<^'^. . .r^^^^jt^' THE '%Z^ ENTOMOLOGIST ,11 llhistrateb lournal GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY, EDITED BY EICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF EGBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. W. F. KIEBY, F.L.S., F.E.S. J. H. LEECH, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S. W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. \ Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &c. EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S., F.E.S. ' G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S. MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S. i W. WARREN, M.A., F.E.S. F. B. WHITE, M.D., F.L.S., F.E.S. " By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and srreat discoveries made." VOLUME THE TWENTY-SEVENTH. LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GAEDEN. SIMPKIN, MAESHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limited. 1894. " The path of discovery is often a very tortuous one, and when a discovery can only be made by a series of observations, the fact that these observations are made singly, and only form a series when collected together, is often a real diliiculty in the path of the philosophic student. Some try, indeed, to generalize from every individual fact, but surely they impede then* own progress thereby, and nothing can be more distressing than to see great powers misapplied, in the vain attempt construct theories, for which the facts are not accumulated." — Stainton. ^..ipjr CONTENTS. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Adkix, Robert, F E.S., 9, 221, 245, 269, 298, 300 Allen, J. E. R., 270 Anderson, Joseph, 196, 219, 322 Anderson, Miss E. Maude, 142 Arkle, J., 23, 58, 66, 106, 138, 147, 243, 247, 301, 336 Bankes, E. R., F.E.S., 32, 67, 176 Bath, W. Harcourt, 2, 22, 31, 37, 243, 293 Bedford, F. P., 03, 294, 348 Beeching, R. a. Dallas, F.E.S., 31, 272, 351 Bell-M.uiley, H. W., 297 BENTH.U.L, C. F., 295 Bergman, G. E., 197 Bignell. G. C, F.E.S., 316 BiLLUPs, T. R., F.E.S., 137 Bird, J. F., 347 Blake, A. H., 32, 108 Brocklesby, J. S., 271, 290 Bromilow, F., F.E.S., 35, 178, 179, 195, 222, 323 Brown, H. Rowland, F.E.S., 146 Bruce, Francis R., 321 Bdckell, F. J., 176 BUCKLAND, J., 272 Buckle, J., 24 BuNN, Chas. N., 295 Butler, A. G., Ph.D., F.L.S., &c., 47, 50, 97, 168, 192, 213, 240, 242, 205, 267, 282, 314 Butler, W. E., 317 Carlier, E. W., 298 Carlton, T. A., 147 Carr, W. D., 232 Ch.\piian, T. a., M.D., P.E.S., 24, 102, 217 Chawner, Miss E. P., 175 Chittenden. D., 273 Chope, R. Stafford, 135, 136, 319, 321 Christy, W. M., P.E.S., 179, 223, 268, 294, 297, 355 Clarke, D., 70 Claxton, Rev. W., 177, 297 CocKERELL, T. D. A., F.E.S., &c., 207, 332 Conquest, G. H., 140 Cooper, C. P., 348 Cooper, Sidney, 271 CoTTiNGHAM, Miss M. L., 223 Cox, W. Ilston, 275 Cregoe, J. P., F.E.S., 105 Dale, C. W., F.E.S., 60, 136, 172, 196, 220, 245 Dalglish, a. Adie, 317, 355 Dillon, The Hon. R. E., 88, 169, 190, 322 Distant, W. L., F.E.S., Idl DOBREE, N. P., 219 Edwards, J., F.E.S., 120 Edwards, Miss A. D., 176 Ellis, Claud, E. Z., 295 Fergusson, W. C. S., 273, 297 Pinch, T. J. W., 174, 242, 243 Flemyng, Rev. William W., 180, 221 Fletcher, T. B., 320 Flood, Rev. L. Robert, 246 Fowler, J. H., 131, 145, 195, 307 Freir, p. W., 71, 106, 135 Fremlin, H. S., F.E.S., 349 Prohawk, p. W., P.E.S., 1, 66, 69, 257, 277, 287 Fry, C. E., 71 Fuller, K. H., 106 Garde, Philip de la, R.N., P.E.S., 295, .345 Gentry, H. C, 147 Gorham, Rev. H. S., F.Z.S., &c., 194, 198, 274 Graves, Spotswood, 222, 209 Grimwade, Henry C, 321 GuiTON, Stanley, 148 Gunning, Montague, 295 Hall, Thos. W., P.E.S., 346 Harwood, W. H., 320, 325 Hewell, W., 20, 71 Hills, Stuart G., 199 Hodgkinson, J. B., F.E.S. , 22, 25 65 219, 221, 246 IV CONTENTS. Jacoby, a., F.E.S., 105 Jageb, J., 320 James, Edssell E., 105 Jefferys, T. B., 31, 173, 352 Johnson, A. J., 63, 174, 318 Joy, Noeman H., 245 Kane, W. F. de Vismes, M.A., M.E.I.A., F E.S., &c., 13, 17, 22, 40, 124, 185, 208, 237, 263 Kaye, a. J., 28 Kayb, W. J., 349 Kipping, S., 297 KiRBY, W. F., F.L.S., F.E.S., &c., 99, 175, 178 Knaggs, H. Guaed, M.D., F.L.S., 6, 25, 64, 91, 135, 136, 138, 159, 197, 220, 269, 316, 347 Lambert, F. W., 295, 320, 321 Le Beocq, W. E. J., 270 Leech, J. H., B.A., F.Z.S., F.L.S., &G., 245 LivETT, H. W., F.E.S., 61 Lucas, W. J., B.A., 86, 221, 272, 295, 297, 350 Mackett, W. H., 71 Mackoxochie, Eev. J. A., F.E.S., 100, 353 Maskell, W. M., 44, 93, IfiO Mathew, Gervase F., P.E.S., 218, 221 MacDowall, H., 23 Menshootkin, Boris M., 183, 329 Mitchell, A. T., 29 Mitchell, A. Vincent, 347, 348 MoRLEY, Claude, 27 Newstead, E., F.E.S., 71 Nicholson, W. E., F.E.S., 116 Norman, J, M., 272 Oldfield, G. W., M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., &c., 135 Ormerod, Miss Eleanor A., F.E.S., &c., 229 Payne, F. W. G., 274 Perks, H., 221 Phipps, M. M., 320 Porter, Endymion, 273 Prideaux, E. M., 70 Prout, L. B., F.E.S., fi2 Pyett, Claude A., 147, 272 Eawson, Edward, 137 Eeid, Capt. S. G., F.E.S., 100 Eeid, W., F.E.S., 130, 147 Eicharlson, Geo., 240 Eichardson, Nelson M., B.A., FES 349 ,,..., Eobertson, G. S., 295 eobertson, e. b., 325 EoBsoN, J. E., F.E.S., 272 EoTHscHiLD, Hon. Charles, F.E.S., 50, 297 EOUTLEDGE, G. B., F.E.S., 107 St. John, Eev. Seymour, B.A., F.E.S., 147 Searancke, N. F., 19, 31, 179, 243 Service, Egbert, 278 Sharp, David, M.D., F.E.S., &c., 164 Sharp, W. E., 81, 110 Shaw, — , 21 Shepheard-Walwin, H. W., 180, 223, 247, 348 Shipp, J. W., 10, 33, 188, 254, 208, 289, 309, 338 Sich, a., F.E.S., 177 Smith, C. Ehoades, 272, 297 Smith, J. B., Sc.D., 15, 104, 331 Smith, J. N., 222 Smith, W. W., 197 South, E., F.E.S., 1, 17, 24, 01, 66, 67, 72, 102, 104, 100, 181, 194, 198, 218, 242, 253, 272, 273, 290, 323, 324, 342, 348, 350 Stares, Miss M. J., 349 Still, Major John N., F.E.S., 18, 222 Stones, Lionel, 320 Studd, E. F., 55, 120 Tait (for Mit), W. C, 51, 134 Taylor, Eichard W., 243 Thoenhill, W. B., 32, 294 TiLLETT, B. C, 31 TiLLETT, F. C, 272 Tremayne, L. J., 30 Trenerry, E. H., 177 TuGWELL, W. H., 95, 129, 205 Turner, D. P., 317, 320 Verrall, G. H., F.E.S., 197 ViGGERs, Charles, 347 ViNCE, H., 298 Waller, A. P., 247 Watkins, C. J., 284 Watson, C. H., 62 Watson, John, 340 Webb, Sydney, 321 Weir, J. Jenner, F.L.S., F.E.S., &c., 109 Wells, H. 0., 275 Whittingham, W. F., 178 Williamson, J. B., 19 Willson, T., 100 Wilson, Miss M., 349 Woodforde, F. C, 30 CONTENTS. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF SUBJECTS. Aberrant Smerinthus tilife (fig.), 50 Aberration of Erebia asthiops (fig.), 301 Abnormal example of Zygfeua trifolii (fig.), 253, 293 Abraxas ulmata, 141 Abrostola triplasia, 236 Abundance, of Acidalia virgularia, 2G9 ; of wasps, 31, 71, 20-4 Aceutropus niveus, 273 Acherontia atropos, 19, 24, 60, 70, 90, 233, 248, 272, 295, 321, 348 Achrcea grisella, 146 Acidalia circellata, 103, 244 ; contigiiata, 179; fumata, 191, .302 ; herbariata, 103, 244 ; humiliata, 154, 342 ; iuca- naria, 104 ; imitaria, 57 ; immorata, 342; immutata, 28, 70, 139; man- cuniata, 103; osseata, 103, 342; perochraria, 103 ; rubricata, 29 ; strigaria, 103 ; strigilata, 245 ; sub- sericeata, 57, 190 ; virgularia, 26 Acontia Solaris, 68 ; albicollis, 68 Aerolepia assectella, 344 Acronycta alni, 67, 235 ; leporina, 70, 91, 274, 235, 322; ligustri, 144, 169; myric:¥, 75, — var. montivaga, 169; rumicis, 11, 30; tridens, 26; stri- gosa, 67 Additions to the List of British Lepi- doptera during the past ten years, 342 Jildipoda tartarica, 201 ^schna cj^anea, 87, 147, 349 ; grandis, 87, 271, 296, 349 ; juncea, 296, 306, 349 ; mixta, 350 ; rufescens, 31 Agenia variegata, 78 Agrion eyathigerum, 221, 270; puella, 87, 221, 270, 349 ; pulchellum, 221, 350 ; tenellum, 270, 349 Agriopis aprilina, 30, 146 Agrotis agathina, 30, 327 ; aquilina, 26, 178, 299; ashworthii, 68, 245 cinerea, 71 ; clavis, 178 ; constanti 178; corticea, 56, 146, 170, 236 crassa, 178; decora, 178; elegans 178; fiammatra, 178 ; lucernea, 75 nigricans, 26 ; obelisca, 236 ; puta 26, 30, 144, 146 ; precox, 17ii ; pyro phila, 245 ; ravida, 153 ; ripaj, 327 saueia, 170, 235, 248, 322 ; suffusa, 30 ; tritici, 26, 56, 299 Aleucis pictaria, 248 Aleurodes brassicae, 31 Alophora hemiptera, 328 Alucita hexadactyla, 146 Amara tibialis, 26 Ammophila lutaria, 76 ; sabulosa, 77 Amphidasys betularia, 26, 57, 219, 275 ; prodromaria, 275 ; strataria, 57, 146, 190 Auacampsis anthyllidella, 343 ; sparsi- ciliella, 343 Anax formosus, 270, 271, 296, 306, 350 Anchocelis litura, 30 ; lunosa, 30 ; rufina, 30 Andrena bucephala, 252 ; cineraria, 153 ; fulva, 153 ; trimmerana, 77 AnisojDteryx sscularia, 30 Anomiopsis discorides, 231 Anommatus 12-striatus, 274 Anosia plexippus, 75, 151 Anthophila fiammicincta, .^li Anticlea badiata, 57 ; uigrofasciaria, 57, 146 ; rubidata, 321; sinuata, 245 Antigastra catalaunalis, 104 Apamea dumerili, 178 ; leucostigma, 28, 139; ophiogramma, 170 Apatura elyton, 75; iris, 61, 74, 107, 184, 233, 274 Aphides at treacle, 243 Aphion luteus, 26 Aphodius rufipes, 26 Aphomia sociella, 57 Aplasta ononaria, 135 Aplecta advena, 32 ; herbida, 275 ; nebulosa, 57 ; tincta, 77 Aporia crataegi, 244, 346 ; lama, 99 Aporophyla australis, 264, 327 A Puzzle, 268, 294 Arctia fasciata, 178 ; menthastri, 129 ; villica, 56 Arctophila mussitans, 359 Argynnis adippe, 107, 142, 149 ; aglaia, 107, 142, 149, (fig.) 182, 233, (fig.) 339; dia, 35 ; eliza, 116, 119 ; euphrosyne, (fig.) 1, 35, 152; latho- nia, 35 ; latona, 272 ; paphia, 17, 107, 233, 272 ; selene, 148 Argyresthia illuminatella, 344 Asemum striatum, 198 Asphalia flavicornis, 145, 147, 201, 235, 250; ridens, 56, 179, 250 Aspilates strigillaria, 78 Assembling, 179, 336 Asteroscopus nubeculosa, 248 ; sphinx, 57, 171, 144, 322 Asthena blomeri, 328 ; luteata, 141 sylvata, 70 Ateuchus, the genus, 254 Attacus atlas, 173 ; luna, 153 VI CONTENTS. Autumnal emergence of Ai-gynnis pa- jDhia, 69 Aventia fiexula, 57, ]44 Axylia putris, 26 Baltia, and Mesapia, notes on, 126 ; shawii, 100 Bankia argentula, 171 Bapta bimaculata, 57 ; taminata, 28 ; temerata, 28, 57, 1!)1 Berkshire — Callidium variabile at Wootton, 321 ; notes from Heading, Biston hirtaria in Scotland, 65 Blabophanes lombardica, 343 Blaps mucronatus with var. of elytra, 357 Bleached patches on wings of butterflies, 23, 66 Blepharoptera inscripta, 2-48 Boarmia ciuctaria, 144, 190, 202; con- sortaria, 30, 179, 274 ; occitanaria, 179; repandata, 57 ; roboraria, 144, 274 Boletobia fuliginaria, 69, 244, 360 Bombus cognatus, 77 ; latreillellus, 203 ; muscorum, 77, 252 ; sylvarum, 77 Bombylius major, 203 Bombyx crata?gi, 178 ; neustria. 26, 28, 275; rubi, 28, 30, 90, 143, 234; trifolii, 198, 316, 317 Bomolocha citata, 50 Botys asinalis, 57; hyalinalis, 78, 144, 146; lupulinalis, 104; repandalis, 104, 342 Brachyopa bicolor, 251 Brachytrou pratense, 87, 221, 350 Brephos notha, 140, 226; parthenias, 140, 146, 179, 198, 225, 226, 236, 250 Brotolomia meticulosa, 184 Bryophila muralis, 11, 91, 209 Bryotropliia figulella, 343 ; obscurella, 343 ; portlandicella, 343 ; tetrago- nella, 343 BucKiNGHAMSHiEE — Aclicrontia atropos, 19 ; Colias edusa, 297 Bupalus piniaria, 28 Butalis cicadella, 246 ; laminella, 343 ; siccella, 34-{ Butterflies, early morning appearance of, 135; of St. Petersburgh, 183; scarcity of, 218 Butterfly without a price, a, 65 Cabinets, Entomological, 217 Cacu'cia podana, 224 Caduga, new species of (fig.)i HO Calamia phragmitides, 28, 139, 235 Callidium variabile, 321 Calligenia miniata, 56, 90, 143, 328 Calhmorpha dominula, 143, 225; hera, 25, 1-20, (fig., larva) 122, 176, 319, 326 Callipogon friedlanderi, 149 Callomyia amoena, 248 Calocampa exoleta, 57, 77 ; solidaginis, 77, 171 ; vetusta, 77 Calopteryx splendeus, 87, 147, 350 ; virgo, 296 Calymnia affinis, 26, 57, 78, 146, 276 ; dilfinis, 171 Cambridgeshire — Acherontia atropos, 348; coUectiug at Wicken, 28 Camptogramma tluviata,26, 191, 245, 324 Caradrina alsines, 26 ; hospes, 178 ; superstes, 154, 342 ; taraxaci, 26 Cardiophorus equiseti, 223 Carsia paludata var. imbutata, 302, 353 Carterocephalus paniscus, 233 Catabomba (Syrphus) selenitica, 359 Cataplectica auromaculata, 343 ; farreni, 343 Cateremna terebrella, 342 Catocala electa, 342 ; fraxini, 298 ; spousa, 274 Catopsilia crocea, 154 CatoiDtria albersana, 323 Celasna haworthii, 30, 139, 352 Centrotus cornutus, 248 Cerastis erythrocephala, 68, 322 ; ligula, 75 ; rubiginea, 179 Ceratopogon niveipennis, 196 Cerigo matura, 11, 78 Cerostoma costella, 64 ; radiatella, 64 Chalcidida3, notes on, 16 Charffias graminis, 56, 71, 235, 278, 317, 352 Charaxes jasius, 116 Chariclea delphinii, 220 Chauliodus daucellus, 344 Cheimatobia boreata, 322 Chelonia plantaginis, 234; villica, 143 Cheshire — Dragonflies in the Chester district, 147; Lithosia mesomella 247; Peronea variegana, vars., 295, — comariana, 323 ; Plutella cruci- ferarum, 272 ; Pterostoma palpina, 247 Chesias rufata two years in pupa, 177 ; spartiata, 57 " Chigoes," 325 Chilo phragmitellus, 139 Chilosia (for Cheilosia) chrysocoma, 251 ; Havicoruis, 203 ; grossa, 203 Chionobas alberta, 356 Chleophora bicolorana, 143 Chcerocampa celerio, 24, 71, 233, 244, 349 ; elpenor, 28, 14:3, 233 ; por- cellus, 78, 146, 233, 2.52 Choreutes myllerana, 323 Chortodes arcuosa, 235, 352 Chortophila setaria, 248 Chrysomela varians, 196 Chrysophanus chryseis, 61 ; dispar, 846, —remarks on, 60 ; hypophloeas, 74 ; phloeas, 31 ; virgaurea, 60 CONTENTS. Vll CicincIelidaB from Mashunaland, 200 Cidaria agues, 199 ; associata, '2G ; dotata, 30, 57, 199 ; fixseni, 199 ; frustrata, 179; fulvata, 57, 141 ; galiata, 179; immanata, 57, 141, 146; miata, 57, 140, 154, 322, 351, 353, 355; picata, 57 ; populata, 146 ; psittacata, 30 ; ribesiaria, 351 ; sagittata, 154 ; side- rata, 57, 144 ; silaceata, 57 ; suffu- mata, 57, 141, 146, 199 ; testata, 28; truncata, 57, 146 Cilix glaucata, 20 Cirrhcedia xerampelina, 170, 273, 297, 327 Citheionia regalis, 153 Cleoceris viminalis, 26 Cleora angularia, 103 ; glabraria, 57, 328 ; lichenaria, 57 ; viduaria, 65, 103, 136, 244 Clinocera lamellata, 77 Cloantha polyodon, 170, 264 Clostera anachoreta, 176 Coccidas, remarks on certain, 44, 93, 166 Coccyx ochsenheimeriana, 242 ; strobi- lella, 276 ; subsequana, 343 ; pyg- niffiana, 343 Cocoon of Epinephele ianira, 23, 102 Ccelioxys vectis, 77 CcEnobia rufa, 139, 238 Coeuonympha corinna, 119 ; davus, 37, 120 ; typhon, 17, 312, 355 Colas dispar, 75 Coleophora adjunctella, agrammella, alti- colella, ilaviginella, glaucicolella, leucapennella, limoniella, mjenia- cella, obtusella, potentilla?, sylvati- cella, bilineatella, 344 Coleoptera of Japan, the Ehyncho- phorous, 73 Colias edusa, 29, 32, 70, 135, 233, 297, 318, 320, 321, 322, 349; fieldii, 154 ; helice, 177 ; hyale, 32, 70, 135, 221 ; pala?no, 116 ; phicomone, 116 ; philo- dice, 74 ; vautieri, 154 Collecting in Argyllshire, 223 ; in Ashdown Forest, 30 ; at Dawlish, 29 ; at Douglas, Lanark, 352 ; in Kincardineshire, 353 ; at Market Drayton, 30 ; in the New Forest, 274, 275 ; in North Lancashire, 301 ; in the Norfolk Broads, 139 ; in Oxfordshire, 22 ; in October and November, 31 ; in Surrey, 27 ; at Tunbridge Wells, 30, 350 ; at Wick- en, 28 Collection, the Burney, 24, 25, 57, 103, 135; Mr. Wellma I's, 243 ; Mr. John W. Downing's, 346 Collix sparsata, 70 Colours of insects, effect of sulphur on, 300 Coprophagous Lamellicorns, the, 254, 289, 309 Coptomia mutabilis, 72 ; opalina, 72 Cordulia fenea, 87 Coremia designata, 57, 146; ferrugata, 57; munitata, 191, 354; uniden- taria, 67 " Cork carpet," 197 Cornwall — Colias helice, 177 Correction, a, 295 Correlation of plants and insects, 154 Corsican butterflies, note on, 116 Corycia taminata, 144 ; temerata, 141, 144 Corynetes, 76 Cosmia atlinis, 28, 275 ; diffinis, 275 ; paleacea, 236 Cosmopteryx schmidiella, 344 Cossus ligniperda, 14, 28, 143, 234 Crabro cribrarius, 328 ; interruptus, 77, 225 ; unicolor, 77 ; vagus, 328 Crambus dumetellus, 152 ; ericellus, 77, 152; falsellus, 348; fascelinellus, 305, 348 ; furcatellus, 77, 152 ; 328 ; geniculeus, 57 ; myellus, 152, 328 ; salinellus, 342 ; selasellus, 139 Crephilus maxillosus, 26 Crymodes exulis, 67 Cryptocephalus coryli, 249; nitidulus, 249 Cucullia abrotana, 68 ; artemisia, 68 ; gnaphalii, 68 ; verbasci, 171 Curious cocoon of Attacus atlas, 173 Cyanide bottle, the, 58, 177, 197 _ Cymatophora flavicoruis, 30, 225, 235 ; octogesima, 67, 328 ; ocularis, 67 ; or, 91, 125 ; ridens, 144, 226, 249, 275 Cyrto-Triplax bipustulata, 194 Dactylolabis gracilipes, 77 Dasycampa rubiginea, 57, 68, 358 Dasychira fascelina, 15, 234 ; pudi- bunda, 90 Dasypolia templi, 171 Davidina armandii, 100 Decatoma biguttata, 202 Decticus verrucivorus, 31 Degeeria pulchella, 136, 201 Deilephila euphorbiffi, 24; galii, 24, 244, 325; livornica, 24, 221, 244, 295 Deiojjeia pulchella, 25, 151, 346 Demas coryli, 56, 78, 143, 234 Dendryphantes vites, n.sp., 207 Depressaria aurantiella, 343 Devonshike — Acherontia atropos, 295 ; Callimorpha hera, 120, 319 ; Colias edusa, 70 ; Collecting at Dawlish, 29 ; Deilephila livornica, 222, 295 ; illuminated moth-trap, 55; insects in South, 198 ; Lepidoptera from Lundy Isle, 203 ; Nola strigula, 295 ; notes from North, 297 ; second broods of Lepidoptera, 18 ; Sphinx convolvuli, 321 ; Vanessa poly- chloros, 272 VIH CONTENTS. Dianthcecia albimacula, 68 ; barretti, 68, 346 ; cassia, 68, 346 ; capsincola, 57, 171 ; capsophila, 236 ; cucubali, 171 ; irregularis, 29, 68 ; luteago, 68 ; nana, 249 Diasemia literalis, 104 ; ramburialis, 104 Dichrorampha alpestrana, 843 Dicranocephalus adamsi, 150 ; dabryi, 150 Dicranura bicuspis, 25, 245, 247, 346; bifida, 234, 358; furcula, 90, 234; vinula, 28, 143 Didea fasciata, 77 Diloboderus abderus, 224 (fig.), 231 Dioctria fiavipes, 338 ; reinhardi, 328 Dioryctria splendidella, 342 Diplosis rumicis, 154 Diptera, rare British, 136 ; the economy of certain, 196 Dipterygia jjinastri, 30, 71, 146; scabri- uscula, 71, 170 Ditula semifasciana, 323 Dorsetshire — Colias edusa, 70, 297; hyale, 70 ; Plusia ni, 349 Dorydium westwoodi, 150 Doryphora elongella, 343 ; quaestonella, 343 Dragonflies, rare British, 31 ; among the, 86 ; in the Cliester district, 147 ; early, 220 ; of the Black Pond, Esher, 270, 349 Drepana cultraria, 143 ; falcalaria, 90 ; falcula, 28, 234 ; hamula, 28 ; har- pagula, 25 ; lacertinaria, 90 ; sicula, 25, 245 Dryophanta divisa, 202 Earias chlorana, 143 Earlier publication of the Entomologist, 102 Early appearances, 19, 71, 179, 222, 295, 320 Echinomyia grossa, 328 ; lurida, 328 Editorial, 253 Elachista scirpi, 344 EUopia fasciaria, 28, 57 Emmelesia affinitata, 57 ; alchemillata, 191, 354, 355; decolorata, 57 ; mi- norata, 355 Emydia cribrum, 143, 178, 307, 356 Enallagma cyathigerum, 350 Endromis versicolor, 147 Ennomos angularia, 141 ; tiliaria, 320, 322, 347, 351 Entomological Societies, &c., a proposed list of, 24 Entomological Society, a new local, 24 Entomology, the New, 81, 110, 185 ; six years of, in Galway, 88, 169, 190 Enychus cressida, 76 Ephelia varinervis, 77 Ephestia kiihniella, 342 I Ephippiphora foenella, 276 I Ephyra omicronaria, 275 ! Epichnopteryx pulla, 199 Epione advenaria, 144, 146 ; apiciaria, 28, 57; parallellaria, 190; vesper- taria, 32, 70, 78 Epigraphia steiukelneriana, 57 Epinephele hyperanthes, 17 ; ida, 37 ; lycaon, 36 ; nurag, 119 ; tithonus, 17, 37 Ei^ischnia bankesiella, 342 Ej)isema glaucina, 178 Epunda lichenea, 29, 30, 171, o22 ; nigra, 77, 236 Erastria fasciana, 328 Erebia blandina, 305, 359 ; ffithiops, 305 ; epijjhron, 83, 153 ; neoridas, 36 Eriocephala calthella, 149 Eriogaster lanestris, 234 Eros (Platycis) minutus, on a habit of, 161 Errata, 25, 37, 80, 118, 322, 355 Essex — Amphidasys strataria, 178; Co- lias edusa, 320 ; hyale at Dover- court, 221 ; Deilephila galii, larvic of, 325 ; Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Pur- fieet, 222 ; notes on the season, 325 ; Vanessa antiopa, 178 Eubolia cervinaria, 322 Eucheira socialis, 152 Euchloe cardamines, 144, 145, 271 ; hes- perides, 268; supposed new species of, 218, 268 Euclidia glyphica, 146 ; mi, 146 Eucouista agaritharia, 179 Eucranium arachnoides, 224 (fig.), 229, 231 Eugonia alniaria, 26, 57 ; erosaria, 57, 190; fuscantana, 26, 190; querci- naria, 57 Eumestleta, note on, 314 Eupelmus urozonus, 202 Euperia fulvago, 141, 236 Eupithecia abbreviata, 57 ; assimilata, 141 ; consignata, 104 ; constrictata, 304 ; coronata, 141 ; debiliata, 191 ; exiguata, 57 ; expallidata, 57 ; ex- tensaria, 104 ; fraxinata, 191 ; liel- veticaria, 75; indigata, 141, l!)l ; lariciata, 57, 141, 14(i ; miuutata ?, 57 ; nanata, 57 ; pulchellata, 191, 303 ; pumilata, 57 ; ultimaria, 245 ; vulgata, 57; virgaureata, 191 Eupircilia erigeraua, 343 ' European Butterflies and Moths,' 220 Euryniene dolobraria, 190, 322 Euryproctus nemoralis, 153 Euthemonia russula, 3U, 143 Euzophera oblitella, 342 Exhibition of Tropical Lepidoptera, 320 Extermination of Lepidoptera, natural and artificial, 217 CONTENTS. IX Feniseea tarquinius, 152 Flight of insects, ol8 Formica nigra, 229 ; rufa, 26 ; smarag- dina, 357 Fossil butterfly, a, 72 Gaudaritis flavata, 199 Gelechia portlandicella, 343 ; tetrago- nella, 343 Genera of moths, confusion in the names of, l(i8 Geometra papiliouaria, 28, 30, 57, 59, 141, 14G, 190, 249, 305 Gloucestershire — Notes from, 31; Nys- sia hispidaria in, 179 Glyphisia crenata, 25, 65 Glypta bicernis, 75 Gnophos obscuraria, 11, 190, 304 Gnophria rubricollis, 90, 234 Gonia lateralis, 154 Goniomyia jecunda, 77 Gonoptera libatrix, 146 Gortyna ochracea, 26 Grapholitha gemmiferana, 343 Grease, extraction of moth, 6, 25 ; in the thorax, 195 Gymnochffita viridis, 251 Habrostola tripartita, 57, 236; urtica3,30 Hadena adusta, 30, 141 ; contigua, 77, 141; 171, 322; dentina, 57; dis- simihs, 322; genistas, 78; glauca, 171, peregrina, 68; jiisi, -10; por- phyrea, 68 ; protea, 29, 57 ; recti- linea, 171 ; satura, 68 ; thalassina, 30, 57, 146 ; paper on the genus, 225 Halictus smeathmanella, 77 Hampshire — Anommatus 12-striatus, 274 ; Asemum striatum, 198 ; Choe- rocampa celerio, 349 ; Colias edusa, 70, 71, 297 ; collecting in New Forest, 274, 275 ; Decticus verruci- vorus, 31 ; Dragonflies in New Forest, 296 ; Nemobius sylvestris in New Forest, 297; notes from Gos- port, 71, — from Kingwood, 142 ; Odontfeus mobilicornis at Shirley Warren, 274 ; Phosphfenus hemi- pterus, 274 ; Ehopalocera from Bournemouth, 322 Hecatera chrysozona, 171, 322; serena, 26, 236 Hedya servillana, 323 Heliaca tenebrata, 146 Heliophobus popularis, 30 Heliothis armigera, 138; dipsacea, 75, 144 ; peltigera, 76 ; scutosa, 25 Hehozela betulse, 344 Hemaris bombyhformis, 143 ; fuciformis, 143 Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Purfleet, 222 Hemithea strigata, 57, 190 Hepialus sylvanus, 13, 90 ; velleda, 13, 90 Hercyna phrygalis, 342 Hermaphrodite Epione vespertaria, 78 ; Lycffina icarus, 244 Herminia metonalis, 99 Hertfordshire — Lepidoptera observed in, 204 Hesperia actteon, 37 ; comma, 37 ; li- neola, 37, 342; paniscus, 233; syl- vanus, 37 Heterocera from Caussols, 178, 222 Heterogenea limacodes, 14, 90 Heteromyza atricornis, 248 Heteroneura albimana, 196 Heteronychus arator, 231 Heteronympha merope, 153 Hexeris of Grote, the lepidopterous genus, 267 Heydenia auromaculata, 343 Himera pennaria, 57, 144, 146 Homopyralis tactus, Grote, the oldest name for, 242 Hornets at sugar, 30 ; in Worcestershire, 31 Hiibner's Exotic Lepidoptera, 136, 178 Huntixgdoxshire — A day in Monk's Wood, 107 Hybernia aurantiaria, 30, 57, 146 ; defo- liaria, 57, — in January, 71 ; margi- naria, 57 ; progemmaria, 30 Hydrelia unca, 70 Hydrilla palustris, 67 Hydrcecia micacea, 26 Hylophila bicolorana, 143, 276 Hypena damosalis, 15, 50; idajusalis, 50; obesalis, 179; obsitahs, 342 Hyperacmus crassicornis, 153 Hypochrysops scintillans, 148, 149 Hypostena medorlna, 248 Hypsipetes ruberata, 30, 191 ; trifasciata 191 Hyria muricata, 191, 302 Ichneumon fuscipes, 75 ; pyrrhopus, 75 Ichneumonidas, new species of, 316 Ingura, North American Noctuidae of the genus, 282, 331 Ino ampelophaga, 178 Insects at light, 26, 55 ; in a decayed cherry tree, 284; notes on common, 202 lodis lactearia, 30, 57 Ireland • — Acentropus niveus abundant, 273 ; Aplecta advena, 32 ; Bryophila muralis var., 270 ; Catalogue of the Lepidoptera, 13, 16, 4U, 124, 208, 237, 263 ; Entomology in Co. Gal- way, 88 ; Lepidoptera at Clonbrock, 322 ; Leucophasia sinapis, 221 ; Me- litffia artemis, 221 ; Notodonta bi- color, 42 ; Pygsera anachoreta, 44 ; Zygaena pilosellae var., 270 Ivy blossom, 20 X Contents. Kent — Decticus verrucivorns, 31 ; Choe- rocampa celerio, 3-19 ; Colias edusa, 320 ; collecting at Tunbridge Wells, 350 ; Pacbetra leucophiea, 246, 27-}; Pieris daplidice at Margate, 270,— at Kamsgate, 298 ; Plusia moneta, 246, 272, 320; Spring Lepidoptera at Folkestone, 199, — at Tonbridge, 198 ; Vanessa c-album, 321, 347 "Kyauizing" and the "Emeralds," 347 Laslia ccenosa, 25, 244, 347 Lamellicorn beetles on pasturage in Ar- gentine territories, 229 Lancashire — Butalis cicadella, 246 ; Notes^ from North, 301 ; Psedisca rubiginosa, 246 ; Stigmonota ravu- lana, 221 Laphria marginata, 328 Laphygma exigua, 67, 346 Larentia csesiata, 303, 352, 354, 355 ; didymata, 57 ; flavicinctata, 355 ; multistrigaria, 57 ; olivala, 191 ; salicata, 191 ; viridaria, 62 Larva of Callimorpha hera, 120, 176 ; of Catephia alchymista, 247 ; of Gas- tropacha quercifolia, 201 ; of Papilio homerus, 149 ; of Tritoma bipustu- lata, 194 Larvie, dark chamber for, 159; import- ed, 138; on monkshood, 268, 294, 317, 347; new food for silk-pro- ducing, 243 ; of Pieris brassicie in November, 106 ; polyphagous, 242 Lasiocampa ilicifolia, 25, 346 ; querci- folia, 276 [299 Lebia chlorocephala, 299 ; cyanocephala, Lecanium from Rochester, N.Y. (U.S.A.), on a, 332 Lepidoptera of Ireland, a catalogue of the, 13, 16, 40, 124, 208, 237, 263 ; of Lincolnshire, 232 ; from Lundy Isle, 203 ; at Ringwood, 131 ; from the Scilly Isles, 9 ; in the neigh- bourhood of York, 70 Lepidoptera, at light, 147, 324 ; extra wings of, 163 ; first and last appear- ance of, 6L; frequenting Howers of Caltha jjalustris, 176 ; migration of 133 ; observed in Easter week, 179 scarcity of, 20 ; senses in the, 336 unusual pairing of, 269 Leptispa pygma^a, 148 Leptogramma literana, 57, 323 Lestes sponsa, 296 Leucania albipuncta, 67, 178, 245; brevi- linea, 139 ; comma, 146, 235, 237 ; conigera, 2(i ; extranea, 11, 07, 170, 237 ; impudens, 28, 237 ; 1-album, 07 ; lithargyria, 20 ; littoralis, 237 ; obsoleta, 203,237; putrescens, 07; straminea, 235 ; turca, 322 ; vitel- lina, 11, 07, 316 Leucospis biguetina, 16 ; gibba, 16 ; gi- gas, l(i ; rufonotata, 16 Libellula scotica, 270, 296, 349 ; striolata, 296, 350 ; quadrimaculata, 75, 86, 220, 270, 349 Life-history of Vanessa c-album, 257, 287 Limenitis dissipus, 75 ; sibylla, 142, 275 Limnaine Rhopalocera allied to Caduga, 110 Limnobia bifasciata, 328 LiNCOLNSHiKE — The Lepidoptera of, 232 Lipara lucens, 276 Liparis monacha, 75, 275; salicis, in London district, 347 Lissonota sulphurifera, 75 Lita blandulella, 343 ; ocellatella, 343 ; salicorni;!!, 343 ; semidecandrella, 343 ; suffidella, 343 Lithocolletis anderidas, betuhc, crasico- lella, distentella, sorbi, 344 Lithosia aureola, 274 ; caniola, 25, 178, 346 ; griseola, 28, 139, 143 ; mero- mella, 56, 70, 234, 247 ; molybdeola, 25, 346 ; quadra, 11, 234 ; rubri- collis, 143, 234 ; sericea, 25, 328 ; stramineola, 28 ; unita, 178 Lobophora carpinata, 67, 144, 191; hal- terata, 101 ; lobulata, 30 ; polycom- mata, 199 ; sexalisata, 144, 191 ; vi- retata, 144, 1.04 Lomaspilus marginata, 30 Lophopteryx camelina, 26 Luperina cesj^itis, 56, 67, 170; dumerili, 67 ; guen^ei, 67 ; testacea, 26, 56 Lycffina acis, 65, 346; a?gon, 28, 305 argiades, 342 ; argiolus, 135, 142 174, 180, 198, 199, 274; arion, 150 244 ; eros, 116 ; exilis, 74 ; comyntas 152; orbitulus, 116; pheretes, 116 pseudargiolus, 152 ; trochilus, 74 Lygris prunata, 179 Lythria purpuraria, 104 Macaria liturata, 28, 57, 141, 191 Macquartia atlinis, 196 Macrogaster castanese, 14, 90 Macroglossa bombyliformis, 28, 250, 274, 276,322; fucifonnis, 251, 274 ; stel- latarum, 11, 17, 28, 31, 32, 56, 70, 77, 106, 107, 141, 143, 146, 184, 234 ; and colour, 20, 62, 134 Macro-Lepidoptera, Proposed List of Derbyshire, 273 Madoi^a salicalis, 68 Mallota eristaloides, 326 Mamestra abjecta, 67 Margarodes unionalis, 104 Meganostoma csesoni, 154 Megathopa violacea, 224, 229, (fig.) 231 Meigenia majuscula, 136, 201 Melanargia (for Melitsa) galatea, 36, 107, 233 ; syllus, 36 contekts. XI Melanic form of Phigalia pedaria, 187 Melanij^i^e hastata, 78 ; montanata, 30 ; rivata, 352 ; unangulata, 191 Melanism, 1!), 21, 172 Melanostoma quadiimaculatum, 203 Melaiithia albicillata, 30, 141, lUl, 275 ; hastata, 191 ; ocellata, 30, 57 Meliaua tlammea, 67 Melissoblaptes gularis, 343 Melitffia artemis, 203, 221, 233 ; athalia, 35 ; aurinia, 1, 75, 85 ; cinxia, 35 ; didyma, 35 ; partheniaB, 35 Membracidffi, some new species of, 150 Merodon equestris, 299 Mesapia peioria and its allies, 99, 174 Mesopolobus fasciiventris, 202 Metiocampa margaritaria, 30, 57 Miana arcuosa, 70, 355 ; bicoloria, 146, 170 Microgaster russatus, 153 Micioijhjsa jucunda, 315 Micropteryx caledouiella, 343 ; kalten- bachii, 343 ; sangiella, 343 Middlesex — Observations in North, 145 ; Argynnis paphia on Stanmore Com- mon, 272 ; Vanessa polychloros in Kegent's Park, 295 ; Colias edusa, 297 ; Tortrices at Northwood, 323 Migration of insects, 203 Mimesa dalilbomi, 77 Mimicking buttertiies, 74, 75 Mimicry in insects, 112, 200 ; of Phlogo- phora meticulosa, 317 Miscodera arctica, «3 Miselia oxyacantha?, 57 Moma orion, 91 Monksvvood, a day in, 107 Monochammus sartor, 226 Monstrosities occurring in Eros (Platy- cis) miuutus, 33 Moth-grease spreads, how, 91 Moth-trap, the illuminated, 55 Mycolepta luteola, 328 Myrmica rufa, 153 ; sanguinea, 153 Myrmosa melauocephala, 358 NacHa ancilla, 90 Naphthaline, 294 Nascia cilialis, 104 Natlialis iole, 74 Neuieobius lucina, 28, 77, 225, 251 Nemeophila plantagiuis, 77, 225, 234 Nemobius sylvestris, 297 Nemojjhora pilella, 65 Kepticula assimilella, auromarginella, desperatella, '? hliijeudulis, tulgens, gei, hodgkinsoni, uylandriella, pyri, rubivora, serella, 345 ; tormentil- lella?, 219; torminalis, woolhopi- ella, 345 Neuria reticulata, 234, 264 ; saponariffi, 203, 235 Neuronia popularis, 26, 56, 146, 178 Nisonlades tages, 37 Noctua baia, 30 ; brunnea, 30, 56 ; cas- tanea, 170; dahlii, 170, 322; de- puncta, 56 ; festiva, 56 ; glareosa, 30, 202, 327, 353 ; neglecta, 352 ; piecta, 56 ; rubi, 146 ; sobrina, 68, 170 ; subrosea, 68, 346 ; triangulum, 30 ; umbrosa, 30, 56, 77 Noctuid moths, notes on the synonymy of, 47, 192, 213, 240, 265 Nola albulahs, 244, 346 ; centonalis, 244, 346 ; coufusalis, 56, 322 ; cuculla- tella, 26, 9U ; strigula, 275, 295 Nomada alternata, 77 ; ochrostoma, 252 Nouagria arundinis, 235 ; brevilinea, 67, 346 ; cannje, 346 ; lutosa, 26 ; neu- rica, 346 ; sparganii, 67 ; typhffi, 235 Norfolk — Notes from Norwich, 31 ; Plusia moneta, 272, 299 ; Catocala fraxini at Norwich, 298 Nothochrysa capitata, 249 Notodonta chaonia, 78, 91, 144 ; dic- t£ea, 26, 234, 252 ; dictasoides, 56, 90, 234, 322, 324 ; dromedarius, 234 ; torva, 342 ; trepida, 56 ; tri- lophus, 346 ; trimacula, 56 ; ziczac, 234 NoTTiNGHAMSHiEE — Collecting in the neighbourhood of Worksop, 140 Nudaria muiidaua, 225 ; senex, 28, 70, 143 Numeria pulveraria, 57 Nyssia hispidana, 176, 226, 243, 248 ; zonaria, 190 Obituaey — Carden, Major-Gen. George, 108; Weir, John Jenner, 157; Wil- liams, James Trimmer, 228 ; Bar- nard, George, 228 ; Machin, William, 300 ; WeUnian, John Kichard, 360 Observations in North Middlesex, 145 Ocneria dispar, 15, 25, 153, 201, 327 Odontffius mobilicornis, 274 Odontopera bidentata, 30, 57, 146 Qinectus mirabilis, 200 Olibrus gaminus, 72 Ommatochila, n. gen., 315; mundula, 315 Oncomera (for Ocnomera) femorata, 71 Operina croceago, 171 Ophiodes lunaris, 68, 295, 322 Oporabia dilatata, 30 ; filigrammaria, 191 Ornithoptera andromache, 200 ; crcesus, 249 ; paradisea, 200 ; trojana, 200 Ornix fagivora, 344; fragariae, 344 Orthetrum cffirulescens, 296 Ortholitha moeniata, 179 Orthosa lota, 29 ; macilenta, 29, 57 ; suspecta, 70; witzenmanni, 179,194 Orthotasnia branderiana, 323 Osmia bicolor, 77 ; xanthomelana, 252 xu CONTENTS. OxFOKDSHiEE — Captures in, 223 ; Dragon- flies near Oxford, 296 ; Petasia cas- sinea, 348 Pachetra leucophfea, 67, 221, 246, 249, 273, 346 Paclinobia alpina, 170, 346 ; hyperborea, 68 ; rubricosa, 27, 56, 170, 236 Pachyenemia hippocastanaria, 144, 251 Pachylomerus, tlie genus, 254 Psedisca rubiginosa, 246 Panagra petraria, 30, 57 Panoiis piniperda, 170, 2-]6 Panorpa gibberosa, 224 Papilio asterias, 75 ; cassiope, 176 ; electa, 249 ; epiphron, 176 ; gyas, 249 ; hewitsonii, 249 ; homerus, 149 ; hospiton, 119 ; machaon, 28, 139, 268 ; neumageni, 66 ; i)hilenor, 75 ; priamus, 249 ; telearclius J , 356 ; troilus, 75 ; turnus, 75 Pararge egeria, 29, 36, 142, 143, 202, 233, 250, 274; niegcera, 29, 36 ; maara, 36 ; Parnassius apollo, 76 ; delius, 76, 340 ; glacialis, 76 ; hardwickii, 76 ; jacquemontii, 76; mnemosyne, 184; phoebus, 76, 340; smintheus, 76, 340 Pelurga comitata, 28 Pentliina caprasana, 350 Pentodou contractus, 231 ; niveus, 231 Perga, a new classitication of tlie genus, 338 Pericallia syringaria, 28, 57, 146, 322 Periplaneta australasise, 357 Peronea comariana, 323 ; (Leptogramma) liastiana, 276 ; maccana, 137, 2Ul ; perplexana, 324 ; variegana, 295 Petasia casinea, 348 Pliasiane scutularia, 179 Pliibalapteryx lapidata, 358; lignata, 70 ; polygrammata, 104, 245 ; vit- albata, 191, 199 Phigalia pedaria, 71 Philonietra, the genus, 97, 164 Pliloeodes immundana, 139 Pliorbia ?, 2ul Phorodesma bajularia, 28, 275 ; pustu- lata, 140 ; smaragdaria, 249, 326 Pliospliitnus liemipterus, 274 Photopteryx lactana, 323, 350; sicu- lana, 139 Phylogeny of the Pierins, 73, 148 Pliytomyza aquilegiiB, 75 Pieris brassicte, 295, 348 ; daplidice, 184, 245, 271, 298, 346; davidis, 128; dubernardi, 128 ; mesentina, 128 ; peloria, 127 Pimpia bridgnianii, n. sp., 310 Platetruin depressum, 86, 147, 221, 350 Platychirus spatliulatus, 26:i Platycis (Eros) minutus, on a liabit of, 161 Platypteryx falcula, 234 ; hamula, 234 ; lacertula, 234 Plusia bractea, 171, 245 ; clarysitis, 26, 30, 57 ; chryson, 245 ; festucffi, 70, 270, — double-brooded, 243 ; gamma, 26, 29, 30, 57 ; interrogationis, 303 ; iota, 20, 30, 141, 146, 237 ; moneta, 30, 75, 148, 246, 272, 320, 342; ni, 349 ; pulchrina, 26, 30, 141, 146 Plutella cruciferarum, 272 Poecilocampa jDopuli, 15, 56, 90, 234 Polia tiavicincta, 26, 146 ; nigrocincta, 68 ; xanthomista, 68 Polygonia comma, 151 ; interrogationis, 151 Polyommatus dispar, 244, — var. rutilus, 184 ; pliloeas, 20, 87 Pompilus spissus, 358 Postal-box without packing, patent, 197, 203 Praon absintbii, n. sp., 316 Procris staticis, 146 Protective resemblances in S. American insects, 51 Pseudoterpna cytisaria, 30 ; pruinata, 57 Psilura monacha, 56, 234 Psodos coracina, 77, 355 Pterostichus nigrita, 26 Pterostoma palpina, 28, 234, 247, 322 Ptilodoutis ijali^ina, 234 Ptilophora jjlumigera, 90 Pupation of Ejjinephele ianira, 66 " Pyralis " ijlumbealis, 315 Pyrameis atalanta, 151, 233 ; cardui, 233 ; gonerilla, 196 ; huntera, 151 ; myrinna, 299 Pyrausta purpuralis, 57 Pyrrharctia Isabella, 138 Pyrrhosoma minium, 87, 221, 270 Recent Litebatuee : — ' Abstract of Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society for the years 1892 and 1893,' together with the Presi- dents' Addresses, 252 ' Alternating Generations ; a Biological Study of Oak-galls and Gall-flies,' by N. Adler, M.D. Translated and edited by Charles R. Straton, 226 ' Brief Guide to the commoner Butter- flies of the Northern United States and Canada,' by S. H. Scudder, 79 ' Butterflies and Moths of Teneriffe,' by A. E. Holt White, 155 ' Chinese Central Asia, a Ride to Little Tibet,' 180 ' Monograph of the North American Proctotrypidffl,' by W. H. Ashmead, 227 • Transactions of the City of London CONTENTS. XUl Entomological and Natural History Society for the year 1893,' 180 ' Victorian Butterflies and how to col- lect them,' by Ernest Anderson and F. P. Scott, 80 Eelaxing insects, 22 Eeports of Societies, 32 Birmingham Entomological, 77, 153, 203, 225, 251, 299, 328, 359 Carlisle Entom. and Nat. Hist., 300 Entomological of London, 27, 73, 74, 148, 199, 223, 325, 355 Herts Nat. History, 204 Lancashire and Cheshire Entomolo- gical, 75, 76, 154, 204, 328, 359 Leicester Literary and Philosoi^hical (Entom. Sect.), 225 Midland Railway Naturalists', 204, 252 Nonpareil Entomological and Natural History, 359 North London Nat. Hist, (excursion), 250 Nottingham Entomological, 78 Beading Natural History, 154 South London Entom. and Nat. Hist., 74, 75, 151, 201, 247, 276, 298, 326, 357 Streatham Entomological, 78 York and District Field Naturalists', 78 Eetinia margarotana, 343 ; pinicolana, 57 ; posticana, 343 ; resinana, the cells of, 316 ; retiferana, 843 Ehina barbirostris, 223 Ehizarcha ivreolaris, 75 Eusina tenebrosa, 30, 56 Samia cecropia, 151 Sarothripa revayana, 143 Saturnia pavonia, 28, 234 Satyrus acta;a, alcyone, arethusa, bri- seus, circe, hermione, 36 ; neomiris, 116, 119 Sawflies, notes on, 175 Scalopse albitarsis, 196 Scarcity of Pieris brassicse, 318, 348 Sciaphila conspersana, 12 ; penziana, 314 SciLLT Illes — Lepidoptera from, 9 Sciomyza rufiventris, 136, 201 Scodiona belgiaria, 191, 251 Scolyto-platypus, 148 Scoparia murana, 276 Scopula ferrugalis, 57 Scotland — Biston hirtaria, 65, 136 ; captures in Argyllshire, 223, — at Douglas, Lanark, 352, — in Kincar- dineshire, 353, — in West Eoss-shire, 855 ; Charajas graminis in South, 278 ; Cirrhcedia xerampelina, 278, 297 ; Cleora viduaria, 65, 136 ; Ta- pinostola elymi, 295 Scotosia rhamnata, 146 Season, the mild, 105, 106 Second broods, 18, 20, 61, 62, 74, 105, 138, 827 Selenia bilunaria, 158 ; illunaria, 30 ; lunavia, 57, 144, 140, 190; tetra- lunaria, 57, 146 Selidosema ericelaria, 191, 303 ; plu- maria, 304 Senta maritima, 208 ; ulvse, 67, 846 Sepsis punctum, 248 Sesia andreniformis, 24 ; apiformis, 284 ; asiliformis, 24, 143 ; bembiciformis, 234 ; conopiformis, new to Britain, 245, 342 ; culiciformis, 90 ; cynipi- formis, 77 ; myopiformis, 245 ; scolii- formis, 24, 75, 327 ; sphegiformis, 24, 244 Setina irrorella, 178 Shropshire — Collecting at Market Dray- ton, 30 Silpha atomaria, 72 ; opaca, 154 Simyra venosa, 28 Sinodendron cylindricum, 33 Sirex gigas, 203 Small specimen of Euchloe cardamines, 271 Smerinthus ocellatus, 90, 143 ; populi, 26, 28, 249, 294: tilia?, 222, 233,— two years in pupa, 177, 243 Sphaeroden cylindi-icura, 76 Spider of the vine, the hunting, 207 Spilosoma fuHginosa, 28, 90, 146, 284 ; lubricipeda, 129, — varieties of (figs.), 205 ; luctifera, 184 ; mendica, 56, 90, 146, 219,— var. rustica, 23; menthastri var. (fig.), 205 ; radiata, 136 Spilothyrus alcese, 37, 73 ; althese, 37 ; lavaterffi, 87 Sphinx convolvuli, 70, 71, 143, 233, 321 ; ligustri, 26 ; pinastri, 24, 246, 828 Stauropua fagi, 56, 208, 299, 322 Steganoptyeha pygniKana, 224, 343 Sterrha sacraria, 104, 826 Stigmonota (for "G.") germarana, 823; internana, 350 ; pallifrontana, 343 ; ravulana, 221 Stilbia anomala, 56 Stratiomys potamida, 299 Suffolk — Acherontia atropos, 272, 321 Colias edusa, 820 ; insects at light 26 ; Lepidoptera at light, 147 ; Ly cffina acis, 65 ; Sphinx innastri 246 Sugar, 19, — extracting from bodies of insects, 219 ; yew berries in, 347 Sugaring in January, 106, — in Lanark- shire, 352 Surrey — Colias edusa, 70, 297, 820; collecting in, 27 ; dragonflies, 220, 270, 271, 296, 349 ; Pachetra leu- XIV CONTENTS. cophasa, 221 ; Pieris daplidice, 246 ; Plusia moneta, 246 Sussex — Choerocampa celerio, 71 ; col- lecting in Ashdown Forest, 30 ; Colias edusa, 297 ; Ennomos tili- aria, 320; larva of Catephia alcliy- mista, 247 ; note on the season at Chichester, 321 Synipetrum depressum, 270 ; scoticum, 87, 306 Symmoca signatella, 343 Synchloe butleri, 100, 127 Synergus albipes, 202 Synia musculosa, 67 Syntomaspis caudatus, 202 Syrichthus alveus, 342 ; carthami, 37 ; malvaj, 17 ; sao, 37 Syrphus annulipes, 225, 251, 252, 359 ; balteatus, 359; corollfe, 359; lasi- ophthalmus, 203 ; lineola, 252 ; tri- angulifer, 225, 251 ; vittiger, 252 Taeniocampa gothica, 30, 56 ; gracilis, 146, 170; incerta, 56; instabilis, 30 ; leucographa, 70 ; miniosa, 144 ; munda, 27, 56, 146, 170 ; populeti, 27, 70, 170, 202 ; Tubricosa, 30 Tapinostola concolor, 67, 153 ; elymi, 295; extrema, 155; fulva, 30,' 56; helmanni, 07 ; neurica, 67 Telea polyphemus, 151 Tenebrionidffi, 149 Temijerature experiments, 150 Tephrochlamys rufiventris, 136 Tephritis plantaginis, 196 Tephrosia biundularia, 57, 144, 146 ; consonaria, 144; crepuscularia, 57, 144 Terias nicippe, 74 Termites, 169 Thalpochares latipalpis, 314 ; minuta, 315 ; mundula, 314 ; ostrina, 68, 315 ; parva, 315 ; paula, 68 Thecla betulw, 142, 274 ; edwardsii, 152 ; pruni, 107 ; rubi, 78, 199 ; w-album, 141, 233 Thera juniperata, 74, 75, 191 ; simulata, 191 ; variata, 57 Thoracantha, new classification of the genus, 188 Thyatira batis, 30 Timandra amataria, 30, 57 Tinea semifulvella, 57 ; snbtilella, 843 Trachea piuiperda, 144, 179, 201, 236 Trichiura crata;gi, 15, 26, 234 Triphffina fimbria, 30, 236 ; orbona, 322 ; subsequa, 170, 275, 328 Triphosa dubitata, 191 Tritoma bipustulata, 194 Trochilium apiformis, 234, 358 ; bembi- ciformis, 143, 234 ; crabroniformis, 17, 355 Tortrices at Northwood, Middlesex, 323 350 Tortrix decretana, 343 Toxocampa craccffl, 68, 327 United States Entomologist, the, 245 Urellia eluta, 137, 201 Vanessa and its allies, the genus, 75 Vanessa antiopa, 35, 151, 178, 244, 248 ; atalauta, 29, 30, 56, 70, 74, 104, 141, 143 ; c-album, 17, 30, 35, 141, 242, 248, 257, 321, 347,— distribution in Britain, 22, — note on, 269 ; cardui, 29, 31, 32, 35, 71, 83, 104, 142, 198, 221 (fig.), 277; io, 29, 30, 35, 89 ; polychloros, 143, 179, 195, 203, 233, 272, 274,— in Regent's Park, 295 ; urtica?, 29, 30, 70, 299 Variation, Mr. Bateson on, 162 ; of Tiieniocamjia gothica, 194 Varieties — Abraxas grossulariata, 79, 152 ; ulmata, 79 ; Acidalia degene- raria, 245 ; Acronycta aeeris, 75 ; euphorbiffi, 212 ; ligustris, 79 ; me- nyanthidis, 212 ; myriacte, 169 ; Ag- rotis corticea, 273 ; cursoria, 151 ; segetum, 299 ; Apamea unanimis, 248 ; Apatura iris, 248 ; Arctia caia, 25, 79, 203 ; villica, 203 ; Argynnis adippe, 74, 131; aglaia, 131, 149 (fig.), 182, 201 (fig.), 329; euphro- syue (fig.) 1, 149 (fi-'s.), 181 ; paphia, 69, 74, 116, 131, 142, 183; Boarmia cinctaria, 248 ; repaudata, 275, 322 ; Bombyx quercus, 126 ; Bryophila muralis, 209, 270 ; Calamia lutosa, 238 ; CaUimorpha dominula, 25, 203; hera, 120 ; Camptogramma bilineata, 12, 75, 355 ; CeLvna haworthii, 76 ; Cerastis erythro- cephala, 322 ; Charaeas graminis, 264 ; Cleoceris viminalis, 276 ; Ce- rastis vaccinii, 61, 72 ; Chelonia caia, 201 ; Chrysophanus dispar, 60; phloeas, 66, 74 ; Coenonympha pam- philus, 132 ; Cohas edusa, 132, 150; Cymatophora duplaris, 126 ; or, 125 ; Dianthcecia conspersa, 346 ; Ephyra pendularia, 79; Epinephele hyperanthes, 131 ; ianira, 11, 36, 131, 249, 276, 325; ida, 36; tithonus, 325 ; Epunda lutulenta, 153 ; Ema- turga atomaria, 245 ; Emydia cri- brum, 132, 178, 356; Erebia aithiops (fig.), 301; epiphron, 153; Euchelia jacobfeie, 149 ; Euchloe cardamines, 132, 248; tages, 118; Dianthcecia nana, 12 ; Hadeua dentina, 154 ; Heliothis jjeltigera, 249 ; Hesijeria linea, 132 ; Hybernia leucophrearia, 201 ; progemmaria, 78, 79 ; Hydroecia I nictitans, 239 ; Leucania comma. CONTENTS. XV 227 ; coniger, 2:i7 ; Lithosia gri- seola, 139, 248 ; Lycrena acTonis, 358 ; aegon, 118, 358; alexis, 72, 224; argiolus, 247 ; astrarche, 89 ; bel- lai'gns, 358; Melanippe fluctuata, 276; hastata, 276; Melita;a cinxia, 276 ; aurinia (fig.), 1, 35 ; Miselia oxyacanthffi, 30 ; Nemeophila plan- taginis, 25, 20-!, 244; Noctua xau- thogTapha, 79 ; Nonagria arundinis, 238 ; Numeria pulveraria, 322 ; Odontopera bidentata, 79 ; Ornitho- ptera urvilliana, 149; Pararge me- gffira, 1 18 ; Peronea vai'iegana, 295 ; Phigalia pedaria, 137 ; Pieris napi, 203; Polyommatus phloeas, 77, 118, 132, 272; Prays curtisellus, 276; Saturnia carpiui, 149 ; Satyrus actfea, 36 ; arethusa, 36 ; briseis, 36 ; egeria, 132 ; semele, 118, 132 ; stati- linus, 36 ; Scopelosoraa satellitia, 57 ; Selenia lunaria, 224, 249; Sesia myopiformis, 244 ; Setina irrorella, 178, 244 ; Spilosoma lubricipeda, 75, 78, 79, 95, 129, 136, 152 (figs.), 205, 248; mendica, 23, 219, 244; men- thastri, 318 ; Spilothyrus althem, 37; Smerinlhus popiili, 79, 149; tilias, 50 ; Syrichthns sao, 118 ; Tse- niocampa munda, 178 ; Tapinostola fulva, 238; Tej^hrosia biundularia, 78, 79; Thecla rubi, 17, 74, 89, 251 ; Thera juniperata, 74 ; Thyatira batis, 124 ; Tortrix xylosteana, 276 ; Uropteryx sarabiicata, 276 ; Vanessa atalanta, 132; cavdui (fig.), 277; io, 132, 152 ; urtica3, 118, 132, 203, 248; Venilia macularia, 148, 152, 346; Xanthia fulvago, 276; Xylo- phasia hepatica, 264 ; monoglypha, 264 ; rurea, 263 ; Zygtena exulans, 326 ; lonicerffi, 79 ; pilosellffi, 270 ; trifolii, 75 (fig.), 253^ Vertical distribution of the British Lepi- doptera, 2, 37 ; of Pieris rapa?, 293 Vespa erabo, 77, 78, 144 ; vulgaris, 199 VeniHa macularia, 146 Venusia cambrica, 70 ; canibricaria, 190 W.\LES — Captures in October and Novem- ber, 31 ; collecting in South, 251 ; Lepidoptera at light in Swansea dis- trict, 324 ; Vanessa cardui common at Tenby, 221 Wasps in 1893, note on, 137 WoRCESTEESHiKE — Homets in, 31 Xanthia aurago, 57, 146, 171 ; citrago, 57, 146; gilvago, 26, 146, 322; ocel- laris, 342 Xanthic varieties of Ehopalocera, 357 Xylina conformis, 68 ; f urcifera, 68 ; lambda, 68; semibrunnea, 71, 171, 327 ; socia, 322 ; zinckenii, 68 Xylocampa aureola, 57, 146 Xylomiges conspicillaris, 67, 221 Xylophasia scolopacina, 77, 141 ; sub- lustris, 170, 263, 322 Xystophora elongella, 343; qua3stiouella, 343 Yorkshire — Lepidoptera in the neigh- bourhood of York, 70 Zanclognatha emortualis, 69 ; grisealis, 57 ; tarsipeunalis, 57, 146 Zeuzera ssculi, 90, 143, 234 ; pyrina, 14, 146 Zonosoma orbicularia, 191 Zygasna achilleas, 358 ; carniolica, 358 ; exulans, 24, 227, 244, 326; fausta, ] 78 ; lonicerffi, 70 ; nubigena, 25 ; trifolii ab. (fig.), 253 ILLUSTRATIONS. Argynnis euphrosyne and Melitfea anrinia, vars. (3 figs.), 1. Smerinthus tiliae, aberrant, 50. Caduga crowleyi, n. s., 110. Callimorpha dominula, larva, 122. John Jenner Weir (Plate), to face p. 157. Dark chamber for larvae (2 figs.), 159, 160. Spilosoma lubricipeda, vars. (4 figs.), 205. Ai-gynnis euphrosyne and A. aglaia, vars. (-1 figs.), 181, 182. Lamellicorn beetles on pasturage in the Argentine Territories (6 figs.), 229, 231. Zygsena trifolii, abnormal, 253. Vanessa cardui, var., 277. Erebia tethiops, aberration, 301. Argynnis aglaia, var., 329. THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. XXVIL] JANUARY, 1894. [No. 368. VARIETIES OF ARGYNXIS EUPHROSYNE AND MELITMA AURIXIA. By F. W. Frohawk, F.E.S., and R. South. Fig. 1. Argynnis euphrosync, +-> O- , a: 0+ o "2 Gc 2 '— ■ 4I) 1/; c eg -C 5 " -=> 53 ., ■^ -ti J Port Mav 0 0 a X QJ O -^ ^•2 a a as l-H -^ ID (l; -p O O 3 =- ^-3 ^£-^3^ = jg J3 "^ ^ o ■Jj ■" r:2 -, 3 o Q 3 •£: 2 5 s: a; S i a O (J3 t, :; OS § g * ¥. o ii-^ 3 O 3 ^ ^ = ^ B ^ ^ o fi T3 T-! r1 — ^ S-. ^ = OJ ^^ ^ .- =« S 3 3 = — <*^ CO cti cs ^ 0 . - i >i cb ^ 33'33'3'3=''^ '-^•-s^-5'-5^-5^-s<;0 i^-i-'cOQOiJiJtja) OOti.H-HCOOX)rH ■— I --^ O? r-l I— I r-l 3 1-5 -w ^ * a 0 0 3 "" m a a !>i >^ >-, >-, 3 3 3 3 1-5 >-:) i-s *-5 JS ^ -. 3 CO 0 -f '^* cy cc 02 r-l a a a a a a ^ c3 03 c3 5j CS "73 '73 --a T3 -73 -13 S 2 a S a = 3 S33333>3 tsosojcsosas^^ •L " " 3 ^a a 3 2^ c 3 2 > o o » ^ s ^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ &M :-• s-i S-, a^ cu Q^ ^ 4-> j2 -a XJ CC JJ 4J O -- CO O O? C« rH C* ^ *. I iSi S; ^ ' 5^ ylnata, Thera variata, and F. jnmaru could be obtained m abundance by means of the beating-stick. Scarcity OF LEPmoPXERA.-I think this has been due in a -rea measure to the extraordinary abundance of their natural enemies nthh^nT'^rT' '^^:^°°^fl^^^' ^^^'ibats, which, together with swifts nigl jais and other insectivorous birds, have, thanks to the fine weather, been enabled better to follow their work of destruction ; and las ly but by no means_ least, to the great drought which has pre vailed ; these causes having also undoubtedly tended to minimise the number of larv£e, which have been unusually scarce. Second BRooDs.-The following species of Noctu^, which are not usually double-brooded with us, have this year been either double and R, oleuwea.—W. Hewett ; Howard Street, York, Nov. 11th, 18931 Macroglossa stellatarum and Colour. — Unusual summers seem to bring ou unusual insects. During the wettesrsumrr leve^ "^CJ"Zk f ''^ 'fr'^T '^ ^^— ' «-^-;- were taken hiBerwir example of ?S-° ^' '"'^^ P"'* "^ "^°^^^^ ^'"^ '^'"^^^'^ twenty-three examples oiCoUas edusa were captured in the same county. I greatlv vears bu fL^.f/'^^'.^'f .'^^^^'^' ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ a.^in if othS Wn ;.i ' ^^^ ^"^ *^'' ^ ^'""^^ ^ever heard of either having been taken or even seen again. The past summer may be said to hlvl t.Kn^>f'''* ""^^ ^"'f- ^r^^«^«'-"-- Several of our^membei; have taken the species, and it has been seen or captured in many otlili occasion, and I am glad I did not, as I learned more of the habits of riTu?af n?i tt'T'f ■•?'■ ^^'°"^- ' "^*°»-^ '' *1-- I ^-^ ^-e iiomall that is wutten about it m the books that I have read I was rhit'flish iTt\zt'' "'""' ''T^'^'''^ *° 1-^^ "p I -- --" t wasTnd^honSfMf^ Qj away over the wall. I guessed at once what It was, and thought it was likely to come back again, which it did • and this time I was more fortunate, as I was able to^t quite close behind NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 2l . The wings were vibrating so quickly that you could scarcely notice lem moving at all, and the long hairs on its body stood straight out 1 round along each side and across behind the body, making it more tsy for the wings to bear it up. It did not alight upon a flower, but st inserted its long trunk while on the wing ; and as it flew from )wer to flower the trunk protruded an inch or more. The most irious thing was the way the moth selected flowers of a particular lour. There were two rows of Violas about ten yards long, one on ,ch side of a walk three feet wide ; the insect at once chose a sort of earn- or straw-coloured one, known as " Pilrig-park," and completely nored all the other colours, such as blue, purple, black, and yellow, went to work in a very systematic way, beginning at one end of the ilk, where the Viola "Pilrig-park" was growing, and going over ost of the flowers, but never even trying one of which the edges of e petals were turned up, showing that the flower had served its irpose and was beginning to decay ; but it went over every flower at was fully open, or even beginning to open ; and after it had been 3ug the whole line it turned back and tried them again, but quickly cognised the fact that there was nothing more to be got out of them, le eye could scarcely follow the insect now, as, after it had tried ree or four flowers, it made two or three wide circles ; then it tried e common marigold {Caltha segetiun), but this did not suit it at all, as only sampled one flower ; then it made another circle, flew over the ill, and I knew I had seen the last of it. Now, what can there be lOut this particular Viola more than any other to attract M. steUatarum? le purple, lilac, and black shades seemed all equally good, and yet e insect never touched one of them. There is no doubt that the Pilrig-park " variety has a vigorous constitution, coming earlier into oom than many other Violas, and also holding on longer ; but even is very thing would give it its robust habit. All the flowers the sect visited would be cross-fertilised, and if I had gathered the seed 5m these cross-fertilised flowers they would have had a more vigorous ibit than the parent plant, or the self-fertihsed flowers which the sect rejected. I know that M. stellatanim visits single geraniums, 0 ; but here there was a whole bed of double ones, and it never even aked at them. Mr. Speirs caught a specimen while at his window- IX of pale pink single geraniums ; and I saw one at a scarlet variety, 30 in a window. (Abstract of a paper read before the South of Scot- ud Entomological and Natural History Society, October 5th, 1893, by r. Shaw, President.) The Melanism Contro\'erby. — Mr. Dale, quoting my statement at I do not know of any Pihopalocera in the British Islands remark- ile for melanochroic tendencies, seems to overlook that I refer to iiopalocera only, and that my remarks were apropos to the suggestion at in countries with defect of sunshine (such as the British Islands) irk coloration would be advantageous, and consequently fostered by btural selection. That theory rests on a wholly different basis from at underlying the well-known phenomena of adaptive coloration, tiich therefore were not alluded to. My limited knowledge of the iiopalocera certainly, so far as it goes, quite bears out Mr. Dale's )inion that the Rhopalocera are not without examples of pale 22 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. varieties on chalk and limestone soils. But I can only call to mind a few such. By Mr. Dale's reference to instances of animals adopting a white uniform in snowy regions, I gather that he rather dissents from Lord Walsingham's theory. It is worth while mentioning, in relation to the subject, that I have often noticed the rapid absorption of the sun's rays by a dark or strongly-coloured insect, strikingly shown when one settles with expanded wings upon the snow ; for if they rest any time, the snow melts beneath them, and they perish benumbed by the cold. I have watched this result, and have taken some good species thus upon the Swiss alps. — Wm. Fras. de V. Kane ; Drumreaske House, Monaghan, Ireland. Distribution in Britain of Vanessa c-album. — I was much inte- rested in reading Mr. Harcourt Bath's remarks on the range of this species in Britain (Entom. xxvi. 338), and note that its occurrence in Scotland appears to be doubtful. 13arron Wood, in Cumberland, is distant from the Scotch border about fifteen miles as the crow flies, and it was there that my father took a hybernated specimen in April, 1835, when he was collecting Brephos partlwnias. No other specimens of V. c-album were seen there until 1840, when some numbers occurred. A man, now living at Carlisle, was with me at the time, and we found a great many chysalids on the large scabious (Knautia), and the butter- flies in plenty. A few were found some two or three years later, but, so far as I know, none since. It seems strange that some butterflies, common in adjoining counties, do not appear able to establish them- selves in the district referred to, e.g., Leucophasia sinapis, Gonepteryx rhamni, Aniynnis adijtpe, A. papJiia, Pararge efjeria, &c. — J. B. Hodg- kinson ; Preston, December 4th, 1893. Observations on Vanessa c-album. — Since penning the remarks which appeared in the last issue of the ' Entomologist ' (xxvi. 338- 342) I have had serious misgivings as to whether the conclusions arrived at therein, concerning the dimorphic tendencies of the insect, in question, are correct. Upon a careful re-examination of the long series of this species in my possession, I am strongly tempted to think that what I considered to be the typical form of the first flight are merely hybernated specimens of the autumnal brood. But if this is so they must retain their colour and fresh appearance remarkably well ; and what is more misleading still, is the fact that they co-exist with the fulvous form. However, I will await the verdict of those who have had greater experience with the butterfly than myself. If my conclusions were incorrect no harm can have been done ; and the same object will have been gained by the publication of the epistle which I had in view when I penned it, if it is the means of directing the attention of other students to the various problems connected with the economy of V. c-album which require a satisfactory solution. — W. Harcourt Bath ; Birmingham, December 23rd, 1893. Eelaxing Insects. — 1. If small, lay them between fresh cabbage> leaves for a day or two. 2. Fill three-parts full a wdde-mouthed bottle or jar with laurel- leaves, young, and gathered when free from damp. The cork stopper must be air-tight and well sealed. Pin the insects to the bottom of the cork for two or three days. This method does NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 23 well for Noctuas. By using the above methods no " mould " need be feared. In the two following, this fungus enemy is certain to appear after some hours, whether the water used be hot or cold. Therefore add a few drops of carbolic acid, which will also arrest decomposition, and be certam death to "mites" as well. 8. Use a corked, zinc relaxing-box. Damp — but only damp — the cork. Drop on the cork six drops of carbohc acid. 4. Fill a wide-mouthed, well-stopped bottle or jar, three-parts full with dumiJ sand. Drop on the sand carbolic acid, twelve or fifteen drops to a pint (four gills) of sand. Place a layer of cotton-wool on the sand, and lay the insects on the cotton- wool. It is well to measure the carbolic acid — a drop or two over will not matter. Too much will retard relaxation, probably because the oily nature prevents the damp from rising. Nos. 3 and 4, especially No. 4, are invaluable for the largest-sized insects (or, indeed, any other). These may be safely left for a week or a fortnight until thoroughly flexible. Lepidoptera, after relaxing, should be exposed in the room for a few minutes to dry the wings. In changing the pin press the thorax, from below and upwards, with the thumb and fore- finger, then downwards with the use of a setting-needle. After setting, expose the insects for a quarter of an hour in front of a moderate fire. J. Aekle ; Chester. [For relaxing insects on a larger scale, see Entom. xxv. 119. — Ed.] Spilosoma mendica var. rustica. — Eeferring to Mr. Kane's notes (Entom. xxvi. 344) on S. vumdica var. rustica, as probably I was the first to rear this variety from ova, it may be well to record that my capture of the female alluded to took place in 1885. From these ova a most beautiful and varied series of males was bred, fifteen distinct and very striking varieties of which are still in my collection. The ova from which Mr. Adkin and Mrs. Hutchinson bred their specimens were deposited in 1886 by the progeny of the female taken in 1885. The female rustica is larger than English specimens I have taken in Durham and Dorset, and more constant in the number and disposition of the spots. I have not observed 8. mendica here, although IS.fulii/i- nosa is not uncommon. — H. McDowall ; Nashville, Howth, December 4tb, 1893. Bleached patches on Wings of Butterflies. — Amongst a few pupte of Vanessa atalanta of the second (or third) brood (the last emerged November 27th), one met with an accident that I thought must be fatal. It hung to the cover of a jar, and in replacing the cover, rather a heavy one, this pupa was carelessly pressed between the cover and the lip of the jar, remaining so for twenty-four hours. The lip of the jar, some tenth of an inch thick, left a deep impression across one of the wing-covers. This got shallower, but remained evident till the time of emergence, and crossed the red band of the upper wing. The butterdy nevertheless succeeded in emerging perfectly, except a white bleached patch across the red baud of the upper wing, and some less evident change of the same character on the lower wing. Eemember- iug that E. laiiiia presents these bleached patches perhaps more frequently than any other butterfly, — they are indeed common in tiiat species, — it stems to me that a similar cause, pressure on the pupal wing-cases, is here the explanation also, lanira pupates in a flimsy 24 THE ENTOBIOLOGIST. cocoon low down towards the roots of the grass, just at the period when it is most rapidly growing — you should begin mowing two days before iajiini emerges — hence it must be very liable to injury and pressure by stems of plants rapidly growing, or, more probably, bent down by wind or other accident. I suppose it is agreed that these bleachings are pathological, and probably due to pupal injury. This note is to suggest the nature of the injury. — T. A. Chapman ; Firbank, Hereford. A New Local Entomological Society. — A number of entomolo- gists met at the house of Mr. Eales on November 30th, and formed a Society called " The Carlisle Entomological Society." Twelve mem- bers were enrolled, officers were chosen, and a number of rules were made. Mr. Christopher Eales was elected President ; and Mr, John Buckle, Secretary and Treasurer. The meetings are being held at the house of Mr. Eales for the present. We will forward the reports of the meetings each month. — John Buckle, Secretary. [We have very great pleasure in publishing the above announcement, and wish the newly-formed Society every success. — Ed.] Proposed List of Entomological Societies, &c., in Gkeat Britain. — We believe that the time has arrived when a list of Entomological Societies, and of Natural History Societies and Field Clubs, of whose members a greater or lesser number are interested in Entomology, would be botli interesting and valuable. We therefore ask Secretaries of all such associations to be good enough to forward us particulars of their respective Societies or Clubs. Information under the following heads is all that is really necessary, but any other items of general interest might be added: — 1. Name. 2. (a) Date of meetings; {b) where held. 3. Date of foundation. 4. Number of members. 5. Annual subscription. 6. Officers and Council for 1894. The Burney Collection (Heterocera). — Particulars of the prices realised for the butterflies were given in a former note (Entom. xxvi. 359) ; the present account deals with the Sphinges and Bombyces. Two examples of SpJtinx 2>i}i((^t>'i and seven of Acherontia atrojws sold for 24/- ; whilst one specimen of the former and six of the latter, comprising another lot, realised 22/-. There were ten speci- mens of (Jliccrocumpa celerio, and seven of these were disposed of at about 10/- each ; one, with two examples of Deilephilu galii, for 24/- ; another, also with two D. galii, for 22/- ; and one, with three D. [/alii, for 30/-. Two of the original specimens of D. euphorbia;, bred by Mr. Raddon from Devonshire larvfe, commanded £6 6s. and £6 16s. 6d. each; whilst a third example, " taken in the Isle of Man by Clias. S. Dewhirst, July 15th, 1868, teste G. B. Hodgkinson," only brought in £3 13s. 6d. Six D. galii produced 32/6. Of the eleven specimens of D. livornica {lineata), one was knocked down for 26/-, and another for 35/- ; two were sold for 30/-, and the other seven hardly averaged 8/^ each. Two lots of Sesia, each including one example of andreniformis and two of scoliiformis, went for 32/6 a lot ; two other lots of Sesia, comprising among other species scolii/ormis (4), each fetched 20/-. Four S. s] I h eg if or mis and two S. asili/ormis were sold for 42/-, and a similar lot for 35/- ; whilst three S. sphegi/onnis and one S. asili/ormis, ex. coll. Standish, fetched two guineas. Zygcena exulans and Z. niibi- NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 2S f/ena produced about Gd. apiece. There were three lots of Lithosia caniola and L. molybdeola (sericea), six examples of one and five of the other, with a few deplana, &c., in each lot ; these realised 35/- 26/- and 22/-. Deiopeia pulchclla, of which there were ten specimens, were disposed of in couples at from 20/- to 32/6. Two examples of Calli- morpha hera, " taken in 1884 by Brook and Waring at Star Cross, Devon," made 35/-; and a black variety of C. dominula sold for &1Q. A specimen of Nemeophila pUmtaginis var. hospita, together with a variety with almost obsolete markings, fetched 35/-. Varieties of Arctia caia were not eitber numerous or very remarkable, but a very pale specimen found a purchaser at 35/- ; and another pale example, lotted with a dark one, made two guineas. The old fen form of Ocneria dispar ran up the price of the respective lots, in which two female examples were included, to 25/- and 35/-. Lalia caiwsa were sold in pairs at 25/- 20/- 22/- 26/- and 26/-, and two very nice males also went at last quotation. Lasiocavipa ilicifolia (12 specimens) made from 15/6 to 18/- each. Drepana harpagula ( = sicula), of which there was a series of seventeen specimens, were mostly sold three in a lot, and realised prices which gave an average of 6/- per specimen. Dicranura bicuspis (15 examples) sold at 20/- to 24/- per pair, and males at 14/- to 18/- per brace ; but the two examples of (jlyphisla crenata only brought in 8/- and 16/-. The five specimens oi Notodonta bicolor offered were disposed of at one guinea to £'2 5s., males, and a female realised £2 10s. Three examples of N. trilophus [tritophiis), offered singly, were sold at 24/- 30/- and 12/- each, and a fourth specimen, included in a lot with N. dictaia, dicta;oides, &c., fetched 14/-. — EicHARD South ; 12, Abbey Gardens, St. John's Wood, N.W. The late Eev. H. Bukney's Collection. — I may mention that the two specimens of Luperina gueneei in this collection were from me. Three specimens of this insect were captured on the same day, and the third example was sent by me to Miss C. Sulivan, of Fulham. A fourth specimen, which I possess, was formerly in the collection of the laie J. F. Brockholes, and no doubt he took it very near the place where the others were found. I was surprised to find that Heliothis scutosa was not down in the catalogue of this sale. Mr. Burney had an example of the species from me, and this specimen was well known to many, and was described and commented on by my esteemed friend Mr. C. G. Barrett (Ent. Mo. Mag. xiv. 67). I may add that if I can give particulars of any of the other rarities that were in this collection 1 shall be very pleased to do so. — J. B. Hodgkinson ; Preston, December 14th, 1893. More greasy Moths wanted. — As there are still some points in connection with this subject which I am anxious to clear up, I shall feel greatly obliged to anyone who will kindly furnish me with more greasy moths, especially goat-moths or hawks of this season's breedmg or capturing. — H. G. Knaggs ; Camden Villa, Lennard Eoad, Folkestone. Errata. — Entom, xxvi. p. 349, line 8 from top, for " enlared " read " enlarged " ; p. 355, line 9 of note on Zyt/iena melilutiJ for "country " read "county"; p. 356, line 23 from bottom, for "The male ia figured" read '• This mark is figured." 26 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. CAPTURES AND FIELD EEPORTS. Insects at Light during lyQo. — During the past year I have been working light pretty systematically, and the results may be of interest to entomologists in general. It was not until the end of June that 1 looked for insects at electric light. There are only two large globes here, which are situated about forty yards apart, and are almost in the centre of the town. Having, however, commenced to work electric light, I included these in my nightly rounds, giving them particular attention, and staying sometimes as late (?) as half-past one or two o'clock in tlie morning. From eleven to twelve seemed about the most profitable hour. My reward was the .capture of the following in more or less abundance, and in more or less bad condition, between June 30th and October 30th : — Smerinthus populi (3), Sphinx Ligiistri (saw 1), Nola cucuUatelia (2), Lithosia lurideola (I), Arctia caia, Fortheda similis, Orrjyia antiqua, Trichiura cratcEyl (I), Bombyx nevsiria (several), Uropteryx sambucaria {coinmon), Rumia lateo- lata, Selenia biliumria tjuliaria), FAiyonia alniaria (common), E.fuacantaria, Himera pennaria, Aiiiphidasys betalarla, Boarmia gemmaria, Acidalia viryularia, A. avemala (common), Halia vauaria, Abraxas yrosudariala, Larentia didymata, Exipithecia succenturiata, E. rectanynluta, Hypsipetes sordidata, Melanippe jiuctuaUi, Catnptuyramma fluviala [l], Cidaria asso- ciata, Cilix gkmcata ^several), Phalera bucephala, Lophopteryx cainelina, Notodonla dictcca, Bryophlla perla (common), Acronycta tridens, Leucania coniyera, L. iithargyria, L. pollens, Nonagria lutosa (fairly common), Gortyna ochracea (1), Hydrcccia uiicacea, Axylia putris, Xylophasia mono- gjypha (common), Neuronia pojnilaris (3), Liiperina testacea (very comnioi:), Mavicstra pcrsicarice (excessively al)undant in July), Apamea didyina, Muoia bicoloria, Caradrina aldnes, C. taraxuci, C. quadiipunclala, Agrutis puta (2), A. segetum, A. niyrkans, A. tiitici, A. aquiliiia, Noctiia augur (common), N. plecta, N. c-nigrum (any number), A\ xanlhogruphu, Tri- phana comes, Mania typica, Anchocelis p>istacina, Xanthia gilvago, X. Jiavago, Calymnia ajjinis, Hecatera serena, Folia Jiavocincta, Cleoceris viminalis (?), Phlogoplwra meticulosa, Hadena trifolii, H. oleracea, Piusia chrysitis, P. iota, P. pulchrina (Ij, P. gamma. Besides the above, I have taken, mostly flying towards the light: — Coleoptera : Pterostichus nigrita, Amara tibialis, Creophilus viaxillosus (several), Aphodius rujipcs (comnon). Hymenoptera : Formica rufa (several), Aphion luteics (common). In my diary I find the following note under September 7th : — " Noclua c-nigrum is now going off. It has been a perfect pest, often four or five, sometimes more, round the light at a time. After a little practice, however, one can distinguish them by their flight, and, when caught, by the habit they have of running very fast up the net. They settle any- where on the lamp, near the lamp, and on the ground, windows, or masonry." I would be much obliged and interested if lepidopterists in other parts of the country would inform me whether their notes as regard this moth are identical with my own. All local collectors have had the same experience. Noctua c-nigrum has by no means been confined to electric light, having been taken at street-lamps, sugar, ivy, honeydew, among low plants, and, indeed, by every conceivable method, and in every possible situation, by which and in which moths are taken. The first specimen emerged fium pupa on tiie 15ih of May, and the insect continued to be present with hardly a break until the 9th of October, when I took my CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 27 last specimen at electric light. There appear to be two varieties (?) of this moth; the ground colour in one is almost, and in dark specimens quite, black ; the other, which I take to be the type, has invariably a brown tinge throughout. Whether this variation is merely sexual distinction or not I have not had the opportunity of ascertaining. I have also taken the following Lepidoptera at lamps, both street and indoor, during the past season : — Nola cucuUatella, Spilosoma lubricipeda and S. mentJiastri {common), Porthesia clirysorrhcea, P. similis, Lencomia salicis, Oigyia antiqua, Bomhijx neustria, Lasiocampa qucrcifolia (1), Riunia liiteo- lata, Selenia hilunaria, Himera pcnnaria, Biston hirtarta (a few), Amphidasys strataria, A. betularia, Hemerophila ahruptaria, Boarmia gemmaria, Heiiiithea strigata (1), Acidalia virgularia (common), A. aversata (common), Halia vauaria, Hybernia rupicaptaria (common), H. marginaria, Aniso- 2)terg.v ascularia (common), Cheimatohia brumata (Oct. 2ith), Oporabia dllutata, Evpithecia succenturiata, E. innotata ? E. subnotata ? E. vulgata, E. absiiithiata, E. rectaiigidata, Melaiiippe fluctuata (very com- mon), Anticlea hadiata, A. nigrofusciaria, Coremia ferrugata, G. uni- dentaria, Cidaria viiata (several), C. immanata, C. dotata, Chesias spartiata (several), Drepana binaria, Cilix gJaucuta, Phalera hucephala, Notodonta dictaa, Asphalia ridens ("2), Bryoph'da peria (common), Leucania conigera, L. 2)allens, Hgdrcecia micacea, Neuronia popularis, Ltiperina testacea (several), Mainestra persicaricE, Miana strigilis, Caradrina morpheus, Agrotis svffma, A. nigricans, Noctiia augur, N. c-nigrum (common), N. xantJiographa (one of them I took at the oil-lamp on the Great Eastern, while the train was in motion, between Harwich and Manningtree), Ampiliipyra tragopogonis (several), Taniocampa gothica, T. incerta, T. stabilis, Orthosia lota, Anchocelis pist.acina, Scopelosoma sateUitia, Xanthia fiavago, X. gilvago, X. circellaris, Phlogophora vteticulosa, Euplexia lucipara, Hadena oleracea, Gonoptera libutrix, and Plusia gamma. Cole- optera ; Serica briinnea {se\era.\), Aphodius fcetens and A. riijipes {common). Hymenoptera : Ophion lutens? (in plenty). The prevalence of Agrotis puta this year is very remarkable. My friend Rev. J. H. Hocking says, with Mr. Newman, that he has taken it commonly "in his garden," at Copdock, about four miles out; and I myself have taken it both at electric light and ivy in September. — Claude Moeley; High Street, Ipswich, November 3rd, 1893. Collecting in Surrey. — This year has, as far as my experience goes, been a very marked contrast as compared with last, save, perhaps, the "sallow blooming," which with me was particularly favourable. On March 5th I noticed that the sallows were already out, and promising well for a good "draw." Next evening I started out, with sheet and pill-boxes, to the attractive tree. As 1 anticipated, moths were there right enough, and plenty of them. Taniocampa instabilis, T. cruda, T. gracilis, and of course T. gothica, all showed up well ; I also descried a few Scopelosoma sateUitia, and some very dark Cerastis spadicea. On the 7th the results were similar, but with the addition of T.populeti, a species new to me, All through the week I had very favourable nights, and secured three more T. populeti, all of which were in very fine condition. The total number of species I noticed at sallows was eleven, which comprised, in addition to those enumerated above, T. munda (which is, as a rule, rare in this neighbourhood), Anisopteryx ascularia, and Pachnobia rubricosa. Some of the latter were very beautiful and of a very fine deep red colour. lu the 28 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. meantime, images from pupae of Satwnia carpini {^ jmvonia), received in the autumn from the North, were emerging daily ; but they were not nearly 60 fine as I have had them ; one specimen is much darker in groundcolour than usual. The early Rhopalocera I have already referred to (Entom. xxvi. 199). May 11th being a beautiful bright day, I started off to my favourite hunting-ground at Oxshott, in search of Nemeobius lucina. After a couple of hours' searching, I managed to find the " colony " in one of the remotest corners of the wood, called " The Prince's Covers." I was unable then to take more than a couple of specimens, as I had already filled ray boxes with other species, the best of which were two Drepana liamula and one Macro- glossa homhyUformis. Eventually I completed ray series of N. lucina. Amongst other insects that I have taken this year at Oxshott are — Macaria liturata and Biqmhis jnniaria in profusion, Geometra jiapUionaria, Drepana falcula, Bapta temerata and B. taminata, both of which are, however, to be found more commonly in Ashtead woods, some five miles distant ; Lyciena agon, and Ellopiafasciaria. Of insects taken more in my own immediate neighbourhood, I may mention that formidable insect (in the larva state) Cossus ligniperda. Out of one tree I took no fewer than thirty healthy larvae, and have repeatedly taken one or two out of various other trees. PericaUia syringatia occurs here every year, though sparingly. The same remark also applies to Pterostoma palplna, which comes to light in June. I was much pleased on turning up Phorodesma bajularia this summer; I should have thought this a most unlikely insect to occur here, as tliere are very few oaks indeed about this place, the pre- dominating tree being the elm (Ulmus campestris). — A. J. Kaye; Worcester Court, Worcester Park, Surrey, October 20th, 1893. Collecting at Wicken — On July 15th to 24th, in company with Mr. H. Robson, I had, the pleasure of re-visiting the Fen, and although the nights, on the whole, were very unfavourable for attraction by light, we managed to make acquaintance with a few of the Fen species. We had neither of us seen Papilio machaon at home, and were naturally anxious to obtain a series of this grand insect. Although plenty of specimens were seen, only a small proportion were captured, owing to the wind, and the majority of those secured were in poor condition. However, ova and young larvae (mostly just hatched) were readily obtained, but those about full- fed were infrequently met with. For light we only had two good nights, one of which was spoilt by heavy rain. We were very much surprised that the lamp attracted so few Bombyces, for we expected that Bomhyx neustria and Odonestis potatoria would be quite a nuisance. Sugaring in the lanes was fairly successful, but the flowers of the rush were decidedly more attractive. The following were among the species taken : — Smeriyi- thus populi, Bomhyic neustria (2), Odonestis potatoria (2), Arctia caia, Spilosoma fuHginosa (2), Nudaria senex, Lithosia lurideola [complanula], L. griseola, L. stramineola (1), Epione apiciaria, Acidalia inwmtata, Cidaria testata, Pelurga comitata, Hypsij^etes sordidata [elutata), Simyra venosa, Leiicania impura, L. impudens {pudorina), Calamia phragmitidis, Apamea leucostigma [Jibrosa), Cosmia affinis (2), Amphipyra tragopogonis. With the exception of Papilo machaon, larvae were not at all plentiful, and were hard to find. By searcliing, a few were obtained of the following species: — SmeriiitJius ocellatus, Chcerocavipa elj)cnGr, Macroglossa stellatarum, Satumia pavonia [carpini], Dicranura vinula, Bvmbyx ruhi, and Simyra venosa. A journey to Tuddenham was a failure eutomologically — only a few larvse in CAPTUEES AND FIELD REPORTS. 29 pods of Silene inflata (I hope some may turn out Dianthcecia irregularis), and two imagines of Acidalia ncbricata. I hear on good authority that the draining of Wicken Fen is again in contemplation. If such should be the case, I hope the Entomological Society, in conjunction with other societies interested in Natural fiistory generally, will be in a position to save this famous locality from sharing the fate of its neighbour (Burwell). The area of the Fen is at present a very limited one, and should its most interesting fauna and flora become a thing of the past. I am sure it would be deplored by all those who can appreciate and see beauty in this home of Papllio machaon. — Alfred T. Mitchell; 5, Clayton Terrace, Gunnersbury, W., October 4th, 1893. Collecting at Dawlish. — As I recently spent a fortnight's holiday with ray friend Mr. C. Nicholson at Dawlish, a few notes on the collecting at that place may be acceptable. We left London on the 18th of September, returning on the 5th of October. We found excellent accommodation at Mrs. Hannaford's, a large grocer's shop on "The Lawn," where we were boarded and lodged very cheaply indeed. We found Colias edusa common, particularly on the railway banks, and in one large waste field overgrown with thistles and hawkweed, at Luscombe. In this field there was also a perfect colony of Vanessa atalanta ; I have never before seen this insect so plentiful in one spot; they settled on the thistle-heads, flew up, one might almost say, in shoals, at your approach ; we saw throe specimens which had the red band on the hind wing slightly bleached, but Mr. Nicholson only succeeded in capturing one of them. An occasional V. uriica, V. io and V. cardui also turned up, and a few specimens of Panarge er/eria and P. merfCEra ; the latter insect appeared to come out during our visit, for it was certainly much commoner when we left Dawlish than when we arrived there; no females were taken during the first few days of our stay, after which their number gradually increased. There v/ere some lovely forms of Plusia (jamma about, some of which we could not help taking for their very beauty. Polyommatus phUeas was also common, the condition varying from "just out " to the " very ancient." Larva-beating proved a failure, hardly a larva of any consequence being taken. The woods at Dawlish, I may say, look better from a distance, to the entomologist's eye, than on a closer inspection ; they seem to be principally used as game-preserves ; oak is comparatively scarce, the commonest trees being ash and edible chestnut. Sugaring was also a failure ; the first night we obtained one Hadena protea and an autiqu&ted Phlogoj^hora meticidosa ; the second night we obtained one Anchocelis pistacina, and a specimen of Triphana pronuba, apparently savfd from the flood ; the third night we obtained nothing whatever ; then we gave it up in disgust. A much greater success was the ivy, which abounds at and around Dawlish ; but, of course, we did not find the best of it until a night or two before we left; however, our last four nights were fairly successful. On Sept. 3Uth we took Orthosia macilenta, Xaniliia femiginea, Ancliocelis pistacina, a splendid specimen of Xylophasia poly- odon, Cerastis vaccinii, Hadena protea, Agrotis segetum, and P. gamma; we also took one specimen of Cerastis spadicea (ligula), and a pair of Epunda lichenea: I suppose these Uchenea were the best insects we got during our visit ; unfortunately they are not in very brilliant condition. On Oct. 2nd we took, besides the common things mentioned above, three more male E. lichenea, one specimen of Orthosia lota, and one of Agrotis saucia. On Oct. 3rd we took another /i. saucia, several P. meticidosa, some more E, 80 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Uchenea, one Cidaria psittacata, one Anchocelis rujina, one Arjrotis puta, and two worn Triphana comes. On Oct. 4th we got another C. psittacata, more E. Uchenea, a few more C. spacUcea, several A)ichocelis liinosa, one Scopelosoma satellitia. and one Arjrotis suffasa. The condition of the "ivy " things was, as a general rule, first-rate; the majority of them appeared to be only just coming out. — Lawrence J. Tremayne; 4, Lanark Villas, Maida Vale, W., November 4th, 1893. Collecting at Market Dratton. — It has been a wonderful season here for moths; especially I have noticed the large numbers of species usually common, which this year have been abundant, e.g., Lohopliora lobu- lata, Hadena adusta Rusiim^ tenebrosa, in the spring ; and in the late summer, Noctua c-nigram, Xanthia sllago, X. cerago, and X.ferruginea, Noctua glareosa, Agrinpis apriliaa, Miselia oxgacanthcB var, capucina. Sugaring was good in May, when H. adusta, H. thalasslna, Euplexla luci- para, and Rusina tenebrosa swarmed at it ; but almost useless in June, July, August, and the first part of September. I too found here, as Mr. Day did at Knutsford, that the moths swarmed on the flowers of a tallish grass, which grows in the mosses and damp places in woods. In one evening I found numbers of Xanthia silago, X. cerago, Phlogophora meticulosa, and Noctua c nigrum, and a few lY. umbrosa, Hydrcecia micacea, Tapinostola fulva and Celcena haworthii. This was in the first week of September. In the middle of September I took two very fine speci- mens of Va7iessa c-album in my garden, and on the 9th of October another specimen a little worn ; I have never seen it here before. V. atalanta has been most abundant all through August and September ; V. urticm and V. io very scarce. Pieris brassiccB unusually common. It is by no means common here as a rule. — F. C. Woodforde ; Market Drayton, Salop, October 25th, 1893. Collecting at Tonbridge Wells and xIshdown Forest. — The past season, has, I consider, been a bad one for collecting. Larvae in the spring were unusually abundant. At lamps and sallows I took Cgmatophora flavi- cornis, Anisopteryx ascularia, Hybernia aurantiaria, H. progenimaria, Selenia iUunaria, Tceniocampa gothica, T. stabilis, T. instabilis, T. rubricosa. All insects here and on the Forest were quite three weeks earlier. Sugar has not been profitable. At liglit I took Bombyx rubi, Habrostola urticce, Hypsipetes ruberata, H. elutata. Heliophobus popularis, lodis lactearia, Panagra petraria, Melanippe montanata, Melanthia albiciUata, M. oceUata, Cabera exanthemaria, Larentia didymata, Lomaapilis marginata, Euthe- monia russula, Metrocampa margaritaria, Plusia moneta (1), Cidaria dotata, Geometra papilionaria, Odontopera bidentata, Pseudoterpna cytisaria, Halia wavaria, Hetnerophila abruptaria, Boarmia consortaria, Timandra amataria, Oporabia dilutata. At sugar I took, among others, Hadena adusta, H. proteus, H. thalassina, H. oleracea, H. pisi, Thyatira batis, Acronycta psi, A. rumicis, Dipterygia pinastri, Noctua c-yiigrwn, N. brunnea, N. baja, N. triangulum, N. /estiva, Miana strigilis, M. literosa, Plusia gamma, P. iota, P. jndchrina, P. chrysitis, Caradrini cubicularis, C morpheas, Gonophora derasa, Euplexia lucipara, Leucania pallens, L. impura, Lopharia [Xylo- phasia] lithoxylea, L. polyodon, Triphcina fimbria (4), Amphipyra pyra- midea, Agrotis agathiiia, A. suffasa, A. segetum, Anchocelis litura, A. lunosa, A. rufina, Orthosia lota, Cerastis vaccinii, Xanthia silago, X. cerago, X.ferruginea, Scopelosoma satellitia. The hornets coming to sugar on some nights were a great nuisance, especially as they carried away CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 31 insects. — R. A. Dallas Bkkching ; 24, St. James's Road, Tunbridge Wells, November 13th, 1893. Notes from Norwich. — A specimen of Dianthoccla cucuhali was taken here on Oct. 11th. Newman gives June for its appearance. Among our captures of the past season we note the following : — Male and female Platijptenjx hamula, one Triphcena interjecta, one Melanthia alhicillata, two Corijcia taniinata, and several specimens of Boarmia abietaria. Sesia apiformis being common here, we shall be plea^^ed to supply any readers of the ' Entomologist ' with one or two cocoons of this formidable-looking moth. — B. C. Tillrtt; Sprowston Lodge, Norwich, November 27th, 1893. Captures tn October and November, 1893. — During October, and so late as Nov. llth, specimens o{ Xijlophada mo)io(/hjp]ut (pohjodon) came to ivy-bloom and sugar ; the examples were rather smaller in size than those usually seen in the summer. A few specimens of Arp-otls exclama- tionis also appeared in October. Xantliia circellaris ( feii'uginea), Cerastis spadtcea, and S. satelUtia have been abundant on mild evenings throughout November. On Oct. 20th I noticed a solitary specimen of Caradrlnct cuhicularis at ivy-bloom. On Oct. 19th I saw the only specimen this season of Vanessa cardui. — T. B. Jeffkrys ; Langharne, Carmarthenshire, December 6th, 1893. Notes from Gloucestershire. — I saw Vanessa atalanta the first week in April, and have seen it without a break of more than a week's duration, until the last week. Macroijlossa stellatarwn has been more plentiful during the past summer than I have seen it for thirty years. Chrijso- phanui {Pohjomniatus) phheas, abundant here as elsewhere; the last specimen, apparently freshly emerged, observed on November 1st. — N. F. Searancke ; Micheldean, Gloucester, November 7th, 1893. Aleurodes brassic^. — This little insect, referred to by Mr. C. W. Dale (Entom. xxvi. 357), has been over-abundant in many gardens in this locality, the brussels sprouts having been much affected with them. — T. B. Jefferys, Langharne. Rare British Dragonflies. — During the past reason T have added to my collection a specimen each of two very rare species of dragonflies, namely, jEscluia ritfescens, from the Fens, and jE. mixta from the metro- politan district. — W. Harcourt Bath. Hornets in Worcestershiric. — Hornets have appeared this season in a certain district in Worcestershire in unusual numbers, though for several years past they have been on the decrease. — W. Harcourt Bath. Abundance of Wasps. — -Wasps have swarmed in countless numbers during the past season, in every locality visited by myself in S. Britain. In some districts they did a great deal of damage to the fruit crops. The dry weather experienced in the spring is no doubt at the bottom of it all. — W. Harcourt Bath. Decticus verrucivorus. — A few months ago I appealed (Entom. xxvi. 161) for information concerning the capture of any specimen of this rare and handsome grasshopper in this country within the last few years. As I did not get any response to my enquiry, I presume very few specimens have been obtained It may therefore be as well to place on record the capture 32 tTHE ENTOMOLOGIST. of two examples which I possess in my collection, namely, a green female, at Deal in 1889, and a brown variety of the same sex from the New Forest in Sept. 1891. The latter is the variety hinglei of Curtis. I am only aware of one other record during the same period, namely, of the capture of a specimen in Kent. — W. Harcouut Bath. CoLiAs EDUSA, C. HYALB, &c., IN BiiDFORDSHiRE. — (7. et?t Extremely common in certain localities, as at Thorenc and near Caussols. Satyrus hermione, L. Common nearly everywhere, generally settling on trees. S. alcy one, Sch'xff. Somewhat rarer than the last. S.circe,F. Not uncommon ; also in the mountains, S. br'iaeis, L. Abundant on bare, stony ground, and by roadsides; I saw a worn male at Nice, on October 13th; common also in the mountains ; it is difficult to take on account of its alertness. Ab. female pirata, Esp. I only took one specimen myself at Caussols, on August 21st, and another was, I think, observed. S. seinele, L, Common on stony ground everywhere, but not at any very considerable elevation. 8. arethusa, Esp. This butterfly, which MilJiere catalogues as local, occurred in numbers at Ciussols, during July and August, on the stony ground. Var. dentata, Stgr., almost replaces the type in the Alpes- Maritimes ; it frequented the same spots as the typical arethusa. I took a male, on August 19th, with the apical spot on the left front wing smaller than that on the corresponding wing. One example had as many as four spots on the fore wings ; another had the red spots on all the wings smaller than in the average specimens, and the fore wings had one spot absent, which is present in most examples. I have also met with male individuals having two black spots on the fore wings, which number Dr. H. C. Lang, in his ' Butterflies of Europe,' says are confined to the females, the males only having one. I have also in my collection, from the same place, a worn female with five spots on the left fore wing, the dot nearest the apex being smaller than the others. Curiously enough, the right front wing had this small spot almost obsolete. Specimens, too, intermediate between type and variety, were of constant occurrence. First met with on July 30th. S. sta- tilinus, Hufn. Abundant, flying also in the mountains. Var. allionia, F. Rnrer than the last, but occurring in the same places as the type statUinus ; I have taken it in former years in Nice, in the Val Obscur, at the end of July. S. actcBa, Esp. Common at St. Vallier, Grasse, Caussols, St. Martin- Vesubie, and other localities; I took a male with two apical spots instead of one, and a female with two supernumerary spots not present in typical females. Var. podarce, O. I only took one specimen on the stony hillside at Caussols, with examples of the type, on August 5th. Var. female peas, Hiib. One specimen was captured by myself in the last-mentioned locality, on August 11th. Fararge vmra, L. Generally distributed in the alps. P. megmra, L. Common on the coast and in the mountains ; many authors aver that the insect is on the wing throughout the year in the south, but Milliere says that the last brood appears in October. P. egeria, Esp. Abundant nearly everywhere. Ep'mephile lycaon, Rott. Common in the mountains. E. janira, L. Abundant in fields. Var. hispulla, Hub. Con^mon ; examples transitional VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 37 between type and variety are of frequent occurrence. E. ida, Esp. Fairly common on the coast; rare in the mountainous districts; the females appeared about a fortnight later than the males; the present year has been a great one for ida ; first taken in Nice on June 29th ; I captured a speci- men in our garden, on July 21st, having the apical pupilledspot on one of the fore wings twice as small as that on the corresponding wing, similar to that already described in the case of Satyrus arelhusa v. dentata. E. tlthonus, L. Commoner than the last. C(vnon>jmpha dorus, Esp. Common on the rocky ground at St. Vallier; rare at Caussols ; the first specimen was taken in the Val Obscur, Nice, on July 4th; the spots are very variable, both in size and number. C. pani- philus, L. Abundant everywhere. Spilothyrus alcece, Esp. Generally distributed ; this insect was taken as late as October 21st, at Nice; ova and larvae, some of the latter being full- fed, were found in large numbers on a mallow (probably Malva amhirjua) in the mountains, at Caussols, on August 27th ; during October I found larvae, but sparingly, at Nice, in the roUed-up leaves of a mallow in our garden, and elsewhere. S. althece, Hiib. I have a specimen from the neighbourhood of Nice, taken some years ago, and submitted to Dr. Staudinger, who certi- fied it to be a typical althece; scarcer than the last. The variety bcEticiis, Ram., of South-western Europe, I have not met with up to the present. S. lavatercB, Esp. Common on the coast and in the mountains, up to an elevation of about 3300 feet. Syrichthus carthami, Hlib. Very common in the mountains up to 3960 feet altitude, at Caussols ; I frequently met with it in little groups on damp ground near water ; some of the females taken were deeply suffused with a powdering of greenish grey. S. sao, Hiib. Common everywhere ; some examples are very small. Niso)iiades tages, L. I took a very unicolorous specimen, for the first time this year, at Nice, on July 4th. Hesperla thaumas, Hufn. Abundant. H. lineola, 0. Scarcer than the last. H.actcDon, Esp. This year it was certainly the commonest "skipper" to be seen; first captured at Nice, on June 29th. H. syhanus, Esp. Common in glades; captured, for the first time, in the Vallon des Fleurs, Nice, on July 1st. H. comma, L. Abundant. (Erratum: Entom. xxvi., p. 358, line 18, for "3795 feet," &c., read " 3960 feet," &c.) Nice, France, November, 1893. ON THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. By W. Harcourt Bath. (Concluded from p. 6.) The following table shows the relative heights of each vertical zone in each of the various latitudes in the British Isles, with the chief elevated tracts contained in them, after allowing a license of half a degree of latitude each way. I have also shown what would be the mean annual temperature of each locality 38 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. indicated, at the sea-level, deduced from the excellent charts imblished by the council of the Eoyal Meteorological Society (see ' The Meteorological Atlas of the British Isles,' 4to, 1883, price 5s., which I would recommend every intending student to obtain). Proposed Veetical Zones in the British Isles. 6 "'t alleana ; Anomaloa cerinops, from Heliothis dipsacea; and Lissofiota sulphurifera, from Sesia scolii- f or mis ; all bred by Mr. Adkiu. Mr. Adkin, a varied series of Ta;niocampa r/othica from Eannocb, also yellow varieties of Zygana tri/olii from W. Sussex. January 11th, 1894. — The President in the chair. — Mr. Adkiu exhibited several series of Thera juniperata, L., from various Scotch localities, contrasting them with those exhibited, at the meeting pre- vious, from Purley. Mr. Oldham, varied series of Hyhernia defoli- aria, L. ; H. aurantiaria, Esp., from Epping Forest ; and a specimen of the local Libellula quadrimaculata, L., from Cambridgeshire. Mr. South, some remarkable vars. of Cerastis vaccinli, L., taken in Kent and Surrey, with British aud Continental specimens and varieties of C UguJa, Esp. [spadicea), and a specimen of Acronycta aceris var. infiiscata, Haw. Mr. W. A. Pearce some very beautiful Khopalocera from Alleghany, U.S.A., taken in 1893., viz., Papilio asterias, Fab., P. turnus, L., P. philenor, L,, P. troilus, L., Limenitis dissippus, Gdt., L. ursxda. Fab., and Apatura elyton, Bd. Mr. Weir mentioned that the female of P. turnus was dimorphic, and that L. dissippus was the mimic of Anosia jdexippus. Mr. Auld, Vanessa io, which had been cleaned by Dr. Knaggs with methylated ether, and which had regained its pristine appearance. Mr. Tugwell sent for exhibition a long series of Spilosoma lubricipeda, Esp., and its various varieties and local races, especially of var. radiata. Haw., = zatima, Cr., and communicated notes, in which he described the York city form as vsiv. fuse lata. He had also sent for exhibition a pair of Plusia moneta. Fab., bred by Mr. Matthews ; two varieties of Arctia villica, L., from Harwich ; three dark Irish forms of Agrotis lucernca, L. ; a long series of Liparis monacha, L., from New Forest ova, some of which were very dark ; six of the dark Sheffield form of Boarmia repandata, L. ; vars. of Lycana leijon, Schiff., from Westmoreland ; ionv Dicranura biciispis, Bork., from Tilgate ; a series of CalUmorpha hera, L., bred from Starcross ova ; a pair of Pachetra leucophaa, View., taken by Mr. Hanbury on the North Downs ; several Noctua conflua from Shetland ; six of the remarkable dark Irish form of Camptogramma bilineata, L., and a series of Noto- donta dromedarius, L. — Hy. J. Turner (Hon. Eeport Sec). LANCASHmE AND CHESHIRE ENTOMOLOGICAL SoCIETY. Peo. lli/l, 1893. The monthly meeting was held in the Free Library, Mr. S. J, Capper, F.L.S., F.E.S., President, in the chair. Mr. C. H. Schill, of Man- Chester, gave " A few introductory remarks on the genus Vanessa and its allies," aud showed the ease with which exotics could now be obtained from friends residing abroad. He stated that it was almost necessary to work single groups and become specialists thereon, rather than attempt to form gigantic collections of whole orders, of which it 76 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. was almost impossible to obtain a complete knowledge. He then described the chief points of difference for separating the genera and species, illustrating his remarks by a number of closely connected species of the genus, Mr. C. G. Barrett, of London, explained and discussed Mr. Merrifield's recent experiments on the effect of tempera- ture on the genus Vanessa. Mr. C. E. Stott read a few remarks upon Ammophila lutaria, Fab., and showed a specimen captured near Black- pool in July, 1892. Mr. Harker exhibited living specimens of a Curynetes feeding in Copra from Singapore, and Sesia scoliiformis from the North of Scotland. Mr. Newstead, a nest of Yespa vulgaris, from Malpas, Cheshire, which was built to a rafter inside an outhouse, a most unusual position ; and Spharoden cylindrictun and larvae from a pear tree near Chester. Mr. Herbert Stott, a remarkable variety of Cehena haworthii from Bolton, 1893. Mr. Gregson, a specimen of Heliothis p)eHigera captured at Wallasey in 1887. Mr. Watson, a number of Panmssius apullo from various localities, also P. hardwickii from N. W. Himalaya, F. jacquemontii from the same locality, P. glacialis from Yokohama, P. smintheus from Colorado, P. pJuebus (Fab.) = delius (Esp.) from Helvetia, showing female pouch, and Enycus cressida from Queensland, also showing the female pouch. Annual Meeting. — The Annual Meeting was held on Monday, Jan. 8th, 1894, in the classroom of the Free Pubhc Library (William Brown Street), Mr. S. J. Capper, President, in the chair. The following officers were appointed: — President, Mr. S. J. Capper; Vice-President, Dr. J. W. EUis ; Secretary, Mr. F. N. Pierce ; Treasurer, Mr. C. E. Stott ; and Librarian, Mr. H. Lock. The President, in the course of a short address, thanked the members for the honour they had bestowed upon him in re-electing him as President. This was the seventeenth time he had acted in such a capacity. He congratulated the Society on its continued success. They were now entering on their seventeenth year, and it was most gratifying to state that they had never been in a more prosperous condition than at present. The sudden death, a few months ago, of the Kev. H. H. Higgins deprived them of one of their most prominent members. They always welcomed his kind face among them at their gatherings, and listened with attention to his ever pertinent remarks. In the Kev. H. H. Higgins they had lost a member whom it was impossible to replace, and few men were such lovers of natural history as was their late friend. The retiring Vice-President, Mr. W. E. Sharp, delivered the annual address, the subject of which was " The New Entomology." The author, after briefly sketching the origin and historical development of Entomology, drew attention to the manner in which that study had been influenced by the modern methods of scientific enquiry, and showed how great a revolution had been effected in the estimation of nature by the general acceptance of the theory of evolution, and how wider, fuller, and more important the study of the order Insecta had become since it had been treated as part of the great science of Biology, and appreciated the fact that Entomology meant something more than merely the collection and systematic arrangement of insects. In the course of the evening a number of exhibits were displayed. — F. N. Pierce, Hon, Sec, SOCIETIES. 77 Birmingham Entomological Society. — November 20th, 1893. — Mr. E. C. Bradley in the chair. Exhibits :^- By Mr. E. C. Rossiter, insects from Arley, including Aplecta tincta, Hadena contigna and H. proteus ; also one specimen of Xylophasia scolopacina from Shut Mill. By Mr. A. H. Martineau, Mucroglossa stellatarum from Solihull and Abersoch in North Wales, and one specimen of Sesia cynipi/nrmis from Wyre Forest ; also male specimens of three species of bees from Nevin in N. Wales — Bombus musconim, B. sylvarwn, and B. cognatus — all easily distinguished from one another by the arrangement of the hairs, and remarkably alike in appearance. By Mr. R. C. Bradley, males, females, and neuters of Vespa crabro from Astwood Bank ; also Ammo- phila sabulosa from Cannock Chase, for which species Mr. Saunders, in his ' Hymenoptera Aculeata,' Part iii., gives no midland localities. By Mr. W. Harrison, a nest of Boitibus cognatus — males, females, and neuters — from Harborne ; also a box of Lepidoptera taken during the trips of the Society to the Cotswolds in June last, and including, in addition to species taken by other members, Nemeobius lucina, EucheUa jacobacc, and Nemeophila jjlantaginis, male and female, &c. Mr. F. W. Urich, of Trinidad, communicated a paper entitled " Wayside Notes of a Naturalist ; " it described a walk in the neighbourhood of Port of Spain, with many observations upon the habits of the insects, &c., met with. A number of photographs of the district were shown, also a box of insects which had been collected during one week, to show what might be done there ; the box contained about 50 dragonflies, and over 130 Lepidoptera, &c. December 18th. — Mr. G. H. Kenrick, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the chair. Exhibits : — By Mr. R. C. Bradley, Polyommatus phlceas, from Sutton and Knowle, a short and very variable series. Mr. G. T. Bethune- Baker referred to Mr. F. Merrifield's breeding experiments with P. phlceas, as recently described before the London Entomological Society, and said that Mr. Merrifield found that he got darker and duller colours with heat, and paler and brighter ones with cold ; Mr. Bradley, however, had taken his lighter specimens in Sept. and Oct., and they had probably therefore been bred during hot months. Mr. Bradley also showed five species of Diptera, all new to the British list, namely, Dactylolabis gracilipes, Lw., Goniomyia jecunda, Lw., Ephelia varinervis, Ztt., Clinocera lameUata, Lw., and Didea fascia ta, Macq. Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, Crambus furcatellus, C. ericellus, and Psodus coracina, all from Ranuoch. Mr. G. H. Kenrick, a boxful of insects taken by himself in Sutherlandshire this autumn, and including Calocampa soli- dag'mis, C. vetusta (common), C. exoletn, Epunda nigra, Noctiia iimbrosa, Agrotis siiffusa, &c. ; he said that the specimens of C. solidaginis, of which he took a nice series, were lighter and greyer than our Cannock ones. Mr. W. Harrison, three boxes of Hymenoptera taken during the year, and including Andrena trimmerana from a spot in Edgbaston, where he has seen it for several years ; this year, for the first time, be has seen and taken the parasite, Nomada alternata, and it was com- moner than its host ; there were also in the boxes Halictus smeathma- nella, Mimesa dahlbomi, Crabro unicolor, Ccelioxys vectis, Osmia bicolor, &c. Mr. Martineau, a box of Hymenoptera taken this year, including Crabro interniptiis taken at Middleton Woods, Mimesa dahlbomi from 78 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Wyre Forest, and Agenia variegata from Selsley, Glos. Mr. Wain- wriglit, three boxes containing his collection of the Syrphidfe. Mr. G. W. Wynn, a box of Lepidoptera taken this year, including Notodonta chaonia, Hadena genista;, Thecla rubi, and others, from Wyre Forest. Mr. H. J. Sands, some fine specimens of Vespa crahro, from Alvechurch, where it has been miusually abundant ; also a series of Demas coryli from the Chilterns, Oxfordshire, BoUjs hyaUnalis from Wyre, &c. Mr. E. C. Kossiter, Folia chi, Mclanippe hastata, Chcerocampa porcellus, Aspiiates st rig ilia ria, Cerigo matura, &c., all from Wyre Forest ; also Cahjmnia affinis from Clent. — Colbran J. Wainweight, Hon. Sec. Nottingham Entomological Society. — A meeting was held on Oct. 16th, when an exhibition of specimens taken this year was given, many excellent specimens being shown by the various members. On Nov. 6th a microscopical evening took place. Mr. Allen and Mr Marshall kindly brought their microscopes, and a very instructive evening was spent. The meetings continue to be held on the first and third Fridays each mouth, at the Morley House. Local entomologists are cordially invited to attend. — C. Whitehall, Hon. Sec. Steeatham Entomological Club. — A meeting of this Club was held at Streatham Hill on January 22nd, C. H. Watson, Esq., in the chair. There was a full attendance of members. There were several interesting exhibits of local and general interest, including fine vars. of Abraxas grossulariata by Mr. J. Henderson. Some very instructive remarks were made upon this exhibit by Messrs. F. W. Frohawk and J. H. Carpenter. Other exhibits vfere Argynjiis aglaia and A. adippe, from the New Forest ; also the specimen of a second brood of Apatiira iris by Mr. C. H. Watson (see ante, p. 61). A discussion followed on the local fauna, and Messrs. Mark Winkley and Alex. C. Forrester sug- gested that it would be desirable for the Streatham Entomological Club to proceed at once with the formation of a reliable local list. — John Henderson, Hon. Sec; 7, Pinfold Road, Streatham, S.W. York and District Field Naturalists' Society. — The following is a list of the varieties and local forms of Lepidoptera exhibited at the museum, York, by the members of the York Society, during the past season (1893) : — By the President (Mr. G. C. Dennis), a living bred specimen of Spilosoma luhricipeda var. radiata from Barnsley. By Mr. R. Dutton, forms of Abraxas ulmata and S. lubricipeda (York form) ; a variety of A. grossulariata, York ; forms of Asphalia diluta and Hadena protea, selected from a great number of specimens taken this season at sugar ; also a fine bred hermaphrodite specimen of Epione vespertaria, from York. By Mr. S. Walker, a number of varieties of Orthosia suspecta, taken this season at York ; also Boarmia rhomboi- daria var. perfumaria. By Mr. G. Jackson, a large number of ex- ceptionally fine varieties of S. lubricipeda, bred from larv» obtained during the past few seasons in the neighbourhood of York, none of them approaching "a beaucoup pres" the yslv. radiata ; and Mr. Jackson stated that although he had bred this species largely for a number of years he had never been so successful as to obtain this variety. By Mr. J. Hawkins, Hybernia progemmaria var. fnscata, York ; numerous specimens of Tephrosia biundularia var. delamerensis, together with EECENT LITERATUEE. 79 intermediate forms, bred this season, from York; and Zygcena lonicercR var. semilutescens, bred, York. By Mr. W. Hewett, Acronycta Jiynstri var. olivacea, Driffield; dark forms of Liiperina testacea, from Hartle- pool and Darlington; varieties of S. luhricipcda, from Driffield, Barnsley, Darlington, and York (one from Driffield having the hind wings of the var. nnliata colour, i. e., smoky black, the base, wing-rays, and fringe alone being cream-coloured ; the head and thorax cream-coloured ; the body yellow, with six black spots down the middle and on each side ; the antennae simple ; the fore wings typical) ; an exceedingly fine variety of Arctia caia, from Hull (this variety has the fore wings of an almost uniform brown colour, the hind wings, with the exception of the base and fringe, being black) ; forms of Orthosia pistaciiia, selected from numerous examples taken at Hull ; variable series of T