the southern part of the Santa Rosa Mts. San
Diego Co., all taken in March on Pluchea. — N. dubia with two
specimens from Somis, Ventura Co., and one from Calabasas,
Los Angeles Co., taken in August by G. F. Maughmer. — N.
nigripennis with four specimens from Mt. Wilson, near Pasa-
dena, Los Angeles Co. ; seven specimens from Lake Arrowhead,
San Bernardino Co., during March and July; four specimens
from the San Gabriel Canyon, Los Angeles Co., end of May
and July. — N. scutellaris with eleven specimens from the
Mojave Desert, from Barstow, Little Rock, Victorville and
Hesperia, all in April, and one specimen from Vincent, taken
in June. — N. immaculatus Say with 18 specimens, all from
Arizona : Tucson, in September, Showlow in August, and Lake-
side in July and August, all collected by G. P. Mackenzie.2

2 While this manuscript was in preparation there came the tragic news
of the death of Mr. George P. Mackenzie. A complete story of the
life of the deceased, a pioneer of western entomology, will be given later
in the Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, Los
Angeles, Calif.

78 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [March, 1960

Observation on Behavior of some Male Gyponini.
(Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

By JOSEF N. and DOROTHY J. KNULL, Department of Zoology

and Entomology, The Ohio State University,

Columbus 10, Ohio

Males of three Gyponini species were observed in rock catch
basins of mountain streams in the Chiricahua Mts. near Portal,
Arizona, at about 5,200 ft., following the first rain in mid-July.
Through August further observations and collections were made
and all were males. Most numerous was Dragonana dracontea
(Gibson), a small reddish oak species, which was consistently
about two-thirds submerged, up to the pronotum. These lined
edges of small quiet pools and vibrated intermittently so that
each was for short intervals surrounded by ripples of its own
making. They resembled closely bits of cedar in the water.

Large gray Marganana suilla (Ball), blending with the gray
rocks, not as deeply submerged, also vibrated. These were more
active and harder to catch than D. dracontea. One specimen
of Gypona verticalis Stal was taken in a pool.

Later it was found that the same species were attracted to
edges of the swimming pool at Cave Creek Ranch, with G. ver-
ticalis more abundant. They were more numerous when the
water was quiet and the aerator not running.

The fact that they were all males seems noteworthy. This
has been true of other leafhoppers attracted by moisture : of
Alconcura spp. gathering on dark stumps and boards after rain
in Arizona ; of Erythroneura spp. on stones in running streams
in the spring in Ohio (1946) ; and of Typhlocyba spp. collecting
on sides of brick and stone buildings, window glass, etc. during
rain in mid-summer.

REFERENCE

KNULL, D. J. 1946. Erythroneura of the Obliqua Group from Ohio and
Tennessee. Ohio Jour. Sci. 46 : 45.

Ixxi]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

79

The Male of Chaoborus (Sayomyia) annulatus

Cook

By EDWIN F. COOK

GONOSTYLE

GONOCOXITE

' PENIS VALVE

X

FIG. 1. Male genitalia of Chaoborus annulatus Cook.

[This illustration was intended to accompany the text of Dr.
Cook's paper which appeared in the January issue (Ent. News
71 : 25-26). Its omission was an inadvertence. — ED.]

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CONTENTS

McDermott — Note on Lucernuta and new species 81

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Crabill — The aberrant genus Nothobius 87

LaRivers — Heleocoris faradjensis, new species 99

Reinhard — Change of generic name in Tachinidae 103

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Notes and News in Entomology 106

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LXXI APRIL, 1960 No. 4

A Note on the Genus Lucernuta Castelnau and a
New Species. (Coleoptera; Lampyridae)

By FRANK A. MCDERMOTT, Wilmington, Delaware

Kirby (1818) described two new lampyrids from Brazil as
Lampyris illigeri and L. savignii, and although he said they
were related, the descriptions strongly suggest that they are
not congeneric. In 1833 Castelnau erected Lucernuta as a
division of his supergenus Photinus, and listed fenestrata Ger-
mar, thoracicus G. A. Oliv., laticornis Fabr., discoidalis Cast.,
and bicolor Fabr., as species. Of these, thoracicus, laticornis
(= atra G. A. Oliv.), and discoidalis are now listed in Lucidota,
and bicolor in Pyrocoelia (E. Olivier, 1907, 1910, 1911).
Motschulsky (1853a) erected the genera Lychnocrepis and
Strongylomorphus, with species now listed in Pyrocoelia; under
Lucernuta he gave fenestrata as the type (1853b, c) and men-
tioned savignii as belonging in this genus. Lacordaire (1857)
gives a more complete description of Lucernuta than that of
Castelnau, lists fenestrata, and suggests that it may be a variety
of savignii. Neither Motschulsky nor Lacordaire mention il-
ligeri under Lucernuta, but the former (1854d) suggests that
it may be Megalophthalmus. Lacordaire's description of Lu-
cernuta differs but little from that of Cratomorphus, except for
the longer antennae of the former.

Gorham (1880, p. 15) gives only fenestrata under Lucernuta,
but (p. 91) established the genus Pyrocoelia for the somewhat
similar Asian species known to him, and including bicolor
Fabr., but not Motschulsky's species of Strongylomorphus and
Lychnocrepis. E. Olivier (1907; 1910) included P \rocoelia
under Lucernuta and added Motschulsky's species (although

(81) SHBH80NIAN

82 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1960

Gorham said his P\rocodia was not congeneric with any of
Motschulsky's divisions), but in 191 la he gave a distinction
between Lnccrnnta and Pyrocoelia which he maintained in his
revision of the family (1911b). It is odd that in his 1910 list,
Olivier gives fcncstrata as a synonym of illigeri instead of
savignii; if a synonym of either, it must be of the latter.

Through the courtesy of the British Museum (Natural His-
tory) I have had an opportunity to examine specimens of both
of Kirby's species which had been compared with the types ;
both were males. As a result of this examination it is evident
that illigeri actually belongs in Cladodcs, and thus becomes
Cladodcs illigeri (Kirby). L. savignii is very close to Crato-
morphus, and if it were a newly-discovered species would prob-
ably have been so classified. It is a considerably larger insect
(20 mm. long) than L. hauiniari or the other two recent species
listed below, and with a distribution of the luminous tissue
resembling that of some species of Cratoinorphus; it has, how-
ever, the broad body form and relatively long antennae of
Lucernuta. As noted by Lacordaire, Cratoinorphns is divisible
into groups, and there might be doubts as to whether Lucernuta
is really different from Cratomorphus. For the present it
seems best to allow Lnccrnnta to stand as a valid genus.
Whether or not fcncstrata is a synonym of savignii cannot be
decided; savignii has priority over fcncstrata and while the
descriptions by Kirby and Germar are not directly comparable,
Lacordaire's suggestion of varietal difference seems plausible.

Pic (1930) described a new species, Lnccrnnta ininnta, and
I (1959) added L. haniinari. Another new species has recently
been received by me and is described below. The accompany-
ing figure shows its considerable resemblance to L. Jiaunnari.
A picture of L. savignii is shown for comparison.

Lucernuta paraguayensis n. sp.

Type locality, Honehan, PARAGUAY ; December 1957 ; no col-
lector's name.

Material examined, two males, one slightly smaller than the
other.

Ixxi

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

83

Type in the collection of the U. S. National Museum, Wash-
ington, D. C.

Size, 13.45 mm. long by 6.2 mm. broad. Outline broadly ellip-
tical.

FIG. 1. Luccnnita Paraguay ensis; venter of paratype. Actual length
13.2 mm.

FIG. 2. Liiccrmita Paraguay cnsis, dorsum of type. Actual length
13.45 mm.

FIG. 3. Luccrmita savignii; dorsum. Actual length 21.1 mm. British
Museum specimen.

Pronotum 3.75 mm. long by 4.85 mm. broad, semi-elliptical ;
posterior angles obtuse, rounded ; low median longitudinal carina
from base to apex ; brownish inflated area over eyes, with two
small transparent spots near the apical margin; lateral exten-
sions Hat, pale brownish, closely punctate; disk convex, finely
punctulate ; extreme edges narrowly brown and slightly re-
flexed in apical third ; short yellow pubescence, especially notice-
able on the sides of the disk; an irregularly pentagonal or sub-
quadrate orange-red spot in median third and basal half of
pronotum.

Scutellum black, glistening, apex acute. Mesonotal plates
dull dark reddish brown.

Klvtra 9.7 mm. long by 3.1 mm. broad, widest at about basal

84 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1960

third, narrowing slightly toward apices ; lateral margins pale,
translucent, somewhat deflexed, ca. 1.0 mm. wide at basal third,
narrowing posteriorly and becoming indistinct at about apical
fourth ; extreme lateral edges brown ; convex over body, coarsely
rugose-punctate ; color over body translucent brown but appear-
ing nearly black over wings ; primary pubescence short, pale,
not dense ; secondary pubescence very short and dense.

Frons dark brown, very concave ; eyes very large, ca. 2.25
mm. across in frontal aspect, and 0.45 mm. between them above
antennal sockets ; not contiguous beneath. Mandibles very
small, directed postero-ventrally as in L. hammari.

Antennae 4.5 mm. long, approximately ^ body length;
brown, hairy, tapering, slightly compressed, not serrate; 1st
article long, 2nd very short, 3 to 10 diminishing in width and
slightly in length ; sockets contiguous.

Prosternum pink, margin sinuate ; mesosternum reddish
brown ; metasternum dark reddish brown.

Pygidium trilobed, the median lobe short and rounded, the
lateral lobes longer and acute.

Ventral segments 2 to 5 dark brown, 5 with a narrow pale
posterior edge. 6 and 7 entirely luminous and 2 times as long
as the 5th ; somewhat emarginate medially. 8 short and nar-
row, deeply emarginate. 9 ogival, dark brown. Tergites 5, 6,
and 7 have short, posteriorly directed, lateral lobes.

Legs brown ; claws simple.

Aedeagus like that of L. hammari.

One paratype, J1, same locality; 13.2 mm. long and propor-
tionately slightly narrower ; ventral segment 4 medially pale. In
the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia.

In my description of L. hammari the abdominal spiracles were
noted as "dorsal" ; this was a mistake, as they are actually
located on the antero-lateral corners of the ventral segments,
as they are also in L. Paraguay ensis. As has been found in
several species of Cratomorphus, they are hidden under the
posterior edge of the preceding segment and are thus not seen
in direct examination of the ventral aspect.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 85

At present, the genus Luccrnuta embraces the following
species : jenestrata Germar, hanimari McDv minnta Pic, para-
guayensis McD., and savignii Kirby.

The courtesy of the British Museum (Natural History),
through Miss C. M. F. von Hayek, in affording me an oppor-
tunity to examine the specimens of Kirby's species is very much
appreciated.

LITERATURE CITED

CASTELNAU (LaPorte), 1833. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, II, pp. 143-144.

GERMAR, 1824. Ins. Sp. Nov., p. 66.

KIRBY, 1818. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond., pp. 387-388.

LACORDAIRE, 1857. Gen. Coleop., IV, p. 317 (Lucernuta) ; p. 235 (Crato-

morphus) .

MC-DERMOTT, 1959. Ent. News, LXX, pp. 7-9.
MOTSCHULSKY, 1853. Et. Entomol., I, pp. 26; 36 (a); p. 39 (b).

1854, II, p. 40 (c). 1854, III, p. 25 (d).
OLIVIER, 1907. Wytsman's Gen. Insect., LIII, p. 24. 1910, Coleop. Cat.,

Pars 9, p. 19. 191 la, Ann. Mus. Genova, (3A) V, p. 145. 191 Ib,

Rev. scient. Bourbon., XXIV, p. 65.
Pic, 1930. Malac. Exot, 22, p. 88.

A Neglected Diagnostic Character of the Apoidea

(Hymenoptera)

By U. N. LANHAM, Saline Valley Farms, Saline, Michigan

Largely on the basis of thoracic structure, most writers have
considered the bees (superfamily Apoidea) as most closely re-
lated to the digger wasps (superfamily Sphecoidea). An im-
portant difference between the two superfamilies is that the bees
are specialized for gathering pollen, but since the males and the
numerous parasitic bees lack the attendant pollen collecting
structures, textbook keys for identification have been forced to
rely on two rather obscure characters to differentiate the two
groups : the few or many compound or branched hairs that are
said to be invariably present somewhere on the body of the bee,
and the broadened hind basitarsis. Sphecoid wasps have all the
body hairs simple and have the hind basitarsis slender.

86 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1960

Some years ago I was surprised to find, while examining
some sphecoid wasps, that the hind tihia of these insects bears
a strigil or cleaning apparatus which is analagous in structure to
that on the front leg of most Hymenoptera — the inner tibial spur
opposed to a concave brush of hairs on the bases of the first
tarsal segment. This posterior strigil does not, so far as I
know, occur in the Apoidea. Since this difference does not
appear to have been mentioned in the standard English texts
in entomology, it seems worthwhile to point it out here.

This structural difference between the bees and sphecoid
wasps has long been known to European hymenopterists. Bis-
choff (1927, p. 15) gives this diagnosis:

"Sphccidae (Grabwespen) [== Sphecoidea]. . . . Hinterbeine

mit Putzapparat. . . .
Apldac (Bienen) [Apoidea]. . . . Putzapparat an den Hin-

terbeinen fehlt."

Gennerich (1922) gives an elaborate discussion of the func-
tion and structure of the strigils of the Hymenoptera.

It may be that the presence or absence of the strigil on the
hind leg is of phylogenetic significance. Borner (1919) uses
the character to divide the aculeate Hymenoptera into two
subsections :

1. Haplocnemata (cleaning apparatus on the front legs only),
including the ants, scolioid wasps, and the bees.

2. Diplocnemata (cleaning apparatus on both front and hind
legs), including the sphecoids, psammocharids, and vespids.

His minority view that the bees are more closely related to the
scolioid wasps than to the sphecoids should be taken into ac-
count in any investigation of the ancestry of bees.

LITERATURE CITED

BISCHOFF, H. 1927. Biologie der Hymenopteren. Julius Springer,

Berlin. 598 pp.

BORNER, C. 1919. Biol. Zentralbl., 39 : 145-186.
GENNERICH, J. 1922. Arch. f. Naturgesch., 88 (A3) : 1-63.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 87

Concerning the Aberrant Genus Nothobius, with a

Redescription of its Type-Species. (Chilopoda:

Geophilomorpha : Himantariidae)

By RALPH E. CRABILL, JR., U. S. National Museum,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.

Within the relatively rich himantariid fauna inhabiting Cali-
fornia and adjacent areas, there are no more distinctive genera
than Gosothrix and Nothobius. Represented by a single known
species each, they alone among all described genera are charac-
terized by the possession of an unguiform pretarsus upon each
ultimate leg : no other himantariid genus has an ultimate pre-
tarsus. Gosothrix insulanus Chamberlin, the type species, known
only from Pond Island in the Gulf of California, is readily
distinguished by its lack of major paratergites and of sternital
porefields; in californicus Cook, the type-species of Nothobius,
both are present and conspicuous. The present paper will at-
tempt to resolve the long-standing nomenclatural confusion sur-
rounding californicus and will present for the first time a
sufficiently detailed description of the species with a discussion
of variation.

The original proposal of the new genus and species, Nothobius
californicus, w-as presented in 1899 by O. F. Cook (p. 303,
footnote). Having recognized that Selivanov's 1881 redescrip-
tion of Clwmatobius mexicanus (Saussure) was based upon an
erroneous identification, he also saw that the California!! speci-
mens which Selivanov had referred to C. mexicanus, an oryid,
actually represented an unnamed himantariid genus and species.
This new form he named and briefly characterized as follows :
"This latter [the Selivanov material] evidently represents a
different generic type, for which the new name Nothobius cali-
fornicus is proposed. It is distinct from Chomatobius in having
a row of small suprascutella [major paratergites], in having the
ventral pores in rounded areas, the last pleurae [coxopleura]
with numerous small pores, and the anal legs with a distinct
claw . . . Seliwanoff's \sic] description is contained in the paper
entitled 'Geophilidae Mus. Imp. Akademii Nauk,' 1881, p. 24,
pi. II, figs. 9-16."

88 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1960

Thereafter the first person to see and then discuss specimens
of this remarkable species was R. V. Chamberlin. In 1912
(p. 669) he reported that he had seen Californian material from
Stanford, Garemont, and Los Angeles. He presented a short
generic and a species diagnosis — which leave no doubt that he
was dealing with NotJiobius — and called the species Notobius
taeniopsis (Wood).

Notobius is of course a misspelling for NotJiobius. H. C.
Wood's description of Strigamia taeniopsis in 1862 (p. 48) is in
my opinion inadequate to warrant a generic, much less a spe-
cific, identification. We can be sure only that it is a himan-
tariid and that it was collected by LeConte either in Georgia
or in California (and probably in the latter), but since no type
specimen is known to be extant, it would be most difficult under
these circumstances to say to which of the numerous western
himantariid genera and species taeniopsis is referable. All we
know of it is contained in the original description, which is
insufficient even for generic assignment. I propose that the
name be set aside and that it be considered provisionally as a
species inquirenda of uncertain generic assignment.

To conclude the historical resume, in 1929 Attems questioned
the inclusion of Gosothri.r and Nothobius in Himantariidae on
the grounds that there were probably no true himantariids with
ultimate leg pretarsi. He also asserted that the Cook name was
a nomcn nudinn. On the contrary, it is a true but aberrant
himantariid, and its name is quite valid. Although the name
was proposed rather casually in a footnote, the species was
characterized, and in addition Cook clearly referred to Seliva-
nov's detailed characterization of 1881 as being descriptive of
the new species.

For its era Selivanov's written description is remarkably
accurate and full, and apart from the text, his clear and detailed
figures make confident identification easy. The distinctive rear
legs with their claws and coxopleura, the typical himantariid
mandible, the prosternum with its complete sclerotic lines, the
conspicuous major and intercalary paratergites, the tiny maxil-
lary lappets, the peculiar labrum — all are very clearly figured,

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 89

and in addition many are described in the text. In the text he
stated that his description was based upon two females and one
male, all from Sacramento, California, vmder date 1846. The
females were 55 and 155 mm. long and had 129 and 132 [sic]
pairs of legs. The male, 76 mm. long, had 119 pairs of legs.

Most of the specimens upon which the present redescription
is based were collected by L. M. Smith and R. O. Schuster in
the general area between Lake Tahoe and Sacramento County,
that is, on the lower western slopes of the Sierra Nevada Moun-
tains. Subsequently they were given to Mr. R. L. Hoffman
who in turn generously presented them to me : all are now in
the collection of the U. S. National Museum.

Nothobius californicus Cook

Plesiotype, female : California, Placer County, 4 miles west
of Newcastle; L. M. Smith and R. O. Schuster, collectors;
April 15, 1958. In U. S. National Museum Myriapod Collec-
tion, number 2566.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Length, 120 mm. Pedal segments,
153. Color: anterior two-thirds of body nearly uniformly
sordid creamy yellow; last third, excluding final 5-10 segments,
sordid brown as if discolored. Shape : markedly flattened,
ribbon-like ; at each end there are 5-10 segments which as a
group are slightly attenuate.

ANTENNAE: length (expanded in Hoyer's mountant) 3.7 mm.
antennae separated basally. 2nd and 3rd articles very slightly
flattened, those remaining round in cross-section. Distally very
slightly attenuate. Each article but the first longer than wide.
From dorsal aspect becoming densely setose on article 5 or 6.
Ultimate article long and conical, inner and outer surfaces each
with an elliptical patch of densely packed special sensory setae.
CEPHALIC PLATE. Greatest width, 1.5 mm.; greatest length,
1.2 mm.; thus somewhat broader than long. Shape: antero-
medially pointed ; sides strongly excurved ; posterior margin
straight, somewhat overlapping basal plate. Prebasal plate con-
cealed. Without a frontal suture or other sulci. Setae sparse,
minute. CLYPEUS (fig. 13). Paraclypeal sutures present and

90 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1960

complete but membranous and very vague ; transbuccal sutures
absent. Clypeal areas and plagulae absent. Posterior clypeal
margin darker in color and more strongly sclerotic. Midclypeal
setae in a broad, irregular transverse patch ; all short and robust.
Prelabral setae 6 in number, in a transverse line. Each bucca
with a strongly sclerotic anteromesal border. LABRUM (fig. 13).
Separated from clypeus by a distinct membranous strip. Medi-
ally deeply embayed, the two halves narrowly but distinctly
joined ; centrally with 4 strong, well-pigmented teeth, these
flanked by paler, weaker and more sharply pointed teeth ; total
dentition 6 + 4 or 5. MANDIBLE. Dentate lamella strong, with
curved blunt teeth, 9 right, 7 left, on each mandible the two
dorsal-most paler and weaker ; right with 8, left with 5 pectinate
lamellae, each in addition with 1-2 rudimentary lamellae ; the
combteeth not expanding basally, apically blunt and apparently
truncate or essentially so. FIRST MAXILLAE (fig. 4). Coxo-
sternum weakly and indistinctly divided by a narrow midlongi-
tudinal cleft ; lappets absent. Telopodite articles very weakly
separated ; lappets rudimentary and concealed, apparently ab-
sent at lower magnifications. SECOND MAXILLAE (fig. 4).
Coxosternum anteromedially deeply incised ; postmaxillary
sclerites present, well-sclerotized, small, typically elongate.
Telopodite claw robust, with 2 stout basal spurs ; distal two-
thirds spoon-shaped and excavate, the dorsal and ventral edges
not pectinate. PROSTERNUM (fig. 1). Sclerotic lines heavy,
reaching condyles. Setae very sparse, minute.* PREHENSOR
(fig. 1 ). Distomesal denticles entirely absent. Ungula long and
robust, its somewhat flattened surface directed anterodorsally ;
when closed, the claws not surpassing front of head. Poison
calyx tubular, very long ; digitiform appendices clustered and
numerous. Poison gland extending out of prehensor into pro-
sternal segment ; exact terminus of lower end unknown.

TERGITES. Without paramedian sulci, other grooves or de-
pressions. Very sparsely, finely setose. Texture very finely

* Selivanov's figure of the prosternum shows a pair of anterior pro-
sternal denticles which are probably artifacts. In each of my specimens
there is a pair of subsurface dark areas in the anterior prosternal diastema.
Under low power these could be misinterpreted as denticles.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 91

granulate. PLEURITES (fig. 6). With prominent major para-
tergites visible approximately from the 55th through the 130th
pedal segment. Primary and secondary intercalary paratergites
present on nearly all segments. All spiracles essentially or
perfectly round. Last right and left stigmopleurites completely
fused with their tergite; all others free. LEGS (figs. 10, 11 j.
Sparsely clothed with minute setae. Pretarsal major claws of
rear fourth of body notably longer and broader than those of
the more anterior legs ; pretarsal accessory claws small, at most
about a third as long as the major claw. STERNITES (figs. 2,
3). Each much broader than long and very sparsely clothed
with tiny setae. Porefields : present on sternites 2 through the
penult without interruption, each deeply yellow and pierced with
numerous minute pores ; on anterior body third transversely
elliptical to reniform in shape, thereafter becoming smaller
(relative to the sternite) and wider. Beginning on about stern-
ite 45 and continuing through approximately the 75th there is
a distinct, wide parasternital cleft between the lateral sternite
margins and the adjacent subcoxal pleurites.

ULTIMATE PEDAL SEGMENT (figs. 5, 9). Pretergite fused
with its pleurites, without lateral sutures. Tergite transversely
rectangular, much broader than long, the sides diverging slightly
posteriorly, the rear margin straight. Presternite broad, later-
ally bending under the anterolateral corners of the sternite ;
medially diastemate. Sternite much broader than greatest
length ; midlongitudinally with a shallow, short sulcus ; sides
very slightly incurved, posteriorly convergent ; posterior margin
deeply embayed. Coxopleuron : extending anteriorly well for-
ward of rear margin of its segment ; very sparsely setose ; ven-
trally with two groups of clustered and cryptic pores which are
contained in two concealed cavities ; dorsally the majority of
the pores are concealed in a hidden trench extending in a sinu-
ous course into the penult pedal segment. Leg : not inflated ;
tarsus consisting of two articles and armed with a prominent,
curved unguiform pretarsus ; setae sparse and small. POST-
PEDAL SEGMENTS (fig. 9). Female gonopods distinctly biarticu-
late, the terminal article small and knob-like, the basal articles
fused with each other. Terminal pores absent.

92 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1960

Plesiotype, male : California, Sacramento County, Folsom
Lake State Park, Horseshoe Bar Area; L. M. Smith and R. O.
Schuster, collectors; April 15, 1958. In U. S. National Museum
Myriapod Collection, number 2566.

The male agrees closely with the female, differing in the
following important variant characters. (See figs. 7, 8, 12.)
Length, 73 mm. Pedal segments, 169. Color, uniformly sordid
creamy yellow. Labrum : only the two central teeth darker and
strongly-developed; total dentition 5 + 5. First maxillary
telopodite lappets, present on left, absent on right. Mandibles :
left with 6 dentate lamellar teeth and with 6 pectinate lamellae ;
right with 8 dentate lamellar teeth and with 6 pectinate lamel-
lae. Gonopods long, distinctly biarticulate, widely separated.

In the underlying chart are listed all of the specimens com-
prising this study, and following the chart a number of variant
characters are discussed. Finally, drawing upon all of this
information I present a tentative generic characterization and a
synthetic description of the the type-species.

1st maxillary Last

Sex Length Legpairs lappets stigmopleurite

F-F

B 9 134 mm. 161 O-O F-F
C* 9 120 mm. 153 R-R F-F
D 9 61 mm. 161 O-O F-F
E d" 50 mm. 153 P-P F-F
F 9 58 mm. 163 R-R F-F

G 9 52 mm. 165 P-P F-F
H* c? 73 mm. 169 P-O F-F

Length

Legpairs

lappets

110 mm.

163

0-0

134 mm.

161

O-O

120 mm.

153

R-R

61 mm.

161

O-O

50 mm.

153

P-P

58 mm.

163

R-R

52 mm.

165

P-P

73 mm.

169

P-O

49 mm.

143

P-P

83 mm.

135

P-P

52 mm.

153

R-O

80 mm.

127

P-P

91 mm.

127

O-O

I 9 49 mm. 143 P-P F-D
J 9 83 mm. 135 P-P F-F
K d" 52 mm. 153 R-O F-F

L c? 80 mm. 127 P-P D-D
M 9 91 mm. 127 O-O F-F

CHART LEGEND. Under 1st maxillary lappets (of telopodites). O =
absent entirely ; P ;= present and approximately as shown in fig. 7 ;
R = rudimentary, discernible but smaller than shown in above figure ;
e..g, R-O = left is rudimentary, right is absent.

Under last stigmopleurite : F = stigmopleurite fused with its tergite ;
D = stigmopleurite distinctly separated from its tergite ; e.g., F-D = the
left one is fused to, the right discrete from the tergite, or F-F = both are
fused with tergite. An asterisk signifies a plesiotype.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 93

LOCALITIES. All localities are in California. A-K, L. M.
Smith and R. O. Schuster collectors ; L-M, collector unknown.
Placer County, 4 miles west of Newcastle: III. 12. 58, (A);
IV.15.58, (B, C, D, F) ; III.21.5S, (E). Sacramento County,
Folsom Lake State Park, Horseshoe Bar Area: IV.15.58, (G,
H). Amador County, 4 miles north of lone: IV.25.5S, (I).
Sutter County, west side of Sutter Buttes : III. 12. 58, (J).
Calaveras County, north of Murphys : III. 5. 58, (K). Placer
County, Placervi'lle : 11.18.29, (L, M).

VARIATION

COLOR. Fresh specimens are predominantly sordid creamy
yellow either entirely or throughout the segments comprising
approximately the anterior two-thirds of the body. When the
latter part of the body is dark brownish or grayish, it appears
to have been discolored from within, perhaps by bacterial or
other deteriorative agents.

PEDAL COUNTS. The chart reveals a rather wide range of
pedal count dispersion for each sex: 5 39 and J1 43, i.e., 5 127-
165, J* 127-169. Although a distinct statistical structure is not
apparent from such limited data, they do at least suggest the
possibility, first, that each locality may have a characteristic
modal class and range ; secondly, that there may be an inverse
relationship between modal class and geographic elevation. That
is, the lower modes may tend to be more typical of higher ele-
vations and vice versa, e.g., Placerville at 1,875' : = 127 legpairs,
lone at 285' ; : 143 legpairs, Folsom Lake State Park at 200'
or less =: 165-169 legpairs.

Finally, although the pedal count range of the entire sample
is quite large, in any one locality it is appreciably smaller. I sug-
gest that the latitude in range has two concurrent explanations.

( 1 ) It is in accord with the general rule : the higher the modal
class, or the higher the upper range limit, the greater the range.

(2) Whatever the nature of the causal factor or factors, range
and especially mode are probably ecophenotypic in expression.

ANTENNAL SHAPE. It is difficult to know how and to what
degree emersion in alcohol has distorted antennal configuration,
if indeed it has done so. In this series the more proximal

94 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1960

articles are either round in cross-section or else very slightly,
barely perceptibly flattened. In some specimens the distal seg-
ments as a group seem not at all attenuate ; in others the degree
of attenuation is very slight.

LABRUM. In all but the smallest, hence usually the youngest,
specimens there are four good-sized well-pigmented central
teeth. In, for instance (K), a male which I judge to be young,
there are but two distinct central teeth. In all, the total denti-
tion varies from 3 + 3 to about 7 + 7. In every case the teeth
occur only on the embayed margin and, excluding the central
teeth, are smaller, sometimes minute, and sharply pointed.

LAPPETS OF FIRST MAXILLARY TELOPODITES. Lappets were
found to be (a) totally absent or (b) present but small (as in

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Figs. 7, 8, and 12, male plesiotype ; all others, female plesiotype.

FIG. 1. Right prehensor and prosternum. Ventral; setae deleted.
Poison calyx and its gland shown in dashed outline.

FIG. 2. 45th sternite and right pro- and metacoxae. Setae deleted.
Parasternital fossa shown in cross-hatch. Subreniform ventral porefield
shown in solid outline.

FIG. 3. 10th sternite and right pro- and metacoxae. Setae deleted.
Reniform ventral porefield shown in solid outline.

FIG. 4. 1st and 2nd maxillae. Left side; all setae shown. Mem-
branous areas stippled, a = weakly sclerotized part of coxosternum.
b = more strongly sclerotized part of coxosternum. c = tiny postmaxil-
lary sclerite.

FIG. 5. Rear end of body. Dorsal ; all setae deleted, a = tergum
of postpedal segments, b = ultimate pedal tergite. c = ultimate pedal
pretergite. d = penultimate pedal tergite. e = laterally lying spiracle
shown in dashed outline, its stigmopleurite fused with penultimate pedal
tergite. f = concealed porigerous trench or fossa shown in horizontal
dashes, g = partly exposed rear portion of porigerous fossa.

FIG. 6. Right pleural area of 10th segment. Setae deleted, a = stig-
mopleurite. b = major tergite. c = major paratergite. d = pretergite.
e = intercalary paratergites. f = intercalary pleurite.

FIG. 7. 1st maxillary left medial lobe and telopodite (male plesiotype).
Arrow indicates telopodite lappet.

FIG. 8. Postpedal segments (male plesiotype). Ventral; setae deleted,
a = genital sternite. b = in dashed outline, the male intromittent appa-
ratus, or aedoeagus. c = left gonopod. d = rear margin of "penis sac."

FIG. 10. Tarsus and pretarsus of 3rd leg. Lateral ; setae deleted.

FIG. 11. Tarsus and pretarsus of penult leg. Lateral; setae deleted.

FIG. 12. 2nd maxillary terminal claw (male plesiotype). Ventral;
setae deleted.

FIG. 13. Clypeus, buccae, and labrum with labral fulturae. Ventral;
all setae shown, a = left paraclypeal suture, b = strongly sclerotized
inner border of left bucca.

Ixxi]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

95

10

11

13

FIGS. 1-13.

96 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1960

my figure and in that of Selivanov) or (c) present and rudi-
mentary. Their variant condition is believed to be a reflection
only of individual variability. The chart will show that the
character is apparently not a function of sexual dimorphism, of
ecophenotypy, or of a species difference. That it is highly
variable is particularly suggested by specimens (H) and (K).

MAJOR PARATERGITES. The anterior limit of their series is
evidently not dependent upon body length or pedal count, for in
all specimens the major paratergites are first visible on some
pedal segment between the 50th and 60th ; in no specimen are
they visible anterior to approximately the 50th.

PARASTERNITAL CLEFTS. These clefts occur as a consecutive
series of about 10 to 25 on the more anterior part of the body,
beginning approximately between pedal segments 35 and 60.
The clefts in the middle of each series are quite distinctive,
being rounded at each end and quite wide in the middle. The
more anterior and posterior clefts of each series are less dis-
tinctive, so that judging precisely where the series limits are is
often quite difficult and even subjective to some extent.

LAST STIGMOPLEURITE. The chart shows that in nearly all
of the specimens the last stigmopleurite of each side is com-
pletely fused with the tergite, but also that in one specimen (L)
both final stigmopleurites are entirely free of their tergite. Since
in some geophilomorphs such a difference would indicate an
interspecific or even intergeneric difference, by extension speci-
men (L) might justifiably be suspected of representing a differ-
ent species. This, however, is weakened by two factors. First,
specimen (I) has one fused and one discrete stigmopleurite.
Secondly, in all other respects specimen (L) agrees very closely
with the other specimens of the series.

COXOPLEURAL PORES. In most of the specimens the pores are
entirely or very largely concealed by the sternite and various
dorsal plates, but in a few one or more of the pits and fossae
are expanded to expose many or all of the generally cryptic
pores. This is apparently no more than individual variability,
for it is common to find pores exposed on one side but not on
the other.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 97

NOTHOBIUS Cook

SUMMARY OF DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES. Antennae basally very
slightly or not at all flattened ; distally slightly or not at all
attenuate. Labrurn deeply embayed. First maxillae : coxo-
sternum medially nearly divided into two halves ; telopodite
lappets present or absent. Second maxillae : isthmus deeply
incised but not divided or suturate ; telopodite claw spoon-
shaped, edges not pectinate ; basal spurs present. Tergites not
sulcate ; penult tergite fused with or separated from its stigmo-
pleurites. Major paratergites present on approximately the rear
two-thirds of the body ; intercalary paratergites present on
most segments. Sternites : porefields present, undivided, their
series unbroken. Ultimate pedal segment : coxopleural pores
normally concealed in ventral and dorsal pits or grooves, never
freely dispersed over lateral coxopleuron ; ultimate leg with two
tarsal articles and an unguiform pretarsus. Postpedal seg-
ments : male and female gonopods biarticulate ; terminal pores
absent.

Type species: Nothobius californiciis Cook, 1899. (Mono-
typic and original designation.)

Nothobius californicus Cook, 1899

? Strigamia taeniopsis Wood, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
(2)5, p. 48, (1862). [Species inquirenda.]

Chomatobius mexicanus [sensu Selivanov nee Saussure], Imp.
Akad. Nauk, St. Petersburg, 40(7), p. 24, (1881).

Nothobius californicus Cook, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 4, p. 303,
(1889).

? Haplophilus taeniopsis (Wood), — Chamberlin, Ann. Ent. Soc.
Amer., 2(3), p. 177, (1909).

Notobius taeniopsis (Wood), — Chamberlin, Pomona Journ.
Ent., 4(1), p. 669, (1912). [Lapsus calami pro Notho-
bius.]

Nothobius californicus Cook, — Attems, Das Tierreich, Lief. 52,
p. 55, (1929). [As genus incertum and nomcn niidum.]

The following composite characterisation is based upon the
original description, upon the Chamberlin description of 1912,
and upon the Smith and Schuster specimens. Characters de-
scribed in the preceding generic summary are not repeated

98 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1960

unless they are believed to have possible intrageneric signifi-
cance.

Length: $ to 80 mm., $ to 155 mm. Legpairs : <$ 119-169,
2 127-165. Antennae: weakly or not flattened proximally;
no articles but the first wider than long. Cephalic plate : ante-
riorly rostrate and laterally excurved ; wider than long ; without
sulci or frontal suture. Clypeus : paraclypeal sutures weak and
complete ; without clypeal area or plagulae ; posterior margin
strongly sclerotized and pigmented. Labrum deeply embayed
and nearly divided ; central four teeth normally largest and
darkest. Mandible : dentate lamella with 7-9 strong teeth ; with
5-9 pectinate lamellae. First maxillae : without setae or lappets
on coxosternum ; telopodite indistinctly biarticulate, lappets ab-
sent, present, or rudimentary. Second maxillae : postmaxillary
sclerites elongate, small, well-separated from coxosternum;
telopodite claw distally spoon-shaped, its edges not pectinate
or serrulate,* with two basal spurs. Prosternum : with heavy
sclerotic lines reaching condyles. Prehensors : when closed, not
reaching beyond front of head ; articles without denticles ; poison
gland passing into prosternal segment. Pleurites : major para-
tergites present and beginning anteriorly on segments 40-60,
thereafter continuing nearly to the end of the body ; spiracles
all circular ; stigmopleurites through the next-to-last all discrete,
the last usually fused with but occasionally separated from the
tergite. Legs : pretarsal accessory claws not exceeding lt to ^ the
length of the major claw; rear pretarsal major claws extraordi-
narily long and broad. Sternites : porefields on sternite 2
through the penult in an unbroken series, each porefield un-
divided and transversely subelliptical to reniform ; certain ster-
nites flanked by parasternital clefts, these appearing on some
segments between about the 35th and the 60th; each sternite
wider than long ; typical sulci absent. Ultimated pedal seg-
ment : pretergite fused with pleurites, not laterosuturate. Tergite
transversely rectangular, much wider than long, rear margin

: Selivanov's figure of the maxillary claw shows a prominently dissected
i-dgc, but this is almost surely an artifact. At low magnification sclerotic
thickened ridges can give this impression, and in some specimens it is
apparent that the claw edge has been chipped and worn with age.

Ixxi | ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 99

truncate ; sternite much broader than long, sides convergent,
rear margin deeply embayed, ventral surface shallowly sulcate;
each coxopleuron extending far forward of its body segment,
ventrally with two groups of clustered pores which open into
two cavities that are wholly or largely concealed, dorsally with a
sinuous trench of largely or entirely hidden and clustered pores,
the trench extending well forward of the ultimate pedal seg-
ment. Postpedal segments : male and female gonopods bi-
articulate.

REFERENCES

ATTEMS, C. GRAF. 1929. Das Tierreich, Lief. 52, pp. 1-388.
CHAMBERLIN, R. V. 1912. Pomona Journ. Ent. 4(1), pp. 651-672.
COOK, O. F. 1889. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 4, pp. 303-312.
HUMBERT, A., and DE SAUSSURE, H. 1870. Rev. et Maz. de Zool.

(2)22, pp. 172-177.
SELIVANOV, A. 1881. Imp. Akad. Nauk St. Petersburg 40(7), pp. 1-27.

[Full transliterated title of the article is: "Geophilidae Muzeia

Imperatorskoi Akademii Nauk."]
WOOD, H. C. 1862. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (2)5, pp. 5-52.

Heleocoris faradjensis, a New Species from the
Belgian Congo (Hemiptera: Naucoridae)

By IRA LA RIVERS, University of Nevada, Reno
Subfamily LACCOCORINAE (Stal) 1876

Genus Heleocoris Stal 1876
(type obliquata (Spin.) 1837)

Heleocoris Stal, 1876. Kongl. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl. 14 :

142.
Heleocoris, Montandon, 1897. Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 47:

445_454. 1909: Soc. Sci. Buc.-Roum. Bull. 18: 52-55.
Heleocoris, Kirkaldy, 1906. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 32: 150.
Heleocoris, Kirkaldy and Torre-Bueno, 1908. Proc. Ent. Soc.

Wash. 10: 184.

Heleocoris, Usinger, 1935. Revista de Ent. 5: 133-136.
Heleocoris, De Carlo, 1940. Rev. Soc. Ent. Arg. 10: 432-433.

100 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1960

Heleocoris faradjensis new species

General Appearance: A medium-sized species, dark in color,
usually blackish. Size 7.0-9.0 mm. long and 5.0-6.0 mm. wide.
Dorsum lighter over head and prothorax, dark-to-black on
hemelytra, with embolia the only light area of hemelytra. Scu-
tellum usually blacker than hemelytra. Venter blackish-brown
except for golden pelage ; legs yellowish-brown.

Head: Sparsely punctate, shiny, rather flat ; vertex slightly
and roundly protuberant anteriad of eyes. Eyes essentially flush
with head surface ; outer and posterior eye margins forming a
smooth but slightly sharp curve at their meeting points ; inner
eye margin generally shallowly sinuate, often with some angu-
lations ; meeting of inner and posterior eye margins angulate.
Labrum small, bluntly-pointed at tip ; ratio of length-to-width
10: :15 (67%), uniform in color. Head ratios are:

(1) Total length-to-width (including eyes) 30::67 (45%)

(2) Anterior distance between eyes to posterior distance
25:: 38 (66%)

(3) Anterior distance between eyes to inner eye length 25: :25

(4) Posterior distance between eyes to greatest length of
head posterior to this line 38: : 2 (5%).

Antennae short, 3-segmented (not counting basal scape),
middle segment widest and longest of the three.

Pronotum: Finely punctate, shiny, with slight semi-lunar
rugulosities in area behind central part of head, this anterior
section of pronotum straight and not indented to receive head
as in Ambrysus ; background color light yellow around edges
with some suffusion into central disk, which is mainly variegated
brownish with some irregular black dotting; posterior border
straight, brownish, with yellow strip cephalad ; lateral edges
smooth, non-pilose, very weakly curved, curvature more pro-
nounced posteriorly at postero-lateral angles — percent of curva-
ture (viewed perpendicular to the frontal plane of section of the
pronotum as a whole) about 9% (av. 57: :5) ; venter laterally
smooth, deep yellow-brown, this area penetrating maximumly in
its central portion ; rest of venter blackish, clothed densely with

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 101

fine, yellow hairs; ventral keel prominent, sharp and short,
disappearing abruptly between bases of procoxae, becoming
progressively lower caudad.

Keel not divided into anterior ridge with flatly-sloping poste-
rior surface as in Ambry sus, but all one sloping sharp ridge ;
prosternum fused to propleura. Pronotal ratios are :

(1) Width between anterior angles to width between poste-
rior angles 94:: 135 (70%)

(2) Median length to greatest width 60: : 135 (44%)

(3) Distance between anterior and posterior angles on same
side to perpendicular distance between anterior angle and
baseline of pronotum 56: :60 (93%).

Scutellum: Jet black overall, with some dull shine, shagreened
with fine, dense punctulation, each puncture the seat of a white
dot; ratio of three sides, anterior and two laterals, 100: '.75: :74.

Heinelytra: Background color black with deep reddish tints
—yellow color confined to embolia ; somewhat shiny, shagreened
as is scutellum ; embolia well defined at their posterior margins,
narrow, length-to- width 90: :20 (22%) ; emboliar crease mod-
erately developed, noticeable for about three-fifths of emboliar
length — embolium characteristically bicolored, yellowish in an-
terior three-fifths, darker over remainder.

Hemelytra variable, reaching-to-not quite reaching, abdomi-
nal tip, and not nocticeably-to-noticeably exposing lateral con-
nexival angles. Hindwings functional, but variable in length,
from reaching abdominal tip to being distinctly shorter than
abdomen ; hindwings with two "costal" cells.

Venter: The prothoracic venter has been discussed above.
All connexival margins rounded at corners and non-spinose;
connexival edges smooth, non-serrate. Tip of female subgenital
plate feebly quadrisinuate in outline, seemingly not distinctive.
In this genus, the male lacks the genital process so valuable as
a taxonomic character in Ambry sus. Surface densely set with
golden hydrofuge hairs, thickest and longest on central keel.

Legs: Prolegs — coxae large, massive, roughly ovate, flattened
postero-laterally to receive basal part of femur and densely

102 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1960

furred with golden pile ; femur large, moderately incrassate but
without the full development of such genera as Ambrysus and
Pclocoris, attached to coxae by prominent trochanter, which is
affixed to femur along its inner oblique margin and not at its
end; ratio of femur length-to-width 60: :25 (42%) ; tibia slim,
tubular, much shorter than femur, with dense brush of fine hairs
near apical inner end which combines with a similar brush be-
neath tarsus ; tarsus 2-segmented, first segment slightly shorter
than the second, which latter bears the two prominent terminal
claws ; entire structure of the proleg is more primitive than in
the two genera mentioned above.

Mesolegs — coxa large, globose, attaching to a large tro-
chanter which in turn bears the flattened, broad, conspicuous
femur ; unlike the slim tibia, the powerful femur is somewhat
comparable to that of the prolegs ; femur broadest at base, ratio
of length-to-width 62: :22 (35%) — length 2.0 mm. ; femur with
several lines of golden hairs running the length of femur, which
is essentially non-spinose ; tibia short, stubby, widest at apical
end, with numerous large, strong, reddish spines, particularly on
outer face ; male tibia with conspicuous spine cluster and hair
brush on postero-apical area — ratio of length-to-width 45:: 12
(27%) — length 1.4 mm.; tarsus 3-segmented, the first segment
tiny and inconspicuous, other 2 segments long, narrow, subequal
in length, terminating in 2 large claws.

Metalegs — coxa similar to that of mesoleg, but longer ; tro-
chanter and femur similar also, but larger ; femoral ratio of
length-to-width 73:: 28 (38%)— length 2.2 mm.; tibia long,
tubular, with many conspicuous large reddish spines, length-to-
width ratio 83: :10 (12%.) — length 2.5 mm.; tarsus larger copy
of mesotarsus except for more spination.

Type Locality Data: AFRICA — Northeastern Belgian Congo
(Faradje, 29°40'E, 3°40'N, January 1913, Herbert Lang and
James P. Chapin).

Distribution: Known at present only from 4 specimens from
the Belgian Congo — the type locality and Vankerckhovenville
(29°30'E, 3°20'N, 15 April 1910, Herbert Lang and James P.
Chapin ) .

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 103

Location of Types: Holotypic male and allotype from Faradje,
and a paratype from Vankerckhovenville, in the collections of
the American Museum of Natural History, New York ; one
paratype from Faradje in the author's collection, Reno, Nevada.

Comparative Note: The only species of Heleocoris with which
H. faradjensis need be compared is H. minusculus Walker which
occurs, as far as now known, to the north and east. This small
species, which does not exceed 4.5 mm. in length, is light in
general coloration and specimens the author has seen from the
British Museum ^ all bear labels from the Yemen and West
Aden areas. Differences in size alone would adequately sepa-
rate the two species with presently known material.

The following distributional records have also been seen in
American Museum of Natural History material.

Subfamily NAUCORINAE (Stal) 1876
Macrocoris flavicollis Signoret 1861

Faradje (January 1913, Lang and Chapin). A medium-sized
species.

Macrocoris nigropunctatus Montandon 1909

Faradje (January 1913, Lang and Chapin) and Vankerck-
hovenville (15 April 1910, Lang and Chapin). A large, robust
species.

1 Dr. R. J. Izzard was kind enough to loan British Museum specimens
for comparison.

Change of Generic Name in Tachinidae (Diptera)

A new name, ANZAMYIA, is proposed to replace Agathomyia
Reinhard, Ent. News, 70 : 228, 1959, preoccupied in Platypezi-
dae by Yerrall British Flies, 8: 30, 1901. 1 am indebted to
Curtis \V. Sabrosky for calling my attention to this homonyniy.

-H. 1. IvKIMlAKli

104 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1960

Laelius utilis Cockerell (Hymenoptera : Bethylidae)
Stinging a Child at London, Ontario

By W. W. JUDD, Department of Zoology, University of Western

Ontario, London, Ontario

On the evening of October 26, 1959, a boy eleven years old
was stung on the calf of his left leg in the bathroom of a house
in London, Ontario. The sting produced a white welt about
one-half inch in diameter on the skin. No puncture was evi-
dent and no bleeding occurred. The stinging sensation lasted
about one-half hour and the affected skin was treated with cala-
mine lotion.

When the insect which caused the sting was examined its
stinging apparatus was found to be fully projected from the
abdomen. The wasp was identified as a female bethylid wasp,
Laelius utilis Cockerell, by H. E. Evans, Cornell University.
The specimen, preserved in fluid, is deposited in the collection
of the Department of Zoology, University of Western Ontario.

Bethylid wasps of the genera Ccphalonomia and Sclcroderma
have frequently been reported as stinging man (Muesebeck et
al., 1951). Various species of Laelius have been recorded as
parasitizing buffalo-bugs and grain beetles of the genera Anthre-
nus and Trogoderma; and Laelius utilis is recorded as a para-
site of Trogoderma versicolor (Dermestidae) and possibly of
Bruchus brachialis (Bruchidae), both household pests (Krom-
bein, 1958; Muesebeck et al., 1951). It is thus likely that the
wasp which stung the boy at London had emerged from its host
in the house. Cockerell (1920) described Laelius utilis from
specimens found on a dragonfly infested with dermestid larvae
in an insect collection.

REFERENCES

COCKERELL, T. D. A. 1920. Can. Entomol. 52: 34.

KROMBEIN, K. V. 1958. Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico —

synoptic catalog. U. S. Dept. Agric., Agric. Monogr. No. 2 (First

Supplement).
MUESEBECK, C. F. W., K. V. KROMBEIN, H. K. TOWNES, ct al. 1951.

Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico — synoptic catalog. U. S.

Dept. Agric., Agric. Monogr. No. 2.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 105

Notes on a Few Mexican Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera)

By MARK ROBINSON

Research Associate, Department of Insects,
The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

The insects mentioned below have been deposited in the
author's collection.

Ateuchus texanus (Robinson)

1948. Chocridinm texanus Robinson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.
74: 38.

Definite localities mentioned in the original description of
this species include only Brownsville and Flatonia in Texas.

On July 1, 1958 under some decaying vegetable matter the
writer collected a female of this species 16 kilometers north
of Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas. Thus another insect has been
added to the Mexican fauna as well as extending the range of
texanus about 300 kilometers to the south.

The above specimen has been compared with the allotype
of the species and agrees with all of the essential characteristics.

Anomala insitiva Robinson

1938. Anomala insitiva Robinson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.
64: 112.

This species was described from Brownsville and Edinburg,
Texas, and up until now, to the writer's knowledge, has only
been collected in the vicinity of Brownsville.

On June 22, 1959, Nelson D. Hoy collected a female at light
in Taninul, San Luis Potosi. This adds another species of
Scarabaeidae to the growing list of Mexican insects and ex-
tends the range of this species about 500 kilometers southward.

The Taninul specimen has been compared to the type series
in the author's collection and agrees in all details with these
specimens.

106 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [April, 1960

Bothynus selanderi Cartwright

1959. BotJiynus selanderi Cartwright, Proc. U. S. Xat. Mus.
108: 537."

Cartwright's type series were collected in Arizona, Sonora
and Sinaloa ; the southernmost recorded, being from Mazatlan
in Sinaloa.

On June 18, 1959, Nelson D. Hoy collected two male speci-
mens of this species at light in Acapulco, Guerrero. This ex-
tends the range of this insect over 1000 kilometers to the south-
east.

The aedeagi of the Acapulco specimens agree very well with
the figures published by Cartwright while the external char-
acters fit the description exactly with one exception. The
smaller of the two specimens is reddish brown in color instead
of piceous.

Notes and News in Entomology

Under this heading we present, from time to time, notes, news, and
comments. Contributions from readers are earnestly solicited and will
be acknowledged when used.

Tenth Pacific Science Congress. The executive committee
has issued a preliminary announcement of the Tenth Congress,
to be held at the University of Hawaii, Honolulu, from the
21st of August to the 6th of September 1961. It is sponsored
by the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C, and
the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, with the cooperation of the
University of Hawaii.

The program is being organized under nine sections with a
total of 22 divisions. Section II (Biological Sciences) includes
a Division of Zoology and Entomology, as well as divisions of
marine biology, limnology and botany. Entomological matters
will also, no doubt, appear under the Sections on public health,
on agriculture, and on forestry. There will also be a limited
number of special symposia of broad, general interest.

The Congress Circular of Information will be issued in
August 1960. Please address inquiries to: Secretary-General,

Ixxi | ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 107

Tenth Pacific Science Congress, Bishop Museum, Honolulu 17,
Hawaii, U.S.A. From this address the inquiry will be for-
warded to the person concerned.

Pest Control, A. D. 1120. The following, said to have ap-
peared in the Manchester Guardian and quoted in Living Age,
July 19, 1924, was contributed by one of our members, Mr.
Arthur B. Wells, of Bryn Athyn, Pa.

"In 1120 the Bishop of Laon pronounced a solemn sentence
of excommunication against caterpillars and grasshoppers in
his diocese, and as late as 1516 an admonition was issued by
another bishop declaring: 'We grant the request of the inhabi-
tants of Villenoce, and warn the caterpillars to retire within six
days, in default of which we declare them accursed and excom-
municated.' With a commendable sense of justice an advocate
was sometimes appointed to plead the cause of the insects against
that of the farmers before judgment was delivered.''

We are unable to place these instances under any of the usual
types of insect control ; they would have to be called 'theological
control.' It was especially thoughtful of the good bishop to
allow the caterpillars six days to complete their feeding before
retiring.

Lady Bugs. Again the little two-spotted coccinellid has
appeared inside windows of houses early in February, and I
have been asked, among other things, why they are called "lady
bugs." Few realize that the "lady" refers to Our Lady, the
Virgin Mary. My Comstock failed me in this instance, and
I consulted Roesel von Rosenhof's Insecten Belustigungen, A. D.
1746-55, and learned that these best beloved of insects were as
well liked then as now, especially among children, and that in
both Germany and France they were known as "Mary's beetles,"
and as "God's little cows," and "God's little sheep," Roesel be-
lieves the name was given because they first appear at the time
of the Feast of the Purification of the Virgin Mary, on February
2nd.— R. G. S.

This column is intended only for wants and exchanges, not for

advertisements of goods for sale or services rendered. Notices

not exceeding three lines free to subscribers.

These notices are continued as long as our limited space will allow;
the new ones are added at the end of the column, and, only when neces-
sary those at the top (being longest in) are discontinued.

Bembicini and Stizini (Hym., Sphec.) of New World wanted for revis.
study. Will return upon request or at end of project. James E. Gillaspy,
Dept. of Zoology, Univ. Texas, Austin 12, Texas.

Agapema galbina. Will exchange cocoons of this moth for nature
books. E. Frizzell, Route 4, Box 96, San Benito, Texas.

Tenebrionidae of the World wanted, in exchange for insects of Argen-
tina and neighboring countries. Horacio J. Molinari, Av. Lib. Gral. San
Martin 55, Acassuso (Buenos Aires), Rep. Argentina.

Butterflies. Wish to exchange specimens for Japanese species. Please
write to Ichiro Nakamura (Boy, age 16), 26 Aza-Nichiyama Obayashi
Takarazuka-shi, Hyogo-Ken, Japan.

Phasmidae of nearctic area desired alive. Purchase or trade, drawing
on large stock of major orders, worldwide. Domminck J. Pirone, Dept.
Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Nitidulidae and Rhizophagidae wanted in exchange for European bee-
tles of all families. O. Marek, Zamberk 797, Czechoslovakia.

Wanted and Needed. We are compiling a history of entomology, and
particularly, at present, of the amateur insect clubs that flourished 50 to
75 years ago. Will you who have knowledge of such early clubs or
societies advise me, giving facts on the time of existence, members, etc.,
which you may have. J. J. Davis, Dept. of Entomology, Purdue Uni-
versity, Lafayette, Indiana.

Important Mosquito Works

MOSQUITO ATLAS. Part I. The Nearctic Anopheles, important
malarial vectors of the Americas, and Aedes aegypti

and Culex quinquefasciata

MOSQUITO ATLAS. Part II. The more important malaria vec-
tors of the Old World: Europe, Asia, Africa
and South Pacific region

By Edward S. Ross and H. Radclyffe Roberts

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KEYS TO THE ANOPHELINE MOSQUITOES
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With notes on their Identification, Distribution, Biology and Rela-
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and Alan Stone

Mailed on receipt of price, $2.00 U. S. Currency. Foreign Delivery
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For sale by the American Entomological Society, 1900 Race Street,
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_L ^3^ tf 5

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

MAY I960

Vol. LXXI No. 5

CONTENTS

Stallings and Turner — N. sp. Agathymus and n. subsp. Mega-

thymus 109

Knull — A new subspecies of Cacoplia nebulosa 116

Dreisbach — Two new species of Haploneurion 117

Kormondy — North American records of anisopterous Odonata . . 121

Svihla — Emergence and transformation of Tanypteryx hageni ... 131

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LXXI MAY, 1960 No. 5

A New Species of Agathymus and a New Sub-
species of Megathymus (Lepidoptera,
Rhopalocera, Megathymidae)

By DON B. STALLINGS and J. R. TURNER, Caldwell, Kansas

Agathymus freemani new species

FEMALE. Upper surface of primaries : Orange-yellow with an
irregular black border along the outer edge of the wing 3 to 6 mm.
wide. The base is well overscaled with yellow to yellow-orange
hairs and scales. Spots 2, 3 and 4 (subapical spots) and spots
5 and 6 (submarginal spots) appear fused together, being faintly
separated by black lines along the veins. Spot 1 (cell spot)
and spots 7, 8 and 9 (discal band) appear fused together, being
separated by a very thin black line along the veins. The ir-
regular black area beyond the cell spot and behind the sub-
apical spots is thinly joined with the black marginal border
between spots 6 and 7. Spots 7 and 8 are about the same length
(6 mm.) spot 9 is one mm. shorter. Spots 7, 8 and 9 form a
fairly straight line along their outer edge. This line being
perpendicular to the base of the wing. The fringes are check-
ered black and yellow-orange.

Upper surface of secondaries : Orange-yellow with a black
border 3.5 mm. wide. The base is well overscaled with yellow-
orange scales and hairs. There is a band of black, well over-
scaled with yellow-orange, inward from the discal band. This
band is narrower and has more overscaling towards the anal
area. Fringes are checkered black and yellow-orange.

Under surface of primaries : Brown-black with the apex
overscaled with white. The spots of the upperside reappear but

(109)

110 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1960

are slightly paler, except spots 2 and 3 which are white, or
nearly so.

Under surface of secondaries : Brown-black evenly overscaled
with white, except for the discal band area which is very dis-
tinct and completely overscaled with yellow to yellow-orange
with a similar area near the base.

Abdomen golden-brown above, brown-black below. Thorax
orange-brown above, gray below. Palpi white with some of
the hairs and scales tipped with black. Antennae black with
joints barely edged with white.

Wing measurements of holotype : Forewing, apex to base
27 mm., apex to outer angle 15 mm., outer angle to base 21 mm. ;
hind wing, base to end of vein Ci^ 20 mm.

MALE. Upper surface of primaries : Black with heavy golden-
brown overscaling at the base and narrowly outward towards
the outer angle. The 9 spots are somewhat smaller than in the
female with the colors a deeper golden tone and the spots do
not appear to be fused together. Spots 5 and 6 are minute dots.
Spot 7 is toothed inwardly and slightly smaller than spot 8.
Spot 9 is slightly larger than 8 and the lower half of it (9) is
set inward nearly 1 mm. Fringes checkered black and golden-
brown.

Upper surface of secondaries : Black with heavy golden-brown
overscaling at the base nearly extending out to the discal band
of golden-brown, particularly in the anal area. Fringes check-
ered black and golden-brown.

Under surface of primaries : Brown-black with the apex over-
scaled with white. The spots of the upper side reappear but
are yellow with spots 1, 2, 3 and 4 being paler than the other
spots.

Under surface of secondaries : Similar to female.

Abdomen, thorax, palpi and antennae similar to female with
the yellow to orange colors being slightly darker in the male.

Wing measurements of allotype : Forewing, apex to base 27
mm., apex to outer angle 15 mm., outer angle to base 18 mm.;
hindwing, base to end of vein Ci^ 17 mm. Described from 27
specimens (15 males and 12 females) reared from larvae and

Ixxi]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

111

PLATE I, Agathymus frccmani

Top row : Holotype, upper side to left ; under side to right. 2nd row :
Allotype, upper side to left ; under side to right. 3rd row : Left : d1 uncus ;
center : c? valva ; right : $ genitalia.

112 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1960

pupae collected near Bagdad, Ariz, type locality (12 speci-
mens), Hillside, Ariz. (9 specimens), Kirkland, Ariz. (5 speci-
mens), Date Creek, Ariz. (1 specimen). Elevation at type
locality 5,000 ft. Specimens emerging from Sept. 8th to Oct.
13th, during 1955, 1957 and 1958. Collected by Dr. and Mrs.
R. C. Turner, Dr. J. R. Turner, Viola N. Stallings; Kilian
Roever and Lee Miller (Kirkland).

Holotype, female, October 10, 1957 (Turner) and allotype,
male Sept. 18, 1955 (Turner) are in the collection of the
authors. Paratypes, a pair each in the collections of H. A.
Freeman, Kilian Roever and Lee Miller.

The food plant is locally identified as Agave descrti. Actually
it is as different from Agave deserti of California as this species
of Agathymus is from Agathymus stephcnsi (Skinner) which
feeds on the California plant. (It will be interesting to trace
this food plant towards the California plant and see what
happens, both in the plants and the insects.) This species is
probably closest to Agathymus baueri (Stallings & Turner)
but is instantly distinguished from A. baueri by the distinct
discal band on the lower secondaries. Agathymus stephensi has
a discal band on the lower secondaries but the spots on the
upper surfaces are somewhat different in their arrangement and
are a pale yellow to chalky white compared to the rich yellow-
orange color of A. freemani. It will be noted that the cucullus
of the male valva is extremely bent. We have deliberately
pictured an extreme example of this situation to call attention
to this character.

This species is named in honor of our good friend, H. A.
Freeman, whose work in this particular group is well known.

Megathymus yuccae browni Stallings & Turner, new sub-
species.

FEMALE. Upper surface : Primaries blackish brown becom-
ing dark brown near outer margin. There is a little grey just
beneath the apex, with only a trace of light brown hairs near
the base. Spot 1 (cell spot) broadly squarish and yellow.
There are three faint linear spots above spot 1. Spots 2, 3 and

Ixxi]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

113

PLATE II, Megathymns yuccae broivni

Top row : Holotype, upper side to left ; under side to right. 2nd row :
Allotype, upper side to left ; under side to right. 3rd row : Left : c? valva ;
center : d uncus ; right : ? genitalia.

114 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1960

4 (subapical spots) are white and rather broad, 2 mm. wide.
Spots 5 and 6 (submarginal spots) are pale yellow and almost
square. Spot 7 of the discal band is yellow and broadly rec-
tangular, 3.5 mm. wide. Spot 8 of the discal band is yellow
and of the same shape but wider, 4 mm. Spot 9 of the discal
band is yellow and very broad, tapering into a fine point to-
wards the base of the wing, 6 to 7 mm. wide. Fringes check-
ered black and grey. Secondaries : Blackish brown with only
the very slightest indication of lighter hairs near the base.
Spots 10 and 11 fused together into an irregularly shaped spot
which is slightly basal from spot 12. Spot 12, round, 2 mm.
wide. Spot 13 somewhat square, 2 mm. wide. All three spots
are yellow. There is a greyish yellow marginal border with the
veins distinctly brown-black, 2.5 mm. wide. Fringes checkered,
black and greyish yellow.

Under surfaces : Primaries, dark brown, except below the
apex which is grey. All spots reappear with spots 2, 3, 4, 5
and 6 white, remainder pale yellow. Secondaries, brownish
grey with the grey lighter near the costa and outer margin.
There are two greyish-white spots below the costal area. These
are somewhat broadly linear and crescentic in shape. Most
specimens have a white spot encircled by brown near vein Cu1;
in the discal area.

Abdomen blackish brown above, lighter beneath. Thorax
brownish grey above, brown beneath. Palpi sordid white.
Antennal club black above, greyish beneath, the remaining por-
tion grey ringed with brown. Expanse of forewing varies from
23 to 29 mm., average 27 mm. Wing measurements of holo-
type: Forewing, apex to base 29 mm., apex to outer angle, 18
mm., outer angle to base, 19 mm. Hindwing, base to end of
vein Cu1? 21 mm.

MALE. Upper surface: Primaries black becoming black-
brown near the outer margin. There are some yellowish hairs
near the base. Spot 1 oblongly linear and very pale yellow.
There are three linear spots above it. Spots 2, 3 and 4 are
linear and semi-hyaline. There is a tendency for a minute spot
to develop above spot 2. Spot 5 creamy white and broadly

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 115

crescentic. Spot 6 creamy white and somewhat squarish, its
inner side situated at about the center of spot 7. Spots 7, 8
and 9 yellow with spot 7 rectangular, with its inner and outer
sides rounded, 3 mm. wide. Spot 8 similar to spot 7. Spot 9
prolonged inward into a fine point and very broad, 5 mm. wide.
Fringes checkered brown and grey. Secondaries similar to
female, but without spots 10, 11, 12 and 13.

Under surface : Primaries brownish black except the outer
margin which is grey. Spots 1 through 6 are white. Spots 7,
8 and 9 pale yellow. Secondaries similar to female.

Abdomen, thorax, palpi, and antennae similar to female. Ex-
panse of forewing varies from 19 to 24.5 mm., average 24 mm.
Wing measurements of allotype : Forewing, apex to base, 24
mm., apex to outer angle, 15 mm., outer angle to base, 16 mm.
Hindwing, base to end of Cu1} 16 mm.

Described from 12 specimens, 5 males and 7 females collected
by Don B., Jack, Dee, and Viola Stallings and Dr. and Mrs.
J. R. Turner near Salina, Utah, in the pupal stage.

Holotype ?, Salina, UTAH, VI-12-51 (Stallings & Turner)
and allotype <$, V 1-8-51, same locality and collectors are in the
collection of the authors. One pair of paratypes are in the
collection of H. A. Freeman, others will be distributed later.

Considered with the type series, but not made a part thereof,
were 28 specimens from the north rim of the Black Canyon of
the Gunnison River in the Black Mesa country of Colorado.
We were able to check the speed of one male which flew 42
miles per hour.

Food plant : Yucca harrimaniae Trelease.

We name this subspecies in honor of our good friend, F.
Martin Brown, who has aided us materially in our studies in
Colorado.

The nearest subspecies to browni are navajo and coloradensis.
Maculation and genitalia indicate that it is closer to navajo. In
coloration it is lighter than navajo and darker than coloradensis.
Its spots are larger than navajo but smaller than coloradensis.
Spot 9 of both sex will distinguish it immediately from both.

116 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1960

A New Subspecies of Cacoplia nebulosa (Hald.)
(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

By JOSEF N. KNULL, Department of Zoology and Entomology,
The Ohio State University, Columbus 10

The following form appears to be at the edge of the known
distribution of Cacoplia nebulosa nebulosa (Hald.) and differs
sufficiently to warrant a subspecific name.

Cacoplia nebulosa albata n. subsp.

Size and form of a large C. nebulosa nebulosa (Hald.).
Background throughout blackish brown which gives the insect
appearance of a black ground color. Clothed with short re-
cumbent gray pubescence on both surfaces. Antennae annulate
from third to tenth segments inclusive.

Length 13.5 mm. ; width 3.6 mm.

Holotype male labeled Mobile, ALABAMA, May 25, 1952,
W. Rosenberg collector, in collection of author.

Superficially this subspecies resembles Saperda inornata Say,
however, it is larger and longer. It can easily be separated by
its dark ground color from C. nebulosa nebulosa, which has a
light brown background throughout.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 117

Two Additional New Species in the Genus Haplo-

neurion (Hymenoptera: Psammocharidae)

from Chile with a Key to the

Known Species

By R. R. DREISBACH, Midland, Michigan

When Dr. Reed, of Chile, received the reprint of my first
paper on this genus x he wrote the writer and said that all his
collections from Chile are at the Academy of Science at San
Francisco, California. Dr. Leach at my request sent me 21
specimens of this genus, 8 of which represented two new species
that are herewith described.

Haploneurion niger, n. sp.

Holotype female : The sides of thorax from base of wings to
the middle coxae and from there to apex of thorax, the apex of
dorsal surface of propodeum, and the whole abdomen, black;
the black of thorax is dull, that of abdomen shining ; the rest of
the body, including all parts of the legs, is rufous ; when seen
from in front the vertex rises in a smooth curve above and be-
hind the eyes, the temples rather large ; eyes slightly convergent
above; ratio of interocular distance at clypeus is 120 compared
to 95 at vertex; interocular distance at widest part of head is
0.6 the transfacial distance ; clypeus is 2.3 as wide as long ; a
hairless head as wide as long; clypeus in front rather strongly
arched and does not project under eyes ; ratio of lengths of first
four joints of antennae is 55:20:80:40; second and third an-
tennal joints slightly longer than vertex width; first two joints
of antennae reddish yellow as rest of head but from the third
joint of antennae dark on dorsal surface and ventral surface
becoming darker toward apex ; ocelli slightly farther apart than
their diameter, and the lateral ones are 3.0 as far from eyes as
from each other ; pronotum strongly angulate on posterior bor-
der; ratio of lengths of pronotum, mesonotum, scutellum, post-
scutellum, metapostnotum, and propodeum is 40:60:40:10:20:
120; golden, shining, prostrate pubescence on clypeus and face,

1 Dreisbach, R. R. EXT. NEWS, vol. LXIX, no. 8, 1958.

118 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1960

a very few longer hairs on clypeus, head, on coxae, and more
hairs on apical rounded last tergite and on all ventral segments ;
some prostrate pubescence on head and pronotum ; wings yellow,
hyaline, darkened beyond second cubital cell; second recurrent
vein meets the second cubital cell at apical fifth ; the second inter-
cubital vein is strongly arched just before meeting radius but
the second cubital cell is still as long on radial vein as on cubitus ;
basal vein in fore wings basad of transverse vein slightly more
than 1.5 the length of latter; ratio of lengths of joints of poste-
rior legs beginning with femora is 275:275:200:100:70:40;
length of head and thorax 5.0 mm., abdomen 4.6 mm., fore
wing 4.0 mm., rear wing 3.6 mm.

Holotype female: Francura, CHILE, Jan. 15, 1951, E. P. Reed
(Calif. Acad. Sci., San Fran., Calif.).

Paratypcs: 1 Termas, Rio Blanco, Chile, Mar. 28, 1928,
E. P. Reed (Calif. Acad. Sci.).

1 Chile, 1932, E. P. Reed (Cal. Acad. Sci.).

1 Temaco, Chile, Jan. 20, 1923, E. P. Reed (R. R. Dreisbach).

Haploneurion reedi, n. sp.

Holotype female : The sides of thorax back of pronotum, the
metapostnotum, the slope of propodeum, the first tergite (ex-
cept narrow posterior edge), second tergite partly mottled,
basal 0.75 of third tergite, and basal half of fourth tergite, black ;
rest of body and all of legs rufous ; when seen from in front
vertex rises above and behind eyes in a smooth curve ; temples
rather large ; eyes convergent above, the interocular distance at
clypeus and vertex is in ratio of 120:95; interocular distance at
widest part of head is 0.6 the transfacial distance; clypeus 2.4
as wide as long ; head as long as wide ; ratio of lengths of first
four and last two antennal joints is 50:20:90:70:60:60; golden,
shining, prostrate pubescence on clypeus and face (very dense,
not so dense or heavy on front), vertex, all of thorax, over all
of first and second tergite (in certain light center of second
tergite looks dark), on apical 0.75 of third tergite (in certain
light), and some on posterior part of fourth and fifth tergites;
wings light yellowish hyaline, no dark tip ; second recurrent

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 119

vein meets second cubital cell at apical 0.2 ; second intercubital
vein concave inward and curving forward so that second cubital
cell is only 0.75 as long on radial vein as on cubitus ; basal vein
in forewing basad of transverse vein by 1.5 the length of the
latter; ratio of length of joints of posterior legs (starting with
femur) is 300:300:210:100:80:50; length head and thorax
5.3 mm., abdomen 6.0 mm., forewing 5.3 mm., rear wing 4.5 mm.

Holotype female: CHILE, E. P. Reed (Calif. Acad. Sci.).

1 Paratype: Chile, E. P. Reed (R. R. Dreisbach).

1 Paratype: Valdivia, Chile, X-16-49, E. P. Reed (Calif.
Acad. Sci.).

1 Paratype: Chile, E. P. Reed (Calif. Acad. Sci.).

1 Paratype: Los Muermos, S. Chile (Forest), 1-19-51, Ross
and Michelbacher (Calif. Acad. Sci.).

The scale used in the comparative measurements in the two
descriptions is 100 div. =: 1.325 mm.

The last species is named in honor of Dr. E. P. Reed, of
Chile, whose collections from that country have been deposited
at the California Academy of Science at Golden Gate Park,
San Francisco, California.

KEY TO GENUS HAPLONEURION KOHL — FEMALES

1 . Abdomen completely black ; thorax all black or only the sides
beyond base of wings black 2

1. Abdomen not completely black, mostly yellowish with more
or less black ; coxae never black 3

2. Both thorax and abdomen completely black ; coxae and tro-
chanters black, rest of legs yellow ; wings black ; second re-
current vein meeting the median vein just barely apicad of
the second intercubital vein minus Kohl

2. The whole prothorax, and the dorsum of rest of thorax yellow
to about middle of posterior slope of propodeum ; the sides
black from below fore wing to the apex and the apical half
of posterior slope is a dull black, abdomen a bright shining
black ; wing yellow to apex of first cubital cell, from there to
apex the wing is much darkened ; coxae, trochanters and
all rest of legs bright yellow ; the second recurrent vein meet-
ing second cubital cell about apical 0.25 nit/er n. sp.

3. Brilliant, glistening, golden patches of pubescence on outside
of fore coxae, sides of pronotum, dorsal surface of propodeum,

120 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1960

central apex of first tergite, spots on sides and apices of ter-
gites two and three, on sides of propodeum just above second
and third pair of coxae, and the clypeus and sides of face ;
wings completely yellowish; metapostnotum very long, one-
half length of propodeum ; mesopleura, propodeum and ven-
tral part of thorax black ; second recurrent vein meets the
second cubital cell much beyond middle of cell but not as
far out as apical fifth apogonum Kohl

3. The brilliant, glistening, golden patches of pubescence of
apogonum not present ; metapostnotum not nearly as long as
in preceding species 4

4. Ocelli less than their diameter apart and the lateral ones ten
times as far from eyes as each other; third antennal joint
longer than the first or fourth ; distance between the eyes at
vertex equal to the length of second and third antennal joints ;
basal vein in fore wings basad of transverse vein by three
times length of latter ; second recurrent vein meets second
cubital cell at apical fifth ; second and third tergites with
prostrate golden pubescence bitllocki Dreisbach

4. Ocelli about their distance apart and the lateral ones about
three times as far from eyes as each other ; if prostrate pubes-
cence on second and third tergites it is thin, not strongly
golden and not very noticeable 5

5. Third tergite shining, no pubescence ; second recurrent vein
meeting second cubital cell at apical third ; second cubital cell
about two-thirds as long on marginal vein as on cubital vein ;
basal vein in fore wings is basad of transverse by two times
length of latter nitidus Dreisbach

5. Third tergite not shining but pubescent, wild golden pubes-
cence; second recurrent vein meeting second cubital cell at
apical 0.25 or less 6

6. Second cubital cell almost as long on marginal vein as on
cubitus ; second recurrent vein meeting second cubital cell at
apical 0.15 to becoming interstitial; golden pubescence on
face and clypeus not strongly shining, and no golden brilliant
reflection on second and third tergite ; apical edge of fore-
wig darkened ; third and fourth antennal joints equal in
length chilensis Dreisbach

6. Second cubital cell only a little more than 0.67 as long on
marginal vein as on cubitus ; second recurrent vein meeting
second cubital cell about apical 0.2 ; face, clypeus, and third
tergite (on apical 0.75) with brilliant golden reflection as
well as outer edges of second tergite (in certain reflection) ;
apical edge of fore wing not darkened ; third antennal joint
longer than fourth rccdi n. sp.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 121

New North American Records of Anisopterous

Odonata

By EDWARD J. KORMONDY, Oberlin College, Ohio

Study of the Williamson-Kennedy Odonata collection of the
University of Michigan Museum of Zoology has revealed a
number of new North American records. The status of each
record was based on distribution reported by Needham and
Westfall (1955) and in the subsequent studies by Bick (1957),
Bick and Bick (1957), Gloyd (1958), and Kormondy (1957a,
1957b, 1958). In the course of the study, some fifteen hundred
specimens were determined ; among these specimens and those
previously studied there are 120 state records for eighty-three
species of Anisoptera. Many of these records extend known
ranges whereas others merely fill in existing gaps ; unusual data
are discussed below.

It is of more than passing interest to note that eighty-one
of the state records are from west of the Mississippi River, and
that fifty-four are from west of the 100th meridian; almost all
of the specimens were collected by non-odonatists. Certainly,
critical zoogeographic problems, such as species replacement
and subspecific validity, let alone a host of ecological problems,
cannot be expected to be resolved until students of the group
work as diligently in the southwest and northwest as some have
done in the eastern portion of the country.

SUBORDER ANISOPTERA

Petaluridae

Tachopteryx thoreyi (Hagen). VIRGINIA: Fairfax Co., Great
Falls, 6/16/10, W. T. Davis, 1 ^.

Cordulegasteridae

Cordulegaster maculatus Selys. WEST VIRGINIA : Monogalia
Co., 1 J1.

122 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1960

Gomphidae

Dromogomphus spinosus Selys. VIRGINIA : Giles Co., Moun-
tain Lake, 8/26/44, J. S. Rogers, 1 <?; Wythe Co., Wythe-
ville, 6/26-27/35, C. Ahrens, 2 <?, 1 $.

D. designatus Hagen. NEW MEXICO : Eddy Co., 8 mi. W. of
Malago, 7/22/35, I. J. Cantrall, 1 $. VIRGINIA: Fairfax Co.,
Great Falls, 7/12/15, F. Chestnut, 1 <?, 1 ?.

Erpetogomphus lampropeltis Kennedy. ARIZONA : Cochise
Co., Huachuca Mts., mouth of Miller Canyon, 7/23-28/32,
J. R. Dice, 17 c?; Gila Co., Tonto Creek, 8/31/35, I. J. Can-
trail, 1 ($. Previously reported only from California and
Texas.

Gomphoides albrighti Needham. NEW MEXICO : Grant Co.,
7/2/13, C. Dury, 1 J1. Previously reported only from Texas.

Gomphus cornutus Tough. IOWA : Blackhawk Co., Waterloo,
6/7/06, N. Miller, 1 $.

G. externus Hagen. NORTH DAKOTA: Cass Co., Fargo, R. C.
Osburn, 6/2/01 1 <?, 6/4-7/02 1 J\ 1 $ ; Traill Co., Cale-
donia, 7/30/01, R. C. Osburn, 1 ^, 1 ?.

G. (Stylurus) intricatus Hagen. COLORADO: Mesa Co., Grand
Junction, 7/7/01, R. C. Osburn, 1 J1.

G. lineatifrons Calvert. WEST VIRGINIA : Randolph Co., El-
kins, 6/18-26/35, C. Ahrens, 3 J1, 3 ?.

G. lividus Selys. WEST VIRGINIA: Randolph Co., Elkins,
6/19/35, C. Ahrens, 1 J1.

G. (Stylurus) notatus Rambur. GEORGIA : Floyd Co., Rome,
Coosa River, 7/13/30, C. F. Byers, 2 <?.

G. (Stylurus) scudderi Selys. TENNESSEE : Fentress Co.,
Allardt, 1,600 ft., 8/19/22, T. H. Hubbell, 1 J. Omitted by
error from Kormondy, 1957a.

G. (Stylurus) spiniceps (Walsh). GEORGIA: Rabun Co., Chat-
tooga River, 9/18/32, E. B. Williamson ct a!., 1 J1, 1 $.

G. submedianus Williamson. IOWA : Muscatine Co., near Fair-
port, Patterson Lake, 7/28/16, C. B. Wilson, 1 J\

G. ventricosus Walsh. IOWA: Blackhawk Co., Waterloo,
6/7/06, N. Miller, 1$. NEW HAMPSHIRE: Cheshire Co.,
1 mi. N. of Massachusetts State Line, Connecticut River,

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 123

7/4/39, J. Bailey, 1 <$. Iowa is the westernmost record for
this species.

Hagenius brevistylus Selys. WEST VIRGINIA : Randolph Co.,
Elkins, 6/19/35, C. Ahrens, 1 <?, 1 $.

Lanthus albistylus (Hagen). OKLAHOMA: Adair Co., 2 mi.
W. of Stilwell, 6/17/37, W. F. & F. A. Blair, 1 $. WEST
VIRGINIA : Randolph Co., Elkins, 6/18-23/35, C. Ahrens,
1 c?, !$• Oklahoma is the westernmost record for this
species.

Ophiogomphus severus Hagen. NEW MEXICO : Arroyo, Pecos
River, 7/21/02, Oslar, 1 <§\ Colfax Co., 3.7 mi. E. of Therma,
Eagle Lake, headwaters of Cimarron Canyon, 1,000 ft.,
9/12/35, T. H. Hubbell, 1 $ ; Sandoval Co., Jemez Mts.,
August 1909, 1 J1. New Mexico is the southeasternmost
record for this species.

Aeshnidae

Aeshna canadensis Walker. NEBRASKA : Thomas Co., Sand
Hills, Nebraska National Forest, 1928, R. McCain, 1 $.

A. constricta Say. IDAHO: Shoshone Co., Kellogg, 7/29/36,
V. E. Jones, 1 <$.

A. eremita Scudder. COLORADO : Boulder Co., Ouzel Lake,
Rocky Mt. National Park, 7/28-29/34, C. C. Roys, 3 <$, 1 ?.
MONTANA : Flathead Co., Echo Lake, V. E. Jones, 1 <$, 2 §.

A. interrupta interna Walker. CALIFORNIA : Siskiyou Co.,
Mount Shasta, July 1932, 1 ^ . IDAHO : Bannock Co., Poca-
tello, 10/6/36, V. E. Jones, 1 $ ; Idaho Co., Nezperce Na-
tional Forest, "Beaver Pond," a tributary of Fall Creek, 20
mi. W. of Elk City, 8/1/53, 1 $ and Cove Camp, 10 mi. SE
of Grangeville, 7/4/53, 1 5, K. Lems. MONTANA: Flathead
Co., Echo Lake, V. E. Jones, 1934, 2 J1. WYOMING : Arizona
Creek, 8/1/28, A. Murie, 1 $.

A. palmata Hagen. MONTANA : Flathead Co., Echo Lake,
8/7-13/35, V. E. Jones, 4<£ 4$. WYOMING: Arizona
Creek, 8/1/28, A. Murie, 1J*; Teton Co., Jackson Hole,
9/14/38, 21 £ 2$ and Moose, 9/10-18/38, 13^, 4$, F. M.
Gaige.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1960

A umbrosa occidentalis Walker. IDAHO : Bannock Co., Poca-
\ello, 8/27/36, V. E. Jones, 1 <$ ; Bear Lake Co., Montpelier,
//2S/34, E. Brodkorp, 1 <?; Idaho Co., Nezperce National
forest, ''Beaver Valley," a tributary of Fall Creek, 20 mi. W.
c)f Elk City, 8/1/53, 1 <£ and 8/25/53, 2 <?, K. Lems.

Anax junius (Drury). ARKANSAS: Drew Co., 7/18/36, L. H.
And D. E. Bridwell, 1 $. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA : Eastern
Branch, 7/3/14, R. P. Currie l)Cf. WEST VIRGINIA: Green-
prier Co., Lewisburg, 6/25/35, C. Ahrens, 1 J1, 1 $.

goyeria vinosa (Say). WISCONSIN: Sank Co., Lone Rock,
f. D. Hood, 7/29/06 1 <$, 8/12/06 1 $.

Qy-nacantha nervosa Rambur. GEORGIA : Thomas Co., Thomas-
yille, August 1948, R. Griffith, 4$. OKLAHOMA: LeFlore
(Co., Ouachita Nat'l Forest, 1 mi. NW of Page, 9/15/35,
T. H. Hubbell, 1 J\ This species was previously reported in
Continental United States only from California and Florida.

jyfjsiaeschna pentacantha (Rambur). ARKANSAS: Lincoln
Co., 6/15/36, L. H. Bridwell, 1 <$. VIRGINIA : Princess Anne
Co., County Creek, north landing, 8/18/48, R. L. Hoffman,
IcT-

Corduliidae

Macrominae

Dfdymops transversa (Say). VIRGINIA: Giles Co., Mountain
Lake, 6/25/35, C. Ahrens, 4 J1. WISCONSIN : Sheboygan
Co., Rhine, 7/19/13, F. C. W., G. T., H. R., 1 $.

jyjacromia georgina (Selys). TENNESSEE: Hardeman Co.,
Bolivar, 8/30/35, H. K. Gloyd, 2 $. This record in addition
to that of Gomphus scnddcri (antea) brings the known odo-
nate fauna of Tennessee to 105 species (see Kormondy,
1957a).

jy[. margarita Westfall. GEORGIA: Lumplin Co., 18 mi. N. of
Dahlonega, 7/2/39, F. S. Barkalow, Jr., 1 c?. Reported pre-
viously only from North Carolina.

jyj. taeniolata Rambur. OKLAHOMA : Myes Co., 6/20/36,
W. F. Blair, 1 $.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 125

Cordiilinae

Cordulia shurtleffi Scudder. MONTANA : Flathead Co., Echo

Lake, 6/16-20/36, V. E. Jones, 4 J1.
Epicordulia princeps (Hagen). WISCONSIN: Sank Co., Lone

Rock, J. D. Hood, 7/29/06 1 g, 8/12/06 1 <?.
Helocordulia uhleri (Selys). PENNSYLVANIA: Fayette Co.,

Ohio Pyle, 6/25/1900, E. B. Williamson, 1 <$; Somerset Co.,

Rockwood, 6/29/1900, E. B. Williamson, 2 ^.
Neurocordulia molesta (Walsh). KANSAS: Pottawatome Co.,

Manhattan. From Kansas Agri. College Coll., [Thru C.

H. Kennedy], 1$. Previously determined as N. obsoleta

but not reported from Kansas (see Kennedy, 1917b).
Somatochlora filosa (Hagen). MISSOURI: Carter Co., E. B.

Williamson ct al, 7/29/30 1 ?, 8/5/30 1 J. Missouri is

the westernmost record for this species.
S. minor Calvert. IDAHO: Idaho Co., Elk City, 7/16/36,

V. E. Jones, 1 ^, 1 $ and "Beaver Ponds," tributary of Fall

Creek, 20 mi. W. of Elk City, 7/25/53, K. Lems, 2 #. Idaho

is the westernmost record for this species in the United States.
S. semicircularis (Selys). IDAHO: Idaho Co., Nezperce Nat'l

Forest, Cove Camp, 10 mi. SE. of Grangeville, K. Lems,

7/5/53 6 J1, 1 $ and 7/12/53, 1 $.
Tetragoneuria cynosura (Say). WEST VIRGINIA: Tucker

Co., Parsons, 6/23/35, C. Ahrens, 2 J*.
T. semiaquea (Burmeister). NEW YORK: Suffolk Co., Long

Island, Deep Pond, Wading River, 5/13/13, W. T. Davis,

!<?•

T. Stella Williamson. MISSISSIPPI : Adams Co., Natchez,

3/12/55, R. R. Dreisbach, 1 5- This record is from the
personal collection of Dr. Dreisbach, of Midland, Michigan.

Libellulidae

Brachymesia furcata (Hagen). CALIFORNIA: Riverside Co.,
Lake Elsinore, 9/14/30, L. K. Gloyd, 1 J1. Known in the
U. S. previously only as far west as Texas and as far east
as Florida.

126 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1960

Brechmorhoga mendax (Hagen). ARIZONA: Gila Co., Tonto
Creek, 8/31/35, I. J. Cantrall, 2^; Santa Cruz Co., Nogales,
9/23/23, J. H. Williamson, 2 J\ NEW MEXICO: Eddy Co.,
20 mi. W. of Hope, 8/5/31, H. M. Smith, 1 $.

Celithemis elisa (Hagen) . ARKANSAS : Drew Co., 7/12-18/36,
L. H. and D. E. Bridwell, 1 <?.

C. fasciata Kirby. WEST VIRGINIA : Randolph Co., Elkins,
6/18-21/35, C. Ahrens, 2 ^.

C. monomelaena Williamson. VIRGINIA : Fairfax Co., Great
Falls, 7/18/15, R. P. Currie, 1 J1. Virginia is the south-
easternmost record for this species.

Dythemis velox Hagen. GEORGIA: Lee Co., 8/17/32 1 5 and
Muckalee Creek, 8/16/32, E. B. Williamson ct al, 1 J1.
Georgia is the easternmost record for this species.

Erythemis collocata (Hagen). IDAHO: Bannock Co., near
Inkom, Marsh Creek, 9/15/35, V. E. Jones, 1 <?, 1 ?.
OREGON : Harney Co., Borax Creek, near Fields, 7/27/34
1 $, and Little Trout Creek, 7/26/34 1 J\ C. L. Hubbs.

E. simplicicollis (Say). ARKANSAS: Baxter Co., 3 mi. W. of
Baxter-Fulton Co. line on U. S. 62, 8/26/54, T. H. Hubbell
and I. J. Cantrall, l<$; Lincoln Co., 7/14/36, L. H. and
D. E. Bridwell, 1 J.

Erythrodiplax umbrata (Linnaeus). ARKANSAS: Drew Co.,
7/12-18/36, L. H. and D. E. Bridwell, 1 $.

Ladona julia (Uhler). IDAHO: Idaho Co., Nezperce Nat'l
Forest, ''Beaver Valley," tributary of Fall Creek, 20 mi. W.
of Elk City, 8/1/53, K. Lems, 3^. UTAH: #58, E. M.
Legard, 1 $.

Leucorrhinia hudsonica (Selys). MONTANA: Flathead Co.,
Echo Lake, 6/16-20/36, V. E. Jones, S <f, 1 ?. WYOMING:
Teton Co., Teton Nat'l Forest, Jenny Lake, 7/4/32, A.
Murie, 1 J.

L. proxima Calvert. COLORADO : Boulder Co., Aliens Park,
7/23/34, C. C. Roys, 1 ^, 1 ?.

Libellula auripennis Burmeister. ARKANSAS : Drew Co.,
7/12-18/36, L. H. and D. E. Bridwell, 2 <?. OKLAHOMA:
LeFlore Co., Ouachita Nat'l Forest, 1 mi. NW. of Page,

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 127

9/15/35, T. H. Hubbell, 1 J\ The Oklahoma record seemed
to be of interest inasmuch as Bick (1957) reports this species
only from Muskogee Co.

L. comanche Calvert. NEVADA : Churchill Co., Dixie Valley,
8/2/38, F. V. Hubbs, 3^; Clark Co, 7 mi. W. of Moapa,
7/12/38, F. V. Hubbs, 1 J1; Humboldt Co., Mud Meadow
Creek, 7/17/42, C. L. Hubbs and family, 1 J\ 1 $. NEW
MEXICO: Eddy Co., 8 mi. W. of Malago, 7/22/35, I. ].
Cantrall, 1 J1. OREGON : Harney Co, warm spring on desert
on road from Willow Creek to Trout Creek, 7/26/34, C. L.
Hubbs and family, 3 J\ 1 5- Oregon is the northwesternmost
record for this species.

L. flavida Rambur. ARKANSAS : Logan Co, 1 mi. S. of Paris,
8/28/54, T. H. Hubbell and I. J. Cantrall, 1 ?.

L. forensis Hagen. NEW MEXICO: Arroyo, Pecos River,
7/27/03, 1 $ and no date, 1 J ; Rio Grande River, Oslar,
7/13/02, 1 5 and no date, 1 $; Bernalillo Co, Albuquerque,
July 12, Oslar, 1 J1.

L. incesta Hagen. MARYLAND: Prince Georges Co, Hyatts-
ville, 7/29/15, R. P. Currie, 1 <?.

L. luctuosa Burmeister. COLORADO: Prowers Co, Lamar,
8/24/25, F. M. Gaige, 1 <?. Colorado is the northwestern-
most record for this species.

L. nodisticta Hagen. ARIZONA: Apache Co, 13 mi. N. of
Springerville, 7/1/38, F. V. Hubbs, 1 J*.

L. pulchella Drury. IDAHO: Idaho Co, Riggins, 7/15/36,
V. E. Jones, 1 $ and "Beaver Pond," tributary of Fall Creek,
20 mi. W. of Elk City, 8/1/53, K. Lems, 1 $ ; Kootenai Co,
Medimont, 7/25/36, V. E. Jones, 1 <£ 1 $ ; NORTH DAKOTA :
Nelson Co, Pond south of Stump Lake, 7/24/19, F. Wilcox,
1 $\ Rolette Co, Turtle Mts, E. shore of Lake Upsilon,
7/17/19, F. Wilcox, 2($. SOUTH DAKOTA: Washabaugh
Co, 7 mi. S. of Kadoka, Fountainprick Creek, 7/12/34,
L. C. Stuart, 8 £.

L. quadrimaculata Linnaeus. MONTANA : Flathead Co, Echo
Lake, V. E. Jones, 6/20/36 2 J and 1 $, 8/10/35 1 J\ no
date 1 J1. NORTH DAKOTA : Traill Co, Caledonia, 5/28/00,
R. Osburn, 1 c?, 1 ?.

128 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1960

L. (Belonia) saturata Uhler. NEW MEXICO: Chaves Co.,
Roswell, 5/30/18, P. Williamson, 1 J1; Lincoln Co., stagnant
pool beside Rio Bonito, 4 mi. NW. of Lincoln, 7/3-10/37,
J. R. Dice, 3c?; Otero Co., Cornudas Mts., 7/1/31, L. K.

Gloyd, 1 $, 1 ?.
L. vibrans Fabricius. ARKANSAS: Lincoln Co., 7/8/31, L. H.

Bridwell, 1 J1.
Nannothemis bella (Uhler) . MARYLAND : Prince Georges Co.,

Hyattsville, R. P. Currie, 5/22/15 1 <$, 8/5/15 2^ and 2$.
Pachydiplax longipennis (Burmeister). NEW MEXICO: Otero

Co., Cornudas Mts., 6/28-7/1/31, L. K. Gloyd, 5 $, 1 ?.
Pantala hymenea (Say). ARKANSAS : Desha Co., near Dumas,

1930, L. H. Bridwell, 1$; Lincoln Co., 7/8-9/31, L. H.

Bridwell, 2 $ and 7/16/36, L. H. and D. E. Bridwell, 1 J1,

1$.
Perithemis seminole Calvert. LOUISIANA : Orleans Par., New

Orleans, Audubon Park, 5/19/09, 1 $. Louisiana is the
westernmost record for this species.

Plathemis lydia (Drury). DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: Pond,
Hamilton Hill, 7/3/14, R. P. Currie, 1 <?. SOUTH DAKOTA:
Washabaugh Co., 7 mi. S. of Kadoka, Fountainprick Creek,
7/12/34, L. C. Stuart, 1 J1.

P. subornata Hagen. OREGON : Harney Co., Borax Creek,
7/27/34, C. L. Hubbs, 1 rf. Oregon is the northwesternmost
U. S. record for this species.

Sympetrum (Tarnetrum) corruptum (Hagen). NORTH DA-
KOTA: Benson Co., Bird Island, Devils Lake, 8/8/19, 2 J1,
Coulee II from Minnewaukan, 7/11/19, 2 J1, Fort Totten
Lake, 8/7/19, 2 J>, Wood lake, west of Tokio, 7/25/19, 1 d\
1 $, F. Wilcox.

Perithemis tenera (Say). ARKANSAS: Lincoln Co., 6/15/36,
L. H. Bridwell, 2 <£

Sympetrum costiferum (Hagen). IDAHO: Bannock Co., Poca-
tello, fish hatchery, 10/6/36, 1 $, and Topaz, 9/13/36, 1 <$,
IJ, V. E. Jones. MINNESOTA: Beltrami Co., Lavinia,
8/21/49, P. B. Kannowski, 1$; Koochiching Co., Rainy
Lake, 8/19/32, S. E. Moore, 1 <£ 1 $. NORTH DAKOTA :
Benson Co., Minnewaukan, Coulee near town, 7/11/19, F.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 129

Wilcox, 1 5 ; Bottineau Co., Lake Carpenter, 12 mi. W. of
Lake Upsilon, Turtle Mts., 7/16/19, 1 $, Lake Metagoske,
east of Bottineau, 7/16/19, 1 <j>, Gravel Lake, Turtle Mts.,
7/15/19, 1$, F. Wilcox; Ramsey Co., Sweetwater Lake,
9/10/19, F. Wilcox, 2^, 13$. WYOMING: Teton Co.,
Moose, September 1938, F. M. Gaige, 3 <£ 1 $.

S. danae (Sulzer). MONTANA: Flathead Co., Echo Lake,
V. E. Jones, 1 <$. NORTH DAKOTA : Rolette Co., Lake Up-
silon, Turtle Mts., 7/18/19, F. Wilcox, 1 $. WISCONSIN :
Oneida Co., Roosevelt, Moen Lake, 7/21/13, F. C. W., G. T.,
H. R., 1 ?.

S. internum Montgomery. CONNECTICUT : Tolland Co., Union,
8/15-29/38, E. R. Andrulot, 7 J1. IDAHO: Bannock Co.,
Pocatello, 8/27/36, 1 ? and Topaz, 9/13/36, 1 J, 1 $, V. E.
Jones ; Bear Lake Co., Bern, 8/10/35, 1 $ and 3 mi. SE. of
Montpelier, 7/16/34, 2 J\ E. Brodkorp. IOWA : Appanoose
Co., Mine Pond near Centerville, 9/10/32, 2$ and Perjue
Lake, 9/18/33, 6^, 1$, J. W. Leonard; Woodbury Co,
Sioux City, 8/1/02, A. G. Ruthven, 1 $. MASSACHUSETTS :
Middlesex Co, Shirley, 7/23/39, E. M. Davis, 3^, 2$;
Worcester Co, Lunenberg, 8/19/34, E. M. Davis, 3 <?.
MONTANA : Flathead Co, Echo Lake, V. E. Jones, 1 J1, 1 $ ;
Glacier Co, St. Mary's, Glacier Park, 8/8-9/27, A. Murie,
2 $. WISCONSIN : Oneida Co, Roosevelt, North of 4th Lake,
7/22/13, 45 and Roosevelt, between 4th Lake and Hobson,
7/22/13, lc?,l? and Roosevelt, Moen Lake, 7/23/13, 1 $,
F. C. W, G. T, H. R. WYOMING: Park Co, Sheep Creek,
8/5/99, E. B. Williamson, 2 <j>; Teton Co, Jackson, A. Murie,
7/11/32 1 $, 8/21/32 2 ^, 1?.

S. obtrusum Hagen. MONTANA: Flathead Co, Echo Lake,
8/7/35, V. E. Jones, 3 J\ 3 $. California, omitted by error
in Needham and Westfall (1955), is listed by Kennedy
(1917a) and represented by a large series in this collection.

S. occidentale fasciatum Walker. NORTH DAKOTA : McKenzie
Co, Grassy Butte, 8/8/37, N. A. Weber, 2 <?, 1 $. North
Dakota is the northeasternmost record for this species.

S. pallipes (Hagen). ARIZONA: North rim of Grand Canyon,
Greenland Lake, 7/31/33, C. J. D. Brown, 3 J1, 1 ?. IDAHO:

130 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1960

Bannock Co., Pocatello, 10/3/36, 1 <$ and Topaz, 9/13/36,
1 J\ 1 $, V. E. Jones ; Bear Lake Co., Montpelier, E. Brod-
korp, 7/5/34 I J, 8/12/35 1$; Clearwater Co., Elk River,
7/16/36, V. E. Jones, 1 ^ ; Kootenai Co., Medimont, 8/1/36,
V. E. Jones, 1 J1 ; Shoshone Co., Enaville, 7/26/36, V. E.
Jones, 1J1, I?- WYOMING: Teton Co., Moose, 9/10/38,
F. M. Gaige, 1 J1, 1 $. Specimens from Wyoming and Idaho
have the tibiae black. The relationship between this species
and 5*. obtrnsum Hagen appears to need study.

S. rubicundulum (Say). NOVA SCOTIA: Picton, Simpson's
Pond, 7/24/89, W. Sheraton, No. 10, 1 J.

Tramea lacerata Hagen. ARKANSAS : Desha Co., near Dumas,
1930, L. H. Bridwell, 1 $ ; Logan Co., 1 mi. S. of Paris,
8/28/54, T. H. Hubbell and I. J. Cantrall, 1 J1. NEW
MEXICO: Lincoln Co., 4 mi. NW. of Lincoln, 7/10/37, J. R.
Dice, 1 $; Otero Co., Cornudas Mts., 6/29/31, L. K. Gloyd,

Icf-

T. onusta Hagen. COLORADO : Prowers Co., Lamar, 8/25/25,

F. M. Gaige, 1 J\

LITERATURE CITED

BICK, G. H. 1957. The Odonata of Louisiana. Tulane Studies in

Zoology, 5(5) : 71-135.
— , and J. C. BICK. 1957. The Odonata of Oklahoma. Southwestern

Nat., 2(1) : 1-18.
GLOYD, L. K. 1958. The dragonfly fauna of the Big Bend region of

Trans-Pecos, Texas. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 593 : 1-23.
KENNEDY, C. H. 1917a. Notes on the life history and ecology of the

dragonflies (Odonata) of Central California and Nevada. Proc.

U. S. Nat. Mus., 52(2192) : 483-635.

— . 1917b. The Odonata of Kansas with reference to their distribu-
tion. Bull. Univ. Kansas Biol. Ser., 18: 129-145.
KORMONDY, E. J. 1957a. New knowledge of the Odonata of Tennessee.

Jour. Tenn. Acad. Sci., 32(2) : 106-115.
— . 1957b. Records of Western Odonata with notes on Amphiagrion

abbreviation (Selys). Jour. Kansas Ent. Soc., 30(3) : 108-110.
— . 1958. Catalogue of the Odonata of Michigan. Misc. Pub. Mus.

Zool. Univ. Mich., 104: 1-43.
NEEDHAM, J. G., and M. J. WESTFALL, JR. 1955. A Manual of the

Dragonflies of North America (Anisoptera). Berkeley: Univ.

Calif. Press, pp. xii + 615.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 131

Emergence and Transformation of Tanypteryx
hageni Selys (Odonata)

By ARTHUR SVIHLA, University of Washington,
Seattle 5, Washington

Numerous nymphs of the rare western North American
dragonfly, Tanypteryx hageni Selys, were seen to emerge and
transform at Tipsoo Lake, Mount Rainier National Park,
Washington, during the last week of July 1959. The site where
these nymphs occur has been described in a previous paper
(Svihla 1959).

The dates of emergence in this particular locality vary, for
in 1958 exuviae were found here as early as July 8th whereas
on the same day in 1959 the site was still covered with several
feet of snow. When the site was first visited on June 29, 1959,
the entire basin was covered with about four feet of snow and
the water of the lake was just appearing through the melting
snow. Normally the melting of the snow takes place rapidly at
this time of the year but it was only on July 20th that the
habitat of the nymphs was completely uncovered. There was
no question as to the presence or activity of the nymphs for one
was seen half-way out of its burrow and many of the other bur-
rows had fresh debris at their mouths. Some of the nymphs
were removed from their burrows and examined. At this time
apparently in preparation for emergence and transformation, the
light colored thorax becomes visible through the nymphal case.
However, no exuviae were seen although diligent search was
made. Tracks of an American black bear were seen going up
the streamlet where the nymphs occur but there was no indi-
cation that it molested the nymphs or was even aware of their
presence.

When the site was again visited on July 29th, which was a
bright sunshiny day with little wind, three exuviae were col-
lected and a recently emerged teneral was seen at 10:30 A.M.
At the time of discovery the teneral was about three inches above
its case which was attached to the base of a plant of Carc.v
ablata. The abdomen was still soft and moist but the wings

132 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1960

were fully formed and outstretched. From detailed observa-
tions made on emergence and transformation of other imagines
of the same species, this particular individual must have emerged
about an hour and a half earlier or at about 9:00 A.M.

The following day, July 30th, the spot was again visited and
on arrival at 9 :45 A.M. a recently emerged teneral was found.
Further search brought to light two other recently emerged
tenerals in the vegetation. This was apparently "The Day,"
for nymphs were seen to emerge and transform from that time
on until early afternoon.

The nymphs of this species, at the time of emergence, do not
travel more than six inches from their original home and the
exuviae are found mostly at ground level or a few inches at
most up the stems of neighboring plants. One nymph was ob-
served to transform while its abdomen was still in water. This
species differs from Petalura gigantca (Tillyard, 1917) and
Uropctala carovei (Wolfe, 1953) in this respect, for both of
these species are known to travel some distance and climb a
foot or more up reeds and grasses in order to transform.

Tillyard (1917) states that the emergence of Petalura gigan-
tea takes place at dawn. Wolfe (1953) found that in Uropctala
carovei emergence also occurs in the early morning or at dawn.

In Tanypteryx hagcni emergence also takes place early in the
morning but is not restricted to this time for several were ob-
served to emerge, transform and fly away in the early afternoon.

The details of emergence and transformation in the Pctalnri-
dae have been excellently described by Tillyard (1917) for
Petalura gigantea. Wolfe (1953) states that emergence and
transformation in Uropctala carovei does not differ from Peta-
lura gigantca. These acts are essentially the same in Tanyp-
teryx luu/cni but there are a few differences. For example,
Tillyard (1917) states that "in Petalura and in most Aeschninae
the abdomen is already of considerable length, and reaches its
full extent before the wings have completed their growth."
Wolfe (1953) states that emergence and transformation in
Uropctala carovei does not differ from Petalura gigantca. One
may therefore assume that the abdomen of the New Zealand

Ixxij ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 133

species also reaches its full length before the wings expand
although Wolfe did not specifically say so. Tillyard states
further that in other dragonflies "the abdomen usually com-
pletes its lengthening after the wings are fully expanded."
Tanypteryx hageni differs from both Petalura gig ant ea and
Uropetala carovei in that the lengthening of the abdomen takes
place after the wings are fully formed rather than before.

Tanypteryx hageni also differs from these two species in the
time of the development of the color pattern. In Petahira,
Tillyard says that "by the time the abdomen becomes fully ex-
panded the color is very vivid, rich brown and pale yellow. As
the insect matures, the colors become duller, the yellow mark-
ings finally turning greyish." In Tanypteryx hageni the re-
verse is true, for in the recently transformed teneral, the top of
the head and the entire dorsal part of the thorax are white.
The adult black coloration is assumed gradually only after the
tenerals have been transformed for some time. The stigmata
and legs are light brown and become black only after several
hours of exposure. At the time of the first flight of the teneral
the color pattern is black and white. The adult yellows appar-
ently appear much later, possibly days or weeks after emergence,
for I have collected adults at Swim, Oregon, still in the black
and white coloration.

The following account records the sequence of changes which
take place during emergence and transformation.

After the nymph had emerged from its burrow and attached
itself with its head upward to the base of a Carex ablata plant,
it rested for some time.

11 :30 A.M. Nymph attached to base of Carex ablata.

11 :44 A.M. Thorax of case split on mid-line up to head.

11 :50 A.M. Case split at right angles in head region through

eyes ; thorax of teneral pushing through case.
12:05 P.M. Head and thorax coming out of case; top of head

and thorax white.
12:10 P.M. Head and thorax out of case; legs out, legs light

brown in color.

12:15 P.M. Abdomen wide and thick, still halfway in case.
12:20 P.M. Head and thorax bent over backwards; abdomen

still in case.

134 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, 1960

12:25 P.M. Almost completely out of case; legs hold onto
Car ex leaves.

12:30 P.M. Teneral completely emerged; wings small and
crumpled, smoky in color and extending down to third ab-
dominal segment.

12:45 P.M. Wings completely expanded, extending half inch
beyond tip of abdomen, still cloudy in appearance ; thorax
still white ; legs brown ; abdomen brown.

12:50 P.M. Abdomen thickening laterally.

1 :05 P.M. Abdomen lengthening and now as long as wings
which are still cloudy.

1 :10 P.M. Abdomen inflated and swollen, tergites and ster-
nites circular in cross-section ; wings becoming metallic and
clear ; abdomen longer than wings ; white color of head and
thorax becoming darker ; abdomen becomes darker.

1 :20 P.M. Abdomen changing shape, from circular to flat-
tened ; abdomen becoming darker but not yet black.

1 :30 P.M. Abdomen tip darker than anterior portion ; tergites
of abdomen round, sternites flattened ; wings now clear.

1 :37 P.M. Wings expanded laterally for first time and quiver-
ing ; thorax, head and abdomen black and white ; abdomen
normal adult shape but still inflated.

1 :39 P.M. First flight of about three inches, landed on ground,
wings expanded laterally as in adult.

1 :41 Climbed up a plant two inches above ground and rested
with wings folded together.

1 :46 P.M. Resting with wings folded together ; entire body
quite black in color, legs black; eyes brown.

1 :49 P.M. Abdomen becomes noticeably thin.

1:55 P.M. Wings extended laterally and fluttering; flew four
inches, landed in streamlet, climbed up grass.

2 :05 P.M. Flew away with a weak fluttering flight assisted
by wind.

From the first spitting of the thorax to the time the teneral
flew away was approximately two hours and twenty minutes.

Emergence and transformation may not always be successful
for one teneral was found dead with only the head and part of
the thorax out of the nymphal case. Another teneral was found
in the black and white coloration of the young adult with its
abdomen fully extended but the wings, which were clear, were
only partially inflated and expanded. There is very little likeli-
hood that this teneral would have survived very long.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 135

Tillyard (1911) found that the caudal plates in Petalura
gigantea were separated in the exuviae and he suggested from
this that when about to emerge the nymph of this species keeps
the rectum open for air-breathing. Wolfe (1953) examined two
thousand exuviae of Uropctala carovei and found in every case
that the caudal plates were firmly closed. He concluded that
respiration is probably entirely spiracular and not rectal when
the nymphs of Uropetala are about to emerge.

An examination of thirty exuviae of Tanypteryx hag cm
showed that this species is similar to Petalura gigantea in this
respect for every exuviae had the caudal plates open.

Two exuviae of Tanypteryx pryeri, the Japanese species
(kindly sent me by Syoziro Asahina) which were examined,
showed that in this species the caudal plates were also open.

A single exuviae of Tachopteryx thoreyi, our eastern United
States species (kindly sent me by Minton J. Westfall, Jr.) also
had the caudal plates open.

Preserved specimens of the last instar nymph of Tanypteryx
hageni all had the caudal plates open. Live specimens of this
species, when examined, also had the caudal plates open. Svihla
(1959) reported on air-breathing in the nymphs of this species.
It appears, therefore, that with the exception of Uropctala
carovei, respiration in the nymphs of the other species may be
rectal rather than spiracular.

A total of 20 exuviae were collected from this site in 1959,
11 males and 9 females. Although the first three exuviae found
on July 29 were males those found on July 30 consisted of
8 females and 5 males. The last exuviae found on August 28,
were 3 males and 1 female.

LITERATURE CITED

SVIHLA, A., 1959. Life history of Tanypteryx hageni Selys (Odonata).
Trans. American Entomological Soc. 85 : 219-232.

TILLYARD, R. J., 1911. Further notes on Petalura gigantea. Proc. Linn.

Soc. N. S. W. 36(1) : 86-96.
— , 1917. Biology of Dragonflies. Cambr. Univ. Press.

WOLFE, L. S., 1953. A study of the genus Uropctala Selys (order Odo-
nata) from New Zealand. Trans. Royal Soc. of New Zealand 80 :
pts. 3 and 4, 245-275.

This column is intended only for wants and exchanges, not for

advertisements of goods for sale or services rendered. Notices

not exceeding three lines free to subscribers.

These notices are continued as long as our limited space will allow;
the new ones are added at the end of the column, and, only when neces-
sary those at the top (being longest in) are discontinued.

Agapema galbina. Will exchange cocoons of this moth for nature
books. E. Frizzell, Route 4, Box 96, San Benito, Texas.

Tenebrionidae of the World wanted, in exchange for insects of Argen-
tina and neighboring countries. Horacio J. Molinari, Av. Lib. Gral. San
Martin 55, Acassuso (Buenos Aires), Rep. Argentina.

Butterflies. Wish to exchange specimens for Japanese species. Please
write to Ichiro Nakamura (Boy, age 16), 26 Aza-Nichiyama Obayashi
Takarazuka-shi, Hyogo-Ken, Japan.

Phasmidae of nearctic area desired alive. Purchase or trade, drawing
on large stock of major orders, worldwide. Domminck J. Pirone, Dept.
Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Nitidulidae and Rhizophagidae wanted in exchange for European bee-
tles of all families. O. Marek, Zamberk 797, Czechoslovakia.

Wanted and Needed. We are compiling a history of entomology, and
particularly, at present, of the amateur insect clubs that flourished 50 to
75 years ago. Will you who have knowledge of such early clubs or
societies advise me, giving facts on the time of existence, members, etc.,
which you may have. J. J. Davis, Dept. of Entomology, Purdue Uni-
versity, Lafayette, Indiana.

Cockroaches (Blattoidea) of Japan, Okinawa, Formosa (Taiwan),
and the Philippines are being studied in cooperation with Dr. K. Princis.
Loans of specimens from that area are desired. A. B. Gurney, U. S.
National Museum, Washington 25, D. C.

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A TAXONOMIC STUDY OF THE NORTH

AMERICAN LICININI WITH NOTES ON

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GENUS DIPLOCHEILA BRULLE

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By George E. Ball

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

I960

Vol. LXXI No. 6

CONTENTS

Ehrlich and Clench — Xew subgenus and species of Callophrys . . 137

Woodruff — Some robber-fly records 142

Nomenclature Notice 144

Foote — New tephrytid genus, Rhagoletoides, with notes 145

Snetsinger — Some predators of the clover mite 149

Crabill — Sexual dimorphism in a centipede 156

Jorgensen and Chant — A new species of Typhlodromus 161

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EXT. NEWS Ixxi

Plate 1

I nH|

;',. . -v'

\

Callophrys (Sandia) mcfarlandi Ehrlich and Clench, new species

Holotype (male) on left, and allotype (female) on right; upper sur-
faces above, lower surfaces below.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SEWS

VOL. LXXI JUNE, 1960 No. 6

A New Subgenus and Species of Callophrys (s./.)

from the Southwestern United States

(Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

By PAUL R. EHRLICH, Natural History Museum, Stanford

University, Stanford, California, and HARRY K. CLENCH,

Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh 13, Penna.

Through the kindness of Mr. Noel McFarland, of the Uni-
versity of Kansas, we were permitted to examine a remarkable,
but unfortunately unique, specimen of a hairstreak that he had
taken in the Sandia Mts. of New Mexico in the spring of 1958.
Although it is risky to draw conclusions from single specimens
we had little doubt that this specimen represented a new and
strikingly distinct species. It was, of course, evident that addi-
tional material was urgently needed.

Acting on this, the following spring P. R. E. joined forces
with Mr. Don B. Stallings and Mr. J. R. Turner and their
families to make a frontal attack on the locality. Its success
was a collector's dream : not only was a good series netted, but
the larval food plant was discovered and a good series of larvae
in various stages of development was also obtained. Some of
these were preserved and some left alive to continue growth,
which they readily did, yielding pupae and a further series of
adults later.

Mr. McFarland returned again to the Sandias, in time to
secure additional material, confirming the presence of a second
brood and at the same time discovering additional colonies of
the species in the area.

Unfortunately, the forthcoming appearance of a new book
("How to Know the Butterflies") by one of us (P. R. E.) has

(137)

138 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1960

forced us to present this rather abbreviated description now, to
make the name available for inclusion there. We intend to
follow the present paper with a more detailed and extended
treatment of the species, its variation and affinities. A separate
account, by Stallings, Turner and Ehrlich, will cover the life
history in detail.

Genus CALLOPHRYS Billberg 1820
Subgenus Sandia Clench and Ehrlich, new subgenus

Type species: Callophrys (Sandia) mcjarlandi Ehrlich and
Clench, n. sp.

Shown to be a member of the genus Callophrys by the follow-
ing characters : eyes moderately hairy ; mid and hind tibiae each
with a single pair of spurs. Male genitalia : penis with two ter-
minal, terminally dentate cornuti, at least one upcurved ; tip of
penis flared, ventral margin projecting farther than dorsal, lack-
ing a midventral distal serrate keel ; valvae contiguous, or
nearly so, to tips, the tips without setae.

Within the genus it is uniquely characterized by the following
combination of traits : upperside gray brown and fulvous, with-
out blue ; male scent pad about three times as long as wide, with
definitely dentate androconia ; hind wing without tails ; under-
side green with brassy fulvous underscaling, pattern elements
largely suppressed save for a well developed, evenly curved
postmedian (pm) line on both wings and variable traces of
subterminal elements on the hind wing. Palpi about 1.9 to 2.3
times as long as vertical diameter of eye ; endodont of tarsal
claw present, short and bluntly rounded ; basitarsus inflated.
Male genitalia with saccus rather short and blunt ; cornuti
slender; penis comparatively short (2.3 times as long as valva) ;
tips of valvae "capped" (i.e., with a small, sharply delimited,
terminal thickening on each).

Within the genus the long palpi are unique ( in all others it
ranges from 1.1 to 1.5, rarely 1.6, times as long as vertical eye
diameter) ; the capped valvae are shared only with Callophrys
(Mitoura) .vami and C. (Incisalia] ; and the distinctly dentate

Ixxi | ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 139

androconia only with xami, though this character is rather vari-
able and therefore of only limited use. Absence of tails is
characteristic of C. (Callophrys) and C. (Incisalia) ; the domi-
nant, simply curved pm line below typical of C. (Callophrys}.
The green color below is shared with C. (Callophrys) and many
C. (Mitoura*) as well, while the brassy fulvous on both surfaces
is similar to that in .row/ and several other C. (Mitoura).

Callophrys (Sandia) mcfarlandi Ehrlich and Clench, n. sp.

Male. Upperside. Fore wing gray with fulvous tint, dark-
ening towards costa and apex to gray brown ; veins gray ; termen
narrowly dark brown ; scent pad about as long as width of cell,
about three times as long as wide, dull black ; fringe pale gray,
darkening costad and darker basad throughout. Hind wing
yellow fulvous, brightest tornally, gradually becoming grayer
costad and basad ; a narrow black terminal band from Rs to
tornus ; inner margin gray beyond 2A ; fringe pale gray, darker
distally, becoming almost black tornally ; at Cu, and Cu., a few
long, pure white scales cut the fringe and project very slightly
beyond. Termen regularly rounded. •

Underside. Fore wing golden fulvous with bright brassy
green largely filling discal cell, tinging the fulvous slightly along
costa and filling most of the space between the pm line and
termen above Cu, ; base of cell Cu2 gray ; inner margin below
2A slightly brassy pale gray ; a pm line, very regular and parallel
to termen from costa to Cu2, about as far from termen as distal
width of cell Cu, ; this line composed of a distal pure white
band, a central black line (about half as thick as the white)
and traces of a basal orange fulvous edging ; termen narrowly
edged black, within which are a few white scales occasionally
in cells Cu,, Cu.2 ; fringe as on upperside. Hind wing largely
green, basally with black scales intermixed, especially prominent
in older specimens ; pm line similarly regular and close to ter-
men (about twice the distal breadth of cell Cu,) and parallel to
termen throughout except costally, where it approaches termen,
intersecting it at end of Sc. Structure of this line as on fore
wing but all parts a little thicker, the basal fulvous becoming a

140 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1960

definite orange fulvous band ; in cells Cu1} Cu., and 2A the line
is feebly crenulate, the segments concave outward ; a pure white
band, as thick as the white of pm line, follows termen from Sc
(where it unites with pm white) to tornus, slightly toothed
basad at each vein ; immediately distad a slender black line
follows termen similarly ; between the two white lines the green
darkens slightly distad by admixture of black scales between
veins, and in median and cubital interspaces, almost touching
pm line, a few white scales, followed distally by obsolescent
black bars, very thin and faint, often absent, beyond which the
green may occasionally be yellowed in faint lunule- shaped caps
to the darker green beyond : these white scales, black bars and
yellowish lunules being the sole remnants of subterminal mark-
ings, always faint, and often nearly absent ; apparently better
developed in second brood specimens. Fringe as on upperside.

Female. Upperside. Fore wing as in male with these ex-
ceptions : fulvous much more extensive, leaving dark brown
areas only in cell, narrowly along costa and termen, thicker at
apex ; scent pad of course absent ; fringe nearly pure white
distally. Hind wing likewise brighter, more orange, basal dark-
ening more basally restricted ; termen nearly straight between
Mj and Cu,, then at Ciij abruptly angled, straight thence to
tornus. Fringe purer white, but similarly darkened distally.

Underside as in male, but usually between Rs and inner mar-
gin with the series of black bars, basally white-edged, running
very close to pm line, more prominent than in males.

Length of fore K'ing: holotype, male, 15 mm. (expanse 29.5
mm.) ; allotype, female, 14 mm. (expanse 28 mm.).

Holotype, male, La Cueva Canyon, 6300 ft., west slope of
Sandia Mts., Bernalillo Co., NEW MEXICO, 31.V.1959 (Noel
McFarland, leg. ) .

.•lllotypc, female, same locality, ex larva on Xolina micro-
car j^a taken 19.V.1959, emerged 7.vi.l959 (Stallings, Turner
& Ehrlich, leg. ) .

Paratyfies, as follows: 1 male, 4.V.1958 (N. M., leg., the first
specimen taken of the species) ; 2 males, 9 females, 18.V.1959
(S., T., & K., leg.), one of the females preserved in fluid; 3

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 141

males, 9 females, 19.V.1959 (S., T., & E., leg.) ; 1 male, 1 female,
ex larvae coll. 18-19.V.1959 (S.. T., & E., leg.) emerged
6.vi.l959; 2 males, 5 females, ex larvae coll. 19.V.1959 (S., T.,
& E., leg.), emerged 7.vi.l959; 17 males, 2 females, 31.V.1959
(N. M., leg.) ; 3 females, ex larvae coll. 18-19.V.1959 (S., T.,
& E., leg.), emerged S.vi.1959: all the preceding from the same
locality as holotype. In addition there are paratypes from
Tijeras, Hwy 66, Sandia Mts., Bernalillo Co., all N. McFarland,
leg., as follows: 3 males, 31. v. 1959; 1 male, 7 females, l.vi.1959.

Holotype and allotype are deposited in the American Museum
of Natural History. Paratypes will be variously distributed,
including deposition in the following collections : Noel McFar-
land, Stallings-Turner, British Museum, Carnegie Museum,
Los Angeles Co. Museum.

Remarks. The life history will be described and discussed in
detail in a future publication (see introduction). We may sum-
marize it briefly as follows: The foodplant is beargrass (Nolina
microcarpa S. Watson), a local plant that occurs from the pan-
handle of Oklahoma westward to Arizona and south into north-
ern Mexico. The larvae feed on the flower heads, where they
may be found by careful search. There are apparently two
closely spaced generations a year, the first from about the first
of May to the third week or so of the same month ; the second
from about the end of May into June. The species overwinters
as a pupa.

It is a remarkable coincidence that two specimens, a male and
a female, were taken some 300 miles away in western Texas by
J. M. and S. N. Burns, while on a collecting trip for Erynnis
(Hesperiidae). Both were taken in the Davis Mts., Jeff Davis
Co., Texas, as follows: 1 male, Limpia Canyon, 5000 ft., 4 mi.
WNW of Ft. Davis, 28.iv.1959; 1 female, HO Canyon. 6000 ft.,
29.iv.1959.

It is a pleasure to name this new species for Mr. Noel Mc-
Farland, who collected the first specimen and who materially
aided in collecting the type series.

142 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS IJuilC, 1960

Some Robber-Fly Records (Diptera: Asilidae)1

By ROBERT E. WOODRUFF, Department of Entomology,
State Plant Board of Florida, Gainesville, Florida

Diogmites missouriensis Bromley

In July, 1953, the writer was stationed at Fort Knox, Ken-
tucky, for training with the U. S. Army Reserves. On several
occasions a robber-fly of the genus Diogmites was noted flying
about the tents and frequently alighting on the tent pegs. Al-
though little time was available for collecting specimens, on
July 30, 1953, seven specimens of this species were secured
without the aid of a net. Apparently the species was just
emerging as evidenced by a teneral specimen and the extremely
slow flight of all individuals.

The specimens were tentatively identified by Robert M.
Goslin, of the Ohio State Museum, as Diogmites missouriensis
Bromley. Since this species was known to be quite rare, the
specimens were sent to the late Dr. Stanley W. Bromley, who
verified this identification. This constitutes the first record
of the species for Kentucky and nearly doubles the number of
previously known specimens. This insect is now known from
four states in the Mississippi Valley. Other records which
have been added through the courtesy of Robert M. Goslin,
increase the total number of known specimens to twenty-two.

The following records summarize the known distribution of
this rare species. The type series contained eight specimens
from Missouri, two from Ohio, and one from Mississippi. In
addition to the above specimens from Fort Knox, Kentucky, the
Ohio State University collection contains one from the same
locality, collected by R. D. Alexander. Other records are : one
specimen from Jackson County, Ohio, and one from Ross
County, Ohio, both collected in July, 1952, William Goslin ; and
one specimen from Highland County, Ohio, July, 1953, R. M.
Goslin.

1 Contribution No. 3, Entomology Department, State Plant Board
of Florida.

Lxxi| ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 143

Heteropogon macerinus Walker

On September 3, 1956, the writer and Richard D. Alexander
camped at the end of an abandoned dirt road near Rocky Mount,
Virginia. While walking along this road in search of tiger
beetles, the writer noted a pale-colored robber fly sitting in the
dry, hard-packed wheel ruts of the road. The specimen did not
move, and on closer examination, proved to be teneral. A cast
pupal skin was found only a few inches away and, on further
search, seven more specimens were found near their pupal skins
in the same type of situation.

The most surprising part of this collection is the fact that our
car had been driven over the exact same spot the previous night.
I immediately wondered how these delicate teneral insects could
withstand such pressure. However, on second thought, I came
to the conclusion that the pressure from the weight of the car
probably loosened the otherwise hard soil and assisted the
imagoes in emergence. All specimens were found directly in
the ruts made by automobile tires.

Laphria index McAtee

This species is reported by Bromley (1931) as rare in Ohio
and, therefore, the following collection is thought worthy of
note : one male, Champaign County, Ohio, July 7, 1950, R. E.
Woodruff.

Laphria ithypyga McAtee

Bromley (1947: 67-68) records this species from only one
locality in Ohio. The writer collected a single specimen on
June 15, 1951, in Champaign County, Ohio, to add another
record.

Holcocephala fusca Bromley

Although this species does not seem to be rare (at least in
Ohio), there has been little information published, regarding
distribution, since the original description. Numerous speci-
mens were collected by the writer in Champaign County, Ohio,

144 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [JuilC, 1960

in August, 1952, and a single specimen was found at Indian
Lake, Logan County, Ohio, August 18, 1951.

All of the above mentioned specimens are presently located
in the Ohio State Museum, Columbus 10, Ohio.

REFERENCES

BROMLEY, STANLEY W. 1931. Sci. Bull. Ohio State Museum 1 (2) :
1-19, 4 pis.

— . 1947. Ohio Journal of Science 47(2) : 67.

-. 1950. Ohio Journal of Science 50(5) : 229-230.
. 1951. Amer. Mus. Nov. 1532: 1-36, 2 pis.

Nomenclature Notice

All comments relating to the following should be marked with
the Commission's File Number and sent in duplicate, as soon as
possible, and in any case, before October 8th, to W. E. CHINA,
Assistant Secretary, International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature, c/o British Museum (Natural History), Crom-
well Road, London, S. W. 7, England.

Validation of the generic name Delphax Fabricius, 1798

(Order Hemiptera). Z.N. (S)47.
Designation of a type-species for the nominal genus Macropsis

Lewis, 1843 (Order Hemiptera). Z.N. (S)456.
Suppression of the generic name Promecopsis Dumeril, 1806

(Order Hemiptera). Z.N. (S)483.
Suppression of the specific name longicorne Latreille, 1804

(Acrydium) (Order Orthoptera). Z.N. (S)675.
Stabilization of the names of the North European species of

Tipula oleracea group (Order Diptera). Z.N. (S)896.
Validation of the familiar usage of the generic name Tany-

tarsus van der Wulp, 1874 (Order Diptera). Z.N.

(S)1245.
Designation of a neotype for the nominal species Dytiscus

cinereus Linnaeus, 1758 (Order Coleoptera). Z.N.

(S)1389.
Validation of the generic name Acilius Leach, 1817 (Order

Coleoptera). Z.N. (S)1391.
Validation of the specific name dardanus Brown, 1776

(Papilio) (Order Lepidoptera) . Z.N. (S)1403.

For details see Bull. Zool. Nomencl. Vol. 17, Parts 6/8.

Ixxij ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 145

A New Tephritid Genus, Rhagoletoides, with Notes

on its Distribution and Systematic Position

(Diptera, Tephritidae)1

By RICHARD H. FOOTE, Entomology Research Division,
Agr. Res. Serv., U.S.D.A., Washington, D. C.

A study of New World tephritids being conducted by the
writer reveals that Spilographa latifrons van der Wulp (1889)
belongs to neither of the genera to which it has been assigned
nor to any other described genus. A new genus is herewith
provided ; its justification is detailed in a discussion to be found
at the end of this paper. The heretofore unrecorded presence
of this species within the continental United States is also set
forth.

Genus RHAGOLETOIDES, new genus

Diagnosis. Frons yellow, with numerous slender, short, black
setae, slightly wider than 2.0 times the width of one eye from
above ; three pairs lower fronto-orbitals ; two pairs upper fronto-
orbitals, the posterior pair reclinate, not convergent, both pairs
situated on shiny yellow triangular areas similar in size to the
large ocellar triangle. Antenna yellow ; third segment rounded
apically, not acuminate ; arista dark, very finely haired, the
hairs about the same length as basal diameter of arista. Face
in profile slightly receding but not at all concave ; with a rather
deep antennal fossa on each side of a wide, flattened central
carina which widens from antennal base to oral margin. Post-
oculars extremely slender and short.

Thorax brownish yellow with a narrow, yellow, sublateral
stripe extending from posterior margin of humerus to wing
base ; mesonotum covered by short, dark hairs and coarse golden
pollen except in small dark areas at bases of dorsocentrals and
inner ends of suture ; posterior supra-alar, inner alar, and
acrostical nearly in a line very close to scutellum ; dorsocentral

1 Miss Marian Adachi has made it possible for me to examine the
Tephritidae in, and to use the collection records from, the University of
Arizona collection. For this privilege I am deeply grateful.

146 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1960

in line with acrostical and anterior supra-alar and in a trans-
verse line not quite halfway between one connecting anterior
supra-alars and one connecting acrosticals ; two pairs scutellars.
Apical halves of mid and hind femora each with an antero-
ventral and a postero-ventral row of short, stout, pointed bristles.
Abdominal terga brown with short, black setae ; apical third
to half of terga I to III with golden pollen similar to that on
mesonotum, the basal portions of terga I to III and all of terga
IV and V subshining but slightly darker brown than thoracic
pleurae.

Rhagoletoides latifrons (van der Wulp), n. comb.

Spilographa latijrons van der Wulp, 1899, in Godman and
Salvin, Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. 2 : 407 ; PI. XI,
fig. 26.— Aldrich, 1905, Smithsn. Misc. Collect. 46(1444):
604.

Phorcllia latifrons: Hendel, 1914, Abh. u. Ber. Mus. Dresden
14 : 28.— Aczel, 1949, Acta Zool. Lilloana 7 : 250.

? Spilographa obfiiscata van der Wulp, 1899, in Godman and
Salvin, Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. 2 : 406 ; PI. XI,
fig. 25.— Aldrich, 1905, Smithsn. Misc. Collect. 46(1444):
604.

? Phorellia obfuscata: Hendel, 1914, Abh. u. Ber. Mus. Dresden
14: 28.— Aczel, 1949, Acta Zool. Lilloana 7: 250.

Description. As in the diagnosis of the genus, with the fol-
lowing additions : In profile eye suboval ; cheek 0.25 times as
high as eye, its bristle situated well behind posterior margin
of eye ; antenna 0.5 times as long as face ; face light yellow,
contrasting strongly with the much darker yellow frons and
antenna, covered with silvery pollen visible only at an angle
to surface. Mesonotum in some specimens with ill-defined,
paired dark marks halfway between suture and anterior margin
of mesonotum. Dark bands covering veins r-m and m sepa-
rated completely or meeting with various degrees of fusion at
posterior wing margin ; inner margin of dark spot in apices of
cells R:! and R- with various shapes, the extent of the spot never
greater than that shown by Benjamin (1934). Legs brown,
concolorons with thoracic pleurae, fore and mid trochanters

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 147

somewhat brighter yellow. Abdomen in some males with an
ill-defined triangular dark brown to black spot proximally in
the centers of terga II and III; male with tergum IV about 1.8
times as long as tergum III; female with tergum V about 0.25
times as long as tergum IV; ovipositor sheath covered with
short, black setae, very dark brown, about 2.0 times as long as
tergum V and 0.5 times as long as tergum IV.

Material examined and distribution. United States : 1 <^,
Catalina Mts., Arizona, 14.VIII.1954, G. Bohart, G. Butler
(Univ. Arizona, Tucson). Mexico: 3^, 1$, San Juan del
Rio Oro, Queretaro, 6. VIII. 1949, H. G. Hawkes (USNM) ;
4 dJ, 1 ?, Mt. Orizaba, Arriba de Temalaquilla, Veracruz,
17.VIII.49, J. C. Hawkes (USNM). The type locality of
latifrons as given by Wulp (1899) is "Ciudad in Durango,
8100 feet." It is a high altitude and dry area species having
its principal distribution south of the United States border.
Because latifrons has never been previously collected in the
southwestern United States, an area fairly well known as far
as the family Tephritidae is concerned, one may safely regard
it as being an extremely rare species in this country.

DISCUSSION

Van der Wulp's association (1899) of the name Spilographa
with latifrons is untenable, since that name has been shown to
be a synonym of Rhagoletis Loew. The name Phorcllia is
applied by Hendel (1914) and Aczel (1949) in the sense of
Rondani (1870), placing latifrons in the genus Trypeta Meigen,
also an incorrect association (see Foote, in press). For the
reasons explained below, latifrons must have a taxon at the
zoological level of Trypeta, Rhagoletis, and others.

The wing pattern of latifrons resembles that of three Ameri-
can tephritid species in having (a) two brown oblique bands
lying upon and parallel to veins r-m and m, respectively, form-
ing the arms of a V with their posterior ends close together
or touching at the posterior wing margin, and (b) a short dark
mark between the arms originating at the costa and proceeding
posteriorly well into cell R.:. One of these species, Rhagoletis

148 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1960

basiola (O.S.), is illustrated by Phillips (1923; PI. XVIII,
figs. 9 and 10) as Zonoserna flavonotata (Macq.) and Zono-
sema setosa (Doane), respectively; by Stone (1951 : 46; fig. 3) ;
and by Balduf (1959; PI. 1 ; fig. 3). The other two species are
presently assigned to the genus Zonosemata Benjamin. One of
these, clecta (Say), is well illustrated by Benjamin (1934: 34;
fig. 15). The wing of vittigera (Coq.), the other species of
Zonosemata, is so similar to that of electa that Benjamin's
illustration can pass for both species for the purposes of this
discussion.

In spite of their similarity to latifrons in wing pattern and
habitus, the aforementioned representatives of Zonosemata and
Rhagoletis have quite different structural characters on a gen-
eric level, which sets Rhagoletoides quite apart. They lack the
antero- and postero-ventral rows of mid and hind femoral spines,
the dorsocentrals are situated farther forward, the third an-
tennal segment is acuminate dorso-apically, and the pollinosity
of the abdominal tergites, if present, is never golden in color.

The structurally related genera of the typical tribe of the
subfamily Trypetinae, to which all three genera so far men-
tioned belong, are Trypeta Meigen, Euleia Walker, and Chacto-
stoma Rondani. From Trypeta, the new genus described herein
may be distinguished by the rounded head shape and extremely
wide frons ; from Euleia by the position of vein r-m, which in
Rhagoletoides is situated at the midpoint of cell 1st M2 ; from
Chaetostoma by the lack of strong bristles at the anterior oral
margin ; and from all three by the characteristic wing pattern.

LITERATURE CITED

ACZEL, M., 1949. Catalogo de la familia "Trypetidae" de la Region

Neotropical. Acta Zool. Lilloana 7 : 177-328.
BALDUF, W. V., 1959. Obligatory and facultative insects in rose hips —

their recognition and bionomics. 111. Biol. Monographs No. 26, 194

pp., illus.
BENJAMIN, F. H., 1934. Descriptions of some native trypetid flies with

notes on their habits. U. S. Dept. Agric., Tech. Bui. 401, 95 pp.,

illus.
FOOTE, R. H. The genus Trypcta Meigen in America north of Mexico.

Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. (in press).

Ixxi | ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 149

HENDEL, F., 1914. Die Bohrfliegen Sudamerikas. Abh. u. Ber. Mus.

Dresden, Vol. 14, 84 pp., illus.
PHILLIPS, V. T., 1923. A revision of the Trypetidae of northeastern

America. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 31: 119-154, illus.
RONDANI, C, 1870. Ortalidinae italicae collectae, distinctae et in ordinem

dispositae. Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. 2: 5-31.
STONE, A., 1951. The Rhagoletis of roses. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 53:

45-48, illus.
WULP, F. M. VAN DER, 1899. Group Trypetinae. In Godman, F. D. and

O. Salvin, Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. 2: 401-416, illus.

Some Predators of the Clover Mite

By ROBERT SNETSINGER, Illinois Natural History Survey,

Urbana, Illinois

The clover mite, Bryobia praetiosa Koch, feeds on a wide
range of plants and is a serious pest of fruit trees, some orna-
mental plants, and a few truck and field crops. In addition,
this mite is a common household nuisance problem in many
newly developed residential areas. Predators play an impor-
tant role in reducing clover mite populations to non-destructive
levels. From 1954 to 1958, I collected 23 species of predators
of the clover mite at Urbana, Illinois. These observations bring
to 62 the number of known predators (List 1 ).

Of these 62 species, 8 are spiders, 15 are mites, 5 each are
thrips, anthocorid bugs, and mirid bugs, 15 are coccinellid
beetles, and the rest are in other families and orders of terres-
trial arthropods. Of the 23 species from Urbana (List 1, de-
noted by asterisk), 3 are spiders, 8 are mites, 3 are thrips, 4
are coccinellids, and the remainder are in other groups. Ac-
cording to the studies of Lord (1949), Anderson and Morgan
(1958), and other papers of a less general nature, mites, thrips,
anthocorid bugs, mirid bugs, and coccinellid beetles are consid-
ered the most important predators of the clover mite.

Since some, for example many coccinellids, are general preda-
tors and others are more specific as to the species on which they
feed, it is best to know more than what species prey on what

150 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1960

other species. It is highly important to know the abundance,
the habitat, and specificity of a predator. I have made observa-
tions on predators of the clover mite in six types of habitats :
walls of dwellings ; basal portion of tree trunks, such as Ameri-
can elm and several species of maple ; the crowns of fruit trees
(apple, Siberian crab, pear, cherry, peach, etc.) ; the crowns
of English elm trees (Ulnius procera Salisb.) ; unmowed grassy
fields; and honeysuckle bushes (Lonicera sp.) (Table 1).

On the walls of dwellings, I observed Raphignathus sp., a
mite, to be the most abundant predator ; however, I do not
think it to be an effective one, because I observed it feeding only
on the egg stage of the clover mite. Bdclla dcpressa Ewing, a
snout mite, and Salticus scenicus (Clerck), the Zebra spider,
are more ravenous and feed on all stages of the clover mite.
However, I did not find these two species abundant enough in
this habitat to reduce the clover mite population to a point
where it was no longer a nuisance problem.

On the basal bark of trees, I found Bdclla dcpressa (see Snet-
singer, 1956) and Typhlodromus falla-cis (Garman) to be the
most important predators of the clover mite. I also found Aca-
ropsis sp., a cheyletid mite, and the same species of raphignathid
mite which I found abundant on the walls of dwellings. I do
not, however, think these two species are important predators
of the clover mite on the basal bark of trees, because I observed
them feeding only on the egg stage.

On fruit trees, Typhlodromus poini (Parrott) and T. rhc-
nanus Oudms. appeared to be the most important clover mite
predators. Fruit trees treated with DDT alone commonly
showed serious damage by the clover mite. However, if the
DDT treatments were stopped and the trees remained im-
sprayed, these two species of Typhlodromus increased enough
in numbers in 2 to 4 years to reduce the clover mite population
to a point where serious injury to the fruit trees no longer
occurred. Of the two species, T. porni seemed more tolerant
of insecticides ; however, T. rhcnanus appeared to be the more
effective of the two in reducing spider mite populations to low
levels. Stethorus punctum (Lee.), a small black coccinellid

Lxxij ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 151

beetle; Adalia bipnnctata (L.), the two-spotted lady beetle; and
Scolothrips pallid us (Beach), a thrips, also appeared to be of
some importance as predators of the clover mite on fruit trees.

On the English elm, Typhlodromus jallacis and Leptothrips
mali (Fitch) were the two most important predators of the
clover mite. In grassy fields, T. jallacis and Bdella depressa
were the most important. A species of parasitid mite was also
common in this habitat, but it did not appear to be important.
On honeysuckle bushes, T. jallacis appeared to be the only
important predator.

At Urbana, Bdella depressa and three species of Typhlodro-
mus comprised about 75 per cent of the total number of preda-
tors collected from the six habitats studied. These, to be sure,
are the most important predators of the clover mite since they
are ravenous feeders on all stages of it and occur in several of
the habitats. Specimens of Stethorus punctum, Adalia bipunc-
tata, Scolothrips pallidus, Leptothrips mail, and Salticns scenicus
constituted about 7.8 per cent of the total predators collected.
These species are also excellent predators upon the clover mite ;
however, they occurred in important numbers in only one of
the habitats studied. The remainder of the predators were never
abundant enough to be effective in reducing clover mite popu-
lations, feeding only incidentally or on only one stage of the
clover mite.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author is indebted to the following members of the Illi-
nois Natural History Survey staff: Dr. George C. Decker and
Dr. L. L. English for their advice ; Dr. Lewis Stannard for aid
in thrips and mite identification ; and Dr. Milton W. Sanderson
for identification of coccinellid beetles. He also has been aided
in the identification of typhlodromid mites by Dr. H. H. J.
Nesbitt of Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada ; the identifica-
tion of bdellid and raphignathid mites by W. T. Atyeo, Depart-
ment of Entomology, University of Nebraska ; and in the
identification of a cheyletid mite by Dr. Edward W. Raker,
U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.

152

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[June, 1960

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Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 153

LIST 1. Reported Predators of the Clover Mite

Epeiridae :
Linyphiidae :

Lycosidae :
Salticidae :

Thomisidae

Anystidae :
Bdellindae :
Cheyletidae :
Parasitidae :
Erythraeidae
Phytoseiidae :

Raphignathidae :

Chernetidae :

* Asterisk denotes
the clover mite.

ORDER ARANEAE

Araneus cucurbitinus Clerck. (Chant,
^1956).
Cyclosa conica (Pallas). (Chant, 1956).

Enteleccra acuminata (Wider). (Chant,

1956).
Erigonidium graminicola (Sundevall).

(Chant, 1956).

*Pardosa sp.

*Phidippus and ax (Hentz).
*Salticus scenicns (Clerck).

Misumena vatia (Clerck). (Chant. 1956).

ORDER ACARI

Anystis agilis Banks. (Lord, 1949).
*Bdella depressa Ewing. (Snetsinger, 1956).
*Acaropsis sp. (probably undescribed).
*( Species undetermined).
*( Species undetermined).

Typhlodromus aberrans Oudms. (Mathys,

'1957).
T. cucumeris Oudms. (Anderson and

Morgan, 1958).
*T. fallacis (Carman).

T. finlandicus Oudms. (Mathys, 1957).
*T. pomi (Parrott).

*T. rhenanus Oudms. (Anderson and Mor-
gan, 1958).

T. tiliae Oudms. (Lord, 1949).
Mediolata novae- scotiac Nesbitt. (Lord,

1949).
M. (Zetsellia) zackeri Oudms. (Dohring,

1952).

*Raphignathus sp. (to be described by At-
yeo, Baker, and Crossley).

ORDER PSEUDOSCORPIONIDA
*Lamprochcrmes oblong us (Say),
species observed by the author to be predaceous on

154

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[June, 1960

Atropidae :

Thripidae :
Phloeothripidae

Anthocoridae :

Miridae :

Chrysopidae :
Coniopterygidae
Hemerobidiidae :

Tinaeidae :

ORDER CORRODENTIA

Lepinatus patruelis Pearm. (Rack, 1956).
(feeds on eggs, shells, molt skins, etc.).

ORDER THYSANOPTERA

*Scolothrips pallid us (Beach).
S.sexmaculatus (Pergande). (Daily, 1939).

*Haplothrips (Karnyothrips) americamts

(Hood).

//. fanrei Hood. (Lord, 1949).
*Leptothrips mail (Fitch). (Bailey, 1940).

ORDER HEMIPTERA

Anthocoris antcvolans White. (Anderson
and Morgan, 1958).

A. melanocents Reut. (Anderson and Mor-
gan, 1958).

A. nutnoruni (L.). (Kremer, 1956).

A. sp. (Anderson and Morgan, 1958).
*0rius miniitus (L. ). (Kremer, 1956).

Campylomma verbasci (Meyer). (Lord,

1949).

Diaphnidia pdlucida Uhler. (Lord, 1949).
HyaKodes liarti Knight (Lord, 1949).
Malacocoris chlorizans Panzer. (Mathys,

1957).
Pilophorus perplexns Douglas and Scott.

(Lord, 1949).

ORDER NEUROPTERA

Chrysopid larva. (Bohn, 1954).
*Chrysopa sp.

Conwentzia psocijonnis (Curtis). (Withy-
combe, 1924).

Hemerobridium larva. (Bohn, 1954).

ORDER LEPIDOPTERA

Tineola biselliella Hummel. (Webster,
1912).

Ixxi]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

155

Coccinellidae :

Cecidomyidae
Syrphidae :

ORDER COLEOPTERA

*Adalia bipunctata (L.). (Anderson and

Morgan, 1958).
A. frigida Schn. (Anderson and Morgan,

1958).
Chilocorus stigma Say. (Anderson and

Morgan, 1958).
Coccinella tranwcrsoguttata nugatoris Muls.

(Anderson and Morgan, 1958).
C. transvcrsogiittata quincuenotata Kby.

(Anderson and Morgan, 1958).
*Cycloneda munda (Say).
C. sanguined (L.). (Anderson and Mor-
gan, 1958).
Eriopis connexa Germ. (Guida and Bruhn,

1956).

*Hippodamia convergcns Guer.
Psyllobora taedata Lee. (Weldon, 1914).
P. sp. (Anderson and Morgan, 1958).
Stethorus picipes Csy. (Anderson and

Morgan, 1958).

6\ punctilluni Weise. (Putman, 1955).
*S. punctum (Lee.). (Bonn, 1954).
5. vagans Blkb. (Evans, 1942).

ORDER DIPTERA
*Arthrocnoda.\- sp.
*Syrphid larva.

LITERATURE CITED

ANDERSON, N. H., and C. V. G. MORGAN. 1958. Can. Ent., 90: 23^2.
BAILEY, S. F. 1939. Jour. Econ. Ent., 32 : 43-47.

-. 1940. Jour. Econ. Ent., 33 : 539-544.
BOHN, H. 1954. Pflanzenschutzberichte, 13: 161-176.
CHANT, D. A. 1956. Jour. Hort. Sci., 31 : 35-46.
DOHRING, E. 1952. Schadlingsbekampfung, 44: 171-175.
EVANS, J. W. 1942. Tasmanian Jour. Agr., 13: 140-142.
GUIDA, A. S., and J. C. BRUHN, 1956. Soc. Uruguaya de ent., 1 : 37-43.
KREMER, F. W. 1956. Hofchen-Briefe, 9 : 189-252.
LORD, F. T. 1949. Can. Ent., 81 : 202-214.

156 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, I960

MATHYS, G. 1957. Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., 30: 189-284.

PUTNAM, W. L. 1955. Can. Ent, 87: 9-33 and 217-230.

RACK, G. 1956. Zeitschr. fur Angew. Zool., 3: 257-294.

SNETSINGER, R. 1956. Jour. Econ. Ent., 49: 745-746.

WEBSTER, F. M. 1912. The clover mite. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Ent. Cir.

158: 1-5.

WELDON, C. P. 1914. California State Comm. Hort. Mon. Bui., 3 : 189.
WITHYCOMBE, C. L. 1924. Ann. Appl. Biol., 11: 112-125.

A Remarkable form of Sexual Dimorphism in a

Centipede (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha :

Lithobiidae)

By R. E. CRABILL, JR., Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D. C.

It is well known among students of Chilopoda that when
sexual dimorphism is at all apparent in centipedes, it nearly
always manifests itself in relatively few structures at the hind
end of the body. The presence of egg claspers only in female
anamorphic centipedes, the frequent intersexual differences in
shape and position of the gonopods of the Epimorpha, the often
pronounced secondary sexual modifications in the last one or
two pairs of legs of some male lithobiomorphs, the swollen ulti-
mate legs of many male geophilomorphs, the sexually dimorphic
differences in shape and size of certain posterior tergites and
sternites in some species — all represent familiar and predictable
instances of sexual dimorphism. All seem directly or indi-
rectly associated with some phase of reproduction, and all are
manifest in posterior structures. To this list may be added two
notable dimorphic characters involving the entire body. In
most female centipedes over-all body size tends to exceed that
of the males, and most geophilomorph females have pedal seg-
ment numbers whose modes tend to be higher than those of
conspecific males. In contrast to the foregoing, examples of
conspicuous sexual differences in anterior body structures are
virtually unknown and must be presumed to lie exceedingly
uncommon in nature.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 157

Some years ago Mr. R. L. Hoffman presented me with a
collection of small lithobiids which he had captured in the moun-
tains of southwestern Virginia. Several of these specimens, all
females, were readily identified as Paitobius sinus (Chamber-
lin),1 a rather uncommon and distinctive montane species.

A subsequent collection included what was clearly a male of
sinus, a specimen unlike any of which I had ever seen or read.
Its prehensors were not of the short, robust type that is essen-
tially unvarying in general form in both sexes throughout the
order. Instead, they were enlarged and more elongate, curiously
distorted, and grotesque even for a chilopod.

It seemed reasonable at the time to regard the whole pre-
hensorial apparatus as anomalous, a teratoid freak of develop-
ment, unique and not normally duplicable. The examination of
additional sinus specimens showed, however, that this explana-
tion was incorrect. The total, final series consisted of a dozen
females, each with normal prehensors, and of eight males, each
with the aberrant prehensors of the original male. Such evi-
dence suggests that the prehensors of this species are regularly
sexually dimorphic.

Fig. 3 presents a dorsal view of the male's head and associated
structures. The enormous prehensors are seen in situ extend-
ing widely laterally from the basal underside of the head : the
left prehensor is flexed, the right is partly extended. Note the
extraordinary width of their basal axis and their remarkable
projection forward. By contrast, the female's prehensors are
but slightly exposed laterally and not at all exposed anteriorly.

1 Paitobius, a heterogeneous group, is largely restricted to the middle
and southern Appalachian Mountains. The reader is referred for its
identification to R. V. Chamberlin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard
57(6) : 279, 1922. The present form belongs to that ensemble of species
characterized by the presence of an inner accessory claw on the ultimate
pretarsus, and tergital productions only on 11 and 13. It may be dis-
tinguished from these through its possession of the following additional
characters in combination : apices of prosternal teeth straight or slightly
recurved, not procurved ; 13D + 14D = 10311, 14V = 01331 ; female pre-
hensors normal but those of male modified as described below. To date
zinns has been recorded from Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee,
Georgia, and Alabama.

158 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1960

Figs. 1 and 2, respectively, represent in ventral aspect the
male and female prehensorial structures. They are comparably
enlarged and prepared from specimens of about the same body
size. The most notable specific departures of the male appara-
tus include the following :

The trochanteroprefemur (j) is relatively longer, thinner, and
more cylindrical that that of the female. Its outer surface in
outline is almost perfectly straight, and its inner surface bears
a conspicuous swelling toward its distal end. It is particularly
interesting to note that the ventral condyle (b) is displaced
nearly to a lateral position from its normal location under (ven-
tral to) the concealed dorsal condyle (k). (Cf. fig. 2, k, b.)
In most chilopods these condyles more or less overlie one an-
other ; moreover, similar but less pronounced lateral displace-
ment of the ventral condyle is characteristic only of the Scuti-
geromorpha. Although it is tempting to speculate upon the
possibility that this lithobiid prehensor evidences certain ata-
vistic features reflective of the common evolutionary stem from
which the Lithobiomorpha and Scutigeromorpha probably arose,
I believe that the condylic displacement in zinus males has a
simpler explanation. The similarity is probably only analogous,
an example of convergency, since, from the purely mechanical
standpoint, comparably long and heavy telopodites of this sort
probably require comparable basal articulatory devices if they
are to function effectively. We must not forget that the genetic
factors that gave rise to the long, ponderous telopodites had
also to provide for their effective operation. If this were not
the case, then, burdened with appendages of little or no use for
capturing and subduing prey, the males would undoubtedly die
of starvation before reaching sexual maturity, and the pertinent
causative gene or genes might be expected to vanish with them.

Of particular significance is the length-to-width ratio of the
intermediate articles, i.e., of the femoroid (i) and tibioid (h).
Note that in the male each is much longer than wide. In the
female, and in all other lithobiomorphs, each article normally
is much wider than long. Again, the intermediate articles of
the male are curiously suggestive of their homologues in the
Scutigeromorpha and of none in any other order.

Ixxi]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

159

b

b

FIG. 1. Prosternum and left prehensor of male. Ventral aspect; all
setae deleted, a + a = prosternum, morphologically the two imperfectly
fused coxal portions of the telopodites. b = ventral condyle. c = lower
lateral bulge of prosternal margin, d = modified apex of tarsungula.
e = tarsungula. f = vestigial division of tarsal and pretarsal portions of
tarsungula ; also point of attachment of pretarsal depressor ligament
(represented in dashes), g = poison calyx with distally extending poison
canal, h = tibioid. i = femoroid. j = trochanteroprefemur, morphologi-
cally the fused trochanter and prefemur (2nd trochanter). k = dorsal,
concealed condyle.

FIG. 2. Prosternum and both prehensors of female. Ventral aspect ;
all setae deleted. Letter designation as in fig. 1.

FIG. 3. Head and adjacent structures of male. Dorsal aspect. All
setae shown ; part of each antenna deleted.

160 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1960

The male's tarsungula (e) is unique. Fig. 1 shows that the
tarsal portion,- which is proximal to (f), is essentially normal
if we discount its being greatly flattened dorso-ventrally, but the
ungular portion distal to (f) is most peculiar. It is flattened
dorso-ventrally, its dorsal and ventral surfaces being nearly
appressed, and it is very weakly attenuate except at its extreme
tip which is abruptly pointed. (Cf. fig. 2.) The condition is
probably unique among centipedes. Note too that the pretarsal
depressor ligament attaches at its customary position (f), and
that the poison calyx (g) is normal in shape and size but housed
entirely within the tarsal portion. In the female it extends into
the tibioid. Finally, the male's prosternum (a + a) has oddly-
raised lateral margins, whereas on each side of the midlongi-
tudinal suture its surface is broadly concave. In the female
the margins are not raised, and the ventral surface is slightly
convex.

On the basis of such a small series of specimens, and in view
of our total ignorance of chilopod genetics, it is not possible con-
vincingly either to suggest how this peculiar condition arose, or
to speculate upon its possible evolutionary implications. Our
few observations suggest the possibility of its being regularly
present in the males and regularly absent in the females, but we
do not know that this is actually the case. The possibility that
this aberrant structure occurs in some unexamined females or
that it is absent in some unexamined males, for instance, would
have an important bearing upon the question of its genetic basis,
for if this were true, we might reasonably suspect some form of
sex-linked rather than of sex-limited inheritance to be involved.

It is reasonable to suggest at least that the character is the
phenotypic expression of a genetic mutation of some sort that
is either: (A) more frequent or widespread in the males than
in the females, for which it may or may not be lethal; or: (B)
it is common to some or to all males and to no females.

- The tarsungula of the Lithobiomorpha, Geophilomorpha, and Scolo-
pendromorpha represents an amalgamation of the morphological tarsus
and pretarsus. Only in the Scutigeromorpha are they discrete, preserving
their original identities.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 161

Finally, the practical lesson here for descriptive systematics
can hardly be avoided. It is not extreme to assert that many
competent taxonomists familiar with lithobiid systematics, if
confronted with just one bizarre male (but with no females) of
this form, could justifiably be misled into suspecting it to rep-
resent at least a new species and probably a new genus, if not
the basis for some suprageneric category.

A New Species of Typhlodromus (Acarina:
Phytoseiidae) from Oregon l

By CLIVE D. JORGENSEN - and D. A. CHANT 3

Chant (1957) divided the genus Typhlodromus Scheuten,
1857, into two subgenera : Typhlodromus s.str. ; and Amblyseius
Berlese. An undescribed species of mite of the subgenus Am-
blyseius is described below.

Typhlodromus (Amblyseius) crataegi new species

Female. Length 498 p. ; width 325 //.. Dorsal shield smooth,
almost covering idiosoma, and with 17 pairs of simple setae,
nine in the lateral, two in the median, and six in the dorsal
rows (Fig. 1). Setae L4, L,,, and M, long (39, 69, and 57 p.,
respectively). Setae D,, D,, D4, Dr,, D(i, and jV^ short (7-15 /*).
Remaining setae of medium length (27-30 /A). Four pairs of
anterior lateral setae. Seta Mt on slight protuberance. Seta
M.2 nearly level with and 22 //, mesad of L7. Seta L4 120 ^ from
L,;, 89 /j. from L-. One small pore between L,; and L7 and
another anterior to M.-,.

Setae St and S2 on interscutal membrane, 104 ^ apart, and
both 25 fj. long. Sternal shield normal for the genus, with three
pairs of setae, and with posterior margin slightly concave.
Three sternal setal pairs 62, 76, and 98 /j. apart, respectively,
from Sv Fourth pair of sternal setae on metasternal plates.

1 Technical Paper No. 1279, Oregon State College.

2 Mid-Columbia Branch Experiment Station, Hood River, Oregon.

3 Entomology Research Institute for Biological Control. IVllrvillr.
Ontario.

162 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, 1960

Genital shield normal for the genus, with one pair of setae.
Four long slender platelets on membrane between genital and
ventrianal shield. Ventrianal shield approximately triangular,
131 1*. wide, 156 /x long, with three pairs of preanal setae and
a pair of pores (Fig. 2). Para-anal setae level with anterior
margin of anus. Post-anal seta 13 ju, behind anus. Preanal
setae 32 ^ long and aberrant on one side in the holotype. One
pair of small platelets anterolaterad of ventrianal shield. Four
pairs of setae on membrane surrounding shield, one, VLj long
(62 //,). Two pairs of narrow, slightly curved metapodal plates,
one longer. Coxal gland bell shaped (Fig. 3).

Peritremal plate broad, extending posteriorly around base
of coxa IV, with posterior margin truncate and median angle
long and narrow. Stigmata laterad of coxa IV, with a pore
slightly behind. Plate fused with dorsal shield anteriorly, peri-
treme extending to level of Dx.

Leg IV with three macrosetae, genu, tibia, and basi-tarsus.
Macroseta on basi-tarsus long (72 p), others short. Gnatho-
soma and maxillary palps normal for the genus. Fixed digit of
chelicera 37 ^ long, with three teeth and pilus dentilis; movable
digit 32 fj, long, with one tooth.

Male. Unknown.

Diagnosis. This species runs to T. (A.) fraterculus (Berl.)
in Chant's keys (in press). It is separated from fraterculus by
the longer setae L- to Ls and by differences in the shape of the
ventrianal shield. Moreover, fraterculus has three long macro-
setae on leg IV whereas crategi has only one.

Locality and type material. Holotype female collected from
leaves of hawthorn (Crataegus columbiana Howell), Hood
River, OREGON, June 4, 1958, by the senior author; No. 6860
in the Canadian National Collection, Belleville. Repeated col-
lections have failed to yield additional material.

LITERATURE CITED

CHANT, D. A. 1957. Note on the status of some genera in the family
Phytoseiidae (Acarina). Canadian Ent., 89: 528-532.

Ixxi]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

163

CHANT, D. A. In press. Phytoseiid mites (Acarina: Phytoseiidae).
Part I. Bionomics of seven species in southeastern England. Part II.
A taxonomic review of the family Phytoseiidae with descriptions of
38 new species. Canadian Ent.

FIGS. 1-3. Typhlodromus (Amblyseius) crataegi new species, female
1, dorsal shield; 2, ventral surface; 3, coxal gland.

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

JULY I960

Vol. LXXI No. 7

CONTENTS

Evans — Further studies on Xenopompilus 165

Emerson — A new Mallophaga from the barred owl 169

Kempf — Tranopeltoides a synonym of Crematogaster 173

McComb — Two new Aphaereta, with key to species 175

Laboratory refresher courses 178

Slifer — Method for permeable areas in body wall 17()

Scott — Collembola of X. Mexico. II. Neanurinae 183

Obituaries . 191

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LXXI JULY, 1960 Xo. 7

Further Studies on the Subgenus Xenopompilus,

Including a First Record of this Group from

the United States (Hymenoptera:

Pompilidae)

By HOWARD E. EVANS, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

In 1953 I described Xenopompilus as a new subgenus of Poin-
piltts, pointing out that it possessed a number of unusual struc-
tural features apparently relating it to primitive Pompilini (Ann.
Ent. Soc. Amer., 46: 531-537). My study of this group was
based on six females and one male from five states of central
and northern Mexico. During 1959, receipt of a fellowship
from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation made
it possible for me to spend several months in Mexico and six
weeks at the Southwestern Research Station, near Portal,
Arizona. I found wasps of this subgenus to be not uncommon
in certain places, and I was able to collect 60 specimens. The
present paper is a brief report on this collection.

The results of this study may be summarized as follows.
First, the subgenus can now be considered a member of the
fauna of the United States, for I took two males in south-
eastern Arizona of a species which is beyond question tlahui-
canns, described from Morelos. Discovery of this species from
a locality north of the range of tarahmnarae , and also from
Jalisco, has led me to study the available specimens with respect
to the characters supposed to separate tlahiiicanus and tarahu-
niarae. This has led me to a second conclusion: that these two
names are in fact synonyms. Third, the male of the other spe-
cies of this subgenus, tarascanus, has been discovered. Since
my subgeneric description was based on a single male tlahiti-

(165)

166 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jurv> I960

can its, it must now be broadened somewhat to accommodate
tarascanus. A description of the male of this species, with
figures of the terminalia, is therefore included in this paper.

Pompilus (Xenopompilus) tlahuicanus Evans

Pompilus (Xenopompilus} tlahuicanus Evans, 1953, Ann. Ent.

Soc. Amer., 46: 534. (J1, $, Morelos.)
Pompilus (Xenopompilus} tarahumarae Evans, 1953, ibid., p.

535. ($, Durango, Chihuahua.) New synonymy.

The twenty-five females now available to me range in size
from 6.5 to 9.2 mm., the fore wing from 5.1 to 7.5 mm. The
front femora vary from 3.7 to 4.0 times as long as thick. Trans-
verse rugae are evident on the posterior slope of the propodeum
of all specimens, but they are often very weak. The postnotum
shows much variation in the details of the sculpturing and can-
not be used for separating tlahuicanus and tarahumarae as first
supposed. In the specimens from Durango and Chihuahua the
third antennal segment is relatively somewhat longer, 1.15-1.16
times the fourth segment, .79-. 80 times the distance between the
eyes at the top. In specimens from Jalisco and Morelos the
third antennal segment is from 1.03-1.13 times the fourth (aver-
age 1.08), from .64 to .75 times the distance between the eyes
at the top (average .70). This small difference hardly seems
sufficient to justify specific status for tarahumarae, particularly
since a male tlahuicanus has recently been taken north of the
supposed range of tarahumarae.

The twenty-eight males now available range in size from 3.8
to 7.8 mm., the fore wing from 4.0 to 6.2 mm. In the series
from Morelos, the apical fuscous band on the fore wing varies
from dark to virtually absent ; in the Arizona specimens the
band is intermediate in intensity. The Arizona specimens agree
very closely with those from Morelos, even to details of the
male terminalia.

Material examined. — MORELOS: 1 $, 1 J1, Alpuyeca, 27 June
1951 (P. D. Kurd) ; 14$?, 21 £<$, 2 mi. S. Alpuyeca, 14 May-
19 June 1959, 3,000 feet elev. (H. E. Evans) : 1 ?, 1 <?, Cuerna-
vaca, 2 April 1959, 26 June 1951, 5,500 feet elev. (H. E.

Ixxi]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

167

Evans); 2$$, 1 <?, 3-6 mi. S. Cuernavaca, 1-17 April 1959,
4,000-5,000 feet elev. (H. E. Evans), 3$$, 2 J<$, 3 mi. NW
Cuernavaca, 27 May-3 June 1959, 6,500 feet elev., on honeydew
(H. E. Evans); JALISCO: 2 $5. Guadalajara, 13 July 1959,
5,000 feet elev., on Baccharis (H. E. Evans) ; DURANGO: 1 $,
10 km. N. Nombre de Dios, 5 Aug. 1951, on Baccharis -(H. E.
Evans) ; CHIHUAHUA : 1 $, 25 km. S. Chihuahua, 11 Aug. 1951,
on Baccharis (H. E. Evans); ARIZONA: 2<$<$, Southwestern
Research Station, 5 mi. W. Portal, Cochise Co., 5,400 feet elev.,
on honeydew on Populus, 9-12 Sept. 1959 (H. E. Evans).

FIG. 1. Poiupilus (Xenopompilus) tarascanus Evans, male subgenital
plate, ventral aspect. FIG. 2. Same species, male genitalia, ventral as-
pect on left side, dorsal on right.

Pompilus (Xenopompilus) tarascanus Evans

Pojupilus (Xenopompilus) tarascanus Evans, 1953, Ann. Ent.
Soc. Amer., 46: 536. (5, Michoacan and state of Mexico.)

Twelve specimens, six of each sex, are now available to me.
The females vary in length from 5.5 to 8 mm., the fore wing
from 4.9 to 7 mm. The third antennal segment varies from

168 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July> I960

.55 to .63 times the distance between the eyes at the top. As
noted in the original description, the front femora are slightly
incrassate, measuring slightly more than three times as long as
thick.

Description of male. — Length 4.5 to 6.2 mm. ; fore wing 4.3
to 5.7 mm. Body black; apical abdominal tergite with a large
white spot. Pubescence reflecting dark blue over much of the
body, but distinctly silvery on the lower front, temples, pro-
notum, pleura, coxae, and posterior slope of propodeum. Front,
vertex, pronotum, mesoscutum, and scutellum with conspicuous
dark setae. Wings hyaline, the fore wing with a narrow fuscous
band apically. Clypeus about twice as broad as high, its apical
margin straight, the labrum well exserted beyond it. First four
antennal segments in a ratio of about 18:9: 12: 13, segment three
only 1 .3 times as long as thick. Ocelli in a broad triangle, post-
ocellar line slightly exceeding ocello-ocular line. Posterior
margin of pronotum arcuate, with a weak median angulation.
Postnotum slightly shorter than metanotum, with some weak
transverse striations. Third submarginal cell small, triangular
or nearly so, in one specimen short-petiolate above. Subgenital
plate narrow, acute apically, its margin clothed with stout spines
(fig. 1). Genitalia with the aedoeagus slender throughout;
parapenial lobes thick, with a small sub-basal notch on the inner
margin ; volsellae slender, slightly expanded apically, the ex-
panded portion clothed with heavy, dark setae ; parameres short,
club-shaped, clothed apically with long, heavy setae (fig. 2).

Material examined. — MICHOACAN : 1 $, 5 km. W. Zacapu,
13 July 1951 (P. D. Kurd); MORELOS : 1$, Cuernavaca, 16
May 1959, 5,500 feet elev. (M. A. Evans); MEXICO: 4 55,
6 &?, Teotihuacan Pyramids, 15 June 1951, 3 July 1959. 7,500
feet elev. (H. E. & M. A. Evans).

The differences between the two known species of Xenoponi-
pilus may be summarized as follows :

Labrum barely if at all exserted beyond the apical margin of the
clypeus ; pronotum, mesonotum, and scutellum with only a
few short, inconspicuous setae. Female : front femora not
incrassate ; clypeus about 2.7 times as broad as high, its apical

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 169

margin with a narrowly elevated rim ; third antennal segment
slightly longer than the fourth and equal to from .64 to .80
times the distance between the eyes at the top. Male : sub-
genital plate moderately broad, tapering to a subacute apex,
its margin with weak setae ; aedoeagus slightly expanded
apically ; volsellae with short setae ; parameres subacute, with

long setae on the inner margin tlahuicaniis Evans

Labrum well exserted beyond the apical margin of the clypeus ;
pronotum, mesonotum, and scutellum with numerous strong,
dark setae. Female : clypeus about 2.2 times as broad as
high, its apical margin without an elevated rim ; third an-
tennal segment not longer than the fourth, equal to only from
.55 to .63 times the distance between the eyes at the top ; front
femora slightly incrassate. Male : subgenital plate slender, its
apical margin fringed with very heavy setae ; aedoeagus
slender ; volsellae with very strong setae ; parameres club-
shaped, with many strong setae tarascanus Evans

A New Species of Mallophaga from the
Barred Owl

By K. C. EMERSON, Stillwater, Oklahoma

The amblyceran genus Kurodaia Uchida, 1926, is found in
North America on avian hosts of the orders Falconiformes
(Hawks) and Strigiformes (Owls). The subgenus Kurodaia
contains forms found on the Falconiformes. All known North
American species of this subgenus possess three combs of short
setae on the ventor of the third coxae. The subgenus Conciella,
Eichler, 1949, contains the forms found on the Strigiformes.
All known North American species of this subgenus possess
four combs of short setae on the ventor of the third coxae.

Kurodaia (Conciella) magna n. sp.

Male. General shape and chaetotaxy as shown in fig. 2.
Male genitalia, less the genital sac, as shown in fig. 3. The
genital sac is armed with prominent teeth.

Female. General shape and chaetotaxy as shown in fig. 1 .

170 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, I960

Type host. Strix varia Barton, Barred Owl.

Type material. Holotype male, allotypc female, and eight
paratypes collected at Nacogdoches, TEXAS, on January 9,
1953. Two paratypes collected at Corvallis, Oregon, date un-
known. Two paratypes collected at Fairhope, Alabama, on
August 31, 1930 by Mrs. W. H. Edwards. Two paratypes col-
lected at Bainbridge, Georgia on June 16, 1956 by S. M. Mc-
Keever. Holotype male and allotype female have been deposited
in the U. S. National Museum.

Discussion. The specimens from Texas and Oregon have the
expanded preantennal region of the forehead as shown in figs.
1 and 2. This expansion is not as great in the other specimens.
This expansion is distinctive and not found in other known spe-
cies of the genus. However, since it can not be determined how
much this expansion has been influenced by mounting, the char-
acter has not been used in a key to separate the known North
American species of the subgenus. K. magnet is closest to
K. painei, but is considerably larger than K. painei. The fol-
lowing key indicates other differences.

Key to North American Kitrodaia (Conciella) Found on Owls

1. Abdominal tergites I-VI each with one row of setae 2

Abdominal tergites I-VI each with two rows of setae 4

2. Two combs of short setae in the posterior-lateral angles of
third abdominal sternite ; these combs approximately equal in

size, each with about 12 short setae pectinata

The posterior comb in the posterior-lateral angles of third
abdominal sternite with about 14 short setae, the anterior
comb with about 7 short setae 3

3. Posterior margin of eighth abdominal sternite of female
(vulva) with approximately 16 medium-length setae, .painei
Posterior margin of eighth abdominal sternite of female
(vulva) with approximately 28 medium-length setae, .mayna

4. Posterior margin of eighth abdominal tergite of female with

4 long and 8 medium-length setae 5

Posterior margin of eighth abdominal tergite of female with
6 long and 4 medium-length setae menoponoides

5. Posterior margin of eighth abdominal sternite of female
(vulva) with approximately 16 medium-length setae. Four

Ixxi]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

171

o

p

rt

u

I

<

172 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS IJuty. I960

combs on third coxae with 3-4, 6-7, 7-8, and 7-8 short
spines respectively ........................ subpachygaster

Posterior margin of eighth abdominal sternite of female
(vulva) with approximately 20 medium-length setae. Four
combs on third coxae with 5-6, 6-7, 8-9, and 7-8 short
spines respectively .......................... brachysoma

Type hosts of North American Kurodaia (Conciclla)

K. brachysoma (Kellogg and Chapman, 1902) — Asia flammeus

( Pontoppidan ) , Short-eared Owl.
K. uiagna n. sp. — Strix raria Barton, Barred Owl.
K. mcnoponoidcs (Ewing, 1930) — Nyctea scandiaca (Lin-

naeus), Snowy Owl.
K, painei (McGregor, 1912) — Otus asio (Linnaeus), Screech

Owl.
K. pectinata (Osborn, 1902) — Speotyto cunicnlaria (Molina),

Burrowing Owl.
K. subpachygaster (Piaget, 1880) — Tyto alba (Scopoli), Barn

Owl.

In this study, types of all species except K. subpachygaster
were examined and type hosts confirmed with other material
from these hosts.

REFERENCES

EICHLER, W. 1949. Boll. Soc. Ent. Ital., 79: 11-13.

EWING, H. E. 1930. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 32: 117-121.

KELLOGG, V. L. and B. L. CHAPMAN. 1902. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 10:

155-169.

MCGGEGOR, E. A. 1912. Ent. News, 23 : 305-306.
OSBORN, H. 1902. Ohio Nat., 2 : 201-204.
PIAGET, E. 1880. Les Pediculines. Leiden.
UCHIDA, S. 1926. Jour. College of Agri., Imper. Univ. Tokyo, 9 : 1-56.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 173

Tranopeltoides Wheeler, a Synonym of Cremato-
gaster Lund (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

By WALTER W. KEMPF, O.F.M., Sao Paulo, Brazil

In 1922, the late Prof. W. M. Wheeler erected the Myrmecine
ant genus Tranopeltoides upon the description of a damaged
female, proposed earlier (1907) by Forel as Tranopelta huberi.
In the same paper, Wheeler also described three additional
species in the genus Tranopeltoides: parvispina upon a lone,
mutilated female, bolivianus, and peruvianus each upon a single
stray male specimen.

Upon carefully examining the group characters that separate
the aforesaid species from Tranopelta, it was found that pre-
cisely the same distinctive features place them within the genus
Crematogaster, of which Tranopeltoides becomes thus a new
synonym. Details of the findings are discussed below under
each species.

CREMATOGASTER Lund

Crematogaster Lund, 1831, Ann. Sci. Nat., 23: 132. Type:

Formica scutellaris Olivier, 1791, by designation of Bingham,

1903.
Tranopeltoides Wheeler, 1922, Amer. Mus. Novit. n. 48, pp.

10-11. Type: Tranopelta huberi Forel, 1907, by original

designation. NEW SYNONYMY.

Crematogaster huberi (Forel), new combination.

Tranopelta huberi Forel, 1907, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg,

24: 5 (female; Surinam).
Tranopeltoides huberi, Wheeler, 1922, Amer. Mus. Novit. n.

48, p. 11.

Neither Wheeler nor I have seen the holotype female of this
species, which was already lacking the gaster when Forel first
described her in 1907. Due to the fragmentary condition of the
specimen it was, of course, impossible to ascertain whether the
postpetiole articulated to the dorsal surface (the most obvious
feature of Crematogaster} or at the anterior end of the gaster
(the common condition in the subfamily Myrmicinae). Still,

174 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS u, 1960

two other characters contained in the original diagnosis, viz.,
the presence of two epinotal spines and the peculiar shape of
the petiolar node ("anterior slope of petiolar node gently rising
antero-posteriorly in the form of a gradual inclined plane, broad
behind, with convex sides, longer than broad, posteriorly with
two blunt, tooth-like corners"-— transl. by Wheeler, 1922) show
that this damaged queen is doubtless a Crematogaster.

The species probably belongs to the limata-group and may
represent a form already known under a different name in the
worker caste. On account of the small size, the smooth mandi-
bles and the longer scapes it is certainly not the female of stolli.

Crematogaster stolli Forel

Crematogaster stolli Forel, 1884, Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat.,
20: 373-375 (worker; Guatemala: Retaluleu).

Tranopeltoides parvispina Wheeler, 1922, Amer. Mus. Novit. n.
48, pp. 12-13, fig. 3 d (female: British Guiana: Kaieteur).
NEW SYNONYMY.

Tranopeltoides parvispina is nothing but the huge female of
Crematogaster stolli. Dr. W. L. Brown, Jr., of the Museum of
Comparative Zoology at Harvard University, kindly compared
authentic stolli females, which I had sent him, with the parvi-
spina holotype. Besides the more faded color of the latter speci-
men, he found no other noticeable difference. Wheeler, like
Forel in the case of huberi, erred in the determination of the
genus because his specimen lacked the postpetiole and gaster,
on which the most striking Crematogaster characters can be
found.

Crematogaster boliviana (Wheeler), new combination

Tranopeltoides bolivianns Wheeler, 1922, Amer. Mus. Novit.
n. 48, pp. 13-14, fig. 3 a, b, c (male; Bolivia: San Firmino).

Two stray Crematogaster males from Anicohy and Amapari
rivers, Amapa Territory, Brazil, collected by Prof. John Lane
and deposited in my collection, completely agree with the de-
scription and figures of bolivianns and show that Wheeler, once
more, failed to recognize the correct genus. Dr. Brown, at my

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 175

request, examined the type specimen and confirmed my suspi-
cion. Due to its relatively large size, this specimen probably
represents the still undescribed male of stolli.

Crematogaster peruviana (Wheeler), new combination

Trano pelt aides peruvianus Wheeler, 1922, Amer. Mus. Novit.
n. 48, p. 14 (male; Peru: Callanga).

This species, also based on a single stray male, differs from
the preceding species only in trivial characters. According to
Dr. Brown (personal communication) "the differences between
these forms listed by Wheeler either do not exist on the speci-
mens at all, or else they are inconsequential. The antennal
difference, which he emphasized, is incorrectly stated : the third
through sixth funicular segments are about as long in peru-
vianus as in bolivianus, but in peruvianus they are a little
thicker. If Wheeler had actually measured the segments, he
would have seen this." I likewise suspect that this species is
merely a variant of the former, both representing the male sex
of stolli. The formal synonymy, however, must needs be based
on better material, presently not available to me.

Two New Species of Aphaereta, with a Key to the
Nearctic Species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) 1

By C. W. McCoMB, University of Maryland, College Park, Md.

Two additional series of Aphaereta have been brought to my
attention since publication of my redescription of Aphaereta
pallipcs (Say), (McComb, 1958). These forms are described
as new species below. I wish to express my appreciation to
Mr. C. F. W. Muesebeck for his review of this work and to
the United States National Museum and the Canada Depart-
ment of Agriculture for the loan of material for this study.

1 Scientific Article No. A823, Contribution No. 3103 of the Maryland
Agriculture Experiment Station, Department of Entomology.

176 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS []u\y, 1960

Key to the Nearctic Species of Aphaereta

1. Thorax and abdomen testaceous; second flagellar segment
barely longer than first ; mesopleural furrow not distinct ;

male subapterous excavata, new species

Entire body black or blackish except for first abdominal seg-
ment which may be light in color ; mesopleural furrow well
impressed and foveolate ; second flagellar segment much
longer than first ; males fully winged 2

2. Ovipositor sheath longer than hind tibia; first flagellar seg-
ment uniformly dark throughout pallipes (Say)

Ovipositor sheath shorter than hind femur ; first flagellar seg-
ment dark at apical end, but gradually turning light toward
the base masoni, new species

Aphaereta excavata, new species

This species is distinguished especially by the unusually deep
excavation on each side of the scutellum, by the prominent
spiracular tubercles of the first abdominal segment, by the rela-
tively short second segment of antennal flagellum, by the unusu-
ally short ovipositor sheath which is not longer than the first
tergite, by the testaceous color and by the male being sub-
apterous.

Female. Length 1.6-2.6 mm.; head transverse, strongly ex-
cavated behind ; face thickly covered by erect hair and with a
conspicuous median fovea directly below the antennae ; eye com-
pletely bare, broadly oval, its greatest diameter about equal to
half the width of face, temple a little narrower than eye but
strongly convex ; a distinct, complete, grooved line extending
from anterior ocellus backward across vertex and occiput ;
antenna with 21 to 23 segments, distinctly tapering apically,
unusually thickly hairy especially on the basal flagellar seg-
ments ; first segment of flagellum barely shorter than the second,
the latter distinctly broadening toward apex and considerably
longer than third segment; most of the flagellar segments not,
or barely, twice as long as thick.

Thorax compact ; notauli indicated at anterior margin of
mesoscutum, median lobe of mesoscutum indicated by weakly
raised lines extending backward from the short impressions rep-
resenting the notauli ; sides of scutellum exceedingly strongly

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 177

excavated with the result that the basal lateral areas are com-
pletely hollowed out beneath and the disc of the scutellum is
small and nearly parallel-sided ; scutellar fovea large but shal-
low ; propodeum rugulose ; mesopleuron smooth and shining,
the furrow weak and not distinctly foveolate ; metapleuron
smooth.

Wings with second cubital cell strongly narrowed outwardly,
the second intercubitus being less than half as long as the first.

Abdomen slightly longer than thorax, and about as broad ;
spiracular tubercles of first segment slightly before the middle,
unusually prominent ; first tergite weakly, irregularly, longi-
tudinally acciculate, and with two posteriorly convergent keels
not quite attaining apical margin ; remainder of abdomen smooth ;
ovipositor sheath equal to length of first tergite.

Testaceous ; head black or piceous, scape and pedicel yellow-
ish, flagellum dark brown, paler apically, legs entirely yellow
except the hind tibiae which are faintly dusky from slightly
beyond base to a little beyond the middle. Wings hyaline.

Male. Very similar to female except for the antennae being
20-segmented in material examined, and in the greatly abbre-
viated wings, the anterior wings not attaining middle of abdomen.

Type locality. Somerville, GEORGIA.

Type. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 64911.

Host. SarcopJiaga sp. on Sarracenia flava.

Described from 31 females and 11 males reared by F. M.
[ones, July and August 1915. Most of the males are in poor
condition.

Aphaereta masoni, new species

This species resembles excavata in its very short ovipositor
which is shorter than the hind femur, but it differs conspicuously
in having its thorax and abdomen black and in its more slender
antennae. In color and antennal structure it closely resembles
pallipes, from which it may be distinguished by its much shorter
ovipositor, and the largely pale first flagellar segment.

Female. Length 1.9 and 2.0 mm.; face twice as broad as
high, convex, smooth, and polished ; eyes round with several

178 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS IJuly, I960

distinct hairs present ; temples convex, narrower than the eyes ;
antennae with 22-24 segments, filiform, with the first segment
much shorter than the second, the rest progressively a little
shorter toward apex of antenna, even the shortest segments at
least twice as long as thick ; back of head smooth, polished, with
a line running caudad from the median ocellus to the neck.

Mesoscutum smooth and highly polished : scutellar fovea
large, shallow and divided into two parts hy a median, longi-
tudinal raised line ; scutellum broadly rounded at apex, highly
polished ; mesopleuron shiny and with a foveate furrow ; pro-
podeum rugose. Wing with the second cubital cell gradually
narrowed outwardly, almost three times as long as its greatest
width.

Abdomen smooth, polished ; equal in length to thorax, the
first tergite longitudinally rugulose striate. Ovipositor sheath
shorter than hind femur and only half as long as hind tibia.

Color uniform black with exception of scape, pedicel and legs,
which are lighter.

Male. Like the female except that the number of segments
in the antennae of material examined ranges from 24 to 26.

Type locality. Stratford, ONTARIO, Canada.

Type. In the Canadian National Collection at Ottawa.

Host. Cordilura sp. (of dipterous family Scatomyzidae).
Described from 21 females and 3 males reared by J. R. Vocke-
roth of the Entomology Division, Canada Department of
Agriculture.

LITERATURE CITED

McCoMB, C. W. 1958. New synonymy in the genus Aphacreta with a
redescription of Aphacreta pallipcs Say. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 60 :
223-224.

Laboratory Refresher Training Courses

The Public Health Service, Communicable Disease Center,
Atlanta, Ga. will give 22 courses in microbiological subjects,
Oct. 10 to Apr. 7 , each lasting from one to four weeks.

IxxiJ ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 179

A Rapid and Sensitive Method for Identifying Per-
meable Areas in the Body Wall of
Insects

By ELEANOR H. SLIFER, Department of Zoology,
State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa

In 1954 the writer found that the tips of the long, thick-
walled sensory pegs on the antennae and other parts of the
grasshopper were permeable to acid fuchsin in aqueous solution
when this was applied to the external surface of the living
insect. The method as first described was altered in later papers
(Slifer, 1955a, 1955b) but several difficulties remained. The
dye was sometimes lost during dehydration of the part being
studied either to the external solutions or to the fluids inside
the sense organs. The faint pink color of small amounts of the
dye was poorly visible against the natural yellow or pale brown
of the unstained cuticle. Certain sense organs which, as other
evidence indicated, were almost certainly provided with per-
meable regions, could not be shown to stain. The method
described here avoids these difficulties. No dehydrating agents
are used and the only clearing agent used is xylol. Rapid
diffusion of the dye is prevented by using fixed material and
the purple color of the dye selected is one rarely, if ever, encoun-
tered in insect cuticle.

The specimens to be examined should be clean and uninjured.
Although insects caught outdoors may be used the presence of
dust, pollen and other debris on their surface will make study
more difficult, especially for the beginner, since these foreign
materials will also stain. If broken hairs or other damaged
spots are present dye will enter through these. Another source
of trouble is food regurgitated by the insect during handling
or fixation. This sometimes adheres to the outer surface of the
body and attempts to remove it later may break hairs or abrade
the cuticle. Insects which have completed the final stages of
their development in the laboratory and have been isolated in
clean containers are most satisfactory although even here dried
residue from the molting fluid may cause confusion since it, too,
will stain. However, after the investigator has gained experi-

180 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS u. I960

ence by studying clean, undamaged specimens the interpretation
of material which is less perfect presents few hazards.

The insect to be studied should be anesthetized very lightlv
with CO2, KCN or some other agent which will not affect cuticn-
lar waxes. As soon as the insect is quiet it is dropped whole into
Bouin's solution or a 10% solution of formalin and allowed to
remain there for 24 hours or longer. The anaesthetic prevents
the insect from struggling and damaging itself when placed in
the fixative. After fixation is complete the specimen is washed
well and placed entire, if it is a small one, in a Q.Sc/c solution
of crystal violet. If the insect is large the desired part — antenna,
leg, head, etc. — may be removed and placed between layers of
glass cloth or cotton gauze in such a way that the cut end
protrudes from between the layers. Dye is then added cau-
tiously until the cloth is saturated with it but none is permitted
to reach the cut surface of the part being stained. Such prepara-
tions should be kept in a moist chamber for if water is lost
crystals of dye may form on the surface of the specimen and
cause trouble later.

The optimum time for staining must be determined for each
new species studied. Five minutes in the dye is sufficient for
some of the more delicate forms while two hours, or even
longer, may be required for others. If several individuals of
the same species are placed in the stain together one may be
removed after five minutes and the others after 15, 30, 60 and
120 minutes — or earlier if the first specimens show good stain-
ing. If left too long in the stain all of the internal tissvies as
well as the inner layers of the cuticle will be colored deep purple
and no information will be gained concerning sites of pene-
tration.

Upon removal from the dye the specimen is dipped very
quickly into two changes of distilled water and laid at once on
a piece of absorbent paper on the stage of the dissecting micro-
scope. The insect is moved immediately to a dry spot on the
paper and the antennae, legs, mouthparts or other region of
special interest cut off and moved away to dry as quickly as
possible. The use of a 100 or 150 watt electric lamp to illumi-
nate the stage is convenient for it provides heat to hasten drying.

Ixxi]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

181

The pieces are watched under the microscope and a few mo-
ments after all surface moisture has disappeared each specimen
is transferred to a dish of xylol and left there until it clears.
If the part is small it will clear within an hour or two and may
then be mounted permanently on a slide in resin. If clearing
proceeds very slowly the piece may be removed, drained quickly
on absorbent paper and returned to xylol. While in xylol the

FIG. 1. Whole mount of small portion of surface of antennal flagellum
of Melanoplus diffcrcntialis (Thomas) showing three types of chemo-
receptors : 1, thin-walled basiconic pegs; 2, thick-walled basiconic pegs;
3, coeloconic pegs. Stained with crystal violet applied to external surface
of intact antenna. X 560.

parts may be dissected if desired. This is best done at once
before the material becomes hard and brittle. A grasshopper
antenna, for example, may be cut into four or five pieces and
each of these split lengthwise so that the cellular contents can
be lifted out and discarded. When mounted external surface
up in resin such pieces show the stained areas of the sense
organs in sharp contrast against the clear, pale yellow, un-
stained cuticle (fig. 1). A series of such preparations stained
for different periods of time will show not only the point at
which the stain first penetrates but also its later progress from

182 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS u. I960

that region. Each slide should be examined immediately since
well-stained structures may lose their color within hours or
days if any water remains in the tissue.

The method just described stains clearly all of the sense
organs on the antennal flagellum of the grasshopper which
earlier work had shown to be permeable in the living insect as
well as those which other evidence obtained with the electron
microscope (Slifer, Prestage and Beams, 1957, 1959) had indi-
cated must also be permeable. A preliminary survey of antennae
of species from all of the major insect orders has shown that
they, too, possess sense organs which stain when crystal violet
is applied to the external surface as described in this paper.
Further work on these is in progress.

SUMMARY

Whole insects, or their parts, which have been fixed in forma-
lin can be stained with a solution of crystal violet applied to the
external surface. Permanent preparations are made by drying
small pieces of the body wall briefly in air, clearing in xylol and
mounting in resin. The cuticle, itself, if uninjured, does not
stain but dye enters at each of those points where any part of
a tissue or cell is exposed. The technique is especially helpful
in locating the distal tips of the neurones of chemoreceptors.

REFERENCES

SLIFER, E. H. 1954. The permeability of the sensory pegs on the an-
tennae of the grasshopper (Orthoptera, Acrididae). Biol. Bull. 106:
122-128.

— . 1955a. The distribution of permeable sensory pegs on the body
of the grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Entomol. News 66:
1-5.

— . 1955b. The detection of odors and water vapor by grasshoppers
(Orthoptera, Acrididae) and some new evidence concerning the
sense organs which may be involved. Jour. Exp. Zool. 130: 301-317.

— , J. J. Prestage and H. W. Beams. 1957. The fine structure of
the long basiconic sensory pegs of the grasshopper (Orthoptera,
Acrididae) with special reference to those on the antenna. Jour.
Morph. 101 : 359-397.

— , - — , - — . 1959. The chemoreceptors and other sense organs on
the antennal flagellum of the grasshopper (Orthoptera; Acrididae).
Jour. Morph. 105 : 145-191.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 183

The Collembola of New Mexico. II. Neanurinae1' "

By HAROLD GEORGE SCOTT 3

Thirteen species of springtail insects are recorded in this part.
None has been reported previously from New Mexico.

Subfamily NEANURINAE Borner, 1901

Head prognathous ; mouthparts suctorial : pseuclocelli absent ;
anal spines, postantennal organ, and furcula present or absent.

Tribe Pseudachorutini Borner, 1906

Anal segment small ; supra-anal valve rounded ; segmental
tubercles absent ; buccal cone present or absent.

Genus Pseudachorutes Tullberg, 1871

Mouthparts projecting in a cone; eyes 8 and 8; postantennal
organ, when present, with 6-20 tubercles ; unguiculus and anal
spines absent ; furcula present.

Pseudachorutes aureofasciatus (Harvey, 1898).

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. From Berlese of ( 1 ) clumps of dead
yucca and soil around roots, 6,100 ft., 13 mi. S of Lamy, Santa
Fe Co., 30-vii-1953; (2) mesquite litter, 4,800 ft., 18 mi. N
of Socorro, Socorro Co., 24-vii-1954.

DISTRIBUTION. Iowa, Maine, N. M., N. Y.

Pseudachorutes subcrassoides Mills, 1934.

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Taken 6 times from beneath logs or
litter (oak, yellow pine, aspen, spruce, fir, juniper) ; 7,400 to

1 A portion of a dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the
University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

-Part I, Ent. News, 71: 53-62; associated articles, Ent. News, 69(8) :
202, and 70(1) : 13-16.

3 Training Branch, Communicable Disease Center, Bureau of State
Services, Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, Atlanta, Georgia.

184 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jutyj I960

9,000 ft. ; Rio Arriba, Sandoval, Santa Fe, San Miguel, and
Bernalillo Co.; May-Sept., 1951-1953.
DISTRIBUTION. Iowa, N. M., N. Y.

Genus Friesea Dalla Torre, 1895

Furcula present, not reaching collophore; eyes 5 and 5 or
8 and 8; postantennal organ absent; anal spines 3.

Friesea claviseta Axelson, 1900.

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. From Berlese of oak litter, 7,400 ft.,
Doc Long's Picnic Area, Sandia Mts., Bernalillo Co., 29-V-1951.
DISTRIBUTION. Iowa, N. M., N. Y., N. C, Europe.

Friesea pentacantha Mills, 1934.

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. From Berlese of rotted cottonwood
stump, along Rio Grande, 4,100 ft., 12 mi. S of Hatch, Dona
Ana Co., 27-xi-1949.

DISTRIBUTION. Iowa, N. M.

Genus Xenyllodes Axelson, 1903

Furcula present, not reaching collophore ; eyes 5 and 5 ; post-
antennal organ with 3 lobes ; anal horns 2.

Xenyllodes alpinus sp. nov. Figure 1.

TYPE LOCALITY. Holotype and 4 paratypes from base of
Pecos Baldy Mt, Mora Co., NEW MEXICO; Berlese of bristle-
cone pine-spruce litter, 11,700 ft., S-ix-1954.

DESCRIPTION. Body elongate, not subglobose ; segmentation
distinct, segments without ankylosis; integument tuberculate;
clothed by short to moderately long setae; color white to pale
yellow mottled with blue; intersegmental regions of abdomen
without blue markings ; legs and furcula pale ; head progna-
thous ; ratio of antenna to head as 12:13; postantennal organ
present, with 3 tubercles ; eyes 5 and 5 on dark eyepatches ;
mouthparts suctorial ; tibiotarsus without distal subsegment ;

L\xi| ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 185

claws tunicate; ratio of unguiculus III to ungius III as 1:4;
tmguiculus I and II rudimentary ; one weakly knobbed tenent
hair ; unguis without true teeth, but with 3-4 rounded tubercu-
lations ; unguiculus without teeth ; furcula not reaching collo-
phore ; mucro distinct from dens ; mucro lamellate ; anus ter-
minal ; anal spines 2, each one-half length of unguis III ; body
length 0.7 mm.

DISCUSSION. Xenyllodcs alpinus is differentiated from other
known members of the genus by the following combination of
characters : Integument tuberculate ; postantennal organ with 3
tubercles ; each foot with 1 weakly knobbed tenent hair ; un-
guiculi I and II reduced; Abd V and VI not demarcated
strongly from rest of body.

Xenyllodes hoffi, sp. nov. Figure 2.

TYPE LOCALITY. Holotype and 10 paratypes from one-eighth
mi. E of Cole Springs, Sandia Mts., Bernalillo Co., NEW MEX-
ICO ; Berlese of acorn (oak) hulls, 7,400 ft., 21-vii-1951.

DESCRIPTION. Body elongate, not subglobose; segmentation
distinct, segments without ankylosis ; integument minutely gran-
ulate ; clothed by short setae ; orange with dark blue reticula-
tions ; intersegmental areas often with darker blue pigment ;
head prognathous; ratio of antenna to head as 14:15; post-
antennal organ with 4 peripheral tubercles ; eyes 5 and 5 on
dark eyepatches ; mouthparts suctorial ; tibiotarsus without distal
subsegment ; claws not tunicate ; ratio of unguiculus to unguis
as 5:8; tenent hairs 1 ; unguis with 1 tooth; unguiculus without
teeth ; furcula not ankylosed, reaching Abd III ; manubrium to
dens to mucro as 36:16:5; dental spines absent; dentes with
dorsal crenulations ; anus terminal ; anal spines 2, each about
0.3 length of unguis III ; Abd Y and VI strongly demarcated
from rest of body; body length 1.1 mm.

DISCUSSION. It is with pleasure that I name this species for
Dr. C. Clayton Hoff, Professor of Biology, University of New
Mexico, whose diligent collecting made this study possible.

Xenyllodcs hoffi is differentiated from other known mem-
bers of the genus by the following combination of char-

186 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jub'» I960

acters : Integument minutely granulate ; postantennal organ
with 4 tubercles ; each foot with 1 strongly knobbed tenent hair ;
unguiculi well developed ; Abd V and VI demarcated strongly
from rest of body.

Xenyllodes pallescens, sp. nov. Figure 3.

TYPE LOCALITY. Holotype and 9 paratypcs from Mt. With-
ington, SW of Magdalena, Socorro Co., NEW MEXICO ; Berlese
of limber pine litter, 10,300 ft., 13-ix-1954.

DESCRIPTION. Body elongate, not subglobose ; segmentation
distinct, segments without ankylosis ; integument minutely tuber-
culate ; clothed by short setae ; essentially white with extremely
minute dark blue specks visible upon close examination ; head
prognathous ; antenna subequal to head in length ; postantennal
organ with 3 tubercles ; eyes 5 and 5 on gray eyepatches ; mouth-
parts suctorial ; claws tunicate, unguiculus minute ; tenent hairs
absent ; unguis with 4 teeth ; furcula not ankylosed, not reaching
collophore ; mucro lamellate ; anus terminal ; anal spines 2, each
five-eighths length of unguis III ; body length 0.5 mm.

DISCUSSION. Xenyllodes pallescens is differentiated from
other known members of the genus by the following combination
of characters : Integument minutely tuberculate ; postantennal
organ with 3 tubercles ; tenent hairs absent ; unguiculi well de-
veloped; Abd V and VI not demarcated strongly from rest
of body.

Genus Anurida Laboulbene, 1865

Furcula absent ; eyes 5 and 5 or absent ; postantennal organ
with 6-40 tubercles ; anal spines absent.

Anurida violacea sp. nov. Figure 4.

TYPE LOCALITY. Holotype and 7 paratypes from Cedro Can-
yon, Manzano Mts., Bernalillo Co., NEW MEXICO ; Berlese of
oak-pinyon litter, 7,200 ft., ll-v-1952.

DESCRIPTION. Body elongate, not subglobose ; segmentation
distinct, segments without ankylosis ; integument minutely tu-

LxxiJ ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 187

berculate, clothed by short setae; violet with indistinct trans-
verse black stripes laterally, and sharply denned transverse
narrow black stripes at the posterior edge of Abd IV and V ;
head prognathous; ratio of antenna to head as 9:11; Ant III
and IV semiconfluent ; postantennal organ present, with 10-16
tubercles ; eyes 5 and 5 on dark eyepatches ; mouthparts suc-
torial, not projecting in a cone; tibiotarsus with distal subseg-
ment ; claws not tunicate ; unguiculus absent ; long terminal hair
of tibiotarsus resembling tenent hair, but unknobbed ; unguis
with 1 tooth ; furcula absent ; anus terminal ; anal spines absent ;
body length 0.8 mm.

DISCUSSION. This species is quickly distinguished from other
members of the genus by its beautiful violet color. Other dis-
tinctive features are the tubercles of the postantennal organ and
the arrangement of ocelli.

Tribe Neanurini Borner, 1901

Anal segment large ; supra-anal valve bilobed ; segmental
tubercles present ; buccal cone present.

Genus Neanura MacGillivray, 1893

Maxilla head lance-like, without teeth or lamellae; Abd VI
visible from above ; postantennal organ usually absent, when
present with more than 100 tubercles ; unguiculus, furcula, and
anal spines absent.

Neanura aurantiaca Caroli, 1910.

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Berlese of rotten pine logs, 7,600
ft., La Cueva, Jemez Mts., Sandoval Co., 23-vii-1950.
DISTRIBUTION. N. M., N. Y., Europe.

Neanura gigantea (Tullberg, 1876).

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. From beneath rocks, aspen gulley,
9,700 ft., along Hyde Park Road, NE of Santa Fe, Santa Fe
Co., 28-vii-1953; and from Berlese of (1) aspen-fir litter, 9,700

188 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Juty' I960

ft., along Canjilon Road, at divide W of Vallecitos, Rio Arriba
Co., 13-viii-1953, (2) aspen litter, 9,200 ft., SW of Santa Fe
Ski Run, Santa Fe Co., 27-vii-1953.
DISTRIBUTION. Cal, N. M.

Neanura magna (MacGillivray, 1893).

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. From Berlese of rotted log and
associated debris, fir community, 8,300 ft., Tejano Canyon,
Sandia Mts., Bernalillo Co., 3-xi-1950.

DISTRIBUTION. N. M., Ohio.

Neanura muscorum form muscorum (Templeton, 1835).

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. Sandia Mts., Bernalillo Co., from
Berlese of (1) rodent midden heap of fir cone scales, 10,300 ft.,
near Sandia Crest, date unknown; (2) fir-aspen litter, 9,200 ft.,
14-vii-1951 ; (3) oak litter, 7,400 ft., Doc Long's Picnic Area,
29-V-1951.

DISTRIBUTION. Conn., 111., Iowa, La., Maine, Minn., N. H.,
N. M., N. C, Ohio, Pa., Ontario (Canada), Mexico, Europe,
Australasia.

Neanura muscorum form persimilis Mills 1934.

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. From Berlese of alder-fir litter,
moist area along river, 7,800 ft., along N. M. Route 3, just E
of Rio Pueblo, Taos Co., date unknown.

DISTRIBUTION. Iowa, N. M., N. C., Texas.

Neanura serrata Folsom, 1916.

NEW MEXICO RECORDS. From Berlese of ( 1 ) Gambel oak
litter, 7,300 ft., S of Cebolla, N of Echo Amphitheatre, Rio
Arriba Co., 3-ix-1952 ; (2) birch litter, 8,000 ft., Columbine
Camp, W of Red River Village, Taos Co., 19-viii-1953 ; (3)
aspen litter, 10,800 ft., Aspen Hill, near Santa Fe Ski Run,
Santa Fe Co., ll-viii-1953.

DISTRIBUTION. N. M., Ore.

Ixxi ]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

189

FIGURES: (1) Xenyllodcs alpinus sp. nov., holotype, dorsal view; (2)
Xenyllodcs hoffi sp. nov., holotype, dorsal view; (3) Xcnyllodes pallcsccns
sp. nov., holotype, lateral view ; (4) Anurida riolacca sp. nov., holotype,
dorsal view; (5) Neanurodes neomexicanus gen. et sp. nov., holotype,
lateral view.

190 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS I Juty* I960

Genus Neanurodes gen. nov.

TYPE SPECIES. Neanurodes neomexicanus gen. et sp. nov.

DESCRIPTION. Body elongate, not subglobose ; segmentation
distinct ; pronotum setaceous, not greatly reduced, of the same
texture as the other segments ; head prognathous ; mouthparts
suctorial ; pseudocelli absent ; anal spines absent, furcula present,
anal segment moderately large ; supra-anal valve bilobed ; small
segmental tubercles present ; buccal cone present ; maxilla head
lance-like, without teeth or lamellae ; Abd VI visible from above ;
postantennal organ present, with about 20 peripheral tubercles,
eyes 8 and 8, tibiotarsus without distal subsegment.

DISCUSSION. This genus appears to be intermediate between
the tribes Pseudachorutihi and Neanurini, showing characteris-
tics of both. The following key differentiates Neanurodes from
other genera of Neanurini :

1. Maxilla head with teeth and lamellae 2

Maxilla head lance-like, without teeth or lamellae 3

2. Abd VI visible dorsally Protanura

Abd VI hidden dorsally by Abd V Morulina

3. Segmental tubercles large; postantennal organ usu-

ally absent, when present with more than 100

tubercles ; Neanura

Segmental tubercles small ; postantennal organ pres-
ent, with about 20 tubercles Neanurodes gen. nov.

Neanurodes neomexicanus gen. et sp. nov. Figure 5.

TYPE LOCALITY. Just N of Alameda, Bernalillo Co., NEW
MEXICO; Berlese of cottonwood litter on sand, 5,000 ft., 2-vi-
1954.

DESCRIPTION. Body elongate, not subglobose ; segmentation
distinct, segments without ankylosis ; integument rough, with
small intersegmental tubercles of the Neanurini type, but much
smaller than those of any previously described species of that
tribe ; pale yellow marked uniformly with minute brown spots ;
eyespots, antennae, legs and furcula violet-brown ; clothed by
short setae ; head prognathous ; antenna short and stubby, ratio
of antenna to head as 6:11 ; ratio of antennal segment 7:6:10:
10; Ant III and IV semiconfluent ; postantennal organ present,

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 191

with about 20 peripheral tubercles ; eyes 8 and 8 ; mouthparts
suctorial with a buccal cone ; tibiotarsus without distal subseg-
ment ; furcula present, short, well developed ; anus terminal ; anal
spines absent; supra-anal valve bilobed; length 0..9 mm.

SUMMARY

Record is made of 13 species of neanurine Collembola from
New Mexico: Pseudachorutes aureofasciatits, P. subcrassoides,
Friesea daviseta, F. pentacantha, Xenyllodes alpinus sp. nov.,
X. hoffi sp. nov., X. pallescens sp. nov., Anurida violacea sp.
nov., Neanura aurantiaca, N. gigantca, N. niagna, N . muscormn,
and Ncanurodes neomexicanus gen. et sp. nov. All species are
new records for the state. Ecological data are presented for
each species.

REFERENCES CITED

AXELSON, W. M. 1900. Medd. Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica, 26 : 105-123.

— . 1903. Acta. Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica, 25(7) : 1-13.
BORNER, C. 1901. Zool. Anz., 24: 422-423.

-. 1906. Hamburg, Jahrb. Wiss. Anst., 23 : 147-186.
CAROLI, E. 1910. Mon. Zool. ital. Firenze, 21 : 321-322.
DALLA TORRE, K. W. 1895. Prog. Staats-Gym. Innsbruck, 24: 1-23.
FOLSOM, J. W. 1916. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 50 : 477-525.
HARVEY, F. L. 1898. Ent. News, 9(9) : 216-217.
LABOULBENE, A. 1865. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ser. 4, 4: 705-720.
MAcGiLLivARY, A. D. 1893. Canadian Ent., 25(12) : 313-318.
MILLS, H. B. 1934. A monograph of the Collembola of Iowa. Ames:

Collegiate Press, pp. xii + 143.

TEMPLETON, R. 1835. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1(2) : 89-98.
TULLBERG, T. 1871. Ofv. Kgl. Vet.-Akad. Forhandl., 28(1): 143-15;
1876. Ibid., 33(5) : 23-42.

Obituary

Dr. AUGUST THIENEMANN, Director Emeritus of the Hydro-
biologische Anstalt of the Max Planck Gesellschaft, died April
22, 1960. Professor Thienemann had directed the work of the
Institute for 40 years and is considered the father of modern
limnology.

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

OCTOBER I960

Vol. LXXI No. 8

CONTENTS

Gangwere — Use of mouthparts of Orthoptera in feeding 193

Brown — New African ant of the genus Strumigenys 206

Wheeler — New genus and two n. sp. of neotropical flies 207

Riegel and Ferguson — New state records of Zoraptera 213

Rapp — The genus Dermacentor in Nebraska 217

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LXXI OCTOBER, 1960 No. 8

The Use of the Mouthparts of Orthoptera
During Feeding li 2i

By S. K. GANGWERE

Descriptions of the mouthparts of Orthoptera (sens, hit.)
are available in a host of laboratory manuals and textbooks
because a grasshopper or a cockroach is usually chosen as the
type to illustrate the mandibulate mouthparts of insects. These
accounts of mouthpart structure are generally unsatisfactory as
a source of information. More detailed and accurate treatments,
e.g., Yuasa's excellent comparative study (1920), are found in
numerous contributions to entomological journals. In view of
such an extensive literature on mouthparts it is surprising when
one finds that there is comparatively little information about
the function of mouthparts, individually and together, during
feeding. The work of Popham on the feeding of the earwig
Forfi-cula (1958) is an outstanding exception. Treatments of
variations in mouthpart use from group to group of the Orthop-
tera are apparently completely absent from the literature. It
is the author's hope, therefore, that the present paper, which
stresses group variations in both mouthpart use and adaptation,
will help fill this void in our knowledge and that it, together
with an earlier paper on the use of the mouthparts in grooming
(Gangwere, 1958), will contribute to an improved understand-
ing of the behavior of Orthoptera.

1 Part of a dissertation offered to the Graduate School, University of
Michigan, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
doctor of philosophy.

2 Contribution No. 24 from the Department of Biology, Wayne State
University, Detroit 2, Michigan.

3 A 16 mm. motion picture film entitled "The Use of the Mouthparts
of Grasshoppers during Feeding" and based on this research has been
made available commercially by the Visual-Auditory Services, Wayne
State University.

(193)

JIMIAN ft«T «
INSTITUTION

194 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1960

METHODS OF STUDY

Conventional laboratory and field observations were of use
in revealing only the more general aspects of the feeding process.
Consequently, it was necessary to employ a number of special
techniques. Orthoptera were caged individually in small, rec-
tangular glass chambers within which their feeding and other
animals were denied food for twelve hours prior to a test,
activities were observed under a dissecting microscope. Occa-
sionally some species would not feed under such closely con-
fined conditions. Some of them, e.g., certain katydids, were
placed free on food which rested on the stage of a dissecting
microscope, through which they were observed ; others, e.g.,
cockroaches, were mounted (Frings' Method, 1946) and then
observed by dissecting microscope several days later when they
were calm. In some instances also, motion-picture photography
was employed to analyze further the rapid feeding movements
of the mouthparts of selected katydids and grasshoppers. The
16 mm. camera used for this purpose was a Cine-Kodak Special
II, fitted with a 63 mm. f2.7 lens and an 8 in. extension tube,
and set at 64 frames per second. Illumination was provided by
three Spencer microscope lamps fitted with heat filters to pro-
tect the insects. To assure immediate feeding all experimental
animals were denied food for twelve hours prior to a test.

OBSERVATIONS

Two basic feeding mechanisms were found in the forty-one
species of Michigan Orthoptera examined during the study.
The first one, which occurs in grasshoppers and in walking-
sticks, may be called margin-feeding, most feeding occurring
along the margins of leaves or sometimes along a midrib, fold,
or other leaf prominence. The second or center-feeding method
occurs in katydids and in many other Orthoptera ; the leaf-
feeders among them usually attack a leaf at its center and then
excavate it peripherally. There is an additional feeding pattern,
piercing, in cone-headed katydids, in shield-backs, and some-
times in meadow grasshoppers. It is essentially a modification
of center-feeding.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 195

Margin-Feeding

A margin-feeding grasshopper usually mounts a leaf by
straddling its edge. It first swings its head dorsad, carrying
its hypognathous mouthparts far forward and upward, and then
moves its head in a ventrocaudad swath while its mouthparts
cut food from the edge of the leaf. By this means a small
excavation is made in the leaf margin, this heing deepened and
elongated during successive swaths (fig. 1). When the exca-
vation has been enlarged to a point where it cannot be deepened
easily, the insect moves and attacks an adjacent portion of
the leaf.

The grasshopper's labrum (fig. 2A) is essentially a dorsal
lip covering the preoral cavity. Its primary function is to keep
food within the preoral cavity, but its medial emargination also
serves as a food guide within which the leaf margin always fits.
The labrum is not rigid, however, for it is displaced both dorsad
and toward its base by the mechanical pressure of the food.
Its epipharynx, a structure on the ventral surface, appears to
be sensory and may have a gustatory function.

The two mandibles (fig. 2B), which differ in form, bear both
incisor and molar areas, the former being used for cutting loose
pieces of food, the latter for masticating them. These areas
may be employed alternately or simultaneously ; thus, in band-
winged, in slant-faced, and in some spine-breasted locusts of
Michigan there is first a series of "bites" and then a series of
"chews," the duration of each varying according to the species ;
in other spine-breasts of Michigan, in contrast, incision and
mastication occur simultaneously each time the mandibles come
together. The mandibular brustia are possibly tactile, but,
judging from their comparative inflexibility, they may also help
to align the food. This is apparently the case in the earwig
Formula (Popham, 1958).

Flattened, flap-like galeae (fig. 2C) are characteristic of
grasshoppers. These structures, which partly cover the ex-
ternal faces of the mandibles, do not themselves move but rock
back and forth as the mandibles displace them. They cover the

196 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1960

sides of the preoral cavity and help to maintain the medial align-
ment of the food, thus functioning as lateral lips.

The laciniae are heavily sclerotized and armed with teeth or
maxadentes. They are absolutely indispensable in the feeding
process, handling all of the food cut loose by the mandibles and
perhaps even aiding in breaking loose fragments of very soft
food. They move simultaneously and in opposite phase to the
mandibles, coming together as the mandibles separate, separat-
ing as the mandibles come together. When the incisor dentes
of the mandibles cut loose a piece of leaf, the laciniae push it
into the preoral cavity between the molar dentes, which masti-
cate it until it is swallowed. The laciniae also hold food to the
mouth and may or may not be assisted in this function by the
fore legs. The lacinarastra are probably tactile in function.

The maxillary and labial palpi of grasshoppers are densely
covered with setae and with other sensilla and may be used for
orientation as the animals move about as well as when they
feed. When a grasshopper approaches food both pairs of palpi
drum wildly, but once contact is made and feeding begins the
drumming usually subsides to a slow tapping. Both sets of
palpi may drum, tap, or occasionally brush the food as feeding
continues, but usually only the labial palpi tap or drum, while
the maxillary palpi are held with their apices near to or touch-
ing the food so that any movement of it away from alignment
is perceived. During a mastication pause the drumming and
tapping of the palpi retard and virtually stop. The palpi were
not seen to push food into alignment, as they have been thought
to do. They have been shown to possess organs of taste
(Frings, 1946a) and of smell (Glaser, 1927).

The labium (fig. 2D) acts as a ventral lip, helping to hold
food within the preoral cavity and, judging from its setal adorn-
ment, as a sensory apparatus. Although it, like the labrum,
has a medial groove, it seldom serves to align the food, the soft,
flexible paraglossae usually being displaced laterally and toward
their base. The parapharynx (hypopharynx) born dorsome-
dially on the labium appears to be sensory.

Margin-feeding in walking-sticks apparently differs but little

IxxiJ ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 197

from that in grasshoppers. Diapheromera jemorata, the only
species studied, straddles the leaf margins and takes slow, de-
liberate bites, which are remarkably square in outline. The
insect's well-developed labral emargination always acts as a
guide for the leaf margin. Its mandibles have fused incisor
and molar areas ; thus, it is not surprising that there is no dis-
tinct pause for mastication. Diapheromera usually leaves the
principal veins intact, but when cutting through smaller ones it
decreases its rate of chewing, bites harder several times until
a given vein is severed, and then resumes feeding at the normal
rate. Its galeae function as lateral lips and, to some degree,
rock back and forth with the movements of the mandibles. Its
laciniae are not powerful and do not need to be, for its mandi-
bles cut well. The insect's labial and maxillary palpi tap lightly
during feeding, the former less actively than the latter. Its
labium is very deeply cleft, serving to align the leaf margin.

The foregoing generalized account of margin-feeding is based
on numerous observations in the following Michigan species :

Acrididae: Acridinae Acrididae : Cyrtacantha-

( Slant-faced Locusts) cridinae

Chloealtis cons per sa (Spine-breasted Locusts)

Chorthippus longicornis Melanoplus bivittatus

Orphulclla speciosa Melanophis conjusus

Pseiidopomala brachyptcra Melanophis f.-r. femur-ntbntin

Syrbula admirabilis ' Melanoplus keeleri lurid us

..... 1-1- Melanophis b. bilituratus

Acrididae: Oedipodmae „ r , ', ,, •

/ri , . IT Melanoplus s. scudden

( Hand-winged Locusts) D ,

raroxya hoosicn

Arphia p. pseudonietana Schistocerca alutacea

Arphia sulphur ea

Camnula pcllucida Phasmatidae (Walking-sticks)

Chortophaga viridifasciata Diapheromera jemorata

Dissosteira Carolina
Encoptolophus s. sordid us
Spharagemon b. bolli
Spharagemon collare

Center-Feeding

The following account of center-feeding is based on bush and
round-headed katydids but applies, with modification, to several

198 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1960

other groups. A leaf-feeding katydid begins feeding by posi-
tioning itself on the flat surface of a leaf blade. It first holds
its mouthparts perpendicular to the leaf surface. When its
mandibles come into contact with the leaf their incisor dentes
begin to rasp it until a small hole is excavated. Once the mouth-
parts can be admitted into the hole the oblique phase of feeding
begins ; the mandibles, which are now at an angle to the leaf
surface, cut irregular, scalloped pieces from the periphery of
the hole (fig. 3). There is no invariable pattern for enlarge-
ment of the hole, for the animal sometimes moves forward and
sometimes backward, but the swaths themselves are always
ventrocaudad. Once the hole is large and framed by tough
major veins, the katydid usually moves to an uneaten part of
the leaf, where it begins feeding anew.

The insect's labrum (fig. 4A) acts as a dorsal lip and is
sensory. It is not a food guide, and it lacks a medial emargina-
tion. Consequently, it is displaced dorsally, laterally, and
toward its base by the incoming food.

The mandibles (fig. 4B) are provided with incisor and molar
areas. Although one might expect a mastication pause, incision
and mastication occur simultaneously, with one or two excep-
tions, each time the jaws come together.

Katydid galeae (fig. 4C) are lobular structures bearing
numerous setae and provided apically with a sensory area. Like
the flattened galeae of grasshoppers, they are lateral lips, but
they are also an integral part of the feeding mechanism, for,
along with the laciniae, they operate as a unit, pushing food into
the preoral cavity, their action being in opposite phase to that
of the mandibles. The galeae are specialized for brushing
liquids and pulp of soft, succulent foods into the mouth, while

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

FIG. 1. The head of the grasshopper Romalca microptcra, showing the
relationships of its mouthparts to a grass leaf on which it is feeding.
Note that the leaf is aligned with the insect's labral emargination. This
is an example of margin-feeding.

FIG. 2. The mouthparts of the slant-faced grasshopper Syrbula ad-
mirabilis, a margin-feeder. 2A — labrum, 2B — mandibles, 2C— left max-
illa, 2D — labium.

Ixxi]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

199

mxp

2B

200 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1960

the laciniae are used to push solid particles, a function for
which their attenuate maxadentes adapt them.

The maxillae of katydids and of other center-feeders differ
further from those of grasshoppers in that they are capable of
considerable protrusion beyond the apices of the mandibles.
This ability, which is made possible by adaptations of form and
musculature of their cardos, is necessary if they are to scrape
and to brush up particles loosened by the mandibles during the
initial, perpendicular phase of feeding.

As a katydid moves about, its palpi, unlike those of grass-
hoppers, are sometimes not used but are flexed close to the head.
This is not surprising when one considers that the average katy-
did probably sits higher from the ground than does the average
grasshopper, and, hence, its palpi are less likely to come into
contact with the ground. When food is near, however, the
palpi first drum wildly and then retard their action, sometimes
to a slow tapping, when actual contact with food is made. Dur-
ing feeding, the maxillary palpi usually do not retard as much
as do the labial ones.

In both the initial, perpendicular phase of feeding and in the
later oblique one the flexible labium (fig. 4D) is displaced by
the incoming leaf. Obviously, then, it usually does not function
as a food guide, but it is important as a ventral lip and as a
sensory apparatus ; its glossae, paraglossae, and palpi are densely
setiferous.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

FIG. 3. The head of the katydid Amblycorypha oblongifolia, showing
the relationships of its mouthparts to an herb leaf on which it is feeding.
Note that the leaf is held at an angle to the mouthparts and that it is not
aligned with the labrum, which lacks an emargination. This illustrates
the oblique phase of center-feeding.

FIG. 4. The mouthparts of the katydid Amblycorypha rotundifolia, a
center-feeder. 4A — labrum, 4B — mandibles, 4C — left maxilla, 4D — labium.

All figures :

Brs — brustia Lea — lacinia

Crd — cardo Lcr — lacinarastra

Eph — epipharynx Mdb — mandible

Gal — galea Mde — medial emargination

Inc — incisor area or incisor dentes Mol — molar area or molar dcntes

Gls — glossa Mxd — maxadentes

Lbp — labial palpus Mxp — maxillary palpus

Lbr — labrum Pgl — paraglossa

Ixxi]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

201

4D

202

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[Oct., 1960

The above description of center-feeding in bush and round-
headed katydids also applies, with modification, to many other
groups of Orthoptera and their relatives, including the camel
crickets, cockroaches, crickets, earwigs, and usually the meadow
grasshoppers. These groups, excepting the latter, are com-
pletely or in good part composed of scavengers with mandibles
adapted for eating soft foods with rounded surfaces rather than
flat leaves. They are alike in that they usually flex their palpi
when not feeding, attack the general surface rather than the
major prominences or margins of the food, use lobular galeae
to brush in pulp and juices, and, lacking a labral emargination,
do not align their food. The meadow grasshoppers vary their
habits, being center-feeders when eating leaves and piercers
when eating grass seeds.

The foregoing generalized account of center-feeding is based
on numerous observations in the following Michigan species :

Dermaptera (Earwigs)
Doni a. acnlcatmn *

Blattidae (Cockroaches)

Blattclla gcnnanica
Parcoblatta pensylvanica-

Tettigoniidae : Phaneropte-

rinae

(Bush and Round-headed
Katydids)

Amblycorypha oblongifolia
.-I ;;; blycoryplia rotnndifolia
Scuddcria c. curvicauda
Scuddcria f. fitrcata

Tettigoniidae : Conocephalinae
(Meadow Grasshoppers)

Conoccphahts /. fasciatits
Conocepliahts nigroplcurum
Orclicliinuin gladiator
Orclicliinitin volant n in
Orclicliinuin vulgare

Gryllacrididae : Rhaphiclopho-
rinae (Camel Crickets)

Ceuthophilus meridionalis

Gryllidae : Gryllinae
(Field Crickets)

Acheta pennsylvanicus

Gryllidae : Nemobiinae
Nemobius f. fasciatits

Gryllidae : Oecanthinae
(Tree Crickets)

Neo.rabca bipunctata
OecantJnis angustipcnnis

LxxiJ ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 203

Piercing

Piercing, a modification of center-feeding, is well illustrated
by Neoconocephalus ensiger. This cone-headed katydid holds
a grass inflorescence to its mouth by means of its spinous legs.
It punctures a given grain repeatedly with its mandibles, causing
the exudation of fluid, which is brushed into the mouth by the
insect's lobular galeae. After a time the grain has been punc-
tured and manipulated sufficiently to break it loose from its
rachilla and its enveloping scales. Then the grain is held in
the preoral cavity by the mouthparts, including the labrum and
labium, the latter two being displaced from their normal posi-
tion while they function as lips. The labrum differs from the
labium in this respect in that it is not merely pushed but is
actually levated for admittance of the food. The right galea and
lacinia, working synchronously, then oppose the action of the
left galea and lacinia, thus imparting a rotation to the grain
while it is repeatedly pierced by the incisor dentes of the man-
dibles. This forces out fluids and other materials, which are
brushed into the mouth by the now synchronous activities of
both laciniae and both galeae, the former handling particles, the
latter fluids and pulp. Eventually most of the contents of the
grain are removed and its collapsed remains swallowed.

The shield-backed katydids are also piercers, as is indicated
by the feeding of one of them, Atlanticus testae ens, on meat.
This insect repeatedly uses its mandibles to pierce a clump of
meat, e.g., Hamburg steak, while the food is rotated by the
galeae and laciniae. When a small portion has been pierced and
manipulated sufficiently to break it loose from the main clump,
it is individually manipulated, rotated, and pierced until reduced
to a size small enough to be swallowed.

The foregoing generalized account of piercing is based on
numerous observations in the following Michigan species:

1The earwigs, although belonging to the Dermaptera, an order separate
from the Orthoptera, are conventionally studied by orthopterists, thus
justifying the inclusion of Doru in this account.

204 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1960

Tettigoniidae : Copiphorinae Tettigoniidae : Conocephalinae
(Cone-headed Katydids) (Meadow Grasshoppers)

Neoconocephalus ensiger Conocephalus f. fasciatus

^ ... • • , ,. • Conocephalus niqroplc uruin

Tettigoniidae: Uecticinae /-, , ,- j j- 1

/ct.- ij u 1 1 T^ r 1 \ Urchehmum gladiator

( Shield-backed Katydids) /n / r r *

v Urcnelimum volantum

Atlanticus tcstaceus Orchelimum vulgar e

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Examination of forty-one species of Orthoptera (sens, lat.}
revealed two basic feeding mechanisms. These may be termed,
respectively, margin-feeding and center-feeding. The latter is
also subject to a modification, piercing.

In margin-feeding, which occurs in grasshoppers and in
walking-sticks, the insect attacks a leaf by a series of ventro-
caudad swaths with its mouthparts, the leaf margin invariably
aligning with the insect's labral emargination. The incisor
dentes cut the food as the mandibles come together ; the laciniae,
operating simultaneously but in opposite phase to the mandi-
bles, force this cut food into the preoral cavity ; and then the
molar dentes masticate it. The galeae do not handle food but
function only as lateral lips. The leaf margin may or may not
align with the insect's labial groove. There is usually a distinct
pause for mastication following each period of incision.

In the center-feeding of katydids and of many orthoptera,
the insect usually attacks a leaf at its center, where rasping cuts
are made with the mandibles as they are held perpendicular to
the leaf surface. The small opening thus formed is then en-
larged by the mandibles, which now cut ventrocaudad swaths
while being held at an angle to the leaf surface. The laciniae
and galeae operate together but in opposite phase to the man-
dibles as they handle food parts loosened by the action of the
mandibles, the former brushing particles, the latter pulp and
fluids into the preoral cavity. Neither the labrum, which lacks
an emargination, nor the labium serves to align food. There is
seldom a distinct pause for mastication.

Cone-heads, shield-backs, and meadow grasshoppers exam-

Ixxi | ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 205

ined in this study feed by piercing, a modification of center-
feeding. The labruni and labium are displaced outward by the
food mass. As the mandibles come together repeatedly their
incisor dentes pierce the mass until it is broken loose from any
attachments. Following this, the food, while being rotated, is
pierced repeatedly by the incisor dentes of the mandibles. Rota-
tion is produced by the opposing action of the right galea and
lacinia and the left galea and lacinia, those on a side operating
together. Fluids, pulp, and particles thus released are then
swept into the preoral cavity and between the molar dentes by
the now synchronous action of both galeae and both laciniae,
the former handling pulp and fluids, the latter particles. This
continues until the food is reduced to a size appropriate for
swallowing.

Close examination of the data from this study and particularly
those relative to the Conocephalinae, which both center-feed
and pierce, suggests that the mouthparts of katydids, crickets,
and various other non-margin-feeders may adapt these insects
both for center-feeding and for piercing and that the nature of
the food taken by the species determines which mechanism is
used.

Clearly, there exists a close correlation between the insects'
mouthpart structure, their food, and their feeding pattern.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Drs. Irving Cantrall and Henry Townes, of the University
of Michigan Museum of Zoology, and Alfred Beeton, of the
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, kindly read and criticized the
manuscript of the foregoing paper. Dr. Theodore Hubbell, also
of the Museum, served as major advisor during the preparation
of the dissertation from which this paper has been taken and
expanded. Dr. Edward Yoss, of the University of Michigan
Herbarium, was consulted regarding terminology here adopted
for the floral structure of grasses. Mr. Burt Brent, of Detroit,
drew figs. 1 and 3. To these persons the author is deeply
indebted.

206 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1960

LITERATURE CITED

FRINGS, H. 1946. The mounting of living insects for observation and

study. Turtox News, 24: 150-154.
— . 1946a. Gustatory thresholds for sucrose and electrolytes for the

cockroach, Pcrif>lancta aincricana (Linn.). Jour. Exp. Zool., 102:

23-50.
GANGWERE, S. K. 1958. Grooming behavior in Orthoptera. Ent. News,

49: 123-128.
GLASER, R. W. 1927. Evidence in support of the olfactory function of

the antennae of insects. Psyche, 34: 209-215.
POPHAM, E. J. 1958. The feeding habits of Dermaptera. Preprint of

paper #20, read in title, XVth Int. Congr. Zool. : 5 pp.
YUASA, H. 1920. The anatomy of the head and mouth-parts of Orthop-
tera and Euplexoptera. Jour. Morph., 33: 251-307.

A New African Ant of the Genus Strumigenys,

Tribe Dacetini

By WILLIAM L. BROWN, JR., Museum of Comparative Zoology,

Harvard University

My good friend Prof. Francis Bernard, of the Zoology De-
partment of the University of Algiers, has indicated to me that
he thinks I should now formally give a name to the Strumigenys
species that I described, but left unnamed in favor of Prof.
Bernard's eventual description from material in his own collec-
tion, in my revision of the African Strumigenys, cited in the
synonymy below. I therefore name this species

Strumigenys bernardi new species

"Strumigenys new species, Bernard ms.," Brown, 1954, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 112 : 16, worker. Type locality, by present
designation: 10 miles east of Stanleyville, Belgian Congo
(leg. N. A. Weber, No. 2225). Holotype in Weber Collec-
tion, eventually to be deposited in American Museum of Nat-
ural History, New York.

The description of the worker is given in the original refer-
ence, and the distinguishing characters are outlined in the key
to the African Strumigenys in the same paper, pp. 10-12.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 207

A New Genus and Two New Species of Neotropical
Flies (Diptera; Drosophilidae)

By MARSHALL R. WHEELER, Austin, Texas

While visiting a cave on Mona Island, west of Puerto Rico,
in October 1955, William Cross and Merle Kuns noticed some
small flies riding about on the backs of land crabs. The dis-
covery was described as follows by Dr. Cross (presently the
Head of the Methods Development Unit, Screwworm Eradica-
tion Program, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Sebring,
Florida) :

"On October 18, 1955, at about 6 :00 P.M., a cave, Cueva los
Lirios, \vas entered by Captain Kuns and myself and a count
was made of the bats leaving this cave during the next hour.
At a few minutes after 7:00 P.M., we were back near the cave
entrance where there were several holes in the roof and a large
bromeliad on the floor. A number of land crabs (possibly
Coenobita) were moving about among the bromeliad and rocks
on the cave floor. On approaching one of these crabs and
shining a bright light on it, we noticed a number of flies, appar-
ently Drosophila, moving about over its carapace. In collecting
a few it was observed that they could be frightened off the crab
but would quickly return."

Several visits were made to the cave and eleven adult speci-
mens of the fly were collected. The land crab involved was
never identified with certainty, but it may have been Cardisoma
guanhumi which is widely distributed in this region.

In February 1956, Dr. William B. Heed was making collec-
tions of Drosophilidae in Puerto Rico for the Genetics Founda-
tion of the University of Texas, and had an opportunity to study
the specimens from Mona Island. He determined that they
were Drosophila, and that the species was probably undescribed,
whereupon Dr. Cross very kindly donated the specimens to the
Drosophila collection at the University of Texas. The species
is described below as Drosophila carcinophila n. sp.

What appears to have been the same species of fly was col-
lected earlier bv Mr. H. G. Hubbard in 1894 on Montserrat, a

208 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1960

small island of the British West Indies, a member of the Lee-
ward Group located approximately 250 miles southeast of
Puerto Rico. His collections are now represented by three
items in the Diptera collection of the U. S. National Museum :

(1) a single puparium, labelled "Drosophila from mouth of land
crab; Mntserrat, April 15, W. I.; H. G. Hubbard, collector;"

(2) an empty pin to which we presume an adult fly had once
been attached but which has since been lost, the pin bearing the
same labels as the preceding; and (3) a portion of the mouth-
parts of a crab to which about 20 puparia are attached, bearing
labels as follows: "Maxilla of land crab; April 14th, 94; Mont-
serrat B. W. I. ; Dipt, messmates ; Drosophila from land crab ;
H. G. Hubbard, collector; Mntserrat, Apr. 14, W. I."

These puparia are of the size one would expect for the Dro-
sophila from Mona Island. Each puparial segment bears a
prominent transverse row of small reddish knobs, and there are
two such rows, with fewer knobs, on the operculum. The pos-
terior spiracles are pale and divergent ; the anterior spiracles
are sessile and are situated before the apex, somewhat as in
certain species of Megasclia (Phoridae).

Drosophila carcinophila new species

. A small, dull brownish fly with three strong pairs of
dorsocentral bristles ; mesonotal hairs and bristles standing
rather upright, giving a distinctly bristly appearance.

Front dull, light tannish brown ; face paler. Carina high and
thin, not sulcate. Arista with 4 dorsal and 2 ventral branches
in addition to the terminal fork. Vibrissa single, strong, fol-
lowed only by short hairs. Cheeks rather broad, a little less
than width of 3rd antennal segment, yellowish but more brown-
ish tinged just below lowest point of eye, the latter with thick
pile. Palpi tan. Proclinate orbital about f length posterior
reclinate ; anterior reclinate thinner, about | length proclinate
and situated just behind it at about \ the distance between the
proclinate and the posterior reclinate. Inner verticals in front
of outers, the latter only slightly more laterad in position.

Ixxij ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 209

Mesonotum light brown with rusty tinge. Three pairs of
dorsocentral bristles, the anterior one presutural, situated just
before the inner edge of the transverse suture ; some acrostichal
hairs enlarged in dorsocentral rows. Acrostichals irregular, in
2 rows posteriorly, roughly 4-rowed along middle of mesonotum,
becoming 6-rowed more anteriorly ; prescutellars slightly en-
larged. Basal scutellars convergent. Pleura colored as meso-
notum, paler below. Anterior sternopleural § length posterior.
Halteres pale. Legs pale, slender, the tarsal claws reduced.
Sutural and anterior notopleural bristles strong, posterior noto-
pleural shorter.

Abdominal tergites with rather pale brownish bands, weakly
interrupted medianly, at least on basal segments. First and
second tibiae with apical bristles, preapicals on all three. Wings
hyaline ; costa reaching to apex of 4th vein ; third costal section
with the small black bristles on the basal half or a trifle more.
Costal index about 2.0-2.2 ; 4th vein index 2.2-2.4 ; 5x index
about 2.0.

Female body length about 2.5 mm., wing, 2.0 mm. Male body
length about 2.0 mm., wing, 2.0 mm.

Holotype male and 2 paratypes, labelled "Cueva los Lirios,
Mona Is. PR; M. L. Kuns ; 1 Nov. 1955." Eight paratypes
labelled "Cueva los Lirios, Mona Is. PR; WHC; 20 Nov. 55."
Two paratypes are being placed in the U. S. National Museum
collection ; the remaining types are in the Drosophila Type and
Reference Collection of the University of Texas.

DISCUSSION

Although the evidence is rather meager, it seems most likely
that the adult flies from Mona Island and the puparia from Mont-
serrat represent the same species. The adults are closely asso-
ciated with the land crabs, running about over the carapace,
while the larvae apparently feed on the debris (or on the micro-
organisms in the debris) on the mouthparts of the crabs. It
would be interesting to know if the adults also feed on this
debris.

210 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1960

Other Diptera have been found associated with crabs, but
apparently never in such an intimate fashion. Asyndetus carcino-
pJiilus (Dolichopodidae) has been observed at the entrances of
crab holes on the dry beach above tide level in Hawaii (Dr.
W. W. Wirth, personal communication), and species of Rhic-
noessa (Tethinidae), Hccamede (Ephydridae), and Lasiopleura
(Chloropidae), as well as several species of mosquitoes have
been found in and around crab holes. As far as we know, how-
ever, none of these is truly commensal on the crabs.

Van Beneden (1885, Animal Parasites and Messmates, Apple-
ton, New York) pointed out the desirability, and difficulty, of
distinguishing between parasites, messmates (commensaux or
commensals), and mutualists. Writing with an interesting hu-
manistic approach, he stated : "The messmate is he who is
received at the table of his neighbour to partake with him of
the produce of his day's fishing. . . . The messmate does not
live at the expense of his host ; all that he desires is a home or
his friend's superfluities. . . . The greater part of those ani-
mals which have established themselves on each other, and live
together on a good understanding and without injury, are
wrongly classed as parasites by the generality of naturalists.
Now that the mutual relations of many of these are better under-
stood, we know many animals which unite together to render
each other mutual assistance; while there are others which live
like paupers on the crumbs which fall from the rich man's
table." One suspects that Van Beneden would have considered
Drosopliila carcinopJiila an excellent example of a commensal
of the pauper class.

MAYAGUEZA, new genus

This new genus from Puerto Rico is based upon thirteen
specimens from the collection of the U. S. National Museum,
Washington, D. C. I wish to thank Dr. Willis Wirth who
arranged for the loan of the material, Mrs. Linda Kuich who
prepared the figures of the head, and Dr. Frances Clayton who
made the wing photograph.

Ixxi]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

211

The genus belongs with that group of genera of the Dro-
sophilidae, subfamily Steganinae, which possess a bare to pubes-
cent arista, strong prescutellars, divergent basal scutellars, and
three nearly equal orbital bristles. It appears to be most similar
to Pseudiastata, Cacoxenus and Acletoxenus. Some of the more
useful recognition features of these genera, as compared with
Mayagucza, are as follows :

FIG. 1. Head of Mayaguesa argentifera. A — semi-dorsal view;

B — profile.

Mayaguesa: Ocellars very small, directed upright, cruciate,
not at all proclinate ; postvertical bristles moderately small ; front
narrow ; no sultural bristle ; no propleural bristle ; anterior dorso-
central quite small, situated very close to, and in line with, the
posterior one; wing with distinctive clouds.

Pseudiastata: Ocellars small, proclinate ; postverticals of nor-
mal size ; front narrow or of moderate width ; sutural bristle of
normal size ; propleurals absent ; dorsocentrals not aligned, the
long posterior ones moved more laterad ; wings pictured or
hyaline.

Cacoxenus: Ocellars of normal size, proclinate ; postverticals
rather small ; front of moderate width ; suturals moderately
small ; propleurals present ; dorsocentrals aligned ; wings hyaline.

Acletoxenus: Ocellars absent ; postverticals small ; front nar-
row ; suturals small ; presence of propleurals and alignment of
dorsocentrals not reported ; wings hyaline.

212

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[Oct., 1960

The argenteous mesonotum and pattern of wing maculation
suggest certain species of Leucophenga, but there are no other
important similarities.

The type species of Mayagueza is M. argentifera, the follow-
ing new species.

FIG. 2. Mayagueza argentifera, wing.

Mayagueza argentifera, new species

. A yellowish species with striking silvery to whitish bloom
over the mesonotum. Front pale whitish yellow, very narrow
in both sexes (Fig. 1) ; ocellar area contrastingly bluish gray.
Face, antennae, cheeks, palpi and proboscis all yellow. Ocellar
bristles small and thin, cruciate, directed upward rather than
forward. Three stout orbital bristles, arranged as shown in the
figure. Arista with short thick pubescence. Face not truly flat
but rather evenly rounded over the central area. Cheeks very
narrow. Clypeus narrow, pale ; palpi small ; vibrissa single and
strong.

Disc of mesonotum light tan with prominent silvery to whitish
bloom when viewed from certain angles. Pleura and legs wholly
pale yellow. Basal scutellars divergent; apical scutellars about
§ length basals. Posterior dorsocentral long and strong, ante-
rior one quite small, barely distinguishable from the adjacent

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 213

hairs. Acrostichal hairs in numerous irregular rows. One
strong humeral ; no sutural bristle ; two strong sternopleurals,
the anterior one only slightly shorter than the posterior. No
propleurals.

Legs wholly pale ; front femora without outstanding bristles.
Strong apicals and preapicals present only on second tibia.
Wings as in Fig. 2. Abdominal pattern not well preserved on
any specimen, but the abdomen is apparently pale tannish yel-
low with some black median marks or splotches on the tergites.
Genital arch of the male large, tapering below, the extreme
lower apex bearing a single stout black tooth.

Body length, about 3.0 mm. ; wing, 2.3 mm.

Holotype male and 12 paratypes, USNM collection, all bear-
ing identical labels: Mayaguez, P. R., 15 June 1953; J. A.
Ramos, collector.

New State Records of Zoraptera

By GARLAND T. RIEGEL and MAX B. FERGUSON
Eastern Illinois University, Charleston

Collections near the periphery of the known range of Zoro-
typus hubbardi Caudell have yielded the first records for the
states of Iowa and Kansas. Also, three colonies were located
in northeastern Oklahoma where previously this insect has been
reported from only the very southeast corner of the state, appar-
ently on the basis of one specimen (U. S. D. A. Econ. Insect
Report 9(3) : 22, 1959).

The presence of Zorotypus in Iowa was first detected by the
junior author in northern Wapello Co. (approximately 41°8'N).
This is the most northerly record yet published, surpassing his
DeWitt Co., 111., record (below) and the Pennsylvania locality
given by Gurney (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 61(4): 183-184,
1959). The Kirkville, Iowa, location is less than one degree

214 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1960

south of Evanston, 111. (42°2'N), and this raises an interesting
speculation about the dubious Evanston record published by
Gurney in 1938 (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 40(3): 61). Until
collections are made further north in Illinois it must remain
questionable, however.

The Nowata Co., Okla., site (95°37'W) seems to be the most
westerly locality yet discovered, when compared with Houston,
Texas, at 95°22'W, which was the farthest west Zorotypus had
been found.

Other records given below are of interest in helping fill in
the range of this species. The populations in old stumps dis-
covered by Ferguson in Big Spring State Park, Mo., are the
first we have found in a "natural" habitat (i.e., other than saw-
dust piles), but are not as far north as the Knob Noster, Mo.,
collection recorded by Gurney in the first paper cited above.

The occurrence of Zorotypus is much less frequent as one
goes north within the area where it is known to be. Whereas
in the Missouri Ozarks almost every sawdust pile of sufficient
age will have a population, such is not true in Illinois. Out of
some fifty mills visited (some several times), only nine sawdust
piles yielded Zoraptera. In Oklahoma they were in three out
of six visited, in Kansas in two of five, in southern Iowa in
three out of seventeen, while in southeastern Nebraska five
mills were visited with negative results.

Except as otherwise noted, all the specimens listed below were
taken in decaying sawdust piles. Most are preserved in the
Spooner Insect Collection at Eastern Illinois University.

FLORIDA : Everglades National Park, Long Pine Key, Dade
Co., XII-24-51, in rotten log. Richards & Stannard (111. Nat.
Hist. Survey).

ILLINOIS: Near Bourbon, Douglas Co., VIII-9-58, N. E.
Dearnbarger, 4 J1 , 4 $, 7 nymphs (some of the wingless females
in this population showed slightly pigmented eyes) ; near Clin-
ton, DeWitt Co., X-10-58, M. B. Ferguson, 7 J\ 2$; same,
V-2-59, 7 J\ 12$, 5 N.; Cowclen, Shelby Co., IX-5-58, Riegel
& Ferguson, 12 J\ 11$, 23 N. (some wingless females with

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 215

pigmented eyes) ; near Dundas, Richland Co., VIII— 4— 58,
Riegel, Basham, Dearnbarger, Herron, Jarrell, Michaels, Stan-
field & Wiman, 44 J\ 26 5, 2 $ N. with long wing pads, 17 N. ;
same, G. Riegel, 1 alate $; Grandview, Edgar Co., VIII-5-5S,
David Stanfield, 1 $, 17 N. ; Jonesboro, Union Co., V-18-58,
Groothius & Riegel, 1 J\ 3 $ ; Lawrenceville, Lawrence Co.,
IH-14-59, J. Hayes, 1$; near Oblong, Crawford Co., VIII-
4-58, Riegel ct al, 21 J, 18$, 30 N. ; near Yale, Jasper Co.,
VIII-4-58, Riegel et al., 6 J, 4 $, 2 $ N. with long wing pads,
42 N.

INDIANA: Wadesville, Posey Co., VII-5-58, G. T. Riegel,

1 alate $, 5 J , 3 $, 4 N.

IOWA : Near Bloomfield, Davis Co., IV-24— 59, Riegel, Fer-
guson, Hayes, Stanfield & Williams, 2 J, 2 $, 1 5 N. with long
wing pads ; near Farmington, Van Buren Co., V-24— 59, Riegel
et al., 1 alate $, 8 J\ 13$, 2 N.; near Kirkville, Wapello Co.,
VIII-31-58, M. B. Ferguson, 1 J1, 2 $, 1 N.

KANSAS : Chetopa, Labette Co., V-22-59, Riegel, Ferguson,
Hayes, Stanfield & Williams, 1 J\ 1 $ N. with long wing pads,

2 N.; Crestline, Cherokee Co., V-22-59, Riegel ct a!., 9 <$, 6 $,
1 $ N. with long wing pads.

KENTUCKY: Hickman, Fulton Co., V-ll-57, Riegel, Grooth-
ius & Morgan, 2 J\ 8$, 3$ N. with long wing pads, 5 N.
(This population was in a buried log below ground level, in
the remains of a very old, but small, sawdust pile.)

MISSOURI : Anniston, Mississippi Co., V-18-58, G. T. Riegel,
1 $, 1 N.; near Arroll, Texas Co., V-17-58, Riegel, Ferguson,
Balding, Hayes, Hoffman & Morgan, 2$, 9 N.; Big Spring
State Park, Carter Co., V-17-58, under bark of pine and oak
stumps cut off almost flush with the ground (wood determined
by Dr. E. L. Stover), Ferguson & Riegel, 2 J\ 2 $, 1 X. (many
more specimens were seen than could be captured, and the best
population seemed to be in the pine stump) ; Camdenton, Cam-
den Co., V-12-56, Riegel ct al., 3 alate $ (one teneral), 26 J\
18$, 2$ N. with long wing pads, 32 N. ; Carthage, Jasper Co.,
V-21-59, Riegel, Ferguson, Hayes, Stanfield & Williams, 1 ^,

216 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1960

1 J1 N., 1 5 N. with long wing pads; near Des Arc, Iron Co.,
V-16-58, Riegel & Ferguson, 18^, 16$, 16 N.; near Grassy,
Bellinger Co., V-18-58, Riegel, Groothius, Hayes, Hein &
Wall, 1 dealate $, 6 J1, 8$, 10 N.; Jackson, Cape Girardeau
Co., V-18-58, Riegel ct al, 1 alate $", 3 dealate $, 26 <?, 64 $,
7 $ N. with long wing pads, 16 N. ; near Jewett, Madison Co.,
V-16-58, Riegel & Ferguson, 2 <$, 5 $ ; near Mountain View,
Howell Co., V-17-58, Riegel et al,, 9 J, 4 $, 1 $ N. with long
wing pads, 2 N. ; near New Hamburg, Scott Co., V-18-58,
G. T. Riegel, 1 dealate $, 1 ^ ; near Palmyra, Marion Co.,
VIII-16-58, G. T., G. G. & R. W. Riegel, Sr., 1 ^, 6$, 3 N.;
Piedmont, Wayne Co., V-16-58, Riegel, Ferguson, Groothius,
Morgan & White, 28 £, 58 $, 1 $ N. with long wing pads, 45 N.,

3 eggs; near Spalding, Rails Co., VIII-5-57, G. T. & R. W.
Riegel, Sr., 11 <?, 12$, 4$ N. with long wing pads, 47 N.,
1 E. ; Winona, Shannon Co., V-17-58, Riegel et al., 10 <$, 13 $,

1 $ N. with long wing pads, 6 N., 1 E.

OKLAHOMA : Near Hollow, Craig Co., V-22-59, Riegel, Fer-
guson, Hayes, Stanfield & Williams, 13 alate $, 168 J1, 91$,

4 $ N. with long wing pads, 76 N., 1 E. (this was the heaviest
population that we have ever seen. Due to the press of time
we did not collect as many specimens as we could have) ; Miami,
Ottawa Co., V-22-59, Riegel et al., 12 J, 6$, 8 N.; near
Nowata, Nowata Co., V-22-59, Riegel ct al., 25 J, 11 $, 9 N.
(half of the apterous females in this population had slightly
pigmented eyes).

TENNESSEE : Near Ridgely, Lake Co., V-10-57, Riegel et al.,
3 £, 1 $, 1 N. ; near Troy, Obion Co., V-10-57, Riegel et al.,

2 dealate $, 18^, 23 $, 1 $ N. with long wing pads, 5 N.

IxxiJ ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 217

The Genus Dermacentor (Ixodides) in Nebraska

By WILLIAM F. RAPP, JR.1

In 1955, the author 2 published a short paper on the status
of Dermacentor variabilis in Nebraska at that time. Since then,
additional fieldwork has added materially to our knowledge of
the genus Dermacentor in the State.

Dermacentor variabilis is the most wide spread "hard-bodied"
tick in Nebraska. Figure 1 shows the known distribution of
D. variabilis as of September 1, 1959. Our fieldwork indicates
that this species is limited principally to deciduous flood plains
throughout the State. Additional fieldwork, we believe, will
further increase our knowledge of its distribution in the State.

Our studies indicate that mice of the genus Peromsyscus are
the principal first host of D. variabilis in Nebraska. The second
host appears to be one of the large mammals as adults have been
taken on spotted skunk (Spilogale putorius), striped skunk
(Mephitis mephitis), coyote (Canis latrans], dog (Canis canis),
fox squirrel (Sciunis nigcr), eastern cottontail rabbit (Sylvi-
lagus floridaniis) and black-tailed jack rabbit (Lcpus californi-
cus). We do not have sufficient data as yet to indicate the
preferred host of the adult tick. All specimens listed are in the
collection of the Nebraska State Health Department.

The following is a list of new records obtained since the pub-
lication of our earlier paper. Elaine Co.: Dunning, 11 June
1959. Boyd Co.: Butte, 9 vi 1959. Burt Co.: Tekamah, 9
May 1956.' Butler Co.: Bellwood, 15 June 1955. Cherry Co.:
Nenzel, 11 [une 1957. Custer Co.: Pressey Rec. Grounds, 11
June 1959. Hall Co. : Grand Island, 28 April 1959. Hamilton
Co.: Hordville, 31 May 1958. Harland Co.: Republican City,
3 May 1956 (ex Peromyscus sp.). Howard Co.: Gushing, 29
April 1959 (ex Sciunis niger). Kearney Co.: 4 mi. south of
Kearney, 11 Tune 1959. Keith Co.: Ogallala, 19 May 1958.
Keya Paha Co. : Burton, 16 June 1959. Merrick Co. : Prairie
Island, 31 May 1957; Chapman, 28 April 1959. Morrill Co.:

1 Entomologist, Division of Sanitation, State Department of Health,
Lincoln 9, Nebraska.

- RAPP, W. F., JR., 1955, The Status of Dermacentor rariabilis in

Nebraska. Entomological Neil's, vol. 66: 153-154.

218 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., 1960

Bridgeport, 22 May 1955; Bayard, 26 June 1956. Nance Co.:
Fullerton, 30 April 1959. Perkins Co. : Grant, 8 April 1959.
Saline Co.: Crete, 27 April 1955.

Dermacentor andersoni in Nebraska is limited to the yellow
pine (Pinus pondcrosa) areas (fig. 2) of the State, of which
there are three major ones. The largest of these, the Pine Ridge
area in Dawes and Sioux Counties, is a large horseshoe-shaped
ridge. Although similar in flora to the Black Hills it is of a
different geological period. Pine Ridge may be termed an "eco-
logical island," as this region is isolated by short grass prairie.
The second yellow pine area is the Wildcat Hills lying south
of the North Platte River in Scotts Bluff and Morrill Counties.
At the present time there are several isolated areas of yellow
pine in the Wildcat Hills, but there is reason to believe that at
one time yellow pine was widely distributed in this area. The
third area of yellow pine in the State is along the Niobrara
River from western Cherry County to its mouth in Knox
County, and this too is an area of discontinuous stands.

To date, the majority of records for D. andersoni are from
the Pine Ridge region. Only one specimen has been taken in
the Wildcat Hills and none along the Niobrara River. With-
out doubt the Nebraska "panhandle" represents the eastern limit
for this species.

In the Pine Ridge area it is interesting to note that appar-
ently D. andersoni is restricted to the higher slopes where yellow
pine is the dominant plant form, while on the lower slopes,
where oak and deciduous shrubs are dominant, D. variabilis is
found. There appears to be no well defined ectone between the
deciduous areas and the yellow pine areas yet the two species
of ticks do not seem to stray from one formation to the other.
Examination of a large series of adults taken on Pine Ridge
shows no evidence of hybridization.

The following is a list of the specimens of D. andersoni in
the collection of the Nebraska State Health Department. Dawes
Co.: Bryan Canyon, 21 May 1955; Chadron State Park, 19
May 1955. Sioux Co.: Harrison, 17 mi. east, 21 May 1955;
Crawford, 8 mi. northwest, 16, 17 May 1959. Scotts Bluff Co. :
Carter Canyon, Roubadeau Twp., 23 May 1955.

Ixxi]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

219

In Nebraska D. andersoni is of minor importance from the
public health viewpoint. In the middle 1930's several cases of
Rocky Mountain spotted fever were reported from Fort Robin-
son, which is located partly in Dawes County and partly in Sioux
County. It is believed that most of these cases were the result
of tick bites obtained while working in the Fort Robinson Tim-
ber Reservation which is located on Pine Ridge in Sioux

NEBRASKA
DISTRIBUTION OF

DERMACENTOR
VARIABILIS

DISTRIBUTION OF

DERMACENTOR

ANDERSONI

County. No cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever have been
reported in the State in the past 15 years. The author,3 in an
earlier publication, has reviewed the relationship between D.
variabilis and tularemia in Nebraska. In general, it may be
stated that in at least certain areas of the State D. variabilis
is the principal reservoir for Paslcnrclla tularcnsis.

3 RAPP, W. ¥., JR., 1957, "Ticks and Tularemia in Nebraska," Nebr.
State Mcd. J. 42 : 402-403.

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

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Vol. LXXI No. 9

CONTENTS

SHfer and Brescia — Permeable sense organs on antennae 221

Corresponding Members of American Entomological Society . . . 226

Nomenclature Notice 226

Cook — Two new species of Nautarachna 227

MacLeod — Two- winged and four- winged Psectra diptera 231

Alexander — New exotic crane-flies. Part II 237

Lansbury — Corixidae occurring in black light traps 244

Hubbard — Fleas from Alaska 245

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[Nov., 1960

s I

FK;. 1. Portion of whole mount of second subsegment from tip of
antenna of male . icdt's acyypti. Fixed Bouin's solution. Stained from
c.rlcninl surface with 0.5% crystal violet for three hours. Stain has
entered thin-walled, blunt-tipped sensilla and been precipitated inside as
dark granules ; rest of antenna unstained. Fifteen or sixteen stained
sc-nsilla visible at this focus. S. stained sensillum. X 1,100.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LXXI NOVEMBER, 1960 No. 9

Permeable Sense Organs on the Antenna of the

Yellow Fever Mosquito, Aedes aegypti

(Linnaeus)

By ELEANOR H. SLIFER and VINCENT T. BRESCIA,

Department of Zoology, State University of Iowa,

Iowa City, Iowa

During the past six years the sense organs on the antennal
flagellum of several species of grasshoppers have been exam-
ined with a variety of techniques in this laboratory (Slifer,
1954a, 1954b, 1955a, 1955b, 1956a, 1956b, 1960; Slifer, Prestage
and Beams, 1957, 1959). These studies have included permea-
bility tests, the use of both the light and electron microscopes
and several types of behavior experiments. Upon the comple-
tion of the work on the antennal receptors of the grasshopper
the desirability of extending these observations to other species
of insects was apparent. One of the forms selected for examina-
tion was the mosquito and the results of the permeability tests
will be reported here.

The structure and function of the various sensilla on the an-
tenna of the mosquito have been investigated by many workers.
Valuable reviews of previous studies may be found in articles
by Rohler (1906), Willis (1947), Roth (1948, 1951), Roth and
Willis (1952) and Risler (1955) and in the book by Chris-
tophers (1960) on Acdcs aegypti.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The adult Acdcs aegypti used in the present study were reared
from eggs obtained, through the kindness of Dr. J. F. Case,

(221)

222 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1960

from Dr. G. B. Craig at the University of Notre Dame. Pupae,
as they appeared, were transferred to a separate container and
the adults which emerged collected daily with an aspirator.
These were fixed whole in Benin's solution either at once or
at known intervals after emergence.

The staining technique recently described by Slifer (1960)
was employed. The intact insect was washed in distilled water
until no more than a trace of the yellow color produced by the
picric acid in the fixative remained. This sometimes required
several days. The insect, still whole, was then transferred to a
small dish containing a square of glass cloth wet with a few
drops of a freshly-filtered 0.5% solution of crystal violet. An-
other piece of glass cloth was laid over the mosquito and, if
necessary, more stain added so that the insect was completely
covered. The container was placed in a moist chamber. Satis-
factory staining was obtained over periods ranging from one to
six hours. The specimen was removed from the stain with
forceps, dipped quickly into distilled water and laid on a piece
of absorbent paper on the stage of a dissecting microscope. The
insect was moved at once to a dry spot on the paper and the
antennae taken off with needles. The pedicel of each was cut
away and the flagella cut into several pieces to hasten drying.
Ten minutes, or more, after all surface moisture had disap-
peared the fragments were transferred to a dish of xylol. As
in all work of this type judgment can only be acquired by
experience as to the optimum time for fixing, washing, staining,
drying, clearing, etc. Drying is one of the most critical steps
in the procedure and this will be affected by the warmth and
humidity of the room. If drying is insufficient any dye which
has entered the sense organ will slowly diffuse into the moist
center of the antenna and disappear by dilution. If, on the
other hand, drying is continued too long the antenna will fill
with air and this may be troublesome later. After an hour, or
longer, in xylol the pieces of antenna were mounted in syn-
thetic resin.

The preparations should be examined at once under an oil
immersion lens for successfully-stained sense organs may lose

Ixxij ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 223

their color within hours or clays if a trace of water remains
in the tissues.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Christophers (1960, pp. 423^, 427) describes and figures
the antennae of male and female Aedes aegypti. Roth and
Willis (1952) reported that "many thin-walled trichoid sen-
silla" are present on each of the thirteen flagellar subsegments
of the female in this species and on the two terminal subseg-
ments of the male. The results of amputation experiments led
Roth and Willis to conclude that these thin-walled sense organs
may serve as hygroreceptors in the female but that they are not
the only structures concerned with this function in the male.
Christophers (1960, p. 663) describes the sensilla as ". . . 40-
50 p. in length, thin walled and without articulated base, arising
from thin membrane over a pore canal surrounded distally by
a semicircular ridge in the cuticle. Proximally a median ridge
passes backwards. They are set at irregular intervals along
the length of the segment and in the female number some 30-50
on a segment."

In the present study the thin-walled sense organs with
rounded distal ends have been found to be permeable to a solu-
tion of crystal violet applied to the external surface of the intact
insect. The general surface of the antenna, in contrast, is com-
pletely impermeable to the dye, provided, of course, that it is
undamaged. No evidence for the penetration of the stain into
other sense organs has, so far, been obtained. Stained thin-
walled sensilla are shown in figure one. It should be empha-
sized that these sense organs are smoothly-rounded at the tip.
Other sensilla which superficially resemble them but have a
heavier wall and a sharply-pointed tip are unaffected by the dye.
Earlier workers seem not to have distinguished between these
two types.

The results just described are, in themselves, of considerable
interest but when they are examined in the light of the more
extensive information which we now have for the cheino-
receptors on the antennal flagellum of the grasshopper their

224 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1960

permeability to dye assumes greater significance. The most
complex of the three types of chemoreceptors present on the
grasshopper antenna bears a close resemblance to these thin-
walled sense organs on the mosquito antenna. The surface of
each such sense organ in the grasshopper is penetrated by a
large number of minute pores about 0.1 /x in diameter. The tip
of a dendrite of a sensory neurone lies in each of these openings
and is freely exposed to the air. Each tip, moreover, is divided
into 24 or 25 finger-like microvilli and it is these which form
the receptor surface. When the antenna of the grasshopper is
treated with crystal violet the thin-walled chemoreceptors react
exactly as do the thin- walled sensilla of the mosquito (Slifer,
1960). If it were not for the fact that the receptors of the
mosquito are relatively longer than are those of the grasshopper
it would be difficult to tell them apart. One distinguishing
feature would be the presence in the grasshopper of a small spot,
about one micron in diameter, at the base of the peg. This
stains readily and is the point at which the cuticle is invaginated
to form a sheath which encloses the dendrites of the large group
of neurones which innervate the sensillum. Such spot has not
been found in the mosquito and it may be that no sheath is
present in holometabolous species which acquire sense organs
characteristic of the adult only at the final molt.

The present findings do not contradict the conclusion of Roth
and Willis (1952) that the thin-walled sensilla of the mosquito
are receptors for water vapor ; on the contrary, they lend sup-
port. It seems probable, however, that these sense organs may
be stimulated by other substances in the gaseous form as well
and so have a general olfactory function.

SUMMARY

Thin-walled, blunt-tipped sensilla which are present on all
thirteen flagellar subsegments of the antenna of the female mos-
quito, Acdcs acgvpti, and the two distal subsegments of the
male can be stained by dye applied to the external surface.
This provides evidence that they may be the principal olfactory
sense organs of this species.

Ixxi | ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 225

REFERENCES

CHRISTOPHERS, S. R. 1960. Aedes aeyypti, the yellow fever mosquito.

Its life history, bionomics and structure. Cambridge University

Press, 739 pp.
RISLER, H. 1955. Das Gehororgan der Mannchen von Culex pipiens L.,

Aedes aegypti L. und Anopheles stephensi Listen (Culicidae), eine

vergleichendmorphologische Untersuchung. Zool. Jahrb. Anat. Ont.

74: 478-490.
ROHLER, E. 1906. Beitriige zur Kenntnis der Sinnesorgane der In-

secten. Zool. Jahrb. Anat. Ont. 22: 225-288.
ROTH, L. M. 1948. A study of mosquito behavior. An experimental

laboratory study of the sexual behavior of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus).

Amer. Mid. Nat. 40 : 265-352.
— . 1951. Loci of sensory end-organs used by mosquitoes (Aedes

aegypti (L). and Anopheles quadrimaculatits Say) in receiving host

stimuli. Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer. 44 : 59-74.
- and E. R. WILLIS. 1952. Possible hygroreceptors in Aedes aegypti

(L.) and Blattella ycrmamca (L.). Jour. Morph. 91: 1-14.
SLIFER, E. H. 1954a. The permeability of the sensory pegs on the

antennae of the grasshopper (Orthoptera, Acrididae). Biol. Bull.

106: 122-128.
— . 1954b. The reaction of a grasshopper to an odorous material held

near one of its feet (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Proc. Roy. Entom.

Soc. London (A) 29: 177-179.
— . 1955a. The distribution of permeable sensory pegs on the body

of the grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Entom. News 66: 1-5.
— . 1955b. The detection of odors and water vapor by grasshoppers

(Orthoptera, Acrididae) and some new evidence concerning the

sense organs which may be involved. Jour. Exp. Zool. 130: 301-317.
— . 1956a. The response of a grasshopper, Romalea microptera

(Beauvois), to strong odours following amputation of the meta-

thoracic leg at different levels. Proc. Roy. Entom. Soc. London (A)

31 : 95-98.
. 1956b. Permeable spots in the cuticle of the thin- walled pegs on

the antenna of the grasshopper. Sci. 124 : 1203.
— , J. J. Prestage and H. W. Beams. 1957. The fine structure of the

long basiconic sensory pegs of the grasshopper (Orthoptera, Acridi-
dae) with special reference to those on the antenna. Jour. Morph.

101 : 359-397.
) , . 1959. The chcmoreceptors and other sense organs on

the antennal flagellum of the grasshopper (Orthoptera; Acrididae).

Jour. Morph. 105: 145-191.
. 1960. A rapid and sensitive method for identifying permeahlr

areas in the body wall of insects. Entom. News 71 : 179-182.
WILLIS, E. R. 1947. The olfactory responses of female mosquitoes.

Jour. Econ. Entom. 40: 769-778.

226

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[Nov., 1960

List of Corresponding Members of the American
Entomological Society

Since the last list of the Corresponding Members of our
Society was published in April of 1956 (£NT. NEWS 67: 110)
a number of members have died while an approximately equal
number of eminent entomologists have been elected to member-
ship. In the current list, given below, the newly elected mem-
bers are indicated by an asterisk.

C. P. Alexander, Amherst

G. Arnold, S. Rhodesia

J. C. Bequaert, Cambridge,

Mass.

T. Borgmeier, R. de Janeiro
*J. C. Bradley, Ithaca '
Annette F. Braun, Cincinnati
L. Chopard, Paris
A. da Costa Lima, Brazil
J. A. Comstock, Los Angeles
*P. J. Darlington, Jr., Cam-
bridge, Mass.
A. E. Emerson, Chicago
W. T. M. Forbes, Cambridge,

Mass.

K. von Frisch, Miinchen
H. B. Hungerford, Lawrence

R. Jeannel, Paris

O. A. Johannsen, Ithaca

*C. F. W. Muesebeck, Wash-
ington
N. D. Riley. London

*H. H. Ross, Urbana

*J. T. Salmon, Wellington
H. Schouteden, Belgium
H. F. Schwarz, New York
R. E. Snodgrass, Washington

*W. R. Thompson, Ottawa
P. J. Timberlake, Riverside
B. Uvarov, London

E. M. Walker, Toronto

V. B. Wiggles worth, Cam-
bridge

F. E. Zeuner, London

Nomenclature Notice

Comments should be marked with the File Number and sent
in duplicate before Dec. 16th to W. E. CHINA, British Museum
(Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 7, England.
Details in Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 17 (8/9).

Validation of Macronema Pictet 1836 (Trich.) File: Z.N.
(S)706. Suppression of fain. Nirmides Leach 1815 (Malloph.)

\T. (S)1400. Neotype for Pediculus dentatus Scop. 1763
(Malloph.) Z.N. (S)1394. Suppression of Liotheum Nitzsch
1818 (Malloph.) Z.N. (S)1399. Suppression of pellarini
(Aedipoda) Le Guillou 1841 (Orth.) Z.N. (S)1436.

Ixxi | ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Two New Species of Nautarachna from Western
North America (Acarina: Nautarachnidae)1

By DAVID R. COOK, Wayne State University, Detroit

Nautarachna, the only genus in the family Nautarachnidae,
is unusual among hydrachnids in that it contains members
which are found in saline as well as fresh water. Unfortunately,
the systematic position of the genus Nautarachna remains un-
certain, for males have not yet been collected and described.
The Nautarachnidae have been tentatively placed next to the
Pionidae, but the closeness of this relationship can only be de-
termined when the type of male sexual dimorphism, if any, is
known. Of the three previously described species, only one has
been collected in the adult stage, the other two having been
described from nymphal specimens.

Two of the previously described species of Nautarachna have
been reported from saline waters. Nautarachna asperrima
Moniez, the type species, was taken in the littoral region of the
Atlantic Ocean at Cayeux-sur-Mer, France. Viets (1936) states
that it is not certain whether this species is actually a true
marine form or should be considered an inhabitant of brackish
water. Habeeb (1956a) collected a nymphal Nautarachna from
a brook in the vicinity of salt springs near Sussex, New Bruns-
wick. Habeeb at first assigned the mite to the European spe-
cies N. crassa (Koenike), but later (Habeeb, 1956b) described
it as a new species, Nautarachna karl-vietsi.

Nautarachna calif ornica new species (figs. 1,4, 7, 8, 9)

Length between anterior end of first coxae and posterior end
of genital field 576 /j. ; first pair of coxae widely separated me-
dially for over one-half their distance ; first coxae with four
heavy setae on each side at anterior end, these of approximately
same length ; second coxae with one or two heavy setae ; median
margin of third and fourth coxae well developed; with three
relatively heavy setae on each side slightly posterio-medial to

1 Contribution no. 47 from the Department of Biology, Wayne State
University.

228 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1960

insertion of fourth legs ; fourth coxae sharply-angled posteriorly ;
acetabular plates narrow and extending laterally beyond inser-
tion of fourth legs (fig. 1) ; width of genital field 523 ju,; genital
acetabula 38-39 on each side ; two to four setae on each side
located in integument between medial portion of acetabular
plates and pregenital sclerite, these setae not located on a com-
mon sclerite ; integument papillate, with a pair of small dorsal
plates (fig. 7), these approximately 78 ju, in length, 33 /A in
width ; integument clear and not papillate in area immediately
above lateral eyes.

Capitulum (fig. 8) 314ft in length, relatively long and nar-
row ; chelicera 349 /x in length ; dorsal lengths of palpal seg-
ments : P-I, 38 /v; P-II, 120 /.; P-III, 72 M; P-IV, 142^; P-V,
62 n ; fig. 9 illustrates chaetotaxy of outer side of palp ; dorsal
lengths of segments of first leg: I-Leg-1, 74 p.; I-Leg-2, 92 p.;
I-Leg-3, 106,.*; I-Leg-4, 152/*; I-Leg-5, 196 /x; I-Leg-6, 198 /*;
I-Leg-4 with one, and I-Leg-5 with five short swimming hairs;
fig. 4 illustrates chaetotaxy of first leg ; other legs with longer
and more numerous swimming hairs.

Holotype: Adult female, collected in a branch of the Navarro
River between Boonville and Philo, Mendocino County, CALI-
FORNIA on August 9, 1954. The holotype of the present species,
as well as that of the following species, will be deposited in the
Chicago Natural History Museum.

Nautarachna californica differs from A^. crassa, the only pre-
viously described species in which the adult is known, as follows :
N. californica possesses approximately 40 genital acetabula on
each side, N. crassa possesses about twice that number ; TV. cali-
fornica has four pairs of heavy setae at the anterior end of the
first coxae, N. crassa, as indicated in the figure of Viets (1936),
possesses only two pairs.

Nautarachna pioniformis new species (figs. 2, 3, 5, 6, 10)

Length between anterior end of first coxae and posterior end
of genital field 602 ^ ; first coxae widely separated medially for
approximately one-half their distance; first coxae with four
heavy setae on each side at anterior end, most anterior of these

Ixxi]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

229

10

FIGS. 1, 4, 7-9. Nautarachna calif arnica female. 1. Ventral view;
4. first leg ; 7. dorsal plate ; 8. capitulum ; 9. palp.

FIGS. 2, 3, 5, 6, 10. Nautarachna pioniformis female. 2. Palp ; 3. first
leg ; 5. capitulum ; 6. dorsal plate ; 10. ventral view.

230 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1960

setae longer than others ; second coxae with one heavy seta on
eac . side ; median margin of third and fourth coxae more or
less reduced to a median angle ; fourth coxae slightly angled
posteriorly ; acetabular plates broad and extending only slightly
beyond posterior corners of fourth coxae (fig. 10) ; width of
genital field 462 ^ ; genital acetabula 39-40 on each side ; one
or two setae on each side located in integument between medial
portion of acetabular plates and pregenital sclerite, these not
located on small sclerites ; integument papillate, with a pair of
small, triangular back plates (fig. 6), these approximately 113ju
in length, 79 [*. in width ; integument clear and not papillate in
area immediately above lateral eyes.

Capitulum (fig. 5) 262 /x in length, slightly stockier than in
preceding species ; chelicera 305 p. in length ; dorsal lengths of
palpal segments: P-I, 36 ^- P-II, 112 p.; P-III, 76 /*, P-IV,
156/*; P-V, 52 /A; fig. 2 shows chaetotaxy of outer side of palp;
dorsal lengths of segments of first leg: I-Leg-1, 70 ,u.; I-Leg-2,
92 p.; I-Leg-3, 108 /x; I-Leg-4, 152 /*; I-Leg-5, 196/*; I-Leg-6,
198 /A; I-Leg-4 with one, and I-Leg-5 with four short swimming
hairs ; Figure 3 shows chaetotaxy of first leg ; other legs with
longer and more numerous swimming hairs.

Holotypc: Adult female, taken in a small tributary of the
Snake River between Yellowstone and Grand Teton National
Parks, Teton County, WYOMING on July 5, 1954.

Females of Nautarachna pioniformis may be easily distin-
guished from females of both N. crassa and N. californica by
short, very broad acetabular plates (fig. 10). Actually, the
genital field of the present species more closely resembles that
of a Fiona female than of the previously described females of
Nautarachna.

REFERENCES

HABEEB, H. 19S6a. Notes on water-mites. I. Leaflets Acadian Biol.

no. 11: 1.
-. 1956b. Xorth American Hydrachnellae XXXIX-XLI. Ibid. no.

12: 4.
VIETS, K. 1936. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands und der angrenzenden

Meeresteile. Teil 31 und 32, VII Wassermilben oder Hydracarina,

pp. 1-574. Jena.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 231

Sexual Differences in the Proportions of Two-
Winged and Four-Winged Individuals of
Psectra diptera (Burmeister), Together
with Five New Records (Neuroptera:
Hemerobiidae)

By ELLIS G. MACLEOD, Department of Zoology, University of
Maryland, College Park, Maryland

The hemerobiid genus Psectra, represented by the single spe-
cies P. diptera (Burmeister), 1839, is distributed widely over
the northern Palaearctic region (Killington, 1936) and is also
known from the eastern half of the Nearctic region as far south
as Virginia and as far north as Ontario (Carpenter, 1940). In
spite of over a hundred years of collecting in both Europe and
North America, reliable records of only eighty-one specimens are
available, including the five specimens newly reported in the
present paper.

In addition to the rareness of encounters between individuals
of this species and cognizant collectors, P. diptera has long ex-
cited curiosity because of a remarkable dimorphism in the struc-
ture of the wings. Macropterous specimens with four, well-
developed wings are known as well as micropterous individuals
in which the metathoracic wings are reduced to small scale-like
structures with vestigial venation. No intermediate forms have
ever been reported.

This dimorphism has, in the past, been thought to have a
sexual basis (Hagen, 1866; McLachlan, 1868; Banks, 1905),
while Albarda (1874) and McLachlan (1879) have suggested
the possibility that two sibling species were represented. These
ideas have been questioned by Mjoberg (1909), who suggested
that only a single species was involved and that either sex might
l)e either macropterous or micropterous. This idea was adopted
by Killington in his treatment of the species in 1936. Tjeder
(1936), after dissecting the abdomina of three specimens (1
micropterous J\ 1 macropterous J\ and 1 micropterous $), con-
cluded that the two-winged and four-winged males belonged to
the same species. Carpenter (o/>. cit.}, on the basis of the

232

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[Nov., 1960

relatively abundant material examined by him in connection
with his revision (44 Nearctic specimens), was able to show
conclusively that both types of wings may occur in either sex.
The question of whether one or two species is present has not
been proved one way or the other in the sense that the presence
or absence of reproductive isolation has been conclusively demon-
strated. However, these recent studies have shown that, aside
from the difference in the wings, the two forms have virtually
identical morphology, while the scanty collection data indicate
a similar geographical distribution and habitat preference as
well.

TABLE I. — Summary of Reliable Records of P. Diptera

d'cT

9 9

Source of Data

Country of Origin

Microp.

Macrop.

Microp.

Macrop.

Killington, (1946)

Ireland

2

—

—

—

Great Britain

4

1

1

3

Eraser, (1946)

Scotland

3

1

1

—

Eraser, (1947)

Scotland

—

—

1

—

Tjeder, (in lift.)

Sweden

4

4

2

1

Livonia

—

1

—

—

Finland

1

1

1

—

U. S. A.

—

—

1

—

(New Record)

Carpenter, (1940)

U. S. A.

9

5

9

21

& Canada

Additional New

U. S. A.

2

—

1

1

Records

The published records of specimens of P. diptera, which the
writer feels have been reliably sexed, are summarized in Table I
and are taken from the sources indicated. The ten specimens
which are known from the Netherlands and which are listed by
Lems (1952) are regretfully omitted because of the question of
the proper sexing of several of the specimens. The data from
the areas surrounding the Baltic Sea were kindly supplied in lift.
by Mr. Bo Tjeder of Falun, Sweden, who has also made avail-
able one new record from the Nearctic region.

Carpenter (o[>. cit.) has pointed out that the material from
North America may indicate that the proportion of micropterous

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 233

individuals is greater in the male than in the female. This sus-
picion may be made quantitative by the use of Carpenter's data
plus the five new Nearctic records in a standard chi-square test
of independence of sex and wing type in a four-fold table. Em-
ploying Yates' correction for continuity, such a test yields a
chi-square value of 4.1350 (.05 < P > .025), indicating that the
Nearctic data are not consistent with the hypothesis that the
proportions of micropterous and macropterous individuals are
the same in both sexes.

This difference may also explain the sex-ratio obtaining in the
Nearctic sample, where of the forty-nine specimens now known,
sixteen are males and thirty-three are females. This departure
from a 50:50 ratio is significant (chi-square = 5.8980, .02 < P
> .01). If, as seems probable, the micropterous form is for any
reason less mobile and more inclined to remain near the ground,
which is thought to be the usual adult habitat of this species
(Killington, 1936; 1946), then micropterous individuals should
be taken less frequently than the macropterous forms. Since,
as the data indicate, the proportion of micropterous males is
higher than that of the micropterous females, this should reflect
itself in fewer total males being taken. The divergence from a
50 : 50 sex ratio would then be a measure of the difference in
the probabilities of taking a micropterous or a macropterous
individual.

A similar analysis of the data from the Palaearctic region is
made difficult because of the smaller number of specimens in-
volved, which makes the use of the chi-square distribution in
estimating the probability of independence between sex and
wing type untrustworthy. An alternative method for computing
these probabilities directly has been devised by Fisher (1948).
The application of this technique to these data shows that,
unlike the Nearctic specimens, the data of these samples provide
no justification for the conclusion that there are different fre-
quencies of micropterous and macropterous forms in the two
sexes. The actual probabilities of a fit of the given data as bad
as or worse, due to chance alone, if sex and wing type are
unrelated, are : for the circum-Baltic specimens, P - .57 ; for the

234 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1960

British Isles, P - .30 ; while if these two groups are pooled,
P ---- l.OO.1

The failure of the Palaearctic sample to show sex differences
in the proportions of the two types may be a reflection of true
differences in the New World and Old World populations, or
it may be simply a result of the small series involved. It does
suggest, however, that systematists might well look for geo-
graphic or temporal variation in these proportions, since, if
the type of wing is under genetic control, the equilibrium fre-
quencies of the four phenotypes would be expected to vary with
the different selective characteristics of different environments
in such a way that the fitness of each population is at a maxi-
mum. The particular adaptive significance of different propor-
tions of the two wing types in the two sexes may well lie in the
interplay between adaptation to the ground cover with reduced
motility and the dispersal potential of the population.

NEW NEARCTIC RECORDS

Groton, Conn.; June 9, 1948; Coll. Dr. Anton Jansson; in
collection of Bo Tjeder, Falun, Sweden. 1 micropterous 5-

Patuxent Wildlife Refuge, Prince Georges Co., Md. ; May 15,
1949; swept from grass or sedge of an improved pasture; Coll.
H. B. Owens. 1 micropterous J*.

College Park, Prince Georges Co., Md. ; May 22, 1954 ; Coll.
B. Walton. 1 micropterous 5-

These last two specimens are in the collection of the Depart-
ment of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park,
Md. The following two specimens are in the collection of the
writer :

Dayton, Howard Co., Md. ; July 11, 1955; found caught in a
second-story window screen by front porch light ; Coll. E. Mac-
Leod. 1 macropterous $.

Hawksbill Mountain, elevation 3600', Shenandoah National
Park, Ya. ; September 12, 1956; on ground in mountain
meadow ; Coll. C. Clifford. 1 micropterous J1.

1 This result follows from the conditions of the test in which the mar-
ginal totals of the four-fold table are held constant, and the probabilities
of all possible arrangements of the data giving these totals are computed.
In the case here, the actual data provide the best fit. All other possible
arrangements are worse.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 235

The third and fourth specimens listed above are interesting in
that both of these were taken by a light at night, which may
indicate a positive phototactic response common throughout the
Hemerobiidae, but heretofore unreported for P. diptcra. This
suggests that an improved collection technique for this species
might be to place a low, portable light source on the ground in
an appropriate adult habitat such as that described in some detail
by Killington (1946). With this arrangement, it may be possi-
ble to collect greater numbers of adults during the proper season.

The macropterous 5 from Dayton, Mel., is also interesting
regarding the question of whether or not this species is capable
of flight. Killington (1936; 1946) has stated that even in the
macropterous form flight would seem to be impossible, basing
this opinion on his observations of a living micropterous $ and
on the slight thickening in texture of the forewing which is
observed on most specimens. Although the Dayton $ may have
walked up the front of the house to the second-story light near
which she was taken, there seem to be reasonable grounds for
the suspicion that some individuals of P. diptcra are able to fly.

Killington (1946) has also raised the question of the size of
our Nearctic specimens, stating that the average length of the
forewing given by Carpenter (op. cit.} as 6 mm. seems large
and suggesting that this may actually refer to the total wing
span. To partially clarify this question ten Nearctic specimens
(consisting of 4 macropterous and 6 micropterous individuals)
were measured with an ocular micrometer. The following re-
sults were obtained :

Average length of forewing 3.82 ± 0.25 mm.

Average total wing span (2 X forewing length

+ body width at mesothorax) 8.57 ± 0.54 mm.

As is indicated by the rather large standard errors of these
means, the sizes of the individuals of this series are somewhat
heterogeneous. A rather suggestive result is obtained if the
mean forewing length of the macropterous specimens alone
(4.70 ±0.16 mm.) is compared to the mean forewing length
of the micropterous specimens (3.23 ± 0.09 mm.). A t test of
these results yields / == 8.4777 and a corresponding P of < .001.

236 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1960

The possibility is strongly suggested by this short series that
the wing dimorphism of P. dipt era is correlated with size.

LITERATURE CITED

ALBARDA, J. H. 1874. Verslag van de acht-en-twintigste Zomerverga-

diring der Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging. Tijdsch.

voor Ent. 17: XV-XIX.
BANKS, N. 1905. A revision of the Nearctic Hemerobiidae. Trans.

Amer. Ent. Soc. 32 : 21-52.
CARPENTER, F. M. 1940. A revision of the Nearctic Hemerobiidae,

Berothidae, Sisyridae, Polystoechotidae and Dilaridae (Neuroptera).

Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. 74 : 193-280.
FISHER, R. A. 1948. Statistical methods for research workers. 10th

Ed. Hafner Publishing Co., Inc. : New York.
FRASER, F. C. 1946. Some further notes on Pscctra diptcra (Burm.)

(Neur., Hemerobiidae). Ent. Mo. Mag. 82: 310-312.
— . 1947. A new Scottish locality for Pscctra diptcra (Burm.)

(Neur., Hemerobiidae). 84: 24.
HAGEN, H. A. 1866. Hemerobidarum Synopsis Synonymica. Stett. Ent.

Zeitung 27 : 369-462.
KILLINGTON, F. J. 1936. A monograph of the British Neuroptera.

Volume I. Ray Soc. : London.

— . 1946. On Psectra diptcra (Burm.) (Neur., Hemerobiidae), in-
cluding an account of its life-history. Ent. Mo. Mag. 82: 161-176.
LEMS, K. 1952. Notities over Pscctra diptcra (Burmeister, 1839,

Neur.). Ent. Ber. 14: 36-40.
McLACHLAN, R. 1868. A monograph of the British Neuroptera — Plani-

pennia. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1868 : 145-224.
— . 1879. Pscctra diptcra Burm. at Strassbourg. Ent. Mo. Mag.

16: 95.
MJOBERG, E. 1909. Uber Pscctra diptcra Burm. Arkiv for Zool. 6 :

1-15.
TJEDER, B. 1936. Studies on Psectra diptcra (Burm.) (Neuroptera,

Hemerobiidae). Notulae Ent. 16: 97-101.

Ixxij ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 237

New Exotic Crane-Flies (Tipulidae: Diptera).

Part II

By CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, Amherst, Massachusetts T

The preceding part under this general title was published in
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, 71: 15-20; 1960. The species dis-
cussed herewith are from south and central India where they
were taken by the veteran entomologist, Mr. P. Susai Nathan,
of Kurumbagaram, to whom I am indebted for many interesting-
crane-flies. The types of the species are preserved in my per-
sonal collection of these flies.

Lechria coorgensis new species

Size small ; general coloration of pronotum and mesonotum
orange, posterior sclerites darker, pleura dull orange ; wings
weakly tinged with brown, prearcular and costal fields more
yellowed; tip of Rl + 2 atrophied, R2 before the radial fork, cell
1st M2 long, m-cu at or before the fork of M : abdomen of male
black, hypopygium dull orange.

J1. Length about 5 mm.; wing 5.7 mm.; antenna about 1.1
mm.

5- Length about 6.5 mm. ; wing 5.3 mm.

Rostrum light yellow ; palpi brownish black. Antennae black,
scape more pruinose ; flagellar segments oval, a little longer than
their verticils. Head dark gray, with long proclinate black
bristles ; anterior vertex in both sexes reduced to a capillary line
that is narrower than a single row of ommatidia, provided with
a series of bristles.

Pronotal scutum orange, more yellowed laterally, scutellum
yellow. Mesonotum uniformly dull brownish orange, the sides
a little more yellowed ; scutum brownish orange, the centers of
the lobes infuscated ; scutellum and mediotergite brown.
Pleura dull orange. Halteres with stem weakly darkened, knob
dark brown. Legs with the coxae and trochanters orange;
femora brownish yellow, tibiae darker, tarsi passing into black.

1 Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory, University of
Massachusetts.

238 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1960

Wings weakly tinged with brown, prearcular and costal fields
more yellowed ; veins brown, more yellowed in the brightened
fields. Longitudinal veins with abundant trichia extending
basad virtually to the level of the arculus, lacking on the basal
section of Cu^ and the anal veins. Venation : Free tip of Sc.2
present but faint, Rl + 2 atrophied; R2 subequal to Rs + 4', r-m at
near three-fourths Rs and at midlength of cell 1st M2, the
latter very long; m-cu at or some distance before the fork of
M ; cell 2nd A relatively broad.

Abdomen of male black, hypopygium dull orange ; in the
female, abdomen dark brown, the outer segments and basal
sternites more yellowed.

Habitat. SOUTH INDIA. Holotypc: <$, Ammatti, South
Coorg, 3,100 feet, May 1951 (Susai Nathan). Allotopotype: <j>.

The venation of the radial field of the wing is most nearly
as in Lechria nchruana Alexander, of Assam, but there is no
close resemblance to the present fly in any other regard.

Protohelius nilgiricus new species

General coloration of thorax brownish yellow, with large and
conspicuous blackened areas on sides of praescutum, scutal lobes
and pleurotergite ; legs yellow ; wings subhyaline, stigma short-
oval, dark brown.

J1. Length about 6 mm.; wing 6.5 nun.; antenna about 1.8
mm.

J. Length about 8 mm.; wing 7 mm.

Head testaceous yellow; palpi dark brown. Antennae 16-
segmented ; scape obscure yellow, pedicel brown, flagellum yel-
lowish brown, darker outwardly ; flagellar segments long-oval,
subequal in length to the verticils ; terminal segment less than
one-half the penultimate. Anterior vertex narrow, especially in
the male, approximately one-third the diameter of the scape,
in female slightly broader than the scape.

Pronotum infuscated medially, paler on sides. Mesonotum
brownish yellow, conspicuously patterned with three major black
areas on either side, the largest laterally on the praescutum
before the suture, the second occupying most of the dorsal pleu-

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 239

rotergite, third area occupying all but the posterior lateral part
of each scutal lobe; less evident darkenings on scutellum and
posterior part of mediotergite. Pleura reddish yellow. Hal-
teres with stem brownish yellow, knob blackened. Legs with
all coxae and trochanters reddish yellow ; remainder of legs
yellow, outer tarsal segments a trifle darker; claws smooth.
Wings subhyaline ; stigma short-oval, dark brown ; veins light
brown. Veins beyond cord with macrotrichia ; basad of cord
with a sparse series on outer two-thirds of Rs and a few at tip
of 2nd A (in type only). Venation: Sc very long, as in the
genus ; free tip of Sc.2 its own length or less beyond tip of Sc1 ;
Rl + 2 shorter than R2 ; m-cu close to fork of M.

Abdominal tergites light brown, sternite and hypopygium
yellow. Ovipositor with the valves very long; cerci slender,
straight, tips upcurved, hypovalvae a little stouter, straight.
Male hypopygium with the outer dististyle blackened except at
base, the termination elongate, more than three times the lateral
lobe ; inner style a little longer, pale, the terminal portion about
twice its lower lobe, the latter with conspicuous setae.

Habitat. SOUTH INDIA. Holotype: <$, Cherangode, Nilgiri
Hills, Madras, 3,500 feet, November 1950 (Susai Nathan).
Allotopotype: <j>, October 1950.

The genus Protohelius is new to the Indian fauna, the three
Asiatic species hitherto described being from Formosa and
eastern China; in addition two species are known from South
America. The present fly is quite distinct from all of the above
in the coloration of the body.

Hexatoma (Eriocera) glomerosa new species

Size medium (wing of female 15 mm.) ; antennae of female
11 -segmented; general coloration of thorax light gray, prae-
scutum with four conspicuous dark brown stripes; dorso-
pleural membrane of thorax with a conspicuous blackened area ;
femora and tibiae obscure yellow, tips very narrowly blackened ;
wings tinged with brown, cell C and the small stigma darker ;
veins of outer radial field stout; R2 + r. short, about one-half

240 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1960

RI + O', abdomen light brown, extreme posterior borders of ter-
gites blackened ; ovipositor with long very slender cerci.

5- Length about 16 mm.; wing 15 mm.; antenna about 2.8
mm.

Rostrum short, buffy yellow ; first segment of palpus brown,
remaining segments black. Antennae 11-segmented; scape and
pedicel yellow, first flagellar segment brownish yellow, outer
segments black ; first flagellar segment stout, exceeding the
combined second and third, lower surface with long delicate
subappressed setae, upper surface with fewer erect stouter
bristles ; outer segments gradually decreasing in size, the ter-
minal one smallest. Head dull buffy yellow, the large entire
subglobular vertical tubercle more polished brownish yellow.

Pronotum light brown. Mesonotal praescutum light gray,
with four conspicuous dark brown stripes, the intermediate pair
bordered by paler brown, including the median interspace; setae
abundant, pale ; posterior sclerites of notum light gray, scutal
lobes darker ; scutellum yellowish gray, central part narrowly
darker; mediotergite chestnut brown, more pruinose on sides,
pleurotergite gray. Pleura gray, metapleura more yellowed ;
small black spots on the ventral anepisternum, with a larger
and more conspicuous one on the dorsopleural membrane. Hal-
teres brownish yellow, knob black. Legs with coxae brownish
yellow, fore pair darker anteriorly ; trochanters brownish yellow ;
femora and tibiae obscure yellow, tips very narrowly but evi-
dently blackened ; proximal tarsal segments brownish yellow,
tips darker, outer three segments black. Wings tinged with
brown, the small stigma and broad cell C darker brown; veins,
especially of the radial field, stout, narrowly bordered by darker,
M and Cu less evidently suffused ; veins of cord, Rs and outer
radial field blackened, the outer medial veins a little paler ; veins
in the prearcular and costal regions brownish yellow. Outer
veins, with the exception of Rr>, glabrous. Venation : Sct end-
ing beyond the level of r-m, Sc2 shortly removed; -ffa+3 + 4 long,
subequal to R^ ; R2 + 3 short, about one-half R1 + 2', cell 1st M2
subequal in length to the distal section of vein M& ; m-cu about
one-third to one-fourth its length beyond the fork of M.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 241

Abdomen light brown, the extreme posterior borders of the
tergites blackened ; basal sternites more yellowed. Ovipositor
with the cerci elongate, very slender, blackened, the bases and
tips yellowed.

Habitat. SOUTH INDIA. Holotype: $, Kollar, Nilgiri Hills,
Madras, 1,250 feet, November 1958 (Susai Nathan).

Despite its thoracic pattern, Hexatoma (Eriocera) glower osa
seems to be allied to members of the verticalis group of the sub-
genus, all other regional members having the thorax more uni-
formly blackened or infuscated.

Hexatoma (Eriocera) terebrella new species

Size small (wing of female 8 mm. or less) ; antennae of
female 6-segmented ; general coloration of mesonotal praescutum
gray, with four inconspicuous brown stripes, together with a
capillary darkened median vitta ; legs light brown ; wings weakly
tinged with brown, stigma pale brown, inconspicuous; 5Vt long;
R2+3 longer than R2; abdomen brownish black; ovipositor with
valves short and fleshy, especially the oval cerci.

5- Length about 7-7.5 mm. ; wing 7.5-8 mm. ; antenna about
1.1—1.3 mm.

Rostrum very reduced, buffy ; palpi short, brown, outer seg-
ments darker. Antennae of female 6-segmented, very short,
brown throughout; first flagellar segment nearly as long as the
succeeding two combined and stouter ; terminal segment about
two-thirds the penultimate ; vestiture of flagellum relatively
short and sparse, pale. Head brownish gray, with short pale
setae ; vertical tubercle large and rounded.

Pronotum brownish gray. Mesonotal praescutum gray, with
four inconspicuous brown stripes, the intermediate pair divided
by a narrow pale ground line that again is split by a capillary
darkened median vitta that is continued vaguely back to the
suture ; praescutal vestiture very short and pale ; posterior
sclerites of notum dark gray, the scutal lobes patterned with
brown. Pleura dark brown, sparsely gray pruinose; dorso-
pleural membrane brown. Halteres with stem dusky, knob
darkened. Legs with coxae light brown ; trochanters brownish

242 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1960

yellow ; remainder of legs light brown. Wings weakly tinged
with brown, stigma very pale brown, inconspicuous; veins
brown, more brownish yellow in the costal and prearcular fields.
Veins unusually glabrous, beyond the cord including a very
scattered series of small trichia over the entire length of the
distal section of vein R-. Venation : Scl ending just beyond
level of the fork of Rs, Sc2 far removed, before the level of the
fork of Rs, Scl alone nearly as long as or longer than W-CM;
R2 and R1 + 2 subequal or the latter longer, both shorter than
R2+3; cell 1st M2 rectangular; m-cu beyond the fork of M.

Abdomen dark brown to brownish black. Ovipositor with
the valves short and fleshy ; cerci oval, provided with long pale
setae; hypovalvae longer, scooplike.

Habitat. CENTRAL EAST INDIA. Holotype: 5, Jeypore
(Jaipur), Orissa, 1,775 feet, September 1958 (Susai Nathan).
Paratopotype: $.

Hexatoma (Eriocera} terebrella most resembles H. (£.)
serendib Alexander, of Ceylon, of which the female sex still is
unknown. The two flies differ in coloration and in the vena-
tion, particularly of the subcostal and radial fields.

Hexatoma (Eriocera) terebrina new species

Size small (wing of female 8 mm.) ; antennae of female 9-
segmented ; general coloration of thorax grayish brown, prae-
scutum with three darker brown stripes, posterior sclerites of
notum more pruinose ; femora yellow, tips narrowly black ;
wings tinged with brown, the small stigma darker brown ; veins
unusually glabrous ; abdominal tergites bicolored, obscure yel-
low, the incisures dark brown ; ovipositor with the cerci very
long and slender.

5. Length about 10-10.5 mm. ; wing 8-8.5 mm. ; antenna
about 2 mm. ; ovipositor to apex of the shield about 2 mm.

Rostrum very short, buffy ; palpi and mouthparts black. An-
tennae short, 9-segmented ; scape and pedicel yellowish brown,
flagellum black ; first flagellar segment stouter, especially basally,
a little shorter than the succeeding two segments combined ; seg-
ments with appressed setae. Head brown, vertex behind more

lxxi| ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 243

pollinose ; vertical tubercle swollen, vaguely depressed medially
in front.

Pronotum brown, the scutellum a little paler. Mesonotum
grayish brown, the praescutum with three darker brown stripes ;
posterior sclerites more pruinose. Pleura brown, the anepi-
sternum conspicuously blackened, dorsal sternopleurite paler.
Halteres with stem dusky, knob dark brown. Legs with the
coxae dark brown, middle pair more yellowed ; fore coxae with
long white setae on anterior face, those of the remaining coxae
much shorter; trochanters brownish yellow; femora yellow,
tips narrowly but conspicuously blackened, the amount subequal
on all legs, on fore femur including about the outer twentieth
of the segment ; tibiae yellowish brown ; tarsi dark brown to
brownish black. Wings tinged with brown, the prearcular and
costal fields slightly more yellowed; stigma very small, darker
brown ; veins brown, those in the brightened fields a little more
yellowed. Veins unusually glabrous, beyond the cord and ex-
cepting Sc with a scattered series of small trichia on distal
section of R-. Venation: Outer medial branches delicate and
faint, as compared with those of the outer radial field; Sc1
ending shortly beyond the level of r-m; R1 + 2 about twice R2;
R2+a + 4 and R., subequal; a short spur extending into cell R
near the junction of veins r-m and M14,; cell 1st M2 rectangu-
lar, subequal in length to the distal section of M ~ ; m-cu close
to the fork of M.

Abdominal tergites bicolored, obscure yellow, the incisures
dark brown, more extensive on the basal rings, proximal seg-
ments more uniformly darkened ; sternites extensively darkened,
with obscure yellow lateral areas. Ovipositor very long, espe-
cially the straight slender cerci ; genital shield dull orange.

Habitat. CENTRAL EAST INDIA. Holotype: $, Jeypore
(Jaipur), Orissa, 1,775 feet, September 1958 (Susai Nathan).
Paratopotype: 5-

He.vatoma (Erioccra ) tcrcbrina is most similar to species
such as H. (£.) calic/inosa (Brunetti) and H. (E.) terebrella
new species, differing evidently in the coloration of the body
and legs, and in the very long cerci.

244 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1960

Note on Corixidae Occurring at Black Light Traps
(Hemiptera: Heteroptera)

By I. LANSBURY, F.R.E.S., Hope Dept. of Entomology,

Oxford, England

Through the courtesy of Associate Professor John T. Medler
of the University of Wisconsin, I have been privileged to ex-
amine a collection of Corixidae taken in black light traps at
Arlington Experimental Farms near Madison. The Corixids
were sampled from about 30,000 specimens collected over the
period August 23-September 6, 1959. The type of traps in use
were portable 15, 6 and 4 watt black light traps running off
batteries. The traps were situated in corn and alfalfa fields.
The nearest habitats from which the Corixids could have
emanated were at least half a mile away. The following species
of Corixidae were found to be present :

Male? Females

Trichocorixa kanza Hungerford .1

Trichocorixa calva (Say) 1

Trichocorixa naias (Kirkaldy) 42 61

Sigara altemata (Say) 68 84

Sigara grosslineata Hungerford 4 1

Sigara decoratella (Hungerford) 4 1 1

Sigara decorata (Abbott) 10 11

Hesperocorixa vulgaris (Hungerford) 17 17

Rhaphocorixa acuminata (Uhler) 1 1

Cenocorixa sp. 3

T. kansa, T. calva, T. naias, S. altemata, S. grosslineata, S.
decoratella and H. vulgaris have all previously been recorded
from Wisconsin, by Hungerford (Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull. 32:
1-827, 1948). The other species do not appear to have been
recorded from Wisconsin. However, the occurrence of .S. deco-
rata, R. acuminata and Cenocorixa is not unexpected as they
have all been recorded from adjacent states by Hungerford, I.e.
The sex ratios of the abundant species show a remarkable
degree of equality, the differences are not statistically significant.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 245

A Packet of Fleas from Alaska
By C. ANDRESEN HUBBARD, Tigard 23, Oregon

This packet of fleas from Alaska was collected by the north-
west's leading mammalogist, Dr. Murray Johnson, surgeon of
Tacoma, Washington, during September of 1958 at Igloo Cabin,
Mt. McKinley National Park and at Fort Yukon ; and during
September of 1959 at Kivalina. Geographically, Kivalina is on
the northwest coast, overlooking Chukchi Sea and Siberia, and
is separated by about 550 miles of Brooks Range from Fort
Yukon in the east, with Mt. McKinley National Park to the
south by about 200 miles. The three points, then, give a good
cross section of the state of Alaska and its fleas for at least the
month of September.

The packet reached the writer for determination during
September of 1960. It contained 220 specimens made up of
35 pairs of Catallagia d. fulleri; 29 males, 47 females of Mega-
bothris groenlandicus ; 16 males, 17 females of Peromyscopsylla
ostsibirica longiloba; 7 males, 8 females of Epitedia wenmanni;
5 males, 4 females of Megabothris c. gregsoni; 4 males of
Malaraeus penicilliger dissiinilis; 5 males, 7 females of Oropsylla
idahoensis; 1 male Ceratophyllus tundrensis and 1 male Cerato-
phyllus garci, taken off Redbacked and Meadow Mice, ground
squirrels, shrews and weasels ; the distribution as follows :

Fort Yukon, northeast Alaska, September 8-12, 1958.

From Microtus oeconomus (Meadow Mice) and Clethrionomys
rutilus (Redback Mice) a pool

Catallagia dacenkoi fulleri Holland 1951, 30 pairs
Megabothris groenlandicus (Wahlgren) 1903, 8 males, 18

females

Peromyscopsylla ostsibirica longiloba Jordan 1938, 10 pairs
Epitedia wcmnanni (Rothschild) 1904, 7 pairs
Malaraeus penicilliger dissimilis (Jordan) 1939, 3 males
Afegabothris calcarifer grcgsoni Holland 1950, 2 males, 4

females.

246 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., 1960

Mt. McKinley National Park, Igloo Cabin, south central Alaska

September 12, 1958.

From Clethrionomys rutilus (Redback Mice) a pool

Peromyscopsylla ostsibirica longiloba (Jordan) 1939, 6 pairs
Catallagia d. julleri Holland 1951, 4 males, 1 female
Megabothris grocnlandicus (Wahlgren) 1903, 9 females
Megabothris c. gregsoni Holland 1950, 1 male.

From Citellus undulatus ablusus (Ground squirrel; 2 specimens
Oropsylla idahocnsis (Baker) 1904, 5 males, 7 females.

From Sorex obscurus (Shrew) 2 specimens

Catallagia d. julleri Holland 1951, 1 male.
Peroni\scopsylla ostsibirica longiloba (Jordan) 1939, 1 fe-
male.

Kivalina. northwest coast of Alaska, September 7-10, 1959

From Microtus oeconomus (Meadow Mice) a pool

Megabothris grocnlandicus (Wahlgren) 1903, 7 males, 9

females
Malaraetis peniciUiger dissimilis Jordan 1938, 1 male.

From Microtus miurus (Meadow Mice) a pool

Megabothris grocnlandicus (Wahlgren) 1903, 12 males, 10

females
Megabothris c. gregsoni Holland 1950, 2 males.

From Mustela rixosa eskimo (Weasel) 1 specimen

Megabothris grocnlandicus (Wahlgren) 1903, 2 males, 1

female

Megabothris c. gregsoni Holland 1950, 1 pair
Epitedia wenmanni (Rothschild) 1904, 1 female
Ceratophyllus tundrcnsis (Holland) 1944, 1 male.

From Mustela erminea (Weasel) 1 specimen
Ceratophyllus garci Rothschild 1902, 1 male.

The determinations above have been verified by Frans Smit
of the British Museum and by George Holland of the Canadian
National Museum. Since the writer no longer possesses a

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 247

collection of fleas the packet will be evenly divided between the
United States National Museum, the British Museum and the
Canadian National Museum.

Remarks : The flea listed here as Megabothris groenlandicus
seems to the writer to be very closely related to those taken in
hundreds by Dr. C. Wesley Clanton off Lagurus in central
Washington and in small numbers by the writer off Lagurus in
northeastern California and northwestern Nevada and described
by the writer as Megabothris clantoni clantoni, Megabothris c.
johnsoni and Megabothris princci. It seems likely that each of
these may only be a subspecies of M. groenlandicus. During
Dr. Clanton's studies the Lagurus were definitely found to be
plague positive by the Plague Suppressive Measures Laboratory
at San Francisco. Since this Megabothris was practically the
only flea the Lagurus carried, it suggests the flea might be a
vector of plague and could be a danger from northern California
and Nevada, north through Oregon and Washington, through
British Columbia, all through Alaska and eastward through
northern Canada into Greenland from where it was originally
described.

The large numbers of Catallagia charlotensis, Megabothris
groenlandicus and Peromyscopsylla o. longiloba in the packet
suggest that early Fall might be the period of emergence of
these fleas.

As early as 1939 Jellison and Kohls of the Rocky Mountain
Laboratory at Hamilton, Montana listed 17 species and sub-
species of fleas from the territory.

This is the first of a series of papers to be written and pub-
lished by the writer under National Science Foundation grant
B8645. "

REFERENCES

HOLLAND, G. The Siphonaptera of Canada, 1949, Canadian Department

of Agriculture publication 817.
HUBBARD, C. A. Fleas of Western North America, 1947, Iowa State

College Press, Ames, Iowa.
JELLISON and KOHLS. A List of Alaskan Fleas, 1939, U.S.P.H.S. 54: 45.

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

DECEMllEIt 191*0

Vol. LXXI No. 10

CONTENTS

Froeschner — Review of the genus Katakadia 249

Bellinger — Adaptive coloration in Collembola 254

Muesebeck — New reared species of Rogas

Raff — Two species of Odonata from Pennsylvania 262

Hays — Silvius atitlanensis sp. nov. and other Tabanidae 263

DeLeon — An undescribed Phytoseius from Florida and Mexico 269

Chant — An unusual instance of phoresy in Acarina . . 270

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[Dec., 1960

FIG. 1. Ka/iikitdia caliginosus (Walker) general habitus, dorsal view.

E. H. Froeschner, del.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LXXI DECEMBER, 1960 No. 10

Review of the Genus Katakadia Distant
(Hemiptera: Cydnidae)*

By RICHARD C. FROESCHNER, Montana State College,
Bozeman, Montana, U. S. A.

Distant proposed Katakadia for Aethus caliginosus Walker
from Malaya and reported a second specimen from the same
country.

In the present paper the genus is redefined in the light of
recent evaluations of structural characters and a third specimen,
the first male (the allotype), is reported.

The tarsal development, marginal and submarginal setigerous
punctures of head, thorax and abdomen and the trichobothrial
arrangement easily place Katakadia in the subfamily Cydninae
as limited in my study of the species of the family for the West-
ern Hemisphere (Froeschner, in press, in Proc. United States
Nat. Mus.).

Genus KATAKADIA Distant
1899 Katakadia Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4 : 220.

DIAGNOSIS : The unusual shape of the head (postocular part
prolonged into a converging "neck" which is about one-sixth

* Contribution from Montana State College, Agricultural Experiment
Station, M. S. 38, paper 499, Journal Series.

National Science Foundation Grant No. G7118 made it possible for the
author to visit European Museums containing collections critical to this
and other studies on the genera and species of the family Cydnidae. The
material on which this paper is based belongs to the British Museum of
Natural History ; and it is with sincere thanks that I gratefully acknowl-
edge the help of Dr. China and his staff who made my study period at
that institution a most pleasant and profitable one.

(249)

250 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1960

longer than that of the preocular part) and the placement of the
ocelli sublaterally and postmedially on the neck (separated from
the eye by a space about two-thirds or more of the greatest
length of an eye), or the very deep (almost one-third of overall
pronotal length), bluntly V-shaped emargination in the anterior
margin of the pronotum will separate this genus from any other
in the family.

DESCRIPTION : Because there is only one species known for
this genus the selection of truly generic features is difficult.
However, experience with other genera suggests that the fol-
lowing might have that status : shape oval, sides subparallel.

Head: (figs. 3, 6) anteriorly a flattened semicircle, emarginate
apically where juga are broadly contiguous anterior to clypeus ;
latter with a pair of strongly anteapical setigerous punctures ;
postocular part of head prolonged into a converging "neck,"
postmedially on which are the ocelli ; ocellus separated from the
eye by a space at least two-thirds as long as an eye; juga with
a submarginal row of setigerous punctures, the setae of which
are short, thick and blunt near apex of head and longer and
more slender laterally ; antennae five-segmented ; labium reach-
ing midcoxae, segment II compressed but without a semicircular
foliaceous lobe.

Pronotum: length about half width; anterior margin very
deeply and bluntly V-emarginate (fig. 1); posterior margin
broadly and weakly convex, distinctly emarginate laterally.
Scutellum: slightly longer than wide, abundantly punctate.
Hemelytron: areas clearly defined; membrane about one-third
of hemelytral length. Propleuron: prosternal carinae about half
as high as labial II, enclosing a broad, deep basin which broadens
apically. Mesopleuron: (as illustrated, fig. 4) evaporatorium
extensive, reaching to deep fovea in postero-lateral angle, leav-
ing the anterior lateral angle polished but coarsely punctate ;
posterior margin distinctly crenulate. RIctciplcuron: (as illus-
trated, fig. 4) evaporatorium reaching three-fourths across scler-
ite, apex nearly straight, oblique ; lateral polished area with
about eight to ten distinct punctures ; osteole opening posteriorly
under ledge, basad of a short hook ; peritreme dull, weakly con-

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 251

vex, ending abruptly and obliquely ; anterior to apex of peri-
treme is a flattened, strongly bilobed or trilobed process shown
on fag. 4.

Sternites: visible segments I-IV of male distinctly narrowed
medially, their combined midlengths subequal to midlength of
V ; of female I-III narrowed medially, IV not narrowed but not
as long as V ; posterior margins laterally with prominent den-
ticulations. Legs: anterior tibiae (fig. 5) flattened, with 9-10
strong spines on dorsal margin; hind tibiae (fig. 7) slightly
widened and flattened or weakly concave, on unspined anterior
face. Terminalia: male genital capsule opening dorsally; female
genital plates of the usual pentatomoid type.

TYPE OF GENUS : Aethus caliginosus Walker, monobasic.

DISTRIBUTION : The type and two other known specimens
were collected on the west coast of the Malayan peninsula.

Katakadia caliginosus (Walker) (fig. 1)

1867 Aethus caliginosus Walker, Catal. Hemip. Brit. Mus.,

1: 161.

1899 Katakadia caliginosus Distant, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist., 4:
220.

DIAGNOSIS : recognized as being the only species within the
genus.

DESCRIPTION : (based on one male and two females; measure-
ments given in millimeters). Male: oval.

Head: length: width: : 1.49: 1.69; interocular width 1.04; sur-
face strongly longitudinally depressed on either side between
eye and base of slightly elevated and partly transversely rugose
clypeus ; juga and vertex coarsely and mostly contiguously rugo-
punctate; juga ventrally polished and impunctate ; antennal seg-
ments I, 0.46: II, 0.29: III, 0.46: IV, 0.59: V, 0.70; labial seg-
ments: I, 0.78: II, 0.96: III, 0.84: IV, 0.56; bucculae as high
as labial II, enclosing basal half of labial I.

Pronotum: anterior emargination very deep, nearly one-third
of pronotal length when measured to apices of antero-lateral
angles; length of pronotum along midline : width :: 2.17: 4.35 ;
lateral margins gradually converging from base, more abruptly

252 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1960

and convexly so in apical third, with a submargirla' row O1
twelve setigerous punctures ; transverse impress1011 obsolete, its
lateral ends marked by a broad, shallow, sunFen depression;
entire surface, except edges of calli, with abuncan^ very close-
set strong punctures, these coarsest at anterior angles and gen-
erally becoming finer toward posterior margln- bcutellum:
length: width: : 2.85: 2.40; surface with abundant' close-set punc-
tures, these finer on apical fourth. Hemelytr?n: costal edge,
corium (including "veins") and clavus with crowcled, coarse,
shallow punctures ; costa with 4 setigerous punctures ; mem-
branal suture weakly convex, strongly recurved laterally ; mem-
brane shining golden brown, slightly longer tha11 wide, reaching
to tip of abdomen. Propleuron: polished, wi"1 a iew coarse
punctures in depression posterior to coxae an(1 numerous
crowded coarse ones on both anterior convexity anci acetabulum ;
prosternal carinae about half as high as labial I1- Mesoplcuron
and Metapleuron: as illustrated and defined fc*r genus.

Sternites: except for posteriorly-converging polished mid line,
with numerous crowded, coarse punctures (sir11"3-1" t° those of
exocorium). Terminatta: genital capsule in posterior view as
high as wide, apical margin entire, slightly cc*nvex on median
third ; surface with crowded shallow puncture'8 '•> gonostylus as
illustrated (fig. 2). Length of Body: 7.80.

FEMALE: similar to males but measurement3 a little larger.
Head: length : width :: 1.62 (1.56-1.69) : 1.82 (1-82-1.82) ; inter-
ocular width, 1.10 (1.10-1.10) ; antennals, I, C}-43 (0.43-0.43) :
II, 0.30 (0.30-0.30): III, 0.48 (0.46-0.50) :IV' °-60 (XXX-
0.60) :V, 0.73 (XXX-0.73) ; labials, I, 0.83 (0.80-0.86) : II,
1.12 (1.03-1.22): III, 0.90 (0.90-XXX) : JV' °-60 (°-6°-
XXX). Pronotum: length : width :: 2.55 (2.55-2.56) :4.94
(4.93^.95). Scutellum: length : width :: 3.26 (3.23-3.30) : 2.84
(2.84-2.85). Length of Body: 8.40 (8.33-8 ^6)-

TYPE DATA: Personal examination of the tyPe female from
"Malacca," Malaya in the British Museum of Natural History
leaves no room for doubt concerning the identity °f tnis species ;
the allotype (designated here), the male described in this paper,
is also housed in the above institution.

Ixxi]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

253

SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Besides the type mentioned above,
the author examined two other specimens in the British Mu-
seum: the Perak, Malaya, specimen reported by Distant (1899:
220) and one male, allotype, labeled "Malaya, Kuala Lampur,
nr. L. Gardens, coll. H. M. Pendlebury, 12-8-1933."

FIG. 2.
FIG. 3.
FIG. 4.
FIG. 5.
FIG. 6.
FIG. 7.

5

^i

7

Katakadia caliginosus (Walker).

Right male gonostylus, mesal view with apical projection.

Head and labium, lateral view.

Mesopleuron and metapleuron, ventral view.

Anterior tibia and tarsus, anterior view.

Head, dorsal view.

Posterior tibia and tarsus, posterior view.

DISCUSSION : From the above it is evident that this species is
known only from the western coastal states of the Malaya Fed-
eration.

For a species as large as this one, it is surprising that only
two specimens have been reported in the more than ninety years
since it was first made known to science. Perhaps its habits
are such that it seldom ventures into the sight of man.

254 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1960

Walker's original description is misleading in the statement
"Thorax with a well-defined transverse furrow which is some-
what nearer to the hind border than to the fore border." Ex-
amination of the type gave no clue as the transverse furrow is
mostly virtually absent ; perhaps parts of two descriptions were
confused there.

Possible Adaptive Coloration in Poduroid
' Collembola x

By PETER F. BELLINGER, Biology Department,
San Fernando Valley State College

There is considerable evidence that Collembola of the super-
family Poduroidea are distasteful. Not all predators are re-
pelled by them; for instance, Schaller (1949) found the beetle
Notiophilus biguttatus feeding on Hypogastrura bengtssoni.
However, several animals which regularly eat Collembola have
been seen to reject members of this group. The most detailed
reports are those of Lipovsky (1951), who observed that trom-
biculid mites would eat Entomobryidae but not poduroids, and
Wilson (1950) on the dacetine ant Strumigenys louisianae,
which ate a variety of isotomid and entomobryid Collembola but
refused Neanura muscorum and Hypogastrura sp.

I have found no records of predation on, or avoidance of,
members of the Pseudachorutinae, but it is very likely that they
are also distasteful. The larger members of the subfamily react
to irritation or injury by "reflex bleeding," releasing hemo-
lymph through weak points in the cuticle. The same phenome-
non is known in onychiurid Collembola, which have special
openings (pseudocelli) through which hemolymph escapes.
Dacetine ants also refuse onychiurids (Brown, 1950). Reflex
bleeding appears to be a defense mechanism ; almost all the

1 The collections on which this note is based were made with the
assistance of a grant from the Nuffield Foundation.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 255

species in which it has been reported are unable to escape by
leaping, as other Collembola might. Knowledge of this phe-
nomenon is summarized by Paclt (1956) who also records
other known predators of Collembola.

Most poduroids, except for the white subterranean forms, are
rather uniformly colored and unpatterned, except for counter-
shading. This is true of the common, widespread Jamaican
forms : species of Xenylla and Brachystomclla, and a large, flat
Pseudachorutes which exhibits reflex bleeding. However, a
number of forms have been found which are conspicuously
marked with white. These include a Hypogastrura, blue with
a white dorsum, and at least five species of Pseudachorutes; in
the latter the white markings may be dorsal lines or patches, or
rings around the body, and an extreme form is all white except
for the blue anterior and posterior ends. (The colors may have
been altered in alcohol, but the patterns have been seen in living
specimens and probably do not change.)

These conspicuously marked forms have only been found in
very damp localities. The great majority of the records is from
localities in the mist forest in the Blue Mountains or John Crow
Mountains, in habitats where the rainfall is very heavy and the
atmosphere is constantly at or near the saturation point. Here
several species have been seen on the surface of the ground or
on vegetation in daylight. This is rather unusual for poduroids,
which have a very thin cuticle and no scales or long setae, and
die of desiccation at low humidities. In other parts of Jamaica
they have not been seen on the surface, but remain in the soil
or litter, where the humidity is high, except perhaps at night.

It is suggested that the contrasting patterns of these forms are
examples of warning coloration, advertising the distasteful
nature of the animals. The distribution of the forms appears to
coincide with the zone of constant, high humidity, where it is
possible for them to spend considerable time on the surface
where they are visible. It is further suggested that these forms
constitute a group of Mullerian mimics. The differences in
pattern are probably not too important ; the animals are very
small, and all have the center of the body white dorsallv, differ-

256 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1960

ing only in the extent of the white areas. Schmidt (1958) has
shown that even a general resemblance in dominant pattern
characteristics between two forms will cause a potential predator
to react similarly to them.

It is unfortunate that no animals were actually seen to feed
on Collembola in Jamaica. The fauna of the mist forest does,
however, include a variety of potential predators, notably small
frogs (Elcutherodactylus) and staphylinid beetles.

These hypotheses should be tested by observations and ex-
periments which I am unable to carry out in my present loca-
tion. Pseudachorutinae with conspicuous white or yellow mark-
ings have been described from other parts of the world, includ-
ing the United States (Pseudachorutes aureofasciatus) and
Africa, and someone who is more favorably situated may be
able to pursue the matter.

LITERATURE CITED

BROWN, W. L., JR. 1950. Supplementary notes on the feeding of dace-
tine ants. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 45 : 87-89.
LIPOVSKY, L. G. 1951. Collembola as food for chiggers (Acarina,

Trombiculidae). Jour. Parasitol. 37: 324-326.
PACLT , J. 1956. Biologic der primar flugellosen Insekten. Jena,

Fischer.
SCHALLER, F. 1949. Notiophilns biguttatus F. (Coleopt.) und Japy.v

solifugus Haliday (Diplur.) als spezielle Collembolenrauber. Zool.

Jahrb., Abt. Syst. 78 : 294-296.
SCHMIDT, R. S. 1958. Behavioural evidence on the evolution of Bate-

sian mimicry. Animal Behav. 6 : 129-138.
WILSON, E. O., JR. 1950. Notes on the food habits of Strumigenys

louisianae Roger (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Bull. Brooklyn Ent.

Soc. 45 : 85-86.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 257

New Reared Neotropical Species of Rogas Nees
(Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

By C. F. W. MUESEBECK, U. S. National Museum,
Washington, D. C.

The Neotropical species of Rogas are mostly undescribed.
Recently I received specimens of a new species from Nicaragua
that had been reared from Laphygma frugiperda and for which
a name is needed. This species is described here, together with
three other new forms that are represented in the National
Museum collection by good series of reared specimens.

Rogas vaughani, new species

From the more common R. laphygmae Viereck, which parasi-
tizes the earlier instars of the same host, this species differs
strikingly in its black head, in its enormous eyes, with resultant
short malar space and narrow face, and in having the radiellan
cell widening apically.

Female. Length about 6 mm. Head strongly transverse;
temple only about one-fourth as wide as eye ; eyes much longer
than greatest width of face ; malar space about half as long as
first segment of antennal flagellum ; ocellocular line and post-
ocellar line one-half the longest diameter of a lateral ocellus ;
face and clypeus very finely rugulose ; frons, vertex and temples
delicately shagreened ; third and fourth segments of maxillary
palpus conspicuously thickened ; antennae normally 43- to 48-
segmented.

Mesoscutum finely shagreened and subopaque ; notauli very
weak although complete and ending in a quadrate rugulose area
behind the middle lobe ; side of pronotum not sculptured in front
of impression ; mesopleuron smooth and polished except for a
finely rugulose area just below tegula; propodeum finely rugu-
lose and dull, the median longitudinal carina very weak and
sometimes distinct only at extreme base. Second cubital cell of
forewing not noticeably narrowing outwardly, and its height not
greater than extreme width of radial cell ; second abscissa of
radius more than twice as long as the first, the third not dis-

258 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1960

tinctly more than twice the second ; nervulus postfurcal by more
than twice its length ; mediella and lower abscissa of basella
subequal ; radiellan cell widening conspicuously toward apex of
wing.

First and second tergites finely longitudinally rugulose and
with a median longitudinal carina ; the first tergite fully as wide
at caudal margin as long ; the second with a narrowly transverse,
sharply margined and polished plate at base ; the third weakly
roughened basally; remainder of abdomen smooth. Ovipositor
sheath slightly longer than second segment of hind tarsus.

Reddish yellow ; head black ; antennae black ; palpi piceous ;
wings hyaline, the stigma and veins very dark; middle tarsus
dusky ; apex of hind tibia and the hind tarsus blackish ; ovi-
positor sheath black.

Male. Essentially as in the female except that the abdomen
is usually somewhat piceous apically.

Type. U. S. National Museum No. 65047.

Type-locality. Managua, NICARAGUA.

Described from twelve females and 5 males reared by Mario
Vaughan R. in July, 1958, from nearly mature larvae of La-
phygma frugiperda (J. E. Smith).

Rogas fortis, new species

This belongs to the same section of the genus as the preceding
species, agreeing with that form in having a widening radiellan
cell and a smooth and polished transverse plate at the base of
the second tergite. It differs from vaughani especially in its
much smaller eyes and wider face, in its slender maxillary palpi,
in its completely sculptured mesopleuron and its largely yellow
antennae.

Female. Length about 7.5 mm. Face broader than eye height
and strongly transversely rugulose ; transverse diameter of open-
ing between clypeus and mandibles greater than distance from
this opening to eye ; temple about two-thirds as wide as eye ;
malar space longer than first segment of antennal flagellum ;
ocellocular line at least as long as longest diameter of an ocellus,
postocellar line shorter ; frons and vertex rather strongly rugu-

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 259

lose, temples more weakly so; antennae 58- to 63-segmented
in the specimens examined.

Lobes of mesoscutum finely shagreened; notauli sharply im-
pressed and foveolate, ending in a coarsely rugose area behind
middle lobe ; side of pronotum entirely rugose ; mesopleuron and
metapleuron rugulose punctate; propodeum rugose and with a
median longitudinal carina that is sometimes weak or indistinct
on posterior declivity. Inner calcarium of hind tibia as long as
second tarsal segment. Second cubital cell not noticeably nar-
rowing outwardly, its height at least as great as greatest width
of radial cell ; second abscissa of radius twice as long as first but
decidedly less than half as long as third ; nervulus postfurcal by
a little more than its length ; mediella conspicuously longer than
lower abscissa of basella; radiellan cell widening toward apex
of wing.

First and second tergites strongly longitudinally rugulose, the
first as long as wide on caudal margin and with a complete
median longitudinal carina; second tergite with the median
carina strong at base but becoming weaker apically and usually
incomplete ; third tergite finely longitudinally aciculate on basal
half, coriaceous beyond, and without a median carina. Ovi-
positor sheath about as long as second segment of hind tarsus.

Reddish brown ; head black or blackish ; antenna with scape
and pedicel black, basal two-thirds of flagellum yellow and apical
third piceous ; thorax often varied with black and occasionally
largely black; wings hyaline, stigma dark; legs entirely red or
yellowish red.

Male. Like the female except that the thorax is usually
mostly or entirely black and the abdomen is usually blackish
beyond the third tergite ; also the antennal flagellum is less ex-
tensively yellow.

Type. — U. S. National Museum No. 65048.

Type-locality. Montivideo, URUGUAY.

Described from thirteen females and six males reared by
H. L. Parker at the type locality from the armyworm, Pseuda-
letia unipuncta (Haworth) ; and two females labeled as having
been reared from an unidentified noctuid, also by Dr. Parker
at Montivideo.

260 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1960

Rogas conformis, new species

In structure and sculpture this form seems to agree completely
with fortis, described just above ; but it differs strikingly in its
black legs and black antennal flagellum.

Female. Length about 7.5 mm. Remarkably similar to fortis
in structure and sculpture of head, thorax and abdomen and in
details of wing venation ; but the antennae are completely black,
all femora and tibiae are black, and the hind tarsi are more or
less infuscated.

Male. Essentially like the female.

Type. U. S. National Museum No. 65049.

Type-locality. "About 20 kilometers west of Montivideo,
between Punta Yeguas and Punta Espanillo."

Described from six females and one male from the type local-
ity, reared from Farontia albilinea (Hbn.) by H. L. Parker in
1944 ; and two females and one male reared by Dr. Parker from
Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.) at Montivideo, Uruguay together
with R. fortis.

Rogas gossypii, new species

This species is exceedingly similar to laphygmae Viereck and
it is sometimes not easily distinguished. On the basis of speci-
mens examined in this study, however, the two species can be
separated by the number of antennal segments : laphygmae nor-
mally has 33- to 36-segmented antennae, whereas in gossypii the
antennae are 38- to 41-segmented. Other differences, as in the
size of the ocelli, in the relative length of the second cubital cell,
and in the extent to which the nervulus is postfurcal, are good
but they are subtle and difficult to use without material of both
species for comparison.

Female. Length about 5 mm. Face not wider than eye
height ; temple strongly receding, less than half as wide as eye ;
malar space longer than first segment of antennal flagellum;
diameter of opening between clypeus and mandibles shorter than
distance from this opening to eye ; face very finely shagreened ;
frons, vertex and temples coriaceous ; ocellocular line not or

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 261

barely longer than longest diameter of an ocellus; postocellar
line usually little more than half the diameter of an ocellus;
antennae 39- to 41 -segmented in the specimens examined.

Mesoscutum sculptured like face except for a rugose area be-
hind middle lobe; notauli distinct anteriorly, not distinct poste-
riorly ; side of pronotum rugose ; mesopleuron and metapleuron
finely, closely, granularly sculptured ; propodeum finely rugulose
and with a well developed median longitudinal carina. Anterior
wing with second cubital cell longer than in laphygmae, the
second abscissa of radius at least twice as long as first ; nervulus
more strongly postfurcal than in laphygmae, its distance from
basal vein being one and one-half to two times its length;
radiellan cell not broadening apically, poorly defined; mediella
a little longer than lower abscissa of basella.

Abdomen with tergites 1, 2 and 3 longitudinally rugoso-
striate, each of them with a median longitudinal carina, that on
the third fading out caudad ; fourth tergite sculptured but much
more weakly than the third; fifth and following smooth. Ovi-
positor sheath as long as second segment of hind tarsus.

Honey yellow; antennae above and the stemmaticum a little
darkened ; wings hyaline, the stigma yellow but sometimes with
a dusky blotch at the middle.

Male. Essentially like the female. Antennae of the speci-
mens examined 38- to 40-segmented.

Type. U. S. National Museum No. 65050.

Type-locality. Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, BRAZIL.

Described from 2 females and 2 males from the type locality,
reared by E. J. Hambleton, March, 1936, from Alabama argil-
lacea (Hbn.) ; 4 females and 1 male reared by Mr. Hambleton
from the same host at Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil ; 8 females
and 15 males reared from A. argillacea at Maracay, Venezuela
by F. Fernandez in August, 1945 ; 2 females reared from A.
argillacea at Armero, Colombia in June, 1938, by V. Velasco
L. ; and many specimens of both sexes labeled as reared from
Anomis sp. on cotton in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, in
January and February, 1883 ; also 5 from Anomis sp. on cotton
at Chimbote, Peru, reared by H. D. Dusters in May, 1927.

262 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1960

Two Species of Odonata not Previously Recorded

from Pennsylvania

By RUDOLF A. RAFF, Pittsburgh

During the 1959 collecting season, I had the good fortune
of obtaining specimens of two species not previously reported
from Pennsylvania. Mr. and Mrs. George H. Beatty of State
College were kind enough to confirm my determinations and
to provide me with the information that these species were
indeed previously unreported in the state.

Enallagma basidens Calvert

On May 28, 1959, I took one male of this species in the tall
grasses at the edge of a small pond near Pitcairn, Allegheny
County. Subsequent search at the same pond failed to produce
any further specimens until July 3, 1959, when a mated pair
was taken in the sparse vegetation on the stony bank of a
larger pond a few yards away. A third male (teneral) was
found June 28, 1959, near a roadside ditch outside of Ligonier,
Westmoreland County.

The Pitcairn locality consists of two ponds separated by
an old railroad fill and surrounded by secondary scrub including
maple, elm, and black locust. Apparently these ponds are main-
tained by rain only, since the stream which originally supplied
them has been blocked off. In late May, Ennalagma antenna-
turn Say, Ischnura •uerilcalls Say, and Ischnura posita Hagen
are extremely common in the weeds fringing these ponds.

Nasiaeschna pentacantha Rambur

A single male naiad (40 mm.) was collected by Mr. C. G.
Vassilaros in French Creek, Mercer County in June, 1957. I
am indebted to Mr. Vassilaros for his gift of this specimen to me.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 263

Silvius atitlanensis sp. nov. and Notes on Other

Species of Tabanidae (Diptera) from

Guatemala, Especially from Tikal,

El Peten

By KIRBY L. HAYS x
INTRODUCTION

The central American area encompassing Guatemala, Hon-
duras, and the Yucatan is of considerable interest to the student
of the Tabanidae because of the overlap of nearctic and neo-
tropical faunas in that region. The area is tremendously varied
ecologically and provides habitat niches for a variety of species.
Furthermore, the tabanid fauna of this locale is represented
largely from incidental collections, and little is known of the
ecological requirements of the described species.

This paper is based upon specimens collected by Drs. T. H.
Hubbell and I. J. Cantrall in four widely separated areas of
Guatemala during the period of February through mid-May,
1956. The author is indebted to those gentlemen for the oppor-
tunity to study this material, all in the University of Michigan
Museum of Zoology, and for the field notes relating to it. He
also wishes to express his appreciation of the help furnished by
Dr. C. B. Philip of the Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton,
Montana, in identifying certain specimens.

THE ENVIRONMENTS AND ASSOCIATED TABANIDAE

The four localities, Tikal, Poptun, Tiquisate, and Panajachel,
are widely separated and in different environments. Tikal is in
the heavy lowland forest area in north central Peten in the base
of the Yucatan Peninsula; Poptun is 75 miles SSE of Tikal in
the pine savannas ; Tiquisate is the large United Fruit Com-
pany banana plantation on the Pacific coast in the Department
of Escuintla; and Panajachel is on the north shore of Lake-
Atitlan in the highlands of the Department of Solola.

1 Contribution from the Department of Zoology-Entomology, Agricul-
tural Experiment Station, Auburn University, and the Museum )f Zool-
ogy, University of Michigan.

264 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1960

TIKAL : Tikal, probably the largest and most ancient of the
Mayan cities of the Old Empire period, is located 27 miles
northeast of Flores on Lake Peten in the Department of El
Peten. An excellent account of both the biotic and physical
environments in its vicinity is found in Stuart's (1958) paper.
Geologically the area is situated on a gently rolling limestone
plateau at an elevation of 715 feet. It is in the heart of an
unbroken forest. The two principal plant associations are a
high forest and a low forest. The ruins of the city of Tikal are
located in the high forest. The trees rise to heights of 150 feet
and undergrowth is sparse. There are occasional shallow pools
of water called "aguadas," which disappear during the dry sea-
son, leaving the area without surface water. The low forest
areas ("bajos") are located in extensive flats which are often
flooded during the rainy season. In the bajos the tree growth
reaches a height of about 50 feet, and the almost impenetrable
undergrowth is composed of shrubs, vines, and palms of many
species, many of them armed with vicious spines. Most of the
collecting was done in the vicinity of the air strip clearing, the
base camp, and along trails in the high forest in the vicinity
of the ruins. The camp was located on the rim of an aguada
(apparently banked and deepened by the Mayas), which was
rather densely filled with shrubs, sedges, and herbage. This
aguada became dry in May. The following species of Tabanidae
were collected in this environment.

Chrysops scalarata Bell. 12 5 specimens collected between
March 15 and April 12, 1956, in open high forest around ruins,
in bushy margins of the air strip bordering a bajo, along sunny
forest trails, and around edges of the aguada at camp. None
taken at light.

Chrysops variegata (DeGeer). 2 5 taken February 20 and
March 7, 1956, one in a Panicum area in the margin of the
aguada at camp, the other along a sunny trail in the high forest
near the ruins.

Esenbeckia illota Will. 6 $ taken between March 16 and
April 6, 1956, mostly along the edge of dense brush bordering
the camp clearing, between 6:40 and 7:40 P.M. Two speci-
mens came to light.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 265

Scione aurulans (Wied.). 16 5 taken between February 28
and March 13, 1956, in parts of the high forest area where
there is much undergrowth, along trails, in the camp clearing,
and around the ruins. This series shows considerable variation
in the extent of the dark abdominal markings.

Lepiselaga crassipcs (Babr.). 11 $ taken between February
20 and May 18, 1956, in areas of heavy, shrubby, undergrowth
around the margin of the camp and airstrip clearings, around
the aguada, and in the high forest near the ruins.

Chlorotabanus mexicanus (Linn.). 8$ taken between March

1 and May 18, 1956, at light in camp on the embankment above
the aguada.

Leucotabanus canithora.v Fchld. 1 $ taken at camp March
10, 1956.
Diachlorus ferrugatus (Fabr.). 4 5 collected between March

2 and 29, 1956, in camp in vicinity of the aguada. Two taken
at light.

Tabamts subruber (Bell.). 2 2 collected on May 12 and 19,
1956, in the camp clearing not far from the aguada. The speci-
men taken May 19 has the first posterior cell narrowly open,
while that collected May 12 has a normally petiolate cell.

Tabanus lineola Fab. 5 $ collected between February 5 and
March 24, 1956, in camp clearing near the aguada, in the bushy
margins of the airstrip, and at light in camp.

POPTUN : Poptun is a small village about 13 miles from the
border of British Honduras in the Department of El Peten.
It lies on a plain dotted with low conical limestone hills and
occupied in part by a fairly extensive savanna, in part by an
open grassy pine forest. There are few permanent streams, but
scattered shallow depressions in the savanna contain water ex-
cept during the dry months. Most of the collecting here was
done in the open pine lands around the town, and in roadside
ditches along the border between the pinelands and the broad-
leaved tropical "high jungle" forests south of the village. The
following species of Tabanidae were collected.

CJirysops variegata (DeGeer). 1 J1 taken in pine savanna
near a small stream on the outskirts of the village, April 14,
1956.

266 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1960

Chrysops latifasciata Bell. A single 9 collected April 20,
1956 in a roadside ditch where the savanna gives place to the
tall tropical hardwood forest.

Tabanus defilippi Bell. 2 $ collected April 16, 1956, in short-
grazed weedy pasture bordered by open pinelands with scat-
tered dry mud pans.

TIQUISATE : An extensive banana plantation operated by the
United Fruit Company, located on the Pacific coastal plain in
the hot lowlands of the southwestern part of the Department
of Escuintla. Only a single species was collected here.

Tabanus carneus Bell. 1 J1 at light near the headquarters
May 9, 1956, at a point overlooking the sandy and gravelly
banks and open forest bordering the Rio Siquican.

PANAJACHEL: A small village on the north shore of the
steep-walled, volcano-surrounded Lake Atitlan, in the highlands
of the Department of Solola. The town, built on the coarse sandy
and gravelly outwash of the Rio Panajachel, is surrounded by
many small irrigated groves of coffee ("cafetales") in which
most of the collecting was done. The groves are rather open,
well shaded by taller trees, and with an herbaceous ground cover
most luxuriant in the vicinity of the irrigation ditches. Here
two species of tabanids were taken, one of them new.

Tabanus pruinosus (Bigot). Three males were taken during
night collecting in the cafetales between April 29 and May 1 1 ;
all were attracted to the collector's headlight after being dis-
turbed by the sweep-net.

Silvius atitlanensis sp. nov. Taken at Santa Marta, elevation
5,900-6,200 feet, on the slopes above Panajachel. Collected in
dry pine woods on a projecting point of land with heavy, bushy
undergrowth and a matted ground cover of bunch grass. Pas-
ture lands and cultivated fields were located nearby.

Silvius atitlanensis sp. nov. (Figure 1)

A slender yellowish and brown species with maculate wings,
accentuated spots dark brown ; antennae robust, flagellum and
scape of almost equal length ; frontal callus shaped like an in-
verted ace of spades. Except for the antennae, the species
appears similar to some species of Assipala.

Ixxi]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

267

.%/;.

• ^~r^^~ • 1

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FIG. 1

1. Wing, holotype.

2. Cephalic aspect of head, holotype.

3. Antenna, holotype.

4. Dorsal aspect of abdomen, holotype.

Holotype female, length 9 mm. Eyes (relaxed) similar to
S. quadrivittatus. Front about as high as basal width, divergent
beneath ; buff-yellow pollinose, denuded at the ocellar triangle,
three prominent yellow ocelli ; callosity large, shining brown,
shield-shaped, similar to an inverted ace-of-spades (as in some
Assipala), length and width equal, connected to ocellar triangle,
widely separated from eyes. Face and cheeks buff-yellow polli-
nose, beard sparse and concolorous ; two large, shining brown

268 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1960

calli around the apodemal pits, separated by a pollinose center
line. Antennae robust and shaggy with coarse black hairs;
length of scape and flagellum about equal ; scape and pedicel
yellowish-brown; flagellum orange brown, extreme base and
annulets black; plates of each annulus with prominent pseu-
dannulations. Palpi orange-brown, darkened laterally.

Dorsum of thorax yellowish-brown with four brown stripes
and sparse yellow hairs. Scutellum dark brown. Pleurae
brownish with faint gray pollen and mostly brownish hairs.
Legs light brownish, apices of tibiae and tarsi darker ; leg hairs
color of leg. Wings as figured (fig. 1). Halters dark brown,
lighter distally.

Dorsum of abdomen dark brownish and yellow. The first
two tergites yellow with dark bilobed markings medianly. Seg-
ments 3, 4, and 5, dark brown, bordered behind with yellow,
borders expanding mediad into a row of small yellow triangles,
some yellow encroaching laterally. Tergite 6 dark brown, 7
yellow. Dorsum with sparse golden hairs. Venter light brown,
darkened mediad, with sparse gray pollen laterally.

Holotype collected at Solola, Santa Marta, above Panajachel,
GUATEMALA on April 30, 1956, by T. H. Hubbell. The holo-
type is in the Museum of Zoology of the University of Michi-
gan, Ann Arbor.

This species will not key in Pechuman (1938) or Philip
(1954), but is easily recognizable because of the yellowish body
coloration and maculate wings and the almost equal length of
the scape and flagellum of the antennae. Philip (1958) believes
this species to be an annectant offshoot from the 5". quadrivittatus
group of which the previous fartherest south representative is
5". gibsoni from Monterrey, Mexico.

LITERATURE CITED

PECHUMAN, L. L. 1938. Canadian Entomologist 70: 165-171.
PHILIP, C. B. 1954. Rev. Brasil. Entomologia 2: 13-60.

-. 1958. Jour. Kansas Ent. Soc. 31 : 177-184.

— . 1958. Personal Communication.

STUART, L. C. 1958. Contr. Lab. Vert. Biol., Univ. Michigan, No. 75,
pp. 1-30.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 269

An Undescribed Phytoseius from Florida and
Mexico. (Acarina: Phytoseiidae)

By DONALD DE LEON, Erwin, Tennessee

In ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 70: 149, I listed Phytoseius plu-
mifcr (C. & F.) as occurring in Florida and in Mexico. This
listing is incorrect. Through the courtesy of Dr. D. A. Chant
I have had the opportunity of examining specimens of P. plu-
mijer taken from fig leaves shipped from Italy. The Phytoseius
collected in Florida and Mexico and identified as P. phimijer is
distinct from this species and is unnamed. It is described below.
All measurements are in microns.

Phytoseius mexicanus, n. sp.

P. mexicanus is closely related to P. plumifer (C. & F.), but
can be readily distinguished from that species by setae LI,
L5-L7, M2, and D1-D5 being much shorter and by other
characters.

FEMALE: Dorsal shield 257 long, 122 wide (ten specimens),
practically smooth, with sixteen pairs of setae of the following
lengths: LI 38, L2 14, L3 42, L4 14, L5 60, L6 74, L7 47-72;
Ml 9, M2 42-57; Dl 19, D2 12, D3 9, D4 9, D5 9, D6 7; SI
34-43, S2 17, VL1 44 ; L2, L4, Ml, D1-D5, and S2 smooth, the
others pectinate. Anterior ends of peritremata extending for-
ward to about Dl. Sternal shield with three pairs of setae;
genital shield 55 wide near caudal margin ; ventrianal shield
strongly waist-shaped, 81 long, 38 wide near anterior margin,
45 wide at about level of anus, with three pairs of preanals (in
one specimen two pairs), pores absent. Fixed digit with two
teeth near terminal hook, movable digit with a tooth at about
distal third and a minute tooth proximal of it ; metatarsus IV
with a macroseta 23 long; tarsus IV, excluding pretarsus,
94 long.

MALE: Resembles female, but median and most dorsal setae
longer (12-21) and L2 pectinate. Dorsal shield 200 long, 105
wide (three specimens). Spermatophore bearer L-shaped, the
"heel" with a pair of ear-like lobes, shaft 14 long, foot 8 long.

270 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1960

Holotype: Female, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas, January 15,
1957 (D. De Leon), from Cecropia peltata. Paratypes: one
male, three females, same data as for holotype ; four females,
one male, Key Largo, Florida, U. S. A., June 7, 1956 (F. W.
Mead and D. De Leon), from Callicarpa americana. Additional
specimens were collected from Guettarda scabra, Key Largo,
Fla., June 7, 1956 and in Mexico from Cordia boissieri and
Melochia tomentosa at Reynosa, Tarn., from Eriobotrya japonica
at Tamazunchale, S.L.P., and from Guasuma tomentosa at Vera-
cruz, Ver., all in December 1956. Paratypes will be deposited
in the University of Florida collections, Gainesville ; the type is
in the author's collection.

An Unusual Instance of Phoresy in Acarina

By D. A. CHANT, Entomology Research Institute for Biological

Control, Research Branch, Canada Department of

Agriculture, Belleville, Ontario

A culture of the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouche)
is maintained during the winter on turnips at the Entomology
Research Institute for Biological Control. In December, 1959,
nearly all the adult flies were infested with large numbers of a
mesostigmatid mite subsequently identified as Macrochelcs mer-
darius (Berlese). This species is common in dung in various
European countries but was not previously recorded from
North America.

The adult females of M. merdarins congregated on the puparia
in the maggot cultures and attached themselves to the young
flies as they emerged. Immature M. merdarius and males were
free-living in the vermiculite substrate of the culture. As many
as 60 adult mites were seen on one fly. Though they apparently
did not feed on the host, by sheer weight of numbers the flies
were prevented from normally developing and eventually be-
came distorted and died. This can be considered a truly pho-
retic relationship, though death resulted for one partner, because
the mites were not on the flies primarily to feed.

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 271

Macrochelids are well known to attach themselves to insects
for transportation (Hughes, 1959) and one species is known to
prey upon dipterous eggs in cultures (Baker & Wharton, 1951).

A second, unusual phoretic relationship was found in the
maggot cultures. On the dorsal shield of many M. merdarius
that were infesting the adult flies there were from one to four
acarid hypopi. They were identified as of the genus Histiostoma
of the family Anoetidae, but as adults were not found in the cul-
ture their specific identity cannot be determined.

The hypopus is a non-feeding stage adapted to clinging to
other animals that occurs in the development of several families
of mites. Its function is one of distribution (Hughes, loc. cit.}.
Hypopi are sometimes referred to as "wandernymphs" and have
been collected on many insects and other arthropods. They are
rarely found on other mites, but when they are it is usually
considered accidental. In the present instance the relationship
seemed to be real ; the hypopi were never found attached to the
flies themselves but only to M. merdarius.

Hughes surveyed much of the literature on phoresy by mites,
and on the hypopial stages of many species. He mentioned
several instances of mites being phoretic on other mites but
these were mostly of female scutacarids and nymphal uropodids
on various Mesostigmata.

All stages of Caloglyphus mycophagus Megn. (Acarina:
Acaridae) were common in the culture but apparently did not
enter into phoretic relationships with any of the other animals
present.

I am grateful to Dr. H. E. Welch of the above Institute for
drawing my attention to this unusual relationship, to Dr. E. W.
Baker, United States National Museum, Washington, D. C, for
identifying the anoetid, and to Dr. H. H. J. Nesbitt, Carleton
University, Ottawa, for identifying C. mycophagus.

LITERATURE CITED

BAKER, E. W., and WHARTON, G. W. 1952. An introduction to acarol-

ogy, Macmillan Co., New York.
HUGHES, T. E. 1959. Mites, or the Acari, Athlone Press, London.

EXCHANGES

This column is intended only for wants and exchanges, not for

advertisements of goods for sale or services rendered. Notices

not exceeding three lines free to subscribers.

These notices are continued as long as our limited space will allow;
the new ones are added at the end of the column, and, only when neces-
sary those at the top (being longest in) are discontinued.

Butterflies. Wish to exchange specimens for Japanese species. Please
write to Ichiro Nakamura (Boy, age 16), 26 Aza-Nichiyama Obayashi
Takarazuka-shi, Hyogo-Ken, Japan.

Phasmidae of nearctic area desired alive. Purchase or trade, drawing
on large stock of major orders, worldwide. Domminck J. Pirone, Dept
Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Nitidulidae and Rhizophagidae wanted in exchange for European bee-
tles of all families. O. Marek, Zamberk 797, Czechoslovakia.

Wanted and Needed. We are compiling a history of entomology, and
particularly, at present, of the amateur insect clubs that flourished 50 to
75 years ago. Will you who have knowledge of such early clubs or
societies advise me, giving facts on the time of existence, members, etc.,
which you may have. J. J. Davis, Dept. of Entomology, Purdue Uni-
versity, Lafayette, Indiana.

Cockroaches (Blattoidea) of Japan, Okinawa, Formosa (Taiwan),
and the Philippines are being studied in cooperation with Dr. K. Princis.
Loans of specimens from that area are desired. A. B. Gurney, U. S.
National Museum, Washington 25, D. C.

Orthoptera. Gryllinae (except domestic sp.) and Pyrgomorphinae
of the world wanted in any quantity for work in morphology, taxonomy,
cytology, and experimental biology; dry, or in fluid, or living. Write
D. K. Kevan and R. S. Bigelow, Dept. of Entomology, McGill University,
Macdonald College, Quebec, Canada.

INDEX TO VOLUME LXXI

(* Indicates new genera, names, etc.)

ALEXANDER, C. P. New exotic crane-flies (Tipulidae:

Diptera) Part I 15

Part II 237

BELLINGER, P. F. Possible adaptive coloration in poduroid
Collembola 254

BRESCIA, V. T. (See under Slifer, E. H.)
BROWN, W. L., JR. A new African ant of the genus Stru-
migenys, Tribe Dacetini 206

BURKS, B. D. The establishment of Brachymeria inter-
media (Nees) in North America (Hymenoptera, Chal-
cicidae) 62

CHANT, D. A. An unusual case of phoresy in Acarina . . . 270
(See also under Jorgensen, C. D.)

CLENCH, H. K. (See under Ehrlich, P. R.)

COOK, D. R. Two new species of Nautarachna from west-
ern North America (Acarina: Nautarachnidae) 227

COOK, E. F. The male of Chaoborus (Sayomyia) annu-
latus Cook 25, 79

CRABILL, R. E. Concerning the aberrant genus Nothobius,
with a redescription of its type species (Chilopoda: Geo-

philomorpha : Hymantariidae) 87

A remarkable form of sexual dimorphism in a centipede
(Chilopoda : Lithobiomorpha : Lithobiidae) 156

DARSIE, R. F., JR. (See under Florschutz, O.)

DELEON, D. An undescribed Phytoseius from Florida
and Mexico (Acarina : Phytoseiidae) 269

DENNIS, C. J. A new record of Cyrtolobus auroreus
Woodruff from Wisconsin (Homoptera) 27

DREISBACH, R. R. Two additional new species in the genus
Haploneurion (Hymenoptera: Psammocharidae) from
Chile with a key to the known species 117

(273)

274 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1960

EHRLICH, P. R. and H. K. CLENCH. A new subgenus and
species of Callophrys (s.l.) from the southeastern United
States (Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae) 137

EMERSON, K. C. A new species of Mallophaga from the
barred owl 169

EVANS, H. E. Further studies on the subgenus Xenopom-
pilus, including a first record of this group from the
United States (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) 165

FERGUSON, M. B. (See under Riegel, G. T.)

FLORSCHUTZ, O., JR. and R. F. DARSIE, JR. Additional
records of ectoparasites on Delaware mammals 45

FOOTE, R. H. A new tephritid genus, Rhagoletoides, with
notes on its distribution and systematic position (Dip-
tera : Tephritidae) 145

FREMLING, C. R. Subimaginal molt of Caenis hilaris (Say)
(Ephemeroptera : Caenidae) 14

FROESCHNER, R. C. Review of the genus Katakadia Dis-
tant (Hemiptera : Cydnidae) 249

GANG WERE, S. K. The feeding and culturing of Orthop-

tera in the laboratory 7, 37

The use of the mouthparts of Orthoptera during feeding 193

HAYS, K. L. Silvius atitlanensis sp. nov. and notes on other
species of Tabanidae (Diptera) from Guatemala, espe-
cially from Tikal, El Peten 263

HUBBARD, C. A. Fleas from Iraq 21

A packet of fleas from Alaska 245

JORGENSEN, C. D. and D. A. CHANT. A new species of
Typhlodromus (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) from Oregon 161

JUDD, W. W. Laelius utilis Cockerell (Hymenoptera:
Bethylidae) stinging a child at London, Ontario 104

KEMPF, W. W. Tranopeltoides Wheeler, a synonym of
Crematogaster Lund (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) .... 173

KNULL, J. N. A new subspecies of Cacoplia nebulosa
(Hald.) (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae) 116

Ixxi] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 275

KNULL, J. N., and D. J. KNULL. Observation on the be-
havior of some male Gypononi. (Homoptera: Cicadel-
lidae) 78

KORMONDY, E. J. New North American records of anisop-
terous Odonata 121

KROMBEIN, K. V. Biological notes on some Hymenoptera
that nest in sumach pith 29, 63

LANSBURY, I. Note on Corixidae occurring at black light
traps (Hemiptera : Heteroptera) 244

LARIVERS, I. Heleocoris farad jensis, a new species from
the Belgian Congo (Hemiptera: Naucoridae) 99

MACLEOD, E. G. Sexual differences in the proportions of
two-winged and four-winged individuals of Psectra dip-
tera (Burmeister), together with five new records (Neu-
roptera : Hermerobiidae) 231

McCoMB, C. W. Two new species of Aphaereta, with a
key to the nearctic species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) 175

McDERMOTT, F. A. A note on the genus Lucernuta Cas-
telnau and a new species (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) ... 81

LANHAM, U. N. A neglected diagnostic character of the
Apoidea (Hymenoptera) 85

MUESEBECK, C. F. W. New reared Neotropical species of
Rogas Nees (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) 257

PAPP, C. S. Distributional records on some North Ameri-
can beetles with remarks on their ecology in southern
California (Notes on North American Coleoptera, No.
9) 69

RAFF, R. A. Two species of Odonata not previously re-
corded from Pennsylvania 262

RAPP, W. F., JR. The genus Dermacentor (Ixodides) in
Nebraska 217

REINHARD, H. J. Change of generic name in Tachinidae
(Diptera) 103

276 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., 1960

RIEGEL, G. T. and M. B. FERGUSON. New State records of
Zoraptera 213

ROBINSON, M. Notes on a few Mexican Scarabaeidae
(Coleoptera) 105

SCHMIEDER, R. G. Lady bugs 107

SCOTT, H. G. The Collembola of New Mexico. I. Podu-

rinae and Hypogastrurinae 53

II. Neanurinae 183

SLIFER, E. H. A rapid and sensitive method for identi-
fying permeable areas in the body wall of insects 179

SLIFER, E. H. and V. T. BRESCIA. Permeable sense or-
gans on the antennae of the yellow fever mosquito,
Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) 221

SNETSINGER, R. Some predators of the clover mite 149

STALLINGS, D. B. and TURNER, J. R. A new species of
Agathymus and a new subspecies of Megathymus (Lepi-
doptera, Rhopalocera, Megathymidae) 109

SVIHLA, A. Emergence and transformation of Tanypteryx

hageni Selys (Odonata) 131

TURNER, J. R. (See under Stallings, D. B.)

WEBER, N. A. The behavior of the queen as compared
with the worker in the fungus-growing ants (Hym. :
Formicidae) 1

WHEELER, M. R. A new genus and two new species of
neotropical flies (Diptera: Drosophilidae) 207

WELLS, A. B. Pest control, A. D. 1120 107

WOODRUFF, R. E. Some robber-fly records (Diptera:
Asilidae) 142

Ixxi]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

277

GENERAL SUBJECTS

Adaptive coloration in Collem-

bola 254

American Entomological So-
ciety, list of Corresponding

Members of 226

Behavior of male Gyponini

(Homop.) 78

Behavior of queen fungus-
ants 1

Chemoreceptors, staining

method for 179, 221

Clover mite, predators of 149

Corixidae at black light traps 244

Culturing Orthoptera 7, 37

Diptera commensal on crabs 207
Emergence of dragonfly Ta-

nypteryx 131

Hymenoptera in sumach pith,

biological notes 29, 63

Nomenclature notices 6, 36, 144, 226
Lady bugs, origin of name . . . 107
Mouthparts, use in feeding . . 193
Pacific Science Congress, Tenth

106
Permeable areas, staining

method for 182, 221

Pest Control, A. D. 1120 .... 107
Phoresy, Acarina on Lepidop-

tera 270

Psectra diptera, sexual differ-
ences in proportions of two-
winged forms 231

Sexual dimorphism in centi-
pede 156

Sensilla, staining method for

identifying permeable . . 182, 221
Subimaginal molt in Caenis . . 14

OBITUARIES

Thienemann, A 191

GEOGRAPHICAL
DISTRIBUTION

Africa : Hym 206

Alabama: Col 116

Argentina : Dipt 18

Arizona : Lep 109

Brazil: Hym 261

California: Acar. 228; Col. .. 69
Chile: Dipt. 19, 20; Hym. ... 117

Congo : Hemip 99

Florida : Acar 269

Georgia : Hym 177

Guatemala : Dipt 263

India: Dipt 239-243.

Mexico : Acar 269

New Mexico : Collembola 53,

183; Lep 140

Nicaraugua : Hym 258

Ohio : Dipt 142

Ontario : Hym 178

Oregon : Acar 161

Paraguay : Col 82

Pennyslvania : Odon 262

Peru: Dipt 16

Puerto Rico : Dipt 207

Texas : Malloph 169

Uruguay : Hym 259, 260

Utah: Lep 112

Wyoming : Acar 230

COLEOPTERA

audax, Tachyura 71

brunneomarginatns. Platynus . . 71

Coccinellidae 107

cumatilis, Chlacnius 72

elegans, Calospasta 75

erosa, Tegrodcra 73

illigcri, Cladodes 82

insitiva, Anomala 1 1>5

kincaidi, Nebria 70

Lady bugs 107

lincola, Agonoderus 72

Lucernuta, notes on 82

278

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[Dec., 1960

metallica, Nebria 70

nebulosa albata* Cacoplia ... 116
Nemognatha, distrib. of 15

species in Cal 76

paraguayensis* Lucermita . . 82
perpulchra var. bioculata*

Calospasta 76

perpulchra var. mackensiei,*

Calospasta 76

nitidicollis, Lytta 74

perpulchra, Calospasta 75

Predacious on clover mite ... 155

Pyrocoelia 82

savignii, Lucermita 83

selanderi, Bothynus 106

sericeus, Chlaenius 72

texana, Hclluomorpha 71

Tc.ranus, Ateuchus 105

DIPTERA

aegypti, Aedes, chemorecep-

tors 221

Agathomyia 103

annulatus, Chaobonis, male of

25, 79

Ansamyia* n. name 103

argentifcra* Mayagucsa* .... 212

Asilidae from Ohio 142

atitlanensis* Sih'ius . . . 266, 267
carcinophila* Drosophila .... 208

coorgensis* Lechria 237

Cordihira, braconid from .... 178

glomerosa* Hexatoma 230

mannheimsi,* Austrolimnophila

15
latifrons, Rhagolctoides* n.

comb., distribution of 145

macerinus, Heteropogon .... 143
missouriensis, Diogmitcs .... 142

nilgiricus* Protohclius 238

pastoris* Molophilus 18

Predacious on clover mite ... 155

Rhagoletoides* 145

Sarcophaga, braconid from .. 177

schachovskoyana* Gynoplistia 17
stcnorhabda* Molophilus .... 20
Tabanidae from four environ-
ments and localities in Gua-
temala 263

terebrella,* Hexatoma 241

terebrina,* Hexatoma 242

HEMIPTERA

caliginosus, Katakadia 251

Corixidae at black light traps 244

farad jensis* Heleocoris 99

Heleocoris, rev 99

Katakadia, review 249

Predacious on clover mite . . . 154

HOMOPTERA

auroreus, Cyrtolobus 27

Behavior of male Gyponini . . 78
dracontca, Dragonana, behav-
ior 78

rhois, Rhopalosiphuin 31

suilla, Marganana, behavior 78

verticallis, Gypona, behavior 78

HYMENOPTERA

annulatus, Passaloccus 35

Aphaereta, key to nearctic spe-
cies 176

Apoidea, diagnostic character of 85
Behavior of queen fungus-ant 1

bcrnardi* Strumigcnys 206

boliviano, Cremutogastcr n.

comb 174

calcarata, Ceratina 68

canadensis, Cubocephalus .... 32

canadensis, Perilampus 32

coeruleata, Epistcnia 32

conformis,* Rogas 260

Crematogaster, synonymy ... 173

dubitatus, Hemitaxonus 30

enhuycki, Chrysis 33

excavata* Aphaereta 176

fortis* Rogas 258

Ixxi]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

279

gossypii,* Rogas 260

Haploneurion, key to species 119

harbecki, Pcmphrcdon 34

huberi, Crematogaster, n. comb 173
Hymenoptera in sumach pith 29, 63

intermedia, Brachymeria 62

latro, Habritys 32

letliifer, Pemphredon 34

masoni* Aphaereta 177

mediator pleuralis, Perithous 31

metallica, Ceratina 68

niger* Haploneurion 117

perennis, Stenodynerus 33

peruviana, Crematogaster, n.

comb 175

reedi* Haploneurion 118

sinuosus, Omalus 32

stirpicola, Ectcmnius, biology

of 63

stolli, Crematogaster n. comb 174

tarascanus, Pompilns 167

tlahuicanus, Pompilus 166

Tranopeltoides, synonmy .... 173
urichi panamensis, Trachymyr-

mex, behavior 1

utilis, Laelius 104

vaughani* Rogas 257

Xenopompilus, studies on sub-
species 165

sabriskei, Axima 32

sabriskei, Diomorus 32

zendaloides, Leptochilus 33

LEPIDOPTERA

argillacea, A 261

brassicae, Hylemya, phoresy of

mite 270

freemani* Agatliyinus 109

frugiperda, Laphygma 257

mcfarlandi* Callophrys (San-

dia)* 138

Predacious on clover mite ... 155

unipuncta, Psedalctia 259

yitccae broivni* Megathymus 112

ODONATA

Anisoptera, North American
records 121

basidens, Enallagrna 262

hageni, Tanyptcryx, descrip-
tion of emergence 131

pcntacantha, Nasiaesclma .... 262

ORTHOPTERA

differentialis, M elanoplus,
chemoreceptors and perme-
able areas in 179

Feeding and culturing of ... 7, 37
microptcra, Romalea, mouth-
parts of 199

Mouthparts, use in feeding . . 193
oblongifolia, A mblycorypha,

mouthparts of 201

rotundifolia, A mblycorypha,
mouthparts of 201

SMALLER ORDERS

acanthops, Hoplopleura (Ano-

plura) 48

alaskensis, Polyplax (Anopl.) 49
albamaculata* Hypogastrura

(Collembola) 55

alpinus* Xcnyllodes (Collem-
bola) 184

Anoplura from Delaware mam-
mals 45

arctomys, Oropsylla (Siphon.) 51
asio, Mcgabothris (Siphon.) 50
Collenbola, adaptive coloration

in 254

Collembola of New Mexico 53, 183
Corrodentia predacious on

clover mite 154

Dermaptera, mouthparts in

feeding 193

diptera, Pscctra (Neurop.) sex
differences in proportion of
two-winged forms 231

280

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[Dec., 1960

hilaris, Caenis (Ephem.), sub-
imaginal molt 14

hoffi* Xenyllodcs (Collembola) 185

hubbardi, Zorotypus (Zorap-
tera) 213

Kurodaia (Conciella) (Mal-
loph.), key to species on
owls 170

Kurodaia (Malloph.), list of
type hosts of 172

magna* Kurodaia (Malloph.) 169

minutissima, Hypogastrura, n.
comb. (Collembola) 57

multispinosus, Odontopsyllus
(Siphon.) 50

Neanurodes* (Collembola) ... 190

neomexicanus,* Neanurodes*
(Collembola) 190

neomexicana,* Xenylla (Col-
lembola) 60

Neuroptera predacious on
clover mite 154

pallescens* Xenyllodes (Col-
lembola) 186

punctata* Hypogastrura new
comb. (Collembola) 58

simplex, Cediopsylla (Siphon.) 50

Siphonaptera from Alaska . . . 245

Siphonaptera from Delaware
mammals 45

Siphonaptera from Iraq 22

Thysanoptera predacious on
clover mite 154

violacea* Anurida (Collem-
bola) 186

Zoraptera, new records 213

NON-HEXAPODA
ACARINA

Acarina from Delaware mam-
mals 45

Acari predacious on Bryobia 153

affinis, Radfordia 48

alaskensis, Laelaps 47

andersoni, Dermacentor 218

californica* Nautarachna . . . 227

crataegi* Typhlodromus .... 161

Dermacentor, in Nebraska . . . 217

glasgowi, Haemolaelaps 46

kochi, Laelaps 48

Listrophorus sp 47

mexicanus* Phytoseius 269

merdarius, Macrocheles, pho-

resy of 270

mycophagus, Caloglyphus .... 271

pioniformis* Nautarachna . . . 228
praetiosa, Bryobia, predators

of 149

variabilis, Dermacentor 217

ARANEAE

Predators on clover mite ... 153

CHILOPODA

californicus* Nothobius 89

Gosothrix 87

Nothobius, diagnosis of 97

sinus, Paitobius, sexual di-
morphism in 157

CRUSTACEA

Coenobita, Drosophila com-
mensal on . ... 207

PSEUDOSCORPIONIDA

Chernetid predacious on clover

mite

153

NON-ARTHROPODA

Barred owl (Strix varia),

Mallophaga from 169

Mammals, ectoparasites from

45, 217

Important Mosquito Works

MOSQUITO ATLAS. Part I. The Nearctic Anopheles, important
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MOSQUITO ATLAS. Part II. The more important malaria vec-
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A TAXONOMIC STUDY OF THE

MILLIPED FAMILY SPIROBOLIDAE

(DIPLOPODA: SPIROBOLIDA)

By William T. Keeton

147 pages of text, 37 tables, 2 maps, 18 plates,
table of contents and index

Spirobolid millipeds are probably the most widely known
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each genus and species is treated in detail. Particular attention
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