ee = PO pee, tance cra teats as pteafi= ene ate NURS ety t eit og nee meee taint “md Aebea og ~ i CRO AY, O — Powe te Te ya ae eee eee re tees Ae te “ Nae ate oe Late ee een hey tte \etenenen : ~ Sena ey hate Po an oss oyaree ne Re Danco ee etn exes warty er ho ee Pe. aaa ee tate Rael eee Fe a ayaa getty tees ot Solan t= attire.” gi Pa maar gaye athe ENTOMOLOGIST An Illustrated Journal OF GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. | MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S. T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. Wierek).) KERIBY, HUD SiseHsB es W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. Joos GRECH, BAY EGS EES: EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S., F.E.S. Dr. D. SHARP, .F.R.S., F.E.S., &c. F. W. FROHAWE, F.E.S. | G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S. \Wie WARREN, M.A., F.E.S. ‘*By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.”’ VOLUME THE THIRTY-SECOND. LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN. SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Liwrep. 1899, G = s=>,, 5 ———— a * PRINTERS Sy ; PUBLISHERS ® { LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. eer eee Apx1n, Rosert, F.E.S., 258 ANDERSON, JOSEPH, 280, 282, 284, 306, 308 ArktE, J., 16, 20, 122, 213, 242, 251, 308, 309 Armstrone, H., 212 AsHBy, HERBERT, 238, 258 Baker, CuHAs., 213, 234 Bankes, Eustace R., F.E.S., 38, 101, 185 Barger, H. W., F.E.S., 280 BARRAUD, P. J.,.20, 22, 212 Barrett, T. P., 255 Betrreripcer, A. T., 284 Bevis, A., 41 BircuH, Freprricr, 139, 311 iBEEDS de. 212 Branp, Major F. D., 20, 187 Branprorp, W. F. H., F.E.S., 42 BLEnKARN, STANLEY A., 213, 278, 283, 309 Boutt, J. W., 134 Bracken, C. W., 282 BrazeNor, ALFRED, 16, 18 Brooks, W., 280, 282 Brown, Henry H., 135, 146, 279, 283 Brown, Mrs. Henry, 181 Burter, A. G., Ph D., F.L.S., F.Z.8., &e., aid, 159) 224) 2911: Burier, W. E., 258, 278 Carr, F. M. B., 39, 41, 94, 134, 196, 251, 255, 260, 278, 308 CaRDINALL, ALAN, 211, 236, 251, 257, 281, 284 CHarman, T. A., M.D., F.E.S., 25, 53, 145 Curisty, W. M., F.E.S., 209, 212, 282 CiurrerBuck, C. GRANVILLE, 19, 167 CocxrrreLt, T. D. A., F.Z.S., F.E.S., 12, 14, 93, 127, 128, 154, 164, 265 CottHrup, C. W., 275, 280, 283, 284 Conqurst, G. Haroun, 21, 251 Corzin, G. B., 172, 210 Cornett, Ernest, 257 Corram, ARTHUR, 238, 283 CRENNEL, THomas, 188 Datuas, C., 38 DateuisH, Anp. Avie, 306 Doncaster, L., 100 Drucr, Haminton, F.E.S., 236 Duprey, H. Perry, 97 Epwarps, A. D., 254 Epwarps, W., 281-284 Farn, A. B., F.E.S., 92 Fuercuer, T. B., R.N., F.E.S., 275 Fircu, H. A., F.L.S., F.H.S., 236 Hinzr, J. A., F.H.S., 237 Fiemyne, Rev. W. W., 71 Fowuer, J. H., 150, 165, 185, 267, 308, 309 Fremuin, H. §S., F.E.S., 93 Frouawk, F. W., F.E.S., 39, 104, 187, 235, 255, 257, Gauan, C. J., F.E.S., 76, 98, 137, 167, 189, 286, 310 Ganpy, WiLLiam, 39, 279 GarpE, Puinie DE uA, R.N., F.E.S., 8 GARDNER, J., 234 Gitrs, Lewis 8., 280, 282 GREENE, Kiev. J., M.A., F.H.S., 38 Gummer, Crecin M., 238, 240 Gurney, N. O., 73 Haaeart, JAMES C., 187 Haruey-Mason, A. E., 285 Harris, W. T., 278 HEARLE, Parkins, 187 Hint, H. Arsuie, F.E.S., 309 Hinz, J. & W., 38, 41 Huaeues, C. N., 166 Imus, A. D., 240 Jacospy, Martin, F.E.S., 67, 80, 2 47 270 Janson, O. E., F.E.S., 52 JEFFERYS, T. B., 23, 240 Kemp, 8S. W., 260 Kipner, A. R., 237, 238 Krey Wee Hoes. Hon: S., Sil lSs2s 253 |) Krmcanpy: Gr Wi, HLH.S., de, 3) 28) 72, 73, 76, 78, 106, 108, 132, 134, 151, 165, 176, 193, 200, 217, 235, 236, 252, 253, 293, 296, 305 1V LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Latny, Percy I., 116, 147 Laxon, E. A., 166 Leicu, G. F., 274 Linpemann, O., 256 Lucas, W. J., B.A., F.E.S., 16, 63, 169, 258, 276, 289 MareErieLp, JoHN R. B., 309 MatHrew, Marsorir, 95 May, ALBERT, 17, 165 Minton, F., 239 MERRIFIELD, F., F.E.S., 84 MitcHeni, ALFRED A., 259 Meynetn, Epear J., 39 Morury, Cuaupe, F.E.S., 222 MorEL-DE-ViILLE, G., 254 Moss, Rev. A. Mines, 48, 91, 94, 100, 138, 312 Newman, T. P., 283 Nevinson, E. B., 72 OaiE, G. 238 OLpHAM, CHARLES, 253, 255 PaskEeLL, W., 73 PEACHELL, ERNEST, 284 Peters, H. W., 238 Preron Be NN. hEeS.., 46 Pore Gro. JD Hans BBS eG: 2310 Prest, J. 188 Prout, Louis B., F.E.S., 44, 63, 131, 164, 190 PucxripeGk, J. S., 212 Purpry, W., 306 Ransom, Epwarp, 71, 135, 255 Raynor, Rey. Ginpert H., 237 Riptey, P. W., 39 RosertsHaw, ARTHUR, 283 Roruscutnp, Hon. Waurer, Ph.D., &e., 171, 191 Rovutieper, G. B., F.E.S., 49, 138, 214, 262, 287 Rowntree, J. H., 256 Rypon, A. H., 307 Sasrne, E., 280, 281, 283, 284 Saxsy, J. L., 306 SHEPHEARD-Watwyn, H. W., 95, 134 SicH, ALFRED, 20, 72 Smmmonps, H. W., 239 SourH, RicHarp, F.E.S., 15, 17, 18, 23, 24, 31, 38, 39, 49, 50, 51, 52, 73, 94, 130, 132, 140, 143, 160, 168, 182, 186, 191, 204, 210,.211, 212, 213, 215, 224, 226, 230, 232, 237, 238, 240, 241, 251, 263, 264, 301, 312 Sparke, E., 234 Stupp, G. F., M.A., F.E.S., 95 StockwELL, H. Doucuas, 279, 280, 282 TETLEY, ALFRED S8., 74, 97 THORNEWILL, Rev. Cuas. F., 238, 256 TurNnER, Hy. J., F.E.S., 44, 99, 137, 190, 214, 262, 287, 311 MopT da Wies ete Hiewen) ols iL Urqunart, EruEen, 235 VauGHAN, EK. Berta, 95 Vinatut, Hue J., 213 WaLpEGRAVE, Rt. Hon. Earl, 19 Waker, J. J., F.H.S., 76, 98, 137, 167, 189, 286, 310 Water, Rey. A. P., 256, 257 WAINWRIGHT, CoLBRAN J., F.E.S., 47, 100, 140, 191, 214, 253, 262, 288 Watkins, WriuiamM, 121 Wess, Sypney, 209 WHITTAKER, Oscar, 73 Wauittte, F. G.. 285 Wixtnson, C. B., 74 Wooprorps, F. C., 254 INDEX. GENERAL. Aberrations of Zygena filipendule and Z. trifolii, 210 Abraxas (Zerene) ulmata at Brighton, 251 Abundance of larve of Orgyia antiqua, 285; of Macroglossa stellatarum, 187, 211, 236; of Melanippe fluctuata, 211 ; of Vanessa atalanta, 256, 257, 280 Acherontia atropos in Bucks, 281 ; in Cheshire, 256; in Devonshire, 281; in Hampshire, 282: in Kent, 282, 308 ; in Lincolnshire, 282; in London suburbs, 256; in Shropshire, 256; in Somerset, 255; in Suffolk, 255; in Sussex, 282; in Worcestershire, 282 Acronycta megacephala larye abundant, 237; paper on the genus, 49 Agrotis ashworthii and Acidalia contigu- aria in North Wales, 237 American notes, 235 Amphidasys betularia, the basal spot of, ab 38 ; var. doubledayaria in London, Andrena taraxaci, notes on, 76 Anerastia lotellaand Crambus latistrius, &¢., in the West of Scotland, 306 Angerona prunaria at Wandsworth, 212 Antennal structure versus genitalia, 38 Anthrocera from M. Oberthiir, 75 Arctia caia caterpillar attacked by a spider, 284 Argynnis latona in Hampshire, 230 Assembling, curious instance of, 94 Ash-twig girdled by hornets, 310 Asymmetrical structure in bed-bug, 136 et of Moore, the Lycwnid genus, Bees of the genus Koptorthosoma, 100 ; nest in an open hedge, 136; notes on American, 154; species of the genus _Dieunomia, 265 Bee-stings, further notes on the acci- dents caused by, 305 Bergstrasser on the “‘ Clouded Yellows,” British water-bugs, a guide to the, 3, 108, 151, 200, 296 British Lepidoptera, a new work on, 38, British Pyralide, the latest arrangement of, 301 Butterflies from Natal, 135; from Nor- way, 42 Caddis-flies at sugar, 258 Calisto, monograph of the genus, 76 Callimorpha hera in Devonshire, 254 Cannibalism of Arctia villica larve, 165 Captures at sallow bloom near Coventry, 165; in November, 19 Cataclysta lemnata, note on, 209 Classification of Lepidoptera, 216 Charaxes, two new species of, 171 Cheerocampa celerio in 1898, 95; in Suffolk, 39; porcellus in spring, 134 Cigaritis and its application, the genus, 77 Coleoptera of Norfolk, 39; from Peru, 136; of Sutiolk, 165 Colias edusa in Co. Cork, 235; in Devon and Cornwall, 255 ; in Sussex, 279 ; in Hants, Kent, and S. Devon, 280; in Waterford, in Wiltshire, 235; in 1899, 309; hyale, in Kent, 255; in Norfolk, 255; in 1899, 309 Collecting at Bettws-y-Coed, 187; at Bushey, 21; at Dartmoor, 239; at Deal, 20; in the fens, 196; in Glou- cestershire, 166, 238, 279 ; in Kent, 40, 278; in the Lake district, 239; at Reigate and its vicinity, 251; at Swanage, 260; at Hailsham and at Eastbourne, 276; in Norfolk, 279 Colour of larve of Amphidasys betularia influenced by surroundings, 253 Coecide of the Sandwich Islands, 93, 164 Correction, a, 252 Cosmia pyralina near Maldon, 237 Cossus ligniperda, noteon, 17 ~ Cucullia chamomill at Chichester, 284 Cyaniris argiolus in London, 236 Deilephila livornica in the Isle of Man, 187 ; in Surrey, 235 Vi INDEX. Diantheecia cucubali in July, 213, 234; juteago var. barrettii inN. Wales, 254 ree the species of the bee genus, Dimorphism in Pieris napi, 137 Diptera of Scotland. 165 Do insects feel pain? 132 Dragonflies in 1898, 63; observations on, 43; in the Chester district, 309 HKarwig, the common, 253 Easter (1899) in the New Forest, 133 Kctobia livida and other Orthoptera, 139 Eggs and young larve of British Butter- flies, coloured drawings of, 137 Electric lamps, round the Chester, 242 Kmydia cribrum, a reminiscence, 172; in the New Forest, 209, 234; notes on, 101, 150 Entomological Club, the, 160, 224 Entomological books, some new, 226 Entomological magazines, objects of, 130 Entomology of the Isles of Skye and Lewes, 132; in Japan, 209; of North- amptonshire, a contribution to the, 222, 251 Ephestia kiihniella, 73 Hrebia ethiops in the Isle of Skye, 236 Eromene ocellea in Hants, 258 Kuchloé, notes on the genus, 1; griin- eri at Cannes, 145 EKucosmia undulata and Dipterygia scabriuscula (pinastri) in London, 237 Evolution of lepidopterous antenne, some points in the, 99 Forficula lesnei at Colchester, 20 Formalin solution, 132, 188 Generic names, 15 Genital armature of the Lepidoptera, 45 Goliath beetles, 136 Gonopteryx rhamni in January, 39 Gynandromorphous specimen of Papilio gyas, 148 Halticid beetle from Sumatra, 98 Hemiptera-Heteroptera, 43 Hesperia paniscus at Swanage: a cor- rection, 309 Hiibner’s Tentamen, 131, 204 ; Verzeich- niss, 60, 204, 208 ; works, dates of, 183 Humming sound of Macroglossa stella- tarum, 306 Hyale or Edusa, 146 Hymenoptera, notes on the nomencla- ture of some, 14 Hypolycena, the type of the genus, 221 Ichneumons wanted, 93 Indo-Australian Papilios, notes on, and descriptions of new species, 147 Information and material wanted, 70 Insects during the past season, 22 ; and fungi, 164; and their environment’ 137 Instinct in chrysalis of Pararge mera, 305 Larva devouring dead moth, 94 Larva of Cucullia chamomille, 93 ; of Lycena arion, 92; of Phorodesma smaragdaria, 92; of Pieris brassice in November, 20; at Chiswick, 258 Larve of certain British moths, 122 Ligdia adustata, note on, 308 Lepidoptera attracted by electric light at Shepherd’s Bush, 259 ; captured at light in 1898, 95; from China, 31, 275; in the Halifax district, 74; of the London district, 164, 258; Medi- terranean, 8; in Moray, 279; at Swanage, 309 Lepidoptera-Heterocera ‘Japan, and Corea, 42 Lepidoptera Phalene of the whole world, 25 Lepidopterous larve on clematis, 240, 254 Leuceronia of Aurivillius, the genus, 159 Life-history of Nemeobius lucina, note on the, 91 Limenitis sibylla in Essex, 236 Locusts, notes on, 97, 134, 186 Lozopera beatricella, note on, 306 Lyceena argiolus at Hrith, 281; arion, continental locality for, 71; the earlier stages of, 104; boetica at Winchester and Deal, 281 from China, Macroglossa stellatarum, abundant, 187, 211, 235, 283 ; in the Edinburgh dis- trict, 211; in January, 95; in Lon- don suburbs, 255; in the city, 283 Mantis killing a bird, 253 Mecostethus grossus in Britain, 169; note on, 238 Mediterranean Lepidoptera, 8 Metamorphosis, the nature of, 99 Micropteryx (Eriocephala) ammanella, Hiibn., contribution to the life-history of, 98 Migratory Locust in Susssx, 39 Mimetic beetle, a, 98 Mimicry, 189 Mite from a Rabbit, 137 Mortality of the larve of Acronycta aceris, 274 Natural Selection, present aspects of some questions of, 168 Nomenclature and arrangement of Brit- ish butterflies, 31 Nomenclature of British butterflies, 132; of British Lepidoptera, 59, 131; of Lepidoptera, 182, 204; of the Rhyn- chota, 217 INDEX. vii Nomenclature, Phylogeny, Synonymy, 5 Nonagria sparganii and Xanthia ocel- laris in Suffolk, 257 North London Natural History Society, 44 Northamptonshire, a contribution to the entomology of, 222 Notes from Bath, 240; from Bucks, 283 ; from the Chester district, 19; from North Wales, 20, 73, 95; from North Staffordshire in 1898, 41; from the south-west of England in August, 1898, 74; on the Lepidoptera of Chis- wick and neighbourhood, 20; from Ringwood and district, 267; on Lepi- doptera from the Chester district, 307 OBITUARIES :— Charles Stuart Gregson, 144 Samuel Stevens, 264 Alexander Wallace, 288, 312 Orthoptera, paper on, 43; Roumanian, 42; in 1899, 289 Our index, 312 Owen’s collection, Mr. Alfred, 45 Oxshott, a day at, 259 Pachytylus migratorius in Hampshire, 239 Palexoblattina douvillei, 139 Parasite on fresh-water fish, 190 Phlogophora meticulosa in November, 19; in winter months, 73, 134 Physiological experiments upon Dyticus marginalis, 176 Phytophagous Coleoptera from India and Ceylon, new genera and species of, 67, 80; South American, new species, 247, 270 Pieris rape in January, 73, 95 Plusia moneta at Cambridge, 238; at Chichester, 308; in Hertfordshire, 212; in Kent, 212; in Middlesex, 212; in Surrey, 238; in Sussex, 212, 254; in Wiltshire, 212, 238 Polymorphism in Rhynchota, 108 Presentation to Miss Ormerod, 210 Preservation of larvee, 132 “ Protection Committee,’’ 16 Pupation of Cossus ligniperda, 39, 71; of Smerinthus populi, 72 Pyrenomycetous fungus, 76 Recent LireraturE :— Handbook of Insects Injurious to Or- chard and Bush Fruits, by Eleanor A. Ormerod, 23 Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society for 1898, 24, 167 Manchester Microscopical Society, Trans. and Report for 1897, 24 Marvels of Ant Life, by W. F. Kirby, 24 Contributions toward a Monograph of the Lepidopterous Family Noctuidee of Boreal North America, by John _, B. Smith, 49 Ubersicht der Lepidopteren-Fauna des Grossherzogtums Baden, von Carl Reutti, 50 L’Apiculture par les Méthodes simples, par R. Hommell, 51 A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, by J. W. Tutt, 53 Biology of the Coprophagous and Necrophagous Diptera, by J. Port- schinsky, 76 The Lepidoptera of the British Islands, vol. v., by Charles G. Barrett, 140 Report of Observations of Injurious Insects for 1898, by Eleanor A. Ormerod, 143 The Coleoptera of Suffolk, by Claude Morley, 168 The Butterfly Book, by W. J. Holland, iit The Larve Collector’s Calendar, 192 Macro-Lepidoptera of North Stafford- shire and Cannock Chase, by T. W. Daltry, 192 Insects, their Structure and Life, by George H. Carpenter, 215 Insects, Pt. 11., by David Sharp, 226 New Zealand Moths and Butterflies, by G. V. Hudson, 230 A Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Nor- thumberland, Durham, and New- castle-on-Tyne, by John Robson, 232 Monographie der Phymatiden, by An- ton Handlirsch, 263 Monographie der Ricaniiden, by L. Melichar, 263 The Micro-Lepidoptera of Guernsey, by W. A. Luff, 264 Resting position of Hesperia tages, 186 Rhynchota, aquatic, 3, 108, 151, 193, 200, 296; from Jamaica, 28 ; two new, from Japan, and diverse notes, 78; Polymorphism in, 108; in Woolmer Forest, 134 Rutelid genera, Anomala, Mimela, Po- pillia, Strigoderma, note on the, 137 Guide and Sale of the foreign collection of the Entomological Club, 163 Salt burrowed by larve of Dermestes vulpinus, 97 Seasonal dimorphism, 42 Second brood of Arctia caia, 47; of Smerinthus populi, 284, 306 Sesia ichneumoniformis in Gloucester- shire, 238 Sesia musciformis at Swanage: a cor- rection, 309 Setting relaxed Lepidoptera, 307 Vill Sexual dimorphism in beetles of the family Rutelide, 98 Sirex juvencus in Moray, 283 Socret1Es :— Birmingham Entomological, 46, 100, 138, 191, 214, 262, 288 Cambridge Entomological and Natural History, 44, 99 Carlisle Entomological, 48, 137, 190, 214, 262, 287 Entomological Club, 49 Kendal Entomological, 47, 100, 138, 311 Lancashire and Cheshire Entomo- logical, 44, 138, 311 North London Natural History, 44, 190 South London Entomological and Natural History, 42, 98, 137, 189, 213, 261, 286, 310 The London Entomological, 42, 74, 97, 135, 167, 188, 285, 310 Specific characters in the armature and ultimate ventral segment of Andrena, male, 76 Sphinges at Ringwood, 308 Sphinx convolvuli at Bridgwater, 283; at Dover, 282; in the Isle of Wight, 41; at Malvern, 282 Spheeria robertsi, 76 Spilosoma hybrids, on new, 106, 203% lubricipeda in August, 236 Spring moths and larve: Cheshire dis- trict, 212 Stauropus fagiat Watford and Ealing, 237 Synonymical note on Colias edusa and C. hyale, 72 Syntomide, descriptions of new species | of, 116 Tan-pit liquor attractive to moths, 165 Tephrosia biundularia, ab. (fig.), 241 Tetracanthagyna, considerations on the genus, 42 The Highlands, a fortnight in, 86 The San José Scale and newly intro- duced scale insects, 139 Trimorphism in the Lucanide, 99 Triphena subsequa at Malvern, 284 Vanessa antiopa in Yorkshire, 356; ata- lanta, in London, 235, 256 Vanessa cardui in 1899, 188, 252; on, 256 notes INDEX. Variation of Anthrocera filipendule, 76 5 Chrysophanus phleas, 284; Emydia cribrum, 268; Epinephele hyperan- thus, 140, and E. tithonus, 75; Ha- dena pisi, 99; Lycena icarus, 140; Parnassius apollo, 99; Polia chi, 47; some phases of, among Lepidoptera, 140; Spilosoma lubricipeda, 75 VARIETIES :-— Asphalia dituta, 47 Boarmia abietaria, 97; cinctaria, 267 ; rhomboidaria, 285 Bombyx quercus, 42 Callimorpha dominula, 267 Caradrina cubicularis, 43 Chrysophanus phleas, 284, 285, 286, 311 Cidaria truncata, 310 Dryas paphia, 310 EKuchelia jacobee, 187 Hydrelia palustris, 46, 47 Larentia viridaria, 47 Lycena astrarche, 308; corydon, 269, 310 Melanippe sociata, 43 Noctua rubi, 75 Nonagria arundinis, 47 Polia flavicincta, 42 Porthesia chrysorrhea, 286 Rumia luteolata, 47 Satyrus (Epinephele) ianira, 269 Smerinthus tiliw, 284 Triphena comes, 47; orbona, 252 Vanessa atalanta, 280; io 47; urticex, 47, 285 Venilia maculata, 47 Zonosoma linearia, 47 Ba Zygena filipendule, 47, 238; trifolii, 210, 212 Visitors to sugar, unusual, 258 Wasps and their nests, common, 22; nest in a hand of tobacco, 137 Wax-scale from West Africa, 127 Wicken Fen, the preservation of, 94 Xylina furcifera from Brighton, 18 _ Xylophasia monoglypha (polyodon) in November, 19 Zygena filipendule var. chrysanthemi, 238; trifolii, the yellow form, 212 SPECIAL INDEX. New Genera and Species are marked with an asterisk. COLEOPTERA. Acanthocinus edilis, 311 Acilius suleatus, 190 Agabus chalconotus, 190 ; femoralis, 49, 287 ; sturmii, 190 Anaspis fasciata, 137; frontalis 137; melanopa, 137; ruficollis, 137 Anomala frischii, 49 Anthicus scoticus, 287 Anthonomus pomorum, 23 Apion ononis, 287 Aspidomorpha sancte-crucis, 99 Athous rhombeus, 285 Barynotus merens, 48, 188; schonherri, 262 Bembidium andrew, 48; #neum, 49; atro-ceruleum, 191; decorum, 191; femoratum, 262 ; littorale, 48 ; monti- cola, 137, 191; pallidipenne, 49; palu- dosum, 191; punctulatum, 191 ; rufe- scens, 137; saxatile, 48,49 ; schuppeli, 214; stomoides, 191; ? sp., 48 Bledius spectabilis, 214 Bostrychus cornutus, 310 Bradycellus cognatus, 191'; coliaris, 214; placidus, 190; similis, 190 Byrrhus fasciatus, 239 Calathus fuscus, 287; micropterus, 191 Campylus linearis, 48 Carabus arvensis, 48, 239; auratus, 139; catenulatus, 239; clathratus, 139; glabratus, 48, 139, 239, 262; nitens, 139, 214 Cassida hemispherica, 287 Chalenus ?sp., 98 Choleva nigricans, 224 Chrysolampra *flavipes, 70; *thoracica, 6 Chrysomela *gahani, 81 Chrysotoxum elegans, 46; sylvarum, 46 Cleonus sulcirostris, 49 Clythra 4-punctata, 48 Corymbites cupreus, 239 ; pectinicornis, 48 Corynodes pretiosus, 80 Cryptohypnus dermestoides, 262 Cryptorrhynchus lapathi, 214 Cychrus rostratus, 137, 239 Cymindis vaporariorum, 191 Dermestes vulpinus, 97 Diacanthus xneus and holosericeus, 239 Dichirotrichus pubescens, 287 Donacia cinerea, 311; sparganii, 223 Dyschirius salinus, 138 Dytiscus circumeinctus, 285; circum- flexus, 181; dimidiatus, 285; margi- nalis, 176 Elaphrus riparius, 214 Hpurea deleta, 262 Erirrhinus bimaculatus, 48, 138; vorax, 224 Galerucine, 273 Galerita bicolor, 285 Geotrupes vernalis, 239 Grypidius equiseti, 48 *Haltica semipiceus, 81 Halyzia 16-guttata, 262 *Haplosoma sexmaculata, 82 Harpalus latus var. erythrocephalus, 214 Helophorus arvernicus, 191; granularis, 191 Homalium rugulipenne, 49 Hydroporus davisii, 191 Hypera trilineata, 262 *Khasia, gen. noy., 83 *Khasia kraatzi, 83 *Lamprospherus amazonicus, 250; *fa- veolus, 250 Lampyris noctiluca, 138 Lathrimeum unicolor, 262 Lebia crux-minor, 190 Leiophleus nubilus, 48 Leistis spinibarbis, 224 *Lema *boliviana, 249; *cwrulea-line- ata, 248; *circumeincta, 248; flavo- marginata, 249; limbatipennis, 249; mesoxanthia, 248; *speciosa, 249; *tenuilimbata, 247; *westwoodi, 68 Lesteva sicula, 138 Liodes humeralis, 138 Longitarsus rutilus, 135 Lucanide, 99 Lytta vesicatoria, 285 Megacronus analis, 239 ; cingulatus, 190 Megarthrus affinis, 287 Melanotus rufipes, 48 Meloé proscarebeus, 239 Melolontha vulgaris, 246 Meecha hecate, 310 Nebria brevicollis, 239; gyllenhali, 239 xX INDEX. Necrophorus mortuorum, 239 Nodonota atra, 271; bogotana, 273; *boliviana, 270; *cwruleata, 272; costipennis, 270; ‘*fastitida, 271 ; pustulata, 273; singularis, 270; *sub- | znea, 272; *venezulensis, 270; venus- , tula, 272 Ocypus brunnipes, 138 Omosita colon, 138; discoidea, 138 Orectochilus villosus, 262 Osphya bipunctata, 189 Oxytelus rugosus, 224 *Pantocometis viridicollis, 69 Philonthus puella, 287 Phytodecta olivacea var. nigricans, 191 Phytosus balticus, 311; nigriventris, 311 Plocederus obesus, 188 *Podagrica ceylonensis, 82 Polydrusus undatus, 287 Priobium castaneum, 224 Pterostichus ethiops, 191; vitreus, 191, 239 Quedius attenuatus, 137; cinctus, 137; fulvicollis, 48; longicornis, 98; scintil- lans, 48 Ragium bifasciatum, 139; inquisitor, 138 Rhina amphicollis, 190 Rhinomacer altelaboides, 287 Rhizophagus cribratus, 138 Rhynchites minutus, 287 *Rhyparida khasianensis, 80 Salius exaltatus, 46 Saperda populnea, 214 Saprinus eneus, 138; maritimus, 138 Scolytus destructor, 262; multistriatus, 262 Staphylinus erythropterus, 190 Stenus guttula, 191 Stomis pumicatus, 190 Strangalia armata, 262 Syphaxia “maculata, 273 Tachypus flavipes, 191 Tachytes pectinipes, 46 Tachyusa flavitarsis, 191 Telephorus darwinianus, 214 ; figuratus, 214 Thyamis jacob, 287 Tropiphorus mercurialis, 48, 262; to- mentosus, 48 DIPTERA (icruping APHANIPTERA). Anthrax fenestrata, 263; [maura, 263 ; morio, 263; paniscus, 262, 285 Asilus crabroniformis, 260 Bibio lacteipennis, 239 Chrysotoxum elegans, 46; sylvarum, 46 Eumerus lunulatus, 285, 288; ornatus, 285, 288; sabalonum, 288; tarsalis, 288 (2) Helophilus, 235 Lomatia lateralis, 263 Lucilia bufonivora, 76; sylvarum, 76 Mallota eristaloides, 285, 288 (Heothea fenestralis, 224 Paraponyx nympheata, 140; stagnata, 140 Psilopa petrolei, 235 Pulex irritans, 143 Tipula vernalis, 239 RHYNCHOTA (inctuping COCCID). Acanthia, 8; lectularia, 218, 220; litto- ralis, 218, 219; pyri, 219; *reuteriella, 194; zosterx, 218 Acanthosoma hemorrhoidale, 99 Aépophilus bonnairei, 6, 8, 110 Agraptocorixa, 194; hyalinipennis, 194 Anisops *antigone, 30; elegans, 30; *naias, 194; pallipes, 30; wakefield, 194 Antonina, 13 Aphelocheirus, 5-7 Aphis mali, 23 Apiomerus, 75 Aquarius, 152, 202 Aradus, 219 Aspidiotus, 13, 93; duplex, 164; greenii, 93; rapax, 164; transparens, 93 Atalanta auricoma, 75 Basileocorixa, 79, 193 Belostoma, 110; annulipes, 29; collos sicum, 29 Benacus, 110 Blissus leucopterus, 164 Capsus, 218 Capulinia, 13 *Carpochloroides, 12; Ceratocombus, 8 Ceroplastes ceriferus, 127, 164; *egba- rum, 127; floridensis, 164; roseatus, 167 Chetococcus bambusex, 13 Cimex bidens, 220; lacustris, 204, 299; lectularius, 8, 218, 219, 220; nigri- dens, 220, 252 Cixius cunicularis, 261,—var. dionysii, 261 Coreus scapha, 220 *viridis, 12 Coriscus dauci, 220 INDEX. xi Corixa, 4, 6, 7, 153, 195, 206; bons- dorffii, 134, 194; denseconscripta, 194; *distanti, 79; geoffroyi, 219; hyalinipennis, 194; kollarii, 30, 194; limitata, 134; *melanogaster, 193 ; mercenaria, 80; scotti, 134; selecta, 193; semistriata, 134; striata, 79, 219; venusta, 134 Crocidocysta, 13 Cylindrococcus casuarine, 13 Cymatia, 194; bonsdorffii, 134, 194; coleoptrata, 194 Dactylopius adonidum, 164; calceo- lariw, 164; citri, 164; vastator, 93 Drymus pilicornis, 189 Emesa, 218 Enchophora stellifer, 75 Eriococcus araucarix, 164 EKyaspidiotus transparens, 93 Fulgora candelaria, 75 Gerris, 6, 7, 151, 152, 158, 154, 200; alatus, 203; apicalis, 300; apterus, 201, 203; argentatus, 297, 299, 300; 2? asper, 296-9; canalium, 201, 203; cost, 296-9; gibbifer, 297, 299; lacustris, 79, 109, 115, 154, 203, 220, 297, 299, 300; lateralis, 297-9; najas, 5, 115, 202, 203; najus, 203; odonto- gaster, 297, 300; paludum, 202, 203 ; pausarius, 203; plebejus, 298; rufo- scutellatus, 115,203; thoracicus, 109, 110, 297-9; tristan, 110; variabilis, 299 Hebrus, 5, 6, 7, 109, 110, 113; pusillus, 7; ruficeps, 8 Hemiberlesia greenii, 93 Holopterna valgus, 220 Hydroessa, 6, 109, 112, 151, 152, 200; pusilla, 113; pygmea, 113-5, 134; reticulata, 113 Hydrometra, 6, 7, 151, 152; acus, 111; alata, 111; angusta, 111; angustata, 111; lineola, 111; pallipes, 111; stagnorum, 111, 112, 115 Hygrotrechus, 202 Icerya, 93 Ilyocoris, 6, 7, 200 Inglisia, 12 Ischnonyctes *predicator, 78 *Kallistometra, 28; *taylori, 28 Kermicus bambuse, 98 *Klinophilos, 219; lectularius, 219, 220 Lecanium hemisphericum, 164; mori, 164; tessellatum, 164 Limnobates, 111 Limnoporus, 152, 203 Limnotrechus, 296 Lygeus valgus, 220 Merragata, 7 Mesovelia, 6, 109; furcata, 110, 111, 115 Metapodius, 196 Metrocoris stali, 108 Micronecta, 4, 5, 6 Microvelia, 6, 7,111,113; pygmea, 113, 134 Miris dolabratus, 220 Mytilaspis beckii, 164; citricola, 164; hawailiensis, 93; pomorum, 23 Naucoris cimicoides, 219; maculata, 219 Nepa, 4, 6, 7; cinerea, 167, 218 Notonecta, 4, 6, 7,153, 167, 200; glauca, 218; hyalinipennis, 194; montandoni, 79; undulata, 29; variabilis, 30 Oncotylus viridiflavus, 261 Parlatoria proteus var. pergandei, 164 ; zizyphus, 164 Pediopsis fuscinervis, 261 Pelocoris femoratus, 29 Pentatoma, 219, 220, 252; rufipes, 252 Philenus spumarius, 99 Philontocheila, 220, 252 Phymata, 219 Phymatide, 263 *Platinglisia noacki, 12 Plea, 6, 7; minutissima, 189 Ploiaria, 218 Ploiariola, 218 Psylla mah, 23 Ptilomera laticaudata, 108 Pulvinaria, 164 Ranatra, 6; annulipes, 29; linearis, 7 Reduvius personatus, 218 Rhagoyelia collaris, 30 ; plumbea, 30 Ricaniide, 263 Salda, 8 Schizoneura lanigera, 23 Sigara, 219; hyalinipennis, 194 Spherococcus bambuse, 93; casuarine, 13 Tenagogonus, 152 Terenthia leta, 261 Tingis cardui, 219, 220; pyri, 219 Trepobates, 28 Trepobatopsis, 28 Tricopsylla walkeri, 261 Trochopus marinus, 30; plumbeus, 30 Velia, 5, 6, 151; affinis, 151; aptera, 151; aquatica, 1515 currens, 151; impennis, 151; major, 151; pygmea, 113; rivulorum, 108, 115, 151, 152; ventralis, 151 Xil INDEX. HYMENOPTERA. Abia fasciata, 223 Agapostemon texanus, 156 Alcidamea producta, 158; simplex, 158 Ammophila hirsuta, 191 Andrena americana, 128; apacheorum, 128, 156; *chromotricha, 128; elec- trica, 128; fimbriata, 128; fulvicrus, 214; macgillivrayi, 128; taraxaci, 76; thoracica, 214; trimmerana, 214; vicina, 128 Anthidium maculosum, 156 Anthophora pilipes, 191 Apathus elatus, 157 Apis mellifera, 156 Aptesis nigrocinctana, 46 Bombus fervidus, 157; marrisoni, 156 ; nevadensis, 156; sonarus, 156; ter- narius, 156 Calliopsis obscurellus, 129 Camponotus gigas, 261 Centris cornuta, 14 Ceratina cucurbitina, 286 Chortophila buccata, 214 Chrysis ignita, 223 Clisodon terminalis, 156 Colletes wthiops, 155; bigelovie, 155 ; gilensis, 155 ; mexicanus, 155; mon- tanus, 306; *nautlanus, 154; nudus, 155 Cyathocera, 265 *Dieunomia, 14, 265; apacha, 14, 265, 266; heteropoda, 14, 265; margini- pennis, 14, 265; *mesille, 266; *xero- phylla, 265, 266 Eunomia, 14, 265 Exoneura libanensis, 286 Gundlachia, 14 Halictus forbesi, 156; lerouxu, 128; ligatus, 128, 156; ligatus race town- sendi, 128; meliloti, 156; minutus, 14; parallelus, 128; perdifficilis, 156 ; ruidosensis, 156 Heriades carjnata, 156; simplex, 158 *Heterocentris, 14; cornuta, 14 Hoplocampa testudinea, 23 Hyleus minutus, 14 Koptorthosoma, 100 Macgillivraya, 14 Megachile casadw#, 158; fidelis, 156, 158,—var. *concinnula, 158; fortis, 156; inermis, 14; *mitis, 14; pug- nata, 156; relativa, 158; sidalceex, 158; simplex, 14; simplicissima, 14; wootoni, 158; wootoni subsp. calo- gaster, 158 Melecta armata, 191; miranda, 156 Melissodes crenulaticornis, 156, 157; gilensis, 157; obliqua, 157; ruido- sensis, 158; tristis, 156 Methoca melanocephala, 46 Monia, 265 Monumetha borealis, 156 Neosphex, 14 Nomada alternata, 214; bifida, 214; edwardsii, 155, 156; maculata, 156 ; succincta, 191; superba, 156 Nomia, 14; *arizonensis, 128; pacta, 128; nevadensis, 128 Nysson dimidiatus, 46 com- Odynerus, 43 Osmia faceta, 156 Panurginus albitarsis, 129; albitarsis subsp. *fortior, 129, 266; asteris, 129 ; *barberi, 129; bidentis, 129; innup- tus var. fortior, 266; pauper var. flavotinetus, 129 Pimpla manifestor, 287 Podalirius cardui, 156; 156 Prestwichia aquatica, 167 Prosopis, 14; tridentata, 156 Pseudosphex, 14 Psithyrus *cevallie, 157; variabilis, 157 occidentalis, Sirex gigas, 287; juvencus, 283 Sphecodes dichrous, 156; mandibularis, 156 Sphex, 14 Steganomus, 265 Triscolia procera, 261 Xenoglossa pruinosa, 156 Xylocopa latipes, 261 INDEX. LEPIDOPTERA. Abraxas grossulariata, 43, 166, 223, 245, 276 ; sylvata, 73 ; ulmata, 41, 187, 257, 259 Abrostola triplasia, 20; urtice. 22 Accentropus niveus, 301 Acherontia atropos, 11, 48, 255, 256, 279, 281, 282, 287, 308, 311 Acidalia asellaria, 8, 11; aversata, 9,11, 262, 277; bisetata, 40, 277; contigu- aria, 237; dilutaria, 62; emarginata, 259, 277; emutaria, 21, 269; incanaria, 258; imitaria, 9, 11, 260; interjec- taria, 62; marginepunctaria, 189, 278; ochreata, 11, 21; ornata, 11, 278; pro- mutata, 237; remutaria, 22, 166; ru- bricata, 198, 199; rufaria, 11; scutu- lata, 242, 260 Aciptilia pentadactyla, 11 Acontia luctuosa, 9, 11, 260; solaris, 11 Acrewa buxtoni, 135; cabira, 135; ece- bria, 135; encedon, 135; mahela, 135 ; natalica, 135 ; neobule, 135; punctatis- sima, 135 Acronycta aceris, 20, 50, 237, 258, 259, 274, 279; alni, 50, 244, 262; ameri- cana, 50; auricoma, 50; connecta, 50; euphorbiz, 50; funeralis, 50; im- pressa, 50; leporina 41, 50, 90, 245, var. bradyporina, 91; ligustri, 49, 238, 277; megacephala, 40, 47, 237, 244; 258, 259, 260, 278; menyanthidis, 89, 90, 262, 311; myrice, 50, 89; nocti- vaga, 50; psi, 19, 50, 198, 244, 259, 274, 279, 286; rubricoma, 50; rumicis, 41, 50, 74, 187, 223, 244, 311; sperata, 50 ; strigosa, 50; tridens, 50,198, 223, 244, 279, 286 Acronyctide, 61 Adela rutimitrella, 214; violella, 264 Adopxa, 60; actw#on, 37; lineola, 37; thaumas, 37 Agapetes galathea, 34 Aglais urtice, 33 Aglossa costalis, 302; cuprealis, 302; farinalis, 245, 302; pinguinalis, 8, 11, 302 Agriopis, 62; aprilina, 41, 97, 167, 223 Agrophila sulphuralis, 11, 199 Agrotera nemoralis, 303 Agrotis ashworthii, 123, 237, 262; corti- cea, 21, 197, 198; cinerea, 46; excla- mationis, 116, 187, 197, 198, 223, 240, 246, 259; innominata, 231; lucernea, 237; nigricans, 48, 260; porphyrea, 41, 90, 138, 223, 260; precox, 311; puta, 74, 277; saucia, 22, 47, 96, 223, 260, 279; segetum, 43, 97, 198, 277; suffusa, 61, 96, 231, 277, 279; tritici, 21, 286, 311; ustulata, 18 ; vestigialis, 21, 286; ypsilon, 61, 231 Alucita hexadactyla, 223 Amblyptilia acanthodactylus, 95 Amorpha populi, 60 Amphidasys betularia, 90, 94, 189, 245, 246, 253, 258, 259, 263,—var. double- dayaria, 16, 38, 41, 43, 49, 187, 237, 243; prodromaria, 21, 94, 138; stra- taria, 21, 96, 166, 190 Amphipyra pyramidea, 96, 99, 223, 277, 279, 288; tragopogonis, 20, 97, 223, 277, 278 Amphisa prodromana, 204 Anaitis plagiata, 245, 260 Anarta cordigera, 89; myrtilli, 41, 89, 240, 260 Anchocelis helvola, 61; litura, 96; lu- nosa, 96; pistacina, 22, 46, 167, 196; rufina, 41, 61, 96 Anerastia lotella, 306 Angerona prunaria, 212, 278 Anisopteryx wscularia, 21, 40, 166, 191 Anosia erippus, 241; plexippus, 231 Anthocharis, 1; cardamines, 32, 41, 267, 268 Anthrocera charon, 76; filipendule, 77, 85; lonicera, 76; medicaginis. 76; palustris, 76; purpuralis, 61; serizi- ati, 76 *Antichloris purpurea, 119; *scudderi, 119 Anticlea badiata, 21, 40, 41, 134, 166, 191, 212, 245; derivata, 21, 212, 245; nigrofasciata, 21, 166; rubidata, 40 Apamea basilinea, 40, 41, 197, 198, 245; didyma, 223, 260, 277; gemina, 197, 198; oculea, 43, 140, 246, 247, 260; ophiogramma, 277; unanimis, 140, 197 Apatelide, 61 Apatura iris, 34,43, 222, 251, 276, 311 Aphneus natalensis, 135 Aplasta ononaria, 11 Aplecta advena, 198; nebulosa, 40; oc- culta, 90; prasina, 187; tincta, 22 Aporia cratzgi, 10, 32, 262, 279 Aporophyla australis, 260 Arctia caia, 47, 94, 166, 197, 198, 223, 275, 279, 284; fuliginosa, 199, 240; lubricipeda var. fasciata, 136, 279; mendica, 166, 240; menthastri, 240 ; plantaginis, 311; villica, 9, 11, 165 Argynnis adippe, 10, 33, 58, 222, 260; aglaia, 33, 44, 58, 222, 234, 251, 260, 276; cleodippe, 10; daphne, 10; dia, X1V INDEX. 10; euphrosyne, 21, 22, 33, 73, 88, 166, 222, 240,—vayr. fingal, 44; ino, 10, 44; lathonia, 33, 236; latona, 33, 235; nerippe, 31; pales var. arsilache, 44 ; paphia, 33, 222, 276; selene, 33, 41, 73, 222, 240,—-var. hela, 44; valesina, 140 Argyresthia ephippella, 190 Asphalia diluta, 47; flavicornis, 96, 123, 166; ridens, 96 Aspilates citraria, 8, 11, 269, 277, 278; gilvaria, 278; ochrearia, 260 Aspis udmanniana, 246 Asteroscopus casinea, 19; nubeculosa, 122, 123; sphinx, 19 Asthena candidata, 166, 276, 277, 278; luteata, 40; sylvata, 62; testaceata, 62 Atella phalanta, 135 Augiades sylvanus, 37 Aurotis quercus, 35 Aventia flexula, 264 Axylia putris, 20, 223, 245, 246, 259 Azanus asalis, 292; crameri, 292; gam- ra, 291; jesous, 292; mirza, 292; mo- riqua, 292; natalensis, 292; occiden- talis, 292; ubaldus, 291, 293; uranus, 291, 292 Bapta bimaculata, 190; temerata, 166 Bankia argentula, 62, 199; olivana, 62 Boarmia abietaria, 95, 97; cinctaria, 190, 267; gemmaria, 223; repandata, 90, 246; rhomboidaria, 11, 260, 277; roboraria, 268 Bombyx callune, 88, 287; castrensis, 286; neustria, 40, 190, 198, 223, 276, 277; rubi, 41, 197,199; quercus, 42, 214, 278, 287; trifolii, 268 Botys cinctalis, 11; ferrugalis, 9,—var. sphyrus, 11; fulvalis, 11; fuscalis, 89; nubilalis, 11; ruralis, 303; verti- calis, 245, 303 Brenthis euphrosyne, 33, 58, 190; se- lene, 33, 42, 58,—var. hela, 42 Brephos parthenias, 21, 133, 134, 166 Bryophila glandifera, 278, 286; mu- ralis, 168, 286 ; perla, 22, 41, 168, 223, 246, 260, 277, 278, 286 Bupalis piniaria, 96, 191 Burtia for Gundlachia, 14 Butalis chenopodiella, 48 Cabera exanthemata, 21; pusaria, 197, 198, 245, 259, 277, 286 Calamia brevilinea, 141; lutosa, 141; phragmitidis, 141 Calamotropha paludella, 302 Callarctia pudica, 11 Callidryas eubule, 131 Calligenia miniata, 40, 278 Callimorpha dominula, 267; hera, 11, 125, 254 Callophrys ubi, 35, 190 Calocampa exoleta, 11, 41, 43, 46, 47, 96, 166; vetusta, 43, 96, 213 Camptogramma bilineata, 139, 199, 223, 258, 261, 277, 287, 310,—-var. testaceo- lata, 11; fluviata, 109 Caradrina alsines, 21, 278; ambigua, 269, 286; blanda, 223, 244, 245, 246, 277, 278; cubicularis, 43, 245, 246; exigua, 312; morpheus, 116; quadri- punctata, 97; superstes, 141 Carpocapsa pomonella, 23; saltitans, 287 Carsia imbutata, 311 Carterocephala palemon, 37, 57, 223, 251; paniscus, 251 Cataclysta lemnata, 209 Catephia alchymista, 312 Catocala nupta, 22, 259, 277, 278, 279; promissa, 190, 288; sponsa, 288 Catopsilia florella var. radia, 135 Catoptria scopoliana, 247 Celwna haworthii, 74, 140, 141, 311 Cerastis ligula, 41, 97; pistacina, 166 ; spadicea, 22, 41, 46, 47, 61, 97; vac- cin, 21, 22, 41, 47, 97, 133 Cerigo cytherea, 277; matura, 223, 260, 277 Cerura vinula, 260, 279 Chalcosia venosa, 188 Chareas graminis, 41, 223 Charagia virescens, 76 Charaxes candiope, 135; citheron, 135; kheili, 171; *madensis, 172; mars, 172; *northcotti, 171 Cheimatobia brumata, 19, 21, 22,40, 41, 97, 167 Chelonia caia, 94; villica, 240 Chesias rufata, 240; spartiata, 48 Chilo phragmitellus, 302 Chloroclystis antarctica 231; coronata, 62; debilitata, 62; maculata, 231; rectangulata, 62; rectilineata, 231 Cherocampa celerio, 11, 39, 95; elpe- nor, 22, 143, 197, 223, 240, 245, 258, 279, 286, 308; porcellus, 22, 134, 213, 240, 258, 259, 277, 278 Chortodes arcuosa, 41, 245 Chrysaugine, 301 Chrysophanus argiades, 37; astrarche, 36; chryseis, 44; dispar, 35; mini- mus, 386; phloeas, 10, 35, 234, 275, 284, 285,— var. eleus, 275, —var. schmidtii, 236, 255, 285, 286, 311; semiargus, 36$ thersamon, 10; tur- cicus, 31, 275 Cidaria associata, 22, 96, 259; corylata, 41, 166; cyanata, 42; dotata, 22, 41, 63, 95, 96, 223, 259; fulvata, 22, 40, 41, 116, 246, 260; immanata, 20, 41, 90, 260; miata, 96, 167; populata, 90, 91, 237; prunata, 20, 96; pyra- liata, 41, 63, 260; ribesiaria, 41; russata, 22, 41, 223, 260, 310; side- rata, 43; silaceata, 40, 213; suffu- INDEX. mata, 41, 166; testata, 277; cata, 310,—var. perfuscata, 310 Cigaritis abbottii, 78; cilissa, 77; le- roma, 78; massinissa, 77; siphax, 77; zeuxo, 78; zohra, 77 Cilix glaucata, 166, 190, 223 ; 21, 41, 278 Cirrheedia xerampelina, 233 Citria flavago, 62; fulvago, 61; 62 Cledeobia angustalis, 95, 302, 310 Cleora glabraria, 150, 190; ‘lichenaria, 190 Clerome eumeus, 31 Clisiocampa castrensis, 11; neustria, 23 Cloantha solidaginis, 41, 90 Clostera anachoreta, 254; reclusa, 198, 260 Cnephasia musculana, 89 Ceenonympha amaryllis, 31, 275; ar- emus 10; davus, 35, 44 ; pamphilus, 10; 207. 22, 35,. 199, 222, 236, 260, ay 278,—var. lyllus, 9, 10; tiphon, 35, 57; typhon, 35, 310 Coleophora limosipenella, 190 Colias croceus, 72; edusa, 10, 22, 32, 72, 74, Val, 47, 222, 235, 255, 260, 269, 279, 280, 309; electo, 72; hyale, 10; 32; 72; 131, 146, 147, 222; 255, 280, 309; kirbyi, 72, 147; paleno, 44, 131, 147; rhamni, 32 Collix sparsata, 198 Coremia designata, 21, 166; ferrugata, 63, 223; munitata, 41; propugnata, 40, 277, 278; spadicearia, 63; uni- dentaria, 43, 63, 197 Coreura *adamsi, 119; 119 Cornifrons ulceratalis, 8, 11 Corycia taminata, 40; temerata, 267 Cosmia affinis, 277; pyralina, 237; tra- pezina, 277 Cosmosoma *pellucida, 117; salis, 116; sectinota, 117 Cossus ligniperda, 17, 23, 39, 71, 73, 258, 259, 276, 279 Crambine, 301 Crambus chrysonuchellus, 302; conta- minellus, 21, 301; craterellus, 302; culmellus, 302; dumetellus, 302; eri- cellus, 301; falsellus, 302; fasceli- nellus, 301; furcatellus, 301; genicu- leus, 301; hamellus, 302; hortuellus, 302 ; inquinatellus, 301, 310; lati- strius, 301, 306; margaritellus, 302; myellus, 302; paludella, 302; palu- dellus, 301; pascuellus, 302; per- lellus, 301; pinellus, 302; pratellus, 302; salinellus, 301; selasellus, 301 ; sylvellus, 302; tristellus, 246, 247, 301; uliginosellus, 302; verellus, 302; warringtonellus, 301 Crateronyx taraxaci, 42 Crebeta deidamia, 31, 275 trun- spinula, lutea, lysimachides, *rubroba- XV Crenidomimus rasa, 135 Crocallis elinguaria, 89, 223, 247, 258, 260, 277, 279 Crymodes exulis, 90 Cucullia asteris, 3, 12; chamomille, 20, 98, 284; umbratica, 187, 245, 246, 267; verbasci, 21 Cupido agave, 292; crameri, 292; gamra, 292; jesous, 291, 292; min- ima, 36, 57, 286; mirza, 291; mo- riqua, 291; ubaldus, 291, 292; zena, 291, 292 Cyaniris argiolus, 36, 236 Cyclopedes paleemon, 37 Cyclophora, 62; punctaria, 190 Cyclopides paniscus, 37 Cymatophora diluta, 40; duplaris, 90, 96, 277; octogesima, 19, 43, 61; ocu- laris, 19, 43, 61; or, 288; ridens, 267 Cyneda dentalis, 303 Cynthia cardui, 256, 276 Danais archippus, 60; chrysippus, 135 ; erippus var. menippe, 60 Dasycera sulphurella, 95 Dasychira fascelina, 308 ; 223, 245, 260, 278 Dasypolia templi, 74 Declana griseata, 231; hermione, 231 Deilephila euphorbie, 8, 11, 286; lineata, 60, 310; livornica, 60, 187, 235, 262 Deiopeia pulchella, 9, 11, 231 Demas coryli, 166 Depressaria applana, 95 Diantheecia cesia, 42; capsincola, 234, pudibunda, 258; carpophaga, 95, 223, 234, 287, 311; conspersa, 62; cucubali, 213, 993. 234. 945, 246, 259) 278, 279): luteago var. barrettii, 254; nana, 62 Diasemia litoralis, 11, 303; rambu- rialis, 303 Dicranura bifida, 42, 243, 245, 258, 259; furcula, 74, 243, 245; vinula, 41, 198, 223, 244, 245, 258, 259, 268, 307 Dicrorampha saturnana, 214 Dichelia grotiana, 95 Dilina tiliz, 60 Diloba cxruleocephala, Diphthera, 62; 131 Dipterygia pinastri, 237 23, 47 aprilina, 131: orion, 40; scabriuscula, Diurnea fagella, 213 Drepana binaria, 166; cultraria, 166, 258 ; falcataria, 21, 276,312; hamula, 223; lacertinaria, 276; lacertula, 312; unguicula, 258 Dryas paphia, 33, 58, 310,—var. vale- sina, 310 Duponchelia fovealis, 9, 11 Dysauxes ancilla, 25; punctata, 25 XVi INDEX. Dyschorista fissipuncta, 61; suspecta, 61, 141; upsilon, 141 Earias chlorana, 196, 198, 267, 268 Ebulea verbascealis, 11 FEletheia carnella, 11 Ellopia fasciaria, 89, 259,—ab. prasi- naria, 42, 259 Ematurga atomaria, 22 Emmelesia affinitata, 41; blandiata, 89 ; decolorata, 40 Emydia cribrum, 101, 150, 172, 185, 209, 234, 267, 268, 310 Endotricha flammealis, 302, 310 Endotrichineg, 301, 302 Endromis versicolor, 123, 288 Endrosis fenestrella, 95 Ennomos, 62; alniaria, 254; angularia, 22; autumnaria, 254, 255; fuscan- taria, 247, 254, 255; tiliaria, 22, 223, 247 Ennychia octomaculata, 73 Enodia hyperanthus, 35, 262 Ephestia elutella, 190; kiihniella, 73 Ephippiphora grandevana, 214 Ephyra omicronaria, 276, 277; pendu- laria, 90, 276; porata, 276, 277; punctaria, 40, 276, 277; trilinearia, 276 Epinephele hispulla, 9, 10; hyperan- thes, 35; hyperanthus, 35, 213, 222, 262, 287, 307,—-var. arete, 140; ida, 10; ianira, 35, 73, 199, 236, 240, 260, 276, 278, 307; janira, 35, 222; lupi- nus, 10; nurag, 10; tithonus, 73, 75, 213, 222, 260, 276, 307 Epione adyenaria, 267; apiciaria, 198, 277, 278 Epipaschiiane, 301 Epipyrops anomala, 75 Epunda lutulenta, 135; nigra, 48 Erastria fuscula, 199 Erebia «thiops, 34, 57, 236; blandina, 34, 232; calmucca, 288; embla, 44; epiphron, 34, 224, 286; flavofasciata, 310; glacialis, 286; gorge, 286, 310; jordana, 288; ligea, 42; medea, 34, 311; medusa, 42; mmnestra, 286; sibo, 288; tian-shanica, 288 Eriocrania caledoniella, 137; purpu- rella, 137; sangii, 137; semipurpu- rella, 137; sparmanella, 137 Eriogaster lanestris, 126, 138, 190, 287 Eriphioides *albipunctata, 119; *viri- dis, 118 Eromene bella, 302; ocellea, 258, 302 Eronia argia, 160 Erynnis comma, 37 Eubolia bipunctata, 40, 41, 277; cervi- nata, 261; limitata, 20; mensuraria, 223, 277; plumbaria, 11, 223; sp. ? il Eucereon aoris, 121; balium, 120; *in- conspicuum, 120; *ruficollis, 120 Euchelia jacobee, 9, 11, 43, 138, 166, 187, 223, 245, 260 Euchloé cardamines, 22, 32, 40, 41, 73, 96, 145, 166, 189, 199, 222, 240; cethura, 2; daphalis, 2; euphenoides, 145; genutia, 2; griineri, 2; hyantis, 2; julia, 2; pima, 2; reakirti, 2; sara, 2; scolymus, 1, 3; stella, 2; tages, 3; thoosa, 2; venosa, 2 Euchromia amboinica, 117; bourica, 117; *ccelipunctata, 117; dubia, 117, 118; *fulgens, 117; mygindana, 89 EKuclidia glyphica, 11, 40, 199, 223, 240, 278; mi, 22, 199 Eucosmia certata, 166; undulata, 237 Eudorea dubitalis var. ingratella, 310 Eugonia, 62; alniaria, 74; fuscantaria, 74; polychloros, 33,190; quercinaria, 167 Eupisteria heparata, 41; obliterata, 166 EKupithecia abbreviata, 133; albipuncta, 166; absynthiata, 246, 247; campa- nulata, 62; centaureata, 198; deno- tata, 62; nanata, 89, 150; pulchel- lata, 41, 267; pumilata, 89; rectan- eulata, 22; satyrata var. callunaria, 89; subnotata, 258; subumbrata, 41; venosata, 40; vulgata, 223;? sp., 287 Euplexia lucipara, 22, 138, 187, 259 Eupeecilia maculosana, 214 Euralia mima, 135; wahlbergi, 135 Eurois satura, 232 Eurymene dolobraria, 166, 267 Kurymus edusa, 32; hyale, 32, 146; paleno, 147 Eurytela hiarbas, 135 Euthemonia russula, 240 Kuvanessa antiopa, 34 Kyeres argiades, 37 Evergestis extimalis, 303; straminalis, 303 ; Fidonia atomaria, 11, 199, 223, 240, 260; carbonaria, 89; piniaria, 41, 90, 259, 260 Fumea intermediella, 214; lapidicella, 264; roboricolella, 267 Galleria mellonella 190 Gastropacha quercifolia, 23 Geometra papilionaria, 40, 73, 89, 198, 259; vernaria, 73 Glea ligula, 61 Glyphodes unionalis, 303 Gnophos obscurata, 237, 260; varie- gata, 189 Gonepteryx rhamni, 11, 22, 32, 39, 40, 74, 133, 166, 190, 199, 240, 260, 267, 276, 311 Gonoptera libatrix, 21, 90, 134, 187, 198, 223, 259, 276, 279, 311 Gracillaria straminella, 190 Grammesia trigrammica, 96, 187, 310; trilinea, 197, 245 INDEX. Graphiphora num-atrum, 131 Grapta c-album, 33 Gymnoscelis pumilata, 62 Hadena adusta, 90, 198, 233, 279; che- nopodii, 259; contigua, 90; dentina, 40, 41, 90, 96, 197, 198, 268; vlauca, 41, 89; maillardi, 42; oleracea, 197, 198, 244, 245, 246, 277, 278; pisi, 90, 99, 197, 259; porphyrea, 232; protea, 41; rectilinea, 89; suasa, 198; tha- lassina, 41, 138, 187, 198, 239, 245, 277; trifolii, 259 Habrostola triplasia, 41, 244, 245, 246, 259; urtice, 41 Habrosyne derasa, 61 Halia wavaria, 41, 233, 246, 247, 259, 278 ; Halias chlorana, 264; quercana, 213 Hamadryas io, 33 Hecatera serena, 22, 40, 240 Heliaca tenebrata, 166 Heliodes arbuti, 240 Heliophobus popularis, 278 Heliothis armigera, 100, 231; margi- nata, 311; scutosa, 31 Hemaris bombyliformis, 167; fucifor- mis, 60; tityus, 60 Hemerophila abruptaria, 20, 40, 166, 311 Hemithea strigata, 260, 278; thymi- aria, 259 Heodes phleas, 35 Hepialus hectus, 40, 96, 223; humuli, 197, 223, 269; lupulinus, 21, 166, 189, 190, 197, 223; sylvanus, 20, 95, 223; 2 sp., 214 Herculia glaucinalis, 302 Herminia cribralis, 196, 197, 198 Hesperia actzon, 37, 260; comma, 37, 42, 223, 251; cynare, 11; linea, 37, 260, 276; lineola, 37; malve, 37; paniscus, 37, 309; sylvanus, 37, 73, 197, 199, 223, 240, 260, 276; tages, 37, 186; thaumas, 37, 260 Himera pennaria, 19, 97 Hipparchia actea, 10; allionia, 10; briseis, 10; fagi, 10; fatua, 10; hy- peranthus, 35, 40; melampus, 224; proserpina, 10; semele, 9, 10, 34 Hybernia aurantiaria, 22, 40; defoli- aria, 19, 21, 22, 46, 167; leucophe- aria, 21; marginaria, 21, 166,—var. fuscata, 48, 122, 140; progemmaria, 40, 213,—var. fuscata, 122; rupi- capraria, 21 Hydrelia unca, 198 Hydrilla palustris, 44, 46, 47, 142, 196 Hydreecia lucens, 141; micacea, 20, 96, 223, 277; nictitans, 21, 61, 141, 223, 277, 278; paludis, 61 Hydrocampa nymphealis, 245, 246; stagnata, 245 Hydrocampine, 301, 303 | XVil Hylophila bicolorana, 40, 95, 214, 311; prasinana, 40, 278; quercana, 44, 311 Hypanartia hippomene, 135 Hypanis ilithyia, 135 Hypenodes albistrigalis, 95 Hypolimnas bolina, 189; misippus, 135 Hypolycena tharrytas, 221; tmolus, 221 Hyponomeuta padellus, 23, 247 Hyppa rectilinea, 62 Hypsipetes autumnalis, 62; elutata, 20, 22, 90, 213, 238, 260, 277; furcata, 62; impluviata, 238; ruberata, 191; sordidata, 62, 223, 238 ; trifasciata, 62 Hypsopygia costalis, 302 Hyria auroraria, 199 Ichneutica dione, 231 Idea rufaria, 11 Ino geryon, 166 Todis lactearia, 166 ; vernaria, 269 Issoria lathonia, 33, 58 Junonia cebrene, 135; clelia, 135 Kallima inachus, 189 Lampides agave, 292; beetica, 36, 286; sigillata, 292 Larentia cesiata, 41, 237; didymata, 20, 40; multistrigaria, 21, 40, 41, 134; olivata, 40; pectinitaria, 40 ; viridaria, 47, 96, 116, 187 Lasiocampa quercifolia, 197,198; quer- cus, 8, 11, 260,—var. sicula, 8, 11 Lasiommata megera, 34 Laverna atra, 143 Leioptilus lienigianus, 287 Leptidia, 60; sinapis, 32 Leptogramma literana, 48 Lethe rohria, 31 ‘ Leucania albipuncta, 286; comma, 96, 197; conigera, 246 ; impura, 41, 245, 246; l-album, 141; lithargria, 246 ; obsoleta, 198, 262; pallens, 197, 245. 246. 277, 278; pudorina, 198; stra- minea, 262; vitellina, 44, 100 Leucanitis stolida, 11 Leuceronia buquetii, 159, 160 Leucoma salicis, 20, 198, 223, 246, 278 Leucophasia, 60; sstiva, 10; erysime, 10; sinapis, 10, 32, 240 Ligdia adustata, 40, 277, 278, 308 Limacodes testudo, 40 Limenitis camilla, 9, 10; sibylla, 236, 276 Limnas chrysippus, 189 Liparis auriflua, 197, 198, 259, 276, 277; salicis, 258, 259, 268 Lithocolletis cramerella, 95; pomifoli- ella, 95 Lithophana, 62 Lithosia aureola, 267: caniola, 286; complana, 20, 259, 260,277; compla- ; b 34, XVili nula, 246, 247; griseola, 198, 276, 277, 278,—var. stramineola, 276; helveola, 259; lurideola, 223, 276, 278; lutar- ella, 21; mesomella, 259, 268; pyg- meola, 21 ; rubricollis, 240 Lobophora carpinata, 91; halterata, 166; lobulata, 133, 134; sexalata, 62, 268; sexalisata, 62 Lomaspilis marginata, 166, 198, 199, 223, 259, 277 Lophopteryx camelina, 278; carmelita, 166, 260 Lozopera beatricella, 306, 310 Luperina testacea, 40, 223, 247, 277 Lycena adonis, 11, 36, 309; «gon, 11, 36, 40, 44, 260; agestis, 223, 260, 308; alcon, 11; alexis, 40, 240, 307; alsus, 11, 36, 278; anteros, 310; argiades, 37; argiolus, 10, 20, 22, 36, 40, 260, 267, 269, 276, 281; arion, 36, 38, 71, 92, 104, 251; astrarche, 11, 36, 166, 308; baton, 188; battus, 11; bellargus, 36, 100, 166, 260, 277, 278; benigna, 292; betica, 10, 36, 281; corydon, 36, 74, 100, 140, 223, 260, 269, 276, 277, 278, 310 ; eroides, 310; gamyra, 292; icarus, 9, 11, 20, 36, 73, 100, 140, 223, 240, 260, 276, 307; macalenga, 293; medon, 36; mini- ma, 36, 73, 260, 269; optilete, 44; orion, 189; phloeas, 279; salmacis, 140; semiargus, 36; telicanus, 9, 10; thebana, 293; zena, 293: zephyrus, 310 Macaria liturata, 41, 89, 96, 190, 259, 260 Macrogaster arundinis, 143, 197, 198, 199 Macroglossa bombyliformis, 96, 166; stellatarum, 11, 22, 31, 60, 73, 95, 187, 211, 236, 240, 255, 258, 259, 260, 267, 275, 277, 278, 279, 283, 306, 308, 309, 311 Mamestra ? anceps, 277; brassice, 223, 240, 277; persicarie, 223, 240, 245, 246, 254, 286 Mancipium brassice, 32 Manduca atropos, 279 Mania maura, 20, 40, 223, 277 Maniola ianira, 35 Margaronia unionalis, 11 aaa gilvata, 303; polygonalis, 11, Melanargia galatea, 34, 166, 222, 251, 260, 269, 278,—var. procida, 269; galathea, 34; larissa, 10; procida, 10 Melanchra alcyone, 231; asterope, 231; cceleno, 231; magna, 231; merope, 231; octans, 231; omicron, 231 Melanippe fluctuata, 20, 21, 40, 166, 211, 223, 244, 246, 258, 278; galiata, 40, 41, 237, 277, 278; hastata, 89; implicata, 63 ; montanata, 40, 63, 96, INDEX. 166, 187, 198, 240, 261, 287; rivata, 40, 41; sociata, 43, 166; subtristata, 20, 260; tristata, 89, 90, 96; unifas- ciata, 198, 260 Melanthia albicillata, 187, 260; bi- colorata, 20; ocellata, 22, 258; pro- cellata, 278; rubiginata, 311 Melampius epiphron, 34 Meliana flammea, 196, 197, 198 Melitz#a wetheria, 10; alpina, 10; arte- mis, 96, 240; athalia, 10, 33; aurinia, 48; cinxia, 33, 43; cynthia, 310; didyma, 9, 10, 188; phcebe, 10; ?sp., 44 Mesogonia acetoselle#, 141 Mesotype lineolata, 21; virgata, 21 Metastatia *azurea, 118; pyrrhorhea, 118 Metrocampa margaritaria, 40, 41, 190, 259, 260 Miana arcuosa, 41, 196, 198, 2233 bi- coloria, 74; captiuncula, 142; fasci- uncula, 141, 198, 245; furuncula, 223, 277; literosa, 277; strigilis, 22, 90, 140, 141, 197, 198, 245, — var. zwthiops, 90, 245 Micra parva, 312 Micropteryx aureatella, 137; calthella, 137; subpurpurella, 95 Midea limonea, 1; scolymus, 1 Minoa euphorbiata, 40 Miselia oxyacanthe, 22, 43,97, 167; var. capucina, 46 Moma orion, 262 Morpho eacica, 121; epistrophis, 189 ; rhetenor, 121 Mycalesis mineus var. confucius, 31 ; safitza, 135 Myrina erylus, 221; sipylus, 221; thec- loides, 221 Neenia typica, 40, 61 Nascia cilialis, 197, 198 Neacerea dizona, 120; *elegans, 119; *suffusa, 120 Nebroda echeria var. albimaculata, 135 Nemeobius lucina, 36, 47, 91, 223, 251 Nemeophila plantaginis, 73, 166, 239 Nemoria viridata, 190, 268 Nepheronia arabica, 159 Nephopteryx angustella, 48 Nepticula eneofasciata, 190; anoma- lella, 55 ; argentipedella, 190; fletcheri, 55; salicis, 190 Neptis hainana, 31 Neuria reticulata, 96 Neuronia popularis, 20, 247 Nisoniades tages, 37, 73, 190, 240 Noctua augur, 22, 198, 213, 223; baia, 277; c-nigrum, 74, 198, 246, 277, 279; dahlii, 277; festiva, 40, 61, 197, 311; neglecta, 90; plecta, 138, 187, 198, 277; primule, 61; rubi, 75, 197, 198, 246, 247, 278; sobrina, 90; triangu- INDEX. _ xix lum, 40; 277; umbrosa, 223, 277; xanthographa, 223, 277, 278 Nola centonalis, 312; cucullatella, 190, 258; strigula, 267 Nomiades semiargus, 36, 57 Nomophila noctuella, 287, 303 Nonagria arundinis, 47; canniv, 257; sparganii, 257; typhe, 269 Notodonta camelina, 40, 41, 245 ; cha- onia, 40, 95, 260; dictwa, 41, 74, 245, 246, 258, 278; dictewoides, 95, 245, 311; dromedarius, 246, 287 ; trepida, 95, 288; trimacula, 95; ziczac, 4'), 198, 245, 259, 276 . Notoreas simplex, 231 Nudaria mundana, 41, 166; senex, 268 Numeria pulveraria, 166 Nyssia zonaria, 123, 144 * Odonestis potatoria, 166, 197, 198, 223, 260, 287 Odontia dentalis, 303 Odontopera bidentata, 187, 190, 244, 245 Cidematophorus lithodactylus, 307 (Eketicus kirbyi, 43 (Hnistis quadra, 61 Oporabia autumnaria, 139; dilutata, 22, 40, 139, 167; filigrammaria, 41, 90, 139 Oporina croceago; 96 Orgyia antiqua, 94, 223, 285; gono- stigma, 308; fascelina, 89, 268 Ornix betula, 95; guttea, 190 Orobena extimalis and straminalis, 303 Orthosia ferruginea, 141; fissipuncta, 61; litura, 141; lota, 97, 141, 167; lunosa, 141; macilenta, 41, 97, 141; pistacina, 141; rufina, 141; suspecta, 141; upsilon, 22, 61, 141 240, Pabulatricula connexa, 61 Pachnobia alpina, 89, 96, 166, 261 Pachyenemia hippocastanaria, 260, 267 Poedisea rufimitrana, 95 Palla varanes, 135 Pamphila acteon, 37; comma, 10, 37; lineola, 37; nostrodamus, 11; pale- mon, 37; sylvanus, 9, 11, 37; thau- mas, 37 Panagra petraria, 21, 41, 190, 245 Panolis piniperda, 133, 134, 260 Papilio egestiades, 149; albinus ab. lesches, 148: anne, 147; *arctio- fasciatus, 148; artaphernes, 148; artemides, 293; bathycloides, 148; beccarrii, 148; camcorta, 148; cenea, 135; chiron ab. chironides, 149; cresphontes, 99; demodocus, 135; demoleus, 135; fehri, 148; gyas, 148; hyale, 181; indicus, 149 ; interjectus, 149; kiihni, 148; ligatus, 149; lowi, 148; lunifer, 148; lyeus, 135; ma- careus ab., 149; macaristus, 149; machaon, 10, 32, 44, 99, 197, 199; malayanus, 148; megarus, 149 ; mem- mon, 189; merope, 189; milon, 149; ab. milonides, 149; neopommeranius, 149; neptunus ab. sumatranus, 148; pamphilus, 148; phlegon, 148; poda- lirius, 10, 99; polydorus, 147; *oblit- eratus, 149 ; ramaceus, 149 ; schmeltzi, 148; schdnbergianus, 149; sekaren- sis, 148: seminiger, 149; *similis, 149; *striatus, 149; *sulensis, 149; telesicles ab. leucothoides, 148; ulys- ses, 189 Paraponyx nympheata, 140; stagnata, 140 ; stratiotalis, 247 Pararge egeria, 10, 34, 73, 136, 166, 222, 240, 260; megera, 10, 20, 34, 73, 213, 222, 240, 260, 276, 278, 307;. mera, 305; roxelana, 9 Parnassius apollo, 99 Pelurga comitata, 22, 40, 246, 258 Pericallia syringaria, 22, 311 Peronea cristana, 310 Petasia nubeculosa, 90 Phalera bucephala, 223, 245 Pheia sperans, 117 Phibalapteryx lignata, 198, 268 ; tersata, 278; vitalbata, 258 Phigalia pedaria, 21; pilosaria, 21, 138 Phlegethontius convolvuli, 15, 279 Phlcodes cinerana, 190 Phlogophora meticulosa, 19, 22, 46, 73, 97, 133, 167, 187, 197, 277, 278, 279 Phlyctenodes palealis, 303: sticticalis, 303; verticalis, 303 Phorodesma smaragdaria, 92, 267 Phoxopteryx biarcuana, 89; mytillana, 89 Phyllocharis, 1 Phytometra snea, 89, 199, 240; viri- daria, 166, 190 Pieris agathina, 135; brassice, 10, 22, 32, 41, 73, 96, 137, 138, 143, 222, 257, 260, 267, 307; daplidice, ‘), 10, 31, 32, 60, 145, 275; deota, 262; napi, 20, 22, 32, 41, 44, 73, 96, 137, 222, 260, 267, 307; rapze, 10, 40,73, 95, 96, 133, 138, 143, 166, 222, 236, 240, 257, 200, 307; severina var. boguensis, 135 Pionea decripidalis, 304 ; crocealis, 304 ; ferrugalis, 304; forficalis, 244, 245, 304; lutealis, 304; olivalis, #04; pan. dalis, 304; stachydalis, 304; verbas- ealis, B04 Platypteryx faleula, 40, 90, 259 ; lacer- tula, 90, 259 Platytes alpinella, 302; cerusella, 302 Plebeius #gon, 36,60; alexis.60; argus, 60; argyrognomon, 60; astrarche, 60; optilete, 44; thespis, 135 Plusia chalcites, 231; chrysitis, 22, 223, 245, 246; eriosoma, 231; festuce, 96, 198, 246; gamma, 9, 11, 20, 22, 74, 166, 233, 242, 278; iota, 22, 96, 245, XX 246, 279; moneta, 43, 44, 99, 212, 238, 254, 308; orichalcea, 199; pulchrina, 95, 96, 245, 246 *Pecilmitis, gen. noy., 78 Peecilocampa populi, 19, 167, 190 Polia chi; 41, 47,—var. olivacea, 122; flavicineta, 22, 42, 223 Polygonia c-album, 33 Polyommatus acis, 36; adonis, 36; egon, 36; alexis, 36; alsus, 36; argi- olus, 836; arion, 36, 38; astrarche, 36, 57; bellargus, 36, 57; chryseis, 44; corydon, 36; dispar, 35; helle, 44; hippothoé, 35; icarus, 36, 57, 236; phlewas, 20, 22, 35, 73, 222, 234, 260, 276, 284, 287, 307; var. schmidtii, 255, 311; virgaures var. oranula, 44 Pontia daplidice, 32, 60 Porthesia auriflua, 246, 247, 286; chry- sorrheea, 21, 278, 286; similis, 223, 286 Porthetria dispar, 11 Potamis iris, 34 Precis archesia, 135; cyrene, 135; na- talica, 135; sesamus, 135 Procris statices, 288 Prodenia littoralis, 141 Protoparce distans, 231 Pseudoterpna cytisaria, 11, 99, 237, 260, 277; pruinata, 96, 99, 190, 287 Psyche graminella, 99; opacella, 99; villocella, 99, 267, 268 Pterophorus acanthodactylus, 89; rho- dodactylus, 44 Pterostoma palpina, 96, 223, 258, 259 Ptilodontis palpina, 197, 198, 277 Pygera bucephala, 278, 279 Pyraline, 301, 302 Pyralis farinalis, 8, 9, 11, 302; glauci- nalis, 302; henigialis, 302 Pyrameis atalanta, 34, 235, 236, 279; cardui, 10, 34, 135, 234, 260; egea, 10 Pyrarge egeria, 34 Pyrausta alpinalis, 304; assinalis, 304 ; aurata, 304; cespitalis, 304; cilialis, 304; cingulata, 304; flavalis, 304 ; fuse- alis, 304; nigrata, 304; nubilalis, 304; octomaculata, 304; purpuralis, 9, 11, 89, 304; repandalis, 304; sambucalis, 304; sanguinalis, 304; terrealis, 304 Pyraustine, 301, 303 Rheumaptera hastata, 63 Rhodaria sanguinalis, 311 Rhodocera rhamni, 32, 288 Rhodostrophia calabraria, 11; vibicaria, 11 Rivula sericealis, 95 Rumia crategata, 21, 198, 203, 246, 259; luteolata, 47, 166, 259 Rusina tenebrosa, 40, 90, 198 Salamis anacarlii, 135 Sarosa sesiiformis, 116; 116 xanthotarsis, INDEX. Saturnia carpini, 41, 88, 123, 150, 198 > pavonia, 59, 61, 191, 287 Satyridi, 60 Satyrus adrasta, 10; egeria, 267; ianira, 269; roxelana, 9, 10; semele, 20, 34, 73, 260, 276, 311 \ Schcenobiineg, 301 Schneeobius forficellus, 246, 301; gigan- tellus, 301; mucronellus, 301 Sciaphila penziana, 48 Scirpophaga prelata, 301 Scodiona belgiaria, 74, 89, 267, 268 Scoliopteryx libatrix, 260 Scoparia ambigualis, 89 ; angustea, 247; muralis, 89; resinea, 95 Scopelosoma satellitia, 21,22, 41, 47, 97, 133, 166 Selenia bilunaria, 166; illunaria, 20, 21, 133, 191, 223, 246, 276,—-var. juliaria, 246; illustraria, 21; lunaria, 244, 245 tetralunaria, 276 Selidosema humillima, 231 Senta maritima, 44 Sericoris daleana, 89 Sesia apiformis, 224 ; culiciformis, 138; ichneumoniformis, 238, 278, 309 ; mu- sciformis, 254, 309; scolizformis, 89 ; sphegiformis, 214; philanthiformis, 254; tipuliformis, 22, 41, 166, 258 Setina aurata, 189, 286 Smerinthus ocellatus, 138, 240, 243, 245, 246, 278, 273, 308; popul, 40, 41, 60, 72, 188, 223, 245, 246, 258, 279, 284, 306, 308 ; tiliz, 40, 60, 223, 245, 258, 279, 284, 308 Sphaleroptera ictericana, 8, 9, 11 Sphinx convolvuli, 15, 16, 22, 41, 46, 231, 279, 282, 283, 311; ligustri, 15, 59, 95, 140, 199, 223, 240, 258, 259, 279 Spilaretia bifrons, 31 Spilosoma beata hybr., 295 ; crassa hybr., 106, 107; hilaris hybr., 295; inversa hybr., 295; lubricipeda, 75, 166, 223, 236, 244 246, 259 ; luctuosa, 293 ; men- dica, 106, 190, 286; var. rustica, 106, 107, 294, 295; menthastri, 166, 197, 223, 244, 246, 259, 286 ; seileri hybr., 293; standfussi hybr., 106, 107, 295; sordida, 106, 107, 108, 293, 294, 295; urtice, 197, 198; viertli hybr., 106, 107 Stauropus fagi, 214, 237, 283 Stenopteryx hybridalis, 9, 11 Stigmonota dorsana, 214; 310 Strenia clathrata, 199, 223 Strymon spini, 11; w-album, 9, 11 Spilodes cinctalis, 303; palealis, 303 ; stictitalis, 303; verticalis, 303 Spilothyrus althea, 11; marrubii, 11 Spiramia simplicior, 31 Sylepta ruralis, 303; verticalis, 303 Synia musculosa, 286 Synthymia monogramma, 11 trauniana, INDEX. Syntomide, 25 Syntomis celebesa ab. gracilis, phegea, 136, 275; *sulena, 116 Syrichthus alveolus, 37; carthami, 136; malve, 37, 57, 190, 240,—var. tarus, 214, 287 116; Teeniocampa cerasi, 61; cruda, 21, 166; gothica, 21, 131,133, 166, 213, 311,— var, gothicina, 122, 311; gracilis, 48, 96, 126, 140, 166, 198, 199, 213; in- certa, 166 ; instabilis, 21, 166, 213; m1i- niosa, 166; munda, 21, 95, 133, 166; opima, 166: pulverulenta, 133, 134, 166; populeti, 21, 166; rubricosa, 134 ; stabilis. 21 61, 1338, 134, 166, 213 Tagiades flesus, 135 Taleporia pseudo-bombycella, 267 Tapinostola bondii, 141; elymi, 233; fulva, 246; morrisii, 141 Tephrosia bistortata, 62, 122, 123; bi- undularia, 62, 122, 123, 138, 191, 241; crepuscularia, 21, 40, 122, 123, 138, 166, 191; consonaria, 40; extersaria, 40; laricaria, 62; punctulata, 40, 166, 190 Teracolus omphale, 135; theogone, 135 Terias senegalensis, 135; zoé, 135 Thais polyxena, 188 Thanaos tages, 1576s PY} Thecla acacie, 11; betule, BH} Pals Posse ilicis, 11; pruni, 35, 251, 311; quer- cus, 20, 35, 222, 240, 260, 267, 276; rations, UE sa}sy, eich DPD OR OT se album, 166 Thera firmata, 89, 96; juniperata, 89; obeliseata, 311 ; variata, 22,41, 89,311 Thestor ballus, 188 Thyatira batis, 22, 187, 311; derasa, 246 Thymele alveolus, 40 Thymelicus acteon, 9, 11, 37; 1), 37; thaumas, 37, 57 Timandra amataria, 40, 198, 246 Tortrix crategana, 95; fosterana, 95 ; heperana, 95; podana, 246, 247 ; pro- nubana, 264; ribeana, 95; xylosteana, 95 Trichiura crategi, 89, 126 *Trichura fulvicaudata, 118 Triphena comes, 47, 97, 223, 259; fim- bria, 43, 213, 260, lle 279, 311; ian- thina, 40, 43, 213, 223, 277; interjecta, 277, 278; orbona, ‘ 213, 246, 252, 259, 277, 278, 311; pronuba, 8, 11, 187, 198, 223, 242, 246, 277, 279; subsequa, 284 Triphosa dubitata, 96, 166 Trochilium bembiciformis, 278 ; crabro- - niformis, 166, 278 *Troides fasciculatus, 147 ; flavicollis ab. olympia, 147 lineola, Sc Uropteryx sambucaria, sambucata, 41, 246 22, 258, 259, | Utethesia pulchella, 231 Vanessa atalanta, 9, 10, 20, 22, 34, 40, 41, 73, 197, 199, 222, 236, 240, 253, 256, 257, 258, 260, 267, 268, 279, 280, 307, 311; antiopa, 34, 44, 256; c- album, 9, 33; 96, 166, 251, 279; cardui, 20, 258, 269, 276; egea, 9; io, 22, 33, 39, 47, 73, 166, 188, 222, 231, 240, 2, 73, 222, 240, 267, 268, 307; ker- aa ae 231; polychloros, 10, 33, 133, 222, 269; urticas, 10, 20, 33, 40, 41, 49, 47, 73, 166, 199, 222, 240, ‘260, 267, 307 Venilia macularia, 22; maculata, 47, 240 Venusia cambricaria, 41; sp., 11 Viminia venosa, 199 Xanthia aurago, 96; cerago, 41; circel- laris, 97; citrago, 22; ferruginea, 47, 257; gilvago, 22, 96, 257; ocellaris, 140, 257; silago, 40 Xanthorhoé adonis, 231 Xanthosetia zoegana, 246 Xylena, 61 Xylina, 62; brachyptera, 19; conformis, 18; furcifera, 18, 38; grisea, 18; in- erica, 18; lambda, 18; ornithopus, 95, 166, 167; petrificata, 48, rhizo- litha, 133, 134; socia, 43, 96; ustu- lata, 18; zinckenii, 18 Xylocampa areola, 166, 267; lithoriza, 21, 133, 134, 213 Xylophasia hepatica, 245; lithoxylea, 198, 223, 246, 259; monoglypha, 19, 116, 223 ; polyodon, 19, 189, 213, 242, 245, 246, 247, 277, 279; rurea, 90, 95, 187, 223, 245; scolopacina, 247; sub- lustris, 21, 198, 278, 279, 311 Zemeros confucius, 31 Zephyrus betule, 35; quercus, 35, 190 Zerene ulmata, 257 Zeritis lycegenes, 78; pyroeis, 78 Zerythis syphax, 77 Zeuzera xsculi, 258, 259; pyrina, 223, 258, 259 Zonosoma, 62; annulata, 95; linearia, 47, 166; omicronaria, 258; punctaria, 190 Zygena coronille, 11; erythrus, 11; filipendule, 9, 11, 40, 47, 223,—var. dubia, 43,—var. chrysanthemi, 210, 238 ; graslini, 11; hedysari, 11; loni- cera, 223; ochsenheimeri, 11; phegea, 31, 58, 59, 275; piloselle, 61; punc- tum, 9,11; syracuse, 42; transalpina, 11; trifolii, 42, 43, 210, 212, 269 lynecurium, 78, XXli INDEX. NEUROPTERA. PERLIDA. Chloroperle grammatica, 88 Hemerobius sp., 88 Isogenus nubecula.88 Isopteryx torrentium, 88; tripunctata, 88 Leuctra fusciventris, 88 Nemoura cinerea, 88; variegata, 88 Perla maxima, 88 | Teniopteryx risi, 88 EPHEMERID. Ameletus inopinatus, 88 Leptophlebia meyeri, 88 ODONATA. Aischna cerulea (borealis), 86, 87; cya- nea, 86; grandis, 65, 86, 309; juncea, 87, 309; mixta, 65 Agrion, 66; cyathigerum, 88; mercuriale, 64; puella, 65, 67, 261, 309; pul- chellum, 261 Anax imperator (formosus), 64, 261 Brachytron pratense, 63, 261 Calopteryx splendens, 261 Cordulegaster annulatus, 87 Enallagma cyathigerum, 63, 65, 66, 88, 261, 309 Erythromma najas, 261 Ischnura elegans, 261, 309 Lestes, 66; sponsa, 64, 309 Leucorrhinia dubia, 87, 309 Libellula depressa, 63, 64; fulva, 64; quadrimaculata, 63, 67, 87, 309,—var. prenubila, 261 Megaloprepus ccerulatus, 42 Orthetrum cancellatum, 64, 261; ceru- lescens, 64, 309 Platycnemis pennipes, 66 Pyrrhosoma nymphula (minium), 63, 63, 66, 67, 88, 261, 309; tenellum, 261 Somatochlora (Cordulia) arctica, 86, 87 Sympetrum flaveolum, 65, 287; sangui- neum, 64, 65; scoticum, 309; strio- latum, 64, 65 Tetracanthagyna, 42 PLANIPENNIA. Acanthaclisis occitania, 188 Corydalis orientalis, 188 TRICHOPTERA. Apatania wallengreni, 88 Colpotaulius incisus, 88 Glyphotelius pellucidus, 258 Grammataulius atomarius, 88 Limnophilus centralis, 88; elegans, 88 ; flavicornis, 88; griseus, 88; luridus, 88; sparsus, 88 Neuronia ruficrus, 88 Philopotamus montanus, 88 Vhryganea obsoleta, 88 Plectrocnemia conspersa, 88 Rhyacophila dorsalis, 88 Stenophylax lateralis, 88 ORTHOPTERA. Acridium tartaricum (egypticum), 134, 136, 189 Anisolabis annulipes, 43 Blabera gigantea, 139 Blatta (Periplaneta) americana, 43, 139 ; (Periplaneta) australasie, 43, 139, 289; orientalis, 139 Ectobia lapponica, 139, 289 ; 139 ; panzeri, 139, 289 Eumastacide, 261 Forticula auricularia, 189, 253, 275, 276, 290; decipiens, 16; lesnei, 16, 20, 275, 289; pubescens, 16 Hierodula bipapilla, 253 livida, Leucophea surinamensis, 139 Locusta viridissima, 223 Locustide, 43 Mantide, 43 Mantis religiosa, 189 Meconema yarium, 290 Mecostethus grossus, 169, 238, 290 Pachytylus cinerascens, 169; (idipoda) migratorius, 39, 239 Panasthia javanica, 139 Phasmidex, 43 Phyllodromia sp., 43; germanica, 139 Platycleis brachyptera, 290 Proscopia (for Prosopias), 43 Rhyparobia (Panchlora) madere, 43, 99, 139 Schistocerca peregrina, 165 Tettix bipunctatus, 88 Thamnotrizon cinereus, 290 Xiphidium dorsale, 290 PLATES. I.—Agvatic Ruyncnora (STRUCTURAL) . : ; 3 5 AS. II.—Mecostetuus GRossus (2 Fras.) : 2 ; : > JULY. Il].—THamnorrizon ciIneREUs (Fie. 1), XrpHmpium poRSALE (Fie. 2) DrcrMBER. FIGURE IN TEXT. TEPHROSIA BIUNDULARIA AB. ‘ 5 A Pace 241. ERRATA. Page 12, for ‘‘ Two New Genera of Lecaniine Coccide’’ read ‘‘ Two New Genera of Coccide.”’ ,, 13, at bottom, for ‘‘ Aspidiotis” read ‘‘ Aspidiotus.”’ » 29, line 26, for ‘‘ colossicum”’ read ‘ collossicum.”’ », 134, line 43, for ‘‘ bousdorfi’”’ read ‘* bonsdorfii.”’ », 198, line 15, for “ Melanippe unifasciata’’ read ‘‘ M. subtristata.” ,, 220, line 26, for ‘ nigrideus”’ read ‘‘ nigridens’’; line 36, for ‘‘ Philontochila ”’ read ‘‘ Philontocheila.”’ », 231, line 23 from bottom, for ‘‘ ante, p. 179,” read ‘‘ ante, p. 169”; line 3 from bottom, for “‘ ante, p. 219” read ‘‘ ante, p. 213.” s, 201, line 17 from top, for ‘* 7. betularia”’ read “ T. betula.” : “Sat : He Ae bop 53 hi , THOR Ba MBE Tae m 2) he tie od ve ait aye \ 4 0 oJ sony ey se J + omg hohe! i a ; gy ’ ‘ ’ ; , . j } , , 4 5 oe . 2 5" ¥ . } * ' ) . % "ay ‘ . ry | ie : git) ey ‘ 4 7 oh» a a 2 5 1a 4 re * Wee hoy ar , _ Pan ’ pz ee o hs oe x ; : .- a. ¥ ; j * q % ; * 5 \ N a ’ iv . i 7 ; A ieee . >" . i : r er) ‘ ; , YRS ‘| ’ LF i. * of ’ i ; 4, 4 ‘ . ‘ ay he d a Hin i 3 hivecee " , on) ath, f + . ‘ f ‘ Po I 4 * f non ? ‘ f : ; ¥ Sig i areas ; i 7 3 “ j vy fu yi « ~ ¢ : w » Aa THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vou. XXXII] JANUARY, 1899. [No. 428. NOTES ON THE GENUS EUCHLOE, Hisyer, A GENUS OF THE PIERINA. By A. G. Bururr, Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.8., &e. For many years a number of Palearctic species stood in collections under Boisduval’s generic name Anthocharis; but eventually it was discovered that this genus was, to all intents and purposes, a’'synonym of Huchloé, Hubner, which consequently superseded it. Meanwhile, for a single species with strongly falcated pri- maries Herrich-Schiiffer proposed the name of Midea, and to this group I subsequently added two species—M. scolymus from Japan and M. limonea from Mexico. (I did not, however, recognize Midea as a genus.) When Schatz reviewed the genera of butterflies in Staudinger’s ‘Eixotische Schmetterlinge,’ he raised Midea to the rank of a genus, and divided Huchloé (which he called Anthocharis) into two genera, calling the orange-tips Anthocharis and the whites Phyllocharis (entirely overlooking the fact that the latter name had been used in 1824 for a genus of Coleoptera). Schatz figured, and somewhat distorted, the neuration of one species in each group, with the object of showing principally that in Euchloé (= Anthocharis, Schatz) the second subcostal branch, vein 10, is emitted before the end of the cell, and in Phyllocharis after the end: Midea, for which he figured M. scolymus, is re- presented as agreeing with Huchloé with vein 10 before the end of the cell,—a character varying considerably on opposite wings of the same individual, although I believe vein 10 in Huchloé scolymus is never emitted after the end of the cell. In June of the present year, Dr. Beutenmiller published a ‘Revision of the species of Huchloé inhabiting America, North of ENTOM.—JAN. 1899. B 2 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Mexico,’ in which he very correctly stated that “the venation is subject to variation”; nevertheless he took the trouble to give the following nerve-characters for the groups :— Euchloeé, Hubner (=Anthocharis, Schatz).—Fore wings with 12 veins; veins 6-9 on a short stalk, sometimes with vein 6 free. Anthocharis, Boisd. (= Phyllocharis, Schatz).—Fore wings with 12 veins; veins 6-9 on a long stalk, sometimes with vein 10 also on a stalk. Midea (Herrich-Schiiffer, not Schatz).—Fore wings with 11 velns; veins 6-8 on a stalk; vein 9 absent. Now if these characters were constant, there would be no reason whatever why the three named groups should not stand as distinct genera; but unhappily they are by no means con- stant, as I shall now proceed to show. In the wet season form of H. sara (the typical form) there are almost invariably 12 veins in the primaries, but we have one example in which vein 8 is absent. In our examples of the dry phase there are 12 veins, but we have three examples of an insect which might easily be recognized for the same thing from Vancouver, all of which have apparently lost vein 9. Our examples of what I believe to be EH. thoosa and stella all have 12 veins, but five examples of H. julia from south-west Colorado and Arizona have apparently lost vein 9. It would have seemed advisable to distinguish the Vancouver representative of H. reakirti by a separate name; only (unluckily for the species-maker) we possess a fourth example from the same collection in which 12 veins are present, but which, never- theless, varies in another respect, vein 5 being emitted from 6, instead of from the cell. Dr. Beutenmuller includes E. cethura and E. pima with E. genutia under Midea on the ground that they have only 11 veins to the primaries; but he seems to overlook a more important character which proves their close relationship to Zegris, viz. their extremely short antenne. If Zegris is sufficiently distinct from this extremely variable genus to stand apart, in my opinion it has a greater claim upon LH. cethura and E. pima than Euchloé has, in spite of the absence of that very uncertain little ‘‘vein 9.” Anthocharis of Beutenmuller = Phyllocharis, Schatz, is de- scribed by the later author as having 12 veins, veins 6-9 on a long stalk; but neither of these characters is constant, for whereas 1. hyantis has an extremely short furcation of vein 7 (and consequently possesses 12 veins), thenearly related HE. venosa, from Thibet, and EH. daphalis, from north-west India, have only 11 veins, vein 9 being apparently absent. Is vein 9 ever absent? In my opinion it is present throughout the genus; but veins 7 and 8, which are extremely variable in relation to the length of their furcation, are sometimes completely fused, or (as Sir George Hampson expresses it) coincident. A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF BRITISH WATERBUGS. : 3 In one of our examples of H. tagis the length of the stalk bearing veins 6-9 is no longer than in typical Huchloé. Schatz’s definition of the supposed distinct genus Phyllo- charis is no better than Beutenmiiller’s, for vein 10 varies in its position in individuals of the same species; sometimes, as in typical Huchloé, it is emitted before the end of the cell, sometimes at the end, and sometimes (as Beutenmiiller points out) at some distance beyond the end. Now, as regards Midea, Dr. Beutenmuller states that it has 11 veins, which is quite true of the type M. genutia, but Dr. Schatz figures it with 12 veins, which is equally correct as regards the Japanese species M. scolymus. If therefore Midea is retained, we must have a different name for M. scolymus; but surely in a genus like Huchloé, which is so utterly unstable and unreliable in its neuration, it is far better to recognize its tran- sitional condition, and not distinguish genera whose evolution is incomplete. A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF BRITISH WATERBUGS (AQUATIC RHYNCHOTA). By G. W. Kirgavpy. (Continued from vol. xxxi. p. 206.) The Rayncnora, or Hemrprera,* form, in some respects, the most isolated of the insect orders, and have no near allies, having evidently branched off from the primitive hexapod-line at a very early period. Taken as a whole, they are homogeneous, distinguished at once from all other Hexapoda by the structure of the mouth-organs, as well as by many other not superficially noticeable details. ‘The Neuroptera are probably their nearest kin, although many authors have remarked upon the closeness of their relationship with the Coleoptera, an order with which in fact they are as remotely connected, perhaps, as with any other, though there is certainly a marked superficial resemblance, due, however, to their very similar habits in the imaginal stage. The average Rhynchoton is, in proportion to its size, rather heavily built, and adapted rather for crawling up a plant-stalk or along the leaf of a tree, remaining in one spot during a not inconsiderable period, than for prolonged aérial flights or hasty visits from flower to flower. These two orders—Rhynchota and Coleoptera—it may be remarked, are the only two in which a large number of species spend the greater portion of their imaginal existence under water. * Greek guyx as (rhunkhos), a beak; aus- (hémi-), half; wrepa (ptera), wings. B 2 4 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Omitting the parasitic group and, perhaps, the remarkable Coccide (scale insects), the Rhynchota comprehend two well- marked suborders—viz.: the HmtEroprmra and the Homoprmra. The former, containing the aquatic forms, are distinguished by the fact that the gene (cheeks) are not contiguous with the anterior coxe, as they are in the Homoptera; in the former, moreover, the elytra (upper pair of flight-organs) are usually coriaceous, except a small apical membranous portion, the ‘“membrane,”’ while they are more or less uniform in texture in the Homoptera.* The study of the Heteroptera, or ‘‘Buas” par excellence, has, in comparison with that of certain other insect groups, been unjustly neglected; owing doubtless to the disagreeable asso- ciations connected with the popular name, and apparently also to an unformulated impression, current even amongst many entomologists, that they are, in their structure and habits, somewhat uninteresting. How absolutely alien to the truth is this supposition would be apparent to anyone who spent an hour in a preliminary study of some of their characteristics. It is obvious that the harmoniously-arranged tints of certain Lepi- doptera or the gaudy patterns of others are not possessed by, and would indeed be deleterious to, the aquatic forms we are now considering, but in extraordinary structures specially adapted to their environment, such as the method of respiration in Nepa and Notonecta, and the remarkable modifications of the 8th pleura, in the former, into a long respiratory tube; the structure of the antenne in the Cryptocerata; stridulation in Coriza and Micronecta; to mention but a few of the most salient—the Rhynchota certainly far surpass their more admired rivals. The peculiar odour, which in some terrestrial species is of an agreeable nature, in others so disgusting, is by no means highly developed in the aquatic forms. So far as I am aware, no external opening of the glandular apparatus has yet been discovered in any of them, although the existence of repug- natorial glands has been proved in some at least. Notonecta possesses perhaps the most distinctive odour, which has been compared by Dufour, somewhat exaggeratedly, to that of the plant Chenopodium vulvarium (olidum), or ‘‘ stinking Goose-foot,”’ but its tenacity is no way to be compared with that of the effluvium emitted, for example, by the Coleopteron Gyrinus. Presuming that my readers wish to srupy the Aquatic Rhynchota of these islands, and that their whole aim is not merely to be able to identify their captures—after a fashion, I propose first of all to offer a few remarks upon three specially interesting portions of the external structure—viz.: the rostrum, the antenne, and the legs. * Erepos (/etvros), other ; cuos (hdmos), similar. A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF BRITISH WATERBUGS. 5 Tue Rostrum. Although greatly modified, all the principal parts of the mouth, present in the Mandibulate Hexapoda, can be traced in the Rhynchota. The upper lip (Labrum) is usually very short and more or less triangular in form, covering the base of the labium. The lower lip (Labium, Second Mazille, &c.) forms an elongate, subcylindric tube (consisting normally of four segments) which acts as a kind of suction-pump for the conveyance of nourish- ment to the digestive apparatus; it also serves as a sheath and support for the four sharp, thread-like sete which represent the first maxille (interior sete) and the mandibles (exterior sete). These parts are apparently always present, but their appendages are very obscure, and specialists are by no means agreed on the subject.* The general impression as to the method of feeding employed by Rhynchota appears to be that the ‘‘rostrum”’ (i.e. the labium) is thrust into the food-substance—animal or vegetable--the sur- face of which is penetrated by the thrust of the rostrum. On examining the latter, however, we find that the apex is usually blunt or slightly concave, clothed with hairs or bristles, and quite incapable of piercing the epidermis of an insect or plant. In reality, the desired surface is punctured by the long, acute, often serrated, mandibular setz (which, as remarked previously, are, at rest, concealed in the labium), and the apex of the labium is then applied immediately (rarely pushed well in), and the contents of the food-substance pumped up.t The blunter and shorter maxillary sete apparently serve for the conduction of saliva. THe ANTENNE. Four segments appear to be the normal composition of the antenne, though Helrus possesses 5, with one or two interca- lated nodes, and in Micronecta and the Nepide there are apparently only 3. In the Hebride and Gerride they are long, free, more or less thread-shaped ( /iliform), the apical segment often swollen and furnished with thick hairs. In Aphelocheirus they are sub- cylindric, long and slender (the apical segment rather long), and, * For the latest papers, see Leon’s “Beitrige zur Kenntn. der Mundteile des Hemipteren,” Jena, 1887; the same author’s “ Labialtaster bei Hemipt.” (1892, ‘ Zool. Anzeig.’ pp. 145-7), and “ Beitrage zur Kenntn des Labiums der Hydrocoren” (1897, ‘Zool. Anz.’ pp. 78-7) ; in the latter the mouth-parts of Gerris najas and an extra-British species of Velia are figured. See also a preliminary paper by Heymons, ‘‘ Die Mundteile der Rhynchota’’ (1896, ‘ Entom. Nachr.’ xxii. pp. 173-5). + I think the first author to call attention to this was Marlatt: see ‘The Hemipterous Mouth” (‘Trans. Ent. Soc. Wash.’ iii. pp. 241-9); ‘‘ How Hemiptera Feed” (1895, ‘Insect Life,’ vii. pp. 427, 428); and “‘ The Periodical Cicada” (1898, ‘ Bull. U.S. Agric.,’ new series 14, pp. 52, 53). 6 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. though much shorter than is usual in the Gymnocerata* (to which Hebrus and the Gerride belong), they are not concealed in a groove (fovea) on the under side of the head, thus forming an exception to the general rule among the Cryptocerata. In Ilyocoris (= Naucoris, Saund.) they are somewhat similar to Aphelocheirus, but shorter and rather thicker, and the apical segment is very short. In the Nepide they are very small, so much so that GrorrFroy, one of the earliest Linnean writers, made the mistake of supposing the raptorial anterior legs to be the antenne. In Nepa the penultimate segment is laterally produced, on one side only, like a pickaxe, the apical segment being produced, on the same side, in a very similar manner. The fovee, in this genus, are vaulted, probably forming an auditory chamber for the increase of sound-perception. With a slight difference in detail, the antenne of Ranatra are very similar to those of Nepa. In Coriza the antenne are subcylindric, the fourth segment being short and very thin; in Micronecta the last segment is spindle- shaped, concave beneath. In Plea the third segment is spindle- shaped and convex, the fourth being very small and thicker at the apex than at the base, arising below the apex of the third. In this genus the antenne are clothed with sparse hairs near the apex of each joint. In Notonecta the first segment is very short ; the second is subcylindric, thick; the third is smaller and slen- derer, shaped somewhat like the blade of a knife; the fourth smaller and shorter still, but formed like the third. The third seoment is furnished with half a dozen or more long clubbed hairs. It is probable that the antenne, in the Cryptocerata at least, are very largely auditory and, to a much less degree, tactile organs. Those of the Cryptocerata are figured in Fieber’s ‘Genera Hydrocoridum’ (1851, Abhandl. bohm. Gesellsch. Wissensch. (v.), 7, pp. 183-210, Plates 1, 3, & 4). THe Lees. In all the aquatic forms, both gymnoceratous and cryptoce- ratous (with the possible exception of the Corixid), the anterior legs are raptorial. In all the femora are dilated—in some moderately, in others enormously. In the Hebride and Gerride there is little modification, except that in Gerris, Hydroessa (= Microvelia), and Velia the claws are inserted, as also in the posterior pairs, in a cleft below the apex.t * yvyvos (gumnos), naked, i.e. ‘‘not concealed,” and xepaia (keraia), antenna ; xpumrds (kruptos), concealed. . + Most authors speak of the claws being ‘“‘ante-apical’”’ or ‘inserted above the apex.” I regret that I cannot conceive of the claws being inserted above the apex! As will be noted further on, the genera with subapical claws form the genuine Gerride ; the others—viz. Aépophilus, Hydrometra, Mesovelia—are probably more nearly allied to Hebrus, A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF BRITISH WATERBUGS. ii In Aphelocheirus, Plea, and Notonecta the structure is fairly simple, and two claws are present in each tarsus, inserted at the apex. In Ilyocoris the femur is enormously dilated, forming an irregularly equilateral triangle; the tibia is slender, and fits at rest into a groove (sulcus) on the ventral surface of the femur ; the tarsus is minute, composed of only one segment without claws. In Nepa the tibia is much longer, and fits into a similarly placed groove in the femur, the latter being slenderer and longer than in Ilyocoris. In the former there is also only one segment in the tarsus, which is minutely falcate at the apex, but there are no claws. In Ranatra the coxe are very long, and were formerly often mistaken for the femora, which are rather longer and [in the British species R. linearis (Linn.)| are armed, about a third of the entire length from the apex, with a stout triangular spur; the tibia and tarsus are short, folding in close to the femur and locked by the femoral spur; there is only one segment in the tarsus, which is not provided with claws. The anterior legs in Corixa and Micronecta are exceedingly curiously formed, being more or less spoon-shaped. They will be discussed in detail later. The posterior legs are those principally employed for loco- motion. In Hydrometra and Gerris they are enormously long and very slender; in the other genera they are usually of medium length and thickness, more or less ambulatory. In Coriza, Micronecta, and especially Notonecta they have well- developed natatory powers. Claws are present in the Gymno- cerata, Nepide, Naucoride, and Plea. The intermediate pair of limbs appear to be partly employed for progression, though in Corixa and Notonecta they certainly act as balancers. In the Gymnocerata, Nepide, Naucoride, and Plea they are not very dissimilar to the posterior pair; in the others they are long and slender. Claws are present in all. I now purpose to deal systematically with the aquatic forms, discussing any special points of structural interest, and men- tioning such of the habits, &¢c., as have been recorded, confirming or extending these as far as possible from my own observations. Hesrus. This genus, the systematic position of which is still doubtful, is readily distinguished from Hydroessa (= Microvelia), which is superficially similar, by the five-segmented antennz,* and by the shape of the pronotum. The two British species may be found amongst Lemna and Sphagnum in marshy ground, but, as far as 1am aware, no detailed observations of their habits have been published. H. pusillus, Fallen, which seems to be always macropterous, is figured by Douglas and Scott and by * The presence of five distinct antennal segments is not a family character, as the extra-British genus Merragata, F. B. White, possesses only four. The extra two or three segments in Hebrus, enumerated by certain authors, are merely -nodes. 8 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Saunders (in the edition with coloured plates). It is a southern species, not having been recorded north of Birmingham. H. ru- Jiceps, Thoms., is usually brachypterous, and is widely though locally distributed—viz.: Perthshire, Essex, Surrey, &c. It has not been figured. Aépophilus bonnairet, Signoret, is another genus and species of doubtful position. It has lately been placed between Acanthia (=Salda) and Ceratocombus, but it may conveniently be con- sidered here. It is always, so far as is known, brachypterous, having the general appearance of a narrow, rather plump, bed- bug nymph (Cimex lectularius, Linn.). It is figured by Saunders. As numerous interesting accounts* of its habits have been so comparatively lately recorded in papers accessible to British students, it will be unnecessary to do more here than briefly summarise them. It may be looked for under embedded stones and fragments of rock, or indeed under starfish (sec. Marquand), or any object affording good cover on the seashore near the lowest tide-limit. The mature insect has been encountered from February to August, and is probably to be found all the year round. The records of capture are from Polperro, Penzance, Plymouth, Lyme Regis, Isle of Wight; and near Waterford, Ireland. It has derived its generic name from the fact that it is often found in company with the remarkable Coleopteron Aépus. (To be continued.) MEDITERRANEAN LEPIDOPTERA. By Puiuie pe ta Garp, R.N., F.E.S. With reference to the notes by Mr. Gervase F. Mathew on ‘‘ Lepidoptera from the Mediterranean ’’ (Entom. 1898, pp. 77- 84, 108-116, and 141), I should like to add the names of some species found by me in three of the localities he mentions—viz. Malta, Corfu, and Trieste; in each case at a different time of the year from that at which he visited them. Maura.—The dates accompanying the following species show when they were first obtained :— Lasiocampa (Bombyx) quercus var. sicula, emerged in July; Triphena pronuba, May 9th ; Aspilates citraria, April 12th; Acidalia asellaria, March 28th ; Cornifrons ulceratalis var. March; Aglossa pinguinalis, March 28th ; Pyralis farinalis, May 9th; Sphaleroptera ictericana, April. P. 82.—Cenonympha pamphilus I saw first on March 18th, and Deilephila euphorbie emerged from chrysalis early in August. * See Marquand in ‘ Ent. Mo. Mag.’ 1887, xxiii. p. 169; and Keys in the same Magazine, 1895, xxxi. p. 185; and 1890, xxv. p. 247, MEDITERRANEAN LEPIDOPTERA. aw *9 P. 83.—There is a notation, ‘‘ Deiopeia pulchella, not common.” On May 9th there were large numbers on the wing, as far as I can remember, up a wied at the back of St. George’s Bay. P. 84.—Plusia gamma I first saw on March 10th, and Botys ferrugalis on 18th of that month. Corru.—Of the species mentioned on pp. 111 and 112, Pieris daplidice, Lycena telicanus, Limenitis camilla, Melitea didyma, Hipparchia (Satyrus) semele, Satyrus (Pararge) roxelana, and Epinephele hispulla, were taken by me between May 22nd and 27th. Vanessa egea I did not get till returning on July 6th. The additions from May 22nd to 27th show as—Melanargia larissa var., Cenonympha pamphilus var. lyllus, Vanessa atalanta, Lycena icarus, Strymon w-album, Thymelicus acteon, Pamphila sylvanus, Arctia villica, Hucheha jacobee, Zygena punctum, Z. filipendule, Plusia gamma, Acontia luctuosa, Acidalia aversata, A. imitaria, Duponchelia fovealis, Pyralis farinalis, Pyrausta purpuralis, Ste- nopteryx hybridalis, Sphaleroptera ictericana; and on July 6th, Vanessa c-album. The King’s Park, to which one is admitted free, is an ideal place for a day’s collecting ; gardens, plantations, and grass land being in abundance, while on the sea face the cliffs afford good rough scrub, which I should imagine, especially for a coleopterist, would well repay careful search. Being quite a beginner, I did not appreciate all the possibilities of the place, I am sorry to say, or undoubtedly I should have made a big haul. There is one little piece of advice 1 would give to anyone going to the King’s Park while the syringa bushes are in bloom, and that is, ‘* Dont hang about them too long, as their effect is much like hay fever.” Trieste.—l think the hill-side Mr. Mathew speaks of, on p. 114, must have been the same one I explored on June 11th and 13th, three months earlier in the year than he was there; the results as shown by the list were much better. Navarino, at the beginning of J uly, was, like most places on the coast of Greece, quite burnt up, but some large flats up the bay should be happy hunting grounds earlier in the year ; as it was, | got twenty-six species, as shown in the list. From the way Mr. Mathew speaks of his stay at Venice, I fancy he must have been lucky enough to be in a ship that was able to go up the canal and anchor off the city, instead of remaining outside, as we had to do in the ‘ Victoria’ in June, 1891, whence communication with the city was only once a day by torpedo boat. Still, “it is an ill wind, &ce.,” so I was able to land on the vegetated sandbank that forms Malamocco, and get a few species. Poua, being purely a naval port, our wanderings were very much limited, nobody being allowed to go near any of the forts 10 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. with which the sides of the harbour bristle, though the surroundings looked enticing. Frume, I was only able to land at for a very short time, but a climb over the hills at the back of the town is well repaid by the fine masses of scrub and wood beyond. Carraro, I should imagine, would be a grand ground, and I put down my poor catch on the day I landed to a heavy thunderstorm covering the hills which ring the harbour, the resultant temperature (94° in the shade at 4. p.m) having appa- rently as much effect on insect life as it had on me! Appended is a list of the Lepidoptera I obtained, showing the different localities, but no attempt is made to arrange it in scientific order. nearly all the identifications. Papilio machaon. Malta; Navarino. P. podalirius. Navarino; Marmarice. Pieris daplidice. Malamocco ; Corfu; Navarino; Jaffa. P. brassicae. Malta; Spezia; Fiume ; Corfu; Navarino. rape. Malta; Spezia; Mala- moeco; Navarino; Jaffa. Melanargia procida. Civita Vecchia ; Trieste; Zara. M. larissa. Corfu (var.). Colias edusa. Spezia; Navarino. C. hyale. Trieste; Zara. Leucophasia sinapis. Civita Vecchia. L. estiva. Navarino; Nauplia. L.erysime. Spezia; Trieste; Nauplia. Aporia crategi. Trieste; Pola. Gonepteryx rhamni. Zara; Navarino. G. cleopatra. Nuevarino. Epinephele hispulla. Malta ; Spezia ; Corfu; Navarino; Limassol. E. nurag (2). Spezia. E.ida. Zara; Spalato. E. lupinus. Navarino: Nauplia. Hipparchia fatua. Navarino; Nau- plia ; Marmarice. H. allionia. Spezia; Marmarice. H. briseis. Spezia; Zara (var.). H. semele. Corfu. P. H. fagi. Trieste; Fiume; Cattaro. H. proserpinad. Wosas Bay; Fiume. H. actea. Fiume (var.). Satyrus roxelana. Corfu. S. adrasta. ‘Trieste; Pola; Fiume. Canonympha pamphilus. Malta (and My thanks are due to Mr. W. F. Kirby for var. dyllus): Spezia (and var. lyllus); Malamocco (and var. lyllus) ; Corfu (var. lyllus); Na- varino ; Nauplia. C. arcania. Spezia; Trieste (var.), Pararge megera. Malta; Malamocco ; Navarino. P. egeria. Rosas Bay ; Cattaro (var.) ; Navarino (var.). Limenitis camilla. Corfu; Marmarice. Melitea didyma. Zara; Spalato; Corfu; Navarino. M. athalia. ‘Trieste; Fiume. M. phebe. ‘Trieste. M. e@theria. Trieste. M. alpina. Zara. Argynnis dia. Spezia. A. cleodippe. Pola. A. adippe. Fiume. A. daphne. ‘Trieste. A.ino. Fiume. Pyrameis cardui. Spezia; Spalato ; Corfu; Navarino. Vanessa atalanta. Corfu. V. polychloros. Pola. V.egea. Fiume; Spalato; Corfu. V. calbum. Corfu. Chrysophanus phleas. Malta (var. eleus); Pola; Navarino§ (var. eleus); Marmarice (var. eleus). CO. thersamon. Jaffa. Lycena betica. Marmarice. _ L. argiolus. Navarino; Nauplia. L. telicanus. Spezia; Corfu ; Nava- rino; Nauplia. MEDITERRANEAN LEPIDOPTERA. L. icarus. Malta; Spezia; Mala- mocco; Cattaro; Corfu; Nava- rino ; Nauplia. L. astrarche. Malamocco; Spalato. L. egon. Trieste; Pola. L. adonis. Trieste. L.alcon. Trieste. L. battus. Cattaro. Strymon w-album. Corfu. S. spint. Pola; Fiume; Zara. Thecla ilicis. ‘Trieste. T. rubt. Trieste. T. acacia. Pola. Sptlothyrus marrubti. Navarino; Marmarice ; Limassol. S. althee. Malamocco. Pamphila nostrodamus. P. comma. Spezia. P. sylvanus. Malamocco; Corfu. Thanaos tages. Spezia. Thymelicus acteon. Zara; Cattaro; Corfu. T. lineola. Zara. Hesperia cynare. Navarino. Trieste. Acherontia atropos. Stamphalia. Cherocampa celerio. Nauplia. Deilephila euphorbie. Malta. Macroglossa stellatarum. Malta; Na- varino. Zygene erythrus. Civita Vecchia. Z. graslint. Civita Vecchia. Z. punctum. Corfu. Z. filipendule. Corfu. Z. transalpina. Malamocco (var.). Z. hedysari. Malamocco; Zara. Z. coronille, Cattaro. Z. ochsenheimeri. Zara. Syntomis phegea. ‘Trieste. Callimorpha hera. Marmarice. Callarctia pudica. Malta. Arctia villica. Corfu. Eucheliajacobee. Corfu. Deiopeia pulchella. Malta; Nosas Bay. Clisiocampa castrensis. CivitaV ecchia. Lasiocampa sicula. Malta. L. quercus. Malta. Porthetria dispar. Port Mahon. “HI Plusia gamma. Malta; Corfu. Synthymia monogramma. Malta. Triphena pronuba. Malta. Acontia luctuosa. Corfu. A. solaris. Malamocco. Agrophila sulphurilis. Euclidia glyphica. Leucanitis stolida. Calocampa exoleta. Malta. Aspilates cttraria. Malta. Camptogramma_ bilineata. rice (var. testaceolata). Fidonia atomaria. Spezia; Trieste. Rhodostrophia vibicaria. ‘Trieste ; Fiume. R. calabraria. Trieste. Acidaliaornata. Malamocco ; Nauplia. A. asellaria. Malta ?. A. aversata. Corfu. A. imitaria. Corfu. A. ochrata. Malamocco. A. (Idea) rufaria. Spalato. Hubolia plumbaria. ‘Trieste. E. sp. Malta. Venusia sp. Malta. Malamocceo. Malamocco. Pola. Marma- Pseudoterpna cytisaria. ‘Trieste. Aplasta ononaria. ‘Trieste. Boarmia rhomboidaria. Pola. Cornifrons ulceratalis. Malta (var.). Botys ferrugalis. Malta (var. sphyrus). B. cinctalis. Malamocco. B. nubilalis. Malamocco; Trieste. B. fulvalis. Pola. Aglossa pinguinalis. Malta. Pyralis farinalis. Malta; Corfu. Duponchelia fovealis. Corfu. Pyrausta purpuralis. Corfu. Stenopteryx hybridalis. Trieste; Corfu. Pionea margaritalis. Diasemia literalis. Eletheia carnella. Trieste. EKbulea verbascalis. Trieste. Margaronia unionalis. Navarino. Mecyna polygonalis. Navarino (var.). Malamocco. Malamocco. Sphaleroptera ictericana. Malta; Corfu. Aciptilia pentadactyla. Trieste, H.M.S. ‘ Waterwitch,’ Wei-hai-wei: Sept. 24th, 1898, 12 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. TWO NEW GENERA OF LECANIINE COCCIDA. By T. D. A. Cockxrretu, N.M. Agr. Exp. Sta. PLATINGLISIA, 0. g. @. Scale differs from Inglisia in being quite flat, circular ; with the glassy covering in two parts, divided longitudinally in the middle line; antenne and legs absent. Type, P. nouckt. Platinglista noacki, n. sp. 2. Flat, circular, 64 mm. diam., reddish brown, with the mar- ginal areas pallid; glassy covering transparent, with the two halves each having weak but easily visible concentric and radiating striae, surrounding and arising from a centre a little to one side of the middle line of the insect. Under a microscope the glassy covering shows lines of air-cells as in Jnglisia, and irregularly placed larger air-cells in the submarginal area. The insect has a deep longitudinal dorsal groove, thickly beset with small gland pores, and ending at the anal plates. This coincides with the suture between the glassy plates. The very small mouth-parts, with very short rostral filaments, are to one side of this groove, about the middle of the insect. The skin after boiling remains yellowish brown, except a sharply differentiated colourless marginal area; the brown area presents groups of irregularly formed gland-pits, the marginal area rather large round gland-pits. Extreme margin dark brown, with few short simple spines. There is a little white secretion in the spiracular regions, which remains as lines on the leaf when the scale is removed. Hab. Campinas, Brazil, on the upper side of leaves of a myrtaceous tree or shrub (Dr. I’. Noack, No. 88). This is a most remarkable Coccid, closely allied to Inglisia, but quite worthy of generic distinction. CARPOCHLOROIDES, Ni. 2. @. Globose, without legs or antenne. Larva of the Eriococcine type, with numerous spines, and a comparatively short terminal seg- ment to the antenne. 3 sac white, composed of cotton-like threads. Carpochloroides viridis, n. sp. ?. Adult. A globular sac, becoming transparent, but still more or less greenish, after boiling; no segmentation visible; mouth-parts well developed and large, the rostral sheath very dark brown, ribbon- like ; skin without spines, except a very few minute simple ones at the sides; legs and antenne wanting; anal ring not observed, it must be very small. Larva, just hatched. Fusiform, not very elongate ; each segment bearing numerous long spines arranged in a transverse row, which is interrupted dorsally, and again subdorsally, four spines being on each side between the dorsal and subdorsal gaps; antenne 6-segmented ; 3 and 6 about equal, and longest, 1 and 2 next longest, then 4 and § TWO NEW GENERA OF LECANIINE COCCIDE. ~ 13 hardly shorter; 6 is a little shorter than 4 and 5 together, and bears some very long hairs. Oaudal set rather long. Legs well developed, digitules filiform, distinctly knobbed. 3 sac white, elongate, of loosely woven cottony filaments, as in the Dactylopiine ; length slightly over 2mm. The & sacs occur on the upper side of the leaves. 3g. Adult. Thorax brownish yellow, abdomen clear light lemon- yellow: length of the body about } mm.; wings very large and ample, length almost 14 mm. ; two very long white caudal filaments, about 14 mm. long; genital spike pyramidal, not very much longer than broad (instead of being greatly elongated as in Capulinia jabo- ticabe); thorax much broader than abdomen; femur stout; tibiz slender, enlarged at end, longer than femur, with a stout terminal spine; tarsus short, about one-third the length of tibia, with a long slender claw. The ¢ is described from specimens in the sacs, which were just ready to emerge. Hab. On Eugenia sp., Campinas, Brazil, September, 1898 (Dr. F. Noack, No. 84). Dr. Noack writes that the adult females, as seen alive, are clear green, in form and colour very much like the young fruit of the Hugenia. The specimens arrived (in a letter) squashed flat, and in that condition I could not tell the females from the fruits. I boiled up several of the ereen objects, and found I had some of the coccids among them ; the liquid was stained a deep gamboge-yellow, | suppose by the fruits. This new genus is allied to Capulinia and Cylindrococcus. The larva resembles that of Cylindrococcus (Crocidocysta), but that has only two spines on each side of the dorsal line, where our insect has four; the antenne also differ. It is to be noted that Cylindrococcus (type C. casuarine) and Carpochloroides have typically Hriococcine larve, 2.e. with dorsal spines and a com- paratively short terminal antennal segment. On the other hand, true Spherococcus (type S. casuarime) has a typically Dactylopine larva, with no dorsal spines and a long terminal antennal segment. So also has Chetococcus bambuse a Dactylo- pline larva, without dorsal spines ; and the last antennal sesment in this species is considerably longer than 4 and 5 together, while the others are subequal, 3 however being decidedly shorter than 2. Antonina also appears to be a Dactylopiine. Note.—In my article on Sandwich Island Coccide (vol. xxxi. pp. 239, 240) Aspidiotis is misprinted all through ‘‘ Aspidistus.”’ Mesilla Park, New Mexico, U.S.A.: Oct. 29th, 1898. 14 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. NOTES on toe NOMENCLATURE or SOME HYMENOPTERA. By T. D. A. Cockxrrett, N. M. Agr. Exp. Sta. Pseudosphex and Neosphex. The genus (or subgenus of Sphex) called Pseudosphex by Taschenberg (1869) cannot bear that name, on account of the lepidopterous Pseudosphex, Hbn. (1818), which Mr. W. F. Kirby treats as a good genus. According to Kohl, Neosphex, Reed, 1894, is the same as Pseudosphex, Tasch., so it is not necessary to propose a new hame. Gundlachia. The name Gundlachia properly belongs to a genus of Mollusca, described by Pfeiffer in 1849. Gundlachia, Herr.-Schaff., 1866, applied to a Trichurine moth from Cuba, will stand as Burtia, Grote; the only species will be Burtia cruenta (Herr.-Sch.). Gundlachia, Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila. 1865, p. 194, proposed for the-peculiar Cuban bee, Centris (?) cornuta, Cresson, may be changed to Heterocentris, nov. nom. Megachile inermis. This name was proposed by Provancher (Add. Faune Hym. p. 823) to replace his simplex, preoccupied by Smith. Dalla Torre’s name simplicissima for the same insect is therefore need-_ less. MM. inermis, Radeszkowski, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. 1893, p- 47, from Transcaspia, requires a new name, and may be termed M. mitis, nov. nom. Hyleus minutus, Fabr., 1798. Fabricius, in 1804, referred this to Prosopis, and it has so stood ever since. From the description I have little doubt it is a male Halictus, but the name is preoccupied in that genus by Halictus minutus (Schr. 1781). As the Fabrician insect cannot well be recognized from the description, it is not worth while to propose another name for it. Macgillivraya. Mr. Ashmead (Canad. Entom. 1898, p. 257) proposes this name for a genus of sawflies. The name was used by Forbes in 1851 for a genus of Mollusca. Eunomia. Eunomia, Cresson, 1875, is perhaps only a subgenus of Noma, Latr., 1805. Cresson’s name, however, is preoccupied by Eunomia, Hbn., which Kirby treats as a valid genus. It may be called Dieunomia, nov.nom. ‘The species are D. heteropoda (Say), D. apacha (Cress.), and D. marginipennis (Cress. ). Mesilla Park, New Mexico, U.S.A.: Dec. 4th, 1898. 15 NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Generic Names.—At the present time we are passing through a transition period as regards the classification of Lepidoptera, but probably it will be many years hence before the matter is adjusted, in any comprehensive way, to the satisfaction of everyone. As regards the arrangement of ‘genera or species in our collections, it is not perhaps of much importance, except to the owner himself, what system is adopted, or in what order the families follow each other. The chief point is that we know where to find a species when wanted. A matter which is a greater source of trouble, and causes no little con- fusion and some misunderstanding, is that in nomenclature various authors are being followed. It would be a great convenience if those of our correspondents who prefer to use the more recently introduced or revived generic names would also give the genus in which species previously stood. If, for example, Aglais is adopted for wrtice, it would not entail very much trouble to add Vanessa in brackets. A little uniformity in this respect would certainly be appreciated by the majority of the readers of the ‘Entomologist.’ The Kditor is always pleased to make these additions, but unfortunately manuscript is sometimes so closely written that it is not possible to do so conve- niently ; the same remark applies also to those cases where generic names are omitted altogether. OBSERVATIONS ON SpHINX (PHLEGETHONTIUS) convoLvuLI.—A female S. convolvuli was captured in a neighbour’s garden on July 18th last, and brought to me. I induced it to deposit ova. On the 20th I had the satisfaction of finding twenty-five eggs on the food-plant supplied— Convolvulus arvensis, and eight more on the 21st. The moth died on the following day; its body was then opened, and some hundreds of eggs were found. In colour the eggs were bright emerald green, and much smaller than those of S. ligustri. The larve emerged on the 27th and 28th; these were whitish green; the anal horn was not curved, but erect, dull black, and rough. ‘The first moult did not change appear- ance. After the second moult the ground colour was pale green with a dark green dorsal line, head and anal claspers greenish brown; so far no oblique stripes were visible. The next change produced two varieties ; in one the ground colour was pale green with seven oblique whitish stripes bordered with a darker colour, anal horn black at its apex and base with a greenish band round the centre; the second variety had its head purplish brown, a broad dorsal line of the same colour inclining to green in the centre, spiracles and seven oblique stripes purple, claspers dark greenish brown, horn black. Fourth change, a broad dorsal line of dark grey minutely speckled with yellow; a yellow subdorsal line; below this a broad line of grey with stripes of yellow; spiracles bright red; claspers and under side dark grey; horn: tip black bordered with a yellow band and a second band of black, the base rufous. By the end of August about half the larvee died, the remainder looking very unhealthy, caring little for the food offered. My brother having had much experience in rearing larve of British Sphingide, I gave them to his charge, unfortunately too late; however, he put the remaining larve on a living plant 16 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. of C. arvensis, and succeeded in getting one to full size. Description:— Head yellow, with five black stripes; ground colour almost black ; an indistinct yellow chain-like dorsal line; subdorsal and spiracular lines of the same colour; stripes and anal flap yellow ; spiracles bright red; horn slightly curved, tip and base black, with a central band of rufous. I cannot see that the ova or larve at any age bear resemblance to those of S. ligustri in form, colour, or behaviour. Con- trary to the larve of ligustri, convolvuli, on being touched, or even the food shaken, would turn the head sharply round until it met the last segment, and then dropped from the plant. I believe the larve may not be so uncommon as generally supposed, but somehow lepido- pterists have failed to discover them in any quantities. The perfect insect has been very plentiful here this season. My brother and I have for many years tried to obtain ova from captive S. convolvuli, however, without success until the present season; this success, I think, is owing to procuring the female so early. We seldom get S. convolvuli until well on in August. Generally we open the dead bodies of this species, but rarely find ova,—Aurrep Brazenor; Brighton, Nov. 26th, 1898. Tue Basa Spor on Ampnipasys BETULARIA.—I have a series of four bred specimens of the black variety, doubledayaria—three females and one male. The females have a distinct white spot at the bases of the upper wings. ‘This spot is absent in the male. My series of the type betwlaria is a small one, but the foregoing observations would seem to apply, though not so clearly, to the typical insect as well. Has anyone previously noticed this, possibly sexual, distinction ? — J. ARKLE ; Chester. ForricuLa LESNEI.—M. de Bormans, of Savoy, sends me the following notes on I’, lesnei (Eutom. xxxi. pp. 49, 278) :—“ Yoici ce que dit M. Finot de cet insecte : —‘ Cette espéce a été trouvée sur les herbes et les buissons, en Septembre, 4 St. Arnoult et Bénerville, prés de Trouville (Calvados; marais de Villers-sur-mer).’ En révisant la collection Brisout de Barneville, j'y ai trouvé quatre exemplaires de F’, lesnei, étiquetés: I. pubescens, et provenant de St. Germain-en-Laye, prés de Paris. Parmi les nombreux individus g que je posséde de LF. pubescens et I. decipiens, les uns (plus nombreux) ont les pointes (apex) de la pince séparées, d’autres les ont contigues, mais aucun ne présente les pointes entrecroisées. Réguliérement FP. lesnei a 12 articles antennaires, I’, pubescens 12, et H’. decipiens 13.”’—W. J. Lucas ; 4, Minerva Road, Kingston-on-Thames. Tue Insecr ‘“ Prorection Commitrer.”—As adverted to by Mr. Hodges (Hntom. xxxi. 277), there has been a distinct falling off in the number of records of local or otherwise interesting species, not only during the past year but also in 1897. I am, however, inclined to believe that this regrettable state of affairs was the result of other causes than the action of the ‘‘ Protection Committee.” The laudable endeavour of the said Committee, acting under the auspices of the Kntomological Society of London, to impress upon collectors the wisdom of exercising moderation in their drafts on colonies of special insects and those restricted to limited areas in this country, should not \ NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. a a have deterred the practical entomologist from making known the results of his field-work. There does not appear to be any reason to suppose that the Committee had, or have, any intention of interfering with the legitimate pursuits of the collector. It is therefore to be hoped that entomologists who have the good fortune to obtain species that are at all above the common or garden kind will not refrain from publishing the fact for general information.—Ricuarp SoutH; 100, Ritherdon Road, Upper Tooting, 8.W. Norr on Cossus ticniperpA.—There is a fact in the life-history of C. ligniperda which is common in my experience, although it is only mentioned by one entomological work among those with which I am acquainted. The description, in brief, generally given in books is that the creature lives for four years in the larval stage, and that each winter the larva makes a cocoon of silk mixed with wood fragments, within the tree in which it resides, the final cocoon being placed in its tunnel near the exterior of the tree. The Rev. J. G. Wood, in ‘ Insects at Home,’ mentions that in the ‘ Entomologist’ for August, 1868 (iv. 121), Miss Newman records the finding of a cocoon of C. ligniperda, in April, in the middle of an arable field. The cocoon was made with earth instead of wood-chips. The moth emerged in the following June. Itis my experience that it is quite common for the larve to bury themselves in the ground, both to pass the winter (when not full grown) and to pupate. For several years past no summer and autumn have gone by without some of these larve being brought to me by gardeners who have dug them up. They are also, here, very frequently found at the end of the summer, wandering across roads and gardens (presumably in search of suitable spots in which they may bury themselves). I may add that the majority of the larve thus found, and of those dug up, are full-fed. In no case have I found, or had brought to me, a very small larva.—Auserr May; Hayling Island, Hants. [There appears to be no doubt that larve of C. ligniperda do, perhaps not wie leave their burrowings in trees and enter the earth to pupate. Newman (Hntom. vi. 487), in reply to a question on the subject, states that he found a larva ‘“‘ under ground in a cocoon formed of silk and earth, without a particle of its home being made of sawdust.”” The matter again crops up in 1887 (Hntom. xx. 231), when an example of C. ligniperda was seen to emerge from the surface of a lawn-tennis court, and, on a search being made, the pupa-case was found. Another correspondent, in the same volume (p. 274), remarks that although he had previously always found the cocoons in wood, he had that year ‘‘ discovered the pupa-case at a con- siderable distance from the tree, just below the surface of the earth.” Then, in 1892 (Entom. xxv. 46) there is a statement to the effect that a full-grown larva, which had been dug up in a garden, formed its cocoon of earth and bits of cork. Other instances might be quoted, but the foregoing sufficiently confirm Dr. May’s observations. We may add that Wilson, in his ‘ Larva of British Lepidoptera,’ published in 1880, states that caterpillars of C. ligniperda occasionally go under the surface of the earth to pupate; Barrett, in ‘ Lepidoptera of the ENTOM.—JAN. 1899. C 18 THE ENTOMOLOGIST British Islands,’ 11., referg to the wandering habit of the full-grown larva; and Tutt (‘British Moths’) leads us to suppose that pupation is always effected in the ground.—Ep.] CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. XYLINA FURCIFERA NEAR BricuHron.—A perfect example of this species was taken near here at sugar by Mr. Alfred Giebeler, of Wilbury Road, Hove, on September 18th last. It is not a locality one would expect to find this species. All being well, the district will be thoroughly worked uext season; then it will be interesting to find if this rare Noctua is actually established in the locality.—Atrrep Brazenor; Brighton, Nov. 26th, 1898. [Probably the first-known British examples of Xylina furcifera (= con- formis) were the two specimens taken on ivy blossoms in October, 1859, near Cardiff, and exhibited at a meeting of the London Entomological Society in March, 1861. These were referred to in the ‘ Entomologist’s Annual’ for 1862, and a figure of the species given on the plate in that volume. Mr. T. H. Allis, in a note published in 1869 (Ent. Mo. Mag. v. 278), states that he had seen four or five British individuals of X. con- formis; one of these, he says, “ was taken near Halifax, in spring, many years since”; others were Welsh specimens, and had been received by eutomological friends from the original captor. In 1869 (Ent. Mo. Mag. vi. 190) there is a record of two specimens taken in October at sugar in Monmouthshire. ‘Two are mentioned as having been taken in November, 1870, but the locality is not given (Kt. Mo. Mag. vii. 188). In the spring of 1874 an example was found at rest on a birch trunk near Neath (EHntom. vil. 260; Ent. Mo. Mag. x. 276). The species was reared by Mr. W. Buckler in 1874 from eggs obtained from moths which had been captured in Wales in October, 1870, and kept in confinement during the winter. The larvee began to hatch on April 17th, and were full grown about June 17th. ‘The first imago emerged on August 7th, and the last ten days later (Hnt. Mo. Mag. vii. 114). Mr. W. H. Tugwell, in 1880, bred eighteen moths from twenty eggs received from Glamorganshire (Entom. xiii. 242); and Mr. W. H. Grigg reared eight examples the same year from ten eggs that had been sent to him (Ent. Mo. Mag. xvii, 134). There were eight specimens in Machin’s collection, which was sold at Stevens’s in 1895, and these realised £3 7s.; while the sixteen examples in Wheeler’s and Tugwell’s sale made from 9s. to 12s. 6d. each. It may be mentioned that Xylina furcifera, Hufn., is found in Central Europe, the Ural, and the Altai. X. ingrica, H.-S., which is probably only a form of X. furcifera, is confined to boreal and alpine localities, and is always scarce. X. (Agrotts) ustulata, Bull., is the Japanese representative, aud X. grisea, Graeser, the Amurland form of X. ingrica. Xylina lambda (= zinckenii) appears to be very rare in Britain. It was first brought forward by Dr. Kuaggs in 1866, when he recorded a specimen from the neighbourhood of New Cross, where it was taken in the month of September of that year. Another example was announced from the Guildford district, and was obtained at sugar in October, 1866 (Ent. Mo. Mag. iii. 163, 208, 235). These specimens were also referred to by CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. > “9 Mr. Newman (Entom. iii. 203, 227) and by Dr. Knaggs in the * Entomolo- gist’s Annual’ for 1867 and 1868, a figure of the New Cross specimen being given in the volume for 1867. Mr. EK. Hopley, in a communication to the ‘ Kutomologist’s Monthly Magazine,’ 1869 (v. 252), states that an insect taken at rest on a poplar tree in the North of London in October, 1865, and which was considered to be a “strange example of Acronycta psi,” turned out to be a specimen of X. zinckenit. In October, 1870, a specimen was captured at sugar in Darenth Wood (Ent. Mo. Mag. vii. 140). At a meeting of the London Entomological Society, held in April, 1876, Mr. Bond exhibited a specimen which he stated had been taken near Erith in September, 1875; he also remarked that it was the fifth instance of the species having occurred in Britain (vide also Entom. ix. 191). The most recent capture appears to be that of a specimen taken at sugar on September 30th, 1895, near Ipswich (Eutom. xxix. 21). There were two specimens in Fry's collection ; these were stated to have been taken at “ Rannorth,” and were sold at Stevens’s in March, 1896, at 12s. apiece. This species is a native of Northern and Central Europe, but it is always scarce. The larva is said to feed on Vaccinium uliginosum and Myrica gale. X. brachyptera, Staud., from Amurland, is a very close ally.— Hp. | XYLOPHASIA MONOGLYPHA (POLYODON) IN NovemBur.—As evidencing the extreme mildness of the weather, I may mention that a freshly emerged male specimen of X. monoglypha was taken yesterday, Nov. 16th, in this house, by my mother. Is not this late appearance very unusual ?— C. GRANVILLE CLuTTeRBuCK; 1, Spa Villas, Gloucester, Nov. 17th, 1898. Captures IN NovemMBEeR.—At light, on Nov. 15th, I took four male Asteroscopus sphina (cassinea), three male Hybernia defoliaria, and one male Himera pennaria ; and on the [6th one male A. sphing (which completely spoiled itself in the box in which it was being conveyed home), and two male H. defoliaria. On the 18th of the same month five male A. sphina were found on the gas-lamps here, and two males and one female on the 19th; most of these specimens were inside the lamps, and very difficult to get at.—C. GRANVILLE CLUTTERBUCK; Gloucester. CYMATOPHORA OCTOGESIMA (OCULARIS).—On Dec. 18th I was fortunate in finding a pupa of C. octogesima at poplar here.x—C. GranviLLE CxLurrersuck; Gloucester. PHLOGOPHORA METICULOSA IN NovemMBER.—With regard to your note respecting the occurrence of this species in November (Hntom. xxxi. 293), I have not done much entomological work this autumn, but I examined some ivy in my garden here on Noy. 9th, 10th, 12th, 15th, and on each of those nights found specimens of P. meticulosa from two to eight in number.— WALDEGRAVE. PALOGOPHORA METICULOSA IN NovemBreR: Nores FROM THE CHESTER Disrrict.—I took three specimens of P. meticulosa at the electric lamps here on Nov. 16th, and another on the 17th, all fine specimens, especially the last one. Other moths have been exceedingly few. One Himera pen- naria, a female, was picked up, I think on the city walls in October; but this is the only representative I know, this season, of a species which seems to have been scarce since Nov. 8th, 1895, when I saw as many as six on one gas-lamp. I have seen very iew Hybernia defoliaria and Cheimatobia brumata this autumn, and only one Pecilocampa populi, which came to an 20 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. electric lamp, Nov. 17th. A solitary Scopelosoma satellitia, Nov. 16th, completes my list up to date. (I see I omitted Anchocelis lunosa from my notes (Eintom. xxxi. 298). Type and dark forms of this prettily marked moth were common at the lamps in September).—J. ARKLE ; Chester. Larv& or Preris Brassica IN Novemper.—On Nov. 17th I noticed that the cabbages in a garden near here were much eaten; upon closer observation, I found a number of larve of Pieris brassice upon them, just about full grown. Was it not very late in the year for these insects to be still in the larval stage ?—F’. D. Brann; Llanrwst, N. Wales, Dec. 17th, 1898. [For a still later date see Kntom. xxix. 127.—Ep.] ForFICULA LESNEI AT CoLcHESTER.—My son took three or four speci- mens of F’. lesnei in the early part of the year, not very far from our house. Mr. Lucas’s figure in the ‘ Entomologist’ (xxxi. pl. i. fig. 1) enabled me to determine the species at once.—W. H. Harwoop; Colchester, Dec. 17th. Norres oN THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CHISWICK AND THE NEIGHBOURHOOD, 1898.—During the last two seasons Lycena aryiolus has, I am glad to say, again occurred frequeutly, after having for many years previously been very scarce. Leucoma salicis seems to be very uncertain in its appearance in this part of the country. Though I had long before made its acquaintance in the south, I never saw it in this district till May 31st, 1892, when I found many larve on Lombardy poplars at Barnes. From these I bred seven moths. The next year it was scarce, and I do not remember to have seen the species since. The larvee of Acronycta aceris have been unusually common this year. My wife brought me one from Hyde Park. ‘These larvee, when resting, as their habit is, in a curled position on the under side of a sycamore leaf, much resemble those light-brown patches so common on the leaves of this tree in early autumn. ‘The reddish tufts of hair on the back of the larva serve to heighten this effect. On May 9th I found a fine specimen of Cucullia chamomille on a fence here, and another on May 23rd. The latter I set again at liberty, as it was rather worn. The only other specimen I have, I took here about 1870. Can anyone tell me how to find the handsome larva? as I should much like to rear this species.— ALFRED SicH; 65, Barrowgate Road, Chiswick. Norrs rrom NortH Wates.—In August, 1898, I spent a fortnight at Aber, North Wales, and did some collecting. Butterflies were, not very plentiful owing to the prevalence of wind. Among those I noticed were the following :— Pieris napi (abundant, by far the commonest of the “ whites ”), Vanessa urtice, V.io, V. atalanta, V. cardui (a few in fine condition), Pararge megera, Satyrus semele, Cenonympha pamphilus, Polyommatus phleas, Thecla quercus, Lycena icarus. Moths were fairly plentiful on favourable nights. Odd specimens of Hydracia micacea, Neuronia popu- laris (males only), Amphipyra tragopogonis, and Abrostola triplasia came to light. I also noticed the following moths at various times during my visit: — Lithosia complana, Hepialus sylvanus, Aaylia putris, Mania maura, Plusia gamma, Selenia illunaria, Larentia didymata (very common), Hypsipetes elutata, Melanthia bicolorata, Melanippe subtristata, M. fluc- tuata, Cidaria immanata, ©. prunata, and Kubolia limitata.—P. J. BarrauD; Bushey Heath, Herts. Cottectinc at Drat.—I spent five days towards the end of July this year at Deal, collecting Lepidoptera. The weather being fine and hot, CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 21 insects were abundant, and amongst others I met with the following species :—Nola centonalis, one only cn the night of July 24th ; hard work on three subsequent nights failed to produce another specimen. Porthesia chrysorrhea, two specimens at light, and several others found by searching bushes in the daytime on the sandhills; a small batch of ova was obtained, and the larve are now hybernating. This is not, I believe, usually con- sidered a rare insect; but in the course of twenty-five years’ collecting I have never before met with it. Lithosia lutarella (pygme@ola), fairly abundant, and occurring over a large area on the sandhills. I saw it stated in the entomological journals, some years back, that this insect was likely to become extinct at Deal, and was very pleased therefore to find it still in existence and by no means rare. Amongst the Noctue, Agrotis tritict and A. vestigialis were abundant and in fine condition; so also was Caradrina alsines. Hydrecia nictitans was just appearing ; but Xylophasia sublustris and Agrotis corticea were scarce and probably getting over, as the specimens seen were all more or less worn. Mesotype virgata (lineolata) was plentiful in one or two places on the sandhills. Crambus contaminellus, not easily disturbed in the daytime; but at night by no means uncommon, a fine series being secured. On the marshes a few Acidalia emutaria were obtained during the day by beating the vegetation growing on the sides of the ditches. I was fortunate in obtaining ova, and have the larve now hybernating. My stay being so short gave me no time for night work on the marshes. There is no doubt but that our friends the golfers have,done an immense amount of injury to the Deal sandhills from an entomological point of view, but fortunately their operations do not by any means cover the whole of the ground ; and, judging merely from my limited experience, I do not see any reason why all, or nearly all, the Lepidoptera recorded from this locality should not still occur there, with the possible exception of Acidalia ochrata. I did not see a sign of this species, and very much fear that it is quite extinct there—G. Haroi~p Conquest; 58, Hatherley Road, Walthamstow, Dec. 12th, 1898. CoLLecTING aT BusHry Hearty, Herts, AND N&kIGHBOURHOOD, IN 1898.—The past season has been a very fair one for collecting Lepi- doptera. Light was attractive during the greater part of the year, while hardly anything came to sugar until quite the latter part of the season. Sallow-hunting in the spring produced a fair number of species. In January and February I captured Hybernia rupicapraria, H. leucophearia, H.marginaria, H. defoliaria, Anisopteryx escularia, Cheimatobia brumata. Larentia multistrigaria, and Phigalia pedaria ( pilosaria). Later, at sallows, I took Tentocampa gothica (common), T. instabilis, T. populeti (one male), T. stabilis (abundant), T. munda, T. cruda (abundant), Cerastis vaccinii (few), Scopelosoma satellitia (few), and one Brephos parthenias flying in sun- shine. In April [ found the following species on palings, &c.:—Xylocampa lithoriza (common), Amphidasys prodromaria (strataria) (one female), La- rentia multistrigaria, and a few Anticlea badiata. In May I netted Hepi- alus lupulinus, Gonoptera libatrix, Drepana falcataria, Panagra petraria (abundant), Cabera exanthemata, Rumia crategata, and Melanippe fluctuata. The only captures at light in May were one Cucullia verbasci and one Anticlea nigrofasciaria (derivata). In this month I also found the follow- ing on palings, &e.:—Tephrosia crepuscularia, Cilix spinula, Hemerophila abruptaria, Coremia designata, Selenia illunaria, and S. illustraria. On Whit-Monday at Bricket Wood I captured Argynnis euphrosyne, Go- 22, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. nepteryx rhamni, Cenonympha pamphilus, Venilia macularia, Acidalia remutaria, and Ematurga atomaria; and in June I took twenty-one species, including Sesia tipuliformis, Hecatera serena, Aplecta tincta (one on palings), Huclidia mt, and Cidaria russata. In July light was very attractive. Among those I took were the following :—Cherocampa por- cellus, Thyativa batis (one, in fine condition, the first I have taken at light), Bryophila perla (common), Orthosia upsilon, Abrostola urtice, Plusia chrysitis, Hupithecia rectangulata, Hypsipetes elutata, Melanthia ocellata, Cidaria fulvata, C. dotata, C. associata, and Pelurga comitata. Dusking resulted in the capture of Chwrocampa elpenor, Miana strigilis, Noctua augur, Plusia iota. Uropterya sambucaria, Pericallia syringaria, and others. Sugaring in July was most disappointing, the only capture being a single Huplexia lucipara on the 2nd. In September eighteen species were taken at sugar, the best being Agrotis saucia, Xanthia citrago, X. gilvago, Polia flavicincta, Catocala nupta, and Thera variata. One Macroglossa stellatarum was netted in the garden at dusk; and I also found Ennomos angularia and E. tiliaria at rest. In October Anchocelis pistacina, Cerastis vaccinii, C. spadicea, Scopelosoma satellitia, Meselia oxyacanthe, Phlogophora meticulosa (any number) occurred at ivy, and Oporabia dilutata was common on fences. November proved an unpro- ductive month. I took one Hybernia defoliaria at light; and H. auran- tiaria (one only), Oporabia dilutata, and Cheimatobia brumata on palings. —P.J. Barraup; Bushey Heath, Herts. OBSERVATIONS OF INSECTS DURING THE PAST Szason.—On March 14th I noticed Gonepterya rhamni in Somersetshire; but the month being somewhat cold I did not see it again until April, when it was fairly abundant locally. Lycena argiolus appeared in same district on April 17th. Visiting South Wales in May, I found Huchloé cardamimes on the 4th; it did not afterwards appear so abundant as in other years, the season being wet and cold at times; and yet on. bright days Lycena argiolus locally, however, appeared commonly. Argynnis euphrosyne was not so abundant as in some seasons. Vegetation at this time was much later than usual, the hawthorn not being in bloom until the end of the second week of May. In June the “ whites,” especially Pieris brassice, were more frequently seen than in the previous season. I did not try sugaring often, as moths appeared so sparingly. On June 22nd I noticed a female H. cardamines in Breconshire; and again a male was seen so late as July 5th in the same county. None of the Geometre during June and July were at any time abundant. On August 14th I noticed several examples of that wanderer Pieris napi flying over the top of the Sugar Loaf Mountain. Polyommatus phleas might then be seen frequently in that part of Wales; and Vanessa to, V. atalanta, and G. rhamni were then appearing. Wasps and their nests were also excessively common. On August 30th I noticed a single Colias edusa flying by the side of the railway near T'annton, Somerset, the only one seen during the season. During September in West Somerset the “whites” in some localities were very commonly seen; and I noticed several times single specimens of Macroglossa stellatarum —unow at late blossoms of the heather, and then in gardens. I heard of Sphinaw convolvuli being frequently seen in other parts of Somersetshire, and it also turned up in Gloucestershire. In October, with, the exception of Anchocelis pistacina and Phlogophora meticulosa, moths were scarce the few times I was able to visit the ivy bloom, as wet RECENT LITERATURE. 28 weather set in. I find, in conclusion, that, with the exception of the in- sects before mentioned, it has not been a good season for Lepidoptera. I noticed very few examples of that often abundant and lively insect Plusia gamma.—T. B, Jerrerys; Bath. RECENT LITERATURE. Handbook of Insects Injurious to Orchard and Bush Fruits, with Means of Prevention and Remedy. By Hxranor A. Ormerop. 8vo, pp. x, 286. London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., Limited. 1898. In this volume, the most recent of Miss Ormerod’s valuable con- tributions to the literature of economic entomology, all the most important information on the subject has been brought together and presented in a form that should be of great help to the fruit-grower. The matter is arranged in accordance with the alphabetical sequence of the various fruits considered; thus, under the heading ‘‘ Apple” there are accounts of American Blight (Woolly Aphis), Schizoneura lanigera, Apple Aphis (Aphis mali), Codlin Moth (Carpocapsa pomonella), Figure-of-8 Moth (Diloba ceruleocephala), Goat Moth (Cossus ligniperda), Lackey Moth (Clisiocampa neustria), Lappet Moth (Gastropacha querct- folia), Small Ermine Moth (Hyponomeuta padellus), Garden Chafer (Phyllopertha horticola), Apple Sawfly (Hoplocampa testudinea), Mussel Scale (Mytilaspis pomorum), Apple Chermes (Lsylla mali), Apple-blossom Weevil (Anthonomus pomorum). In all cases the questions of preven- tion and remedy are fully treated, and figures of each ‘“pest”’ in its mature and one or more of its earlier stages are given. Referring to Carpocapsa pomonelia, our author states that other orchar dfruits besides apples are liable to this infestation. ‘‘ Pears are sometimes much injured; quince, plum, peach, and apricot are some- times attacked; walnuts have been found infested; and this species has been recorded as having been bred frequently from sweet chestnuts. The method of infestation is for the moths to come out about the time of the opening of the apple blossoms, and when the petals have fallen and the embryo fruit is beginning to form, the females lay their eggs ; formerly it was supposed especially at the eye or blossom end of the fruit, but according to recent observations it appears that the eggs may be attached anywhere,—to the surface of the fruit, or to its stem.” In the case of Gastropacha quercifolia Miss Ormerod says :—‘ The attack of the lappet caterpillars to orchard leafage has very rarely been reported as occurring to any injurious extent with us, and here, as well as on the Continent of Europe (where the attack is much more destructive), it is rather from the great size of the caterpillars than from their numbers that they are seriously mischievous.”’ The illustrations in the text, over sixty in number, are excellent, and there is a portrait of the author, reproduced from a photograph by Messrs. Elliott & Fry. We have very great pleasure in commending this handy manual not only to those for whom it has been especially prepared, but also to the student of general entomology. 24 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society for 1898. PartI. Pp. 82. Published at the Society’s Rooms, Hibernia Chambers, 8.E. November, 1898. Contains the following papers read before the Society during the first half of the session:—1. ‘‘The Lasiocampids,” by J. W. Tutt, F'.H.8.; 2. ‘* British Species of Lepidoptera occurring in Japan,” by R. South; 8. ‘Notes on Collecting British Hemiptera,” by Edward Saunders, F'.L.8., F.H.S.; 4. “Notes on some South European Lepi- doptera, with Remarks on Thais and Euchloé,”’ by A. H. Jones, F.E.S. In his contribution, Mr. Tutt has collected together a good deal of information concerning the natural history of the group of moths he refers to as Lasiocampids. He divides these into six tribes and nine genera. Neustria and castrensis are referred to Malacosoma, which, together with Macrothylacia (Bombyx) rubi, are placed in the fifth tribe. Cosmotriche is adopted for potatoria, Gastropacha for quercifolia, and Phyllodesma for ilicifolia, all three being comprised in tribe six, but the two last generic names are afterwards changed to Hutricha and Hpicnaptera respectively. The device usually employed to indicate the probable relationship of families and genera of Lepidoptera has here assumed the form of a veritable genealogical tree. We note that the author says that he has “long come to the conclusion that synonymy is of the devil.” Probably, however, it is easier to settle questions connected with the priority and significance of written names than it is to fix the order in which groups of living organisms were evolved. Mr. Saunders’s paper is a useful introduction to the collection and study of Hemiptera; and that by Mr. Jones is interesting, and em- braces some instructive remarks on Thais and Euchloé. Manchester Microscopical Society. Transactions and Annual Report, 1897. Pp. 114, with 8 photo plates. Manchester: published by the Society. July, 1898. Amone the contents are two entomological papers, one of which, by A. T. Gillanders, deals with ‘‘The Hemiptera-Homoptera,” and the other, entitled ‘‘ Natural Selection in the Lepidoptera,” is by Mark L. Sykes. The latter discusses the question of ‘‘ Mimicry,’’ and is illustrated by eight excellent plates. Marvels of Ant Life. By W. F. Kirsy, F.L.S., F.E.S., &. Pp. 174, illustrated. London: §. W. Partridge & Co. 1898. A cuarmine little book, teeming with interesting facts connected with the habits and natural economy of ants of all countries. Our author professes to have furnished us with a popular rather than a scientific work, but we find, nevertheless, that the information supplied is scientifically accurate and of a distinctly educational character. THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vou. XXXII.) FEBRUARY, 1899. [No. 429. LEPIDOPTERA PHALAINA, OF THE WHOLE WORLD.* We have here the first volume of a gigantic undertaking, which will mark a new era in the study of the Heterocera or, as we must now term them, the Lepidoptera Phalene. Though it professes to be a catalogue of specimens in the British Museum, we learn in the introduction that descriptions of all species hitherto described are included of which specimens are available for study, or about which sufficiently reliable information is pub- lished to enable them to be classified with approximate correctness, and lists of species of which the descriptions are insufficient will be given. No new species are described unless they are repre- sented by specimens in the British Museum. In simple terms, the work is to include all known moths, and will enable any specimen to be at once named or shown to be a new species, a matter at present impossible without access to the best libraries and collections, and then only after a laborious search. When we find that the present volume of 580 pages treats of only one family—viz., the Syntomide—and contains descriptions of 1184 species, some idea of the probable extent of the work may be formed. The descriptions appear to be all drawn up by the author, usually with the type specimen before him. Here and there only are there any references to early stages, these appearing to be quite unknown in most species. The known larve of Dysauxes punctata and ancilla are not however referred to. A large num- ber of new genera and species are defined. There is also an atlas * “Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalenz in the British Museum’: Vol. I.—‘ Catalogue of the Syntomide in the Collection of the British Museum.’ By Sir George F. Hampson, Bart. London: Printed by order of the Trustees. 1898. Pp. xxi, 559. Seventeen coloured plates. ENTOM.—FEB. 1899. D 26 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. of 17 coloured plates, with 466 figures, chiefly of species of which no reference to a good figure can be given, and there are 285 woodcuts in the text. As a descriptive catalogue the work seems to be eminently satisfactory, and the British Museum and the entomological public are to be congratulated that such an important under- taking should have fallen to so capable an author. In the larger genera many of the species seem closely allied, and our impression is confirmed that in some of these a recognition of geographical variation may diminish the number of separate species. This is a subject of which the study will be much facilitated by the present volume, when the long enough series and a knowledge of early stages are obtained. The table of phylogeny of Syntomide is interesting, but we doubt whether anyone but the author possesses the knowledge necessary to intelligently consider it. We confess our inability to criticise it. There is a short introduction giving some general informa- tion about early stages, structure, phylogeny, and geographical distribution. Possibly that dealing with phylogeny presents items of most general interest. To a descriptive catalogue like this, the phylogeny adopted is really of very little importance, as each volume will be complete in itself; but as a subject of general interest it is really what we are all working at, either as regards the relationship of orders and families, or, in closer detail, of species and varieties to each other. The views held by Sir George Hampson, who has a knowledge of the forms and struc- ture of lepidopterous imagines that is perhaps unequalled, are, therefore, worth some study. A comparison of the table on p. 16, with that in the ‘ Moths of India,’ vol. i. p. 8, 1892, shows what a great advance has been made in the last six years. So great in some respects are the differences, that an equal advance in the next six years will give us a tree that will be very near the truth. Besides including the butterflies, the present table strikes us at once as rescuing the Syntomide from their traditional, but absurd, place beside the Zyge@nas (Anthrocera), and placing them with the Arctiade and Noctuide, brought from two different positions in the 1892 table. The Limacodide are brought into a less impossible place. The Pterophoride are in a conceivable position ; and several other collocations are more in accordance with the positions suggested by other than the imaginal stage. There still remain several arrangements that are extremely doubtful. Of these the most pronounced is the place assigned to Zygena. This is more satisfactorily placed in the 1892 table, as it is a terminal form. The highly specialised larva forbids its being an ancestor of many forms placed above it, though its LEPIDOPTERA PHALANH OF THE WHOLE WORLD. 27 imaginal and pupal states do not stand greatly in the way. For a Cossid or Psychid larva to be derived from a Zygenid one seems impossible. As positions that are not impossible, but very unlikely, the collocation of Sphingids and Cymatophorids seems open to question. We should remove the Cymatophorids to the Geometride, and both nearer the Pyralide. The rest of the flat-egged families on the Notodontid stirps should be brought to the Limacodid stem. However, it is easier to criticise than to construct; and no phylogeny of Lepidoptera yet suggested has quite pleased anyone but the author, whom we may guess to be often as dissatisfied as anyone else. The materials are not yet nearly abundant enough. The ‘Key’ is a much better one than in the ‘ Moths of India,’ being founded for the most part on significant characters, or rather these are taken more in order of their importance, giving a more natural result. The families placed in the ‘ Key,’ under A. b. b'. have no greater claim to be other than subfamilies of Tineide than many that are not differentiated, except perhaps the Pyralide. They differ by superficial characters, chiefly the good old one of size. The table and key still show traces of!a° fault to which all systematists are prone, and, from having had the field so much to themselves, neurationists per- haps more than others. That is, the assumption that a similar neuration (or whatever character the systematist affects) means alliance, a different one divergence, not merely usually and gene- rally, as is indeed truly the case, but practically always and without exception. Where other structures dispute this position, they are prepared to say that these other structures may differ widely in allied forms, or may have reached a practically iden- tical specialisation in very distinct forms; no doubt a correct proposition, but they appear to be unable to apply it to the character they have adopted. This is no doubt largely in- evitable, as a specialist does not know what value to attach to structures that he has not studied in detail. We recognise in the table that its author is still largely a neurationist, but not absolutely so, or altogether unable to use his wide knowledge to modify neurational conclusions. ait Dp 2 28 ; THE ENTOMOLOGIST. ON SOME AQUATIC RHYNCHOTA FROM JAMAICA. By G. W. Kirgaupy. Tur works of Uhler, Guérin, Poey, and others have made a good foundation for a knowledge of the aquatic Rhynchota of Cuba, Grenada, and St. Vincent, among the Antilles; but it is remarkable that, with the exception of two species, nothing has been recorded from the large island of Jamaica. My kind friend Mr. C. B. Taylor has lately been collecting for me in the vicinity of Kingston, and the results of his first consignment are now recorded. 1. KanLIsToMETRA, n. gen. Belonging to the family Gerride and tribe Halobatite. First segment of the antennez nearly twice as long as the second. Pronotum short, mesonotum and metanotum well developed; suture between meso- and metasternum straight. Metasternum apparently concealed by mesosternum. Posterior femora longer than interme- diate, which are longer than anterior. Second segment of anterior tarsi three times as long as the first. Claws inserted below the apices of the tarsi. Differs from T'repobates, Uhler, in the incrassation of the anterior femora, in the straightness of the posterior margin of the mesonotum, &c.; from T'repobatopsis, Champion, in the elongate oval form, in the visibility of the propleura from above, in the straightness of the posterior margin of the mesonotum, &c. The length of the abdomen, moreover, will distinguish it from any of the smalier Halobatite (Gerrine with convex intero-lateral ocular margins). Type. K. taylort, n. sp. ?. Apterous. First antennal segment two-thirds longer than the head, nearly twice as long as the second segment. Eyes large, oblique. Head longer than the short transverse pronotum, the breadth of which is twice as great as its length. Mesonotum two and a half times as long (along its median line) as the pronotum ; two-thirds longer than the metanotum (along its median line). Metanotum triangularly pro- duced at the base on either side of the middle point at an angle of about 135°. Pronotum and mesonotum not clearly sutured from their pleura. Mesopleura produced triangularly over the metapleura. Labrum very small, acutely triangular; rostrum reaching well beyond the apical margin of the mesosternum. Posterior femur one-sixth longer than the intermediate, which is three-quarters longer than the anterior ; anterior femur one-half longer than the tibia, which is three-fifths longer than the tarsi, second tarsal segment three times as long as the first ; claws inserted about two-thirds of the length of the second seg- ment from its base. Posterior femur about seven and one half times ON SOME AQUATIC RHYNCHOTA FROM JAMAICA, ye) longer than the tibia. Seventh abdominal (ventral) segment roundly emarginate. Length 3°75 mill., width 1-9 mill. Jamaica, St. Andrew; C. B. Taylor, Sept. 1898. Black and stramineous. Head stramineous, with a broad black median line between the eyes. Pronotum stramineous, with two almost contiguous median black lines, mesonotum with a narrow black median line and two submarginal elongate O’s, their centres stramineous, base of mesonotum (except at the middle) stramineous. Metanotum with four broad diagonal stramineous bands, the two basal uniting anteriorly to form an obtuse angle. First abdominal segment with a large stramineous spot in the middle, sixth and seventh segments stramineous. Antenne blackish (except the basal fourth of first seg- ment) ; labrum and apical two segments of rostrum black. Mesopleura with a broad black marginal band extending almost from the apex to the base; mesosternum with a narrow black submarginal line and two short almost parallel black lines near the middle. Sternal sutures of thorax and ventral suture of connexivum black; the rest of ventral surface yellowish cinereous.. Anterior tarsi, posterior femora, and posterior tibiz blackish; anterior femora yellowish, with two black annules near the apex, anterior tibie yellowish, black near the apex and base; intermediate femora yellowish, with two or three long black lines. *2. Pelocoris femoratus (Palisot de Beauvois). “From under floating weed” in “the Hunts Bay River, St. Catharine.” *3. Belostoma colossicum (Stal.). No special locality. *4. Belostoma annulipes, Herrich-Schaffer. No special locality. *5. Ranatra annulipes, Stal. The vicinity of Kingston is not favourable to the collection of waterbugs, as there are no ponds or pools of still water. From an ornamental tank (Constant Spring, St. Andrew), ‘‘ about two- thirds full of tepid foul water, the surface entirely covered with conferve,’”’ an hour’s work produced this species and fragments of a Notonecta. 6. Notonecta undulata, Say. Mr. Taylor informs me that this species ‘‘comes to ‘light’ in great numbers, and is often a great nuisance at the dinner- table.” St. Andrew, four or five miles from Rae Town; Balaclava, St. Hlizabeth (middle of the island). * The species preceded by an asterisk have been kindly examined by Dr. Montandon also, 30 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. This is the ‘ N. variabilis, Fieber,” of Guérin, in Sagra’s ‘Cuba,’ and differs slightly from the northern wndulata in the form of the head, but scarcely sufficiently to warrant a varietal name. The colouring of the elytra varies from almost unicolorous pale luteous (with a yellow mesonotum) to almost black, with a luteous claval band (and a black mesonotum). 7. Anisops antigone, Nn. sp. Belongs to ‘‘ macrophthalmus’”’ group. ?. Pronotum, mesonotum, and elytra finely but rather sparsely punctured. Head short, rather truncate in front, vertex five-eighths wider than synthlipsis. Mesonotum one-third longer than pronotum, posterior margin of the latter simuate. Anterior tibia one-fourth longer than the tarsus, armed with a strong tooth at the base, first segment of tarsus nearly twice as long as second; claws falcate. In- termediate tibia one-fourth longer than tarsus, first segment of the latter two-thirds longer than the second; claws falcate. Posterior femora armed with a double row of fairly stout spines, each row containing about tventy: -five spines, set somewhat widely apart. Length 8: ‘5 mill. Jamaica, St. Andrew; C. B. Taylor, Sept. 1898. This species bears a certain resemblance to large females of A. pallipes (Fabricius), in which, however, the claws are digiti- form, and the posterior femora are armed with two rows of slight spines, each row consisting of nearly one hundred closely-set spines. It is remarkable that in nearly all the species of Anisops known to me the male is comparatively, in some species extremely, rare. Cinereous, hyaline; labrum and entire rcstrum black, and a longi- tudinal blackish line along the posterior legs; venter of abdomen and last four or five segments (dorsal) of abdomen blackish. 8. Anisops elegans, Fieber. A single specimen from St. Andrew. The only other records from Jamaica, of which I am aware, are— a: Trochopus plumbeus (Uhler) = marinus, Carpenter. [See Carpenter in Ent. Mo. Mag. 1898, p. 78.] 10. Rhagovelia collaris (Burm.). [See Johnson and Fox in ‘Entom. News,’ iii. 1892, p. 60. ] There are also some examples of a species of Coriza from Jamaica in Dr. Montandon’s collection, now before me. They are probably C. kollarti, Fieber, but as they are all females, I cannot be sure, LIST OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. es: | LEPIDOPTERA FROM CHINA. By W. F. Kirsy, F.L.S., F.E.S. I wave lately received a small collection of insects of various Orders from Mr. T. B. Fletcher, of H.M.S. ‘ Centurion,’ for the Natural History Museum; and as they are all carefully labelled with dates and localities, I think it may be useful to publish a list of the Lepidoptera, though they are but few. All except those which I have marked ‘‘C” (Chifu) and “H. K.” (Hong Kong) were taken on Len-Kung-Tan Island, Wei-Hai-Wei. All were taken during 1898. Lethe rohria, Fab. (H.K.); March 28rd. Mycalesis mineus, L., var. confucius, Leach (H.K.); March 15th and 17th. Crebeta deidamia, Eversm.; March 28th. Cenonympha amaryllis, Cram.; June 14th. Clerome eumeus, Drury (H. K.) ; March 17th. Argynnis nerippe, Felder; June 14th. Neptis hainana, Moore (H. K.); March 12th. Zemeros confucius, Moore (H.K.); March 12th. Chrysophanus turcicus, Gerh. (C.) ; May 5th and 13th. Pieris daplidice, L.; June 12th. Macroglossa stellatarum, L.; June 14th. Zygena phegea, L.; June 14th. Spilarctia bifrons, Walk. (H. K.); March 12th. Heliothis scutosa, W. V.; June 12th. Spiramia simplicior, Butl. (C.) ; May 21st. Zygena phegea is perhaps, geographically, the most inter- esting species in the above list. Natural History Museum, Nov. 24th. THE NOMENCLATURE AND ARRANGEMENT OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES ACCORDING TO VARIOUS RECENT AUTHORS. In the following list of British Butterflies the species are arranged as enumerated in the ‘Entomologist Synonymic List.’ References are given to ‘Lepidoptera of the British Islands,’ vol. i., by C. G. Barrett (1893) ; ‘A Handbook of British Lepi- doptera,’ by E. Meyrick (1895); and ‘ British Butterflies,’ by J. W. Tutt (1896). Newman’s ‘British Butterflies’ is also cited, and the generic changes indicated by Prof. A. Radcliffe Grote (Proc. South London Entomological and Natural History Society, 32 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 1897, pp. 54-59) are also included. The figures in brackets show the sequence of the species according to the arrangement of each author referred to. 10. doh RiIcHARD SOUTH. List oF British Burterruirs. . Paprnio MAcHAON, Linn. P. machaon, Barr. p.13 (1); Meyr. p. 855 (60); Tutt, p. 217 (28) ; Newm. p. 150 (52). . APORIA CRATHGI, Linn. A. crategi, Barr. p. 18 (2); Meyr. p. 354 (59); Tutt, pi 225 (29) ; Newm. p. 167 (59). . PIERIS Brassica, Linn. P. brassice, Barr. 21 (8) ; Meyr. p. 354 (58); Tutt, p. 229 (30); Newm. p. 165 (58). Mancipium brassice, Grote (2). . Preris RaPm, Linn. P. rape, Barr. p. 28 (4); Meyr. p. 258 (57); Tutt, p. 232 (31); Newm. p. 161 (57). . Preris napi, Linn. P. napi, Barr. p. 24 (5); Meyr. p. 258 (56) ; Tutt, p. 235 (82) ; Newm. p. 160 (56). . PIERIS DAPLIDICE, Linn. P. daplidice, Barr. p. 26 (6); Meyr. p. 853 (55); Tutt, p- 240 (33); Newm. p. 158 (55). Pontia daplidice, Grote (5). . EKucHLOE caRDAMINES, Linn. Anthocharis cardamines, Barr. p. 28 (7) ; Newm. p. 156 (54). Euchloé cardamines, Meyr. p. 352 (53) ; Tutt, p. 248 (34). . LevcopHasta sinapis, Linn. L. sinapis, Barr. p. 30 (8) ; Meyr. p. 852 (54) ; Tutt, p. 248 (85); Newm. p. 154 (58). Leptidia sinapis, Grote (11). . Coutas HYALE, Linn. C. hyale, Barr. p. 82 (9); Meyr. p. 850 (50) ; Tutt, p. 251 (86) ; Newm. p. 141 (49). Eurymus hyale, Grote (8). Couras EDuSA, Fabr. C. edusa, Barr. p. 85 (10); Meyr. p. 351 (51) ; Tutt, p. 257 (37) ; Newm. p. 148 (50). Eurymus edusa, Grote (9). GONOPTERYX RHAMNI, Linn. Gonepteryx rhamni, Barr. p. 89 (11) ; Meyr. p. 851 (52) ; Tutt, p. 263 (388). Fhodocera rhamni, Newm. p. 147 (51). Colias rhamni, Grote (7). 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. ve 18. Lie 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. LIST OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. Wie ARGYNNIS SELENE, Schiff. A. selene, Barr. p. 178 (46); Meyr. p. 830 (7); Newm. p- 37 (7). Brenthis selene, Tutt, p. 295 (48). ARGYNNIS EUPHROSYNE, Linn. A. euphrosyne, Barr. p. 174 (45) ; Meyr. p. 830 (6) ; Newm. p- 35 (6). Brenthis euphrosyne, Tutt, p. 800 (44). ARGYNNIS LATONA, Linn. A. lathonia, Barr. p. 170 (44); Meyr. p. 830 (5); Tutt, p. 281 (40); Newm. p. 33 (5). Issoria lathonia, Grote (25). ARGYNNIS AGLAIA, Linn. A.aglaia, Barr. p. 167 (43); Meyr. p. 829 (4) ; Tutt, p. 290 (42) ; Newm. p. 25 (2). ARGYNNIS ADIPPE, Linn. A. adippe, Barr. p. 161 (42); Meyr. p. 329 (8); Tutt, p. 285 (41) ; Newm. p. 31 (4). ARGYNNIS PAPHIA, Linn. A. paphia, Barr. p. 156 (41); Meyr. p. 329 (2); Newm. p. 22 (1). Dryas paphia, Tutt, p. 274 (89). MELITHA AURINIA, Rott. M. artemis, Barr. p. 196 (49) ; Newm. p. 39 (8). M. aurinia, Meyr. p. 331 (8); Tutt, p. 315 (47). Meuirmaa cinxta, Linn. M. cinxia, Barr. p. 190 (48) ; Meyr. p. 331 (9) ; Tutt, p. 310 (46); Newm. p. 43 (9). Meuirma atHasta, Rott. M. athalia, Barr. p. 185 (47); Meyr. p. 331 (10); Tutt, p. 304 (45); Newm. p. 46 (10). VANESSA C-ALBUM, Linn. V. c-album, Barr. p. 121 (84); Meyr. p. 332 (11). Polygonia c-album, Tutt, p. 344 (52). Grapta c-album, Newm. p. 49 (11). VANESSA POLYCHLOROS. V. polychloros, Barr. p. 127 (85) ; Meyr. p. 835 (18) ; Newm. p. 55 (13). Eugonia polychloros, Tutt, p. 340 (51). VANESSA URTICH, Linn. V. urtice, Barr. 181 (86); Meyr. p. 333 (12); Newm. p. 52 (12). Aglais urtice, Tutt, p. 334 (50). Vanessa 10, Linn. V. io, Barr. p. 136 (37); Meyr. p. 333 (14) ; Newm. p. 60 (15); Tutt, p. 825 (48). Hamadryas 10, Grote (19). 34 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. dl. 32. 30. 34. 35. THE ENTOMOLOGIST. VANESSA ANTIOPA, Linn. V. antiopa, Barr. p. 140 (88); Meyr. 388 (15); Newm. p. 58 (14). Euvanessa antiopa, Tutt, p. 329 (49). VANESSA ATALANTA, Linn. V. atalanta, Barr. p. 145 (89); Meyr. p. 834 (16). Pyrameis atalanta, Tutt, p. 855 (54); Newm. p. 62 (16). VANESSA CARDUI, Linn. V. cardui, Barr. p. 149 (40); Meyr. p. 884 (17). Pyrameis cardui, Tutt, p. 350 (53) ; Newm. p. 64 (17). LIMENITIS SIBYLLA, Linn. L. sibylla, Barr. p. 117 (83); Meyr. p. 335 (18); Tutt, p- 861 (55); Newm. p. 67 (18). ApaTuRA IRIs, Linn: A. iris, Barr. p. 105 (81) ; Meyr. p. 335 (19) ; Tutt, p. 380 (57); Newm. p. 71 (19). Potamis iris, Grote (18). MELANARGIA GALATEA, Linn. M. galathea, Barr. p. 204 (50) ; Meyr. p. 837 (20) ; Newm. p. 77 (20). M. galatea, Tutt, p. 435 (68). Agapetes galathea, Grote (32). EREBIA EPIPHRON, Knoch. E. epiphron, Barr. p. 210 (51) ; Meyr. p. 340 (28) ; Newm. p- 80 (21). Melampias epiphron, Tutt, p. 425 (66). EResia #THIOPS, Hsp. E. blandina, Barr. p. 216 (52). HE. ethiops, Meyr. p. 840 (27); Tutt, p. 480 (67). E. medea, Newm., p. 82 (22). PARARGE EGERIA, Linn. P. egeria, Barr. p. 227 (54); Meyr. p. 337 (21). P. egeria, Tutt, p. 387 (58). Pyrarga egeria, Newm. p. 86 (23). PARARGE MEG@HRA, Linn. P. megera, Barr. p. 284 (55); Meyr. p. 337 (22); Tutt, p- 392 (59). Pyrarga megera, Newm. p. 87 (24). Lasiommata megera, Grote (31). SaTYRUS SEMELE, Linn. S. semele, Barr. p. 222 (53); Meyr. p. 388 (23); Newm. p. 89 (25). Hipparchia semele, Tutt, p. 397 (60). Eumenis semele, Grote (40). 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44, 45. 46. 47. LIST OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. Ss 5) KPINEPHELE IANIRA, Linn. E. janira, Barr. p. 240 (56); Meyr. p. 339 (24); Tutt, p. 402 (61); Newm. p. 91 (26). Maniola wanira, Grote (39). EPINEPHELE TITHONUS, Linn E. tithonus, Barr. p. 245 (57); Meyr. p. 339 (25) ; Tutt, p. 407 (62); Newm. p. 98 (27). Pyronia tithonus, Grote (88). EPINEPHELE HYPERANTHES, Linn. EH. hyperanthus, Barr. p. 251 (58); Meyr. p. 889 (26); Newm. p. 95 (28). Einodia hyperanthus, Tutt, p. 411 (68). Hipparchia hyperanthus, Grote (88). Ca@NonymPHA TypPHoN, Rott. C. davus, Barr. p. 255 (59) ; Newm. p. 97 (29). C. tiphon, Meyr. p. 841 (29); Tutt, p. 416 (64). C@NONYMPHA PAMPHILUS, Linn. C. pamphilus, Barr. p. 263 (60); Meyr. p. 341 (80) ; Tutt, p- 421 (65); Newm. 101 (80). THECLA BETULH, Linn. T’. betule, Barr. p. 43 (12); Meyr. p. 848 (35) ; Newm. p. 112 (86). Zephyrus betule, Tutt, p. 202 (24). THECLA W-ALBUM, Knoch. T. w-album, Barr. p. 45 (13); Meyr. p. 348 (84); Tutt, p- 206 (25); Newm. p. 108 (84). THECLA PRUNI, Linn. T’. pruni, Barr. p. 48 (14); Meyr. p. 343 (33); Tutt, p. 208 (26) ; Newm. p. 110 (85). THECLA QUERCUS, Linn. ZT’. quercus, Barr. p. 51 (15); Meyr. p. 844 (86); Newm. p- 106 (88). Zephyrus quercus, Tutt, p. 199 (23). Aurotis quercus, Grote (45). THECLA RUBI, Linn. T. rubi, Barr. p. 53 (16); Meyr. p. 843 (82); Newm. p- 105 (82). Callophrys rubi, Tutt, p. 196 (22). PoLyomMatus DISsPAR, Haw. Chrysophanus dispar, Barr. p. 56 (17); Meyr. p. 846 (42); Tutt, p. 149 (9). Polyommatus hippothoé, Newm. p. 114 (87). PoLYOMMATUS PHL@AS. Chrysophanus phleas, Barr. p. 62 (18); Meyr. p. 346 (41); Tutt, p. 152 (10). Polyommatus phleas, Newm. p. 115 (88). Heodes phleas, Grote (58). 36 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Lycmna Batica, Linn. L. betica, Barr. p. 65 (19) ; Meyr. p. 347 (48). Lampides beetica, Newm. p. 117 (89); Tutt, p. 192 (21). Lycmna =Gon, Schiff. L. egon, Meyr. p. 348 (47).; Newm. p. 119 (40). Polyommatus egon, Barr. p. 70 (21). Plebeius egon, Tutt, p. 182 (18). Lyceides egon, Grote (49). LycmNA ASTRARCHE, Bostr. Polyommatus agestis, Barr. p. 78 (22). Chrysophanus astrarche, Meyr. p. 846 (40). Polyommatus astrarche, Tutt, p. 179 (17). Lycena medon, Newm. p. 128 (41). Lycmna Icarus, Rott. Polyommatus alexis, Barr. p. 77 (28). Lycena icarus, Meyr. p. 349 (48) ; Newm. p. 128 (42). Polyommatus icarus, Tutt, p. 174 (16). Lycmna BELLARGUS, Rott. Polyommatus adonis, Barr. p. 80 (24). Lycena bellargus, Meyr. p. 348 (46). Polyommatus bellargus, Tutt, p. 170 (15). Lycena adonis, Newm. p. 129 (48). Lycmna corypon, Fabr. Polyommatus corydon, Barr. p. 85 (25); Tutt, p. 166 (14). Lycena corydon, Meyr. p. 348 (45); Newm. p. 131 (44). Lycmna arciouus, Linn. Polyommatus argioius, Barr. p. 88 (26). Lycena argiolus, Meyr. p. 347 (44); Newm. p. 185 (47). Cyaniris argiolus, Tutt, p. 187 (20). Lyc@NA sEmraRGus, Rott. Polyommatus acis, Barr, p. 94 (28). Chrysophanus semiargus, Meyr. p. 345 (39). Nomiades semiargus, Tutt, p. 164 (13). Lycena acis, Newm. p. 133 (45). Lyc#Na MINIMA, Fues. Polyommatus alsus, Barr. p. 92 (27). Chrysophanus minimus, Meyr. p. 3845 (88). Cupido minima, Tutt, p. 160 (12). Lycena alsus, Newm. p. 134 (46). Lycamna arion, Linn. Polyommatus arion, Barr. p. 96 (29). Lycena arion, Meyr. p. 849 (49) ; Tutt, p. 157 (11); Newm. p. 186 (48). NeMEosius Lucina, Linn. N. lucina, Barr. p. 102 (80); Meyr. p. 342 (81); Tutt, p. 210 (27) ; Newm. p. 108 (81). 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. LIST OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. . 37 SyrICHTHUS MALV#, Linn. S. alveolus, Barr. p. 268 (61); Tutt, p. 122 (2). Hesperia malveé, Meyr. p. 356 (61) ; Newm. p. 170 (60). NIsoNIADES TAGES, Linn. N. tages, Barr. p. 304 (68); Tutt, 119 (1). Hesperia tages, Meyr. p. 357 (62); Newm. p. 170 (61). Thanaos tages, Grote (67). Hesperia THAUMAS, Hufn. H. linea, Barr. p. 275 (62); Newm. p. 174 (66). Pamphila thaumas. Meyr. p. 358 (64). Thymelicus thaumas, Tutt, p. 138 (7). Adopea thaumas, Grote (64). HESPERIA ACTHON, Rott. H. acteon, Barr. p. 283 (64) ; Newm. p. 173 (65). Pamphila acteon, Meyr. p. 359 (66). Thymelicus acteon, Tutt, p. 182 (5). Adopea acieon, Grote (68). HESPERIA SYLVANUS, Esp. H. sylvanus, Barr. p. 289 (65); Newm. p. 172 (638). Pamphila sylvanus, Meyr. p. 359 (67); Tutt, p. 126 (8). Augiades sylvanus, Grote (62). Hesperia comma, Linn. H. comma, Barr. p. 294 (66) ; Newm. p. 172 (64). Pamphila comma, Meyr. p. 359 (68); Tutt, p. 128 (4). -Erynnis comma, Grote (61). CARTEROCEPHALUS PALEMON, Pall. C. palemon, Tutt, p. 140 (8). Cyclopides paniscus, Barr. p. 298 (67). Cyclopedes palemon, Meyr. p. 357 (68). Hesperia paniscus, Newm. p. 171 (62). Pamphila palemon, Grote (60). SPECIES ADDED To Britisa List since 1884. Lyc#Na araiaDEs, Pall. L. argiades, Barr. p. 68 (20). Chrysophanus argiades, Meyr. p. 245 (87). Eiveres argiades, Tutt, p. 185 (19). HESPERIA LINEOLA, Ochs. H. lineola, Barr. p. 279 (68). Pamphila lineola, Meyr. p. 258 (65). Thymelicus lineola, Tutt, p. 235 (6). Adopea lineola, Grote (65). 38 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. XYLINA FuRCIFERA.—I was much interested in the history (given by the Editor) of the British specimens of X. furcifera (ante, p. 18). As I was one of the earliest breeders of this beautiful insect, I should like to add my experience of it. On Christmas Day, 1871, I received the generous gift of eighteen eggs from Mr. Evan John, of Llantrissant, Glamorganshire. The larve hatched the following March. With some difficulty I managed to feed them with bruised buds and bark of alder, the tree not being in leaf at that early period of the year. I had the singular good fortune of breeding the whole eighteen magnificent spe- cimens, nine of which are in my collection now.—(Rey.) J. GREENE ; Rostrevor, Clifton, Bristol. ContinentTaL Locanity ror Lycmna (PoLYoMMATUS) ARION WANTED.— I should be very grateful if any of your correspondents could tell me of a locality on the Continent where Polyommatus arion is common, and the approximate date of its appearance on the wing. I am anxious to secure a number of females with a view to breeding this insect.— C. Datias; Lymington, Hants. Tue Basat Spot on AMPHIDASYS BETULARIA.—In the ‘Entomologist’ for January, p. 16, Mr. J. Arkle asks whether the white basal spot is confined to the females of Amphidasys betularia, as his limited experience would seem to suggest. It will, therefore, interest him to know that it is certainly not a sexual distinction. Of var. doubledayaria I have thirty bred specimens (about equally divided between the two sexes) before me as I write. In everyone of these the white basal spot is present, thought it is, as a rule, larger and therefore more conspicuous in the females than in the males, in which it is occasionally reduced to a minimum. It is also present in both sexes of the typical form of the insect, though, owing to the colours of the wing, it is not nearly so noticeable as in the variety.—Husracze R. Bankes; The Rectory, Corfe Castle, Dec. 81st, 1898. In reference to the note on this subject by Mr. Arkle (ante, p. 16), we have a bred specimen of the black variety doubledayaria, a male, which has the distinct white spot at the base of the upper wings; and we have also two females of the typical form with the basal spots present. —J. and W. Hitt; Leek, Jan. 9th, 1899. ANTENNAL STRUCTURE versus GENITALIA.—In ‘‘ Notes on the genus Mamestra, Ochs., with descriptions of New Species” (‘ Entom. News,’ ix. 240), Prof. Smith remarks: ‘‘The character of the antennal structure is not so important as I believed at first, and would, if strictly adhered to now, separate species closely allied. As it appears now, the change from shortly pectinated to simply ciliated is so gradual that no dividing line is possible, and the rearranged groups will, in some cases, contain forms with simple and with pectinated antenne. On the other hand, all the genitalic groupings have approved them- selves; and lam inclined to attribute increased importance to this character in arranging the species of a large genus.” New Worx on Britisu Lepmoprera.—Mr. J. W. Tutt is about to publish, at the subscription price of 15/- per volume, an important CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. ~ 89 work on the ‘ Lepidopterous Insects of the British Islands.’ We gather from the prospectus that the subject is to be treated in a thorough and exhaustive manner. Lepidopterists will no doubt*make a point of adding these volumes, as they appear, to their library, as when the work is complete they will then be in possession of a valuable digest of all that concerns the technical aspect of the subject, together with a reliable guide to a knowledge of the species themselves, and a maga- zine of information connected with their life-history, times of appear- ance, distribution, &c. As the price of each volume is to be increased to 20/- on publication, it will be well for those who wish to secure copies to at once send in their names to Mr. H. H. Page, Bertrose, Gellatly Road, Hatcham, 8.H. Pupation or Cossus ticniperDA.—In the Editorial note to Mr. May’s remarks on Cossus ligniperda (ante, p. 17), I think an article by Mr. Ivy (Entom. xxi. 110), in which he describes how he found a number of pupe in what he calls ‘‘ sand caps,’’ has been overlooked. At p. 155 of the same volume he describes what he means by ‘sand caps.” —Hpear J. Meynett; Durham. Norroik Cotzoprera.—Mr. J. Edwards, of Colesborne, Cheltenham, would be glad of records of captures of beetles in Norfolk, for ineorpo- ration in a ‘Supplement’ to his ‘ List of Norfolk Coleoptera,’ which will go to press early in March. CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. CuGROCAMPA CELERIO IN SurREY.—I have just received from the Rev. KE. V. Bond, for identification, a specimen of C. celerio taken at Ewell, Surrey, at the end of August last. It is pérfect in condition excepting the thorax, which is rubbed.—F.. W. Fronawk; January, 1899. Mieratory Locust 1n Sussex.—The Rev. E. V. Bond has lately sent me for identification a fine specimen of Ci'dipoda migratoria, captured at Lower Beeding, Sussex, about Aug. 25th last. — F. W. FRrowaws ; January, 1899. GoNOPTERYX RHAMNI 1N JANUARY.—On Jan. 8th last I saw a male specimen of G. rhamni in Reigate Park, owing most probably to the mild- ness of the season. It was flitting gaily along in the sunshine, now and again settling on bramble sprays, seemingly none the worse for its few months’ sleep.— Wittiam Ganpy; Beetch View, Reigate, Surrey. A specimen of G. rhamni was seen on the wing in Dulwich village on Jan. 8th this year, by a friend of ours. I suppose this may be accounted for by the mild weather this month?—F. M. B. Carr; 46, Handen Road, Lee, S.E. VANESSA CARDUI.— Yesterday, Jan. 8th, I saw a very fair specimen of Vanessa cardui, flying along a hedgerow on the downs near here; the sun was shining brightly and the weather very mild, but cardui seemed rather out of place among the dead and sodden undergrowth.—P. W. Riptuy ; 3, Manor Road, Salisbury. 40 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. CoLLeEctTING IN Kent, 1898.—In J anuary and February nothing at all was done, and in March only Hybernia progemmaria was noticed, to which were added, in April, Larentia multistrigata, Anisopteryx escularia, Hemerophila abruptaria, Anticlea badiata, Gonopteryx rhamni (hybernated) and Pieris rapa. In May Tephrosia punctulata was taken at Birchwood ; and an expedi- tion to Chelsfield and Cudham on the 30th produced Ligdia adustata, Corycia taminata (one), Melanippe montanata, M. rivata and Euclidia glyphica, although none of these were in any abundance. The males of Euchloé cardamines were abundant in the lanes near Chelsfield and Oud- ham, and three Thecla rubi were noticed at Cudham, Lycena argiolus and Thymele alveolus were also seen. In June forty-four species were noticed. On the 5th T. punctula, L. adustata, and larve of Hylophila bicolorana and Cymatophora diluta were taken at Bexley. On the 8th and 12th Eupithecia venosata, Minoa euphor- biata, Tephrosia punctulata, T. extersaria, T. crepuscularia, Melanippe galiata and Corycia taminata were taken (one or two of each) at Chelsfield and Shoreham. On the 19th two Ephyra punctaria and two Acidalia bisetata were noticed at Bexley, and Platypteryx falcula, Asthena luteata, Emmelesia decolorata and Aunticlea rubidata were taken singly, whilst Hylophila prasinana was abundant. July was by far the most successful month. Ligdia adustata, Asthena luteata, Scotosia vetulata, Hylophila prasinana, Hepialus hectus, Hadena dentina and Aplecta nebulosa were taken on a visit to Hayes and West Wickham, but treacle in West Wickham Wood produced nothing. In the garden here at Lee Nenia typica was fairly plentiful, and Apamea basilinea, Hecatera serena and Asthena luteata occurred singly, amongst other com- moner insects. At Bexley I took a male of Limacodes testudo, two Calli- genta miniata, Hepialus hectus, Hylophila prasinana, Metrocampa margari- tarta, Larentia pectinitaria, L. didymata, Cidaria fulvata, Asthena luteata, Noctua trianguium and Aplecta nebulosa, larve of Bombyx neustria and Notodonta camelina; and on the 10th I was fortunate enough to take a | nearly full-grown larva of Notodonta chaonia, which pupated safely. At treacle Dipterygia pinastri, N. festiva and Rusina tenebrosa occurred. Anticlea rubidata was seen at Orpington, Timandra amataria taken at Grove Park, and Platypteryx falcula at Chiselhurst. The 31st July and Ist August were spent at Shoreham, where Eubolia bipunctata and Zygena Jfilipendule were in swarms. Geometra papilionaria, Scotosia rhamnata, Larentia olivata, Coremia propugnata, Larentia didymata, Bombys neustria, and Melanargia galatea were also taken; and Hipparchia (Epinephele) hyperanthus and Lycena @gon were plentiful. During August Mania maura and Triphena ianthina, especially the former, occurred plentifully at Lee, whilst Pelwrya comitata and Luperina testacea were taken singly. Platypteryx falcula and Cidaria silaceata were taken at Bexley. A specimen of Smerinthus populi was captured here on August 6th, and larve of S. populi, S. tilie, and Acronycta mega- cephala were tkean. October 8th I saw a specimen of Melanippe fluctuata on a tree-trunk at Dartford—surely rather an unusual date? Oct. 9th some beautifully fresh specimens of Gonepteryx rhamni were taken at Shoreham, and I also noticed Vanessa atalanta (one) and Lycena alewis (one). Oct. 23rd I noticed two Vanessa urtice in this road. This month was an exceptionally mild one. CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. "Am In November Oporabia dilutata, Hybernia aurantiaria, Cheimatobia brumata, Cerastis vaccinii, Cerastis (spadicea) ligula, and Scopelosoma satel- litia were noticed. I have omitted from these notes collecting in the New Forest (July 16 -27) and treacling in September and October, which have already been referred to in the ‘ Entomologist’ (xxxi. 294, 296). The season of 1898 was not very productive, and was much more backward than that of 1897, at least so far as our collecting was concerned. Treacle was an utter failure until September, when it was productive till the end of October. We did not try light very much, and most of our insects were obtained by Beene, searching and dusking.—F. M. B. Carr; 46, Handen Road, ee, S.E. Norrs rrom NortH STarFoRDSHIRE IN 1898.—Collecting has been fairly productive in this district during the past season, sugar, however, not being very successful until the autumn. ‘The following is a partial list of insects taken :—Amongst other butterflies taken or seen through the season were Argynnis selene, common locally; Vanessa urtice, V. atalanta, Ku- chloé (Anthocharis) cardamines, Pieris napi and P. brassic@, which has been very common. Amongst the moths were Smerinthus popult, Sesia tipu- liformis, Nudaria mundana, Bombyx rubi, Saturnia carpini, Uropterya sambucata, Metrocampa margaritaria, Amphidasys betularia and the black variety doubledayaria; Eupisteria heparata, Venusia cambricaria, not nn- common, but local: Macaria liturata, amongst pines; Halia wavaria, Panagra petraria, Fidonia piniaria, Abraxas ulmata, Cheimatobia horeata, Oporabia filigrammaria, a few on the moors during August and September ; Larentia multistrigata, L. cesiata, E'mmelesia affinitata, Eupithecia pul- chellata, EH. subumbrata, and several other species undetermined ; Thera variata, Hypsipetes impluviata, Melanthia rubiginata, M. ocellata, Melanippe tristata, M. rivata, M. galiata, Anticlea badiata, Coremia munitata, one specimen; Cidaria corylata, C. russata, C. immanata, C. suffumata, C. ribesiaria, C. fulvata, C. pyraliata, C. dotata, Hubolia bipunctata, Ciltx spinula, Dicranura vinula, Notodonta camelina, N. dictea. On Sept. 5th five larvee of NV. ziczac were taken on sallows; Bryophila perla. Our first night at sugar, on June 20th, produced a fine specimen of dAcronycta leportna and another was taken at rest on July 3rd. 4. rumicis, Leucania impura, Miana (Chortodes) arcuosa, Chareas graminis, Apamea basilinea, Agrotis porphyrea, Orthosia macilenta, Anchocelis rufina, Xanthia cerago, X. silago, Polia chi, Agriopis aprilina, Hadena protea, H. glauca, fairly common. H. dentina, H. thalassina, Cloantha solidaginis, Calocampa exoleta, Anarta myrtilli, Habrostola urtice and H. triplasia, at flowers of rocket and at light—J. & W. Hitt; 7, Westwood Grove, Leek, Staffs, Jan. 9th, 1899. SPHINX CONVOLVULI IN THE IsLE or Wicut, 1898.—This species was very plentiful in Ryde last year, twenty specimens being taken in the garden of Little Appley during the last ten days of September hovering round a bed of Nicotiana. A number of other specimens were taken in and near Ryde during the season.—A. Bevis; 71, Union Street, Ryde. ENTOM.—FEB. 1899. E 49, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. SOCIETIES. Enromotoaicat Society or Lonpon.—December 7th, 1898.—Mr. R. Trimen, F.R.S., President, in the chair. Monsieur Léon Candéze, of 64, Rue de lOuest, Liéze; Mr. C. L. B. Stares, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., of the Infirmary, Wandsworth, S.W.; Mr. A. Russell, of the Limes, Southend, Catford; and Mr. C. B. Holman Hunt, of Meddecombra, Watagoda, Ceylon, were elected Fellows of the Society. Mr. Mclachlan exhibited a series of specimens of the neuropterous genus Tetracanthagyna, De Selys, including a pair of a new species from Borneo, which was the largest known of all recent dragonflies, though it was slightly exceeded in wing-area by the much more slender Megaloprepus cerulatus, @ common Central-American species. Mr. A. H. Jones showed about sixty species of Lepidoptera, taken round electric lights at Zermatt, in August. Among the more interesting were Crateronyx taraxact, Ellopia fasciaria ab. prasinaria, Cidaria cyanata, Hadena maillardi, a light form of Dianthecia cesia, and a fine black variety of Polia flavicincta. Dr. Dixey exhibited a series of Pierid butterflies from the Neotropical region, to show the existence among them of seasonal forms. The President observed that the exhibit was of special interest, as affording the first recorded evidence of the existence of seasonal dimorphism in Neotropical butterflies. Mr. G. T. Porritt exhibited an extraordinary variety of Bombya quercus, bred in June last by Mr. W. Tunstall, from a larva found near Huddersfield. The specimen was a female of deep chocolate colour, with the band very faintly traced in dark olive. Dr. Chapman, Mr. Lloyd, and Mr. Nicholson exhibited butterflies taken by them in Norway from June 20th to July 22nd, during the past summer, at latitudes 60° 12’ and 69° 50’. It appeared from the exhibit that it would have been better to collect a month or so earlier, especially in the more northern locality visited. It was also seen that northern races of butterflies and moths were apt to differ a little from those of the mid-European fauna, but that various named varieties supposed to be characteristic boreal re- presentatives of their species were often rather aberrations, and not the dominant northern type. This was the case in Vanessa wrtica, Erebia medusa, E. ligea, &e.; on the other hand, as in Brenthis selene var. hela, the entire local race was of the variety. Papers were con- tributed—by Mr. R. McLachlan, entitled ‘‘ Considerations on the genus Tetracanthagyna;” by Mr. M. Burr, entitled “* A List of Rumanian Orthoptera ;’’ and by Mr. J. H. Leech on “‘ Lepidoptera Heterocera from China, Japan, and Corea.”—W. F. H. Branprorp, Hon. Sec. Sourn Lonpon Enromonocican anp Naturat History Socrery.— November 24th, 1898.—Mr. J. W. Tutt, F.E.S., President, in the chair. Mr. Montgomery exhibited a photograph, by Mr. Clarke, of an ovum of Hesperia comma; it was smooth, without reticulations. Mr. Adkin, two specimens of Dicranura bifida, taken this year in his own garden on the trunk of a poplar tree. Mr. Tutt, additional local forms of 4ygena, from M. Oberthur. (I.) Z. trifolii: 1, a mountain form; 2, an Algerian form, var. syracuse; 3, a coast form; 4, a large marsh form from Rennes; and 5, series from the French coast opposite the SOCIETIES. 43 Channel Islands. (II.) 7. jilipendule: 1, var. dubia form; 2, a fine spotted form from the Pyrenees. (III.) Series of 7. trifolii from Waxham, for Mr. Bacot; and from South Wales, for Capt. Robertson ; and contributed notes. Mr. Milton, a portion of a stone in which an Odynerus sp. was found alive, with its cocoon. December 8th.—The President in the chair. Mr. Bliss, of Hastings, and Mr. Sich, 65, Barrington Road, Chiswick, were elected members. Mr. Carpenter exhibited some fourteen bred varieties of Melitwa cinwia, the only ones out of two hundred that were worthy of note, and not one extreme form. Mr. Brooks, of Rotherham, Apamea oculea, many varieties: Huchelia jacobea, with a pink flush; a brood of Amphidasys betularia, comprising normal, light var. doubledayaria, and fine inter- mediate examples, one being very light and semitransparent ; Triphena jimbria in great variety; and 7’. ianthina, rich in colour. Rev. S. Tarbat, cocoons of Plusia moneta, found ina friend’s garden. Mr. Adkin, Xylina socia (petrificata), Calocampa vetusta, C. exoleta, Agrotis segetum, Miselia oxyacanthe, and Cidaria siderata, all typical of the forms from Co. W. Meath, Ireland. Mr. South, three examples of Abraaus grossu- lariata, bred from larve fed on Sedum. Most of the larve died, and only seven imagines emerged ; alsoa suffused var. of Melanippe sociata, com- parable to the Hebridean form. Mr. Andrews, a Noctuid from Dartford, supposed to be an extremely dark, blackened form of Caradrina cubi- cularis. Mr. Lucas read notes and observations on dragonflies, illus- trating his remarks by a very fine series of slides prepared by himself. January 12th, 1899.—The President in the chair. Mr. West pre- sented to the Society specimens of 125 species of Hemiptera-Hetero- ptera, to form a nucleus for a reference collection. Mr. Carpenter ex- hibited specimens of Apatura iris, bred from New Forest larvee, and read notes on their hybernation. He and other members complained of the damage which was being done by some of the local dealers. who used ropes and a sail with stout cudgels, effectually smashing and destroying the sallows. Mr. Tutt, further specimens of Zygana received from M. Oberthur, of Rennes, and read notes on them. Mr. Adkin, specimens of Cymatophora octogesima (ocularis), bred, from Col- chester. Mr. Lucas, specimens of recent uninvited visitors to Kew Gardens— Periplaneta americana, P. australasia, and Panchlora madera, from the Belgian Congo; Anisolabis annulipes? from Penang; and Phyllodromia sp., from Romba, British Central Africa. Mr. Moore, male and female larve, larval cases, pupz and female imagines of the large Psychid moth (keticus kirbii, received from Antigua, West Indies, and contributed notes. Mr. Malcolm Burr, an exceedingly clever imitation of a grasshopper in porcelain, from China, and a case containing a species from each group in the various sections of the Orthoptera to aid in illustrating Mr. Edwards’s paper, together with various species, showing protective resemblance. Mr. Kdwards, a large number of specimens of Orthoptera, chiefly from Borneo, the Mantide and Phasmide being very well represented. Among the Locnstide which he showed were a number of the curious Phasmid-like Prosopias, from South America. Mr. Edwards read a paper on Orthoptera, devoting his remarks chiefly to the Phasmids and Mantids, A discussion ensued, and, among others, Messrs. Burr and 44 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Tutt gave interesting accounts of their observations of the habits of the Kuropean representatives of these two families—Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Report Sec. Norra Lonpon Naturat History Socrety.— The seventh Annual Exhibition was held at the Sigdon Road Board School, Dalston Lane, on Saturday, Dec. 31st, on Monday, Jan. 2nd, 1898-9, and was very well attended, notwithstanding very unfavourable weather. The ex- hibits were numerous and interesting, the entomological section being, as usual, a very important one. This department was under the superintendence of Mr. K. M. Dadd, and included, amongst many interesting exhibits, a very fine lot of Lepidoptera collected by Mr. H.5. Woolley in the neighbourhood of New York, some well-filled drawers of British Lepidoptera from Mr. A. J. Hodges, series of Hydrilla palustris, Hb., Leucania vitellina, Hb., and other rarities, from the same energetic and successful collector; some fine Vanessid aberrations from Dr. Sequeira’s collection, lepidopterous life-histories shown by Mr. F. B. Harvey, Coleoptera by Mr. H. Heasler, &. Lantern illustrations of ‘‘ Pond Insects”? by Mr. R. Marshman Wattson were on view both evenings, and various other attractions further conduced to a very successful gathering.—Louis B. Prout, Hon. Sec. CampBripGE Enromonoaican AnD Natura History Socrery.— November 4th, 1898.—Mr. Gayner exhibited a collection of Lepidoptera from Northern Sweden and Finland, with some notes on their distribution and occurrence. Argynnids were very numerous, especially Argynnis ino and sub-species hela of A. selene. A. pales var. arsilache was locally abundant in marshy places. Others were A. aglaia, A. euphrosyne var. jingal. Among other insects were an uncertain Melitea, Polyommatus — (Chrysophanus) chryseis, P. helle, P. virgauree var. oranula, L. egon, Plebeius (Lycena) optilete, Canonympha davus, Hrebia embla, Colias palano, Pieris napi, Papilio machaon, Vanessa antiopa. Myr. Richard exhibited cocoons of Plusia moneta. November 18th.—Mr. Gayner exhibited specimens of Pterophorus rhododactylus from South England. Mr. Jones, a number of Senta maritima from Cambridgeshire, showing some well-marked varieties. LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE EntomoLoaicat Society.— Annual Meeting (held at the Museum, William Brown Street). The President, Mr. Samuel J. Capper, F.L.S., F.E.S., in the chair. After the usual business of the Society had been transacted, the officers for the current year were elected, Mr. Capper being again returned as President. In returning thanks for the renewed honour which had been accorded to him, Mr. Capper said that it was indeed difficult to realise that twenty- two years had elapsed since they had first met as a Society in that room. Of the eleven members who constituted the Society on that evening, only two now remained, viz. one honorary member, Mr. William Johnson, of Wigan, and himself. In the Annual Report published in 1881 they had fifty-eight ordinary and twelve honorary members. Societies like theirs were liable to fluctuations, depending to a con- siderable extent on the number of entomologists in the two counties. He was gratified to be able to state that while the roll of members SOCIETIES. ' 45 was much the same as heretofore, the library had considerably in- creased, and that during the past session the attendance had been most satisfactory, the papers read had sustained their scientific reputation, and the discussions had*created the liveliest interest in the subjects dealt with by the lecturers. The first meeting of the present session had been unusually successful, there not only being a very large attendance, but the specimens brought for exhibition were to be numbered by thousands. Still, to make the Society a permanent success depended very largely, he might say entirely, upon the mem- bers themselves. He remembered with pardonable pride that one of their first lectures was delivered by the late Mr. Benjamin Cooke, on the Genital Armature of the Lepidoptera, and he believed this to be the first notice of such a matter brought before any scientific society. Nor could he speak too highly of the work since done by their own much valued and esteemed member, Mr. F. N. Pierce, in this direction. Mr. Capper thought that investigations of this nature would completely revolutionise the present classification of Lepidoptera, and, if not of primary importance in the differentiation of species, was certainly deserving of equal consideration with the unreliable and often erroneous details of wing-marking. As they understood more fully the true philogenetic relationship of the various forms of animal and vegetable organisms to each other, they would be led more and more to the profound conviction that the definition of, not only species, but of families, orders, and so on to the two great kingdoms themselves, is an impossibility. So intimately related are the various forms, either with others non-existent, or with those widely differing in their modes of life, that lines of demarcation vanish. It is, however, only by the help of students each undertaking the study of one particular branch of nature that the furtherance of a true classification may be hoped for. And while he would specially urge upon the younger members to take up some particular line and pursue it, he would add one word of caution: that, is not to get imbued with the idea that his doxy is orthodoxy, and every other man’s doxy is heterodoxy, but rather to remember that ‘By mutual confidence and mutual aid, Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.”’ The President dwelt at some length upon the exhaustive treatise now being published by Mr. Barrett upon the Lepidoptera of the British Isles, which upon completion would be the standard work of reference upon the subject, and mentioned how frequently it happened that a species described as rare often turned up in the greatest profusion as its habits of life became more perfectly understood. Hence he had often expressed the opinion that there was, with few exceptions, no such thing as a rare species. Though he would have to confess that he had sometimes been guilty of giving a few pounds for a moth, it had never been for one that could be called a rarity. His penchant had been for varieties, due in the first instance to his having come into the possession of his late friend Mr. Alfred Owen’s collection, who was one of the first who made a speciality of variety collecting. This collection of Owen’s is a very wonderful one, and he doubted very 46 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. much whether such another would ever be formed again; and he was indeed fortunate in securing a collection of varieties formed by one like Mr. Owen, who had a special perception for the detection of the slightest peculiarity, and he well knew, from his intimate connection with him, that he never admitted any insect into his collection at all doubtful as British, or which was not fully authenticated. He suggested that the desire to record nowadays was much overdone, and it must be a great temptation to dealers, when purchasers insist on a minute record, to make a guess of it. Mr. Capper brought an exceptionally interesting address to a close by relating some of his entomological experiences, and gave several illustrations of the now plentiful abun- dance of previously scarce and consequently valuable insects. And in most instances it was shown that, whereas they may at some period have easily commanded and readily fetched several pounds apiece, they could at the present day be purchased in numbers for as many pence. The insect fauna of Great Britain was represented by many thousands of species, and it was largely due to the unselfish labours of a little band of specialists that Hntomological literature held the important position that it does to-day. He hoped that the younger generation would emulate the industry that characterised the work of those whose names were now a by-word amongst them, who had left them such a legacy of knowledge as would spur them on to a more complete understanding of the vast and minute world with which they were surrounded.—F. N. Pierce, Hon. Sec. Biruincuam EntomonocicaL Society.— November 21st, 1898.—Mr. P. W. Abbott, V.P., in the chair. Mr. P. W. Abbott showed Hydrilla palustris taken at Wicken Fen this year, including one fine dark variety, nearly black; also Agrotis cinerea from Brighton and from Wyre Forest ; those from the latter locality (where he took six or eight), were very different from the Brighton ones, looking like a different insect; they were mouse-coloured, with definite but not conspicuous markings, while those from Brighton were whitey grey in colour with very pronounced markings. Mr. R. C. Bradley, Methoca melanocephala (female), from Sutton, with an apterous ichneumon, Aptesis nigrocincta (female) which is remarkably like it in general appearance; he said that he had been informed that the ichneumon was a parasite on Hybernia defoliaria. Mr. J. T. Fountain, some good series of moths taken in the suburbs close to the busy parts of the town; they were Calocampa exoleta, Cerastis spadicea, Miselia oxyacanthe with its var. capucina, Anchocelis pistacina, and Phlogophora meticulosa, long series of the last three. December 19th—Mr. P. W. Abbott in the chair. Mr. R. Bradley exhibited a box containing a large number of Tortrices and various rare Lepidoptera, presented by Dr. P. B. Mason to the type collection of the Society. Mr. A. H. Martineau showed a specimen of Sphinx convolvult, taken at Solihull recently. Mr. R. C. Bradley, Chrysotoxum sylvarum and C. elegans, both taken in the New Forest last Whitsun- tide. Mr. A. H. Martineau, Tachytes pectinipes, male, from Cannock Chase, and female from Nevin, North Wales; also Salius exaltatus (females), Vysson dimidiatus (female), and Hntomognathus brevis (female), all from Nevin. Mr. P. W. Abbott, a case containing a number of SOCIETIES. | AG fine varieties of Lepidoptera taken by himself and others during 1898 ; he had himself been unusually fortunate in chancing on varieties ; amongst others were the following :—a specimen of Vanessa io from South Devon, which was small, dark, and smoky looking, the dise of the wings appearing as if scraped, although all the scales were on, the scales themselves showing dull and colourless under the micro- scope; Nonayria arundinis, a fine dark-brown specimen from Norfolk, bred; Venilia maculata, one, from Wyre Forest, with dark brownish and yellow ground colour; Rumia luteolata, one, from South Devon, with dark mark right along costa of fore wings; Hydrella palustris, one of the so-called black ones, from Wicken; Larentia viridaria, one, taken by Mr. A. J. Hodges in South Devon, small and pale, with markings inconspicuous, the bar on fore wings narrow and broadly edged with white; Zygena filipendule, one, with the outside spots con- fluent, from South Devon, also taken by Mr. A. J. Hodges; dark and obscurely marked Zonosoma linearia, bred, from Epping Forest, by Mr. A. J. Mutch; Asphalia diluta, from Wyre Forest, one small and dark, with outer half of outer band on fore wings missing, one with two bands confluent across discoidal spot on right wing only. Mr. E. W. Wynn also showed a nice lot of varieties, including a specimen of Vanessa urtice, from Teignmouth, with white markings between black spots on costa, discal spots small, and hind marginal band edged with white; Triphena comes, from Hepwar Wood, a beautiful specimen with strongly marked transverse lines on fore wings; dark Polia chi, from Chatsworth, &¢.—Coxsran J. Wainwricut, Hon. Sec. Kenpat Entomonocican Sociery.—November 14th, 1898.—Mr. J. Holmes in the chair, the President being unable to attend the first portion of the meeting. There were twenty-one present, and two new members were elected. The chairman made some interesting and instructive remarks upon the seasonable topic of pupa digging, a pursuit which needs constant encouragement, and which, even in this ‘“ bug paradise,”’ is often mest disappointing. A general discussion, in which the President and others joined, followed up Mr. Holmes’s notes towards the close of the meeting. This part of the programme was felt to be of such practical value, especially amongst beginners, that it was there and then resolved to hold a fortnightly meeting of an informal nature during the winter months for entomological chat and discussion. Mr. J. Cragg’ exhibited an almost unicolorous specimen of Hepialus velleda, with one white mark on each fore wing. Mr. Graveson and Mr. Smith contributed cases of brilliant Indian Lepidoptera. Messrs. Holmes, Littlewood, Moss, and Wright exhibited autumn captures at treacle and light, including chiefly good series of Calocampa exoleta, Scopelosoma satellitia, Cerastis vaccinti, C. spadicea, Xanthia ferruginea, Diloba caruleocephala, and one Agrotis saucia. Mr. Moss, three recently bred Nemeobius lucina. Mr. Wright, a series of Arctia caia (typical), which he had successfully reared from ova of the summer brood by forcing. December 12th, 1898.—The President in the chair. Mr. Little- wood read an interesting and carefully prepared paper on ‘‘treacling,”’ which opened many points for discussion, at the close of the business 48 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. portion of the meeting, as to the best modus operandi. A hearty vote of thanks was unanimously accorded. It was decided that the Annual Meeting should be held in January, and that the President should at that meeting each year present an Annual Report, to be subsequently printed and distributed amongst the members, as a retrospect of the yearly proceedings of the Society. An informal meeting for ento- mological chat and discussion was held on Nov. 28th, and it was decided to continue holding meetings of this kind fortnightly through the winter months. Mr. Holmes and Mr. Littlewood exhibited recent captures ; Mr. Graveson and Mr. Smith, cases of S. American Lepidoptera; and Mr. Moss, some 1898 spring Geometre from Hastham and Delamere, and a drawer of Hepialide and Cosside.—A. M. Moss, Sec. CartisLE Enromonoaican Soctery.—November 17th, 1898 (at Tullie House).—Mr. G. B. Routledge in the chair. Mr. G. Wilkinson exhibited Nephopteryx angustella (bred from the fruit of spindle) and Butalis chenopodiella, both species from Surrey; Sciaphila penziana from Unst, and some Hybernias, including three specimens of H. marginaria var. jfuscata, captured in the district. Mr. M. Dixon, varieties of Melitea aurinia, and some Hymenoptera from the Carlisle district. Mr. F. H. Day exhibited a box of Coleoptera, including Tropiphorus tomentosus (mercurialis), Barynotus merens, Hrirrhinus bimaculatus, from around Carlisle. Mr. G. B. Routledge, a fine specimen of Acherontia atropos, caught at Gett Hall, Castle Carrock, the residence of Judge Steavenson, on October 10th; also some Coleoptera from the same district, including Quedius scintillans, Q. fulvicollis, and a Bembidium with red spots on the elytra, which had been sent on to Mr. EH. A. Newbery for deter- mination, who, in returning it, said it was not BD. littorale or B. saaatile, as it was too small, striz too finely punctured for B. littorale, and the thorax is not transverse enough for B. saaatile. Mr. Newbery had specimens from the Swiss Alps, which were very similar, and which he had doubtfully referred to Bembidium andrea, which so far has not been considered British. The specimen exhibited was taken on Castle Carrock Fell. Mr. G. Wilkinson read a paper on ‘‘ Some aspects of Variation.” December 1st.—Mr. G. B. Routledge in the chair. Mr. F. H. Day exhibited Coleoptera taken in the county: Carabus glabratus from Honister Crag; C. arvensis from Styehead and Honister; Péterostichus vitreus from Styehead and Skiddaw ; Clythra 4-punctata from Keswick ; Liophlieus nubilus, Melanotus rufipes, Corymbites pectinicornis, Campylus linearis, from Carlisle district. Mr. J. E. Thwaytes, a series of Agrotis nigricans and Hpunda nigra, which had been very abundant in the Carlisle district this year; also Teniocampa gracilis and Leptogranma literana. Mr. Aitken exhibited Coleoptera—Grypidius equiseti, new to the local list, from flood refuse on the River Eden in 1896. Mr. Day read a paper, ‘‘ Entomological Rambles on Mountain, Plain and Shore,”’ mentioning the different species of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera he had come acoss in the Lake district, round Carlisle and at Silloth, in 1898. December 15th.—Mr. John Wilkinson showed a series of Chesias spartiata taken in October among broom near Carlisle. It was very local, only occurring in two places. Mr. Mawson showed a specimen RECENT LITERATURE. - 49 of Amphidasys betularia var. doubledayaria from Keswick, and he had taken another example near Penrith. This form appears to be rare in Cumberland, as very few specimens had come under the notice of the lepidopterists of the Society. In its typical form the species was familiar. The Secretary (Mr. Day) exhibited the following Coleoptera, all from the Cumberland coast :—Bembidium saxatile, taken by “‘swilling”’ on the banks of a stream; B. enewm, on mud-banks; B. pallidipenne, under seaweed, &e.; Homalium rugulipenne, under shore refuse; Agabus femoralis, from ponds; Anomala frischit and Cleonus sulcirostris, both taken among sandhills.—G. B. Rournepes. Entomonocican Crus.—Since the last report (Entom. xxxi. 76), meetings of this Club were held as follows :—June 21st, 1898, at the residence of Mr. Samuel Stevens, Loanda, Beulah Hill, Upper Nor- wood. July 15th, at the ‘Hand and Spear’ Hotel, Weybridge; Mr. G. T. Porritt in the chair. Oct. 19th, at Stanhope, The Crescent, Croydon, the residence of Mr. T. W. Hall. Dec. 2nd, at the residence of Mr. R. Adkin, Wellfield, 4, Lingard’s Road, Lewisham. Jan. 17th, 1899, at the Holborn Restaurant; Mr. G. H. Verrall in the chair.— R. Sours, Hon. Sec. RECENT LITERATURE. Contributions toward a Monograph of the Lepidopterous Family Noctuidae of Boreal North America. A Revision of the Species of Acronycta (Ochsenheimer), and of certain allied Genera. By Joun B. Surru, Sc.D., and Harrison G. Dyar, Ph.D. 8vo, pp. 1-194, plates i-xxll. Washington, 1898 (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxi.). In this important paper will be found full descriptions of the North American species of Acronycta and allied genera, together with par- ticulars of their earlier stages so far as they are known, and remarks on distribution, and other matters connected with the subject. There are also analytical keys to groups, genera, and species, to larve of the Acronycta, and a synopsis of groups. Prof. Smith gives an account of the genus Acronycta and its allies, and Dr. Dyar furnishes one on the early stages of Acronyctids. Pre- ceding the consideration of the species of each group in detail, there are some remarks on the special characters, resemblances, or affinities of the units of the group. The revised classification of the species is based on a study of larval characters, as well as of imaginal structure, and it has been found that this arrangement agrees in the main with that proposed by Dr. Chapman, who founded his classification largely on pupal Structure. A. ligustr?, however, which is the type of Chapman’s third section (Bisulcia), is rejected as not belonging to the Acronyctids. The species referred to Acronycta, Ochs., are divided into seven groups, and the British species, with the exception of ligustri and megacephala, fall into three of these as follows :— ENTOM.—FEB. 1899. F 50 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Group Americana.—A. leporina, Linn.; A. aceris, Linn. Group Losetim.—aA. psi, Linn.; A. tridens, Schiff.; A. strigosa, Fabr.; A. alni, Linn. Group Avuricoma.—A. auricoma, Fabr.; A. rumicis, Linn.; A. myricea, Guen.; A. menyanthidis, View. Leporina, which has been twice redescribed by American authors, is stated to be the only species of the genus common to Europe and North America. Aceris is somewhat similar in appearance to large specimens of A. rubricoma, Guen., and its position would seem to be between that species and A. americana, Harris. Psi and tridens belong to the typical section of the Lobeliz; strigosa is regarded as the Kuropean representative of A. connecta, Grote, and alni has relationship with the last named American species, and also with dA. funeralis, Grote and Rob. Of myric@ and the European euphorbia, it is remarked that they bear the same relation to each other that A. noctivaga, Grote, does to A. sperata, Grote. Auricoma and rumicis are both closely allied to A. impressa, Walk. Menyanthidis appears to lack an American ally, while megacephala is ‘‘ unique and utterly unlike anything represented in the American fauna.’’ Demas and Arsilonche are retained as genera allied to Acronycta. All the plates are plain, and the first seven are reprints of a chromo set that was prepared for a publication of the Department of Agri- culture which it was intended to issue in 1885, but which was never brought out. These coloured plates are also enclosed with copies of Prof. Smith's paper sent to entomologists. Apart from its value as an authoritative guide to the study of the Acronyctids of North America, the paper will be of great interest to all lepidopterists who are concerned in the work that has been done in the recent past, and is still being carried on, by systematists in pre- paring a substantial foundation upon which may be built up an approximately permanent system of classification of the Lepidoptera. | Ubersicht der Lepidopteren-Fauna des Grossherzogtums Baden (und der anstossenden Lander). Von Cart Reurti. Zweite Ausgabe, heraus- gegeben von A. Mrrss und Dr. A. Spuuer. 8vo, pp. xii, 361. Berlin: Verlag von Gebriider Borntraeger. 1898. THis summary, or catalogue, of the Lepidopterous Fauna of the Grand Duchy of Baden was first published in 1858, and in the edition before us the subject has been brought up to date so far as concerns the entry of species known to occur in the area dealt with. These we find are 2568 in number, nearly half of which belong to the Tinezx. The main divisions are as follows :—Diurna, 133 ; Sphinges, 58 ; Bombyces, 1385; Noctue, 403; Geometre, 331; Pterophoride, 41; Alucitide, 6; Pyralides, 187; Tine, 1274. With some few exceptions the arrangement of families is pretty much the same as that adopted by Staudinger and Wocke (Cat. Lep. Kur. Faun.), but the Diurna are grouped in two sections—A, Rhopa- RECENT LITERATURE. 51 locera; and B, Netrocera. In the latter are placed all the species usually referred to Hesperiide, and all other species are included in the first section. The Cosside are retained among the Bombyces, but on p. 182 the position of this family immediately before the Tortricoide in Tinex inaculeate is indicated, and this, the first subdivision of the Tine, also embraces Psychide, ‘ Tortricina,’’ and a large number of families of “Tineina.” In Aculeate, the second subdivision of Tine, the families are Incurvaride, Tischeriide, Nepticulide, Micropterygide, and Hriocephalide. Hepialide, corrected to Kpialide, constitutes the third subdivision of Tinex. Pterophoridx and Alucitide are located between the Geometre and the Pyralides, and there are some changes in the arrangement of the families and genera in the latter division. Thus, for example, Scoparia is included in the Botyde, and this family is interposed between the Crambide and the Phycidez. : In addition to localities for each species, there are notes referring chiefly to the time of appearance of the imago and the food-plant of the larva. DL’ Apiculture par les Meéthodes simples, par R. Homme tt, ingénieur agronome, professeur d’Agriculture 4 Riom. 8vo, pp. 338, with 6 plates and 102 figures in the text. Paris: Georges Carre et C. Naud. 1898. Jupeine from the elaborate manner in which the book has been prepared, and the clear and explicit instructions furnished, M. Hom- mell’s work should prove exceedingly valuable not only to those who may be contemplating the establishment of an apiary, but the experi- enced bee-keeper will find a large amount of information connected with all phases of the subject. Tue following papers appear in American publications :— : Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum. Vol. xxi. Washington, 898 :— ‘‘On some New Parasitic Insects of the Subfamily Encyrtine.”’ By L. O. Howarp, Ph.D. Pp. 231-248. ‘On the Coleopterous Insects of Galapagos Islands.” By Marrin L. Linett. Pp. 249-268. ‘* Report of a Collection of Japanese Diptera.”” By D. W. Coquit- LETT. Pp. 301-340. ‘« American Oniscoid Diplopoda of the Order Merocheta (Myria- poda).”” By O. F. Coox. Pp. 451-468, plates xxix-xxxii. ‘‘ Japanese Hymenoptera of the Family Tenthredinide.”’ By C. L. Maruatt, M.S. Pp. 498-506. 52. THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Vol. XXXI.:— ‘A Contribution to the Study of Individual Variation in the Wings of Lepidoptera.’”’? By Winuam L. W. Ftp. Pp. 389-396. OBITUARY. Witt1am Burerss Pryer, whose death is announced at Port Said on January 7th, was born on March 7th, 1848. In his earlier days he was an enthusiastic collector of British Lepidoptera. About 1860 he went out to China in connection with the silk and tea house of his relatives Messrs. Thorne Bros., Shanghai, where he remained for twelve years, and devoted considerable attention to collecting the Lepidoptera, of which very little was then known. An account of an expedition he made to the wonderful Snowy Valley appeared in the ‘Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,’ vol. xiv. Among the results of his work in China was the discovery of many new species, which were described by Messrs. Butler, Moore, and others, and a few by himself in a paper in the ‘Cistula Entomologiea,’ vol. ii. The collection he formed there after- wards passed into the possession of Messrs. Salvin and Godman and the British Museum. After a short experience of business in London he started, in 1877, for North Borneo, and was one of the pioneers of the British North Borneo Company, which founded the new colony at Sandakan. He was appointed British Resident in 1878, and subse- quently the British Consular Agent. During the first few years of his residence there, he formed considerable collections of both Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, and wrote several accounts of journeys he made into the interior. His increasing duties in connection with the development of the newly-acquired territory prevented him, however, from doing © much in his favourite pursuit of entomology during the last few years. Owing to failing health, he decided to return to England on sick leave ; and on the passage home more serious symptoms of his illness necessitated his detention at Port Said, where he succumbed within a few weeks of his arrival. His genial and generous disposition made him many friends who will feel his loss; and his remarkable tact and courage in dealing with the rebellious natives, among whom he pro- ceeded on the occasion of several hostile outbreaks, practically unarmed, was a great factor in the success which has attended the extension of British rule over the large region of North Borneo. ‘He was the elder brother of Mr. H. Pryer, well known in connection with Japanese Lepidoptera, who died in 1888; and was a corresponding member of the Zoological Society since 1880.—O. E. J. THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vou. XXXII.) MARCH, 1899. [No. 430. BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.* Havine revised some small portions of this book, where my own work was referred to, I am probably in an appreciable degree prejudiced for and against it in various particulars; but as this is the normal condition of most reviewers, it is perhaps hardly necessary thus to refer to it. One’s first impression before opening the book is a doubt as to the necessity for more systematic works on British Lepidoptera at present. We have recently had Meyrick’s useful and comprehensive volume, and Barrett’s ponderous tomes are continually increasing on our shelves, whilst the less aspiring, but very often admirable, little handbooks, of which Mr. Tutt himself is not one of the least prolific authors, are endless. Though the doubt may remain in some of its aspects, there can be no question that the present yolume covers a somewhat, I might almost say a quite, un- occupied field. The next impression is as to the gigantic amount of work involved in the whole work if it is ever to be completed. This large volume deals with only eighty species. Man is mortal, but this volume, with Hampson’s and Barrett’s works, remind us strongly that no man believes he himself is. The volume begins with nine chapters (112 pages) of general matter concerning the structure of Lepidoptera at all stages, and their varieties, protective resemblances, &c. The author, in fact, incorporates in a series of special essays the leading facts that have been published during the past twenty or thirty years by Dyar, Scudder, Poulton, Dixey, Speyer, Walter, Packard, Hamp- son, and a host of others. Many of these chapters are very full, especially those treating of the larve, both as to their internal * *A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera: a Text-book for ae and Collectors.’ By J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. Vol. i. pp. 560. London, ENTOM.—MARCH, 1899. G 54 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. and external anatomy, and their various modifications for pro- tective and defensive purposes. Not only have we here a great gathering of facts from various sources, but they are treated and marshalled by the author with much philosophical insight, and with the addition of new material of his own, and obviously very frequently a verification by actual observation of the facts quoted from other authorities. The discussion of Dyar’s work on larval tubercles, and of Packard’s tabulation of the forms into which they are modified, will be very useful to those who are unable to study the scattered papers in which these are published, and will be materially assisted by the critical views of the author. The discussion of the meaning and use of the special structure of the geometrous larva states some interesting and, I think, original views of the author, which appear to be so conformable to the facts that they may be provisionally accepted. He points out that the Geometer as a tree-feeder is specially fitted to travel quickly, and so shorten the periods during which it loses by movement its protection by resemblance to a twig, mid-rib, &c. The tree-feeders amongst the Sphinges, Saturnids, &c., obtain their protection by moving with extreme slowness, as well as by terrifying attitudes, &c. The young Noctua larve that are geometrous are shown to have very similar necessities to the tree-feeding Geometers, and have independently made an ap- proach to the same structure. We altogether miss any serious account of the imaginal structure, and there is little or no reference to neuration. Though the author nowhere gives a hint to that effect, we con- clude that these will form the subject of the general chapters in some future volume. The materials to be collated and philoso- , phically considered are still no doubt meagre; Bodine, Reuter, Jordan, and others are, however, getting series of facts together. Neuration, which has held systematists so largely its worshippers, has had no formal treatment since Spuler’s investigations, until Comstock and Grote’s more recent monographs. Still, for practical classificatory purposes, a large mass of information seems to be in the hands of many persons who tell us nothing, except what we can gather from the use they make of it. A comprehensive essay on the subject is much to be desired. Our author’s silence is perhaps to be interpreted as the result of a desire to give a rest to an overworked aspect of his subject. The great value of this part of the work is that it brings together in readable form a mass of information only to be got from a multitude of different sources. The same feature marks equally the rest of the work dealing with families and species. It involves a great mass of matter, which is an evil, but it brings together in notes on life-history, structure, and especially on habitats and date of occurrence, an immense number of facts, culled from BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. ms) transactions, magazines, and other sources, which must have involved enormous labour to the author, and will save just so much to anyone who wants to know them—either the ‘‘ mere collector”? who desires information as to when and where he must go for his specimens, or the student of geographical distri- bution or of life-histories. Hach species is treated of under the headings of Synonymy (often half a page of closely printed references), Original Descriptions, Imago, Variations, Comparisons with Allied Species, Ovum, Habits of Larva, Larva (with sub- headings), Cocoon, Pupa, Food-plants, Habits and Habitats, Times of Appearance, Localities, Distribution. The most valuable and original division of this portion of the work is the section on the Anthroceras. This is a very full discussion of our British representatives and the allied con- tinental species and varieties, a subject of which Mr. Tutt has made a special study, and amounts to an exhaustive monograph of the group. With regard to the Trifolii, Lonicere, Fih- pendule section, it would appear that there are here one, two, three, or four species, or even many more, according to the test one accepts of what a species is; that there is great plasticity throughout the group, with a strong tendency to form local races according to locality or food-plant. These races are often very puzzling as to what species they are forms of, or whether they are distinct species. The matter is a very complicated one, which the author has done much to:unravel, and towards indi- cating the necessary lines for further investigation. The account of the Nepticule is also of great value, as it in- corporates much material which is referred for authority to Fletcher and Wood, which there is much reason to believe would have largely escaped publication had not our author induced these authorities to assist him. Amongst the Nepticule there is described a new species under the name of N. jfletcheri; this insect has hitherto been con- founded with N. anomalella, but its distinctness has been estab- lished by the work of Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, in compliment to whom it has received its name. Anomalella is a red-headed insect attached to Rosa canina and sundry garden roses, whilst fletchert has a black head, and has R. arvensis as its more especial food-plant. When once the distinction is seized, there is abundant difference to be detected in all the stages, and in the outline of the mine and the disposal of the frass within it. The author’s classification and arrangement will no doubt meet with even more objection than Mr. Meyrick’s did. The chief but really unimportant objection will be that it mixes up insects of all sizes, and makes cabinet arrangement of speci- mens a painful problem. ‘This is really all nonsense; a cabinet arrangement must be linear, no natural arrangement is. There- fore, so long as each group or family is kept together, and one ; a 2 56 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. knows where to find them, it is quite immaterial in which order the families follow each other in the collection. Meyric begins at the top and works downwards, Tutt begins at the bottom and works upwards; and, so far as meeting old time prejudices goes, Meyrick is decidedly the wiser in his genera- tion. Had he only twisted the stirps containing the butterflies to the front, he might perhaps have entirely avoided the oppo- sition a new arrangement meet: with. Tutt begins at the bottom, and flaunts this difficulty in our faces ; perhaps he feels that he will disarm the danger by boldly grasping his nettle. The phylogenetic tree given at p. 112 embodies so many points that I have myself insisted upon, that it would be un- grateful to criticise it. By adopting the form of an actual tree with a thick stem, as all good trees ought to have, some diffi- culties are avoided ; for instance, I might claim that it adopts my view of the probably polyphyletic origin of the neo-Lepi- doptera; it might equally be said that it does not. An un- certainty of this sort, considering the paucity of conclusive facts, is perhaps praiseworthy rather than otherwise. Huptero- tide and Psychide are placed twice over tentatively. I should certainly agree with that that assigns the Psychide to the Tineid branch. Though there are several positions about which I am sceptical, such as that of the Drepanulide and Pterophoride, there are none that appear to be impossible, that is, no position given requires, as far as my knowledge goes, that any structure should have evolved backwards, if an awkward phrase may be used to express an awkward hypothesis. The process is one the impossibility of which in nature is clearly brought home to us by a familiar device of the cinematographist, when, by reversing his appavatus, the scattered feathers, for example, after a pillow- fight, co'lect themselves together and return into the pillow-case from which they had issued. One may wish the work could have been less voluminous, but there can be no doubt it marks an important step forward in the treatment of the British Lepidoptera, recognising more fully than any previous treatise that a complete study of all the stages of the insects, not only structurally, but physiologically, in their habits, changes, variations, distributions, &c., is now essential to further progress. The groups selected for treatment lend themselves especially to this demonstration. The work is produced in a very satisfactory form. I have no doubt that its merits will secure it a reception that will induce the author to proceed with the remaining volumes. AVS 7a\iel Os 57 NOMENCLATURE—PHYLOGENY—SYNONYMY., By J. W. Torr, F.E.S. THERE are many interesting matters in the ‘ Entomologist’ this month (No. 429, February) relating to the Phylogeny and Synonymy of the Lepidoptera, of which the paper by Mr. South on ‘‘The Nomenclature and Arrangement of British Butter- flies” is not the least so. The arrangement of the British butterflies, if original and not carried out on some previously arranged list, as is generally the case (certainly so in some of the works compared by Mr. South), includes, or rather illustrates, the author’s opinion of the phylogeny of the group. What we want is not so much a comparison of authors’ (? book-makers’) opinions on nomenclature, as a critical comparison, based, say, on the Merton rules of nomenclature, and their application to the names in use. This would give us at least a standard for our few British butterflies. I am not aware that anyone except Scudder, Kirby, and Grote have so studied our species, and most of their differences should be easy of settlement. The list pub- lished by Mr. South itself shows that, with the exception of Erebia ethiops, Cenonympha tiphon, Polyommatus astrarche, P. icarus, P. bellargus, Nomiades semiargus, Cupido minima, Syrich- thus malve, Thymelicus thaumas, and Carterocephalus palemon, there are no points of issue as to specificnames. The agreement of Meyrick and Tutt (who at least have attempted to apply the law of priority) in the case of Hrebia aethiops, Cenonympha tiphon, Polyommatus astrarche, P. icarus, P. bellargus, Nomiades semi- argus, Cupido minima, Syrichthus malve, Thymelicus thaumas (which, by the by, has a much older synonym), and Carteroce- phalus palemon, in which they agree with the ‘ Entomologist’ list, throws the onus surely of proving their incorrectness on Mr. Barrett (who disagrees with them), Mr. Newman’s book * being now nearly thirty years old, and certainly not to be in- cluded fairly in Mr. South’s title of being written by a “‘ recent author’; and the matter of whether minima or alsus, malveé or alveolus, thaumas or linea, palemon or paniscus should be applied would surely not prove a very difficult subject of enquiry. It is in the matter of genera, however, that authors “run amuck.” JI have already formulated my opinions in a paper read before the South London Entomological Society in 1897, as to what genera are, and on what data they should be based. This paper has never been seriously criticised by any of the authors who prefer to follow the old lists, and one can only sup- pose that they have no objection to its principles, or are too lazy * In the List of British Butterflies (ante, p. 32) Newman was cited to show that his arrangement did not differ in any material respect from that of Meyrick,—R. S. 58 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. to test its correctness, or think it beneath contempt. Neither opinion’ matters much, but those who wish to see a rational method of genera adopted must certainly dissociate the large tribal groups, now masquerading as genera, by the application of characters derived from the eggs, larve, pup, and imagines ; and if this be done the proper generic application must be obtained on similar lines to those of species. My off-hand criticisms of the difference of genera noticed would be—Antho- charis used by Barrett, Huchloé used by Meyrick and Tutt ; Anthocharis belongs to a group of entirely different structure from that of Huchloé. Leptidia, used by Grote, is a matter of priority ; probably Grote’s name has priority over Leucophasia. Colias and Gonepteryx, a matter of application of types; Colias being applied to rhamnt, and the next available name Hurymus being used for the ‘‘clouded yellows.’”’ Argynnis is a tribe, not genus, and structurally differentiable into many genera, of which we have at least three (perhaps four)—Brenthis (selene and euphrosyne), ? Issorta (lathonia), Argynnis (aglaia and adippe), and Dryas (paphia). The same holds good of Vanessa, Hrebia, Epinephele (as used by Staudinger), Thecla, Polyommatus, and Hesperia. What one wants here are a comparison of the terms used by Grote, Kirby, and Scudder, and a critical discussion of the differences by a competent specialist. Arrangement depends upon phylogeny. The data for our present knowledge of the phylogeny has been given us by Scudder, Chapman, Reuter, and others during the last ten years. ‘The arrangement of the old lists was the phylogeny so far as the imagines gave superficial characters. Any arrange- ment based on these old lists, therefore, has nothing in common with the modern notions of phylogeny (7. e. relationship), e.g. according to Mr. South’s list, Mr. Barrett places the Lycenide next the Pieride ; Dr. Chapman has shown that the former are a very distinct branch of the butterfly stem connected somewhat closely with the Limoniide, whilst the Nymphalids, which are closely united with the Pierids, are separated by Mr. Barrett by the major part of the fauna from each other. These are some of the off-hand suggestions that occur to me. The arrangements, therefore, of Newman and Barrett (and, may I add, of the ‘Entomologist List’), are certainly not arrangements at all on recent phylogenetic work, and do not reflect the work and con- clusions of ‘‘ recent authors.”” The lists published by Scudder, Reuter, Chapman, Grote, &c., would reflect such conclusions, and a comparison of these would be of the highest value. There are other points that arise in looking through the ‘Entomologist.’ On p. 31, Mr. Kirby records ‘‘ Zygena”’ phegea as being taken at Wei-Hai-Wei. Now, phegea is a specialised Syntomid (Arctiid). On p. 26, Dr. Chapman congratulates Sir George Hampson for ‘‘rescuing the Syntomide from their tra- THE NOMENCLATURE OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 68 ditional but absurd place beside the Zyganas (Anthrocera), and placing them with the Arctiide and Noctuide.”’ Now, whether Dr. Chapman wrote ‘‘Zygenas” or not in his original paper matters little (although if this had been struck out and the more correct Anthrocera had stood alone, it would have taken away the point of this criticism), but here we have on p. 26 and p. 31 two entirely different uses of the term Zygena by eminent specialists, one applying it to one of the highest groups of the Arctiid or Syntomid stirps, the other to the generalised Anthro- cerid stirps, just as far away from each other in real relationship as two moths very well can be. As bearing on this point, I see I am credited (pp. 42 and 43) with exhibiting certain species of “Zygena”’ at the South London Entomological Society’s meet- ings of Nov. 24th, 1898, and Jan. 12th, 1899. Now, for many months I have been making a very special study of these moths, and I am certain that I have never used the name “ Zygena”’ personally for these moths for a considerable time, as I always now apply the term Anthrocera to avoid confusion. At any rate, the point is this—the Zygena phegea (p. 31) and the Zygena trifolii (p. 42) bear infinitely less relation to each other than, say, Sphinx ligustri and Saturnia pavonia, which are at least members of the same stirps. In conclusion, I do not ask for an uniform code. That I know is impossible, and my private opinion that ‘‘synonymy is of the devil” has already been quoted in this magazine. EHnto- mologists of the old school do not follow the modern expansion of the science, and to these the work of Chapman, Reuter, Packard, and Dyaris not acceptable. Others, again, do not know anything about the work of these men, and will always send their lists of captures, named according to any book (out of date or otherwise) that they may have; but I do ask that in matters of importance, such as that of Zygena mentioned above, the same name be not applied to insects belonging to two entirely different stirpes of the Lepidoptera. Let us call the Burnets Anthrocera and the Syntomids Zygena, or the Burnet Zygena and the Syntomid Syntomis, but not both the Burnet and Syntomid Zygena. If Mr. Kirby is right about the naming of * Zygena phegea,”’ then Dr. Chapman’s criticism shows that the Burnets want another name to separate them absolutely from the Syntomids in question. THE NOMENCLATURE OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. For some years past the North London Natural History Society has officially recognised the ‘Entomologist Synonymic List’ as its authority for the nomenclature of the Lepidoptera ; but as so many changes have subsequently been proposed by 60 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Mr. Kirby and others, it was found desirable some time ago to appoint a special Nomenclature Revision Committee, consisting of Messrs. Nicholson, Robbins, Woodward, and Prout, to investi- gate these changes, and recommend the adoption of such as they found to be incontrovertibly correct. The first revision of the Macro-Lepidoptera has now been completed, and adopted by the Council; no claim is made of finality, and indeed many of Kirby’s generic changes—such as the resuscitation of names from Hubner’s ‘ Verzeichniss,’ which contains so many ‘“‘ mixed genera ’’—have been left untouched until more biological work has been done at the question of natural genera; and some necessary changes also have been deferred until some recognised British authority has brought them before the notice of the entomological public in this country. The following is the list of alterations from South’s ‘ List’ (which is still to form the basis of the Society’s nomenclature) thus far adopted. The references give a brief indication of the literature consulted in sifting the questions raised, but is of course very far from exhaustive, one or two references to accessible works being made to suffice; whereas in the work of the Committee it was frequently necessary to verify quotations by consulting the original descriptions, &c. :— 1. The generic grouping and nomenclature of the Rhopalocera to follow Tutt’s ‘ British Butterflies,’ with the few exceptions noted below. 2. Adopea, Billb. (1820), to replace Thymelicus, Hb. (Kirby, Handb. Lep. i. 19). 8. Plebeius argus, Linn., for egon, Schiff. ; P. argyrognomon, Bestr., for argus, Auct., not yet recorded as British (Kirby, Handb. Lep. 1. 88, 89). 4. P. alexis, Scop. (1763), for astrarche, Bgstyr. (l.c., p. 99). 5. Pontia, Fb. (1807), daplidice, for Pieris daplidice (I. ¢., ow). 4 6. Leptidia, Billb. (1820), for Lewcophasia, Steph. (l.c., p.178). 7. Hrippus, Cram., var. menippe, Hb. = archippus, Fb., nec Cram. = plexippus, Scud., nec Linn., for archippus, Fb. (Kirby, Entom. xxix. 189). 8. Satyridi and Satyrus, Latr., for Hipparchiidi and Hip- parchia, Fb.; Hipparchia, Fb., for Hnodia, Hb. (Kirby, Handb. Lep. i. 181; South, Entom. xxx. 275; Moore, Entom. xxx. 326). 9. Lineata, Fb., to be deleted as synonym for Deilephila livornica (Kirby, Hand. Lep. iv. 28, 30). 10. Amorpha, Hb., popult, L., for Smerinthus populi (1. ¢.,p. 58). 11. Dilina, Dalm., tilie, L., for S. tilie (l.¢., p. 56). 12. Hemaris, Dalm. (1816), for the separation of the bee- hawks from Macroglossa stellatarwm (Kirby, Handb. Lep. iv. 4). 13. Fuciformis, Linn., and tityus, Linn., for the species of Hemaris, as indicated in Entom. xxix. 39, THE NOMENCLATURE OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 61 14. Aigertide for Sesude; Atgeria, Fb. (1807), for Trochi- lium, Seop.; and Trochilium, Scop. (1777), for Sesia, Fb. (Kirby, Handb. Lep. v. 284-290). 15. Anthrocera, Scop., for Zygena, Fb. (op. cit., iii. 86). 17. Purpuralis, Brunn (1764),* for piloselle, Esp. (tom. cit., pag): 18. Ginistis, Hb., as generic name for quadra, L. (tom. cit., pet61). 19. Phragmatecia, Newm. (1840), for Macrogaster, Dup., nom. preoce. (op. cit., iv. 144). 20. Porthetria, Hb. (? 1822), for Ocneria, H.S. (op. cit., iii. 197). 21. Pavonia-minor, L., for pavonia, L. (op. cit., iv. 105). 22. Habrosyne, Hb. (1822), as generic name for derasa, L. (op. cit., v. 4). 23. Ocularis, L.,t for octogesima, Hb. (Tutt, Brit. Noct. i. 3). 24. Apatelide for Acronyctide; generic nomenclature just as in Entom. Ree. viii. 37. 25. Paludis, Tutt, Entom. xxi. 808 (1888), to be inserted as a subspecies in Hydrecia, after nictitans, L. 26. Xylena, Hb. (21810), for Xylophasia, Steph. (Grote, Entom. Ree. vi. 285). 27. Pabulatricula, Brahm. (1791), for connexa, Bkh. (Tutt, Brit. Noct. i. 86). 28. Ypsilon, Rott. (1776), for suffusa, Bkh. (Tutt, op. cit., i: 258): . 29. Primule, Esp. (1788), Bkh., for festiva, Hb. (Werne- burg, Beitr. ii. pp. 44, 177). 30. Nenia, Stph., as generic name for typica, L. (Tutt, Brit. Noct. iv. 40). , 31. Cerasi, Fb. (21775; 1781), for stabilis, View. (Kirby, Handb. Lep. v. 49). - 82. Fissipuncta, Hw., for ‘‘ Orthosia”’ wpsilon, Bkh., nec Rott. (Tutt, Brit. Noct. ii. 158). 33. Dyschorista, Led., as generic name for /issipuncta and suspecta (l.c., pp. 156, 158). 34. Helvola, L., for rufina, L. (l. ¢., p. 162). 35. Glea, Hb. (?1810), for Cerastis, Ochs. (Kirby, Handb. Lep. v. 52, 58). 36. Ligula, Esp., for spadicea of South’s ‘List’ (Tutt, Brit. Noct. iii. 4). 37. Citria, Hb., Tiliacea, Tutt, and Mellinia, Hb., for Xanthia; the species being distributed as in Entom. Rec. viii. 17, but with ? as to position of aurago. 38. Icteritia, Hfn. (1767), for Citria fulvago, L., nec Cl. (Kirby, Handb. Lep. v. 58). * Kirby gives 1776; but the species was first named in Pontoppidan’s ‘Danske Atlas’ in 1764.—L. B. P. + Linné’s type confirms this traditional interpretation,—L. B, P, 62 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 39. Lutea, Strom. (1783), for Citria flavago, Fb. (Entom. Rec. i. .224). 40. Xanthia, Hb. (21810), for Cosmia, Ochs. (Entom. Rec. vill. 17). 41. Cosmia, Hb. (21810) for Calymnia (Kirby, Handb. Lep. v. 60). 42. Conspersa, Esp., for nana, Rott. (Tutt, Brit. Noct. ill. 36, 37). 43. Diphthera, Hb. (?1810), for Agriopis, Bdv. (Kirby, Handb. Lep. v. 65). 44, Hyppa, Ochs., as generic name for rectilinea (Tutt, Brit. Noct. ii. 95). 45. Lithophana, Hb. (?1816), for Xylina, Ochs. (Grote, Entom. Ree. vi. 80). 46. Scoliopteryx, Germ. (1810), for Gonoptera, Latr. (Tutt, Brit. Noct. ii. 97). 47. Erotyla, Hb. (? 1810), for Agrophila, Bdv. (Kirby, Handb. Lep. v. 86, 87). 48. Olivana, Schiff. (1776), for argentula, Esp. (l.¢., p. 92). 49. Anthophila, Hb. (?1810), for Thalpochares, Led. (I. ¢., peo) 50. Lars, Hb. (? 1810), for Uropteryx, Leach (I. c., p. 201). 51. Ennomos, Tr., for Hugonia, Hb., nom. preoce. (l.c.,p. 208). 52. Bistortata, Goetze, for biwndularia, Bork., = laricaria, Dbld. (Prout, Entom. Ree. viil. 76). 53. Cyclophora, Hb.* (?1810), for Zonosoma, Led. (Kirby, Handb. Lep. v. 223). 54. Testaceata, Don., for Asthena sylvata, Hb., nom. preoce. (Staudinger, Cat. p. 190). | 55. Interjectaria, Gn., for Acidalia dilutaria, Auct. (Prout, Entom. Rec. vu. 124). 56. Spilota, Hb. (?1810), for Abraxas, Leach. (Kirby, Handb. Lep. v. 241). 57. Denotata, Hb., for campanulata, H.-S. (Heinemann, Schmett. Deutsch. i. 802; Entom. Ree. vii. 249). 58. Chloroclystis, Hb. (21822, as genus for coronata, rectangu- lata, and debiliata (Meyrick, Handb. pp. 182, 183). 59. Gymnoscelis, Mab. (1869), as generic name for pumilata (l. ¢., p. 183). 60. Sexalata, Retz. (1783), for sexalisata, Hb. (Werneburg, Beitr. i. 198). 61. Furcata, Thunb. (1784), for sordidata, Fb. (Prout, Entom. Rec. ix. 86). 62. Autumnalis, Strom. (1783), for trifasciata, Bkh. (Kntom. Ree. ii. 224). ** Hulst (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxiii. p. 300) considers this name pre- occupied in Mollusca. But as the form there used was Cyclophorus, both can stand; vide Walsingham & Durrant, ‘ Merton Rules,’ No, 23.—L. B. P. DRAGONFLIES IN 1898. 63 63. Rheumaptera, Hb. (? 1810), as generic name for has- tata, L. (Kirby, Handb. Lep. v. 249). 64. Implicata, Vill. (1789), for montanata, Bkh. (Prout, Entom. Rec. vil. 249). 65. Spadicearia (Schiff.), Bkh. (1794), for ferrugata (? Cl.), Haw. (Meyrick, Handb. p. 229). 66. Ferrugata, L. (1761), for wnidentaria, Haw. (I. ¢., p. 229). 67. Pyraliata? (Fb.), Bkh. (1794), for dotata of South’s ‘List’ (Prout, Entom. Rec. ix. 201). 68. Ortholitha, Hb., for Hubolia, Dup. (Tutt, Brit. Moths, p- 284). Louis B. Prout, Hon. Sec. 246, Richmond Road, N.E.: February 4th, 1899. DRAGONFLIES IN 1898. By WV. 0. lucas, B.A. EES. In several respects the dragonfly season of 1898 was of more than ordinary interest. Though of a different nature, the late, ungenial spring had its effect on these insects as on the Lepi- doptera and other orders. Owing to the fact that during the winter, except in the coldest weather, the nymphs are more or less active, and may perhaps feed to some extent, a cold spring would not of itself harm them so long as it was possible to put off the final change. Some of the early species certainly tried to appear soon after their proper time; whether many did so and perished, I cannot say—probably not, though perhaps one or two of the earlier species seemed less common than usual. Whereas in early seasons Hnallagma cyathigerum, Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Brachytron pratense, Libellula depressa, and L. quadri- maculata appear at the end of April, in 1898, except for an odd specimen here and there, they were a month later. I saw two specimens of H. cyathigerum on May 18th, and they continued increasing from that date, but were hardly well out till early in June. As regards P. nymphula, I found an empty nymph-case on May 8th, but did not see an imago till May 21st ; this species also began to be plentiful early in June. Except for an empty nymph-case on May 28th, B. pratense escaped me altogether ; nor did I meet with L. depressa except on July 2nd, and perhaps again on Aug. 11th. A single specimen of L. quadrimaculata was certainly taken on May 11th, but I did not find it common till June 5th. Towards the end of June the later dragonflies began to put in an appearance at the proper time, unaffected apparently by the prolongation of the cold weather, and in consequence the times 64 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. of certain species overlapped more than they usually do. The season thenceforward was a most satisfactory one, and owing to the fine autumn was late in closing. The last dragonfly I saw was on the wing in Richmond Park, on Oct. 28rd, and the species was Sympetrum striolatum. In 1897, however, I saw it at Esher as late as Nov. 14th, and I have no doubt that, had I sought for it, this species, if not others, might have been taken at least as late this year. Orthetrum cancellatum was received from a new locality be- tween New Malden and Kingston in Surrey. A female Anazx imperator, with blue abdomen, was taken as late as Aug. 10th in the New Forest. The capture of a male Lestes sponsa at the Black Pond, near Esher, on Oct. 2nd, adds yet another to the list of species found at that prolific locality. At the beginning of August Orthetrum cerulescens was particularly common in the New Forest, especially over marshy ground, and I received the species for the first time from Surrey. In the New Forest, on July 80th, and during the early days of August, Agrion mercuriale was common in the locality referred to in 1897, and it was traced to another centre, where, owing to the nature of the place, it will probably be well able to hold its own. Out of some 100 or 150 insects perhaps that were noticed, but a small proportion were females. Near Sandwich, in Kent, towards the end of August, for the first time I made acquaintance with Sympetrum sanguineum, & rather small bright crimson dragonfly, much constricted at the base of the abdomen, and dilated towards the extremity. It skips about from plant to plant along the ditches, and, though rather jerky and restless, was not difficult to secure. It was, however, rather worn. On Sept. 9th I took a male at Wisley Pond, in Surrey, making a new record for the locality, and an empty nymph-skin found there on July 16th may belong to the same species. Others were taken at previously unrecorded localities in the south-east of England, the fact pointing possibly to a small immigration. On Aug. 22nd, a very hot morning, as I was making my way towards the sand-hills near Sandwich, a blue-bodied dragonfly settled on some reeds by the side of one of the numerous streams. Thinking it was a late L. depressa or O. cancellatum, I approached it, and made an easy capture. Judge of my delight when I fourd that it was neither of those insects, but Libellula fulva—a male with the full blue colourmg—though rather a worn specimen. This, however, mattered little, seeing that I have only been able to find six previous localised records of its capture, and these generally as single specimens, though a few other specimens unrecorded, and sometimes not localised or dated, are to be found in collections. After patiently watching for a long time, I managed, on DRAGONFLIES IN 1898. 65 Sept. 12th at Wisley Ponds, to capture a male AMschna mizxta. This small A’schna is accustomed to fly rather high round the fir-trees, and so seldom gives one a chance to come within striking distance. It is a pretty insect, the markings being par- ticularly bright and distinct; moreover, if it is eviscerated, it fades but little. Though it was rather plentiful in 1898 in a certain locality near the east coast, and appeared to be repre- sented by not quite solitary specimens in two localities in Surrey, yet I fear it must be looked upon as quite an uncommon insect. On Sept. 9th I paid a visit to Wisley Ponds, and after a time noticed a small dull-reddish dragonfly, distinct amongst the specimens of the common Sympetrum striolatum. On capturing one it was found to be a male S. flaveolum. On that day and the 12th I took several specimens, all of which were males. It is a small Sympetrum, whose flight is not long sustained, but resembles that of S. sanguineum. When captured it may be easily recognised by the fact that the basal third (sometimes more or less) of the hind wings and a part of the fore wings are suffused with bright saffron. Another was seen later near Elstead, in Surrey; while a capture was made near Oxford, and another near Colchester. In all probability they formed part of a migration into this county, for this species seldom, if ever, breeds here. On previous occasions I have called attention to the capture of dragonflies by the insect traps set by Drosera rotundifolia. On June 22nd, at the Black Pond, near Esher, my attention was taken by a bed of this plant, which had secured quite a number of the smaller dragonflies. Those identified were one Pyrrhosoma nymphula, one Agrion puella, and a number of Hnallagma cyathi- gerum. All were males. On Sept. 11th, at the larger of the Penn Ponds, in Richmond Park, one or two females of the large brown dragonfly, 4schna grandis, were observed to be ovipositing in the shallow water close to the margin. This they did by settling either on a floating weed, or on one that stood but little out of the water, and then bending the abdomen so as to dip its extremity per- pendicularly below the surface. The operation seemed to be performed deliberately, as if the eggs were being carefully placed, which they no doubt were, and which is suggested by the possession of an ovipositor by this dragonfly, and by the cylin- drical form of its egg, fitting it for insertion within the substance of soft tissue. Near Byfleet, on July 16th, I observed, over the Canal, a pair of Agrionine dragonflies united per collum. They settled on a weed, and shortly afterwards I noticed the female in the act of descending below the surface of the water. She went down one or two inches at least, and appeared to be ovipositing. To make quite sure of the species, I tried to catch the male, which was 66 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. hovering over the spot. By so doing I frightened the female, and she came to the surface. The water did not seem to have wetted her body ; in fact, when under the water, she appeared to glisten as if surrounded with a coating of air. After making the stroke, I found in the net a male Hnallagma cyathigerum, and so conclude that that was the species. Needless to say, I was extremely pleased to observe this rather striking phenomenon. It has been more than once mentioned of the genus Agrion, and once at least of Lestes ; but it is a proceeding one would so little expect that to have seen it is most satisfactory. About a week later, at the Black Pond, two or three pairs of Pyrrhosoma nymphula caught my attention. They were flying united per collum along a narrow ditch draining into the pond. Presently one of these pairs went down to the water, and the female settled on a floating leaf of Potamogeton, whilst the male still held her, and remained with its body vertical and wings horizontal. The female then moved the anal extremity of her abdomen about over the leaf as if ovipositing. After two or three minutes they flew away. On the under side of the leaf were two roundish egg-like bodies; but the insect did not appear to touch the under side, nor did I expect an egg of nymphula to be of that shape. On opening the abdomen of a female I found a large number of cylindrical bodies with one end pointed and the other rounded, about 1 mm. in length and -25 in greatest breadth. They were colourless and semi-transparent, the con- tents being granular, and no doubt were the eggs. On plucking the leaf I could not at first find the eggs that had been laid. On the next day, however, when it had withered, I closely examined the dry leaf, and found some little ridges, which contained a long cylindrical body resembling in size and appearance the bodies |, had taken from the female. These, which it is reasonable to conclude were the eggs, were between the two cuticles of the leaf, and therefore within its substance, where no doubt they were out of the way of many enemies. Again, about a fortnight later, in the New Forest, I noticed a pair of Platycnemis pennipes united per coll. resting on a yellow water-lily blossom. The female was again moving the anal extremity of her abdomen along the surface of the stem, and, I concluded, inserting eggs in it. After considerable difficulty I managed to secure the blossom. The stem was closely examined, both fresh and withered, but not an egg could be seen, though I think they must have been there. Supposing oviposition was taking place, itis worthy of note that the female was laying her eggs above the water, although when the blossom of the water- lily had withered the stem would be submerged again, for the fruit of the yellow water-lily comes down to the surface, even though the blossom may stand some inches out of the water. On June ist, at a few minutes to 1 p.m., I noticed that a NEW PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 67 Iibellula quadrimaculata had just begun to emerge, and I was able to watch almost the entire process. After about ten minutes the whole of the imago was out except two or three of the hind segments of the abdomen, and the head and thorax were thrown back as if the insect were helpless. For nearly an hour it “rested” in this apparently uncomfortable position, looking as if it might fall head foremost into the water at any moment. A P. nymphula, whose emergence was watched on April 27th, did not fall back in this way, and the “rest” only lasted about twelve minutes; while an Agrion puella, caught apparently in the.‘‘ resting ” position, was erect also. To return to quadrimaculata. The insect (a female), without any warning, suddenly swung itself forward, seized the nymph-case, and drew out the rest of its abdomen, and in the position assumed seemed to be clinging to its own dead body. About half-past two the wings were of full size, but opaque, while the body had increased in length but little, and it was still short when I was forced to leave. The wings were then adpressed to one another, as in the resting position of the Agrionide. In the evening they were spread out flat, as is usual with the Anisopterid dragonflies ; the body was of full length, and the colours were well on their way. On the following evening the wings were still glossy, but otherwise the insect had practically assumed its mature colouring. Though the body sways from back to front, and gives occasional twitches while growth is taking place, I have never seen the expanding dragonfly walk forward up its support, as described by some authors, to assist in the process of expansion, which, how- ever, is always a most interesting proceeding, and cannot but call to mind Tennyson’s beautiful lines from the ‘‘ Two Voices” :— ‘* To-day I saw the dragonfly Come from the wells where he did lie. An inner impulse rent the veil Of his old husk; from head to tail Came out clear plates of sapphire mail. He dried his wings ; like gauze they grew; Thro’ crofts and pastures wet with dew A living flash of light he flew.” SOME NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA FROM INDIA AND CEYLON. By Martin Jacopy. Lema gahani, sp. nov. Dark metallic blue; the antenne, tibie, and tarsi black; thorax very minutely punctured on the disc; elytra scarcely depressed below the base, the anterior portion distinctly punctate-striate, the posterior Pras striate, the interstices convex near the apex. Length, mill, 68 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Of a uniform dark blue colour; the head impunctate, the neck scarcely constricted, with traces of fulvous colour; eyes very promi- nent, the lateral grooves very deep; clypeus impunctate, labrum and palpi nearly black ; antenne very short, black, the third joint one-half longer than the second, but shorter than the fourth, four lower joints shining, the rest pubescent and robust; thorax not much longer than broad, moderately constricted at the sides, the anterior angles rounded, the basal sulcus deep and sinuate, the disc extremely minutely and remotely punctured, rest of the surface impunctate; scutellum small, black ; elytra parallel, with a very feeble depression near the suture below the base, regularly and rather strongly punctured at the anterior half, the punctures gradually diminishing in size and their places occupied by strie at the posterior portion, the interstices convex at the latter place, impunctate ; below dark blue, as well as the legs, sparingly clothed with grey pubescence; the posterior femora not extending beyond the second abdominal segment; ninth row of punctures at the elytra entire. Hab. Khasia Hills. The single specimen which Dr. Kraatz kindly sent me differs from any of its similarly coloured Kastern relations in the short antenne, finely punctured disc of the thorax, and the sculp- turing of the elytra, which are only partly punctate-striate. Lema westwoodi, sp. nov. Metallic dark blue; the abdomen flavous; antenne and legs nearly black; thorax finely rugose-punctate near the base only; elytra with deep basal depression, finely punctate-striate, the punctures nearly obsolete near the apex, ninth row entire. Length, 5 mill. Head not constricted posteriorly, the vertex finely punctured at the sides with a short longitudinal central groove; eyes large, sub- quadrately notched, the surrounding space rugose; labrum black ; antenne long and slender, black, the third and fourth joints equal ; thorax subquadrate, not longer than broad, very moderately constricted at the sides, the latter nearly straight when viewed from above, widened towards the apex, the anterior angles very minutely tubercu- liform, the surface obsoletely sulcate near the base, the latter finely rugosely punctured, the middle of the dise with a few fine punctures, which are also visible near the anterior angles; scutellum broader than long, smooth ; elytra strongly foveolate near the suture below the base, the basal portions very feebly raised, the surface distinctly punctate-striate, the punctures larger within the depression, much finer and more elongate posteriorly, where the interstices are convex ; below and the legs nearly black ; the abdomen fulvous or flavous. Hab. Ceylon. I know of no species of Lema from the East in which the thorax is similarly sculptured, nor of any from other parts of the world ; this character and the colour of the abdomen will easily distinguish the species. In the Oxford Museum collection and that of my own. NEW PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 69 Pantocometis viridicollis, sp. nov. Metallic dark green, finely pubescent ; the labrum, basal joints of the antenne, and the legs fulvous; head and thorax minutely punc- tured, finely pubescent; elytra strongly punctured, fulvous, a spot on the shoulder, another before the middle, and a transverse band below the latter, dark blue. Length, 6 mill. ; 2. Head very finely longitudinally strigose at the vertex, metallic green, finely rugose and pubescent between the eyes ; labrum fulvous ; eyes reniform ; antenne extending to the base of the elytra, black, the lower four joints fulvous, second and third joints small, the third less rounded, the other joints strongly transversely serrate ; thorax twice as broad as long, the sides straight anteriorly, strongly rounded at the base as well as the posterior angles, the surface obsoletely transversely depressed anteriorly and obliquely so near the posterior angles, very minutely punctured and finely pubescent, metallic green; scutellum raised, finely pubescent, its apex truncate ; elytra strongly and closely punctured, fulvous, a round spot before the middle near the suture and two others more or less connected below the middle, dark blue ; below dark bluish, closely covered with silvery pubescence; legs robust, fulvous, the first joint of the posterior tarsi scarcely as long as the following two joints together. Fem. Larger, the elytra much more finely punctured, the spots larger, an extra one placed on the shoulders. Hab. Khasia Hills. The general appearance of this species is that of Gynan- drophthalma, but, excepting that the pubescence of the entire upper surface in Pantocometis is here confined to the head and thorax only, I cannot find differences to justify a separation from the last-named genus; it is true that in Pantocometis the hairs are long and erect, while in the present species the pubescence is very fine and adpressed, but that distinction in itself is of no generic value; the elytra are distinctly lobed also below the shoulders. The female varies a good deal from the male in the much finer and more distant punctuation of the elytra, the extra ‘spot on the shoulders, and the much larger size of the other elytral markings which form nearly a broad transverse band below the middle. I received the specimens from Dr. Kraatz. Chrysolampra thoracica, sp. nov. Piceous below; the antennew and legs fulvous; the head, thorax, and elytra metallic green, the thorax very finely and closely punc- tured; elytra strongly punctate-striate, the interstices at the sides very strongly transversely rugose, anterior femora strongly dilated and toothed. Length, 6 mill. Head very closely punctured, the vertex with a longitudinal groove; clypeus rugose-punctate, its anterior margin slightly concave ; labrum fulvous ; antenue nearly extending to the apex of the elytra, fulvous, the third joint slightly longer than the fourth ; thorax twice as broad ENTOM.—MARCH, 1899. = 70 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. as long, of even width, the sides rounded, the surface finely and very closely punctured, the punctures rather more crowded at the sides, but not larger; elytra slightly transversely depressed below the base, with closely approached rows of deep punctures, the interstices strongly transversely rugose at the sides, costate at the apex; legs fulvous. Hab. Silhet, India. A rather small-sized species, of which I possess a single male specimen; and distinguished from its allies in the finely, closely, and evenly punctured thorax, in connection with the fulvous legs. Chrysolampra flavipes, sp. nov. Dark eneous below, the breast metallic greenish ; antenne, labrum, and legs fulvous, above cupreous; thorax strongly and subremotely punctured; elytra subgeminate, punctate-striate near the suture, the sides strongly and closely punctate and semirugose. Fem. Sides of the elytra strongly rugose, the punctures confluent. Length, 6-8 mill. 3. Head finely and somewhat closely punctured, cupreous, the vertex with a central longitudinal groove; clypeus scarcely more strongly punctured, its anterior margin nearly straight ; labrum ful- vous; antenne entirely fulvous (the last three joints wanting), basal joint strongly thickened, second very short, third and fourth equal, elongate, fifth joint longer; thorax twice as broad as long, the sides strongly rounded, the surface strongly but not very closely punctured, the punctures of equal size, nearly absent at the lateral and basal margins ; elytra very feebly depressed below the base, punctured like the thorax near the suture, where the punctures are slightly arranged in irregular double rows, the sides more strongly punctured, and the interstices very strongly transversely rugose, those near the apex of the elytra not raised, and impressed with single rows of punctures ; below piceous, the breast more or less metallic green; the legs pale , fulvous, the anterior femora strongly dilated. ?. Larger; the elytral interstices more strongly rugose, those at the apex longitudinally costate; the breast and abdomen obscure geneous. Hab. Khasia Hills. This is another species which does not agree with any of its congeners; the punctuation of the thorax is different, the sides of the latter might almost be called subangulate, and the legs are entirely fulvous. I received both sexes from Dr. Kraatz. (To be continued.) NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Inrormation AND Marterian wanrep.—Now that the first volume of my new work on ‘ British Lepidoptera’ is completed, and entomologists have an idea of the scope of the work contemplated, I should be glad of help in every possible form with regard to the Plumes, the Psychids, NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 71 the Lasiocampids, the Endromids, the Saturniids, and the Sphingids ; notes on the egg (and egg-laying), larva (and habits of larva), pupa and cocoon; also actual dates of appearance, localities of capture, parasites, food-plants, variation, and other interesting details, would be exceedingly welcome. Probably some one lepidopterist knows some particular species better than anyone else. I am anxious to get such information as is available brought together, so that the entomologist has not to waste so much time as at present to discover what is known of each species. If the time spent on volume i. is to be a criterion to following volumes, their production will be a very slow matter, although already a fair amount of the available material relating to the families mentioned above is already in hand. I particularly want at present cases of Psychids for description, eggs relating to any of these groups, and newly hatched larve. I have done most of the pup# and some eggs, but if entomologists will kindly keep my require- ments in mind during the next three or four months I shall be very grateful, and a complete life-history of most of the species dealt with should be available, say in twelve months’ time. I need not add that tabulated dates and localities are better for reference than those enclosed in letters on general subjects. In giving localities, please add counties. The schoolmaster is abroad, we know, but I have learnt more geography (relating to outlying districts in the British Islands) than I had previously considered possible, and have just begun to fathom my own ignorance in this direction.—J. W. Turr; West- combe Hill, 8.E. Puration or Cossus ticniperDa.—I can corroborate Dr. May's observation as to the pupation of C. ligniperda (ante, p. 17). The full- fed larvee have frequently been dug up in my garden in the autumn, but always at a considerable distance from any tree or bush of any description. I have also constantly had them brought to me, and have also often seen them myself, when wandering about evidently searching for a suitable place in which to burrow. I have then placed them in a box half full of earth, in which they pass the winter, and do not spin their cocoons, which are composed of silk and earth, until the following April. The imagines emerge in June.—Hpwarp Ransom; Sudbury, Suffolk. ContinentaL Locaurry ror Lycmna anton. — With regard to the information required by Mr. Dallas (ante, p. 38), I may mention that I captured Lycena arion in two localities in Switzerland last year. At Montana, above Sierre, it was just emerging between June 17th and 25th, and it was tolerably common at Zermatt from June 25th to July 4th. I believe that I also took it at Evolena from the 7th to the 13th of the latter month, but of this I cannot be sure, as some of my speci- mens were unfortunately destroyed.—(Rev.) Witu1am W. Fiemyne ; Coolfin, Portlaw, Co. Waterford, Feb. 11th, 1899. Lycamna arton.—On reading Mr. Dallas’s enquiry concerning the rearing of L. arion I remember that in August, 1897, I had noted a larva that I had found when searching among thyme for the larva of Eupithecia constrictata after sundown. ‘The larva was probably full-fed, as on Aug. 18th it spun two strong silk threads, pulling the muslin 72 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. together on the top of my rearing-cage, and proceeded to make a loose silk hybernaculum in which to pass the winter. This it accomplished, for in March, 1898, it was still alive. During April I was, unfortu- nately, unable to attend to it, and in May it was shrivelled up and dead. I think there can be little doubt that it was the larva of L. arion, and that therefore the spring months would be the best time to look for it, and that the help of a lantern might be called in if daywork was un- successful. The following are my notes on the larva :—Colour, pale apple-green, surface roughened, white-sprinkled, dorsal line faint, spiracles brownish; head bilobed, brown, mottled with darker; body attenuated at extremities, swollen in the middle, sparsely covered with short hairs. Length 3 in. when extended.—E. B. Nevinson; 8, Ted- worth Square, Chelsea, S.W. Pupation or Smerinraus poputt.—In a communication from my brother, Mr. H. L. Sich, dated Whitby, Aug. 11th, 1898, he de&cribes the process by which a larva of S. populi assumed the pupa stage as follows :— “Just watched a larva of Smerinthus populi change into a pupa. I noticed the skin of the larva around the claspers had previously become loose. The pupa then began to draw up its body within the larval skin until the latter split on the back of the third segment. This slit increased at both ends, and when it reached the first segment the head of the pupa was withrawn from the skin; this then slipped down the body, which wriggled out of it. The pupa at first was light green in colour. It was able to move the head both laterally and vertically. The antenne and legs were very distinct. The terminal half of both organs were standing away from the body of the pupa. On the body, below the wing-cases, could be seen the grooves in which the margins of the wing-cases rest. Afterwards the body was drawn up to meet the wings, which then assumed the usual position. The pupa, which was then lying on its side, turned on its _ back and subsequently became quite normal.” This larva had duly gone down, but owing to my brother leaving Whitby it had to be taken from the earth before the pupa was formed. —ALFRED Sic; ‘‘ Brentwood,” 65, Barrowgate Road, Chiswick. SynonymicaL Note on Cortas EpuSA AND C. HyaLE.—Dr. Chr. Auri- villus (Entomol. Tidskrift, 1898, pp. 61-4) has recently discussed at some length the synonymy of two species of Colias usually known to British Lepidopterists as hyale and edusa. The conclusions arrived at are as follows :— 1. Contas nyate, Linn. 1758 & 1761; God. 1819; Boisd. 1886, etc. paleno, Kisper, 1777; Hiibn. 1798-1805. kirbyi, Lewis, 1872; Kirby, 1896. 2. Cowtas ELEoTO, Linn. 1763. electra, Linn. 1767. var. croceus, Fourer. 1785. hyale, Ksper, 1777; Htibn. 1798-1803. edusa, Fabr. 1787; God. 1819; Boisd. 1886, etc. so that the species enumerated in the list of British butterflies (ante, p. 32) as C, edusa will apparently be known in future as C. electo var, croceus,—G. W, Kirkaupy, 73 CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. Pirris RAP& IN JANUARY.—An example of P. rape (which has been examined by Mr. John Sandison) flew across a room in a house at Wimbledon on January 29th (a dull and rather cold day). It is presumed that it arrived concealed among some plants.—G. W. KrrKawpy. PALOGOPHORA METICULOSA IN WintER Montus.—On February 7th a specimen of Phlogophora meticulosa was taken in a greenhouse at Cobham. It was in such fine condition that it could have but just emerged. —N. O. Gurney; Broad Street, Teddington, Feb. 10th, 1899. [A Liverpool correspondent informs us that he took an example of this species from off a garden wall on December 2{st last. When first observed the wings were not quite expanded; but when fully developed the insect proved to be unusually dark in colour.—Eb.] Note on Epaestia KUHNIELLA.—Larve of FE. kiihniella, in various stages of growth, were found this month infesting a packet of Florida food and another of Quaker oats, which had been laid aside for some time. The larva is smooth and of a reddish tint, and spius a white web amongst the food. I noticed occasional specimens of the moth about the house during last summer and autumn; and a specimen was flying here on February 8th. On referring to former volumes of the ‘ Entomologist,’ I learn that this insect has been imported with rice or flour; that it was first noticed in this country in 1887, and appears to be spreading.—W. PasKuLL ; 96, Studley Road, Forest Gate, E. Notes rrom Norra Wates.—Seeing a list of Lepidoptera taken by Mr. Barraud at Aber in August (ante, p. 20), I thought it might not be altogether out of place to send a list of my own captures at a place not far distant, Colwyn Bay. The time was between May and July, including the last two weeks of the former and first three of the latter. Of the butterflies I noted the following :— Pieris brassicae, not at allcommon. P. rape and P. napi, both fairly plentiful. Huchloé cardamines, plentiful in the Nant- y-glyn valley, which is situated at the east end of the town, and runs in an almost due south direction. Tae name Cigaritis, as M. Donzel noted in 1847, was origi- nally proposed by Boisduval for certain undescribed African Lycenide, but, until M. Donzel’s description of C. zohra was published, it remained a mere manuscript name; nor did M. Donzel give any characters to the genus, or indicate in any way which of the African species was supposed to be the type of the undescribed genus. In 1849 M. Lucas described two species, C. masinissa and C. siphax, figuring the latter as ‘“‘ Zerythis syphax”’ (sic) ; but still giving no characters for the genus. In 1850 M. Lucas described Cigaritis, and gave a figure of C. masinissa. The genus having now received characters .for the first time, and C. masinissa being the only species noted, this, as Dr. Staudinger most reasonably decides, becomes the type. In his ‘ History of the Genera of Butterflies,’ Dr. Scudder seems utterly to ignore the importance of a description for a genus, and actually credits Boisduval with the authorship of Cigaritis, and Donzel with the authorship of its type, which he declares judicially to be C. zohra; whereas there is nothing whatever to show that the Cigaritis of Boisduval manuscript was not intended for some African Zeritis or Chrysophanus ; and, in common sense, one must conclude that until a genus is described it has no legal existence. The species now placed by Dr. Staudinger under Cigaritis represent merely two sections of the genus Spindasis. If Cigaritis be retained at all, it can only be used for C. siphax, C. masinissa, C. zohra, and C. cilissa, in which the secondaries are more ENTOM.—APRIL, 1899. I 78 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. rounded than in the typical forms of Spindasis, to which C. acamas and all the well-known types belong. Of African species which have been referred erroneously to Cigaritis, C. leroma falls into Wallengren’s genus Crudaria, which chiefly differs from typical Chrysophanus in the tailed secondaries ; whereas C. zeuxo and C. abbottii appear to differ in no respect from Chrysophanus. Zeritis lycegenes, Z. lyncurtwm, and Z. pyroeis of Trimen (which have been placed in Cigaritis in collections) differ in structure, and may be placed in— Pa@cILMITIS, gen. nov. Allied to Chrysophanus, but differing in having five (instead of four) branches to the subcostal vein of primaries. Type, Z. lycegenes. I have not examined P. lyncurium, but, judging by the figures, it must be nearly related to P. lycegenes. TWO NEW RHYNCHOTA (REDUVIIDA AND CORIXIDA) FROM JAPAN, AND DIVERSE NOTES. — By G. W. Kirxaupy. 1. Ischnonyctes predicator, sp. nov. &. Lobes of head subequal in length, apical margin of posterior lobe emarginate ; rostrum reaching beyond apical margin of pyro- sternum, first segment nearly one-half longer than second, third slightly longer than first. Pronotum at the base with a very distinct, collar (sinuately margined anteriorly); meso- and metathorax fused, a pronounced carina between the intermediate coxe, and another between the posterior coxe. Anterior femur with a very long (one- tenth of the length of the femur) spine, not quite one-half of the entire length of the femur from its base, and a double row of medium-sized spines and of small spinelets, extending from the longest spine to the apex. The long spine is directed distinctly anteriorly, the others are nearly perpendicular. Anterior tibia reaching (when folded) to three- tenths of the length of the femur from its apex, tarsus reaching not quite so far as the long spine. Tibia dilated towards the apex (which is provided with a short tuft of hair) and armed beneath, along its entire length, with short subequal spinelets. Intermediate and poste- rior femora and tibie somewhat obsoletely spined, the tibie slightly curved outwards; claws, two on each tarsus, anterior very minute, others longer, faleate. Hlytra rudimentary, not reaching to base of metanotum. Dorsal sutures of first five abdominal segments very obsoletely indicated. Proportionate measurements.—Head 80 (15+ 15); pronotum 45 (40 + 5), meso- and metathorax 65; abdomen 230. Antenne 125: TWO NEW RHYNCEOTA FROM JAPAN. 79 85 : 12(?) : 40(?). Anterior coxa 60, femur 100, tibia 85, tarsus (apparently unisegmentate) 20; interm. femur 146, tib. 175, tarsus 11 (10: 6:9), claws 2. Posterior femur 195, tib. 235, tarsus 12 (5:3: 4), claws 2. Total: anterior leg 215; interm. leg 845; post. leg 455. Length 17 mill. ; width at int. coxe 0:8 mill. Japan. Niigata: Sept. 14th, 1881. Mr. Distant’s coll. Pale luteous, with a broad blackish lateral band on head and thorax. Head with two submedian brownish-black bands; thorax with a slender crimson median line; abdomen with one median and one lateral crimson line, obsolete in places. Sterna stramineous, with a broad median and a rather irregular lateral black band, some- what obsolete on the prosternum. Anterior legs sordid flavous, irre- gularly infuscate; spines whitish, black-tipped; spinelets blackish. Intermediate and posterior legs fusco-flavous, apical half of femora and basal half of tibiz annulated with brownish-black or brownish- yellow, tarsi blackish. Abdomen rufo-fuscous, mottled with brown and stramineous. I have placed this fine species in Ischnonyctes, Stal (a genus hitherto known only from Algeria and Corsica—two species being enumerated in Lethierry and Severin’s ‘ Catalogue,’ iii. p- 75, although Puton considers them (1880 and 1886) to be probably the same), as it agrees quite well with Stal’s brief description (1874, ‘Svensk Vetensk. Ak. Handl.,’ 12, no. 1, pp. 94 & 96), except that the surface of I. predicator appears to me distinctly, though very minutely, granulate. 2. Gerris lacustris (Linn.), Stal. There is a specimen in Mr. Distant’s collection, from Japan, which appears to me to be indistinguishable from ordinary British and French examples of the above species. 3. Notonecta montandoni, Kirk. Burma, Ruby Mines (collections Distant and Kirkaldy). 4, Corixa distanti, sp.n. Belonging to subgenus Basileocorixa, Kirk., to the group of striata (Linn.). Elongate ; pronotum and elytra (membrane excepted) somewhat strongly rastrate. Macropterous. Lateral and posterior angles of pronotum rounded. Metaxyphus long, isosceles-triangular, reaching to about two-thirds of the length of the posterior cox, rounded basally. Intermediate femur more than twice as long as the tibia, which is one-third longer than the tarsus, claws one-sixth longer than the tarsus. ?. Pale cultrate. Length 11 mill.; width 3-7 mill. Japan. Hako (coll. Distant). Pronotum dark brown (lateral margins flavous), with about nine yellow lines, fairly entire (middle lines split). Elytral designs very clear, yellow lines of the corium not divided into series by brown lon- gitudinal lines. Yellow lines of clavus and those at the base of the 12 80 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. corium fairly parallel; those of the membrane and towards the apex of the corium abbreviated, interrupted, undulated. Head, legs, &c., pale yellowish; mesosternum (margins excepted), metanotum, base and middle of dorsal aspect of abdomen blackish. [ have great pleasure in dedicating this fine species (readily separable by its size from the other Basileocorive) to my friend Mr. Distant, whose name is so happily associated with the Rhynchota of the Japanese subregion. 5. Corixa mercenaria, Say. Bolivia (collections Distant and Kirkaldy). Imported as bird food. Now known to me from California, New Mexico, Texas, Mexico, and Bolivia. SOME NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA FROM INDIA AND CEYLON. By Martin Jacosy. (Concluded from p. 70.) Rhyparida khasianensis, sp. nov. Fulvous; terminal joints of the antenne black; thorax trans- verse, very sparingly punctured ; elytra strongly punctate-striate, the interstices impunctate; femora unarmed; tarsi piceous. Length, 6 mill. Head impunctate ; the clypeus very broad, subquadrate, distinctly separated from the face, impunctate, its anterior margin semicireularly emarginate ; antenne very long, nearly extending to the apex of the elytra, flavous, the last seven joints black, second joint very short, the third nearly three times as long, the following joints nearly of similar length ; thorax transverse, more than twice as broad as long, but little widened at the middle, the sides nearly straight, the anterior angles shghtly tuberculiform, the surface very sparingly and finely punctured, fulvous ; scutellum broad, impunctate ; elytra wider at the base than the thorax, not depressed below the base, the shoulders prominent, the surface rather strongly punctate-striate, the punctures closely placed, the interspaces slightly convex, impunctate ; below and the legs ful- vous ; tarsi more or less darkened ; prosternum broad, Hab. Khasia Hills, India. Very few true species of Rhyparida from India have been described ; the present one, although agreeing in every other respect with the genus, differs somewhat in the short second joint of the antenne, which in most other species of the genus is distinctly longer. I received a single specimen from Dr. Kraatz. Corynodes pretiosus, Baly. Metallic blue or purplish ; the head and disc of the thorax cupre- ous; elytra closely punctate-striate, reddish cupreous, a broad trans- NEW PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 81 verse band at the middle, another near the apex, and the suture narrowly purplish, margined with green. Length, 9-10 mill. Head cupreous, remotely punctured, the vertex with a deep central groove; the spaces surrounding the eyes and the clypeus metallic blue or green, the latter closely punctured; labrum and mandibles black; antenne dark purplish, the last five joints gradually and broadly dilated ; thorax about one-half broader than long, slightly narrowed in front, the anterior angles produced, the surface convex, strongly and remotely punctured, the sides and the base nearly im- punctate, the latter portion metallic green, the anterior part cupreous, or the entire surface of the former colour; scutellum purplish, im- punctate ; elytra not depressed below the base, rather strongly and closely punctate-striate, reddish cupreous, with a transverse purplish band at the middle, which narrows greatly towards the suture with- out extending to the latter ; another similarly coloured band of curved shape extends across the suture near the apex, but not to the lateral margins, the suture itself also narrowly purplish and margined like the bands with metallic green ; below and the legs varied with purplish or green ; claws appendiculate. Hab. Burmah and India. I have given here a more detailed and correct description of this handsome species than Baly has done, who described the head and legs as black, which certainly is not the case in the type contained in the British Museum. ‘Two other specimens I received from Herr Bang-Haas. Chrysomela gahant, sp. nov. Very convex, black; head and thorax impunctate, sides of the latter with a deep longitudinal sulcus; elytra dark fulvous, entirely impunetate. Length, 9 mill. Head subquadrate, black, shining, impunctate ; clypeus distinctly separated from the face; antenne slender, black, the terminal joints elongate, gradually thickened ; thorax more than twice as broad as long, the sides straight, the anterior angles produced but blunt, the anterior margin straight at the middle, the disc entirely impunctate, the sides thickened, bounded within by a deep sinuate longitudinal groove; scutellum broader than long, blackish; elytra very strongly convex at the middle, dark fulvous, impunctate ; under side and legs black, shining, impunctate ; prosternum narrowly elongate. Hab. Ceylon. __ This species, of which I possess a single example, will not be difficult to recognise on account of the entirely impunctate upper and under surface, a rare instance in species of this genus. Haltica semipiceus, sp. nov. Below and the legs piceous ; above dark blue; basal joints of the antenne flavous; thorax very finely punctured, the sulcus obsolete ; elytra very closely and distinctly punctured. Length, 3 mill. Head impunctate at the vertex, the frontal elevations narrowly transverse, interrupted at the middle by another transverse groove , 82 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. the clypeus strongly raised, deflexed anteriorly, more or less flavous, as well as the labrum and the palpi; antenne extending beyond the middle of the elytra, black, the lower four or five joints more or less flavous, third and fourth joints equal, both not much longer than the second joint, the latter thickened; thorax about one-half broader than long, slightly narrowed anteriorly, the sides straight, the anterior angles produced, the surface finely and somewhat closely punctured, the basal transverse sulcus obsolete ; elytra much more distinctly and rather closely punctured, the interstices very slightly wrinkled here and there ; below and the legs piceous, sparingly pubescent, the posterior femora strongly incrassate, the spine at the apex of the posterior tibie large. Hab. Khasia Hills. One of the smallest species of the genus, which may be known from other Eastern forms in the piceous, not blue, under surface and legs, the flavous basal joints of the antenne, and the obsolete transverse sulcus of the thorax. I have received several specimens from Dr. Kraatz. Podagrica ceylonensis, sp. nov. Pale flavous or testaceous ; thorax with a few minute punctures, the base with a perpendicular groove at the sides; elytra finely punc- tate-striate. Length, 2 mill. Head entirely impunctate, obliquely grooved above the eyes, frontal tubercles obsolete; clypeus triangular ; palpi slender; antenne flavous, extending to the middle of the elytra, the third and fourth joints equal, the following scarcely longer, the terminal joint thickened and elongate ; thorax twice as broad as long, the sides rounded before the middle, constricted at the apex, anterior angles slightly oblique, posterior ones acute, the disc convex, with a few very minute punctures, the basal margin with a well-marked longitudinal groove at each side, the base’ narrowly marginate ; elytra slightly widened at the middle, wider at the base than the thorax, regularly and finely punctate-striate, the inter- stices very slightly convex ; under side and legs flavous; prosternum narrow and elongate. Hab. Ceylon. A very small species of uniform coloration, and probably identical with one of Motschulsky’s unrecognisable Ceylon insects, of which I hope the above description will give a better idea. The species might perhaps equally well be placed in Nisotra. In the collection of the Oxford Museum and my own. Haplosoma sexmaculata, sp. nov. Pale fulvous ; the antenne (the basal joints excepted), the breast and abdomen, and the tarsi piceous: thorax sulcate, impunctate ; elytra finely rugose-punctate, flavous, a spot near the middle and two others near the apex of each, black. Length, 8 mill. Narrow and elongate, the head impunctate, frontal elevations strongly raised, trigonate; clypeus triangular; antenne nearly ex- NEW PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 83 tending to the apex of the elytra, black, the basal three joints flavous, fourth joint nearly twice as long as the third, the latter double the length of the second ; thorax subquadrate, one-half broader than long, the sides straight, the angles thickened, the dise transversely depressed in shape of three nearly united broad foverx, a small one also placed at the middle of the base, the surface entirely impunctate; scutellum piceous ; elytra finely rugose, flavous, with a small black spot placed immediately before the middle, and two other larger ones placed trans- versely near the apex ; elytral epipleure comparatively broad at the base, much narrowed posteriorly; breast and abdomen piceous, the segments of the latter margined with fulvous; legs flavous, the apex of the posterior femora and all the tarsi piceous; claws bifid. Hab. Khasia Hills. The single female specimen kindly sent by Dr. Kraatz differs from any of its allies in the design of the elytra, and the broader epipleure of the latter. Kasia, gen. nov. Body elongate, widened posteriorly ; antenne slender, longer than the body; palpi robust; head very broad; thorax subquadrate, strongly constricted at the base, the surface deeply bifoveolate ; scutellum large, broader than long; elytra glabrous, impunctate, widened posteriorly, without any epipleure; legs very elongate and slender, the tibiz with a small spine, the first joint of the posterior tarsi as long as the following three joints together ; claws appen- diculate ; prosternum extremely narrow, the anterior coxal cavities open. This is one of the most peculiar looking Galerucide on account of the long filiform antenne and legs, and the quite unusual shape of the thorax, as well as the absence of any elytral epipleure ; the genus will perhaps best find its place in Chapuis’s 18th group, the Rupiline, near Hllopia and Arima ; the female differs from the male in the greatly dilated abdomen, similar to that of several of the genera in the group where I have placed it. Khasia kraatzi, sp. nov. Head and abdomen black; antenne (their apical joints excepted), the thorax, and legs more or less fulvous; elytra black, shining, im- punctate, the basal portion deeply depressed. Length, 4-5 mill. Head broad, the vertex swollen, impunctate, black, the frontal elevations narrowly oblique; eyes very prominent; palpi strongly incrassate ; antenne much longer than the body, flavous, the terminal three joints black, basal joint thickened, stained with piceous above, second very short, third joint twice as long, the fourth and following joints more elongate; thorax scarcely broader than long, the sides straight, strongly constricted at the base, the basal margin concave, slightly thickened, anterior angles thickened, the surface entirely impunctate, dark fulvous, very shining, with two deep oblique de- pressions near the base, interrupted by a narrow central ridge; 84 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. scutellum large, transverse, convex ; elytra widened towards the apex, black, shining, impunctate, the basal portion deeply concave, raised near the suture, the sides costate from the shoulders to the apex ; legs very elongate and slender, flavous. Hab. Khasia Hills. THE NEW WORK ON BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. By F. Merrirrecp, F.E.S. I wap proposed to offer you a rather full notice of the recently published first volume of Mr. Tutt’s ‘Natural History of the British Lepidoptera,’* which, in comprehensiveness and fulness of detail on all points of interest to the biologist, the systematist, and the collector, is, as regards the particular subjects treated, without a rival. My friend Dr. Chapman, however, who is infinitely better qualified than I am, has forestalled me, leaving a few points to which it may not be out of place to call attention. Among these is the fulness with which Mr. Tutt treats of the ege stage, which is greatly relied on by the author as a leading element in classification, and the information collected by him on which, much of it the result of original enquiry, is extremely valuable. Mr. Tutt appears, in preparing this volume, to have fully availed himself of the vast and varied information which recent researches have supplied, in the shape of the treatises, trans- actions of learned societies, and magazine articles published in this and other countries. The whole subject is treated with — wideness and appreciativeness of view, and the authorities from whom Mr. Tutt differs, as he often does, but perhaps not more than they differ among themselves, must feel that he is not without good reason for his opinions. It would be giving a wrong impression if this remark led to the inference that the controversial element is a prominent one in this work. Quite the reverse. One of the chief merits of the book is the fulness with which it sets forth the views of other authorities, and the reasons for the choice which it is necessary to make between them and the views, in many cases original, of the author. In the general introductory part, occupying 112 pages, there is one subject that will be missed; there is no chapter on the pupa, that marvellous stage, it may be of only four or five days’ duration, during which the creeping larva—the highly specialised product of millions of generations—seems to be almost resolved into primal elements and reorganised into the form of the imago, * Published by Swan Sonnenschein & Co., London; Friedliinder & Sohn Berlin, THE NEW WORK ON BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 85 the active and beautiful winged creature, endowed with senses beyond human ken, that fills the summer air with brilliancy of colour and grace of movement. Mr. Tutt is doubtless fully sensible of the importance and interest that belong to this pupal stage, and one can only suppose that in the next volume he will devote a chapter to it; but the reader would have liked to have been told so. There is the usual element of confusion arising out of the frequent changes of names in recent years, but that is no fault of the author, who only observes the “‘ law of priority ’”’ which seems to have been imposed on systematists, untempered by a “‘statute of limitations’ such as the common sense and experience of mankind have imposed on laws of wider application. As one who necessarily learned the entomological language of an earlier epoch, it is quite a pleasure to the writer to meet with an old friend respectable enough to have only one alias, Anthrocera jilipendule, and this species is treated in a most exhaustive way, twenty-six closely printed pages being devoted to it and its various stages, variations, and habits, &c. The other species, about one hundred in number, described in the volume are treated with similar copiousness. I do not find that in all cases the author gives the wing expansion, and venture to think that this is a particular which should always be stated. Surely size is a material element in description ? What has been stated of the treatment of A. filipendule will serve to show the completeness with which the subjects are worked out. The author probably had his reasons, but one is inclined to doubt whether there is not too much particularity and minuteness; not that abundance of material is ever to be regretted by those who wish to know, but that it is natural to desire that the work be completed, and to doubt whether it would be practicable to carry the rest of the work through on the same scale. The price is moderate for the amount of matter, and no doubt the separate volumes will be complete and valuable in themselves ; but the finished work on this scale would be of such a voluminous character that one fears it would be beyond the reach of many in whose hands one would like to see it. How- ever, if the experience gained with this volume shows that con- densation is desirable, it can be practised in the volumes that will succeed. And there are so many public libraries, institu- tions, &c., in England, in America, on the Kuropean continent, and even elsewhere, to which the possession of this work will be absolutely indispensable, that it may be hoped that the demand will justify the great expenditure of labour and time that has been made upon it. It should be in every reference library in the provinces professing to be of a comprehensive character. 86 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. A FORTNIGHT IN THE HIGHLANDS. By G. T. Porritt, F.L.S., F.E.S., &c. A long-hoped-for collecting expedition to that classic ground to entomologists—Rannoch—was realized in June last. Some time previously Mr. C. A. Briggs of Lynmouth, Mr. J. J. F. X. King of Glasgow, and myself had arranged to visit the locality, the chief inducement being that we might capture our own series of the two local and up to that time rare dragonflies, 4 schna borealis, Zett. (cerulea, Strom.), and Cordulia arctica, Zett. Monday, June 6th, therefore saw me on my way to Glasgow, where, at the railway station, Mr. King met me; and during the evening I had the rich treat of looking over his collections of Neuroptera and Trichoptera. Next morning we were up betimes to take the early West Highland train to Rannoch, and soon had the satisfaction of being joined by Mr. Briggs, who had been travelling all night in order to meet us. A journey through lovely Highland lake scenery brought us in due time to Rannoch, from which place we had a ten miles’ drive before us to Cam- ghouran, a small hamlet close to the famous Black Wood, on the south side of Loch Rannoch, and almost midway between the two ends of the lake, the distance indeed being about ten miles from Loch Rannoch at the west end, and eight miles from Kinloch Rannoch at the east end. At Camghouran Mr. King had already engaged for us comfortable “‘ quarters” at the farm- house of Mrs. Cameron, and there we spent nearly a fortnight in the wildest and most romantic spot it was ever my lot to be located in. Some collecting was done on the loch-side on the day of our arrival, but next morning we ‘‘set-to” in earnest to | try to find the grand Aschna borealis. Not a trace of it could we then discover, and as we knew we were on the right ground, we were forced to the conclusion that it was not yet out. This proved to be the explanation, and nearly a week elapsed before we were absolutely certain we had even seen it. One morning, however, Mr. Kenneth J. Morton, of Edinburgh, who had joined us for a few days, called out that one had passed him, and a few seconds later Mr. King had it in his net. From that time the species emerged rapidly, due no doubt to the much hotter weather, and by the middle of our second week had become fairly abundant. But, like most species of the genus A’schna, borealis was most wary, and excessively difficult to catch. It does not, like Aischna grandis and AK. cyanea, hawk for its prey in a forward and backward movement over the same ground, and so, unlike them, cannot be ‘‘ waited for” until it comes within reach of the net. It flies at a terrific rate, but fortunately has a habit of settling on the ground, on tree-trunks, and perhaps oftenest of all on the dead trunks of felled trees. In such a situation we A FORTNIGHT IN THE HIGHLANDS. 87 often saw two, and now and then even three close together, but very fortunate indeed were we if we managed to secure one out of the lot! Up to the time of my leaving, on June 20th, about sixty had been secured among us—many more, no doubt, than had hitherto been taken in Britain altogether ; but still we must have seen at least two hundred more specimens than we captured. We could not at all satisfy ourselves as to where the species bred; they occurred all over the Black Wood and the immediate district, and seemed indeed equally plentiful on the high moor- land above the wood, and in the lowest parts of the wood, some- times even getting into the main road at the bottom. We never saw one actually on the loch-side, nor did they seem at all to frequent the lochan Rusg-a-Bhiora, above the Black Wood; hence they apparently did not breed in the “‘ big” waters. They were, too, equally absent from the small almost stagnant ponds so frequent in and near the wood, and where a number of Libellula quadrimaculata could almost always be found busy over domestic affairs. The Black Wood, although on a fairly steep hillside, is excessively damp, and the same may be said of the moorlands ; and my own inclination is to believe that the species breeds in the wet mossy ground, and not in the ponds, although I admit it is difficult to conceive of so large a larva as borealis must have, being altogether comfortable in such situation. Cordulia arctica has an altogether different flight to 4. borealis, and is much easier to catch. Our difficulty with this . Species was to find specimens, and altogether we only managed to secure some sixteen examples among us out of perhaps twice that number seen. I do not think we saw a single specimen in the Black Wood, although all were taken on the higher and generally more open ground in the immediate vicinity. Still they were almost invariably seen near trees, and some certainly in the thick plantation of firs above the Black Wood. A common habit the species had was to ascend spirally to a considerable height, generally near a tall tree, and unless netted on its first rising from the ground was usually lost. The first day on which we saw the species, evidently when it was just beginning to emerge, Mr. King had the good fortune to secure six in a very short time; but no other similar fortune occurred to any of us, our captures afterwards being generally singly, and at long intervals. The other dragonflies taken were comparatively of less interest. The local Leucorrhinia dubia was common on the ponds, and about the heath near the lochan Rusg-a-Bhiorna ; and the pretty and variable Libellula quadrimaculata was abun- dant on both the high and low grounds. The fine Cordulegaster annulatus was common on the heaths, a beautiful object as it flew leisurely in the sun, its golden rings showing out con- spicuously. A curious d’schna juncea was taken, so much like a borealis that it may be a hybrid, especially as no other juncea 88 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. occurred to any of us, and it was early for the species. The smaller species were represented by Pyrrhosoma minium and Agrion cyathigerum in fair quantity. A trichopteron we were all anxious to take was the very rare Limnophilus elegans, but all our searching resulted in the capture of two specimens only, one by Mr. Morton, the other by Mr. King. As both were rather worn, probably we were a little late for it. Another interesting species in this group was Apatania wallengrent, which was found to be fairly common by beating trees on the side of Loch Rannoch, which as yet seems to be its only known British locality. The other Trichoptera included Phryganea obsoleta, several on Rusg-a-Bhiorna; Neuronia rufi- crus, a few on the moors, &c.; Colpotaulius incisus, Gram- mataulius atomarius, Limnophilus flavicornis, L. griseus, L. spar- sus, L. centralis and L. luridus, Stenophylax lateralis, Philo- potamus montanus, Plectrocnemia conspersa, and Rhyacophila dorsalis. Among the Perlide, we had one day probably a ‘‘ record take’ of Isogenus nubecula, which we found in great profusion by turning over stones close to the water on the loch-side ; often Six or seven specimens were found under a single small stone. The fine Perla maxima was found in a similar way under stones at the side of a broad burn which flowed close by the farm at which we were stopping; and beating trees along the burn-side pro- duced Chloroperla grammatica, Isopteryx torrentium, I. trypunc- tata, Teniopteryx risi, Leuctra fusciventris, Nemoura variegata, N. cinerea, and others, including a Hemerobius which I have been unable to determine. Mr. Briggs was the only one of us who paid any attention to the Ephemeride, and he had his reward in the fortunate discovery of two species which have since been determined as quite new to Britain. One of them (Leptophlebia meyert) attracted the notice of all of us, from its abundance near the lochan Rusg-a-Bhiorna; but of the other species (Ameletus inopinatus) Mr. Briggs seems to have taken only one specimen, on the shore of Loch Rannoch (see Ent. Mo. Mag. March, 1899, p. 69). Tettix bipunctatus occurred on the moors, but was the only orthopteron of which note was taken. Lepidoptera were regarded as of only very secondary im- portance in the daytime, and practically only such species as came in our way when working at the other orders were taken, except, indeed, on several occasions when Mr. William Reid, of Pitcaple, joined us. Of butterflies, Argynnis euphrosyne and Thecla rubi forced attention by their abundance, the latter always among bilberry, on which, at Rannoch, its larva feeds. The Bombyces were represented by plenty of both larve and imagines of Bombyx callune, and I netted a beautiful male Saturnia carpini so late as the third week in June; a large batch ~ 66 A FORTNIGHT IN THE HIGHLANDS. 89 of eggs of the species were hatching on ling just about the same time, so it had probably been on the wing for a considerable period. Larve and cocoons of Orgyia fascelina were also not uncommon on ling, and a few larve of T'richiura crategi occurred. A fair number of Geometre were picked up. Hupithecia satyrata var. callunaria was abundant, and H. nanata and EH. pumilata fairly common, many of the latter being very highly coloured. Melanippe tristata was common, but, from its brown colour, not nearly so conspicuous as our blacker Yorkshire form; M. hastata, Macaria liturata, Fidonia carbonaria worn and apparently nearly over ; Scodiona belgiaria, much paler and quite a different looking species to our Yorkshire moth; lovely forms of Thera variata, Emmelesia blandiata, and many others. lLarve in this group included a very curious Crocallis elinguaria, in pattern and colouring a perfect imitation of the lichen-covered rail on which I found it resting, though no doubt it had come from an over- hanging, also lichen-covered, tree; it produced a very pretty variety of the moth, unlike any other I have seen. Lllopia fasciaria and Thera firmata were beaten in plenty from pines, Geometra papilionaria on alder, Thera juniperata on juniper, and many others. We did not work at all for Sesia scolieformis and Pachnobia alpina, but Mr. Reid was taking pup of the former and larve of the latter in some quantity at the time of our visit. Of Noctuz observed in the daytime, Anarta melanopa occurred in abundance on one of the mountains, but, owing to the nature of the ground and the wild flight of the imsect, not many were caught. A few A. cordigera were also about, but the species was evidently getting over; whilst A. myrtilli occurred sparingly on the moors. Phytometra enea, fine and very highly coloured, was common ; and from tree-trunks, &c., Acronycta menyanthidis and A. glauca were occasionally picked. Among the other genera, the pretty Huchromia mygindana was common among bilberry above the Black Wood; and Pyrausta purpuralis, Botys fuscalis, Scoparia ambigualis, S. muralis, Sericoris daleana, Cnephasia musculana, Phoxopteryx biarcuana, P. myrtillana, Pterophorus acanthodactylus, and many others were observed. During our second week Mr. King and I sugared on most evenings, and it was on those occasions that our interest became really centred on Lepidoptera. Noctue were attracted in fair quantity, and especially interesting to myself, from the circumstance that I had never before seen them alive in a wild state, were Hadena rectilinea and Acronycta myrice. Both species were in perfect condition, and the former was plentiful; a beautiful object it was on the sugared trees, though on some of the lichen-covered trunks they were so difficult to see that over and over again they would have been missed had it not been for a common habit they had of dropping to the ground when the light was turned on . them. Myrice only occurred during our last few days, and was 90 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. just getting well out. In point of numbers Hadena adusta took a good lead, and was in fine order, many of the specimens being very large and almost quite black. They were carefully looked over on the trees on the chance of Crymodes exulis being among them, but none of us were fortunate enough to get one. A plentiful and very interesting species too was Rusina tenebrosa, the specimens being generally smaller and much darker than any I had seen elsewhere; many of them were almost black with scarcely any marking, and quite a contrast even to our West Yorkshire examples. Very pretty forms of Hadena pisi and H. dentina occurred in moderate numbers, and a very welcome and not uncommon visitor was H. contigua. Only one Acronycta leporina was taken, perfectly fresh, and, to our surprise, of quite the pale southern type. The other visitors included Cymatophora duplaris and very dark C. or, Acronycta menyanthidis, very pretty forms of Xylophasia rurea, Agrotis porphyra, Gonoptera libatria, and a number of other ordinary species. Platypteryx lacertula or P. falcula (both, I think), Hphyra pendularia, and other common species were also taken at dusk. Mr. King and Mr. Reid had one evening’s larva-hunting high up in the Black Wood, and found, mostly on bilberry, those of Fidonia pinetaria in plenty, a few of Noctua sobrina and N. neglecta (Mr. Reid), Cloantha solidaginis (2), Cidaria populata, and some, also on bilberry, which I think (and I had some feeding at home at the time) were Oporabia filigrammaria, though I am not aware that this species has been recorded from Rannoch. We were told that larve of Aplecta occulta had been common shortly before our arrival, but, judging it was then too late, we made no attempt to search for any. We ascertained too that a few imagines of Petasia nubecu- losa had been taken in the spring, but that the species had been much scarcer than in some previous years. The fact that Hadena adusta and Rusina tenebrosa were so much darker in the Highlands than in the West Riding of York- shire showed that, notwithstanding all that has been said and written during the past dozen or more years as to the probable cause of melanism in Lepidoptera, we know but little more than we did at the beginning. Both the species occur, the former commonly, in the same wood near my residence, in which are found almost absolutely black Boarmia repandata, Amphidasys betularia, Hypsipetes elutata, Cidaria immanata, Miana strigilis (only a very occasional specimen of this being other than var. ethiops), and other species ; and yet onthe same ground Hadena adusta and Rusina tenebrosa are paler than at Rannoch, where the air is as nearly absolutely free from smoke or anything of that character as possible. On the other hand, I believe all the species I have mentioned as being so dark here are, excepting possibly Miana strigilis, of quite ordinary type at Rannoch. The much paler Melanippe tristata, too, gave the moth quite a different NOTE ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF NEMEOBIUS LUCINA. 91 appearance when on the wing to ours; and the specimen of Acronycta leporina was of the palest South of England form, whereas Yorkshire specimens are all of the dark variety brady- porina. The only A. psi taken was also an exceptionally pale one. In the Huddersfield wood alluded to, Cidaria populata occurs plentifully, and on the near moorlands is in the greatest profusion, but I have never yet seen one at all approaching the dark unicolorous Highland form. Rannoch is a charming collecting district, but to those in- terested in Lepidoptera only I should recommend the last week in June and through July as likely to be much more productive than the time of our visit. Crosland Hall, Huddersfield: March 8rd, 1899. NOTE on tHe LIFE-HISTORY or NEMEOBIUS LUCINA. By Rev. A. M. Moss, M.A. Waite taking Nemeobius lucina last summer at Witherslack, I captured a pair “‘in cop.,”’ the female of which I preserved alive in a glass-topped box, kept in the sunshine. After providing her with a couple of primrose leaves laid on soil, I was pleased to find that she fell in with my suggestion and laid me a score of eggs. ‘They were deposited at intervals, about half a dozen at a time, spotted about the leaves, and all on the under side, the furry and uneven texture of the leaf being well adapted for this purpose, and affording an excellent shelter. From pale green they changed to pink; and in a fortnight or more, previous to emergence, the shells which had become semitransparent re- vealed little leaden-coloured larve curled up within. Never had I less difficulty in breeding any insect; and I would strongly recommend any who are in want of a good series of N. lucina, to remember the story of the goose that laid the golden egg, next time a female turns up. Only one larva died in moulting, and one [ preserved. I kept them in a flat biscuit tin on soil, very slightly moistened, and all I had to do was to supply them with a fresh primrose or cowslip leaf once a week. They pupated in due course, attached with the usual silken band, some to the leaves and some to the sides of the tin. Having seen several records of the autumnal emergence of this species in captivity (vide Entom. xxviii. 338), I experimented with three or four pup during the last ten days of September, placing them beside a kitchen boiler. At the end of that period, no longer possessing any facility for forcing, I replaced them with my other pupe in the more or less normal temperature of 92 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. my sitting-room. No change was yet observable in their appear- ance, the pupe# remaining white like the rest. However, the process of formation had evidently being going on, for in another fortnight three had begun to change colour. The length of time between this stage and the point of emergence varied from seven to fourteen days or thereabouts (cf. an interesting article in Ent. Rec. vi. 257); and the noticeable changes were three in number as follows :— (1) More opaque, and creamy in colour. (2) Faint pink and grey square marks on wing-cases, and thorax" darkening. (3) Uniform dark leaden colour all over. The removal to cooler temperature apparently did not affect them, except perhaps in retarding their emergence for a few days. Furthermore, I found that at intervals though November and December all my other unforced lucina were forming, the ordinary temperature of my room (without any moisture) evidently being sufficient to bring them out before their time. So, out of eighteen larve I have seventeen perfect imagines (the majority females), only one producing a malformation. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Lycmna arton.—I have experience of larve of this species for some three years, rearing them (up to a certain point) from the ova laid by females taken by myself; and although I have hitherto failed to get them to pupate, I have had larve nearly, if not quite, full-grown. The larva described by Mr. E. B. Nevinson in the last number of the ‘Entomologist’ (ante, p. 71) does not accord with those I have had. The colour of the larvee I have had was more or less lilac, this colour becoming more brilliant as the larve increased, until it might almost be described as violet. At this period they spun together the seed- heads of the thyme, but I never succeeded in finding them alive in the spring following. The imago would searcely be over by Aug. 18th, the date on which Mr. Nevinson’s larva was probably full-fed.—A. B. Farn; Mount Nod, Greenhithe, March 2nd, 1899. Nore on tHe Larva or PHoropESMA SMARAGDARIA. — Some time since I had the opportunity of observing the method by which a larva of P. smaragdaria dresses itself with the fragments of food-plant which form its protective covering. When it has changed its skin, the larva is seen to have a number of tubercles on its back; these tubercles secrete a sticky fluid. Having, of course, shed the old adornment with its skin, and requiring to redecorate itself, it at once proceeds to do so by seizing a fragment of the food-plant attached to its cast-off skin, and, removing this, places it on its back, moving it to and fro until the particle adheres to one of the tubercles, through the NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 93 medium of the sticky exudation. As soon as the first fragment is fixed, it proceeds to remove a second piece from the cast-off skin, and places this on its back as it did the first; this process is continued until the larva is satisfied with the amount of covering it has acquired. —H. S. Fremuin; Grosvenor Laboratories, Chelsea Bridge. Tue Coccipm or tHE Sanpwicu Istanps.—Last year (Entom. xxxi. 239) I gave a list of Sandwich Island Coccide, and indicated five species as being only known from thence. Already, three of these have turned up elsewhere; Kermicus (formerly Spherococcus) bambuse has been found by Mr. Green in Ceylon, by M. d’Emmerez de Charmoy in Mauritius, and by Dr. Noack at Campinas, Brazil; Dactylopius vastator has been identified by Professor J. D. Tinsley from Mauritius, where it was collected by M. de Charmoy; and Mytilaspis hawatiensis has been found by Mr. Koebele at Amoy, China. ‘Two species are to be added to the Sandwich Islands list. On Feb. 3rd, 1899, Mr. A. Craw found a palm (Seaforthia elegans), which arrived at San Francisco from Honolulu, to be infested with Coccide. I have examined the material, and it is Aspidiotus (Evaspidiotus) transparens, Green, and 4. (Hemiberlesia) greenii, Ckll., with also a very young Icerya, indeter- minable. Corrections.—Ante, p. 12, for “* Two new genera of Lecaniine Coccide ” read “‘ Two new genera of Coccide.” P. 13, at bottom, for ‘« Aspidiotis”” read ‘* Aspidiotus.” —T. D. A. Cocxereti; Mesilla Park, New Mexico, U.S.A., Feb. 14th, 1899. IcunEumMons WantEep.—Will lepidopterists and others who may breed or otherwise capture ichneumons during the coming season be so kind as to send them, with, where possible, their host’s names, to Claude Morley, F.E.S., Crescent, Ipswich, who is commencing the study of these interesting parasites ? CucuLLia cHAMOMILLE. — A correspondent (ante, p. 20) writes requesting information upon the finding of larve of Cucullia chamomille. This at once throngs my mind with many pleasant, and in the main successful, hunts after the species; and I hasten to contribute my small experience, with the hope that it may be of use to him and others. I first made the acquaintance of chamomille larve ten years ago, at Rossall, near Fleetwood. The chamomile grew in abundance on a part of the sea wall, and I traced the whereabouts of my first caterpillar by the frass lying on the sand under one of these plants. It was full- grown, very brightly coloured, and completely hidden in its green thicket. Afterwards, however, I found others quite exposed, even at this stage of growth. Roughly speaking, for the first half of their brief larval existence they always live exposed, and seem to rejoice in lying in a half-circle on the crown of unexpanded flower-heads. Green is then the predominant colour, with a varying degree of white and darker markings, not unlike the larva of Anarta myrtilli. With its growth the caterpillar becomes a very beautiful object; red or yellow, and in some specimens both, being added to the former colours, and the skin becoming smooth and shining. Like others of the genus, chamomille is endowed with electric activity. The larve, at any rate ENTOM.—aPRIL, 1899. K 94 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. in their earlier stages, are perfectly easy to find, if one is fortunate enough to hit on the locality at the right time; and with this species the last consideration is all-important, for I know of no larva that possesses more marvellously quick growing powers. Finding larve of an inch in length, I have had them full fed and about to bury in a week’s time. Let me refer my reader to Newman’s excellent notes on the species—‘ British Moths,’ page 485. I can corroborate exactly what he gives as regards date; possessing records in 1897, a somewhat backward season, of both small and full-grown larve on June 20th and 28th. I think the middle of June may be looked upon as the time to begin searching. It is certainly a fastidiously local species ; and on this point again I find Newman correct to the letter, having taken it in dockyards in the heart of Birkenhead. I have also taken it on the sand at Abergele, at Crosby near Liverpool, and in abundance at Bidston, Birkenhead, and near the mouth of the Wyre, Fleetwood ; which experience leads me to suppose that it has a preference for the coast. One word more in respect to the pupe. Until 1897 I had never succeeded in rearing a single moth, the pupx always drying up just before emergence. In that year I bred a fine series of fourteen by keeping them buried in a tin of moistened soil. They all emerged in November and December, some being expedited by gentle forcing. I have lately been subjecting a greater number of C. asteris pup to the same treatment, with the fatal result that nearly all have succumbed to mould. ‘Truly one lives and learns. The moral, therefore, seems to be—keep asteris (and I might also add wmbratica) dry, for you cannot bring them out before their time; but leave chamomilieé buried in damp sandy soil.—(Rev.) A. M. Moss; 12, Greenside, Kendal. Curtous Instance or ‘‘ Assempiine.”—I thought perhaps the fol- lowing might prove of some interest. On August 2nd, 1896, a female specimen of Orgyia antiqua emerged in the breeding-cage in my bed~ room. ‘T'he window of the room was closed, but on going into it about 4 p.m. I was surprised to find three males of O. antiqua flying wildly about. The door was open, and the only open window was on the staircase about six stairs further down, and at right angles to the wall of my room, in which the door is. The window was only open three or four inches.—F. M. B. Carr; 46, Handen Road, Lee, S.E. Larva Dervourtnc Drap Motu.—In looking through my diary for 1897, I see the following note on a larva of Chelonia (Arctia) caia. I placed a good-sized larva of C. caia in a box containing a dead female Amphidasys betularia, and forgot to put in any food for it. When I opened the box next day I found that the larva bad nearly entirely demolished the wings of the dead moth, and had also eaten part of the body.—F. M. B. Carr. Tue Preservation or Wicxen Frn.—In an interesting article in ‘Science Gossip’ for March, Mr. Herbert Goss asks for the co- operation of naturalists in assisting the National Trust to secure such portions of Wicken Fen as may be offered for sale from time to time. 95 CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. Preris RAP& IN JANUARY.—On March 7th I saw a specimen of P. rape sitting upon a wall drying its wings, and quite close to the chrysalis from which it had just emerged. Is this not very early ?—Marsorte Matuew ; Royal Naval School, Twickenham, March 15th, 1899.—[Mr. Kirkaldy, who recorded the occurrence of a specimen of P. rape on January 29th (ante, p. 78), informs us that another example was taken in the same house some time during the first week in March.—ED.]. LeprpopTeRA CapTurED at Ligut 1n 1898.—In accordance with my annual practice, I send a list of a few additional insects taken at light during the past year, and not previously so recorded by me, viz. :—Sphina ligustri, Hylophila bicolorana (female), Hepialus sylvanus, Notodonta chaonia (female\, Xylophasia rurea, Dianthecia carpophaga, Xylina orni- thopus, Plusia pulchrina, Rivula sericealis, Zonosoma annulata, Cledeobia angustalis, Scoparia resinea, Amblyptilia acanthodactylus, Tortrix crata- gana, T. aylosteana, T. heparana, T. ribeana, T. forsterana, Dichelia grotiana, Pedisca rufimitrana, Micropteryx subpurpurella, Depressaria applana, Dasycera sulphurella, Endrosis fenestrella, Ornia betula, Litho- colletis pomifoliella, L. cramerella. On the whole the season for light was a very poor one, but the following were more plentiful than usual, viz. :— Notodonta trepida, N. trimacula, N. dicteoides, Hypenodes albistrigalis, Boarmia abietaria, Cidaria dotata. —G. F. Strupp: Oxton, Exeter, Feb. 25th, 1899. CHG@ROCAMPA CELERIO IN 1898.—On January 3rd I was shown a fine example of C. celerto, which was taken by a chemist at Southborough, near Tunbridge Wells, in October. It flew in at his shop-door, doubtless attracted by the light, and he immediately secured and chloroformed it. It was shown to me on my return home, by the Rev. R. Bull, of St. Andrew’s, Southborough, to whom the chemist had given it, and whose collection it now adorns.—H. W. SHEPHEARD-WaALWwyn ; West Downs, Winchester. MAcROGLOSSA STELLATARUM IN 1899.—I think the following rather a curious appearance of the above-mentioned moth. On the 3rd of January last I was at the Hereford Hunt Ball, and during supper I noticed a specimen of M. stellatarum sitting upon the collar of a gentleman at the same table. I called my partner’s attention to it, and he obtained an empty match-box from a waiter and secured it. This testifies to the extra- ordinary mildness of the winter in this neighbourhood up to Jan. 3rd.— E. Bertaa Vauauan; The Skreen, Erwood, R.S.O., Radnorshire, South Wales. A medium-sized specimen of M. stellatarum was taken here on Feb. 18th by the Rev. A. B. Sole. The insect was hovering over the blossoms of yellow jasmine, and appeared to be a freshly-emerged example.—H, W. SHEPHEARD-WaLwyn; West Downs, Winchester. Notes rrom Norra Wates: oN THE Ssgason 1898. —I found Lepidoptera much scarcer in North Wales during last year than has been the case in either of the three preceding seasons. Not until September could insects be said to be at all abundant, The early moths were con- 96 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. spicuous by their absence; while nightly visits to the sallows during the last fortnight in March produced nothing but the commoner species of Ta@niocampa. Of T.munda, so abundant in 1897, I saw not more than two or three altogether. On April 2nd 1 found Amphidasys strataria on oak trunks: and from ova deposited by one of the females I managed to rear a large brood during the summer. The resemblance of the larve to the dark grey twigs of oak was very striking. A week later I was at Capel Curig in Carnarvonshire, and found moths fairly common at the sallows. Pachnobia rubricosa occurred most frequently of the spring moths, along with an occasional T@niocampa gracilis. Several hybernated species also turned up, including Triphosia dubitata, and odd specimens of Agrotis suffusa, Oporina croceago, Calocampa vetusta, C. exoleta, Xylina socia, and Cidaria miata. One specimen of Asphalia flavicornis was attracted by light. On April 21st I observed, near Portmadoc, specimens of Huchloé cardamines and Pieris napi, together with many hybernated Vanessa io. On the following day I boxed a lovely specimen of Asphalia ridens ou the side of the road between Barmouth and Machynketh. The first three weeks of May were cold and wet, and insects in the neighbour- hood of Newtown were very scarce. In fact, Rhopalocera have been very scarce here all the season, with the exception of Pieris brassicae and P. rape, which were most abundant during the autumn. Vanessa c album I saw once, on May 7th. Common Geometre began to turn up on May 25th, when I also tonk Cymatovhora duplaris and Pterostoma palpina. Macro- glossa bombyliformis was very scarce; I took four specimens on June 3rd and 5th, all at flowers of Pedicularis sylvatica. Noctuz began to turn up at light on June 7th; and during the rest of the month Leucania comma, Grammesia trigrammica, and Hadena dentina occurred in some numbers. Sugar was a complete failure during June and July. Two visits during the same months to Dinas Mawddwy, a charming village among the moun- tains in the south of Merionethshire, produced little of note. In 1897 the pine woods there swarmed with Geometre, such as Bupalus piniaria, Macaria liturata, and Thera firmata ; but this year they produced nothing beside Larentia viridata, Melanippe montanata, and Hepialus hectus. On’ the moorland above the village 1 came across Plusia festuce and Pseudo- terpna pruinata. Melanippe tristata was common during the first week in July in the locality where I discovered it last year, as was also Melitea artemis a fortuight earlier. During July light was more productive, among the better moths that turned up being Plusta iota, P. pulchrina, Neuria reticulata, Cidaria prunata, C. dotata, and C. associata. During August [ was in the South of England ; but on my return here in September I tried sugar again. I began on September 13th, and sugared almost every night until October 24th. The trees I sugared were some half-dozen apple trees in my own garden, and a number of oak trees in a small copse on a hill at the back of my house. On the first few nights Amphipyra pyramidea was common, but worn. Anchocelis pistacina was the most abundant moth, and occurred in every conceivable variety. dA. rufina and A. litura were also quite common ; but of Ad. dunosa I got but two. The best moths I took were Xanthia aurago aud X. gilvago. Of the former I secured about twenty specimens, all, except one, in the copse above mentioned ; while of the latter I got eight or nine examples, which came siugly on separate evenings, and all but one in the garden. ‘Two or three specimens each of Agrotis saucia and 4. sujéusa also turned up, with a few Hydrecia micacea and Agriopis SOCIETIES. 97 aprilina ; while Amphipyra tragopogonis, Triphena comes, Orthosia maci- lenta, Xanthia circellaris, Miselia oxyacanthe, and Phlogophora meticulosa were all very abundant. During October Cerastis vaccinii, C. ligula (= spa- dicea), and Scopelosoma satellitia largely replaced them. Occasional speci- meus of Caradrina quadripunctata, Agrotis segetum, and Orthosia lota complete the list. Two of the best nights were September 17th and 27th. The former was a mild, still night; whereas on the latter the wind was N.N.W. and cold, with bright moonshine. Himera pennaria occurred frequently at light in October; and Cheimatobia brumata was very abun- dant here and there on mild November evenings.—ALFRED S. TETLEY ; Llwynon, Newtown, N. Wales. A Locust in a CavLirLowrER.—Yesterday, February 26th, my cook informed me that she had found a very large and strange insect in the leaves of the cauliflower she was preparing for cooking. As she was certain it was not a dragonfly, I requested her to look for it in the dustbin, where she had thrown it with the leaves. In a few minutes a locust was brought to me alive and uninjured ; it is of full size, and I am keeping it in a warm place. I am informed that the cauliflower came from Italy.— H. Perry Duprey; Fort House, Green Lanes, Stoke Newington, N. SOCIETIES. Enromotoeicaa Society or Lonpon.— February 15th, 1899.— Mr. G. H. Verrall, President, in the chair. Mr. James EK. Collin, of Sussex Lodge, Newmarket, was elected a Fellow of the Society. Mr. B. A. Bower exhibited perfectly black melanic examples of Boarmia abietaria, Hb., bred from ova laid by a female of the ordinary Box Hill form, which was captured on the 9th of July, 1897. They were part of a brood of seventeen, seven of which were of the black aberration ; and for comparison with them he showed specimens from Box Hill, South Devon and the New Forest. Mr. Blandford exhibited some lumps of common salt burrowed by larve of Dermestes vulpinus, to which he had incidentally referred in a letter just published in ‘‘ Nature.” They were sent to him by Sir H. T. Wood, Secretary of the Society of Arts, who received them from a correspondent writing from a preserved-meat factory in Australia. It was a mistake to suppose, as this correspondent had done, that the larve burrowed in the salt for the sake of obtaining food; he himself had on various occasions called attention to depre- dations of Dermestes vulpinus, arising from a habit the larve had of burrowing through different materials in order to find a shelter in which to undergo pupation, though this was the first time that salt, as a substance attacked in that way, had come under his notice. Mr. J. J. Walker, in remarking upon the exhibit, said he believed one of the earliest references to injuries caused by Dermestes was to be found in “The Last Voyage of Thomas Candish,” published in Hakluyt’s Collection of Voyages, where there was an interesting though somewhat exaggerated account of certain worms which, bred from a stock of dried Penguins, proceeded to devour the whole of the ship’s stores, and then to gnaw into the timbers, creating great alarm lest the ship should 98 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. spring a leak. This voyage took place in the year 1598; and the worms, he thought, could only have been the larve of Dermestes vulpinus or some closely allied species. Dr. T. A. Chapman read a ‘Contribution to the Life-history of Micropteryx (Hriocephala) am- manella, Hubn.”’ March 1st.—Mr. G. H. Verrall, President, in the chair. Mr. G. J. Arrow, of the British Museum (Natural History); Mr. G. B. Chaleraft, of Leicester; Mr. C. E. Collins, of Stoneham, Calcot, Reading; Mr. Percy W. Farmborough, F.Z.S., of Lower Edmonton; Mr. Montague Gunning, of Narborough, Leicester ; Mr. Harry Moore, of 12, Lower Road, Rotherhithe; and Mr. H. 8. Woolley, of 7, Park Road, Greenwich, were elected Fellows of the Society. Mr. J. J. Walker exhibited a specimen of a rare British beetle, Quedius longicornis, Ktz., recently taken at Cobham Park, Kent. Mr. M. Jacoby exhibited a Halticid beetle from Sumatra, of the genus Chalenus, Westw., and called attention to the remarkable position of its eyes, these organs being placed at the end of two very distinct lateral processes of the head, somewhat resembling the stalked eyes of crabs and other Crustacea. He said this character was peculiar to the male sex, and was very exceptional in Coleoptera, not being met with in any other genus of Phytophaga, and only occurring in a few Anthribide, and in isolated cases in one or two other families. He also showed a beetle from Peru, which was sent to him in a collection of Phytophaga, and which, superficially, was very like certain members of that group; but, from the structure of the antenne and other characters, it appeared to be out of place in the Phytophaga, and probably belonged to some other family. Mr. Gahan remarked that this beetle, to whatever family it might prove to belong, was very interesting, not only from its structural peculiarities, but also from the fact that it had the colour and markings characteristic of certain species of Galerucide, a family to which it undoubtedly was not in any way closely related. This fact seemed to show that it was a mimetic form, and thus helped to explain the , present obscurity surrounding its affinities. Mr. J. J. Walker read a short extract from the account given in ‘‘ The Last Voyage of Thomas Candish,”’ to which he had referred in the course of his remarks on Mr. Blandford’s exhibit at the previous meeting. Mr. G. J. Arrow contributed a paper ‘‘On Sexual Dimorphism in Beetles of the Family Rutelide,’”’ and sent for exhibition a series, including both sexes, of six species of Anomala, selected to illustrate the subject of his paper.— J.J. Waker and C. J. Ganan, Hon. Secs. Soutn Lonpon EnromonocicaL AND Narurat History Socrery.— Annual Meeting, Jan. 26th, 1899. Mr. J. W. Tutt, F.E.S., in the chair. A very satisfactory balance-sheet was adopted, and the Council’s Report, giving a résumé of the past year’s work, having been read, the following gentlemen were declared elected to fill the various offices in the Society:—A. Harrison, F.L.8., F.E.S., &c., President; Dr. Chapman, F.E.S., and J. W. Tutt, F.E.S., Vice- Presidents; T. W. Hall, F.E.S., Treasurer; H. A. Sauzé, Librarian ; W. West, Curator; Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., F.E.S., and Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S., Hon. Secretaries; R. Adkin, F.E.S., F. Clark, H. 8, SOCIETIES. 99 Fremlin, M.R.C.P., F.E.S., W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S., H. Moore, A. M. Montgomery, and R. South, F.E.8., Council. The President then read his Address. February 9th.—Mr. A. Harrison, F.L.8., President, in the chair.— Mr. Russell exhibited a specimen of Plusia moneta taken at Southend, near Catford, in July, 1898. It was noted how rapidly the species was spreading. Mr. Adkin, a series of Hadena pisit from Aberdeenshire, with §. English forms for comparison. They were of a blackish brown or dull purple, showing a strong contrast to the red English form. Mr. Lucas, a series of Rhyparobia (Panchlora) maderi@ taken at Kew Gardens in a packet received from the Belgian Congo, and contributed notes on its distribution. Mr. Main, specimens of the brilliant Cole- opteron, Aspidomorpha sancte-crucis, from Bombay, which had been preserved in a dilute solution of formalin. A discussion ensued as to the amount of formalin in the solution, and also as to its action. It was thought that no more was necessary than just sufficient to sterilize the water, say 1 per cent. Mr. Harrison, a bred series of Pseudoterpna pruinata (cytisaria) from New Forest larve. Mr. Fremlin read a note received from Mr. Chadwick, in Devonshire, giving an account of an observation of Amphipyra pyramidea swimming across a stream at least thirty yards wide. In the discussion which ensued, Mr. Tutt and others gave various instances of the swimming capabilities of several species of Lepidoptera. Dr. Chapman read a paper entitled ‘‘ Some Points in the Evolution of the Lepidopterous Antenne,” illustrating his remarks by blackboard diagrams and numerous figures of antenne sculpture. A discussion took place, and it was considered that the paper was one of the most important of the series of evolutionary studies which Dr. Chapman had for some time been contributing to various societies and magazines. February 23rd.—Mr. A. Harrison, F.L.S., President, in the chair. Rev. F. H. Wood, Bromley Park, Kent, was elected a member. Mr. Sauzé exhibited a specimen of the Heteropteron, Acanthosoma hemorr- hoidalis, taken alive a few hours before at Brixton. Mr. Harrison exhibited a long series of Parnassius apollo, both bred and captured, arranged to show the variation in the large central ocellus on the hind wings. He also exhibited series of Papilio podalirius and P. machaon, both species from Meiringen. Mr. West, of Greenwich, a long series of the four species of the Homopterous genus Philenus, including some hundred different varieties of the common garden spit-fly, P. spumarius. Mr. Moore, a preserved larva of Papilio cresphontes of North America. Mr. Step gave a series of notes and observations he had made during the last few years on our larger British Crustaceans, and he illustrated his remarks by admirable lantern slides from his own photographs. March 9th.—Mr. R. Adkin, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the chair. Mr. Adkin exhibited males, imagines, and cases of Psyche villosella, P. opacella, and P. graminella. Mr. Tutt communicated a paper on “The Nature of Metamorphosis.’’—Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Report Sec. CamsBripce EntomoxoercaL AnD Naturat History Socmty.— February 3rd, 1899.—Dr. Sharp exhibited a number of stag-beetles (Lucanide), 100 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. from various parts of the world, calling attention to the trimorphism conspicuous among the males of many species. They differ not only in size, but also in the form of the mandibles, and can be usually placed in three well-marked groups in each species. He also exhibited some bees of the genus Moptorthosoma from Ceylon, in which in the female a cavity is formed in the anterior end of the abdomen by an involution of the skin. The abdomen is pressed so close against the thorax that in the normal position this cavity is invisible, but it can be seen by bending down the abdomen or by cutting it off. The cavity varies in form in different species, but is found throughout the genus in the female, and always contains a number of large dcari. It is not known whether these parasites have any connection with the develop- ment of the structure in question. Dr. Harmer exhibited an Amphi- pod Crustacean of the genus Niphargus found in a well at Norwich. This genus is only known to occur in deep wells, and in the complete absence of pigment from all parts of the body, including the eyes, it resembles a cave animal.—L. Doncaster, Hon. Sec. Kennan Enromoxtocican Society.—January 9th, 1899. Annual Meeting.—The President in the chair. The following officers were elected for the year :—President and Secretary, Rev. A. M. Moss, M.A. ; Vice-President, Mr. F. Littlewood; Treasurer, Mr. A. Graveson. The President gave as his Address a retrospect of the past years and the work of the Society since its foundation in June. Mr. Holmes moved the adoption of the Report, which is now being printed for circulation amongst the members.—Rev. A. M. Moss, Hon. Sec. Biruincuam Enromouocican Socrety.—January 16th, 1899.—Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, President, in the chair. Mr. R. C. Bradley exhibited two drawers from the type collection which had been filled, one with Tortices principally from Dr. P. B. Mason’s collection, the other with Pyrales from his own collection and that of Mr. F. W. Moore. Mr. P. W. Abbott exhibited a series of Camptogramma fluviata, bred, | from Devonshire; also Heliothus armigera and Leucania vitellina, from the same county. Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker showed a box of Lycenids including forms of Lycena icarus, L. bellargus, and L. corydon, from many localities in Kurope and Turkestan. February 6th. Myr. Bethune-Baker, President in the chair. Annual Meeting. The Annual Reports were presented, that of the Treasurer showing a smaller balance in hand than last year. Mr. G. T. Bethune- Baker, F.L.S., F.E.S., was reelected President, and Mr. P. W. Abbott Vice-President, and the other officers as follows :—Treasurer, Mr. R. C. Bradley ; Secretary, Mr. C. J. Wainwright, 2, Handsworth Wood, Handsworth; Librarian, Mr. A. H. Martineau; other members of Council, Messrs. G. H. Kenrich, W. Harrison, H. Willoughby Ellis, and H. J. Sands.—Coxsran J. Wainweicut, Hon. Sec. E | Plate 1. May, 1899. The Entomoloaist, West, Newman lth THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vor. XXXII.) MAY, 1899. [No. 482. NOTES ON EMYDIA CRIBRUM, L. By Kustace R. Bankes, M.A., F.E.S. In the course of his observations on this species in Entom. Xxv. pp. 269-271 (1892), Mr. Fowler says: ‘‘Stainton’s ‘Manual’ gives Blandford and the New Forest as localities, which I think decidedly wrong; I have a fair knowledge of each, but have never seen a specimen in either. It would be interesting to know whether it still exists in either of these localities.” I believe I may safely say that H. cribrum has never to this day been taken, either in the immediate neighbourhood of Bland- ford, or in any part of the New Forest, although hundreds of ova have at various times been turned out in the latter district. Both these localities were entered in Stainton’s ‘Manual’ on the authority of the late Mr. Frederick Bond, and both can be easily explained, thanks to information kindly given me by the Rey. O. P. Cambridge, who was an intimate friend and frequent com- panion of Mr. Bond. 1. ‘‘ Blandford,’ as there used, really means ‘‘ Bloxworth, Dorset,” the foundation for the record being the fact, well known to Mr. Bond, that several single examples of H. cribrum were taken on Bloxworth Heath, by the Rev. O. P. Cambridge, in 1855. Bloxworth is about seven miles, as the crow flies, to the south of Blandford. Mr. Bond used often to stay with Mr. Cambridge at Bloxworth Rectory, and always, for strategical reasons, gave ‘‘ Blandford”’ (the then post-town of Bloxworth) as the locality for the more important captures made by him- self, or others, at Bloxworth, or elsewhere in that rather wide district. Mr. Cambridge tells me that he knows as a fact that ENTOM.—mMay, 1899. L 102 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Mr. Bond was never in the Blandford district—properly so called —in his life. 2. ““New Forest’’ should be interpreted to mean ‘‘ near Ringwood,” the exact spot of heathland where Mr. Bond used, year after year, to work for the insect, accompanied by George Gulliver and sometimes by the Rev. O. P. Cambridge, being well known to me. It is situated in Hampshire, though very near the boundary of Dorset, and although not within the limits of the New Forest, it is only about four miles from the western edge of that tract. In 1892, for the second time within com- paratively recent years, the range of heath in which it lies was entirely destroyed by an extensive fire. I fully agree with Mr. Fowler that the insect is only single- brooded in this country. No doubt the reason why some have thought that there is a second brood is because, in certain of its colonies, the moths always emerge several weeks earlier than in others, which lie in the same part of the country, and in some cases even further south. Thus, it has been taken by my friends or myself in May (in the exceptionally early season of 1893), June, July, and August, but, in my experience, the moths in any given colony emerge at about the same date, and are, in that particular spot, only obtainable during one or two consecutive weeks in the course of the year. As regards the food-plants of the larva, we learn, from some interesting notes in Ent. Mo. Mag. 2nd ser. i. pp. 255-6, and p- 298, some of the following facts, the rest having been commu- nicated to me (in litt.) by friends :— 1. On the Continent.—Larve found by Mr. G. T. Baker in Switzerland feeding ‘“‘on a broadish-leaved grass,” there being no heath in the vicinity, were successfully reared by him on various kinds of grass, while Herr Konewka, of Berlin, who in nature has found the larva on Calluna vulgaris only, reared the moths, from eggs laid in confinement, by feeding the larve on lettuce leaves. In Lep. der Schweiz. p. 80 (1880), Professor Frey says, ‘‘ Larva on Calluna and low plants.” 2. In EKngland.—The following curiously different results have been obtained by those observers who have tried to rear larve, resulting from ova laid by females captured on the heaths in West Hants or East Dorset:—The Rev. E. N. Bloomfield found that the larvee apparently would not touch Calluna vulgaris or Lrica cinerea, but began to feed on Poa annua and Aira flexuosa, after which their lives were ended by an accident. Mr. H. Goss got larve to feed well on both Erica cinerea and E. tetrahx, but they all died off when Calluna vulgaris was given them as a substitute. Mr. J. H. Fowler fed some young larve on lettuce for a time, but they all died off; he could not induce them to feed on any kind of heath or lichen, and fancied that a NOTES ON EMYDIA CRIBRUM. 103 wiry kind of grass that grows on the heaths might be the natural food-plant. Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, to whom I have sent all the eges that I have obtained, found that the young larve fed well for a time on Calluna vulgaris, and has more than once reared them on it until they went into hybernation, but never further. One of the New Forest collectors—a member, I believe, of the well-known family of Gulliver—told me that he had succeeded in rearing the larve on a mixed diet of Calluna vulgaris and lichen, but that they invariably pine away and die unless supplied with lichen in the spring; he added that they should also be kept out of doors. I know no one else who has bred the moth from British larve. From the above facts it appears probable that one reason why ZH. cribrum is so extremely local, and the chief reason why it has proved so very difficult to rear in confinement in this country is that British larve of it must have lichen, as well as ling (which I am inclined to think is its usual food-plant) or heath, when feeding up in the spring; perhaps the necessary lichen is a grey one that grows on the stems of ling and heath in certain spots on the moors frequented by the insect. Mr. Fowler (J. c.) says he has noticed that EH. cribrum is ‘ not confined to certain spots, but is generally distributed over a par- ticular area’’; some areas, however, where I have studied its range carefully, are so very restricted that they may well be called ‘‘ spots.” As regards the variation in the imago, I can fully endorse Mr. Fowler’s remark that his variety ‘‘5” is very scarce, for only one example of it has ever fallen to my lot. My collection, however, contains a still scarcer aberration of the male, taken near Ringwood in 1890, which is apparently unknown to him. The ground colour is white ; the second and third black transverse “bands” are placed near together, and are both so exceptionally broad that the usual pale area between them is reduced to a narrow and much-interrupted white line, and they appear as a black central double fascia, which stands out very conspicuously against the white ground colour on either side of it. Among the hundreds of specimens that I have examined, I have never seen another example of this conspicuously black-banded form. The Rectory, Corfe Castle: January 30th, 1899. Lg 104 {HE ENTOMOLOGIS?. THE EARLIER STAGES OF LYCANA ARION. By F. W. Frouawr, M.B.O.U., F.E.S. On July 22nd, 1895, my friend Mr. A. B. Farn very kindly sent me some ova of Lycena arion, which he had just found deposited upon the flower-heads of wild thyme. The following interesting extract is from his letter received at the time :—‘‘ The ova deposited by females under perfectly natural conditions are laid singly (except in one case), and are inserted somewhat deeply among the clusters of buds of thyme. I could not discover any ova on thyme in full blossom, and it would seem that the buds are chosen so that the hatching of the larve and the opening of the buds should be contemporaneous.” Again, on July 9th, 1896, I received several more ova from Mr. Farn. These hatched on the following day. The ovum measures one-forty-eighth inch in width, and one-eightieth inch in height. It is of a very compressed globular form, sunken in the centre; so much so, that, to the naked eye, the operculum appears as a dark central spot. The entire surface is finely and beautifully reticulated by an irregular net-work pattern. The colour is pale bluish white. July 18th, 1896. I placed the larve upon thyme blossoms, and found they soon began to feed. The next day I saw one eating into the base of the calyx, so that only the last few posterior segments of its body were exposed. On the 18th I noticed a few feeding, and a good deal of frass was adhering to the blossoms, which were more or less eaten, especially the petals. July 22nd. Hxamined the flower-heads, and found only two larve ; one in the second stage measuring one-twelfth inch long, and one in the third stage one-eighth inch long. The following is a description of the former. ‘The first and last segments are flattened, projecting, and rounded, overlapping the head (which is withdrawn while at rest) and the anal claspers. The body is much arched, having a medio-dorsal ridge considerably elevated; the sides are flattened and sloping to a lateral ridge; the under surface is also flattened ; the ground colour is of a pearly-white, thickly studded with very minute blackish points; and scattered over the whole surface are a number of bristles, varying in length, all having bulbous dark shining brown bases; the longest are situated on the dorsal and lateral regions; the spiracles are shining dark brown ; the segments are beautifully marked with purplish pink, forming longitudinal stripes, the most conspicuous being the medio-dorsal and lateral stripes; the three other stripes, two above and one below the spiracles, are made up of oblique markings. The head and prolegs are brown, and the claspers whitish. THE EARLIBR STAGES OF LYCANA ARION. 105 A remarkable similarity exists between the buds of thyme blossom and the larve, both in the colouring and the pubescence of each, so much so that it requires very close examination to discern the little larve; and they generally conceal themselves inside the bloom, making detection all the more difficult; but generally a small hole is eaten through the calyx, when the larva may sometimes be seen with only the anal segments protruding. The second larva, measuring one-eighth inch, being in the third stage, is similar in colouring, pattern, and structure, ex- cepting that it is brighter, and the hairs a good deal longer, and the head is shining black. Upon supplying them with fresh sprays of thyme, the larger of the two soon commenced feeding on the downy portion as well as the calyx of the bloom, which seems to be generally the first part to be eaten through, apparently to enable the larva to feed at once upon the base of the petals. The largest larva moulted for the third time on July 26th. Twenty hours after moulting it still measures only one-eighth inch when fully extended. The general colouring is now more uniformly ochreous pink and duller; the second and third seg- ments are humped; the first segment is sloping to the front, sunken in the middle, and rounded, overlapping the head, and it has a large black oval patch in the centre; the three posterior segments are also compressed and sunken; each segment 1s humped sub-dorsally, forming a deep longitudinal medio-dorsal furrow; the sides are concave, and the lateral ridge projecting and overlapping the entire length, hiding from view the legs and claspers ; there are four longitudinal rows of long curved hairs, one row being sub-dorsal, and one lateral; each row is composed of a single hair on each segment from the fourth to the ninth inclusive, on which, segment the sub-dorsal series terminates ; the first three segments have each a set of three sub-dorsal hairs, those on the first segment curving forwards; the lateral series are likewise formed of one on each segment, and all directed laterally and surrounding the extremities of the larva; the hairs have the bases of remarkable formation, resembling glass-like pedestals with fluted sides. The entire upper surface of the body is densely studded with extremely minute pyriform glassy processes; the under surface is equally as densely clothed with very short stoutish hairs. The head is ochreous with dark brown markings in front; the prolegs dusky, and the claspers are unicolorous with the under surface. : In this stage (after the third moult) the larve persistently refuse to remain on the blossoms or any other part of the plant, and appear to have a tendency to hide in the ground. Although thyme and various other plants were supplied to them, they refused to feed, so, leaving them with a growing plant of thyme, and keeping them under conditions as natural as possible, trust- 106 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. ing they would hybernate in that stage, I left them undisturbed ; but subsequently nothing more was seen of them. It will be seen from the above descriptions taken from my note-book (which corroborate Mr. Farn’s note in the last number of the ‘Entomologist,’ p. 92) that the larva described by Mr. Nevinson does not at all correspond to the larve of Lycena arion which I had under observation. April 8rd, 1899. ON NEW SPILOSOMA HYBRIDS.* By A. v. Carapga. Spilosoma mendica, L. hybr. crassa, Caradja (PI. ix. f. 1-4). This form originated from a pairing between S. mendica hybr. standfussi, Car. ¢ and S. sordida ¢ The hybrid form standfussi I described in the ‘ Societas Entomologica,’ 1894, p. 49: it originated from a cross-breeding of S. mendica female with male of var. rustica, Hub. Spilosoma mendica, L., hybr. viertli, Caradja (Pl. ix. f. 5-11), which I dedi- cate to my friend Herr Hauptmann Adalbert Viertl, originated from a combination of S. mendica, var. rustica g and S. sordida @ By crossing hybr. standfussi 3g and sordida 2 eight fruitful pairings were obtained ; the contrary crossings of S. sordida $ and hybr. standfussi 2 , as wellas of S. sordida $ and var. rustica 9, were unfruitful. Of the sixteen to seventeen thousand ova of the nine broods obtained, all acquired at the sixth day a darker colouring, a sure sign that they were fertilized; and this was further confirmed by a supplementary observation of the same ova previous to hatching, for in these the development of the tiny larve was more or less advanced. From each of the nine broods, in about equal numbers, only 12-18 per cent. of the larve actually hatched out; a greater number had begun to bite through the egg-shell, so that the head-shield was already to be seen at the smaller opening, but most of the larve had not the strength to break through the egg-shell. Of the larve that hatched, about 25 per cent. did not touch the food at all, and died. The others proved themselves to be healthy, and developed normally up to the pupation later on. The larve grew up very irregularly, some requiring only forty-eight days, others seventy-two to seventy-six, the majority finding sixty days ample for their development from the egg to the pupa. I obtained altogether twelve healthy pup of the hybrid crassa and 114 of the hybrid viertli. To my regret, the *¢ Tris,’ x. pp. 871-373, pl. ix. figs. 1-11. (Translated by G. W. Kirkaldy.) Pp 8 ON NEW SPILOSOMA HYBRIDS. 107 majority of these pupz perished through the awkward handling of my servant during my bimonthly absence; from the few rescued only two pairs of hybrid crassa resulted (those figured) ; as well as a few pairs of hybrid viertli; of the latter the four males and three females figured are the most diverse. A description of these two hybrids will be unnecessary, on account of the illustrations, in which the patterns, black spots and stripes, are most accurately reproduced. Also the colour- ing, especially the more or less lighter grey of the males (the females are about as white as the females of mendica), stands out clearly in the illustrations. The darkest are the hybrid crassa males, which are dark grey on the anterior wings like some of the lighter sordida males, while their posterior wings are not so unicolorously dark, almost grey-black, but somewhat mixed with lighter grey. Of the hybrid viertl males, fig. 5 is the darkest, being about as dark as the male of mendica usually is, while the male portrayed in fig. 8 is the lightest, with yellow- grey anterior wings, which are about as light (but more yellowish) as the lightest examples of hybr. standfusst. The posterior wings of the male portrayed in fig. 7 are extraordinarily darkly striped. I call attention here, further, to the fact that the ovaries of these hybrid females appear to be quite normally developed. One of these females I crossed with a male of the var. rustica ; it laid 193 eggs, that is to say, as much (or aS many) as was laid on an average by the mendica or sordida females. Hach of these eggs produced a healthy larva, which, at the present time (middle of June), after precisely seventeen days, are already on the verge of the last skin-casting. Upon the larve of these hybrids I noted the following :— Before the first skin-change, the larva (here in Rumania) of mendica var. rustica has a light yellow head-shield and light yellow fore feet; its body has a bright grey-greenish, almost translucent colouring. The sordida larva is much darker grey, and has a black head-shield and black fore feet. The hybrid larve occupy an intermediate position between the two; their body is light grey, their fore feet and the head-shield are reddish brown. After the first and second skin-changes, the colouring of the body becomes darker grey, that of the fore feet and head- shield brown ; on the back and on the sides (always one) appear somewhat obliterated, brighter longitudinal lines, which are much more distinctly yellow-brown-bordered on the ninth segment. After the third skin-change the hybrid larva (crassa as well as viertlt) copy the larva of sordida accurately in the arrange- ment of the designs; they are, however, more brightly coloured. The dorsal stripes and the two lateral stripes are sharply marked, bordered with orange-yellow; the two last segments are reddish 108 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. yellow; the head-shield and the fore feet are reddish, or choco- late brown. After the last skin-change the hybrid larve acquire an alto- gether different dress from sordida, corresponding to the great mutual modifications. Many were fox-red-haired (like the larve of mendica); in the majority the hairs were dark brown or brown-gray ; some were light gray. In all the light, yellow- bordered longitudinal stripes (dorsal and lateral) were as sharply marked as in sordida, the last segments were reddish yellow laterally ; the two last marks appear to be characteristic of these hybrid larve. In general, they do not occupy a position exactly in the middle between the progenitors, but much nearer to the larve of sordida, only some examples were nearer to those of mendica (var. rustica) than those of sordida. AGUIDE TO THE STUDY OF BRITISH WATERBUGS (AQUATIC RHYNCHOTA). By G. W. Kirxaupy. Puate I. (Continued from p. 8.) PoLYMORPHISM. The phenomenon of Polymorphism—or the occurrence, in the same species, of two or more different imaginal forms—obtains to a very large extent among certain Heteroptera, and is asso- ciated with the greatest alteration in structure in the semi- aquatic species. Although there are more noticeable differences in some exotics—e.g. the remarkable Ptilomera laticaudata (Hardwicke) and the still more extraordinary Metrocoris stalt (Dohrn)—both from the Oriental Region,—nevertheless a very fair example is afforded by the British Velia rivulorum (Fabr.) = currens (Fabr.), a species well distributed over the British Isles. Plate i., fig. 1, represents the head, thorax, ete., of the ordinary apterous form ; fig. 2, the same parts of the rarer macropterous form. In the former the pronotum is short (not completely concealing the mesonotum in the middle, and leaving the metanotum totally exposed), rather flat, gently rounded at the sides, the base slightly rounded. In the latter the pronotum is produced posteriorly over the mesonotum (which it conceals except near the postero-lateral angles) and a part of the metano- tum, is irregularly angular laterally, and is somewhat convex. The powerful elytra and ale require strong working and support- ing muscles, which are contained inside the prothorax ; when, however, the flight-organs are altogether absent, or present only A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF BRITISH WATERBUGS. 109 vestigially, the thorax is much smaller and simpler, on account of the more or less rudimentary condition of the alar muscles. This. distinction is even more remarkable in Hebrus, Mesovelia, and Hydroéssa, but not usually so marked, though sufficiently noticeable, in the British species of Gervis. Not only may the same species be dimorphic (comprehending macropterous and apterous forms), but even polymorphic, through the occurrence also of brachypterous individuals ; * in the last, the elytra may be only slightly shorter than the fully-winged form, and the ale be present and functional, or the elytra may be represented merely by short pads, the als being absent, or there may be various intermediate degrees between these. In this respect, Gerris lacustris (Linn.) has provided me with more variations—at least six, from apterous to macropterous—than any other species.t It is noteworthy that in the brachypterous forms, the two abbreviated elytra are not always equal in length and development (in the same specimen). It is not difficult to understand something of the causes that underlie this remarkable variety of structure. The intermediate and posterior pairs of legs afford to the ‘‘ surface-skaters ’’ an ample means of progression on the streams and sheets of more or less still water which they frequent, { and the absence of wings is (considering their environment) not only an advantage, but, I apprehend, necessarily ensues from the operation of Natural Selection in tending to weed out the macro- pterous and brachypterous forms.§ Under certain circumstances, however, the results of Natural Selection will prove deleterious to the species, by producing only apterous individuals, so that local (perhaps even total) extermination of the species will ensue when the conditions of their habitat are altered for a sufficiently prolonged period of time. Upon large sheets of water, with many inlets and other places favourable to the flourishing of these species, winged forms will be superfluous, and will, in course of time, only appear rarely. In small wayside pools or streamlets which dry up periodically, it is obvious that the apterous inhabitants will die out unless their habitat is sufficiently near to a larger stream or pond; a severe drought occurring over a fairly large area, prolonged sufficiently to dry * waexpos (makros), long; Bpwxvs (brachws), short; & (a) privat. + See Miall’s ‘Natural Hist. of Aquatic Insects,’ fig. 103, No. 1, and fig. 104, No. 8, where a macropterous Gerris thoracicus and a brachypterous G. lacustris (?) are figured. {| So far as my own observations go—and I am not aware of any published researches that tend to invalidate them—the Hebride and Gerride always escape from danger by the employment of their legs, never by flight, the wings being used only for migration. § F. B. White was undoubtedly wrong in supposing that the apterous represent the primitive forms, 110 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. up all the water within that area, would cause all the species represented in that year by apterous individuals only to become extinct. Such cases will be familiar to those who have studied the aquatic Rhynchota-fauna of any locality for a consecutive number of years. Where, however, there are a few macropterous individuals, these will be able to emigrate to ‘“‘ pastures new”’ to found a fresh colony, which in course of time may, or may not, repeople the original habitat. In confirmation of this, it may be noted that the occurrence in comparatively large numbers, or the apparently complete dis- appearance, of the macropterous individuals, does not seem to have any connection with the dryness or wetness of any particular year or years. Aépophilus bonnatrit is, as one would expect, always (so far as yet known) brachypterous, practically apterous. Its habitat never dries up and its range along the sea-shore is to all intents limitless; thus migration is unnecessary, and the organs of flight have become reduced to their present vestigial condition. Migration usually takes place during the night, and waterbugs (like other aquatic insects) are often misled by the reflection of the moon to mistake the glass roofs of conservatories and other similar buildings for the surface of still water. LHlectric light, or indeed any very strong light, proves a great attraction, causing (particularly at its first installation) a migration of certain water insects from outlying habitats to ponds near the light. This was especially remarked—owing chiefly to the great size of the objects—some years ago in Washington (U.S.A.), where speci- mens of the Giant Waterbugs (Belostoma and Benacus) were often found lying on the pavements of the city in the early morning.* Mr. Malcolm Burr, while travelling last summer in Hungary, captured and forwarded to me a specimen of Gerris thoracicus, Schumm., which had alighted upon the dinner table, and Mr. K. E. Green has given me an example of a new bug (Gerris tristan, Kirk.) taken under similar circumstances in Ceylon. Mesovetia Mulsant & Rey,t is another genus of uncertain position, having been referred indifferently to the Hebride and to the Gerride. One species, M. furcata, M. R., is British and is usually apterous, being then a slender thin-legged green crea- ture, readily distinguished—with Hebrus—from the other semi- aquatic genera by the possession of two ocelli. The cox are practically contiguous, and the mesonotum is not concealed by the pronotum. ‘The thoracic structure in the winged forms is * * Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.’ iii. pp. 87-8. See also Fletcher, 1884, in ‘Entom.’ xvi. p. 21. + “eros (mesos) middle, and “ velia”’; of the latter I do not know the derivation—possibly from French velowrs (velvet), in allusion to the pubescent under-surface of the body; or, more probably, from the Latin velwm, a sail: e.g., vela dare, to set sail, as an appropriate name for a waterbug. A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF BRITISH WATERBUGS. 111 remarkable. According to Douglas and Scott, the mesonotum comprehends the two basally-rounded plates posterior to the pronotum, but this view has not apparently been confirmed by other authors. In my own collection I possess apterous forms only, and have examined buta single macropterous individual (of the specific identity of which I am not certain), so that I cannot add anything as yet to our knowledge of this genus. Detailed descriptions will be found in the ‘Ent. Mo. Mag.,’ iv., 1867, p. 5, Plate i., fig. 1 (brachypterous), and in Saunders’s ‘ Hetero- ptera,’ p. 146 (brachypterous form figured in the large edition, Plate xui., fig. 7). The apterous form, which has not to my knowledge been previously delineated, appears on Plate i., fig. 6, where the ¢ is figured; the @? is a little broader, and differs in the structure of the genital segments. Mesovelia furcata has been recorded from Burton-on-Trent, Woking Canal, and near Windsor. I have twice searched for it at Woking, but without success; this may be due to the fact that the canal has been cleaned out somewhat frequently of late years. Some interesting observations by E. A. Butler were published ‘in the ‘Ent. Mo. Mag.,’ 1898, xxix., pp. 232-6. The insects were found on a pond near Windsor, on the leaves of Potamogeton natans, from which, however, they were with difficulty distin- guished. They are carnivorous, according to Butler, feeding upon Smynthurus and other small insects. Hyprometra* ( = Limnobates) is yet another genus of doubt- ful position, containing one species—H. stagnorum (Linn.), upon which the following specific names have also been inflicted at various times, viz.: acus, alata, angusta, angustata, lineola, and pallipes! As it cannot be mistaken for any other British water- bug, it will not be necessary to linger here upon its structural peculiarities. It is described and figured in Douglas and Scott (Plate xix., fig. 7), in Saunders, and also in Miall (fig. 102), and is, moreover, beautifully figured in Curtis’s ‘ British Entomology.’ Mr. Saunders has kindly called my attention to a mistake in a former part of this ‘‘ Guide” (Entom., 1899, p. 6), where I wrote : ‘in all the aquatic forms. . . . the anterior legs are raptorial. In all the femora are dilated.’’ The present genus had escaped my memory, as, of course, the anterior legs are very slender and very similar to the other two pairs. Although doubtless they are employed for holding the food during feeding, they cannot be said to be noticeably modified for raptorial purposes. Hydro- metra is a very timid bug, keeping close to the banks of the stream or ditch which it frequents, and moves with a slow, care- ful, almost pensive tread, very distinct from the jerky sprawl of Gerris ; it is moreover not so gregarious as are most of the other semi-aquatic species. * Jdwe (hiidor), water; pergsv (metron), measure. 112 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Two brief papers* have been published by Arrow and Patumpa upon the habits, etc., of the species before us. Arrow has observed that some ova hatched in three weeks (May 25th), the first nymph maturing June 27th. The young nymphs live on terra firma, occasionally making excursions on to the water, but keeping near the edge. Until almost full- srown, their food consists of the Black Water Springtail (Smyn- thurus niger), which seems to form the staple nourishment of most small aquatic insects. H. stagnorum seems well distributed in England, and has been recorded from Moray and Perthshire, in Scotland, and from Armagh in Ireland. The head is figured on Plate 1., fig. 10, and the right anterior tarsus on fig. 5. The semi- aquatic forms which, up tothe present, we have considered—viz. Hebrus, Aépophilus, Mesovelia, and Hydrometra —form a very heterogeneous eroup; they have, however, several features in common, which they do not share with the succeeding genera, viz.: Velia, Hydroéssa, and Gerris. The former move opposite legs alternately, in the act of progression ; the latter move them ‘together. The claws are inserted at the apex of each. tarsus in the former, considerably below the apex in the latter. (Plate i., figs. 4 and 5.) The constituents of the former group are but little related to one another and perhaps still less to the latter group, but with the scanty knowledge we possess at present of their metamorphoses, habits, and anatomy, it seems useless speculating upon their affinities, and convenient to place them all in one family, GrRRIDH (= "‘Hydrometride auctt. + Hebride auctt.). The following table will readily separate them :— 1. Claws inserted at the apex of each tarsus (fig. 5); opposite legs moved alternately in progression 2 — Claws ies below the apex of each tarsus (fig. 4); opposite legs moved together in pro- oression Nate I Bo 2. Coxe practically contiguous . — Coxe widely separated . Ba sch hay ot 3. Antenne with five distinct seaments : head short, ocelli present; tarsi with two segments. Found in Lemna, Sphagnum, etc. ... ... ... Hebrus. — Antenne with four segments; head very elongate (figs. 10 and 5), ocelli absent; tarsi with three segments. Found near the edges of . ditches and. streams.:. 9... ~ Mee fsa ces.) - Lyd ronveuras Co HR Or © Arrow, ‘‘ Habits of Hydrometra stagnarum,” (sic), ‘ Science Gout’ 1895, ii. pp. 201-3. Palumba, “Gli amort del l Hydrometra stag- norum,” ‘ Rivist. Ital. Sc. Nat.’ 1891, xi. p.1. There is, apparently, also some information anent the habits, etc., in Griffini’s ‘Gli Insetti Acquaioli ’ (Turin) 1894, which I have not seen, A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF BRITISH WATERBUGS. ts 4. Ocelli absent; antenne long and thick. Marine. Found under stones, etc., below high-water mark a . Aépophilus. — Ocelli present ; antenne long and slender. Fresh- water. Found on Potamogeton, etc., in ponds and canals (fig. 6) ... ... . .. Mesovelia. . Prosternum, mesosternum, and metasternum more or less equal to one another, all well developed (fig. 8); posterior femora not ee are of abdomen ... 6 — Prosternum and metasternum very short, meso- sternum generally much longer than the other two sterna together (fig. 11) ; posterior femora reaching far beyond apex of abdomen... ... Gerris. 6. Elongate; first segment of antenne long, curved; anterior tarsi with three distinct segments (asa OT ite whee elas — Short ; first segment of antenne short ; anterior tarsi with one segment and two minute ‘‘nodes”’ between the tarsal segment and the BUDA e tel scebiee inet Ak ACS ON on a lg droessia: Hyprogssa Burm. 1835 (= Microvelia Am. & Serv. 1848)* bears a striking though superficial resemblance to Hebrus. There is only one British species, viz. H. pygmaea (Dufour), figured in the British works above-mentioned. It has also been described under the names reticulata and pusilla. ‘The apical segments of the venter (g¢ and 2?) are figured here on Plate [., figs. 12 & 13. It is gregarious and widely distributed from Perth to Hamp- shire and from Norfolk to Armagh, though it can scarcely be considered common. The macropterous form is rare. I found a small colony in a large reed-fringed pond in Woolmer Forest (Hampshire) on Easter Monday last, and observed them for a little over half an hour in their natural habitat. Unfortunately, I was not able to stay longer (having to return from a short holiday), but I captured a few individuals to continue my obser- vations upon them—and they are now before me. They were assembled in a small inlet fringed exteriorly with reeds, a luxuriant mass of Sphagnum concealing the margin of the pond. In the water were masses of Ceratophyllum demersum (hornwort). The tiny blackish insects, specked with pale bluish, are very conspicuous in the water; they disdain any foreign support as they move about—so lightly that there is scarcely even the slightest dimple impressed on the surface. Their gait may be described best as a ‘“‘scuttle,’ a series of very quick, ** Microvelia was founded by Westwood in 1834 (Ann. Soc. Ent. France), as a section or subgenus only ; he refers to the species as “ Velia pygmaea”’ or ** Velia (Microvelia) pygmaea” throughout. 114 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. short steps, the femora being almost horizontal. They move very rapidly, but rarely sustain the effort long—the opposite legs are moved alternately (see p. 112). They seem, however, to have very feeble adherent powers ; if placed on a piece of paper or bit of rough cork and allowed to run about, they always tumble off immediately when the cork or paper is gently inverted, and they are apparently unable to mount a perpendicular glass sur- face. The macropterous form is rather smaller than the apterous, and moves with a somewhat greater rapidity. The condition of the pubescence with which these insects are clothed, and of the various longer hairs on the legs, antenne, &c., their smoothness and their freedom from all kinds of extraneous matter, are of prime necessity, and consequently a very large portion of their energies is directed to that end. The cleansing is performed entirely by means of the legs, and may be described as a ‘‘dry-wash.” The antenne receive especial attention —these are clothed with short, fine hairs, directed forwards from their base; the Hydroéssa deals with each separately, bringing its anterior legs together, almost touching at the apices of the femora. The antenne are thus loosely held in position, while the tarsi are employed to smooth forward any disarranged hairs into their natural position. I have not observed any special cleaning structure, such as that which obtains in certain Hymenoptera, &e. During this, the insect is distinctly raised up in front by means of the intermediate legs. One of the individuals I am observing has lost the apical two segments of the left antenne, and, although this seems to have no absolutely deleterious effect upon the bug, it is evidently causing her a great amount of anxiety. She appears to be much perplexed at the shortness of the antenna, and repeatedly strokes , it between the two anterior legs; there does not, however, seem to be any actual pain connected with the loss. The antenne are probably auditory organs—certainly not tactile—as directly the bug approaches an obstruction, the antenne are thrown back out of harm’s way, almost at right-angles to the longitudinal plane of the body. It may be noted that the eyes are enormously developed in this genus and its allies. The legs are cleaned in much the same manner as the an- tennee. The pubescence on the head is smoothed by the tarsi of the posterior legs (one at a time), the latter being very long and flexibly-segmented. The attitude of H. pygmaea during this part of its toilet is very funny, reminding one irresistibly of a dog scratching his ear. The posterior tarsi are also brought into play for the cleansing of the connexival (and abdominal) pubescence. In the macropterous individuals, the flight-organs are slightly lifted up, the posterior legs (one at a time) moving underneath them, arranging the pubescence. Attention to the ventral parts of the body is a rather more A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF BRITISH WATERBUGS. 115 delicate matter. The body is tilted up on one side by means of the anterior pairs of legs and one posterior leg; the other pos- terior leg (that on the uptilted side) performing the work. Hydroéssa does not, I think, move very far out from the water’s edge, and scuttles in under the shelter of the bank upon being disturbed. ; One specimen (macropterous) appeared to have been drowned ; —on removing it from the water it remained perfectly motion- less. I then placed it upon its back for the purpose of examining the ventral surface; after a few moments, first one of the legs, and then another—finally five and one antenna—began to pul- sate feebly but rhythmically. The bug appeared to be quite dead, but the pulsations nevertheless accelerated (unequally in the different legs) and increased in vigour. Upon tapping the support, the movements ceased, but recommenced after a short interval. Unfortunately, an accident prevented more extended observations. These pulsations are well known to occur in the Rhynchota,* and are quite distinct from the ordinary muscular movements. EXPLANATIONS OF PLATE I. FIG. 1. Velia riwulorwm (Fabr.) ; head, pronotum, &e., of apterous form. 2. Head, &., of macropterous form of same species. 3. Sterna of same species. 4. Anterior tarsus, same species. 5. rs 5 Hydrometra stagnorum (Linn.). 6. Mesovelia furcata Muls. & Rey, , apterous form (dorsal view). 7. Antenna of Gerris najas (De Geer), Kirk. 8. 55 G. rufoscutellatus, Laty. 9. fe G. lacustris (Linn.), Stal. 10. Head and antenna (dorsal view) of Hydrometra stagnorum (Linn.). 11. Sterna of Gerris najas (De Geer), Kirk. 12. Apical segments of abdomen (ventral view) of Hydroéssa pygmaea (Duf.) 3. 13. Apical segments of abdomen (ventral view) of Hydroéssa pygmaea (Duk) 2. 14. Apical segments of abdomen (ventral view) of Velia rivulorum (Fabr.) 3. a. pronotum, 6. mesonotum, c. metanotum, d. first segment of abdomen, é. prosternum, 7. mesosternum, g. metasternum. *See W. A. Locy—‘ Observations on the pulsating organs in the legs of certain Hemiptera ’—(Amer. Nat., 1884, pp. 13-9, Plate i.). (To be continued.) 116 | THE ENTOMOLOGIST. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF SYNTOMIDA IN THE COLLECTION OF MR. H. J. ADAMS, F.E.S. By Percy I. Larnuy. Syntomis sulana, sp. nov. $. Blackish with a purple gloss; antenne whitish towards tips ; thorax with lateral crimson patches; abdomen with only faint indi- cation of crimson on basal segment; complete crimson bands on next three segments ; terminal segments with bands incomplete dorsally. Fore wing with long wedge-shaped hyaline patch in end of cell; a larger oblong patch below cell; an oblong patch above vein 6, and two patches between veins 3 and 5. Hind wing with two small elliptical hyaline spots below cell, and divided by vein 2. Hab. Sulla Mangola (type); Sulla Besi. This species may be distinguished from S. celebesa, Walk., by the two hyaline spots of the hind wing, and from ab. gracilis, Rober, by the abdominal bands being incomplete dorsally. Sarosa xanthotarsis, sp. nov. 6. Head and thorax black; frons and thorax with patches of olive yellow; thorax at side and legs with patches of metallic blue ; minute metallic blue points on tegule; tarsi completely orange; abdomen black, with olive yellow patch on first segment and narrow bands on the others; dorsal and sublateral series of metallic blue spots, and one or two metallic blue spots on ventral surface; wings yellowish hyaline, the veins and margins black. Fore wing with minute metallic blue basal spot just below costa; the imner area orange ; veins orange towards base; the terminal band very wide on apical area, and expanding slightly at tornus. Hind wing with the terminal band expanding between vein 2 and tornus. Hiab. Venezuela. Closely allied to S. sestiformis, Walk., but may easily be distinguished by the completely orange tarsi and orange inner area of fore wing. Cosmosoma rubrobasalis, sp. nov. 3. Head black, with metallic blue on frons and vertex; antenne white at tips; tegule black, with metallic blue points; thorax scarlet, the patagia rather widely fringed with blue-black; fore and mid-legs blackish brown marked with scarlet; hind-legs scarlet marked with black ; abdomen black with a series of large subdorsal scarlet patches except on last two segments, leaving dorsal and lateral triangular black patches containing metallic blue spots; ventral valve white ; wings hyaline, the veins and margins black. Fore wing with the base scarlet, extending slightly along costa and inner margin; discocellulars with rather more black than other veins; terminal band very wide on apical area, and expanding at tornus. Hind wing with terminal band expanding at apex and tornus. Hab. Ecuador, Angamarca. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF SYNTOMID. 117 Very near C. sectinota, Hamps., but may be distinguished by scarlet basal marking of fore wing. Cosmosoma pellucida, sp. nov. ?. Head, thorax, and abdomen black; frons white; tegule, patagia, and thorax with patches of metallic blue; fore coxe white in front; legs streaked with blue; abdomen with sublateral red stripe extending along first five segments; ventral surface white excepting last two segments; wings hyaline with veins black, and margins broadly black. Fore wing with terminal band very wide on apical area, and expanding considerably at tornus; inner margin heavily bordered, especially near base; a hyaline streak between costal vein and costa; a large discocellular patch. Hind wing hyaline, with terminal band very wide on apical area, and expanding at tornus. Under side of fore wing with short metallic blue streak on costal vein, an metallic blue patch in and above basal part of cell of hind wing elow. Hab. Brazil. This species bears a superficial resemblance to Pheta sperans, Walk. ; but the hind wing has vein 3, which is given off from 4 just before margin. Euchroma colipunctata, sp. nov. 3. Black; frons white; white patches on coxe; abdomen with crimson dorsal patch on first segment; a lateral crimson spot on second segment, and ventral and lateral crimson bands on next three segments. Fore wing with a minute metallic blue spot at base near costa, and small blue spot on discocellulars; a small hyaline spot below base of cell; a spot in cell, and patch below it; a spot above vein 6, and two spots between veins 3 and 5. Hind wing with hyaline patches in and below cell and on inner area; an oblique macular band beyond cell between veins 2 and 6; a small blue patch on discocellulars. Hab. Bouru. This species resembles H. bourica, Boisd., EH. amboinica, Hamps., and H. dubia, Rober, in the crimson bands being in- complete dorsally ; it differs, however, from each of these species in having a dorsal crimson patch on first segment, and no abdominal blue bands. Euchromia fulgens, sp. nov. $. Black; neck, patagia, tegule, and thorax with patches ot metallic blue; frons and patches on coxe white; abdomen with orange dorsal patch on first segment, and brilliant metallic blue-green bands on remaining segments ; ventral and lateral crimson bands on third, fourth, and fifth segments. Fore wing brilliant blue at base, and ex- tending along veins beyond first hyaline spot; a brilliant blue patch on discocellulars; hyaline spots below base of, and in and below cell ; a spot above vein 6, and two spots between veins 8 and 5. Hind wing with hyaline patches in and below cell, and on inner area; a wide ENTOM.—MAY, 1899. M 118 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. oblique macular band beyond cell, between veins 2 and 7; a brilliant blue spot on discocellulars. Hab. Masor Island, Geelvink Bay. Allied to H. dubia, Rober, but may be distinguished by all the segments after the first having dorsal blue bands. Trichura fulvicaudata, sp. nov. 3. Black; frons, vertex of head, tegule, patagia, thorax, and coxee with patches of metallic green; palpi in front, fore coxe, mid and hind trochanters orange yellow; abdomen with dorsal and lateral series of metallic green spots; ventral surface of two basal segments orange yellow, and sublateral orange yellow patches on third; anal appendage bright fulvous towards extremity; wings hyaline, with veins and margins black. Fore wing hyaline yellow; a basal orange spot below median vein; a discoidal black bar; terminal band ex- panding slightly towards apex, and below vein 2. Hind wing hyaline blue, with apical black patch and inner area black. Hab. Paraguay. May at once be distinguished from any other species of Trichura by the fulvous extremity of anal appendage. Metastatia azurea, sp. nov. 3. Black; palpi in front, sides of frons, head behind eyes, and a spot on vertex, coxe and streaks on femora greyish white; abdomen shot with brilliant blue; dorsal and lateral bluish grey lines; anal segment and tufts crimson; ventral surface greyish white; wings shot with brilliant blue. Fore wings with wedge-shaped hyaline patches in and below cell and between veins 2 and 3; a slightly curved oblique band beyond cell extending from just below costa to vein 3 near tornus. Hind wing hyaline, with veins, upper part of cell and rather wide terminal band black, shot with brilliant blue. Hab. Ecuador, Angamarca. May be separated from M. pyrrhorhea, Hiibn., by greater extent of hyaline markings, the black more brilliantly shot with blue, and crimson anal segment. Hriphioides viridis, sp. nov. 3. Black-brown; vertex of head, neck, tegule, patagia, thorax and legs with patches of metallic green; fore cox and palpi with white spots; abdomen shot with cupreous green; a sublateral series of white patches on each segment, becoming smaller towards anus. Fore wing with basal half brilliant cupreous green; below with inner area covered by lobe of hind wing whitish; a metallic green patch in and about cell. Hind wing with costal half whitish ; below with basal costal region metallic green. Hab. Kcuador. May be distinguished from other species of the genus by having sublateral white markings on each segment, and brilliant green basal area of fore wing. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF SYNTOMIDZ. Ls: > Eriphioides albipunctata, sp. nov. 3. Black; white spots on tegule, shoulders and thorax above ; antenne blue-black; fore and hind coxe white; abdomen shot with metallic green; a large lateral white spot on first seement, and sub- lateral white patches on first five segments. Fore wing shot with metallic green along costa and submedian interspace ; a small hyaline spot towards lower end of cell, another below it, and a third between veins 3 and 4; below with inner area covered by lobe of hind wing whitish ; apical area shot with metallic blue-green. Hind wing with costal half brownish white, and basal part of inner margin white ; below with costal half metallic blue-green ; inner area white. Hab. Kcuador, Balsapamba (type) ; Angamarca. The hyaline spots of the fore wing at once serve to distinguish this species; in the specimen from Angamarca the hyaline spot between veins 3 and 4 is wanting. Antichloris purpurea, sp. nov. 3. Black; vertex of head, thorax, patagia, shoulders and legs with patches of metallic green ; a few crimson hairs about neck ; fore cox white ; abdomen cupreous green; dorsal white patches on first two segments, and large lateral white spot on first segment; ventral surface of first four seements white. Fore wing shot with rich purple at base, becoming greenish towards termen; below with inner area covered by lobe of hind wing, and streak along costa brownish white ; apical area shot with blue-green. Hind wing shot with blue-green ; costal half brownish white; below shot with blue-green, especially costal half. Hab. Keuador. May be distinguished from A. scudderi, Butl., by dorsal white patches. Coreura adamsi, sp. nov. ?. Black; palpi crimson in front, excepting terminal joint; a few red hairs about neck; legs striped with metallic blue; abdomen metallic blue. Fore wing with oblique crimson fascia beyond cell, extending from subcostal vein to near tornus; this fascia is narrower at tornus, and has a slight suffusion of orange scales; cilia at apex white ; below shot with metallic blue, especially in upper part of cell and submedian interspace, to crimson fascia, which is much wider. Hind wing shot with brilliant blue, especially at base and along inner area ; cilia crimson; below scarcely shot with blue; a narrow, irre- gular, terminal crimson band. Hab. Ecuador, Banos. Allied to C. lysimachides, Druce, but may be separated by absence of terminal crimson band of upper side of hind wing. Neacerea elegans, sp. nov. 3. Black-brown; front of palpi, sides of frons, minute spots at base of antenne, and fore coxw white; legs streaked with white ; neck crimson; abdomen with dorsal metallic blue patches on first mM 2 120 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. and anal segments, and dorsai metallic blue points on remainder ; ventral surface white. Fore wing with large quadrate hyaline patch in end of cell; two hyaline patches between veins 8 and 5; cilia and margin at apex white; below with basal part of cell and submedian interspace brilliant metallic blue. Hind wing with narrow elongated hyaline patch in cell, a large patch below, and another narrow one on inner margin; a wedge-shaped patch at base of vein 2; below with hyaline markings bordered with brilliant metallic blue, widely on costa, and at tornus. Hab. Ecuador, Banos. This species is very distinct from any other in the genus, owing to the beautiful metallic blue markings of the under side. Neacerea suffusa, sp. nov. 3. Dark brown; back of head with paired crimson spots; patches on coxe crimson; abdomen with series of subdorsal metallic blue- green patches. Fore wing with small quadrate hyaline patch toward end of cell, a wedge-shaped patch below cell, a patch between veins 2 and 3, and two patches between veins 5 and 7 just beyond cell ; between veins 2 and 5 are three elongated semihyaline patches. Hind wing hyaline, with veins and margins black, the black expand- ing widely at apical area and just before tornus. Hab. Demerara. Allied to N. dizona, Druce, but may be distinguished by the crimson patches on cox, subdorsal metallic blue-green patches, and dark brown ventral surface. EKucereon ruficollis, sp. nov. 3. Head and thorax greyish, marked with fuscous; back of head with two orange patches; neck crimson; tegule with fuscous spots, and patagia edged with fuscous; fore coxe# pink; abdomen crimson, with lateral series of black spots, and extremity black; ventral surface dull orange-yellow; anal tuft greyish yellow. Fore wing grey; a curved series of four fuscous spots near base; just beyond this a series of five spots, and again beyond this a series of four spots; in this latter series the upper spot, which is in the cell, is nearer the base than the other three which run obliquely from near base of vein 2 to inner margin; an irregular wide fuscous band crossing wing, the inner edge of this band being within cell; beyond this and not far from apex a rather wide macular band extending from costa to vein 5, and two spots below it between veins 8 and 5; a marginal series of six spots; cilia spotted with fuscous. Hind wing semihyaline strongly suffused with fuscous, especially at apex. . Hab. Venezuela. Near to H. baum, Hamps., but may be distinguished by crimson neck, and ventral orange surface of abdomen. Hucereon inconspicuum, sp. Nov. 3. Head and thorax greyish; neck and coxe orange-yellow; tegule fuscous ; abdomen orange, with last two segments and ventral MORPHO CACICA. 121 surface of last four segments black. Fore wing greyish; a large fuscous spot on costa near base; an irregular fuscous patch in cell ; costa above terminal half of cell fuscous; an irregular curved line from base of vein 2 to inner margin not far from base, from this line another just above vein 1 towards base, but branching into a Y long before it; beyond cell a curved irregular band crossing wing, ter- minating on inner margin near tornus; a large patch on costa not far from apex extending to vein 5; a series of small elongated marginal patches. Hind wing fuscous, approaching semihyaline in and about cell. Hab. Demerara. Appears to be nearest EH. aoris, Moschl., but in that species the terminal segment only is black, and the ventral surface is white. Lynton Villa, Sydney Road, Enfield. MORPHO CACICA, StaupinceEr. Tuis beautiful species has been regarded by many collectors as only a variety or local form of rhetenor, Cramer. I have, however, recently received some specimens from Peru, and amongst them a very fine female, which, compared with that of rhetenor, exhibits some very striking differences, leading to the inference that the species are distinct. The main points are that the anterior wings of cacica are a very light fulvous, the cell black to near the apex, where there is a distinct fulvous spot quite absent in rhetenor, and in the latter species the basal dark fulvous is suffused over the remainder of the wing, whereas in cacica it stops sharp short at the cell. A further pronounced difference is in the hind marginal band, which in rhetenor is almost entirely black, with very small spots ; that in cacica has large fulvous wedge-shaped markings throughout the band on both wings. A further point is that this band in the posterior wings of rhetenor extends right to the outer edge; whereas in cacica it is well cut off by a wide fulvous line, intercepted in the centre by a narrow black one. Generally the two species can be at once distinguished by the very much darker colouring in rhetenor. The males received are all uniformly much larger than the largest rhetenor examined, and all have the conspicuous submar- ginal and costal white wedge-shaped markings. The sexes being therefore differently marked to their congener, I think that Dr. Staudinger’s name is a sound specific one. The specimen has been added to the museum of Mr. H. J. Adams, of Enfield. WinuiamM Watkins. Eastbourne: March 30th, 1899. Le THE ENTOMOLOGIST. ON THE LARVA OF CERTAIN BRITISH MOTHS. By J. ARKLE. Tephrosia crepuscularia (bistortata) = T. biundularia.—A scarce form of the larva of this species is inky-black, except in the ever- present pale (in this case whitish) blotch above and upon the claspers of segment 10. I put six of these in a pot by them- selves, to see if the resultant moths turned out to be the black variety of the imago (Entom. xxxi. 27). These larve unfortu- nately failed to produce moths. Hybernia marginaria (progemmaria) var. fuscata. — ‘‘ The larve are nearly full-grown. They vary in colour very much— perhaps most are an ochreous-hazel, with a series of paler dashes of that tint along each side, and a dorsal configuration or stripe of diamond pattern stretching centrally along the back; others are a reddish purple and unicolorous, without pattern ; others are sooty black, unicolorous, and without pattern. Finally, there are intermediate colour forms of larve between these types” (Note-book, June 16th, 1897). These larve were pure de- scendants of moths dating 1895. Some of the imagines of 1897 showed a disposition to revert to the type (marginaria). About half of those for 1898, whether from black larve or not, were midway in colour between the variety (fuscata) and the type— the rest were true fuscata—all of which does not increase my faith in the evolution of species. I have observed a still more rapid and complete reversion to the typical insect, that is, in the space of a year, in the following varietal forms,—olivacea back to Polia chi, and gothicina to Teniocampa gothica. I am very curious to know if doubledayaria behaves similarly in reverting — to the typical Amphidasys betularia—both parents, of course, to be true doubledayaria. Asteroscopus nubeculosa.—A few eggs from Rannoch moths hatched on April 25th, 1897. The larve should be sleeved out, as the species is difficult to rear; but I decided to try them (1) after hatching in a glass tumbler with muslin over the top fastened by an elastic band, a piece of glass nearly covering the muslin so as to allow for ventilation, whilst preventing the food (birch) from withering ; (2) afterwards, a well-ventilated cage with the twig of food in a little water; (8) lastly, a good-sized flower-pot three parts full of soil, with net over the top, food-plant and other arrangements as in (1). The young larve, ten all told, nearly all died off under the treatment marked (2). The disease was diarrhoea, owing, I believe, from past observations, to the food having to be placed in water. My survivors were three. One met an accidental death, and the remaining two pupated June 80th in the soil of the flower-pot. The first moth emerged March 18th, 1898, but the wings failed to fully develop. The ON THE LARVZE OF CERTAIN BRITISH MOTES. 123 second appeared March 28th, 1899, having been two winters in pupa, a peculiarity often occurring, and just as partially, with many of our spring moths, regardless of out-door temperature, as Hndromis versicolor, Saturnia carpint, Asphalia flavicornis, Nyssia zonaria, and Tephrosia crepuscularia (bistortata) = T biundularia. The following description, from my note-book, of the larva of A. nubeculosa, just before pupation, may be inter- esting :—‘‘ Head pale green. Body apple-green; a dorsal line of white-yellow spots from 4th to 12th segment. Segments, be- ginning with the 8rd, spotted dorsally with pale yellow; an oblique primrose-yellow mark on each side of the 4th segment, a similar mark above each anal clasper, and one also straight across from side to side on the 12th segment. Spiracles white with black rings. Legs reddish brown; claspers apple-green, each with a faint black circular mark.” Agrotis ashworthii.— Another difficult species. Fifty-three eggs began to hatch on July 22nd, 1897. They are spherical, dull whitish after a few days, being first white. They are closely ribbed. There is an apical irregularly-shaped blotch of reddish brown, and an irregular blotched and sometimes inter- rupted ring of the same colour round the widest part of the egg. All had hatched by the 25th. Treatment as in A. nubeculosa, (1) and (2). Food, dandelion; but I find the broad-leaved plan- tain best when the larve are well grown. On hatching the larve are pale brown, with a slight scattering of black short hairs. On the 25th those first hatched had changed to dull green. They looped like geometers. Up to this period they are semi- transparent, with a brownish head. The 2nd segment is unmarked ; the 8rd is bounded by two rings of closely-arranged black spots dividing the segment from the 2nd and 4th. After the 3rd each segment has, dorsally, four black spots, two near the front and two near the rear, the rear couple being farther away from each other than the two in front. When making this observation (through a strong lens) the larve raced up to the edge of the tumbler. One got outside and quickly dropped, using the thread of silk from its mouth common to so many caterpillars. A strong breeze did the rest, and I lost it. July 380th. — About half the number of larve reached the second stage. Head pale brown, with a distinct pink shade. Dorsal surface dull pale green, but darker towards the sides; a paler indistinct median line, and a similar line on each side of it. A pale whitish green subdorsal stripe along the middle of each side, then a dull pale green under surface. Legs and claspers correspond with colour of dorsal surface. The black spots are smaller in comparison to the increased size of the caterpillar. Aug. 10th.—Third stage reached by about a third. Head pale brown. Dorsal area pea-green, smoky green, or dull green. 124 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Segments 5, 6, 7 often with yellowish divisions. Under surface, legs, and claspers pea-green ; along each side is a broad silvery white stripe. Immediately above this stripe the dorsal surface is black, but tones off rapidly into the pea-green, smoky, or dull green. On each segment, dorsally, except the 12th and 138th, are two outward-bent, wedge-shaped, black marks pointing in the direction of the head. These marks are longest on segments 10 and 11; on the others they stretch along half the length of each segment, except on segment 2, where they are usually small and indistinct. The caterpillar is smooth and cylindrical. I may as well continue my notes on these caterpillars :— Aug. 13th.—They are not eating so much. They remain motionless for long periods, which looks as if they are nearing hybernation. 20th.—A few have entered the fourth stage. The green of the caterpillars is now very dark olive—in fact, blackish. The broad silvery white stripe remains, but the dorsal, wedge- shaped, bent, jet-black marks are larger and more distinct. In other respects the larve resemble those in the third stage. 26th.—A small one, in its second skin, died. A few lageards are still in the second stage, and some in the third. 28th.— Two, in the third stage, died. The diseases are the same which carry off so many of the wild full-grown larve when confined, viz. diarrhea and constipation. 30th.—Another small one died. Sept. 1st.—Another died (third stage), making the fifth death. Removed the rest into an airy breeding-cage with moss at the bottom. They now eat little, and appear about to hybernate. The larger ones, which are about half the total number, have now reddish heads, and are very like what we get in spring; they are smaller, dusky olive-green, but, although they have the two black wedge-shaped dorsal marks on each segment, they still retain the mid-side stripe of white. This is still the fourth stage. 30th.—Two imagines of Orthosia lota emerged. ‘The larve were found when feeding A. ashworthii larve, in spring, on sallow-catkins. The two caterpillars of O. lota were then almost microscopic, and were feeding inside the catkins. Oct. 9th.—Only nine larve of A. ashworthii seen in the cage. 17th.—F ive larve only seen, but they appear to be doing fairly well; they prefer dandelion. 31st.—Fine and warm, but only four poor-looking larve appeared at night; none by day. Noy. 4th.—Saw eight in the cage to-night. 11th. — All the larvee seem to have retired for the winter. 28th.—Two pe looking ashworthi larve in the cage, at night only, on dandelion and grass-leaves. I have often seen the caterpillars eat grass, but sparingly. Dec. 1Ist.— Totally disappeared. 11th.—If living they are hidden under the moss in their cage. We have had no frosts yet, although it has often been very cold. ON THE LARVA OF CERTAIN BRITISH MOTHS. 125 Jan. 22nd, 1898.—Turned out the contents of the cage, and found all the ashworthii larve dead, dry, and shrivelled up. The following description, from my note-book, may also be of interest. It represents the caterpillar in the final stage, and just before pupation in the soil, between the middle and end of May. Although I have sometimes noticed spring-collected larve change their skins once, still the description will stand good for all collected for me after natural hybernation :—‘‘ Head shining, reddish russet. Upperand under side of body dark slate-colour, sometimes with a greenish tinge. Legs dull red. Spiracles cream-colour, with reddish tint. On the back of each segment are two large, velvety black, outward-bent, wedge-shaped marks. When the segment is extended in crawling, these marks are seen to stretch down, or along, half the dorsal length of each segment ; their outer boundaries describe a right angle, the inner boundary is a curved outward-hent line. On the 2nd segment there are no marks. On the 4th, at the points of the wedge-shaped velvety black marks, are two well-defined but irregular spots of the same velvet-black. The wedge-shaped marks become eradually broader towards the 12th segment (inclusive), but on the 13th or anal segment they are narrower and leaf-shaped.” The moth appears about the end of June Callimorpha hera —On Oct. 9th, 1897, I had two dozen young larve. The great point was to get them through the coming winter, so I planted some ground-ivy and dandelion in a large flower-pot. I then bent over crosswise a couple of willows, covering all with gauze, which I fastened to the pot with string. The ground-ivy ultimately died under the gauze, but the dande- lion kept up a few green leaves to the last. Hybernation with this species seems to be intermittent. My caterpillars thinned off mysteriously. On Jan. 1st, 1898, the survivors wakened up, but I was able to count only thirteen. As the ground-ivy was dead and withered, 1 gave them a few dock leaves, which they evidently partook of freely, returning to hybernation under their shelter. On Jan. 23rd I counted fifteen; they were all in the second stage. On Feb. 27th I could only see eight. On March 20th I counted nine, and discovered a small beetle in the pot. He was promptly ejected, and I blame him to this day for most of the mysterious disappearances. Cannibalism, although I never detected it, may account for the rest. On April 29th I had eight left, and I put them into a cage with a couple of inches of moss at the bottom. I now fed them upon groundsel, which they preferred to all other plants. On June 9th they began to spin up, but in every case among the moss. July 29th to Aug. 3rd (an uncommonly warm summer), seven fine moths emerged. Two were of the variety lutescens (with yellow under wings). This species is, I think, the most curious to deal with I ever met. There was very little to observe about the larve, as they kept 126 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. themselves motionless and as much out of sight as possible by day. I never succeeded once in finding them actually feeding, although their growth between April and June was rapid. So it was with the moths: they emerged from the chrysalis, developed, closed their wings, and settled themselves as if for ever at the back of the cage. But disturb them, and they took off at once. One made straight for the window, which was open not more than half an inch, and got clear away. My opinion of their intelligence improved after this. I should not say they fly fast, but they fly well when they get a start—that is, they appear to be masters in the art of dodging and getting away. Trichiura crategi.—This is not only an interesting but easy species to rear from the egg, as its life-history occupies only five of the spring and summer months—that is, from the middle of April to the middle of September. A tumbler-glass, and after- wards a cage, are all the accommodation necessary. The larve are at first gregarious, and even in appearance they remind one very much of Hrwgaster lanestris, to which species they are evidently closely related. The eggs I had hatched April 16th, 1898. I fed the larve on blackthorn, and all went well till I nearly lost them about the end of June. I had read somewhere that they made their cocoons among the food-plant, but they declined this hint altogether, and wandered restlessly about. I then put a couple of inches of moss in the bottom of the cage, and they at once disappeared init. The moths emerged between the 7th and 14th of September. Teniocampa gracilis.—On June 24th, 1898, in Sealand Road, near Chester, I observed the unopened blossom-heads of meadow- sweet growing in the ditches to be spun together. On opening them i found each to contain a caterpillar more than half- srown of some noctuid. They presented the following appear- ance on July 2nd :—Head pale green, the face reticulated with brown. Dorsal and subdorsal areas grass-green, the subdorsal area paler. A mid-side black stripe. Below this black stripe there is a pale green stripe containing the blackish spiracles. Legs and claspers green. On July 13th they had reached the next or final stage, and began to pupate in the soil of the flower- pots. The following is a description :—Head and dorsal area warm pale brown, rather olive-brown. Subdorsal area paler. A mid-side black stripe toning off rapidly into the brown dorsal area. Below this black stripe is a pale brown stripe containing the white spiracles, which are surrounded by black rings. Legs and claspers brown. Newman gives a description similar to this as a varietal form, but all my caterpillars assumed this colora- tion. Some authors appear to describe the larva from the pre- ceding or green stage, and I can nowhere find meadow-sweet (already fresh and green) given as a pabulum. My idea was that these caterpillars were most likely Anchocelis litura, but when A NEW WAX-SCALE FROM WEST AFRICA. 127 September passed and no moths appeared, I saw I must wait through the winter. They are coming out as I write (April 6th). The first emerged on April 2nd. Some have beautiful rose- coloured wing-fringes, but the tint quickly fades after death. I have always found 7’. gracilis to be comparatively scarce, and yet the caterpillars are evidently plentiful enough among the unopened flowers of meadow-sweet. All the species I have referred to were kept from the first in the open air. Chester: April 6th, 1899. A NEW WAX-SCALE FROM WEST AFRICA. By T. D. A. Cockxrrent, N.M. Agr. Exp. Sta. Ceroplastes egbarum, n. sp. Waxy female scales often crowded on the twigs, two or more coalescing; about 11 mm. long, 10 broad, and 6 high, the wax extremely thick, not at all divided into plates, snow-white, here and there with a suffused pinkish stain. ?. Denuded of wax 54-7 mm. long, 4 broad, 24-3 high, very dark, with a dorsal hump but no lateral humps; anal horn a mere mammiform prominence. Boiled in caustic soda, the denuded females give a purple colour, which on dilution with water appears pink, and soon forms a flocculent pink precipitate. On adding nitric acid a flocculent white precipitate appears, but the pink precipitate is not altered. Skin after boiling remains yellowish brown, chitinous, with scattered minute gland-dots. Stigmatic areas with numerous crowded gland-spots, and many short and rather thick simple spines, but no capitate spines. Legs dark brown, the parts measuring thus in p: Coxa, 120 ; femur with trochanter, 180 ; tibia, 128 ; tarsus with claw, 96 to 114. ‘Tarsal digitules 60 », slender, with a small knob. Claw digitules with very large round knobs, extending about 15 » beyond tip of claw. Antenne apparently only 6-segmented, but the segmenta- tion towards the end very obscure. The segments measure in p: (1.) 45; (2.) 60-69; (8.) 66-78; (4.) 51; (5.) 69; (6.) 72. Segment 5 has a deep notch which makes it look as if divided into two. Young larve under female about 480 » long and 280 broad, tinged with a warm reddish colour. Male. Scales small, elongate, and glassy. Hab. On Mimosa, near Abeokuta, the great city of the Egbas, W. Africa; collected by Dr. H. Strachan. This is a fine wax-producing species, fully equal in this respect to the C. ceriferus, which produces the Indian white wax. On superficial examination it would be taken for C. ceriferus, but it differs in the dorsal hump of the female, and in the proportions of the antennal segments, 2 and 3 being subequal, whereas in cervferus 3 is very much longer than 2. Mesilla Park, New Mexico, U.S.A.: April 5th, 1899. 128 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. NOTES ON AMERICAN BEES. By T. D. A. CockERrett, Professor of Entomology, New Mexico Agricultural College. Nomia nevadensis, Cresson.—La Luz, N. M., July 27th, 1898. (C. M. Barber.) » Nomia arizonensis, n.sp.— és. In my table of Nomia (‘EKnto- mologist,’ February, 1898) this runs to N. compacta; but the wings are very clear, with very dark broad contrasting hind margins. It is surely a distinct species, by this character, and the locality. Arizona. (C.F. Baker, 2304.) Andrena chromotricha, n. sp. ?. Length a little over 9 millim.; breadth of abdomen 22 millim. Belongs to the group with the mesothorax and abdomen minutely tessellate, not punctured ; the enclosure of metathorax triangular, granular, de- fined only by a line, with only the extreme base very slightly wrinkled ; the process of labrum broad and truncate, the truncation broadly sub- mareginate, the sides sloping; the clypeus with a smooth median line, its sides on each side of the line distinctly but not closely punctate, its anterior margin with a pair of long and strong yellowish bristles projecting downwards ; the front beneath the ocelli strongly striate; — the tegule very dark brown ; the wings with the apical margin smoky ; the abdomen with continuous but thin pale hair-bands; the apical fimbria sooty. This species is closely allied to A. apacheorum, the description of which (Kntom. 1897, p. 806) applies to it with these exceptions : it is a little smaller, especially in the abdomen; the pubescence of the meso- thorax and scutellum is a lively reddish orange ; the hair of the abdomi- nal bands is hardly so long ; the impunctate line on the clypeus is well-defined ; the vertex is a little narrower ; the pubescence of the tarsi is entirely very pale yellowish, like that of the tibiew ; the frontal striation is stronger. The first segment of the flagellum is about or hardly twice the length of the second, whereas in apacheorum it is a little over twice the length. The nervures are very dark brown, the stigma some- what heghter. Hab. Forks of Ruidoso Creek, New Mexico, July 30th, 1898. (C. M. Barber.) It is just possible that this is an extreme variety of apacheorum, but its characters seem specific. The two conspicuous clypeal bristles also occur in apacheorum, fimbriata (americana), electrica, macgillivray: (rather small), vicina, &e. Halictus lerouxu, Lep.-- 2. Colorado. (Gillette, 2441.) H. parallelus of Ashmead’s Colorado list is doubtless the same. Halictus ligatus race townsendi (Ckll.).—To my surprise, Mr. GC. M. Barber took two females of this in Mesilla, New Mexico, along with many ordinary ligatus. The insect was described (as H. townsendi) from Tropical Mexico. NOTES ON AMERICAN BEES. 129 Panurginus pauper var. flavotinctus, Ckll. — Prof. C. H. T. Townsend took two males at Dripping Spring, Organ Mountains, N.M., Aug. 10th. I formerly thought they might belong to P. asteris, Rob. The female of flavotinctus, taken at Santa Fe in August, differs from the male in the broader flattened abdomen, and the wholly dark face. It will be distinguished from the female of albitarsis by its small size (about 5 millim.), and the flagellum being ferruginous beneath after the fourth segment. Panurginus albitarsis subsp. fortior, subsp. nov. $. About 64 millim. long. Differs from Santa Fé albitarsis in being more robust, with a broader abdomen, having indeed the build of a female rather than of a male. Wings quite clear; stigma and nervures rather pale brown; face-markings a deep chrome-yellow, whereas in the Santa Fé insect they are pale lemon-yellow. Flagellum entirely black. Hab. Mescalero, N.M., July 22nd, 1898. (C. M. Barber.) This is probably a valid species. Panurginus barberi, n. sp. 3. Length about 7 millim., black, with a thin short greyish pubescence, making the insect appear dusty; abdomen narrow with ~ subparallel sides; head, mesothorax, and scutellum with large and rather dense punctures, not dense enough, however, to obscure the shining surface; metathorax with its middle part shining and im- punctate, its base with a narrow transverse channel crossed by little ridges at frequent intervals ; abdomen shining, with only a few small scattered punctures at the sides of the first segment, the other segments with the anterior half rather thickly but minutely punctured ; antenne entirely black; face scarcely hairy, clypeus (except two black dots, and the pale brown anterior margin) and lateral face-marks bright lemon-yellow ; lateral marks rapidly narrowing above the level of the clypeus, ending in a sharp point (at an angle of about 45°) on the orbital margin just below the level of the antenne ; labrum mostly yellow; mandibles simply yellow at base, otherwise reddish brown, with a conspicuous tuft of hair on the lower margin about the middle ; tubercles yellow with a hyaline spot; tegule testaceous: wings smoky, especially on the apical margin, nervures and stigma piceous ; marginal cell with a long appendicular nervure; second submarginal cell receiving the recurrent nervures near the end of its first and beginning of its last fifths; legs black, bases of last four tibie, all the knees, basal two-thirds of anterior tibiw in front, and basal joints of all the tarsi, pale yellow. Hab. Mescalero, New Mexico, July 12th, 1898. (Chas. M. Barter.) In my table of Calliopsis and Panurginus this runs to P. bidentis, Ckll., but it will be easily known from that by its larger’ size, and the absence of the strong yellowish tint of the wings. Calliopsis obscurellus, Cresson, 1879.—Three males and three females from Pasco, Wash., May 25th, 1896. (J’. Kincaid.) (To be continued.) 130 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. ‘nromotocicaL News,’ which is in charge of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and the American Entomological Society, has just entered on the tenth year of its existence. In the January number of the current volume, the editor, in referring to the present status of the journal, remarks :-— ‘‘We are not infrequently confronted with the criticism that the subject has lost its poetry and the delicate touch of nature has been swept away, and, in its place, there is left a dreary list of scientific names, whose meaning can only be known to a favoured few, with large scientific libraries at their elbow, We try to remedy this in ‘The News,’ but receive no help from the critics; they talk, but do not act. We admit that descriptions of new species are as dry as dust under an infested specimen; but we owe more to the systematic worker than to the growler, who proclaims from the housetops what should be, but has never put pen to paper.” We can sympathize with our American contemporary, because we occasionally experience the same trouble ourselves. Entomological magazines are the media through which all in- terested in the subject may communicate whatever they have to make known to the entomological public. It follows, therefore, that the contents of such serials are largely regulated by contributors them- selves. Editors, as a rule, can only deal with such material as is voluntarily sent in for publication, or that can be obtained as a personal favour from workers in special branches. The practical part of entomology is perhaps most generally affected, and possibly those who are interested in field work far outnumber those who prefer the higher branches of the study. Consequently, it is perhaps a matter of surprise that the magazines are not more frequently furnished with accounts of collecting expeditions, or with communications dealing with new facts in life-histories or habits of insects. Judging from) the exchange lists, it cannot be supposed that there is less active work in the field than formerly, but it must be admitted that collectors are far more reticent as regards their doings than they were. Among the causes that have led up to this stagnation in field records, &c., the ‘‘ Protection Committee,” the present unsettled con- dition of nomenclature, and new systems of classification have been mentioned. As adverted to in a former note (ante, p. 16), the “ P. C.” cannot be charged with muzzling the collector, and as regards the other matters they have always been with us, and, so far as one can gee ahead, are likely to continue to perplex us for many years to come. Those who undertake the task of settling, or endeavouring to settle, intricate questions of synonomy, are entitled to our greatest respect, even athough the result of their labour, owing to the difference of opinion that obtains among synonymists as to accepting or rejecting certain works of early authors, is sometimes of questionable value. Systematists, too, are necessarily not quite in accord in their methods, and the result is that in classification the arrangement of one author is transposed by another; this has been very forcibly exemplified during the last few years. All things considered, then, there is no NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. rot immediate occasion to materially alter our present nomenclature, and the arrangement of our collections may quite well remain as it is. We hope that those of our correspondents whose letters have so far not been answered in any other way will find replies to their com- munications in the foregoing remarks. Tue Nomenciature or British Leproprera.—May I be allowed a corner in the ‘ Entomologist’ to correct an error which has unfortu- nately crept into the work of the North London Natural History Society on nomenclature (antea, 59-63)? No. 48 will have to be deleted alto- gether, as Mr. Kirby has made an unaccountable mistake, which we were unwise enough to follow without due investigation: ORG A Base Of every description for Insects, Birps’ Kaas, Coins, MicroscopicaL OxsxEcts, Fossixs, &e. Catalogue (66 pp.) sent on application, post free. A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS’ EGGS (BRITISH, EUROPEAN, AND EXOTIC). Birds, Mammals, éc., Preserved and Mounted by First-class Workmen. Only Address :— 386 STRAND, W.C., LONDON (5 doors from Caarinea Cross). W. LONGLEY, ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET AND APPARATUS MAKER, 12, White Hart Street, Catherine Street, Strand, London, W.C. NETS, BREEDING-CAGES, and Apparatus of every description. CABINETS for Insects; Birds’ Eggs; Minerals; Shells; Coins; &c., &c. 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Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, 1s.6d., 2s. 9d., 3s. 6d., 4s. 6d. Botanical Paper, 1s. 1d., 1s. 4d., 1s. 9d., 25. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, 2s.6d.to11s. Cement for replacing Antenne, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1s. 6d. to 2s. 6d. per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 34, best quality, 1s.4d. per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 2s. 6d. Insect Lens, 1s. to 8s. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes from 1s. 4d. per dozen. Zine Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1s. 9d. Taxidermist’s Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10s.6d. Scalpels, 1s. 8d.; Scissors, 2s. per pair; Egg-drills, 2d., 3d., 1s.; Blowpipes, 4d., 6d.; Artificial Eyes for Birds and Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d.; ditto of Birds’ Eggs, 3d., 4d., 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d.; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, &e. Now ready.—The EXCHANGE LIST and LABEL LIST. Compiled by Mr. Ep. Meyrick, B.A., F.L.8., F.E.S., according to his recent ‘ Handbook of British Lepidoptera.’ Exchange Lists, 14d. each; 8d. per doz.; 4s. per 100. Label Lists, 1s. 6d. each. Our new Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English names, 1s. 6d. Our new Complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species numbered), 1s.; or on one side for labels, 2s. The ‘*Drxon” Lamp-net (invaluable for taking moths off street-lamps without climbing the lamp-posts), 2s. 6d. SH. OW ARO. O Minh OR OA lh Eien Of every description for Insects, Birps’ Haas, Coins, MicroscopicaL OsJxotTs, Fossits, &e. Catalogue (66 pp.) sent on application, post free. A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS’ EGGS (BRITISH, EUROPEAN, AND EXOTIC). Birds, Mammals, déc., Preserved and Mounted by First-class Workmen. Only Address :— 36 STRAND, W.C., LONDON (5 doors from Cuarine Cross). NATURAL HISTORY AGENT AND BOOKSELLER. W. LONGLEY, ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET AND APPARATUS MAKER, 12, White Hart Street, Catherine Street, Strand, London, W.C. NE!IS: BREEDING-CAGES, and Apparatus of every description. CABINETS for Insects; Birds’ Eggs; Minerals; Shells; Coins; &c., &e. Pocket Boxes, Store Boxes, and Book Boxes. Sheets of Cork any size. Oy Me AG ie LARA AS INST an Ee A Large Assortment always on hand. Send for Price List to H. W. HEAD, Entomologist, SCARBOROUGH. The Largest Breeder of LEPIDOPTERA tn the British Isles. Full List of LEPIDOPTERA, Apparatus, CaBinets, &c., sent on application. EDITED By RICHARD sours, WITH THE AsorseaNos or --RopERT ADEIN, PE. At _T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. ow. L. DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. [DW ABD A, EXOH, UUs FE be Nee Niue : j rw, ne BPEL (Tyco ie Hie NOSE ; ete W. va: MA, ae | 4 iM WATKINS & DONCASTER, Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets. Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1s. 3d., 2s., 28.6d. Folding Nets, 38. 6d., 4s. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7s. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. Zine Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d., 28. Nested Chip Boxes, 8d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, 1s. 6d. peroz. Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d. to 9s. 6d. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1s. 6d., 2s. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, Is. 9d. per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2s. 6d., 4s., 5s., 68. Setting Boards, flat or oval, 1 in., 6d.; I4in., 8d.; 2in.,10d.; 2}in.,1s.; 34in., 1s. 4d.; 4 in., 1s. 6d.; 5 in., 1s. 10d.; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10s. 6d. Setting Houses, 9s. 6d., 11s. 6d.; corked back, 148. Zine Larva Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. Breeding Cage, 2s. 6d., 4s., 5s., 78.6d. Coleopterist’s Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1s. 6d., 1s.8d. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, 1s.6d., 25. 9d., 3s. 6d., 4s. 6d. Botanical Paper, 1s. 14., 1s. 4d., 1s. 9d., 2s. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, 2s.6d.to lls. Cement for replacing Antenne, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1s. 6d. to 2s. 6d. per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 34, best quality, 1s.4d. per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 2s. 6d. Insect Lens, 1s. to 8s. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes from 1s. 4d. per dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 9d.,1s. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1s. 9d. Taxidermist’s Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10s.6d. Scalpels, 1s. 3d.; Scissors, 2s. per pair; Egg-drills, 2d., 3d., 1s. ; Blowpipes, 4d., 6d.; Artificial Eyes for Birds and Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d.; ditto of Birds’ Eggs, 3d., 4d., 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d.; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, &e. Now ready.—The EXCHANGE LIST and LABEL LIST. Compiled by My. Ep. Meyrick, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., according to his recent ‘Handbook of British Lepidoptera.’ Exchange Lists, 13d. each; 8d. per doz.; 4s. per 100. Label Lists, 1s. 6d. each. Our new Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English names, 1s. 6d. Our new Complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species numbered), 1s.; or on one side for labels, 2s. The ‘‘ Drxon”’ Lamp-net (invaluable for taking moths off street-lamps without climbing the lamp-posts), 2s. 6d. SHOW" RIO O-M oF OR: Coa Bane site Of every description for Insects, Birps’ Eaeas, Coins, MicroscopicaL OBJEors, Fossizs, &e. Catalogue (66 pp.) sent on application, post free. A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS’ EGGS (BRITISH, EUROPEAN, AND EXOTIC). Birds, Mammals, &c., Preserved and Mounted by First-class Workmen. Only Address :— 36 STRAND, W.C., LONDON (5 doors from CHarine Cross). NATURAL HISTORY AGENT AND BOOKSELLER. W. LONGLEY, ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET AND APPARATUS MAKER, 12, White Hart Street, Catherine Street, Strand, London, W.C. NETS: BREEDING-CAGES, and Apparatus of every description. CABINETS for Insects; Birds’ Eggs; Minerals; Shells; Coins; &c., &e. Pocket Boxes, Store Boxes, and Book Boxes. Sheets of Cork any size. O VIA ROAR ABE GND re we A Large Assortment always on hand. Send for Price List to H. W. HEAD, Entomologist, SCARBOROUGH. The Largest Breeder of LEPIDOPTERA in the British Isles. Full List of LEPIDOPTERA, Apparatus, CABINETS, &c., sent on application. i, “GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. \\, ) 4 ants “EDITED BY RICHARD ae meme worran an 7. R. BILLUPS, FES. — 2 bis oe ; iia \y pet? Aa WATKINS & DONCASTER, Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets. Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1s. 3d., 2s., 2s.6d. Folding Nets, 3s. 6d., 4s. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7s. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. Zine Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d., 28s. Nested Chip Boxes, 8d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, ls. 6d. peroz. Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d. to 9s. 6d. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1s. 6d., 2s. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use, 1s. 9d. per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2s. 6d., 4s., 5s., 6s. Settimg Boards, flat or oval, 1 in., 6d.; 14in., 8d.; 2 in.,10d.; 24in.,1s.; 34in., 1s. 4d.; 4 in., 1s. 6d.; 5 in., 1s. 10d.; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10s. 6d. Setting Houses, 9s. 6d., 11s. 6d.; corked back, 14s. Zine Larva Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. Breeding Cage, 2s. 6d., 4s., 5s., 78.6d. Coleopterist’s Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1g. 6d., 1s.8d. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, 1s.6d., 2s. 9d., 3s. 6d., 4s. 6d. Botanical Paper, 1s. 1d., 1s. 4d., 1s. 9d., 28. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, 2s.6d.tolls. Cement for replacing Antenne, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1s. 6d. to 2s. 6d. per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3}, best quality, 1s.4d. per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 2s. 6d. Insect Lens, 1s. to 8s. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes from 1s. 4d. per dozen. Zine Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1s. 9d. Taxidermist’s Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10s.6d. Scalpels, 1s. 3d.; Scissors, 2s. per pair; Egg-drills, 2d., 8d., 1s.; Blowpipes, 4d., 6d.; Artificial Eyes for Birds and Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d.; ditto of Birds’ Eggs, 3d., 4d., 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d.; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, &c. Now ready.—The EXCHANGE LIST and LABEL LIST. Compiled by Mr. Ep. Meryricr, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., according to his recent ‘Handbook of British Lepidoptera.’ Exchange Lists, 13d. each; 8d. per doz.; 4s. per 100. Label Lists, 1s. 6d. each. Our new Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English names, ls. 6d. Our new Complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species numbered), 1s.; or on one side for labels, 2s. The “ Drxon” Lamp-net (invaluable for taking moths off street-lamps without climbing the lamp-posts), 2s. 6d. S\H.0:.Wo RO © Mis Ode CrA BS dn Ne ais Of every description for Insects, Brrps’ Eaes, Coins, Microscopical OsJEots, Fossizs, &c. Catalogue (66 pp.) sent on application, post free. A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS’ EGGS (BRITISH, EUROPEAN, AND EXOTIC). Birds, Mammals, éc., Preserved and Mounted by First-class Workmen. Only Address :— 36 STRAND, W.C., LONDON (5 doors from CHarinea Cross). NATURAL HISTORY AGENT AND BOOKSELLER. W. LONGLEY, ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET AND APPARATUS MAKER, 12, White Hart Street, Catherine Street, Strand, London, W.C. ETS, BREEDING-=CAGES, and Apparatus of every description. CABINETS for Insects; Birds’ Eggs; Minerals; Shells; Coins; &c., &c. Pocket Boxes, Store Boxes, and Book Boxes. Sheets of Cork any size. ON. A, {DAR NiFay NID eee te ae A Large Assortment always on hand. Send for Price List to H. W. HEAD, Entomologist, SCARBOROUGH. The Largest Breeder of LEPIDOPTERA in the British Isles. Full List of LEPIDOPTERA, Apparatus, CaBINETs, &c., sent on application. oe Oe Ey eS i Illustrated Journal GENERAL ENTOMOLOG) ¥, ~ Roper? arin FES. T. R. BILLUPS, FES, hi L. DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. _ EDWARD A. FITCH, FSS. # bil te FES fe Rie thee penn a . By ‘Satan eo an a ae) “wos, wean. & ; ‘SIMPEIN, MARSHALL, WATKINS & DONCASTER, Naturalists and Manufacturers of Kntomological Apparatus and Cabinets. Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1s. 3d., 2s., 2s.6d. Folding Nets, 3s. 6d., 48. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7s. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. Zine Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d., 28. Nested Chip Boxes, 8d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, 1s. 6d. per oz. Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d. tc 9s. 6d. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1s. 6d., 2s. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use 1s. 9d. per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2s. 6d., 4s., 5s., 6s. Setting Boards, flat or oval, 1 in., 6d.; 14in., 8d.; 2in.,10d.; 2}in.,1s.; 34in., Is. 4d.; 4 in., 1s. 6d.; 5 in., 1s. 10d.; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10s. 6d. Setting Houses, 9s. 6d., 11s. 6d.; corked back, 14s. Zine Larva Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. Breeding Cage, 2s. 6d., 4s., 5s., 7s.6d. OColeopterist’s Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1s. 6d., 1s.8d. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, 1s.6d., 2s. 9d., 3s. 6d., 4s. 6d. Botanical Paper, 1s. 1d., Is. 4d., 1s. 9d., 28. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, 2s.6d.to1ls. Cement for replacing Antenne, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1s. 6d. tc 2s. 6d. per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3}, best quality, 1s.4d. per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 28. 6d. Insect Lens, 1s. to 8s. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes from 1s. 4d. per dozen. Zine Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1s. 9d. Taxidermist’s Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10s8.6d. Scalpels, 1s. 3d.; Scissors, 2s. per pair; Egg-drills, 2d., 3d., 1s.; Blowpipes, 4d., 6d.; Artificial Eyes for Birds and Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d.; ditto of Birds’ Eggs, 3d., 4d., 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d.; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, &c. Now ready.—The EXCHANGE LIST and LABEL LIST. Compiled by Mr. Ep. Meyrick, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., according to his recent ‘Handbook of British Lepidoptera.’ Exchange Lists, 13d. each; 8d. per doz.; 4s. per 100. Label Lists, 1s. 6d. each. Our new Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English names, ls. 6d. Our new Complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species numbered), 1s.; or on one side for labels, 2s. The “Drxon” Lamp-net (invaluable for taking moths off street-lamps without climbing the lamp-posts), 2s. 6d. S'H OW. 'RO!OUMP oFO' Re Gia Bagh Eades Of every description for Insects, Birps’ Eaes, Corns, MicroscopicaL OxBsEots, Fossits, &e. Catalogue (66 pp.) sent on application, post free. A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS’ EGGS (BRITISH, EUROPEAN, AND EXOTIO). Birds, Mammals, éc., Preserved and Mounted by First-class Workmen. Only Address :— 36 STRAND, W.C., LONDON (5 doors from Cuarine Cross). NATURAL HISTORY AGENT AND BOOKSELLER. W. LONGLEY, ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET AND APPARATUS MAKER, 12, White Hart Street, Catherine Street, Strand, London, W.C. ETS, BREEDING-=CAGES, and Apparatus of every description. CABINETS for Insects; Birds’ Eggs; Minerals; Shells; Coins; &e., &e. Pocket Boxes, Store Boxes, and Book Boxes. Sheets of Cork any size. “OVA, LARVA, AND PUPA, — A Large Assortment always on hand. Send for Price List to H. W. HEAD, Entomologist, SCARBOROUGH. The Largest Breeder of LEPIDOPTERA in the British Isles. Full List of LEPIDOPTERA, Apparatus, Casinets, &c., sent on application. OF By) Ph GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. ROBERT. ADKIN, FES. sob Wa BILLUPS, FES. Ww. L. DISTANT, BE. tes &e. Ss vi DYADAMMER EE S.nEs, ow WARREN, MA, FES. ay cota shadnestadiaupiliai Ce ran fete oe done and gen isrveiy made” i WATKINS & DONCASTER, Naturalists and Manufacturers of Kntomological Apparatus and Cabinets, Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1s. 3d., 2s., 2s.6d. Folding Nets, 3s. 6d., 4s. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7s. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. Zine Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d., 2s. Nested Chip Boxes, 8d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, 1s. 6d. per oz. Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d. ta 9s. 6d. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1s. 6d., 2s. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use 1s. 9d. per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2s. 6d., 48., 5s., 6s. Setting Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d.; 1}in., 8d.; 2in.,10d.; 24in.,1s.; 84in., 1s. 4d.; 4 in., Is. 6d.; 5 in., 1s. 10d.; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10s. 6d. Setting Houses, 9s. 6d., 11s. 6d.; corked back, 14s. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. Breeding Cage, 2s. 6d., 4s., 58., 78.6d. Coleopterist’s Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1s. 6d., 1s.8d. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, 1s.6d., 28. 9d., 3s. 6d., 4s. 6d. Botanical Paper, 1s. 1d., 1s. 4d., 1s. 9d., 2s. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, 2s.6d.tolls. Cement for replacing Antenne, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1s. 6d. tc 2s. 6d. per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 34, best quality, 1s.4d. per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 28. 6d. Insect Lens, 1s. to 8s. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes from 1s. 4d. per dozen. Zine Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1s. 9d. Taxidermist’s Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10s.6d. Scalpels, 1s. 3d.; Scissors, 2s. per pair; Egg-drills, 2d., 3d., 1s. ; Blowpipes, 4d., 6d.; Artificial Eyes for Birds and Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d.; ditto of Birds’ Eggs, 3d., 4d., 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d.; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, &e. Now ready.—The EXCHANGE LIST and LABEL LIST. Compiled by Mr. Ep. Meyrick, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., according to his recent ‘Handbook of British Lepidoptera.’ Exchange Lists, 1id. each; 8d. per doz.; 4s. per 100. Label Lists, 1s. 6d. each. Our new Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English names, ‘1s. 6d. Our new Complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species numbered), 1s.; or on one side for labels, 2s. The ‘‘ Dixon” Lamp-net (invaluable for taking moths off street-lamps without climbing the lamp-posts), 2s. 6d. SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS Of every description for Insrors, Brrps’ Eaes, Coins, Microscopical Ossxors, Fossizs, &c. Oatalogue (66 pp.) sent on application, post free. A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS’ EGGS (BRITISH, EUROPEAN, AND EXOTIC). Birds, Mammals, déc., Preserved and Mounted by First-class Workmen. Only Address :— 36 STRAND, W.C., LONDON (5 doors from CHarine Cross). NATURAL HISTORY AGENT AND BOOKSELLER. WW.) LON GE EY. ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET AND APPARATUS MAKER, 12, White Hart Street, Catherine Street, Strand, London, W.C. ETS, BREEDING-CAGES, and Apparatus of every description. CABINETS for Insects; Birds’ Eggs; Minerals; Shells; Coins; &c., &c. Pocket Boxes, Store Boxes, and Book Boxes. Sheets of Cork any size. ON As. EAR VAR aeRiN De Peas A Large Assortment always on hand. Send for Price List to H. W. HEAD, Entomologist, SCARBOROUGH. The Largest Breeder of LEPIDOPTERA in the British Isles. Full List of LEPIDOPTERA, Apparatus, CaBinets, &c., sent on application. 4 ’ a 2 ea ee ee, en 2 vol. XXXII] NOVEMBER, 1899. (No. 438. eto des pO OR AS y OF Cy os ROG wine NOV 14 18 aan Sipe - ENTOMOLOGEST | AN Mllustrated Journal OF GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S. T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S8., F.E.S8. W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. — J. H. LEECH, B.A., F.L.8., F.E.S. EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S.,F.E.S. | Ds. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &o. F. W. FROHAWE, F.E.S. G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S. W. WARREN, M.A., F.E.S. “ By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.” LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limitep. ——_——_ Price Sixpence. WATKINS & DONCASTER, Naturalists and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets. Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1s. 3d., 2s., 2s.6d. Folding Nets, 3s. 6d., 4s. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7s. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. Zine Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d., 28. Nested Chip Boxes, 8d. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, 1s. 6d. peroz. Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d. ta 9s. 6d. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1s. 6d., 2s. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use. 1s. 9d. per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2s. 6d., 4s., 5s., 68. Setting Boards, flat or oval, 1 in., 6d.; 14in., 8d.; 2in.,10d.; 2}in.,1s.; 34in., 1s. 4d.; 4 in., 1s. 6d.; 5 in., 1s. 10d.; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10s. 6d. Setting Houses, 9s. 6d., 11s. 6d.; corked back, 14s. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. Breeding Cage, 2s. 6d., 4s., 5s., 78.6d. Coleopterist’s Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1s. 6d., 1s.8d. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, 1s.6d., 2s. 9d., 3s. 6d., 4s. 6d. Botanical Paper, 1s. 1d., 1s. 4d., 1s. 9d., 2s. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, 2s.6d.to1ls. Cement for replacing Antenne, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1s. 6d. to 2s. 6d. per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 34, best quality, 1s.4d. per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 2s. 6d. Insect Lens, 1s. to 8s. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes from 1s. 4d. per dozen. Zine Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1s. 9d. Taxidermist’s Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10s.6d. Scalpels, 1s. 3d.; Scissors, 2s. per pair; Egg-drills, 2d., 3d., 1s.; Blowpipes, 4d., 6d.; Artificial Eyes for Birds and Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d.; ditto of Birds’ Eggs, 3d., 4d., 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d.; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, &c. Now ready.—The EXCHANGE LIST and LABEL LIST. Compiled by Mr. Ep. Meyrick, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., according to his recent ‘Handbook of British Lepidoptera.’ Exchange Lists, 1$d. each; 8d. per doz.; 4s. per 100. Label Lists, 1s. 6d. each. Our new Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English names, ls. 6d. Our new Complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species numbered), 1s.; or on one side for labels, 2s. The ‘‘Drxon” Lamp-net (invaluable for taking moths off street-lamps without climbing the lamp-posts), 2s. 6d. SHOW. RiOtO-Mis SP OsR CsA BN Eales Of every description for Insects, Brrps’ Eaas, Coins, MicroscopicaL OBJEoTS, Fossits, &. Catalogue (66 pp.) sent on application, post free. A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS’ EGGS (BRITISH, EUROPEAN, AND EXOTIC). Birds, Mammals, éc., Preserved and Mounted by First-class Workmen. Only Address :— 386 STRAND, W.C., LONDON (5 doors from Carine Cross). NATURAL HISTORY AGENT AND BOOKSELLER. W. LONGLEY; ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET AND APPARATUS MAKER, 12, White Hart Street, Catherine Street, Strand, London, W.C. NETS: BREEDING-CAGES, and Apparatus of every description. CABINETS for Insects; Birds’ Eggs; Minerals; Shells; Coins; &c., &e. Pocket Boxes, Store Boxes, and Book Boxes. Sheets of Cork any size. OW AS AR FR SD ieee A Large Assortment always on hand. Send for Price List to H. W. HEAD, Entomologist, SCARBOROUGH. The Largest Breeder of LEPIDOPTERA in the British Isles. Full List of LEPIDOPTERA, Apparatus, Capinets, &c., sent on application. a Re ; mt Be et cS “ROBERT ADKIN, FES. -T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. We. L. DISTANT, F.E.S., &0. ies . EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S.,F.E.3. fate bos SHOE E: F.E.S. — WATKINS & DONCASTER, Naturalists and Wanufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets. Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1s. 3d., 2s., 2s.6d. Folding Nets, 3s. 6d., 48. Umbrella Nets (self- acting), 7s. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. Zine Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d., 28. Nested Chip Boxes, gd. per four dozen. Entomological Pins, assorted. or mixed, 1s. 6d. peroz. Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d. tc © 9s. 6d. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1s. 6d., 28. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use — ls. 9d. per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2s. 6d., 4s., 5s., 6s. Setting Boards, flat or oval, 1 in., 6d.; 141in., 8d.; 2in.,10d.; 23in.,1s.; 3}in., 1s. 4d.; 4 in., 1s. 6d.; 5 in., 1s. 10d.; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10s. 6d. Setting Houses, 9s. 6d., 11s. 6d.; corked back, 148. Zine Larva Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. Breeding Cage, 2s. 6d., 4s., 58., 78.6d. Coleopterist’s Collecting Bottle, with tube, 1s. 6d., 18.8d. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, 1s. 6d., 2s. 9d., 3s. 6d., 4s. 6d. Botanical Paper, 1s. 1d., 1s. 4d., 1s. 9d., 2s. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, 2s.6d.tolls. Cement for replacing Antenne, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, 1s. 6d. to 2s. 6d. per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 34, best quality, 1s.4d. per dozen sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 2s. 6d. Insect Lens, 1s. to 8s. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed Boxes from 1s. 4d. per dozen. Zine Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1s. 9d. Taxidermist’s Companion, containing most necessary implements for skinning, 10s.6d. Scalpels, 1s. 3d.; Scissors, 28. per pair; Egg-drills, 2d., 3d., 1s.; Blowpipes, 4d., 6d.; Artificial Eyes for Birds and Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d.; ditto of Birds’ Eggs, 3d., 4d., 6d.; ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d.; Useful Books on Insects, Figgs, &e. | Now ready.—The EXCHANGE LIST and LABEL LIST. Compiled by Mr. Ep. Meyrick, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., according to his recent ‘ Handbook of British Lepidoptera.’ Exchange Lists, 13d. each; 8d. per doz.; 4s. per 100. Label Lists, 1s. 6d. each. Our new Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English © names, 1s. 6d. Our new Complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species numbered), 1s.; or on one side for labels, 2s. The “ Drxon” Lamp-nxt (invaluable for taking moths off street-lamps without climbing the lamp-posts), 2s. 6d. S/H OoW. AR: O20 M oe OR 6 ABN ie Of every description for Insects, Brrps’ Kaas, Coins, Microscopical OBJEoTs, Fossizs, &. Catalogue (66 pp.) sent on application, post free. A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS’ EGGS (BRITISH, EUROPEAN, AND EXOTIC). , Birds, Mammals, éc., Preserved and Mounted by First-class Workmen. Only Address :— 36 STRAND, W.C., LONDON (5 doors from Carina Cross). NATURAL HISTORY AGENT AND BOOKSELLER. W. LONGLEY, ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET AND APPARATUS MAKER, 12, White Hart Street, Catherine Street, Strand, London, W.C. NETS: BREEDING=-CAGES, and Apparatus of every description. CABINETS for Insects; Birds’ Eggs; Minerals; Shells; Coins; &c., &e. Pocket Boxes, Store Boxes, and Book Boxes. Sheets of Cork any size. ON A: LARVA, AND PUP veeee / q ‘ A Large Assortment always 6n hand. Send for Price List to q | H. W. HEAD, Entomologist, SCARBOROUGH. The Largest Breeder of LEPIDOPTERA in the British Isles. | Full List of LEPIDOPTERA, Apparatus, CABINETS, &c., sent on application. | -- , Mee ates Pr ae ae aa: te cy eee beset A oe oe hae ee Peanih 5 ae Lp ih PL RD Pe ee NO 4 hl ee Re 1 i) OU ‘4 ot al ae es. bea hia A i ny a it a. } Ne i} a Wt hi GPO 16—6059 I Hl | | 3 9088 00908 an ty aa SOS 2 ey : B11 AND ts Potash aye AR gs) a a eee ner euc