rea a ahs "4 Si vA \ a nt ne aN mi i mentee Ni ‘ “ eh weit AY Wo, inl 1 ai¥s) f) Hi ‘ ii iE Wriee ah a i ett ih Paige . ai) ¥ ‘ ASS Oath i i rie ee aie te iy ‘g Soe Ss eS rea eneiths Nit Be hranys 0 5 } eget iy Ube Ana tae salt Hee teayt ee SHAR ea 7} SUH Say be eA yh a nang Hn , Aten ay obi ae tat iy Mi ae ben meee c gee are MES Bee POOP SIE Pap ees high Hite Wy a iy aia, ae le ‘UME 1 pa bee ah EN ; * Z viet} ApH nti es Aa vi . i The ray My ye OA ED ni) ee! +77) + ra yey Ai Rea ue si uF j Wi ee i me i Vb) Aaa en vue i " that , ne a i (ro at ‘i ¥ } ny) Woy ae x ‘date ny i Ny iy i i Ate bie rs am ve i vi 4 aii " i‘ Mi y AES y Dib pene ee, Hh ey Ny i . Aah: bed) wt ” ‘ PRIOR. THE ENTOMOLOGIST An Jllustrated Journal OF GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S. i, R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S8., F.E.S. W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. J. H. LEECH, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S. EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S., F.E.S. Dr. D. SHARP, F.B.S., F.E.S., &c. F. W. FROHAWE, F.E.S. G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S. W. WARREN, M.A., F.E.S. ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. ““By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.” VOLUME THE TWENTY-EIGHTH. LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN, SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., LimiTED. 1895, ‘‘A grand and almost untrodden field of inquiry will be opened, in the causes and laws of variation, on correlation, on the effects of use and disuse, on the direct action of external conditions, and so forth. The study of domestic productions will rise immensely in value. A new variety raised by man will be a more important and interesting subject for study than one more species added to the infinitude of already recorded species. Our classifications will come to be, as far as they can be so made, genealogies; and will then truly give what may be called the plan of creation. The rules for classification will no doubt become simpler when we have a definite object in view. We possess no pedigrees or armorial bearings; and we have to discover and trace the many diverging lines of descent in our natural genealogies, by characters of any kind which have long been inherited. Rudimentary organs will speak infallibly with respect to the nature of long-lost structures. Species and groups of species which are called aberrant, and which may fancifully be called living fossils, will aid us in forming a picture of the ancient forms of life. Embryology will often reveal to us the structure, in some degree obscured, of the prototypes of each great class.”—Danrwin, ‘ Origin of Species.’ CONTENTS. ae ee ALPHABETICAL LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Axssortt, P. W., 18 Apams, F. C., F.E.S., 279 Apxin, Rosert, F.E.S., 84, 316, 317 AuLpERSON, EH. G., 33 Auperson, Rev. E., 280 AutwortHy, A. E., 230, 255 ANDERSON, JOSEPH, 313 Anprews, H. W., 282 Arxne, J., 55, 163, 243, 257, 335 _Avuup, Henry A., 161 _Barnes, W., 182 }Barruetrt, Cuas., 311 Batu, W. Harcourt, 204, 247, 266, 286, 322 Bayuiis, Ernest, 20 Brates, J. H. O., 308, 317 Brprorp, C. E., 282 Brrcuine, R. A. Datuas, F.E.S., 281 Brtu-Marntry, H. W., 281 BrERNEY, JOHN, 311 BIGNELL, G. C., F.H.S., 83, 183, 315 Bunours, T. R., F.B.S., 46, 161; 163, 215, 231, 266, 279 Brrp,. J. F., 317 Braser, W. H., F.E.S., 319, 340 Brace, H. W. H., 207, 233 Brake, A. H., 89 Bonaparte-Wysez, L. H., 57, 280 BrackEnBury, E: A., 338 Briaes, C. A., F.E.S., 57, 159 Brices, F. J., 266 Bromitow, Franz, F.E.S., 336 Brown, H. Rowuanp, F.E.S., 208, 305 Bunn, C. Norroon, 205 Butter, Artuur G., Ph.D., F.L.S., F.E.S., &e., 120, 222, 275 Buruzr, W. E., 162, 208, 281 CampripcE, Rey. O. P., 88, 255 Carrie, J. R., 205 CuHapman, T. A., M.D., F.E.S., 285, 318 CHAawNER, LAURENCE C., 279 CuHawner, Miss, 168 CHITTENDEN, D., 281 Cuorr, R. Strarrorp, 308, 309, 331 Curisty, W. M., F.B.S., 214, 229 CockrRELL, T. D. A., F.E.S., &c., 100, 304 Coorg, O. F. E., 336 Corrincuam, Miss M. L, 20 Cox, W. Epnry, 19, 57 Cross, Mrs., 207 CrowTHER, Henry, 16, 241, 250, 272 Date, C. W., F.E.S., 97, 181, 256, 258, 333 DauautsH, A. Apir, 278 Dannatt, W., F.E.S., 307 Dixry, Dr. F. A., F.E.S., 69, 102, 142 Epetsten, H. U., 162, 337 EisHa, Geo., F.E.S., 130 Fernatp, Prof. C. H., F.E.S., 255 FirzcEeraup, R. W., 336, 339 FLETCHER, T. B., 133, 181, 183, 305, 309 Fountain, J. T., 233, 304 Frouawk, W. F., F.E.S., 237, 263, 280, 282, 306, 308, 310, 311, 318 Garsowszr, T. H., Ph.D., J.U.C., 125 GarpE, Pui pE LA, R.N., F.ES., 153 GARLAND, G, R., 309 Guoyns, Doucuas B., 208 Grover, W., 150 Gummer, C. M., 282, 312 Haaeart, J. C., 297 Haut, Tos. W., F.E.S., 132, 202, 203, 232, 307 Hamm, A. H., 182 Harker, T. H., 233 Heat, A. R., 309, 341 Hewett, W., 3, 27, 290 Hopesr, Haronp, 256, 282 Hopees, ALBERT, 17 Hopexinson, J. B., F.E.S., 56, 141, 181, 208, 337 Hooxer, W. G., 280 Hoprety, Miss Caruerine, C., 53, 160 Hopkins, F. Gownanp, 1 Hypg, Jno. P., 312 JacoBpy, Martin, F.E.S., 189 James, RussEtt E., 87, 230, 259 iv CONTENTS. Jerrerys, T. B., 206, 208, 278, 336 Jones, H. BICKERTON, 56 Kane, W. F. ve Vismes, B.A., F.E.S., é&e., 13, 79, 155, 180, 195, 216, 327 Kays, W. J., 181 Kenwarp, J. N., 162 Kirpy, W. F., F.L.S., F.E.S., &c., 165 Kwnaces, Dr. H. Guarp, F.L.S., 76, 83, 228 Lapprman, R., 309 Leake, R. M., 312 Leicu, J. Haminton, 132 Lewineton, W., 336 Tiucas, W. J., BA, 337 208, 257, 279, ManssripGe, W., F.H.S., 90, 164, 2138, 316 MansFIELD, M. J., 18 Mayor, C. M., 59, 133 McArruur, H., 204 Meuuuson, F., 257 MERRIFIELD, F., F.E.S., 69 Merynetu, G. J., 308 Minton, F., 304 MircHEeLu, ALFRED T., 83, 89 Morey, CuaupE, 63, 314 MorurEy, Gro. STANLEY, 233, 280, 312 Morris, Cuas. H., 232 Morris, H. §8., 256 NasH, C. J., 61, 134, 341 NEEL, G. H., 280, 282 OupHAm, Cuas., 308, 311 Ouuirr, A. Srpnny, F.E.S., 114 Parkinson, Curtis W., 163 Payne, FRED. W. G., 49, 117, 170 Pearce, WALTER A., "19, 338 PEGLER, STEPHEN, 281 Puiprs, M. M., 257 Porter, Aistorr R., Pripravx, R. M., 16 Prout, Louis B., F.E.S., 132 Pyert, CuaupE A., 19, 89 279 RenpiesHam, the Right Honble. Lord, F.E.S., 232 RickarD, J. C., 261 Roruscutup, the Hon. Water, F.Z.S., F.E.S., &c., 78 Rowanp-Brown, H., M.A., F.E.S., 58 Russe, 8. G. C., F.H.S., 194 Sauter, J., 281 ScHNEIDER, Henry, 93 SEeaRANcKE, N. F., 335 SHarp, Dr. Davin, F.R.S., F.E.S., &., { 129 SHEPHEARD-Watwyn, H. W., 233, 257, 281 Supp, Joun W., 2, 18, 37, 178, 218, 220 Simmons, W. J. H., 308 SmirH, C. RuoapuEs, 233 SmitH, W. W., 175 SomERsET, W. “i, 258 SourH, RicHarD, 40, 53) 54, ope 84, | 89, 129, 133, 135, 300, 303, 312, #15,() 335, 338 SparkE, Ep. G. J., 310 Spencer, S. H., 311 SranpFuss, Dr. M., 69, 102, 142 Strep, Epwarp, 311 }) Sritt, Major Joun N., F.E.S., 11 Stockwetut, H. Doucuas, 337 { Strupp, E. F., 134 f Sturt, W. T., 312, 336 SwinHor, Colonel C., F.E.S., 337 \ 182, 208, Tarr, EK. H., 19 Tart, R., 233 Tarpat, Rev. J. E., 336, 337 Taytor, H., 308 THORNEWILL, Rey. CuHas. 133, 281 THORNHILL, W. B., 18, 159, 229 TuGWELL, W. H., 8; 277 TunstTaLu, W., 130 TuRNER: |e 307 Turner, Hy. J., F.H.S., 303 F., F.E.S., 89, 135, 277, 282, VicGERS, CHaries, 135 Water, Dr. F. A., D.D., F.E.S., 258 Warers, AnBERT H., 339 Warts, C. W., 84 Watson, Joun, 30, 161 Wiutan, Ep., 57 Witson, Miss M., 337 WrnserR, Haroup C., 311 1 Woop, H., 309 Wooprorpg, F. C., 264, 280, 310, 339 Wooustern, W. H., 310 CONTENTS. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF SUBJECTS. Aberration in the structure of appendages in the Coleoptera, 125 Ablabia argentana, 25 Abnormal emergence of Endromis versi- color, 89 Abraxas grossulariata, vars. 231, 284, 300, 307; sylvata, 171; ulmata, 42, 60, 162, 170 Acetebia precox, 199 Acherontia atropos, 50, 67, 280, 309, 310, 336, 346 Acidalia circellata, 132; contiguaria, 138, 162; emarginata, 86,171; fumata,171; imitaria, 19, 36, 134, 171; margine- punctata, 162; ochrata, 316; rusticata, 86; subsericeata, 85, 162, 171, 270; var. mancuniata, 135 Aciptilia paludum, 88; tetradactyla, 162 Acontia luctuosa, 235 Acronycta alni, 117, 207; leporina, 44, 85, 86, 138, 207, 235, 265, 338; ligustri, 59, 85, 117, 13x, 260; menyanthidis, 269; tridens, 44, 87, 117 Adela australis, 135 Aépophilus bonnairii, 183 Aépus robinii, 183 Aischna cyanea, 204 African Rhopalocera, 153 Agdistes bennetii, 314 Agha tau, 149 Aglossa pinguinalis, 229 Agrion puella, 207 Agriopis aprilina, 85, 341 Agrotera nemoralis, 316 Agrotis agathina, 92, 118, 134; aquilina, 62, 118, 198, 199, 298, 305, 314; ash- worthii, 212, 232, 233; cinerea, 35; cursoria, 186, 197, 211, 298; corticea, 43,196 ; lunigera, 195, 200; obelisca, 118, 198, 348; obscura, 118; precox, 299; puta, 17, 19, 62, 118, 180, 303; pyrophila, 118; ravida, 87, 118; ripe, 197, 212, 306; saucia, 60, 118, 195, 313; simulans, 118, 200; strigula, 199, 340; tritici, 186, 197, 299; ves- tigialis, 180, 298 Amblyptilia cosmodactyla, 88 Ammonia bottle for field use, 335 Amphidasys betularia, 7, 18, 62, 132, 170, 270; prodromaria, 19, 60, 182; strataria, 170, 234 Anarta myrtilli, 120 Andrena angustior, 211; atriceps 343; furcata, 211; fulva, 343; rose, 235 Angeronia prunaria, 16 Anisota stigma, 22 Anthidium manicatum, 284 Anthocharis cardamines, 91 Anthrocera trifolii, 60 Anticlea derivata, 36; nigrofasciaria, 134, 172; rubidata, 172, 313, 341 Ants and their companions, 97 Apamea dumerilii, 135 ; leucostigma, 15 ; ophiogramma, 15, 84, 204 Apatura iris, 131, 194, 232, 233 Aphelia argentana, 25 Aplecta advena, 314; herbida, 85, 120, 265; occulta, 120, 284; prasina, 120, 207 ; tincta, 43, 207, 265 Aporia crategi, 19, 42, 50, 129, 202 Aporophyla australis, 307; lutulenta, 138 Arachnida, 283 Arctia caia, 131, 232, 233, 284, 304; lubricipeda, 235; villica, 65 Argynnis adippe, 61, 258, 260, 312; aglaia, 86, 87, 144, 194, 203, 231, 232, 258, 312; latona, 162; paphia, 58, 61, 131, 194, 203, 301, 312 ; selene, 203 Arsilonche albovenosa, 235 Asphalia flavicornis, 92, 163, 182, 211, 268, 341; ridens, 85, 234, 305, 341 Aspilates citraria, 87; ochrearia, 134, 314, 340; strigillaria, 341 Aspis udmanniana, 134 Asteroscopus cassinea, 120; sphinx, 120, 134, 235 Asthena blomeri, 60, 61, 170, 260; luteata, 170, 207, 235, 313; sylvata, 170 Asymmetry in Coleoptera, 22 Ateuchidz, notes on, 37 Ateuchus, a revised classification of, 218 Autumnal emergence of Arctia caia, 312; Phorodesma smaragdaria, 307 ; feeding of larva of Argynnis paphia, 305 Aventia flexula, 88, 305, 313 Axylia putris, 19, 62, 118 Bactra lanceolana, 88, 209 Bapta temerata, 171 BrEp¥FoRDSHIRE—Deiopeia pulchella, 308 Berksutre—Colias edusa, 281, 282, 308; Notes from Reading, 182; Plusia moneta, 256 Berytus crassipes, 312 Boarmia abietaria, 86,134, 258; cinc- taria, 340; Gemmaria var. perfu- maria, 170 ; repandata, 66,—var. con- versaria, 134; roboraria, 85, 284, 341 Bombus derhamelus, 67 Bombyx castrensis, 42 ; attempt to cross ’ vl CONTENTS. with alpicola, 89; quercus, 283; rimi- cola, 150; rubi, 206, 301; trifolii, 16, 56 (food-plant), 277 Botys asinalis, 133 ; chermesinalis, 135 Brachytron pratense, 207 Breeding Arctia caia for varieties, 334 Brenthus anchorago, 183 Brephos notha, 805; parthenias, 120, 182, 234 Broscus cephalotes, 281 Bryophila alge, 203; glandifera, 296; muralis, 305 Butalis fusco-znea, 208 Butterflies of Barbados, 175; phical distribution, 135; Kong, 186 geogra- of Hong Callicera senea, 279 Calligenia miniata, 59, 86, 296 Callimorpha dominula var. persona, 63, var. romanovi, 63; hera, 166, 211, 290, 301 Callocampa exoleta, 92, 120; solidaginis, 120, 265; vetusta, 120 Callosamia promethea, 22 Calophasia platyptera, 135 Calopteryx splendens, 207; virgo, 345 Calotermes, two species of, 209 Calymnia affinis, 119, 134; diffinis, 58, 119; pyralina, 119 Camptogramma fluviata, 172; gemmata, 172 Cannibalism of larva of Cerastis vac- cinii, 367 Caradrina alsines, 118, 134, 157; am- bigua, 18, 64, 67, 92; blanda, 81, 87, 258; exigua, 135; superstes, 67, 132, —not British, 17; taraxaci, 118, 158 Caraphractus cinctus, 210 Carpocapsa pomonana, 314; pomonella, 345 Carsia paludata, 173 Catocala fraxini, 43, 132, 3808, 336; nupta, 62, 87, 307, 313; attracted by Cossus, 287 Catoptria aspidiscana, 209 Celena haworthii, 156, 269, 305, 345 Cerastis erythrocephala, 274; ligula, 273 Cerigo matura, 118 Ceroplastes iheringi, sp. n., 100 Tei graminis, 11, 21, 62, 87, 133, 8 Charagia celsissima, sp. n., 116; cor- eeba, sp.n., 116; eximia, 115; lewini, 115; lignivora, 115; ramsayi, 115; scotti, 115; splendens, 115; walsing- hami, sp. n., 116 Chariclea umbra, 120 Chariea cyanea, 184 Chauliodes illigerellus, 88 Cheimatobia boreata, 171, 134, 301 Chelostoma florisomne, 260 Chelura bifasciata, 64 Cherias spartiata, 19, 173 CuEsHIRE — Coononympha typhon, 257, 266; early moths, 163; Lepidoptera of | Macclesfield, 266; Polia chi var. oli- ; vacea, 266, 283, 335 { Cheerocampa celerio, 51, 57, 66, 203, | 345; nerii, 203; porcellus, 34, 206 Chrosis bifasciana, 55 Chrysomela gcettingensis, 283 Chrysomeline, new species of, 189 Chrysophanus dispar, 203, 231, 232 Cidaria associata, 62, 134, 172; baso- chesiata, 135; dotata, 172; fluviata, 135; immanata, 62; miata, 62, 133, 172, 341; picata, 296; prunata, 172; psittacata, 60; pyraliata, 61; reticu- lata, 55, 307; riguata, 135; silaceata, 134; suffumata, 307 Cirrheedia xerampelina, 62, 119 Classification of Lepidoptera, a new, 318 ' Cleodora cytisella, 88 Cleora glabraria, 133, 138; lichenaria, 134, 135, 170; viduaria, 132, 231. Coccide, three new species, 100; from Jamaica, 210. . | Coccyx cosmophorana, 208; vacciniana, 209 Cocoons, curious cluster of, 187 Cunonympha dayus, 257, 267, 298; typhon, 257, 267, 277, 298 Coleophora, aberration in, 125; at light, 62, 63 Colias edusa, 34, 41, 50, 87, 151, 166, 194, 202, 208, 257, 258, 263, 281, 283, 308, 309, 337, 346; productiveness of, 263; late specimens, 337; hyale, 41, 42, 50, 158, 203; re-arrangement of the genus, 166 Collecting in Argyleshire, 20; in the Cotswolds, 338 ; Gloucestershire, 60 ; North Staffordshire, 206; Scotland, 132; Switzerland, 132; Wales, 161 ; in the South, 340; in 1895, 341 . Collection of beetles, sale of the Lethi- erry, 90 Colour-changes in Plusia chrysitis, 204, 229 Coprophagous Lamellicorns, 37 Cordiceps robertsu, 173 Cordulia znea, 207 Coremia minutata, 300 CornwaLtt—Colias edusa, 281 ; Sphinx convolvuli, 311, 336 Corycia taminata, 59; temerata, 36, 59 Cosmia affinis, 86, 87; diffinis, 313; fulvago, 119; paleacea, 119, 346 Cosmopteryx orichalcella, 88 Cossus ligniperda, 52, 83, 134, 338, 340 Crabro anxius, 211; dimidiatus, 284 ; palmipes, 235; pubescens, 211; quadri- maculatus, 67; varius, 211 Crambites, notes on, 339 CONTENTS. Crambus ericellus, 137; falsellus, 162; inquinatellus, 134; latistrius, 42 ; pinetellus, 314; warringtonellus, 162 Criorrhina asilica, 235 Crymodes exulis, 131, 231 Cryptocephalus aureolus, 235; coryli, 43; nitidulus, 235 Cryptostetha cyaneo-fasciata, sp.n., 198 Cucullia asteris, 233; chamomillex, 120; gnaphalii, 132; umbratica, 120; ver- basci, 120 Cymatia coleopterata, 211 Cymatophora fluctuosa, 22, 131, 260; ocularis, 131; or, 260 Cymindis vaporariorum, 236 Cynips kollari and their various occu- pants, the galls of, 46 Dasycampa rubiginea, 59, 134, 182, 274 Dasychira abietis, 145 Dasypolia templi, 119, 145, 300 Deilephila euphorbiw, 131; galii, 51, 131, 213; livornica, 165, 206, 232 Deiopeia pulchella, 51, 162, 166, 279, 308 Demas coryli, 60, 133, 338 Derpysuire — Catalogue of the Micro- Lepidoptera, 49, 117, 170 Deuterocampta transverso-fasciata, sp. n., 192 DryonsHtrE — Catocala fraxini, 336; Colias edusa, 282, 308, 337; Deile- phila livornica, 206 ; moths at light, 133; notes from Paignton, 133; Sphinx convolvuli, 280, 311; Syrphus annulipes, 284; Xylina semibrunnea, 308 ; petrificata, 3U8 Dianthecia albimacula, 132; carpo- phaga, 259; ccesia, 331; conspersa, 138 ; cucubali, 35, 119; luteago, 328; nana, 283 Diary of an entomologist, irregular, 40 Dicranura bicuspis, 52, 131, 231 ; bifida, 18, 52, 62 Dicycla oo, 258, 260 Didea alneti, 347; fasciata, 347 Diphthera orion, 85, 117 Diptera, 67 Dipterygia scabriuscula, 207, 264, 284 Dismorphia fortunata, 138 DorsEtsHIRE —Colias edusa, 258; notes from, 258; notes from Poole, 163; Sphinx conyolvuli, 312 Doryphora, new species of, 189; bart- letti, 191; mathami, 190; peruana, 190; piceo-maculata, 191; sanguini- pennis, 189; semifulva, 192 Dragonflies in Sussex, 57; the earlier, 207; unusual pairing, 279 Drepana binaria, 62; hamula, 60, 204; sicula, 131, 231 Duruam — Acherontia atropos, 309 ; Polia flavicincta, 308 vil Dytiscus marginalis, female resembling male, 183; picture seen through cor- nea, 347 Early appearance of Phigalia pedaria, 99; spring lepidoptera, 162 Echinomyia grossa, 347 Editorial, 69 Effects of cold on certain species of Vanessa, 54; of temperature in pro- ducing variation, 184 Egg-parasite, an, 283 Elachista gleichenella, 88; paludum, 88 Hlater balteatus, 212; elongatulus, 235 Ellopia fasciaria, 258 Kmaturga atomaria, 259 Emmelesia aftinitata, 162, 171; alche- millata, 162, 171, 271; minorata, 162 ; teniata (fig. of larva), 141, 171, 347; unifasciata, 88 Emydia cribrum var. candida, 344 Enallagma cyathigerum, 217 Endromis versicolor, 149, 182 Ennomos alniaria, 62; angularia, 138, 170; canaria, 61; erosaria, 87; fuscan- taria, 19, 59, 170, 314; tiliaria, 19, 179 Ennychia cingulata, 162; octomaculata, 209 Entomological Club, the, 84 Entomological queries and specific sta- bility, 185 ; Ephyra orbicularia, 60 Epigraphia steinkellneriana, 133 Epinephele hyperanthes, 17, 260; ianira, 260, 301 Hpione adyenaria, 60 Epping Forest, notes from, 258 Epunda lutulenta, 299 ; nigra, 60 Hrebia ethiops, 67; observations on, 297; nerine, 343; tyndarus, 66 Kriocolias, gen. n., 167 Eristalis tenax, 137 Errata, 348 Essex—Colias edusa, 308; notes from Epping Forest, 258; Plusia moneta, 310 Eubolia cervinaria, 19; cervinata, 134, 172; palumbaria, 60 Euchloé cardamines, small form of, 63; vars., 130, 158 Eucosmia certata, 172; undulata, 159 Eugonia alniaria, 22; autumnaria, 307 ; erosaria, 170; fuscantaria, 62, 313, 341; tiliaria, 341 Eupistera heparata, 170, 235; oblite- rata, 170 Eupecilia geyeriana, 88 Eupithecia absynthiata, 134; albipune- tata,172 ; assimilata, 172; constrictata, 161; denotata, 172; fraxinata, 172; haworthiata, 171; isogrammata, 85, 171; linariata, 171; minutata, 172,— var. knautiata, 211; pimpinellata, 172 ; Vili plumbeolata, 171; pulchellata, 134, 300; pumilata, 135; pygmeata, 171; subfulvata, 86, 171, 271; sobrinata, 172; subumbrata, 163; tenuiata, 260; togata, 43; trisignata, 172; valeria- nata, 172, 259; venosata, 36, 161,171, | 271 Eurrhypara urticata var., 66 Eurymene dolobraria, 19, 60, 63, 85, 170, 259 Exhibition, South London Entomolo- gical and Natural History Society’s, 300, 303 Feenus assectator, 45 Foreign Periodicals, 21, 164 Fulgoride, luminosity of the, 186 Fumea intermediella, 301 Fungoid growth on Hepialus, 91 Fungus-eating ant, a, 64 Galleria alvearia, 42 Geometra papilionaria, 61, 134, 170, 259, 270, 341 GLOUCESTERSHIRE — Nyssia_ hispidaria, 134; Sphinx convolvuli, 336 Gnophos obscurata, 296 Gnophria quadra, 51; rubricollis, 42, 134, 338, 341 Gonopteryx rhamni, 257 Grapholitha obtusana, 219 Grapta c-album, 60, 307 *Grease-band”’ and Cheimatobia bru- mata, 64 Grease in moths, 303 Gynandromorphous Argynnis paphia, 92; Pieris brassice, 312 Gynopleurus, correction of nomencla- ture, 2 Habrostola tripartita, 44, 120 Hadena adusta, 299; contigua, 340; dissimilis, 207; geniste, 207; glauca, 120; oleracea, 260; suasa, 138; tri- folii, 62, 120 Halias prasinana, 88; quercana, 84, 85, 86 HampsutrE — Colias edusa, 337; notes from New Forest, 258; Mallota erista- loides and M. hyalinatum, 279; Rho- palocera of Fleet, 194 Hecatera chrysozona, 305 Helophilus frutetorum, 260 ; gus, 260 Heliophobus hispidus, 59; popularis, 19 Heliothis armigera, 233 ; dipsaceus, 120; peltigera, 136 Hemiptera-Heteroptera, 312 Hepialide, Australian, 114 Hepialis humuli, 204; velleda, 268 Hermaphrodites : Bombyx castrensis, 42; Gonopteryx rhamni, 204; Pieris napi var. bryonie, 258 ; Saturnia carpini,164 transfu- CONTENTS. HeEr?rrorDsHIRE — Colias edusa, 309; Sphinx conyolvyuli, 311 Hesperia acteon, 187 ; lineola, 86 Hessian fly, cocoon of the, 90 Heterogenea asellus, 204; testudo, 204 Heterogynus penella, 135 Himera pennaria, 134, 170 Hippobosea equina, 260 Hister purpurascens, 212 ‘* Honey ”’ ants, 210 Hoporina croceago, 22 Hiibner’s works, reissue of, 22 Hybernia aurantiaria, 124; defoliaria, 66, —in March, 181,—in December, 89 ; leucophearia in January, 134 Hybrids: Saturnia pavonia,—pyri, 43 ; Platysamia cecropia,—gloveri, 343 Hydrelia uncula, 230 comma, 336; | Hydrilla palustris, 64, 67, 232 Hydreecia nictitans, 87,—var. paludis, 204, 342 Hygrocarabus variolosus, 125 Hymenoptera at light, 62, 63 Hypena rostralis, 62, 87 Hypenodes albistrigalis, 134 ; costestri- galis, 58, 265 Hypsipetes elutata, 299; impluviata, 172; ruberata, 172; sordidata, 299; trifasciata, 172 Idioptera pulchella, 67 Incurvaria tenuicornis, 64 Ino geryon, 51 Insects: in birds’ stomachs, 138; sense organs, 30, 278, 304; fertilise Medi- cago, 54; at light, 61, 313; most vari- able, 255 Todis vernaria, 86 IrELAND—Catalogue of the Lepidoptera, 180, 195, 216, 250, 272, 327; Ache- rontia atropos, 280; Amphidasys be- tularia, 18; Sphinx convolyul, 311 Ischnura elegans, 207, 208 Ithonia patilla, 138 Izal and relaxing boxes, 130 Jumping beans and jumping eggs, 52, 82, 83, 159, 229 Krenr—Catocala fraxini, 307; Colias edusa, 257, 282, 309, 337; Hugonia autumnaria, 307; lLeucania albi- puncta, 281, 308 ; Plusia moneta, 232, 256; Sphinx convolvuli, 281; Vanessa, c-album, 307 Kermes gillettei, sp. n., 101 Killing and preserving insects, 205, 331 Lelia ccenosa, 131, 138, 203, 231 LancasHtrE—Coccyx cosmophorana, 208; Hesperia comma, 336 Larentia cesiata, 171, 296, 301; olivata, CONTENTS. 296, 341; ruficinctata, 299; silicata, 171 Larva, of Abraxas grossulariata abun- dant, 89; of Acronycta in June, 229, 305; of Argynnis paphia feeding in autumn, 305 ; Kupithecia fulvata, 271 ; of Hysipetes (for Ypsipetes) ruberata, 89; of moth feeding on secretion of a coccid, 218 ; of Sphinx convolvuli, 311, 336; in Surrey and Kent, 338 Larval life of Stauropus fagi, earlier, 276 Lasiocampa ilicifolia, 131; quercifolia, 312, 314 Late season, 187 Lepidoptera, Belgian and British, 22; of the British Islands, notes on various species included in Mr. Barrett’s book, 165 ; of the Bloxworth district, 87; at Chichester, 313; of Derbyshire, 49, 117, 170; at Freshwater, rare, 18; of Ireland, 13, 79, 155, 180, 195, 250, 272, 327; at light, 18,61; of the Mac- clestield district, 266; of Middlesex, 304 ; of Orkney, 298; of Salisbury, 312 Leptogramma literana, 133 Leptomorphus walkeri, 343 Leucania albipuncta, 18, 67, 131, 281, 308 Leucanium perforatum, 68 Leucomia salicis, 86 Leucophasia sinapis, 182, 194 Leucorrhinus dulia, 283 Libellula quadrimaculata, 204, 207 Ligdia adustata, 171 Light: insects at light, 313 ; Coleoptera, Diptera, Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, 314; Lepidoptera, 313; Neuroptera, 314; Vanessa urtice attracted by, 233 Limacodes testudo, 85 Limenitis sibylla, 41, 213, 225 Limnobia nigropunctata, 67 LrycotnsHtre—Acherontia atropos, 336 ; Sphinx convolvuli, 336 Liparis monacha, 59; Salicis in London district, 19, 83) Lithosia aureola, 85; caniola, 231; gris- eola, 235; lurideola, 161, 301; luta- rella, 137; mesomella, 34, 305; mus- cerda, 22, 284 Lobophora carpinata, 134; halterata, 172, 2:4; hexapterata, 172; lobulata, 182; polycommata, 6, 314; sexa- lisata, 234; viretata, 207, 301, 342 Lomaspilis marginata, 301 Lucanus cervus, 125 Luminous species of Pyrophorus, 844 Luperina cespitis, 35, 61, 134 ; dumerili, testacea, 37 Lycena acis, 231; adonis, 85; wxgon, 259,545; argiolus, 59,152; (P.) arion, 45, 231,501 ; astrarche, var. salmacis, 209; bellargus, 235, 283; corydon, 212; dispar, 42; minima, 50, 152 1x Macaria alternata, 60; liturata, 36, 85, 171, 259; notata, 44, 207 | Macroglossa bombyliformis, 260; fuci- formis, 33, 85, 233, 340 Macyrolepidoptera of the Burghclere dis- trict, 33 Mallota eristaloides 257, 279 Mamestra albicolon, 13; furva, 13, 118; persicarie var. unicolor, 211; sordida, 62, 118 Margarodes unionalis, 316 Mecomma ambulans, 312 Mecyna polygonalis, 516 Melanippe galiata, 86, 172; hastata, 85, 128, 172, 207, 260; montanata, 300; rivata, 296, #03, 341; unangulata, 36, 88 Melanostoma hyalinatum, 279; scalare killed by fungus, 235, 260 Melanthia albicillata, 85, 172, 207 Meliana flammea, 235 Melitwa artemis, 33, 194, 203, 267; athalia, 85, 213, 339; aurinia, 50, 194, 267, 301; cinxia, 203 Melolontha fullo, 41 Merodon equestris, 343 Mesogona acetoselle, a noctuid moth new to Britain, 317 Mesophylax asperus, 314 Miana arcuosa, 81, 118; bicoloria, 81; fasciuncula, 80; literosa, 86, 118; strigilis, 79, 260 Mrppiesrx—Colias edusa, 208 ; Lepido- ptera of, 208, 304; Macroglossa fuci- formis, 233; Plusia moneta, 311; season in North, 58 Mimetic patterns in butterflies, the growth of, 91 Minoa euphorbiata, 61 Monochammus:sutor, 16 Moth adipocere, 76 Moth-trap, the illuminated, 133 Myleophila cribrum, 235 Myrinus mirifrons, 312 Myrmosa melanocephala, 284 (for cristaloides), Nascia cilialis, 235 Nebria complanata, 347 Nemeobius lucina, 85, 88, 194, 203; second brood, 338 Nemeophila plantaginis, 51, 61 Nemoria viridata, 340 Neottiglossa inflexa, 312 Nephopteryx spissicella, 134; Neuria reticulata, 118; saponaria, 21, 39, 118 Neuronia popularis, 118, 134 Newspaper entomology, 230, 256 Nickel entomological pins, 21 Noctua augur, 200—vayr. helvetina, 118; brunnea and vars., 211; castanea, 250; c-nigrum, 201; dahlii, 20, 35, xX CONTENTS. 86, 118; 265), and’ -vars., 216); de- puncta, 134, 136, 283; ditrapezium, 201; festiva, 299, and vars., 211; glareosa, 21, 118, 265, 269, and vars., 200; plecta, 201; rhomboidea, 307; rubi, 87, and vars., 216; sobrina, 250; subrosea, 118, 130, 131, 232; stigmatica, 307 Noctuid moths, synonymy of, 120, 222, 275 Nola albulalis, 131, 301; centonalis, 131; confusalis, 51, 206, 305 Nomada flavoguttata, 283; ochrostoma, 283 ; ruficornis, 283 Nonagria brevilinea, 131, 284; lutosa, 118; sparganii, 131; typhe, 87 Notodonta carmelita, 204; chaonia, 19, 44, 52, 62, 182, 204; dictwa, 131, 138; dictwoides, 52, 58, 134, 314; dodonea, 52, 131, 204; trepida, 133, 234; tri- macule, 134; ziczac, 231 Norronxk—Colias edusa, 319 NortHUMBERLAND — Sphinx convolvuli, 280 NorrincHAaMsHIRE—Stilbia anomala, 279 Nudaria senex, 314 Nyssia hispidaria, 58, 62, 84, 134, 162, 163, 170, 182, 187, 341; lapponaria, 163, 207, 307; life-history, 237; po- monaria, 181 Oxpituary — Adye, J. Mortimer, 164; Still, Major John N., 315; Tugwell, William Henry, 284, 315; White, Francis Buchanan, 24 Ocneria dispar, 131 (Ecophora flavifrontella, 209; woodiella, 210 (idematophorus lithodactylus, 62 Onthophagus, correction of nomencla- ture, 221; notes on, 178 Oporabia dilutaria, 301, 347 Oporina croceago, 59, 274 Orgyia gonostigma, 182, 208 Ornithoptera richmondii, life-history of, 93 Orthoptera, notes on, 383 Orthosia lota, 272; macilenta, 119; sus- pecta, 86, 138, 265, 270, 272, 283 OxrorDsHIRE—Orgyia gonostigma, 182 Pachetra leucophwa, 348 Pachnobia hyperborea, 252, 300; rubri- cosa, 252, 340 Pachycnemia hippocastanaria, 182, 234, 340 Pancalia lewenhoekella, 88 Panchlora madere, 346 Panolis piniperda, 134 Papilio anticorates, 138; bairdii, 139; epycides, 138; machaon, 50, 102, 104, 187, 3801; memnon, 138; pammon, 138; podalirius, 41; segonax, 138; serostris var. xestos, 259 ; westwoodii, 138 Paraponyx stratiotalis, 62 Pararge egeria, 66, 258; megzra, 66 Parateuchus, gen. n., 221 Pechypogon barbalis, 85 Pempelia palumbella, 134 Penthina postremana, 55 Pericallia syringaria, 63 Periplaneta americana in Kew Gardens, 257; orientalis at light, 62 Peronea comparana, 134; 134 Petasia cassinea, 61, 85 Phibalapteryx lapidata, 21, 68; lignata, 235, 296; polygrammata, 132, 231; tersata, 61, 62; vitalbata, 61, 86, 313; vittata, 172, 314 Phigalia pedaria, 66, 187, 270 Phorodesma bajularia, 170; pustulata, 170; smaragdaria, 43, 44, 129, 132, 160, 259, 283; in autumn, 307 Phothedes captiuncula var. tincta, 155 Phoxopteryx diminutana, 88; siculana, 88, 209; subarcuana, 88 Phycis carbonariella, 314; 314 Phycita abietella, 88 Physokermes coloradensis, sp. n., 101 Pierine, a new species of, 166 Pieris daplidice, 41, 231, 337; rape in New Mexico, 304 Pigments of the Pieride, the, 1 Pins, nickel entomological, 21 Platetrum depressum, 204, 208 Platyenemis pennipes, 208 Platypteryx hamula, 85, 87 Plusia bractea, 270; chrysitis, 120, 159, 204,—colour changes, 181, 229; fes- tuce, 120, 265; gamma, var., 66; in- terrogationis, 120; iota, 19, 21, 120, 265; moneta, 18, 22, 256, 310, 311,— observations on, 261; pulchrina, 21, 120, 265 Peecilocampa populi, 52, 84, 134, 235, B05 Poedisca profundana, 134 Poliachi, varieties of, 66,—var. olivacea, 283; flavicincta, 281; nigricincta, 92, 132 sponsana, roborella, | Polygamy in moths, 22 Polynema nutans, 187, 210 Polyommatus dispar, 131; phloeas, vars., 66, 131 Polyphylla fullo, 41 Polyporus for staging insects, 183, 230, 255 Pompilus viaticus, 212 Prionus coriarius, 283 Procris geryon, 60 Pronuba yuccasella, 137 Protective resemblance of Lobophora viretata, 301 CONTENTS. Pseudocereobotra wahlbergi, 183 Pseudodoxis limulus, 343 Pseudoterpna cytisaria, 132; pruinata, Psilura monacha, 85 Psyche opacella, 182, 301; species from Argentine Republic, 283 Pterophorus bertrami, 314 Pterostichus lepidus, 236; attacked by a Gordius, 187 Pterostoma palpina, 52, 63, 134, 314 Ptilodontis palpina, 19, 34 Pygera curtula var., 231 Pyralis glaucinalis, 62 Pyrrhosoma minium, 207, 209; tenel- lum, 207 madidus, Recent LirERAtTuRE :— ‘Abstract of Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society for the year 1894,’ 212 ‘A Pium-seale in Western New York,’ by M. V. Slingerland, 188 ‘A Manual for the Study of Insects,’ by John Henry Comstock, 236 ‘Butterflies and Moths (British),’ by W. Furneaux, F.R.G.S., 68 ‘L’Amateur de Papillons,’ by H. Coupin, 188 ‘Report of Observations of Injurious Insects, 1894,’ by Eleanor A. Orme- rod, 139 ‘The Cabbage-root Maggot: with Notes on the Onion Maggot and Allied Insects,’ by M. Y. Slinger- land, 140 ‘Wayside and Woodside Blossoms,’ by Edward Step, 188 Wytsman’s Re-issue of Hiibner’s Works on Exotic Lepidoptera, 22 Reports oF Socieries :-— Birmingham Entomological, 67, 91, 138, 187, 211, 235, 260, 283, 347 Entomological of London, 63, 64, 65, 90, 135, 183, 209, 342 Chester, of Nat. Science and Litera- ture, 347 Lancashire and Cheshire Entomolo- gical, 67, 92, 138 Nonpareil Entomological, 260, 284, 348 ; North London Natural History, 234 Reading Natural History, 68 South London Entom. and Nat. Hist., | Go, 66,67, 91, 136, 186, 211, 235, 259, 282, 345 Retinia pinicolana, 88, 133 Rhagium bifasciatum, 186, 212 Rhodia fugax, 218 Rhodophea consociella, 162 ; marmorea, 134 Rhopalocera, profusion in the Alps, 286; X1 vertical distribution in the Alps, 322; African, 153; effect of glacial period on distribution, 247; of Fleet and dis- trict, 194; in Guildford district, 150 ; origin of Kuropean, 247 Rumia crategata, 138; luteolata, 282 Sales at Stevens’s :—Machin, 130, 158, 202; O’Reilly, 202; Robson, 203, 307; Wheeler, 230 Saturnia boisduvalii, 150; pavonia, 149, 268 Sawfly with eight legs, 137 Scodonia belgiaria, 234, 283, 340, 341 Scolytus rugulosus, 67 Scoparia basistrigalis, 137; cembre, 162 Scopula decrepitalis, 68 ScorLanp — Cheerocampa celerio, 308 ; Ccenonympha typhon in West, 277; collecting in, 132; Hepialus humuli in Orkney, 204; Nyssia lapponaria, 163, 207, 287; Sphinx convolvuli, 281 Scotosia rhamnata, 84, 86, 172 Seasonal dimorphism, 185 Secretion of potassium hydroxide by Dicranura yinula, 184 Selenia illustraria, 170; lunaria, 134, 170; tetralunaria, 134 Sense organs of insects, 30, 243, 278, 304 Senta ulva, 131,—and vars., 231 Sericomyrmex opacus, 64 Sericoris ingratana, sp. n., 181 Sesia asiliformis, 51, 165; bombylifor- mis, 60; culiciformis, 138 ; cynipifor- mis, 51; formiciformis, 43; ichneu- moniformis, 43; scoliiformis, 131, 165, 231; sphegiformis. 51, 67; tipulifor- mis, 45 Setting minute insects, an instrument to assist in, 301 SHROPSHIRE — Acherontia atropos, 280, 310; notes from, 339; Vanessa c- album, 280; Xanthia gilvago, 310 Sirex gigas, 259 SomeRsETSHIRE — Acherontia atropos, 310 Sphinx convolvuli, 51, 280, 281, 3811, 312, 313, 336; ligustri two winters in pupa, 208; pinastri, 131, 165, 232, 257, 312 Spilodes cinctalis, 314 Spilosoma lubricipeda and vars., 3, 27, 182, 301; menthastri var., 187 STAFFORDSHIRE — Aplecta occulta, 284; Charseas graminis, 133; collecting in North, 206 Stauropus fagi, 22, 1384, 182; double- brooded, 306 Stigmonota coniferana, 88 Stilbia anomala, 118, 134, 157 Stilodes bogotensis, sp. n., 192 xl CONTENTS. SurroLk—Colias edusa, 282, 337; Sphinx | Vanessa antiopa, 41, 44, 50, 102, 109, pinastri, 232, 257 Sugar, 20, 306, 338; food, 264 Surrey — Acherontia atropos, 310; Ar- gynnis latona, 162; Colias edusa, 309, 337; Cymatia coleopterata, 211; Dei- | opeia pulchella, 162; Plusia moneta, 311; Prionus coriarius, 283; Rhopa- locera of the Guildford district, 150 ; Sphinx convolvuli, 281, 336; Vanessa polychloros, 182 SussEx—Colias edusa, 282, 309, 337; Deilephila livornica, 232; Deiopeia pulchella, 279; Lepidoptera of Chi- chester, 313 Sylphide, European, 92 Synonomy of noctuid moths, 120, 222, 275 Syntomis phegea, 166 Syrichthus malvee resembles Euchlidia mi, 152 Syrphus annulipes, 284 Teniocampa gracilis, 229,—and vars., 253; gothica and vars., 252; incerta and vars., 253; miniosa, 254; munda, 84,—and vars., 254; opima and yars., 253 ; populeti, 18, 84, 119, 253; rubri- cosa, 299 Taleeporia pseudo-bombycella, 43 Tapinostola bondi, 228 Tauronthophagus, gen. n., 179 Tenacity of life in the dragonfly, 204; in insects, 228 Tenthredopsis microcephala, 168 Tephrosia biundularia, 170, 301; con- sonaria, 60; crepuscularia, 170; ex- tersaria, 260; laricaria, 170 Termites, soldiers and workers of, 185 Tethea subtusa, 35, 119, 314 Thecla betule, 87; pruni, 50; quercus, 194; w-album, 50 Thera firmata, 172, 348; juniperata, 298 Therioplectes tropicus var. bisignatus, 260 Thymalus limbatus, 236 Tortricina, why not collect, 215, 255 Tortrix cinnamomeana, 282; costana, 314; with larval legs, 137 Trichiura crategi, 52, 85 Trichogramma evyanescens, 283 Trimiera pilipes, 67 Triphena comes, 119, 250,—var. curtisii, 299, subsequa, 119, 250 Triphosa dubitata, 62 Trochilium apiformes, 51, 84; bembici- formes, 84; crabroniformes, 51, 267 Troides victoriz, a new local form of, 78 Trypeta cardui, 210, 348 Two pup in one cocoon, 41 Unusual pairing of dragonflies, 279 versus natural | 203, 231,—var. daubi, 110,—var. roe- deri, 112; atalanta, 112; c-album, 50, 57, 67, 105, 188, 280, 307; callirrhoé, 112,—var. vuleania, 112; cardui, 112, 142,—at light, 134; cyanomelas, 102; io, 107, 161; levana, var. porima, 102; polychloros, 34 50, 85, 105, 151, 182, 194, 258; urtice, 66, 116,—var. connexa, 83, 91,—variation in Ireland, 84,—in Co. Waterford, 57 Variation in the imago stage of butter- flies, causes of, 69, 102, 142; in size of Coleoptera, 210 Varietal terminology, 241 Varieties—Abraxas grossulariata, 231, 284, 300, 307; Acronycta ligustri, 138; Agrotis agathina, 199; corticea, 196; cursoria, 186, 197 ; exclamationis, 196; lucernea, 200; lunigera, 195; nigri- cans, 197; ripe, 306; saucia, 195; tri- tici, 186, 197, 299; vestigialis, 180; Amphidasys betularia, 7, 18, 62, 132, 170; Anthocharis cardamines, 91; An- throcera trifolii, 60: Apamea didyma, 15; Apatura iris, 131, 232; Epunda (Aporophyla) lutulenta, 138; Arctia caia, 131, 232, 233, 284; lubricipeda, 235; villica, 65; Argynnis adippe, 260; aglaia, 203, 231, 232; paphia, 131, 301; selene, 103; Asphalia flavi- cornis, 92; Boarmia repandata, 66, 134; Bombyx quercus, 283; rubi, 301; Callimorpha hera, 301; Calo- campa exoleta, 92; Catocala nupta, 213; Celena haworthii, 156: Ce- rastis erythrocephala, 274; Chei- matobia boreata, 301; Chrysophanus phleas, 301; Cidaria suffumata, 307; Cleora glabraria, 138; Dianthecia carpophaga, 259; nana, 283; Hma- turga atomaria, 259; Epinephele hy- peranthes, 17, 260; ianira, 260, 301; Epunda lutulenta, 299; Euchelia ja- cobeex, 260; Euchloé cardamines, 63, 130, 158; Eubolia plumbaria, 60: Eu- gonia alniaria, 22; Eupithecia pumi- lata, 135; Gnophos obscurata, 296; Gonopteryx rhamni, 257; Hadena adusta, 299; oleracea, 260; Hybernia defoliaria, 66; Larentia cesiata, 300; Limenitis sibylla, 213; Lithosia luri- deola, 301; Lomaspilis marginata, 801; Lycena egon, 259; alexis, 138, 203; bellargus, 235, 283; Mamestra persicarie, 214; Melitea athalia, 208 ; aurinia, 301; cinxia, 203; Melanippe montanata, 300; Miana arcuosa, 81; bicoloria. 81; fasciuncula, 80; stri- gilis, 79, 260; Notodonta dicta, 138; ziczac, 231; Ocneria dispar, - 131; -- Oporabia dilutata, 301; Pachnobia rubricosa, 252 ; Papilio machaon, 187, CONTENTS. 301; Pararge egeria, 66; megera, 66; Phigalia pedaria, 270; Polyommatus phleeas, 66; Pseudoterpna cytisaria, 132; Rhagium bifasciatum, 186, 212; Rumia crategata, 138; luteolata, 282 ; Smerinthus tiliw, 259; Tephrosia bi- undularia, 301; Thera juniperata, 346; Vanessa atalanta, 203; cardui, 131; polychloros, 92; urtice, 67, 203, 301, 312; Xanthia aurago, 138; ful- vago, 270 Variety, form, race, and aberration, 213 Vegetable caterpillars, notes on the New Zealand, 273 Venusia cambrica, 162, 233 Wares—Collecting in, 161; Sphinx con- volvuli, 336; Venusia cambrica, 233 Why not collect Tortricina, 215, 255 WintsHiIrE — Colias edusa, 282; Lepi- doptera of Salisbury, 312; Sphinx pinastri, 312 Wood naphtha asa relaxing medium, 56 xiii WoRCESTERSHIRE—Catocala nupta, 307 Xanthia aurago, 133, 138, 274; citrago, 119; gilvago, 19, 91, 119, 274, 281, 307, 314; ocellaris, 132, 137, 345 Xylina conformis, 132, 308; petrificata, 308; semibrunnea, 307, 313, 346; socia, 305; zinckenii, 345 Xylomiges conspicillaris, 131, 204, 231 Xylophasia scolopacina, 118 ; sublustvris, 18 Yellow and other varieties of Zygena trifolii, 214 Zelleria insignipenella, 88 ; saxifrage, 25 Zelotypia stacyi, 115 Zeuzera pyrina, 52 Zicrona ceerulea, 346 Zygena exulans, 8, 25, 283, 316; fili- pendule, 91, 131; lonicere, 51, 64, 301; meliloti, 212; minos, 165; tri- folii, 67, 85, 131, 214; vanadis, 11 PuatEe I.—NyssIA LAPPONARIA Porrrait oF Dr. F. B. WHite ILLUSTRATIONS. . . Pura AND Oya oF ORNITHOPTERA RICHMONDII . MALFORMATIONS OF APPENDAGES IN COLEOPTERA Larva OF EMMELESIA TANIATA . MESOGONA ACETOSELLE . . PAGE facing 237 ~ 25 a eh ges Pere age WE oe ple cae sae aul? THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vou. XXVIII.] JANUARY, 1895. [No. 880. THE PIGMENTS OF THE PIERIDH: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF EXCRETORY SUBSTANCES WHICH FUNCTION IN ORNAMENT.« By F. Gowranp Hopkins, Demonstrator of Physiology and Chemistry at Guy’s Hospital, London. Tur paper deals with the chemistry of the wing pigments of that group of butterflies known as the Pieride, and demonstrates the excretory nature of these pigments. The following are the salient facts dealt with, most of the statements being based on original observations described in the paper :— 1. The wing scales of the white Pieride are shown to contain uric acid, this substance bearing the same relation to the scale as do the pigments in the coloured Pieride, and therefore functioning practically as a white pigment. 2. The yellow pigment which is so widely distributed in the Pieridx (being found in the majority of the genera) is shown to be a derivative of uric acid. 3. The properties of this yellow pigment are described, and the results of its analysis are given. The pigments of various yellow-coloured genera are shown to be identical. 4. It is shown that this yellow pigment may be artificially produced by heating uric acid with water in sealed tubes at high temperatures. The product so obtained was originally described by Hlasiwetz as ‘“mycomelic acid”; but evidence is brought forward to show that the substance described and analysed by this chemist was in reality urate of ammonium coloured by a yellow body, probably identical with the natural pigment. 5. The identity of the natural and artificial products is demonstrated by the fact that both yield under like treatment a purple derivative, which has a well-marked and easily identified absorption spectrum. * Abstract of a Paper read before the Royal Society. ENTOM.—JAN. 1895. RB 2, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 6. The artificial yellow product has not yet been obtained in a pure condition, but it may be so far purified as to exhibit clearly all the general properties of the natural pigment. 7. The natural pigment as prepared for analysis is shown to be almost certainly a chemical individual. Its probable consti- tution is discussed. 8. It is shown that this yellow substance (denominated in the paper ‘‘ Lepidotic acid’’), together with a closely allied red substance, will account for all the chemical pigmentation of the wing scales of the coloured Pieridx, though modifications may be produced by superadded optical effects. The black pigment found in the group is not dealt with in the paper. 9. The described uric acid derivatives, though universal in the Pieride, are apparently confined to this group among the Rhopalocera. This fact enables the interesting observation to be made, that where a Pierid mimics an insect belonging to another family, the pigments in the two cases are chemically quite distinct. This is well seen in the genera Leptalis and Mechanitis respectively. 10. The existence of pigments other than scale-pigments is for the first time described; substances, namely, which are found between the wing membranes, and which, in certain genera, are the basis of ornament. 11. The fact that the scale-pigments are really the normal excretory products of the animal used in ornament, is empha- sised by the observation that the yellow Pierids, on emergence from the chrysalis, are apt to void from the rectum a quantity of uric acid coloured by a yellow substance which exactly resembles the pigment of the wing. GYMNOPLEURUS ; CORRECTION OF NOMENCLATURE. By Joun W. Suter. GyMNoPLEvRUs, Illiger. Modestus, Lansberge, Notes, Leyden Mus. 8, p. 72, 1886. Peringueyi, mihi = modestus, Pery, Tr. Sth. Afr. Phil. Soc. iv. p. 94, 1888. Peringueyt, Shipp (modestus, Pery nec Lansb.). — Nigro- cyaneous, opace. Head granulose, a little broader than long, rounded at base, produced angularly laterally, and with an acute ridge on each side; clypeus with the outer margin slightly reflexed, deeply emarginated in the centre, which thus forms two moderately acute teeth ; antenne black. Prothorax convex, once and a half broader than long, with the sides rounded and slightly angulated in the centre, marginated and finely granulose, SPILOSOMA LUBRICIPEDA AND ITS VARIETIES. 3 without any lateral fovea. Elytra finely granulose, strongly developed at the shoulders, deeply striated. Pygidium depressed, carinated at base, and deeply shagreened. Under side very dark blue, shagreened; anterior femora with a median tooth under- neath ; anterior tibie tridentate. Hab. Beaufort West, Cape Colony. Long. corp. 12-13 mm., lat.6 mm. Type in Sth. Afr. Mus. Modestus, Lansb.—‘‘ Obscure rubro-cupreus, supra rugulosus, clypeo bidentato, thorace obsolete lineato, elytris obsolete striatis, sinu laterali valde profundo.” Long. corp. 8-12 mm. Hab. Benguela. I may mention that Peringuey’s description was read on March 31st, 1886, the same year as Lansberge described his species. G. modestus is very closely allied to G. cupreus, Boh., but is more brilliant, and more distinctly granulated. Oxford, 1894. SPILOSOMA LUBRICIPEDA AND ITS VARIETIES IN YORKSHIRE, DURHAM, LINCOLNSHIRE, &c.* By W. Hewert. I wore that the following particulars, obtained from many sources and from a careful examination of most of the Yorkshire and Durham collections (not merely once, but often on two or three occasions), will tend to throw a little light on this some- what dark question, which has already been discussed at some length by Messrs. Porritt, South, and Tugwell (Hntom. xxvi. 247, 257, 296, 346; xxvii. 129, 205). The type of S. lubricipeda is generally distributed, and, I believe, common in most localities, although, like many other species, it occurs in much greater abundance in some seasons than in others. Mr. Finlay, of Meldon Park, Morpeth, when looking over my collection a short time ago, informed me that the species is rare in all stages in the neighbourhood of Morpeth. The larve, when full-fed and about to pupate, are not by any means particular in the choice of their abode—such unlikely places as old kettles, pots and pans of all descriptions, pieces of brown paper, newspaper, old rags, the stalk of a cabbage, or in the pithy branches of the elder ; and I have heard of from twelve to sixteen cocoons being taken from one cabbage-stump. The egg, larva, pupa, and the ordinary forms of the imago are too well known to need any description, so I will at once proceed to the chief feature of this paper, viz., * Abstract of a Paper read before the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomo- logical Society, Nov. 12th, 1894. BQ 4 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. a description of the principal varieties which are known to occur. Var. radiata.—In addition to the specimen figured in West- wood and Humphrey’s ‘British Moths,’ plate xviii. figure 19, 1843, which was taken in Yorkshire, and that figured by Newman in the ‘Entomologist,’ vol. vii. 169 (1874), stated to have been sent to him by Mr. Dawson, of Driffield, there is an example in the Allis collection at the York Museum, which Thad the pleasure of examining in company with Mr. 8. J. Capper, on October 19th. This specimen, although not so dark as some of the choicest forms of radiata lately bred by Messrs. Harrison, Young, Tugwell, and Porritt, is to all in- tents and purposes identical with them, and exactly corre- sponded with some two dozen specimens of radiata which Mr. 8. J. Capper had with him on that occasion. There is neither date, locality, nor name of captor affixed to this or indeed to any of the specimens in the collection, but I think it can be taken for granted that it is a York or Yorkshire specimen. The only other record that I have been able to obtain of radiata having occurred in Yorkshire, previous to the introduction of Mr. Harrison’s fine form in 1891, is that of three specimens which were taken at rest, not bred, by Mr. Sweeney, at Driffield, some twelve or fifteen years ago. These specimens, which I have seen on three separate occasions, are smaller than those bred by Mr. Harrison, but identical in every other particular with specimens sent to me by Messrs. Porritt and Tugwell, and with which I compared them. They are in fair condition, decidedly aged, and set on household pins. As far as I am aware I do not see any reason for doubting their authenticity, which I think is beyond dispute. Thus we have records of six specimens of radiata having been taken or bred in Yorkshire previous to 1891, and I am firmly convinced, that had the works of Darwin and Wallace been more widely read, and the prin- ciples of heredity and artificial selection therein explained better understood and acted up to, we should not have had to wait until 1891 to see this truly grand form bred for the first time in England as the result of artificial selection. Mr. Harrison, of Barnsley, whose fine and extensive series of radiata and intermediate forms I have had the pleasure of seeing, and to whom I wrote for particulars of the variation of S. lubri- cipeda in his district, says :—‘‘ I do not remember ever breeding S. lubricipeda in any form previous to 1891; in fact my series had been picked up casually and were only the ordinary form, neither radiata, eboraci, nor fasciata ; and I distinctly say that not any of these three forms occur in this district to my knowledge, neither in a wood nor any weedy garden, as reported [see ‘ Ento- mologicai Transactions’ (London), part 4, November meeting, 1892, page xxix, for my original and true history]. My original SPILOSOMA LUBRICIPEDA AND ITS VARIETIES. 5 male was of that form [ fasciata], and would no doubt be one of the Grimsby pup, as I selected the strongest-marked specimen that I had out at the time the female radiata came out to pair with. I have kept the original parents.” Mr. Young, of Rotherham, to whom as also to Mr. Harrison, of Barnsley, many of us are indebted for our series of radiata, replying to a similar query of mine re variation of the species at Rotherham, says:—‘‘ I have not bred any variety of S. lubrici- peda from larve collected in this district, in any way approach- ing to var. fasciata or eboraci; the form here is very plain, and almost without markings.” Mr. J. Bloor, also of Rotherham, confirms Mr. Young’s statement. Whilst at Rotherham, on the 27th ult., Mr. J. N. Young showed me some 120 specimens of radiata which he had recently bred from ‘“Harrison’s strain’; also the photographs of 108 specimens. Mr. Young informed me that radiata pair more readily with typical wild specimens of lubricipeda than inter se, and that the offspring from this union were fertile. Much of the vitality in radiata seems to be lost by inbreeding; especially is this the case with the males, which are very sluggish. I have frequently heard it suggested that radiata is a distinct species, but the fact of there being no apparent difference in the ova, larve, or pup, and that when paired with typical wild specimens the offspring are fertile, seems in my opinion to warrant our assuming that it is a fixed variety only. ‘There are some entomologists, | know, who take exception to the larger size of the specimens of radiata, and urge this as a reason for its not being of British origin; but size, in my opinion, is chiefly dependent upon the supply of food and selection, as all entomologists who breed large numbers of Lepi- doptera are perfectly well aware. I have specimens of lubricipeda in my collection, and have seen others, which are to the full as large as any radiata that I have yet examined. With regard to the occurrence of the var. radiata in Lincoln- shire, several specimens appear to have been bred by Mr. Mossop from larve obtained at Saltfleet feeding on elder, August, 1836. These emerged in June, 1837, and some of the specimens are still in the possession of his nephew, Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, of Worthing; others were sent by Mr. Mossop to Mr. James C. Dale, father of the Rev. C. W. Dale. Mr. Fletcher obligingly furnishes me with the following particulars :—‘‘ My knowledge of the occurrence of the varieties of S. lubricipeda is practically confined to that which is stated in my letter to Mr. Tugwell, in his article in the ‘ Kntomologist’ for April, 1894, except that there is a slight mistake: ‘‘Hntom. xxvi. 257, var. deschangi,” should read ‘‘ Kntom. xxy. 257, fig.1.” Now this fig. 1 comes very near to var. eboraci as figured Entom. xxvii. 205. My specimen is not exactly like either ; it has the central spot and interrogation-like spots on the hind wings, but the fore wings have less of the fascrata 6 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. marking than the eboraci figured Entom. xxvii. 205, and much less of the radiata markings of Entom. xxvi. 257. If then eboraci bea sufficiently defined variety to be worthy of a special name, and not, as I am inclined to think, merely intermediate between type and radiata (I know it only from fig. 1), I should refer my speci- men to it, and say that eboract occurs on the Lincolnshire coast. Next as to var. fasciata, 1 have none among my uncle’s moths so boldly marked as that figured in Entom. xxvii. 205, but I have two specimens of Mr. Mossop’s which are clearly tending to become fasciata; all the spots forming the ‘Y’ are present, but shorter, so that I think Lincolnshire may claim to possess var. fas- ciata also. I have never collected lubricipeda in Lincolnshire ; my knowledge of it there is confined to the possession of seven speci- mens which came to me with the Rev. J. Mossop’s cabinet, con- taining the remains of his collection and the information which his widow, my aunt, gave me, to the effect that these moths and others were reared by them from larve picked up on sandhills at Middlethorpe, which is close to Saltfleet, from where Mr. Mossop sent Mr. Dale three specimens (Kntom. xxvii. p. 130).” Respecting the reported occurrence of radiata on the east coast of England, Mr. John Cordeaux, of Great Cotes, Ulceby, Lincolnshire, referring to this form, says :—‘‘ Almost exclusively peculiar to Heligoland ; met with but very rarely in Holland and on the east coast of England’; whilst Mr. Tl. D. A. Cockerell (Entom. xxii. p. 148) repeats this statement. Wishing to have this reported occurrence of radiata on the east coast of England cleared up, I wrote to Mr. Cordeaux, asking him to be good enough to furnish me with particulars of its occurrence; when, where, and by whom taken; and where the specimens might be at present located; in order that, if possible, | could have inspected them. Mr. Cordeaux, in reply, stated ‘‘that the notice published in the ‘ Naturalist,’ 1888, was a verbatim trans- lation from the original paper by Mons. le Baron de Selys Long- champs, Liege, Belgium. The exact words used are (p. 32) :— ‘On la rencontre mais plus rarement en Hollande et sur la cote orientale d’Augleterre.’”? Mr. Cordeaux also adds ‘‘ that he is unable to speak from his own personal observation on the matter,” but adds, ‘‘ Probably the author of the ‘ Excursion a Vile d’Heligoland ’ refers to some English authority for his statement, but he gives no reference to this in the original. . .. ‘The variety is undoubtedly an immigrant to Heligoland, so there is every probability of 1ts occasional occurrence on the east coast.” The following is a translation of the Baron’s reply to my enquiries for definite information of the occurrence of the var. radiata on the east coast of England :— “ Liege, 7th October, 1894.--My dear Sir,—-I write you from the country, although I always give my address at Liege, but I shall be in town in eight or ten days, and will then look over my collection and SPILOSOMA LUBRICIPEDA AND ITS VARIETIES. fh write you a few notes if I find anything that will be useful for you, with regard to the variety radiata of ‘ Arctia’ lubricipeda, but I am not sure that I possess any other positive information of my own obser- vation except that which I have given in my ‘ Excursion to the Isle of Heligoland’ in 1882. There I saw, at Mr. Gitke’s, the ornithologist, numerous examples which had been reared from eggs. There were amongst them several varieties intermediate between radiata and the type. As to Holland, I am convinced that the observation of the country is positive, but I don’t remember who was the Dutch entomologist who told me; it could be ascertained. As to the east coast of England, I don’t remember where I obtained the information. In Belgium and Holland there have been found four some months melanic examples of Amphidasys betularia, but of a black less intense than in Scotland.” Messrs. Porritt and Tugwell have reared two broods (or at any rate a partial second brood) of radiata in one season, and this fact is thought by some entomologists evidence sufficient to warrant their refusing to believe in the genuineness of radiata as a British form. Personally I do not attach much importance to radiata being occasionally double-brooded, as it seems to me to be merely a question of forcing. I am not aware that two broods have been produced in one season under other than artificial conditions. So far as I know, there is no record of lubricipeda being double-brooded; and Mr. Jackson, of York, informs me that he has never, in his long experience of the species (extending over thirty years), known it to be so, even in a single instance, under natural conditions. The Hull collectors, who also breed large numbers of lubri- cipeda, have never been fortunate enough to obtain radiata, neither have the collectors at Beverley, Bradford, Barnsley, Darlington, Durham, Hartlepool, Huddersfield, Keighley, Rother- ham, Selby, Sheffield, &e. With regard to the variation of lubricipeda in Durham, Mr. T. Maddison, of Durham city, writes :—‘‘I have never got anything like a decent variety, nothing in the least approaching the York or Barnsley varieties”; whilst Mr. J. E. Robson, of Hartlepool, informs me “that although he has never bred radiata at Hartlepool, or known it to occur there, he has in his series of lubricipeda, bred from larve obtained at Hartlepool, several examples of var. fasciata and intermediate forms.” Mr. William Newman, of Darlington, has six exceptionally fine varieties of lubricipeda (three males and three females) in his collection, all reared from larve obtained at Darlington; one of the males being of the var. fasciata and two of the var. eboraci ; whilst two of the females have the hind wings similar to the var. radiata and the fore wings almost typical. He has also bred other similar varieties from time to time. I quite agree with Mr. Tugwell in thinking that the explana- tion of the occurrence of var. radiata in Lincolnshire and York- shire is to be attributed to the ‘‘ brought over” theory, and that 8 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. the original specimens or parents have come over to this country from Heligoland, either by their own unaided flight, or else as stowaways on board ship. The chances of their distribution inland would be materially increased by means of the railway. I have frequently known southern insects to be found in waggons arriving in York from the south. (To be continued.) ON ZYGANA EXULANS AND Var. SUBOCHRACEA, Wutrte. By W. H. Tuewetu. In the ‘ Entomologist’s Record’ for November, 1894, is a long and interesting article by Mr. Tutt on Zygena exulans, and certain very beautiful forms of this species that Dr. Chapman and himself had met with when on a tour over that entomological ‘* Hl Dorado,” the French, Swiss, and Italian Alps, during the last week of July and part of August. Mr. Tutt exhibited some of these very fine forms, and read notes on them, at the Entomo- logical Society, and also at the South London Entomological and Natural History Society. One of the objects of the exhibition and remarks thereon appeared to be the upsetting of var. sub- ochracea, Mr. Tutt considering that the ‘‘ Braemar form, which Dr. White named var. subochracea (on his first discovering the insect in July, 1871, and cited in Hntom. vi. 22), was only so named in consequence of their worn condition,” and stated that the few specimens I had given him in 1886 “ corresponded excel- lently with Dr. White’s definition of what a Scotch Z. exulans (a somewhat diaphanous form) should be. ‘They evidently belonged to the variety which Dr. White created specially for these rather rubbed specimens.”’ But surely Mr. Tutt knows well enough that out of the long series Mr. L. Gibb and myself secured on our trip in 1886 many of them (50 per cent.) were in the finest order. That Mr. 'l'utt only had but moderately good ones was due doubtless to the fact that he never gave me a specimen of any kind, and we are naturally inclined to help those best who assist us. Still, one thing is evident: poor as they were, it has taken him six years to improve on them. But for Mr. Tutt to remark that it is only this year that we have learned how ‘‘really fine Scotch exulans ought to look,” is simply ridiculous, as from 1886 to present time I have distributed to my friends over 1000 specimens, a large percentage being in the finest condition, and fully equal to any seen this year. The curious part of Mr. Tutt’s exhibit was that prior to showing them he had taken the extraordinary course of repinning and resetting some of his Scotch specimens, and then mixing ZYGENA EXULANS VAR. SUBOCHRACEA. 9 them up with his continental examples in such a manner that no one but himself could have the remotest chance of using his own judgment as to their approaching each other, as Mr. Tutt simply refused to say which were continental and which were Scotch. He merely stated that ‘‘they were alike.” Now one thing is self-evident: they either do or do not overlap each other inform. And may I be allowed to suggest to Mr. Tutt that if would have been much more satisfactory and conclusive if he had permitted others than himself to have seen the continental specimens arranged side by side with the Scotch; and then, as may be quite possible, others could have been convinced of the fact, and have seen for themselves that Dr. White’s varietal name was superfluous. As it stands, no one can gainsay Mr. Tutt’s statement, as they have no possible means of judging for themselves. Mr. Tutt very kindly brought his specimens to me, but, as he still followed the lines of his previous exhibit in London, I could only admire some of the most striking varieties. It was abundantly clear that many of them were so different that they looked as if they might belong to another species. Some of the specimens may have approached each other very closely, but his curious mystery of mixing and blankly refusing to point out the Scotch and continental individuals made it 1m- possible for me to follow his statement. This may be “ science,” but evidently I have not been educated up to this manner of it. The box of specimens Mr. Tutt showed me contained possibly some forty or fifty specimens, and, referring to one row of a grand form, totally unlike any Scotch I had ever seen, I ventured to say that not one in that row was Scotch. Mr. Tutt said, ‘* Yes, there is.”’ ‘‘ Which one?” I asked. He would not say. I then remarked that I knew every one that had ever been on the ground since 1872, and I should be glad if he would say who had parted with such a grand variety. Mr. Tutt warmly refused to say; and so the statement stands. As 1 could not get any very definite information from Mr. Tutt, I wrote to Dr. Chapman, telling him I was much interested in the Zygzenide, and that Mr. Tutt had shown me some of their joint captures, but that he absolutely refused to indicate which were the continental specimens he stated to be like the Scotch. I asked Dr. Chapman to kindly judge, if 1 forwarded him a box of Braemar insects, if they were like some of his continental specimens, and telling him of the different views Tutt and I held; or would he kindly loan his continental forms tome? ‘To this Dr. Chapman most kindly replied that he was ‘‘ sorry to be unable to help me in exulans, as, although he had taken most of the specimens, he had passed them all over to Mr. Tutt..... We met with exulans in several places; but in two excursions, when not accompanied by Mr. Tutt, 1 met with it abundantly at Lauteret, where it was magnificent, in size, colouring, and density of scaling, so that I 10 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.- did not take it to be exulans; here the vegetation was very — luxuriant, the season having been propitious. On Valgrauson (Cogne) it was in thousands, but drought had prevailed, much vegetation was burnt up, and exuwlans had hardly any like the Lauteret specimens, and varied down to minute dwarfs, and others very colourless and transparent; the result, I took it, of starvation. The variation in the Grauson specimens was so great that I imagine some would be found like the Scotch, whilst I should be surprised if the typical specimens from each locality did not present considerable differences.” Again Dr. Chapman writes :—‘‘ I agree substantially with your views as to varieties of exulans. I should be surprised if Braemar exulans did not differ from continental forms.” These remarks of Dr. Chapman’s are, to my mind, very conclusive as to the variation of our Scotch form from those he took, and should carry great weight. From letters quoted above it is clear that, owing to the drought burning up the food at Valgrauson, many larve had starved, and consequently produced varieties, some of these coming near Scotch specimens; but Dr. Chapman says that the type there differs considerably ; whilst the Scotch subochracea is not the result of accidental variety, but a constant form. Any way, each year from 1886 I have had specimens from Braemar, only missing one year, and they have always been of the same form. Only the smallest possible variation has been noticed ; some few are almost colourless, and in others there is slight variation in size of spots or in colour, from bronzy blue to bronzy ereen, common to most of the Zygenide. To my mind the Scotch exulans is a very weak race, hence the want of pigmental colour; and I am certain that I should be enabled to pick out 98 per cent., if mixed with other forms, by characters that, so far as I have been able to judge, are constant and readily recog- nisable by any one well acquainted with the form. Mr. Tutt mentions the specimens as shown by Mr. Percy Bright, so I wrote him for his opinion on them, as compared with Mr. Tutt’s. He writes me:—‘ With regard to exulans, on comparing them with those that Mr. Tutt exhibited, 1 was struck with the fact that the continental specimens were much more strongly marked and denser in scales, giving them a handsomer appearance, than even the freshest of the Braemar specimens.” As to the question of synonymy, I am little disposed to enter; but, so far as I can see, the question is in a muddle. Neither Sigismond von Hochenwarth nor J. W. Dalman appears to be free from blunders; neither appears to have recognised the great difference between the sexes, making two species; both up to a certain extent make the female Z. exulans. The short Latin description given by Hochenwarth is practically useless. He says :— ‘‘ Sphinx exulans. Alis superioribus hyalino- virescentibus, albido nervosis, maculis quinque rubris utrinque CHARMAS GRAMINIS IN DEVON. 11 conspicuis ; inferioribus preter marginem apicis hyalino-vires- centem, rubris immaculatis.” This only serves for the female of our form, as the males never have white scales, or, as Hochenwarth afterwards, in his extended characters of his exulans, says, ‘ feet whitish or yellowish.” Our males have always black feet. And then Hochenwarth gives size as ‘‘equal to ‘S. statices’ or ‘S. /fili- pendule’”’; certainly our Braemar insect never reaches the size of filipendule, but the continental does, and some of Mr. Tutt’s specimens were even considerably larger than that. ‘he largest subochracea I have ever seen, and only one, is 17% in., and the smallest is 1 in. only; an average male is 1} in. Dalman’s description is almost better, so far as our Scotch insect is concerned. Dalman says of Z. exulans :—“ Alis anticis fusco-virescentibus subdiaphanis, subtus concoloribus, maculis quinque rubris inequalibus (venis albidis), posticis rubris margine fusco-virescenti ; antennis vix clavatis; pedibus luteis.’’ This, too, only describes the female; but Mr. Tutt opines that our Scotch form is Dalman’s 7. vanadis, which up to a certain point does agree with the Braemar male insect. Dalman’s description of vanadis is, “ Alis anticis fusco-virescentibus subdiaphanis maculis quinque rubris, basali exteriori elongata, posticis rubris margine fusco diaphano latiore ; corpore pedibusque nigris pilosis ; an- tennis brevibus clava crassa. Habitat in Lapponia.” ‘This is fairly well, but how does Dalman’s further description agree ? He says, ‘‘ Macule quinque rubre, colore et ordine ut in Z. loni- cere.’’ Who ever saw a Scotch exulans of the colour of lonicere ? I never did, and 1 may safely say I have seen more Braemar exulans than any other lepidopterist. It is just this great colour difference that renders Dr. White’s name of subochracea not only characteristic, but necessary ; and I believe that the Scotch form of Z. exulans will continue to be known by this name, notwith- standing Mr. Tutt’s attempt to sink it in favour of vanadis. Dalman’s vanadis is simply the male form, and in no way includes the female character ; whilst Dr. White’s subochracea covers both sexes (vide Entom. vi. 22-25). Greenwich. N.B.—The Latin descriptions of Hochenwarth and Dalman are copied from the ‘ Record,’ as I have not the originals to refer to.—W. H. T. CHARAAS GRAMINIS IN DEVON. By Major Joun N. Stitt, F.E.S. Jupaine from the remarks made by Newman (Brit. Moths, 293), who quotes Linneus on the damage done by the larve of this insect in Sweden, the account by the same author of the 12 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. mischief done near Keswick, and the mention of another out- break in Sweden as late as 1892, by Dr. Sharp (Entom. xxvii. 317), as well as the interesting article on the ‘hill grubs” of Southern Scotland by Mr. Service (/. c., 278), we may con- sider C. graminis one of the more destructive of the Noctue. Fortunately for the pastures of Devon, the insect is not as a rule abundant there. Until August, 1893, I had never met with it alive, and it was with considerable pleasure that I secured a series resting on thistle-heads. The insect is supposed to fly only early in the morning and © again in the evening, and Newman gives an interesting account of this habit, which I should never have dreamt of questioning but for my experience this year. On August 80th, while walking over that portion of Dartmoor between Classenwell Pool and Princestown, a distance of four or five miles, C. graminis appeared in, I may safely say, thousands. They were continually on the wing, flying low over the grass and heather, and hardly a yard could be walked without putting one up; and they continued on the wing in the same numbers, flying in the hottest sunshine, from 11.30 till I left the moor about 4 o'clock. The next day, and a very hot one it was, the insects were again on the wing the whole distance between Princestown and Siwards Cross, and during a long détour back again, a round of nearly ten miles. If the moths were flying in the same large numbers all over the moor as they were over that part I traversed—and I do not see why they should not have been, as there is not the slightest difference in the herbage—it would be almost impossible to exaggerate the prodigious quantities of this insect. 1 can fully endorse the statements of Mr. Dalglish (Entom. xxv. 317) as to the number of females; from my own experience they outnumbered the males by twenty to one. And also as to the enormous quantity of ova laid by the moths; from those cap- tured I procured literally thousands of eggs. The largeness of the proportion of females is interesting ; they were evidently taking advantage of the great heat to deposit their ova. I am inclined to think that no males were on the wing, except those that our movements disturbed from their hiding-places amongst the heather. In the case of Neuronia popularis and Luperina cespitis, the exception is to take a female by means of light; nearly all are males; perhaps the male C. graminis flies at the same time. I shall be glad to hear the opinion of others. Scottish Conservative Club, Edinburgh, Nov. 28th, 1894. (itd: -) A CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. By W. I’. pe Visas Kane, M.A., M.R.LA., F.E.S. (Continued from vol. xxvii. p. 264.) Curico maturA, Hufn.—Widely spread, but rarely abundant. Some bright Irish specimens have very pale nervures on the outer marginal area like those of Neuronia popularis, and enclosing a series of wedge-shaped dark streaks along the hind margin. Very dark specimens, approaching the var. texta, Esp., sometimes occur, as at Magilligan, Co. Derry, Castletownsend, Co. Cork, and Markree, Co. Sligo, in which the fore wings are of a dark bistre brown, traversed by three pale waved lines, of which the basal and ante-marginal ones are sometimes almost obsolete, and the stigmata somewhat ferruginous, with pale outline. Hind wings broadly and darkly banded on outer margin. Localities: single specimens taken at Giant’s Causeway (C.) and Armagh (J.); at Drumreaske, Monaghan, Castle Bellingcham, Co. Louth (Thornhill), and near Sligo, it is not infrequent. I met with it in profusion at Castle Taylor, Co. Galway; and singly at Kenmare and Dursey I., Co. Kerry ; and Howth. LuperIna tesTacea, Hb.— Usually common, especially on the coast. None of the various forms seem topomorphie, nor can I find any proof of local tendency to melanism. Both at Sligo on the west, and Howth on the east coast, very pale forms (var. cinerea, Tutt) occur, as well as specimens almost black. The latter Mr. Barrett also records from Belfast. Luperina cespitis, /’>.—Of sparse occurrence, rarer inland than on the coast-line. Dublin coast (B.), Howth; Kilcool, Co. Wicklow; Athy, Co. Carlow; Minehead and Roche’s Point, Co. Cork; Ardrahan (Miss N.), and Moycullen (Miss R.), Co. Galway; Hollybrook, L. Arrow, Co. Sligo. [Mamesrra apsecta, Hb.—Mr. Birchall’s record of the capture of this species at Howth, and abundantly near Waterford, has never been confirmed. | Mamestra sorpipa, Bork.—On the Dublin coast (C. G. B.). Mamestra ALBIcoLOoN, Hb.—Mr. Birchall took this insect at Malahide and Howth, Co. Dublin; but repeated searches at these places of late years have proved unproductive. One at Magilligan, Co. Derry (C.) ; Castle Bellingham, not scarce. Mamestra Furva, Hb.—Not anywhere numerous. Howth and Wicklow coast (B.).; rare near Sligo, and the specimens very large (R.); Castle Bellingham, Co. Louth (Thornhill) ; Carlingford (J.), Armagh; and Coolmore, Co. Donegal; a few 14 THE ENTOMOLOGIST, ; ae Derry (C.). Irish specimens for the most part seem very ark. MamestTra BRAssicm, L.—Extremely common. The insect varies in the intensity of the ground colour, occasionally being of a deep blackish brown; and at Howth and elsewhere on the sea-coast I have met with specimens of a smooth brown colour, with the pattern very well defined, with paler marbling. The var. albidilinea, Haw., occurs. MaMeEsTRA PERSICARLE, L.— Rare in Ireland, and almost absent from the Northern counties. So far as my knowledge — extends it does not vary appreciably, the subterminal row of dots being always present in the Irish specimens I have seen or taken. The most northern occurrence that I know of is a specimen taken by Mr. C. Langham, at Tempo Manor, near Enniskillen. Another is reported by Mr. G. Foster from Co. Down (Irish Nat., Jan. 1898); Sligo one (M’'C.). It is not rare at Clonbrock, where Mr. Dillon found the larve on elder, or Castle Taylor (Miss N.), Moycullen (Miss R.), Co. Galway; Cross- molina, Co. Mayo; Kenmare and Killarney, Co. Kerry; near Cork (Sandford, Ent. xviii. 821) and Glandore (D.), Co. Cork; Portlaw, Co. Waterford (Rev. W. F. Flemyng); near Dublin (Mr. Shield). APAMEA BASILINEA, J’b.—Everywhere abundant. The most usual form, at least in the central part of Ireland, is of a pale brownish erey, unrelieved by any ferruginous tint or defined markings, except the pale stigmata and the basal streak; agree- ing generally with Mr. Tutt’s description of his var. cinerascens. Near Mullingar and elsewhere (Kenmare, Co. Kerry; Favour Royal, Co. Tyrone, &c.) occurs a much better delineated form, sometimes with ferruginous clouding on the central area of the fore wing, the orbicular and reniform stigmata clearly marked, especially the latter, which has its lower portion darkly suffused. A modification of this strongly marked form rarely occurs, having a dark shading from costa to inner margin, passing between the two stigmata. This appears to be var. finitima, Gn. APpAMEA GEMINA, Hb.—Very common everywhere. Occasionally very dark specimens occur with the type, of a mottled greyish black. I have taken Mr. Tutt’s var. intermedia-rufa in Tyrone, and the intermedia-grisea frequently in various localities. The var. remissa, Hub., is not by any means uncommon at Howth, and near Kenmare, where splendid examples of it are to be met with. Also, but sparingly, at Drumreaske, Co. Monaghan; and Favour Royal, Co. Tyrone; Lambay I. near Dublin, and else- where. APAMEA UNANIMIS, T'’r.—Very rare in Ireland. Mr. Barrett took it near the Phenix Park, Dublin; Killynon, Westmeath A CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. 15 (Miss R.); a series of eight, Castle Bellingham, Co. Louth (Thornhill). APAMEA OPHIOGRAMMA, H’sp.—Local, but widely distributed, I think, in Ireland. Drumcondra, on the canal banks, not infrequent (S.); Cromlyn, two (Mrs. B.); Killynon, one, Co. Westmeath; Johnstown, Co. Kilkenny (S.); Markree Castle, Co. Sligo; Clonbrock, Co. Galway ; not rare at Castle Bellingham (Mr. W. B. Thornhill and myself), Co. Louth; Belfast marshes, one (JV.). APAMEA LEUCosTIGMA, /7b.—Widely distributed and locally abundant in Ireland. The type is often of a very dark sooty black, occasionally with the stigmata almost wholly obliterated, sometimes the reniform ochreous, but generally white. The sround colour varies gradually to a bright ruddy brown, and the markings and bands similarly increase in distinctness until we reach the brightest form of the var. fibrosa, Hib. I have taken both extremes constantly at the same localities, and can find no in- dication of any topomorphism in this species. Belfast (B.and W)., Derry (C.), Markree Castle and elsewhere, near Sligo, abundant ; Killynon (Miss R.), Coolmore (J.), Stranorlar, Ards, and near Donegal; Favour Royal, Tyrone; Armagh (J.); Drumreaske, Co. Monaghan; Farnham, Co. Cavan; Clonbrock, abundant, and Galway (A.); Castle Bellingham (Thornhill), Co. Louth ; Ballycotton (S.), Co. Cork ;' Killarney, abundant (B.), &e. APAMEA DIDYMA, Hsp.— Very common in most localities. The following aberrations are among those I have taken. A dirty-grey unicolorous form, Howth, Co. Dublin; and Toberdaly, King’s Co. The same, with a whitish stigma; ab. grisea-alba, Tutt. One similar, with the addition of an 4 mark, taken at Clogher Head, Co. Louth. Ab. secalina, Hb.—Same locality, and elsewhere, rare. Ab. I-niger, Haw.—Pretty common. Ab. rava, Haw.—Not common. On the south coast, and at Clogher Head, Co. Louth; Loughrea, Co. Galway. Ab. furca, Haw.—Common in most localities. Ab. lugens, Haw.—Rare. Ab. leucostigma, Esp.—A common form. Unicolorous forms are numerous, ranging from dingy grey, reddish, dark brown, to black ab. lugens. (To be continued.) 16 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Monocuammus sutor, L., 1n Yorxsurre.—A male specimen of this beetle, which had been caught in the workshop of one of the timber- merchants of Leeds, was given to me on Aug. 14th this year. It was kept alive for over a month by feeding it on small cubes of cabbage, cut from the midrib of the leaf, which enabled me to measure approximately its rate of feeding. I kept it under a large bell-glass, up the sides of which it could travel with ease, falling only when it got too far on the rounded dome of its prison. By some accident the right anterior tarsus was injured, and the power of climbing glass was denied it, and one witnessed, when it was not asleep or feeding, a- constant but unsuccessful attempt on its part to climb the bell-glass by substituting the middle foot for the injured fore foot. It fed well, especially towards midnight, and died apparently because, as a male, its period of life as a perfect insect was short. When feeding, the long antenne were always curved, and the tips—nearly four inches apart—were in constant motion, though the cube of cabbage on which it fed was more than an inch away from them. When walking on my hand it sometimes paused to bite it. Its feet were well adapted for climbing, being furnished with concave pads of curved hairs, those on the anterior pair of tarsi being one-third larger than those on the middle and posterior pairs. The weight of the insect, the shifting of its equilibrium, and the inability to apply the pads of the right mid foot effectively, were probably the causes why the Monochammus could not ascend a glassy surface after it was injured. On examining the tarsi, without attempting to dissect them, as the insect was sufficiently valuable to preserve entire, [ made out several points of interest. The claws on the last joint (onychium) were long, sharply pointed, strongly curved, and almost at right angles to the joint; the third joint was deeply bilobed, its distal portions somewhat enwrapped and supported the onychium. The first, second, and third joints were provided with pads of curved hairs; all the joints had on their dorsal aspects strong straight hairs, and on their margins long simple hairs, which curved downwards and curled in towards the pads so conspicuously as to give the tarsi a feathery appearance. The hairs which formed the pads were curved backwards, their tips being flattened and terminated by acumi- nate ovate areas. On these areas, and projecting from the outer or dorsal aspect of each hair, were patches of six to eleven short conical spines, inserted at right angles to the hair which carried them. Supposing each pad to have been made up of 1000 curved hairs,—and probably there were many more,——and that each of these carried an average of eight conical spines, there must have been over 140,000 spines on the feet of the beetle I was examining. Small need to wonder at the ease with which it went up a wall of glass. As only about half- a-dozen records of the occurrence of this beetle are known in Britain, and, so far as I can learn, none for Yorkshire, this record and note may be of some interest to coleopterists.— Henry Crowruer, F.R.M.S.; The Museum, Leeds, Nov. 19th, 1894. Nore on Bompyx trirotu.—As the food-plants of this species are being discussed, I may mention that I have found the larve thrive NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. V7 admirably on Plantago major. Withregard to Mr. Turner’s note (Entom. xxvii. 316) concerning the disastrous effect of removing the pup from their cocoons, it is noteworthy that in some conditions it seems equally fatal to their emergence to leave them alone. A few years ago I reared some larve of this species till they spun up, but many weeks elapsed, no moths having emerged, It was found, on examination, that in every case the insects had matured, and had left the pupal case as far as they were able, but had been unable to push their way through the partially-ruptured cocoon. In some instances the palpi and head of the dead and dried prisoner could be seen protruded. From the condition of the cocoons it appeared that there had been a lack of sufficient solvent fluid to enable enough of the front part to be softened to admit the passage of the moth. I have never found this inability to escape from their cocoons with Bombyx quercus, although it is a very laborious process with this species, as may be observed if it is witnessed from the commencement. After the front end of the cocoon has been sufficiently softened, the moth begins a series of strenuous efforts to escape, which are never wholly successful at once, prolonged rests being taken by the insect between its endeavours to force an exit.—R. M. Pripraux; Carisbrooke, Isle of Wight, Nov. 19th. CARADRINA SUPERSTES NoT A British Insect.—It now appears that Caradrina superstes has not yet been taken either in Guernsey or England; the specimens I have taken in the past few years, and of which I, in conjunction with Messrs. Abbott and Tait, took over two dozen this past autumn at Freshwater, turn out to be C. ambiqua. Mr. L. B. Prout discovered the blunder, and pointed it out to Mr. Tutt as far back, if my memory serves, as October, at a meeting of the City of London Entom. and Nat. Hist. Society. Mr. Tutt then acknow- ledged his mistake, but has not seen fit to correct it yet, beyond a sudden alteration of the name, without explanation, in the subsequent numbers of the Ent. Rec. I have taken the liberty of drawing your attention to the fact, in view of your article (Entom., xxvii. 3842) on ** Additions to the List of British Lepidoptera during the past ten years.”’—Atpert Hopners; 2, Highbury Place, N., Dec. 20th, 1894. On tHe Lanceonate Form or EpinepHELE HYPERANTHES.—In July, 1893, I captured, at Oxford, a remarkable variety of EK. hyperanthes, Linn. (tus, Stgr. Cat.), which is identical with Mr. South’s figure (Entom. xxvi. 281). I propose to name this form lanceolata. The other extreme form, in which the ocelli or spots on the wings are almost obsolete, is called arete,* Miller, by continental entomologists. Var. lanceolata. — Colour similar to the type. Upper surface: fore wings with two largish roundish ocellated spots, with a creamy-white centre spot; the blackish ring is rather thick, and is margined with a rather wide creamy-white margin; hind wings with four similar ocellated lanceolate spots, each having a whitish centre; the spots are much narrower on the outer side nearer the margin of the wings, and are in one or two instances produced to a point; the spot at the apical angle of the hind wings is considerably smaller than the others. * Arete, Miiller, Fn. Fr. p. 36; Ochs. Die Schm. Eur. i. 1807, p. 228. ENTOM,—JAN, 1895, C 18 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Under side: fore wings with two large semi-lanceolate ocellated spots, the one nearest to the costa being much larger than the other; hind wings with five lanceolate ocellated spots, the two spots near the upper margin being confluent, with whitish centres and a large creamy margin; the other three spots are almost of equal size, the centre one being slightly larger than the others. j Accounts of this form, to recapitulate which is unnecessary, will be found in the ‘ Entomologist,’ vols. xxv: p. 215; xxvi. p. 281; and in Mr. Barrett’s Brit. Lep. vol. i. p. 253.—Joun W. Surpp; Oxford, 1894. CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. AMPHIDASYS BETULARIA Var. DOUBLEDAYARIA IN IRELAND.—It may interest some of your readers to know that from pupx dug by myself in this locality last winter, A. betularia var. doubledayaria emerged on June 26th. This is, I believe, the first recorded capture in Ireland. As I possessed no pup obtained from any other source at that time, there is no possibility of any mistake-—W. B. THornuiLt; Castle Cosey, Castle Bellingham, Ireland, Dec. 9th, 1894. Prusta MoNETA IN Berxs.—During the last week of June, 1894, I captured two specimens of Plusia moneta in the garden here, flying at larkspur (Delphinium) on successive evenings. I see there is another specimen, I believe recently captured, in the Holland Collection at Reading Museum. I want a record of this moth for Dorsetshire.—M.J. MANSFIELD ; Hurstcroft, Ascot. Rare LeprmpopreRa AT FRESHWATER.—I am able to record the capture of five specimens of Caradrina ambigua and one specimen of Leucania albipuncta, at sugar, between Sept. 15th and 21st, at Freshwater, Isle of Wight, allin fine condition.—P.,|W. Apsorr ; Four Oaks, near Birmingham. Leprpoprera at Licut at IpswicH.—Although the year 1894 has been generally adverse to day-collecting and net-work, I have not found a consequent decrease in the number of Heterocera, having devoted more time to the two electric arc-lamps in this town and the ordinary gas-lamps, although the early morning visits to these sources in April and May were not nearly so productive of insects as 1893, the only captures worth recording being Teniocampa populett and Dicranura bifida on April 9th ; but this I attributed to the weather. As an instance of the diminished numbers, last year, when the gas-lamps would be dotted with ‘ brimstones,” their colour showing off to advantage in the rays of the rising sun, and perhaps by the proximity of an example of Kuchelia jacobea, I have not seen more than a half-dozen of the former this year, while of the latter not - one has turned up. All loss in this way, however, was made up by spending an occasional evening at the electric lamps till the early hours of the morning, the lost repose being amply repaid by the happy time spent in continually wielding the net at occasional representatives from the “ hawk- moths ” or other larger species. In point of abundance, the first place must be assigned to Melanippe fluctuata and Noctua c-nigrum, both of which were a perfect nuisance; the former was on the wing right away from April to September, while on some occasions fifty of the latter might easily CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 19 have been taken at rest in the vicinity of the arc-lamps during the day, and the last specimen seen was on October 31st. Amphidasys betularia, Arctia menthastri, A. lubricipeda, Hadena chenopodii, Xylophasia polyodon, Mamestra .brassice, M. persicarie, Agrotis exclamationis, Phlogophora meticulosa, Luperina testacea, and Plusia gamma were also numerous in their season. Some remarkable melanic specimens of A. betularia occurred, a few having wings perfectly black, except for a slight resemblance to the usual colour on the hind wings just where the hind margin of the fore wing overlaps. Those showing this aberration were usually much smaller than the normal insect. Following is a list of captures for each month, commencing with March; where not otherwise stated, they were taken at electric light. March, on lamps: Aniosopteryx escularia, Hybernia pro- gemmaria, T. munda, T. gothica. April; Amphidasys prodromaria, Biston hirtaria, T. instabilis, T. stabilis, A. escularia (23rd); lamps—T. populeti, Selena illunaria, Lobophora lobulata, Cidaria miata. May: Noto- donta chaonia; lamps—EHupithecia vulgata, EH. absinthiata. June: Heme- rophila abruptaria, Grammesia trilinea, Smerinthus ocellatus, S. popult, Sphinx ligustri, Pygera bucephala, Hadena pist, Dicranura bifida, Ptilo- dontis palpina, Hurymene dolobraria, Plusia chrysitis, Caradrina alsines, Aaylia putris, Miana strigilis, Acronycta tridens (?), A. psi, Agrotis segetum, Kupleaia luctpara, Boarmia rhomboidaria, Eupithecia rectangulata; lamps —Metrocampa margaritaria. In July 1 was away on my holiday, and only took Chelonia caia, Plusia iota, Bombyx neustria, Amphidasys betularia (27th), and Acidalia imitaria. August: Leucania lithargyria, Agrotis puta, A. tritici, Noctua rubi, Notodonta camelina, Triphena orbona, T. tanthina. September: Noctua plecta, Heliophobus popularis, E’nnomos tiliaria, E. fuscantaria, A. exclamationis (18th), Hydrecia micacea; lamps —Catocala nupta, Eubolia cervinaria. October: Melanippe birivata, Agrotis suffusa, Anchocelis pistacina, A. litura, Xanthia ferruginea, Non- agria lutosa; lamps—E. cervinaria (3), Chesias spartiata (3), Polia flavi- cincta, Oporabia dilutata, Hybernia defoliaria. On the 8th, early morning, I took Nonagria typhe (2), Gortyna flavago (1), Xanthia gilvago (1), Hugonia tiliaria (3), EL. angularia (1), Cidaria testata (1), C. miata (2), Mamestra brassice, and Rumia crategata, which speaks for the mildness of the weather at this time, and this has been still further exemplified by the following captures in November:—Diloba c@ruleocephala, Chesias spar- tiata and P. gamma, on the 5th; other captures up to the time of writing being Himera pennaria, Cheimatobia brumata, H. defoliaria, and H. aurantiarta.—CLauDE A, Pynrr; 28, Waterloo Road, Ipswich. Liparis saLicis 1N THE Lonpon District. — With reference to Mr. Bird’s communication (Hntom. xxvii. 347) concerning Liparis salicis, I may say that I found the moth on a fence here in August last year. Bromley is ten miles distant from London Bridge. — EK. H. Tarr; 4, Holwood Road, Bromley, Kent, Dec. 15th, 1894. In 1886 I found larve of this species common at West Dulwich, and bred the perfect insect therefrom. ‘This year (1894) I saw several larve on the same trees.—WattreER A. P&ARCE; 88, Croxted Road, West Dulwich, 8.E. APORIA CRATEGI IN MonMourHsHIRE, 1893.—I have much pleasure in stating that this fine species still exists—or at least existed last year—in Monmouthshire. It has just come to my knowledge that on May 22nd, 20 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 1893, Messrs. H. S and C. N. Johns, of this town, while collecting on the moors a few miles from here, came upon three webs, two of which were of considerable size, upon whitethorn bushes, and an examination resulted in the discovery of several larve of Aporia crategi, nearly full grown, but still feeding. Some of these were taken, but unfortunately all died, not one of them pupating. A short distance further on, four newly-emerged imagines of the same species were captured while fiying in some clover fields; and one of the specimens is now in my possession, having been kindly presented to me by Messrs. Johns, who still have the three others. The date is undoubtedly early for imagines of crategi, but that is easily accounted for by the very exceptional weather of 1893. The captors were well aware that this insect was formerly abundant in the county, but did not know that it had become scarce of late years; consequently their discovery was treated as a matter of course, and they have not since been to the place. As the insect is such an old inhabitant of Monmouthshire, I have no doubt that it could have been taken during the last season by anyone who had chanced to visit the spot ; and I hope to be able to give a further account of it next year.—W. Epney Cox; 25, Caeran Road, Newport, Mon., Dee. 10th, 1894. CapTuREs aT SuGAR DuRING 1894.—Having read the reports of collec- tors from various parts of the country, [ noticed with surprise the despond- ing way in which the majority spoke of their evenings with the sugaring tin. J append a list of insects which I either saw or took on sugar during this season, and although it may contain no “rarities,” yet proves that sugaring was not altogether unproductive in this district :— Boarmia repandata, B. rhomboidaria, Iodis lactearia, Acidalia remutata, Timandra amataria, Cabera pusaria, Hybernia progemmaria, Larentia didymata, Melanippe sociata, M. fluctuata, Phibalupteryx lignata, Cidaria testata, Thyatira batis, Cymatophora or, Asphalia diluta, Acronycta psi, A. rumicis, Leucania lithargyria, T. pallens, Hydrecia nictitans, H. micacea, Xylo- phasta rurea, X. lithoxylea, X. sublustris, X. monoglypha, Dipterygia scabri- uscula, Neuria reticulata, Mamestra brassicae, Apamea basilinea, A. gemina, A. unanimis, A. leucostigma, A. oculea, Miana strigilis, Grammesia tri- grammica, Caradrina morpheus, C. alsines, Russina tenebrosa, Agrotis puta, A. suffusa, A. segetum, A. exclamationis, A. nigricans, A. tritict, A. aquilina, Noctua glareosa, N. augur, N.c-nigrum, N. triangulum, N. brunnea, N. festiva, N. dahl, N. rubi, N. umbrosa, N. baia, N. xanthographa, Triphena comes, T. pronuba, Amphipyra pyramidea, A. tragopogonis, Mania maura, M. typica, Taniocampa gothica, T. incerta, I. stabilis, T. pulverulenta, Orthosia lota, Anchocelis rufina, A. pistacina, A. lunosa, A. litura, Cerastis vaceintt, C. spadicea, Scopelosoma satellitia, Xanthia fulvago, X. flavago, X. circellaris, Calymnia trapezina, Polia flavicincta, Cleoceris viminalis, Miselia oxyacanthe, Agriopis aprilina, Hupleaia lucipara, Phlogophora meticulosa, Aplecta nebulosa, A. advena, Hadena protea, H. dentina, H. adusta, H. pisi, H. thalassina, H. (trifolit) chenopodit, Gonoptera libatria, Plusia gamma, Catocala nupta. Some Coleoptera which turned up in- cluded Carabus catenulatus (15), C. violaceus, C. granulatus (8), Hypulus proteus, Dorcus parallelopepidus (2), and Endomycus coccineus.x—KRNEST Baywis; Burrell Road, Ipswich. CoLLEcTING IN ARGYLESHIRE FROM JUNE 1OrH, 1894.—The following is a complete list of species taken or observed here, omitting the month NOTES FROM FOREIGN PERIODICALS. 21 _ of August, when I was away. Sugaring was very successful during the latter part of June and beginning of July. Even on very windy nights moths swarmed on the trees. Since that time it has been absolutely useless. Rhopalocera :—Pieris brassicae, P. rape, P. napi, Argynnis euphrosyne, A. selene, A. aglaia, Hipparchia ianira, H. semele, H. hyperan- thus, Cenonympha pamphilus, Vanessa urtice, Lycena alexis, Polyommatus phleas. Weterocera:—Smerinthus populi, Hepialus velleda, H. humuli, Lithosia quadra, Euchelia jacobae, Euthemonia russula, Chelonia planta- gins, Arctia caia, A. fuliginosa, A. menthastri, Orgyia antiqua, Bombyx —rubi, Rumia crategata, Metrocampa margaritaria, Odontopera bidentata, Himera pennaria, Cleora lichenaria, Cabera pusaria, Lomaspilis marginata (abundant), Larentia pectinitaria, Emmelesia affinitata, HK. alchemillata, EL. albulata, Coremia munitata, Thera juniperata, Hypsipetes ruberata, H. elutata, Melanthia ocellata, Melanippe hastata, M. rivata, M. montanata, M. subtristata, Camptogramma bilineata, Phibalapteryx lapidata, Cidaria psittacata, C. russata, Anaitas plagiata, Tanagra cherophyllata, Thyatira batis, Acronycta ligustri, A. rumicis, Leucania comma, L. pallens, Hydrecia nictitans, Xylophasia rurea, X. lithoaylea, X. polyodon (also black variety), Neuria saponariea, Chareas graminis, Apamea basilinea, A. gemina, A. oculea, Miana fasciuncula, M. furuncula, Caradrina cubicularis, Rusina tenebrosa, Agrotis corticea, A. porphyrea, Triphena fimbria, T. orbona, T. pronuba, Noctua glareosa, N. augur, N. plecta, N. c-nigrum, N. trian- gulum, N. brunnea, N. festiva, N. xanthographa, Orthosia lota (reared from larve taken on sallow), Xanthia fulvago, Cosmia trapezina (reared), Polia chi, Epunda viminalis (reared), Phlogophora meticulosa, Hadena dentina, HH. oleracea, Calocampa exoleta, Cucullia umbratica, Plusia tota, P.pulchrina, P. gamma, Euclidia mi. Larvie of Saturnia carpini have been plentiful. Amongst other lJarve taken are Dicranura vinula, Pygera bucephala, Clostera reclusa, Notodonta camellina, N. ziczac, N. dictgaoides, Smerinthus populi, Bombyx quercus (callune), Cymatophora flavicornis, Acronycta psi, Bombyx rubi (very abundant on the heather). Do these caterpillars feed again in the spring? Now their favourite food appears to be sallow, which is not in leaf much before May. I could find no larve in the spring. When I have tried to rear them before, they have invariably died at the end of the winter.—(Miss) M. L. Corrineuam; Kilberry, Argyleshire, October 29th. NOTES FROM FOREIGN PERIODICALS. Nicke, Enromoxioeicat Pins.—-In order to obviate the disadvantages attending the use of ordinary pins, the firm of Emile Deyrolle, of Paris, have carried out a large number of experiments during the last two years, the object being to produce a pin which should be as nearly perfect as possible. Nickel seemed to promise the best results, but the pure metal was found to be too hard and brittle to be drawn into wire. Recourse was therefore had to an alloy, the composition of which is not divulged, containing a preponderance of nickel. This mixture, according to the author, has yielded the most satisfactory results. The price of the new nickel pins is very little above that of those generally in use. The same firm have also introduced balls of naphthaline, which are cast round a pin in such a way that they can be fastened in 22, {HE ENTOMOLOGIST. any part of the drawer without fear of their becoming loose.——(Le Naturaliste, No. 183, 283). Asymmetry In Coteoprrera.—-At the Congress of Caen (the French Association for the Advancement of Science) a paper on the above subject was read by M. Albert Fauvel. Out of the vast number of species comprised in this Order, the author finds only eight cases of specific asymmetry, shown in three species of Osorius from Mada- gascar ; a species of Owytelus found in India, Madagascar, and the Cape; two species of Platydema, one from Ceylon, the other from the Island of Damar (Zimor) ; a Diamerus from Guinea and Senegal; and a Doubledya from Japan. A case of generic asymmetry is shown by the genus Phytolinus from Japan. Lastly, a case of tribal asymmetry in the four genera, Amblystomus, Badister, Orescius, and Licinus, forming the tribe of the Licini, a branch of the Carabide (J. c. 284). Bexeran and British Leprmoptera.——It is interesting to note that in a list of Lepidoptera collected by M. de Cromburghe in Belgium during the past season, out of a total of twenty-four species considered noteworthy, eighteen and one variety are also found in Britain, viz. : Lithosia muscerda, Cilix glaucata, Stauropus fagi, Cymatophora fluctuosa, Agrotis tritici, Chareas graminis, Neuronia popularis, Hydrecia nictitans, H, micacea, Xanthia fulvago and var. jflavescens, Cucullia absinthii, Plusia moneta, Eugonia alniaria, Hadena protea, Tapinostola fulva, Hoporina croceago, Cidaria berberata, Eupithecia linariata.—(Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 1894, x. 504). Potyeamy 1n Morus.—Polygamy in two species of North American Heterocera has been observed, viz., Callosamia promethea and Anisota stigma. In the former case a female mated with four different males, and another specimen with four different males the first day of emerg- ence, and the following day attracted an even larger number. In the case of Anisota stigma, a male copulated with the same female on two successive nights, and with another female the next day.—(Psyche, vol. yii. No. 222, p. 155). The subject is also referred to in No. 228 of the same Journal. W.M RECENT LITERATURE, M. Wytsman’s Reissue of Hiibner’s Works on Eaotie Lepidoptera. We have already more than once called attention to this praise- worthy undertaking, which places in the hands of lepidopterists two works which have become so rare and costly as hardly to be accessible at all, except to those who are within the reach of large metropolitan libraries. All certainty in the determination of Lepidoptera rests on the correct interpretation of the older authors; and many of the illustrated books of the last century and the beginning of the present, are not only pre-eminently valuable on this account, but also for the excellence of the illustrations themselves. Nevertheless, illustrated works are not only very expensive to produce, but are generally issued in very limited numbers; and, as time passes on, they become scarcer RECENT LITERATURE. 28 and scarcer, for they ultimately become absorbed into public libraries and cease to pass from one owner to another. We could mention several important entomological works of which we believe there are probably not more than a hundred, twenty-five, or, in one case, possibly barely half-a-dozen complete copies in existence. But besides this, the number of public libraries keeps on increasing, and so likewise the number of entomologists who require such books; and therefore the available supply actually diminishes in proportion to the demand. Without being quite so rare as the books to which we have alluded, Hiibner’s works are now very scarce, and frequently fetch an extra- vagant price if an occasional copy turns up; and M. Wytsman has done a real service to entomologists by offering them a reissue of Hiibner’s two great works on Exotic Lepidoptera: the ‘ Sammlung exotischer Schmetterlinge,’ and the ‘ Zutrige zur Sammlung exotischer Schmetterlinge.’ The former of these consists of three quarto volumes of plates, each plate illustrating a single species, and consisting generally of two or four figures. Of these there are 489, the greater part representing butterflies. The first two volumes were issued between 1806 and 1824, and have a complicated nomenclature ; a trinomial nomenclature being used in the first volume, and a binomial nomenclature in the second. Each volume has a title-page and index, but no other text except a few odd pages, each giving a full account of a single species, on one side the page in Latin, and on the other in German. The commencement of a third volume was issued by Geyer after Hiibner’s death ; there is no title-page nor index to these plates, but a binomial nomenclature is used, and the plates are distinguished from the others by having the localites added at the foot. Hiibner’s ‘ Zutrige’ illustrates smaller Lepidoptera, chiefly moths; and gives an upper and under side of each species, several species being represented on the same plate. It consists of five decades, each containing figures of 100 species, or 1000 figures of 500 species in all, and was published between 1818 and 1882, the later decades being by Geyer. The letterpress is in German, but rather meagre; and the indices are good. This is one of the very few works of Hiibner’s to which he published the complete letterpress. These are the valuable works which M. Wytsman is now reissuing, at a comparatively low price; and as the edition even of this reissue is necessarily limited by the probable demand, we should advise all those who require a good series of illustrations of Exotic Lepidoptera to secure it while it is still obtainable. The seven parts which have now been published include the first seventy plates of the ‘Sammlung,’ illustrating seventy species of various groups of Nymphalide and Lemoniide (mostly American, though some are Indian, and a few African), many of which were illustrated in this work for the first time. The original indices and letterpress will be reprinted at the close of the work, and Mr. Kirby has undertaken to prepare additional indices giving the modern nomenclature of the species, and to add such notes on the various species figured as may appear to be necessary or desirable. These will be printed in German, to render them uniform with the letterpress of the original works. FRANCIS BUCHANAN WHITE. Born, March 20th, 1842. Died, December 4th, 1894. AN ACCOMPLISHED STUDENT OF NATURE, AND A MASTER OF MANY OF HER SECRETS. Perth. Magnus Jackson, by a photograph rom F ing THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vou. XXVIII.) FEBRUARY, 1895. [No. 3881. DR... Wall Be Francis BucHanan WurrteE was the eldest son of Dr. Francis Isaiah White, for many years one of the leading medical prac- titioners in the city and county of Perth. He was educated at the Perth Academy until he entered the Edinburgh University. After passing, with distinction, through the regular medical curriculum at Aberdeen College, he returned to his native city ; but instead of following the profession for which he had qualified, he devoted himself to the study of Natural History, in several branches of which he has done excellent work. In 1867 he delivered the inaugural address before the Perthshire Society of Natural Science, of which he was the founder and the first President. In 1871 publication of the ‘ Scottish Naturalist,’ and the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Society just mentioned, were respectively commenced under his editorship. He was elected a Fellow of the Entomological Society of London in 1868, and of the Linnean Society in 1878. Dr. White was the discoverer in Scotland of several insects new to the British lists, among which were Zygena exulans, Ablabia (Aphelia) argentana, and Zelleria saxifraye. Of the last named he also found larve on Saxifraga aizoides and S. oppositifolia. Among the more important of his entomological writings are the following :— Lepidoptera of Perthshire, being Part I. of ‘ Fauna Perthensis.’ Notes on the Insects of Strathglass, Inverness-shire. EK. M. M. vii. On Involuntary Migration in Insects. HE. M.M. vii. Notes on Coriva. E.M.M. x. The British Species of Crambus. Scott. Nat. 1872. On Melanochroism and Leucochroism. EH. M.M. xiii, xiv.; and Kntom. x. List of the Hemiptera of New Zealand. E.M.M. xiy., xv. New and Rare Hemiptera observed during the years 1874, 1875, and 1876, in Britain. Entom. x. Note on certain Parasitic Fungi which attack Insects. Entom. xi. ENTOM.—FEB. 1895. D 26 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. On the Male Genital Armature in the European Rhopalocera, 8 plates. Trans. Linn. Soe., 2nd ser. Zool., vol. i. Collecting in Glen Tilt. Entom. xi. Note on the genus Orthezia. HEntom. xii. Some Thoughts on the Distribution of the British Butterflies. Entom. xiv. Structure of the Terminal Abdominal Segments in the Males of the genus Hupithecia, 2 plates. Hntom. xxiv. The present high position of the Perthshire Society of Natural Science is largely due to the energetic interest which Dr. White always took in it. At the meeting of this Society in December last, the President, referring to the great loss which they had sustained in the death of the founder and prime supporter of the institution, said :— ‘‘T shall not attempt to lay before you to-night any detailed biographical notice of the late Dr. Buchanan White, but shall content myself with recalling to your minds, in a few words, what we owed to him as a fellow-worker in the field of scientific research and in the management of the affairs of this Society. Those of us who have had the privilege of accompanying him in Natural History rambles throughout the county know well what an accurate observer and what a genial companion he was. Nothing seemed to escape his notice, either in organic or inorganic nature. He was a specialist of the highest rank in certain branches of Natural Science, and yet he never allowed his specialism to interfere with his appreciation of Nature as a whole. Not only had he the keen eye of the trained naturalist to detect the minutest distinction in plant or insect, but he had also to a large extent the eye of the artist and the feeling of the poet to admire and reverence all that is beautiful in form or colour in Nature. This combination of faculties is the more noteworthy, as it is only too rare amongst the naturalists of the present day. As a companion in the field, none could have been more willing to contribute of his store of knowledge than he was, and yet never for a moment did we feel that the in- formation was being forced upon us, or that there was even a trace of ostentatious display of superior attainments. Truly the humility which comes of true greatness was his. He was endowed with a large sense of humour, which made his com- panionship particularly charming. LEvery now and then, in the midst of serious work, some trivial circumstance would strike him in a ludicrous aspect, and his merry laugh could not but infect those round about him. Regarding his scientific work I shall not go into any details here, but in order to show the versatility of his genius I shall merely remind you that besides being one of the leading authorities in the country on the Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, and on the willows and certain other groups of plants, he had also worked up most thoroughly SPILOSOMA LUBRICIPEDA AND ITS VARIETIES. 27 the flora of Perthshire, the land and freshwater Mollusca of Scotland, and the Fungi of large districts in Scotland. He had also studied carefully some of the difficult groups of microscopic insects, and was well acquainted with the moss and lichen flora of the country. In later years he turned a good deal of attention to geology, more especially in its relation to the distribution of plants and animals, and had a good knowledge of the geological structure of the country around Perth. I ought not to omit to mention also the work he did amongst the mammals, birds, and other vertebrates of Perthshire and the basin of the Tay. I will not presume to enlarge on the work which he did in con- nection with the Perthshire Natural History Museum. That museum itself is a monument which will tell to future gene- rations the story of years of anxious thought, of patient labour, of loving care for all the things by which God made this world beautiful. Of the wisdom and forethought with which he guided the affairs of the Society all who have served on the Council know full well. Sometimes we were inclined to think that he held out too rigidly for carrying it on strictly on the lines followed by the metropolitan societies, but experience has shown that in this he acted wisely, and the benefit has been reaped in the reputation which our Society, especially in regard to its publications and its museum, has attained. At the same time it must be remembered that while he held strong opinions of his own, and was ready to express them strongly too if needful, yet he was ever ready to listen to the views of others, and to extend a broad-minded liberality towards those who differed from him.” Apart from matters pertaining to his favourite studies Dr. White did not enter much into what is known as public life, but he was seldom absent from important social gatherings. His genial manner and amiable disposition endeared him to all with whom he came in contact, and he will be greatly missed, not only in his own city and among his own people, but by that wider circle who knew him only as a correspondent or through his published writings. SPILOSOMA LUBRICIPEDA AND ITS VARIETIES IN YORKSHIRE, DURHAM, LINCOLNSHIRE, K&c. By W. Hewerr. (Concluded from p. 8.) Var. eboraci.—This, in my opinion, is by far the most interesting variety of S. lubricipeda, and occurs more abundantly in the neighbourhood of York than elsewhere, though it is by no means confined to the environs of our fine old city, or indeed to D2 28 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. the county, as it occurs to my knowledge at Driffield, Darlington, and Hull; also in Lincolnshire. See Mr. Fletcher’s remarks already quoted. ' Mr. Carrington’s statement (Entom. xxiii. 207) that S. lubrici- peda var. radiata (meaning by radiata the var. eboraci, which, until the introduction of Mr. Harrison’s form, was erroneously called radiata) only occurred in a timber-yard close to the railway station between the years 1860 and 1870, may have been correct at that time, although from the evidence I have obtained of its present distribution I very much doubt it. However, it certainly would not hold good at the present time, as the var. eboraci or York form is and may be bred from larve collected in any part of the city or outskirts, but is most certainly not so common as one would infer from Mr. Porritt’s notes on the radiated varieties of the genus Arctia, where that gentleman states the var. radiata (meaning the var. eboract) is not at all uncommon about York. Among some 150 lubricipeda bred this season from York larve, I only got three specimens of the var. eboraci, two males and one female; in addition to these some twenty intermediate varieties. Forms of lubricipeda much darker than the type and approaching, but still distinct from, eboraci as figured, are certainly not of uncommon occurrence, when the species is bred in considerable numbers. These forms also occur fairly com- monly at Hull and Darlington. I recently inspected the grand lot of varieties of lubricipeda bred by, and now in the possession of, Mr. George Jackson, York; his series consisted of 15 rows, each row having from 20 to 22 specimens, or some 815 examples in all. About 50 were true eboraci, as figured (Entom. xxvii. p. 205); the remainder were principally varieties, very closely resembling eboraci and connecting that form with the type. The whole of these fine forms had been selected by Mr. Jackson from many thousands of lubricipeda which he had bred during the last few years. Var. fasciataa—Mr Jackson had numerous examples, both male and female, of this form, and several very nearly approach- ing it. This variety also occurs not uncommonly at Scarborough, Hull, Darlington, and Driffield. Some half-dozen examples had the hind wing marked very much lke those of the var. radiata, and the fore wings not so strongly marked asin eboract. For this variety, which is recurrent, and of which I have two in my collection from Hull and Driffield respectively, and which also occurs at Darlington, I would propose the varietal name of semi- radiata. Another uncommon variety has five small dots on each of the fore wings arranged as follows: one in centre of costa, two near the tip, and two in centre of inner margin; hind wings spotless. Five of the specimens were very interesting varieties, and quite distinct from either eboraci or fasciata, being identical with figure 1K on plate 76 of Barrett’s ‘ Lepidoptera’; indeed, SPILOSOMA LUBRICIPEDA AND ITS VARIETIES. 29 this figure is drawn from a specimen formerly in the possession of Mr. Jackson. This form is most certainly much rarer than any other of the known varieties, excepting perhaps that extremely rare aberration in which the spots are almost if not entirely wanting from both front and hind wings, of which Mr. Jackson possesses two examples. The only immaculate specimen I have seen or heard of is that in the possession of Mr. Capper, of Liverpool, which I had the pleasure of viewing when looking over that gentleman’s magnificent collection in August, 1893; probably this specimen is unique; it is a white female. Mr. Jackson has reared lubricipeda from larve collected all round York, and not merely from one particular locality, for the past thirty years, and during the past twelve years especially, in great numbers ; but he has never bred radiata, nor any form very nearly approaching it. Mr. Robert Dutton, of this city, has some twelve examples—seven males and five females—of var. eboract, and one or two of the var. fasciata, as well as numerous inter- mediate forms; these he had selected from a great number of specimens reared from York larve. In the collection of the late Mr. Robert Cook, of this city (which, through the kindness of his widow, I recently had the opportunity of inspecting), there are three or four varieties corresponding to fasciata ; one of these had both fore and hind wings of a uniform dark ochreous colour, the fore wings especially so. There is a very similar specimen, only with not such pronounced markings, in the Allis collection. I have this year bred some 500 lubricipeda from larve and pup obtained from Hull, and from these some very nicely marked forms resulted, including two examples of the var. eboract, both females, and some half-dozen fasciata; also an example (a female) having the hind wings similar to radiata, t.e., smoky black, the basal area, wing-rays, and fringe being cream-coloured, the head and thorax cream-coloured, body yellow, with six black spots down the middle and on each side, antenne simple, fore wings rather thickly marked. This is the variety for which I propose the name of semi-radiata. I have a very similar specimen, also a female, taken at rest, near Driffield, but this has the fore wings typical. Nearly all the forms I selected from the Hull lot have this feature peculiar to them, viz., that the hind wings are much more thickly marked in the female than are the York forms. Mr. Fletcher, writing of the variation in specimens of lubri- cipeda from Hull, says:—‘‘ From the Hull pupe of lubricipeda I bred some strongly-marked specimens in 1898. Luckily I had @ pairing of two of them, and have bred this year several moths of the fasciata type, and the rest of the batch with well- pronounced tendencies towards it. From two of the best-marked specimens I have again obtained pupe.”’ 30 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Mr. Porritt, by crossing a female fusciata with a male radiata, produced specimens of radiata forms nearly approach- ing fasciata and var. eboraci, thus showing that heredity holds good in this species. Mr. Tugwell suggests that the York city form resulted from just this kind of eross, and, after fully con- sidering the pros and cons of the suggestion, I think it the only satisfactory explanation to be arrived at. The Rev. C. D. Ash, Skipwith, near Selby, informs me that in 1880 he ‘ took, on the sandhills a little north of Mablethorpe, a male lubricipeda almost identical in markings with var. eboract ; the ground colour was very pale, and the black streaks on the costa and inner margin were not so pronounced.” At Saxby, Lincolnshire, in 18938, he only found the type. The Rev. G. H. Raynor, Panton Rectory, Wragby, informs me that he ‘has never taken any varieties of lwbrictpeda in Lincolnshire.” Mr. Allan Nesbitt, of Llandago, Chepstow, says that lubrict- peda varies little with him. Mr. D. Chittenden, of Ashford, Kent, says that specimens of lubricipeda which he has bred from Ashford and neighbourhood are very much lighter than some selected examples which I sent him. With regard to the all-important question which has been and is repeatedly asked me by very many entomologists, viz., ‘‘ Do you think the introduction of radiata to be genuine?” in order that no misunderstanding may exist as to what I believe or do not believe, I may say, as the result of all my investigations, I am firmly convinced that it is genuine, and that Mr. Harrison is entitled to our warmest congratulations for his marked and well-merited success. Mr. Harrison has still another and perhaps more interesting surprise in store for us, the result of careful artificial selection on his part; this I will leave him to announce, and merely add that the species selected belongs to the same interesting genus. In conclusion, I desire to thank most heartily all those gentlemen whose names I have mentioned in this paper, also very many whose names do not appear, for the material aid they have rendered me, both by their kind and ready replies to my enquiries, and for affording me special facilities for the inspection of their collections. THE SENSE ORGANS OF INSECTS: A SPECULATION. By Joun Watson. Mr. ARKLE, referring to the senses of Lepidoptera (Entom. XXVii. 338), says, ‘‘ There is no evidence in favour of an additional sense existing; there is no organ we can point to for its exercise; there is, in short, no need for it.” I would say in answer to this, What about the antenne? ‘That there is some special function THE SENSE ORGANS OF INSECTS. ol attached to that of the male is evident, or why such very specialised development in this sex as against that of the ordinary female? There is no need for this development for the purpose of scent, because, as shown by Mr. Arkle, scent can only be demonstrated to the animal through its breathing-organs ; and touch is as necessary to the female as to the male, for where we find antenne used for touch we find these organs equally developed in both sexes, as in Rhopalocera, Hymenoptera, &c. That there is no impossibility in the possession of an additional sense, we have proof in the pituitary body of verte- brate embryos found at the anterior part of the nervous system, and which cannot now be accounted for other than as the last vestige of an organ functional to a sense now unknown to verte- brates, but possessed in full vigour by the vertebral prototype. If there be another sense, it is possible it is located in the antenne. That a structure originally developed for one special function can become partly or wholly atrophied, and later take on a function entirely different from its original one, we also have abundant proof. One of the gill-clefts of fishes, found in the highest developed fishes as merely slits and functionally used in breathing water, is found in all vertebrates higher developed than fishes, as the Hustachian tube and the meatus auditorius, quite open in some rare cases, and, in cases of fracture of the tympa- num, as a tube from the throat to the external ear; the external half of this cleft has been diverted from its original function to that of a sound-channel, to carry the vibrations from the external ear to the tympanum, which is a thin film dividing the tube, so that sound-waves coming along it strike the tympanum and cause it to vibrate. When, through shock or concussion, the tympanum is fractured, air or fluid in the throat can be forced along this Eustachian tube through the ear; this act is analo- gous to the expulsion by fish of water in their mouth through their gills. Mr. Arkle says that Lepidoptera do not hear; that a gun report does not startle them, it produces no symptoms of alarm. Is it not possible that there are qualities of sound to which these insects are sympathetic, and that such qualities have not yet been produced by artificial means, and are beyond the power of human ears to record? ‘This is merely a speculation as perhaps bearing on the use of the antenne, as we know that the very piercing squeak of the bat has so many vibrations to the second in its harmonic composition that it is beyond the power of the ordinary human ear to become sympathetic with it, and there- fore the squeak is inappreciable usually to our ears. That it is not beyond the region of possibility that the antenne of Heterocera play some part in the exercise of hearing is borne out by the investigations of Mayer, Landois, and Hurst in regard to Culex, the gnat. It is now admitted that the singing 32 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. of the gnat over one’s head in the damp lanes is merely the call of the female for the male; this has been investigated in the living subject by Mayer and Landois, and _ histologically demonstrated by Dr. C. Herbert Hurst, of Owens College, Man- chester.* There is at the base of the antenna of the male gnat a cup- shaped process, the highly pectinated antenna emerging from the centre of the base of it. This cup is the external ear, and is intimately connected with the nervous system. When a note is given out, harmonically designated UT, ($12 vibrations to the second), either naturally or artificially produced by a tuning-fork, and the axis of the antenna is pointing in the direction from which this sound comes, then the fine pectinations (sete) of the antenne vibrate in unison to the sound-waves. This causes the shaft of the antenna to contract and elongate with the vibration, and thus a stimulus is set up and transmitted by the nerve of the antenna to the very large cerebral ganglia. Landois has demonstrated that the female gnat has attached to the spiracles two filaments (analogous to the vocal cords of vertebrates), and, as in vertebrates also, when air is forced through them, a sound is produced which has also 512 vibrations or thereabouts to the second. Now let us apply the two things together: suppose a gnat (female) is in a room, singing her song of UT,; if there is in the room and within radius of the pene- tration of this note a male, and its antenne are pointing in the direction of the female,—and we have plenty of evidence that they will soon do this, as its antenne are hardly ever still, but always feeling for its mate’s song,—then the set are set vibrating, which is communicated down the shaft to the ear and from the ear to the nervous system; thus the male is apprised of the nearness and direction of its mate. This susceptibility to sound of the male antenna has been beautifully worked out by Mayer ; Dr. Hurst (I. ¢.) says, ‘‘ Mayer has performed some experiments which throw a good deal of light on both these questions. Having fixed a male gnat upon a slide, he examined the hairs on the shaft of the antenna, and found that when certain notes were sounded with tuning-forks certain hairs vibrated so that their outlines became indistinct, and this effect was most marked when the tuning-fork UT, was sounded, giving 512 vibrations per second, this note setting the greatest number of the large hairs in violent vibration, but only when the sound came in such direction as to strike the hairs at right angles, or nearly so— that is to say, these hairs vibrate when this sound is produced at a point towards which the antenna is pointing.” Mr. Arkle says, ‘“‘ But assembling is evidently habitual in species without these very antenne”’; and I would add to this * ‘Transactions of the Manchester Microscopical Society,’ 1890, ‘On the Life-history and Development of a Gnat,’ by C Herbert Hurst, Ph.D. MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA OF THE BURGHCLERE DISTRICT. 33 that scent is not, evidently, the only determining influence in assembling, for the Rev. G. H. Raynor (Kntom. xxv. 121) says that ‘‘even during a stiff breeze I have seen males come up from all quarters of the compass.’’ This would imply that scent was not the only lure, and tends towards proof that some other influence was at work, as scent cannot travel against the wind, and in all the assembling expeditions I have been on, the males always came against the wind; and when, in their eagerness, the males overshot their mark and went past the female, they lost the scent and flew up, soared away on the wind, dropped close to earth again, and then, having regained the scent, came sailing along. The fact, as stated by Mr. Arkle, that the report of a gun does not disturb insects, would help out the fact that «f Heterocera can hear, it must be some sound whose composition is the anti- thesis to that of a gun-report, e.g., one which will be shriller, having more vibrations than a gun-report, and therefore in its character something in the way of the song of the gnat. MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA OF THE BURGHCLERE DISTRICT IN 1894. By EK. G. ALpeErson. In spite of very uncertain weather and a general prevalence of cold winds, the season of 1894 afforded me far better sport than I was able to get in the wonderfully hot and dry summer of 1893. There was more variety in the species taken, and from April to October there was a steady succession of seasonable captures. Here, in 1893, we had a brilliant but very short period of prosperity, with Macroglossa fuciformis, Bombyx rubt, Melitea artemis, and other good things all out a full month before their time; and then, with the dull weather in July, the stream of insect life seemed suddenly to dry up, and autumn species, as far as I was concerned, were a complete failure. Perhaps the extraordinary heat told upon the collector as well as upon the insects, and want of energy may have had something to do with the empty setting-boards of August and September; but the fact remains that the autumn of last season was in striking contrast, and brought a number of very acceptable species. The range of my observations extended as far as Winchester on the one hand and Savernake on the other. The occasional excursions, not half a dozen in ail, which I made to these places, added very little to my list, which is practically made up of species taken in the garden attached to my lodgings—most of them by light, at the window of the room where I am now writing. 34 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Winchester and Savernake, in fact, only gave me one ca»ture each that was worth recording. On June 16th, at St. Catherine’s Hill, I took Lycena adonis for the first time, and saw, but failed to catch, Callimorpha dominula. A visit to Savernake on August 18th—a, horribly dull and windy day—produced four Thecla w-album, all taken in one spot—a little clearing which contained a patch of thistles. On these thistle-heads the hairstreaks kept company with a very lively colony of Chareas graminis. Whether owing to the spiky nature of thistles, or to the bustling and pugnacious habits of their neighbours, the four hairstreaks were all sadly battered, and not one of them was worth setting. I noticed some two dozen species of Rhopalocera at Burgh- clere. The best of these were Colias edusa, a fine fresh male, on August 18th; Satyrus semele; Vanessa pulychloros, which was plentiful after emergence from hybernation in the spring but scarcer later on; Lycena corydon, L. alsus, L. agestis, all abundant on Beacon Hill; and a few Pyrameis cardui. I had noticed in 1898 a regular brood of small Anthocharis cardamines ; I have an entry under May 10th, recording the capture of three individuals that morning, none of which exceeded L. alexis in size. The discussion upon this variety induced me to try and obtain specimens this season, but though the type was abundant as ever, only one dwarf could be found, and, except in point of size, it presented very little variation from the average male. The most striking difference appeared to lie in the great com- parative size of the green marblings on the hind wings beneath. These were nearly as open as in the type, and had an unusual effect in so small an area. The black spot on the fore wings was well within the orange tip. Sphinges were disappointing, but of the genus Smerinthus I got two, S. ocellatus and S. populi, both taken at light. Macro- giossa fuciformis, M. stellatarum, and Charocampa porcellus, all of which I found in 1893, did not appear. The weather was very bad when they were due, and the same cause may have been fatal to Bombyx rubi, which swarmed last year from April 24th. Hepialus humuli, hectus, and lupulinus were very common ; of the last I got a fine white variety. Lithosia mesomella and L. com- planula were both taken at light. Huchelia jacobee was rather scarce, but Chelonia plantaginis was abundant at Beacon Hill. I got Odonestis potatoria at light, and in April netted a few Saturnia carpini, which however was by no means so abundant as in 1893. Among the Cuspidates Cilix spinula, Platypteryx falcula, Ptilodontis palpina, and Notodonta camelina were all that my lantern could beguile, and they came but very seldom. The bulk of my visitors were Noctuz, and this was fortunate, for sugaring was not an atom of good. From April to October, on nearly all dark nights my room was sounding like an eolian harp, from MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA OF THE BURGHCLERE DISTRICT. 30 the time that the lantern first appeared in the window up to one o'clock a.m. It was often almost impossible to read with comfort, and I would lay down my book to listen to the babel of undertones that filled the air. What differences of moth temperament are revealed by the deep bass hum of the heavy Agrotide, the vulgar bluster of Heliophobus popularis, and the gentle, nervous fluttering of Rusina tenebrosa! But to quit sentiment and come to reality, 1 may say that under all these various and superficial characteristics there seemed to lie a general disposition to oblige, and very soon every available inch of my setting-board was crowded with my nocturnil visitors. My first reception, so to speak, was held on March 29th, when Tenocampa instabilis and T’. cruda came in, quickly followed by T’. stabilis, T. gothica, and some early Geometers. The moths were capricious, but on most suitable nights there was a fair show, and the muster was irregular in quality rather than in quantity. The lantern generally filled the room with moths of some sort, even if nine-tenths of them were of some one plebeian species like Agrotis exclamationis or Arctia lubricipeda. But on occasional evenings it would be apparent from the very first that variety was about to exercise its charm. Such pests as Agrotis exclamations and Xylophasia polyodon would retire, and the first half-dozen arrivals would be of different species, some of them, perhaps, new to me. Chiefly by the help of a few such precious occasions I managed to put together the following list of Noctus :— Leucania conigera, L. lithargyria. L. comma, L. pallens, Tapinostola fulva, Hydrecia nictitans, H. micacea, Xylophasia lithoxylea, Neuria saponarie, Heliophobus popularis, Apamea testacea, Luperina cespitis, Apamea gemina, A. oculea, Miana strigilis, M. fasciuncula, Grammesia trilinea, Caradrina morpheus, - C. alsines, Rusina tenebrosa, Agrotis segetum, A. exclamationis, A. cinerea, Tryphena orbona, Noctua augur, N. plecta, N. c-nigrum, N. festiva, N. dahlu, N. rubi, N. xanthographa, Anchocelis rufina, A. pistacina, A. lunosa, Scopelosoma satellitia, Xanthia cerago, X. silago, X. ferruginea, Tethea subtusa, Dianthecia carpophaga, D. capsincola, D. cucubali, Hecatera serena, Miselia oxyacanthe, Phlogophora meticulosa, Hadena adusta, H. dentina, H. oleracea, H. thalassina, Abrostola urtice, Plusia chrysitis, Amphipyra tragopogonis, and Catocala nupta. Besides these captures at light, I extracted from the long grass under my windows plenty of such day-flying Noctue as Heliothis arbuti, Phytometra enea, Euclidia glyphica, and E, mi. My best captures in this group were undoubtedly Agrotis cinerea and Luperina cespitis. Of the former I only got two early in June, but during the last week in August L. cespitis began to come in such numbers that its visits were tolerated 86 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. rather than encouraged. Some of the specimens were very fine and strongly marked. Light proved very useful with the Geometers also, and I took many species in this way whose presence in the neighbourhood I had never before suspected. Among those seen or captured at light were Odontopera bidentata, Ennomos tiliaria, Himera pennaria, Boarmia rhomboidaria, Strenia clathrata, Lomaspilis marginata, Oporabia dilutata, Hupithecia venosata, EH. centaureata, Lobophora polycommata, Hypsipetes elutata, Melanthia ocellata, Melanippe unangulata, Anticlea derwata, Cidaria propugnata, Scotosia dubitata, Cidaria mata, C. truncata, var. centum-notata, C. testata, C. dotata, C. fulvata, Hubolia cervinaria, EH. bipunctata, and Anaitis plagiata. Besides these, I beat up or netted in the evening, Venilia maculata, Ellopia fasciaria, Crocallis elinguaria, Pseudoterpna cytisaria, Iodis lactearia, Asthena candidata, Acidalia remutata, Corycia temerata, Macaria liturata, Bupalus pinaria, Aspilates strigillaria, Emmelesia affinitata, E. decolorata, Eupi- thecia nanata, Cidaria suffumata, Hubolia mensuraria, and many others. The neighbourhood is, I am convinced, specially rich in Geometers, but I could not work them adequately. My experiences of mothing with a light were often very puzzling and contradictory. Some dark nights were quite un- productive, and some moonlight nights gave me a good variety of species. I used to light up about 7.80 in spring and in autumn, and at 8.380 in summer; and though I tried many experiments, the results seemed to prove that it was useless to begin earlier. If I did, the moths still appeared at the old time, with a regularity that almost suggested their expectation of the light at a fixed hour. The only rule that seemed to hold good in all cases, however, was that whatever might be the weather in temperature, a great falling off was always noticeable between 9.30 and 10.30 p.m.; and, curiously enough, the moths that had already got into the room punctually observed this hour of repose, and settled down quietly upon the walls and ceiling. A fact which to me became very significant was, that if these sleepers became restless during the quiet interval, the dis- turbance nearly always immediately preceded a fresh arrival from without. So regular was this correspondence, that if any of the moths which dotted my walls and ceiling began to move during the quiet hour, I always took up the net in anticipation of the sharp tap at the window which announced a new comer,—an anticipation which seldom failed to be realised immediately. Burghclere, Newbury, Dec. 10th, 1894. CEBT THE COPROPHAGOUS LAMELLICORNS: A LIST OF SPECIES BELONGING to tras GENERA CIRCELLIUM AND SCELIAGES, WITH NOTES ON ATEUCHIDA., By Joun W. Surep. CircELLIum, Latr. Régne Anim. 2nd ed. iv. p. 585 (1829); Lacord., Gen. Coléop. iii. p. 70; Blanch., Cuv. Regne Anim. 1. p. 292 (1854). 1. bacchus, Fb., Sp. Ins. i. p. 82; Mant. Ins. 1. p. 17, n. 163; Herbst, Kafer, 11. p. 297, t. 19, f.4; Lacord., Gen. Coléop. niape 0 > Oliy:,.fint.Col.1. p: 155; pl. 17,4. 161; Blanch., Cuv. Rég. Anim. pl. 39, f. 4. hemisphericus, Pallas, Icon. p. 20, t. B, f. 23. var. lyceus, Westw., Brit. Cyclop. u. p. 55; Reiche, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1842, p. 81; Lacord., Gen. des Col. iii. p. 70. var. waterhouset, mihi. Hab. 1, 8.—Cape Colony (widely distributed) ; Transvaal ; Natal; Zambezi River; Matabili-land. Only the above species has been described as belonging to this genus, which is easily distinguished from the other Ateuchidee and Copriidz by its hemispherical shape and its obtusely rounded clypeus. The var. lyceus was applied by Westwood to the large shining examples of bacchus, but as this is no distinguishing feature the name will probably have to become a synonym. I have just had the opportunity of examining a series of insects captured in Matabili-land during the recent outbreak, and was struck with a few extremely diminutive forms of bacchus; and, as all of them are without exception under 16 lines, I take the opportunity of describing it as follows :— bacchus var. waterhousei.—Size smaller, punctures on disc of thorax thick, coarser round base and margins, the posterior margin strongly sinuate. The striz on the elytra deeper, and the basal portion of the elytra not crenulate as in bacchus, of a dull black colour, the hind tibiz being furnished with a number of short spines very close together, and more numerous than in bacchus ; the spines or teeth in one or two examples are obsolete, being evidently worn away by friction; the carinze on the meta- sternum scarcely visible and almost obsolete; metasternum im- punctate. L.c.15 lines (146=1in.). Hab. Matabili-land. ScELIAGES, Westw. Proc. Zool. Soc. v; 1837, p..12-; Westw., T. 4.8. ii. p. 159 (1838) ; Lacord., Gen. Coléop. iii. p. 71. 38 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 1. adamastor, Serville, Encycl. Méth. x. (1825), p.351; Lacord., Gen. Coléop. Atl. t. 26, f. 2. microcephalus, Boh., Ins. Caffr. ii. p. 174. iopas, Westw., P. Z.8. v. (1837), p. 12; T.Z.8. ii. p. 159, t. 29, f. 1. (1838). 1.—Cape Colony ; C. Good Hope; Port Elizabeth ; Natal ; Caffraria. 2. hippias, Westw., P. HE. S. (1844), p. 100; T.H.S.iv. (1847), p. 226, pl. 17, f. 2. Hab. Cape Good Hope; Afr. Merid. 8. gagates, n.sp. Limpopo River. - I. Clypeal teeth rounded at extremity ; size smaller. A. Species larger; finely punctured (in some cases the punctures are almost obsolete) ; elytra with the striz only faintly visible, depressed on disc, and more elongate . adamastor, Latr. B. Species smaller; strize of elytra deeper, elytra more convex and rounded, not so depressed on disc. ; : . II. Clypeal teeth sharply pointed at apex; size larger; mesonotum with a deep longi- tudinal furrow hippias, Westw. gagates, mihi. gagates, mihi.—Black, shining. Head not elongate; teeth quite pointed, centre indentation quite triangular, the teeth being slightly reflexed. Head strongly punctured, except on disc, where it is quite smooth; strongly margined. Thorax strongly but finely punctured at sides, sparingly on disc, the punctures being thicker in the anterior angles; strongly emargi- nate. A faint longitudinal line can be plainly seen on disc. Anterior angles of thorax only slightly produced. Cilia at the base of the thorax rather long and deep, brown. Elytra six- striated, the strie being shallow but distinctly visible, rather strongly punctured ; interstices flat, very sparingly and finely punctured. Elytra depressed on disc, base bicarinate. Anterior tibie very strongly toothed, all the teeth being sharply punce- tured and squamose at tips; the dentations very strongly ser- rated, the inner margins being unevenly serrated. Mesonotum not punctured, with a deep longitudinal furrow. L. ec. 14 lines. Hab. Limpopo River. adamastor, Latr.=iopas, Westw.—Black, shining. Clypeus elongate, depressed, six-lobed ; the two centre teeth rounded, semicircular in shape, strongly emarginate. Head obsoletely margined, covered with small irregular punctures, except on the posterior portion, where the punctures are obsolete. Thorax smooth, obsoletely punctured, strongly margined, with the mar- gin serrated, and with a testaceous cilia ; upper margin smooth. Klytra furnished with six striz, the strie being almost obsolete, COPROPHAGOUS LAMELLICORNS. oo SS and the elytra very faintly punctured ; in a few cases the punc- tures are indiscernible. Apex of anterior tibize bent inwards at extremity and dilated, the teeth being slightly deflexed and ser- rated ; the apical tooth rounded at extremity, not pointed. Meso- notum rather thickly punctured with very fine punctures, and with an obsolete longitudinal furrow, in some cases smooth, slightly concave or depressed towards posterior extremity. Li. c. 10 to 12 lines. Westwood described iopas as follows :—‘‘ Ater, nitidus, levis ; clypei dentibus intermediis, duobus obtusis subelevatis, capite antice punctatissimo ; thorace levissimo; elytris punctis non- nullis minutissimis, irregularibus, striisque sex longitudinalibus simplicibus fere obliteratis. L. c¢. 10 lines.” hippias, Westw.—The description of hippias is as follows :— “Niger, nitidus, capite sub lente tenuissime punctato; clypeo cornubus duobus intermediis porrectis ; pronoto fere levi, ely- trisque sublevibus et minus nitidis, singulo striis sex vix dis- cernendis ; tibiis anticis haud in medio angulatis, extus 4-den- tatis et serrulatis, metasterno antice producto et convexo-promi- nulo. L.e¢.8hn.” Distinguished from adamastor by its less dilated form, as well as by the above-mentioned characters. I confess that I fail to perceive any distinction between adamastor and iopas ; a specimen in the Hope Coll. is labelled adamastor, but is only a trifle larger than those labelled iopas, and does not differin any other particulars. Hippias is certainly a smaller and rounder insect than either of the two preceding species, with its form more convex. lLacordaire’s figure of adamastor is evidently taken from Westwood’s figure of iopas. NOTES ON THE ATEUCHIDA. In my paper on the above genus (Kntom. xxvil. 257) I stated that no species of the genus had been found upon the island of Madagascar. Since then, on looking through the Nat. Hist. de Madagascar Ins. Col., I find that “D’Hereulais has figured a species (pl. 17, f. 1), which is named radama. No description i is as yet given, but the species does not seem to be identical with any of the Kast African examples. It is of a shining fuscous-brown colour, and sparingly punctured. Herr Reitter (Verh. Vereines. Brunn, xxxi. pp. 160-168) gives the following as the synonymy of the Palearctic species :—Sacer, Linn.= typhon, Fisch.= carinatus, Gebl.— europeus, Mots. = acuti- collis, Mots. = affinis, Brullé = retusus, Brullé. jirmus, Fisch. = monachus, Fald. = digitatus, Mots. Bienen = armeniacus, Mem.= hypocrita, Dej.== parumpunctatus, Kluge. The genus Mnematidiwm was founded by Ritsema in 1889 for the name Octodon, Lansberge,* but Reitter uses Bedel’s name * See the Synonymy (Hntom, xxvii. 314). 40 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Neoctodon for multidentatus, Klug. This is an error (Entom. xxvli. 314). Reitter, however, uses Ritsema’s genus Mnematidium instead of Mnematium, McLeay (ritchei, McLeay = silenus, Oliv.). This is also incorrect, as Mnematidium multidentatum is greatly dissimilar to Mnematium ritchei, McL. Mnematium, McLeay, and Pachysoma, Kirby; belong to the second division of my section Ateuchini, having the head and thorax very convex, more rounded, and shorter, and with the body wingless. Bedel’s subgenus A teuchetus includes such forms as cicatricosus, Lucas, puncticollis, semipunctatus, and variolosus. These species agree with Actinophorus, Cr., as restricted by Erichson and others, although the genus Actinophorus, as given by Hrichson, will bear dividing up into two distinct groups. I append a diagram showing how the present genus Ateuchus may be divided :— Ateuchus aay eae | Sebasteos, Westw. | l N. G. Actinophorus, = Ateuchetus, Creutz. Bedel. Mnematidium, ‘Rits. Ateuchus (proper) Heliocantharus, Weber. McL. The following specimens are not mentioned in my list :— ganglbaueri, Reitter, Verhandlung des Naturf. Vereines in Brunn, xxxi. (1892), p. 162. Hab. Persia. laticollis, Linn. var. striolatus, Reitter, l.c., p. 168. Hab. Italy; Morocco. var. semilunatus, Xambeu, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. vol. 63, Bulletin, p. cexxvi. Hab. Pyrenees. THE IRREGULAR DIARY OF AN ENTOMOLOGIST, 1832—1860. Some time ago Mr. W. T. F. M. Ingall most kindly sent me a type-written copy of some entomological memoranda made by his father, the late Mr. Thomas Ingall, formerly of the Bank of England, and one of the original members of the Entomo- logical Club, and also of the Entomological Society of London. As was the case with many of his contemporaries, Mr. Ingall did not confine himself to any particular order of insects, but collected anything that came in his way—Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Neuroptera seem to have been equally interesting. Read by the light of our present knowledge THE IRREGULAR DIARY OF AN ENTOMOLOGIST. 41 of the insects referred to in his diary, many of the entries therein are very interesting, and as the gentleman to whom I am indebted for a copy of the diary has very courteously given me permission to publish extracts therefrom, I have selected the following :— “August Ist, 1832.— To-day I have obtained from Mr. Lambert a most extraordinary specimen of Limenitis camilla, the upper surface of which has only a very small portion of the usual white bands which cross the wings. It is on the right posterior wing; beneath, nearly the whole of the white band and markings are wanting. I gave him 1s. for it. It was taken at Colchester, in Essex, and he informs me that he also saw one other similar, but was not fortunate enough to take it. The insect was very numerous this season, but owing to the high wind he did not take many.” When we remember that in Haworth’s time ZL. sibyl/a was known in England as “ L. camilla,” we shall understand that the purchaser had not been ‘‘taken in,” but on the contrary obtained a good variety at an exceedingly low figure, if comparison is made with the prices such examples realise at the present day. “ Aucust 25th, 1835.—Mr. Bennett informs me that the pale clouded yellow (Colias hyale) has been taken within the last few days, in some fields to the right and left of the bridge over the canal at New Cross. Mr. B. has taken three specimens at Box Hill this year.” ‘* September 10th.—Went to Mr. Newman’s. He gave me a worn specimen of C. hyale, which he took in the above locality with eight others. He knows a man who took seventeen others at the same place and about the same period. Altogether he has heard of fifty-one specimens taken in different parts of the country, and C. edusa in profusion near Gravesend. Last Sunday a specimen was seen in Battersea Fields, and another at Dulwich. He has also heard of three specimens of P. daplidice being taken at Dover this year, and Melolontha fullo at Margate. Papilio podalirius has also, it is said, been taken—three speci- mens, of which Mr. Curtis has one. I last night learnt from a gentleman who was at Mr. Stephens’, that the day before yesterday he saw a specimen of Vanessa antiopa on the borders of Epping Forest, which passed while he was in a carriage.” Perhaps the most important items in these entries are the records of the two species of Colias. At the present time Melolontha fullo, perhaps better known as Polyphylla fullo, is not recognised as British, and Papilio podalirius is not placed on our lists as a native. “ July 8rd, 1836.—Took a cocoon of Clisiocampa {| Bombyx] neustria which contained two pup, male and female. I could not perceive the exuvia, when I tore open the cocoon, of more than one larva. I will not however positively assert there were ENTOM.—FEB, 1895, E 42 THE ENTOMOLOGIST, no more, as it is possible it may have dropped out at the moment of tearing the case open and escaped my observation ; but there certainly was only one case for the two pupe.” “July 9th.—Mr. Bennett gaye me two specimens of Pieris [Aporia] crategi, both males; two of Abraxas ulmata, and one Gnophria rubricollis, all taken at Ross in Herefordshire, within the last month.” “May 25th, 1841.—About two years ago Mr. Ed. Doubleday gave me an old honeycomb and beehive, from which I bred a specimen of Galleria alvearia [Achrea grisella]. It was after- wards thrown aside in a cellar, but the other day I accidentally discovered one of the moths in the house, and on going to the hive found them in abundance. I have bred at least 400 specimens.” “June 7th.—Received from Mr. H. Doubleday, who is now at Whittlesea Mere, a small box by post with five larve of Lycena dispar.” “‘ June 20th.—About three or four days ago one of the above went into chrysalis, but two appear to be dead. Mem.—Of the five larve I bred a male and female; one larva died and two pro- duced ichneumons.” June 6th, July 28rd, and July 30th, 1842.—The entries under these dates refer especially to large numbers of Bombyx castrensis from the Isle of Sheppey, and his difficulties in rearing them. He appears, however, to have been fairly successful, as by other entries it seems that he bred sixty male and thirty-five female specimens, together with a gynandrous example recorded as follows :— ‘* August 7th.—Bred one hermaphrodite. This extraordinary specimen has the left half the appearance of a pale male, and right a dark female. The division of colour on the thorax is very apparent. The upper part of the body is of the same colour as the females usually are, but beneath it is longitudinally divided into dark and light, as are also the legs.” The next item in the same year is an important one, if the insect referred to was correctly identified, as the locality seems to be one not hitherto recorded :— “ August 15th.—At Shirley I took about half a dozen specimens of Crambus latistrius, but only one fine. I found them on the piece of waste ground by the sand pits going from Shirley to Wickham.” On the 18th thirty specimens of this species were taken, ‘‘ most of them in bad condition. In colder seasons they probably are in perfection about thistime. I found them more widely distributed to-day.” *- August 23rd.—Saw Samuel Stevens to-day and find he has taken fifty-one specimens of Colias hyale, which has made its appearance in the following places this year [1842], and in some abundantly:—Epping, St. Osyth, Chalk, Deptford, Highgate, Arundel, Yorkshire, Northampton.” ; THE IRREGULAR DIARY OF AN ENTOMOLOGIST. 43 Under the date of September 5th ‘‘a specimen of Cato- eala fraxint which Mr. 8. Stevens took at Hammersmith off a willow, with sugar, a few evenings ago,” is mentioned as having been seen at the Entomological Society. “July 17th, 1845.—At Clapham Common, this morning, I took one or two specimens of Agrotis corticea by beating the limes, but I ought to have gone two or three days ago. Some of my larve of castrensis {taken at Sheppey on the 11th and 12th| have spun up, but others are dead. A considerable number of AY. (Sesia| ichneumoniformis have been taken at Charlton within the last fortnight. Mr. Shepherd took sixteen in one afternoon. Last week Mr. Douglas took Smaragdarius {|Phorodesma smaragq- daria|, one of the emeralds, at St. Osyth; five were taken. It probably may be met with at Sheppey, on the east coast. Mem.—Endeavour to get to Sheppey for a week next year, about the beginning of July. A new Hupithecia (togata| has been taken at Black Park within the last three weeks, and in considerable numbers.” “July 31st.—I find my custrensis caterpillars will eat oak. They also seem to like the common wormwood better than the garden southernwood. I find they do not dislike the latter plant when it has been dipped in salt and water.” ** June 16th, 1856.—I have bred about twenty specimens of Taleporia pseudo-bombycella from pupz-cases principally col- lected on the trunks of beeches in the Addington and Wickham woods. Some few were taken on the Dartford fence. Only three were females. This afternoon I accompanied Mr. Stainforth to Kingston-on-Thames. We obtained a boat near the bridge and rowed to a small island, a little higher up the river. It is covered with osiers, and on the margin of the island we cut off some of the heads of the osiers and brought home for the purpose of feeding Atgeria [Sesia formiciformis, subsequently bred therefrom}, Mr. Stainforth having bred several last year. We noticed one or two pupe in holes, but not any of the perfect insect.” “June 21st.—Went again to-day to the coryli locality, having left London at 10 a.m., accompanied by Mr. Francis’ son. We first went up Croham lane to the Hurst, and took a considerable number of larve and a few moths; one I had never taken before. Near Shirley Common I also took a further quantity of Crypto- cephalus coryli, &c. From the boys at the lodges I obtained several more moths, some rather good, such as Polia | Aplecta] tincta. Larve appear very plentiful this year, particularly Geometre. I have taken several thorns, prominents, &c. N.B.— The grounds in which I get C. coryli is called ‘ Ballards,’ the residence of Hopfman, Esq. ‘The particular locality is a piece of stony ground at the bottom of the hill at the Croydon end E 2 44 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. of Shirley Common, and surrounded by a larch plantation. The ground is covered on its surface with roundish pebbles, and is overgrown. In addition to the sallows there are young larches, birches, oaks, beeches, nuts, with a profusion of Hpilobium angustifolium and other plants, including Orchidex.” “June 24th.—Went down again to Croydon and took several more coryli and other Cryptocephali. N.B.—Among the moths obtained from the cottagers about this time were the following :— Notodonta camelina, N. chaonia, Apatela {Acronycta] leporina, probably a specimen of Semaphora [A.] tridens; Dianthecia cucubali ?—the purple one; twelve specimens of Halias prasi- nana, since taken by myself also; Macaria notataria |notata], M. lituraria [liturata}, Heliothis marginata [Chariclea umbra], and Abrostola urtice [Habrostola tripartita] , &c.” “July 5th.—Went again to Queenboro’ [previous entry July 3rd] and found larve of [Bombyx] castrensis in immense abundance, principally full-fed. Brought away several hundreds. They seem to revel in the moist places overgrown with grass, Statice, Artemisia, and other salt-marsh plants. Tbheyseem to feed freely on S. limonium; on that and A. maritima they are prin- cipally found. They were crawling about in such profusion that in many parts I could searcely walk without treading upon them. Among the Artemisia I brought home there must have been a pupa of Phorodesma smaragdaria, as, upon opening the parcel and separating the plants, a crippled and much-injured specimen (female) crawled out. I have set it, although in very bad condition, as I had not the species in my collection.” “July 12th.—My larve of [B.] castrensis are spinning very fast. They eat cherry leaves dipped in salt and water vora- ciously. I have already from 150 to 200 spun up.” “July 24th.—A man of the name of Page, a gardener who lives at a cottage at the foot of the hill leading to ‘ Ballards,’ has a very fine specimen of [Vanessa] antiopa, which he took off a tree opposite his house about five years ago. The tree bled very much, and antiopa came with many other insects to the sap. My brother has a specimen taken on the Addington hills, I believe about the same time.” In a later note it is mentioned that Page sold his antiopa to Dr. Knapp, but the price was not stated, although it was known that 30s. had been refused for the speci- men some time previous to the sale. “July 381st.— About fifty castrensis have appeared [fifty emerged the previous day], principally females; I have many caterpillars yet feeding.” Further entries respecting the rearing of this species show that about sixty emerged on August 2nd, and about thirty on August 3rd, while on the 21st of the month he wrote :—‘‘I expect I shall breed no more castrensis, none having appeared the last three or four days. I have set about 340—114 males and 225 females,” This stock seems to have THE IRREGULAR DIARY OF AN ENTOMOLOGIST. 45 been of considerable value in the way of exchange, as appears by the following entry : — “September 13th.—Turner has called twice upon me within the last few days, and I have bought about 30s. worth of insects from him, and also gave him a dozen C. [B.] castrensis, and exchanged another dozen with him for insects. I have also bought about 12s. worth of insects from Argent in the last few days, and exchanged castrensis for others. From him I obtained sixteen P. arion, taken by J. Chambers at Stilton, which is near Yaxley in Cambridgeshire [there surely must have been some error here}. Mr. Doubleday also sent me to-day a box of insects, and when I went down there a few weeks ago to take him fifty castrensis, he also gave me about fifty good insects in return. The opportunities have added several species to my collection, which I am now rearranging, and have also enabled me to complete my series of many species of which before I had only bad specimens. My own collecting this year has also con- tributed much to this end.”’ The following entry, the last in this diary, shows the deep interest the writer took in entomology, and the careful manner in which he made his observations :— “ July 17th, 1860.—I have now been ill above twelve months and am still almost incapable of taking any exertion, but I have not been able to resist capturing a few insects in the garden. They have principally been Hymenoptera and taken within the last three or four days, for the weather has been so bad that we cannot be said to have had any summer. ... On Friday last, the 13th, I took about fifty insects, among them twelve speci- mens of Fenus assectator, which I had only once before met with in the garden some years ago. Only one was a female, and that I took on a flower. The others were hovering over some rotten stakes. Whilst watching a black currant bush, I observed a currant-tree Sphinx alight on the lower part of a dead branch and walk up it in a semi-spiral line, feeling with its ovipositor, which was fully protruded, first on one side of it and then on the other, so that it examined the branch carefully all round. After walking up in this manner three or four inches, it came to the remains of a little branch which had been cut off nearly close to the main stem, and the pith having decayed was left hollow, into which it immediately inserted its ovipositor, and remained depositing its egg or eggs about a minute, when it flew off.” The currant-tree ‘‘ Sphinx” mentioned in the above is, of course, Sesia tipuliformis. RicHARD SourH. 46 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. THE GALLS OF CYNIPS KOLLARI, AND THEIR VARIOUS OCCUPANTS. By T. R. Briuurps, F.E.S. Tue large, round, brownish yellow galls of Cynips kollari, which for some years were known by the name of the ‘‘ Devon- shire gall,” through having been first observed in the county of Devon, have been so admirably described by Mr. Fitch, in a paper read before the members of the Essex Field Club, October, 1881, and again by Mr. Cameron, in his late monograph of the ‘British Phytophagous Hymenoptera’ (Ray Society’s Works), that it would be superfluous to say one word more upon the Cynipid or gall-maker, so I purpose confining my remarks to the numerous and varied inhabitants reared by myself from the galls during the years 1890, 1891, 1892. In the ‘ Entomologist’ for 1872, Mr. Fitch records a long list of insects bred by the late Mr. Weston. Many of the species mentioned in that list have occurred with me, but having also reared various others not previously recorded, it may perhaps be of interest to enumerate afresh all the species bred by myself. The galls were all collected on Weybridge Common and Chobham railway banks, from low stubby bushes, and it is only fair to say that many of them were old galls, or apparently empty ones; hence the variety of lodgers, many of which, outside the inquilines and parasites, had taken possession for pupation, &c.; in all 122 species were bred, belonging to no less than six distinct orders, namely, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, and Arachnoidea. ‘These I purpose to again subdivide into their different families as follows :—First, the maker of the galls, Cynips kollavi, Htg.; these were numerous. ‘Then the inquilines, or, as Mr. Fitch calls them, true burglars; of these we have no less than six species, Synergus melanopus, pallicornis, vulgaris, and facialis, Htg., also remhardi, Mayr; these were in fair numbers, with the exception of the first named, which is considered rare in this country; I had thirteen specimens. Another inquiline, Ceroptres arator, Htg., L again succeeded in rearing, having previously bred this species in 1884 (see Proc. Ent. Soc. for that year) from kollart galls; Mr. Cameron then thinking I might have reared them from the twig galls of Andricus noduli, 1 was pleased to again obtain this rare species, in all some nine specimens, from the kollari, and thus cleared up a doubt of long standing. The Chalcids were very numerous, and amongst these beautiful parasites were the following species :—Torymus regius, Nees = devoniensis, Parfit, erucarum, Ns., auratus, abdominalis, Fons., and cyniphidum, Ratz., this later species being especially plentiful. Megastigmus THE GALLS OF CYNIPS KOLLARI. 47 stigmaticus, stigma, and dorsalis of Fab.; of this last species I only succeeded in rearing four specimens, two males and two females. Mesopolobus fasciventris, Westw., was also scarce; in all five specimens. Pteromalus tibialis, West. (Giraud), naucus, Foerst, dissectus, Walk. (Giraud), and two very dark species I cannot identify. Syntomaspis caudatus, Brischke, dubius, Nees, and pubescens, Forst., were numerous. 'elenomus phalenarum, Nees, and Entedon scianurus, RKtz., were represented by six specimens of each. Hupelmus geert and urozonus, Dalm., were plentiful. Olinx gallarum, Boh., three specimens only. Hulophus levissimus, Rtz., and Lamprolatus splendens, Walk., were fairly common ; but of the beautiful little Chalcid Platymesopus tibialis, Walk., I only bred three specimens. Hurytoma rose, Nees, and salicis, Thom., common; as were also Decatoma biguttata, Br., and neert, Foerst; this last bringing the number of Chalcids to twenty-nine. The Aculeate Hymenoptera had the following representa- tives:—Trypoxylon figulus, Lin., thirteen, and clavicerium, Lep., five specimens. Stigmus pendulus, Panz., and Passalecus insignis, V. de-Lind, were equally balanced in seventeen speci- mens of each; while of Crabro tibialis, Fab., there were eleven, and of C. clavipes, Lin., only four. Of Odynerus gracilis, Brulle, I reared four specimens, two males and two females; and of trifasciatus, Olv., five specimens, all females. The pretty little bee, Prosopis brevicornis, Nyl., of which I had seven specimens, bringing the number of the Aculeata up to ten species. The Ichneumonide proper were represented by no less than thirty-seven species:—Homalus auratus, L., eleven, ceruleus, Degeer, thirteen ; while of Chrysis cyanea, Lin., there were no less than thirty-one specimens. Phygadeuon obscuripes, Tasch., two specimens only; while vagans and labralis, Gr., were represented by five specimens of each; and, strange to say, the specimens of vagans were all males, and of labralis all females. Pheogenes troglodytes and Ischio melinus, Gr., were each represented by six specimens. Hemiteles bicolorinus, Gr., and areator, Panz., were common; micator and estivalis, Gr., were fairly plentiful; while of the beautiful little imbecillus, Gr., I only reared three examples. Hemimachus instabilis, Forst., and fasciatus, Fab., were plentiful; as were also Pezomachus nigritus and rufulus, Forst., while five specimens of anthracinus, Forst., were also reared. The Ophionides were represented by Limneria femorulis and dorsalis, Gr., of which there were eleven specimens ; while of exareolata, Ratz., there were five only. Among the Tryphonides were three specimens of Mesoleius formosus, Gr., and five of Exochus podagricus, Gr., all females. The family of Pimplides having as representatives, Pimpla calobata, Gr., four specimens, brevicornis, Gr., six, and nucum, Ratz., eleven. Perithous divt- nator, Rossi, and varius, Gr., were each represented by five 48 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. specimens, all females; these very beautiful insects being no doubt parasitic upon the sawfly larva, which will be referred to later on. There were also two females and one male of Glypta incisa, Gr., and a single female of Lissonota segmentator, Fab. I had almost forgotten to mention Clistopyga increator, Fab., of which I reared three females and two males; and also four females of Meniscus impressor, Gr. Among the Braconide were eleven specimens of Rhogas circumscriptus, Nees; seven specimens of Apanteles zygenarum, Marshall, thirteen of rubripes, Hall; fifteen of Macrocentrus marginator, Nees, and numbers of infirmus, Nees. The Oxyuride had no less than seven species to represent them, and were as follows :—Proctotrypes ater, Nees, nine specimens, and thirteen of calcar, Hal.; while there were seven specimens each of Megaspilus rufipes and Oxylabis bisulca, Nees; of Belta dorsalis, Thom., five specimens were reared ; but of Synacra brachialis, Nees, I only succeeded in finding one specimen; there were also three specimens of the genus Aphanogmus, which have not yet been described. Among the Tenthredinide or sawflies were no less than thirteen specimens of Dineura verna, Giraud, four of virididorsata, Cam., and seven of Hmphytus cinctus, Klug. The number of species of Lepidoptera reared were only four, and these only in small numbers:—Ephippiphora gallicolana, Zell., was represented by three specimens ; Heusimene fimbriana, Haw., and Coccyx splendidulana, Gn., two specimens of each ; and one example only of C. argyrana, Hb. Diptera also showed up poorly in numbers, there being only two species :—Homalomyia canicularis, L., being common; and a species of Cecidomyia undetermined. The order of Coleoptera was somewhat better, being repre- sented by fourteen species, namely, Olibrus encus, F., plentiful ; Coccinella bipunctata, L., and variabilis, Ill., several specimens of ‘each; Cryptophagus cellaris, Scop., and Orchestes quercus, L., numerous; T'elephorus flavilabris, Fall., and limbatus, Thom., six specimens of each; Dasytes plumbeo-niger, Goeze, abundant ; Malthodes marginatus, Lat., eleven specimens ; Anaspis melanopa, Forst., and rujicollis, F., both species plentiful ; Cwliodes quercus, F., and Rhinosimus planirostris, F., eleven specimens of each ; and, lastly, Balaninus brassice, F., five specimens only. Neuroptera was represented in the Psocide by three species only :—Psocus fasciatus, Fab., and Stenopsocus cruciatus, L., were fairly plentiful; while the very beautiful and fragile Elipsocus unipunctatus, Mull., mustered three only. I now come to the end of my list with the Arachnoidea, of which there were several specimens of two species of spider, which I have been unable to get determined. The subfamily Acari had its representatives in Dameus geniculatus, Koch, and Uropoda vegetans, Lat., both these species being plentiful; while CATALOGUE OF THE MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA OF DERBYSHIRE. 49 Hoplophora contractilis, Clap., was in evidence, but not numerous. Altogether there were 122 distinct species; and I feel quite sure that if the galls had been picked from various localities this list might have been enormously extended. I can only hope that others may perhaps be induced by this brief note to follow up this interesting study of the inhabitants of kollavi galls, which time will not permit me to do as I could wish. A CATALOGUE OF THE MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA OF DERBYSHIRE. By Frep. W. G. Payne. Ir appears to me that a fitting preface to a list of Derby- shire Macro-Lepidoptera is to offer some brief observations upon the salient geological features of the district. The shire pos- sesses the distinction of a central English situation. It has a surface of peak and plain in which the alpine predominates over the flat land, for the southern termination of the Pennine chain embraces more than half the area. Kinderscout (2000 ft.), rising from an elevated plateau, dominates other eminences scarcely inferior, and the hills (chiefly carboniferous limestone) gradually decline in height, until the southern plain is reached, the latter being bordered on the south by the river Trent. The higher hill ranges are divided by widely sweeping valleys, the lesser and well-wooded eminences being cloven by rocky ravines. The water- shed is almost solely southward, the Dove running down the west boundary, the Erewash over the coalfield on the east border, and the Derwent and its tributary the Wye flowing centrally, the whole, through the Keuper area, discharging into the Trent. On the north-west side of the ‘‘ divide,’ however, flows the Goyt. In the north-east are beds of lower red sandstone. My warmest thanks are due to the following ladies and gentlemen who have placed their lists at my disposal, and have otherwise assisted me :—Miss M. Kimber; Miss EK. M. Alderson, who has supplied me with records from the north; Rev. G. A. Smallwood; Mr. Hooke, who has forwarded his notes from the Kckington and Staveley district; Rev. R. H. Fuller, who has sent a list of species met with in the Bakewell district ; and Rev. C. F. Thornewill, who has supplied me with notes and observa- tions chiefly from the vicinity of Bakewell. I have also to acknowledge that I have quoted freely from the ‘ List of the Lepidoptera of Burton-on-Trent and Neighbourhood,’ published under the auspices of the Burton-on-Trent Natural History and Archeological Society, and that several of the localities for the Rhopalocera are taken from Newman’s ‘Natural History of 50 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. British Butterflies and Moths.’ I am also indebted to Mr. John Hill, a collector for more than a quarter of a century in the vicinity of Little Haton, and to other entomological friends and acquaintances. Papilio machaon. Newman says that two specimens were taken near Matlock by Thomas Lighton, but remarks that Mr. John Wolley afterwards explained in ‘ The Zoologist’ that he had turned out many hundreds of this butterfly in the springs of 1848 and 1844, most of them at Matlock. Aporia crategi. ‘* A nest of larve found by Rev. F. M. Spilsbury, in his garden at Barrow-on-Trent, feeding on apple ” (Burton list). Pieris brassicae. — P. rape. — P. napi. Common. Huchloé cardamines. Common everywhere. Colias hyale. Newman mentions one specimen being taken at Via Gellia. —— C. edusa. Clover-fields at Repton (W. Garneys). Newton Solney (J. T. Harris). Winshill (G. Baker). Rev. G. A. Smallwood and Mr. Hill also record it.— Var. helice. Clover-fields at Repton (W. Garneys). Gonopteryx rhamni. Seal Wood, Dovedale, Repton Shrubs, and Kg ginton. Argynnis selene. Dovedale (J. T. Harris). — A. euphrosyne. Repton Shrubs and Seal Wood (HK. Brown and J. T. Harris). Bakewell, once (Rev. R. H. Fuller). —- A. adippe. Rare. Breadsall, Dovedale, Matlock, and Cromford. —- A. paphia. Rare. Repton Shrubs, Seal Wood, and Ankerchurch. Melitea aurinia, Rott.,=artemis, Fb. Cromford is mentioned as a locality by Newman. Vanessa c-album. Breadsall, Calke Abbey, Little Eaton, Repton Shrubs, Seal Wood. Mr. Hooke took one specimen at Handley, autumn, 1898. —— V. polychloros. Breadsall aud Calke Abbey (New- man). Little EKaton (J. Hill). Dovedale (J. T. Harris’. Barrow (Rev. G. A. Smallwood).-- V. urtice. Common as far north as Bakewell.-- V.io. Fairly common. — V. antiopa. Mr. Hill saw one specimen in 1886 in Little Haton Park. Once at Milton (W. Garneys). —- V.atalanta. Common throughout the county.—— V. cardui. Common. Pararge egeria. Seal Wood (EK. Brown). Repton Shrubs (W. Garneys). Bakewell, once (Rev. R. H. Fuller). —- P. megara. By no means common in the south, and Mr. Fuller has only three records of it in the Bakewell district. Satyrus semele. Rare. Dovedale (J. T. Harris). Epinephele ianira. Common in the south. — £. tithonus. Recorded by Messrs. E. Brown and W. M. Anderson, and Rev. G. A. Small- wood. Mr. Hill has seen one specimen at Allestree. -——- EH. hyperanthus. Common in the south-west. Cenonympha pamphilus. Common. Thecla w-album. Darley, Repton Shrubs, Calke Abbey, Cubley, Seal Wood. — T. pruni. Newman says that Mr. J. R. Hind found this species in a box of insects captured within a few miles of Chester- field. —- 7’. quercus, Repton Shrubs and Seal Wood. -~ 7. rubi. Dovedale, common, and Alderwasley. Polyommatus phlwas. Common south, rarer north. CATALOGUE OF THE MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA OF DERBYSHIRE. 51 Lycena astrarche, Bgstr.,=medon, Esp. Dovedale, and abundant Monsal Dale and Lathkil Dale. — L. icarus, Rott.,=aleavis, Hb. Very common everywhere. —- L. argiolus. Repton, scarce (W. Garneys). — L. minima, Fues.,=alsus, Fab. Common in the central districts. Middleton Dale (Miss KH. M. Alderson). Dovedale (Rev. R. H. Fuller). Nemeobius lucina. Via Gellia. Syricthus malve, L.,=alveolus, Hb. Recorded once (Rev. R. H. Fuller). Nisoniades tages. Common. Bakewell, Dovedale, and Lathkil Dale. Hesperia thaumas, Hufn., = linea, Fb.-- H. sylvanus. Not un- common south, Acherontia atropos. Occasionally throughout the southern half of the county. Sphina convolvuli. Common south. — 8S. ligustri. Not uncommon in the south-west. Deilephila galii, Has been taken at Breadsall by Rev. H. A. Stowell. Cherocampa celerio. Mr. Hooke informs me he took a specimen of this rare insect in the daytime, at rest, on the shutter of a shop near the Midland railway-station at Eckington. —— C. porcellus. Recorded by Rev. G. A. Smallwood.——C. elpenor. Commonest in the larval state. The imago has been taken by Rev. G. A. Smallwood and Mr. Hill. Smerinthus ocellatus. Fairly common south. Mr. Hooke records two from the Staveley district. -— S. populi. Common everywhere. Macroglossa stellatarum. Common south. Recorded from Middleton Dale by Miss E. M. Alderson, Bakewell by Rev. R. H. Fuller, and Staveley by Mr. Hooke. Trochilium apiformis, Clerck,=crabroniformis, Schiff. Findern. Reported from Bakewell by Rev. R. H. Fuller. -- 7. crabroniformis, Lewin, = bembecifurmis, Hb. Common south. Sesia sphegiformis. Repton Shrubs (EK. Brown and J. T. Harris). —— S. tipuliformis. Common south. — S. asiliformis, Rott.,=cynipi- formis, Esp. Repton Shrubs (W. Garneys).—- S. culiciformis. Seal Wood and Repton Shrubs. Ino statices. Common. — I. geryon. Monsal Dale (Rev. C. F. Thornewill and Rev. R. H. Fuller). Middleton Dale (Miss EH. M. Alderson). Zygena lonicere. Repton Shrubs. —- Z. filipendule. Common, Hylophila prasinana. Common in south-west. Nola cucullatella. Common south.—.\. confusalis, H.-S.,=cristu- lalis, Dup. Repton Shrubs. Nudaria mundana. Fairly common as far north as Bakewell. Lithosia lurideola, Zinck.,=complanula, Bdy. Common south. Gnophria quadra. One specimen was taken at Little Haton many years ago, by Mr. J. Katon. Deiopeia pulchella. Said to have once occurred at Repton (Entom. xvil. 141). EKuchelia jacobee. Recorded once (Rev. Fuller). Nemeophila plantaginis. Common in the central portions of the county. Arctia caia. Common. Spilosoma fuliginosa. Common everywhere. — 9. mendica. Once in 52 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Middleton Dale (Rev. C. F. Thornewill). -— S. lubricipeda. Common. —S. menthastvi. Common. Hepialus humuli. Common. — H. sylvanus. Fairly common south, rarer north. —- H. velleda. Common. — H. lupulinus. Common everywhere. —- H. hectus. Common. Cossus ligniperda. Common. Zeuzera pyrina, L., esculi, LL. Frequent south. Porthesia similis, Fues.,=auriflua, Fb. Common south. Leucoma salicis. Findern. Dasychira pudibunda. Findern (Rev. G. A. Smallwood). Orgyia antiqua. Common everywhere in the county. Trichiura crategi. Not common. Willington. Pecilocampa populi. Repton. Eriogaster lanestris. Willington and Chellaston. Bombya rubi. Dovedale (KE. Brown). Plentiful in Dovedale (J. T. Harris). Reported from the moors (Rev. R. H. Fuller). —— B. quercus. Fairly common. Chellaston and Little Eaton. Odonestis potatoria. Common. Saturnia pavonia, L.,=carpini, Schiff. Recorded by Mr. Hill. Drepana lacertinaria, Li.,=lacertula, Schiff. Recorded by Rev. G. A. Smallwood. — D. falcataria, L.,=faleula, Schiff. Seal Wood. Cilia glaucata, Scop.,=spinula, Schiff. Common throughout the county. Dicranura bicuspis. Rare. LEgginton (EH. Brown). —- D. furcula. Repton and Barrow. —— D. bifida. Fairly common in south-west. —- D. vinula. Common south; unrecorded from Bakewell district but common about Staveley. Pterostoma palpina. Seal Wood, Barrow, and Repton Shrubs. Lophopteryx camelina. Common. Notodonta dictea. Common everywhere. — NV. dictevides. Derby and Breadsall. —- N. dromedarius. Derby and Repton Shrubs. —- NV. ziczac. Seal Wood, Repton, Derby, and Barrow. — N. chaonia. Repton Shrubs (G. Baker). -——- N. dodonea. Seal Wood (EH. Brown). Repton Shrubs (G. Baker). Phalera bucephala. Common in the south. Thyatira derasa. Fairly common south.-——7’. batis. Fairly fre- quent everywhere. Asphalia diluta. Ingleby. —- A. flavicornis. Moderately common everywhere. (To be continued.) NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Jumping Beans anp Jumping Eees.——There is a remarkable analogy between the ‘Jumping Beans’’ which have suddenly sprung into notoriety, and the ‘‘ Jumping Eggs’”’ of Table Mountain, Cape Town. The latter curiously-animated objects are the production of an insect, and the saltatory action is similarly produced by the activity of tle en- closed embryo. These eggs are perfectly oval, white, and about the size of a small sugar-plum, or the printed o’s in ‘‘Our Notebook,” NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 53 which heads the first column of ‘South Africa.’ The shell, or case, though only membranous, is hard enough to rattle when confined in some small box. Some of the eggs given to me in Cape Town had been procured the previous day by a young gentleman, who assured me that they kept up such a racket in a match-box in which he had placed them, that they disturbed his rest, and he got up in the night to remove them to a drawer at the farthest end of his room. It was the strangest sight to watch these tiny eggs rolling and springing or standing on end, and leaping like pith-balls on an electrifying machine. Almost a foot they sometimes jumped, either in height or in distance, and by chance beyond the edge of the table, when they fell to the floor, keeping me busy in picking them up again. It was mail day, and I was deep in my weekly despatches; so at last I allowed one of them to remain on the carpet and jump ad libitum, while I consigned the others to their box and resumed my pen. Very soon, however, on glancing down, the miniature egglet--my new and precious curiosity—was not to be seen. At once, yet with the utmost caution, I was on hands and knees searching the carpet long and patiently ; and it must have been nearly an hour before I discovered the wandering mite at the farther end of the room. But alas for my despatches, it was then too late to mail them. Fancy having one’s entire morning consumed, and busi- ness frustrated, by the irrepressible egg of an insect! These eggs are ignorantly supposed to be seeds “ growing’’ on a bush. On a bush it is true they are found, and not infrequently, but enclosed in a sort of tumour, like the oak-gall. The parent insect deposits a single egg in a leaf, where as it grows it produces the swelling. It is only when detached from the bush that the embryo becomes excited and keeps up a perpetual motion, as if it were bewitched. The first I saw were exhibited at one of the meetings of the South African Philosophical Society, by Roland Trimen, Esq., F.L.8., F.E.S., and the author of that splendid work on the ‘South African Butterflies.’ Mr. Trimen had carefully studied the eggs for several years in succession, but had never succeeded in hatching them. The branches wither and die before the eggs are hatched. But he has examined the larva, which he considers more nearly resembles that of a coleopterous insect than any other. It must be a very large beetle to produce such an egg. The ‘‘ jumping,” he thinks, is produced by an action similar to that of the cheese-maggot, which, by the peculiar flip or catch of head and tail, launches itself a distance of many inches. The shrub on which these very remarkable eggs are deposited is the Taai bush—tough bush, from its unbreakable stems. Mr. Trimen signified his intention of having an entire Taai bush dug up and planted in the Museum Garden, that he might watch the hatching of those provoking little eggs. He does not intend that science is to be baffled by a beetle. When I learn the result of his investigations I shall hope to report it in ‘South Africa.’--Caruerine C. Horptey; 42, Haggard Road, Twick- enham. [The above was originally published as a letter to the Editor in ‘South Africa,’ Dec. 1st, 1894. Weare sure that many of our readers would be interested to learn the result of Mr. Trimen’s investigations, and hope that Miss Hopley will favour us with any further particulars she may obtain.--Hp. Enrom. | 54 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Insects AND THE Frrtitisation or Mepicaco.—-In a paper entitled “On the Fertilisation of some species of Medicago, L., in England ” (‘ Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society,’ vol. viii. pt. iii.) Mr. I. H. Burkill discusses tlie action of certain insects on the explosive mechanism of the Medicago flower and their influence in the work of fertilisation. Lists are given of the various species of insects observed to visit the flowers, and a comparison is made between these and the lists given by Miller, the conclusion drawn therefrom being that ‘it appears not unlikely, as might be expected, that flies take in England the place which other more specialised insects occupy in Germany.” Tue Conp Autumn or 1894 anp irs Errects oN CERTAIN SPECIES or THE Genus Vanessa.—-Of JV. urtice I picked about fifty larva, nearly full-grown, off nettles, on Aug. 29th, near Chester, a second brood, no doubt. From Oct. 2nd to 19th twenty-five imagines emerged from the chrysalids; the remainder, with the exception of one, died from the effects of the cold weather. The sombre but interesting pattern on the under side of the wings was a little brighter in some specimens, but all were rather small and dark on the whole; otherwise there was no variation of importance. The survivor emerged on Noy. 4th. The species was fairly common throughout the summer. Of V. to I saw about two dozen larve, more than half- grown, on Sept. 1st, on nettles, near Chester. On my next visit they had disappeared, except a few shrivelled and dead examples. I saw no imagines throughout the season. JV. atalanta larve and pupe were abundant on nettles near Chester on Sept. Ist. The pupe# had two, sometimes three, leaves drawn together in the form of a hollow ball, a pupa in each, suspended from the top. None observed in any other position upon the nettles, and one only on the wooden railings close to the nettles. Many of the caterpillars were black, with pale yellowish crescentic marks on each side. I took about a hundred larve and pup. Some of the larve had hung themselves up in preparation for the chrysalis state. First emergence on Sept. 30th ; the rest began to die off on Oct. 19th; like V. urtice they were only able to partially escape from the chrysalis, or get clear as cripples. On Oct.19th I bred forty perfect specimens, all told, chiefly by bringing the survivors indoors. My object in breeding V. atalanta was to try and get examples of a form which has been seen in this district, in which the bands are orange-red or pale dull red, instead of the usual scarlet. I only partially succeeded in three specimens, which have pale marginal bands on the lower wings. In one of these the upper outer portions of each right wing are dusted with metallic blue scales. Another has a small black spot in the lower portion of the scarlet band of upper left wing. Only one of the forty specimens had the small white spot which sometimes occurs, irrespective of sex, in a similar position on the scarlet band of each upper wing. Another varietal form I bred has a pale blotch extending across the band in the region of the white spot. It was, however, the under sides that chiefly showed variation. Some are very pale, while others verge on black- ness. There is, in some cases, a white blotch or spot on the angular part of the red band. Parenthetically, I wonder how many entomo- NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 55 logists have noticed in frequent specimens the figure 3 near the apex of the left wing! On the right wing it becomes a capital HE. My experience may be of use in accounting for scarcity of Vanessids last autumn in this and other districts. Individuals fortunate enough to leave the chrysalis would probably seek hybernating quarters at once if they could. It will be interesting to observe their. progeny next season from a numerical point of view. In spite of their protection in the larva and pupa state, many of the V. atalanta were ichneumoned. The first species of ichneumon, because most abundant, was a midge- like parasite; the second, of which I only discovered one specimen, was a veritable sawfly, the size of a wasp and black, legs black and russet, and with a long lance at the extremity protected by the usual V-shaped sheath._-J. ArKLE; Chester. CHRosIS BIFASCIANA = AUDOUINANA.—This pretty species seems to be of rare occurrence of late years, at any rate I could only muster three specimens in thirty years, until Burney’s sale in January last, when I purchased about thirty-eight specimens, part in the collection and others in duplicate boxes. All of them had evidently been taken at the beginning of the ‘‘ gilt pin” era, some thirty years ago; the pins were tarnished, and most of the specimens were a little greasy and “‘verdigrised’’ about the head and body. Does any one know what the larva feeds on? Stainton says, ‘‘amongst oaks.’’--J. B. Hopexrnson ; Ashton-on-Ribble, December, 1894. [This species is said to be not uncommon at Chattenden in Kent.——Kp.] Crparia RETICULATA.—This pretty and very local species, which only occurs in the Lake District near Windermere, seems, as far as we can judge, to be on the quick road to extermination. The larva feeds on the seed-pods of the wild balsam (Impatiens noli-me-tangere). The little Tortrix larva, Penthina postremana, also depends for its existence on the stems of this plant. The balsam grows in abundance, but the first-named insect seems to be exceedingly local. I have only known of three places where I could find any larve, and two of them have some time since been destroyed. The third and last place, where the plant was in luxuriant abundance last year, is now practically a barren wilderness. My wife and I paid a visit to the spot on Oct. 1st, but we found to our disappointment nearly all the plants swept away. In order to make clear what seems to me the probable solution of this state of things I must narrate a fact. A certain insect-hunter in the north of England told some collectors that, before any of them should go and look for reticulata, he would pull up every plant. He seems indeed to have fulfilled his wanton threat, for my informant, after spending three days in careful search, found only two larve on a small plant which had escaped the hand of the destroyer. I wrote to Mr. Moss, of Windermere, who discovered the species independently two years ago. He tells me that he was unable to visit the place this year during the reticulata season, as he was staying away in the north of Scotland, and that he is quite at a loss to account for this sad destruce- tion by any natural means. He writes thus:—“ It is indeed lamentable if this beautiful moth is to become extinct, and every possible effort ought to be made to obviate such a catastrophe. Not much seems 56 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. possible, but it is the duty of all alike to do their best to discourage any individual who would not scruple to ruthlessly destroy the food- plant of a local species for the advancement of his own interest. Such a one is not worthy of the name of entomologist.” Let us sincerely hope that it is not too late, and that our worst fears may not be realised.--J. B. Hopexinson. Foop-puant oF Bompyx triroui.——With regard to the food-plant of Bombyx trifulii in this district, which at present appears to be its chief habitat, its larva feeds almost exclusively on Anthyllis vulneraria, the kidney-vetch; but it will also eat Lotus corniculatus in confinement. Hawthorn and sallow I have found very poor substitutes, as they do not seem to afford sufficient nutriment to enable the larve to pupate successfully. They like to spin up, just beneath the surface of the sand, and must be kept shghtly damp. As noticed by Messrs. Turner and Prideaux (Hntom. xxvil. 316; xxvill. 16), the effects of removing them, or leaving them alone, seem almost equally disastrous under certain conditions. I usually obviate this by slicing the end off the cocoon with a sharp knife; great care, however, must be exercised, to avoid injuring the pupa, which is extremely delicate. Both larva and cocoon possess very strong urticating properties, and I know of no species more easily taken in numbers by ‘‘assembling.’’—H. Bickerton Jones; 180, Lodge Lane, Liverpool. Woop Napurga as A Rexaxine Mepium.—As the old-fashioned but still useful laurel-jar and damp-sand methods of relaxing insects have, to a certain extent, given way to the relaxing-tin——-with its perforated zinc-bottomed trays lined with thick flannel moistened with water containing a little carbolic acid (Entom. xxv. 119)—so possibly may this latter some day be superseded by a new and better arrange- ment. Indeed, something in this direction is already before the public. Dr. Knaggs, in the ‘ Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine,’ has introduced a process of softening the wings of Lepidoptera, communicated to him by Mr. Clark of Hackney. All that seems to be necessary is to damp the bases of the wings on the under side with wood naphtha (pyroxylic spirit), when, after the spirit has been allowed time——say three or four minutes—to soak into the joints, the wings should be pliable enough to permit of spreading on the setting-board. If, however, they should still be refractory, a further application of naphtha will complete the business. Resetting must be commenced directly the wings begin to soften ; and if it is required to alter the position of the antenne, these may be treated separately and after the wings are fixed. In his account of the modus operandi, Dr. Knaggs evidently refers to the treatment of a specimen which had been set. Perhaps in the case of unset or ‘“‘papered”’ butterflies it would be permissible to dip the specimens in the naphtha instead of applying the spirit by means of a camel-hair brush; but even if this could be done, and without injury to the insects, the process hardly seems to offer any substantial advantage over the relaxing-tin in dealing with a number of speci- mens. If, however, we have only a few examples to treat, wood naphtha as a relaxing medium would appear to be handy and useful. ——Ricuarp Sours, Car) CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. VARIATION OF VANESSA URTICH IN Co. WATERFORD, IRELAND.—I bred several specimens of V. urtice this year, intermediate between var. con- nexa, Butl., and the type. Is this variety rare? And has it been previously noticed in Ireland? TI also bred some dwarf examples of the type from half-starved larvee, one of which measures only 1 in. 3 lin. across the expanded wings. I may remark here that the larvee of V. wrtice@ were ex- tremely abundant throughout the season in this localitv, and possibly more of this varietv could have been bred.—L. H. BonapartE-WysE; Manor of St. John’s, Waterford, Dec. 30th, 1894. NoTtE on VANESSA C-ALBUM. — Hvbernated specimens of V. c-album were verv common near Newport in Marchand April, 1894.—On June 17th T found four small larvee feeding on red-currant at Greete, near Tenbury, Shropshire. The first butterfly, which emerged on July 7th, was a female, with pale fulvous under side; and this is the only specimen of the pale varietv I have seen this year. On July 14th a male and a female, and on the 20th another female, emerged; these, as well as specimens caught on the wing up to August 6th, had dark under sides. There was nothing par- ticularly noticeable about the autumnal brood, the first specimen of which I saw on September 1st.—W. Epnry Cox ; Newport, Mon. CH@ROCAMPA CELERIO IN LANCASHTRE.—I have to report the capture of Cherocampa celerio, in fair condition, on Nov. 4th, 1894, at Lancaster, by Mr. John Ralph, a member of the Lancaster Entom. and Nat. Hist. Society, in whose possession the insect is. The insect was captured in a greenhouse at Bath Mill Gardens, and Mr. Ralph had the good fortune to secure one, but verv much worn, some twentv years ago, in this locality. —Ep. Wittan ; 92, Penny Street, Lancaster, Dec. 20th, 1894. DraconFuirs In Surrey.—In the December number of the ‘ Entomo- logist ’ (xxvii. 349) is a very interesting note by Mr. W. J. Lucas of the fifteen species of dragonflies observed by him at the Black Pond, Esher, Surrey. Of these fifteen species three, viz., A’schna mixta, Agrion tenellum, and A. pulchellum. I have hitherto failed to notice at my favourite hunting- ground, the Hut Pond, Wisley, which is only a few miles distant from the Black Pond and in a very similar locality ; but probably the last-mentioned species (pulchellum) I have overlooked, as I found one which I could not otherwise account for, among some A. puella from that pond. Of those species, neither included in my list (EK. M. M. vol. xxix. pp. 9 and 141) of the twenty species found at the Hut Pond, nor in Mr. Lucas’s record, one, viz., C. virgo, I found in abundance at Newark Abbey, Ripley, some two and a half miles from the Hut Pond; so that from this small district of Surrey, not eight miles from point to point, we have now recorded twenty- four species out of our thirty-nine. Can any other district show so rich a record? Of the fifteen other species, six, viz., L. fulva, O. cerulescens, S. sanguineum, S. flaveolum, C. annulatus, and L. nympha, may possibly yet occur in the district ; while three, viz, C. metallica, C. arctica, and A. borealis, are only to be taken, so far as Great Britain is concerned, in the Highlands; three others, viz., C. curtisit, I. pumilio, and E. mercuriale, are apparently confined to the New Forest, though the last-mentioned has been said to occur both in Cornwall and Scotland, but not recorded ; while of the remaining species, one, 44. rufescens, is confined to the Fens ; and two, G. ENTOM.—FEB,. 1895. F 58 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. vulgatissimus and L. dubia, are hardly likely to occur in this district.— C. A. Brtacs; Surrey House, Leatherhead, Dec. 17th, 1894. THE Season 1n Norta MipDLESEx.—Compared with my list of obser- vations previously published in this magazine (Entom. xxvii. 146), the record of 1894 is meagre indeed. The magnificent weather in March, closely resembling that of the year preceding, gave promise of a brilliant entomological season; but the miserably cold spell we experienced in May and June, followed by rain in August and fogs in September, effectually disappointed all hope, and species which occurred in some abundance in this district in 1893 have been conspicuous by their absence. I have again to thank Mr. George Wall for a carefully compiled list of his captures at Grim’s Dyke. Among them Asphalia flavicornis, of those noted by me as new * to the catalogue of Middlesex Lepidoptera collated by Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell (Entom. xxiv. xxv. xxvi.), turns up again, and Hupithecia pul- chellata with Hypenodes costestrigalis and Scoparia ambiqualis (quoted somewhat ambiguously, Kntom. xxvi. 102) appear to be novelties, so far as the county is concerned. On March 21st Gonopteryx rhamni was out, and two days later V. urtice, in very perfect condition, flitted over the sallow bushes on Harrow Weald Common; while I was informed that P. rape was flying at Eastcote on March 25th. On April 29th Cenonympha pam- philus, Syrichthus malve (swarming in some places), and Thanaos tages were common, with (May 7th) Polyommatus phleas. On May 18th I encoun- tered a single perfect female specimen of Pararge megzara, the first of its kind that I have netted here for the last fifteen years. ‘Ihe same day I saw Euchloé cardamines aud Lycena icarus, the former very scarce, and then came the bad weather. Hesperia sylvanus, on the L. & N.W. Railway bank, was fairly numerous; other butterflies practically disappeared till September, V. atalanta (last seen Oct. 18th) was rather more abundant than usual; “the whites” notably rare. In the following list of the Heterocera I have only enumerated, with a few exceptions, those species which were not included in my last year’s list. Rhopalocera (19 species) : Pieris brassicae, P. napi, P. rape, Euchloé cardamines, Gonopteryx rhamni, Argynnis euphrosyne (noted in error last year as selene), Vanessa urtica, V. io, V. atalanta, V. cardui, Pararge megera, E’pinephele ianira, E. tithonus, Cenonympha pamphilus, Polyommatus phlwas (May 7th to mid-October), Lycana tcarus, Syrichthus malve, Thanaos tages, Hesperia sylvanus. The occurrence of A. paphia on Stanmore Common, noted by Mr. Rhoades Smith (Entom. xxvii. 272), is welcome as supporting my belief that in 1893 I caught a glimpse of the same species hard by; and I think it may be in- teresting to those who work in Middlesex to know that reports have reached me of Lycena corydon and Colias hyale being taken also in 1898, close to the same locality, though at present I have had no opportunity of assuring myself that the specimens are properly identified. | Heterocera—inter alia: Smerinthus populi, Macroglossa stellatarum, Arctia caia, Spilosoma fuliginosa (May 1éth), Hepialus hectus, Cossus ligniperda (one at sugar, July 9th), Cilix glaucata (April 29th), Notodonta dicteoides (two, April 25th, on tree trunks), Asphalia flavicornis, Leucania lithargyria, Hydrecia micacea, Miana fasciuncula, Caradrina alsines, Tryphena comes, Pachnobia rubricosa, Culymnia diffinis, Aplecta nebulosa, Hadena dentina, Zanclo- gnatha grisealis, Pechypogon barbalis, *Hypenodes costestrigalis (July 6th), Phigalia pedaria, Nyssia hispidaria (one female, Feb. 24th), Acidalia-dimi- diata, A. virgularia, Anisopterya ascularia, *Hupithecia pulchellata (July CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 59 drd), H. nanata, EF. abbreviata, Anticlea badiata, Eucosmia undulata, Cidaria fulvata, C. dotata, Scoparia ambigualis, Scopula prunalis, Ebulea sambucalis, Pionea forficalis, Cataclysta lenmata, Paraponyx stratiotata, Pterophorus monodactylus, Aciptalia pentadactyla, Alucita hexadactyla (Aug. 80th), Crambus pratellus, C. culmellus, C. hortuellus, Hphestia kiihniella. The above are nearly all from Mr. Wall’s list. I have included several very common species only because they do not appear in my former notes. Cheimatobia brumata is unpleasantly in evidence, the water at Grim’s Dyke being literally strewn with the bodies of the males at the time of writing, while in the spring this veritable pest remained with us, the males as late as Feb. 16th, the females Feb. 2nd. Of the absentees—and they are many—Brephos parthenias, Tephrosia biundularia, and Cidaria populata, are the most to be regretted, as their claim to the Middlesex records appears to rest solely on our observations of single specimens in 1893. —H. Rowtanp-Brown ; Oxhey Grove, Harrow Weald, Dec. 16th, 1894. Nores rrom Patanton, S. Devon.—A friend and I collect occasion- ally, mostly as a pleasurable recreation and healthy exercise, in this locality, which, however, is not a very good one, and has been less productive than ever during the past season—a season of rain. Our chief hunting-ground is a small wood and adjoining orchard, situated near the sea. Sallows, in the spring, were only productive on one night, as the bushes are in a very wind-swept situation, and, during the whole period they were in blossom, a bitter north-east wind prevailed, which, with frost, sometimes completely spoiled sport, with the exception mentioned. On that night, from among the multitude of common insects present, we took examples of T@niocampa munda, T. rubricosa, Xylocampa lithorhiza, &e., and one each of Oporina eroceago and Dasycampa rubiginea, not, however, in the very best condition. Lycana argiolus was abundant in my garden early in the season, and appeared again in August. A moth-trap, also in my garden, produced many common species, including some large Odontopera bidentata ; also Pericallia syringaria, Numeria pulveraria (both uncommon here), Rusina tenebrosa, Grammesia trilinea, Heliophobus hispidus, Noctua festiva, and others. Sugaring has been very variable, the nights apparently most suit- able sometimes being blanks, and the result on the whole not nearly so good as last year. Early in the season Grammesia trilinea came in any number; in fact, hardly any other species was to be seen. ‘This is remark- able, as in previous years we have never seen this insect here. Later on, Agrotis puta and Cosmia affinis were plentiful. Calligenia miniata, several by beating, also on the wing at dusk and on the sugar. Corycia taminata scarce this year, though it always occurs in the wood; the same applies to C. temerata. Fidonia piniaria, Venilia maculata, and Angerona prunaria, plentiful on the wing at dusk. Heliophobus hispidus came freely to the sugaring lamp on the higher ground. Gonophora derasa we found this year at sugar, though it is not a common species here. Thyatira batis we have not seen for two years; before then it used to be fairly abundant. Acronycta ligustri was very scarce ; we saw one on sugar, but it got lost in the grass. Subsequently I caught another at in-door light, but it was damaged. Liparis monacha round sugaring lamp, and off street lamp coming home, where we also took Ennomos fuscantaria, Hydrecia micacea, and Himera pennaria on Nov. 17th—the same species, too, in moth-trap. On the 27th Sept., a cold night, with strong easterly wind (altogether ‘unlikely ” conditions), we tried sugar, and took several Polia flavicincta 60 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. (particularly off thistles), Agrotis saucia and A. suffusa, and one Epunda nigra. Phlogophora meticulosa was so numerous on this occasion as to be a regular nuisance. Hoping to meet with EH. nigra again, we tried next night, but never took a single specimen of any kind. However, the second week in October being remarkably fine, we determined to try again, and had no cause to regret it. ‘The experiment proved a record night; all the common ivy frequenters swarmed at the patches—WMiselia oxyacanthe, Anchocelis pistacina, A. rufina, Xanthia ferruginea, P. meticulosa, A. segetum, Scopelosoma satellitia, Orthosia macilenta, OU. lota, and others, Epunda nigra was most abundant, and we took nearly forty specimens ot it that night in two short rounds. Ivy blossom has been almost a failure, owing, I suppose, to a fearfully wet autumn. Cidaria psittacata here aud there, but not numerous. I have taken the pups of this species at the roots of oaks on this coast. We obtained one pretty insect, of a delicate cream-colour, which I have subsequently been told is 4. pistucina. Plenty more . nigra could have been captured at ivy, but only in that district near the wood ; in no other part of the surrounding couutry did we see it. A month’s almost continual rain then prevented further collecting. Last year Hphyra orbicularia occurred in some numbers at Tiverton (Devon). This year my friend has received, from a friend in that town, both Macaria alternata and Eurymene dolobraria ; it is a much better locality than this. The extraordinary abundance of Amphipyra pyramidea last year, and its comparative scarcity in former years, is noteworthy. Triphena tanthina has hardly been seen here this season, though generally very common indeed. I caught a pretty Rumia crategata, with a broad brown band along the costal margin instead of the ordinary spots. It may be mentioned that the blooms of Aralia sieboldii are as attractive as ivy.—C. M. Mayor; Paignton, Devon, Nov. 1894. CoLLEcTING IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE.—The following is a list of Lepido- ptera which I have taken in this neighbourhood during 1894. ‘I'he season has been very disappointing, and seems to have ended little or no better than it began. On the 16th of March, a warm sunny day, I saw a lovely Grapta c-album, but failed to catch it, as I had not my net with me. A very fine specimen of Amphidasys prodromaria was found at rest on a beech- trunk in the woods ; evidently it had just emerged from pupa about a couple of hours before. Tephrosia crepuscularia and J’. consonaria were both common on the tree-trunks, and H'pione advenaria, Venilia maculata, and Drepana unguicula were roused up out of the bramble in the same woods. In 1893 I took thirty-five Demas coryli in one day, at rest, and in less than a fortuight over fifty ; this last year uot one was taken, though the woods were thoroughly searched by several people day after day. Amongst other things Argynnis euphrosyne, Uhecla rubi, Polyommatus adonis, P. argiolus, Thymele tages, Phytometra anea, Eupithecia abbreviata, and- E. coronata were taken abundantly. Melitea artemis, Arge galatea, Sesia bomby- liformis, Anthrocera trifolii (one perfectly red variety), Procris statices, Drepana hamula, Emmelesia albulata, and Botys fuscalis, were all takeu 1u a low watery meadow in the daytime. A day’s excursion to the Forest of Dean in May only produced Polyommatus argiolus, Argynnis cuphrosyne, Melanippe tristata, Corycia punctata, a peculiarly dark vanety of Hubulia plumbaria, and a few other commoner things, including a number of larve from oak. Of Procris geryon, usually so plentiful here, a single specimen was found after a long search on the hill-side. Asthena blomeri continued CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 61 in good condition in the beech woods, from the beginning of June to end of July; and Abraxas ulmata swarmed by hundreds in the same place. Sugar produced practically nothing the whole summer through except Grammesia trilinea, which has not occurred here before. A few Minoa euphorbiata were knocked up out of the undergrowth in the woods. Polyommatus adonis was taken on May 16th, on the hills, and Nemeophila plantaginis was flying briskly in the sunshine over the rough ground. Several Towocampa pastinum were attracted by a light held opposite a quarry, and others were netted flying in the long grass in company with Rusina tenebrosa, Phihal- apteryx tersata, P. vitalbata, and Cidaria pyraliata. On July 27th I un- expectedly roused two Boarmia abictaria irom the firs; they were rather worn, and easily caught. At Oakley Wood, Cirencester, on Aug. 7th, a perfect Geometra papilionaria was captured by accidentally thrusting the net into some nut bushes, where it must have been hanging to the leaves. Some rather worn Argynnis paphia and A. adippe were netted, and Drepana unguicula, Strenia clathrata, and Asthena blomert were beaten from the bushes. At light, for which I simply have a very strong lamp at a window overlooking the garden to serve as a moth-trap, very few things were taken until August, when Heliophobus popularis and Luperina testacea came in hundreds for about a fortnight, and a few L. cespitis were intermixed with them. Cilix spinula, Ennomos canaria, EL. angularia, Crocallis elinguaria, Phibalapteryx vitalbata, Anchocelis lunosa, and others were also taken. In November a tew Petasia cassinea were attracted, and later ou, Paectlocampa popult; but after taking five of the latter one warm night, no more were even seen. Ivy bloom has not been at all productive here. Last year almost every head had some welcome visitor. ‘l'his autumn nothing turned up of note; indeed, one Xanthia gilvago aud two or three Cerastis spadicea were the only insects taken.—C. J. Nasa; Standish Vicarage, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire. Insects at Ligut purine 1894.—Bearing in mind the popularity with which my previous record of “Insects at Light” was fortunate euough to meet, 1 have again drawn up a list of the season’s captures by that method, and am pleased to find the number of Lepidoptera exceeds that of last year by, roughly, fifty or sixty species, which appears as though this were not so inferior a season for entomologists as the majority of correspondents would have us believe; some of these, however, are Micros. As before, I will give two lists, that the respective merits and demerits of lamps aud electric light may be fully appreciated, bearing in mind, however, that the latter is situated in the centre of the town, and the other light records are chiefly street-lamps in the outlying districts, though some are at indoor light, and others at lamps in woods. Ipswich is situated on the banks of the Orwell, and so low in a valley, with hills on every side, excepting where the river winds through water-meadows to Stowmarket, that the electric light may be seen on a dark night from these hills, often two, and, sometimes, a white glare in the sky three miles out. How far it is capable of exercising its fatal attraction, of course, I do not know, but, from the almost invariably bad condition of the moths when they do at last reach the light, I think a considerable distance. At electric light I have personally seen or taken the following species this year :—Sphina ligustri, Smerinthus populi, Lithosia lurideola, Arctia caia, Spilosoma lubricipeda, S. menthastri, Porthesia similis, Bombyx neustria, Rumia luteolata, Epione apiciaria, Selenia bilunaria aud var. juliaria, Odontopera bidentata, Cro- 62 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. callis elinguaria, Ennomos alniaria, E. fuscantaria, Himera pennaria, Nyssia hispidaria, Biston hirtaria, Amphidasys strataria, A. betularia and var. doubledayaria, Hemerophila abruptaria, Boarmia gemmaria, Pseudopterpna pruinata, Ephyra annulata, Acidalia aversata, Timandra amataria, Halia vauaria, Strenia clathrata, Abraxas grossulariata, Ligdia adustata, Hybernia marginaria, H. aurantiaria, Anisopterya escularia, Cheimatobia brumata, Euptithecia oblongata, E. vulgata, E. ab- sinthiata, HE. rectangulata, Hypsipetes sordidata, Melanippe luctuata, Coremia ferrugata, C. unidentaria, Phibalapteryx tersata, Cidaria immanata, C. associata, Pelurga comitata, Drepana falcataria, D. binaria (seen), Cilia glaucata, Dicranura bifida, D. vinula, Phalera bucephala, Pygera curtula, Lophopteryx camelina, Notodonta dictaa, N. ziczac, N. chaonia (one specimen on April 11th and another about May 20th), Bryophila perla, Acronycta psi, A. megacephala, A. rumicis, Hydrecia nictitans, H. micacea, Aaylia putris, Xylophasia monoglypha, Chareas graminis (two females), Luperina testacea, Mamestra sordida, M. brassica, M. persicarie (which swarmed), Apamea basilinea, Miana strigilis, Grammesia_ trigrammica, Caradrina morpheus, C. alsines, C. quadripunctata, Rusina tenebrosa (seen), Agrotis puta, A. segetum, A. eaclamationis, A. corticea, A. nigricans, A. tritici, A. aquilina, Triphena tanthina, T. comes, Noctua augur, N. plecta, N. e-nigrum (not nearly so-abundant as last year, though still common), N. brunnea, N. festiva, N. rubi (both first and second broods), N. umbrosa, Teniocampa gothica, T. incerta, T. stabilis, T. pulverulenta, Pachnobia rubricosa, Anchocelis lunosa, A. litura, Cirrhedia xerampelina (one specimen on Sept. 19th), Dianthacia capsincola, Polia flavicincta (seen), Phlogophora meticulosa, Euplexia lucipara, Hadena trifolit (abundant), Hl. oleracea, H. pisi, Plusia chrysitis, P. gamma, Catocala nupta, Hypena rostralis, Pyralis costalis (in 1893), P. farinalis, P. glauct- nalis (commonly), Cataclysta lemnata, Paraponys stratiotalis (commonly), Botys ruralis, B. urticata, Pionea forficalis, Hndotricha flammealis, Phibalocera quercana, Gidematophorus lithodactylus, Pterophorus monodac- tylus, Alucita hexadactyla. Several other orders of insects also show a great penchant for the luminary, as the following notes at electric light illus- trate. Coleoptera :—Pterostichus madidus, Harpalus proteus, H. picipennis (several of each); Colymbetes fuscus, Agabus striolatus, Dytiscus marginalis (female, one), Coccinella bipunctata, Aphodius rufipes, Melolontha vulgaris, Rhizotrogus solstitialis, Serica brunnea. Hymenoptera:—Lasius niger, Ophion luteum, O. obscurum (fairly commonly), together with a few Athalia rose. Orthoptera was represented by Peripianeta orientalis, and Neuroptera by (probably) several species of the Hemerobiide. From lamps, both gas and oil, I took Nola cucullatella (six in half-an-hour), Lithosia lurideola, Spilosoma lubricipeda, S. menthastri, Porthesia similis, Pectlocampa popult (Nov. 5th), Rumia luteolata, Selenia bilunaria, Odontopera bidentata, Crocallis elin- guaria, Ennomos alniaria, Himera pennaria, Hemerophila abruptaria, Boarmia gemmaria, Acidalia virgularia, A. aversata, Timandra amataria, Halia vawaria, Strenia clathrata, Abraxas grossulariata, Lomaspilis margi- nata, Hybernia rupicapraria, H. aurantiaria (Nov. 6th), H. marginaria, Hi. defoliaria, Anisopteryx escularia, Cheimatobia brumata, Oporabia dilutata, Emmelesia affinitata, Eupithecia oblongata, E. succenturiata, E. subfulvata, E. pimpinellata(?), H. vulgata, EL. absinthiata, E. sobrinata\?), HE. rectangulata, Melanippe sociata, M. fluctuata, Coremia ferrugata, C. unidentaria, Triphosa dubitata (hybernated), Cidaria miata, C. truncata, C. suffumata, C. associata, SOCIETIES. 63 Eubolia cervinaria, Anaitis plagiata, Chesias spartiata, Cilix glaucata, Dicranura bifida, Phalera bucephala, Diloba c@ruleocephala, Bryophila perla, Leucania pallens, Hydrecia nictitans, H. micacea, Xylophasia mono- glypha, Luperina testacea, L. cespitis (seen), Mamestra brassice, Caradrina morpheus, C. alsines, C. guadripunctata, Rusina tenebrosa (commonly in woods), Agrotis puta, A. segetum, A. exclamationis, Triphena comes, Noctua e-nigrum, N. festiva, N. rubi, Teniocampa gothica, T. incerta, T. gracilis, T. munda, T. pulverulenta, Orthosia lota, Anchocelis pistacina, A. lunosa, A. litura, Scopelosoma satellitia, Xanthia fulvago, Hadena trifolii, H. oleracea, H. pisi, Xylocampa areola, Plusia gamma, Amphipyra tragopogonis, Mania typica, M. maura (? at light), Catocala nupta, Herminia tarsipennalis, Pyralis glaucinalis, Herbula cespitalis, Pionea forficalis, Crambus perlellus, C. tristellus, Aphomia sociella, Tortria heparana, T. corylana, Pterophorus monodactylus, Letoptilus microdactylus (?), Alucita heaadactyla. Cole- optera :—Broscus cephalotes (? at light), Calathus cisteloides, Harpalus rufi- cornis, H. proteus, Coccinella bipunctata, Aphodius rufipes, Serica brunnea. Hymenoptera :—Many dead Vespa vulgaris,—which had probably entered the lamps in order to prey upon the scorched insects already there, and had consequently not been attracted by light,—and several Ophion obscurum. Various Hemerobiide and Trichoptera turned up. Among the débris of thousands of Chironomide and Calliphore I noted Syrphus ribesit, Eristalis pertinax, and several Homalomyia scalaris in the autumn. Other records are:—One Eurymene dolobraria, which I have never seen about here, was taken at electric light. About a dozen Smerinthus ocellatus were taken at ditto in the beginning of June. ‘Two nice specimens of Pericallia syringaria were secured at light, whilst sugaring on the 31st of June. Hybernia defoliaria has been taken from a street-lamp this year, but is considered by no means common hereabouts. Pterostoma palpina at electric light this year, and Zeuzera pyrina at a lamp in 1893.— CiauDE Mortey; London Road, Ipswich, Nov. 7th, 1894. SOCIETIES. Entomotoaica Socrety or Lonpon.—December 5th, 1894. Henry John Elwes, Esq., F.L.8S., F.Z.S., President, in the chair. Mr. E. Augustus Bowles, M.A., of Myddelton House, Waltham Cross, Herts; Mr. E. C. Cotes, of the Indian Museum, Calcutta; Mr. Wolley-Dod, of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Mr. Joseph W. Green, of West Lodge, Blackheath, S.E.; Mr. Henry Keeble, of 10, Coleman Street, H.C. ; and Mr. Thomas Turner, of Cullompton, Devon, were elected Fellows of the Society. Mr. F. Merrifield exhibited hybrids belonging to the genus Saturnia, obtained by Dr. Standfuss, of Zurich, viz., a male and female hybrid from a male of S. pavonia and a female of S. pyri, to which he had given the name of S. emilie; also hybrids from what Dr. Standfuss described as ‘‘a male of Callimorpha dominula var. persona’? (received from Tuscany) and a typical female of C. dominula, to which he had given the name of C. romanovi. Mr. Merrifield remarked that the so-called var. persona differed entirely from the type of C. dominula. Mr. J. W. Tutt exhibited and read notes on specimens of a very small form of Huchloé, taken in Shropshire by the Rey. F. B. Newnham, who was of opinion that it was distinct from 64 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. F. cardamines. He pointed out that it was much smaller than the latter species, and that the discoidal spot was placed, as in EF. turritis and F. gruneri, at the juncture of-the orange and white spaces, and not, asin F. cardamines, well within the orange tip. Mr. Tutt also exhibited and read notes on specimens of Noctua dahlit, from Cheshire, Essex, Yorkshire, Aberdeenshire, and other counties. The variation in the specimens was said to be partly due to sexual dimorphism, and partly to their geographical distribution. Herr Jacoby read a letter received from Mr. Buxton Forman, one of the Assistant Secretaries of the Post Office, to the effect that the Postal Union had decided to make a rule not to allow natural history specimens to be sent by sample post, which was intended for the transmission of bona fide trade patterns or samples of merchandise, and consequently that the forwarding of such specimens at the sample rate would in future be irregular. Lord Walsing- ham stated that he had had a long correspondence with the Post Office authorities on the subject, and that the late Mr. Raikes, when Post- master-General, promised him in 1891 that such specimens should, so far as the British Post Office was concerned, be transmitted at the sample rates; and a letter to the same effect, from the late Sir Arthur Blackwood, when Secretary of the Post Office, was published in the Proceedings of the Society for 1891. Mr. C. G. Barrett exhibited, for Mr. A. J. Hodges, a specimen of Hydrilla palustris, from Wicken Fen ; also specimens of Caradrina ambiqua, from the Isle of Wight. He re- marked that of the latter, one specimen has the hind margin of the right fore wing indented, and the wing broadened as though from an injury to the pupa. In this wing the margins of the large orbicular and reniform stigmata had become so joined that the dividing lines had disappeared, and the stigmata were fused into one irrecularly-formed blotch. Mr. McLachlan exhibited, on behalf of Mr. G. F. Wilson, F.R.S., of Weybridge, a ‘‘ grease-band’’ which had been tied round trees to prevent the females of Cheimatobia brumata from ascending the trunks for the purpose of oviposition; the band was thickly covered with the bodies of the females, together with a few males. Surgeon- Captain Manders exhibited a pair of Chelura bifasciata, from the Shan States, and called attention to the ‘‘ assembling” habits of the male, some hundreds of which were attracted by the numerous females which emerged from the cocoons at sunset. Mr. B. A. Bower exhibited a beautiful variety of Zyqena lonicere, Esp., having the spots confluent, taken at Chattenden Wood, North Kent, in June last ; also a specimen of Incurvaria tenuicornis, Stn., taken at Chislehurst, in May, 1898. Mr. H. Goss exhibited, for Mr. F. W. Urich, of Trinidad, a series of males, females, and workers of Sericomyrmea opacus, Mayr, a species of fungus-growing and fungus-eating ant. Colonel Swinhoe read a paper entitled “ A List of the Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills, Part III.” Mr. C. J. Gahan read a paper entitled ‘‘On the Longicorn Coleoptera of the West India Islands.” Mr. F.W. Urich communicated a paper entitled ‘‘ Notes on the fungus-growing and eating habit of Serico- myrmex opacus, Mayr.” Prof. E. B. Poulton read a paper, by Prof. E. B. Titchener, entitled ‘‘ An apparent case of Sexual Preference in a male Insect.” The Rev. H. S. Gorham communicated a paper entitled ‘Notes on Herr A. Kuwert’s ‘ Revision der Cleriden-gattung Omadius, Lap.’”’ SOCIETIES. 65 January 16th, 1895.——Siaty-second Annual Meeting.—Henry John Elwes, Esq., F.L.8., President, in the chair. An abstract of the Treasurer's accounts, showing a good balance in the Society’s favour, having been read by Mr. W. F. H. Blandford, one of the Auditors, Mr. H. Goss read the Report of the Council. It was then announced that the following gentlemen had been elected as Officers and Council for 1895 :—President, Professor Raphael Meldola, F.R.S.; Treasurer, Mr. Robert McLachlan, F.R.S.; Secretaries, Mr. Herbert Goss, F.L.S., and the Rev. Canon Fowler, M.A., F.L.8.; Librarian, Mr. George C. Champion, F.Z.8.; and as other Members of the Council, Mr. George T. Bethune-Baker, F.L.S.; Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford, M.A., F.Z.S.; Dr. Frederick A. Dixey, M.A.; Mr. Henry J. Elwes, F.L.S.; Mr. Charles J. Gahan, M.A.; Professor Edward B. Poulton, M.A., F.R.S.; Dr. David Sharp, M.A., F.R.S.; and the Right Hon. Lord Walsingham, LL.D., F.R.S. It was also announced that Professor Meldola, the new President, would appoint Lord Walsing- ham, Mr. Henry J. Elwes, and Professor Edward B. Poulton, Vice- Presidents for the Session 1895-6. The outgoing President then delivered an interesting address ‘‘ On the Geographical Distribution of Insects.’’ He remarked that though a great deal had been written of late years on the geographical distribution of plants, mammals, birds, fishes, and reptiles, comparatively little had yet been done by entomo- logists to show how far the natural divisions of the earth’s surface which have been established for other classes were applicable to insects. Perhaps the proportion of known as compared with unknown insects was still too small, and the classification of the known species still too uncertain, to allow anything like the same methods to be applied to insects that had been used for mammals by Dr. Wallace, for birds by Dr. Sclater and Dr. Bowdler-Sharpe, and for plants by Sir Joseph Hooker, Mr. Thistleton Dyer, and Mr. W. B. Hemsley. The President enumerated the genera of the Rhopalocera, and pointed out which of them were characteristic of the various regions and sub- regions into which the world had been divided by the zoologists and botanists above-mentioned. He also exhibited specimens typical of these regions and sub-regions. The President then alluded to the prosperous condition of the Society, and to the increase in its numbers and income. Reference was also made to various Fellows of the Society and other entomologists who had died during the year, special mention being made of Herr H. T. Christoph, Mr. J. Jenner Weir, Dr. F. Buchanan White, Mons. Lucien F. Lethierry, Pastor Wallen- gren, Dr. Jacob Spanberg, Major-General Carden, Dr. Hearder, and Mr. Wellman. A vote of thanks to the President and other Officers of the Society having been passed, Mr. Elwes, Mr. McLachlan, Mr. H. Goss, and Canon Fowler replied, and the proceedings terminated.— H. Goss & W. W. Fowter, Hon. Secretaries. Soutrn Lonpon Enromonocican and Naturau History Sociery.— November 22nd, 1894.—Mr. E. Step, President, in the chair. Mr. Barrett exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Sydney Webb, a grand series of varieties of Arctia villica, L., from one with very few black markings to one almost wholly suffused with black; also, on behalf of Major Still, specimens taken on Dartmoor this year, to show the apparent influence ENTOM.—FEB. 1895. G 66 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. of the extreme humidity in that district, among them being a black example of Plusia gamma, L.; a deep-toned Cidaria siderata, Hufn., with a green marginal border on the hind wing; a much-suffused black form of Polyommatus phlwas, L.; and dark vars. of Pararye meyera, L., and P. egeria, L. Mr. R. Adkin, on behalf of Mr. R. HE. Dillon, a number of Irish Lepidoptera, including Teniocampa gothica, L., var. gothicina, H.-8.; a red var. of J’. gracilis, Fb.; a dark specimen of Aplecta nebulosa, Hufn.; and an almost black Boarmia repandata, L. Mr. Tutt, a large number of Rhopalocera captured near Aix-les-Bains on August 22nd, including Leucophasia sinapis, L., Colias edusa, Fb., C. hyale, L., Satyrus arethusa, W.V., and vars., S. briseis, L., with a very fine var., Hrebia aethiops, Esp., and several of the genera Argynnis, Lycena, and Melitea, and read notes on them ; also specimens of Lycena egon, Schiff., and L. argus, L., asking if any one could point out satisfactory differentiating characters. A discussion ensued. Mr. Fremlin, a fine specimen of Cherocampa celerio, L., captured at the §. Foreland lighthouse on Aug. 12th, 1894. Mr. Mansbridge, two bred series of Selenia bilunaria, Esp., from Horsforth and York, including a few juliaria, Haw.; one female had only the central band developed. Mr. Moore, Pieris daplidice, L., from Blois. Mr. Tutt read a paper entitled ‘* Zygena transalpina, Esp., and its varieties,” and exhibited a large number of specimens, one being set to show the curious tufts of feather scales, said to be scent glands, which exist at the anal cavity. Mr. Adkin read a paper entitled ‘* Reflections upon odd Rambles on the Sussex Downs,” and exhibited a number of specimens captured near Eastbourne during his holiday there. A discussion ensued on the various habits Rhopalocera have for effectually concealing themselves. Mr. Tutt referred to Hrebia tyndarus, Ksp., which drops down, falls over sideways, and so wriggles on the cow paths of the High Alps, until it reaches some overhanging tuft of grass under which it rests. December 18th.—Mr. T. W. Hall, F.E.8., Vice-President, in the chair. Mr. Robinson, 54, Boundary Road, N.W., was elected a member. Mr. C. A. Briggs exhibited a much-suffused variety of Kurrhypara urticata, L. Mr. Williams, specimens from two long bred series of Vanessa urtice, L., from Leigh. The larve were all taken on the same date from one bed of nettles; those of one series were full grown, those of the other small. There was a very distinct and constant racial difference between the two series. Mr. Adkin, many specimens of Melanippe jfluctuata, L., from various localities, and contributed notes. Mr. W. Mansbridge, a large number of Lepi- doptera from the Indian Territory, U.S.A., and read a paper thereon. Mr. W. A. Pearce also exhibited specimens from the States to illustrate Mr. Mansbridge’s paper. A discussion ensued upon the migration of Anosia archippus, L., and the forms of Colias eurytheme, Bdy. Mr. Brooks, of Rotherham, a large number of species from that place, in- cluding a long series of Polia chi, L., showing almost every conceivable variation, and melanic specimens of Hybernia defoliaria, L., Boarmia repundata, L., and Phigalia pedaria, Fb. Mr. McArthur, specimens of Coleuphora laricella, Hb., from N. Devon. Mr. Tutt, a large number of Zygena medicuginis, Bdy., from the Alps, aud read a paper on that species and its varieties. SOCIETIES. 67 January 10th, 1895.—Mr. T. W. Hall, Vice-President, in the chair. Mr. Thornhill, Castle Cosy, Ireland, and Mr. Brooks, Grange Hall, Rotherham, were elected members. Mr. C. G. Barrett exiibited a specimen of Hydrilla palustris, Hb., from Wicken, and four specimens of Caradrina ambigua, Fb,, from the Isle of Wight. One of the latter had an indentation in the hind margin of the fore wing, which was perfectly ciliated. ‘The malformation had caused the orbicular and reniform on that side to coalesce. Mr. Tutt stated that the species he had reported as CU. superstes, Tr., had turned out to be a form of CU. ambigua, but he was of opinion that some of his Deal captures were C. superstes. Mr. W. A. Pearce, a bred specimen of Acherontia atropos, L. 1t was stated that the pupa of this species had no free segments, and was thus unable to work its way through the earth. Mr. Carrington, the sections of wood naturally stained, which had recently been described and figured in ‘ Science Gossip’; also a series of dendritic crystals on flints from Chatham, Kent, and described their origin and composition. Mr. R. Adkin, bred specimens of Vanessa urtica, L., from, Sutherland, one of which had the central costal and the inner marginal blotch united. Mr. Tutt gave an interesting account of a change in number of spots of a race of Zygena trifolii, Esp., within the last fifteen years. In the discussion which followed, several members gave instances of a small six-spotted Zygena being taken early in June in various localities. Mr. Carrington gave a short summary of the spread and increase of melanism during the last twenty years. Communications were read from Mr. Step, Porscatho, Falmouth, and from Mr. Brooks, Rotherham. Mr. Tutt read a paper on “ Zygena ochsenheimeri, Zell., and its varieties,”’ and exhibited a long series in illustration.—H. J. Turner, Hon. fep. Sec. BirmincHam Enromonoaican Socretry.—November 19th, 1894.—Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, Vice-President, in the chair. Exhibits :— Mr. P. W. Abbott, Sesia sphegiformis from Wyre Forest; also a short series of Caradrina ambigua, the insect taken at Freshwater, Isle of Wight, which has been recorded in error as CU. superstes ; Hydrilla palustris from Wicken, and Leucania aibipuncta from Freshwater. Mr. R. C. Bradley, Diptera as follows :—Idioptera pulchella, Mg., from Sutton, with its semi-apterous female; Limnobia nigropunctata, Sch., from Sutton and Wyre Forest; and J'rimicra pilipes from Tring. Mr. C. Rung, Erebia ethiops from Witherslack, &&. Mr. A. H. Martineau, a series of the genus Vespa; also a specimen of Crabro quadrimaculatus, with an unusual amount of yellow on the abdomen, giving it a quite unusual appearance. Mr. C. J. Wainwright, a box of Hymenoptera, including a specimen of Bombus derhamellus with no yellow on the front of the thorax, from Sutton. Mr. H. J. Sands, living Vanessa c-album, bred two months before from a brood, some of which remain in the pupal stage now.—Coxsran J. Watnwricut, Hon. Sec. LaNCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE E\wromoLoGicaL Socrety.—December 10th, 1894.—-Mr. S. J. Capper, F.L.S., F'.E.8., President, in the chair. Messrs. Harry Jackson, of Bolton, and Rhodes, of Accrington, were elected members of the Society. Mr. Robert Newstead, of the Grosvenor Museum, Chester, gave an almost complete account of the life-history of Scolytus rugulusus, Ratz., one of the rarer wood-boring Coleoptera, and gave detailed descriptions of the boring and ova- 68 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. depositing habits of the insect. The -lecture was illustrated by diagrams, specimens, and microscopic preparations, shown with the aid of the oxyhydrogen micro-lantern.. Mr. Douglas Walker exhibited specimens of Scopula decrepitulis and the rare Phibalapterya lapidata, recently captured by himself in Argyleshire. Mr. Newstead exhibited his new Coccix Lecanium perforatum, and other species, through the micro-lantern.—F. N. Prerce, Hon. Sec. Reapine Naturau History Socrery.—A specimen exhibition was held, and was well attended, on Thursday evening, Nov. 1st, the specimens, as usual, being largely entomological. Mr. A. Dowsett, F.E.S., President, showed specimens of trap-door spiders and their nests, from Jamaica, and leaf-insects from Tropical America. Local insects taken during the past season were well represented. Mr. W. HE. Butler exhibited a nice series of Bombyx trifolii, bred by himself, also Leucoma salicis, Sesia ichneumoniformis, S. chrysidiformis, Bryophila glandifera, Aspilates gilvaria, Gnophos obscuraria, Angerona prunaria, Melanargia galatea, &e.—F rep. W. Leste, Hon, Sec. RECENT LITERATURE. Butterflies and Moths (British). By W. Furneaux, F.R.G.S., Author of ‘ The Out-door World, or Young Collector’s Handbook.’ 8yo, with two Appendices and Index. Pp. 358, 12 Coloured Plates and numerous Illustrations in the text. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1894. A creat deal of information respecting the structure and life- history of Lepidoptera, together with methods of collecting and management of ova, larve, and pup, and also of preparing and arranging specimens, is given in the first portion (137 pages). ‘Then follow short accounts of our native Butterflies and Moths, of which all the former are considered, and a selection of the species, representing nearly all the genera, of the latter are referred to. Of the two Appen- dices, one is styled a ‘‘ Complete Classified List of British Macro- Lepidoptera’’; but itis curious to note, that of the twelve species in this division recorded as British since the publication of the ‘ Kntomologist Synonymic List,’ only one is here mentioned. In Appendix II. we have an epitome of work to be done during each month of the year. One or two of the plates are exceedingly good, but the others are too florid. The figures in the text are for the most part well executed. We are somewhat surprised to find the white spot in the red band on fore wing of Vanessa atalanta still referred to as a character of the female. Again, in the remarks on Ocneria dispar there is nothing to indicate that the species is not now found in a wild state in this country. Further, Hndromis versicolor is stated to be ‘seen occa- sionally in the birch woods of southern counties,” but there is no mention of its occurrence in Scotland! Apart from a few errors such as those adverted to the book seems pretty trustworthy, and may safely be used by any one seeking a popular introduction to the study of our native Lepidoptera. THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vou. XXVIII.] MARCH, 1895. [No. 382. EDITORIAL. WE are very pleased to inform our readers that Mr. F. W. Frouawk, who has done much original work in investigating and writing on the early stages of British Rhopalocera, has been good enough to join the ‘Entomologist’ Reference Committee. ON THE CAUSES OF VARIATION AND ABERRATION IN THE IMAGO STAGE OF BUTTERFLIES, WITH SUG- GESTIONS ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF NEW SPECIES. By Dr. M. Sranpruss, Lecturer in both Academies at Ziirich. Trans- lated by F. A. Drxny, M.A., M.D., Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford. [Inrropuctory Notre sy F. Mrrririenp, F.E.S. In October of last year Dr. Standfuss kindly sent me a print of a paper of his containing an account of some extremely interesting results obtained by him from the exposure of Lepi- doptera in different stages, and especially in the pupal stage, to extreme temperature. Dr. F. A. Dixey has made a careful translation of it, and this, it having been revised and corrected by the author, with the assistance of his friend Dr. Friedrich Ris, of Rheinau, Ct. Ziirich, | have much pleasure in submitting for publication in the ‘ Entomologist.’ By those who have read the papers published by me in the ‘ Transactions’ of the Entomo- logical Society of London for the last few years, it will be recog- nised that the experiments have in many cases been performed by Dr. Standfuss on the same species as those upon which mine have been tried. ENTOM.—wMaARCH, 1895, H 70 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Each of us was quite uninformed, until the conclusion of the experiments, of what the other was doing, and the general corre- spondence of results, where the.subjects were the same and the conditions similar, has therefore the effect of independent con- firmatory testimony. Some of Dr. Standfuss’s results, however, have been obtained with species which were either not tried by me, or not successfully so; and where the species were the same, it will be found that his observations cover many points to which mine did not extend. As regards my failure to obtain any results from P. machaon and P. podalirius, it was probably because I had only the winter pupe to experiment on; and as regards V. antiopa, because the pupe were not fresh enough. To suit English readers, the degrees according to Fahrenheit’s scale have been appended to those of the Centigrade scale used by the author. In compliance with a suggestion made to me, I append a statement of the papers, dispersed through several volumes of the Entomological Society’s Transactions, describing my experi- ments, as these, taken together with Dr. Standfuss’s very com- prehensive paper, and the publications of Dorfmeister, Weismann, W. H. Edwards, and Stange, mentioned in Dr. Standfuss’s paper, to which should be added the additional observations described in the English edition of Weismann’s ‘ Studies in the Theory of Descent,’ by Prof. Meldola (1882), will, I believe, be found to contain nearly all that has been published on the subject. In connection with the phylogeny of some of the principal subjects of the experiments, viz., the Vanesside and the Pierine, Dr. Dixey’s two papers should be referred to—that ‘‘ On the Phylo- genetic Significance of the Wing-markings in certain Genera of the Nymphalidz,” Feb. 5th, 1890 (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. for 1891, p. 89); and that ‘‘On the Phylogeny of the Pierine, as Illustrated by their Wing-markings and Geographical Dis- tribution,” Feb. 7th, 1894 (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. for 1894, p. 249). Dorfmeister’s work has not, I believe, been translated into English, but there is a rather full statement of his experiments, with observations upon them, in Prof. Eimer’s ‘ Organic Evolu- tion,’ translated by Cunningham (Macmillan, 1890). Papers IN ENTOMOLOGICAL Soctety’s TRANSACTIONS. 1887, Dec. 7th (Trans. 1888, p. 128).—Selenia bilunaria (illunaria) ; forcing eggs and larve, several broods in succession. 1888, Dec. 5th (Trans. 1889, p. 79). — Selenia bilunaria, S. tetra- lunaria (illustraria), and Ennomos autumnaria (alniaria) ; forcing and cooling in different stages. 1889, Dec. 4th (Trans. 1891, p.131).—S. bilunaria and 8. tetralunaria, and fH. autumnaria ; forcing and cooling in egg, and larval, pupal, and VARIATION AND ABERRATION IN BUTTERFLIES. 71 imaginal stages; summary of conclusions, especially as to seasonal double-brooded species. 1890, Dee. 3rd (Trans. 1891, p. 155). — S. tetralunaria, FE. autum- naria, Vanessa urtice ; forcing and cooling, and different effects caused by temperature according to period of pupal stage in which applied ; negative results from moisture applied in pupal stages of S. tetralunaria and /. autumnaria ; possible use of temperature experiments on pup in tracing evolution of markings on wings. 1891, Dec. 2nd (Trans. 1892, p. 33).—S. lunaria, S. bilunaria, and S. tetralunaria, Platypteryx faleataria, Vanessa urtice, Bombyx quercus and var. callune, Chelonia caia; negative results with spring emerg- ence of P. machaon and P. podalirius, Thais polyxena, and some other species ; negative results as to effect of light on pupe of S. tetralunaria and Bombyx cynthia. 1892, Dec. 7th (Trans. 1893, p. 55).—Pieris napi, Vanessa atalanta, Chrysophanus phleas, Zonosoma (Kphyra) punctaria. [1893, Feb. 22nd, Trans. p. 69, observations by Dr. F. A. Dixey on the phylogenetic significance of the variations produced by difference of temperature on Vanessa atalanta. | 1894, March 14th (Trans. 1894, p. 425).—Pierts napi, Pararge egeria, Cidaria silaceata, Arachnia levana, Vanessa polychloros, V. ata- lanta, V. c-album, V. io, and V. antiopa, with observations (p. 439) by Dr. F. A. Dixey, on the results obtained.]} I have already treated of the present subject, though by a different title, in the ‘Manual for Collectors of the European Lepidoptera,’ 1891, pp. 107-128. My starting-point was there the divergent forms—varieties and aberrations—considered in themselves ; but in the course of the examination of these forms the causes were indicated by means of which these divergences may perhaps have arisen. This was the only method at that time open, since but few positive statements could then, unfortu- nately, be made as to the causes of the phenomena in question. It was almost entirely a case of hypotheses with a greater or less degree of probability. We will here adopt the converse method; that is to say, we will devote our chief attention to the causes which have brought about these phenomena ; for Iam now, in consequence of careful investigations extending over many years, in a position to contribute in a more practical manner to the solution of this question. There are a very large number of external conditions which have a decided influence on the organic world. Among these are—degrees of temperature and of humidity, amount of light, barometric pressure; I might further mention the chemical influence of food-stuffs and possibly electricity. I shall here confine myself in the main to those classes of factors whose operation I have myself tested (these being, it will be under- H 2 72, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. stood, but a small fraction of the whole), and in what follows I shall either completely pass over or merely touch upon the remainder, at the same time warmly commending them to the notice of zoologists, and especially of entomologists, for experi- ment. Forms diverging from the normal imaginal aspect may be occasioned by the influence of external conditions on the stage of egg, larva, pupa, or imago; that is to say, on the perfect insect itself, or any one or more of the preliminary stages. Of the cases falling under these different categories we shall naturally discuss only those that have been actually examined. I. Tue Kae. The only experiments I have made on the egg-stage of Lepi- doptera—and these are only partial—have been in reference to the effect upon them of a raised temperature. Eggs of Arctia fasciata, Esp., Dasychira abietis, Schiff., Lasiocampa pruni, L., and L. pini, L., which were exposed to a temperature of 34° C. (93° F.) during the process of laying by the female and up to the time of hatching, produced the larve in two-thirds or less of the normal time, and there emerged as perfect insects in the same year, 2.¢., without hybernation of the larva, in the case of fasciata, 71 per cent.; of abietis, 90 per cent. ; of pruni, 100 per cent.; and of pini, 81 per cent. The larve and pupe of the above broods were kept as far as possible at a mean temperature of 25° C. 7° F.): The eggs of the same females as those used in the above experiment, which had already been laid at a normal temperature (about 22° C., 72° F.), and were left in this until hatched, after- wards remaining as larve and pupe in the same mean tempera- ture of 25° C. (77° F.), produced a considerably smaller number of perfect insects without hybernation of the larve, viz., A. fasciata, 23 per cent.; D. abietis, 12 per cent.; L. prunt, 64 per cent. ; L. pini, 28 per cent. The prematurely developed moths of both series showed on comparison with each other no differences of importance, with the exception of three females of A. fasciata, whose larve and pupe had, however, been subjected to different biological con- ditions from the rest of the early-developed specimens. The different percentage in the two cases, of individuals showing divergence in biological peculiarities from the rest of the brood of the same parent-moth, must therefore be undoubtedly con- sidered as dependent on the difference of temperature to which the two series used in the experiment were exposed in the egg- stage. The acceleration of development, that is to say, which the larva had already undergone in the egg, seems in these cases to have transferred its energy to the later stages of growth. It is well known (see ‘ Insekten-Borse,’ Leipzig, April 15th, 1894, VARIATION AND ABERRATION IN BUTTERFLIES. 73 pp- 81, 82) that with the shortening of the period of development is associated in very many cases an obviously altered aspect of the perfect insect, affecting both size, form, and colouring, as in Lasiocampa populifolia, Kisp., compared with var. estiva, Ster., and L. prunt, L., with var. prunoides, Beck. According to the experiments now recorded it would seem that this alteration in aspect of the perfect insect, to judge at least by the number of individuals that show it, must be in- fluenced by the temperature to which these individuals have been exposed in the egg-stage; so that, if any one wishes to rear such specimens, he must, if possible, keep even the egg at a raised temperature. A series of interesting observations might undoubtedly be made by taking the opposite course, by lowering the temperature, that is to say, and so keeping back the eggs. Many years ago I made an experiment of this kind with a large number of eggs of the second brood of ZL. prunt, unfortunately without result, owing to inexperience and lack of sufficient care. With greater attention this experiment might very easily be carried to a successful issue.* II. Tuer Larva. The only experiments conducted by me with reference to the possible dependence of divergences in the perfect form on larval conditions have been on the influence of temperature, food, and light. In this case also, as regards the first of the three factors, viz., temperature, the experiments consisted entirely in raising it to a height of 25—80° C. (77—86° F.). (1) Size. — The regular, almost invariable, effect was as follows: the more the period of larval feeding was shortened by the raising of the temperature, the better marked was the reduction in size of the imago. A pair of L. quercifolia, of which the male measured 58 and the female 89 millim. across the wings, produced offspring of which, after a sojourn of 70—85 days in the larval, and 12—15 days in the pupal condition, the males measured only 85—87 and the females 86—39 millim. across the wings. A. fasciata (male 46, female 48 millim. across) from pupz collected in the open air, produced three females measuring 36—389 millim. after a larval stage of 68—87 and a pupal of 15—20 days. Calli- morpha dominula, L., var. romanovi, Ster. ¢ (59 millim.), and var. persona, Hb. 2 (55 millim.), gave rise, after 65—71 days of larval feeding and 14—19 days in the pupal stage, to a form * Extensive experiments with reference to the influence of temperature —including a very abrupt change of temperature—on the development of the egg of Bombyx mort, L., will be found in the Reports of the Caucasian Silkworm-rearing Station at Tiflis (a Government institution) for the year 1891. Unfortunately they are in Russian, 74 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. measuring only 35—8 millim. across the wings in more than a dozen examples. Although in the following experiments no hybernation of the larva occurred, yet, in contrast to the instances just given, indi- viduals of A. fasciata were reared from eggs of the same pair as above, after 142—163 days of larval and 25—31 days of pupal existence, which measured 55—57 millim. in expanse; and eggs of L. pint, L. (male 59, female 74 millim.), yielded descendants expanding 65—68 millim. in the male and 84—86 millim. in the female after 150—172 days of larval feeding and 25—87 days in the pupal condition. Here, that is to say, notwithstanding the raised temperature, there appeared to be scarcely any curtail- ment of the normal period of feeding—of course after deduction (in the case of the latter) of the period of hybernation ; and this condition led directly to an abnormal increase of size in these individuals. However simple and comprehensible these facts may appear, they are nevertheless worthy of note; inasmuch as these experimental results throw light on the mode of origin of a large number of species. I will here only mention Argynnis — dia, L., Lasiocampa tremulifolia, Hb., Boarmia consortaria, F., —all with short larval periods,—compared with Argynnis ama- thusia, Esp., Lasiocampa populifolia, Esp., Boarmia roboraria, Schiff., with long larval periods. The respective differentiation of these species, which (apart from the well-marked divergence in size) present so extraordinarily close a resemblance to each other both in the imaginal aspect and also to some extent in that of the earlier stages, has probably resulted, according to these experiments, from the fact that in earlier periods of the earth’s history their ancestors while in the larval condition did not react in the same manner to changes of temperature. The differences between the pupal stages of L. tremulifolia and B. consortaria (hybernating as pup) on the one hand, and L. populifolia and B. roboraria (rapidly emerging) on the other, may have arisen as necessary consequences of and divergence in the larval habit at the time of the establishment of the species. (2) The form and appearance of the perfect insects derived from these larvee which have been forced by means of the raised temperature into new biological conditions do not appear to follow any universal laws. Among the species controlled in this respect entirely by the conditions of their life previous to ma- turity, the most conspicuous differences of this kind are pre- sented by the second and third brood of Lasiocampa populi- folia, Esp., that is to say, its two varieties, estiva, Stgr., and autumnals, Jaenich, both of which, and especially the latter, show a more deeply indented border to the wings than does the form resulting from hybernated larve. It is, however, in those cases in which Nature herself performs the experiments before our eyes by rearing the particular species during both the cooler VARIATION AND ABERRATION IN BUTTERFLIES. 75 and warmer season of the year, that many well-marked differences —as is partly known, partly still unrecognised—present them- selves in the shape of the wings. For this purpose the other portions of the body need scarcely be taken into account. These differences, however, show opposite relations in different species ; for whereas Papilio podalirius, L., P. machaon, L., P. hospiton, Géne (when it exceptionally produces a second brood), Poly- ommatus thersamon, Kisp., P. phlwas, L., Lycena argiades, Pallas, and others (see ‘ Insekten-Borse,’ Leipzig, April 15th, 1894) have their summer form provided with longer tails, and in many cases with a more acute fore wing, as well as a more deeply waved border to the hind wing, Vanessa c-album, L., and V. egea, Cr., show just the opposite; for in these species the summer form presents the less, and the winter form the greater, amount of indentation. (3) Moreover, with reference to the colours and markings of the wings and of the upper surface of thorax and abdomen (for these latter must also be taken into account) it is not possible to establish any invariable relation between the imago and the larva reared at a raised temperature. Lasiocampa var. estiva, Stgr., and var. autumnalis, Jaenich, as also Urapteryx var. olivacea, Stdis., become darker than the ordinary forms L. populifolia, Ksp., and U. sambucaria, L., derived from hybernated larve, by an increase in the dark elements of the pattern. On the other hand, Dasychira abietis, Schiff., and D. pudibunda, L., have their second brood lighter in consequence of a reduction in the number of dark scales. ‘To adduce a few similar instances from those that occur in nature: Papilio podalirius, L., P. machaon, L., Pieris krueperi, Stgr., napi, L., daplidice, L., Anthocharis belemia, Hsp., belia, Cr., Leucophasia sinapis, L., Lythria purpuraria, L., take on, under an increase of warmth, lighter and for the most part cruder and brighter colours. On the other hand, Poly- ommatus phleas, L., P. amphidamas, Esp., Vanessa levana, L., become more dusky under the same conditions (see Zeller, ‘ Isis von Oken,’ 1847, p. 2183; Weismann, ‘Ueber den Saison-Dimor- phismus der Schmetterlinge,’ Leipzig, 1875; Seitz, Stettin Kntom. Zeitschrift, 1894, pp. 290—807; Standfuss, ‘ Handbuch fur Sammler der europdischen Gross-schmetterlinge,’ Guben, 1891, pp. 119—125). Secondly—as to food—I have also recorded, in my ‘ Manual,’ pp. 116—119, all the facts known to me, whether from the careful researches of other trustworthy entomologists, or from my own observations. Here I need only devote a few words to the subject, especially as the experiments, taken together, only yielded results which were actually or virtually negative. The feeding of polyphagous larve on leaves of monkshood (Aconitum sp.), walnut (Juglans sp.), deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna, L.), the root of the carrot (Daucus carota, L.), raw 76 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. meat, plants kept fresh in water with which acids, alkalies, dye- substances, common salts, Carlsbad salts,—in short, every kind of substance soluble in water,—had been liberally mixed, in- variably produced perfect insects which often enough showed a failure in size or general colouring, but in no case any noteworthy variation in tint or pattern. In the above-quoted Reports of the Caucasian Silkworm- rearing Station at Tiflis (1891— 1893), there are many observa- tions on the influence of factors of this nature. According to these, picric acid, eosin, rodin (ammonio-carmine), and indigo are sufficiently assimilated by the larve of Bombyx mori, L., to lead to a staining of the silk-fibres. There is no mention in these publications of any effect produced on the corresponding perfect insects. The feeding-experiments were performed in the following manner: twigs of mulberry were steeped in the above- named fluids diluted with water ; they were then rinsed in fresh water and given as food. The third point—that of light—may likewise be rapidly passed over with a mere repetition of the statement in my ‘Manual,’ p. 119. This is as follows :—‘‘ SinceI was well aware that the development and growth of plants are strongly influenced by differently-coloured rays of light, I had a number of breeding- cages prepared, each of which was provided with a differently- coloured pane of glass ; this experiment, however, gave no posi- tive result, although the larve were exposed to the influence of the coloured light from the time when they were quite small.” Further experiments carried on up to the present time seem to me to prove that violet light leads to an acceleration both of larval growth and of pupal development; but there is no evidence of any visible influence of this experiment upon the colouring or marking of the perfect insect (see G. Schoch, Mittheil. d. Schweitz.-Entomol. Gesellsch. 1880, p. 540). (To be continued.) MOTH-ADIPOCERE. By H. Guarp Knaces, M.D., F.L.S. In broaching this subject let me premise that, owing to causes which will be explained further on, my experiments in the pro- duction of moth-adipocere have not been so successful as I could have wished ; but nevertheless, and especially taking into con- sideration the fact that a repetition of the experiments would occupy six months, they are sufficiently so to warrant the placing of the following notes before your readers. It has often been suggested that moth-grease is of the nature of adipocere, but beyond the fact that both occur after death, MOTH-ADIPOCERE, qT there really does not appear to me to be any defined point of similarity. Adipocere is a formation which takes place in dead human and other bodies at a variable time after death. It is generally agreed that itis caused by ammoniacal gases emanating from the nitrogenous portions of the body, such as the organs, muscles, tissues, &c., combining with the hydrocarbons of the fatty portions. A very interesting account is given in au article devoted to the subject in ‘Taylor’s Medical Jurisprudence,’ edited by Dr. Stevenson, from which it appears that fat bodies are more readily affected than lean ones, and that in cases of drowning the change is comparatively quickly brought about; the most rapid case recorded (which occurred in five weeks) was that of a body found floating on the water. Another case, mentioned by Devergie, was that of a newly-born infant in a cesspool, which became converted into adipocere in six or eight weeks; but Taylor says the usual time takenin a damp grave is three or four years. He mentions a curious case in which the lower part only of a body half immersed in water became adipocere in four- teen months, while the upper portion above water-level was not acted upon, by which, I presume, it decomposed in the ordinary way. Ina case recorded in the Phil. Med. Exam., April, 1847, p- 247, the conversion of the whole body was completed in seven- teen years, though the various parts could still be identified. So that water, or at any rate moisture, would appear to be a factor generally necessary for the transformation. Adipocere is, in fact, an ammoniacal and soapy substance, modified by the salts contained in the water in which it has been formed ,—first soft, afterwards harder and lighter, and decidedly hard and brittle when dried. It melts at something over 200° F., and when strongly heated gives off ammonia. It is easily sus- pended in cold water, and with boiling forms an opaque mixture ; acids decompose the solution, forming salts. Itis partly dissolved by boiling alcohol. Now moth-grease (as extracted by pure ether) is a fixed oil rather than a fat, semifluid under ordinary temperature, even below freezing-point. It melts between 75° and 80° I’. It gives off no ammonia when heated. Neither water nor alcohol, cold or boiling, has any effect upon it beyond contact with the hot liquid making it still more fluid, and acids do not affect it. Such being the case, it occurred to me to try to produce by the ordinary forces of nature a genuine moth-adipocere, and accordingly I purchased a dozen Sphinx pupx. My first inten- tion was to kill and pin each moth, on its emergence, on to a loaded stage placed under running water, but the effect seemed to be putrefaction and disintegration. I then pinned the re- maining pupe, most of which had dried up, only two or three remaining heavy, upon the stage; placed them in a wide-mouthed 78 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. pickle-bottle, and turned on the tap to a steady drip. For the first couple of months I threw in a knob of carbonate of ammonia about once a week, and then left them to themselves for another four months. On examining the result, I found that a wretched slaty-black slug had taken to aquatic habits, and had pretty well cleaned out my pup. ‘There was, however, a solid unctuous substance representing the head and thorax of one of the speci- mens, and greatly resembling a piece of real adipocere which Prof. Stewart kindly gave me some time ago. This has been carefully put away as a treasure for future investigation and exhibition—the sole reward of six months’ patience! Folkestone, Jan. 13th, 1895. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW LOCAL FORM OF TROIDES VICTORI4: (Gray) FROM BOUGAINVILLE ISLAND, SOLOMON GhOUP. By tHe Honouraste Watrer Rortuscuiwp, F.Z.8., F.E.S., &c. I neRE use the generic term T’roides, Hubn., because it has priority by about sixteen years of Boisduval’s Ornithoptera, and because I so use it in my forthcoming revision of the Old World Papilionine. ‘To facilitate the student, I include a comparative description of 7’. victorie (type) and its subspecies J’. victorie regine (Saly. & Godm.). ‘l'ypical 7’. victorié occurs in Guadaleanar ; JT. victorie regine in Malaita; and my new form, 7’. victorié regis, in Bougainville. I have a male from Alu which stands intermediate between T. victorie and T’. victorié regis, which proves the latter to be only a subspecies and not a distinct species, as is also 7’. victoria regine, for | have seen an intermediate. MALES. 1. JT’. victorie regine, Salv.—F ore wings: base shining green, stretching more than or about five-sixths into the cell; rest of wing black, with a very large green subapical patch consisting of three large oblong spots between the 3rd costal and upper dis- coidal nervules, and a small spot behind the first discoidal nervule. In one of the three existing males the patch reaches to the apex, and is joined along the costa by a narrow green streak to the basal area. Hind wing black, with a large green area extending transversely to just beyond the cell and longitudinally to the apex of the cell, within which the green is much clouded with black scales. ‘The discoidal and upper median nervules generally black, but in one specimen powdered with green scales. Between the upper discoidal aud middle median nervules there are three A CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. 79 yellow submarginal spots surrounded by green rings. The under side in the two older forms is almost identical. 2. T. victorie regis, subsp. nov.— Upper wings: the green basal area only occupies two-thirds of the cell; the green sub- apical patch as long as in T’. victorie regine extremest sp2cimen, but consists only of two spots and a small one behind the 5th subcostal nervule, and on the costa the narrow green line only reaches half-way to the basal area. Hind wings with the green area much enlarged, occupying entirely, or almost entirely, the two discoidal and median cellules. On the under side of fore wings the submarginal green spots are much smaller, and the upper ones are not joined to the central green area of the wings. The excised margin at the anal angle is more deeply cut in than in 7’. victorie regine, forming a much sharper angle. 3. T'. victorie, Gray.—The basal green area extends further into the cell than in T. victorie regis, but not so far as in JT. victorie regine. The subapical green patch is much smaller and shorter, but consists of three distinct spots, of which the posterior one is smallest. The hind wings have the green area extending as far as or farther than in 7’. victorié regis. FEMALES. 1. T’.. victorie regine, Salv.—Submarginal spots of both pairs of wings very large. 2. T’. victorie regis.—Submarginal spots very small, some- times almost obliterated; the discal spots and that at the base of the cell of fore wings also smaller than in the two other local forms. 3. T. victorie, Gray. —Submarginal spots intermediate in size; subapical and basal spots of cell of fore wings mostly separate, but sometimes merged together as in T’. victorie regine. One specimen of a female is recorded by Mr. Salvin in P.Z.S., 1888, p. 118, as being from Florida Island, Solomon Group ; this has the submarginal spots almost as small as in 7’. victorie regis. Itis probably an error of locality, and most likely the specimen was obtained in the Shortland Islands, Solomon Group, and wrongly labelled by the collector. Tring. A CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. By W. F. pe Vismes Kang, M.A., M.R.I.A., F.E.S. (Continued from p. 15.) Miana striaiuis, Clerck.—This species is somewhat local in Ireland, though widely distributed and often exceedingly abun- dant; varying much, as in Great Britain. I am of opinion that it tends towards topomorphism. In some localities, for 80 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. instance, most specimens are characterised by forms with broad white or grey outer bands, while in others the greater proportion are of a dingy type, indistinctly marked, with only the lower portion of the band represented. The bright-banded forms much preponderate at Kenmare, Co. Kerry; Renvyle, Conne- mara; Markree Castle, Co. Sligo; and Drumreaske, Co. Mona- ghan; while at Howth, and Lambay I. on the Dublin coast, and Shannon Harbour, where the Bog of Allen reaches the Shannon, and Castle Taylor, Co. Galway, obscurely marked forms are chiefly in evidence. It would be desirable to investigate more fully if any special forms affect island or rocky coast localities, and if any local characteristics pertain to the neighbourhood of bogs and moors, as well as the barren limestone regions of Galway and Clare. The classification of variations given in Tutt’s ‘ Variations of Noctue,’ is based on such minute distine- tions that I am unable to follow the arrangement. The difference between ‘‘ reddish brown,” ‘‘reddish black,” and ‘‘ blackish brown,” when, as we know, they grade insensibly into each other, requires a discrimination which few people possess, and seems an in- adequate basis for varietal names. Clerck’s type, too, seems to be given as very ditierent from that accepted usually on the Con- tinent, and adopted by Staudinger, Sven Lampa, and others, namely, having blackish fore wings, with a broad white sub- terminal band. ‘This form, as I have said, is abundant in some Irish localities, and appears somewhat localised. Ab. latruncula, Lang.— Of a lighter hue, reddish, with whitish or brownish outer fascia. This seems the most common Irish form. Ab. erata, Esp., 146, 4, 5, with coppery ground colour, with distinct reddish fascia, occurs occasionally. A unicolorous pale sooty brown form (which does not corre- spond toTutt’s wnicolor ‘‘ blackish red,” nor to Haworth’s latrun- cula) is frequent at Howth, as well as ab. jfasciata, Tutt, the greyish fascia often tending to become obsolete, so making a transitional form to the following. Ab. ethiops, Haw.—Rare in Ireland. Howth ; not scarce. Of the group with greyish ground colour I have only met with two Irish specimens, namely, ab. preduncula, Haw., marked with red and black on the central area, Kenmare, Co. Kerry ; and ab. suffuruncula, Fr. (not Tr., which is referable to M. literosa), with a very bright pink central band enclosing the two stigmata, with a slight similar tinge along the outer margin; Markree Castle, Co. Sligo. M1ana FasciuncuLA, Haw.—Common in most localities. The ruddy type appears to be somewhat localised, and is not so frequently met with as the muddy grey form named var. pallida, Tutt. The pale var. cana, Stdgr., with reddish central band, I have never met with in Ireland. The var. suffusa, Tutt, an A CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. 81 obscure sooty brown to almost black colour, parallel to ab. @thiops, of the preceding species, I have frequently taken in many localities. It is not scarce at Howth and Drumcondra, near Dublin; at Drumreaske (occasional), Co. Monaghan; Favour Royal, Tyrone; Armagh (J.); and occurs at Shannon Harbour, King’s Co. Mrana tireRosa, Haw.—A shore species, frequently abundant on the Irish coasts; but very rarely met with inland. It has been taken in the Co. Westmeath, at Killynon (Miss R.) and Cromlyn (Mrs. B.); Belfast, abundant (W.) ; Portballintrae (J.), Co. Antrim ; Culmore, near Derry, abundant (C.); and on the shores of L. Swilly, at Carrablagh (G. V. Hart), and elsewhere ; Inver, Co. Donegal; near Sligo; Waterville, Co. Kerry; Mine- head and Glandore, Co. Cork; Arklow and Greystones, Co. Wicklow; Killiney (S.) and Howth, Co. Dublin; Castle Belling- ham, Co. Louth (Thornhill). Miana sBicouorta, Vill.—Local, and sometimes very abundant on the sea coast. In sparse numbers, where found, in inland localities. Newman was in error in stating it to be so generally distributed in Ireland. I have rarely met with it; and have never seen but one example of the type strongly marked, which was sent me by Mr. Dillon, taken at Clonbrock, with other lighter speci- mens. It has the basal half of the wing of a deep sepia-brown. At St. John’s Point and Clogher Head the type occurs sparsely in very light colouring; and Mr. Thornhill takes it at Castle Bellingham on the same coast, Co. Louth. The most numerous form seems to be the var. albicans, Tutt, a pale grey unicolorous insect, which is found very large and fine on the southern shores of Dingle Bay in Kerry; but very small at Kinsale, Arklow, and Kilcool, Co. Wicklow, Howth, and the Louth localities above mentioned. The var. rufuncula, Haw., is equally dwarfed, and is usually found at Howth in abundance with the grey form, and on the Louth coast sparingly. It occurs also at Clonbrock, and Killynon (Miss R.), Co. Westmeath, rarely. Var. pulmonaria, Dup., is not a rare form at St. John’s Point and on the Louth coast and Howth. Haworth’s terminalis, a brownish unicolorous form, is frequent at Clogher Head, and occurs rarely at Howth. It will be seen, therefore, that Irish specimens are generally very dwarfed, and are frequently unicolorous, always faintly marked and coloured. ven where the type occurs it is usually charac- terised by faded tones. Miana arcuosa, Haw.—Very widely spread, and in some localities abundant. The males vary from a dingy putty colour to white, which appears to be var. morrisii, and is not uncommon in Ireland. A more richly-marked form sometimes, but rarely, occurs too; but I have never taken it myself. Localities: Derry and the Giant’s Causeway (C.); Castle Rock, Co. Antrim, and 82 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Neweastle (Bw.); Colin Glen, Belfast, abundant (W.); Mount Charles, Donegal; Armagh (J.), Drumreaske, Monaghan, and Favour Royal, Tyrone, plentiful; Belleisle and the shores of L. Erne generally, abundant; Farnham, Cavan; Killynon (Miss R.) and Cromlyn (Mrs. B.), Co. Westmeath; Castle Bellingham (Thornhill), Co. Louth; Howth (G. V. H.), scarce ; Powerscourt, Co. Wicklow (B.); Cappagh and near Waterford ; along the shores of L. Derg and the Shannon at Scariff, Dromineer, and near Banagher, and common at Clonbrock and elsewhere in Galway. (To be continued.) NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Jumping Beans anD Jumpinc Ea@os.—Miss Hopley’s remarks on “jumping eggs” remind me of my first acquaintance with this phenomenon in the year 1866, having obtained it from the larva of Teniocampa stabilis; this proved to be a parasite, and described by Bridgman in the ‘ Transactions’ of the Entomological Society of London, July, 1882, p. 151, under the name of Limneria kriechbaumeri. I have obtained the ‘jumping egg”? many times since then; a description of it and its habits will be found in the ‘ Entomologist’ for 1882, pp. 215, 216. At Plymouth, as the majority of your readers, I have no doubt, are aware, we have a Marine Biological Laboratory, and during the summer season it is used by professors and lecturers from the different colleges for study. About four years since I visited the establishment for the purpose of showing the gentlemen then at work there the actions of the pupa of L. kriechbawmeri, and introduced it to them as a ‘“‘jumping seed.”’ I placed it in the middle of a large newspaper, opened out ; it did not move for several seconds, but when it did, I think the first bound was over two feet, and it continued jumping until the students were tired of the performance; they, one and all, admitted that it was most extraordinary, and remarked if they had not seen the action they could not have believed it. The way this curious action is performed is exactly the same as the ‘‘ hoppers” in old cheese ; it brings its head and tail together, and suddenly jerks itself, causing the cocoon to spring sometimes over three feet. But why? For protection. The cocoon, dropping to the ground, is at once surrounded by many dangers, trodden under foot by some animal, or eaten by birds, if it remained exposed. I have found, by several experiments made with them, that they keep up this jumping action until they suppose they have buried themselves under some fallen leaves or crevice in the ground. When the bounding is ob- structed it will commence to roll, and when it can roll no further or jump, it will cease trying; but if again taken out, it will repeat the * The cocoon is figured in the ‘ Entomologist,’ June, 1884, plate 2, fig. 27, suspended. It only remains thus for a short time; the first gust of wind breaks the thread, or, if there is no wind, the larva within gets impatient and by its jumping breaks the silk, when it falls to the ground, NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 88 programme over again until it again finds itself secure. I trust that Mr. Roland Trimen will solve his problem, and that I shall have the pleasure of reading it in the ‘Entomologist’; or, if Mr. Trimen would like a specimen of my “jumping seed,’’ I will send it to him with much pleasure (not living). —G. C. Bienen; 7, Clarence Place, Stonehouse, Plymouth, Jan. 30th, 1895. Jumpinc May-sups.—Apropos de my old friend Miss Hopley’s most interesting note on ‘“‘ Jumping Beans and Jumping Kggs”’ of Table Mountain, I may remark that we possess a somewhat similar curiosity at home. In the Ent. Mo. Mag. vii. p. 282, I wrote :—‘‘ Jumping May-buds.—I would advise our readers to gather boughs of ‘ May’ in order to observe the antics of a coleopterous larva which produces the above phenomenon.” It is so long ago that I rather mistrust my memory, but I know that I had a particularly early-blossoming haw- thorn, and that my greengrocer used to beg a bough every spring in order to be the first to bring ‘‘May”’ to Covent Garden; and I believe that, having brought a branch indoors (a most unlucky thing to do, so I’m told), I was much astonished and amused at the queer tricks per- formed by the buds which had fallen upon the table.-—H. G. Knaaas ; London, Feb. 5th. Liparis sALicis In THE Lonpon District.— Referring to previous remarks regarding the scarcity of L. salicis in or near London, I am able to state that I have found it in greater abundance in the London district than in any other locality where I have collected. The larve occur freely in most seasons at rest on poplar-trunks in Bedford Park. They were also found in great abundance in 1893 at Harlesden, where I once took the pup in astonishing numbers spun up on palings. It was formerly quite a common species at Shepherd’s Bush, W.—A.rrep T. Mrrcuett; 5, Clayton Terrace, Gunnersbury, W., Jan. 28th, 1895. VANESSA URTICH, VAR. CONNEXA, IN ScoTLanp. — Among several specimens of V. urtice reared in Sutherlandshire last summer and selected on account of variation from the usual form (although the amount of variation in the majority of them is exceedingly small), I have one in which the central black costal patch is united with the black patch on the inner margin by a band so densely covered with black scales as to give the appearance of a black band reaching continuously from the costa to the inner margin of both fore wings. Mr. Bona- parte-Wyse records the rearing of a similar form in Co. Waterford last year (ante, p. 57), and he has very kindly sent me his four specimens for comparison with the Scotch example, with which the most strongly marked one agrees very closely, except in the matter of size, the speci- men from Sutherland being somewhat the larger; the other three show various gradations, in the least strongly marked of which the connection between the two black blotches is made up of sparsely scattered black scales, and has the appearance of a dark shade. The form, although rare in Britain, has occasionally been met with, and is figured by Newman in his ‘British Butterflies’ (p. 82); in Japan, however, it appears to be the prevailing form, and is the Vanessa con- nexa of Butler, of which a good illustration is given in a previous volume of this Journal (Hntom. xxii. pl. vili, fig, 8). The Scotch 84 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. example under notice agrees very closely with this figure.—Rosrrt Avxin ; Lewisham, February, 1895. VARIATION OF VANESSA URTICH IN InELanp.—A variety of V. urtice intermediate between var. conneava, Butl., and the type seems to occur in many localities in Ireland. In 1893, when the species was unusually abundant, I observed specimens of this variety at Westport (Co. Mayo), at Howth, and near Belfast. The two specimens taken at Howth are of a peculiar dull-red colour, with the wings thinly scaled, and so partially translucent.—C. W. Warrs; 40, Goldhurst Terrace, N.W. THe Entomorocicat CLrus.—A meeting of this Club was held at the Holborn Restaurant on Tuesday, Jan. 15th, when members and friends to the number of upwards of forty assembled at the invitation of Mr. G. H. Verrall, who presided. In the course of a short address, in which he referred to the antiquity of the Club, it being the oldest association of entomologists in the kingdom, Mr. Verrall announced the resignation of Mr. South as honorary secretary, on account of his removal from London, and expressed a hope that by the next meeting one of the members would offer his services for the vacant post ; he dwelt upon the benefits of social intercourse among entomologists afforded by the Club, and which were offered by no other institution, and suggested that it would be for the consideration of the members whether the time had not arrived when it would be well to fill the three vacancies which at present existed in the membership, having regard to candidates that would worthily uphold the traditions of the Club. CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. NoTEs ON THE SEason 1894.—On comparing the past season with that of 1893, it certainly does not show up well, but on the whole I have not found it so bad as many of your correspondents seem to have done. The early spring months, with Nyssia hispidaria so common in Epping Forest and the sallows so productive, certainly gave rise to greater expectations than the next few months realised, but July again was better, and so was the autumn. The sallows at Epping and Theydon turned up the usual species, with plenty of Teniocampa munda and a fair sprinkling of T. populeti ova being obtained from each ; but up to the end of May, when I spent a week at Brockenhurst, little success was met with, except with larve. Of these the principal were a lot of Callimorpha dominula and Bombyx quercus, from Deal on Easter Monday; a very few Trochilium apiformis and T. bembiciformis, near Woodbridge; a dozen Apamea ophiogramma, from ribbon-grass in my garden; and the following beaten out during two evenings in Epping Forest, viz., Pacilocampa populi (3), Nola cucullatella (abundant), Phigalia pilosuria and Nyssia hispidaria (both very common), Scotosia rhamnata, Petasia cassinea (2), and Amphipyra pyramidea. Other larvee taken at Brockenhurst between May 26th and June 2nd, were Argynnis paphia, Vanessa polychloros (two nests of about 30 each), Thecla quercus (common), Halias quercana (7, two of which were devoured by Cosmia trapexina accidentally introduced into the chip-box coming home), CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 85 Psilura monacha (9), Trichiura crategi (1), Phigalia pilosaria and Nyssia hispidaria (both common), Boarmia roboraria (1), Petasia cassinea (3), Asphalia flavicornis (2), A. ridens (1), Teniocampa munda, T. miniosa (very abundant in all stages of growth), Agriopis aprilina (6, five of them on treacle), and Amphipyra pyramidea. After the very commonest species, T. miniosa was perhaps the most plentiful. Tmagines of all kinds were scarce, and at the beginning of the week the outlook was not rosy. Things improved as the week went on, however, and on the whole the result was better than at first expected. The following were taken during the day, night proving a dead failure in all ways :— Argynnis euphrosyne (abundant), A. selene (just coming out), Nemeobius lucina (20 in all), Gonopterya rhamni (common), Macroglossa fuciformis (common at Rinefield, and a few in New Copse), M. bombyliformis (4, in New Copse), Macaria liturata, Bupalus piniaria (males abundant—one of them very white—and two females), Anaitis plagiata (8), Platypterya fal- cula, Hadena dentina, Euclidia mi, and Phytometra enea. Everything was far behind time, many of the usual species such as Bapta taminata, Lithosia aureola, Platypteryx lacertula, P. hamula, P. unguicula, &c., not turning up at all, and all Geometers were very scarce. After a week’s interval I tried my luck at Hailsham, but although undoubtedly night work had improved, everything was still verv backward, and there was generally a great lack of insect life in the woods; in fact, only five species of Macros were really common, viz., Argynnis selene, Pechypogon barbalis, Iodis lactearia, Asthena candidata, and Melanippe montanata, whilst Lycena adonis was in great form on the downs by Glynde. The following occurred from time to time, more or less com- monly :—Melitea athalia (hardly out), Pyrameis cardui, Thecla rubi, Anthocharis cardamines, Limacodes testudo (a single female beaten out by Mr. Lowe of Guernsey), Zyyena trifolii, Halias quercana (two cocoons), Lithosia mesomella, Gnophria rubricollis, Arctia villica, Eurymene dolo- braria, Boarmia consortaria, Ephyra porata, Acidalia subsericata, Melanippe hastata, and Platypteryx falcula. Although no beating was done, larvee of Trichiura crategi, Eriogaster lanestris, Bombyx quercus, and Psilura monacha turned up now and again, the latter on treacle. As regards numbers, treacle was no great success, perhaps forty or fifty moths, all told, being about the average number on the trees per evening. Of this very limited company, the species were fairly numerous, the best of them being Thyatira derasa, Diphthera orion, Acronycta leporina, A. ligustri, Leucania comma, Xylophasia hepatica, Apamea gemina, Grammesia trilinea (and var. hilinea), Rusina tenebrosa, Agrotis suffusa (a single small specimen), Noctua festiva, Aplecta herbida, A. nebulosa (common), Hadena adusta, H. dentina, Gonoptera libatrix, Boarmia consortaria, a single Melanthia albicillata, and some more Agriopis aprilina larve. I was very lucky as regards weather, as, with the exception of several heavy showers, rain kept off all the week. Larve continued to be found during the early part of the month at Chingford; P. pilosaria and N. hispidaria were still abundant; a few Cossus ligniperda in the willows on Chingford Plain; and Orthosia upsilon commonly under the loose bark of the same trees; Halias quercana came down from oak; seven Trichiura cratagi from blackthorn; and Pseudo- terpna cytisaria on the genista at High Beech; but for the next month I did no collecting at all away from London, and very little there. Hwpithecta ENTOM.—MARCH, 1895. I 86 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. isogrammata was common in a garden at Stamford Hill, where it has been breeding for years past on a clematis-covered summer-house ; and a few odd things came to light at Crouch End towards the end of July, including Eupithecia subfulvata and Dianthecia capsincola; but on July 19th I ran down to Benfleet for Hesperia lineola. After taking one in an hour and a half, rain coming on in torrents prevented any further search, but from the specimen I took evidently being just out, I should imagine it was too early, although many were worn three days earlier in 1892. : The following day was spent at Darenth Wood, but the wood itself seemed most strikingly empty. One Thecla quercus was seen, E’pinephele hyperanthes fairly common, a few Hesperia sylvanus, &c., but common moths of every kind seemed almost absent. The only thing worth having was a fine fresh Acronycta leporina, at rest on a brake—surely very late for the species. The neighbouring lanes, however, were in great contrast with the wood, the hedges, and especially the clematis, being full of Geometers. A large majority of the specimens beaten out were various small Acidalias, the best of them being A. rusticata ; plenty of other species also turned up, including Jodis vernaria ( 3), Ligdia adustata, Eupithecia tsogrammata, Melanippe procellata, Scotosia rhamnata, and Triphena ianthina (common). All this time treacle had been a dead failure; but on July 27th, at Darenth Wood again, it began to look up. Starting from Dartford, I again beat out Lodis vernuria, Ligdia adustata, E. isogrammata, and 8. rhamnata (the latter fairly common); and in addition, Acidalia imitaria, Strenia clathrata (abundant in the clover-fields), Phihalapteryx vitalbata, Agrotis nigricans, Triphena interjecta, and Platypteryw falcula in the wood; Pyrameis cardui was seen at intervals, with a couple of Gonopteryx rhamnt, and a number of Bombyx quercus males; Leucoma salicis was found in a hedge in Dartford; a single Boarmia abietaria on a fence on the common : whilst Angerona prunaria and Acidalia emarginata were netted at dusk. At treacle pretty well everything that came at all came the first round. There was a fair variety, the best being Leucania lithargyria, Caradrina blanda, Rusina tenebrosa (worn), Agrotis nigricans, A. tritict, and Orthosia suspecta. 'This in itself was not much, but it gave a promise of better things, to be fulfilled in the course of a day or two when, treacling at Hailsham (Aug. Ist and 2nd), moths, mostly common, literally swarmed, The best captures, perhaps, were a grand series of Cosmia trapezina, which was by far the commonest moth and in endless variety, and a smaller but equally variable one of Apamea oculea; Calligenia miniata and Halias quercana occurred singly, the vivid green of the latter when seen in the lamp-light for the first time being rather startling. Other insects to turn up were Leucania conigera, L. lithargyria, L. comma, Hydrecia nictitans, Miana literosa, Caradrina blanda, Agrotis suffusa, Noctua plecta, N. dahlit, N. baia, Cosmia affinis, Amphipyra pyramidea, Mania maura, and a good number of Hypsipetes elutata (the only Geometer). Excessive rain and the condition of the woods prevented any day work, except @ morning on the Polegate Downs on Aug. 38rd. There was a high wind, and the only butterflies to brave it were vast numbers of Satyrus semele ; in all the sheltered hollows Lycena corydon and Eubolia bipunctata swarmed, with occasional Argynnis aglaia and Melanippe galiata, Hesperia linea occurring rather locally. On the two previous mornings male Bombyx quercus were commonly to be seen on the wing, apparently indif- ferent to wind and heavy rain. Just at this time treacle seemed to be attractive in the London district, CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 87 my cousin Mr. Ogden having a very successful evening at Hale End on Aug. 8rd, taking Leucania lithargyria, Hydrecia nictitans, Caradrina blanda (8), Agrotis tritici, A. ravida, Cosmia affinis, Noctua umbrosa, and Mania maura; but from this time it again fell quite flat until mid- September. August was spent mostly at Whitby, but no regular collecting was done; insects seemed very scarce, and when tried on one or two occasions, treacle failed absolutely. Chareas graminis and Cidaria testata were seen occasionally on the moors, Polia chi on the stone walls, and Argynnis aglata commonly at Heyburn Wyke, but beyond this nothing worth noting. Just a very few things came to treacle in early September near Wood- bridge, including Hydrecia nictitans, Agrotis suffusa, A. puta, Noctua e-nigrum (common), N. rubt, and Catocala nupta. Larve of Amphidasys betularia, Platypteryx hamula, Cilix spinula, and Acronycta tridens were beaten, and pupe of Nonagria typhe obtained from the reeds; whilst a moth-trap which was tried every night only attracted one Smerinthus popult (very late), one Notodonta camelina, Aspilates citraria, Luperina testacea, and a few very common things. Three specimens of Hnnomos erosaria, one of which gave me a nice batch of ova, and a single male Colias edusa, complete the Suffolk list. Lamps proved attractive at Crouch End during the month, Agrotis ravida occurring again on Sept. 6th and laying a number of ova; good series of Anchocelis Lunosa (with red forms) and Luperina testacea, four Hydrecia micacea and two Catocala nupta are the only others worth mentioning. On the 7th Lycena adonis was well out at Redhill, and a fortnight later (Sept. 20th) a female Thecla betule was taken near Chingford. At last, just beyond the half-month, treacle began to draw again, and working Winchmore Hill six or seven times between the 17th and 28th practically finished up the season for me. Although not nearly so good as the 1893 autumn treacling, a decent number of species turned up; ba: FW. Frohawk cdel.et lith West,Newman imp. Nyssia lapponaria. THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vou. XXVIII.) SEPTEMBER, 1895. [No. 3888. LIFE-HISTORY OF NYSSIA LAPPONARIA. By F. W. Fronaws, F.E.S. Puarte I. On May 6th last I received from Mr. W. M. Christy some va of Nyssia lapponaria, who very kindly sent them to me for the purpose of figuring and describing the insect in its various stages ; and having done so I now have the pleasure of publishing the following life-history and accompanying figures of the species through all its stages. Figs. 1, 1a.—The ovum is of a compressed oval form, with one end rather larger than the other, and measuring in its greatest diameter 3; in.; the surface is delicately and beauti- fully reticulated with a quinquefarius pattern; each cell is mapped out with finely raised ridges shown in Fig. 1b. The colour is of a very clear bright greenish-yellow; a few days before hatching it deepens in colour, and gradually becomes deeper, until, shortly before hatching, it assumes a very deep metallic blue-green hue. The ova hatched between 5 and 6 p.m. on May 16th. Directly after emergence the larva measures 7g in. while extended ; if disturbed it falls, suspending itself by a web, and if falling upon the ground remains for a short time in a looped attitude. Figs. 2, 2a.—The larva in its first stage and when ten days old; it is} in. long, cylindrical, and of uniform thickness through- out; the ground colour is a deep dull hack; the first segment has the anterior edge white, forming a collar and encircling the segment; immediately behind the collar is a series of very minute warts, each beset with a short fine bristle; the 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th segments are each encircled with a number of pure white markings, consisting of fourteen on each segment (seven on either side), Fig. 2a; the dorsal pair are longest, and are separated by a medio-dorsal black line; these, as well as the ENTOM.—SEPT. 1895. x 938 THE ENTOMOLOGIST, two largest lateral spots and the lowest ventral one, have each a black central wart emitting a short whitish bristle; the 2nd, 3rd, 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th segments are principally spotted on the lateral region; the head is black, with white spots at the mouth; the legs and claspers are black. During the first stage the larve fed upon both birch and whitethorn, and appeared to prefer the latter if one more than the other. The first moult occurred on May 81st. Fig. 8.—Before second moult, twenty-one days old, it mea- sures 7 in. long; the ground colour is lilac-brown with fine » white longitudinal lines running the entire length, which are dorsal, sub-dorsal, super-spiracular, and sub-spiracular; on the 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th segments are six lemon-yellow spots (three on each side), and of the same form as in the previous stage, one being dorsal and forming a transverse mark, the other two on the spiracular line, one elongate transversely, the second round, and each having the black central wart emitting a short — hair as in the previous stage; the head, legs, and remaining | details being likewise similar. It rests in a straight attitude, with the head slightly bowed, and the first three anterior segments slightly arched, thereby drawing together the two first pairs of legs; a silk cord from the mouth is attached to the stem while resting. The second moult took place on June 6th. Fig. 4.—Before third moult, when twenty-six days old, it is ;¢ in. long; the body is of uniform thickness and cylindrical ; the ground colour is whitish with a lilac-grey tinge, becoming yellowish shortly before moulting; it is chequered with black markings that are arranged in longitudinal bands, which are medio-dorsal, sub-dorsal, super-spiracular, and spiracular; the spiracular row is formed principally of conspicuous black blotches, commencing on the 4th and ending on the 11th segments; immediately below these markings is a series of bright light yellow markings running the entire length; the dorsal markings, as in the previous stage, are also bright yellow; the ventral sur- face is similarly coloured and lined as on the dorsal region, but rather uniformly darker; the head, legs, and claspers are grey, speckled and streaked with black. It generally rests in a straightened attitude. The third moult happened on June 11th, aud directly after moulting the ground colour is a light olive- yellow; all the markings are as in the previous stage, but brighter and more clearly defined; the head, legs, claspers, and anal segment are all of a clear pinkish-white speckled with pale olive, the colouring of these parts remaining such but for a short time. The cast skin is not eaten by the larva of this species. Fig. 5.—Before fourth moult, thirty-two days old, it mea- sures j5 in. As in the previous stage it is cylindrical, and of uniform thickness throughout; the ground colour is pale prim- rose-yellow; the longitudinal bands, which are outlined with fine LIFE-HISTORY OF NYSSIA LAPPONARIA. 939 black lines composed of numerous black specks and streaks, have the inter-space of a leaden-drab colour, these bands being divided by primrose-yellow lines, thus forming longitudinal rows of alternating stripes; the leaden-drab stripes are medio-dorsal, sub-dorsal, super-spiracular, and spiracular; on the latter band are situated the spiracles, which are small and intensely black ; each is placed on a squarish dull deep black spot forming a con- spicuous row of spots, each is bordered on the lateral and posterior sides with bright lemon-yellow, the yellow being again relieved laterally by a black streak ; on the posterior half of each segment uniting the medio- and sub-dorsal bands is a short transverse lemon-yellow bar united to a black spot in the sub-dorsal band ; the remaining details are in every way similar to the previous stage. It rests in a straight position upon the stems of birch, frequently straight along the stem, but sometimes only with its claspers grasping it, and the head a short distance away, but always with a silken thread from its mouth to the stem. The fourth and last moult took place on June 18th. Figs. 6, 6a.—After fourth moult, forty-two days old, and fully grown, it measures 1} in. in length ; in every detail the pre- ceding description agrees precisely with this stage, excepting that the yellow markings are now rather deeper, of a gamboge-yellow, and the ground colour of the dorsal surface is also rather deeper, and of course the size increased when fully grown. The ground colour varies in different specimens; of the four larve in my possession three having the yellow of different depths, and the fourth of a decided llac-drab hue; this, with the black markings, assumed quite a deep drab-brown, closely resembling the colour of the birch-stems.* The first larva buried for pupation on June 27th, remaining in the larval state forty-two days. Fig. 7.—The pupa is 34 in. In leneth; the head and thorax uniformly rounded in front; round the middle of the wings it is rather contracted; the fifth abdominal segment, including the apical portion of the wings, is swollen; the remainder of the abdomen being attenuated; the posterior sezment terminating in a slightly curved conical point cleft at the end; on the same segment at either side is also a short point; the entire surface is finely granulated; the head, thorax, and abdomen of a deep red- brown; the wings, antenne, and legs are light sienna-red; the eyes are rather conspicuous and blackish. It has no cocoon, being simply buried an inch or two under the surface of the earth. The following descriptions are taken from a pair of specimens kindly lent me by Mr. Christy :— * Mr. Christy, referring to this colour variation in a letter recently re- ceived from him, says: ‘‘The ground colour varies considerably; I have had them dark purplish-brown so that they matched the birch-twigs, and I have had them almost putty-coloured.” x 2 940 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Fig. 8, Male-—Measures in expanse 174 in.; in general form resembling N. zonaria. Primaries, ground colour is greyish- white with a slight ochreous tinge, which colour chiefly occupies the whole of the basal half; four transverse smoky-black bands traverse the wing, the first one is narrow, and situated on the © basal fourth, the second traversing the middle, and disconnected from the third by a narrow band of the ground colour, the latter is simply separated from the marginal band by a fine and indis- tinct zig-zag pale line; all the bands run parallel with the hind margin, and are deep black on the costa and inner margin; the neuration and hind margin is clearly defined by black ; the costa is bright orange-tawny, which is sharply broken up by the black of the four bands; the fringe is smoky-black. Secondaries rather duller in ground colour, and having a mere indication of a sub- marginal whitish band, and a central blackish band indicated by a short transverse bar at the inner margin, and again by the faintest bar close to the disco-cellular nervule; the neuration, margin, and fringe similar in colouring to the primaries; antenne are strongly pectinated ; head, thorax, abdomen, and base of legs thickly clothed with long hairs, which are black, grey, and orange-tawny, the latter occupying the front of the head, sides, and down the centre of the thorax and down the centre of the abdomen, where they are shorter and grouped in tufts, one on each segment; the legs are black. Fig. 9, Female.—Apterous; antenne are simple, but when viewed with a strong lens they appear rather thickly scaled and slightly ciliated; the head, thorax, abdomen, and legs are similar in colouring to the male, but the thorax is less hairy in the female. Mr. Christy has kindly communicated the following con- cerning the habits of the imago :— «The insects are lecidedly sluggish and disinclined to fly, even at night. My idea is that their time of flight is in the day, and when the suri shines. The ovipositor of the female is very long, quite a quarter of an inch. ‘The eggs were laid through some green leno; several folds of it had been tucked inside a chip-box, and the eggs were laid between the leno and the box. The female must be able to push her eggs into any chink or crevice quite out of harm’s way. I have noticed that Amphidasys strataria, A. betularia, and N. hispidaria all like to deposit their eggs in the same way, that is, pushed a long way into some narrow chink, or between folds of muslin or leno. The eggs are laid in a rough untidy batch, sometimes somewhat overlapping one another, precisely after the manner of N. hispidaria, and to the naked eye they are in size and shape exactly like those of that species, but the colour is different. The female when alive is round and plump, but loses its shape when killed, and becomes flattened and wedge-shaped towards the tail, She will live for two or three weeks.” (. G42) VARIETAL TERMINOLOGY. By W. F. pe Vismes Kane, M.A., F.E.S., &e. Mr. Manspripge’s paper on varietal terminology (ante, p. 218) broaches a subject which it would be very desirable to have settled, and the question, being a more or less abstract one, should certainly be capable of easy solution by a consensus of opinion, though its strict application may always offer some difficulty. The standard unit of classification must be the species. And however the definition of a species may be enun- ciated, there seems at least one essential and fundamental element which must enter into it, ¢. ¢., the capability to produce fertile progeny. There may of course be exceptions to the rule of hybrids being sterile; but the law is sufficiently stringent to supply a working basis. Therefore all variations that are capable of producing fertile offspring from a union with the typical specific form are merely subsidiary deviations from the central type. It certainly would be advantageous, if it were possible, to select in every case the central and most universally prevalent form of each species for the type of each group. But the necessities of synonymy require us to maintain the first described form as the type of the species; and this system, though biologically defective, is not beset with much practical inconvenience. What, then, are the lines we should follow in indicating the various deviations from the type; that is, a form which represents theoretically a perfect succession of typical characters ? In the first place, it is undeniable that each individual of the progeny invariably, so far as we can ascertain, differs in some degree, however small, from the parents. Where the divergence is sufficiently appreciable to make it convenient to ear-mark it, it may be well to name it and class it as an ‘‘ aberration,’—a term wide enough to include every (no matter how narrow or wide) branching from the main stem. The greatest part, however, of such aberrant forms disappear as they arise, mainly through the action of extensive interbreeding, and so these eccentricities become neutralised by the operation of the law of heredity. But when isolation becomes a factor, and compels in-and-in breeding among such aberrations ; or some similar determinant interferes, such as the principle of the ‘‘survival of the fittest’’; the aberra- tional characteristic becomes fixed and inherited in a more or less degree; thus giving rise to a permanent “variety.” Asin a kaleidoscope, there are patterns rapidly succeeding each other, and disappearing never to return except after the lapse of long periods; while others, from the nature of the materials, reappear more or less identically at frequent intervals, offering salient cha- racteristics worth notice. And similarly with the shifting factors 949, THE ENTOMOLOGISi. which control zoological evolution; for we find from time to time aberrations cropping up, which would not seem to be founded upon any ancestral tendencies, but to be sporadic, and which only evidence the production of similar results from similar causes. The very rare and strangely similar aberrations of the undersides of certain of the Vanesside are cases in point. When, however, recurring inherited variations occur and are either local or resulting from seasonal influences, or from what is termed mimicry, &c., we feel it necessary to define their characters more fully than by the inclusive term ‘“‘ variety” formerly applied to all. In classification, however, it hitherto has been thought sufficient to compile a list discriminating only on the one hand between the adventitious or occasional appear- ance of any variation meriting record, and on the other, those of similar importance which are reproduced in inherited sequence. These classes of forms are almost universally termed ‘‘ aberra- tions” and ‘‘varieties”’ respectively in such catalogues as Stau- dinger’s. A few authors, indeed, shut their eyes to even this fundamental distinction, which indicates a difference between the fleeting and the stereotyped variation, and apply the term “variety” to every deviation from the specific type. Itis true that the border line between the stable and the unstable form is not absolutely definable; but if such an objection be insisted on, we should have to acknowledge what we must be convinced of theoretically, that the definition of species is beset with similar defects. But this school is not likely to satisfy the requirements of the present day, for the tendency, as pointed out by Mr. Mansbridge, is rather to adopt a more complex terminology, capable of more precisely indicating the idiosyncrasy, so to speak, of the variety in question. And though in classified lists a multiplication of such terms might be redundant and un- necessary, yet in zoological literature their use is almost impera- tive as our knowledge accumulates. The question therefore becomes narrowed into the consideration of what classes of varieties require special designations suggestive of some salient feature of their phylogeny, or distribution, or morphological attributes. And here I would point out that some synonymous general terms are very valuable. The words ‘‘variation” and ‘“‘form”’ are of the utmost value to a writer when he wishes to avoid tautology, or speak indefinitely. The “forms” or ‘ varia- tions”’ of any species may thus be spoken of generally; and then defined particularly as ‘‘ aberrations”’ or ‘‘ varieties” as the case may be. It would be a pity to abolish our indefinite terms; for if we do, literary necessities will oblige other substitutes to be employed. The terms “‘form” and ‘‘ variation” therefore might advantageously remain without any restrictive application, as has generally been the usage hitherto. Now as to the divisions into which it might be desirable to arrange varieties. One of THE SENSES OF INSECTS. 243 these should embrace such forms which have apparently a con- genital origin, such as those which reappear from time to time without any assignable environmental interference. The black variety of Amphidasis betularia may be instanced, which crops up sporadically in many districts without founding a permanent colony. In other localities, however, it has become a local race, and requires to be suitably designated. Many other varieties also appear to be entirely referable to ancestral tendencies, occurring in wholly divergent climates, and in regions widely differing in geological and meteorological conditions. Such, IL think, are certain of the varieties of Aporophyla lutulenta. It would be equally necessary to designate sexual and_ seasonal dimorphic varieties, mountain forms, and those which depend on a high or low range of temperature, or mimicry. The late Mr. Jenner Weir suggested certain terms for some of these; and ‘“‘oromorphic” and ‘‘pediomorphic”’ have been used for mountain and lowland varieties; but until zoological authors yenerally come to some common decision on the subject, any writer of less degree who avoids a periphrasis by the use of unusual terminology, runs the risk of the stigma of pedantry. Drumreaske, August, 1895. THE SENSES OF INSECTS. By J. ARKLE. In the ‘Entomologist’ (ante, p. 80) Mr. Watson contributes an interesting article on these speculative topics from the stand- point of the scientist, while I, in a previous number (Entom. 336) record some observations which may occur to the lay mind. The error of supposing the existence of an additional sense in insects appears to have partly arisen from a misconception of the power of smell. But, asks Mr. Watson, ‘“‘ What about the antenne ?’’ There is, indeed, much to be said about the an- tenn, for ‘‘authorities’’ have loaded them with almost every sense, including this popular superstition. But why the special development in those of the male? Simply, I reply, because, at any rate in Lepidoptera, the male seeks the female, as is proved by the habit of assembling. Therefore the male requires, ac- cording to circumstances affecting species, special developments in these antenne or feelers. Whether the pituitary body in vertebrate embryos, or, indeed, that anomalous organ in the adult human brain, be a sense structure, a glandular body, or partly sensuous and partly glandular, are matters which still exercise the physiologist. Puzzles they still remain when we exclude such words as 244 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. *“‘ probably” and “may.” But let us accept the organ, for the moment, as thoroughly understood,—as the seat of a sense or function now lost,—and contemplate the survey of vertebrate atrophy. The internal and external ear form one of the most popular studies in animal physiology. This is not the place to attempt anything like a description, so I will refer the reader, if necessary, to such text-books as ‘Elementary Lessons in Animal Physiology,’ by the late Professor Huxley. And I feel sure that a digest of the subject will secure my pardon for refusing to believe there can be any analogy between our auditory mechanism and the gill-cleft of a fish. ‘The tympanum alone shows fixed design—and by a Master Hand who knew his mind. Dictionaries may tell us atrophy means a wasting away, but, amidst the hypothetical structures supporting an additional sense, it is pleasant to find that the human vertebrate, if any- thing has been lost, has nevertheless been a gainer on the whole. Our progenitors may have had antenna, or revelled with the fishes in the vasty deep; but we are more comfortably off in the mechanism of hearing, and live in drier conditions. We live longer, and our dimensions have so enlarged that we cannot get inside the armour of our forefathers. Coming back to Entomology, what is this supposed sense ? Obviously it is a sense of direction, whatever other adjunct it may possess. But Sir John Lubbock, supported by Mr. Romanes, shows, in his ‘Senses of Animals,’ ‘‘that there is no sufficient evidence among insects of anything which can justly be called a sense of direction.” Let us now consider what is meant, entomologically, by “assembling.” It is a gathering of the male sex to the female, and from distances clearly beyond the reach of sight or sound. It cannot be confounded with such phenomena as the stridulation of beetles. It has been abundantly proved (Entom. xxvii. 337) to be the result of extraordinary powers of smell. But Mr. Watson concludes, from a note by the Rev. G. H. Raynor (Entom. xxv. 121), that some other influence is at work in addition to that of scent. What are Mr. Raynor’s words? They are these:—‘‘ Even during a stiff breeze I have seen males come up from all quarters of the compass’’—the italics are mine. Unless Mr. Raynor corrects me, I regard the last phrase as a figurative expression, or why use the words “‘ come up”? Ifthe quotation is to be taken literally, then I venture to say Mr. Raynor’s experience stands alone, and is even unsup- ported by Mr. Watson, who quotes it. For what does Mr. Watson say? He says:—‘‘Scent cannot travel against the wind, and in all the assembling expeditions I have been on, the males always came against the wind; and when, in their eager- ness, the males overshot their mark and went past the female, they lost the scent and flew up, soared away on the wind, dropped THE SENSES OF INSECTS. 945 close to earth again, and then, having regained the scent, came sailing along.” In approaching the question of hearing, it is interesting to observe two great insect divisions—those which emit audible sounds and those which do not. In the first division, the bee, housefly, gnat, some of the beetles, cricket, and grasshopper may be cited as examples ; in the second, butterflies, moths, dragon- flies, ants, and many dipterous insects. I am aware that ob- jection may be made to this classification, but it is the result of close observation. In the prevailing desire to show that all classes of insects produce audible sounds, I feel bound to say that science in making the claim for, say, dragonflies and the pea- cock butterfly (Vanessa io), appears driven to extremity. And my observation compels me to doubt if the hum of the bee, as an example of humming insects, is to be at all attributed to wing- vibration. Rather is it, I believe, to the possession of musical spiracles used in flight for the inflation of the body. Nature has landscape sounds for our ears, just as she provides scents for smell or colours for the eye. What though all insect sounds are not agreeable—neither are all flower scents, or flower colours! For monotony is not conducive to human pleasure, but contrast is! Enough, however, has been said to show that some insects produce audible sounds, and I have dilated upon the point because it has been suggested that such insects can necessarily hear. On the other hand, it is obvious that the mere ability to produce sound is no proof that a creature can hear at all. Stories, nevertheless, are related of scientific observations pointing to the conclusion that some, at any rate, of the insects named can not only hear, but interpret the sounds they produce. If in the study of these narratives there arises a suspicion that science can end and enthusiasm begin, there is certainly a general testimony in favour of the possession of auditory powers which has all the weight of highest authority. Thus we hear of the queen bee using her vocal chords in an address to her subjects, the beetle finding his mate by her stridulation, the female cricket the male by his chirruping, &c. References such as these would be incomplete if the scientist could not point to auditory ‘‘organs”’ in sound-producing insects. Instead of loading the antenne with sole responsibility, these structures are now considered to divide the function with others distributed over various parts of the body. Thus we are told of the ‘‘halteres” at the wing-bases of flies, the tympanum on the first abdominal segment of true locusts, and the ears carried by crickets on their legs. Touch, we know, is distributed over the whole of an insect’s body. Whether these microscopic ‘‘ organs”’ are in conjunction with touch, or hearing, may for the present be dismissed to the specialist and the lens of the future. Neither can I afford more than a passing reference to what is inferred 246 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. from the behaviour of a gnat fixed to a microscope-slide. If similarly fixed, with our hands free, we should, on the slightest visible movement, act exactly with our “feelers.” The insect may have exhibited only sensitiveness to concussion or vibration, which is an entirely different thing from hearing. And the alleged “love song” of the gnat happens to be the same as that of the mosquito—a fact which may be of use to the student in the origin and development of species. Admitting evidence in favour of the auditory powers of certain insects, let us take the following illustration, since Lepidoptera are included, as a test of their efficiency and scope. Here isa cavalry regiment coming along the street preceded by its band! The band rein up close to the parapet, and play the troopers past to their billets. Just behind, and resting under a window- sill, is a Melanippe fluctuata. Neither the metallic clink of the cavalry horse-shoes, nor the different classes of musical sounds through all the instruments down to the kettledrums, cause our insect to move in the least. When the band and troopers are gone, we touch its wing-fringe with a walking-stick, and away it goes! M. fluctuata is evidently an example whose acoustics do not include an antithesis. It is useless to suppose the moth sensitive to sounds beyond our auditory powers. Such sounds must be shown to exist. The incident just related is an illustration from one of the classes of insects I regard as mute and deaf. Further, it is a fair sample of the behaviour of any insect tested by similar cir- cumstances. Assuming certain species possess auditory powers, hearing, even in their case, is a most rudimentary sense, and far inferior to what is understood by the term as applied to verte- brates. It serves no purpose as a warning and protection. Nor is this fragment of a sense as generally exhibited as the sense of sight. Neither the simple nor the compound eye in insects is governed by muscle control, that is, there is no focussing power. I have never, therefore, been able to detect an insect that could distinguish an object at more than a dozen yards on the most liberal computation. Yet the sense of sight, so far as it extends, is so universally distributed that any insect can be made to demon- strate that it can at any rate see light. There may, however, so we are told, be fifty additional, aiding senses. If, I reply, it can be shown there is one, we may well reconsider our place in the ranks of created things, and our right to put an insect into the cyanide bottle. Chester, August 13th, 1895. 247 ON THE ORIGIN OF THE EUROPEAN RHOPALOCERA, AND THE EFFECTS PRODUCED BY THE GLACIAL PERIOD UPON THEIR PRESENT DISTRIBUTION AND DIVERSITY. By W. Harcourt Baru. Grotocists inform us that there was a period in the history of this planet when the earth existed in a molten red-hot state, analogous to that which holds sway at the present time in the smaller mass of Mercury. During the course of many millions of years its great heat gradually sublimed, until it was reduced to a temperature capable of supporting animal and plant life. The two extremities of the earth were most probably the first points where life first commenced to make its appearance, since they were undoubtedly the first portions of this planet which possessed a sufficiently low temperature for its production. But whether the North Pole or the South Pole was actually the first to evolve animals and plants, is a problem which requires elucidating; likewise as to whether two identical or distinct sroups of fauna and flora came into existence at either extremity independent of each other, and which for a long time were unable to intermingle on account of the equatorial regions being still in too thermal a state to enable them to do so. Butterflies are, however, geologically speaking, of compara- tively very recent origin, according to the evidence furnished by paleontology, and the place where they were first produced was most probably somewhere in the equatorial regions of the earth. Tropical America very likely constitutes the cradle of their birth, on account of the wonderful development they receive in this region both as regards numbers and variety. In the basin of the Amazon and adjacent countries to the north there exist about 5000 different species out of a total of 10,000 known to science, that is, 50 per cent. of the rhopalocerous fauna of the globe. During the course of many thousands of years succeeding they became disseminated through all portions of the earth, and up to the commencement of the great glacial period there was probably a rich rhopalocerous fauna found in most parts of Europe. It is the influence of the above climatic conditions, as affecting the present distribution and diversity of the European Rhopalocera, with which I propose to deal in the present paper. During the height of the glacial period, that is when the ice- cap attained to its maximum dimensions, the major part of Europe north of the Pyrenees, Alps, and Carpathians, was covered by a vast field of snow and ice, which accumulated to such an extent during the severe winters that the heat of each succeeding summer was unable to sublime it. The butterflies 248 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. which had formerly existed in this area were either all extirpated or had been driven south to the edge of the ice-cap, where alone their pabula could survive. At this period all the countries bordering on the Mediterranean must have possessed a fauna and flora somewhat similar to that which now reigns supreme in Scandinavia at the present day. Upon milder climatic conditions ensuing the ice-cap, which had previously enveloped Europe in its clutches like a gigantic cuttle-fish, gradually receded, carrying in its trail those butter- flies and their food-plants which had continued to survive upon the southern edge of its area. Thus we find existing at the present day in high latitudes, and also at considerable altitudes upon mountains, where climatic conditions prevail parallel with those which existed during the glacial period, the most ancient forms of the various genera and species. These have in many cases since branched out into numerous other forms, under more favourable physical surroundings, in lower latitudes and at less elevated altitudes. In the north, Scandinavia, Lapland, and Finland constitute the happy hunting-grounds of those who wish to meet with these ancestral forms; while further south they may only be obtained on the Alps and Pyrenees, and other mountain-ranges of Central Europe which are of a sufficient vertical elevation, and furnish zones with an equivalent vegetation to those now existing in arctic and subarctic regions. When the major part of Kurope was submerged beneath a sea of snow and ice, other large portions of the palearctic area were left uncovered, at least were free from it in the summer time. This consisted of land even further to the north than the glaciated western continent, namely, in Siberia. The reason of this is, as has been ably demonstrated by Prof. A. R. Wallace, that in order to induce glaciated conditions a certain amount of humidity must occur, whereas this was absent in the region in question, as is evidenced by the non-presence of geological proof to the contrary, such as ice-scratchings, &c. At the same time the cold may have been much more intense in the winter, although in the summer, the land being free from snow, vegetation could make its appearance, together with the attendant butterflies. It is highly probable, therefore, that many species of the latter were perpetuated and survived within this area during the glacial period, which, upon more favourable climatic conditions making their appearance in Northern and Central Europe, spread westwards, and inter- mingled with those which at the same time advanced north- | wards from the south. As the result of his investigations, Hrnst Hoffmann asserts that of the 290 species of Rhopalocera inhabiting our con- | tinent at the present time, no less than 178 were originally | ORIGIN, ETC., OF THE EUROPEAN RHOPALOCERA. 249 derived from Siberia. If this was the case, and it seems very likely to be correct, the majority of them probably immigrated westwards at the commencement of the pleistocene period, for they must be of great antiquity ; moreover, it is unreasonable to suppose that many of the species could not have existed also in the South of Europe, even at the climax of the glacial epoch. According to the same authority, only eight species have been derived from Africa and thirty-nine from Asia, south of Siberia ; that is, the oriental region of Prof. Wallace. ‘These must in all cases have immigrated into the south European province of the palarctic region after the termination of the glacial period, as they belong to genera and types of tropical distribution. At the present day they occur in those countries bordering on the Medi- terranean Sea. The glacial species of butterflies—that is, the most ancient forms, designated by Prof. August Weismann, “the original stirps”—are in many cases distinguished by their melanic and melanochroic tendencies. We thus find the forms inhabiting the more northern localities and higher elevations on the mountains often of a darker hue, while their representatives in more southern latitudes and less elevated altitudes exhibit a brighter coloration. The researches of the learned German above named confirm this view, although in a few instances the reverse seems to be the case, the more austral forms exhibiting melanistic ten- dencies, while their representatives in boreal localities possess either a brighter or a more pallid coloration. Without entering here into the discussion as to whether these melanic forms have been produced by the direct or indirect action of the local conditions, I think I may safely assert my belief that those belonging to the austral group owe their evolution to post- glacial times, and are consequently of much more recent origin. The comparative paucity of the European rhopalocerous fauna is to be accounted for in two different ways. ‘The first is that insufficient time has elapsed since the termination of the glacial period to permit of the appearance of many new species to replace those which were extirpated by the great cold. At about the climax of the glacial period, as Prof. James Geikie informs us, the land connection between Europe and Africa was severed, which resulted in the entire extinction of many species of a more austral character which were driven south, and survived for a time in the area which the Mediterranean now occupies. The second one consists in the great and insurmountable barriers to the immigration of austral forms, furnished by the elevated chain of the Himalayas and the vast sandy tract of the Sahara ; otherwise, were these not existing, many oriental and ethiopian butterflies would no doubt extend the area of their distribution to the north, where they could easily find a congenial home on the shores of the Mediterranean. 950 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. As it is, on account of the absence of these austral species, the sunny South of Spain possesses fewer butterflies than Switzerland, while boreal forms exist in the latter, which are also unknown in the former locality. At the present day the Alps, the Caucasus, and the Pyrenees constitute the richest hunting-grounds for Rhopalocera in Europe, for we here find many of the glacial species still existing, in addition to numerous post-glacial modifications in the valleys and on their southern slopes. Birmingham, August 14th, 1895. A CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. By W. F. pe Vismes Kang, M.A., M.R.LA., F.E.S. (Continued from p. 217.) Noctua sosprina, Gn.—Two specimens were taken at Clon- brock, Co. Galway, by the Hon. R. E. Dillon. Noctua castaNEA, Msp.—Kilcornan (B.), and type and var. neglecta at Clonbrock (Rh. H. D.), Co. Galway. Both also occur at Markree Castle, Co. Sligo, and at Knocknarea (f.), but are scarce; Killarney (B.). Noctua xANTHOGRAPHA, /’b.—Everywhere common and vari- able, grey forms predominating in many places. The var. rufa, Tutt, with well-marked stigmata, is not rare, and the unicolorous red form, which occurs at Castle Bellingham and about Belfast, ' &e. Var. nigra, Tutt, is occasional at Castle Bellingham, Co. Louth ; Bundoran in the West (W.), and elsewhere. TRIPHHNA IANTHINA, Hsp.—Everywhere distributed, and often common. TRIPHHNA FimpriA, L.—Widely spread throughout Ireland, and of every grade of variation from the unicolorous pale buff forms to deep greenish-brown. Usually only an occasional species, but in some localities abundant. TRIPHHNA INTERJECTA, H1b.—Decidedly a scarce species, though widely spread. I have taken it at Killiney and Howth, Co. Dublin; Kilcool and Arklow, Co. Wicklow; Cappagh, Co. Water- ford; Minehead and Castlehaven, Co. Cork; Castle Bellingham, Co. Louth ; Killynon and Cromlyn (Mrs. B.), Westmeath; Clon- brock, Co. Galway, two (R. H. D.). It sometimes flies rapidly in the afternoons in hot sunshine. TRIPHENA ORBONA, Hufn. (subsequa, S. V., Hb.).—This has been taken in the Co. Galway as follows :—Near the town in A CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. 951 August, 1858 (B.); two at Ardrahan (Harker); two at Clonbrock (R. E. D.). TripH=@nA comes, Hb. (orbona, Fb.). — Universally common. Among its variations is one approaching the red Scotch form, but not, I think, of so deep a tint. This occurs at Howth; Sligo; Old Head of Kinsale, Co. Cork; Armagh and Coolmore, Co. Donegal (J.); also at Clonbrock with other remarkable forms (R. H. D.). The clay-coloured aberration is widely distributed and not infrequent. TRIPHENA PRONUBA, L.—Everywhere very common, and in every grade of variation. Some of the finest of these I saw in great numbers at Toberdaly, King’s Co. The var. hagi, H.-8., occurs in Ireland, characterised by the apical lunule on the hind wing. AMPHIPYRA PYRAMIDEA, L.—Apparently confined to the southern half of Ireland, where, as at Clonbrock, it is very abundant. But it is apparently very local. Abundant at Killarney (B.) and near Kenmare; and at Cappagh, Co. Waterford; not scarce about Glandore and Bandon (Z.), Co. Cork; scarce at Moycullen, Connemara, but common elsewhere in the Co. Galway, as at Castle Taylor, &e. Athlone. It has occurred at Cromlyn rarely (Mrs. B.), and Killynon (Miss R.), where it became common in 1898. Single specimens at Howth (G. V. H.), and Lissadell, Co. Sligo, mark its northerly limits on the east and west coasts. AMPHIPYRA TRAGOPOGONIS, L.—Hverywhere common. Manta typrca, L.—In varying abundance in most localities. Mania maura, [L.—Very widely spread from north to south, usually in scanty numbers. But in Kerry I have seen six at a time on the sugar; and at Castle Bellingham, Co. Louth; Corkhill, Co. Tyrone; and Castle Taylor, Co. Galway, it is also very numerous. I have not seen the pale typical form with very unicolorous ground colour in Ireland. Our specimens accord with Newman’s fig. 710, with a dark median band. PANOLIS PINIPERDA, Panz.—Not recorded by Birchall. A decidedly local species, probably introduced from British nurseries with fir plants, and, I think, extending its range in Ireland. There seems little doubt that the native pine tree became quite extirpated here in historical times; although extensive pine woods existed in many parts in the twelfth century, and more anciently it clothed great tracts of moor and mountain in every province ; evidences of which are to be found in the lower strata of most of our bogs. The only alternative supposition seems to be that in default of fir the larva may be able to support itself on other food. Certainly the insect has been sometimes captured at great distances from any species of pine. The common form is of a bright brick-red, but specimens occur of a dull brownish 252 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. tone of red, and I have taken one or two rather grey forms at Clonbrock. lLocalities:—Ashford, Co. Wicklow, one (Talbot) ; Agher, Co. Meath, a few (Miss R.); near Galway (Lieut. Walker, R.N.), and not scarce at Mount Bellew, and plentiful at Clon- brock in the same county. In the Co. Dublin a few at Howth (G. V. H.), and Tibradden one (Halbert) ; Kilderry, Co. Derry, one (G. V. H.); Sligo a few (McC.). PacHNoBIA RuBRICOSsA, F'b.—This common British moth is rather scarce in Ireland, occurring for the most part very sparingly. The ruddy brown type seems the predominant form here, but greyer ones also occur both in the south and north. The var. pallida, Tutt, which seems chiefly confined to North Britain, I have taken with the type at Killarney, and Mr. McClean at Sligo; var. rufa also occurs at Sligo and at Clon- brock; var. mucida, Esp., at Kilderry, near Derry (G. V. H.). Localities :—Occasional specimens in Co. Wicklow (Bw.), and by myself at Powerscourt ; Wooden Bridge (M. F.); Bray Head, larvae feeding on seed-pods of wild hyacinth (A. G. More); Tempo Manor, Enniskillen, one (Langham) ; Farnham, Cavan; Favour Royal, Co. Tyrone. Not scarce at Markree Castle and L. Gill, Co. Sligo; and Clonbrock, and Mount Bellew, Co. Galway. At Killarney I captured once a long series on a sallow on the margin of a bog, and Mr. Hart found them abundant in a similar situation near Derry, where Mr. Campbell notes them generally asscarce. Ballycastle, Co. Antrim, abundant (Bw.). PACHNOBIA HYPERBOREA, Zett. (var. carnica, Hering).—A single example of this mountain insect emerged on Feb. 29th, 1898, in a cage placed in a warm sitting-room at Clonbrock, Co. Galway, and was noted in the Hon. R. E. Dillon’s diary at the time as ‘probably hyperborea.” He presumed it to have been the result (among others) of collecting larve in the preceding autumn at a large bog in the vicinity, where I find Hmpetrum nigrum grows plentifully. This part of the County Galway is flat with extensive ranges of bog, and though at only a very moderate elevation above the sea, is remarkable for preserving representa- | tives, often in profusion, of many distinctively mountain plants. Tmnriocampa GoTrHtica, L.—Universally common and extremely | variable. In some localities, as at Drumreaske, Co. Monaghan, | and Clonbrock, specimens with red ground are numerous. At | Killarney, where many northern species and varieties are found, I took a few specimens of var. pallida, Tutt, which may be ranked | in that category. Herrich-Schiiffer’s var. gothicina (in which | the black gothica mark is suppressed) has occurred at Killarney, _ Clonbrock, and elsewhere occasionally. At the latter locality a specimen of var. sujfusa, Tutt, is worth record. Var. rufescens, Tutt, Westmeath, &c., rare. A CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. 9538 TmNIOCAMPA INcERTA, Hufn.— Universally distributed, but generally much less common than either the preceding or stabilis. The dark forms, such as var. fuscatus, Haw., are usually the most plentiful; and next in abundance those with warm brown ground colour. Specimens of the true var. instabilis, Hb., of the colour of P. rubricosa, with a dark band, are taken at Drumreaske, Monaghan; but it is an uncommon form. Those with various tones of grey with or without a median band are rather scarce. At Clonbrock Mr. Dillon takes a very handsome mottled bluish grey variety in some numbers, which appears referable to var. cerulescens, Tutt. It appears restricted to a small area in its occurrence at Clonbrock. The var. instabilis, Fb. (as quoted in Tutt’s ‘ British Noctus’), with greyish wings and waved ferru- ginous median band, I have very rarely seen. Westmeath, and Sligo (McC.). TaNtocamPa opima, Hb.—A very local species, first noted in Birchall’s ‘Supplement,’ 1873, taken by Mr. Talbot at Tarbert, on the south shore of the Shannon estuary. Many years after a specimen fell to my net at Killynon, Westmeath. Lately it has been taken pretty numerously at Clonbrock, Co. Galway ; and occurs at Castle Bellingham, Co. Louth (Thornhill), and near Belfast (scarce, W.). Besides the pale grey type with median band varying in depth of colour and breadth, a considerable proportion of brown forms, with antemarginal line and outlines of stigmata paler (var. brunnea, Tutt), are found at Clonbrock and Castle Bellingham, some being as dark as any North of England specimens I have seen. Intermediate forms of greyish brown are not uncommon—var. intermedia, Tutt. TNIOCAMPA POPULETI, [’b.—‘‘ Wicklow and Killarney” (B.). A Teniocampa possibly referable to this species, but since lost, was taken near Derry by Mr. Campbell. Two at Clonbrock, Co. Galway (R. EH. D.). THNIOCAMPA STABILIS, View.—Usually the commonest of this genus, though in some districts gothica supersedes it. Hvery known variety appears to exist here, with ground colour ranging from pale whitish grey to various tones of brown and red. Often a median shading is present, and strongly marked but suffused, and many examples have the stigmata extremely large and some- times adherent. (Var. juncta, Haw.) I do not know of any form peculiar to Ireland. Tmniocampa Gracituis, F’'b.—This species is represented in almost every locality I have any experience of, but usually in Sparing numbers. On the other hand it sometimes, as at Clon- brock, is extremely numerous, and turns up in dozens. Like opima it is rather later in emergence than most of its congeners, and straggles on till almost summer. The almost unicolorous ENTOM.—SEPT. 1895. Y 954 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. creamy-white var. pallida, St., is, I think, the most widely dis- tributed form; but var. sparsus, Haw., which is more or less © speckled with black scales, is occasional in some localities,— — Clonbrock; Drumreaske, Monaghan; and Favour Royal, Tyrone, ~ &e.,—and is the local type at Enniskillen (teste Capt. Browne, who has also taken an extreme form of it there). Var. pallida, Gn. = rosea, Tutt, I met with at Clonbrock. The dark reddish | var. rufescens, Ckll., is very rare; I have seen a few taken by Mr. Dillon, and one from Leenane in the same Co. (A.), but the colour is rarely so deep as those from the New Forest. Tmnrocampa miniosa, £’b.—The few Irish specimens hitherto taken belong to the var. rubricosa, Esp., being of pale reddish ground colour with a well-marked red median band. I have met with it at Howth and the Wooden Bridge, Co. Wicklow, where also Mr. Fitzgibbon took a specimen in 1892. One was recorded from Ashford, in the same county (Talbot, 1877). A few bred this year at Clonbrock, Co. Galway (R. H. D.). TmNrocaMpa MUNDA, Hsp.—The distribution of this local moth in the northern half of Ireland seems to be pretty wide; but Birchall’s originai record of ‘‘ Killarney” is the only one yet © available from the south. The range of variation seems to be as wide as in Great Britain, but I have seen none of very red ground | colour. The following tints occur :—Pale grey, similar to Xylina | socia (var. pallida, Tutt); dingy speckled grey (? var. grisea, Tutt) ; pale ochre (type); warm buff (? rufa, Tutt); dingy brown. | Of these forms, with their varied designs of marking, perhaps the | most striking is the last; of which I have specimens with slightly | marked ante-marginal dashes, and a very broad suffused median | band, and other waved transverse linear markings in darker tone. The most unicolorous example I have is of a warm buff ground, | with only the reniform stigma and two almost obsolete ante-mar- | ginal dashes (var. bimaculatus, Haw.). The median band is usually | obsolete or nearly so in the paler forms. Localities:—I have | met with a few specimens at Arklow and Wooden Bridge, Co. Wicklow; Dr. Hart, one at Howth. It is not scarce at Castle Bellingham, Co. Louth (Thornhill) ; at Drumreaske, Monaghan ; and on the verge of the Co. Tyrone at Favour Royal. Single examples were taken at Tempo Manor (Langham), near Ennis- killen (near which town a series has also been caught by Capt. Browne); at Hollybrook (Miss #.) and Markree Castle, Co. Sligo; Farnham, Co. Cavan (Halbert); and a few at Clonbrock, | Co. Galway (R. LH. D.). (To be continued.) 255 NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Way nor cottecr Torrricina ?—In discussing the above question, Mr. South (ante, p. 215), while praising the portion of Stainton’s ‘Manual’ allotted to this group, desiderates a new work upon it. Please allow me to extend the question to the collection of the Tineina, as well as the Tortricina, and to suggest that what is imperatively needed at this moment is a new edition of the ‘ Manual,’ so far as it treats of these two most interesting groups, 7. ¢., vol. ii., pp. 188-489, brought up to date. A work of this kind ought not to be a difficult one. I could name many of our collectors, who are not collectors merely, but are well up in the scientific part of the subject, to whom it should be a ‘labour of love.”’ It is probably hopeless to expect figures of every species, but a typical one of each genus might be given, or, in genera of considerable extent, several. Plain figures well lithographed would be best, though woodcuts (of the first excel- lence) sutticiently enlarged for the minute species, and intercalated in the text, would be perhaps most convenient. These with short Staintonian diagnoses, and differential tables of species, keeping as close as may be to Mr. Stainton’s method, would be a priceless boon to collectors. The systematic arrangement might be that of Mr. South himself. This arrangement is, I believe, now generally followed and accepted by British collectors. For the greater utility of such a work I have little doubt but that almost all collectors would gladly furnish data of localities, abundance or scarcity, or any other facts that may have come within their cognizance. I trust the above suggestion may be taken up and acted upon. — (Rey.) O. P. Camsripez; Bloxworth Rectory, August 3rd, 1895. Poryporus ror Stacine Insects. — I can heartily reeommend the white birch fungus (Polyporus betulinus), not only for staging insects, but for many other purposes as well. I first discovered this substance and used it for staging’ purposes nearly twenty years ago, and called attention to it in the ‘Canadian Entomologist,’ vol. x., page 88. I soon after learned, however, that it had long been known and used for that purpose in Germany, and it may have been in other parts of Europe. It is not for sale in this country, since so few work on the Micro- Lepidoptera here that there is not much demand for it. North America is as yet a glorious country for those suffering with the “mihi itch.”— C. H. Fernatp; Amherst, Mass., August 12th, 1895. Furruer Norm on Acronycra ps1.—With reference to my note (ante, p. 229) concerning the larve of this species, the second larva spun up (like the previous one) on the surface of the earth, on July 18th, and yesterday (20th inst.) I found that it had turned to a pupa, which seems quite healthy. I might mention that the reason for both spinning their cocoons on earth is due to there being no other con- venient method, as the cage is covered by an inverted tumbler.—A. E. Auuwortry ; 5, Gladsmuir Road, Whitehall Park, N., July 21st, 1895. Waar Species or Insects ARE THE Most VARIABLE ? — Were I asked this question, I should answer, Arctia caia, Abraxas grossulariata, Cidaria russata, C. immanata, Peronea cristana, P. hastiana, and Cero- stoma radiatella, amongst the Lepidoptera; Coccinella variabilis, C. bi- 256 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. punctata, Donaria sericea, and Harpalus proteus, amongst the Coleoptera _ Ptyelus spumaria and Bysthoscopus flavicollis, amongst the Homoptera Chrysis ignita and Bombus muscorum, amongst the Hymenoptera.— C. W. Date; Glanvilles Wootton, August Ist, 1895. Hermapnropire oF Pieris napr, var. BRYonIm.—I recently took a specimen answering this description on the Gemme Pass, in Switzer- land, the right fore wing of which is that of a typical male, the other three resembling those of a female of the alpine variety bryonie. — W. Harcourt Batu; Birmingham. Enromotoeica, Expeprrion to tHe Anps.—I have recently under- taken a very successful collecting trip to the Pennine and Bernese Alps and Jura. In the course of a fortnight I netted about 1500 specimens of Rhopalocera, representing nearly 90 species, full par- ticulars of which I hope to publish in the ‘Entomologist’ later on.— W. Harcourt Barn; Birmingham, August Ist, 1895. ‘‘NewspareR Ewntomonoey.’” — To a specialist of any class a news- paper will always appear inaccurate ; and we cannot help feeling that Mr. James’s attempt to pillory the writer of an unsigned letter to an evening paper, which any one can see for himself in a dozen public places, rather misses its mark, and recoils upon its author. Who the ‘moderate collector”? may be I know not, but, whoever he is, he has been unfairly treated by Mr. James. The entomological mistakes referred to by the latter are, on the very face of the letter, not those of the writer, but of other parties. These mistakes are not endorsed by the writer, and it would have been foreign to the object of his letter to correct them; that object, it is plain, was the very admirable one of calling attention to the injury done by mere collectors, who can see nothing in an insect until it is skewered with a pin, and by semi- scientists, to whom an insect, like every other natural object, is simply a thing to be classified, and, once classified, of no further use. ‘I'he writer’s suggestion as to the protection of rare insects is not only not absurd, but interesting and useful. It would not be difficult to show that it is not unpractical. The honour of the entomological brother- hood requires that something be done to check the destruction of rare and local insects by dealers and ‘‘omnivorous” collectors, to adopt the ‘“‘moderate collector’s’’ apt description. That I may not be thought to be out of sympathy with “ collecting” in a true, and, if I may apply the term that best expresses the feeling, sportsmanlike sense, I may mention that I have myself been a collector of insects as long as I can remember. I believe I began collecting before I could talk—Haroip Hover; 2, Essex Court, Temple, E.C. CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. Piusta Moneta aT Reapinc.—I have great pleasure in recording the capture of a fine specimen of P. moneta, which came to light in my house on July 14th.— H. 8. Morris; 5, Southern Hill, Reading, Aug. 16th, 1895. PLUSIA MONETA NEAR TuNBRIDGE WeELLS.—This is the third season now I have had the pleasure of breeding this species, from the same A ( CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 257 locality each season. I have searched for it very much this year, but have not found it outside of its former haunts, which shows it is getting more restricted in habits. Some of the larve I found were very small. Before the first change it is a very different-looking larva, being then speckled all over with black dots, which caused me to think at first I was to be the fortunate captor of that lost species P. illustris, as the description of that species in Stainton’s ‘ Manual’ corresponded exactly; but after the first change it came to its normal colour. I believe this has not been noted before.—M. M. Puiprs; Victoria Road, Southborough, Tunbridge Wells. SPHINX PINASTRI IN SUFFOLK.—We have taken fifteen Sphinx pinastrt (imagos) here this year, and could have taken more. This makes the fourth year out of five we have taken them here, but for the first time we have beat the larve of the species, thus proving beyond all doubt that it lives and breeds here. I have about one hundred larve feeding now.— F. Metiusson; Rendlesham, Woodbridge, August 2nd, 1895. C@NONYMPHA TYPHON (DAVUS) IN DELAMERE ForEst.—I am pleased to note the discovery of three new localities in the Delamere Forest district for this interesting butterfly. In its old habitat it is evidently extinct; but, in the first of the three new localities, a fine specimen was netted on June 22nd, and several in the second on the same day. This reminded me I had marked, some miles away, last autumn, a likely-looking spot for the butter- fly, and I was rewarded by taking six very fair specimens (four rather rubbed and chipped) on the 29th. The Delamere form of the butterfly belongs to the variety philowenus = rothliebi. The eye-spots vary much in number and size; there is much variation, as well, in the whitish bars, streaks, and patches on the under surface of the wings. Underneath each lower wing there are usually, if not always, six ocelli, varying, in the case of the largest, from a teuth to the twentieth of an inch. Can any one say what is the form of C. typhon between the Clyde and the Forth, on the one hand, and the Cheviots, on the other? ‘The Irish form—disregarding inconstant minor differences—seems to be the same as that in Kngland and Wales.— J. ARKLE; 2, George Street, Chester. CoLias EDuSA IN Krnr.—On July 7th I took a fine male specimen of C. edusa in an orchard near here, and since then have captured two others and one female. — H. W. SuepHEarD-Watwyn ; Glensyde, Bidborough, Tunbridge Wells. Variety OF GONOPTERYX (RHopocERA) RHAMNI.— On July 15th I took a fine male G. rhamni with the left primary sprinkled with orange spots.—H. W. SHepHmarpD-Wa.Lwyn. PsRIPLARETA AMERICANA IN Krew GarpENs.—I should like to record the capture of a specimen of this cockroach on April 23rd. Though common about docks in English sea-port towns, it is, at present at any rate, seldom met with inland.—W. J. Lucas; St. Mary’s, Knight's Park, Kingston-on-Thames. Capture oF MaLiora crisTaLomDEs, Loew.—On July 18th, 1880, I captured in the window of my study an Eristalid kind of large fly, which battled all attempts to name, although I submitted it to the late Professor Westwood, Mr. Verrall, and the Natural History Museum authorities at South Kensington. However, this year I found a similar specimen in the \ x =. Museum under the above name, taken last year in the New Forest by Mr. Adams.—C. W. Date; Glanvilles Wootton, August Ist, 1895. Cotiectine at Dover.—Colias edusa, South Foreland meadow ; one specimen reported to me; I have not seen it this year myself. Pamphila sylvanus, abundant. P. linea, about six taken. Pieris brassicae, fairly common. LP. rapa, only two or three seen. Satyrus ianira, Cenonympha pamphilus, and Melanargia galatea, very abundant on the Kast Cliff. Lycena alexis and L. alsus, very sparingly; both species worn. L. @gon, a few; good condition. L. corydon, just coming out; condition fine. L. adonis, second brood not yet appeared. Vanessa cardui, one or two seen; worn. JV. urtice, a few hybernated and worn; this year’s specimens just coming out (July 18th). Acherontia atropos and Smerinthus ocellatus, one specimen each (brought me by the boatmen: captured close to electric- lamp, Marine Parade, East Cliff). Macroglossa stellatarum, three or four noticed round viper’s bugloss, Hast Cliff; captured there by others. Zygena filipendule, swarming on downs; the earliest emerged, as far as I can tell, simultaneously with the 1st of this month. Chwrocampa porcellus, said to occur on viper’s bugloss, and has been found this season ; I have not come across it myself. F’. A. WALKER; 2, Eastbrook Place, Dover, July 20th. 258 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Norrs rrom Dorset.—Yesterday morning, on a hedge in a field here, I caught a battered specimen of Thecla betulé; and later on my brother saw a butterfly, which | think was Colias edusa, but as it was not caught I am not quite sure; it looked rather pale, so may have been var. helice or C. hyale—W. H. Somurser; Sydney Villa, Sherborne, Dorset, Aug. 1 6th. Norrs rrom New Forest anp EKppine Forest.—I have just returned home disappointed from a two days’ stay at Brockenhurst. Never before have I known such an absolute dearth of moths for the time of year, beating, treacling, and dusking alike proving almost a dead failure. Rhopalocera were more plentiful, but still far below their usual numbers; Argynnis paphia was fairly common, and still in pretty good condition, half-a-dozen good valesina among them; A. aglaia and A. adippe very scarce, Limeiutis sibylla very worn, and although Gonopterya rhamnt and Vanessa polychloros were in grand condition they were distinctly rare. The Satyride, which were plentiful, although not in their usual countless numbers, were principally composed of Hpinephele ianira, EL. hyperanthus, and EF. tithonus ; Pararge egeria was seldom seen, and Satyrus semele not too common. ‘The latter species was frequently disturbed from the pine trunks in the enclosures, this being the first time I have noticed it in the New Forest away from the heathland ; T’hecla quercus was hardly out, cnly four specimens being seen. One Leucania turca and twelve other moths of the very commonest descrip- tion made up the sum total of three nights’ treacling, and beating went along at about the same rate. Of Acidalia aversata, which was undoubtedly the commonest species, I certainly did not see a dozen, and the rest could pretty well be counted up on the fingers, a male Boarmia abietaria and a female Eugonia erosaria being the only ones worth mentioning. A fair number of Kubolia palumbaria and one Pseudoterpna cytisaria trom the heath, one Ellopia fasciaria from a pine trunk, and one Caradrina blanda complete the scantst list I have ever known or heard of from the New Forest in July. The local collectors all say it is the worst season they remember. This utter failure came as a greater surprise after my experience of Kpping Forest at the end of June. I spent two short evenings (June 24th and 27th) at Ching- . \ ( SOCIETIES. 259 ford, and if nothing very good was taken common species were swarming both at dusk and treacle. Although I had to leave each night as early as 10 o'clock, no less than twenty-nine species turned up on treacle, including three Dicycla oo (one of them a lovely clouded variety), Thyatira batis, T. derasa, Xylophasia hepatica (abundant), Caradrina blanda, Rusina tene- brosa (common), Noctwa festiva (some very nice forms), Aplecta nebulosa (dark), and Hadena thalassina (very worn). At dusk seven Phorodesma bajularia were taken during a quarter of an hour on the 24th (which was all the time I had for dusking that evening), and another on the 27th; Angerona prunaria, males, were fairly common, Hemithea thymiaria and Cidaria fulvata abundant, and Melanthia bicolorata in such vast swarms as I have never before seen. On the whole, when comparing these two evenings with the two days spent at Brockenhurst three weeks later, one could scarcely imagine that it was the same season. Moreover, according to Mr. Gulliver, treacle had been no more successful in the New Forest during the last week of June (when it was so attractive in London) than 1 found it in July. The question of the success and non-success of treacle still seems to be far from satisfactorily settled, as the Brockenhurst evenings could not possibly have been more promising from the weather point of view, whilst the Chingford evenings were two of the brightest and clearest we have had all the summer, and at the same time there was a great quantity of ‘‘honey-dew” about on the foliage. — Russetn HE. Jamus; 3, Mount View Road, Finsbury Park, N., July 22nd, 1895. SOCIETIES. South Lonpon EnromonoaicaL anp Natura History Socmry.— July 11th, 1895.—Mr. T. W. Hall, F.E.S., President, in the chair. Mr. Fremlin exhibited a long and variable bred series of Phorodesma smaragdaria, b., all of which were set with the aid of a blowpipe; also a bred series of Geometra papilionaria, L. Mr. Oldham, a Sirea gigas, L., from Wisbech, and a number of Lepidoptera taken during the Society’s field meeting at Oxshot, June 29th, including Lurymene dolabraria, Li., Macaria liturata, Clerk., and Hadena pisi, L. Mr. Adkin, a yellow var. of Hmaturga atomaria, L. Mr. T. W. Hall, a pupa of Sesia sphegiformis, Fb., and a bred series of Hupithecia valerianata, Hb. Mr. Edwards, a specimen of Papilio sesostris var. vestos, from §. America. July 25th.—The President in the chair. Mr. Hall exhibited a long variable bred series of Dianthwcia carpophaga, Bork., the larve having been found on Lychnis vespertina; one specimen had all the usual markings nearly obliterated, and gradations led to the opposite extreme of a specimen with the markings much extended and intensified. Mr. Robson, a var. of Smerinthus tilie, L., without the usual dark band across the fore wing, and an exceedingly pretty suffused form of Zonosoma pendularia, Clerk. Mr. Dennis, a bred series of Cosmia affinis, L., from Horsley. Mr. Turner, a series of Lycena egon, Schiff., from Oxshot, showing amalgamation of spots on the under sides, blue-splashed females, and one female undistinguish- able on the upper side from L. astrarche, LN ‘ ; \ 260 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. \ August 8th.—The President in the chair. Mr. T. W. Hall exhibitea specimens of Hadena oleracea, L., in which the reniform and orbicular stigmata were scarcely to be traced. Mr. Adkin, a series of strongly- marked EHupithecia tenuiata, Hb., from Drogheda. Mr. South, a number of series of species taken near. Macclesfield during the present season, including four forms of Xylophasia rurea, Fb.; all forms of X. mono- glypha, L., except the very dark Durham form Miana strigilis, Clerk., were all dark, not a single type specimen having been seen; and two series of Hepialus velleda, Hb., with var. carnus, taken at different elevations. Mr. A. EK. Hall, a specimen of Argynnis adippe, L., var. cleodora, Och., and a remarkable Triphena comes, Hb., with intense black markings. Mr. Moore, a specimen of Hpinephele ianira, L., with a considerable increase of the fulvous area; and an Orthopteron of the genus Petasia, from S. Africa. Mr. Frohawk, a grand series of under sides of E’pinephele hyperanthus, L., showing all gradations from var. arete, Mull., to var. lanceolata. Mr. Turner, a var. of Huchelia jacobee, L., with a small additional spot, and other Lepidoptera.—H. J. Turner, Hon. Report. Sec. Birmincuam E\wromonocicaL Socrety.—ZJuly 15th, 1895.—Mr. P. W. Abbott, V.-P., in the chair. Mr. B. C. Bradley referred to the fungus- killed Melanostoma scalare shown at the last meeting; he had sent specimens to Mr. M‘Lachlan, who said the fungus was Hmpusa con- glomerata, a species found in America and Germany on Tipulide, but not hitherto found in Britain. Mr. Wainwright said he had found several lots at Sutton on grass-heads and dock-flowers, and one speci- men on Kquisetum; he had also taken specimens which developed the fungus on the way home. Mr. Martineau had observed a specimen at Bridgnorth on the wing, with the fungus well developed. Exhibits :— By Mr. Wainwright, Therioplectes tropicus var. bisignatus from Sutton, together with a specimen of the type from near Stroud. By Mr. Abbott, a number of moths from Wyre Forest at Whitsuntide—Macroglossa bombyliformis, Cymatophora or, C. duplaris, C. fluctuosa, Acronycta ligustri, Tephrosia extersaria, Asthena blomeri, and others. By Mr. G. H. Kenrick, Hadena genista from Kingswood; also Nola cristulalis, Melanippe hastata, Macroglossa bombyliformis, and other Lepidoptera from Coombe Wood near Coventry. By Mr. Martineau, Chelostoma florisomne, Hippobosca equina, and other insects, taken by Mr. Chase in the New Forest at Whitsuntide. By Mr. Bradley, Helophilus transfugus and H. frutetorum from Sutton Park: Mr. B. remarked the unusual abundance of the genus this year; he had taken good series of both the above, while previously he had never taken transfugus, and only odd frutetorum.—Cotpran J. Warnwrieut, Hon. Sec. Nonpareit Enromonocican Socrety.—A meeting was held on the 17th inst. at ‘King John’s Head,’ Mansfield Street, Kingsland; Mr. T. Jackson, President, in the chair. Lepidoptera were exhibited by the following members:—Mr. W. Harper, Mr. Gurney (Dicycla oo from Chingford this year), Mr. Huckett, Mr. Lusby, and Mr. Jackson. Meetings of the Society are held on the first and third Thursdays in each month, at 9 p.m. THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vou. XXVIII.) OCTOBER, 1895. [No. 389. OBSERVATIONS ON PLUSIA MONETA. By J. C. Ricxarp. : In the early part of September, 1890, I found a specimen of . this moth on a brick-wall (near a street lamp) in a central part ~ of the town; since that time I saw no more of the species until May 28th of the present year, when I found one larva and three pup, on the following day three more pup, and on June 3rd another larva just beginning to spin up; seven moths emerged from these on the following dates: June 8th, 12th, 13th, 15th, 19th, 24th, and 29th; the eighth pupa dried up. On June 29th I netted one specimen, one on the 30th, and another on July 10th. I placed the one taken on June 80th with some monks- hood under a glass shade, where it lived for about a week, during which time it deposited a number of ova, either singly or in eroups of three or four; between thirty and forty of these hatched on July 11th, and were supplied with fresh food from time to time. Not seeing anything of the young larve, I made a minute search, with the result of finding five or six very small larve, one about a quarter and one about half an inch in length; the two larger were “‘ oil-green”’ in colour, with numerous black spots (see ante, p. 257), superficially resembling the larva of a sawfly of the genus Nematus more than any larva I am ac- quainted with. On August 4th the largest one had formed a slight web of whitish silk between two portions of a leaf in which to undergo its last moult; on the 9th I noticed it was feeding again, but at this stage its colour was bright yellowish-green, with indistinct whitish spiracular lines, and without a trace of the black spots; at all stages of growth the larva had a con- siderable number of scattered hairs. On the 11th it commenced to spin, and the imago emerged on the 29th; thus passing five to ten days as ova, thirty-two days as larva, and eighteen days as pupa. ENTOM.—ocT. 1895. Z 962 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. I feel almost certain that the larve are cannibals; excepting the one just mentioned they all disappeared; a minute search failed to discover any dead ones, and as the glass shade stood on a white cloth the smaller ones would have been easily detected, to say nothing of one a quarter of an inch long. The fact that the ova are deposited either singly or in groups of three or four, and also the fact of the half-grown larva forming a web for its protection whilst undergoing its moult, seem to be confirmatory evidence. The cocoons are nearly as yellow as those of Bombyx more ; they are placed on the under side of a leaf of the food-plant with- out bending or warping it; the central part (that opposite the back of the caterpillar) is left open until the other parts are nearly completed, and is then closed up; the pupa remains visible owing to the thinness of the walls. When the imago emerges it does not cut or burst its way out as does B. mort and many other species; but there is a horizontal slit or opening at the end of the cocoon which yields to the pressure from within, and closes again when the moth has escaped, scarcely a fibre of silk being displaced, or the slightest stain visible to indicate that it has left its temporary shelter. : The imago during the day is sluggish, and will not readily use its wings; the principal points that attract attention are— its large curved palpi, its large and curiously formed thoracic crest, long legs, and the very acute angle made by the wings in repose. The species is double-brooded, but the only example of the second brood that I know to have been taken in the wild state is the one mentioned above as caught by myself in September, 1890. Mr. Mathew and Mr. Phipps seem to have reared and perhaps taken specimens of the second brood, and, as just noted, I had one emerge from the pupa on August 29th. Of those of which I have notes of capture, one was taken in May, thirteen in June, nineteen in July, and one in September. ‘ So far as is known at present, the distribution of P. moneta in Great Britain is strictly confined to the south-easterly part of England, the neighbourhood of Tunbridge Wells being its head- quarters. In Kent 16 have been procured, and many others bred or captured by Mr. Mathew and Mr. Phipps; Surrey, 8; Sussex, 1; Hampshire, 2; Berkshire, 4; Middlesex, 2; Cambridge, 18; Norfolk, 1; total 47. There does not appear to be any recorded from Essex, Suffolk, or Hertfordshire, which leaves a rather large gap between Norfolk and Cambridge localities and the more southern counties. Halifax Road, Cambridge. 268 PRODUCTIVENESS OF COLIAS EDUSA. By F. W. Frouaws, F.E.S. On August 25th last I captured a fine and apparently freshly- emerged female of C. edusa, which I at once boxed alive for the purpose of obtaining ova. The following notes of the deposition of the ova may be of interest. The next morning (August 26th) I fed the female with sugar and water, and confined her on a growing plant of clover; but the entire day was so dull, without a single gleam of sunshine, that she remained motionless the whole time. 27th.—Dull until 4 p.m., when the sun began to shine, which at once caused the butterfly to become very lively, and she deposited a few eggs. 28th.—A bright sunny morning; she was early on the move and busy depositing; by 9 a.m., when I again fed her, I found about 80 eggs were laid; the day remaining hot and sunny, she had by the evening deposited about 100 eggs. 29th.—I placed her upon a fresh plant; during the day between 70 and 80 more egos were laid. 30th.—Fed her again; after a good feed and the hot bright weather she was induced to deposit between 50 and 60 more eges during the day. 31st.—lFed again, and put her on another plant, and 50 more were laid. Sept. Ist.—Fed again, and she produced 50 more eggs. 2nd.—Another big drink at the sugar and water, and another lot of 80 eggs were deposited. 8rd.—She was again supplied with a fresh plant and a feed, and the new addition of eggs again reached 50. 4th.—Fed again, and another lot of 24 eggs were laid. 5th.—She died without further depositing; when I opened the abdomen I found it quite empty; not a single egg remained. Therefore, from the fresh condition of the specimen when captured, she had in all probability not commenced depositing ; so that undoubtedly the full complement, numbering at least 480, were laid in confinement. I think 500 would be nearer the total number laid, as I am certain many were hidden from view at the time of counting each lot of eggs on their respective plants; I counted them each morning and evening; those of the previous day, having changed colour from whitish to pink, readily denoted the day of deposition. The larve commenced hatching Sept. 3rd, remaining only seven days in the ege state, the short duration being influenced by the hot sunny weather since the 27th August. They are now feeding, and many are in the second stage. All the eggs proved fertile, showing that one pairing is sufficient to fertilize the entire number of ova of this species, which is undoubtedly all that is necessary in most species. Balham, 8.W., Sept. 14th, 1895, Zz 2 264 THE ENTOMOLOGIST, SUGAR versus NATURAL FOOD. By F. C.. Wooprorpe. Tus season has been in this neighbourhood an unusually good one for sugar; and also, I think, a very instructive one with respect to the amount of attraction sugar has for moths. Ever since the end of the great frost of February and the early part of March, moths have been unusually abundant. In the third week of March Hybernia leucophearia and Phigalia pedaria were most abundant; and I succeeded in taking between twenty and thirty Nyssia hispidaria, seven being females, on the trunks of trees. The sallows were fairly productive, but the weather during the season of their bloom was frequently unsuitable. At the end of April, while hunting for pupx of Sesia culiciformis in birch stumps, I came across two pupx of S. sphegiformis, but both died before the time of emerging. The larve of Aplecta tincta were very abundant during April on the birches, and one evening I collected over seventy in less than an hour and a half. During May Geometers were abundant; and on May 28th I tried sugar for the first time, taking Dipterygia scabriuscula (1), Thyatira batis (1), Hadena thalassina, and Acronycta rumicis. An account of our success at sugar on June Ist, 3rd, and 4th, written by my friend Mr. EH. W. H. Blagg, appeared in the July number of the ‘Entomologist.’ During Whit-week the weather was very warm, with occasionally heavy showers of rain, and sugared trees were literally covered with moths; but on Monday, June 10th, a cold spell set in, with almost frosty nights, and, as a matter of course, nothing appeared on the sugar at all. The change was most striking, after the swarms of the previous week. The week commencing June 16th was warm and fine, and I started on Monday night in full hope of filling my boxes, but to my surprise hardly a moth came to sugar. They were flying about in swarms, but the sugar seemed to have lost all its attraction. Some clumps of seedling aspens, from three to four feet high, seemed a favourite haunt; and on examining them the next day I found the upper surface of the leaves covered with honey-dew. There was no aphis this year, and these seedlings were in the open, not exposed to droppings from higher trees. Aphis of course is one great source of honey-dew, but could not be the source in this case. I cannot help thinking that the cold nights of the previous week had injured the delicate cuticle of the young leaves, and that the sap had exuded through the injured surface, thus forming what is called honey-dew, and providing natural food for the insects. The oaks seemed not much affected, and their leaves were almost entirely free from exudation, though SUGAR VERSUS NATURAL FOOD. 265 _,ew of the younger leaves had in places a little on them. All through the week it was the same; with fine days and warm nights not a moth came to sugar. At flowers in the garden Plusia iota, P. pulchrina, P. chrysitis, Dianthacia capsincola, and Cucullia wmbratica were numerous, and one P. festucé was taken; while A. tincta and others were abundant, flying over the aspens in the wood. This state of things lasted till the 27th, when heavy showers again fell, which washed all the honey-dew off the leaves. On the 98th I tried sugar again, and moths swarmed at it:—A. tincta (some fresh, others very worn), A. herbida (quite fresh), Acronycta leporina (2), Hadena gemina, Agrotis exclamationis, Leucania comma, Acronycta rumicis, Noctua augur, and N. triangulum (3). This was repeated on the 29th. Then after three or four dry days the honey-dew again appeared, and sugar became useless. And go this has gone on up to the middle of August. After rain sugar has been most attractive, while two or three dry days have rendered it again almost useless. Orthosia suspecta swarmed in July on good nights; Cleoceris viminalis, abundant (some very dark) ; Miana strigilis var. ethiops and Apamea didyma (mostly dark brown or black), swarming; a few Hydrecia nictitans and Triphena fimbria; and on two very still, dark nights four- as and eighteen Hypenodes costestrigalis, respectively, were taken. During August, up to the 19th, Noctua neglecta, N. dahlit, Calocampa solidaginis, and T’. fimbria were numerous at sugar, with an occasional H. costestrigalis ; but after the 21st, although C. solidaginis was fairly numerous, the others left off coming. The ling had then come into bloom, and during the rest of the month all the above, except J’. fimbria and H. costestrigalis, were to be found on the ling flowers, with, in addition, a few N. glareosa. On many nights in July and August from 70 to 100 moths on a tree was a by no means uncommon sight. I could not observe that fruit essences at all increased the attractiveness of the treacle, and I found methylated spirit quite as effective as rum. Natural food has been scarce this season. There has been no aphis, for one thing; and, for another, the honey season has been very bad here. In spite of the fine hot weather of May and June, the bees have collected very little honey, and are now feeding ereedily on fallen fruits, and are visiting the fruiterers’ shops in swarms. The conclusion I arrive at, then, is that moths have no very great predilection for sugar, and only come to it when natural food is scarce; and of course only then when the weather is favourable, cold or damp being fatal to success. Honey-dew seems to be of all things the favourite food; and if a chemist could manage to produce in large quantities, at a 266 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. reasonable price, an artificial substance resembling it more closely than do sugar or treacle, he, as well as collectors, would probably find it highly profitable. Market Drayton, September 12th, 1895. NOTES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE MACCLESFIELD DISTRICT. By Ricuarp Soutn. THE investigations I have been able to make into the lepi- dopterous fauna of the country around the ancient borough of Macclesfield, in the county of Cheshire (elevation 500 feet), have not so far been of a very satisfactory character. Probably the generally unfavourable state of the weather during the fourteen months I have resided here has been the primary cause of the very poor collection made. I am sure that under more suitable circumstances, especially as regards meteorological conditions, some of the localities visited would yield a larger number of species, to say nothing of specimens, than I have yet had the fortune to obtain in them. I especially expected to have made some good captures on Danes Moss. This is a tract of boggy land situated about a mile south of the town, and, although of somewhat limited area now, was once of considerable extent. At the present time by far the larger portion of it has been reclaimed and is under grags, cereals, or vegetables, principally the first. Still there remains an abundant space of original moss-land to nurture and har- bour those species of Lepidoptera which usually flourish in such situations. Although extensively drained by trenches, and consequently less boggy perhaps than formerly, the flora of the present day is probably very little altered from what it was centuries ago. On the drier parts there is a quantity of heather with a little bilberry, and in other parts the cotton-grass grows in great luxuriance. Cranberry is not uncommon in several places, there is a liberal sprinkling of bog-myrtle here and there, and a plentiful growth of bushy sallow and birch. The moorlands are extensive but somewhat distant. The nearest is about eight miles, and all uphill to get there, as it lies at an elevation of about 1700 feet. An unpleasant feature of collecting on these moors is that rain often falls there, even when the weather at lower elevations is fair. I have only worked two localities on the moors. One of these is beyond the ‘Cat and Fiddle,’ an inn noted as being the highest licensed house in England; the other is called ‘Ludchurch.’ The first is partly in Cheshire and partly in Derbyshire, and the other is in LEPIDOPTERA OF THE MACCLESFIELD DISTRICT. 267 ffordshire. The latter has been found the most productive “ in insects, as it also is the most interesting both for its natural charms and the legends associated with it. I have visited each of these places several times, but the weather has always been more or less unfavourable for collecting. Of woods there are none within some six or seven miles, but as all the hedgerows both of lanes and fields are thickly studded with timber trees of all kinds, there is no lack of pabulum for the larve of those species of Lepidoptera that feed on, say, alder, beech, birch, elm (wych), oak, poplar, &e. Cocks Moss is one of several adjoining long narrow strips of woodland lying to the south of the town. ‘These are rigidly preserved, and the entomologist, not being understood in these parts, is considered as something pretty low down in the poaching line of business, and does not meet with favour from the gentlemen in velveteen. At the certain risk of being summarily ejected if seen, I have been several times to these woodlets in the hope of meeting with Dicranura bicuspis in one or other of its stages, but I have not succeeded in detecting any trace whatever of this species. There is an abundance of alder in all stages of growth, and the locality altogether seemed to me to be just the spot for the “ kitten.” A former collector of British Lepidoptera, now living in this town, but who previously resided at Congleton, a town about eight miles further south, informs me that several of the Argyn- nide and other butterflies used to occur along the Dane Valley. I have not been often to this valley, charming locality though it is, because my attention has been chiefly bestowed on moss and moor. On the occasions, however, when I did give myself the pleasure of an excursion up the valley of the river Dane, I failed to see any other butterflies than the three common Pierids and Ceenonympha pamphilus. In fact those species, with the addition of one specimen of Melitea aurinia (= artemis), which settled on my lawn, and whose headquarters I could not discover, a few Chrysophanus phleas, and larve of Vanessa atalanta, are all I am able to chronicle with certainty as butterflies occurring in the district around Macclesfield. There seems to be little doubt that Ceenonympha typhon (= davus) did exist on Danes Moss, but I am not sure that it occurs there still, although I got a glimpse of a butterfly last year which I fancied at the time was this species. It is also reported to occur on the ‘ Cat and Fiddle’ moor, but I haye not seen it there. The only representative of the Sesiide that I have met with is an example of T’rochilium crabroniformis, which I found at rest on osier on the Moss. I have seen this species at rest in a state of nature more than once, but am always in doubt, for the moment, as to whether the insect is lepidopterous or hymenop- terous. Its resemblance to a hornet is much more striking when reposing on a leaf or twig, than when set out as a cabinet speci- 268 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. men. ‘Two or three non-entomological friends to whom I showed the insect whilst alive declared it to be a hornet, and ridiculed my assertion that it was a harmless moth; but one individual, more observant than the others, detected a difference in what he termed the horns. Of the “‘hawk moths” I have seen but one species, Smerinthus popult. A specimen was brought to me as a great curiosity by a man who seemed to be well acquainted with the insect in its larval state, but he could not understand at first how the winged moth could in any way be associated with the creeping thing. However, the little information I was able to impart so interested him that he determined that in future he would feed and watch all ‘‘ bots”? that he met with, to see what kind of ‘ buzzards” they would produce. Very few Bombyces have been observed. Nudaria mundana occurred sparingly on the old walls, which are built up of stones without mortar, and are a feature of the country on the east of the town; the larve of this species were looked for in their season, but could not be found. One or two larve of Spilosoma fuliginosa were picked up on the Moss in the autumn of 1894, and these produced imagines in May this year. Hepialus humuli and H. velleda were both common. Series of the last-named were taken on the edge of the Moss, and among grass on the margin of one of the pools above Langley. The latter locality is about a mile and a half, as the crow flies, from the Moss, and something like 200 feet higher. The average size of the Moss specimens is less than that of the Langley examples, and the former are rather brighter. The unicolorous variety (gallicus) occurred in both places, but was more frequently taken by the pool. It was noticed each evening that velleda ceased flying soon after hwmuli appeared on the wing. Only one specimen of H. lupulinus was observed, and this occurred in the garden here. Two female specimens of Saturnia pavonia (=carpini) were bred last spring, and these were taken on three occasions to the Moss where they had lived as larve the previous autumn, but they only attracted half a dozen suitors altogether. After the last male taken had been in the cyanide-bottle a little while, it occurred to me that I ought to have obtained a batch of fertile eggs, so I quickly transferred H. I. M. from the bottle to a gauze- covered box, but he seemed quite dead. However, about half an hour or so afterwards I found him buzzing around right merrily. When I reached home I placed the male and one of the females in a roomy gauze-covered box. Next day a small cluster of eggs was seen, and more the following day. The majority of these shrivelled, but about a score of larve hatched out from the < remainder, and these fed up well and are now (July 20th) about to spin their cocoons. Young larve of Asphalia flavicornis have been not uncommon, but examples of mature growth were rarely LEPIDOPTERA OF THE MACCLESFIELD DISTRICT. 269 _served. They seem to be pecked out of their chambers, and devoured by birds when about half grown. Four species only of Noctuz have been really common; these are Xylophasia monoglypha (= polyodon), Miana fasciuncula, Noctua augur, and Triphena pronuba ; on several occasions they were the only moths that visited the sugar at all. The walls of the district have frequently been examined for Bryophila perla, but not a specimen could be found thereon; in August last year one example was found on the bare ground at Ludchurch, and attention was then given to the rocks there, but no other speci- men was seen. In September these walls produce Polia chi in some numbers, but the olive-grey form does not seem to occur. A number of the larvee of Acronycta menyanthidis were collected, principally from sallow on the Moss, but only about five per cent. of these attained the perfect state, although they all pupated satisfactorily. The pupe were kept indoors; probably it would have been better to have left them in the garden, where the larvee had been kept. All the examples are pale in colour, but some have broad dark borders to fore wings. Leucania impura and L. pallens were the sole representatives of the genus noticed in the district. The last-named was most abundant, and a good proportion of the specimens seen were of the reddish form (var. rufescens). Four distinct forms of Xylophasia rurea occur here in the garden, 7. e., the type; a form with rather silvery ground and fewer markings than the type; and two unicolorous forms, in one of which the colour is reddish-brown, and in the other blackish-brown. This species did not come freely to sugar; most of the examples taken were netted. As previously mentioned, X. monoglypha occurs commonly, but it is rather surprising that none of the specimens show any tendency towards melanism, seeing that black forms of some other species, presently to be referred to, are found here. Of Apamea didyma (= oculea) the majority of the specimens are unicolorous brown or greyish-brown in colour (var. nictitans), and only two of the white-spotted black form (var. leucostigma) have occurred. Last year Miana arcuosa was pretty common, but very few specimens have been seen here this year. This species occurs in a field adjoining my garden. In 1894 I saw a good number of Celena haworthiw flying over the heather on the Moss, but they were difficult to capture. Sugar did not seem to have any attraction for them. They flew most freely about an hour before dusk. I examined heather- bloom with a lamp, but without result so far as concerns this species. I have not seen it this year. Only one specimen of Grammesia trigrammica (= trilinea) has been noticed, and this was an example of the var. bilinea. One Noctua glareosa was found at rest on the ground among heather in the wood at the back of the ‘ Wizard Inn,’ Alderley Edge. Only one example of N. brunnea has been seen, and this came to sugar on the edge of 270 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. the Moss, as also did about a dozen specimens of N. festiva ; but most of the latter were in poor condition and of the small form generally referred to as var. conflua. Triphena pronuba has been very abundant this year and exceedingly variable, but very few T'. comes (=orbona) have been seen. An example of Orthosia suspecta was found at reston the trunk of an oak-tree at Alderley, but this species, like N. glareosa, did not seem to care for sugar. Larve of Xanthia fulvago (=cerago) were common in sallow- catkins on the Moss, and produced var. jlavescens in the propor- tion of 1 in 20. A few Dianthecia capsincola were bred from larve feeding in seed-capsules of sweet-william. A number of larvee of Cleoceris viminalis were collected on the Moss, but only four imagines were bred from them ; these are of a leaden colour. Half a dozen larve of Agriopis aprilina were found on oak-trunks at Bollington, a place about three or four miles from here. Phlogophora meticulosa was rather common last autumn, and several of the specimens taken have rosy-brown markings instead of the more usual olive-brown. Hadena adusta, H. trifolii, and HH. oleracea have ail been more or less scarce, but of the latter there are now a number of larve about. A nice series of darkish specimens of H. thalassina were bred in June this year from a batch of eggs found on a twig of sallow in the beginning of July, 1894 ; a few examples of the species were seen at sugar. Plusia bractea has been not uncommon in the district in years gone by. I am told that a collector living in the town some thirty or forty years ago used to take from 12 to 20 specimens in an evening at the flowers of honeysuckle. I have visited the actual spot where he used to work, but neither there nor elsewhere have I had the fortune to meet with this pretty insect. There are sundry odd examples of P. bractea in various cases of insects about the town, but the condition of every one of them is very shocking. Among the Geometre observed in this district the most abun- dant was Rumia luteolata (= crategata). Only two specimens of Uropteryx sambucaria have been seen, and both are below the average size. I was unable to search for Phigalia pedaria (= pulosaria) at the time this species was out, but a very black female was found on an apple-tree in a neighbour’s garden, and from a batch of ova which she deposited I now have a number of pupa, which I hope may produce some dark male specimens next year. From a larva of Amphidasys betularia obtained in September, 1894, an example of the black variety (doubledayaria) was reared this year; this is the only specimen of the species that 1 have met with here. Two larve of Geometra papilionaria were beaten from birch at Cocks Moss. Acidalia subsericeata occurs in one or two places around here, but it does not seem to be common. Of Abraxas grossulariata, I have only seen four or five specimens, and these were very ordinary. Larentia LEPIDOPTERA OF THE MACCLESFIELD DISTRICT. 271 _...ita occurs on the moor at Ludchurch, but was most frequently obtained from walls in the lanes below the moor. Although an abundance of its food-plant, yellow rattle, grows in most meadows here, I have not seen Hmmelesia albulata within two miles of the town. J. alchemillata has been scarce, and E. decolorata not common. One very fresh specimen of Hupi- thecia venosata was taken in a lane near my house, but I could not find any more of this species. EH. pulchellata appears to be not uncommon, especially in the lanes in June ; larve were found in July. Larve of H. subfulvata are not scarce or difficult to find in September feeding on yarrow growing on hedge-banks ; the partly devoured foliage indicate the presence of the larva. Hi. castagata, E. nanata, EH. vulgata all appear to be scarce, and E. minutata, which occurs on the Moss, is not common. Hypsipetes trifasciata (=impluviata) seems to be very scarce; a few larvee were found in 1894, but only one imago resulted from them, and it was crippled. HH. sordidata (= elutata) has been very abundant in the larval stage on bilberry, but only a few were found on sallow; two or three were found on bog-myrtle (Myrica gale). The moths from the bilberry larve are very interesting, the majority being very dark in coloration, several indeed entirely fuliginous. Among the green forms many of the specimens have this colour very bright and arranged in fine transverse lines. Melanippe montanata has been pretty common ; all the specimens examined were of a clear white, with few markings beyond the central fascia, which was generally well defined and sometimes almost black in colour. ‘Two speci- mens of M. galiata were found on the hills sitting on a wall. M. fluctuata does not exhibit anything striking in the way of variation. Cabera pusaria has been generally common among alder. In the specimens occurring at Cocks Moss all the lines are strongly marked, and in one example captured they are broader than usual. Coremia designata (= propugnata), C. ferrugata, and C. unidentaria were each represented by a solitary specimen. Camptogramma bilineata has not been very common. Cidaria miata, C. immanata, and C. populata all appear to be pretty abun- dant, and some specimens of the second species have the central fascia grey, and are quite different from any form that I have met with before; C. suffumata does not seem to occur in the uni- colorous form in this district. Cidaria fulvata has not been seen in any numbers, but appears to be out a long time. C. dotata (= pyraliata) has been met with occasionally. Tanagra atrata —cherophyllata) is very common in one or two localities in the district, but especially so around the margins of the pool at Langley. (To be continued.) 272 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. A CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. By W. F. pr Vismes Kane, M.A., M.R.LA., F.E.S. (Continued from p. 254.) TNIOCAMPA PULVERULENTA, Hsp.— A considerable interest attaches to this species from a distributional point of view, and it would be well that its life-history and peculiarities should be studied, with the view of elucidating the anomaly it presents ; the experience of British and Irish collectors being vastly different. Though numerous almost everywhere across the water (teste Newman and Stainton), it is here local and usually scarce. For many years I collected Tzeniocampide in Ireland without meeting any but single specimens of pulverulenta. At Killarney I found five at a particular sallow, but during the ensuing fortnight, over a wide district about the Upper Lake, I made no further capture of it, though other species were numerous. It is plentiful in Co. Wicklow, from Arklow to Wooden Bridge, the type of dark warm grey, and ab. nana, Haw. (pale grey) and ab. pusillus being represented. At Clonbrock, Co. Galway, it is also very abundant, though apparently absent at Mount Bellew and Ardrahan in the same county. The Clon- brock specimens offer a certain amount of variation, some being profusely powdered with red scales, while others are charac- terised by well-developed series of spots and strongly-marked stigmata. Other localities are Co. Wicklow, Powerscourt, one; Ashford, a few; but about Shillelagh Mr. Bristow never met with it; Phoenix Park, a few; Sligo, two (Tutt); near Kenmare, a few, Co. Kerry; none recorded from the Belfast district by Messrs. Bristow and Watts; nor have I taken it in Co. Tyrone or Monaghan. OrrtHosta suspecta, Hb.—The late Mr. F. Bond showed me some very lovely forms of this species, taken at Killarney by Bouchard. Recorded on somewhat doubtful evidence by the late Mr. Sinclair from the Co. Londonderry. Co. Wicklow (B.). (Orthosia fissipuncta, Haw., Ypsilon, Bork.— Recorded by Birchall, probably on insufficient authority, from Co. Wicklow. ] OrtHosia Lota, Clerck.—Widely distributed, but somewhat local. The red form is the more prevalent one, but near Sligo (Russ and McC.) dark grey specimens are also not uncommon, some examples assuming a very dark leaden hue. Var. suffusa, Tutt. Co. Dublin, and Ashford, Co. Wicklow, not rare; Cappagh, Co. Waterford, rare; Killarney, Tarbert, scarce. Var. rufa.—Clonbrock and elsewhere in Galway, fairly abun- dant; L. Gill and Markree Castle, Co. Sligo, not common; A CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. 278 Farnham, Co. Cavan, scarce; Tullamore, King’s Co., scarce; Killynon and Cromlyn, Co. Westmeath, fairly numerous; rather rare at Belfast (W.); Derry (C.) ; Castle Bellingham (Thornhill) ; Drumreaske and Favour Royal, Co. Tyrone. OrrTHosta MacILENTA, Hb.—Generally distributed, and often abundant. The pale straw-coloured form is somewhat scarce. Examples of either colour have the stigmatal blotch obsolete. Hazlewood and Markree, Co. Sligo, numerous; and at Cromlyn (Mr. B.); Killynon, Co. Westmeath; Favour Royal, Tyrone ; Farnham, Cavan; Derry (C.) ; Tullamore ; Cappagh, Co. Water- ford ; Killarney; Ashford, &c., Co. Wicklow; and Co. Dublin. ANCHOCELIS HELVOLA, L. (rufina, L.).—This, like Teniocampa pulverulenta, is one of the distributional anomalies of our Irish fauna. This common British moth is decidedly rare in Ireland, although Mr. Birchall, probably by some confusion of memory between his English and Irish captures, recorded otherwise. The few specimens I know of are of the dull red inconspicuously banded form. One at Clonbrock (R.H.D.); Armagh (J.); and Ashford, Co. Wicklow; three at Cappagh, Co. Waterford (Miss V.). ANCHOCELIS pisTacinA, /’b.— Common and widely spread. Variable, from clear pale greyish brown, or ochreous grey, to brick-red ground colour, the markings presenting every stage of obsolescence, the ab. ferrea, Haw., being sometimes met with quite unicolorous. The latter is somewhat localised in Ireland. Other aberrations met with are serena, Esp.; spherulatina, Haw. ; lineola, Haw.; and venosa, Haw. ANCHOCELIS LUNOSA, Haw.— Widely distributed, but most abundant on the sea-coast. It is one of the most variable of the Orthosiide, and all the known forms are represented in Ireland, the ab. agrototdes, Gu., being sometimes extremely black, with very pale nervures. | | LONDON: a eon | a tee WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN; Peas BIMPEIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & Bes aero Spl er —E Aik Kk. H. MEEK, Naturalist, 56, BROMPTON ROAD, LONDON, S. Supplies Lntomologists with every Requisite OF THE BEST MAKE. SEND FOR NEW PRICED CATALOGUE, POST FREE. All Orders, when accompanied by Post Office Order, will receive immediate attenti Steel Knuckle-jointed Net, folds up for pocket, 4s. Ladies’ Umbrella Net, 5s. Wire Ring Net, with brass screw, 2s. Pocket Folding Net, with three brass joints, 3s. 6d., 4s. : Balloon Net, 26 by 18, for Beating, &e., 6s. 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Tin Y, 2d.; Brass Y, 8d., for Cane Nets. ‘A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF BRITISH AND FOREIGN INSECTS KEPT IN STOCK. CABINETS of every Description in Stock and to Order. Estimates given. H. W. MARSDEN, Natural History Agent and Bookseller, 21, NEW BOND STREET, BATH. EUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA. The largest and best stock in England at very moderate prices. EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA, COLEOPTERA, ORTHOPTERA, &c. PRESERVED LARVA: of rare British Lepidoptera. CABINETS and APPARATUS of all kinds for Enromotogists, OdLoeists, ORNITHOLOGISTS, Boranists, &c. BOTANICAL CASES, DRYING PAPER, &c. BRITISH and EXOTIC SHELLS. BRITISH SPECIES of BIRDS’ SKINS and BIRDS’ EGGS. Of these the stock is far the largest and most authentic in Britain, probably in Europe; while a large stock of Exotic Skins and Eggs, especially American, are always on hand. YOUNG BIRDS in Down. Parcels of Exotic Insects, Birds, or Shells, sent for selection. British Birds Skins sent on approval. Other articles guaranteed. The BEST BOOKS ON ABOVE SUBJECTS recommended and supplied. (Send for the new and enlarged Catalogue of January, 1893.) N.B.—Mr. Marspen’s well-known Gloucester business has been entirely removed to the above address, and any person or persons pretending to be his successors or using his name do‘so illegally. THOMAS COOKE & SON, Naturalists, Dealers in Entomological Apparatus, &c. (Late of 518, NEW OXFORD STREET), __2N MITTSEIIM STREET OXFORD STREET We Vol. XXVIII.] MARCH, 1895. [No. 382. ENTOMOLOGIST ee Sournal GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. .f- ($0 1204. 7 Ap Ne EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.EWSJ Soo...) WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF | MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S. |W. F. KIRBY, F.LS., FES. | J. H. LEECH, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S. EDWARD A. FITCH, F-L.S.,F.E.S. | Dr. D. SHARP, F.RS., F-E.S., &c. F, W. FROHAWE, F.E.S. | G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S. W. WARREN, M.A., F.E.S. ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. “* By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.” LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limirep. Price Sixpence. = “sa se ec with ith ebeew vequisite SEND FOR NEW PRICED castoct, ag dae ine a Kouekle jointed Net, folds up for pocket, 4s. Ladies’ Umbrella N _ Wire Ring Net, with brass screw, 2s. fae ge peta at three brass joints, 3s. 6d., 4s. one ., 68. Telescope ae 6s., 8s. 6d., 1038. 6d. ca fo Be, arte Box, 6d., 1s., 1s. 6d. " Tins, sy with rush affixed A 1s. 6d., 28. Killing Box, 9d., 1s. tet Bettin Boards, 1in., 64 6d.; ;14,7d.; 13,84. :12/9d.; 2im.,10d.; 2 11d. ; 24, 18.5 &e., &e. . Mahogany Pocket Box, with glass to slide i in ees . 6d * 3 Entomological Pins, i baer mi) 1s. per he oe sizes, mixed, 1a. per oz. - d. xchange ; . ‘Bottle e Mite Being au a Wil ow Chip Boxes, nested, four sizes, 1s. 8d. gross. ‘Sa ” ee Houses, complete, 9s. 6d., 11s., 13s. Re é oo nd D ai 1s., Is. 6d. ostal Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1s. : ee The Bniomologist s a and Setting House, cope every requisite, £3.49 Gere Improved Pocket Tinie Qs. 6d., 3s. 6d. a fi, . "Zine Oval Pocket Box, 94., 1s., 1s. 6d., 2s. Pupa Diggers, 2s., 33. - Corked Store Boxes, best make, 2s. 6d., 4s., 5s., 68.; ditto, covered in Green Cloth, Book Pattern 1 16 by 11, 88.6d. Tin Y, 2d.; Brass Y, 8d., for Cane Nets. A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF BRITISH AND FOREIGN INSECTS KEPT IN STOCK. ae of every Description in Stock and to Order. Estimates given. ie NEW BOND ES BATH. j EUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA. est and best stock in England at ery eee a prices. oh Io LEP TERA, COLHOPTERA, 0 OPTERA, &ec. | ERVED LARVA of rare British Lepidoptera. ves ‘and APPARATUS of all kinds for Entowotocrsrs, Odtostsrs, ‘ » &e. i} "BOTANICAL "GASES, "DRYING “PAPER, &e. rit RITISH and EXOTIC SHELLS. Sone ae pISH SPECIES of BIRDS’ SKINS and BIRDS’ HGGS. ; ‘these stock is far the largest ao a euteoke in Peo probably in : Juro 005 while a large stock of Exotic Skins especially American, are — ss er always on hand. YOUNG ane in Down. . Parcels of. Exotic Tae, se mene a Shells, sent for Ketention British Birds Skins av Other articles guara’ » BEST BOOKS oN" a OVE SUBJECTS recommended and supplied. Mr. PERN Uae ae Rae, ee entirely removed to the dress ane ony Dene or peony eile to be his successors or using his name _ THOMAS COOKE & SON, oe : “(late of 8 518, NEW ‘OXFORD STREET), ; MUSEUM STREET. OXFORD STREET. W.C._ wa Se PAG ki ee ee ie ae fer ee eS of mee ai ; Sie ets ie ta = ins * = Dig: - Vol. XXVIII.) — APRIL, 1895. [No. 383. THE ENTOMOLOGIST AN Hllustrated Journal OF GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. | MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S. T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. | W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.S. W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S.,&c. | J. H. LEECH, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S. EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S.,F.E.8. | Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &c. F, W. FROHAWK, F-.E.S. G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S. W. WARREN, M.A., F.E.S. “ By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.” LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Lumen. DOUBLE NUMBER.—Price One Shilling. K. H. MEEK, N aturalist, 56, BROMPTON ROAD, LONDON, SV Supplies Lutonrologtsts with eberp equisite OF THE BEST MAKE, SEND FOR NEW PRICED CATALOGUE, POST FREE. All Orders, when accompanied by Post Office Order, will receive immediate attention Steel Knuckle-jointed Net, folds up for pocket, 4s. Ladies’ Umbrella Net, 5s. Wire Ring Net, with brass screw, 2s. Pocket Folding Net, with three brass joints, 3s. 6d., 4s. ; Balloon Net, 26 by 18, for Beating, &c., 6s. Telescope Net, 6s., 8s. 6d., 108. 6a. Self-acting ‘Sweeping Net, 88, Larva Box, 6d., Is., is. 6d. Sugaring Tins, with Brush affixed, 1s. 6d., 2s. Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Bottle of Killing Fluid, 9d. Corked Setting Boards, lin., 6d.;14,7d.; 11, 8d.; 13,94; 2in., 10d.; 24,11d.; 23, 1s. &e., &e. Mahogany Pocket Box, with glass to slide i in groove, 8a. 6d. Entomological Pins, any size, Gilt or Plain, 1s. per box; four sizes, mixed, 1s. pero al (by post, 13d.) Exchange Lists, 1d. a Bottle of Mite Destroyer, 9d. Willow Chip Boxes, nested, four sizes, 1s. 8d. gross i Setting and Drying Houses, complete, 9s. 6d., 11s., 188. al Pocket Box, 6d., 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. Postal Bukek, 6d., 9d., 1s. The Entomologist’s Store and Setting House, containing every requisite, £3. Improved Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d., 3s. 6d. Zine Oval Pocket Box, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d., 2s. Pupa Diggers, 2s., 38. Corked Store Boxes, best make, 2s. 6d., 4s., 5s., 68.; ditto, covered in Green Cloth, Book Pattern, 16 by 11, 8s.6d. Tin Y, 2d.; Brass Y, 8d., for Cane Nets. A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF BRITISH AND FOREIGN INSECTS KEPT IN STOCK.) CABINETS of every Description in Stock and to Order. Estimates given. — H. W. MARSDEN, Natural distory Agent an® Bookseller, 21, NEW BOND STREET, BATH. EUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA. The largest and best stock in England at very moderate prices. : EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA, COLEOPTERA, ORTHOPTERA, &c. PRESERVED LARV of rare British Lepidoptera, CABINETS and APPARATUS of all kinds for Enromo.oaists, Osaorse, | ORNITHOLOGISTS, Botanists, &c. i BOTANICAL CASES, DRYING PAPER, &c. | BRITISH and EXOTIC SHELLS. BRITISH SPECIES of BIRDS’ SKINS and BIRDS’ EGGS. Of these the stock is far the largest and most authentic in Britain, probably in } Europe; while a large stock of Exotic Skins and Eggs, especially American, are | always on hand. YOUNG BIRDS in Down. | Parcels of Exotic Insects, Birds, or Shells, sent for selection. British Birds Skins | sent on approval. Other articles guaranteed. | The BEST BOOKS ON ABOVE SUBJECTS recommended and supplied. | (Send for the new and enlarged Catalogue of January, 1893. ) | i N.B.—Mr. Marspen’s well-known Gloucester business has been entirely removed to the | above address, and any person or persons pretending to be his successors or using his name do so illegally. THOMAS COOKE & SON, Naturalists, Dealers in Entomological Apparatus, é&c. |} (Late of 518, NEW OXFORD STREET), } ft : ean nk TM . Vol. XXVIII.] MAY, 1895. [No. 384. THE ENTOMOLOGIST AN Alustrated Journal OF GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. ERTLE DI BY RICHARD ,“SOUTH, F. ES: WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S. T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.S. W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. J. H. LEECH, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S. EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S., F.E.S. Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.H.8., &c. F. W. FROHAWE, F.E.S. G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S. W. WARREN, M.A., F.E.S. ‘* By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.” LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Liirep. Price Sixpence. EK. H. MEEK, Naturalist, 56, BROMPTON ROAD, LONDON, S. Supplies Lntomologists with every Requisite OF THE BEST MAKE. SEND FOR NEW PRICED CATALOGUE, POST FREE. All Orders, when accompanied by Post Office Order, will receive immediate attention. Steel Knuckle-jointed Net, folds up for pocket, 4s. k Ladies’ Umbrella Net, 5s. Wire Ring Net, with brass screw, 2s. Pocket Folding Net, with three brass joints, 3s. 6d., 4s. Balloon Net, 26 by 18, for Beating, &c., 6s. Telescope Net, 6s., 8s. 6d., 10s. 6a. Self-acting ‘Sweeping Net, 88. Larva Box, 6d., is. ey is. 6d. Sugaring Tins, with Brush affixed, Is. 6d., 2s. Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Bottle of Killing Fluid, 9d. Corked Setting Boards, 1in., 6d.; 1}, 7d.; 14, 8d. ; 19, 9d.; 2 in., 10d.; 24, 11d.; 23, 1s. &e., &c. | Mahogany Pocket Box, with glass to slide in groove, 3s. 6d. Entomological Pins, any size, Gilt or Plain, 1s. per box; four sizes, mixed, 1s. per oz. - (by post, 14d.) Exchange Lists, 1d. Bottle of Mite Deevere. 9d. Willow Chip Boxes, nested, four sizes, 1s. 8d. gross. Setting and Drying Houses, complete, 9s. 6d., 11s., 135. Pocket Box, 6d., 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. Postal Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1s. The Entomologist’s Store and Setting House, containing every requisite, £3. Improved Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d., 3s. 6d. Zinc Oval Pocket Box, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d., 2s. Pupa Diggers, 2s., 3s. Corked Store Boxes, best make, 2s. 6d., 4s., 5s., 6s.; ditto, covered in Green Cloth, Book Pattern, 16 by 11, 8s.6d. Tin Y, 2d.; Brass Y, 8d., for Cane Nets. A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF BRITISH AND FOREIGN INSECTS KEPT IN STOCK. 4} CABINETS of every Description in Stock and to Order. Estimates given. H. W. MARSDEN, Natural History Agent and Bookseller, 21, NEW BOND STREET, BATH. EUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA. The largest and best stock in England at very moderate prices. EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA, COLEOPTERA, ORTHOPTERA, &c. PRESERVED LARVA‘ of rare British Lepidoptera. CABINETS and APPARATUS of all kinds for Enromotoeists, OdLoaists, ORNITHOLOGISTS, BoTanists, &c. BOTANICAL CASES, DRYING PAPER, &c. BRITISH and EXOTIC SHELLS. BRITISH SPECIES of BIRDS’ SKINS and BIRDS’ EGGS. Of these the stock is far the largest and most authentic in Britain, probably in Europe; while a large stock of Exotic Skins and Eggs, especially American, are always on hand. YOUNG BIRDS in Down. Parcels of Exotic Insects, Birds, or Shells, sent for selection. British Birds Skins sent on approval. Other articles guaranteed. The BEST BOOKS ON ABOVE SUBJECTS recommended and supplied. (Send for the new and enlarged Catalogue of January, 1893.) N.B.—Mr. Marspxn’s well-known Gloucester business has been entirely removed to the above address, and any person or persons pretending to be his successors or using his name do so illegally. THOMAS COOKE & SON, ~ Naturalists, Dealers in Entomological Apparatus, &c. (Late of 518, NEW OXFORD STREET), Vol. XXVIII.) JUNE, 1895. [No. 385. THE ENTOMOLOGIST AN Illustrates Journal OF GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY ~RIGHARD: SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. | MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S. T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.S. W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. J. H. LEECH, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S. EDWAED A. FITCH, F.L.S.,F.E.S. | Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &c. F, W. FROHAWK, F.E.S, | G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S. W. WARREN, M.A., F.E.S. ‘‘ By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.” : INI AN Oo LONDON; WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Liwtep. Price Sixpence. K. H. MEEK, Naturalist, 56, BROMPTON ROAD, LONDON, S. Supplies Eutomologtists with eberp atequisite OF THE BEST MAKE. SEND FOR NEW PRICED CATALOGUE, POST FREE. All Orders, when accompanied by Post Office Order, will receive immediate attention. Steel Knuckle-jointed Net, folds up for pocket, 4s. Ladies’ Umbrella Net, 5s. Wire Ring Net, with brass screw, 2s. Pocket Folding Net, with three brass joints, 3s. 6d., 4s. FE Balloon Net, 26 by 18, for Beating, &c., 6s. Telescope Net, 6s., 8s. 6d., 10s. 6a. Self-acting ‘Sweeping Net, 8s. Larva Box, 6d., is., is. 6d. Sugaring Tins, with Brush affixed, 1s. 6d., 2s. Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Bottle of Killing Fluid, 9d. Corked Setting Boards, lin., 6d.; 14, 7d.; 14,84d. ; :13,9d.; 2in.,10d.; 23,11d.; 23, 1s. &e., &e. Mahogany Pocket "Box, with glass to slide i in groove, 3s. 6d. Entomological Pins, any size, Gilt or Plain, 1s. per box; four sizes, mixed, 1s. per oz. (by post, 14d.) Exchange Lists, 1d. ; Bottle of Mite Destroyer, 9d. Willow Chip Boxes, nested, four sizes, 1s. 8d. gross. Setting and Drying Houses, complete, 9s. 6d., 11s., 13s. Pocket Box, 6d., 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. Postal Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1s. The Entomologist’s Store and Setting House, containing every requisite, £3. Improved Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d., 3s. 6d. Zine Oval Pocket Box, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d., 2s. Pupa Diggers, 2s., 3s. Corked Store Boxes, best make, 2s. 6d., 4s., 5s., 6s.; ditto, covered in Green Cloth, Book Pattern, 16 by 11, 8s.6d. Tin Y, 2d.; Brass Y, 8d., for Cane Nets. A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF BRITISH AND FOREIGN INSECTS KEPT IN STOCK. CABINETS of every Description in Stock and to Order. Estimates given. H. W. MARSDEN, Natural History Agent and® Bookseller, 21, NEW BOND STREET, BATH. EUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA. The largest and best stock in England at very moderate prices. EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA, COLEOPTERA, ORTHOPTERA, &c. PRESERVED LARVA‘ of rare British Lepidoptera. CABINETS and APPARATUS of all kinds for Enromotoaists, OoLoaists, ORNITHOLOGISTS, Boranists, &c. : BOTANICAL CASES, DRYING PAPER, &c. | BRITISH and EXOTIC SHELLS. 7 BRITISH SPECIES of BIRDS’ SKINS and BIRDS’ EGGS. | Of these the stock is far the largest and most authentic in Britain, probablyin Europe; while a large stock of Exotic Skins and Eggs, especially American, are _ always on hand. YOUNG BIRDS in Down. | Parcels of Exotic Insects, Birds, or Shells, sent for selection. British Birds Skins sent on approval. Other articles guaranteed. The BEST BOOKS ON ABOVE SUBJECTS recommended and supplied. (Send for the new and enlarged Catalogue of January, 1893.) N.B.—Mr. Marspen’s well-known Gloucester business has been entirely removed to the above address, and any person or persons pretending to be his successors or using his name do so illegally. | Eg ey THOMAS COOKE & SON, Naturalists, Dealers in Entomological Apparatus, &c. (Late of 618, NEW OXFORD STREET), 30, MUSEUM STREET, OXFORD STREET, W.C. Vol. XXVIII] JULY, 1895. [No. 386. nj ENTOMOLOGIST Mllustrated Journal GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. | MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S. T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.S. W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. | J. H. LEECH, B.A,, F.L.S., F.E.S. EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S.,F.E.S. | Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &c. F, W. FROHAWE, F.E.S. | G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S. W. WARREN, M.A., F.E.S. “* By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.” LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limirep. Price Sixpence. i. ‘MEEK, ” ‘Naturalist, a BROMPTON. ROAD, LONDON, S. | Supplies: Entomologists with every Hequisite F THE BEST MAKE. Se "SEND FOR re PRICED CATALOGUE, POST FREE. aon, ‘when accompanied by Post Ofice Order, will receive immediate attention, rn Steel Kuuekle-jointed Net, folds cae for pests 4s. as Taal Um ee ae Ne Wire Ring Net, with brass sete! 2s. . . Be Seat ot, with three brass joints, 3s. 64., 4 mesa by 1 is for eatin , &e., 6s. Telescope Net, 6s. 3 oe 6d., 10s. 6d. oe ages et, 8s. Larva Box, 6d., 1s., 1s. 6d. q Res - Sugaring | Tins with eh affixed, 1 1s. 6d., 2s. Killing Box, 94., 1s. Bottle of Killing Fluid, 9d. ; orked Belting Bonrds, Lin. 6 6d.; 13, 7d.; 14, 8d. ; 14, 9d.; 2in.,10d.; 23,114. ; 2, 1s.” Mahogan et Box, with glass to slide in groove, 3s. 6d. q m0 nological Pins st, Giltor Pai 1s. per box; four sizes, mixed, 1s. per omg eae ai a.) Exchange Lists, 1d. ; me pect E Malo ow sire peas erp of ele 1s. 8d. gross. aM HS, Fa e, 9 act 8. . oe ek “, ea 1s. 6 6a. “Postal eat ; 0d. rok ae na ore and Setting ud Colas Frey site, : ieee Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d., _ 3 ate) Oval Packs et Box, aus i ey 1s. 6a, 2s. Puy a ie ieee 28., 8s. or tore . . lata: ’ 6s.; dit’ 0; covered in Green Cloth, oie Bo ok Pattern, dey. 11, ood, Tin Y, 2d.; Brass Y, 8d., for Cane Nets. A LARGE E ASSORTMENT OF BRITISH AND FOREIGN INSECTS KEPT IN STOCK. Sat vo ue die! Saka in Stock and to Order. Estimates s given. oe Ne Sor pe ee Pe oe ae. jes 7 Ww. “MARSDEN, a ee ‘Gaon Mistory Agent anv Bookseller, ee: ‘ : ‘ 21, NEW BOND STREET, BATH. : fe _ EUROPEAN eee largest or best stock in England at ae moderate prices. OTIC "LEPIDOPTERA, COLEOPTERA, ORTHOPTERA, &e. _ PRESERVED arabs of rare British, ‘Le pidoptera. TS and APPARATUS of all kinds for Touromaraenn; QéLoaists, - ITISH an OTIC PECIES of ae SKINS and BIRDS’ EGGS. 2 stock | oe ne ie Rage t and most authentic in Britain, probably in while a large stock of Exotic Skins and Eggs, esp y American, are ; -alwa te ae oe BIRDS in ; we nsects, Bie ilies ie "British Birds Skins BOOK Ki iS Ow eh SUBJECTS Socom scuenneee supplied. ne 1 enlarged Catalogue of January, 1893.) Da . rel nos mae pe een el oe tothe y petaoniar peteors I yeaa his successors or using his name i Vol. XXVIII.) AUGUST, 1895. [No. 387. ENTOMOLOGIS! Sllustrated Sournal . Ne See Za GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. | MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S. T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. | W. F. KIRBY, F.L-S., F.E.S. W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S.,&c. | J. H. LEECH, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S, EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S.,F.E.S. | Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &o. F,. W. FROHAWE, F.E.S. | G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S. W. WARREN, M.A., F.E.S. “‘ By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries male.” LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN ; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Luimrep. Price Sixpence. ee ‘MEEK, Naturalist, 6, BROMPTON ROAD, LONDON, S.W. Su ee ‘Eutomatogtota | with fh chery Hequisite cS "SEND YOR NEW PRICED ae POST FREE. i = oie accompanied by Post Office Ones will receive immediate attent on | Steel Bande jemnica Bots! folds up for greeks a is Ladies’ tee Net, 5s. Wire Ring Net, with brass screw, Qs. ; % cket Folding Net, hd three faite joints, 33. 6d., 4s. es Balloon Net, by - saci: ha 6s. Telescope Net, 6s., 8s. 6d., 10s. 6d. fie ‘Self-acting S et, 88. mods Ae 6d., 1s., 1s. 6d. 4 vege Sugaring Tins, aie: rush affixed, 1s. 6d. Killing Box, 9d., 1s. he: Bottle of Killing F FL aa 3 roe a Setting Boars, 1in. 6d 14, 74.5 14,84. ;13, Nera 104. ; 2}, 11d. ; 24,18. a ee ahogany patiee Box, with glass to slide in groove, 3s. 6d. led omological bias size, Gilt or Plain, 1s. per box; four sizes, mixed, 1s. per Ome Exchange Lists, 1d. _ Bote oat Destroyer, et “flow Chip Boxes, peas four sizes, 1s.8d. gross. rs is? ng and Drying oes complete, 9s. 6d., 11s., 13s. Pid ~ Pocket ox, 6d., San ls. 5 1s. 6d ostal Boxes, 6d., 9d., Is. | he Entouologi's ‘Store aut Setting House, containing every requisite, $3. ar pee Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d., 3s. 6d. 4g Rete Wine Oval P t Box, oe 1s., 1s. 6d., 2s. Pupa Digi, Qs., 33. ome ‘Store Boxes, best make, 2s. 6d., 43., 5s., 6s.; dit , covered in Green Cloth, aK. me Patera 16 by 11; 8s. 6d. Tin MDaoy Brass Y. 8d., for Cane Nets. = = ~ THOMAS COOKE & SON, Na a ralists ‘Dealers in Entomological Apparatus, é&c. | (Late of 618, NEW OXFORD STREET), 30, -MosEuM | STREET, _ OXFORD eee WC. oe = NEW BOND STREET, BATH. EUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA. pantie tia ie LEPIDODTE LARVAE < of rare B British Lepi doy tera. | a and APPARATUS of all kinds for Tote nausea Ootoaisrs, 5 RNITHOLOGISTS, Boranists, &e. ates - BOTANICAL | CASES, DRYING PAPER, &e. Aa uns, Seaodin ae wt Oe GRINS ani pie ee | bate eae 0 c an “ 4 Of these the stock is far the larg ath most authentic in Britain, probably in |. aroy 5 while large stock of e Skins and Eggs, especially American, are | - min mernie eee Ae oHYOUNG BIRDS ta Down } Exotic apse See ua for seyannion "British Birds per { . for th largea “1893. Sane ek agonal “known Gloucester ee been entirel removed to the | above a ee xy person or perso Piscean! t Y to be ‘his aascegsory.on : eae ie q We DTT As ee Ey cA Eis Vol. XXVIII.) SEPTEMBER, 1895. [No. 388. 319088 THE a ENTOMOLOGIST h AN Illustrated Journal OF GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDEDEID BY e RiCHARD «SOUTH, Fikes S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. | MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S. T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. W. F. KIRBY, F.1.8., F.E-S. W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. J. H. LEECH, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S. EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S.,F.E.S. | Dr. D. SHARP, F.RB.S., F.E.S., &c. F. W. FROHAWK, F.E.S. G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S. W. WARREN, M.A., F.E:S. ‘* By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.” LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limirep. Price Sixpence. | : on a. ‘MEEK, Naturalist,- a - 56, BROMPTON ROAD, LONDON, S.V Supplies Lntomologists with eberp Bequiate OF THE BEST MAKE. ee SEND FOR NEW PRICED CATALOGUE, POST FREE. au Orders, when accompanied by Post Office Order, will receive immediate a Steel Eainskle jomted Net, folds ap for pocket, 4s. t ere ee Umbrella Net, 5s. Wire Ring Net, with brass screw, 2s. = ee Po ett Net, with three brass joints, 3s. 6u., 4s. . "Balloon ae 26 b eet 18, for Beating, &c., 6s. Telescope Net, 6s., 8s. 6d., 10s. 6d. Sate ne Piece ut fot, 88. pte ig. ae is. 6d. 4 Suess Tins, with tie 5 es 6d., 2s an Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Corked eee 6a. 14.74.3514, 8d. ;12,9d.; 2 in., 10d.; 24,114. ; 24,18. = et Box, with glass to slide in groove, 3s. 6d. ‘Entomological Ge 2 an, Gite Faiy 1s. per es s foe sizes, mixed, ls. per 02 . xchange 8 9 . ets of Mite Destroyer, 9d oa, ‘Willow Oh Chip Boxes, nested, four sizes, 1s. 8d. gross Setting and Drying Houses, complete, 9s. 6d., 11s., 188. Pocket Box, 6d., 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. Postal Boxes, 6d., 94., 1s. “The Entomologist’s Store and Setting House, conse ice requisite, £3. Improved Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d., 3s. 6d. 6 se ‘Zine Oval Pocket Box, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d., 2s. Pupa Dieee 2s., 8s. Corked Store Boxes, best make, 2s. 6d., 4s., 5s., 6s.; ditto, covered in Green Cloth, | - Book Pattern, 16 by 11, 8s.6d. Tiny, 2d. 5 Brass Y, 8d., for Cine Nets. @ A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF BRITISH AND FOREIGN INSECTS KEPT IN STOCK. = 5 sau of every Desoigenn ee Stock and to ae Estimates age | THOMAS COOKE & SON, 4 ‘Neturalista, Dealers in Entomological Apparatus, Se. } (Late of 618, NEW OXFORD STREET), q 30, ‘MUSEUM STREET, OXFORD STREET, W.C._ H. W. MARSDEN, - Natural Mistory Agent and Bookseller, 21, NEW BOND STREET, BATH. _ EUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA. ‘The ‘and best stock in England at ver ae moderate prices. Siete xo eS RS ah COLEOPTERA, ORTHOPTERA, &c. — PRESERVED LARV of rare British Lepidoptera. t CABINETS and APPARATUS of all kinds for Enromotoctsrs, Odétogists, | OrnirHoLoaisTs, Boranists, &c. 1! ns SS ina CASES, DRYING PAPER, &c. | ae ITISH and EXOTIC SHELLS. a - BRITISH senomns = BIRDS’ SKINS and BIRDS’ EGGS. | “Of thie. the stock is argest and most authentic in Britain, probably in | EX wee while a large ies tr ixotic Skins and Eggs, especially American, are |, ies always on hand. YOUNG BIRDS in Down. | ure Is of Exotic ire Birds, or Shells, sent for selection. British Birds Skins | ae on approval. Other articles guaranteed. 1 The ‘BEST. BOOKS ON ABOVE SUBJECTS recommended and supplied. soe wa -known Gancaie Tea has ae cana veal to the | and Sask ese or persons Se to be his successors or using his name Vol. XXVIII.) CCTOBER, 1895. [No. 389. THE ENTOMOLOGIST Allustrated Journal 2087 2 GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. — EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF | MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S. T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. | W. BE. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.S. W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. | J. H. LEECH, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S. EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S., F.E.S. Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &c. F. W. FROHAWEK, F.E.S. | G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S. W. WARREN, M.A., F.E.S. ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. ‘* By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.” LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN; S{IMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Luwrep. Price Sixpence. a E : - He MEEK, -‘Nataratieg 56, , BROMPTON. ROAD, LONDON, S. s ie “supa Entomologists with elegy equisite OF THE BEST MAKE. Wit ee as SEND FOR NEW PRICED ENE OSS POST FREE. : au Orders, when accompanied by Post Office Order, will receive immediate attention eA ant pr Steel Knuckle-jointed Not folds a for pocket, 48. a Se ic | Ladies’ U ee Net, 5s. Wire Ring Net, with brass screw, 2s cer ty et Foldi rato with three brass joints, 3s. 6d., 4s. soo Net, wb aS 8 8 aes tga 6s. Telescope Net, 6s., 8s. 6d., 10s. 6d. s My inte rai et, 88 8. Baie Box, 6d., 18., 1s. 6d. 4 affixed , Is. 6d., ie Reena Box, 9d., 1s. = i Oa 3s. ( sb ae DSi, 6s.; > di covered in cee Cloth, f Tin ¥; 2d.; > Brags Y. 8d., for hai Nets. a a rHOMAS COOKE & SON, | é as ral ite, Dealers in Entomological Apparatus, &c. ne assis NEW OXFORD sips | ue rs w. “MARSDEN, eee Mistery Agent and Bookseller Bs % ‘EUROPEAN TERLborrann vest and best stock in England at a moderate prioes. i ea CoupOeTaRA. 8 Pap co rae _ ORNITHOLOG ne ey =) BOTANICAL ‘CASES, DRYING ‘PAPER, &e. -- BRITISH and EXOTIC SHELLS oe SE SPECIES 3 Sees SKINS and BIRDS’ EGGS. the st ae is far the largest and most authentic in Britain, probably in | large stock of Exotic Skins eer anne : Sepeeinle American, are | U ; on hand. YO UNG J iP tie Insec ts, Birds, or Shells, sent ao selection. British Birds Skins 5 sent Cae roval. Other articles guaranteed. 4 f BOOKS 0 NBO VE SUBJECTS emcee and supplied. | he new and enlarged Catalogue of January, 1893.) . r. Marsp EN’s well- known Siskates Oe: has been entirely removed to the s, and an, ry person or ‘persons pretending | to be his successors oF using his name WITH EXTRA EIGHT PAGES. Vol. XXVIII] NOVEMBER, 1895. [No. 390. THE ENTOMOLOGIST AN Mllustrated Journal. tom OF Pes ad GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S. T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S8., F.E.S. W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. J. H. LEECH, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S. EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S.,F.E.S. | Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &. F. W. FROHAWK, F.E.S. G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S. W. WARREN, M.A., F.E.S. ‘* By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.” LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limirep. Price Sixpence. Oe: K. H. MEEK, Naturalist, 56, BROMPTON ROAD, LONDON, S.W. Supplies LEntonrologists with chery Requisite — OF THE BEST MAKE, SEND FOR NEW PRICED CATALOGUE, POST FREE. All Orders, when accompanied by Post Office Order, will receive immediate attention. = Steel Knuckle-jointed Net, folds up for pocket, 4s. Ladies’ Umbrella Net, 5s. Wire Ring Net, with brass screw, 2s. Pocket Folding Net, with three brass joints, 3s. 6d., 4s. Balloon Net, 26 by 18, for Beating, &., 6s. Telescope Net, 6s., 8s. 6d., 10s. 6d. Self-acting Sweeping Net, 8s. Larva Box, 6d., 1s., 1s. 6d. Sugaring Tins, with Brush affixed, 1s. 6d., 2s. Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Bottle of Killing Fluid, 9d. Corked Setting Boards, lin., 6d.; 14, 7d.; 14, 8d. ; 13, 9d.; 2in.,10d.; 24, 11d.; 25, 1s. &e., &e. Mahogany Pocket Box, with glass to slide in groove, 3s. 6d. Entomological Pins, any size, Gilt or Plain, 1s. per box; four sizes, mixed, 1s.peroz. — (by post, 14d.) Exchange Lists, 1d. j Bottle of Mite Destroyer, 94. Willow Chip Boxes, nested, four sizes, 1s. 8d. gross. — Setting and Drying Houses, complete, 9s. 6d., 11s., 13s. Pocket Box, 6d., 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. Postal Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1s. The Entomologist’s Store and Setting House, containing every requisite, £3. Improved Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d., 3s. 6d. Zine Oval Pocket Box, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d., 2s. Pupa Diggers, 2s., 3s. Corked Store Boxes, best make, 2s. 6d., 4s., 5s., 68.; ditto, covered in Green Cloth, Book Pattern, 16 by 11, 8s.6d. Tin Y, 2d.; Brass Y, 8d., for Cane Nets. A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF BRITISH AND FOREIGN INSECTS KEPT IN STOCK. CABINETS of every Description in Stock and to Order. Estimates given. THOMAS COOKE & SON, Naturalists, Dealers in Entomological Apparatus, &c. (Late of 518, NEW OXFORD STREET), 30, MUSEUM STREET, OXFORD STREET, W.C. H. W. MARSDEN, Natural History Agent anv Bookseller, 40, TRIANGLE (West), CLIFTON, BRISTOL. EUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA. The largest and best stock in England at very moderate prices. — EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA, COLEOPTERA, ORTHOPTERA, &c. PRESERVED LARVZ of rare British Lepidoptera. CABINETS and APPARATUS of all kinds for EnromoLoaisrs, OdLoaists, OrniTHOLOGISTS, Boranists, &ce. BOTANICAL CASES, DRYING PAPER, &ce. BRITISH and EXOTIC SHELLS. BRITISH SPECIES of BIRDS’ SKINS and BIRDS’ EGGS. Of these the stock is far the largest and most authentic in Britain, probably in Europe; while a large stock of Exotic Skins and Eggs, especially American, are always on hand. YOUNG BIRDS in Down. Parcels of Exotic Insects, Birds, or Shells, sent for selection. British Birds Skins sent on approval. Other articles guaranteed. The BEST BOOKS ON ABOVE SUBJECTS recommended and supplied. (Send for the new and enlarged Catalogue of January, 1893. ) N.B.—Mr. Marspen’s well-known Gloucester business has been entirely removed to the ahove address, and any person or persons pretending to be his successors or using his name 5 . ; 3 " DOUBLE NUMBER.—SUBSCRIPTIONS FOR 1895 HAVE EXPIRED. Vol. XXVIII] DECEMBER, 1895. [No. 391. THE ENTOMOLOGIST AN Sllustrated Journal OF GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.B.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S. T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.S. W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. J. H. LEECH, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S. EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.8.,F.H.8. | Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &. F. W. FROHAWE, F.E.S. G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S. W. WARREN, M.A., F.E.S. ‘* By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.” LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limirep. Price One Shilling. a a MEEK, ‘Natunaliee 56, BROMPTON ROAD, LONDON, S. - Supplies Entomologists with eberp Hequistte _ OF THE BEST MAKE. ‘SEND FOR NEW PRICED CATALOGUE, POST FREE, at Le Pent when accompanied by Post Office Order, will receive immediate atte Steel Knuckle jointed Net, folds up for pocket, 4s. Ladies’ Umbrella N Wire Ring Net, with brass screw, 2s. Pocket Foiding ue with three brass joints, 3s. 6d., 4s. | Balloon Net, 26 b, aes for Beating, &., 6s. Telescope Net, 6s., 8s. 6d., 10s. 6d. e Self-t Be iy, ns Larva Box, 64., ig. ., 1s. Sugaring Tins, evith B affixed, 1s. 6d 7) 2s. Killing Box, gd. ” 1s. ie Bottle of Killing Fluid, eds) 3 : Corked Setting Boards, 1 in., 6d.; 1},7d.; 14, 8d. ;13,9d.; 2in.,10d.; 24,114.; 23,18. &e., &. Mahogany sts, Box, with glass to slide in groove, 3s. 6d. "Entomological Pins, any size, Gilt or Plain, 1s. per box; four sizes, mixed, 1s. per oz. y post, 14d.) Exchange Lists, 1d. Bottle of Mite Destroyer, 9d. Willow Chip Boxes, nested, four sizes, 1s. 8d. gross. i Setting and Drying Houses, complete, 9s. 6d., 11s., 188. Pocket Box, 6d., 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. Postal Boxés, 6d., 9d., 1s. The Entomologist’s Store and Setting House, lary a2 every requisite, £3. . Improved Pocket eS Qs. 6 s. 6d. Zine Oval Pock & Box, 94., 1s., 1s. 6d., 2s. athe Dieiae 2s., 38. _ Corked Store Boxes, best make, 2s. "6d., rn 5s., 6s.; ditto, covered in Green Cloth, _ Book Pattern, 16 by 11, 8s. 6d. Tin Y, 2d.; Brass Y, 8d., for Cane Nets. ua A LARGE, ASSORTMENT OF BRITISH AND FOREIGN INSECTS KEPT IN STOCK. © AS ein in a eas eitiedae in Stock and to Order. Estimates ee THOMAS COOKE & SON, Naturalists, Dealers in Entomological Apparatus, &c. (Late of 518, NEW OXFORD STREET), 30, ‘MUSEUM STREET, OXFORD STREET, W.C. H. W. MARSDEN, : Natural History Agent and se nokseller, 10, TRIANGLE (West), CLIFTON, BRISTOL. es: liye egal LEPIDOPTERA. iy The est and best stock in England at oa: moderate prices. hy EXOW TC eee Te COLEOPTERA, ORTHUPTERA, &c. PRESERVED LARV of rare British Lepidoptera. “CABINETS and APPARATUS of all kinds for Enromoxoaisrs, Odnoeisrs, eee OrniTHOLOGIsTS, Boranists, &c. COM TA On BOTANICAL CASES, DRYING PAPER, &c. ie “ if BRI ITISH and EXOTIC SHELLS. yes Pareds of iexotie eet Beas or IP Sab Oe for ae “British Birds’ Skins _ ton approval. Other articles guaranteed. | ; ‘The ‘BEST BOOKS On ni BUBIEOTE Sogaane and supplied. — , 1893.) ah .B__Mr. Mansoew’s ais pea ees aan TH been, bullies Ginga above address, sand ‘any person or persons pretending to be his successors or using his name NATURALISTS’ SUPPLY STORES, 64, HIGH STREET, ETON. Proprietor, E. EDMONDS, / Entomologist to the Roya Famity and Eron Cotuece. Full price Catalogue on application. Specialty: —LIVING OVA, LARVA, and PUPA. (No larger Stock in Europe.) BREEDING GROUNDS: —The “NURSERY,” Osporne Roap, WInpsor. Also at KING STABLE STREET, ETON. Price Lists are issued about Ist and 15th of each month ; on Recurpr of 1s. every list issued for one year will be sent free. Ogre eb te GEL ayo Uh Re ie Bos. Sb Py ON. R. STAUDINGER & BANG-HAAS, Btasrewitz-Drespen, in their new Price List, No. XXXVIII., offer more than 13,500 Species of well-named LEPIDOPTERA, set or in papers, from all parts of the world, in finest condition ; 1100 kinds of PREPARED LARVA1; numerous LIVING PUPA, &e. Smrarate Price Lists, X. & XIII., for COLEOPTERA (16,000 species). Lists II. & IIL, for HYMENOPTERA (1900 species), DIPTERA (900), HEMIPTERA (1200), ORTHOPTERA (700), NEUROPTERA (320). List IX., for SHELLS (7000). Discount for Cash-orders. WATKINS & DONCASTER, Naturalists and Manufacturers of Eatomological Apparatus and Cabinets. Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1s. 3d., 2s., 25.6d. Folding Nets, 8s. 6d., 4s. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7s. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1s., Ls. 6d. Zine Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d., 28. Nested Chip Boxes, 8d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, 1s. 6d. per oz. Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d. to 10s. 6d. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1s. 6d., 28. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1s. 9d. per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2s. 6d., 4s., 5s., 68. Setting Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d.; 1}in., 8d.; 2 in.,10d.; 24in.,1s.; 34in., 1s. 4d.; 4 in., 1s. 6d.; 5 in., 1s. 10d.; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10s. 6d. Setting Houses, 9s. 6d., 11s. 6d.; corked back, 148. Zine Larva Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. Breeding Cage, 2s. 6d., 4s., 5s., 78.6d. Coleopterist’s Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1s. 6d., 1s.8d. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, 1s.6d., 2s. 9d., 3s. 6d., 4s. 6d. Botanical Paper, Is. 1d., 1s. 4d., 1s. 9d., 2s. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, 2s. 6d. to 1ls. Cement for replacing Antenne, 6d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 2s. 6d. per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3, best quality, 1s.4d. per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 2s. Insect Lens, 1s. to 8s. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes from 1s. 4d. per dozen. Zine Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1s. 9d. Taxidermist’s Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 108.6. Scalpels, 1s. 3d.; Scissors, 2s. per pair; Hgy-drills, 2d., 31., 1s. ; Blowpipes, 4d., 6d.; Artificial Eyes for Birds and Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d.; ditto of Birds’ Eggs, 3d., 4d., 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d.; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, &e. Now ready.—_The EXCHANGE LIST. Compiled by Mr. Ep. Meyrick, B.A., F.Z.S., F.H.S8., according to his recent ‘Handbook of British Lepidoptera.’ 13d. each; 8d. per doz.; or 4s. per 100. Our new Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English names, ls. 6d. Our new Complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species numbered), 1s.; or on one side for labels, 2s. The “ Drxon” Lamp-net (invaluable for taking moths off street-lamps without climbing the lamp-posts), 2s. 6d. Sone OO MRO Re CrrA BP NPE TS Of every description for Insscts, Brros’ Kees, Corns, MicroscopicaL Ossrcrts, Fossits, &e. Catalozue (66 pp.) sent on application, post free. A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS’ EGGS (BRITISH, EUROPEAN, AND EXOTIC). Birds, Mammals, déc., Preserved and Mounted by First-class Workmen. Only Address :— 86 STRAND, W.C., LONDON (5 doors from Carina Cross). - l tee oct TA alt of Ham " ptera of ] PB, o Geena ae 327, . ee d ene of been Ae ? ny Spicy eobius gchar Walter Ae aaa 338. ugaring in the Cots ees “Notes on Crambites, 1895, Albert Waters, 339. Be abe pence Ay So Mid let: | 8, b ; Bi iar da hag 18 Fy %; 4: ond He Beth Ru : ) Soon:mnes, 342. eae ee rs ; Anns v zNy ME Ais Se A, LS eS | * an ~ = Me ae ei rPTIONS for 1895 have now | expired. Prepayment . for 1896 (6s. , including all double numbers an ea to any part of ; M aC Peps S the world) may be made to West, Newman & Co., 54, Hatton — e i Lonlon ie number is rik and eh One mee | a of SS eee Jin the Eronow, ; Jolle faa always arriving from the most isolated niece sas New Guinea anid South America, — | ia Weal mae lene sh . see ith it will est 30 nothin . a A and the Q 5, fi CTR A babi ec lee “Priends fd Customers avcarsy anaanegiican as mistakes occur , a st a ae eae on Vy ene r y x) q ony it te if cee rw ih is ® Roar PRE her ‘ * is ite