oP wa eT ce. ath cd tlt iil Wane 1 RIN A) my a) AA at Pie “rio rng ae) : ' r , Abt yi ’ J‘ | "5 bnew 4 ' ’ i) ; A + ae . vay WAS Te CC Pe De Dr Be ’ Vrs pe yatta cab aaa tas Sy ehh Woh HA AAAs, Os Neh lad .. fg Vou Das b] ? 4 Via Daovrre . i 1a ' . > , 49 4 Le} a ey Viera. ya ye OTEIRER WONT tye) ee et ’ "halal dha ae RS ’ A 19 0 Veh ty’ abhvetye ’ homed 17) ’ \ Lr \ Uae Were vars te ety 5 Pf ’ ioen a) ' ~ i ht, ' va ce aby RY LDA erie CORN ‘Ait Liha Ne h u hi oe te eos YI Ee ’ iat BIOTEC erat Wt erie H rane aly Pe AM MAL Sty Want ‘ Sree Nive Vays, eae ’ a ry MY RT: on] i y ‘ aa yee bo ' ; nae 44 v Marsuveks +i ow sACy > s Teeenl) ? OL De Bsa ing . ' , 1 be.> a°6 ’ , “y } i “4 FeyMene meat) . i) SAM tee ands : ye : Why VIVSeavaee ny 2% 97 ! i hh sy har kee, ta rata § BUT Ts thateay : Tne Mice ’ ‘ 5 us yates Vian} wehiks rte a vie ie 1 Me £ . ? tend + ’ Ne o Nabi hs ab syeyss gE ii othr NIRS Pere i ‘ . \ NOVSae 3 . R 1) Se lie Viena heb bendy Sith hone oD * bea Mae pcb ’ a) x Ts TREN RN hunhikcy ie , eu ‘ ah MMA DS Reg yg ow a 4 ‘3 “ vt Pem ys a 2 ‘ oe ey \ { nt od FG ih ‘ EE bengeb kel i] : r , . tf : soos ‘ A , ’ He ‘ rena) qh ? 4 oa | ' i hay GM hteHt i ret $ . : bath Petey ’ faye as . Fa tina 4 a , wh? 'Sgat bpm? f ‘ Nea tered ; ) ‘ re til, eh Ss heey ! » sta , a ‘ py ‘ herake ‘ 088 ob etait yt t, ; ‘ ‘ ' ' ; ' serene 7 A yetane, ‘ : 1 iy thane ¥i Wstbebee , 6 aad Bet Ay RP arts dave ‘ . 7 4 ’ ’ oe va ion) i ‘ : ' ' a hte BN ee SUG Ne bg hw Shel 01) SRL ES a Ba rea ie , \ Ae eee diy ik ol ‘eh Ie i neg PA ‘ ry aa \ \ i a 446 0) ae n'y¥ ) S Ve Poe fa ' Healt Sh 04 5 . ‘o’ he } “) “aD 1A i a nt Ane oe id ; We ie Arne BA Bis i 4 ae ot NS OS in e Sa \ ~ 4 ENTOMOLOGIST An Illustrated Journal OF GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E:S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S. T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.S. W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. J. H. LEECH, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S. EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S., F.E.S. Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &c. F. W. FROHAWE, F.E.S. G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S. W. WARREN, M.A., F.E.S: ‘‘By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.” VOLUME THE THIRTY-THIRD. LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN, SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limitep. 1900, f 85240 PRINTERS &F% PUBLISHERS 9 { LIST OF Apxin, Rossert, F.E.S., 128, 313 Atprrson, E. G., 233, 273 Axuperson, Miss E. M., 248, 311 ANDERSON, JOSEPH, 177, 192, 250, Se 354 Anprews, T. B., 268 Annett, H. E., 275, 278 ' ARKLE, J., 10, 13, 14, 49, 181, 183, 203, 273 Baker, GEORGE, 269 Bankes, Eustace R., M.A., F.E.S., 349 Barravup, P. J., 93, 131, 355 Barton, W. H., 250, 277, 354 Bastow, W. H., 273 Barrerssy, Frances J., 226 BrEADNELL, HERBERT, 249, 270, 279 BrEAvuLanD, J., 13 Betu, Rey. Jonn W. B., 249, 250, 277 Beuuamy, F. & C., 17, 157 Betnamy, FReEp. G., 228 Bircu, FREDERICK, 22, 99, 319 Brrp, J. F., 224 Bisuop, HE. B., 268 Bisuop, H. S., 278 BuaxkesoroueH, THos. B., 181 Buatuwayt, F. D., 278 BLENKARN, STANLEY A., Bostock, W., 303, 311 Briaes, C. A., F.E.S., 52 Brown, Henry H., 14, 351 Browne, G. B., 248 Burr, Maucoum, F.Z.S., F.E.S., 89 Bururr, A. G., Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.8., &e., 1, 124, 168, 189 Buruer, W. E., 275 Canvert, Puinip P., 350 CanspaLE, W. D.,‘272 Cant, A., F.E.S., 228 CarpInaLL, ALLAN W., 92, 307 Carr, F. M. B., 12, 49, 130, 204, 228, 274, 277 Carter, C. E. O., 248, 249 Carter, Wiuuiam A., 158, 203, 313 Carman, T. A., M.D., F.E.S., 69, 82, 224, 282 CuawneEr, Miss E. F., F.E.S., 248 Curisty, W. M., F.E.S., 88 CHITTENDEN, D., 273, 276, 304, 307 Cuark, Frep. Noap, 225 Craxton, Rev. W., 271, 306 Cockayne, E. A., 305 CockEeRELL, T. D. A., F.Z.S., F.E.S., 40, 61, 85, 173, 201, 217, 243, 302 ConruRvp, C. W..,, 10,.13,.60,'92, 276, 278, 307 Conquest, G. Hbon 353 Corprer, Henry, 304, 312 CorNELL, Ernest, 275 50, 91, 225 CONTRIBUTORS. Cortam, ArtHuR, 276, 278, 303 Court, T. H., 92 Crewr, Huco Harper, 308 Dapp, Enwarp Martin, 161, 283, 340 Datz, C. W., F.E.S., 75, 180, 351 Daurtry, Rey. T. W., M.A., F.L.8., F.E.S., 305, 312 Dannatt, WALTER, F.E.S., 203, 251, 299 Day, Rey. ArcHIBALD, 268, 270, 273 Distant, W. L., F.E.S., 92, 209, 261 Dixon, Henry J., 307 Donovan, R. J. F., 143 Doveuas, ALFRED E., 250 Druirt, A., 202 East, Rev. Artuur, 88, 211, 257 Epwarps, Miss A. D., 14 Epwarps, W., 304, 313 Enwes, Henry J., F.R.S, F.LS., &e., 223 Evans, J. J. O., 352 Farrcuinp, W., 312 Fircu, E. A., F.L.S., F.E.S., 274 Finzi, J. A., F.E.S., 250 Fisuer, T. H., 225 FiercHer, T. B., R.N., F.E.S., 129, 228 Fowuer, J. H., 267, 269, 272, 275 Freeman, R., 247, 248 Frexe, Percy E., F.E.S., 352 Fremuin, H. S., F.E.S., 37 Frounawk, F. W., M.B.O.U., F.E.S., 101, 130, 300, 303, 304, 306 Frouawk, MarGaret, 130 Gauan, C. J., M.A., F.E.S., 18, 97, 132, 159, 205, 253, 314, 361 GarReTT, Henry E., 279, 351 Gites, Lewis S., 249 Gitues, W. 8., 191, 308 Grauam, S., 306 Grosvenor, T. H., 277 Grote, A. Rapcuirre, A.M., 120 Hageart, James C., 46, 92 Hamuin, C., 305 Hamm, A. H., 88, 274, 277 Hansen, Dr. H. J., 116, 169, 334 Harcourt-Batu, W., 199, 223 Harris, W. T., 269, 277, 352 Henperson, G., 353, 355 Howe, T. L., 49, 50 Hopson, G. V., F.E.S., 186 Hurcurnson, C. W., 267 Hype, P., 91 Imus, A. D., 250 Jackson, F. W. J., 305 JAGER, J., 326 James, Russet E., 279, 359 JerreRys, T. B., 15, 202 ‘ LY; LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Kane, W. F. pr Vismes, M.A., M.R.1.A., &c., 29, 79, 125, 152, 192, 197, 328 Kemp, 8. K., 181 Kemp, 8. W., 269, 277 Kine, H. A., 269, 270, 278 Kirsy, W. F., F.L.S., F.E.S., 51, 280, 324 Krrraupy, G. W., F.E.S., &e., 10, 24, 25, 52, 70, 77, 87, 100, 134, 135, 136, 148, 169, 175, 177, 183, 184, 207, 232, 238, 254, 256, 262, 266, 293, 296, 301, 321, 322, 334, 349, 355, 361, 362, 363 Knaces, H. Guarp, M.D., F.L.S., 109 Lappman, R., 12, 13, 269 La Carp, H., 310 Lanz, E. W., 95 Lane, H. C., M.D., F.E.S., 104 Latuy, Percy L., 213 Lawrance, A. J., 271, 306 Leieu, G. F., 229, 302 Lirtnewoop, Franr, 355 Lowrtuer, R. C., 310 Lucas, W. J., B.A., F.H.S.; 2, 12, 41, 43, 49, 74, 89, 90, 129, 137, 158, 174, 181, 201 ,202, 210, 215, 225, 259, 266, 267, 271, 272, 274, 275, 279, 297, 301, 338, 350, 354, 355 MacKenziz, Vivian Sr. Crarr, 245 MacKinnon, F. M. A., 177 MarsHatu, Guy A. K., F.Z.S., 218 MASEFIELD, Joun, R. B., 18 Mann, A. J., 248, 275 May, AuBert, 129, 131, 275, 307 Metpota, Prof. R., F.R.8., F.C.S., F.E.S., 249, 306, 354, 355 MERRIFIELD, F., F.E.S., 232 Mitrorp, R. 8., 277, 310 MocsuEr-Frrryman, Lieut.-Col. A. F., 308 More, Rospert Scuaw, 351, 353 Morey, Cuaupez, F.E.S., 247 Moss, Rev. A. Mines, 21, 270, 280, 307, 354 Nasu, Rev. A., 269, 270, 271, 275, 352 Nasu, W. Girrorp, 304, 309, 310, 312 Nix, Jonn A., 354 Oxpaker, F. A., 311 OuprieLtp, Grorce W., M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &e., 276 OxtpHam CHARLES, 309 PEACHELL, G. ERNEST, 276, 304 Puinures, Rev. W. J. Leicu, 43, 274 PrrrarD, Brrnarp, 249 Prey, J. B., 269, 271, 275 Porritt, Geo. T., F.L.S., F.E.S., 247, 250, 301 PripEeavx, R. M., 249 Prout, Louis B., F.E.S., 11, 53 Pucxripver, J. §., 311 Quaint, AmBrosE, F.E.§S., 5, 221, 225 Ransom, Epwarp, 13 Raynor, Rev. Ginpert H., 91, 225, 272, 275 Raynor, L. G. S., 274, 275, 280 _ Reece, E. T. B., 94 Rerp, Capt. S. G., F.H.S., 305 TioBERTSHAW, ARTHUR, 304 Rouuason, W. A., 310 Romer, T., 311 Rosa, A. F., 33 Roruscurip, Hon. N. Cuaruss, 352, 353 RoutitepGe, G. B., F.E.S8., 20 RowntreEE, J. H., 313 Rownanp-Brown, H., M.A., F.H.S., 132, 159, 205, 253, 314, 361 Russeuu, A., 129 RusseEwut, G. M., 310 Rypon, ArtHuR H., 43, 226 Sapine, H., 303, 304, 353 Saxpy, J. L., 129, 269, 276 Setu-Smuiry, L. M., 305 SHEPHEARD-Watwyn, H. W., 16, 269 Sicu, ALFRED, 130 Srmmonps, A., 353 SuapEN, Rey. C. A., 274, 275 SmaLupeice, A. Monineux, 268 Smiru, E. J. Srncietron, 268 Smitu, T. Percivan, 249 Smith, W. W., 11, 202 Sourn, Ricwarp, F.E.S., 10, 43, 68, 92, 99, 103, 104, 136, 155, 178, 180, 181, 184, 208, 266, 271, 272, 273, 276, 281, 303, 305, 313, 322, 323, 325, 348, 349 Sparks, EH. G. J., B.A., F.E.S., 39, 268, 210, 272, 278 Sranpen, R. S., F.L.S8., F.E.S., 350 Stanpruss, Prof. Dr. Max, 161, 283, 340 Stupp, E. F., M.A., F.E.S., 130 Tapp, W. H.,; 353 Tetuery, J. B., 274, 276 THomeson, Haronp P., 268, 270, 273, 277 Tuompson, HERBERT, 304 THoRNEWILI, Rey. Cuas. F., 278, 307 Trotuopr, Mrs. Anice, 157 Turner, D. P., 177, 273, 275, 278, 309 Turner, Hy. J., F.E.S., 20, 97, 133, 160, 206, 230, 317 Turner, Lewis L., 267, 270, 279, 351 Tort, J. W., F.B:S.; 42 UrqunHart, Miss, 267 Urwicx, W. F., 266 VAUGHAN, J. WixLiAms, 224 Wawpecrave, Rt. Hon. Earl, 305, 312 Waser, J. J., F.E.S., 18 Wauxrer, Rey. F. A., D.D., F.L.S:, &c., 236, 273, 275, 277 WAINWRIGHT, Co~BRAN J., F.E.S., 21, 98, 133, 160, 230, 319 Watkins & Doncaster, 304, 310 Warsure, J. C., 89, 278 Wetts, H. O., 202, 272, 274, 308 WHitTakEr, Oscar, 95, 278, 356 Wuirttz, F. G., 308 Witurams, T. Gopparp, 274, 305 Wooprorpeg, F. C., 12 Woo.nouse, J. W., 203, 269 WorsLey-Woop, H., 279 INDEX. ao ee GENERAL. Aberrations of British Lepidoptera, 101 Aberration of Argynnisadippe (fig.), 281; of Vanessa urtice, 177 Abnormal emergence of Smerinthus po- puli, 12 Abundance of Plusia gamma, 307 Acherontia atropos in Bucks, 250; at Chichester, 250; in Gloucestershire, 269; in Hampshire, 269, 351; in Herefordshire, 269; in Kendal dis- trict, 353; in Kent, 269; in London, 304; in Norfolk, 269 ; in Northampton, 250; in Oxfordshire, 269; at Penarth, 49; in Suffolk, 270; in Surrey, 270; in Sussex, 270; in Westmoreland, 270; in Worcestershire, 270, 304; in 1899, 13; in October, 351; and Colias in 1900, 348 Acronycta alni in Herefordshire, 271 Aischna cyanea abundant in 1899, 91; at Paddington, 225; grandis on the wing at dusk, 88 Aleucis pictaria in Kent, 307 Anthills at the Paris Exhibition, 248 Anticlea sinuata in Dorset, 225 Apatura iris in Northamptonshire, 303 Aplecta occulta in Norfolk, 271 Argynnis adippe in Surrey, 249; aglaia var. at Dover, 303: var. charlotta, 350 Aromia moschata and Rhagium bifascia- tum near Chester, 181 Asphondylia mentzeliz, sp. n., 302 Assembling, 202 A winter-day’s sport with the net in Na- tal, 228 Bees from Juarez, Mexico, on a small collection of, 217 Bibliographical and nomenclatorial notes on the Rhynchota—No. 1, 238 Black varieties on a South Lancashire Moss, 248 British dragonflies of the older English authors, 41, 74, 174, 215, 259, 297, 338 British Odonata, new work on, 43 British Orthoptera, 89 ‘ Butterflies and Moths of Malvern,’ the 42 Butterflies collected in the South of France and in Corsica, 104; observed in Switzerland, 33 Butterfly hunter’s holiday, 233 Captures and Field Reports, 13, 44, 91, 130, 181, 202, 225, 248, 267, 302, 351 Captures at electric light in Chester dis- trict, 92; at light in 1899, 130 Captures of Odonata, 50 Caradrina ambigua in Hampshire, 272; at Pagham, 355 Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Ireland, a,29, 79, 125, 152, 192; Supplement,328 Catocala fraxini in the Isle of Wight, 308; in Norfolk, 306 ; nupta in 1899, 13, 50; on tarred posts, 271 Cheerocampa elpenor on wild balsam, 270; nerii in Kent, 305; at Teign- mouth, 352 Cicadidz from China, description of a new species (fig.), 209 Cirrhcedia xerampelina in Notts, 355 Ccenonympha pamphilus var., 248 Colias edusa in June, in Devonshire, 228; at Eastbourne, 225; at Ringwood, 228; in Somersetshire, 228; in October, 352 Colias edusa in 1900, 250; in Berkshire, 273; in Brecknockshire, 273; in Bucks, 273; in Cambs, 273, 309; in Cheshire, 273; in Cornwall, 274, 309 ; in Devon, 274; in Dorset, 274; in Essex, 274; in Gloucestershire, 275; in Hants, 275, 310; in Here- fordshire, 275; in Herts, 275, 353; in Kendal district, 353; in Kent, 276, 277, 310; in Lanes, 310, in Leicestershire, 310; in London, 310; in Middlesex, 277; in Norfolk, 277, 310; in Northamptonshire, 311; in N. Wales, 311; in Nottinghamshire, 353; in Oxfordshire, 277; in Scotland, 354; in Shropshire, 278 ; in Somerset, 278, 311, 312,353; in South Pembroke- shire, 311; in Staffs, 312; in Suffolk, 312; in Surrey, 278, 279, 312, 353; in Sussex, 279, 312; in Westmoreland, 279; in Wilts, 280 ; in Worcestershire, 313; in Yorks, 313 vi INDEX. Colias hyale in 1899, 91 Colias hyale in June, at Hastbourne, 225; iniMay and June, 313 Colias hyale in 1900, in Berks, 273; in Bucks, 273 ; in Cambs, 273, 309; in Dorset, 274; in Essex, 274, 252; in Gloucestershire, 275; in Hants, 275, 310 ; in Herts, 275, 353; in Kent, 276, 277, 310, 353; in Leicestershire, 310 ; in Middlesex, 277; in Norfolk, 277; in Northamptonshire, 311; in Notting- hamshire, 353; in Oxfordshire, 277 ; in Somerset, 278, 311, 312, 353; in Suffolk, 278, 312; in Surrey, 278, 279; in Sussex, 279, 312; in Wilts, 280; in Worcestershire, 313 Collecting at Deal, three days’, 356; in Hayward’s Heath district, 225; in the Isle of Lewis, 37; at Sidmouth, 307; in South Devon, 326 Collecting and rearing dragonflies, 89 Collective enquiry as to Progressive Me- lanism in moths, 185 Correction, a, 129 Coremia quadrifasciaria at Bexley, 130; in Essex, 225, 249, 272; in Suffolk, 272 Cossus ligniperda larva, 128 Cymatophora ocularis at Chingford, 306 Dasycampa rubigineaat Cambridge, 308 ; in Dorsetshire, 249 Deilephila galii in Gloucestershire, 270 ; livornica in N. Staffordshire, 305 Description of certain varieties of Pero- nea cristana, 179; of a new species of Dircenna from Peru (fig.), 299; of the egg of Polyommatus corydon, 300 Dianthcecia cucubali in August, 305 Dicycla oo in Surrey, 249 Diphyletism in the Lepidoptera, 120, 221 Diphthera aprilina in Moray, 14 Diplosis partheniicola, 201 Diptera of Nottinghamshire, 180 Dircenna barrettii, sp. un. (fig.), 299 Dragonfly, season of, 1899, 137 Dwarf Lepidoptera, 129; Vanessa ata- lanta, 92 Early and late dates for Euchloé carda- mines and other butterflies, 351 Early appearance of Pieris rape, 130 Early occurrence of Anisopteryx sscu- laria, 91 Karwigs beneficial, 87 Editorial, 325 Eggs of Ceroplastes irregularis, 201 Emergence of Clostera reclusa, 12 Ennomos alniaria at Bognor, 306 Entomology in New Zealand, 5, 186 Epinephele (Hipparchia) hyperanthes in Fifeshire, 351; tithonus in abundance, 350 Epunda nigra at Cambridge, 308; in Kent, 271, 306 Eretmoptera, a new dipterous genus, 349 Errata, 202, 359 Euplexia lucipara in February, 131 Field Cricket (Gryllus campestris) near Hastings, 49 Flavour of caterpillars, the, 87 Flatoides, a remarkable instance of, 301 Food-plants of Homoptera, 302 Formalin as a preservative of insects, 90 Gerris lacustris nymph in October, 355 Great destruction of injurious beetles, 11 Guide to the Study of British Water- bugs, a, 148 Gynandromorphous—Argynnis paphia, 266; Colias edusa, 157 ; Lycena ica- rus, 157; Thecla quercus, 157 Habits of Cossus ligniperda, 128, 224 Halias prasinana audible, 247 Heliothis armigera in New Zealand, 201 ; scutosa in South Devon, 306 Hemerobius limbatus in January, 49 Humming sound of Macroglossa stella- tarum, 129 Hybernating two winters, larva of Odo- nestis potatoria, 10 Hymenoptera of Nottinghamshire, 180 Insect fauna of Hampshire, the, 349 Ischnura elegans in London, 225; pu- milio, 201 Larva of Acronycta alni at Tunbridge Wells, 249; of Arctia caia and Odo- nestes potatoria at Chester, 181 Larve-beating in 1899 compared with 1898, 94 Late grasshopper, 355 Lepidoptera, &c., in 1899, 14, 93; at light in 1899, 92; in County Cork, 143, 197; at Winchester in 1899, 15 Lepidopterous eggs on sallow, 14, 49 Leucania albipuncta at Bexhill, 250; vi- tellina at Bognor, 306; in Essex, 306 Libellula quadrimaculata, 248 Liparis chrysorrhoea abundant at Hove, 307 Limenitis sibylla in Surrey, 272 Local scarcity of feniocampa incerta,349 Lycena argiolus, 303 ; in North London, 269; in S. England, 351; bellargus, aberration figured, 281; in Hertford- shire, 303, 352; bwtica bred in Guern- sey, 268; corydon var. fowleri, 104, 157; pheretes and its allies in the Sikim Himalayas, 199, 223 Macrocephalus arizonicus = uhleri, 201 Macroglossa stellatarum, 304; in April, 182; in Gloucestershire, 352; at Hud- dersfield, 249; in Kent, 352; in S. England, 351 INDEX. Vii Macro-lepidoptera of the Galashiels dis- trict 44; of Hull, 43 Male Bupalus piniaria partly of female coloration, 266 Mamestra furva, corrected date, 92 Melanippe procellata in Essex, 249, 272 ; tristata, 307 Monograph of the Membracide, 301 Mosquitos and malaria, 218 Mould in relaxing-box, 12 Moults in the Odonata, 350 Migration of Libellula quadrimaculata, 247 Migrations of dragonflies, 210 Miscellaneous notes, 308 Naturalized cockroaches, 129 New African dragonflies, 43 New Forest notes, 202, 226; Easter in the, 203 New genus of Coccide injuring the root of the grape-vine in 8. Africa, 173 New insects from Arizona, and a new bee from Mexico, 61 Neuropteron at sugar, 354 Noctua castanea in the New Forest, 270, 305 Note on Anthocharis, 69; on a pupa of Gonoptera libatrix, 305, 355; on a spider, 226; on Ligdia adustata, 10; on the Coccid genus Oudablis, Signo- ret, 85; on the oviposition of Parnas- sius apollo, 282; on Xanthia ferru- - ginea and X. gilvago, 307 Notes from Chester and Delamere Forest, 182 ; from the Lake district, 355; from Natal, 302 ; from North Staffordshire, 17; from North Wales, 308; from Nottingham, 95 ; from Southend, 308 ; on certain Scoparie (figs.), 109; on Jamaican Rhyhchota, 70; on some Tuddenham Lepidoptera, 39 ; on some Sinhalese Rhynchota, 293; on the great earwig and other British Forficu- lide, 75; on the nymph of Aischna cyanea, 88; on the season of 1899 in Kent, 46; on Triecphora sanguino- lenta, Marsh, 236, 266 Notodonta chaonia, 202 ; double-brooded, 305 dictzoides OBITUARIES :— W. C. Blatch, 136 William Watkins, 208 Dr. Otto Staudinger, 328 Josef Mik, 364, Odonata in Kent, 307 On Aigaleus bechuana, a new species of Cimicide#, reported to injure coffee- berries, 77 On a new genus of Lycwenide hitherto confounded with Catochrysops, 1 On a small collection of insects, chiefly Lepidoptera, from Nicaragua, 189 On a small collection of Lepidoptera from Pemba Island, 261 On the Morphology and Classification of the Auchenorrhynchous Homoptera, 116, 169, 334 On the moult to pupa of Pterophorus, 82 On the Nomenclature of the Genera of the Rhynchota, Heteroptera, and Au- chenorrhynchous Homoptera, 25 Oporabia autumnata from Rannoch, with reference to several other re- lated forms, 53, 83 Orthoptera at sugar, 266, 301 Orthoptera localities, 11 Orthopterous Fauna of the British Isles, Belgium, and Holland (fig.), 2 Oviposition of Gonopteryx rhamni, 177 Oviposition of Polygonia c-album, 224 Pairing of Vanessa urtice with Epine- phele tithonus, 224 Papilio machaon in Kent, 248, 267; at Ringwood, 267; in Surrey, 303; in Sussex, 267; in Worcestershire, 303 Parasite in Lepidopterous ovum, 224, 247 Phigalia pedaria in December, 13 Phlogophora meticulosa in December, 13, 92 Photo-micrography for Entomology, 177 Pieris daplidice, &c., at Bognor, 306 Plusia festuce# at Bognor, 306 Plusia festuce with confluent spots, 11 Plusia gamma abundant, 203 Plusia moneta at Merstham, 305; at Norwood, 272; in Oxfordshire, 249 Protective coloration, 301 Proctotrypids ex lepidopterous ova, 247 Pyrameis atalanta swarming, 268 Ranatra linearis, 181 Range in Britain of Epichnopteryx pulla, Sterrhopteryx hirsutella, Acantho- pryche opacella, and Pachythelia vil- losella, 42 Recent LireRaTURE :— Fauna Hawaiiensis; or, the Zoology of the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Isles, vol. i, Hymenoptera Aculeata, by R. C. L. Perkins and A. Forel. Vol. ii, Orthoptera and Neuroptera, by R. C. L. Perkins, 23 The Hymenoptera of Suffolk, pt. I, by Claude Morley, 50 British Dragonflies (Odonata), by W. J. Lucas, 51 Enumeratio operum opusculorumque ad faunam Hemipterorum Heterop- terorum Imperii Rossici pertinentem 1798-1897, by V. Bianchi, 52 General Index to Miss Ormerod’s Reports on Injurious Insects, 1877- 1898, by R, Newstead, 52 Vill Transactions of the City of London Entomological and Natural History Society for the year 1898,.99 Fauna Hawajliensis: Macro-Lepido- ptera, by E. Meyrick, 99 Remarks on the Epidemiology and Prophylaxis of Malaria in the light of recent Researches, by A. Celli, 133 Hemiptera Cryptocerata. S. Fam. Mo- nonychine, by A. L. Montandon, 134 The egg-carrying habit of Zaitha, by F. W. Slater, 135 Second Annual Report of the Kendal Entomological Society, 136 Essai sur les Eumastacides, tribu des Acridiodea, by M. Burr, 183 La Chasse aux Insectes aquatiques, by Paul Noel, 184 Report of Injurious Insects and Com- mon Farm Pests during the year 1899, by Eleanor A. Ormerod, 184 Hine neve Plataspidinen-Gattung aus Deutsch Ost-Afrika, by Kuhlgatz, 206 The Spring Elm Caterpillar, by C. M. Weed, 207 Wie vielen Stigmen haben die Rhyn- choten ?, by Anton Handlirsch, 207 Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society, 208 A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, by J. W. Tutt, 231 Note on the Genital Organs of Zaitha, by T. H. Montgomery, 232 Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Association of Econ- omic Entomologists, 232 Preliminary Report on the Insect Enemies of Forests in the North- West, 232 The Coccid Genera Chionaspis and Hemichionaspis, by R. A. Covley, 232 Insects injurious to Forest Trees, by E. P. Felt, 254 The Insects of Alderney, by W. A. Luff, 254 Occasional Memoirs of the Chicago Entomological Society, vol. i, 255 Insecta Transvaaliensia; a Contribu- tion to a Knowledge of the Entomo- logy of South Africa, by W. L. Distant, 280 Recent Work on Japanese Rhynchota, 320 Fifteenth Report—Insects—State of New York, by E. P. Felt, 321 Summary of the Hemiptera of Japan, by P. R. Uhler, 320 The Insect World,—a Monthly Maga- zine, 320 INDEX. Hémiptéres de l’ile de Yesso (Japon), by Horvath Geza, 320 Uebersicht der Fulgoriden Japans, by Matsumura Shonen, 320 The Lepidoptera of the British Isles, vol. vi, by C. G. Barrett, 322 Catalogue of Eastern and Australian Lepidoptera Heterocera in the Col- lection of the Oxford University Museum, by Col. C. Swinhoe, 322 Transactions of the City of London Entomological and Natural History Society for the year 1899, 323 La raison d’étre des métamorphoses chez les Insectes, by Aug. Lameere, 361 Notes pour la Classification des Coléop- téres, by Aug. Lameere, 361 Notes on the Mosquitoes of the United States (1900), by L. O. Howard, 363 Collecting in South Eastern Europe, by Malcolm Burr, 364 Origin of Species (New Impression), by C. Darwin, 364 Recent notes on Hydrometra martini, Kirk.=lineata, Say, 175 Relaxing Lepidoptera, 12 Remarkable appearance of V. io during snow, 130 Respiration of the dragonfly nymph, Retarded emergence of Sphinx ligustri, 4 Rhynchota genera, &c., 177; miscel- lanea, 296 Rhynchota of Perthshire, 10 Rhyparobia madere in London, 317 Satyrus semele abundant, 267 Scotosia vetulata at Hemel Hempstead, 249 Scottish Rhynchota, 10 Second generation of Vanessa io, a, 87 Setting relaxed insects, 43, 89 Sirex gigas at Kendal, 307 ; at Worksop, 248; juvencus at Chichester, 354 Socrerres :— Birmingham Entomological, 20, 97, 133, 160, 230, 317 Carlisle Entomological, 20 Entomological Club, 98 Entomological of London, 18, 95, 131, 158, 204, 251, 313, 359 Kendal Entomological, 21 Lancashire and Cheshire Entomolo- gical, 22, 98, 230, 319 South London Entomological » and Natural History, 18, 97, 132, 159, 205, 229, 314 Some additional Notes on Aischna cyanea, 257 Some bees visiting the Mesquite, 243 Some corrections, 49 flowers of South Eastern Union of Scientific Societies, 180 Sphinx convolvuli at Penarth, 49; in 1889, 91; pinastri in Suffolk, 250 Spilodes sticticalis near Maldon, 272 Spilosoma lubricipeda emerging in August, 250 Spring captures, 181 Stevens collection, the, 155, 178 Stilbia anomala in North Wales, 14 Sugaring, 250; in a garden, 355 Sympetrum flaveolum, 272 Synopsis of Experiments in Hybridiza- tion and Temperature made with Lepidoptera up to the end of 1898, 161, 266, 283, 340 Thamnotrizon cinerus in the New Fo- rest, 92 Thecla w-album larve abundant, 202 ; in the Maidstone district, 269 The genera Cupido and Lycena, 124 The pupal habits of Cossus ligniperda, 128, 158, 177, 224 The type of Thecla, Fabr., 168 Three new species of Nymphaline from Siam, 213 The aberrations of British butterflies, 281 Universal list of entomologists, 350 Unusual pairing of Satyrus semele, 43 Vanessa antiopa in Bucks, 267, 268 ; in Essex, 268, 354; in Hampshire, 268; in Hertfordshire, 304; at Huntingdon, 304; in Kent, 267, 268, 304; in Nor- folk, 304; in Oxfordshire, 250; in Somersetshire, 304; in Suffolk, 268, 304; in Surrey, 304; in Sussex, 267 Vanessa atalanta and V. io abundant, 13; cardui in Bucks, 354; io at Toot- ing, 68; in Yorkshire, 304; poly- chloros at Chichester, 182; at Herne, 304; in London, 304 Variation of Emydia cribrum, L., in England (figs.), 67 VARIETIES :— Abraxas grossulariata, 97, 179, 316 Acronycta leporina, 248 Agrotis cinerea, 18 Apatura iris, 156 INDEX. 1x Arctia caia, 103, 178; villica, 178 Argynnis adippe, 156, 281 (fig.), 303; aglaia, 156, 303; euphrosyne, 156; paphia, 102 Bombyx quercus, 103; rubi, 315 Bryophila glandifera, 178 Callimorpha dominula, 178 Cidaria prunata, 179; reticulata, 179 Cleora glabraria, 317 Chrysophanus phleas, 157, 317 Ccenonympha pamphilus, 248 Dianthecia carpophaga, 18 - Epinephele ianira, 157; tithonus, 157 Euchloé cardamines, 156 Forficula auricularia, 301 Hesperia comma, 157 Limenitis sibylla, 156 Luperinus testacea, 248 Lycena adonis, 157; argiolus, 303 ; arion, 102; bellargus, 281 (fig.) ; corydon, 104, 160; icarus (alexis), 157, 281 Macaria liturata, 248 Melanippe fluctuata, 97 Melanargia galatea, 156, 157 Melita athalia, 156; cinxia, 156 Nemeophila plantaginis, 178, 319 Nola centonalis, 178 Oporabia dilutata, 157 Peronea cristata, 179 Pieris rape, 160 Polyommatus (Lycena) corydon, 316 ; icarus, 315 Pygera curtula x pigra, 19 Saturnia pavonia, 19 Sesia culiciformis, 21 Smerinthus populi, 319; tiliw, 19 Spilosoma mendica, 253 Strenia clathrata, 314 Vanessa atalanta, 101, 103, 156; cardui, 156; io, 156; urtice, 101, HOSS 177 Xylophasia rurea, 248 Zygena filipendulx, 178 Where Txniocampa gracilis laysits egg s, 203 What is the proper name of Lophyrus, Latreille 2? 40 Xanthia gilvago in Surrey, 305 THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vou. XXXII.) JANUARY, 1900. [No. 440. ON A NEW GENUS OF LYCHNIDA HITHERTO CONFOUNDED WITH CATOCHRYSOPS. By A. G. Burter, Pa.D. Wuitst re-arranging the Museum collection of Lycenide of the genus Catochrysops (type C. strabo), my attention was called to the fact that, apart from the tailed or tailless character of the species, which appears in that genus only to have a specific value, many of the forms are separable from the type and its congeners by having smooth eyes, those of typical Catochrysops being hairy. I am well aware that, in his recent ‘ Catalogue of Rhopalo- cera of the Ethiopian Region,’ my friend Prof. Aurivillius regards Catochrysops and many other genera as mere sections or groups of one huge genus—Cupido. I fail, however, to see why characters, which in other portions of the Rhopalocera are generally regarded as of generic value—such as the absence of a vein in the primaries, the partial anastomosis of certain veins, or the absence of hair on the eyes—should be ignored in the present family. ‘The question as to whether secondary sexual characters should be used for the separation of genera is one which does not concern the present case; personally, I see no profit in calling groups, based upon well-defined male characters, sections or subgenera; it appears to me to be far better to regard them as genera. But to refuse constant structural characters common to both sexes and accompanied by even slight differ- ences of form or pattern, seems to me to be unscientific and retrograde. EKucHRYSopPS, gen. nov. Primaries somewhat less acuminate than in Catochrysops ; secondaries invariably tailed, with similarly placed ocelloid ENTOM.—JANUARY, 1900. B 2 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. spots sprinkled with metallic scales towards anal angle on under surface ; eyes quite smooth instead of hairy. Type, EH. cnejus. Of the species at present in the Museum collection, the following should be placed in Kuchrysops :— E. cnejus= EH. theseus= EH. hapalina, E. contracta, E. ella, E. pandava (of which E. nicola seems to be an intermediate form), EH. trifracta, E. cyclopteris, EH. naidina, E. lochias, E. hippocrates, E. lois. Wallengren’s beautiful little species, which I have recently quoted as ‘‘ Catochrysops mahallokoena,’’ has smooth eyes, but may at once be separated from Euchrysops by the close approximation of first subcostal branch and costal nervure (veins 11 and 12), and lack of tails to hind wings; it is nearly related to Chilades trochilus. In Neolycena, which has smooth eyes, the third subcostal branch (vein 9) is wholly absent, so that the vein is trifurcate. THE ORTHOPTEROUS FAUNA OF THE BRITISH ISLES, BELGIUM AND HOLLAND. By Wid... biooss, -BiA., | EELS. In the ‘Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique,’ October, 1899, appears an article by the veteran Belgian entomo- logist, M. le baron Ed. de Selys-Longchamps, comparing the orthopterous fauna of the British Isles, Belgium, and Holland. A summary of the results arrived at, together with a few notes that seem to be called for in connection with some of the British species, cannot but be of interest to orthopterists in this country also. Of the Forficulide, six species—Labidura riparia, Anisolabis maritima, A. annulipes, Forficula lesnei, Apterygida arachidis, and Chelisoches morio—are British, or have occurred in Britain, but do not appear to have been observed in Belgium or Holland. Labia minor, Forficula auricularia, and Apterygida albipennis are common to the three countries; while Chelidura acanthopygia occurs in Belgium and Holland, but has not been recorded as British. Of these nine species set down as British, L. riparia, A. maritima, and A. albipennis have not been taken for some years; A. annulipes and A. arachidis, although they certainly breed here, do so only under artificial conditions as regards tempera- ture ; of C. morio but two specimens have occurred—a pair which came to Kew in sugar-cane from Mauritius in August, 1894 (ante, vol. xxxi. p. 50). Six species of Blattide are found in all three countries. These are Ectobia lapponica, E. livida, E. panzeri (ericetorum), ORTHOPTEROUS FAUNA OF THE BRITISH ISLES, ETC. 3 Blatta americana, B. orientalis, and Phyllodromia germanica. B. australasie is now well known in Britain; it has been recorded from Belgium, but it does not appear in the Dutch list. In addition to these, Rhyparobia madere, Leucophea surinam- ensis, Blabera gigantea, and Nyctibora holosericea have been acci- dentally introduced with more or less frequency into Britain, but have not been noticed in Belgium or Holland. NYCTIBORA HOLOSERICEA. Eleven species are in this family set down as British, of which the three Ectobias only are indigenous. The three Blattas and Phyllodromia germanica breed here profusely where they are established, but require warmth. It is just possible that L. surinamensis breeds, or has bred, in Kew Gardens. The others are merely ‘‘ casual visitors ’’ due to foreign trade. Of the last, N. holosericea has been but once noticed ; the single specimen was taken at Covent Garden, and sent to Messrs. Watkins and Doncaster, July 6th, 1897. They sent it alive to Mr. Burr, who wishes me to record it. It is a large insect, measuring 90 mm. in expanse of wings, of a fairly uniform rich dark chestnut colour, except the wings, which are to a great extent transparent; the flat dorsal surface of the abdomen is very dark, with much lighter irregular margins. The pronotum and elytra are covered with a fine yellowish pubescence, which in some positions gives them the appearance of emitting a faint phosphorescent light. [Fig. 1. The tarsi of hind legs, cerci, and antenne are restored. | None of the Mantide are native in either country, though Mantis religiosa has occurred accidentally in Belgium. 82 4 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. In all three countries there occur of the Acridiide, Meco- stethus grossus, Stenobothrus viridulus, S. rufipes, S. bicolor, S. elegans, Gomphocerus maculatus, Gidipoda cerulescens (only as a very casual visitor in Britain), Tettix bipunctatus, and T. subulatus, while Pachytylus migratorius is a casual visitor to each. Steno- bothrus lineatus, S. parallelus, and Gomphocerus rufus are com- mon to Britain and Belgium; while Stenobothrus biguttulus, Pachytylus danicus (cinerascens), and Psophus stridulus are common to Belgium and Holland. Gomphocerus sibiricus, Acridium egypticum (tartaricum), and Schistocerca peregrina have occurred casually in Britain alone; Stenobothrus stig- maticus, S. hemorrhoidalis, S. vagans, and S. dorsatus are found in Belgium only; Holland possesses none that are peculiar to itself. One specimen only of Gomphocerus sibiricus was captured some years since ‘on the hills at Netley’’; it is difficult to imagine how a single specimen could have got there. Of the fifteen Locustide enumerated by De Selys-Long- champs, Leptophyes punctatissima, Meconema varium, Xiphidium dorsale, Locusta viridissima, Platycleis grisea, P. brachyptera, and Decticus verrucivorus are found in all three countries. Thamno- trizon cinereus and Platycleis reselii are found in Britain and Belgium; Ephippigera vitiwm occurs in Belgium and Holland. Barbitistes serricauda, Gampsocleis glabra, and Platycleis bicolor are peculiar to Belgium; while Phaneroptera falcata has occurred casually once and Decticus albifrons very rarely, in Britain alone. Four species of the Gryllide—Nemobius sylvestris, Gryllus ‘campestris, G. domesticus, and Gryllotalpa vulgaris-—occur in all three countries. Gryllus capensis is found in Holland only, while G. bimaculatus, G. brunneri, and Gryllotalpa didactyla are casuals in Belgium alone. To sum up as far as Britain is concerned, there are twenty- nine (or twenty-eight if Decticus verrucivorus is omitted) Ortho- ptera that appear to be natives;* seven (two earwigs, with but a slight foothold, four cockroaches, and the common cricket), which breed here in warm houses; three earwigs that are more or less historic; the rest are casuals. These last might no doubt be added to considerably. Burr states that some species of the Conocephalides, especially of the genera Copiophora and Cono- cephalus, have been taken in London. A specimen of Phane- roptera privata has been found at Merton Hall, in Norfolk. I have in my own possession five Orthoptera from Kew Gardens not included in the list. One of them is probably Copiophora brevirostris ; the others are not yet identified, but the presence of all is of a most casual nature. * Burr considers D. verrucivorus, A. albipennis, and L. riparia to be indigenous, plans ers ENTOMOLOGY IN NEW ZEALAND. By Amprose Qua, F.E.S. I arrived in this colony three years ago from London, and soon found that entomologists were scarce and scattered; in consequence I had to depend on my own resources for prosecuting entomological study, there being little or no literary work—at least get-at-able. When one is thus thrown upon his own knowledge, with an entirely unknown fauna to deal with, it is surprising what little headway can be made. Again, locality is an important factor. In this respect I have been unfortunate. First, in Auckland the district is volcanic and comparatively sterile, hence a dearth of Insecta; next, I became located in an inland town, wherefrom it is almost impossible to get away for collecting purposes, the district being more or less under cultivation, all bush having been burnt off—the usual plan. Doubtless bush land would be an ‘‘ El Dorado” to an entomologist. Recently I discovered that Professor F. W. Hutton is the author of descriptive catalogues of New Zealand Diptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, and Neuroptera; and, of course, the late W. M. Maskell’s special work on the Coccide (Homoptera) has a world-wide reputation, and is of scientific importance. E. Meyrick seems to have been the most prominent writer on the Lepidoptera, his work being scattered amongst scientific publications; and G. V. Hudson, already the author of an elementary text-book on New Zealand entomology, has, during the last few months, published a work on the ‘‘ Macro ’”’-Lepi- doptera of New Zealand, based upon the scattered work of Meyrick. Under these circumstances, one can realize what Stainton has done for British lepidopterists. Cavil as we may at Newman, they both popularized the study of Lepidoptera in England, and laid the foundation stones upon which the present generation has raised, at any rate, this branch of entomology to the level of botany, and the rank of a science. From this point of view great credit is due to a ‘‘ pioneer” author, and G. V. Hudson’s work will be a useful volume to local entomologists, though it does not rank with the high-class scientific work of many recent writers—Scudder, Packard, Dyar, Comstock, Chapman, Hamp- son, Tutt, and others—with which the writer seems to be unacquainted. In the following notes I propose to make com- ments, which may induce the author to pay more attention to contemporary literature, and place less dependence upon the work of one man, and that man not himself, in any further publication he undertakes. Among the first Lepidoptera taken by myself was a specimen 6 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. of Sphinaz convolvuli in Auckland, February, 1897. This species is the only representative of the Sphingide in New Zealand. Considering that February is summer in this part of the world, and winter in England, the distribution of such a species is an interesting subject. Judging from Hudson’s figure (plate xiii.), in respect to markings and colour, one might assume it a local race due to extreme of distribution; my Auckland specimen, however, differs in.no respect as to colour and markings from Kuropean and Australian S. convolvuli, proving this is not so (the species is well figured in Kirby’s ‘‘EHuropean”’) ; and though I am well acquainted with the species, I cannot remember ever having seen any example like that figure of Hudson’s, which, if like the insect it represents, is not typical, but a rare variety. I am inclined to doubt the figure. Another interesting species, Cosmodes elegans, is obtained in Auckland, which differs in no respect, so far as my memory serves me, from a series of this species which my friend Culpin sent to me some years ago from Queensland, having confluent pale green markings finely edged with silvery, and towards the outer margin of fore wings a broken pinkish brown bar edged both sides with silvery, two white dots on costa towards apex, and ground colour bright brown. On plate vi. Hudson’s figure has some circular and elongated dull green spots, with curved lines in place of the bar. Only one species of Plusia is stated to occur. I have an Auckland specimen which certainly does not agree with Hudson’s figure (plate vi.) of Plusia chalcites, which looks like an overgrown P. gamma; mine has the metallic spots exactly as those of P. iota, but the ground colour of the fore wings is as dark as P. gamma, with metallic lines near the base, and the hind wings are very like in colour to P. chrysitis. Agrotis ypsilon occurs commonly in New Zealand, being amongst the largest of the Noctue; the largest species in this group being Dasypodia selenophora, nearly the size of Mania maura. I felt the excite- ment of the old M. maura days when I saw this insect at my sugars. Hudson’s figures of the Caradrinina (Noctue) are very poor; the Notodontina (Geometre) are well figured; and the Papilionina (Rhopalocera) are perhaps the best in the book. Alas! the old landmarks—Noctuez, Geometre, Rhopalocera— are no more; and the old familiar genus Mamestra becomes _ Melanchra (@ la Meyrick). Entomological nomenclature is like the sand at the seaside, shifting at every tide. Referring to sugar, I may mention I had good success last season, until the grass began to flower; then I gave it up, as Lepidoptera were conspicuously absent; also I notice that warm, rainy evenings are good for collecting at light; at such times, mostly small fry ; but among them several species of Hepialide—and curiously of the latter all females in the genus Porina—come in dozens. I have the same report from South Africa in regard to light. a ee ENTOMOLOGY IN NEW ZEALAND. q7 Reverting to my subject. When in Sydney, N.S.W., a species of Nyctemera was very plentiful, and, as I received a lengthy series from my friend Culpin, evidently extends through to Queens- land. In New Zealand we have a species of Nyctemera which, so far as I can see, differs in no respect from the species I took in Sydney, and received from Queensland, There is, of course, a certain amount of variation inter se ; I therefore believe there is only the one species, but should be glad to co-operate with any Australian entomologist in describing the whole life-history of the Australian and the New Zealand representatives. Curiously Hudson gives the name N. annulata (Boisd.), with N. doubledayt (Walk.), as a synonym ; Kirby gives N. annulata (Boisd.) as the name of the Australian species, and mentions that a very similar species, N. doubledayi, occurs in New Zealand (‘Text Book,’ 1885). This supports my belief for sinking the one name as a synonym of the other. Hudson identifies the New Zealand Nyctemera:with the Australian, though he says, ‘‘this moth is confined to New Zealand, but two closely allied species . . . are found in Australia.” The insect has black wings with white band, sometimes broken on fore wings, and a white circular spot on hind wings; the thorax marked with yellow and brown; male and female both with pectinated antenne, male more conspicu- ously so. Also a comparison of lengthy series of the New Zealand species of the genus Metacrias, with certain Australian Spilosoma(?), will reveal duplication of species. My study of the neuration always led me to believe Arctiade to be somewhere about the lower Noctue in phylogeny, with Bombycid affinities (structural characters) ; but on what logical grounds Hudson can assign to the Arctid group (Nyctemera) the position of specialized Noctue, I cannot conceive; in placing them as the first genus in the Caradrinina, he gives them the position of the most specialized (recent) of that division. Anosia erippus and A. bolina (both excellently figured by Hudson) are also Queensland species. Vanessa cardui I have not yet met with, but the blue-centered black spots of hind wings show kinship with the Australian V. cardui, as the Euro- pean specimens are without the blue centres ; this has, I believe, been pointed out by Anderson in his ‘ Victorian Butterflies.’ I soon, however, met with the common and very handsome V. gonerilla, which differs from the European JV. atalanta in the band of the fore wings being smaller, and the band of the hind wings more central and not bordering the fringe as it does in V. atalanta; the colour of these bands is also more vivid. I never found the larve of V. gonerilla, but it is interesting to learn that the habits approximate closely to V. atalanta. It feeds on shrub and tree-nettles, concealed under a tent of leaves, and pupates in the tent. I have often collected larve of V. atalanta in England, and cannot help remarking upon the habits of these 8 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. species being so close, though the localities are so far apart. Chrysophanus salustius is a common species, about the size of C. virgaure, and not greatly dissimilar; but the male has spots on the upper side; it has the flitting flight so familiar in C. phloas. _ Here I would enter a protest against commencing a book with specialized groups (most recent), and finishing with the most generalized groups (most ancient). Mathematics advance from simple calculation to complex problems; chemistry from simple principles to analysis: why not zoology from generalized to specialized organisms, the latter admittedly having evolved from organisms similar to the former? The result in Hudson’s work is that we turn from the Rhopalocera (Papilionina) to the Micropterygina: from one of the most specialized divisions of the Lepidoptera to the most generalized. We read: ‘‘ The Micropterygina are the ancestral group of Lepidoptera, from which all others have descended.” This is rather rich, consider- ing the present state of our knowledge of the groups of smaller Lepidoptera, and the fact that the Micropterygina (including Hepialide !) alone possess the jugum, this statement is without parallel in science. That Frenate and Jugate were derived from Trichoptera is undoubtedly true, but the one from the other I do not think can even be assumed upon any existing knowledge of structure in the Lepidoptera. The home of the Hepialide is, I think, the Australasian region; my lists show twenty-nine species—possibly thirty-one species—already described in Australia, and nine species described in New Zealand—a total of possibly forty species, against eight species in Europe, of which five are British. The great interest. attaching to this group of the Lepidoptera requires very special treatment of the descriptions of all stages; unfortunately, Hudson’s figures of the Porinas (plate xiii.), with which I am acquainted, are bad; so much go, that a correspondent wrote, asking me whether the North Island forms differ from the South Island forms of certain species, as he was unable to recognize the species (by the figures) with Southern forms which he collected. I possess good series of four species—Porima um- braculata, signata, despecta, cervinata, from North and South, and cannot observe any local variation; they are, in fact, remarkably constant, except P. cervinata, which is most variable, and I have one from the South very black in ground colour, offering almost a parallel with the var. hethlandica of Hepialus humult. The figures of imagos, male and female, of Hepialus virescens (plate xlli.), are excellent; this is one of the handsomest of the Hepia- lide with which I am acquainted, the only species in the genus, and the largest of the group in New Zealand. Hudson figures the adult larva (plate iii.), and places the position of the spiracles correctly, although he does not indicate the position of die ENTOMOLOGY IN NEW ZEALAND. 9 the tubercles ; this is not easy to do with this species, owing to the tubercles being scarcely distinguishable upon the segments. The position of the tubercles on the abdominal segments is— anterior trapezoidals on large swollen areas of the principal sub- segment, dorsal, close together, with one hair each ; posterior trapezoidals small and remote on the posterior edge of the next subsegment, with one hair each; spiracle two-thirds down from median line (dorsal) on the intersegmental membrane of anterior edge of principal subsegment; above spiracle, slightly posterior, is a tubercle bearing one long, one short, hairs (supra-spira- cular); immediately posterior to the spiracle are two small tubercles, each with one hair; below spiracle is a large tubercle with one anterior hair; prolegs have four hairs at base; and one hair on inner side of prolegs. Hudson gives no hint as to the time occupied in its transformations, but I found half-grown larva at the time this species is in pupa (September), proving at least two years from ovum to imago. Porina larve which I have examined agree with Hepialus virescens in the number of hairs on tubercles and prolegs, but the spiracles are moved to the central area of segments, and consequently the position of the tubercles does not correspond with the latter. I hope to give details of the structural characters of all stages of New Zealand Hepialide at a later date. In the letterpress we observe the following :—‘‘ The larve always consist of thirteen segments, number one being the head.” We find this is almost a repeti- tion of Kirby’s words (‘‘ European”’), and is an error which very little use of the microscope would reveal. As a matter of fact, lepidopterous larve consist of fourteen segments. Again, ‘usually segments 7 to 9 and 18, each have—fleshy—prolegs.” What about 10 (technically 6th abdominal) ?; and 13 should be 14. Moreover, the author is not consistent, for we read— Hepi- alus virescens larva—‘‘ The head is large, dark brown, very irre- gularly striated, and covered with a few short bristles. The first segment is hard and shining,” meaning thereby the 1st thoracic, otherwise the prothorax, or, consistently, the second segment. Errors in colour may be the lithographer’s, but errors in letter- press must be the author’s, and by a man’s writings so we must judge his capacity as a student. Palmerston North, New Zealand. 10 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Scortish Rayncnota.—The following captures of Scottish Rhyn- chota, now—through the kindness of the captors—in my collection, appear worthy of record :—(a) Acanthosoma dentatum (De Geer), Saund., A. interstinctum (Linn.), Saund., and Orthotylus marginalis, Reut., Saund.—all from Ethie Burn, Black Isle, South Sutor of Cromarty, Sept. 20th, 1899, Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant ; and (8) Dolycoris (Penta- toma) baccarum (Linn.),* on Achillea millefolia,.at Kinnoull Hill, Perth, Sept. 21st, 1899, Mr. T. M. McGregor.—G. W. Kirxatpy. Synonymy : RayncHota.— 1. Mindura hemerobii (Walker), Melichar, is a Sassula. 2. Coriaa lateralis, Leach, 1818=hiervglyphica, Dufour, 1833. 3. Notonecta templetonit, Kirby, 1891, is an Enithares. 4. Notonecta triangularis, Guérin, 1830-4, is an Enithares, and = Notonecta simplex, Kirby, 1891. 5. Enithares indica (Fabr.), Stal= Notonecta abbreviata, Kirby, 1891. 6. Enithares brasiliensis, Spin., 1837= Bothronotus grandis, Fieber, 1851. 7. Notonecta indica, Linn., 1771 = americana, Fabr., 1775 = uni- fasciata, Guérin, 1858.—G. W. Krrxatpy. Ruyncuota or Pertussire.—In the ‘Transactions’ of the Perth- shire Society of Natural Science (vol. iii. pt. i. 1898-1899) there is a list of the Rhynchota known to occur in Perthshire; this has been compiled by Messrs. McGregor and Kirkaldy. Altogether some fifty- two species belonging to the nine families considered are enumerated, and of these six are recorded from Perthshire for the first time, two of the latter being new to Scotland. The authors are of opinion that this total does not adequately represent the Rhynchota fauna of Perthshire, as some of the most promising localities in the county have so far not been explored. The remaining families will be treated in a second paper, which it is proposed to publish at an early date. OponEsTIs PorATORIA Larva HYBERNATING THROUGH Two WINTERS.— In May last I took a number of half-grown larve of O. potatoria at Chichester, which had already hybernated through one winter. One or two died; the others fed up and duly pupated, and the imagines emerged with the exception of one caterpillar, which fed very slowly, and since Sept. 28th has eaten nothing, and is now hybernating a second time. Is not this unusual ?—C. W. Cotrurup; 127, Barry Road, East Dulwich, 8.E. PLusIA FESTUCH WITH CONFLUENT Spots.—Among twenty to thirty specimens that I bred this season from collected pup (second brood), there is one with the gold spots confluent on the right fore wing. On the left fore wing the spots are separated by the thinnest possible line. The pupe were all taken within a couple of miles from Chester.— J. ARKLE; Chester. Nore on Liepra apustata.—Following up Mr. Carr’s interesting note (Entom. xxxii. 308), I may say that Ligdia adustata has always ** This species has been taken in the same place previously on Hesperis and Verbascum (see Trans. Perth. Soc. Nat. Sci. 1899, iii. p. 2). NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 11 struck me as being a somewhat erratic species, and one which the col- lector may reasonably hope to come across at almost any time during the summer months. I can add some later dates than Mr. Carr’s for specimens taken at large, namely, Aug. 24th and Sept. 10th, 1891 (in the Isle of Wight), and 1 believe some others quite at the end of August a year or two previous. On the other hand, I have no earlier date than April 25th, and that was in 1893; but, as I do very little field-work in April, this is not altogether surprising. I have bred the species (without forcing) from March 25th onwards, but certainly had no late autumn emergences.—Louis B. Prout; 246, Richmond Road, N.E., Dec. 7th, 1899. Great Destruction or Ingurtous Brettes.—While recently on a visit to Alford House, near Springburn Bush, twenty-five miles from Ashburton, I was informed by Mr. Herring of the prodigious destruction of two indigenous species of Odontria (zealandica and striatum), both of which are very injurious to vegetation, especially grasses. The larve are both root-feeders, and commit serious havoc in paddocks sown down in English grasses. The perfect beetles appear in the months of November and December, and swarm in myriads on calm sultry evenings; they settle in the grass to deposit their eggs, which hatch in a fortnight, and the larve burrow into the ground to commence their depredations. On Dee. 16th, 1897, a north-west gale of wind of exceptional severity blew on the upper parts of the Canterbury Plains near the ranges. Although it was felt at Ashburton, no damage was done to property excepting to cover everything in the houses with very fine dust. Through the day the sun was obscured lower down the Plains by the dense clouds of dust which the strong wind had scoured off the newly- sown paddocks near the ranges. Close to the latter are considerable areas of tussock-grass (Poa australis), in which the Odontria or cock- chafer beetles shelter during the day. On part of Mr. Herring’s pro- perty, two and a half miles from the base of the ranges, a gorse fence grew at a right angle with the wind. At one end of the fence, where a five-foot gate is placed, the wind during the gale had produced an eddy. Here the soil and the myriads of dead bodies of the brown beetles were deposited in a drift to the depth of two and a half feet. The soil-drift to the same depth was deposited the whole length of the gorse fence, extending about a mile. The fierce low-blowing wind leeching through the tussocks had blown the beetles out, and, carrying their shattered bodies along with the soil scoured off the freshly-sown fields, deposited both together on the low side of the fence. Parallel with the gorse fence, but a chain from it, there isa belt of mixed pines, which also, at the present time, show the effects of the wind-driven soil beating against them two years ago.—W. W. Smita; Ashburton, N.Z., Sept. 25th, 1899. Ortuoprera Locatitres. — Mr. C. W. Dale, in reference to note in ‘ Entomologist’ (vol. xxxii. 289), tells me that Hctobia panzeri occurs on the Chesil Beach, and at Glanvilles Wootton, in Dorset, as well as at Studland. He has also found Xiphidiwm dorsale commonly near Studland, and in the marshes between Freshwater and Yarmouth, in the Isle of Wight; and Platycleis brachyptera common at Bourne- mouth, and on the Purbeck heaths. He further states that Leptophyes 19 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. punctatissima and Meconema varium occur at Glanvilles Wootton late in November ; the former, indeed, has been noticed as late as Dec. 5th.— W. J. Lueas. Emercence or CuosTeRA REcLUSA.—A few larve of various sizes of the above were taken from dwarf sallow in Wicken Fen in the third week of June, 1899; also four larve from Oxshott, nearly full-grown, on July 20th. The following are the dates of emergence from pup keptin a cold north room without a fire :—July 11th, one female ; 13th, one female. Sept. 8th, one male; 16th, one male. Nov. 30th, one male. Dec. 7th, one female. With regard to the last three, | am unable to say whether they came from the June or July larve ; but in any case the last two dates seem very extraordinary even for bred specimens.—F. M. B. Carr; Dec. 12th, 1899. ApnormMaL EMERGENCE oF SMERINTHUS PoPULI, &c. — Referring to Mr. Cardinall’s note on S. populi (ante, p. 284): It does not appear unusual for individuals of this species to emerge from the same year’s pupe. I have had similar experience with this, as well as S. ocellatus, in past seasons. This year I reared an early brood of the larve of the latter species, which had all attained the pupa state by the end of July. One imago emerged on Aug. 19th; the remainder are still in the pupa state.—R. Lappiman ; 25, Drayton Road, Norwich, Nov. 23rd, 1899. Moutp in Rexaxine Boxes.—I think relaxing may be atleast one cause of mould appearing on insects in the cabinet, since spores may become attached to the insects in a mouldy box, and these spores may lie dor- mant and only develop into mould a long time afterwards, even though there be no appearance of mould itself on the insect when set and taken off the boards. Boxes may be effectually preserved from becoming mouldy by taking the following precautions :—To half a pint of water boiling in a saucepan add a tablespoonful of Calvert’s No. 5 carbolic acid. Let the mixture boil for two or three minutes, and then pour it into the box. Let it stand till cold, then pour off and drain the box thoroughly. Leave it open until surface appears thoroughly dry. It will then be in a sufficiently moist state to keep insects relaxed, and they will keep sweet and fit to set in it for at least two or three weeks. —F. C. Wooprorpe; Market Drayton, Salop. Retaxine Lepwortera.—A year or two ago one of my friends told me of a method of relaxing insects by applying rectified spirits of naphtha to the thorax, antenne, and legs of the specimens, and in a few minutes they were ready for setting. This I tried, but the draw- back of the method proved to be that the naphtha had a strong ten- dency to run up the wings, and in many cases spoil the appearance of the insect; but it suggested another mode of using naphtha that I have since tried with success, and particulars of which I now give for the benefit of Mr. Rydon and other readers. Make an ordinary tin box into a relaxing box by lining with cork, and put two or three narrow strips of cork down the longest length to elevate the insect when pinned in. When about to use pour in hot water to saturate the cork, and, after throwing out the water, put a few drops of carbolic acid on to keep mould down. Now add sufficient naphtha to run over the cork without waste, pin in the insects, and the most perfect relaxing CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 13 box will be the result. Geometers are ready for setting next morning if put in the night before ; Noctuze not more than twenty-four hours. Repeat the process every time of using.—J. Brautanp, [See Entom. xxvili. 56.—Ep.] CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. VANESSA ATALANTA AND V. 10 ABUNDANT AT SUDBURY, SUFFOLK, IN 1899.—During the past season V. atalanta was very abundant here. It was on the wing as late as October 29th. The larve of V. io were also exceedingly plentiful here in July ; in some places the nettles were quite black with them, for they simply swarmed. They pupated about July 21st, and the butterflies emerged about August 3rd. Asa rule, V. io is not common with us.—Epwarp Ransom; Sudbury, Suffolk, Nov. 16th, 1899. ABUNDANCE OF VANESSA ATALANTA IN 1899.—This lovely butterfly has been unusually plentiful here during the past season. I captured a number in my garden during the latter half of August. The flowers of the garden scabious proved the chief attraction, and they were easily netted while engaged in imbibing the nectar from these flowers. All those I saw and captured were rather under the average in size. It would be interest- ing to know if this fact has been noted elsewhere.—R. Lappiman ; 25, Drayton Road, Norwich, Nov. 23rd, 1899. ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN 1899.—Since my note (xxxii. p. 255) on the appearance of A. atropos in Suffolk, three pups have been found here and imagines emerged therefrom about the middle of October. I have also seen a pupa which was found at Long Melford, Suffolk. —Epwarp Ransom; Sudbury, Suffolk, Nov. 16th, 1899. On Oct. 7th a female specimen of A. atropus emerged from pupa, and another example on the 18th of the same month. Both were perfect ; they were reared from caterpillars taken at Dover.— C. W. Cottsrup; 127, Barry Road, Kast Dulwich, S.E. On Sept. 22nd a full-fed larva of A. atropos was brought to me which was found crawling on a road near this city. This is now in the pupa state.—R. Lappiman; 25, Drayton Road, Norwich, Nov. 20th, 1899. CaTOCALA NupTa IN 1899.—J have found C. nupta very plentiful this year, on tree-trunks in the Finchley Road, at Peckham Ryeand Kast Dulwich; and on stone pillars at Broadstairs and at Ryde, in the Isle of Wight, they were particularly commov.—C. W. Co.tHrup; 127, Barry Road, East Dulwich, 8.E., Nov. 22nd, 1899. PHIGALIA PEDARIA (PILOSARIA) IN DEcEemMBER.—I took a fine fresh male from a Chester electric lamp on Dec. 6th. The editorial note upon this eccentric spécies (xxili. p. 134) will, I think, bear repeating :—‘* The usual time for the appearance of this species is perhaps between the middle of March and the middle of April, but it has been observed as early as November and December, and so late as the middle of June. Vide Entom. xx. pp. 64, 110; xxl. p. 91; xxii. p. 113."—J. ARKLE; Chester. PHLOGOPHORA METICULOSA IN DEcEMBER.—I captured fine and un- usually dark specimens at the Chester electric lamps, on Dec. 4th, 6th, ang 14 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 7th. The nights were very mild. Winter set in on the 8th, with the Snowdon range covered with snow—snow falling on the adjacent lowlands and sharp frost at Chester. Mr. South writes (xxxi. p. 293): ‘A speci- men was taken at Putney on Dec. 26th, 1895 (Kutom. xix. 65); and Mr. Armstrong tells me that he saw one on the last day of the year 1872, at Sandown Park.” The late moths will hybernate, I suppose, as the species has been taken in February (Entom. xxxii. p. 73) and March (p. 133). The first general appearance would seem to occur in June (p. 187), the second in August (p. 167), and a third in November (p. 19).—J. ARKLE; Chester. LepipopTrRous Eaes on Satiow, &c.—The eggs described by Mr. J. Arkle (Entom. xxxii. p. 307}, in his notes on ‘* Lepidoptera in the Chester District,” are, I should say, those of Odonestis potatoria. I have frequently found them on the under sides of the leaves of dwarf sallows, and hazel also, laid singly and in small clusters, and once in a compact little ring round a twig. It seems a peculiarity on the part of the female to almost always deposit the ova on anything rather than the natural food-plant, although I did once find a small batch on a stem of grass. Possibly, her weight prevents her getting a firm hold on the latter, and so she chooses something more substantial. I have noticed that there is always longish grass to be found close to the bush selected. The larvae are very active and strong directly they are hatched, and do not appear to suffer at all by wandering about in search of food for a day or two.—(Miss) A. D. EpwarbDs ; 55, Gildredge Road, Eastbourne, Dec. 12th, 1899. Stinpra ANOMALA IN NortH Watrs.—I beg to record the capture, in August last, of a freshly emerged specimen of S. anomala, at Morfa Nevin, North Wales, and should be glad to know if any other reader of the ‘Entomologist’ has taken the species in this locality Marr A. RoLuason ; 29, Hickman Road, Sparkbrook, Birmingham, Dec. 7th, 1899. DreHTHERA (AGRIOPIS) APRILINA IN Moray.—lI picked up a fine speci- men of this moth, which had been stupefied by cold, on Nov. 8th, on the road at Darnaway Wood, Brodie.—Hrnry H. Brown; Rosefield, Elgin. LEPIDOPTERA, ETC., IN 1899.—The past season, which will long be remembered for its great heat during the summer months and the long spell of dry weather, has been somewhat a varied one entomologically, according to my experience in different parts of the country. I have generally found the Rhopalocera in good numbers, some espe- cially so, and this remark particularly refers to the “whites.” Lycena argiolus was again locally plentiful: in August, L. icarus and Epinephele tithonus were very abundant in some parts of Somersetshire. Early in May, on hills near Bath, I noticed a few specimens of Vanessa cardut ; but I only saw one other specimen later in the season, even though I visited several other districts. Colias edusa I observed on very few occasions only in South Devon on the borders of Dartmoor, and not a dozen specimens altogether. V. atalanta was generally abundant, and V. io fairly so, in the same district. Argynnis paphia occurred freely in the woods. The last brood of Polyom- matus phleas occurred frequently also, in September, in Devonshire. With regard to the Heterocera, their appearance varied throughout the season, the most noticeable fact being the frequent occurrence of Macroglossa stellatarum, both in town and country. I noticed the first specimen in CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 15 Breconshire on June 15th, and the last in South Devon in September. I should like to mention an instance of how these moths, like many others, rely on their protective resemblance. On one occasion I watched for some time two specimens flying up and down an old wall on the borders of Dart- moor, the day being bright, with clouds occasionally only passing over. The insects occasionally settled ; at last one alighted near me, and appeared in- clined to remain at rest. Cautiously approaching, I was able to place my hand completely over the moth, which remained perfectly still until I touched it with my fingers, when of course there was a great buzzing, until I allowed it to escape. In June some Noctue came freely to the blossoms of shrubs in Breconshire. Among these were Hadena dentina, H. oleracea, Apamea unanimis, A. basilinea, Leucania pallens, L. comma, Cucullia um- bratica, &c.; one specimen of Aplecta tincta and H. pisi also came ; H. den- tina was extremely abundant. I did not try sugaring throughout the season, but a friend in Somersetshire complained of it not being at all productive. The Geometre appeared fairly abundant. Of other insects, wasps, so commonly seen last year, I did not observe a score of individuals, and on no occasion came across a nest; the common house-fly, on the contrary, was quite a plague in many places. Much injury was done in some parts by the larve of white butterflies ; and I have heard complaints. of that of Carpocapsa pomonella (the codlin moth).—T. B. JEFFERYS ; Bath. LEPIDOPTERA AT WINCHESTER IN 1899.—Lepidoptera were particularly abundant last season in the Winchester district ; at any rate that was my experience, though I have not compared notes with other collectors there. Sugaring at Crabbe Wood, which I found such a failure in 1898, was much more productive this season, the following coming freely :— Noctua baia, N. brunnea, N. rhomboidea, N. festiva (including many beautiful varieties), Aplecta nebulosa, Xylophasia hepatica, X. polyodon, Thyatira derasa, Rusina tenebrosa, Leucania lithargyria, Agrotis exclamationis, Hadena thalassina ; and less commonly, Triphena fimbria, T. subsequa, T. orbona, T. pronuba, Acronycta ligustri, Noctua dahlii, N. e-nigrum, N. triangulum, Thyatira batis, Cymatophora duplaris, Epione omicronaria, E. porata, Ligdia adustata, Platypteryx unguicula, Metrocampa margaritata, Halias prasinana. Doubtless, if I had gone oftener, my list would have been con- siderably swelled; but I only went sugaring some ten or twelve times in all (and it was only thoughts of Triphena subsequa that tempted me to go as often as I did), for I found that my nights were far more profitably spent collecting at the street lamps. Winchester has, within the last three or four years, discarded the oil lamps, with which she formerly used to “ make darkness visible ” in her streets; and by a great leap has arrived at very decent incandescent gas lamps. There is one lamp in particular which is most favourably situated on the outskirts of the town, and commands the view of a well-wooded valley. To this lamp I would repair every night during June and July (with the exception of the few occasions on which I went sugaring to Crabbe Wood), as soon as it was dark, armed with a chair, net, and killing bottles, besides the usual pocketful of pill boxes; and it was often past 1.30 or 2 a.m. before I could drag myself home to bed, so fascinated was I with my occupation, and so remunerative was the time spent in this manner. During those two months I took no less than two hundred and sixteen species (exclusive of Micros) at that one lamp, besides many beautiful and valuable varieties. I have kept a careful record of all 16 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. my captures, though I shall not enumerate here all the common species which visited the lamp. By far my best capture was a grand form of Euchelia jacobea, in which the usual crimson was entirely absent, and re- placed by a brilliant golden yellow. The specimen, which is a large female, was evidently freshly emerged, and in absolutely perfect condition, the whole colouring being particularly rich; and a merely superficial examina- tion of the insect would suffice to dispel any idea of its having undergone some “fading” process. In 1898 I was fortunate in taking a beautiful variety of this species at the same lamp, and recorded the capture in the ‘ Kntomologist’; but this specimen puts it entirely in the shade. Next to this, my best captures were:—Stauropus fagi (1), Notodonta dodonea (1), N. dict@oides (1), Plusia moneta (1), Cucullia lychnitis (1 , C. chamomille (1), Aventia flecula (4), and Triphena interjecta (1). I also took in fair numbers :—Neuria saponaria, Agrotis cinerea, A. corticea, Hadena geniste, Dysthymia luctuosa, Dianthecia conspersa, D. carpophaga (including one almost pure white), Xylophasia sublustris, Hecatera serena, Acidalia imitaria, Hupithecia venosata, Anticlea rubidata; and less commonly— Sphina ligustri, Smerinthus populi, Acronycta ligustri, A. rumicis, A. mega- cephala, A. aceris, A. tridens, A. psi, Demas coryli, Agrotis puta (very variable), Noctua triangulum, N. c-nigrum, N. rubi, N. augur, Aaylia putris, Dianthecia cucubali, D. capsincola, Hadena chenopodii, Habrostola urtice, Mamestra persicarie, Caradrina blanda, C. morpheus, C. cubicularis, Dipterygia pinastri, Cosmia trapezina, Heliothis marginatus, Hydrecia nictitans, Chortodes arcuosa, Grammesia trilinea (with a few of the var. bilinea), Cucullia umbratica, C.verbasci, Cerigo cytherea, Euplexia lucipara, Aplecta herbida, A.nebulosa, Zeuzera esculi, Xylophasia lithoxylea, Miana JSuruncula, M. fasciuncula, M. strigilis, Leucania conigera, L. comma, Hadena adusta, H. gemina, Notodonta dictea, N. camelina, Ptilodontis palpina, Arctia fuliginosa, A. caia, Liparis chrysorrhea, L. salicis, Nola cuculatella, Nudaria mundana, N. senex, Lasiocampa quercifolia, Calli- genia miniata, Lithosia aureola, Platypteryx falcula, P. hamula, P. ungui- cula, Ennomos illustraria, E. tiliaria, Eurymene dolobraria, Acidalia mornata, A. remutata, A. immutata, Eupithecia coronata, EH. subfulvata, E. abbreviata, E. nanata, E. exiguata, EL. linariata, FE. subumbrata, E. iso- grammata, E. sobrinata, E. subnotata, E. assimilata, E.. plumbeolata, E. cen- taureata, E. vulgata (very common), E. absinthiata, E. indigata, E. pul- chellata, E.. dodoneata (1), E. pusillata (1), EK. rectangulata, Tephrosia extersaria, Macaria litwrata, Phibalapteryx vitalbata, P. tersata, Geometra paptlionaria, Amphidasys betularia, Boarmia roboraria, Melanthia albicil- lata, Melanippe galiata, M. rivata, M. unangula, M. procellata, Cilix spinula, Lobophora viretata, Anticlea berberata, Cidaria corylata, Scotosia rhamnata, S. vetulata, Eubolia mensuraria, EF. bipunctaria, E. palumbaria, Urapteryx sambucata, Hemithea thymiaria, Eupistera heparata, Lodis ver- naria, besides very many other commoner species in more or less abundance. The insect which appeared in the greatest abundance was undoubtedly Agrotis exclamationis, with Noctua festiva and Arctia menthastri as good seconds. ‘These three species were perfect nuisances, as also were Hadena dentina, Rusina tenebrosa, Leucania lithargyria, Orgyia pudibunda, and Odontopera bidentata, all of which absolutely swarmed. On the whole, I consider that the season must have been an exceptionally good one; and I have every reason to be more than satisfied with my list of captures.—H. W. SHEPHEARD-Watwyn; Glensyde, Bidborough, near Tunbridge Wells. er CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 17 LepipopreRa In 1899.—In summarising the past season, we are inclined to think, judging from our own experience, that it has been fairly productive as regards Lepidoptera in the perfect state; but the same cannot be said of larvee, except as regards Vanessa atalanta. Sugar was rather uncertain, as throughout July scarcely an insect of note appeared ; while June and August were decidedly better. We may remark that Macroglossa stellatarum was unusually abundant; we saw as many as five at one time hovering over Phlox. The following are the chief insects met with :—Argynnis paphia var. valesina ; Limenitis sibylla, plentiful at Holmesley, but soon became worn ; Thecla betula, bred ; vice variety of a male Lycena corydon, with the usual black border replaced with white, similar to those described by Mr. Fowler (vide Entom. xxxii. 269); Hesperia acteon, common at Swanage, in poor condition; aberrations of Zygena trifolii and Z. filipendule, previously described by our friend Mr. Corbin (vide Entom. xxxii. 210); Lithosia griseola var. stramineola, a few (this species was abundant in 1898) ; Emydia cribrum, took a number at Verwood, also a fine series from the New Forest locality, lately discovered by Mr. Fowler, to whom we are indebted for showing us the exact spot; a specimen of Cossus ligniperda was brought to us in a tin, with the inevitable cabbage leaf for its food; three males and a female Stilbia anomala; about twenty Caradrina ambigua, netted, flying over heather; one Agrotis agathina; three Epunda nigra, best insect at ivy ; Boarmia cinctaria and Cleora lichenaria, common at rest ; Geometra vernaria, Nemoria viridata, and Scodiona belgiaria, rather pleutiful ; Eugonia alniaria, E. fuscantaria, and Himera pennaria, at gas lamps. Sugar produced :—Calligenia miniata, Dipterygia scabriuscula, Caradrina morpheus, C. alsines, C.taraxaci, Leucania turca, Rusina tenebrosa, Agrotis suffusa, Noctua triangulum, N. stigmatica, N. brunnea, N. umbrosa, N. cas- tanea, Triphena ianthina, T. fimbria (3), T. subsequa, Hadena protea, and Catocala sponsa. The laiter was not plentiful; a tattered specimen occurred as late as September 9th. Of larvae we may name :— Bombyz trifolii, three, all of which unfortunately died before pupating; a few Asphalia ridens, Thecla betula, and Dasychira fascelina ; one Agrotis agathina, one Chero- campa elpenor; and Nonagria arundinis,common. Of the latter at least sixty per cent. were destroyed by some aquatic bird, probably moorhens and coots. Two Acherontia atropos were taken here during October. —F. & C. Bertamy: Ringwood, November 7th, 1899. Nores rrom Norra StarrorDsHir&e. —Macroglossa stellatarum appears to have been abundant everywhere this season, and in North Staffordshire there were two broods. The first appeared in June, as on the 3rd of that month I saw at least half a dozen of these moths flying along under the sunny side of a stone wall in the moorlands in the extreme north of the county, and one specimen was netted by my friend Mr. HK. D. Bostock. The second brood appeared about the middle of August, and most of my friends reported specimens as seen in their gardens about that time and into September. A specimen found its way into my conservatory in October. Orgyia antiqua I have never seen so far north in this county before, several larvae and one imago having been taken near here, and one imago is reported to me as having been taken near Leek; these larve were all taken singly. Vanessa atalanta has swarmed this autumn, and I counted no less than thirty-five specimens of this beautiful iusect close around me on flowers of scabious (Scabiosa swccisa) at one time, and with them were five V. io, several V. urtice, and innumerable Pierids. A female Sirex juvencus was given to me in October, taken at Madeley, in this ENTOM.—JANUARY, 1900. c 18 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. county, and this is the first living Staffordshire specimen I have seen. Madeley is a colliery district, and this insect may have been imported with pit props. A male of this species, or of the closely allied S. melanocerus (Thoms) was brought to me in July, 1897, taken in a cottage window here. —Joun R. B. Maserietp; Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire, Nov. 7th. SOCIETIES. EnromonocicaL Society or Lonpon.—December 6th, 1899.—Mr. G. H. Verrall, President, in the chair.—Mr. Francis Gayner, of 20, Queen Square, W.C., and Mr. F. B. Jennings, of 152, Silver Street, Upper Edmonton, N., were elected Fellows of the Society. Mr. J. J. Walker exhibited a specimen of Colias marnoana, Rogenh., taken, with other examples, by Lieut. Constable, R.N., at Massowah, on the Red Sea. He considered this form to be only a dwarfed race of C. hyale, Linn.; and for comparison with it he showed specimens of the var. nilgherriensis, Feld., from Central India, and of the var. simoda, De VOrza, from Japan. Dr. Chapman exhibited a series of specimens, selected from various English collections, together with a few foreign examples, in order to illustrate the English forms found within the genus Fumea. He also showed specimens of sepium, betulina, and salicolella, and remarked that the first of these species was very properly placed by Mr. Tutt in a new genus (Bacotia), since it is a transitional form, having as great affinities with Solenobia as with Fumea; while the other two species, though perhaps not distantly allied to Pumea, did not truly belong to that genus, and were well placed by Tutt in a new genus, Prorilia. Dr. Chapman then read some notes relating to the genus F'umea, and to characters, chiefly drawn from structure, by which the different species may be distinguished. Mr. Malcolm Burr called attention to Dr. Sharp’s paper on ‘‘ The modification and attitude of Idolum diabolicum,” recently published in the ‘ Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society’ (vol. x., part iii.). He exhibited the plate, drawn after nature by Mr. Muir, which illustrates the paper, pointing out that no drawing of this kind, showing a Mantid, in its natural colours simulating the petals of a flower, had hitherto been published. He also exhibited species of Mantodea of various genera, to show the different modifications by means of which insects of this group are made to resemble leaves and flowers. Mr. Kenneth J. Morton communicated a paper entitled ‘‘ Descriptions of new species of Oriental Rhyacophile.”—J. J. Watxer and C. J. Ganan, Hon. Secs. Sourn Lonpon Enromoxtocican anp Natrurat History Socrety.— November 9th, 1899.—Mr. A. Harrison, F.L.8S., F.H.S., President, in the chair. (A Special Pocket-box Exhibition.)—Mr. McArthur exhibited series of Tviphena comes var. curtisii, from Hoy, Aporophila lutulenta var. luneburgensis and var. sedi, from Orkney; an extremely dark Agrotis cinerea and Dianthecia carpophaga, with snowy ground tint. Mr. Adkin, a long and extensively varied series of Boarmia repandata. Major Ficklin, series of Dianthecia luteago var. jicklini, showing a tendency to the tint of var. Jowei. Mr. Kaye, long and varied series of numerous species of Sphingide, collected by himself in Jamaica, ee SOCIETIES. 19 Trinidad, and South America, and representative of the chief sub- families. Mr. H. Moore, specimens of the tropical American bee Hulema dimidiata, and read notes on its relation to the fertilisation of the orchid Catasetum tridentatum. Myr. Chittenden, a very large number of striking varieties and local species of Lepidoptera taken in the neighbourhood of Ashford, Kent, during the last quarter of a century, including Aporia crategi, Deilephila livornica, Plusia moneta, and Pachetra leucophea. Mr. Lucas, two scarce species of dragonflies, Mschna mixta, from Esher, and Somatochlora metallica, taken by Mr. C. A. Briggs in Inverness- shire; also three species of Coleoptera from Tripoli, Anthia venator, A. 6-maculatus, and Scarites striatus, large coast-frequenting Carabide. Mr. Colthrup, a very blue female of Polyommatus icarus, and a series of very dark Melanippe fluctuata. Mr. F. M. B. Carr, bred specimens of Lithosia grisela and var. stramineola, from Wicken ; Notodonta trepida, from New Forest; Drymonia chaonia, from Bexley; and Todis vernaria, from Shoreham. Dr. Chapman, seventeen species of the genus Hrebia, taken during some two months spent in Switzer- land this year, including EF. epiphron, E. mnestra, E. flavofasciata, EF. glacialis, E. lappona, EF. christi, E. ligea, E. aethiops, and E. gorge. Mr. Mitchell, Locusta viridissima, from Folkestone Warren; the Coleopteron Priomis coriarius, from Richmond ; and a smoky suffused example of Smerinthus ocellatus. Mr. Buckstone, exceedingly small specimens of Pieris rape, P. napi, Hipparchia semele, Polyommatus (adonis) bellargus, Anthrocera filipendule, and Arctia caia, the last being one of fifteen similar ones bred from larvee fed on black currant leaves. He also showed numerous aberrations. Mr. Harrison, varied series of Aporia crategi, Pieris napi var. bryoni@a, Huchloé cardamines, and Leuco- phasia sinapis, all from Meiringen, Switzerland. Mr. F. M. B. Carr, short series of Agrophila trabealis (sulphuralis), from Tuddenham ; Erastria fuscula and Bankia argentula, from Chippenham; Hydrelia uncula and Earias chlorana, from Wicken; together with various species and varieties. November 23rd.—The President in the chair.—Mr. Sich exhibited two specimens of Platyptilia acanthodactyla, bred from larve taken off Gera- nium rotundifolium at Chiswick ; Aglossa cuprealis, showing extremes in size; and Cucullia chamomille, Chiswick, 1899. Mr. F. M. B. Carr, Sirex gigas, from Boldrewood, where several others had been seen, and numerous species taken at sugar at Wicken in June, and at Hailsham in August, at both of which times Lepidoptera were plentiful. Mr. R. Adkin, on behalf of Mr. Newman, a series of remarkable varieties :— Argynnis paphia, suffused with black ; Smerinthus tilig, specimens with the central band reduced to a triangular blotch, and pale ground colour; S. populi, pinkish and dark forms; Saturnia pavonia, sub- diaphanous, bred, the third year in pupe; Pyg@ra hybrid curtula x pigra (reclusa), bred (out of one hundred and twenty specimens only three were males); and aberrant forms of Arctia caia, Lasiocampa quercus, &e. Mr. R. Adkin read a paper entitled ‘‘ More Lazy Days by the Sea,” being stray notes on a short holiday at Kastbourne. He touched upon many subjects that had come under his notice, including the comparative abundance and scarcity respectively of the commoner species of butterflies; the effect of the unusually warm summer on some of the moths; an immigration of Pieris rape ; a collection of land 20 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. and freshwater snails that was made; and various other matters of interest. He exhibited series of some of the Lepidoptera and shells taken, in illustration of his-remarks. Mr. Carpenter stated that he had examined numerous specimens of Pyrameis cardui in the spring, and found they were invariably females. He suggested, since he found no developed ova in them, that they were infertile, and that had they been paired they would not have emigrated.—Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Report See. | CarLisLE HwromonocicaL Socrety.— December Tth, 1899.—Mr. G. B. Routledge in the chair.—The evening was devoted to the study of the genus Apion. ‘Twenty-five species have been taken by the members of this Society round Carlisle. The following species were common :— affine, apricans, dichroum, ebeninum, ervi, hematodes, humile, nigritarse, seniculum, ulicis, violacewm, virens. Locally common :—athiops, car- duorum, ononis (at Silloth), punctigerum, striatum. Scarce :—gyllenhali, loti, stolidum, vicia. Also radiolus, spencei, marchicum, and assimile have — been taken in the neighbourhood. The following have also been recorded :—Apion cerdo, banks of Irthing (Bold); @newm (Stephens, Tllust.) ; onopordi, lake district (Blackburn) ; hydrolapathi (Stephens, Illust.); but have not yet been taken by members of this Society.— G. B. Rourieper. Biruincuam Enromonoeicat Socrery.—October 16th, 1899.—Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, President, in the chair.—Mr. R. C. Bradley exhibited two specimens of a Solenobia which he had previously exhibited as 8. wockii, to which species they had been assigned by Mr. C. G. Barrett. Recently, however, they had been sent to Mr. J. W. Tutt, who thought they were a variety of inconspicuella, and by him had been sent on to Lord Walsingham and Mr. Durrant, who said they were certainly not wockit, but they did not quite know what to assign them to. Mr. Bradley also showed a number of Brazilian butterflies. Mr. J. T. Fountain, Lepidoptera obtained in the Valley of the Wye at the beginning of last August. Amongst other species he found Apatura iris, not uncommonly ; Thecla w-album, common, but worn; Vanessa polychloros; Grapta c-album, common ; T’riphena interjecta ; Tethea retusa ; Catocala nupta ; &e. Mr. Colbran J. Wainwright, a short series of Tephrosia eatersaria, from Wyre Forest, where he said the species had been quite abundant this year, although in previous years only odd specimens had been taken by various members; also a specimen of Vanessa atalanta, from Cornwall, and one of Melanippe fluctuata, from Handsworth, both of which were remarkably small examples of their species. Mr. G. T.. Bethune-Baker, a number of Erebias, including many examples of E. blandina, from Britain and the Continent, and pointed out that the Scotch ones showed more red than the Swiss ones. In the report of the meeting of August 21st (Entom. xxxii. 262), it was stated that Leucania straminea had been bred for the first time ; this of course is a mistake, as there is a full description of the larva in Buckler’s. At p. 288, line 16, the date 1884 should be 1894. November 20th.—The President in the chair.—Rey. C. F. Thorne- will exhibited specimens of Lycena betica, taken by Mr. Lowe, in Guernsey, this year ; and said that there had apparently been a long immigration of the species this year, as Mr. Lowe had taken about SOCIETIES. 91 eighty, and seen many others; also specimens of Oporabia dilutata, from Calverhall, Salop, where he said all the specimens were of the same dark leaden colour, with slight traces of markings, and were much darker than he had been in the habit of getting them at Burton- on-Trent ; also a series of Cenonympha typhon, from Calverhall. Mr. R. C. Bradley, a long series of Bombus hortorum, taken this year, and showing a wide range of variation; var harrisellus in all sexes, from Droitwich ; var. subterraneus, from his garden at Moseley, and various intermediate forms. Mr. J. T. Fountain, a number of insects taken during the year at Acocks Green, close to the town, including Leucania comma, Agrotis exclamationis (a variable series), Anchocelis pistacina, Orthosia lota, Grammesia trigrammica, &. Mr. P. W. Abbott, a box full of Lepidoptera, including Agrotis cinerea, dark forms from Wyre Forest; Sesia culiciformis, with one white-banded specimen caught last year, and an orange-banded one caught this year; Oporina eroceago, including two specimens which were light brown in colour, no trace of the usual orange coloration; one specimen of Newria saponaria, new to the district ; bred series of Asphalia ridens, including a black one; a series of Cymatophora fluctuosa, and a bred series of Sesia sphegiformis, all from Wyre Forest. He said that C. fluctuosa was comparatively common this year, though he had only taken odd speci- mens in previous years; also that he had caught one specimen of C.. octogesima at Wyre Forest this year, thus completing the list of the Cymatophoride, all of which were to be obtained at this one locality in Wyre Forest. Mr. J. T. Fountain, Spilosoma menthastri, bred as recently as Nov. 17th; also Sirea gigas (male), from a colliery at Walsall, where it had emerged from some wood about eight hundred yards beneath the surface, at the beginning of October. Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, his collection of the genus (Hneis and part of Satyrus ; there was a nice series of @neis oél/io, and various good Turkestan species, Satyrus alcyone, S. hermione and S. circe, in nice series, &c. Mr. C. J. Wainwright, a series of the handsome dipteron, Asilus crabro- niformis, taken in Cornwall this year; a fine series of Leptoyaster cylindrica from Herefordshire, where he had found it commonly; and various other Asilids.—Coxsran J. Watnwricut, Hon. Sec. Kenpat Enromonoeican Society. — November 18th, 1899.— The President in the chair.—Mr. Littlewood read a very excellent paper on the ever-important subject of ‘‘setting.”” The lecture was thoroughly practical and comprehensive, and showed that no pains had been spared in its preparation. Mr. Littlewood showed an exhibition case of butterflies and moths, set in every conceivable position and carefully ticketed, illustrative of his remarks as to good and bad methods. He also showed a small appliance of tin, to secure uniformity of height in setting. He was heartily thanked for his efforts, and an interest- ing discussion followed. Mr. Cragg exhibited a specimen of Melanippe hastata, caught near ‘ Derby Arms,’ Witherslack. Mr. Holmes, series of bred Nemeobius lucina and others, Rev. A. M. Moss, two drawers of Geometree—the Fidoniide, Zerenide, Hyberniide, and Larentiide. Mr. Smith, Heliodes arbuti and two specimens of Fubolia cervinaria, bred from heather. Mr. Wright, Mamestra furva and Cerigo cytherea, taken at sugar.—A. M. Moss, Sec. 29 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE E\ntomoLocicaL Socrety.— November 18th, 1899. The President in the chair. Messrs. Tyerman, Harrison, Ackerby, Tonkin, and Dr. Chaster were elected members. Messrs. C. K. Stott, of Bolton; Chas. Farrar, of Liverpool; and Dr. Dobie, of Chester, were proposed for membership. Mr. C. G. Barrett, F.E.8., of London, gave an address on ‘‘ The hairy eyes and abdominal tufts of Lepidoptera.”’ In it he showed that though other characters must be relied upon for families, yet these features might be used to classify genera. In following out this plan he had found it necessary to divide the genera Cymatophora and Mamestra (amongst others) into hairy-eyed and smooth-eyed groups. He further found that in the latter genus the hairy-eyed species were produced from hairy larve, and the smooth-eyed from smooth larve. This was afterwards shortly discussed. He then referred to the ornamental and other tufts as being also useful for distinguishing genera, and showed by sketches how the abdominal tufts were in many cases of great use in keeping the spiracles free from dust. Mr. Barrett concluded his interesting address with a reference to Mr. Capper’s magnificent collection of varieties, and the benefit he had derived from the study of them. Mr. John EK. Robson, F.E.§S., of Hartlepool, then addressed the meet- ing on the subject of ‘‘ Arrangement.’”’ He spoke of the value of Stainton’s Manual, and considered that his placing of Papilio at the head of the Rhopalocera was justifiable, as the genus possesses a greater degree of all-round perfection than any other. He thought that no system of classification could be perfect which was not based on total characteristics. How unreliable external characters often are he showed by reference to the close mimetic resemblances of many exotic butterflies belonging in reality to widely separated families. Mr. Robson concluded his remarks with a warm testimony to the value of the value of the work of the older entomologists. Mr. Newstead expressed his surprise at the attempt ever having been made to classify Lepidoptera by their wing-markings only, and thought that such an attempt was bound to prove futile. He referred to Mr. John Watson’s Monograph of the Asiatic genus Calinaya, which the society had just received, as a step in the right direction. Mr. Newstead then detailed the interesting life-history of Selandria atra, the pear-tree sawfly, as observed by himself, and exhibited a case of specimens illustrating it throughout. To destroy them he recommended the use of Paris-green. He also communicated notes on Piophila casei, the cheese-hopper, showing how very tenacious of life it was, by the fact of larve which had been subjected to water, methylated spirit, glycerine, and absolute alcohol producing perfect insects! The following exhibits were made :— Species of the genus Oporabia with genitalia photographs, by Mr. F. N. Pierce; eleven drawers of Lepidoptera taken at the Chester electric lamps, including Amphidasys betularia (type, black and intermediate vars.), Acronycta alni, E:phestia splendidella, &c., by Dr. Dobie ; vars. of Abraxas ulmata and A. grossulariata, by Mr. B. H. Crabtree; spring captures in the New Forest, by Dr. Cotton ; an ingenious device for setting Lepidoptera with greater accuracy, by Mr. Geo. O. Day; a case of Lepidoptera, by Mr. J. Collins; pups of Nemeobius lucina, by Mr. Prince; a box of insects for distribution, by Mr. John Robson ; Cleora glabraria, a new record for North Wales, by Mr, F, Birch, Hon. Sec. 23 RECENT LITERATURE. Fauna Hawaiiensis; or, the Zoology of the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Isles. Vol. I. Hymenoptera Aculeata, pp. 1-122; two Plates and Map. By RB. C. L. Perkins and A. Foret (March 20th, 1899). Vol. II. Orthoptera, pp. 1-30, and two Plates (August 19th, 1899) ; and Neuroptera, pp. 31-89, and three Plates (September 25th, 1899). By R. C. L. Perxins. Edited by Dr. D. Suarp. Isonarep in the midst of the vast North Pacific Ocean, 2350 miles from San Francisco and 3500 miles from Kamtchatka—the nearest continental points east and west—and separated from them by some of the profoundest depths of ocean; a little nearer to, but still far away from, the coral islands and reefs of the South Pacific, connected with them only by scattered islets and atolls—almost or entirely unin- habited,—_the Sandwich Islands, or Hawaiian group, undoubtedly form to the student of the geographical distribution of animals the most in- teresting country in the world. Chiefly through the collections made by Blackburn, some know- ledge has been acquired, during the last quarter of a century, of the salient characteristics of the insect fauna; but, having regard to the increasingly numerous importations into the country, a renewed survey was very desirable before the extinction or further differentia- tion of the existing fauna took place. This has been effected by the explorations of Mr. Perkins during a period of several years, and his collections are now being systematically worked out by a number of zoologists. One naturally reserves a final summary of the character- istics of the insect fauna till the last entomological contribution has appeared; meanwhile some notices from time to time of the various parts may be interesting. Of Aculeate Hymenoptera one hundred and ninety-eight species are recorded, though of these twenty-eight are importations, all the main divisions of the group, except the ants, being well represented by endemic forms. The Fossores embrace six genera and thirty-four species, thirty-one of the latter being endemic. The wasps comprehend two genera and eighty-eight species (eighty-six species endemic). The bees comprise three genera and fifty-six species, of which fifty-two species are indigenous. Of ants twenty species (belonging to twelve genera) are recorded, of which only one “has any claim to be con- sidered endemic.’ ‘‘So far as one can judge from a study of the relationship of the endemic species to one another, all the Mimeside, Crabronide, Eumenide, and the bees of the genus Nesoprosopis could have been evolved from four species which reached the islands at some very remote period, one of the four species of course representing each group. ‘The total absence of any representative of so many groups of the Aculeata, certainly not less fitted to pass over the great distances between the islands and other lands, and for which the country is ad- mirably adapted, is a point greatly in favour of the view that the numerous species of each of the families represented arose from a single immigrant species, and the examination of the structures of the species themselves greatly supports this view. How rarely an immi- 94 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. grant can have arrived from without can be judged from the great number of species which fail to cross the short distances between the islands themselves.”* ~ ‘‘An important fact in connection with the Hawaiian species is their variability. This is most noticeable in the bees, Crabronide, and Mimeside, a great many of the species in these groups being in a very unstable condition. The variation is not confined to differences in size, colour, &c., but affects important structures, in which it is unusual to find any noticeable variability; and to this is due the extreme difficulty of determining and describing the numerous species, the specific characters frequently having to be taken from structures which are obviously variable. In striking contrast with the groups above mentioned are the species of (dynerus. Very few of the eighty- six species exhibit any variation of note, and this, when it occurs, is nearly always of an unimportant character (¢.y., colour). From this one would infer that the Odyneri have now reached the maximum of species that the islands can support in the present condition of the lepidopterous fauna, on which, as they prey on caterpillars, they are dependent. The bees, on the other hand, are not similarly restricted ; for, with flowers abundant at all seasons, the islands, so far as one can see, are capable of supporting much greater numbers of these than of wasps.” : The Orthoptera are very remarkable. Seventy-three species are known, of which six belong to the earwigs, cockroaches, Mantids, and short-horned grasshoppers;+ the other forty-nine belonging to the long-horned grasshoppers and crickets. Of the former group one species only ‘‘has any claim to be considered indigenous’’; of the latter, forty-three (nearly eighty-eight per cent.) are endemic. The Phasmatids are entirely unrepresented. Of the Neuroptera (sens. lat.), one hundred and eleven species are present: fifty-four being Hemerobiide (lacewings and antlions), of which about fifty are indigenous; twenty-nine dragonflies (about twenty-five endemic) and twenty-five Psocids (nearly all confined to these islands); one Embiid and two Termites complete the list, caddisflies and mayflies being unrepresented. Exigencies of space will not permit a longer notice; but enough has been written to show that the work is one of exceptional interest and value. As for the paper, printing, and illustrations, it is sufficient to say that the Cambridge University Press is the publisher. G. W. eee ** Percentage of peculiar species in the different islands :— Hymenoptera aculeata Hemerobiide. Dragonflies. RATETOUS Gaeieas scescocees ce OO: Sos. eee aneeee 87°) . Ree creer TERY (OW U UM AEG 6 eB te 6676 eee eee GO“ kwesaceeeeeeee cee 40 Mio olcaiiay stan ve cicwsestee. D6 Bi soc sleamereeeamatees 1D, « JEP eRee eees 1L3455 Eee eter nese te seas ae SEGr eke ceeeee teens UD Gldei enema eecece 10 MDT A Soe tene rem ees cosets YT OM Bone idbod sas oootecee — Leer — IELaWalle sees teas sere selsee S14 nteeeeko eee ceeeeetete SOs, © Yous saatteeodeeeseessee Alef + Seven earwigs are known, all introduced—some probably at an early date, as Bloxham notices, in 1825, a ‘‘ black earwig ” (‘ Voy. Blonde,’ P- 252). lie THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vou. XXXIII.) FEBRUARY, 1900. [No. 441. ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE GENERA OF THE RHYN- CHOTA, HETEROPTERA AND AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS HOMOPTERA. By G. W. Kirxavpy, F.E.S. THE present memoir consists of a chronological catalogue of the works in which new genera have been proposed, or genotypes fixed, or which are connected with the settlement of the generic nomenclature of the Heteroptera and Auchenorrhynchous Homo- ptera. I have indicated synonymy where the genera are homo- typical, and have also adjoined the latest authoritative synonymy, in most instances in footnotes. The memoir will be divided into four parts, viz. :— 1. A list of works from 1758-1848 (terminating with Amyor and AupineT-Servittn’s ‘Suites a Buffon, Hémipteres,’ the foundation of modern Rhynchotal science), with the genera, geno- types, &c., therein contained. 2. 1844-1876, concluding with the fifth volume of Srau’s monumental ‘ Knumeratio Hemipterorum.’ 3. 1877-1900, finishing with the last year of the present century. 4, An alphabetical recapitulation of all the genera from 1758-1900, and their types. This is, as I believe, the first time that these Rhynchota have been taken in hand as a whole in such a manner; and as I cannot hope that I have succeeded to a greater extent ‘than other entomologists who have essayed work on similar lines, in alto- gether avoiding errors of omission and commission, I beg my colleagues who discover any mistakes to inform me, either per- sonally or through the press, so that they may be amended in a subsequent part. of the work. To enable them to check my results as readily as possible, a summary of the ‘‘rules”’ that I held in view while conducting my researches are annexed. ENTOM.—FEBRUARY, 1900. D 26 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. A. Strict PRIORITY WITHOUT EXCEPTION. The majority of existing nomenclatorial systems seem to me to fail in their object on account of their complexity. Although most authors now profess to conform to the “ rule of priority,” they admit so many exceptions, on one plea or another, that the original idea is entirely lost sight of. The chief end of nomen- clatorial systems is stability; and though complete stability is neither possible nor desirable, an approximate attainment should be possible, but only—as I believe—by a rigid and scrupulous adherence to the ‘“‘ rule of priority—without exception.” So-called ‘‘ Classical Emendations’’ have been entirely dis- regarded ; while tautonyms, names geographically or descriptively misleading or incorrect, and politically or theologically offensive, have been strictly adhered to, the original orthography of the author being in every case retained, unless, of course, pre- occupied.* ; B. Formation oF GENOTYPES. - I have considered that a species may be fixed as the type of a genus by any of the following methods :— 1. By being the only species described (or, in the case of a species previously described, by a reference to the species and its author) at the foundation of the genus. Ex. 1. Anotia, W. Kirby, 1819, type bonnetii, W. Kirby, 1819. Ex. 2. Phymata, Latreille, 1802, type crassipes (Fabr., 1775). 2. By being indicated as the type by the author of the genus at its foundation. Ex. Gerris, Fabricius, 1794, type lacustris (Linn.), Fabr. 1794. This method was instituted by Fabricius (as far as _ Rhynchota are concerned) in 1794. These two principles appear to me indisputable. 3. By the subsequent removal of one or more species to other genera, thus indirectly fixing the type. An exception is made of course in the removal of species to genera with the definition of which (as at that time accepted) they did not accord, or by their removal back again into a compound genus. Ex 1. Neides was founded by Latreille in 1802 for two species, viz. tipularius and clavipes. In 1803 Fabricius erected a genus Berytus with type tipularius; thus indirectiy fixing clavipes as the type of Neides. In the second volume of Lethierry and Severin’s General Catalogue, clavipes is placed in Berytus and tipularius in Neides ! Ex. 2. Fabricius used Tettigonia (recte T'etigonia) for Cicada * Emendations to displace names already in existence—unless emended for the express purpose of replacing a preoccupied name—are not here considered as separate names, e.g. ‘““Aphana,” Burm. is not considered as % name separate from Aphena, Guér. NOMENCLATURE OF THE RHYNCHOTA, ETC. 27 Linn. Geoffr., and Cicada for Tetigonia, Geoffr.; this reverse- ment does not affect the type-fixations in either of these, or in any other, genera. 4. By the statement of any subsequent author that ‘‘X” is the type of a certain genus, provided that it be one of the original species of that genus, and that such fixation be permissible by the previous operations of other authors. Ex. 1. Cercopis, Fabr., 1775, type spumaria (Linn., 1758), Latr., 1802. Ex. 2. The type of Membracis, Fabr., 1775, is stated by its author (in 1803) to be atrata, but this statement is invalid, as atrata was not an original species. N.B. The description (or mention with sufficient reference) of one species only in a genus, in a general systematic work [such as Amyot and Serville’s ‘Suites a Buffon, Hémiptéres’!, is a valid indication of the type; this does not hold however in a faunistic work, nor in works published previous to 1794. When two or more species have been described or indicated in such a work, the type should be subsequently founded on one of those species. Where (as for example in Amyot and Serville) one species, (say) ‘‘ striata,” is described, and the authors say ‘‘add ‘maculata,’ ‘ venusta,’ ‘irrorata,’ &c.,’’ ‘ striata’ should be the type. The following considerations also come under this heading :— a. Many authors consider that a name only (or even a figure!) is sufficient to establish a genus. This does not appear to me to be reasonable. The essential for the establishment of the validity of a genus is surely a description, however short, displaying the salient characteristics whereby it differs from its nearest allies. Now take the case of (say) Laternaria, Linn., 1764; a name only, without a line of description. To find out in what way Laternaria essentially differs from Cicada, 1758, one would then have had to prepare a table of the species of the former and compare it with a similar one of the remaining species of the latter! This, I contend, is not the establishment of a genus. In the second case, a figure in the Atlas of Belanger’s Voyage to the Kast Indies (Insects by Guérin) is the warrant for the genus ‘‘ Huryptera”’ (dropped in the letterpress by Guérin himself).* 8. Subgenera are here treated for nomenclatorial purposes as genera—that is to say, a subgenus on being raised to full rank dates from its first proposal as a subgenus. ‘The typical sub- genus (i.e. that which contains the type of the genus) should bear the same name as the genus. Ex. 1. Microvelia, erected by Westwood, 1834, as a subgenus *I also refuse to acknowledge the validity of a species based upon a figure only, even though detailed. D2 28 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. of Vela, has priority as a genus over Hydroéssa, Burmeister (full genus 1835).* Ex. 2. Corixa, Geoffr., 1762, has type geoffroyi, Leach. The typical subgenus is therefore the section containing geoffroyi, Leach (i.e. Macrocorisa, Thomson, which ought to be known as Coriza, Geoffr., in sp.), and not that containing striata (Linn.), which is not the type of the genus. I have previously rectified oe yeas of the subgenera of Coriza in the Entom., 1898, p. 252.+ y If a genus, having no type assigned, be divided into two or more subgenera (none of the latter bearing the generic name), the fixation of the genotype (and of the typical subgenus) may be determined subsequently as follows :— (a) Any subsequent author has the right to fix the type of the genus out of any one of the subgenera, the name of that subgenus then becoming a true synonym of the genus. If all the subgenera be raised to full rank at the same time, the above procedure takes place. N.B. If a genus, having no type assigned, be divided into two or more subgenera, one of which bears the generic name, the type must subsequently be fixed from that sub- genus. (3) If some of the subgenera be raised to generic rank, the remaining one falls as a synonym of the genus if one be left, or a comes into operation if two or more be left. All these unavoidably complicated methods of type-fixation would have been obviated, had authors always unmistakably indicated (since 1794) the types of their new genera; unfor- tunately, many modern authors still continue this neglect. (0.) Many genera which were undoubtedly strictly co-extensive, each with some other genus or genera, originally , have been, through the operations of later authors, made heterotypical and used separately, e.g. (1) Asiraca, Latr., 1796, and Delphaz, Fabr., 1798; (2) Poekilloptera, Latr., 1796, and Flata, Fabr., 1798 ; (8) Laternaria, Linn., 1764, and Fulgora, Linn., 1767; (4) Plowaria, Scop., 1786, and Emesa, Fabr., 1808; (5) Neides, Latr., 1802, and Berytus, Fabr., 1803; and many others. * This is in direct opposition to the opinion given in my ‘“‘ Guide to the Study of British Waterbugs”’ (Entom. 1898-1900), when treating of the genus. + I was wrong, however, in proposing ‘‘ Basileocortxa”’ for the ‘‘ striata.” group; amend as follows :— Subgenus 38. Arctocorisa, Wallengr., 1894, type carinata (Sahlb.), Kirk, 1900. = Corixa (Corisa) (coextensive, but heterotypical] auctt., nec Geoffr. in sp. = Glaenocorisa (p) and Corisa, Puton, 1880. = Glaenocorisa and Coriza, Saund., 1892. = Basileocorixa, Kirk., 1898. (To be continued.) 29 A CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. By W. F. pe Vismes Kane, M.A., M.R.I.A., F.E.S. (Continued from vol. xxxi. p. 211.) CRAMBITES. * ScH@NOBIUS FORFICELLUS, J’hnb.—Ballincar, Co. Donegal (R.): Mayo and Cork (S.); Killarney (B.); Kilkerran Bay, Galway (J. J. W.). Phoenix Park, Dublin (K.). S. MucroneLuus, Schiff.—One at Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.). CRAMBUS PRATELLUS, L.—Common everywhere. A white female, Clonbrock (R. EH. D.). C. pumMETELLUs, Hb.—Favour Royal, Tyrone; Markree Castle, Sligo. C. sytveLLus, Hb.—Killarney by Bouchard (B.). C. HAmMELLUS, Thnb.—Killarney by Bouchard (B.). C. pascurLius, L.—Common, and widely spread. Mr. Watts: reports it scarce, however, in the district about Belfast. C. MarGaRITELLUS, Hb.—Dalyston near Loughrea, Co. Gal- way; Markree Castle, and near Sligo (K.). C. prneLLtus, L. — Killarney, Ardtully, and Sneem, Co. Kerry (K.); Blarney, Co. Cork (Mr. Hogan); Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.); Belfast, local (W.). C. pPERLELLUS, Scop.—Throughout Ireland very abundant, sometimes with the variety warringtonellus. C. sELASELLUS, Hb.—Belfast (Mr. Hogan); Armagh (J.) ; Favour Royal, Tyrone; Markree Castle, Sligo; Cork (McArthur). C. tRIistELLUS, /°b.—Very common. * The following portion of this Catalogue is virtually a reprint of the list of Irish Micro-lepidoptera furnished to Mr. Birchall, many years ago, by Mr. Charles G. Barrett, who has now carefully revised it, and assisted in adding records of more recent captures, nearly all of which have been submitted to him from time to time for identification. The localities with the initial R. appended have been kindly furnished me by Mr. G. Carpenter, of the Science and Art Museum, Dublin, from a collection made by Mr. Russ. It is possible that in some cases, however, the captures were made about Ballinear, Co. Donegal, rather than in the county of Sligo. The localities given without any following initials represent the original records of Mr. Barrett, without whose valued assistance it would have been impossible for me to have compiled a reliable list. Those with the initial K. are captures of my own, and have been submitted to Mr. Barrett. I have also to thank the few workers in this group who have collected in Ireland and have assisted me with lists of localities, especially Messrs. Watts, Campbell, and Hart. It is regrettable that we are still inignorance of the resources of Ireland as regards this large section of our fauna, the present Catalogue being meagre in the extreme in every respect, and should not be taken as other than an instalment, which it is to be hoped the investigations of subsequent entomologists will home more complete and representative of the Irish Micro-lepidopterous auna, 30 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. CRAMBUS INQUINATELLUS, Schiff.—Glengarriff (K.). C. GENIcuLEus, Haw.— Abundant on the Dublin coast: Newcastle, Co. Down (W.); Sligo (McC.); Donegal (G. V. H.) ; Dursey I., Co. Kerry (K.) ; Roches Pt., Co. Cork (K.) ; Cork (S.). C. cutMELLus, L.—Common everywhere. C. HORTUELLUS, Hb.—Common everywhere. PHycipm. ANERASTIA LOTELLA, Hb.—Malahide (Portmarnock), abun- dant; Co. Dublin (B.); Belfast. Crossfarnoge Point, Wexford (K.). ILYTHYIA SEMIRUBELLA, Scop.—Dursey 1., Kerry (K.). Hom@osoMa NIMBELLA, Zell.—Malahide and Howth, Co. Dublin, Wicklow coast (B.); Sligo (R.). H. senecionis, Vaughan.—Neweastle, Co. Down, one (W.); Magilligan, Co. Derry (Curzon). EPHESTIA ELUTELLA, Hb.—Very common. PLODIA INTERPUNCTELLA, Hb.—Dublin (S.). Puycis Fusca, Haw.—Generally distributed, and common. P. pinutELLA, Hiib.—Galway and Howth, June, July, August (B.); Island Magee, Co. Down, one (W.). DIoRYCTRIA ABIETELLA, Zinck.—Clonbrock, Co. Galway, one (Ty Ho) Sligo). NEPHOPTERYX SPISSICELLA, F'b.--Ardtully near Kenmare, Co. Kerry (K.): Clonbrock, Co. Galway (R. EH. D.). PEMPELIA PALUMBELLA, Schiff.—Howth, taken by Mr. Sinclair. Specimen confirmed (C. G. B.). RHODOPHA consoctELLA, Hiib.—Co. Cork (McArthur). GALLERIA MELLONELLA, 1.—Common. APHoMIA sociELLA, L.—Common. ACHROIA GRISELLA, /'b.—Common. TORTRICES. TortTRIx PopANA, Scop.—Co. Dublin, common (B.); Sligo (R.). Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.). T. xynostEana, L.—Cos. Dublin and Wicklow, plentiful (B.) ; one near Belfast (W.). T. rosana, L.—Cos. Dublin and Wicklow, plentiful; Sligo (R.). T. HEPARANA, Schiff.—Cos. Dublin and Wicklow; Derry (C.); Sligo (R.). T. nrBEANA, Hb.—Generally common. T. unrFasci1ana, Dup.—Co. Wicklow, common; Belfast, com- mon (W.); Coolmore, Co. Donegal, and Armagh (J.) ; Sligo. T. costana.—Sligo (f.). A CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. dl TorTRIx vipuRNANA, /'b.—Killarney (B.); Belfast, abundant (W.) ; Markree Castle, and near Sligo. Var. donellana.—Carpenter. Tuam, feeding on pine, Ent. xxiv. 253. T. panteana, Hb.—Howth, Co. Dublin (B.); common about Belfast district (W.) ; Armagh (J.) ; Sligo (R.). T. virmipana, L.—Common about Belfast district (IW.); Sligo (R.). T. mrnistrana, LZ.— Limavady, Co. Derry (B.); Favour Royal, Tyrone, common; Markree Castle, &c., Sligo (K.). T. rorsteRaNA, F’'b.—Howth (B.); Sligo (R). DicHewia GRorraNa, /’b.—Powerscourt, Co. Wicklow, common (B.); Derry (C.) ; Sligo (R.). AMPHYSA GERNINGANA, Schiff.— Wicklow Mts. ?(B.); Churchill; Co. Armagh (J.); Sligo (R.). A. propromana, Hb.—Sligo (R.); Enniskillen (P.). LEPTOGRAMMA LITERANA, L.—Killarney (B.). PreroneEa sponsana, F'b.—Howth (B.); Sligo (R.). P. nurana, W. V.—Sligo (R.). P. mrxtana, Hb.—Powerscourt, Co. Wicklow (B.); Belfast (W.); Sligo (R.). P. scHaALLERIANA, L.—Wicklow Mts. ? (B.); Armagh (J.) ; Island Magee, Co. Down (W.); Sligo (R.). Enniskillen (P.). P. comparana, Hb.—Armagh (J.). Enniskillen (P.). P. pERPLEXANA, Bar.—Armagh, abundant (J.); Sligo (R.). Enniskillen (P.). P. comariana, Zell.—Limerick (Ent. vol. viii. p. 89) ; Armagh (J.); Mayo (S.). P. permMuTANA, Dup.—Howth, on the cliffs (B.). P. vartuGana, Schif—Howth, on the cliffs; Belfast, abun- dant (W.); Armagh (J.); Sligo (R.). Enniskillen (P.). P. cristana, Fab.—Co. Cork (McArthur). P. mastrana, L.—Macgilligan, Co. Derry (R. C.); Belfast, one (W.); Mayo (S.); Cromlyn, Co. Westmeath, Clonbrock, Co. Galway (R. E. D.); Sligo (R.). Armagh (J.); | Ennis- killen (P.). P. macoana, J'’r.—Mayo (S.). P. rerruegana, J'r.—Wicklow Mts. and Killarney (B.) ; Sligo (R.). Enniskillen (P.). P. caALEDONIANA, St.—Local in the Belfast district (W.). P. aspersana, Hb.—Howth (B.); Armagh (J.); Sligo (R.). Enniskillen (P.). P, sHEPERDANA, St.—Sligo (R.) 82, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. R#acopia caupana, F'b.—Blarney, Co. Cork, Belfast (B.); Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.); Inishowen, Co. Donegal (W. E. H.) ; Sligo (R.); Cappagh, Co. Waterford (K.). TERAS CONTAMINANA, H1b.—Belfast (B. d W.); Howth (B.); Armagh (J.) ; Sligo (R.) ; Cappagh, Co. Waterford (K.). DicTyopTERYX LOEFLINGIANA, L.—Galway (B.). D. Houmiana, L.—Belfast (B. d& W.); Sligo (R.). D. BERGMANNIANA, L.—Common everywhere. D. rorskaLEANA, L.—Sligo (R.). ARGyRoTOzZA coNwayaNna, /’>.— Abundant in Galway and Wicklow (B.); Favour Royal, Tyrone, abundant (K.); Belfast, abundant (W.); Armagh (J.); Sligo (McC.); &c. PrycHoLoMA LECHEANA, L.—Killarney (B.). PENTHINA BETULETANA, Haw.—Wicklow Mts., Holywood, Co. Down (B.); Sligo (R.). j . . SORORCULANA, Zett.—Killarney (B.). . PRUNIANA, /7b.—Abundant everywhere. . OCHROLEUCANA, Hiib.—Co. Cork (McArthur). . vaRniEGANA, Hb.—Dublin, and Cork ? (B.).; Armagh (J.). . Dimip1aNna, 7r.—Killarney (B.); Enniskillen (P.). . savorana, Hb.—Killarney (B.); Belfast (W.). . MARGINANA, Haw.—Clonbrock, Co. Galway (R. E. D.). ANTITHESIA SALICELLA, L.-—Sligo (f.). Hepya oceuuana, F'b.—Sligo (R.). H. aceriana, Dup.—Sligo (R.). H. peaupana, Frél.—Sligo (R.). H. neaeuectana, Dup.—Sligo (R.). SPILONOTA INCARNATANA, 1b.—Howth, abundant, and on the sandhills (B.); Derry (C.). S. tRimacuLana, Haw.—Sligo (R.); Clonbrock, Co. Galway Cap dae 08) S. rosmconana, Dbl.—Sligo (R.). S. roporana, J’r.—Howth, common (B.); Derry (C.). ParDIA TRIPUNCTANA, F'b.—Counties of Dublin and Wicklow, common (B.); Sligo (McC.); Armagh (J.). AsPIS UDMANNIANA, L.—Dublin coast, common (B.). Muri wH (To be continued.) 33 A LIST OF BUTTERFLIES OBSERVED IN SWITZERLAND in JULY, 1899. By A. F. Rosa. Tue following species of butterflies and varieties were met with between the 1st and 13th July last summer, during a tour in the Valais and adjacent Bernese Alps, the exact districts visited being the Visp Valley, Zermatt and neighbourhood (seven days); between Leuk and Kandersteg, over the Gemmi (three days) ; and in the vicivity of Aigle (two days). The weather was very cold and unsettled at the beginning of the month, and afterwards inclined to remain dull for several days. The last few days were, however, bright and warm. PAPILIONIDE. Papilio machaon.—Occasionally seen in all the districts visited, as Zmutt, St. Niklaus, Leuk, Leukerbad, Kandersteg, Aigle (frequently), and Le Sepey; several fine specimens being secured. Parnassius apollo.—Very common in the Nicolai Thal and Zmutt Thal; also between Aigle and Le Sepey. P. delius.—A few taken flying languidly along the sides of the Visp at Zermatt; also a good many found lying on a marshy bank, on the ground among the grass. Prerip2&. Aporia crategi.—Very common in the Zmutt and Nicolai Thals; also at Leukerbad, Kandersteg, Aigle, &c. Pieris brassice.—Abundant at Leukerbad; seldom seen elsewhere. P. rape.—Only one or two seen. P. napi.—A few at Stalden, and plentiful on the Gemmi in the pine forest above Gastern-Thal. — Var. bryonie. Very fine specimens from the Gemmi; also one or two at Stalden. P. callidice.—A short series of this fast flier on the Riffelberg and Gorner Grat; also taken on the Gemmi Pass. Ewehloé belia var. simplonia.x—Turned up occasionally at Tasch, Stalden, Zmutt, and on the Gemmi. FE. cardamines.—Two males and several females taken, and others seen. Leucophasia sinapis.—Common in the neighbourhood of trees and bushes between Zermatt and Visp; also taken at Aigle, &c.-— Ab. erysimi. Three specimens of this variety at Randa, Leuk, and Aigle respectively ; also a few between this and the type. Colias phicomone. — Not rare, and in first-class condition at St. Niklaus, Zmutt, and on the Gemmi Pass; the depth of the yellow ground colour varying considerably, one about as deep as G. rhamni male, and from this seem to vary to the very palest yellow; none of the males, however, are as white as the female ( phicomone). UC. hyale-—Pretty common, but seldom in good condition. Zmuitt, Leukerbad, and on the Gemmi near Kandersteg ; also at Le Sepey. 34 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. CO. edusa.—One seen flying swiftly up the valley at Stalden, and another seen near Zermatt; neither captured. Gonopteryx rhamni.—Several of both sexes seen; those captured were worn, evidently hybernated. Lyc2#NIDz&. Thecla spinit.—Rather common in the same localities, and along with the next species. T. ilicis—Common, sporting about the road between Aigle and Le Sepey, and flying round the tops of trees, which at some parts reach conveniently from a lower level within easy striking distance. Like the last species, difficult to get in anything like good condition. Usually minus a tail or rubbed on upper side. Polyommatus virgauree.—This fine copper was common in some fields at St. Niklaus, and in Zmutt Thal, &. All males. P. hippothoé.—The crimson copper, scarce at the same places as the last; also one at Stalden; all these being males. One worn female was taken at Le Sepey. P. alciphron var. gordius. Two fresh specimens taken at St. Nicklaus. P. phl@as.—One seen on the wing at the same place, but not taken. Lycena egon.—At Tasch, Randa, Visp, &e. L. argus.—Hanging to grasses and reeds on marshy ground beside the road at Tasch. Seemed to be plentiful. L. astrarche.—Turned up now and then, never common, and always in indifferent condition. L. eros.—This pretty little blue occurred in the same localities as L. corydon, but not commonly. One specimen captured is not of the usual pale glossy greenish colour, but a decided pale blue. L. icarus.—Not very many seen, but was occasionally met with in all the three districts visited. L. eumedon.—Single specimens captured at St. Nicklaus, Tasch, Stalden, and Le Sepey. L. bellargus. Several, mostly worn males and one female, at Amutt, St. Nicklaus, &ce. L. corydon.—With the exception of L. minima, probably the most common blue, all males, and mostly in grand condition, as at Tasch, Ymutt, and Le Sepey (very abundant). L. hylas.—In the same localities as L. bellargus, but more common. Appeared to be going over also. L. damon.—Very common on the road to Ormont Dessous. The blue upper contrasts strongly with the brown under side when in flight. Freshly emerged, and all males. L. minima.—Very abundant, and sometimes at high elevations, as near the summit of the Gemmi Pass, probably 7600 ft. above sea-level. L. semiaryus.—-Worn, at St. Niklaus on the 3rd. I was surprised to find many fresh specimens at the same locality on the 7th. Taken elsewhere also, as at Visp, Kandersteg, Aigle. L. arion.—Only one specimen of the type, taken at St. Niklaus.— Var. obscura. Not uncommon on a rocky slope near Tasch. Several in a meadow at St. Niklaus, also at Zmutt; one also taken at Aigle on a path in the valley. LIST OF BUTTERFLIES OBSERVED IN SWITZERLAND. 35 NyMpHALID2&. Limenitis camilla.—On the road at Aigle, just emerging. L, sibylla.—One very small-sized specimen taken at Aigle. Vanessa c-album.—Two seen, but neither captured ; one ona teasel- head, the other settled on the road, both near the same spot between Aigle and Le Sepey. V. polychloros.—One very bright individual captured at Visp. V. urtice.—Not common, but occasionally at highish elevations ; some fresh, some almost scaleless. V. io.—Two very much worn specimens at Stalden. V. atalanta.—Several hybernated individuals in the Visp Valley. Melitea phebe.-—Not uncommon at Zmutt, Stalden, Randa, &e. One with the submarginal row of fulvous spaces, upper side, hind wings centred black; under side normal. M. didyma.—Common ; specimens from Zmutt, St. Niklaus, Randa, Stalden, and Le Sepey. M. dictynna.—Common from Tisch to Visp; also taken on the Gemmi, and at Leukerbad. M. athalia.—Pretty common at Randa, Tasch, and Le Sepey. M. parthenie var. varia.—Randa and Visp; three specimens only. One has the ground colour of the central area of the upper side fore wings pale (whitish). Argynnis euphrosyne.—A few at Tiisch, and on the Gemmi Pass above Kandersteg. A. pales.—A few on the Riffelalp ; also in Zmutt Thal, and on the Gemmi Pass. A. lathonia.—Single specimens taken at St. Niklaus, Zmutt Thal, Stalden, and Leukerbad. Rather common at Zermatt, unfortunately, however, difficult to capture flying with the wind, but quite recog- nisable. One was netted here, and another found floating alive in a mountain stream. A, agiaia.—One specimen taken at Stalden, and in the Zmutt Thal quite commonly. A, niobe-—Common in the Nicolai and Zmutt Thals. Most speci- mens approach the var. eris, of which several were taken. A, adippe.—Not uncommon in all the districts visited. A, paphia.—This species was just beginning to make its appearance at Aigle, &c., when I was leaving. SaATYRIDE. Melanargia galatea.—Very abundant, especially in the Visp Valley below St. Niklaus, and at Aigle. Erebia melampus.—Several taken on the Gemmi; also at Leuker- bad and Kandersteg. E.. pharte.—A few on the Gemmi, and at Kandersteg. E. manto (pyrrha).—One at Kandersteg behind the Bear Hotel. E. ceto.—Common in the Zmutt and Nicolai Thals. FE. eme.—Not uncommon at Kandersteg, and on the Gemmi. Of this variable species I have one without any trace of ocelli or rusty markings on the upper side, and with only one minute pupilled spot on the under side of the hind wings, Another has two ocellated spots at 36 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. the apex of the fore wings, upper and under side, and a series of five on the under side of hind wing, represented above by two. Most speci- mens are intermediate between these two. I also took several which are very strongly marked, so as to be quite distinct from any of the above, and which appear to be identical to the var. spodea of the Austrian and Styrian Alps. The best of these has, fore wing above and below, two well-marked apical spots, and another lower down. Hind wing (upper side) has a series of six, and underneath seven well- marked ocelli, all pupilled white. E. stygne.—Not uncommon; Kandersteg, Gemmi Pass, and Leuker- bad. E. glacialis.—One specimen taken on the Gemmi, and others seen. One seen also near the top of the Gorner Grat, probably 2000 ft. above the snow-line.—Ab. alecto. One netted on the Riffelberg. E.. lappona.—Very common on the Riffelberg, and at the summit of the Gemmi. F. tyndarus.—Single specimens at St. Niklaus and Tasch. FE. gorge.—Riffelalp, Gemmi Pass, and Kandersteg; not uncom- mon.—Ab. erynis. One or two very closely approaching this form. F. goante.—One at Stalden, and another at St. Niklaus. E. ligea.—Several of this fine Hrebia were taken flying about the road at Le Sepey. FE. euryale.—Kandersteg and Zmutt Thal. Satyrus hermione.—Common about rocky places from Stalden to Visp ; also between Leuk and Leukerbad, and at Aigle. S. aleyone.—One or two at Stalden. S. semele-—Very large specimens, only males, at Visp, Stalden, Aigle, &c. S. actea var. cordula.—Common in the Rhone Valley, Nicolai Thal, Zmutt Thal, and at Aigle, &e. Pararge mera.—Abundant about stones and rocks between Tasch and Stalden; also seen at Aigle on the road.—Ab. adrasta. One at St. Niklaus. P. megeara.—One battered specimen at Visp. P. achine.—Several of this curious butterfly taken at Le Sepey. E’pinephele lycaon.—Single specimens from Inden and Stalden. E. tanira.—Visp, Aigle, &c. E.. hyperanthus.—Only afew worn specimens seen at Visp, &e. Cenonympha arcania var. darwiniana.—Several taken at St. Niklaus, Zmutt, &e.—Var. satyrion. St. Niklaus. C. pamphilus.—Common at St. Niklaus, &c. HeEspERIIDA. Spilothyrus lavatere. —One taken and another seen at Stalden ; conspicuous among the swarms of H. thaumas and H. lineola, settling on the ground at the puddles. Syrichthus carthami.—One or two at St. Niklaus. S. fritilum var. alveus——Common.—Var. serratule, Tiisch.—Var. carling. Leukerbad. S. andromede.—Two fine specimens near the Schwarzbach, on the Gemmi Pass. in . COLLECTING IN THE ISLE OF LEWIS. 37 S. malve.—Leukerbad. S. sao.—Le Sepey. Nisoniades tages.—One worn specimen at Visp. Hesperia thaumas.—Swarmed about damp ground at the sides of roads and paths. H. lineolan—More abundant than the preceding. H, sylvanus.—-Also rather common. 20, Dundonald Street, Edinburgh. COLLECTING IN THE ISLE OF LEWIS. By H. Sruarr Fremiy, F.E.S. I Hap some three weeks’ collecting last summer in the Isle of Lewis, being there from the middle of June to the end of the first week in July. Insects were fairly numerous, but the species were limited in number. The weather was fine generally, exceedingly fine even, for the district, although usually overcast until about 1 p.m. The chief part of my collecting was confined to the neighbourhood of Stornoway, although I searched a little in other parts of the island. To those of my readers who do not know the Lewis, a short description may be of interest. The island consists almost entirely of moorland, mountains, and small lakes; the soil is peaty, and very little cultivation is carried on. The only trees on the island grow on the Matheson estate at Stornoway, where they have been planted. (This wooded part formed my chief col- lecting centre.) Stornoway itself is the chief town, and lies on the coast ; it is mainly interested in herring fisheries, and in the month of June it is extremely difficult to obtain lodgings, on account of influx of people interested in the fishing trade. I commenced collecting very soon after my arrival. The first species that 1 took was Hypsipetes impluviata, and this occurred commonly in the neighbourhood of trees; 1 found some at rest on the tree-trunks during the day, and netted others in the evening. Melanippe montanata soon made its appearance, and was very generally distributed ; I continued to take freshly emerged speci- mens during the remainder of my stay. I took a few Odontopera bidentata, which were attracted by my lamp. Larentia pectini- taria made its appearance about the end of June; it was very common in certain spots; on one evening I saw practically no other species ; they appeared to be the only moths about in that particular place, and could be seen crawling up grass-stems and flying about everywhere. Hepialus velleda was common everywhere, but difficult to catch. H. hectus occurred in one or two glades, but I did not 38 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. find it at allcommon. A. humuli appeared about the latter end of June, and occurred in every place that I worked at all; it was the only moth that I took on Little Bernera Island. Camptogramma bilineata apparently emerged two or three days before I left, and I did not find it in any numbers until the last few hours of my stay in the Lewis. It appeared to be local, occurring on rocks and in the growth surrounding them, but only in certain places; one might search for an hour in the heather around the base of rocks without seeing a single speci- men, then suddenly one would find eight or ten together. Possibly it is more generally distributed later in the season. Sugaring was a failure; I do not know if it was from the absence of sugar-loving moths, bad nights, or bad sugar. Who- ever wishes to sugar in that neighbourhood had better bring his own rum. I thought I could buy any form of alcohol easily there, but rum does not appear to be'a very coveted liquor, as it is not retailed out, and I had to buy a bottle. This bottle was sealed and marked ‘‘rum,”’ and contained some sort of spirit, but what it really was [ do not know, and the moths could not make it out either, I suppose, as they didn’t turn up. I saw very few species of butterflies. Lycenu (Polyommatus) wcarus occurred sparingly, the males being much the more common. Cenonympha davus was abundant on the moors, and gave me a rare chase over the boggy ground. Epinephele ianira was fairly common. The only Vanessid I saw was one Vunessa atalanta. Besides the insects above mentioned I took a few dragonflies, which I gave to Mr. Lucas, who, I believe, finds them of some interest. Any collector from the South of England coming for the first time to this northern region must, like myself, have noticed many things that were quite new to him. The short night threw me out entirely with regard to time. I would see the sun in the afternoon fairly high in the heavens, and think it must be about 6 o’clock, and then find to my astonishment that it was 8 p.m. Evening commenced at about 9.30, and then velleda would fly for an hour or so, after which time it would be dark enough for the small Geometers to show themselves, and I could net these and other moths until 11 p.m. I usually collected until midnight, and on returning home could see the time by my watch, as the whole northern sky had a yellow glow which lit up the surrounding country and made all objects distinctly visible. This twilight was the nearest approach to night, for in an hour the light would shine more strongly in the east, a lark commence to sing, and the morning break. The chief annoyances to collecting were clegs during the day and midges in the evening. Of the two I prefer clegs, as they can easily be seen and only NOTES ON SOME TUDDENHAM LEPIDOPTERA. f 39 occur in dozens, but the midges are almost invisible, and occur in clouds over the moor. They bite every part not protected, and I found it quite impossible to stand still for five minutes when they were about; even whilst walking I used my handker- chief continuously to my face, neck, and hands. Happily both of these torments only occurred on the moors, the wood was quite free from them. I was fairly satisfied with the result of my collecting, and, although I took no rarities, yet most of the insects were variable. The best forms occurred in C. bilineata and O. bidentata. The M. montanata were of the Northern type, but yielded few striking varieties. NOTES ON SOME TUDDENHAM LEPIDOPTERA. By E. G. J. Sparkes, B.A., F.E.S. I wave heard it said, and seen it written, that the special Lepidoptera of Tuddenham and the surrounding district are getting scarcer year by year. Having had good opportunities of testing this by two annual visits for some years past to the late venerable rector of Tuddenham, a near relative of mine, I would assert generally that this is not the case. Take Agrophila trabealis (sulphuralis), for instance. By making a close search of Tuddenham for one whole day in June, I found certain places where they almost swarmed if looked for at the right time. In 1897 they were especially plentiful, and I had the pleasure of circulating nearly two hundred specimens amongst friends in various parts of the United Kingdom. Last year (leaving them quite alone in 1898) I again had the pleasure’ of distributing over one hundred good specimens, taken from a small rough patch of ground not larger than the garden of a suburban villa. I could easily have made it five hundred if I had gone into a field of stunted rye-grass of many acres close by, growing or trying to grow against rabbits and drought. It has struck me as very curious that there should be a small grasshopper on these wastes which flies almost exactly like A. trabealis—the one seems to imitate the other. A. trabealis is also fond of flying on to the bare field, and while sitting on a clod or a stone is only visible to a trained eye; I only once have boxed one on the ground. Acidalia rubricata certainly seems scarcer than formerly, though still plentiful in other places, and in Norfolk; but still in certain spots I found it still possible to get a fair series in one afternoon, This year the first brood was late—there were sharp frosts at Tuddenham in June; I caught several beautiful ruddy specimens the first week in July. This insect does not fly as a 40 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. rule till about 4 p.m. I have never seen it at rest, though I looked very closely for it. Its red colour no doubt protects it, as many of the wastes are distinctly red-coloured from the scanty herbage on them. With regard to Lithostege griseata, I would say that this moth depends more than the others on its restricted food-plant, the flixweed (Sisymbrium sophia). I have taken it in ten different places in Tuddenham by observing closely and making note of where the food-plant grew the year previously. I have hardly touched it for two years, as it is a scheduled insect. The larve are plentiful, but in confinement many emerge crippled. I now come to Dianthecia irregularis. The larve are still plentiful at the right time, but I consider it useless and destruc- tive to try and breed them unless you are on the spot to get fresh food (Silene otites). I take a few of the best specimens by walking the banks where the food grows, using a good lantern, which you can set down on the ground when a capiure is made, and a black gauze net, in which you can see to box or bottle a light insect like D. irregularis easily. I found Heliothis dipsaceus the year before last quite plentiful on the wing, and later I saw a good many larve about on various plants, especially on Silene inflata. I do not collect micros; but in conclusion I would say that I saw Spilodes sticticalis in great numbers at light, though a few are put up in the daytime as one walks along the waste places. Finally, I would add a word of warning to those who wish to collect in this interesting district. Get leave from the head keeper, or someone in authority, as the whole neighbourhood is now swarming with game, and a long journey there may only end, unless one is very fortunate, in being sent back empty- handed and angry. 1, Christchurch Villas, Tooting Bec Road, 8.W. WHAT IS THE PROPER NAME OF LOPHYRUS, Larrermur ? By T. D. A. Cocxnreti, N.M., Agr.Exp.Sta. TuroueH the kindness of Dr. T. §. Palmer I have been able to see Gistel’s ‘ Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs,’ in which Ana- choreta is proposed as a new name for Lophyrus, Latr., 1802, which is preoccupied in Zoology (Lophyrus, Poli, 1791). Gistel’s new name dates from 1848, and, even if we abandon Lophyrus, is not required. Diprion, Schrank, 1802, apparently included a species of Lophyrus, but the first species is a Megalodontes, and the second a Monoctenus. Nycteridium, Fischer-Waldheim, 1806, BRITISH DRAGONFLIES OF THE OLDER ENGLISH AUTHORS. 41 was based exclusively on a Lophyrus, and should apparently be adopted. The name Nycteridium, Gunther, 1864, as applied to a genus of reptiles, will have to be changed. In this same work of Gistel’s we have Caliendra proposed for Chrysantheda, Perty, Matella for the geometrid Hphyra (not Eiphyra, Peron, 1809), Marmaryga for Hypoderma, Latr., Gyra for Phycis, Fab., and a number of other substitutions which should be critically examined by someone who has the leisure and opportunity. Mesilla Park, New Mexico, U.S.A. BRITISH DRAGONFLIES OF THE OLDER ENGLISH AUTHORS. By W. J. Lveas, B.A., F.E.S. 1. Moses Harris’s ‘ Exposition of English Insects,’ 1782. In this book, which consists of a number of plates, moderately well printed and hand-coloured, together with descriptive letter- press in English and French, seven plates are devoted to dragonflies. Puate XII. Large Brown= Aischna grandis (fig. 1, 3 ; 2, 2 ; 3, nymph (very poor) ; 4, face). Puate XVI. Large Green= Aischna cyanea (fig. 1 § and ? ; 2, eggs). Prats XXIII. Forcipata ? = Corduleyaster annulatus ? (fig. 3). Anguis $ = Zschna cyanea 3 (fig. 4). Prats XXVII. Coluberculus= ? (fig. 1). [. mixta, A. juncea, and 4. cerulea have all been suggested as the insect described by Harris under the name of coluberculus; but it does not seem possible to decide which he intended, or whether it might not have been B. pratense, the female of which is figured on the same plate, and which also would be on the wing in June.] genea=Cordulia enea (fig. 2). [There seems no good reason for supposing that this is S. metallica as some have suggested. ] aspis= Brachytron pratense ? (fig. 3). [The thorax is too red.] Puate XXIX. minius = Pyrrhosoma nymphula (fig.1, 2 ; 2, 3). [The description is better than the figures, the male being especially poorly coloured. ] sereus =F nallagma cyathigerum possibly (fig. 8, 2 ; 4,3). lucifugus=Agrion puella possibly (fig. 5, 3 ; 6,2, 6, nymph). [With about equal probability @reus might be cyathigerum; and lucifugus, puella. The red eyes must be a mistake, except for minius. The nymph is very poor.] ENTOM.—FEBRUARY, 1900. E 42 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Puate XXX. splendens ? =Calopteryx splendens, 3 (fig. 1). ” 2 =C. virgo, S (var. ee (fig. 2). 3 =C. splendens, ¢ (fig. 38 splendeo Roy 6p virgo, 3 (var. ae fig. 4. 3 =C. virgo, or splendens, 2, fig. 5; nymph of this class, fig. 6. [In fig. 4 the body is that of a female, but the appendages look like those of a male. As the white speck is specially referred to in fig. 5, it can hardly have been over- looked in fig. 4, so the specimen must be looked on as a male. The description of fig. 5 seems to suit a female C. splendens, but the colour of the wings is brown, pointing to 2 C. virgo.| Prate XLVI. Maculata= Libellula quadrimaculata, 3 (fig. 1). Fugax= Libellula fulva $ (fig. 2). [It has dark tips to the wings, however, as is customary in the female. ]} Vulgata=Sympetrum sanguineum, 3g (fig. 3). [The shape and description—deep blood-coloured scarlet—of the abdomen are sufficient to point this insect out as sanguineum 3 .| Flaveola=Sympetrum striolatum, 3, immature (fig. 4). [Apart from the fact that the wings are practically without saffron coloration, Harris speaking about the insect as if it were common points it out as S. striolatum.] Kingston-on-Thames. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Tue Rance in Brrramn or EpicHnoPpreryx PULLA, STERRHOPTERYX HIRSUTELLA, ACANTHOPSYCHE OPACELLA, AND PacHYTHELIA VILLOSELLA.— I find it quite impossible to obtain satisfactory evidence of the range of these species in Britain, more particularly of KH. pulla. It is recorded from Kent, Somerset and Cambridgeshire, and is exceedingly abundant in some years in Kent and Hssex (in one or two localities). Yet there are whole counties—southern, midland and eastern—for which no record exists. It must exist fairly abundantly in Surrey, Sussex, Suffolk, Bucks, Berks, Norfolk, Herts, Middlesex, one would suspect, yet there are either only single records traceable or none at all for these counties. Will those lepidopterists who have captured any of these species, or who possess local lists in which they are mentioned, please be kind enough to send me the records? I shall be extremely grateful. I need hardly add that I want the localities for insertion in the second volume of ‘ British Lepidoptera’ now in press.—J. W. Turr; Westcombe Hill, §.E., Jan. 15th, 1900. District Lists or Lepmoprera.—A useful addition to the local lists of British Lepidoptera is ‘ The Butterflies and Moths of Malvern,’ by Messrs. W. Edwards and R. F. Towndrow. ‘The species included in this list are only those that have been actually found within a six- mile radius of Malvern. Rhopalocera show a total of forty-seven species, among which we note Aporia crategi (1858), Pieris daplidice — eaEEEEEeEeEeEeEeEeE=E=>=Se NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 43 (inserted doubtfully), Limenitis sibylla (1861), Apatura iris (1864-66), Polyommatus (Lycena) acis (1885). None of these butterflies have been observed in the district since the years quoted, but Mr. Edwards states that he found a brood of the larve of 4. crategi, feeding upon hawthorn, in 1876. The Sphingina number twenty-four species; Bombycina, about seventy species; Noctuina, upwards of one hundred and eighty species; Geometrina, over one hundred and sixty species; Pyralidina, forty-seven species. The ‘ Micro-Lepidoptera”’ appear to have received but little attention, as only fifty-one species of Tortri- cina are mentioned, and the Tineina are omitted altogether. In the ‘ Transactions’ of the Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Club, vol. i. pt. 2, pp. 55-64) is a list, drawn up by Mr. J. W, Boult, of the Macro-Lepidoptera collected within eight miles of Hull. The compiler has only included species obtained by himself or other members of the Club during the past twenty-five years. Two hundred species are catalogued, and of these twenty-five are butterflies. RerarpeD EMERGENCE oF SpxHinx LicustRiI.—I took some full-grown larve of S. ligustri, which soon entered the pupa state, in September, 1898. All these, except one, attained the perfect state in the following June. The imago from the remaining pupa did not emerge until Aug. 22th, 1899. Is not this rather unusual ? The conditions in which the pup were kept favoured a much earlier appearance of the moths.—(Rey.) W. J. Leren Puinuies; The Cottage, Parkwood Road, Tavistock, Jan. 11th. Unusvuat Parrine or Satyrus sEMELE.—This year I captured a fine female of S. semele with two males ‘in coitu.” This struck me as worth recording.—(Rev.) W. J. Leicnu Pamurs. New Arrican Draconriures.—Dr. F’. Karsch (‘Entomologische Nach- richten,' No. 24, December, 1899) gives a lengthy account of a new genus, Atoconeura, of African dragonflies, and of eleven new species :— Trithemis pruinata, T. furva, Atoconeura biordinata, Orthetrum polli- nosum, ischna dolobrata, Notogomphus stuhlmanni, Libellago consueta, ’ L. trifaria, Pseudagrion gersteckeri, Agriocnemis inversa, and Lestes uncifer.—W. J. Lucas. New Worx on British Oponata.—The publication of ‘ British Dragonflies ’ (L. Upcott Gill) at the commencement of the year affords an opportunity for those who secure a copy to thoroughly digest the contents before the active season begins. The study of our native dragonflies has probably been neglected by collectors because of diffi- culty in the way of readily determining the species. With the aid, however, of the clear descriptions and admirable figures given in this book by the author and artist (Mr. W. J. Lucas), the correct identifi- cation of captures becomes a comparatively easy matter. Sertine Retaxep Insecrs.—Relative to the above (Entom. xxxii. 307), I mentioned I had been using (unsuccessfully) cement, which I bought of Messrs. Watkins and Doncaster. I think, in justice to that firm, I should state that the cement was not sold to me for the purpose for which I used it, and that in other respects I have found it an excellent cement.—Arraur H. Rypon; Awbrook, Lindfield, Sussex, Jan. 3rd, 1900. 44 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. Macro-LEpIDoPTERA OF THE GacasurELs District 1n 1899. — The entomological year of 1899 has now almost drawn to a close, and it has not been without its surprises as well as its disappointments. The chief features of the season in this district may be summed up as follows :—1st, the abso- lute failure of sallowing in spring; 2nd, the extraordinary abundance of Macroglossa stellatarum in June; 3rd, the great attractiveness of sugar to the summer noctuids in June and the first half of July; 4th, the exceeding commonness of Vanessa atalanta in August and September; 5th, the unusual paucity of noctuids at sugar from the middle of July up to date. The first captures of the season were made on Feb. 19th, when I took Hybernia progemmaria and H. leucophearia at rest on a paling. On the 22nd, searching a whitethorn hedge in the evening produced a quantity of H. rupicapraria males, but no females were found. Cucullia verbasct began to emerge in my breeding-cage on Feb. 27th, and continued to do so until March 12th. My breeding-cage was kept in a room in which there was always a fire burning, and the pupe were damped in open weather only during the winter. March 12th was a bright sunny day, and I ventured to go in search of the hybernated larvee of Bombyx rubi, which I thought might be enticed from their winter quarters by the warmth of the sun; in this I was not disappointed, and had the satisfaction of picking up eight larve, six of which subsequently proved to have been ichneumoned ; the other two pupated suc- cessfully after having wandered about in my breeding-cage for more than a fortnight. A few cocoons of Arctia fuliginosa were picked up from amongst the heather. On March 13th, searching the undergrowth on the outskirts of a wood with a lantern, about 8 p.m., was productive of Larentia multistrigaria males in any quantity; females much scarcer. From March 28th to April 4th Acronycta menyanthidis emerged in my breeding-cage, all fine perfect specimens. Sallowing was tried for the first time on March 30th, and several times afterwards up to April 29th, but proved quite a failure. The only species obtained were one each of the following :—Cidaria miata, Calocampa exo- leta, Teniocampa gothica, T. rubricosa, T. instabilis, and T. cruda. On April 1st I obtained the larve of Thera variata by beating Scotch fir; these did well in confinement, and the imagines emerged about the beginning of June. Towards the end of the month the imagines of Cidaria suffumata and var. piceata, also C. silaceata, were netted at dusk. Larve collecting was also indulged in about this time after dark, and the following species were bred from them in June and July :— Boarmia repandata, Noctua triangulum, N. brunnea, N. baia, Triphena fimbria (few this year), 7’ canthina, T. orbona. One lovely specimen of TJ’. subsequa emerged about the beginning of July, and a correspondent to whom I sent some pupe of 7’. orbona told me that he had bred a specimen of subsequa from amongst them. On May 13th Anarta myrtilli, Phytometra e@nea, Eupithecia nanata, Fidonia atomaria were taken. One night during the end of the month I sugared the posts of a wire fence crossing a moor, and captured about sixteen specimens of a moth which I took to be small examples of the grey var. of gemina. It was the only visitor to sugar that night. I was rather pleasantly surprised the other day when I was told by an undoubted authority that my gemina were Mamestra furva. CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 45 On May 21st an excursion to the habitat of Orgyia fascelina resulted in the finding of only three larve, which, along with a cocoon of Arctia fuligi- nosa and a single specimen of Huclidia mi, made up the bag for the day. In June things began to look more lively, and this was certainly my busiest month of the year. I frequently had as many as two hundred specimens on my blocks at one time. About the beginning of the month the imagines of Thera variata were very plentiful dancing round the tops of young pines at dusk. I succeeded in getting a very variable series of this species. Other species taken at the same time were Selenia illunaria, Odontopera bidentata, Cabera pusaria, Fidonia piniaria, Larentia pectini- taria, Eupithecta lariciata, Melanthia ocellata, Melanippe rivata, M. sub- tristata, M. montanata, Rumia crategata, and Camptogramma bilineata ; Hyp- sipetes impluviata was obtained from the alders. OnJune 11th a male Bombyx rubi emerged from one of my two pupe, and on June 19th, to my great joy, a female made her appearance. ‘The following evening my friend Mr. Lait and myself visited the habitat of the species for the purpose of assembling the males with her, and, to make sure that if we failed in one object we might succeed in another, we took our sugaring kit with us. The ground was reached about 7 p.m., and my friend volunteered to sugar the alders while I made a reconnaissance across the heath with madame. Matters looked rather serious ; having wandered about in every direction of the compass for an hour and a half without seeing a trace of anything, I sug- gested to my friend, who had again joined me, that we give itup. The suggestion had hardly been made when a male B. rubi came sailing over a clump of whins, and promptly settled down on the box containing the female ; this made an easy capture. Then the fun grew fast and furious ; there were sometimes four males dashing about at the same moment. It was exactly 8.30 p.m. when the first capture was made, and by 9.15 there were thirty specimens in the cyanide bottles, and every one of them in as good condition as if bred. A soft undulating wind was blowing, and I noticed that each time this wave of air occurred it was invariably followed almost immediately by fresh arrivals, thus proving that the scent must be carried a good distance by the wind. We lit up about 9.45 for the round of the sugared trees, and | confess that I was fairly staggered by the swarms ‘of insects that were attracted by the sweets. On some trees where the treacle had run down to the base as many as one hundred and fifty insects were counted. Leucania comma took the lead in point of numbers, Agrotis exclamationis making a good second; Hadena dentina was third, and H. oleracea fourth. The following were also taken commonly where not marked otherwise :—Noctua plecta, Mamestra brassicae, N. c-nigrum (a few), Triphena pronuba, Xylophasia rurea var. alopecurus, X. lithoxylea, X. polyodon var. infuscata, Miana strigilis, M. fasciuncula, M. literosa (a few), Rusina tenebrosa, Hadena adusta (a few), H. thalassina (a few), H. pist (one), Apamea basilinea (a few), A. gemina (two; grey var. common), A. oculea, Huplexia lucipara (scarce), L. pallens, L. lithargyria (four), Acronycta ligustri (this species was commoner in July), A. rumicis (a few), A. pst (one seen on the sugar, but not secured), Mania typica (one), Dian- thacia cucubali (one), Agrotis suffusa (in ribbons, three), making a grand total of thirty species seen at sugar, and twenty nine taken. During June Macroglossa stellatarum created a flutter among entomolo- gists in the district by its appearance in extraordinary numbers, attracted principally to the blossom of wallflower and lilac. Up to the present season it has occurred here very sparingly—in some years never being 46 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. observed at all—and its sudden appearance in such large numbers is quite unaccountable. On June 23rd the larve of Hypstpetes elutata were found very common, rolled up in the leaves of sallow. On the 24th I had a fore- noon after that nimble little fellow Melanippe tristata, and found him as abundant and as lively as usual. Several Arctia menthastri were taken at rest during the month, but all typical; also one Hecatera serena. Sugaring in July was only productive up till the middle of the mouth, when it suddenly stopped, and did not improve again throughout the season. In addition to most of those before mentioned in June, the following species were taken in July :—Noetua depuncta (scarce), T. subsequa (one fine specimen), 7’. fimbria (one), T. orbona, N. baia, N. brunnea, N. xantho- grapha, N. festiva, Caradrina cubicularis, Chareas graminis, Thyatira batis one seen, not taken), Agrotis porphyrea. The following were also netted at dusk :—Metrocampa margaritata, Ellopia fasciaria, Cidaria immanata, C. testata, C. fulvata, Larentia didymata, and L. cesiata. Butterflies observed during July were Pieris brassice, Vanessa urtice, Satyrus ianira, S. hyperanthus, Cenonympha pamphilus, Polyommatus phleas, Lycena alexis, L. agestis var. artaxerxes. In August Hrebia blandina occurred, and Vanessa atalanta was very abundant, being commoner than its congener V. urtice. The only species taken at sugar up till November were Agriopis aprilina few), Phlogophora meticulosa (one), Hadena proteus (few), Stilbia anomala (one), Anchocelis litura, 4. lunosa (one taken from the clutches of a centi- pede), Scopelosoma satellitia, Cerastis vaccinit, and Calocampa exoleta. On some evenings not a single insect turned up, and whereas last season I took upwards of fifty Hpunda nigra in September, this year I never even had a sight of the insect. However, all things considered, I have not much reason to grumble, as I have had a very pleasant season’s collecting.— James GC. Haceart; Galashiels, Nov. 14th, 1899. Norges oN THE Season oF 1899 In Kunt.—Personally, I have little to complain of during the past season, and think that the summer collecting was far better than in the two previous years. From the end of May to the beginuing of September wonderful weather prevailed. Spring collecting was somewhat late, and, with the exception of a few very enjoyable days at the New Forest at Kaster, sallows were not worked (ante, p. 183). Treacle and light are not very easily managed, except when one is staying near the field of operations, but a week at the fens m June (ante, pp. 196-9) and another at Hailsham in August were very successful, especially with regards to the ‘‘sweets.” Most of the collecting referred to in these notes is therefore day-work. January was mild and wet up to the last week, when it became finer and colder. Larentia multistrigaria came out indoors in a warm room. In February nothing was seen until the 26th, when a single Hybernia leucophearia was taken at Bexley. A fine female Dasychira pudibunda was bred on the 7th, and another L. multistrigaria on the 16th. As to weather, there were scarcely two days together alike. In March weather was mild enough up to the |8th; but there was then a very severe week of cold. A visit to Bexley on the 5th produced a lovely male Phigalia pedaria, and three H. lewcophearia; and a second visit on the 12th, a really hot day, produced P. pedaria, Anisopteryx escularia, H. leucophearia, and Teniocampa stabilis. Treacle produced twenty-five Cerastis vaccinii and nineteen Scopelosoma satellitia, some of the latter being very fair specimens. On the 18th I went a third time, but it turned CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 47 out horribly cold, and one Anisopterya ascularia was the only insect seen. On the 26th it was again beautifully warm and fine, and a walk to Chisle- hurst in the afternoon produced nine A. e@scularia and one Hybernia progemmaria. A crippled specimen of Amphidasys prodromaria was bred. Xylocampa lithorhiza and Cerastis vaccinti were the only insects noticed at Bexley on the 29th. Smerinthus populi, Notodonta trepida, Halias prasinana, Asphalia ridens, Amphidasys betularia, and Lomaspilis margi- nata emerged during the month from pupz kept in a warm room. Common larve swarmed iu the hedges during May. Imagines were, however, scarce till nearly the end of the month. On the 3rd I went down to Orpington for about two hours, walking from there to Chelsfield railway station. Tiny “loops” were abundant, Uropteryx sambucaria, Abraxas grossulariata, Cheimatobia brumata, Hybernia aurantiaria, and Physelia oxyacanthe being noticed. On the 7th we took another afternoon walk to Chislehurst and Paul’s Cray, obtaining Drepana falcataria and larvee of Cerastis vaccinii, Orthosia lota, Xanthia cerago, and Hypsipetes elutata. Larve of Arctia caia and Abraxas grossulariata were now abundant in the garden. On the afternoon of the 24th my sister and I walked to Chisle- hurst, taking Tephrosia punctulata and larvee of Orthosia lota. The 28th I spent at Hayes, Keston, and West Wickham. The weather looked very unpromising when we started, but about 10.30 the suu came out, and it became beautifully warm. Palings yielded Tephrosia crepuscularia (? biun- dularia), T. punctulata, Anticlea derivata, aud Hadena genista, one of the latter having the hot sun full on it. Fidonia atomaria was very abundant, especially on West Wickham Common. A very fine male of I’. pintaria was beaten from pine, and Cilia spinula (glaucata) from hawthorn. Larve were abundant, and included the following: Oporabia dilutata, Himera pennaria, Hemithea thymiaria, Rumia luteolata, Epunda viminalis, and many others. We were rather surprised at taking one larva of Hupithecia sobrinata ou the only juniper seen, a very small bush. Our old collecting ground at Bexley was visited on Juue 4th. Huchloé cardamines (male), Argynnis euphrosyne, Lycena argiolus (worn), Pieris brassica, P. rapa, and P. napi were seen; and about 7 p.m., at a small place which consists of a“ pub” and a few cottages, and rejoices in the name of Puddle Dock, two specimens of Cynthia (Vanessa) cardut were careering madly round a haystack, more wily than ever in their old age. Turning to the moths, a specimen of Sptlosoma mendica was beaten from oak, and a few Hphyra punctaria and one E. porata from birch. Tephrosia punctulata (oak-trunks), Melanippe montanata, and Cidaria corylata (one) were noticed, whilst Venilia maculata was flying freely in the sunshine. Asthena candidata was very abundant on the borders of the wood at dusk. Treacle only produced Gonoptera libatriw (three) and one Dipterygia pinastrt. A most enjoyable week-end at Shoreham (June 10th to 11th) was our next expedition. A male Huchloé cardamines was seen immedi- ately on leaving the station. The three Pierids, Cenonymyha pamphilus, Lycena icarus, Hesperia sylvanus, H. thawmas, and Syrichthus malveé were all more or less plentiful. A few Thecla rubi and one Lycena alsus were also seen. Among a host of commoner moths Bapta taminata was beaten in some numbers, and was much more plentiful than B. temerata. Fidonia piniaria, Thera variata, Larentia pectinitaria, &c., were also taken. On the 11th a rather curious thing happened. Whilst my father was beating a yew-tree, he saw something drop which he at first thought to be a pebble, but on picking it up he found it was an egg of the gold-crest; the nest was 48 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. discovered neatly attached to the under side of the bough; but what astonished us was that the egg did not break, or even crack, though it fell some six feet. On arriving at an uncultivated grassy field surrounded by woods, Thecla rubi was seen flitting over the blackthorns. Presently a small Noctua started up, but owing to the wind I had some difficulty in netting it; however, I was rewarded with a specimen of Acontia luctuosa. I searched for some time in vain for others, but, meanwhile, my father and other members of the party found it plentiful on the sheltered side of the field, and twenty were taken in about half an hour. H’mmelesia decolorata, Cidaria russata, Agrotis exclamationis, Hadena dentina, H. geniste, and Euclidia mi were also taken. Of larvee, Iodis vernaria, of which we took ten, was the best. As there is a tremendous quantity of Clematis vitalba all round Shoreham, this insect should be common: the larve were scattered over a rather large area. Treacle produced Grammesia trigram- mica, Miana strigilis, Apamea basilinea, Agrotis eaclamationis, A. corticea, Hadena geniste, and a good female Selenia lunaria. In the station, a fine female Bombyx rubi, also Dipterygia pinastri and Apamea basilinea were taken at the lamp. We failed to find any other B. rwbi, though my father had observed the males flying in profusion at Shoreham in 1897. On July 4th, while treacling in the garden at Lee, I was surprised to see an enormous moth on the treacle, which proved to be a female Cossus ligniperda. I had never taken this insect before, and had always under- stood that it was seldom taken in the perfect state. A fortnight later, however, a second specimen was taken, flying round a poplar-tree in the garden. The larva has been unpleasantly abundant in a garden in Lee, where every tree was full of them, and the smell was terrific. They also attacked the fence to such an extent that a fresh one has been put up. Other insects taken at treacle at Lee during July were Leucania impura, L. lithargyria, Miana strigilis var. aethiops, Xylophasia lithoaylea, X. poly- odon, Diptergyia pinastri, Agrotis exclamationis, Apamea ophiogramma, A. didyma, Mamestra brassice, M. persicarie, Hadena oleracea, Triphena pronuba, Cosmia affinis, Euplexia lucipara, Nenia typica, Amphipyra tragopogonis, Mania maura and Acronycta megacephala. Of moths taken by other means, single specimens of Smerinthus populi (July 26th), Leucoma salicis, Phibalapteryx tersata, and Triphena jfimbria were the principal ones. I have never seen the last named in Lee before; it was taken by Mr. J. Wilson, in his garden, at rest on an elm-tree. Larvee of Smerinthus populi, S. tilig, Cerura vinula, and Acronycta megacephala turned up as usual. Of butterflies, Vanessa atalanta favoured us in large numbers, and several Cynthia (Vanessa) cardui aud one V. to were also seen. We spent the evening of July 6th at Bexley. Nola strigula was taken on a tree-trunk, Hepialus hectus at dusk, and Aplecta nebulosa at treacle. ‘Ten days later we travelled to the same locality for the afternoon. my father staying for the evening. Beating produced ten Calliyenia miniata, and single specimens of Lithosia lurideola, Limacodes testudo, and Lophopteryx camelina; also larve of Liydia adustata and Ennomos fus- cantaria (one). Among other things at dusk, Pericallia syringaria, and a brown-suffused specimen of Hypsipetes elutata were taken. Treacle at Paul’s Cray, on July 9th, produced Lithosia complana (one), H. elutata, Noctua baia, and Hydrecia nictitans. The additions to the Lee insects during August were Lycena icarus, Orgyia antiqua, Pelurga comitata, Miana furuncula, Triphena ianthina, Catocala nupta, Hadena chenopodii, and Phlogophora meticulosa. Larve CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 49 of Spilosoma lubricipeda, Phalera bucephala. aud RECENT LITERATURE. 51 Lowestoft in 1862 (Smith).—Not rare in the Brandon District (Perkins). —One fine 3 at Mill Heath, Rougham, 7-7-99 (Tuck). We should like to see similar lists of the insects of all our British counties. W.FK British Dragonflies (Odonata). By W.J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. Pp. 1-350, with figures and thirty-seven coloured plates. London: Upcott Gill & Co. 1900. 81s. 6d. Nevropterists will rejoice at the appearance of this fine work, in which the author, an enthusiastic field naturalist as well as an earnest student, has succeeded in giving us a monograph of this group interest- ing and useful as well to the tyro as to the more veteran odonatist. Prefixed by separate lists of the figures and plates, and a table of contents, the book commences with a short general introduction, followed by chapters on the life-history and classification, illustrated by figures showing various stages of the life-history and a figure of that singular hymenopterous parasite on the eggs, Anagrus incarnatus. The classification adopted runs, for the most part, on familiar lines, though not absolutely following any previous system. The author divides the Odonata into two ‘‘superfamilies;’’ the first, called ANniIsopreRIDES, or unequal-winged species, consisting of the families (1) Libellulide, containing the subfamilies Libelluling and Corduliine, and (2) Afschnide, containing the subfamilies Gomphine, Cordulegasterine, and Afschnine ; the second superfamily, called Zyeo- PTERIDES, consisting of the species with equal wings and a transversely broad head, forming the single family Agrionide, containing the sub- families Calopterygine and dAgrionine. There are a few changes in specific names, chiefly adopted from Kirby’s ‘ Synonymic Catalogue of the Odonata,’ 1890, but those who deprecate change will be glad that the author has not followed Mr. Kirby in every case. The specific name of Anax formosus, Lind., is replaced by A. imperator, Leach ; Aischna borealis, Zett., by AL. caerulea, Strom. ; AL. rufescens, Lind., by AG, isosceles, Mill.; Lestes nympha, Selys, by L. dryas, Kirby; and Pyrrhosoma minium, Charp., by P. nymphula, Sulz. Chapters iv. and y. are devoted to the nymph and imago stages, and from a scientific point of view are perhaps the most important in the book. Too little attention has been paid by British entomologists generally to the early stages of these insects, and the fine papers by Mr. Cabot are unfortunately not so well-known as they should be. In these chapters, which are copiously illustrated, the diagrams showing the structure and the technical terms used in the book for the various parts are most complete and useful, while the analytical tables should enable any neuropterist to nameanyimago and even most of thenymphs. Chapter vi. deals with the genera and species at considerable length. In each case the description is divided by subheadings, which greatly assist the reader in finding any particular portion that may be wanted. These commence with the synonymy, followed by the original descrip- tion of the insect—the size; a full description of both sexes, and, when necessary, the immature condition ; the variation; the nymph; the time of appearance; the habits and the distribution. The de- scriptions are ample and very clear, and the value of the work is 52, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. greatly increased by the careful way in which the references are given — when quotations are made. The plates as a whole are excellent, but in some instances the printing of the pterostigma is a little faulty, and in plate xx. the figures of Calopteryx are not sufficiently robust. Some of the figures of anal appendages, magnified, are so beautifully done as to make us wish that similar figures of the anal appendages of all the species were given. Should a new edition, or a supplement, be issued, it would be useful if a few plates were inserted showing the immature condition of the commoner Agrioning, which, though fully described in the book, are not figured, and are too often a stumbling-block to beginners. Plates also of a few allied species not as yet discovered in the British Isles, but from their distribution not unlikely to occur here—such as Somatochlora alpestris, Afschna affinis, Agrion hastulatum, and a few others—would be useful, and might serve to enrich our fauna by enabling species hitherto undetected to be recognized, in which case our author’s _ gloomy forecast of a decrease in our list would be falsified. The remaining chapters deal with the reputed species; breeding from the nymph; preparing for the cabinet; addenda; reference to the full titles of books quoted; and a very carefully compiled index. The book should certainly be in the library of everyone interested in the group, and Mr. Lucas is to be congratulated on having so successfully demonstrated the error of the often expressed idea that a book on British dragonflies could be nothing more than a translation of extracts from De Selys Longchamps’ ‘ Revue des Odonates.’ G. A.B V. Brancat, Hnumeratio operum opusculorumque ad faunam Hemi- pterorum Heteropterorum Imperii Rossici pertinentem 1798-1897. (Ann. Mus. Zool. Petersb. 1898 [publ. 1899], pp. 289-823.) Tau author has rendered good service to his colleagues by the preparation of this Catalogue, which enumerates the works treating, during the periods included, of the Heteroptera of the Russian Empire. Nearly sixty authors (and about three hundred and fifty works) are recorded, and further help is afforded by a faunistic summary, nineteen divisions being adopted; neighbouring countries (as, for example, Galicia, the Danubian Principalities, and Corea) are also included— placed under smaller headings. It is to be hoped that Dr. Bianchi will prepare a similar catalogue of the works dealing with Homoptera. G. W.K. General Index to Miss Ormerod’s Reports on Injurious Insects, 1877-1898. By R. Newsreap. With Preface by the Author of the Reports. 8vo, pp. 58. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co. 1899. Turis comprehensive Index will considerably enhance the value of the series of Annual Reports presented to the public by Miss Ormerod during the past twenty-two years. In addition to the index to general subjects, there are also a Plant Index, an Animal Index, and an Index to Unclassified Hosts; these further facilitate reference to the various Reports. AXE ae r we a < TKO Oporabia autumnata. Wy es My saree West, Newman hth. Plate Il. The Entomologist, March. 1900. ) a & siren Mi SR asd CZ pew “yr Mirren 14 West, Newman Itth. Oporabia autumnata, filhgrammaria, and dilutata. THE ENTOMOLOGIST You. XXXIII.1 MARCH. 1900. [No. 442. OPORABIA AUTUMNATA FROM RANNOCH, WITH REFER- ENCE TO SEVERAL OTHER RELATED FORMS. By Louis B. Prout, F.E.S. (Puares I. & IT.) Geometra § nebulata, Thnb., Diss. i. p. 12 (1784). G. autumnata, Bork. v. pp. 298, 565 (1794). ? Phalena ventilata (Schneider, N. Cat.), Fb., Ent. Syst. ii. pars 2, p. 191 (1794). Acidalia dilutata var. *quadrifasciata, Tr. vi. 2, p. 26 (1828). Oporabia autumnaria (Dbld., N. Cat.), Weav., Zool. p. 8495 (1852). O. approximaria, Weay., Zool. p. 3496 (1852). O. autumnata (Bdy. MS.), Gu., Ur. et Phal. ii. p. 264, No. 1834; Atlas, pl. 18, 7 (1857). O. filigrammaria varr. autwnnaria et approximaria, Gn., tom. cit. p. 265, No. 1335, A et B (1857). O. autumnaria, Sta., Man. 11. p. 77 (1859). Cidaria dilutata var. autumnata, Stgr., Cat. p. 187, No. 2642, b 1871). Beri ab. autumnaria, loc. cit. No. 2648, a (1871). Oporabia addendaria, White, Scot. Nat. iv. p. 160 (1878). ? O. dilutata pallescens, Ckll., Ent. xxii. p. 3 (1889). O.. guenéata, Prout, Ent. Rec. x. p. 95 (1898). The above citations will give a sufficient bibliography of this very interesting though much overlooked species. It is some- what fortunate that the name nebulata was a homonym on its inception, and that thus the generally used name of autumnata (-aria) is the oldest which is valid. The present article is written at the instigation of my kind correspondent, Mr. W. M. Christy, of Emsworth, who has been interesting himself in the genus Oporabia for the past few years, and has been fortunate in obtaining—partly by capture and ENTOM.—MARCH, 1900. G 54 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. partly by breeding—a grand series of O. autumnata, of which it is highly desirable that a selection should be figured and discussed. Mr. Christy suggested to me that this would form an appropriate opportunity for clearing up some of the confusion which still exists regarding this species and its allies, and that, as I have been studying them very closely for some time, I should be a suitable person to take the task in hand. This I have great pleasure in doing; and at the same time I am following a further suggestion, both from him and from Mr. South, in figuring, for comparison, some examples of the allied filigrammaria, H.-8., and dilutata, Bork. A few preliminary remarks appear necessary in view of the confusion just alluded to. In the first place, I may perhaps be allowed to call attention to the fact that I read before the City of London Entomological Society on May 4th, 1897, a paper on “The Genus Oporabia,”’ which was mainly historical, and that the more important parts of this were published in the ‘ Ento- mologist’s Record’ for 1897, pp. 247, 282, and 315. Readers who want to see a summary of the writings and opinions of Doubleday, Weaver, Gregson, Stainton, and others should consult that paper. After further investigations, I sent to the ‘ Ento- mologist’s Record’ for April, 1898 (vol. x. p. 93), a supplemen- tary note, in which I showed that the autwmnaria of our English writers was also indisputably the autumnata of Borkhausen, and left the question open whether autumnata, Gn., No. 1834, was or was not a form of the same species; proposing for this last the pro- visional name of guenéata, in order to avoid collision with autum- nata, Bork. I have since worked out the life-history of O. autwmnata, my good friend Mr. A. Horne, of Aberdeen, having kindly supplied me with eggs in the first instance, while the results arrived at were further verified in 1899 upon eggs supplied by Mr. Christy, and by Mr. J. E. R. Allen, of Enniskillen, who is also following up this species with interest, and to whom my thanks are due for much valuable information. I wrote an exhaustive paper on the life-history of the species, and read it at a meeting of the City of London Entomological Society last spring; as this will shortly appear in their ‘ Transactions,’ I need not go into the subject here, but will merely indicate as concisely as possible the most important results of my voluminous notes, my hardly less voluminous correspondence, my omnivorous reading of the literature of the genus, and my study of material in such collec- tions as the old Stephensian collection at Cromwell Road, the Doubleday collection, the Zeller collection, those of Messrs. J. H. Leech, Sidney Webb, W. M. Christy, J. E. R. Allen, and others. In the first place, I can positively assert that there are two totally distinct species of Oporabia, both common in Northern and Central Kurope, which are nearly always confused as one, OPORABIA AUTUMNATA. 55 notwithstanding their great structural differences. There is also ‘a third form, which may be termed a “ sub-species,’”’ which deserves to be kept carefully distinct from the others by the systematist, though not differing structurally from No. 2. I will return to this third form when I have differentiated the two indisputably valid species :— No. 1.—Dilutata, Bork. Ova.—Highly polished, hardly perceptibly pitted. Larva.—Never with conspicu- ous longitudinal yellow striping. Very generally with brown or reddish blotches. Imago.—Male genitalia with a hook on the harpes. Male antenne decidedly thickened. Ground colour always with a dirty ochreous or brownish tinge. Fore wings not very glossy. ‘*Klbowed line” rarely angu- lated near the costa. No. 2.—Autumnata, Bork. Much less polished, deeply pitted. With conspicuous yellow longi- tudinal lines, though often becom- ing indistinct in adult larva. Never with brown or reddish blotches. Male genitalia with no hook on the harpes. Male antenne slender. Ground colour clean white or grey, or even blackish, or with a violet tinge, never ochreous-tinted. Fore wings very glossy. ‘‘Elbowed line”’ nearly always angulated near the costa. I have omitted in this tabulation a large number of less important points, which are nevertheless very interesting to the close student of these species. The third principal form is our moorland jiligrammaria, and though this is such a specialized race that nearly all entomo- logists can easily distinguish it from both Nos. 1 and 2 of the above, even while failing to distinguish No. 2 from No. 1, yet when we come to an analysis of the differential characters we find that it agrees almost precisely with those given for autumnata in the tabulation, and those entomologists who are averse to multiplying species may like to sink it as ‘‘ autumnata var. /ilt- grammaria.” To treat filigrammaria as the type and autumnata as the variety, as Doubleday ultimately did, is absolutely inde- fensible on any and every ground; from the bibliographer’s point of view, autumnata, Bkh., is long prior to jiligrammaria, H.-S.; while the student of distribution will lay more emphasis on the fact that, whereas autwmnate is widely distributed through a great part of the palearctic region, jiligrammaria seems to be restricted to a few limited moorland and mountain localities in certain parts of the British Isles. The chief differences between autumnata and /iligrammaria are the smaller size of the latter, its differently shaped female (the fore wings more cut off at the anal angle), its generally browner tone (hardly ever with really white forms) and its usually sharper markings, particularly the somewhat better defined sub- G 2 56 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. marginal band on both pairs of wings—see especially Plate II. fig. 6. It also generally appears earlier in the season (August to early September), but autwmnata fluctuates greatly in this respect. But, as Mr. South remarked to me in conversation on the subject, some of these distinctions are closely paralleled by those observable between Hypsipetes sordidata (furcata, Thunb.) and its bilberry variety, to the latter of which specific rank has never been accorded. It is only right to add that the forms from the Isle of Lewis appear somewhat intermediate between autumnata and filigrammaria, and Mr. Christy has a similar form from Argyllshire. A few further points of interest will be brought out when we come to the consideration of the specimens figured. I may say that, although seventeen of the twenty-nine were taken or bred by Mr. Christy, and two others were reared from ova with which he kindly supplied me, I myself am entirely responsible for the selection of the specimens which are figured. It has not been easy to choose from amongst the many beautiful and interesting forms of autumnata which Mr. Christy has lent me, and I should have liked to devote both the plates to these, but for the desira- bility of showing a number of forms of its allies for comparison. Plate I. contains nothing but autumnata, all being Rannoch ex- amples; Plate Il. shows two more autwmnata, four filigrammaria, and eight dilutata. Up to the present, I believe that O. autumnata has only twice ostensibly been figured, namely, in Westwood’s Supplement to Wood’s ‘Index Entomologicus,’ at fig. 1727, and in Guenée’s ‘Atlas,’ pl. 18, fig. 7. The former figure is very satisfactory, the latter somewhat the reverse, and ruined in many copies by the chemical change which has taken place in the whitish ground colour. Newman’s “‘ pale variety of this common moth” (dilu- tata) is apparently in reality an autumnata, probably also Freyer’s pl. 426, 2 (likewise a supposed aberration of dilutata), is really a strange form of this very variable species. I ought further to mention an interesting plate (Hint. Ree. vii. pl. iii.), by my friend Mr. J. A. Clark, of Rannoch specimens, unfortunately figured and described as jiligrammaria, but unquestionably referable to autumnata. It has remained to Mr. Christy to first furnish the material for a plate of examples called by their right name, and such should certainly be of great use to our working lepidopterists. Plate I. figs. 2 and 3 represent the type forms of autwmnata, Bkh., and are practically the same form which the German entomologists send out as ‘‘dilutata var. autwmnata, Gn.” Fig. 2, the male, has the groups of lines (two and three respectively) which traverse the fore wings almost united into bands; fig. 3, the female, has them a little weaker than usual, and the precise type-form would stand just mid-way between these two figures. The hind wings also, in the German type, are often as devoid of OPORABIA AUTUMNATA. 57 markings as in fig. 4. As a matter of fact, the true auwtumnata, Gn., is a somewhat different form, and I have not seen any exactly like it from anywhere excepting Central France, where, curiously, it hardly varies at all, as Guenée says. Until quite lately I had only seen the four worn examples which Doubleday received from Guenée, but the other day, when I was looking through Mr. Leech’s series of dilutata, I detected several nice examples of the same form; it is very interesting, as showing a specialized local race in that district, that I kept pointing to the examples scattered in this series, and saying “that is like the French form,” and “‘ that is another,”’ and each time, on looking at the label, finding ‘‘ Central France”’ given as the locality. Under these circumstances, I retain guenéata as a varietal name for autumnata, Bkh. It may be roughly indicated as a combination of the characters of Plate I. figs. 8 and 6 and Plate II. fig. 1—the white ground colour and weakness of bands of the first-named, the paucity of markings of Plate II. fig. 1, with the general character of markings of Plate I. fig. 6—i.e. the transverse bands strongly and coarsely dark-marked on the costa and the central nervure. Figs. 2 and 8 are both captured specimens, the former taken at the end of September, 1897, the latter in early October, 1898. Figs. 4 and 5 show a more extreme development of the tendency shown in fig. 2, and the bands can here no longer be described as consisting of lines at all, but are veritable dark bars. This handsome form was named nebulata var. sandbergi by Lampa (Ent. Tids. vi. p. 111), who believed it to be a variety of the species usually called dilutata; we may also cite here, as a synonym, Clark’s filigrammaria ab. virgata (Ent. Rec. vii. pl. 11. figs. 9-10), and may regard Wood’s figure of autumnaria (fig. 1727) as representing somewhat the same. I bred the two examples which we are figuring, together with four others equally striking, in a small brood reared from a worn pale female which Mr. Christy sent me last autumn. The male figured emerged on July 30th, 1899, the female on Sept. 27th, the last of the batch not until Nov. 14th! The rest of the figures on Plate I. show varieties of all kinds, and are very difficult to classify. Without pretending to have arranged them in any very systematic way, I may call attention to the placing of the darkest specimens at the bottom, and, on the whole, the most strongly banded ones on the right-hand side. The notes which follow will bring out the chief points of interest. In 1898 Mr. Christy bred a very variable and interesting series (though mostly somewhat undersized) from mixed ova obtained at Rannoch in 1897. Of these we are figuring three. Plate I. fig. 1 is unique as far as our material goes, the abnormal broadening and shortening of the fore wings having 58 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. resulted in the reduction of the central area to an extreme degree. I have seen a figure of a parallel form of Melanippe fluctuata by Wiskott, in ‘Iris,’ x. 398, pl. xi. fig. 12, and it occasionally exhibits itself in other species. Fig. 15 is the darkest bred on that occasion, and one of the darkest I have seen ; the transverse bands are, however, fairly well marked, and are unusually broad, with the space between them narrow. The specimen is intermediate between the aberrations obscurata (Plate I. fig. 18) and schneideri (Plate II. fig. 2), as described by Lampa. Plate II., fig. 1, is also very interesting; it seems to be extremely rarely that autumnata produces specimens in which the central area shows any definite approach to the single- banded type of markings which I describe as ‘‘ carpet”? banded, as it is normal in such genera as Melanippe, Coremia, &c. ; jiligrammaria, on the other hand, very frequently has well- marked carpet band in the female (Plate II. fig. 6). Plate I. fig. 12 shows a darkened specimen in which the transverse bands are but little more strongly expressed than the numerous other waved transverse lines; this form is the /ili- grammaria ab. typica of Clark (Ent. Rec. vii. p. 289). The speci- men was taken at large in 1898. In 1899 Mr. Christy bred four broods from eggs, keeping them carefully distinct, and the specimens obtained show rather curious results in the matter of the influence of heredity; the parent females were taken wild in 1898. One parent was a striking specimen with slightly darkened ground colour, and two unusually narrow very dark bands, rather widely separated. From this twenty-seven moths were bred, not one of which followed the parent form very closely; they varied greatly, though all were of medium colour or dark, some having more or less distinct bands (Plate I. figs. 9, 11, and 18), others quite the reverse (Plate I. figs. 10 and 14). Plate I. fig. 13 is per- haps the most striking; it is unusual to find a melanic specimen with the bands so very well pronounced. A second 1898 female was much like the example figured at Plate I. fig. 7—one of hér progeny; the whole brood of fifteen specimens (seven males, eight females) follow the parent very closely, and hardly vary at all—a great contrast in this respect to the brood last noticed. A third female was paler, nearly but not quite as white as the type form (Plate I. fig. 3). Thirteen specimens were bred from her, and they again vary exceedingly, some being quite light, others quite melanic ; while some have the bands much better expressed than others. Plate I. fig. 8, and Plate II. fig. 2, show two extremes of this brood ; the latter is practically without markings, and were it not for the tone of colour and the intensely glossy appearance it could hardly be distinguished from an extreme melanie dilutata (e.g. Plate II. fig. 14). OPORABIA AUTUMNATA. 59 The fourth female from which any specimens were bred was the one figured on Plate I. fig. 12 (ab. typica, Clark), but as only three emerged it would be rash to generalise from them ; all the three agree pretty well together, being rather weakly marked, and rather paler than the parent, which they do not in any respect incline to follow at all closely. The very fine large male figured on Plate I. fig. 6 was taken at Rannoch in 1897; those who hesitate to acknowledge /fili- grammaria as a form worth keeping distinct from autwmnata should consider such specimens as this before deciding to abandon the latter name. It would only increase the confusion which already exists to begin to write of these great woodland forms as “‘filigrammaria.” There is an unnamed Oporabia species from Esquimalt in our National Collection, of which this specimen much reminds me in the rugged appearance of its markings. The examples of jiligrammaria and of dilutata figured on Plate II. may to a large extent be left to speak for themselves. Figs. 8, 5, and 6 were all bred by me from the same female, from Bolton; fig. 6 is Herrich-Scheffer’s type form of /ili- grammaria, fig. 4 a female aberration ; figs. 3 and 5 (the latter bred by me in 1899 from Huddersfield ova) represent two fairly representative males, and may be useful for comparison with some of the autumnata males. Figs. 7 and 8 show the male and female of a form of dilutata which has interested me immensely, and for which I have pro- posed (Ent. Rec. xi. p. 122) the name of ab. (? var.) christyt. Mr. Christy brought ten of the form (eight males, two females) from a birch wood at Rannoch in 1897, including the male which is figured; and eight more (four males, four females) in 1898, including the figured female. Except that four of the 1897 specimens (three males, one female) were slightly infuscated, the form hardly varies appreciably, and it is in many respects so closely parallel to Guenée’s autwmnata (var. guenéata, mihi), especially to his figure (Atlas, pl. 18, fig. 7), that for a long while it greatly mystified me. The respects in which it agrees with autumnata var. guenéata are:— 1st. The comparative absence of sexual dimorphism, and the approximately equal size of the sexes. 2nd. The weakness of the markings, except at the costa and on the nervures. 3rd. The tendency to angulation of the ‘elbowed line” (extremely rare in ordinary dilutata). 4th. Its attachment to birch. The proofs, however, that it is not a form of autumnata are :— 1st. The male genitalia agree with those of dilutata. 2nd. The ground colour has somewhat of the dirty yellowish tinge which is wanting in autumnata. 60 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 3rd. The egg is apparently even more highly polished and brightly orange-tinted than typical dilutata, instead of much less 80, a8 In autumnata. 4th. The larva often has reddish dorsal blotches. Unfortunately neither of us has yet succeeded in breeding this form right through, though fertile ova have been obtained ; at one time I fancied it might be a distinct species. As stated in the ‘Entomologist’s Record’ (loc. cit.), Doubleday was also puzzled by the resemblance of ‘‘ christyt”’ to quenéata, for he has left specimens of it in his collection labelled ‘‘autumnata ?”’ (1. e. autumnata, Gn. ?). Ab. christyi also has a remarkably small central spot— often practically obsolete ; whereas the normal Scotch dilutata (figs. 9 and 10) has the central spot well developed, in the female often opened out into a small ring (as in the ab. inscriptata of Donovan). Plate II. fig. 11 was bred from Glasgow, and shows the true ab. obscurata of Staudinger. Fig. 14 is even more extreme, and is my ab. melana (Ent. Rec. xi. p. 122); it was bred from a Chingford larva. Plate II. fig. 12 is a handsome female, which I believe came from Wheeler’s collection, and represents the form which I call ‘‘ carpet banded” (ab. latifasciata, mihi). The remaining figure (fig. 18) is interesting as having been bred from Chingford, where these pale forms are of extremely rare occurrence ; it may be profitably used for comparison with the equally pale ab. christyt (Plate Il. fig. 8), and with the pale type of autumnata (Plate I. fig. 8), from both of which it differs materially, though perhaps the actual specimens need to be seen in order that the differences in tone may be fully realized. In conclusion, I should like to urge our entomologists, especially those residing in the north, to make a careful study of this fascinating genus; and to say how pleased I shall be to de- termine their specimens, or render any assistance in my power. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. FIG. Puate I. 1. Oporabia autumnata, 2 abnormity (bred 1898). Sy = ss Bkh., type, ¢ 2 (1897, 1898). 4-5. 5 = ab. sandbergi, 3S 2 (bred 1899). 6. 9 3 ab. § (1897). 7-11. a varied forms (bred 1899). 12. ” ” ab. typica, 2 (1898). iB} % 39 ab. obscurata, 2 (bred 1899). 14-15. - 5 other dark aberrations, g @ (bred 1899, 1898). NEW INSECTS FROM ARIZONA, ETC. 61 FIG. i VPTATE LE. 1. Oporabia autumnata, ab. J (bred 1898). 2. ab. schneideri, 2 (bred 1899). 3-4. Oporabia filigrammaria, 3 2 (bred 1897, Bolton). 5. 3 (bred 1899, Huddersfield). ” 99 6. Eee 2? (bred 1897, Bolton). 7-8. Oporabia dilutata ab. christyt, J 2 (Rannoch, 1897, 1898). 9-10. a bs 3 @ (Aberdeen, 1893). ini at “i ab. obscwrata, Q (bred 1898, Glasgow). 12. Pe E ab. latifasciata, 2 (? Norfolk). 13. 5 A pale 2 (bred 1896, Chingford). 14. 3 * ab. melana, 2 (bred, Chingford). NEW INSECTS FROM ARIZONA, AND A NEW BEE FROM MEXICO. By T. D. A. Cocxerett, N.M. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tue following insects were taken on a recent trip to Arizona ; the main result of the trip will be set forth in a Bulletin of the Arizona Experiment Station, but it is thought expedient to present the descriptions of the new species in an entomological - journal. The Perdita from Juarez was taken on the same trip, and so is included. APIDE. Perdita baccharidis, sp. n. ?. Length not quite 6 millim. ; head and thorax dark green, with yellow markings; abdomen banded. Cheeks hairy, but face nearly bare; front and vertex strongly granular; frontal fovea elongate ; maxillary palpi 6-jointed; labial palpi 4-jointed, the first joint not greatly longer than the other three together; flagellum dark brown above, except at apex, yellow beneath; scape yellow, with a dark spot at apex ; mandibles yellow, the tips rufous; labrum yellow, a dark mark at base; clypeus yellow, the usual dots small and very near the margin; supraclypeal mark well-developed, a little more than semi- circular; no dog-ear marks; lateral marks broad below, ending at a point above, angulate opposite the antennal sockets, owing to the inter- ference of the fovea. Mesothorax almost entirely nude, very shiny, with distinct but very sparse punctures ; pleura all dark; prothorax, except a subtriangular lateral area, entirely yellow ; tegulee hyaline, with a yellow spot; wings perfectly hyaline, nervures very pale brownish, subcostal nervure and margin of stigma rather dark: stigma hyaline; marginal cell almost squarely truncate, the substigmatal portion a trifle longer than the poststigmatal; second submarginal narrower fully one half to marginal ; third discoidal distinct. Femora all yellow ; anterior legs entirely yellow; middle tibize dark brown on the outer side; hind tibie and tarsi entirely dark brown; claws cleft. Abdomen yellow, with four broad dark brown bands, about as broad as the intervals between them; basal part of first segment mostly dark; 62, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. hind margin of fifth segment darkened; venter yellow. The abdominal bands do not unite on the lateral margins. Hab. Tempe, Arizona, Oct. 28th, 1899 (Ckil.). Two females at flowers of Baccharis at the foot of Tempe butte. The types are unfortunately somewhat discoloured by cyanide. Allied very closely to P. townsend, but differs by its smaller size, nude or nearly nude mesothorax, and the entire supra- clypeal mark. From P. stottleri it differs by its entirely yellow femora, the entire supraclypeal mark, and the marginal cell less obliquely truncate. From P. bigelovie it differs by the yellow femora, shape of face-marks, &c.; from P. zebrata by the details of the face-marks, markings of the legs, &c. This insect finds no place in Mr. Ashmead’s generic tables, having the mouth-parts of Perdita, with the abdominal markings of Neoperdita. Perdita mellina, sp. n. 3. Length about 44 millim.; head and thorax very dark green, almost black; metathorax dark blue; abdomen brownish orange, the first two segments strongly suffused with black. Labial palpi with the first joint longer than in typical Perdita; elypeus with the median (upper) portion small and hemispherical ; clypeus, labrum, lateral face- marks, and dog-ear marks, yellowish white or very pale yellowish; no supraclypeal mark; lateral marks nearly equilateral triangles, with the upper angle at the level of the antennal sockets; mandibles white, with dark tips; cheeks simple, the extreme lower part white; face moderately hairy; head large, subquadrate ; antenne yellow beneath, yellowish brown above; vertex shining, minutely and obscurely granular; mesothorax shiny, fairly pubescent ; tubercles, and two transverse marks on upper border of prothorax, cream-colour; pleura entirely dark; wings slightly milky, iridescent ; nervures and stigma yellowish white; marginal cell fairly long, nearly squarely truncate ; second recurrent nervure rudimentary; femora black, with yellow ends; tibie yellow, the hind tibie suffused with blackish; tarsi yellowish white; abdomen rather short and broad, hairy at tip, venter immaculate. Hab. One at flowers of Heterotheca subaxillaris, Phoenix, Arizona, Oct. 15th, 1899 (Ckll.). P. mellina differs from P. chamesarache by the smooth front, differently-shaped clypeus, &e.; from P. side by the colour of the abdomen, shorter marginal cell, &c.; from P. semicrocea by the colour of head and thorax, rather longer marginal cell, &c.; from P. rhodura by the pale nervures, dark femora, colour and markings of head, &c. Perdita heterothece, sp. n. ?. Length about 43 millim.; head and thorax black, with a metallic lustre; mesothorax rather brassy, metathorax bluish; head ordinary, cheeks and occiput with abundant white hair, face hairy at sides; mandibles yellowish white, with ferruginous tips; labial palpi with the first joint longer than the other three combined, but not twice NEW INSECTS FROM ARIZONA, ETC. 63 as long; clypeus (except the usual dots, which are very near the margin) and lateral face-marks dull white, the latter triangular, with the upper angle on the orbital margin about on a level with the antennal sockets; no supraclypeal or dog-ear marks; antenne dark brown above (yellowish brown towards the tips), yellowish beneath ; vertex minutely granular, but still shiny; mesothorax shining, sparsely punctured, rather hairy; tubercles, and two transverse marks on hind _ border of prothorax, white ; wings opaline, nervures colourless, stigma faintly yellowish, marginal cell moderately long, nearly squarely truncate; second submarginal large, narrowed at least one-half to marginal ; third discoidal distinct. Femora black, knees light; tibize (very hairy) dark brown or black, anterior tibia cream-colour in front ; tarsi yellowish white. Abdomen broad and flat, very dark brown, with straight yellowish white bands at extreme bases of segments 2 to 4, each band with a linear median interruption, the bands all abruptly ending some distance before the lateral margins. The band on the fourth segment is absent in one specimen. Tip of abdomen hairy, pygidial plate long, orange-brown; venter dark brown, the margins of the segments hyaline. 3. Like the female, but there is a minute supraclypeal mark, and the abdomen is hardly so dark, while the bands are browner and less well defined. Hab. At flowers of Heterotheca subaxillaris, three females, one male, Tempe, Ariz., October, and Pheenix, Ariz., Oct. 15th, 1899 (Ckll.). At both places, and on the same flowers, I also took P. asteris, Ckll. P. heterothece (2) is very like P. ignota, Ckll., but differs in the shape of the lateral face-marks, and the second submarginal cell less narrowed above. Perdita heliotropit, sp. n. 2. Length about 43 millim.; head and thorax dark brassy green; abdomen lemon-yellow, with four broad entire dark-brown bands. Head ordinary; face almost free from hair, but a good deal of hair above the antenne; labial palpi, with the last three joints together some- what more than half the length of the first; vertex strongly granular ; labrum dark brown; clypeus, two spots representing the supraclypeal mark, and lateral marks, pale lemon-yellow ; no dog-ear marks ; clypeus with the usual dots, and also two brown spots on its upper portion ; lateral face-marks narrow, tapering to a point a little above the level of the antennal sockets, slightly angulate a little before the point ; cheeks wholly dark; antenne dark brown above, yellow beneath ; mesothorax shining, with scattered punctures and sparse hairs; tubercles, and both borders of prothorax anteriorly, lemon-yellow ; nervures and stigma very pale brown; marginal cell nearly squarely truncate; third discoidal distinct; femora black, with yellow apices; front and middle tibie and tarsi yellow; hind tibie and tarsi dark brown; venter of abdomen yellow. $. Length 4 millim.; labrum yellow; clypeus yellow, without the two brown spots; supraclypeal mark transversely hour-glass- 64 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. shaped ; no dog-ear marks; lateral face-marks ending in an emar- ginate truncation at about the level of the antennal sockets; first four tibie dark behind; abdomen very dark brown, with obscure transverse yellow bands, not reaching the lateral margins, at bases of segments 2 to 4; venter dark brown, becoming pale reddish apically; second recurrent nervure scarcely visible. Var.a. 3. Upper part of clypeus occupied by a quadrate dark brown patch, emarginate on its lower edge; supraclypeal mark divided into two spots ; abdomen with only the bands on the second and third segments, these very obscure, and interrupted in the middle. Hab. Juarez, State of Chihuahua, Mexico, Oct. 6th, 1899 (Ckll.) ; two females, five males, all at flowers of Heltotropium curassavicum. P. heliotropiti 2 is close to P. stottleri, but smaller, with the light parts of the abdomen much yellower ; the male has face-markings a good deal like those of P. bigelovie. Hypomaerotera callops, Ckll. & Porter, subsp. nov. persimilis. Both sexes a trifle smaller than the type; female with the spot at the apex of the wings usually distinct. Male with the flagellum clear cream-colour beneath; the legs with the black rather less developed, and the light part of the face slightly tinged with yellow. There is also a well-developed supraclypeal mark, and the marginal cell (male) is considerably shorter than in callops. Face not so hairy in male as in type. Hab. One male at flowers of Tribulus grandiflorus, Oct. 7th ; many females at flowers of Physalis, Oct. 9th. All at Phcenix, Arizona (Ckll.). I should hardly separate this on the female, but the male is palpably distinct. Calliopsis coloradensis coloratipes (CkIL.). This was described as a variety of C. flavifrons, but it is really a subspecies of C. coloradensis. The female, not before described, re- sembles that of coloradensis, but is easily distinguished by the clypeus having only two minute dots, instead of two black bars, and by the presence of the dog-ear marks. Hab. Mesilla Park, N. M., Sept. Ist, at flowers of Isocoma wright, two males, two females, in cop. (Ckll.); Phenix, Arizona, Oct. Tth, at flowers of Isocoma hartwegi, also rolling in the dust, many males and females in cop. (C&ll.). Compared with the typical (N. M.) form, the Arizona male has the face-markings yellower, and the female has the dog-ear marks smaller, and the clypeus often with rudimentary bars, thus approaching true coloradensis. Xenoglossa patricia, Ckll., subsp. nov. angustior. 3. A little smaller and less stout, hind legs noticeably smaller and more slender; apical plate of abdomen narrower, and rounded at the tip, like the end of a finger, instead of truncate. NEW INSECTS FROM ARIZONA, ETC. 65 Hab. Buckeye, Arizona, at flowers of Cucurbita palmata, - October (Ckil.). Murinuipe. Spherophthalma foxi, Ckll. (—heterochroa), var. n. arizonica. ?. Similar to the type, but in place of red hair on the head and thorax it is pale ochreous; the scarlet on the second abdominal seg- ment is very vivid. ‘The colour-contrast is very striking, and gives the insect a great superficial resemblance to S. dugesi. Hab. Phoenix, Arizona, Oct. 15th, 1899 (Ckll.). Spherophthalma heliophila, sp. n. 2. Length not quite 8 millim., rather slender, ferruginous. Head large, a little wider than thorax, subquadrate seen from in front, but the vertex rounded and large; cheeks ample, rounded, not keeled or spined; eyes small, facetted, slightly oval, very convex; antennal fovee bounded above by a ridge; mandibles long, the apical half or more black, slender, a well-developed tooth a little beyond the middle ; antenne ferruginous, tips a little darkened, scape bent; punctures of front and vertex strong; upper part of head with scanty appressed shining orange hair, and upright black hairs, some quite long; scape and lower parts of head with scanty white hair. Thorax seen from above pyriform, the dorsal surface rough, becoming reticulate on the hinder part, with the sameappressed shining orange hairs, and erect black hairs, as on the head, except that on the metathorax (middle segment) the orange-fulyous hairs are wanting, and there is a median longi- tudinal band of appressed silver hair. Sides of thorax with very scanty white hair, and a dense band of silver hairs extending from the hind end as far forwards as the middle cox. Legs slender, ferru- ginous, with scanty white hairs; spurs white; tibial and tarsal spines and bristles black. First segment of abdomen small, nodose, con- stricted at its junction with the second, ornamented above with a broad longitudinal band of dense silver-white hair, basal projections thorn- like seen from above, pyramidal seen from behind; second segment yellowish ferruginous, with strong but sparse punctures, a central oval blackish patch, due to black hairs, connected vaguely with a broad band of black hairs on the hind margin, extreme sides with a band of silvery white; segments 3 to 5 with silvery-white hair in the middle and at the sides, but black in the subdorsal region; apex with black hair; ventral segments 2-4 fringed with white. The tibial spurs are serrated. Hab. Glendale, Arizona, running on the railroad track, Oct. 31st, 1899 (Cockerell). In Ashmead’s table this runs into the restricted genus Spherophthalma. It does not fall exactly in any of Fox’s groups ; the facetted eyes throw it out of group occidentalis, and the serrated spurs out of the three following groups. From the other groups it is excluded by the non-emarginate eyes and the non-tridentate mandibles. It is a pretty species, known by its slender form and the silver-white bands as described. 66 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. PHYMATIDE. Macrocephalus arizonicus, sp. 0. 3. Length 8 millim.; breadth of abdomen 4, of scutellum 23, length ‘of scutellum 4, breadth of thorax 34 millim. Entire insect orange-brown, the colour of dried apricots ; abdomen somewhat redder ; antenne pale, terminal half of last joint bright green; anterior tibie blackish ; four hind legs with the cox, trochanters, and femora blackish with small white warts, tibize pale yellowish, tarsi darker and greenish. Abdomen broad, heart-shaped, the lateral margins visible nearly to the end of the scutellum; thorax with the usual lateral angular projections quite large, and the two longitudinal keels distinct, though concolorous with the rest of the surface; keel on scutellum distinct, reaching the apex, broadened on the basal fifth, but nowhere at all bullate; sides of scutellum presenting the usual gentle double curve; upper surface of head and thorax rough, with minute pallid pimples; hinder part of thorax irregularly and confusedly cancellate ; scutellum distinctly cancellate basally, otherwise rough and sub- cancellate, with innumerable punetures. Antenne with the first joint stout, cylindrical, ja little longer than the third; second short and more or less heart-shaped; third a little longer and more slender; fourth large, larger than the second and third together. Hab. Tucson, Arizona, in the region of Larrea and Mesquite, Nov. 7th, 1899 (Ckll.). Allied to M. prehensilis, Fab., and M. lepidus Stal. The antenne are rather like those of M. pul- chellus, and the colour is nearest to that of M. inequalis. Phymata salicis, sp. n. Length 8 to 9 millim.; breadth of abdomen 384 to 4 millim. Similar in most respects to P. fusciata, Gray, but smaller than that species usually is, and narrower, with the frontal process always longer, so that the lateral profile of the face is quite concave. The hinder lateral angle of the thorax is also less prominent, the margin between the lateral angles being almost or quite straight, instead of concave. The colouration is markedly different from that of fasciata, being a mixture of very pale yellow and light green, the dark abdominal band merely nebulous, and all the markings suffused. The green becomes quite bright on the middle of the thorax, and on the legs and antenne; the anterior lateral angles of the thorax are stained with dark fuscous, and the top of the head is in some specimens marked with the same colour. Hab. Phoenix, Arizona, numerous (Ss 2?) on twigs of Salix fluviatilis, preying upon butterflies (Lycena) and flies (Syritta), Oct. 7th, 1899 (Ckll.). This could be considered a race of P. fasciata, but in a long series its characters are perfectly con- stant, and distinct from those seen in fasciata, in the manner described. P. fasciata is a flower-inhabiting species, whereas P. salicis is adapted for life upon the twigs of the willow. a a 67 VARIATION OF EMYDIA CRIBRUM, L., IN ENGLAND. Hulepia cribrum, Curtis, Brit. Ent. i. pl. lvi. (1825); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 92 (1829); Stainton, Manual, i. p. 149 (1857) ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 80 (1869). Emydia cribrum, Boisd., Ind. Meth. p. 39 (1829); Guen. Ind. Meth. p. 56 (1840). Spiris cribrum, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. ii. p. 472 (1854). Coscinia cribraria, Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het. p. 3843 (1892). Mr. Fowler, of Ringwood, has been good enough to send me, for examination, the whole of his extensive collection of Emydia cribrum. The majority of the specimens are from the Ringwood locality, and others are from the New Forest. Although it might possibly be a difficult matter to say from which locality individuals came if all the examples had been mixed together, the two series as arranged show certain differences. The most striking feature of the New Forest contingent appears to be the generally clearer ground colour ; whilst among the Ringwood speci- mens there isa tendency to fuscous suffusion, chiefly in the males, and to greater prominence of the transverse bands and the longi- tudinal streaks in both sexes (figs. 2and3 ¢ ¢). Fig. 6 represents a suffused male specimen, but this is not the darkest in the series. In five female examples and one male from the New Forest, and in three females from Ringwood, the transverse markings are only faintly indicated (fig. 5 2). Most of the female specimens from the last-named locality are strongly marked (fig. 4), but two examples have the spots rather small (fig. 7). In the large proportion of the specimens, the transverse markings referred to as bands are series of more or less confluent spots, but in several examples the sub-basal, ante-medial, and post-medial bands are 68 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. entire or almost so (fig. 1). The spots forming the submarginal series are often linear or cuneiform, but rarely round; in some specimens the submarginal spots unite with those of the marginal series, forming internervular streaks (figs.8 ¢ and4¢). Some- times the area between the base of the wing and the sub-basal band is blackish (fig. 2 3). Fig. 6. ies ie Comparing the series of H. cribrwm under consideration with continental representatives of the species, I find that the English specimens differ from all foreign examples that I have seen in the matter of the longitudinal streaks. None of the continental specimens in the National Collection at South Kensington, or in Mr. Leech’s collection, have these streaks; there is no mention of these characters in the original description, neither does Esper’s figure exhibit them. On the other hand, in not one of the one hundred and seventy odd specimens in Mr. Fowler’s series are the streaks absent. There is nothing in the variation of the English specimens tending in the direction of var. candida, Cyr., beyond the form represented by fig. 5, but the continental named form has white fore wings, and is devoid of marking except two black dots at the outer extremity of the discoidal cell. Some of the suffused specimens from Ringwood approach var. rippertu, Boisd., but cannot be correctly referred to that form. The streaks referred to are certainly not typical of LE. cribrum, it might therefore be well that the forms in which they are present should have a varietal name, and I would propose bivittata as being a suitable one. All the other characters are so exceedingly variable that it would seem to be useless to suggest names for the numerous modifications. Ricnarp Souru. Note.—The antenne in figs. 1, 2, and 3 have not been correctly _ drawn ; this was, unfortunately, only noticed when too late for alteration. a ai dla 69 NOTE ON ANTHOCHARIS. By T. A. CHapman, M.D., F.E.S. Havine obtained a few pup of Anthocharis belemia, and so had the opportunity of observiny the butterfly alive at leisure, I observed one little fact that is probably well known, but may be new to others as it was to me, and is interesting in connection with the protective colouration in the genus. We are all familiar with the green and white spotting of the under side of A. car- damines and its nearest allies, and how the insect at rest assimilates closely to white flowers over green foliage both in general and detailed effect. No doubt the flowers contemplated are such white Crucifere as Hrysimum alliaria (garlic mustard), the most frequent food-plant of the species with us, but not at all out of harmony with many Umbelliferze and other flowers. The colours are the same in belemia, but they are here disposed in irregular stripes crossing the wings at an angle, irregular both as to width and intersection, but still distinct transverse stripes instead of spots. Now my one little fact is, as to the resting attitude of the butterfly, which sits with the wings closed in the usual way, the head close down to the surface in which the butterfly is seated, and the antenne porrected so as to lie close together and appressed to the resting surface. The abdomen and the inner margin of the hind wings between which it is hidden are raised from the surface at a considerable angle (30°-40°), with the result that the stripes of green and white are exactly parallel in general direction with that surface. Supposing this to be a blade of grass or a petiole of a flower, amongst others all substantially parallel, then the green stripes would accord with these. Someone who has seen the butterfly at home may be able to tell us with what the white stripes agree. Probably the white really agrees with those portions of foliage that strongly reflect light and look white and glistening, the green portions according with the general tone. I should imagine, however, that this insect rests amongst foliage of a spiked or grassy character and not close to the flowers, as in the case of car- damines, belia, daplidice, &c. In these there is little doubt that the white does refer to the flowers, when we see in ewphenoides, a species that is attached, I fancy exclusively, to Biscutella, with yellow flowers, that the surface that is white in the other species is here yellow. We can hardly help comparing this case with that of the tiger and the leopard, where striping and spotting are co-related with hiding in grassy jungle and leafy forest, and with the parallel difference in marking between paphia, &c.—and adippe, &e., which has not, so far as I know, been attributed to any differences as to their preference in hiding-places. Betula, Reigate: February, 1900. ENTOM.—MaARCH, 1900. H 70 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. NOTES ON JAMAICAN RHYNCHOTA.—No. 2.* By G. W. Krirxaupy, F.E.S Corrections, &c., To No. 1. 6. Notonecta undulata, Say. It is not this species which comes to “light,” but a small Corixa, which will be noticed later on. New localities.—‘ Rain-water tank, Yardley Chase, Oct. 31st, 1899” (leucochroic forms). Mr. Taylor writes me :—‘‘ Owing to the peculiar geological formation of the district there are abso- lutely no rivers or streams of any kind in the Santa Cruz Mts., the inhabitants depending entirely on rain water for all their needs. For this purpose large tanks are constructed, the water being conveyed from the roofs of the houses and from the ‘barbecues ’—as the cemented terraces used for drying coffee and pimento are termed—by gutters of various constructions. I did not therefore expect to get any bugs, especially as owing to the severe and protracted drought most of the water supply had been used up, and the tanks were very low in consequence. About a week before my return home, however, the island was visited by a hurricane and series of floods that filled up all the tanks, but wrought incalculable damage to property all over the country. . . . Some idea of the extent of the downpour may be gathered from the fact that a large lake some miles in extent has formed among the mountains to the west of the Santa Cruz range, and at the present moment is increasing to the great consternation of the inhabitants of the surrounding district. In parts this body of water is seventy feet deep. . . . I went the round of the tanks. . . . Some plants (known here as the water hyacinth) have almost entirely covered the whole surface, but a small space of clear water at one end was occupied by quite a rack number of Notonectas.” (C. B. Taylor, Dec. 5th, 1899, in litt.) t 9. “‘ Trochopus plumbeus (Uhler)” = marinus, Carpenter. This species was included on the authority of Mr. Carpenter’s description. Since writing the first note I have examined the types of Prof. Uhler’s and Mr. Carpenter’s insects, as well as * See “‘On some Aquatic Rhynchota from Jamaica,” Entom. xxxii. pp. 28-30 (1899). + I admitted the name ‘ maculata” for a var. of N. undulata in my revision of the genus (1897, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 410): as, however, the name was previously used for a var. of N. glawca (p. 419), it must be altered, and I now propose ‘“‘ selene.” For the cream-coloured forms (head, pronotum, scutellum, elytra, &c.) common in Jamaica, it may be useful to use the name ‘ albida.”’ NOTES ON JAMAICAN RHYNCHOTA. 71 fresh material sent by Mr. Taylor, which confirms my opinion expressed in the ‘ Bolletino Mus. Torino,’ xiv. No. 350, pp. 5-6 (1899), viz. that Trochopus is not generically distinct from Rhagovelia. It may be useful to discuss the matter again briefly, and, first of all, to reproduce a portion of the paper mentioned above, which is possibly not very accessible to British entomologists :— “The chief differences between Rhagovelia and T'rochopus appear to be (teste Carpenter and Champion) that: **(1) In Trochopus the tarsi are (according to these authors) 3, 2, 2-segmentate; in Rhagovelia 3, 3, 3. (2) The pronotum in Trochopus is sutured off from the mesonotum ; in Rhagovelia (except R. tenuipes, Champion, J. c. p. 137) these nota are fused together. “(1) Now I have elsewhere expressed my opinion of the unsatisfactory character of these minute tarsal ‘segments.’ I think I may say that in average ‘good’ museum specimens pre- served in the ordinary way they are very difficult to observe with any degree of certainty without a certain amount of preparation, which is very undesirable, if not improper, in dealing with borrowed material, especially types, and examination under a compound microscope. The fact that such a careful worker and able entomologist as Mr. Carpenter failed—in working with material preserved in alcohol—in his original description (l. c. p- 78) to detect more than two segments in each anterior tarsus shows the undesirability of employing such a character. More- over, these minute segments (or ‘ nodes,’ as they may preferably be termed) are apparently not always constant in the Gerride, for Prof. Uhler, in describing T'repobates pictus (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1894, p. 214), writes :—‘ In two specimens the basal joint of tarsi was present on one side, and not on the other.’ (2) The exception to the fused pro- and mesonota (in the apterous R. tenuwipes female) can scarcely be deemed to prove the rule; indeed, it appears almost to render further discussion un- necessary. Moreover, a species from Venezuela in the Turin Museum, which I have determined as R. femoralis, Champion, and another from Venezuela and Darien, referred by me to R. angustipes, Uhl., noticed in the first part of this paper), have distinctly separated pro- and mesonota in both sexes, and at the same time there are three distinct (as seen with a compound microscope) segments in each tarsus. In short, T'rochopus may perhaps be on the way to developing into a new genus or sub- genus, but it cannot be said, in my opinion, to have attained as yet to that point.” In examining the material sent by Mr. Taylor from the spot where the original captures were made, differences in the seg- mentation of the tarsi, similar to those mentioned by Prof. H 2 72 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Uhler in T'repobates, are observable in a few examples. In reviewing the subject, I have little hesitation in writing ‘‘ T'ro- chopus”’ as a synonym of ‘‘ Rhagovelia,” and the Jamaican species as: Rhagovelia plumbea, Uhler = Trochopus marinus, Carpenter = Taochopus plumbeus (Uhler), Carp. and Champ. New locality.— Rock Fort, St. Andrew (C. B. Taylor). AppiTIons to THE Aquatic Fauna.’ 11. Corixa kollarii, Fieber. I recorded this species doubtfully from females in Part I. I can now confirm its presence from specimens sent by Mr. Taylor from Yardley Chase, Santa Cruz Mts., St. Elizabeth (Oct. 31st, 1899) ; taken at light (C. B. Taylor). 12. Corixa pygmea, Fieber. Same locality as the preceding, and also from Rae Town, Kingston ; at light (C. B. Taylor). This is the species referred to previously under N. undulata. 18. Anisops pallipes (Fabr.) One female from rain-tanks, Yardiey Chase (C. B. Taylor). 14. Gerris guerini, Leth. & Sev. (= marginatus, Guer. nec Say). Macropterous and apterous females and nymphs from (a) Yardley Chase, Southfield District of Santa Cruz Mts., St. Eliza- beth (altitude 1500 ft.), Oct. 81st, 1899, from rain-water tank ; and (8) Rock Fort Road, St. Andrew, four miles east of Kingston, April 16th, 1892 ; shallow pool at roadside under limestone bank (C. B. Taylor). 15. Rhagovelia tayloriella, sp. nov. Elongate ; head above distinctly sulculate. [? generic character]. Basal segments of antenne and the legs with long scattered bristly hairs. First antennal segment one-half longer than second, which is very slightly longer than the third, the latter a trifle longer than the fourth. Rostrum reaching to the middle of the mesosternum. Inter- mediate femora two-fifths longer than tibie, not constricted medially ; tibiz subequal to the tarsi, armed with a short straight spine at apex ; third tarsal segment one-seventh longer than the second. Posterior femora very slightly longer than the tibie, which are nearly three times as long as the tarsi; second tarsal segment three-fifths longer than the first ; posterior tibie straight. Macropterous form: pronotum somewhat obsoletely carinate longitudinally. Long. 5 mill. 3g. Third antennal segment noticeably incrassate ; anterior tibie considerably dilated (especially towards the apex), and excavated beneath. Posterior femora considerably incrassate, and armed beneath with ten to eleven strong teeth, from the centre to the apex, diminish- ing regularly in size towards the apex; tibize conspicuously denticu- late ; trochanters denticulate. Sixth (? seventh) abdominal segment NOTES ON JAMAICAN RHYNCHOTA. 73 greatly depressed beneath on its apical half (except at the lateral mar- gins), apical margin slightly excavated ; first three segments longi- tudinally carinate; connexivum semivertical. Macropterous form : pronotum produced basally into a short acute porrect spine; elytral neuration distinct. @. Third antennal segment and anterior tibize not so strongly dilated as in the male, but more so than in the other species of the genus. Posterior femora incrassate (similarly to the same sex of R. distincta), armed beneath with one large and two or three small teeth. Sixth (?seventh) abdominal segment very long, nearly twice as long as the fifth, slightly biexcavate apically; abdomen scarcely (except slightly towards the base) carinate ventrally. Connexiva vertical in apterous form, and much narrowed in from the base at first, afterwards continuing subparallel. Macropterous form: pronotum produced basally in a long stout process, which is about equal in length to the space between its origin and the humeral angles of the pronotum. It arises at an angle of about 45°, curves around near its apex, and is then deflected downwards slightly. Hlytral neuration feebler than in the male. Habitat. (a) Rio Cobre, Spanish Town, St. Catharine, Nov. 7th, 1892; clear water—no surface growth—sluggish current ; taken close to bank of river. (6) Black River, Elysium Estate, Portland, April 4th, 1899 (C. B. T’aylor). Black; the posterior and intermediate femora and tibie slightly greenish blue (metallic lustre), furnished somewhat sparsely (more densely on the nota) with pale gold pubescence. Base of first antennal segment, base of anterior femora and anterior margin of pronotum, ventral surface of ambulacra, coxe, trochanters (usually), &c., pallid testaceous. Teeth of posterior femora pallid except at apex. Dorsum of abdomen shining black, connexivum rufo-testaceous; ventral surface usually bluish grey (often greatly rufescent), except the brownish genital segments. The male of this fine little species, which I have much pleasure in naming after its discoverer, is readily distinguishable from the same sex of all the other American species of the genus by the dilated anterior tibie, except R. collaris (Burm.), in which the posterior tibie are notably sinuate. I think also that the form of the sixth (? seventh) abdominal segment in the male is different from that of any other species. The type of R. tayloriella is the winged male individual. The species is probably that recorded by Johnson and Fox as R. collaris (Burm.) in 1892, Ent. News, iii. p. 60. [See also Entom. 1899, p. 30, No. 10.] 16. Microvelia sp. A macropterous individual and two nymphs of a species I have not yet been able to identify. 74 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. BRITISH DRAGONFLIES OF THE OLDER ENGLISH AUTHORS. By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. (Continued from p. 42.) 2. EH. Donovan: ‘ The Natural History of British Insects,’ 1792-1818. In the sixteen volumes comprising this work we have pre- sented to us a large number of generally well-executed hand- coloured plates of British Insects, with accompanying letterpress in English. It is got up somewhat in the same manner as Curtis’s later and well-known work, and is a decided advance on that of Harris. Vor. Pu, XXTV..\"P. 58. Libellula depressa ? = Libelluia depressa 2. Pratt XXXVE.: P. 79. Libellula virgo (fig. 1)=Calopterya virgo g. [It is called Lib. puella; but this is evidently a misprint for virgo, under which designation it appears in the index. | Libellula puella (fig. 2) = Pyrrhosoma nymphula. [By the figure apparently a male. | Voushl o¢Pr, XLIW 2 Real. : Larva of Libellula depressa = nymph of one of the Aschnide. Vou. T+ Pu. XXX. P. 28. Libellula depressa gj = Libellula depressa 3. Von. © Pn. CLXVIL Poa. Libellula grandis = Aschna cyanea (2 apparently). [This insect cannot be 4. grandis, for it is a blue-spotted species, and has hyaline wings. In some respects it bears a little resemblance to di. juncea ; but, judging by the small pterostigma and other points, there is little doubt that it is intended for 4. cyanea.] Vou, X. Pu. CCCXXXVII. P. 29. Libellula vulgata (fig. 1) = Sympetrum striolatum 2. [No doubt it is intended for this species of the genus Sympetrum, if only because it is described as very common.| Libellula grandis (fig. 2) = Aschna grandis 3. [The insect is figured with saffron wings. |] Von. XII. Pu. CCCCVIT.: P. 89. Libellula quadrimaculata = Libellula quadrimaculata 9. [The unsuffused, Scotch form.] Pu. CCCCXY.. P. 61. Libellula zenea = Cordulia enea (2, apparently). [There are two figures, the lower one with yellow wings, Donovan calls the latter a variety ; but the variation is probably due to the figure being taken from an immature specimen. | Pu. CCCCX XMM... P. 81. Libellula forcipata = Gomphus vulgatissimus (2, apparently). [Below the figure of the imago is one of a pupa, as Donovan NOTES ON THE GREAT EARWIG, ETC. 75 ealls it. It is perhaps intended for a nymph of this species, but does not resemble it in shape. The eyes are like round beads at the fore corners of the head, which ends in a point in front. The distal edge of the mask is round. The wing-cases are small. | Pu. CCCOXXYV. P. 85. Libellula quadrifasciata = Libellula fulva(?,apparently). [The abdomen is not blue, and there is a fuscous band at the tip of all the wings. ] Pri, CCCOXXX. P. 97. Libellula boltonii = Cordulegaster annulatus 3. Vou. XIII. Pu. CCCCXLIX. P. 35. Libellula biguttata = Orthetrum cerulescens 3. [The abdomen is blue. ] Vou. XIV. Pu. CCCCLXXIT. P.17. Libellula cancellata = Orthetrum cancellatum. [The sex is some- what doubtful; by shape the insect is perhaps a male, but the abdomen is yellow.] Vor. 2¥. Pu. DXXIII. P. 39. Libellula scotica = Sympetrum scoticum (gf, 2). [This insect Donovan was the first to describe. He gives two figures—one of each sex. ] NOTES ON THE GREAT EARWIG AND OTHER BRITISH FORFICULID. By C. W. Date. Labidura riparia, Pall. = gigantea, Fab.—This fine species of earwig has hitherto been found only in the vicinity of Bourne- mouth, where examples were secured by the Rev. W. Bingley, on the 7th of July, 1808; these were exhibited the following November by Mr. G. B. Sowerby at a meeting of the old Ento- mological Society. Mr. Bingley, in a letter to the Treasurer of the Linnean Society, states that as he was walking on the beach west of Christchurch, just at the close of the evening, he saw two or three large insects running along the sand, about or rather below high-water mark, and from their size and manner he took them to be young mole crickets. Surprised at seeing such insects in that situation, he examined them as well as the light would permit, and, by their immense forceps and size, found them to be a species of Forficula hitherto undescribed as British. He took home some specimens, and ascertained them to be the Forficula gigantea of Fabricius. Mr. Sloman, a friend of Mr. Bingley, sought for them afterwards in the same place, and found a great number concealed under large stones on the sands. Mr. Bingley put three or four together into his box; and the consequence was that one of them was devoured by the rest, 76 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. In their habits these insects greatly resemble the common earwig; but when approached they turn up their abdomen in the manner of the large Staphylini, bending the extremity _ quite over the head, which they defend by means of their enormous forceps. The largest he could procure was nearly fifteen lines in length (=about 30 mm.), exclusive of the antenne, which measured somewhat more than half an inch. Mr. Sloman, who lived at Wick, and old Lochyer, of Christ- church, accompanied my father and Mr. Dashwood to the same spot—Mount Misery—in 1818, but with no success. \ Upon what was once a most dreary and desolate spot now stands the rising seaside resort of Southbourne-upon-Sea. This earwig came to be reckoned amongst the extinct British species (its native origin being actually questioned by the Rev. W. Kirby in his ‘Introduction to Entomology’) until 1865, when a few were taken on the shore close to Hengisbury Head by Mr. Dossetor. The next was taken near the pier at Bournemouth, by Mr. E. Saunders, in 1874. Mr. Kemp-Welch, in an article on the great earwig (‘ Trans- actions’ of Dorset Field Club, vol. viii. p. 61), records and figures a specimen in his possession as having been taken on the beach under Branksome Park, some two miles westward from Bourne- mouth, within the limits of Dorsetshire, on the 27th of May, 1886, by Mr. E. Lovett, of Croydon. The Rev. J. G. Wood, in his ‘ Insects at Home,’ mentions one as having been taken, also on the beach, at Folkestone, but gives no date. Like the common earwig, the large one appears to conceal itself as much as possible in the daytime, probably in chinks and crannies of the cliffs, and only emerges at the approach of evening to seek its food, which consists probably of the various small animals, molluscous and otherwise, that are left on the shore by the tide. It is widely distributed on the Continent, and has.been taken as far north as Brittany and Berlin, but appears always to frequent the sea-shore or the banks of rivers. It also occurs in Asia, Africa, and America. Chelidura albipennis, Meg.—The only examples of this species were taken in a nursery garden at Ashford, in Kent, in June, 1832, by Professor Westwood. Forficula lesnei, Finot.—Under the two names of pubescens, Géné, and decipiens, Géné, this species first appeared as British in a ‘hist of British Euplexoptera, Orthoptera, Thysanoptera, and Hemiptera,’ compiled by Mr. Walker in 1860. It was first taken by my father at Charmouth in September, 1837. He also found it near Weymouth and at Bonchurch in the Isle of Wight, and I have found it besides at Bournemouth, Sidmouth, Falmouth, and in the Scilly Isles. It hibernates in the stems of the common reed. Under the name decipiens, Géné (Weekly Entomologist, ON HGALEUS BECHUANA. 77 1863, p. 11), my father states that Mr. Curtis took a specimen near Salisbury, at Wilton, in May, 1852, and that he “‘took one in the middle of November, 1860, from laurels here close to our house, and as no reeds were in either place he considered that those examples might have been referable to decipiens.”’ Although F. lesnei has not been a rare species, still no one else appears to have met with it until Mr. Burr took a specimen at Folkestone, in the Warren, in 1896, and Mr. Donisthorpe one at Wallingford in Berkshire. (See ‘British Naturalist’ for December, 1897, where Mr. Burr first announced its right name.) Judging by the recent captures at Leatherhead, it appears to be as much an inland as a coast species, although apparently confined to the southern counties. [Chelidura (=Apterygida) albipennis has also been taken in Norfolk. Only last year Mr. J. Edwards sent to Mr. Burr, for inspection, a pair which he took near Norwich some ten years ago. J. lesnei is, in Surrey, by no means confined to Leather- head.—-W. J. L.| ON AGALEUS BECHUANA, A NEW SPECIES OF CIMI- CIDH, REPORTED TO INJURE COFFEE-BERRIES IN BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. : By G. W. Kirxaupy, F.E.S. THe Strachia group is perhaps the most injurious, economi- eally, of the Cimicide. Usually conspicuously coloured, some of the species do immense damage, particularly to Cruciferous and Rubiaceous plants in both hemispheres. In America, Murgantia histrionica (Hahn) ravages cabbages, mustard, radish, turnips, grapes, corn, sunflowers, and Cucurbitacee!* while the closely-allied M. munda (Dallas) also infests cabbage; and in Europe similar reports have been circulated as to Hurydema ornatum (Linn.). In the Oriental region, two species, viz. Antestia cruciata (Fabr.) + and Bagrada picta (Fabr.), have been sent to me by my friend Mr. HK. E. Green, Government Ento- mologist of Ceylon, as injurious to coffee-berries. The genus Antestia has also a similar evil reputation in Africa. A pair of bugs (¢ 2) have recently been sent me from British Central Africa through Mr. Green, with the report that they were puncturing coffee-berries. Closely related to Antestia, a detailed examination shows that they belong to the genus * See especially Lintner’s ‘ First New York Report for 1882’ (1883), pp. 264-71; and U.S. Dept. Agriculture’s Tenth Circular (2nd series), 1895, pp. 1, 2. _ + Quoted in Nietner’s ‘Enemies of Coffee Tree’ (1861), p. 18 [revised edition, p. 13], under the name of Strachia geometrica, Motsch. 78 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Atgaleus, Stal (of which four species, all from Africa, were previously known), and are apparently as yet undescribed. The details upon which Avgaleus has been separated from Antestia appear trivial enough, even in the much discerpted Cimicide, but as Lethierry and Severin (Cat. Hém. i. 175) follow Stal, I have also fallen into line. Aligaleus bechuana, sp. n. Densely punctured. Head longitudinally somewhat convex. Tylus passing a little beyond the juga. Second segment of abdomen desti- tute ventrally of a spine or tubercle. Thorax with the antero-lateral margins slightly rounded. Scutellum somewhat wide at the base (‘‘apex,” auctt. !). 3g. Sixth segment beneath roundly excavated, the apical margin continuing in a curve to the lateral margin; apical margin of fifth segment distinctly angular in the centre. @. Sixth segment deeply roundly excavated, apical margin turning off at an angle at the connexivum; apical margin of fifth almost angular in the centre. Long. ¢ 73 mm., 2 8mm.; lat. f 43, 9 5 mm. British Central Africa (through E. KE. Green), on coffee [No. 49]. Shining black; juga, antero-lateral margins of pronotum (except posteriorly), a central anterior spot on the pronotum, two large spots near the base of the scutellum, base of exocorium, apical margin and an elongate spot near the middle of the exterior margin of the corium proper, greater part of under side of head; apices of femora broadly, basal segment [others broken] of antenne, &., orange yellow. An interrupted longitudinal line on tylus, basal margin of head, sublateral margin posteriorly of the antero-lateral margin of pronotum, four longitudinal abbreviated lines on pronotum, a central longitudinal thin streak on the middle of the pronotum (the anterior part cutting through the orange yellow round spot before-mentioned); the lateral margin (basally), a short line in the middle close to the anterior margin, and the whole of the base (‘‘apex,” Stal) of the scutellum ; base of corium and a spot in the middle of exocorium ; apical half of each connexival segment above; venter (ground colour); basal half of femora—luteostramineous. [Ground colour of elytra black, with a reddish tinge.| Apical half of membrane hyaline, wings infuscate with a greenish tinge. Femora with a black spot between the apical orange yellow and the stramineous basal part; tibie and tarsi infus- cate. Lateral margins of abdomen beneath irregularly chequered with black (or dark green), stramineous (tinged partly with luteous), and fuscous ; the second to sixth segments each have an elongate orange yellow spot sublaterally, terminated interiorly and exteriorly by brown spots. Closely allied to AL. inermiventris (Stil) and AZ. sparmanni (Stil), but differing by the colour, and probably by the structure; but of the latter Stal has given very meagre details. 79 A CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. By W. F. pe Vismes Kane, M.A., M.R.I.A., F.E.S. (Continued from p. 32.) SERICORIS LiTToRALIS, Curt.—Howth, plentiful at the foot of the cliffs. Mr. Barrett found a second brood in September of the true Irish type—light ground colour, with rich dark mark- ings. Co. Cork (McA.); Sligo th): Tramore, Co. Waterford (K.) ; Belfast (W.). S. Frunicana, Haw.—Minehead, Co. Waterford (K.). S. cusprrana, Hb.—Howth, abundant on the top of the cliffs (B.), Minehead, Co. Waterford (K.), Sligo (R.), Bundoran (J.) S. nivuLana, Scop.—Howth (B.), Armagh (J.). S. urticana, Hb.—Everywhere common. S. tacunana, Dup.—Hverywhere common. Mrxop1a scauuziAna, #'b.—Howth, Mourne Mts., Co. Down (B.), Carlingford, Armagh (J.), Belfast Hills, locally abundant (W.). On Lugduff, Co. Wicklow (G. V. H.), Galway (R. EH. D.). M. pauustrana, Zell. — Lugduff, Co. Wicklow (G. V. H.); Enniskillen (P.). Kucuromia purPURANA, Haw.—Howth (B.), Roches Point, Co. Cork (K.). ORTHOTENIA ANTIQUANA, 1b.—Howth, and Wicklow Mts. (B.), Roches Point, Co. Cork (K.), Valentine’s Glen, Belfast (W.), Armagh (J.), Sligo (R.). O. ERIcETANA, Westw.—Co. Cork (McArthur). ERIOPSELA FRACTIFASCIANA, Haw.—Galway (R. E. D.). CNEPHASIA PoLITANA, Haw. — Galway (B.), Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.), Sligo (R.), Belfast (W.). C. muscunana, Hb.—Wicklow Mts., Favour pagal Tyrone (K.), Armagh (J. ‘ Belfast, locally common CW); ; L. Gill, and Glengarriff (K.). ‘ScIAPHILA CONSPERSANA, Dougl.—-Belfast (W.), Clonbrock, Co. Galway, very dark form (R. Z.D.). Minehead, Co. Waterford (K.) ; Coolmore, Donegal (J.) ; Portrush, Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.); Sligo (R.), Howth (H.). S. suBsEcTaNA, Gn.—Common everywhere. The ? var. passi- vana is common at Howth. S. vincgaurEANa, 7’r.—Dublin Coast, common. Derry (C.), Belfast (W.), Armagh (J.), Enniskillen (P.), Sligo (#.) ; Tyrone (K.). S. CHRYSANTHEANA, Dup.—Farnham, Cavan (K.). S. aysripana, 17b.—Dublin ; Killough, Co, Down. 80 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. S. congqunounaNna, Sta.--Howth, on the cliffs. Magilligan, abundant, Roches Point, Co. Cork, and other localities on the rock-bound southern coasts of Cork and Kerry; as well as on the rock islands lying three to six miles in the offing, such as the Blaskets, &e. Flies towards midnight, and is attracted by light (K.). SPHALEROPTERA IcTERIcANA, Haw.— Killarney. Sligo (R.) ; Belfast (W.). CaPuA FAVILLACEANA, Hb.—Killarney, Wicklow Mts. Cuepsis rusticana, 7'r.—Killarney. Belfast, local (W.), Clon- brock, Co. Galway (R. #. D.); Enniskillen (P.). Bactra LANcEoLANA, Hb.—Howth, abundant. Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.), Armagh (J.), Belfast (W.), Derry (C.), Sligo (£.), Clonbrock, Co. Galway (R. EH. D.), near Belleek (J.). B. rurrurana, Haw.—Killarney. Roches Point, Co. Cork, one (K.). PHOXOPTERYX stcuLANA, Hb.—Killarney. P. unevicetLta, L.— Glendalough, Co. Wicklow (G. V. H.); Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.). P. uncana, Hb.— Belfast. Sligo (R.), Clonbrock, Co. Galway (R. H. D.), Co. Cork (McArthur), Armagh (W. F. J.). P. prarncuana, St.—Galway (C.G.B.), andClonbrock (Rf. E.D.), Sligo (R.) ; Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.). P. comprana, Frél.—Sligo (R.). P. myrtinuana, 7'r.—Wicklow Mts., Belfast. P. tunpana, °b.—Common everywhere. P. MITTERPACHERIANA, Schif—Roebuck, near Dublin, Belfast, Galway. GRAPHOLITHA RAMELLA, L.— Wicklow Mts., Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.); Westport, Mayo (W.), Enniskillen (P.). G. NISELLA, Clerck. — Wicklow (G. V. H.); Enniskillen (P.) ; Hollybrook near Boyle, and Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.). G. niGRomacuLaNA, Haw.—Sligo (R.), Donegal (J.). G. SUBOCELLANA, Don.—Killarney (Meek), Belfast, abundant (W.), Sligo (R.). | G. tRimacuLana, Don.—Dublin, Wicklow? Belfast, abundant (W.). G. PENKLERIANA, Fisch. — Belfast, Armagh (J.), Sligo (£.), Powerscourt (K.). G. navana, Hb.—Belfast, Derry (C.), Sligo (R.), Enniskillen (P.). G. Geminana, St.—Wicklow Mts., Sligo (R.). PHLMODES TETRAQUETRANA, Haw.—Generally common. A CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. 81 P. immunpana, Fisch.—Wicklow Mts., Clonbrock, Co. Galway (R. H. D.), Sligo (R.), Enniskillen (P.). Hyrermecia crucrana, L.—Enniskillen (P.).. Dublin, Killar- ney, common, Sligo (R.): Portrush (C.). Baropgs aNGustiorana, Haw.— Killarney, Belfast (W.), Ennis- killen (P.). PampIsca BILUNANA, Haw.—Killarney (K.), Armagh (J.), Clon- brock, Galway (R. H. D.), Sligo(#.), Enniskillen (P.), Belfast (W.). P. corticana, Hb.—Howth, Belfast (W.), Sligo (R.), Ennis- - killen (P.). P. opurHatuicana, Hb.—Enniskillen (P.). P. semiruscana, St.—Enniskillen (P.), Sligo (P.). P. sonanpriana, L.— Killarney, Enniskillen (P.), Sligo (R.), Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.). EpuipripHora sim1ILana, Hb.—Belfast, Killarney, and Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.). K. crrstana, Zell.—Coast near Dublin, Sligo (2.), Clonbrock, Galway (R. H. D.), Collin Glen, near Belfast, abundant (W.), Armagh (J.). KE. priuuerana, Haw.—Dublin, Galway, Sligo (R.), Killynon, Westmeath (K.), and Killarney, Galway (R. E.D.) ; Donegal (J.). E. srunnicuiana, F'rél.—Wicklow Mts., Howth, abundant, Belfast, abundant (W.), Armagh (J.), Sligo Cle. ) Clonbrock, Galway (R. E. D.), Dingle, Kerry (C. G. B.). EK. rnoprana, Haw.—Armagh (J.). K. rrigeminana, St.—Howth, plentiful, also at Favour Royal, Tyrone; near Donegal, and at Glengariff (K); Belfast (W.), Bundoran (J.), Sligo (R.). E: popunana, /’b.—Enniskillen (P.). OuinDia uLMANA, Hb.—Galway, Newcastle, Co. Down, and Westport, scarce (W.). SEMASIA IANTHINANA, Dup.—Cork? and Wicklow Mts. ? (C. G. B.), Sligo (R.). S. rnurmuana, Wilk.—Galway, Howth, and Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.). S. waeperrana, Schif’.—Belfast. Coccyx tmpELua, Clerck. — Clonbrock, Galway (R. E. D.), Sligo (R.). C. USTOMACULANA, Curt. —Sligo (Rs): C. vacorntana, Fisch.—Raheny, Co. Dublin (G. V. H.); Derry (W. H. C.). PampLusia MERCURIANA, Hb.—Slieve Bingian, Mourne Mts., 2500 ft., abundant (W.); Dublin Mts. (G. V. H.). RerTInia Buowiana, Schiff.—Belfast (W.). 82 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. R. prnivorana, Zell.—Holywood, Co. Down; Galway; and Clonbrock (R. HE. D.). CARPOCAPSA POMONELLA, L.—Cork ? Sligo (R.). C. spLENDANA, Haw.—Donegal (J.). ENDoPISA NIGRIcANA, St.—Wicklow Mts. ? Stiemonota RAvuLANA, H.-S.—Killarney (Salvage). S. PERLEPIDANA, Haw.—Raheny, near Dublin, Armagh (J.), Collin Glen, near Belfast, abundant (W.), Enniskillen (P.), Sligo (R.). S. compositELua, 'b.—Sligo (R.). S. rEarmana, Zell.—Roebuck, near Dublin, and at the Rocka- bill lighthouse, two miles off Skerries shore (K.), Armagh (J.). S. germarana, Hb.—Killarney. DicRORAMPHA ALPINANA, 7'r.—Sligo (R.). D. preriverELLA, L.—Howth, abundant. Cork ? Minehead, Co. Waterford (K.). Sligo (R.). D. puumpana, Scop.—On the slopes of G.N.R., near Dublin, Howth ; Knockagh, Co. Down (W.), Sligo (R.), Ardrahan, Galway (K.), abundant. D. puumpageana, T'r.—Sligo (R.). D. Herposana, Bar.—Donegal (J.) ; Belfast Hills. D. acuminatana, Zell.—Howth, Sligo (R.). _ PyRODES RHEEDIELLA, Clerck.—Dublin, Holywood, Co. Down, Armagh (J.). (To be continued.) ON THE MOULT TO PUPA IN PTEROPHORUS. By T. A. Caapman, M.D., F.E.S. THE pupe in the PreRopHoriNa are suspended by the cre- master only, and are suspended in all attitudes, as, for example, with head upwards or downwards on a vertical surface, or even back downwards under a horizontal one. Being quite ignorant on the point, I desired to see how the hold on the cremaster was obtained, and how the pupa was sustained at the critical moment of quitting the larval hold of the silken carpet. Incidentally, I desired to learn the precise arrangement of the cremaster, which in this family consists of two portions—a forward portion and a terminal one. I have usually considered the forward portion as springing from the eighth abdominal segment, and this proves to be correct; the doubt arises from the fact that in many species the tenth segment appears to stretch forwards anteriorly— does, in fact, so stretch forwards that it almost appears to reach ON THE MOULT TO PUPA IN PTEROPHORUS. 83 the anterior group of hooks, and one cannot help a suspicion that it reaches further and actually carries them; in the mature pupa or in the empty case it is not easy to be satisfied that this is not the fact. At the period of the moult it was abundantly plain that the anterior hooks belonged to segment eighth abdominal. I obtained some larvee of Pterophorus galactodactylus, and was fortunate enough to observe three individuals moulting to pupa. This is a species that pupates beneath a leaf, and therefore often inverted. The moult took place in all three examples about 1 p.m., after some two days’ quiescence. The larva spins a slight silken carpet, on which it rests, and which extends about one-twentieth of an inch all round the larva beyond it, and is no thicker at the critical position under the anal segments than elsewhere. When the moult takes place the larva holds on by the anal prolegs only; the props of the ventral legs stand out stiffly, but the hooks now take no hold of the silk; how this happens I did not ascertain. In many Pierids the body hangs arched away from the silken pad, preventing the ventral prolegs from touch- ing it; but I do not know how this is managed in the Pierids, Papilionids, and Lycenids, where the prolegs touch the pad, as they certainly do in P. galactodactylus. The anal prolegs hold well, so that they must be managed differently from the ventral ones. It is less difficult to understand how all the prolegs take no hold, as in pupe in cocoons, &c. The moulting is done rather rapidly—within, that is, about fifteen minutes from the first efforts noticed. The rhythmic movements, beginning at the last segments, at first push the abdominal segments, about the second to sixth, forwards within the larva skin, as evidenced by the tracheal threads very plainly seen through the transparent skin being withdrawn from the _ pupal spiracles. When these have passed forwards about one segment, or rather when the larval skin has passed backwards so far, all the abdominal trachee are withdrawn more or less, the first not quite a full segment’s length. The thoracic seg- ments are now crowded forwards, and the stretching of the larva skin raises the front part of the larva from the surface in a curve. Shortly it is seen that the anal segments of the pupa still occupy those of the larva, and the skin, as it is pushed backwards, gathers in a roll on the eighth abdominal segment. The skin splits dorsally down the head and thoracic segments, but not quite to the hind margin of the third one. The uncoil- ing of the antenne from within the larval head is easily seen. The crest of hairs on the pupal wing enables it to be seen occupying its own segment in the larva, and rapidly expanding as it assumes its pupal direction and position. When once the skin splits it slips back rather rapidly, and one has to be alert to see what is happening. It continues to form a roll round the 84 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. eighth abdominal segment. Just before the posterior margin of the opening reaches here, the ninth and tenth segments are seen within the larva skin to be actively directing the extremity of the pupa dorsally, and pushing the dorsal part of the roll of larva skin backwards. The pupal extremity thus curls forwards, with a definite step at each vermicular movement, and, before one quite expects it, it appears through the opening dorsally. It is not the stiff spike one knows in the mature pupa, but contorts itself as actively as the same segments in the most lively Tortrix or Tinea larva, bending not only at the incisions of segments, but in their length. It then stretches and pushes over the side of the larva skin, and reaches the silken carpet. The remainder of the pupa then leaves the larval skin, and pushes it away. The larva of galactodactylus has many stiff hairs, and it seemed that the larva, when inverted, maintained its position, and did not swing free, like a Vanessa, by the pressure of the hairs of the last segments posterior to the prolegs against the surface of suspension. ‘This does not explain how the problem is met in the smoother larve, if, indeed, these do assume so difficult a position. dgdistis, for instance, takes usually a vertical attitude, with head downwards. The larval skin accumulates round the eighth abdominal seg- ment and ventrally remains there, whilst dorsally it is pushed further back by the ninth and tenth segments, which, as I have noted above, thus escape from the dorsal slit in the larval skin, and find the silken pad to which the cremastral hooks on ten become fixed. What prevents the skin going further back ventrally, and what supports the pupa after the cremaster is withdrawn from the larval skin? The same answer solves these two questions. The cremastral hooks on the under side of eighth (abdominal) segment, which, like the anal ones, are already stiff and chitinised, stand out like a brush and form an obstacle to the further progress of the larval skin backwards. One - specimen which I arrested, at the critical moment when the cremaster was freed, had these hooks in a sort of pocket of the larval skin, of which the anterior lip was the roll of larval skin, the posterior the margin of the slit in the larval skin, and in some degree the roll of dorsal skin behind this and the inside of the bases of the anal prolegs of the larva. I have remarked that the last segments are very soft and mobile, and the under surface of eighth being sharply curved and made very convex by the dorsal movements of ninth and tenth, will spread the cremastral hooks of its armature in a radiating manner, so that taken together they form a sort of a knob in the pocket of larva skin, and hold the pupa firmly and safely. It is evident that when the end of the pupa seizes the pad of silk, and the pupa then straightens itself, the radiating hooks will fall together and easily free themselves from the pocket. There NOTE ON THE COCCID GENUS OUDABLIS. 85 is, however, a second string to the bow. I so interfered with one pupa that it did not secure a grip with the hooks of tenth segment, and then got the hooks under eighth from their pocket. The pupa nevertheless did not fall, but was sustained by the adhesion of the thoracic larval skin to the front of the fifth and sixth abdominal segments, and was so sustained for a considerable time till the pupa reached the silk. It did not, however, do so very satisfactorily, and the hooks of eighth failed to get a proper hold. It would seem that the proper use of this adhesion is to increase the pressure of the hooks of eighth segment against the margin of the pocket, and, after the terminal hooks are engaged in the silk, to steady the pupa, whilst those of eighth segment are freed from the larva skin and fixed on the silken carpet. In Hypercallia and Anchinia the method of pupal suspension is precisely the same as in Pterophorus; and in these the anal hooks are supplemented by some on the ventral aspect of the eighth abdominal sezment in like manner. There can be little doubt that their use is the same as in Pterophorus, both to secure safety at the time of moult and stiffness in the pupal position afterwards. Are these instances of the separate origin of com- plex apparatus and functions, in unrelated species, or is there any possible relationship? The pupe are certainly otherwise so very different that such relationship must be distant. Betula, Reigate: June, 1899. NOTE ON THE COCCID GENUS OUDABLIS, Sitenorer. By T. D. A. Cocxrerett, N.M.Agr.Exp.Sta. SiaNoret in 1875 proposed the name Boisduvalia for Coccids resembling Dactylopius, but having four white caudal filaments in the male, instead of only two. Later, he changed this name to Oudablis, because he had himself used Boisduvalia in 1868 for a genus of Aphidide. Loew (Wien. Ent. Zeit., 1883) objected to this substitution, on the ground that the Boisduvalia of 1868 was a nomen nudum; but this objection cannot hold, since there were already genera named Boisduvalia, Desv., 1830 (Diptera), and Boisduvalia, Montr., 1855 (Coleoptera). Signoret in 1875 recognised two species of Oudablis, both found in France—namely, O. lawri (Boisduval) and O. quadri- caudata (Sign.). Both of these resembled Dactylopius in the female having 8-jointed antenne. Lichtenstein in 1881 added a third species, O. parietarie (Licht.), but unfortunately never published a full diagnosis of it. In 1882 Lichtenstein (Bull. Soc. Ent. Frange, p. Ixxv) re- corded an insect found on the leaves of Rubus discolor, proposing ENTOM.—MARCH, 1900. I 86 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. for it a new generic name, T'etrura. The female was of a dark red purple, much like the Mexican cochineal; and the male, appearing in March, was red, with four white caudal filaments, as in Oudablis. Lichtenstein called the insect Tetrura rubi, erroneously supposing it to be the Coccus rubi of Schrank. Since the latter is in reality a Lecaniuwm, it is herewith proposed to employ the name rubi for the T'etrwra, since no confusion will be caused thereby. So far as Lichtenstein’s account goes, T'etrura is not separable from Oudablis, but he says it is easily separated from that genus by the form of the female, as he intended to explain in detail in a subsequent work, which unhappily never appeared. European coccidologists should have no trouble in recognising the insect when found, and it is to be hoped that before long we may hear of its rediscovery. The next contribution to the subject of Oudablis was an im- portant one by Loew in the ‘ Wiener Entomologische Zeitung’ for 1883. Loew described a new species (O. picee) found on Abies excelsa in the.country about Vienna. This insect had in the male the four caudal filaments of Oudablis, the posterior ones the longer; but the female had 9-jointed antenne, like a Phenacoccus. So far, all the species found were European. In 1899 M. d’Emmerez de Charmoy published (Proc. Soc. Amicale Scien- tique, p. 42, pl. iii. figs. 8, 8a) an insect found in the island of Mauritius on Solanum, calling it Phenacoccus nivalis, Maskell. The description of the female given by De Charmoy is practically a translation from that of Maskell; but the figures of both sexes, and the description of the male, pertain to the Mauritius insect, which is evidently distinct from that found by Koebele in Australia, and described by Maskell. Maskell says the male of his P. nivalis has the two usual cottony tails, and two shorter median set. The latter, I imagine, were mere naked bristles. The Mauritius insect (male) is figured with four long tails, which are stated in the description to be cottony—that is, the male is that of an Oudablis. The female, however, has 9-jointed antenne, as in Loew’s O. picee. On October 8th, 1899, at 8.15 a.m., I found some females of Phenacoccus helianthi (Ckll.) on Helianthus annuus at Phoenix, Arizona. Flying round the plants were what seemed to be a number of little midges, but on capturing some I found they were the hitherto unknown males of P. helianthi. These males were pale grey; mesosternum shining yellowish; eyes purplish; wings mealy white, iridescent. But I was surprised to see that they had four white caudal filaments, the outer ones shorter than the inner, but still long. Thus it appears that both Dactylopius and Phenacoccus are to be divided into two groups, a normal one with two cottony fila- NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 87 ments in the male, and one in which the male has four filaments. If it is worth while to recognise Oudablis as distinct from Dacty- lopius, the parallel forms in Phenacoccus should similarly be separated, and it is here proposed to call them Paroudablis. Typical Phenacoccus will include such species as P. aceris, and even, so far as the filaments of the male go, the otherwise peculiar P. yucce. Paroudablis will include Loew’s picee; De Charmoy’s Mauritius insect, which is at present nameless; and my helianthi. For the present, however, I would treat it only as a subgenus of Phenacoccus ; and Oudablis may be considered a subgenus of Dactylopius. A word should be added regarding Phenacoccus socius (New- stead), found at Wakefield, Yorkshire. The male is said to have “two long and two short white filaments, the latter not reaching beyond the closed wings.” This points to a Paroudablis. The species is stated to be near P. mespili, but to differ in being sreenish-yellow. This is almost exactly what might be said of P. pruni (Burmeister), but in view of Burmeister’s inadequate description, the identity of prunt with socius could only be sur- mised, hardly proved. Mesilla Park, New Mexico: Dec. 14th, 1899. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. A Sxconp GENERATION or Vanessa 10, Linn.—M. Ude records (Entom. Nachrichten, 1899, xxv. 366) that on Sept. 20th last he found at Rehberge, near Berlin, a number of half-grown larve of V. to (found as a rule only in May or June, sometimes in July), which pro- duced normal butterflies in due course. The author remarks that in the course of twelve years’ collecting he has never before found a second generation of this species.—G. W. K. Earwies Brnerician. — Forficula auricularia, Linn., 1s reported (‘ Rovartani Lapok,’ 1899, p. 175, and appendix, p. 16) to be beneficial by exterminating larve of Conchilis ambiyuella. This supports Ruhl’s opinion as to the normal diet of the earwig being carnivorous (1887, M.T. Schweiz. Ges. vii. 310).—G. W. K. Tue Fravour or Carerpmiars.—‘‘ De La Lande—the celebrated astronomer,” says d’Isjonvalle, ‘‘ often supped with me on Saturdays, and found nothing more to his liking than to eat caterpillars and spiders when in season. As my room opened directly on to a fine garden, he easily found the wherewithal to satisfy his first hunger ; but as Madame d’Isjonvalle likes to do things well, she used to collect some during the afternoon, to offer him on his arrival. As I always declined my share of this relish, I can only trust to hearsay for the difference in flavour between a spider and a caterpillar. The first, says our astronomer, has a nutty taste, the second a taste exactly like that of stone-fruit.”” (A. Daguin, in ‘ Le Naturaliste,’ 1899, p. 25).—G. W. K. 12 88 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. OporaBIA AUTUMNATA.—All the specimens of O. autwmnata that I have taken at Rannoch were obtained in woods, chiefly birch, and the species appeared to be confined to such places. I did not observe it on the moors, even on portions adjoining the woods. If disturbed in the woods and carried by the wind on to the moorland, they quickly make their way back to the shelter of the trees. In this habit they seem to differ from jiligrammaria.—Witt1am M. Curisry. Notes on tHe Nympu or Aiscuna cyanra.—From a pond about thirty yards long by four yards wide were taken, last year, seventy-four nymphs of Mschna cyanea, of which sixty-one managed successfully their final change, and were set free. Of this number thirty-one were females and thirty males. Quite forty or fifty more nymphs emerged from this same pond, as the empty skins clinging to the rushes fringing the pond remained to testify. The year before last one hundred and fourteen nymphs were taken from the same small pond, all of the same species. Of the sixty-one nymphs observed last year, a very large proportion changed by night, viz. fifty-four, as against seven that changed during the day. Of those observed in 1898, the complete record has unfortunately been lost; but of thirty-five emergences, twenty-five were by night and ten by day. ‘The earliest emergence last year was that of three females on June 25th; in 1898 the earliest emergence was July 9th. Of the sixty-one insects set free last year from the first emergence on June 25th to the last on July 28th, every one went right away, and not one was seen near the pond or garden for more than a month. In the autumn, however, the usual number, about five or six perhaps, appeared, but at no time did more than one pair frequent the pond at the same time. On August 6th a nymph of dAfschna cyanea was found, about three-fourths of an inch long, together with its cast skin, but whether this nymph came from an egg laid by one of the earlier emergences in June could not be determined. This particular pond at South Leigh, Oxfordshire, appears to be entirely monopolised by Aischna cyanea and Agrion puella. The latter, owing probably to their invisibility on the weed and their habit of lying very still, do not seem to be molested by 4. cyanea. I shall be glad to exchange 4. cyanea for any other nymphs at any time from now to July. ‘The length of the nymphs now (Jan. 25th) varies from half an inch to an inch and a quarter.—Arruur Hast; South Leigh Vicarage, Witney, Oxon. AXSCHNA GRANDIS ON THE Wine at Dusx.—On the evenings of July 12th, 13th, and 15th, from about half-past eight until almost dark, I was much interested tn watching a specimen of A’schna grandis busily hawking round several apple trees in my garden and in a neighbour’s adjoining. It was evidently in quest of Carpocapsa pomonella, Linn., which was unusually abundant at the time, as I saw it catch them several times. At Reading, several years ago, whilst netting Lepidoptera at dusk, I unexpectedly caught a male of the same species of dragonfly, which in the uncertain light I had mistaken for a large moth.—A. H. Hamm; 52, St. Mary’s Road, Oxford. [4ischna grandis has often been noticed hunting long after the usual time for dragonflies to retire. It appears also that 4. juncea and Anax imperator have an inclination in the same direction. It NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 89 would be interesting to hear if a similar habit has been noticed in any subfamily other than the Aischninee.—W. J. L.] Serrivc Retaxep Insects.—In the last volume of the ‘ Entomologist’ (xxxii. 307) Mr. A. H. Rydon asked a question as to the use of cement in setting relaxed insects to avoid springing. The method I have always adopted—and I have set many hundreds of relaxed insects—is to let well alone. If they are well relaxed, and allowed to dry thoroughly on the boards, 1 do not think Mr. Rydon will find any trouble from springing.—J. C. Warsure. British OrtHorrera.—I am engaged in collecting material for a detailed account of the Orthoptera of Great Britain and the Channel Islands, and would very gratefully receive notes as to localities, habits, dates of appearance, &c., from different parts. List of captures from Ireland would be especially welcome.—Matcorm Burr; Dormans Park, East Grinstead; February, 1900. Connectine anp Reartnc Draconruies, &c.—In a short paper, pub- lished during 1899 by the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, U.5.A., Dr. J. G. Needham gives some interesting directions for collecting and rearing dragonflies, stoneflies, and mayflies from the nymph. For this purpose he divides the nymphs into three groups—(a) those that live on the bottom ; (b) those living above the bottom in still or slowly flowing water; and (c) those living in the rapids of streams—and naturally considers that special methods of collecting are required for each group. For those living on the bottom a garden-rake is suggested to bring to the bank the loose material containing them, especially in small bays and eddies or similar spots; but for mud-loving species a sieve fastened to the end of a long handle is better. Members of the second group may be taken in ordinary dredging nets; but for those inhabiting rapid streams a large net is to be used, and in conjunction with it an instrument consisting of a long handle, terminated at one end by a brush having on its back two hooks. This instrument is used to overturn stones and then brush off the insects, which are carried by the stream into the net held just below. The captures are to be taken home in wet water-weed in a pail. Should imagines be found emerging or on the point of doing so, they and the nymphs are to be placed in distended paper bags, to contain which, as each nymph will require a separate bag, a basket is to be taken to the collecting-ground. No doubt these suggestions are admirable; but unless the ditch or pond is situated near one’s back garden the transportation of the impedimenta would be a serious undertaking. Dr. Needham suggests breeding nymphs under their natural con- ditions by pressing down into the mud, in shallow water, a cylinder, about fifteen inches high, made of close-meshed galvanised wire. The cylinder must be closed at the top with a lid of the same material, and of course the cage must be hidden ‘‘away from the eyes of the untutored and irreverent.” But something of this kind, to be used in a somewhat different manner, has been suggested before by Mr. Marshman Wattson, who, in England, has paid a good deal of attention to breeding some of the dragonfly nymphs. He has contrived a smaller cylinder of 90 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. perforated zinc, with a layer of plaster of Paris at the bottom, and covered at the top, if necessary, with a sheet of glass. It is intended to be used in aquaria, and particularly for eggs or very young nymphs. These are to be placed in the cylinder, while the food supply is outside in the body of the aquarium, and, the perforations being small, animals likely to prey on the little nymphs are not able to get in. Not every one will agree with Dr. Needham when he says that to get good specimens of the largest dragonflies it is easiest to breed them. They will not feed in captivity, and therefore die before their colours are matured. Besides the points called attention to above, this interesting paper contains many other hints on collecting, breeding, and preserving ~ Neuroptera with aquatic nymphs.—W. J. Lucas; Kingston-on-Thames, February 10th, 1900. THE usr oF “ Formauin” as a Preservative or Insects.—Now that this liquid is coming so much to the. front as a universal antiseptic, it behoves entomologists to ascertain how far they can apply it to their own ends with advantage. There appears to be some doubt as to its suitability for preserving museum specimens in place of spirit (see ‘Nature,’ 61, 204), and, on account of the rigidity imparted to the insects, formalin would be an obviously unsuitable medium in which to collect Coleoptera, or for killing purposes either. On referring to past volumes of the ‘Entomologist,’ I find that formalin has been used with success to retain the natural form and colour of larve and pupe after death (xxxii. 132, 188), but no account is given of employment as a preservative for the collection, although suggested by Mr. Blandford (xxx. 21). Having myself had some acquaintance with the remarkable germicidal property of formalin, which is stated by some of the best authorities to be second only to sublimate, I have used it to destroy mould among my insects, with results which are to me quite satisfactory. Every entomologist living in a damp locality will know how easily boxes of insects become infested with this plague, and when once established how difficult to eradicate. Painting with sublimate solution is sure but troublesome, and does not add to the beauty of the specimens; carbolic acid also must be applied directly to the insect. As far as my experience goes, formaldehyde (of which formalin is a forty per cent. solution in water) is the only substance completely efficacious as a vapour. The method I employ is to render the infested box or drawer as nearly as possible air-tight, and to enclose in it a piece of cotton-wool on which are poured from six to twelve drops of formalin according to size. This is then set on one side for a week, when the spores should all be killed. If any mouldy insect is then examined, it will be seen that the mycelium has shrivelled up, and, in the case of Coleoptera, may be removed with a brush. As it is generally more satisfactory to destroy at once Lepidoptera which are attacked to any extent, it is rather as a preventive than a cure that I would suggest its use to collectors of this order. By treating all drawers and boxes two or three times a year in the way recommended, and submitting all fresh specimens to a dose, one may, I think, be reasonably sure of not seeing mould or mites either, though ordinary care is sufficient to prevent the appearance of the latter. A natural CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 91 question at once presents itself, viz. what is the effect on the colours of specimens? I have made several experiments to ascertain this, and can return a satisfactory answer in all cases except greens. Several species of Coleoptera have been painted with the solution, and no alteration could be detected in any except Cicindela compestris; this was slightly darkened in colour, but the vapour in a dilute form does not even effect this. The following species of Lepidoptera, among others, were subjected to a strong dose of the vapour :—Gonopterya rhamni, Anthocharis cardamines, Lycena icarus, Melitea athalia, Arctia caia, Orgyia antiqua, O. gonostigma, Hepialus velleda, Huchelia jacobea, Hemithea strigata. There was not the slightest alteration visible in any except the last named, which was distinctly darkened. The precaution must therefore be taken of removing green Lepidoptera before applying the reagent. Formalin has the advantages of being cheap and readily procurable ; it is not a strong poison, and although the vapour has an irritating effect on the eyes and mucous membrane, it is quite harmless and hardly noticeable in the quantity which it is necessary to use; an occasional sneeze when examining one’s collection will alone remind us of its presence. It has no appreciable action on pins, in the form of vapour.—W. 8. Gites; Bocking, Braintree, Essex. CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. CoLtas HYALE IN 1899.—A friend of mine has just given me a fine male specimen of C. hyale, which he took near Ashford on August 31st last. I think it must have been a stray specimen.—S. A. BLENKARN; Clifton House, East Dulwich Road, Jan. 18th, 1900. SPHINX CoNVoLVULI IN 1899.—During last season I captured twenty specimens of S. convolvuli here. These were taken between August 25th and September 20th. The weather here was unfavourable for this insect, which probably accounts for none being seen after the latter date.—Jonn P. Hypr; The Grove, Portland, Jan. 20th, 1900. KARLY OCCURRENCE OF ANISOPTERYX #SCULARIA. — This evening, January 23rd, a Geometer flew to light at my dining-room window at half-past nine. I went outside, just for the pleasure, as I thought, of once more seeing Hybernia rupicapraria, when, to my surprise, I discovered the moth to be 4. escularta. During the many years I have kept a look- out, I have been able to record no earlier date than February 6th, just a fortnight later than in the present instance. It has been exceptionally mild all day (the thermometer standing at 50°), a fact which no doubt accounts for this premature emergence.—(Rev.) Girpert H. Raynor; Hazeleigh Rectory, Maldon, Essex, Jan. 23rd, 1900. ABscHNA cYANEA. — This dragonfly was apparently very abundant during the last summer (1899}. Though I observed many specimens flying about, | only secured two: one taken on glass in the green- house; and the second flying in through the verandah doors and over the dinner-table was there promptly bottled. These seem unusual visits for such insects. There is little water at this somewhat high elevation (clay), save a few small ponds; and I have previously reported the species 92 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. from the valley at Purley, which is a similarly waterless spot (chalk).— W. L. Distant; Upper Warlingham, Surrey. MameEstRA FuRVA.—The specimens of M. furva recorded by me in my notes on the “ Macro-Lepidoptera of the Galashiels District in 1899 ” (ante, p- 44) were taken at the end of July, not in May, as there stated. — JAMES C. Haaeart. Dwarr VANESSA ATALANTA.—In September, last year, I captured a couple of V. atalanta, both of which are very much smaller than the usual size. One measures one inch and a half (37 millim.) in expanse, and the other is only a little larger. Both were captured in a garden at Tendring, near Colchester.—ALan W. CarpinaLL; 18, Cromwell Road, Brighton. [Such small examples of V. atalanta are not perhaps often met with on the wing, but dwarf specimens are uot infrequently preduced from larve reared in confinement.—ED. | THAMNOTRIZON CINERUS IN, THE NEW: Forest.—I took a specimen of this grasshopper in the New Forest, Sept. 20th, 1898.—C. W. CoLrurup ; 127, Barry Road, East Dulwich, S.E., Jan. 12th, 1900. Note oN PHLOGOPHORA METICULOSA.—I obtained two female P. meti- culosa at Portsmouth, at rest on a wall near electric-light lamps, on Dec. 6th last. They both laid eggs on the following day, from all of which caterpillars emerged on Jan. 1st, 1900, and which are still feeding up on cabbage and wallflower leaves. Both the moths were in good condition.— C. W. CotrHrup; 127, Barry Road, Kast Dulwich, S.E., Jan. 12th, 1900. Captures aT Hxectrric Licgut in Cuester Disrrict.—During last year I took the following species, among others, at the electric lights here :—September 3rd, one example of Cirrhedia xerampelina, and one of Epunda lutulenta ; the latter had settled on the ground and been trodden on by someone passing by, but, strange to say, was practically none the worse. Ennomos fuscantaria and E. alniaria (tiliaria) were both extremely common. I also secured one specimen of EF. erosaria. Xylophasia mono- glypha (polyodon) occurred in hundreds; two of the examples I captured were of the dark form, without any light markings whatever on the fore wings.—T. H. Court; 7, Cambrian View, Chester. Lepipoprera at Licur in 1899.—During the greater part of last , season I used a light trap in our garden for the first time; and on the whole the result has proved very satisfactory. Excluding Micros, I captured sixty-one species. The first captures were made on April 28th, when I obtained single specimens of Ta@niocampa gothica and T. stabilis. In May I took, in addition to several more specimens of the above species, Spilosoma menthastri and Anticlea nigrofasciaria (derivata). Captures became eomewhat more frequeut in June: Spilosoma menthastri turned up in some numbers; and Heptalus lupulinus, Cilix spinula, Agrotis eaclamationis, Noctua festiva, Rumia crategata, Odonoptera bidentata, Hemerophila abruptaria, and Melanippe fluctuata also occurred. July proved a very productive month, and on favourable nights moths came to the trap in large numbers. On the 30th of the month IJ captured a specimen of Orthosia suspecta in the trap; and on August 2nd another specimen came to light at my window. These have been kindly identified by Mr. C. G. Barrett, to whom they were shown by Mr. Arthur Cottam. Is not this a new species for Hertfordshire? On July 21st I obtained a — oe CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 93 specimen of Calymnia pyralina; and on the 18th a fine Plusia moneta (previously recorded, Entom. xxxii. 212). Other trap captures during the month included :—Lithosia lurideola (plentiful), Arctia caia, Bombyx neustria, Drepana lacertula, Phalera bucephala (common), Bryophila perla, Acronycta pisi, Leucania lithargyria, L. comma, L. pallens, Dipterygia scabriuscula (pinastri), Cerigo matura, Caradrina morpheus, C. alsines, Rusina tenebrosa, Noctua augur, Hadena oleracea, Selenia juliaria, Halia wavaria, Lomaspilis marginata, Melanthia ocellata, Cidaria associata, Pelurga comitata, and Aventia flecula. A few addi- = tional species were taken in the trap in August: Luperina testacea suddenly appeared about the 8th, and was common fora few nights; and Lopho- _ pteryx camelina, Triphena ianthina, and Epione apiciaria were also noticed. From the middle of August to the end of September I was away from home, and, consequently, was unable to do anything with the trap during that period. In October Anchocelis pistacina, A. lunosa, and Miselia oxyacanthe were captured ; and in November Asteroscopus sphina (one male) and Cheimatobia brumata. Several additional species came to light at my window during the season, of which may be mentioned :— Hybernia marginaria (common in March), Xylocampa lithoriza, Hadena dentina, Calymnia trapezina, Ennomos tiliaria, Coremia unidentaria, and Hydrecia nictitans—Puitie J. BaArrarD; Bushey Heath, Herts, Feb. 2nd, 1900. _ Lepipoprrra in 1899.—During the exceedingly mild and open winter and early spring which we experienced last year, the common Geometre which put in an appearance at that season were very abundant in the neigh- bourhood of Reading. The sallows in that district were mostly in full bloom during the latter part of March, but nightly attention failed to produce anything worth having. The most curious thing about the early Noctuze was the extraordinary abundance of T@niocampa stabilis, which outnumbered all the other common moths by at least six to one. About this time a few nice specimens of Selenia illunaria were attracted by the lamp in a room. Early in April a fine specimen of Vanessa polychloros was found hyber- nating in a greenhouse. This butterfly, which appears to be getting scarce, was in remarkably fine condition for the time of year. The results of collecting during May and the earlier part of June were decidedly disappointing, and, indeed, the only decent insects taken during this period were three Cherocampa elpenor, which were captured while hovering over honeysuckle in the garden. About June 13th, when the weather was beautifully fine, Macroglossa stellatarum was abundant, but seemed to disappear again until the end of July. Sugaring produced scarcely anything until the middle of July, when Cosmia diffinis, C. affinis, Mania maura, and Cerigo cytherea were plentiful. I also took several Gonoptera libatrix at sugar about July 20th, which seems to be rather an early date for this species. On July 23rd a full-fed larva of Smerinthus ocellatus was brought to me, and on being placed in the breeding-cage immediately disappeared beneath the soil. Rather earlier than this date Pamber Wood was visited with small success, although several Vanessa polychloros and one beautiful Limenitis sibylla were seen. Argynnis ‘paphia was also very plentiful. Aug. 8th found me at Bude, in Cornwall. The best locality for insects there is the small strip of sand-dunes near the mouth of the haven. As no 94 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. posts or trees were available, sugar was applied to the flowers of thistles with good effect. By this method swarms of common Agrotide were attracted, especially A. tritici, and Geometre, particularly Melanippe galiata, were common. Among other insects taken in this way were A. suffusa, A. eaclamationis, A. lunigera (two), A. segetum (numerous), and A. pracox (two beauties). Noctua e-nigrum, N. baia, N. umbrosa, and numerous Apameas which hung about very late. The most abundant insect during the day was Macroglossa stellatarwm, which swarmed every- where. Many came into the house and were captured on the window- frames, and many more were released. I remember counting fifteen of them, hovering over a strip of valerian on the roadside leading down into Boscastle. Only one specimen of Colias edusa was seen, but other butter- flies were very plentiful; indeed, I never remember having seen so many in one day as I did on Aug. 12th, on the road between Bude and Morwen- stow. Gonopteryx rhamni was abundant, and Argynnis paphia was still in good condition. The common Vanesse, and especially V. atalanta, swarmed. I also noticed several specimens of Zygena filipendule flying on the Bude sandhills during the early part of August. The weather throughout this month was remarkably fine and hot. Having returned to Reading in September, I resumed collecting in that district, The autumn butterflies were plentiful, as was also Macro- glossa stellatarum. No sugaring was done in the autumn, but attention was paid to the ivy-bloom. Insects were extremely scarce, owing to cold foggy nights. The only moth which was at all common was the ever- present Phlogophora meticulosa, while Cerastis vaccinii came next. Vanessa atalanta was on the wing as late as Nov. 5th, and about this date swarms of Cheimatobia brumata and Hybernia defoliaria made their appearance in the orchard at night. These moths appear to defy cold, and may be seen flying freely any frosty night. No more insects were captured during the year. It will thus be seen that on the whole the season did not produce much here, though I have heard of others who had better luck.—E. T. B. RwEcE. LaRV#&-BEATING IN 1899 COMPARED wiTH 1898.—It may be interesting to lepidopterists living in the London district, and who use the beating- tray, to compare the following rough notes on the past two years with their own experiences. Speaking generally, 1899 must be considered, if not better, at least an equal of its predecessor. The localities visited were, with the exception of a few days spent in the New Forest, within the twelve mile radius. Halias quercana was scarcer in the generally worked localities, but in a favourite haunt, which I believe is little known and less worked, it was quite as abundant as in 1898, being as usual attended with many common larve. Thecla betula, which in the former year had been exceedingly scarce (only four larve being taken), was decidedly plentiful, during four or five excursions upwards of four dozen falling to the tray ; the first day, June 10th (when the larvee were very small), being the most successful. 7’. guercus was more plentiful in the New Forest during the past year, but larve of this species very few and far between in the London district. Liparis monacha, Bombyx neustria, Trichiura crategi, Amphi- dasys betularia, Odontopera bidentata, and Cleora lichenaria were scarcer than in 1898; the latter of course really requires searching for. Diloba” ceruleocephala, Notodonta camelina, Miselia oxyacanthe, Himera pennaria, Uropteryx sambucata, Crocallis elinguaria, Selenia lunaria, S. illunaria, SOCIETIES. 95 were all to be had in moderate numbers, the first five being decidedly commoner. Notodonta dromedarius, Platypteryx lacertula, P. falcula, P. unguicula, and Demas coryli were in sufficient quantities to be worth working for, but were rarer. Halias prasinana and Catocala sponsa were conspicuous by their absence, although in 1898 the former was quite the commonest thing on birch. Among other good larve taken were single specimens of Notodonta trepida and Boarmia roboraria. With regard to Thecla betula, I may add that this species seems to become decidedly common every fourth year, although I have certainly met with not less than three or four larve every season.—E. W. Lane; 9, Teesdale Street, Hackney Road, N.E. Norrs rrom Norrincuam.—During the month of August, 1897, I spent two or three weeks at West Bridgford, Nottingham, aud while there noted the following :—The larve of Phalera bucephala were exceedingly plentiful, and one morning, before breakfast, my cousin and I took over fifty in about five minutes, off a small poplar. I noticed this larva feeding on willow, poplar, lime, and many other trees, including sweet chestnut and rose. I founda few larvee of Acronycta psi feeding on lime. On willows (pollard) growing by the river the larvee of Smerinthus ocellatus and S. populi were found, the former being much commoner than the latter. Here I also picked up a full-fed larva of Cossus ligniperda, and saw, but did not trouble to take, hundreds of P. bucephala larve and an occasional Dicranura vinula larva. The space in which I found the ocellatus and populi larvee was about fifty or sixty yards long, and beyond this not one was to be seen. ‘There, however, Aromia moschata was very plentiful. I obtained more than twenty in the space of one hour. This separation of the beetles and larve struck me as very curious. Common as this beetle was in 1897, my cousin did not see any at all during the following summer. A specimen of Dytiscus marginalis was noted in a rain puddle barely three feet wide and six inches deep.—Oscar Wauittaker; Morelands, Heaton, Bolton-le- Moors. ; SOCIETIES. Enromotocican Soctety or Lonpon.—Sizty-seventh Annual Meeting, January 17th, 1900.—Mr. G. H. Verrall, President, in the chair.—It was announced that the following had been elected as officers and members of Council for 1900-1901: President, Mr. G. H. Verrall; Treasurer, Mr. R. Mclachlan, F.R.S.; Secretary, Mr. C. J. Gahan, M.A.; Librarian, Mr. G. C. Champion, F.Z.8.; and as other members of the Council: Mr. Charles G. Barrett; Dr. T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S.; Messrs. W. L. Distant; H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, F.Z.8.; F. D. Godman, D.C.L., F.R.S.; A. H. Jones, and R. W. Lloyd; the Hon. Walter Rothschild, D.Se., M.P., and Messrs. E. Saunders, F'.L.S., and C. O. Waterhouse. The election to fill the vacancy on the Council and in the office of secretary, caused by the resignation of Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N., was adjourned to March 7th, the Council having signi- fied their intention to announce at the meeting on Feb. 7th the name of the candidate whom they recommend to be elected. The President delivered an address, in which he reviewed the advantages. and dis- advantages under which entomologists and other men of science now 96 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. labour, as compared with the conditions existing at the beginning of the nineteenth century. He called attention to certain abuses pre- valent, instancing, among others, the hasty and ill-digested nature of much of the work now published, the result, as he believed, of the facilities that are given for publication. Having referred also to the vast increase in the number and variety of the publieations which a student must consult in order to be fully acquainted with the work done in his special branch of study, Mr. Verrall proceeded to suggest that there should be an international agreement for the purpose, not only of restricting the number of the publications to be recognized, but of exercising some control over their contents, in order that worthless papers might be excluded. In conclusion, he briefly summarised the reforms which he considered most essential to be effected at the beginning of the new century. A vote of thanks, proposed by Prof. Meldola, and seconded by Mr. Blandford, was unanimously accorded to the President for his address, and to the President and the other officers for their services to the Society during the past year. Messrs. Verrall, McLachlan, Gahan, and Champion “spoke in reply, and the proceedings terminated. February 7th.—Mr. G. H. Verrall, President, in the chair.—The President announced that he had appointed Dr. T. A. Chapman, F.Z.5., Mr. W. L. Distant, and Mr. C. O. Waterhouse as Vice-Presidents. He announced the death of William Blundell Spence, who had been a member of the Society since its foundation in 1833, and who was for some years past the only surviving original member. Mrs. M. de la B. Nicholl, of Merthyr Mawr, Bridgend, was elected a Fellow of the Society. Mr. O. K. Janson exhibited examples of Achias longividens, Walk., a remarkable fly from New Guinea, in which the eyes are set at the end of very long stalk-like processes. The specimens showed great variation in the length of the eye-stalks, which in the most fully developed males considerably exceeded the length of the wings. Mr. J. W. Tutt exhibited a series of specimens of Hpunda lutulenta, in- cluding those remarkable variations to which he had referred in his notes on the species, read at a previous meeting. Mr. Champion ex- hibited a large number of Coleoptera collected by Dr. Chapman, Mr. Edwards, and himself, in July last, in Switzerland. He called atten- tion to the great variation in colour of one or two common species of the Chrysomelid genus Orina, and said he believed that the forms known as O. cacali@, Schrank, O. speciosissima, Scop., and under other names, all belonged to one extremely variable species. Prof. T. Hudson Beare showed specimens of Dinoderus minutus, Fab., obtained from a bamboo basket in his house at Richmond. They were speci- fically identical with the Dinoderus substriatus of Stephens. Mr. H. Donisthorpe exhibited a larva-case of Clythra quadripunctata taken from a nest of the red wood-ant, Formica rufa. He commented upon the unsatisfactory state of our knowledge as to the food-habits of the larvee of Clythra, and said he believed the larve fed upon the eggs of the ant. The President remarked that there was a species of Microdon of which the pupa-case had an obvious similarity to the larva-case of Clythra, and was, he believed, found in the nest of the same species of ant. Mr. Gahan mentioned, in connection with the genus Clythra, that these beetles possess a stridulating organ on the mesonotum, not SOCIETIES. 97 along the middle, as in Longicorns and Megalopide, but towards the lateral edges, and consisting of two widely separated striated areas over which the edge of the pronotum moves. The stridulating areas were present, he said, in nearly all the genera of Clythrid, and might almost be regarded as a characteristic of the family. The fact that these beetles stridulate was apparently known to Darwin, who, in the ‘Descent of Man,’ erroneously stated that the stridulating area was situated on the pygidium.—C. J. Ganan, Hon. Sec. Sourn Lonpon Enromotocican anp Naturat History Society. — December 14th, 1899.—Dr. Chapman, F.E.S., in the chair. Mr. Robson exhibited a bred species of unusually large specimens of Dianthecia irregularis, from Tuddenham. Major Ficklin, a specimen of D. luteago var. ficklini, which he presented to the Society’s collection. Mr. Lueas, a specimen of Sumatochiora metallica, a rare dragonfly, taken by Mr. C. A. Briggs, and presented by him to the Society’s collection. Mr. Adkin, examples of Crambus geniculeus, taken in his garden, of a much less rabust appearance than usual, and with very faintly indi- cated markings. Mr. Edwards, long series of the following species of Erebia, taken by himself in the neighbourhood of Fusio, the Simplon, and the Macunagno :—HF. cetv, HE. lappona, EF. goante, EL. tyndarus, E. euryale, HE. flavofasciata, E. melampus, EL. epiphron, EL. mnestra, and a few specimens of HF. liyea, EF. pronoe, EH. medusa, and E. gorge. Mr. F. M. B. Carr, a series of insects taken at sugar, including two Cossus ligniperda, and about a.dozen Macrogaster arundinis from Wicken. January 11th, 1900.—Mr. A. Harrison, F.L.8., President, in the chair.—Mr. Buckstone exhibited larve of Triphena fimbria, some of which were of a light form and others of a dark form; and read notes on their growth, mortality, and pupation. Mr. Turner, (1) a speci- men of Periplaneta americana from the Zoological Gardens, (2) a var. of Melanippe fluctuata with the central band only represented by a narrow costal fascia, (8) a specimen of Abrawus grossulariata with a large black spot surrounded by a white ring, outside of which the black was nearly continuous. Mr. Lucas, several lantern-slides of well-known scenery in the neighbourhood of Esher. Mr. F. Clarke exhibited a large number of very admirable photomicrographic slides of insect anatomy, including a long series of Orgyia antiqua ; antenne of various orders ; a few of tongues, feet, &c.; a curious water hymeno- pteron; numerous ova of various species of Lepidpotera; a few Desmids ; and living examples of Argulus foliaceus, the parasite of the stickleback.—Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Report Sec. Birmincuam Enromoxocican Socrery.—December 18th, 1899.—Mr. 'G. T. Bethune-Baker, President, in the chair. Mr. Chas. Pumphrey, 5, Park Road, Moseley, was elected a member of the Society. Mr. Colbran J. Wainwright showed Physocephala rwipes from Cornwall, and other Conopide and Syrphide. Mr. P. W. Abbott, a series of Nola cucullatella from London, including two very dark ones. Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, a number of Palzarctic insects of the genus Satyrus—S. semele and var. bischoffi from Asia Minor; S. staudingeri from Samarcand, S. anthelea from Asia Minor, and S. josephi from the Pamirs, &c. 98 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. January 15th, 1900.—The President in the chair.—Mr. R. C. Bradley showed Halictus levigatus from Sutton, and said that it was not a common species locally. Mr. A. H. Martineau, a boxful of Aculeata Hymenoptera, chiefly Pompilide, including, among other rarities, Agenia variegata from Selsley, Glos., and Nevin, North Wales ; Sapyga clavicornis, a species which was regarded as extremely rare a short time ago, but which he had found at Solihull and various other midland localities, and which appeared to be a more common insect in the midlands than was supposed; also Calicurgus hyalinatus, one from Wyre Forest. Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker showed two drawers of Sutyrus, including, among other good species, S. pamirus and S. parisatis from Turkestan ; S. aurantiaca from the Caspian; and a very fine series of S. abdelkader from Algeria. Mr. C. J. Wainwright, a box containing Chelosia and allied genera of Diptera.—Cotpran J. Watn- wricHt, Hon. Sec. LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE HNnromonocicaL Socrety.— Annual Meeting, January 15th, 1900.—The President in the chair. The Treasurer, Mr. H. Locke, presented his Report, which showed a balance on the right side. The election of officers resulted as follows :—President, S. J. Capper, F.E.S.; Vice-Presidents, B. H. Crabtree, F.E.S., and EK. J. Burgess Sopp, F.E.S.; Hon. Secretaries, F. N. Pierce, F.E.S., and Fredk. Birch; Hon. Treasurer, Dr. J. Cotton; Hon. Librarian, Fred. C. Thompson; Council, Dr. J. W. Ellis, F.E.S., Herbert Massey, Rev. R. Freeman, R. Wilding, and H. Locke. The President gave an interesting address on his entomological experiences from boyhood. At his first school his passion for insects got him into scrapes, but when he removed to the Friends’ School at Kpping this same passion was fostered by some of the masters until it grew into a determined study. On coming to Liverpool he had very little time for collecting, but he became acquainted with Mr. Nicholas Cooke, Mr. C. 8. Gregson, and other eminent entomologists. His (for a youth) exceptionally good collection of southern insects filled Mr. Cooke with delight, and was the means of increasing their friendship. Thus, when Mr. Capper at length found time for collecting, they made frequent excursions together to all the noted ‘‘ localities” of the district, their chief rendezvous being Delamere Forest. His New Forest experiences next occupied Mr. Capper’s attention. These and his friendship with the two Gullivers, father and son, he dwelt upon with much pleasure, telling some amusing anecdotes about the latter. He then mentioned his acquaintance with Mr. Alfred Owen, and the acquisition of that gentleman’s collection, thus making his own one of the richest in England. Mr. Capper referred to the years 1855, 1870, and 1888, as having been made memorable by the appearance of Deilephila galii on the Wallasey sandhills. The last occurrence was further commemorated by a clever sketch by Mr. C. H. H. Walker, entitled ‘‘ Liverpool Entomologists on the War Path.’ This the President described at some length. In conclusion, he referred warmly to the valuable friendships he had formed through the study of entomology, and the happiness he had derived from it personally. A vote of thanks'to the President was proposed by Mr. H. Locke, and seconded by Mr. R. Wilding. Mr. H. B. Prince sent for exhibition an RECENT LITERATURE. 99 interesting case with the imago, cocoon, and pupal skin of Cossus ligniperda, and the hanging puparium of Uropterya sambucata ; also a box of sandhill Lepidoptera.—Frepx. Biron, Joint Sec. Tae Enromonoeican Crus.—Since our last Report (Entom. xxxil. 49), meetings were held as follows :—December 4th, 1899, at Wellfield, Lingard’s Road, Lewisham, the residence of Mr. Robert Adkin. January 16th, 1900, at the Holborn Restaurant; Mr. G. H. Verrall in the chair.—R. Sourn, Hon. Sec. RECENT LITERATURE. Transactions af the City of London Entomological and Natural History Society for the year 1898. Pp. 68. Published by the Society, November, 1899. AurHoueu rather late in appearance, the ‘ Transactions’ of this Society just to hand are in no way behind previous volumes in the matter of interest. Besides the Reports of Meetings and the Presi- dent’s Address there are five papers, four of which deal with insects, and the first instalment of ‘‘The Fauna of the London District.” The entomological papers are as follows :—‘‘ Some Cicadides,’”’ by Ambrose Quail (3 pp.) ; ‘On some Heredity Experiments with Coremia ferrugata,’’ by Louis B. Prout (9 pp.); ‘ Beetle Coloration,” by H. Heasler (8 pp.) ; ‘‘ Notes on the Broads,” by H. Fuller (33 pp.). The district list of Lepidoptera is that of Dr. F. J. Buckell, edited, with additions subsequent to 1898, by L. B. Prout. The present portion extends to thirteen pages, and enumerates one hundred and seventy-one species. The arrangement, except as regards the butter- flies, is that of the ‘ Kntom. Syn. List,’ but the generic nomenclature is not in accordance with that list or any work on British Lepidoptera. Fauna Hawaiiensis. By E. Meyrick. Vol. i. pp. 123-275, plates iii—vii. Macro-Lepidoptera. June 8th, 1899.* In this Part are included all the Lepidoptera, “ except the Ptero- phoride, Tortricina, and Tineina.”’ 292 species (arranged under forty-nine genera) are described, of which 200 are new; of the former, 261 (= 89 per cent.) are endemic. The geographical distribution of the genera and species is dealt with at some length, but although such considerations—particularly from a specialist—should receive every attention, due caution in the acceptance of the results is very necessary. Distant exposed,t several years ago, the empiricism of drawing “great conclusions in geogra- phical distribution from generic calculations alone.’’ The specific constitution of the islands is as follows :— 0 51 species. Notodontina .................. 50...-;, * See also Entom. 1900, pp. 23-4. + 1878, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 173, ‘‘ Notes on Some Hemiptera Homoptera.” 100 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. oy O00 1 ee ee eo 7 species. Papiulapn ims 9°) ..5..'62 266 dacs cipre ne Pommen WGA, occ «asine se ade ETO (ORs The general resemblance of the Hawaiian fauna to that of New Zealand is very marked, and its origin seems to have been mainly South Pacific, with admixture of Asiatic and American forms. The author considers that the genera may be grouped under four successive periods of time, viz. :— (1.) South Pacific in origin, Sisyrophyta and Scoparia being re- presentative. (2.) Possibly coincident ‘‘in time with the considerable extension of the Hawaiian Islands to the north-west, which seems to have once existed,” with Agrotis, Pyrausta, &c. (3.) Under ‘‘ circumstances much as at present,” with 18 genera. (4.) Due probably ‘‘ to the influence of the north-east trade winds,” mainly consisting of wholly apodemic genera. Of the 257 endemic species (261, less 4 whose distribution is un- known), 173 (= 67 per cent.) are confined each to a single island *; ‘‘ of the remaining 84 species, 36 have been taken both in Hawaii and Kauai, at opposite ends of the group,’’ and may therefore be counted as ranging throughout. : The author echoes the opinion of everyone who has dealt with any part of this fauna in noting the extraordinary variability, structurally and in colouration, of the species. ‘‘ An unusual proportion of species show strong variability, which in perhaps 15 or more species becomes excessive. . . . The variation of such insects as Hypenodes altivolans and Hucymatoge monticolans is quite phenomenal, and the proportion of highly variable forms is certainly much larger than in an ordinary fauna.’’ A tendency to dull colouring is noted, as also the fact that ‘‘in many of the Pyraustide there is an unusual tendency to increased development of the dorsal scale-projection towards the base of the fore wings, which is normally inconspicuous.”’ Mr. Meyrick is of opinion, however, that the latter is of no importance as a test of relationship. The endemic genera, that is to say, those whose species appear to be entirely confined to the Hawaiian Isles, contain two very remark- able forms, viz. Scotorythra, Butler, and ‘‘its derivate”’ Sisyrophyta, Meyrick. They are distinguished from the other genera of the Selidosematide by their peculiar antenne, which, in the males, are bipectinate, simple towards the base and on the apical third; in the same sex the posterior tibie# are more or less “ dilated, containing hair- pencil in groove.”” Of Sisyrophyta 2 species are known, of Scotorythra 30 species. Lastly, we call attention to the genus Scoparia, Haw., of which no less than 57 species—26 figured—all (according to the author) remarkably constant, are found in the Hawaiian group. G. W. K. Total No. Peculiar Species. Percentage. (Eley it esses. 128 65 51 IGE. Socnae Sate 66 26 39 gine: = cesses 32 5 16 Molokai ...... 49 if. 24 Oahu Pe eeeeeee 51 17 33 (Karel, sences sce 97 48 49 Plate III F W.Frohawk del etlith. oi West, Newman chromo. TES Aberrations of British lepidoptera. THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vou. XXXIII.) APRIL, 1900. [No. 448. ABERRATIONS OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. By F. W. Frouaws, M.B.O.U., F.E.S. Pruate III. Fia. 1.-—-Vanessa urtice, 2. The fine example figured is one of two bred in July, 1896, from a brood of larve taken the previous month at Heathfield, Sussex, by Mr. A. W. Peach ; both specimens are very similar in pattern. The whole of the remainder of the brood were normal. The one figured, now in the collection of Mr. A. B. Farn, has no trace of the usual blue marginal spots. The second and third costal spots of the primaries are united, forming a large black blotch, and the two usual central black dots are missing; the secondaries are un- usually dark, having the upper central area black, and sprinkled with a few red scales in the centre of the wing; the basal half is clothed with fulvous down. On the under side the primaries are fairly normal, but the secondaries are uniformly dusky. Fic. 2.—Vanessa atalanta, 2. As variation in this species is of rare occurrence, I am pleased to be able to give a figure of such a handsome example as the one represented ; it will at once be noticed that the character of the apical white markings is very unusual. The first costal blotch, which in normal speci- mens is by far the largest, is in this aberration narrowed and cut up into three small spots, the central one being reduced to a few white scales. The amount of white which should occupy this portion of the wing has apparently shifted its position lower down, forming a large white spreading blotch occupying the whole width between the lower radial nervure and second median nervule ; below this on the red band is a comparatively large white spot spreading outwards into the black margin; at the ENTOM.—APRIL, 1900. K 102 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. extremity of the red there are a few white scales forming an additional spot; surrounding the white apical blotches are patches of lavender-coloured suffusions, obliterating much of the black ground colouring. The secondaries are equally remark- able, or even more so, as they have a clearly defined white spot situated between the subcostal and upper radial, and the red marginal band is without the usual black spots. The under side exhibits even more beautiful variation than the upper. The costal third of the primary has a bright blue suffusion bordered with black, and most of the lower half of the wing is of a bright rose-red ; the white of the apex is of much the same pattern as on the upper side, the great central area of the secondary is clouded with purple-brown and lilac, and towards the anal angle with various shades of lilac, metallic green, and blue; the mar- ginal band is pink shaded with lilac over the apical third, and greenish over the anal fourth. This spiendid specimen is un- fortunately rather undersized, probably from the larva having had insufficient food in the last stage. It was bred by Mr. B. P. Kemp from one of only three larve casually found at Erith, and is now in the collection of Mr. E. Sabine, to whom I must offer my thanks for the loan of such a handsome specimen for figuring. J should add that he informs me that he bred over six hundred specimens of V. atalanta last autumn without obtaining anything special in the way of variation among them. Fic. 8.—Argynnis paphia, 2. As will be seen by the figure, the ground colouring is richer than in the normal female A. paphia, and more resembles the colouring of a male in this respect. The submarginal series of. black spots are confluent, forming a conspicuous band of markings which become suffused into a large subapical blotch on the primaries; the markings over the median area of the wings, which in normal specimens are the boldest, are in this example much reduced in size. The under side presents no striking variation, excepting that the black markings on the primaries are considerably reduced. This fine butterfly, which is in very perfect condition, was captured on July 11th, 1897, in New Park Enclosure, New Forest, by Mr. A. W. Peach, who has kindly placed it at my disposal for figuring. Fies. 6, 7. — Lycena arion, 2? 2. These two handsome specimens have both been lent me by Mr. A. B. Farn, selected for the purpose of figuring from his superb series of the species captured by himself in Cornwall in 1896-7. These specimens, from their large size and bold markings, resemble a form of frequent occurrence in Germany ; the markings on the primaries form a broad median band. The marginal series of spots on the ABERRATIONS OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 1038 secondaries in normal examples are absent in those figured, and the dusky margins blend into the blue, especially in fig. 7, which is without the central dots on the right secondary. The under sides do not show any noteworthy variation. Fia. 8.—Bombyx quercus, 3. This extraordinary aberration is also in the rich collection of Mr. Farn. It bears a label, “Bred by Purbrook, Brighton.’’ The median pale band is of a light greenish olive, and gradually blends into the marone or purple-brown margin. The under side is similarly coloured to the upper, but somewhat paler. Fie. 9.—Arctia caia, 3. I am again indebted to Mr. Farn for the loan of this splendid insect, which he bred on Oct. 18th, 1899, from the ovum ; the female parent was taken in July last at Greenhithe, Kent. The ground colour of the primaries is pale brown with an indistinct pattern of rusty brown, and dusky markings. The secondaries have the ground colour of a smoky grey-brown, darkest on the margins, and ochreous buff at the base along the inner margin ; the metallic blue-black spots are normal, which give a peculiar and beautiful harmony of colour- ing to the specimen. On p. 33 of Newman’s ‘ British Moths’ a variety of A. cata is figured, apparently agreeing closely to the above. January, 1900. (Specimens of V. urtice with the markings on the primaries somewhat resembling those in the example represented by Mr. Frohawk are figured in Newman’s ‘ British Moths,’ p. 52, and in the ‘Entomologist’ for 1896 (vol. xxix. p. 73); while a very similar aberration is depicted in the ‘Iris’ for 1890, pl. ii. fig. 6. ‘ The extremely pretty aberration of V. atalanta from Mr. Sabine’s collection very closely resembles an example of the same species from Jersey which was figured in the ‘ Entomolo- gist’ for 1893 (vol. xxvi. p. 27); but it still more nearly corre- sponds with a specimen figured in the volume of the ‘ Iris,’ cited above (pl. ii. fig. 3). Neither of the last mentioned, how- ever, have the white spot on the upper surface of the secondaries, and the under surface of each of them is far less variegated. A male specimen of A. paphia from Germany in Mr. Leech’s collection agrees very closely with the female aberration now figured by Mr. Frohawk.—Ep. | K 2 104 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. LYCAANA CORYDON var. FOWLERI, nov. Prare IIL. figs: a gira ee By Ricwarp SoutH. Mr. J. H. Fowner (Entom. xxxii. 269) recorded the capture, on the Dorset coast in 1899, of some forms of L. corydon. As the descriptions of these varieties did not accord with any modi- fication of the species with which I was acquainted, I wrote to him about them. In reply he most kindly sent me a fine series for examination, and for this courtesy I am very greatly obliged to him, as I am thereby enabled to have figured an exceedingly interesting form of L. corydon. The male examples with orange markings on the outer margin of hind wings are curious, but the most striking form is that represented by figures 4 and 5 on Plate III. In this form, of which there are six males and one female in the series, the remarkable feature is that the border of the outer margin is white instead of the usual black ; the inner limit of this border is, on the fore wings, defined by a dusky shade, and the black nervules break up the border into six spots ; on the hind wings four or five of the white spots are centred with black dots. Three other male examples and two females exhibit eradations between the form figured and typical L. corydon. BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN THE SOUTH OF FRANCH, AND IN CORSICA. By Henry Cuarztes Lane, M.D., &e. Tue places collected in last year were Avignon, near the Pont de Gard (one day only, June 16th); Digne, from June 18th to 23rd, and again from July 18th to 20th; Saint Martin Vesubie, from June 28th to July 7th; Corsica (Vizzavona and Bastia), from July 9th to 14th ; Nice (Vallon obscur), June 25th and on July 15th; Annot, Basses-Alpes, one day, July 17th. I have referred occasionally to species taken in the spring of 1898. PapmLioniDz&. Papilio podalirius. — Generally common ; Digne, abundant on Col de St. Vincent, St. Martin, Nice, Avignon. Not seen in Corsica. P. alexanor. — First taken at Digne, June 20th; right bank of Bleone ; afterwards, July 18th to 20th, abundant in a valley opposite the thermal springs. (Some specimens very large.) Three only at St. Martin. BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN SOUTH OF FRANCE. 105 P. machaon.—Digne, common in the same locality as P. podalirius ; Nice, St. Martin.—Var. aurantiaca. Once at Vizzavona. Thais medesicaste.—One specimen at St. Martin, June. A very late appearance. Parnassius apollo. —Digne, common; St. Martin Vesubie, on the route de Madone. The commonest butterfly in many places. P. delius.—St. Martin, at the Madone de Fenestre, 6000 ft. PreRID&. Aporia crategi.—Not rare at Digne, St. Martin, and Nice. Pieris brassice.—Found in all the localities. P, rape.—F ound in all the localities. P. napi.—Digne and St. Martin. P. daplidice.—Digne and St. Martin. Anthocharis cardamines.—Three or four at St. Martin. A. euphenoides.—One specimen at Nice on June 25th. Late appear- ance. I found it at Digne, Nice, and St. Martin in May, 1898. A. belia.—Too late for type, but it was common at Nice and Digne ‘in May, 1898. A. belia var. ausonia.—One at Digne, July 18th. A. simplonia.—St. Martin, April and May, 1898 ; common. A, tagis var. bellezina,—Over ; it is locally common at Digne in April and May, 1898. Leucophasia sinapis.—Found in all the localities. L. duponcheli var. e@stiva. —Digne, July 1st. The spring brood common at Digne, May, 1898. Colias hyale.—In all the localities. C. edusa.—In all the localities. Rhodocera rhamni.—Digne and St. Martin. R. cleopatra. —In all the localities but Corsica, where I did not see it. LycuZNIDE. Thecla spini.—Digne and St. Martin ; common. T. ilicis.—St. Martin, Digne ; very common; at Avignon abundant. T. rubi.— Digne and St. Martin, abundant. (In April, 1898, I found this species and Lycena melanops the commonest butterflies at Digne. er. Bao took one specimen of this rare insect at St. Martin, and saw several others at the beginning of July. It was also taken by Miss M. Fountaine and Mr. Rowland Brown at Digne (Haux-chaudes). Polyommatus virgauree.—Common at St. Martin. P. hippothoé var. eurybia. — Frequent in elevated meadows at St. Martin ; route de Madone. P. dorilis—Digne and St. Martin ; not very common. P. aleiphron var. gordius.—Digne, St. Martin, Annot.; common. P. phlwas.—In all the localities; in Corsica as a dark form ap- proaching var. eleus. Lycena telicanus.—A male and female at Nice, near the entrance of the * Vallon obscur,”’ June 25th. L. argiades.—Three specimens at Digne, June. 106 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. L. egon.—In all the localities; generallycommon. At Vizzavona, Corsica, a small local form. L. argus.—In all the localities. L. crion.—T wo at Nice. Commoner earlier in the season. L. baton. —Digne and St. Martin; a few good specimens, but generally passé. It was very abundant at Digne in April and May, 1898. L. eros.—One specimen at St. Martin. L. icarus.—Common in all the localities. In Corsica with a light under side, and a very bright ante-marginal orange band on hind wings. L. astrarche.—Digne, a few only. L. eumedon.—One specimen at St. Martin. L. amandus.—Fairly common at St. Martin, and two or three at Annot. Only one female. L. eschert. — Abundant at Digne and St. Martin ; settling in num- bers on puddles in company with Syrichthus carthami and Melanargia procida. L, bellargus.—Digne, St. Martin, Nice; not common. L. hylas.—Digne, St. Martin ; fairly common, L. corydon.—Digne, Avignon, St. Martin. L. meleager.—Common at St. Martin in some localities off the Nice road. At Digne the male abundant, female rare.—Var. steevenit. One taken on the Nice road between St. Martin and Roquebilliére. L. ripartii.—One at Digne, July 19th (hardly out). L. argiolus.—Digne and St. Martin ; not very common. At Vizza- vona with a very light under side and small spots. L. sebrus.—Only at Digne (getting worn), June ; commoner earlier in the year. L. semiargus. — Digne, St. Martin; common. A few at Nice and one in Corsica. L. minima.—Digne and St. Martin ; not common.—Var. lorquinii. Two males at Digne. L. cyllarus.—Only at Digne, June; common earlier. L. melanops.—A few at Digne at the beginning of my visit (it is very abundant at the end of April and in May). L.-arion.—Digne and St. Martin ; locally abundant.—Var. obscura. Occasionally at Digne and St. Martin. ERYCINIDE. Nemeobius lucina.—Only three at Digne ; rather worn. LipyTHEIDE. None seen. ‘L. celtis occurs at Digne, probably on cherry. APATURIDE. None seen, NyYMpHALID&. Limenitis camilla.—Common near the Pont de Gard, Avignon; also at Digne, flying near streams ; none elsewhere. Vanessa egea.—One at Digne, near baths; one at St. Martin, Venanson Road ; and one at Vizzavona. BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN SOUTH OF FRANCE. 107 V. c-album.—Digne, St. Martin, Vizzavona. V. polychloros.—Digne and St. Martin ; not common. V. urtice.—In all the localities except Corsica. Iwas too early for ichnusa, which appears at Vizzavona about July 20th. V. autiopa.—None on this occasion; hybernated specimens com- mon at Digne, April, 1898. V. io.—Not common ; a few at Digne, and also at Vizzavona. V. atalanta.—Digne, St. Martin, Vizzavona. At Digne it seems to emerge early in the season, as I found it fresh there in April, 1898. V. cardui.—l only saw this once, at Vizzavona ; probably too early for it. Melitea didyma.—- Digne, St. Martin. One remarkable aberration at Digne, July 19th. M. aurinia.— Was common at St. Martin in May, 1898 (var. iberica) ; a few worn specimens at Digne. M. cinvia.—Three at St. Martin. M. phoebe.—Digne and St. Martin; common. Annot (abundant). M. parthenie.—Digne and St. Martin ; not rare. M. athalia.—Digne and St. Martin. M. deione.—Digne and St. Martin ; three or four. Argynnis euphrosyne.—A few in the above two localities. A. selene.—A few in the above two localities. A. dia.—Only at St. Martin ; not common. A. amathusia.—St. Martin, above the Boreon waterfall, and Madone de Fenestre. A. daphne.—Digne, near the baths; St. Martin, on the route de Madone, and Venanson Road; not common. A. latonia.—Digne, Avignon, St. Martin, and at Vizzavona. A. elisa.—At Vizzavona ; fairly common in the pine forest, and on the road to Tattone. A. aglaia.—Only at St. Martin, at high elevations. A. adippe.— St. Martin; very large and bright at Digne. No cleodoxa seen. A. paphia.—Digne, St. Martin, Vizzavona. A. pandora.—One fine green-coloured female at Vizzavona, another at the railway station at the same place, a third seen on the station platform at Vivario. SaTYRIDm. Melanargia galatea.x—Digne and Avignon ; mostly very common.— Var. procida. At St. Martin, where it is abundant, replacing type. M. lachesis. — Six fine specimens at Avignon, near Pont de Gard, June 16th. M. syllius—Too late for this species, which I found in profusion on Mount Boreon, and Villefranche, Nice, in May, 1898. Erebia evias. —Only at St. Martin, at about 4000 ft.; locally common. FE. ceto.—In same localities. FE’. euryale—St. Martin ; common locally. E. stygne.—St. Martin ; only one specimen. E, epistygne.—Too late for this ; common at Digne in April, 1898, on the Montagne de St. Vincent. 108 . THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Satyrus hermione.—Digne and St. Martin ; common. S. circe.-—-Avignon, Digne, Annot ; very common in the last locality. S. neomiris—Common between Vizzavona and Tattone, and in fresh condition. ~ S. semele.—In all the localities except Corsica, where it is replaced by var. aristeus. Vizzavona; not very common. Two at Bastia. S. cordula.—Abundant at Digne, in same locality as P. alewanor. S. fidia.—Digne ; one fine specimen on outskirts of town, July 18th. Pararge mera.—St. Martin, common ; in chestnut woods, &c. P. megera. — Common in all the localities except Corsica, where it is replaced by var. tigelius; common at Tattone and Bastia, a few seen at Vizzavona. Seems to prefer lower elevations. P. egeria. — The typical form taken at Digne and in Corsica. At Nice and St. Martin it is much lighter, intermediate between egeria and egerides. Epinephele ianira.—tIn all the localities.—Var. hispulla. At Digne, Nice, and in Corsica. E. lycaon.—Digne ; locally common. FE. ida.—Avignon,common; Nice (‘‘ Vallon obscur’’), and at Bastia. E. pasiphaé. — Only at Avignon, where it was common near the Pont de Gard. F.. tithonus.—Digne and Bastia. FE. hyperanthus.—Only at St. Martin. Cenonympha arcanius.—Digne and St. Martin; common. C. dorus.—St. Martin, but more abundant at Digne. C. corinna.—Very abundant in Corsica between Vizzavona and Tattone. I did not seen it near the coast. C. pamphitus.—Digne, St. Martin, and Corsica. HESPERIDE. Spilothyrus althee.—One specimen of this not very common butter- fly on the bank of the Rhone at Avignon. S. lavatere. — Digne, St. Martin, Nice; common on mountain paths, Annot. Syrichthus carthamt.—Common at Digne and St. Martin: S. serratule.—Digne and St. Martin ; rare. S. alveus var. cirsitt—One at Annot. S. sao.—Digne and St. Martin; fairly common. Nisoniades tages.—-A few seen at Digne. Hesperia thaumas.—Digne and St. Martin ; common. H., lineola,—Digne and St. Martin; common. H. acteéon.—Nice ; abundant in “ Vallon obscur”’; St. Martin. H. sylvanus.—Digne and St. Martin. © 109 NOTES ON CERTAIN SCOPARLAE. By H. Guarp Knaees, M.D., F.L.S. THouveH our best entomologists have, for considerably more than a quarter of a century, recognised Scoparia atomalis, Dbld., basistrigalis, Knaggs, and ulmella, Knaggs (Dale MS.) = con- spicualis, Hodgkinson, as species distinct from ambigualis, Tr., there are still several who fail to distinguish the characters which separate them, the difficulty, as I pointed out many years ago, probably arising from the retention of poor specimens, and the mixing up of species in collections. It is therefore my pur- purpose further on in these notes to suggest a method of regard- ing them which was found, in years gone by, to be very service- able to my friends and myself, and which may in the future be useful to others ; but first let us compare each separately with ambigualis, T., and begin with atomalis, Dbld., which most nearly approaches that species. I am aware that those observant entomologists, Messrs. Bankes and Briggs, for whose opinion I entertain the greatest respect, having satisfied themselves as to connecting hnks between ambigualis and atomalis, regard them as identical ; and certainly, in the gradations of their sombre tints, and the inconspicuity of their markings, their examination is very perplexing ; but neither of these gentle- men makes any reference to the shape of the fore wings, which to my eye is, in ambigualis, broader transversely between the costa and anal angle, giving the wing a somewhat triangular form ; while in atomalis the corresponding part is narrower, and consequently the wing appears to be proportionately longer. There also seems to be a greater differ- ence between the respective fore wings of the sexes of ambigualis than in those of atomalis. To my fancy these insects, even when occurring in the same locality, whether in England (as Cumberland), S.ambigualis, Z and @. Scotland (as Rannoch), or Ireland (as Sligo), may be separated by this cha- racter, not to mention, as a corroboration, the relation of the claviform stigma to the first line; for I quite agree with Mr. Bankes that, although it is about as unusual to find the claviform stigma attached to the first line in ambigualis as it is to find it detached in atomalis, the occurrence is not of a sutfliciently 110 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. constant nature, alone, to constitute a specific distinction. This character is much more reliable in such species as murana, and in less degree in crategalis, though Mr. Meyrick applies it to basistrigalis and ulmella, which looks as if he had never seen these species, for in the former the detached claviform occurs so seldom (four or five per cent., say, and then perhaps only on one side), while in the latter it never occurs, so far as I am aware. Perhaps it should here be mentioned parenthetically that some time ago my friend Mr. Sidney Webb kindly lent me the whole of his collection of this group, thus enabling me to compare hundreds of specimens from all parts of the United Kingdom. Then, again, ambigualis seems to be more variable in size than atomalis, south- ern specimens running larger, northern ones about the same size; but S. dubiella, Gregson, which I take to be a diminutive form of ambigualis, is much smaller than the least atomalis I have ever seen, its alar expanse reaching only seven lines. There are half a dozen of this dwarf form, with its dull and undefined mark- ime : ings and detached claviform stigma, in S.atomalis, g andg. Mr. Webb’s collection, but he is unfortu- nately unable to furnish positive informa- tion as to the locality in which they were captured, though he believes that the late Mr. Gregson probably took them in one of his favourite hunting-grounds, such as Cumberland, North Lancashire, Isle of Man, or North Wales. It would he very interesting to accurately locate the precise haunts of these puzzling little pigmies. But if I am right in saying that ambigualis is the more variable in size, atomalis would appear to be the more variable in markings ; the strongly marked specimens here figured hailed from Scotland, but the most striking varieties, in Mr. Webb’s collection, are from the North of Ireland. In these the basal and apical areas are very dark, the medial area being of quite a light colour; whilst the tendency to leucomelanic variation in ambigualis is just the reverse, namely, dark in the medial area, light in the others. We also sometimes find a similar kind of variation in basistrigalis, mercurella, ulmella, alpina, &c. Again, ambigualis has a much wider range of distribution than atomalis, the former being ubiquitous from the northern- most Shetland isle to North and Central Europe; while of the latter; Cumberland is, I believe, the most southern hmit. I throw out these hints for what they are worth, for, though I do NOTES ON CERTAIN SCOPARLE. 111 not deny the possibility or even probability of these (let us say *‘forms”’) being identical, it does not at present seem to me advisable that my good friend the late Henry Doubleday’s specific name ‘‘atomalis” should be dropped until something definite respecting their earlier stages has been worked out. The figures here given are reproduced by shadowless photo- graphy, tale having been substituted in place of glass, which I recommended in a recent suggestion (Entom. vol. xxx. p. 265) ; the enlargement of all the figures is the same, namely, about two and a half diameters. A comparison between basistrigalis, Knaggs, and ambigualis, Tr., is our next consideration. Your older readers will probably remember that in 1866 I described the former species in the pages of the E.M.M. (vol. ii. p. 1), and that I then drew atten- tion to the greater width of the fore wing, its rounded apex and vertical hind margin; also to the oblique commencement of the angulated first line, the denticulated second line, the distinct basal streaks, the cilia neatly intersected with black squares, &c. Messrs. Bankes (E.M.M. n.s. vol. i. p. 7) and Briggs (Entom. vol. xxii. p. 17; E.M.M.n.s. vol. i. p. 51), in their revisions of the Scopariz, have not yet offered an opinion as to the identity of basistrigalis with, or its distinctness from, ambigualis, but suspend their judgment until they have seen the insect in a state of nature. Since then some very strong evidence in favour of the specific status of basistrigalis has been recorded ; in fact, in the very next number of the E M. M. after my friend Mr. Briggs’s communication, my old correspondent, Mr. G. T. Porritt, of Huddersfield, contributed a most interesting note (EH. M. M. n.s. vol. i. p. 88) on the subject, from which I extract the following: “Tf Mr. Tutt, or any of your other correspondents who doubt the distinctness of basistrigalis from ambigualis, had seen the former in the numbers I and several other lepidopterists saw it in Edlington Wood, near Doncaster, on Aug. 4th, 1879, I fancy their doubts would have for ever been dissipated. . . . I remem- ber distinctly that on seeing the first specimen on that occasion, although I had never seen the insect alive before, I at once recognised it as basistrigalis ; and, on calling the late William Prest, of York, who was working some distance from me, he, on coming up and seeing the specimen on the tree, instantly said, ‘ basistrigalis.’ . . . Although I suppose I have seen thousands of ambigualis in all sorts of localities, I have never seen any I was inclined to suspect might be basistrigalis.”’ Mr. Porritt refers also to its broader fore wings, as compared with allied species, and mentions its erratic disappearance from Edlington Wood. He adds that Mr. Prest subsequently took it in Bishop’s Wood, near Selby. About five years after this Mr. B. A. Bower, a gentleman who seems to have made basistrigalis one of his special studies, 112 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. exhibited, at the Entomological Society of London, a wonderful series of varieties of this insect, which created great interest ; and later on he contributed an excellent paper on the subject to the K.M.M. (vol. vi. n. s. p. 273). Mr. Bower has had plenty of experience with basistrigalis, and says:—‘‘The shape of this species will always distinguish it from ambigualis, its fore wings, though narrow at the base, being de- — cidedly broader than in that species, with a greatly arched costa, especially so in females. And, again, the time of its occurring would tend to prove it distinct, as, although there is actually no definite period between its emerg- ence and the disappearance of ambigu- alis, the latter has become greatly diminished in numbers and in a dilapi- dated condition before basistrigalis puts in an appearance. Added to which anyone having seen the species in nature cannot but have been struck with the peculiarly robust look of the insect, due to the width of the united fore wings.’’ Mr. Bower says that the moths are not uncommon in one or two Kentish woods, but in these are restricted to a very small area, and even then show a partiality for certain trees. He believes it not to be a moss- feeder, for the reason that he has failed to breed it by placing females in pots of growing moss, whereas mercurella and crategalis, thus treated, breed freely. He does not agree with the theory that the variation is solely due to more succulent food or damp situation, be- cause most of his captures, dark as well as light, were made in an abnormally ambigualis, %. dry locality—sand on a chalk subsoil. At the end of his paper Mr. Bower gives a very interesting enumeration of the variations of this species. Such testimony from two eminent lepidopterists, given quite independently of each other, ought surely to satisfy all who are open to conviction, but I do not despair of eventually bringing home to the minds of the most sceptical the fact that basistrigals and ambigualis are distinct species. Ah me! I wish I could feel as I did twenty years,ago, just for a season or two, that I might experience the delight of collecting the insect, and distributing it NOTES ON CERTAIN SCOPARI®. 1138 to all who cared to accept it, so that everybody should know it ; as I did with T. bondii in days of yore; but, as I cannot do this, it will give me much pleasure to express an opinion upon any sup- posed specimens of basistrigalis which may be forwarded to me for the purpose, although no doubt it is better for the instruction of entomologists that they should each collect, and name their own captures. To those who would prefer to make their own comparisons between basistrigalis and ambigualis, I would draw attention to the following points: The greater alar expanse, particularly of the females of the former; the more rhomboidal shape of the fore wings, with their rounded tips and more vertical hind mar- gins; the richer clothing of scales; the more ample hind wings, and their whiter, more pearly, and translucent appearance (through which, in a favourable light, you can distinguish the label beneath), as compared with the decidedly fuscous tone of those of ambigualis; this is very distinctive when a series of each, side by side, is inspected; the distinct basal streaks; the oblique commencement of the first line, from costa to orbicular stigma, which if continued would about bisect the anal angle, as compared with the less oblique commencement of the same in ambigualis, which if produced would arrive about the dorsal end of the second line; then the greater angulation of the first line, especially the middle angulation, which almost invariably meets the dash-like claviform stigma, is deeper and more acute than in ambigualis ; the renal stigma more clouded with ochreous brown, the inner lower cornu of the x mark generally projecting base- wards—not so in ambiqgualis: the more distinct denticulation of the second line, which is less inclined to conform to the lines which enclose an angle than in ambigualis ; the neatly intersected cilia, and other little matters which I shall attempt to explain by and by, which should enable anyone ‘‘in the know” to separate these species at a glance. As for ulmella, Knaggs (Dale M8.) = conspicualis, Hodgkinson, I do not think that anyone but Mr. Meyrick has been bold enough to assert that it is identical with basistrigalis and the others. It has always appeared to me that the sleek natty little ulmella was not very closely allied to any of our Scoparie, but that on the whole it came nearest to dubitalis ; and in my original description (i. M. M. vol. iii. p. 217, 1867) I placed it between that species and mercurella (and fine specimens certainly bear a remarkable though superficial resemblance to the “ phwoleuca” var. of the latter), while my old correspondent the late Mr. Hodgkinson, who described it quite separately from me, and many years afterwards (Entom. vol. xiv. p. 223, 1881) under the name conspicualis, also remarked its aftinity to ingratella (now considered to be a variety of dubitalis), and placed it between, that species and atomalis. Mr. Hodgkinson made some interesting 114 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. remarks as to its appearance in a state of nature. He noted ‘its peculiar light appearance when on the wing, which readily S.ulmella, 3 and 9. ambigualis, 9. distinguishes it from any Scoparia but S. pallida. This may be easily under- stood by laying a specimen on its back. The under side is all alike, of a creamy satiny spotless white.” Again: ‘‘ It sits triangularly, and may be known from any other of the genus, when at rest, by the peculiarly distinct light first space, standing out as a white dot on the tree the insect is resting on”; hence, I pre- sume, the name conspicualis. The imago appears July and August. Mr. Hodgkin- son’s captures were made at Windermere. On a former occasion (H.M.M. vol. vi. p. 41, 1869), Mr. Hodgkinson men- tions that, fifteen years previous to his note, he took some Scopariz on elm trees in Brockholes Wood, near Preston, which agreed with ulmella. They were, however, returned to him as delunella— resinea ; but he was at the time satisfied that they were not that species. He adds that the trees were cut down after he made his captures, so that I suppose he did not meet with it again in that locality. It may be remembered that Mr. Dale’s original specimens were taken off the trunk of a wych-elm in a thick wood at East Meon, adjoining Bordean | Hanger, in July. I do not know that I need refer further to the peculiarities of ulmella, except to observe that it is the first line which partakes of the character of that of mercurella; while itis the stigmata, and particularly the reniform and claviform, which, with their ochreous arrangements, remind one of dubitalis, and this is more especially observable in some specimens than in others. Unfortunately photo- graphy does not afford an accurate re- cord of ochreous marks, and so we must do without them ; but that does not mat- ter, as we have ample evidence without them to show that ulmella is neither basi- strigalts, nor ambigualis, nor atomalis. In comparing two or more species with one another, the same sex should be selected. NOTES ON CERTAIN SCOPARI®. 115 I now propose to view these four insects as a group, and in doing so trust that your readers will take me seriously, for I can assure them that I am very much in earnest, though my methods may appear to be grotesque. If the student will look at the fore wing of either of these Scopariz he will find that the middle and apical areas (that is, the space bounded by the first line, the costa (in part), the hind margin, and the dorsal margin (in part) ) present the similitude of a human head, the features looking basewards; humanity, it is true, of a low type, with very receding forehead and deficient cranial development, but still sufficiently appreciable for the purpose we have in hand. The reader will see, by my rough caricatures below, to which I have got Mr. Victor Prout to put respectable bodies and limbs, the portion of the wing to which reference is made, and will be able to clearly define the forehead, eyebrow, bridge of the nose, lower border or septum of the nose, wing or ala of the nose, upper lip, mouth, lower lip, chin, jaw, and cranium, encased in head-gear. I have considered it enough to indicate the position of the eye (renal stigma) with a cross. The long narrow head of atomalis S. atomalis. ambigualis. basistrigalis. ulmella. moue will be noted; the sharp nose, compressed lips, mouth projecting forwards, and the angulated chin of basistrigalis compared with ambigualis ; and the short upper lip, the small mouth, and long straightish projecting chin of ulmella will be remarked ; but of course, in their examinations, a little allowance must be made for individual variation, since no two animals or plants are ever exactly alike in every respect; the shepherd knows every sheep in his flock by the expressions of their faces; the striped ribbon fescue grass of our gardens, in some parts, goes by the name of ‘“‘ match-me-if-you-can.” Now, what I want the student to do is carefully to compare, at first, the photographs accompanying this paper by the light of the suggestions made, and afterwards to examine actual specimens (decent, recognisable ones, mind), when I shall be very much surprised if he does not in future come to regard the Scoparie with a new interest, and find these 116 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. physiognomies of great use in rapidly determining the various species of these insects. In conclusion, I have to thank Messrs. Auld, Farn, and Gardner for kindly assistance with specimens. Folkestone: February, 1900. ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS HOMOPTERA. By Dr. H. J. Hansen.* ANTENNA. It is evident that in all the Auchenorrhynchous Homoptera, the antenne are composed of a shaft (or peduncle) and a whip (or flagellum). The peduncle always consists of two considerable segments, of which the first at least is always destitute of sensory organs ; the flagellum—its base included—is always much thinner than the second segment of the peduncle, and usually consists of several segments, but by amalgamation it sometimes appears to consist of a thicker short basal part, with a long thin tapering non-segmented apical bristle. There does not appear to be any noteworthy distinction between the two sexes in the sensory organs. 1. Stridulantia. The antenne are set in pits between the eyes right under the upper margin of the forehead (frons) ; they seem to be singularly uniform in all the species. The segments of the peduncle are simple; the first is more or less concealed, roofed over in the antennal pit, and is, at least usually, the longest ; the second is without sensory organs, and is always considerably thicker than the first segment of the flagellum. The flagellum is fairly long, * This very important work was published in Danish in 1890, in the ‘Entomologisk Tidskrift’ (xi. pp. 19-76, two plates), under the title of *“Gamle og nye Hovedmomenter til Cicadariernes Morphologi og Syste- matik,” but scarcely any notice having been taken of it, among English- speaking rhynchotists at least, a free translation of the third, fourth, and fifth parts is now offered to the ‘Entomologist.’ The learned author, whose knowledge of English is almost as thorough as that of his native language, has been so kind as to look over my manuscript. The original paper, to which the interested reader is referred, was accompanied by two finely executed plates, containing more than fifty figures, illustrating the antenne, claws, &c., of a number of forms. The more original portion of the paper which is now translated was preceded by a short personal introduction (pp. 19-22), and an historical réswmé of the classification of the Auchenor- rhynchous Homoptera (pp. 22-34). Dr. Hansen’s new considerations are drawn principally from the structure of the antenne and legs, and from the position of the spiracles. The generic and specific nomenclature used in this translation is identical with that in the original work.—G. W. KrrKapy. THE AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS HOMOPTERA. Wy! rather thick at the base, and tapering to the apex; it consists (see pl. i. f. 1,* representing Cicada pruinosa, Say) of five iong, mutually almost equally long, segments; with a lens one can easily perceive the two or three basal (always mutually long) flagellum-segments, but in dried specimens the fifth is not always distinguishable separately. On the under side of the first and second seqments of the flagellum there is a very large number of sensory organs. Each of these consists of a pit, from the bottom of which sticks up a blunt spike ; these organs are of two somewhat different forms. Some are considerable (fig. la, m), the pits being remarkably wide in proportion to their depth ; the spikes are stout, and pro- ject somewhat out from the pits. The others (fig. la,n) are much smaller, the pits being narrow and proportionately deep ; the spikes are slender, and scarcely project beyond the orifices of the pits. On the three last segments of the flagellum I have found a few of the smaller kind of these organs. 2. Cercopide. I have microscopically examined the antenne of a Brazilian Monecphora, Triecphora sanguinolenta, Aphrophora alni, and Philenus spumarius, that is to say, representatives of the three groups into which the Cercopide were divided by Stal (‘ Hemi- ptera africana,’ iv. 55). I have also examined with a strong lens two examples of Macherota (representing Stal’s third group), and a large number of examples belonging to various genera of the first two groups. The antenne have a very close mutual resemblance, both superficially and in their detailed structure, while at the same time differing considering from the other families. They are always placed in front of the eyes in pits on the forehead close beneath the margin, which, at least just at this place, projects freely, separating the vertex from the fore- head. The second segment of the peduncle (pl. i. f. 2 and 8) is subequal to the first, approximately cylindric, without sensory organs, its broad distal,end being cup-shaped. The flagellum consists of a single, very thick basal segment, and an extremely fine tolerably long bristle, which is not separated from the basal seg- ment by any articulation in Monecphora, while it is somewhat indistinctly articulated in Aphropkora. The basal segment is short and obliquely oviform (or almost spherical), its basal part prolonged in a short thin stalk, by which it is fastened to the concave part of the second segment of the peduncle. It has a small number (from six to nine), near the apex on the one side, of simple proportionately very large sensory pits, each with a * These references are to the plates in the original paper, which should be compared with this translation.—G. W. K. ENTOM.—APRIL, 1900. L 118 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. simple short spike; and one generally finds close to the apex two more or less short (Triecphora and Philenus) or long (Monecphora) thorns, which I have not been able to find in Aphrophora alni, in which I found, however, two big pits (f. 3s), one on each side of the segment, resembling the fastening-place of the thorns, but of whose nature, however, I cannot say any- thing. The flagellum has an absolutely different structure in the nymph stages from what obtains in the imagines. In Philenus spumarius, Linn., it consists of seven segments (pl. i. f. 4), which, with the exception of the shorter penultimate segment, are nearly subequal in length ; the first is very stout, the others tapering towards the apex. The first segment bears a number of small normal sensory organs; similar ones are found also, but singly, scattered about on the 2nd—5th segments. The antenna of the adult is also clearly discernible within that of the nymph; the thick basal segment of the flagellum of the former occupies about half of the capacity of the same segment of the nymph, while the filiform part of the flagellum of the imago extends throughout the far thicker nymphal segment up to the apex. 3. Jasside. Of this mighty family I have examined microscopically the antenne of Tettigonia ferruginea, F., and obtusa, F., Idiocerus populi, L., male; Typhlocyba rose, L., Acocephalus striatus, F., Paropia scanica, Fall., Ledra aurita, L. (imagines and nymphs), Ulopa reticulata, F., dithalion reticulatum, L., Centrotus cornutus, L., Membracis tectigera, Oliv., that is to say, representatives of most of the principal forms. I have examined with a strong lens all the other notable genera known to me. The antenne are placed in more or less distinct pits, which in some forms (Tettigonia, &c.) are situated before the eyes ; but in others (Idiocerus, dithalion, &c.) are placed under the eyes very much as in many Fulgoride. While they differ very greatly in the various genera, they possess nevertheless a certain family likeness which distinguishes them from the other families (pl. 1. f.5-10). The second peduncular segment is, as a rule, subequal to, or a trifle less than, the first in size. It is often peculiarly sculptured in a scaly-like manner, but is always without sensory organs ; its apex never presents such a peculiar cup as that of the Cercopide. The flagellum is always clearly multisegmentate, in the first half of its length at least; it is sometimes short and very thick (Ulopa, Centrotus, Avthalion), sometimes long, or very long (Tettigonia, &c.), and very thin in the greatest part of its length; but its oval, always somewhat—sometimes greatly— thickened basal part (Ulopa) has numerous transverse furrows (or at least tends towards this owing to coalescence of some of THE AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS HOMOPTERA. 119 the segments) or consists of from two to six segments which are provided with a few simple sensory organs, consisting of fairly deep small pits, which have a sensory-spike projecting from within. I have never found traces of sensory organs on the remainder of the thin bristle-like segment, except perhaps in the male of Idiocerus, in which the apical part of the flagellum forms a large flat oval plate (pl. i. f. 6), on which scattered points appear, which are perhaps peculiar, extremely small sensory organs, but of the nature of which I can say nothing, since my strongest magnifying power (600 times) was quite insufficient. In Tettigonia ferruginea (f. 5) the flagellum is very long and fine, except its somewhat thicker but still proportionately very slender sensory basal part (f. 5a), which clearly consists of five seg- ments, of which the three middle are the shortest, and the last— probably formed by the fusion of two segments—long. The remainder of the flagellum consists of a large number of seg- ments, of which the proximal ones are short, the others longer ; each one, however, is somewhat irregularly superficially divided into several extremely short segments (false segmentation). The last part of the flagellum is very thin, and in it every trace of segmentation has disappeared, In Idiocerus populi 3 (f. 6) the sensory basal part of the flagellum is of the thickness of the same part in Tettigonia, and consists of six segments; the part between the basal segment and the recently mentioned ‘‘ Palette ”’ is not twice so long as the sensory part, and consists of eighteen to nineteen rather strong and to some extent regular segments, which are not again divided as in Tettigonia ferruginea. In Ledra aurita (f. 7) the basal part is very similar to that in Tettigonia, but consists, however, of only three segments, of which the last is very long. The apical section is shorter and thicker than in Tettigonia, but, however, tapers, and is divided from the base to about the middle into numerous small segments, while the remainder is quite without segmentation. In Ulopa reticulata (f. 8) the sensory part is extraordinarily thick through- out, and consists of two segments only; but the apical one is very long, and certainly corresponds with more than one in the last mentioned genera; the rest of the flagellum is also thick, though it tapers towards the apex; it is divided into sixteen normal segments, which increase in length towards the apex. In Centrotus cornutus (f. 9) the sensory portion is fairly thick, gradually tapering and badly separated from the distal part; its segmentation is not distinct, and is rendered more indistinct from irregular transverse stripes; the rest of the flagellum is coarse, consisting of numerous short irregular segments. In AEthalion reticulatum (f. 10) the flagellum is formed very similarly to that of Centrotus ; the sensory section is, however, separated more distinctly from the rest, which is proportionately somewhat thinner. In Membracis tectigera the sensory parts are formed as L 2 120 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. in 4fthalion, but are a trifle shorter, more oviform, and more distinctly separated from the proportionately longer and thinner apical part, which consists, as in Ulopa, of numerous regularly disposed segments. In Paropia scanica and Acocephalus striatus the sensory parts are slender and clearly divided into six seg- ments; the rest of the flagellum is, in Acocephalus, almost identical with Ledra; in Paropia it is longer, and segmented regularly up to the apex. In sexually immature forms (of which I have examined Ledra and two of our indigenous Jassine (sens. lat.)), the antenne do not deviate in structure to any essential extent from the sexually matured. (To be continued.) DIPHYLETISM IN THE LEPIDOPTERA. By A. Rapcuirre Grotr, A.M. In letters to me Dr. T. A. Chapman proposes to call in the future my numbered vein “IX.” of the fore wings in the Papilionides, ‘‘ Grote’s vein,” since upon the presence of this vein I have based a separation of the swallow-tail group from the rest of the butterflies, and because also a name which is noncommittal is useful when applied to an organ the homologies of which are doubtful, as in the present instance. At the same time, Dr. Chapman suggests that this vein may be not the third anal, which from its position it might seem to be, but the fourth in the series of internal veins on the primary wing. While in my original papers I disputed the homology of ‘“‘Grote’s vein”? with the ‘‘fork”’ of the Hesperiades, which Prof. Comstock regards as the remains of the third pupal vein, it did not occur to me that it might be the fourth, since there seemed no space between ‘‘Grote’s vein’? at base and the second anal to admit of an intercalary longitudinal vein. In my paper on the ‘‘ Descent of the Pierids,’”’ I have given a tentative sketch of a genealogical tree of the Hesperiad phylum, deriving it from an ancestry in which four anal veins on either wing were present, and which would conform with ontogeny. But this four- veined state, now observed in the pupal wing, represents in reality a common ground upon which the existing types of lepidopterous wings have arisen by specialization through reduction. That, in the Hesperiades, the fourth vein appears in the pupa, is no proof that the Papilionides have the same origin, since we have to do with a general character shown also by moths in ontogeny. It seems to indicate rather that the diurnal branch referred to sprang directly from a hypothetical Tineid-like ancestry, as I have sug- gested in the paper already mentioned. Thus the Hesperiades, DIPHYLETISM IN THE LEPIDOPTERA. 121 Sphingides, Saturniades, Bombycides (Agrotides) are possibly converging groups. Now the hypothetical ancestor of the Papi- lionides must have already differentiated in the direction of retaining ‘‘Grote’s vein” in the imago. But no other offspring appears, except what seems the probable culmination of the line in the existing swallow-tail group. If the fourth anal vein in the pupa of Pieris or Vanessa were really related to ‘‘ Grote’s vein,” it would be succeeded in the imago by an arrangement of the inner veins, recalling that of Papilio. But it is not; and the resultant imaginal wing agrees in this respect with that of Hesperia. Perhaps survivals of the ancestry of Papilio may turn up among the lower moths of the tropics in the Kastern Hemisphere, where I look for the arising of the Papilionides to have taken place. The neuration of the swallow-tails, especially that of the more generalized Ornithoptera, has a peculiar impress when compared with that of other butterflies. There is not the same tendency to approach the Hesperid type with divided veins, which we find, for instance, in Charazes. The shape of the discal cell and arrangement of the median branches is sui generis. The object of my studies on the wings of the butterflies was really, however, attained with a demonstration that, in a linear arrangement, the swallow-tails cannot be intercalated between the “‘blues”’ and the “‘ skippers,’ as proposed by Mr. Scudder and other authors. Also that the blues and skippers are, at whatever distance, con- nected groups. To show that the Lycenid wing was a natural development out of that of Hesperia, and that the wings of the Nymphalid and: Pierid were both related and might have well proceeded out of the wings of ancestral forms of the Lyczni- Hesperid branch—this was the task set before me. If accom- plished, it followed, without saying, that the Papilionides (which I also showed to be more specialized than commonly believed) should take the lead in our catalogues. But the matter has now gone further, and out of it has grown a question of diphyletism in the Lepidoptera, hitherto unbroached. ._I do not recognize the relationship of the Papilionides to the Pieri-Nymphalide, as urged by Dr. Chapman or Mr. Quail, either on account of the retention of residuary characters, t.e. the cubital cross vein of primaries, or the first radial branch of secondaries closing outwardly the humeral cell, since these are common to the order; or on account of the retention of fourth anal of primaries in pupal wing of Pieris and Nymphalis, because this is also a common generalization, and in this case progresses by a disappearance in the imaginal state, not shared in by the Papilionides. The Nymphalids and Papilionides do not fit together ; they appear disjointed, having attained diverse total stages of specialization. But all the groups of the Hespe- riades seem to fit together. e 122 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. The Papilionide and Nymphalide are in reality quite out of focus with each other. The specialization of the former is cubital, of the latter radial. The incongruity between the two should be felt by the naturalist. The correspondences are due, in my opinion, to convergence. My general defence for my classification of the diurnals lies in the fact that we cannot interpolate the Papilionides at any point without breaking a continuous succession of forms having certain leading characters in common. My general defence for a diphyletism of the diurnals, not previously urged by any author, lies in the fact that the direction taken by the specialization of the anal veins in the Papilionides is unique. The families of the Hesperiades appear to converge in an ancestral type to the ex- clusion of the Papilionides. The convergence of the butterflies is already assumed by Dr. Chapman. In the following table of characters, by which I separate the diurnals into two series, I do not undertake to settle the homology of the retained anal veins, and Dr. Chapman will, I hope, help us here. As I have pointed out, there is a law of inequality in specialization, in one and the same organ, here the veining of the wings. The development of one system of veins does not keep pace with another, nor is the ratio of advance the same as between the front and hind pair of wings. In the Pseudopontiade three anal veins are retained on the hind wings, otherwise the specializations conform to those of the Hesperiades. Under the term Nymphalide I include the ‘‘ brush- footed’ butterflies, the Nymphalide proper, the Agapetide (Sa- tyride), Morphide, Heliconide, and Limnadide (Danaide). IMAGINAL WING. A. PAPILIONIDES. Fore wings with ‘‘ Grote’s vein”’ and second anal persistent; traces of first anal (submedian fold) as a scar seldom wanting. Hind wings with one anal vein alone remaining. Specialization of Media. . Parnassiidz Gulnales 4 eave ies {Peinooaly = OGNUAL otc sasnecveaceaees Papilionide B. HEsPERIADES. Fore wings with second anal only persistent, with a fork at base vanishing through reduction; traces of first anal as a scar oftenest wanting. Hind wings with at least two anal veins persisting. Specialization of Media. Pierididee Nymphalidz Libytheide Riodinide Dismorphiads Megathymide Lycenide Hesperiade Catia. ne ee { @Goentiral .cds2cccsseeeeet It is hoped that the designations proposed by Prof. Comstock for the subcostal vein, the radius, cubitus, and anal veins will be permanently adopted. DIPHYLETISM IN THE LEPIDOPTERA. 123 The specialization of media is determined by the position of the second median branch. Its central position is the original, generalized state; it moves by being either drawn upwards and joining the radial, or downwards and then joining the cubital system of the wing. The specializations of the radius have been elsewhere fully discussed by me. In the genealogical tree published by Sir George Hampson (1898) the Pierids are represented as having given rise to the Nymphalids and Satyrids. In their present condition the Pierids could not have done so, since the mass of forms have undergone a reduction of the radius, and are thus more specialized than the brush-footed butterflies, in which no such reduction has taken place. It is rather probable that the Pierids and Nymphalids are subparallel converging groups. The Pierids represent the main ascending six-footed stem, out of which the brush-footed butterflies proceeded probably as a side-issue, not as the culmi- nation depicted by Sir George Hampson. The idea that the butterflies are represented by groups which run together, con- verge, we gather, with much other which is valuable, from Dr. Chapman. I adopt it to the exclusion of the Papilionides. I must also decline to accept the isolation of the skippers under a separate title, which would obscure their phyletic relationship to to the Lycenids. There will probably be no other differences in our views, which must be, to me, a source of congratulation. In shortest phrase: all classifications and phylogenies, except my own, embrace the diurnal Lepidoptera in a single major group, the Rhopalocera, or separate from the rest the Skippers, under some similar title, holding the two as of equal morphological value. Dr. Chapman calls these same two groups—Papilionides and Hesperides; Comstock calls them Butterflies and Skippers. The only variation from this course is offered by those writers who allow the families of the diurnals to succeed each other, in a linear arrangement, without dividing them off by any special term or terms from the rest of the Lepidoptera. I, alone, divide the diurnals by separating from them, not the skippers, but the swallow-tails and the related Parnassians, as representing a distinct and closed group, possessing exclusive classificational and phyletic value, and which I call the Papilionides, or butter- flies proper. And I allow of no separation of the skippers from the rest of the diurnals, which, gathered together under the name Hesperiades, or skippers in a wide sense, I regard as a group open to the moths, or Heterocera, and as not separable from these by any structural feature so strong as that which divides them from the Papilionides. 124 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. THE GENERA CUPIDO AND LYCZENA. By A. G. Butter, Ph.D. Amonest Continental entomologists the genera Cupido and Lycena are used indiscriminately, to indicate what are known popularly as blue butterflies, and particularly for the large un- tailed group. When the typical ‘‘ blues” are examined carefully, it will be found that they divide naturally into two genera—Cupido and Lycena; the first with C. arion as type, the second with L. meleager. In neuration these two genera closely resemble each other; but, when examined with a platyscopic lens, it will be seen that, whereas Cupido is to all intents and purposes a naked-eyed genus, Lycena has distinctly hairy eyes. The importance of this character is vigorously insisted upon in the Heterocerous Lepidoptera, and doubtless should be equally valued among the Rhopalocera. I have therefore carefully ex- amined the whole of the true ‘‘blues”’ in the Museum collection, with the following result :— _Curipo, Schr. (Hyes naked, or nearly so*). C. arion, C. euphemus, C. arcas, C. alcon, C. admetus, C. sebrus, C. lycea, C. pardalis, C. saporte, C. celestina, C. nycula, C. galatea (perhaps a form of the preceding), C. metallica, C. omphisa, C. donzelui, C. sepiolus, C. anteros, C. ewmedon, C. idas, C. astrarche, C. loewii, C. cleobis, C. zephyrus, C. triton, C. argus, C. scudderi, C. argyrotoxus, C. micrargus, C. melissa, C. eurypilus, C. optilete, C. acmon, C. hyrcana, C. shasta, C. alcedo, C. anna, C. christopht, C. sieversi, C. allardi, C. bracteata, C. staudingeri, C. psylorita, C. panagea, C. anisophthalma, C. cytis, C. dedalus, C. evius, C. heteronea, C. pheres, C. pheretes, C. asiatica?, C. pheretiades, C. podarce, C. franklini, C. orbitulus, C. egagrus. Lycamna, Fabr. (HKyes distinctly hairy). L. meleager, L. corydon, L. bellargus, L. hylas, L. ariana, L. icarus, L. persica, L. kashgariensis (the two preceding are repre- sentative forms of L. icarus), L. sutleja, L. amanda, L. eros, L. bilucha, L. pseuderos, L. candalus, L. helena, L. cyllarus, L. lycormas, L. semiargus, L. argiades, L. lygdamus (I cannot dis- tinguish this from L. antiacis or L. couperi; all three forms being very variable in tint), L. melanops, L. erschoffi, L. damon, L. dolus, L. menaleas, L. hopfferi, L. phyllis, L. dama?, L. admetus, L. posthumus, L. poseidon, L. damone, L. kindermanni, L. actis. * In the C. celestina and C. argus groups, when examined under a fairly high power, a fine scattered short pile is visible upon the front of the eyes, but this disappears under a lower power, leaving the eyes apparently smooth. A CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. 125 In the preceding lists of species | have not included the recognized named varieties, seasonal forms, or slight local modifications, many of which are in the collection: there are also several hitherto unidentified species which I have been obliged to omit. A CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. By W. F. pe Vismes Kane, M.A., M.R.I.A., F.E.S. (Continued from p. 82.) CaToprRia ALBERSANA, H1b.—Killarney. C. uniceTana, Haw.—Everywhere abundant. C. uypERicanA, Hb.—Wicklow Mts.; Belfast Hills, locally abundant (W’.). C. cana, Haw.—Howth; Markree Castle, Sligo (K.); Black Mountain; Belfast (W.); Derry (C.); Coolmore, Co. Donegal ; and Armagh (J.); Roches Pt., Cork (K.).; near Sligo (R.) ; Letterfrack (C. T. C.). C. rutvana, St.—Armagh (J.); Sligo (R.). C. scopourana, Haw.— Howth, Killarney (K.).; Bundoran, and near Belleek (J.); Sligo (R.); Westport, Mayo (W.); Ballins- kelligs Bay, Kerry (K.); Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.). TrycHERIS AURANA, F').—Generally distributed. PYRALOIDIDE. CHOREUTES MYLLERANA, F'b.—Holywood, Co. Down. SYMATHIS OXYACANTHELLA, L.—Abundant everywhere. CoNCHYLID. Evupa@cinia NANA, Haw.—Powerscourt (B.). E. pupirana, Hb.— Belfast (W.). E. arricapirana, St.—Howth, and elsewhere on the Dublin coast, both on cliffs and sandhills, from mid-June to mid-August, but scarce; Belfast (W.); Roches Pt., Cork (K ); Coolmore, Co. Donegal (J.); Sligo (R.). EK. pauuirpana, Zell. — Howth, N. Cooke, June, 1857; Ma- gilligan, Co. Derry (Curzon). E. macunosana, Haw.—Howth, Sligo (R.). E. anaustana, Hb.—Generally distributed. KE. mussenurana, 7'r.—Sligo (R.). Five specimens of this very rare species taken in a marshy field. E. roseana, Haw.—Sligo (R.). E. mpuicirana, H. S.—Belfast (W.). 126 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. H. crtrevna, Hb.—Sligo (R.); Belfast, abundant (W.); Ennis- killen (P.); Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.). XANTHOSETIA ZOEGANA, L.—Generally distributed. X. HamaNna, L.—Generally distributed. ARGYROLEPIA HARTMANNIANA, Clerck.—Belfast Hills, locally abundant (W.); Clonbrock, Galway (R. HE. D.); Sligo (McC.) ; Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.); Cromlyn, Westmeath (Mrs. B.); Coolmore, Donegal (.J.). A. cntcana, Dbl.—Howth: Belfast (W.). CoNCHYLIS FRANCILLANA, /'b.—Howth, abundant. C. stRAMINEA, Haw.—Howth, abundant; Belfast; Markree ; Sligo (K.); Roches Pt., Cork (K.). APHELIIDH, Gn. APHELIA ossEANA, Scop.—Howth and Wicklow Mts. ; Armagh (J.); Sligo (R) ; Belfast (W.); Portrush (C.); Connemara (C. H.). TorTRIcoDES HYEMANA, Hb.—Lambay L., off the Dublin coast. TINEA. E\PIGRAPHIIDA. LEMNATOPHILA PHRYGANELLA, /7b.—Belfast, abundant (W.). DruRNEA FAGELLA, F’'b.— Wicklow Mts., common; also at Belfast ; Favour Royal, Tyrone; Drumreaske, Monaghan; Killy- non, Westmeath; Tullamore, King’s Co.; Killarney, &c. (K.). SEMIOSCOPIS AVELLANELLA, Hb.—Wicklow (G. V. H.). PsyvcHID&. Little is known of the Irish distribution of the members of this group, which has been neglected largely, no doubt on account of the difficulties attending their identification. That only two species are recorded should not be taken as a proof of the poverty of this section of our fauna. FuMEA INTERMEDIELLA, Brd.—Howth, the cases on the rocks in profusion (G. C. B.). At Wicklow Head, Ballycottin, Galley Head, and elsewhere on the cliffs of Co. Cork, and the Saltee Is. I have found immense numbers of what I take to be the cases of this species (K.). PsYCHOIDES VERHUELLELLA, Heyd.—Killarney. TINEIDE. DIPLODOMA MARGINEPUNCTELLA, St.—Wicklow Mts., Sligo (R.); Magilligan, Co. Derry (Salvage). OcHSENHEIMERIA BIRDELLA, Curt.— Portmarnock, near Dublin; mee ae” Kerry ; Holywood, Co. Down; Sligo (R.); Belfast (OevG. taps =f A CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. 127 ScaRDIA GRANELLA, L.—Dublin and Belfast. 8. choaceLtia, Haw.—Dublin and Belfast; Markree Castle, Sligo (K.); and near Sligo (R.). (S. anceLuA, /’'b.—Belfast. Old doubtful record.) BuaBOPHANES FERRUGINELLA, Hb. — Howth, on the cliffs; Sligo (R.). B. rusticenua, Hb.—Howth and Dublin, Armagh (J.); _ Bel- fast (W.); Sligo (R.). TINEA TAPETZELLA, L.—Common everywhere. T. miseuua, Zell.—Dublin, in cellars and vaults among the matted growth of fungus on the walls. T. PELLIONELLA, L.—Common everywhere. T. FUSCIPUNCTELLA, Haw.—Dublin, common. T. PALLESCENTELLA, Sta.—Dublin, Belfast (1W.). T. napELLa, Hb. — Belfast (W.); Rathowen, Westmeath (Mrs. B.). T. mpRDELLA, Zell.—Dublin, in houses; Belfast (W.). T. conruseLLa, H.-S.— Howth, the only known British locality. It flits among and runs up the stems of the grass on cliffs, and possibly feeds on fungi in the same situations. It is somewhat remarkable that no other certain locality for this species should be known in the British Isles, and also that it has not for some years been taken here. T.. NIGRIPUNCTELLA, Haw.—Dublin, in houses. T. SEMIFULVELLA, Haw.— Sligo (R.); Clonbrock, Galway (KR. EH. D.); Bray (BR. E. D.): TINEOLA BISELLIELLA, Hml.—Dublin, in houses. LAMPRONIA QUADRIPUNCTELLA, /’b).— Howth. L. tuzEcta, Hb.—Howth ; Belfast, one (W.). L. pRmLATELLA, Schiff.—Killarney. L. rusBreLLA, Bjerk.—Killarney and Holywood, Co. Down. INcuRVARIA MUSCALELLA, /’b.—Malahide, near Dublin; Wick- low Mts.; Belfast (C. G. B. and W.). I. peotingEaA, Haw.—Killarney. ERIOCEPHALA CALTHELLA, L.—Wicklow Mts.; Armagh (J.); Enniskillen (P.). Ki. arunceuua, Scop.—Sugar Loaf Mountain, Wicklow (K.). E. seppenia, /'b.—Generally distributed. HE. aurEaTeLLa, Scop.—L. Bray, Co. Wicklow; Blackstones and Killarney, Kerry ; Enniskillen (P.). (To be continued.) 128 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Tur Pupat Hasirs or Cossus LIGNIPERDA.—Cossus ligniperda is so common a species that one would suppose that even the most superficial among entomologists would be well acquainted with its life-history. That this is not the case is only too apparent from the notes that have appeared from time to time in the entomological journals, and I fear that on one simple point alone—namely, the natural situation selected for pupation—our knowledge is by no means clear. The older authors were unanimous in telling us that the pupal cocoon was formed in the burrow in which the larva had fed, but I find no evidence to support this theory ; the most modern authors are equally assertive that the pupa is subterranean. In this gloriously uncertain state of our information, I was well pleased at finding, in June and July last, a considerable number of imagines, so freshly emerged that their wings were but partially expanded, and in almost every case the pupe-skins that they had just vacated were also found. The trees in which the larve had fed, and which I have known for some years to be infested, grow just within a low park paling that surrounds a small garden. ‘The bottom of the paling having become rotten, an oak skirting some six inches in depth has been fixed along the fence from post to post. This skirting rests on an asphalt path which borders the paling on the outside, and its bottom is also on a level with a flower-bed that traverses the inner side of the paling. A narrow space between the skirting and the paling forms a sort of pocket, and this has in course of time become filled with dust and twigs and so forth, forming a compact mass of dry rubbish, and from the surface of this the pups-skins were protruding. Some years ago I found a number of pupe in a very rotten willow-tree, not, however, in the mines in which the larve had fed. By way of experiment, I have on several occasions placed full-fed larve, found in the autumn, in holes bored for their reception in a poplar-tree. Those thus placed in the dry stump of a limb, the upper portion of which was cut off some years ago, have invariably produced imagines in the following summer, but one similarly treated in the growing wood died. These facts, coupled with such other precise evidence as I have been able to obtain, suggest to my mind that the pupa is not necessarily sub- terranean, at any rate in the sense that many of the Sphingide and Noctue are, but that the larva is guided in the selection of a suitable situation for pupation rather by the presence of light friable material, be it rotten wood, dry turf, or other fibrous earthy matter, that will enable it to form its large tough cocoon.—Rosrert Apxin ; Lewisham, February, 1900. Cossus LienipERDA Larva.—In the middle of February last a man brought to me two larve of C. ligniperda, each about 23 in. in length, which he had dug up in his garden that day. He told me that they were both contained in the same spadeful of earth ; with the larva was brought one cocoon (broken), formed, as usual, of silk and earth. It contained fragments of a recently cast larval skin. One of the larve was of a uniform canary-yellow. colour, the usual orange band on the dorsum being absent. This was apparently the larva which had NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 129 owned the cast skin. Is it not very unusual for ligniperda larve to moult within the cocoon sometime previous to pupation? Is the close propinquity of the two larve underground, each presumably occupying & separate cocoon——one not being observed by the gardener——-merely a coincidence, or has that apparent display of sociability been noticed before ?--Dr. May; Hayling Island. Dwarr Ruopratocera.—-In the spring of 1896, during a stay in Guernsey, I captured a dwarf specimen of Pieris napi. It measured exactly 34 mm. in expanse. It was flying on low marshy land. In a certain part of the woods overlooking Weston-super-Mare I have come across very small male specimens of Huchloé cardamines. The one I have in my collection measures 38 mm. in expanse. The whole form of the insect is different from ordinary specimens ; in fact, except in colouring, the insect puts one in mind of Leucophasia sinapis, both in shape and in delicacy of construction. I have seen several flying about the same spot.—J. L. Saxsy; Larkfield, Kent. Referring to Mr. Cardinall’s capture of a couple of dwarf V. ata- lanta and the editorial note on same, appearing in your last issue, it may be of interest to state that, in August, 1899, I discovered in a solitary bed of nettles, situated in an exposed spot, a quantity of pupe, in appearance those of V. atalanta, but in size resembling JV. urtice. The fact that hosts of small ichneumons were emerging from one of the pups led me to believe that the whole of them were ichneumoned, assuming them to be V. atalanta. I determined, however, to test this theory, and took all the pupe I could find—-about three dozen. In the course of a week or ten days emergences commenced, and from all the pup but two ichneumons were bred. ‘The two exceptions produced perfect imagines of V. atalanta, but of the size mentioned by Mr. Car- dinall. Probably similar attacks by ichneumons result in the develop- ment of the dwarf specimens met with on the wing.—A. RussELt ; The Limes, Southend, Catford, S.E. Narurauizep CocKxroacnEes.—Phyllodromia germanica, one of the four exotic cockroaches which have established themselves in the British Isles, swarms in an old house at Blackheath. This is yet another addition to the rather lengthy list of positions it has seized, which are usually hotels and restaurants. Another of the four, Blatta americana, is thoroughly established in a sugar refinery at Silvertown, a locality from which it does not seem to have been previously announced.—-W. J. Lucas; Kingston-on-Thames. Humminc Sounp or Macrociossa sTELLATARUM. —I was rather interested in Mr. Anderson’s note on the above (Kntom. xxxii. 306), as I came across an instance of the same thing when at Wei-hai-wei in 1898. This, however, was out of doors, the moth being at the time poised over flowers on a hillside. The sound was very audible, reminding one of a Bombus, but louder and deeper.—T. B. Fiercuer ; H.M.S. ‘ Centurion,’ Jan. 81st, 1900. A Correction.—In view of the interest now taken in the insect fauna of the London district, it may be as well to correct the following error :—In the ‘ Entomologist,’ vol. xxiv. p. 281, under Gonoptera 130 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. libatria, for ‘ larve on willow and balsam,’ read ‘‘ larve on willow and balsam poplar.’’--Autrrep Sica; Brentwood, 65, Barrowgate Road, Chiswick, Feb. 21st, 1900. CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. REMARKABLE APPEARANCE OF VANESSA IO DURING Snow. — In the ‘Field’ of February 17th, Mr. EK. J. P. Magor states that, while woodcock shooting in a small wooded valley at St. Tudy, Cornwall, on Feb. 14th, he came across a peacock butterfly (V. io). ‘It was of course one that had hybernated, but, considering the fact that there were four inches of snow on the ground at the time, its appearance was remarkable.” In reply to my enquiries under what conditions the specimen was observed, the follow- ing reply from Mr. Magor appeared in the ‘ Field’ of March 3rd :—* In answer to Mr. Frohawk’s questions as to the peacock butterfly which I saw in the snow last month, I may say that the sun was shining brightly at the time, and the temperature was, I should think, comparatively high. The butterfly got up from a bush and flew along in front of me as 1 went up the valley. I saw it three times.” I think such a very remarkable occurrence as this should be placed on record in the ‘ Entomologist.’-— F. W. Frouawk; March, 1900. Earty APPEARANCE OF PIERIS RAP&.—My sister, Miss I. Grant, writes to me from Weston-super-Mare, that at noon, on March 10th last, she observed a small white butterfly fly from under the coping of a wall in her garden ; it flew close up to her. The sun was shining brightly at the time and very warm. The wall faces south, and is fully exposed to the sun. It had evidently just emerged from the pupa. Under the coping she states that there are many remains of pupz-cases. — MARGARET Frouawk; March, 1900. CoREMIA QUADRIFASCIARIA AT BEXLEY.—As the above insect is, I believe, a somewhat local species, I thought it might be of some interest to record a specimen taken by my father at Bexley, on July 16th, 1899. This was left out of my notes (ante, p. 48) by an oversight—F. M. B. Carr; 46, Handen Road, Lee, 8.E., March 15th, 1900. Captures at Licut 1n 1899.—According to custom I send a list of fresh records for light-trap during last year. The last season was an exceptionally bad one, only twelve Asteroscopus sphinx putting in an appearance, as against one hundred and fifty to two hundred in other years. The following are new :—Lycena astrarche, Acronycta psi, Axylia putris, Hecatera serena, Hupisteria obliterata, Bupalus piniaria, Hupithecia oblongata, Eucosmia undulata, Aciptilia pentadactyla, Crambus pinellus, Ayponomeuta padellus, Depressaria badiella, Coleophora lutipennella. The following were exceptionally common, viz.: Notodonta dicteoides, Demas coryli, Hypenodes albistrigalis, Cheimatobia boreata.— E. F. Strupp; Oxton, Exeter, March 19th, 1900. Pxiusia GAMMA.—A fact which much impressed itself upon me during last season was the absence here of P. gamma. During several years this moth has been so abundant in Hayling as to be a perfect nuisance to the SOCIETIES. 131 collectors. Last March I did not observe one specimen.—Dr. May ; Hayling Island. EvupLexiA LucrPaRA IN Fepruary.—On Feb. 25th, about 6 p.m., I found a female of the above species at rest on a piano in our drawing-room. I think this is probably a hybernated specimen, although the species does not usually pass the winter in the perfect state. It is somewhat worn, but was quite lively when captured.—Parip J. Barraup; Bushey ; Heath, Herts, March 8rd, 1900 SOCIETIES. Enromouoeicat Society or Lonpon.—March 9th, 1900.—Mr. G. H. Verrall, President, in the chair. Mr. H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., was elected into the Council, and as joint-Secretary in the place of Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N., who had resigned. Prof. Christopher Aurivillius, of Stockholm, and Prof. Frederick Moritz Brauer, of Vienna, were elected Honorary Fellows; and W. D. Drury, of Rocquaine, West Hill Park, Woking; the Rev. W. Westropp Flemyng, of Coolfin, Portlaw, Waterford ; and Prof. Percy Groom, M.A., F.L.8., of the Royal Indian Engineering College, Coopers Hill, were elected ordinary Fellows of the Society. Mr. C. G. Barrett exhibited a series of varieties of Spilosoma dorsalis from South Africa, showing variation in some degree parallel with that of S. lubricipeda in Great Britain. Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy exhibited several Rhynchota of economic interest, from the United States, Ceylon, and British Central Africa, among them being the new Aigaleus bechuana, Kirk., from Africa, which attacks coffee, and Pariatoria victrix, Ckll., from Phenix, Arizona, found on date-palms. The last-named Coccid was originally introduced from Egypt, and all attempts at eradication had hitherto failed. He also showed a series of thirteen colour-varieties of the oriental Scu- tellerine Cantao ocellatus (Thunb.), and examples of Distantidea vedda (a new genus and species of Lybantinz) from Ceylon, in which the rostrum was very long, extending as far as to the apex of the abdomen. Papers were communicated, by Mr. W. L. Distant on *‘ Undescribed genera and species belonging to the Rhynchotal family Pentatomide,”’ and by Mr. G. J. Arrow ‘On Pleurostict Lamellicorns from Grenada and St. Vincent (West Indies).” Mr. C. J. Gahan read a paper on ‘‘ Stridulating organs in Coleoptera,” in which he remarked that one of the best accounts of them was to be found in ‘The Descent of Man,’ but since that work was written several additional instances of their occurrence had been made known, showing that these organs were less uniform in structure and even more wonderfully diversified in position than Darwin considered them to be; while their discovery in the larvze of certain forms would lead to some modification of the view that they have originated in connection with sex and primarily serve the purpose of attracting the sexes to one another. He gave a detailed account of their presence on the head, prothorax, mesothorax, legs, abdomen, and elytra, enumerating several genera of Tenebrionide, Endomychide, Hispide, &c., in which they had not previously been known to occur, and describing those of certain Hispide as being the most complex in 132 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. structure. He mentioned additional instances in which they occur in one sex only, or differ according to sex, and pointed out that, contrary to Landois’ opinion, they are frequently present in both sexes of Curculionide; but in several species the striated area occupies a different position in each sex, being found on the elytra in the males and on the last dorsal segment in the females.—H. Rownanp-Brown and C. J. Gauan, Hon. Sees. Soutn Lonpon EnromotoeicaL anp Naturat History Socrery.— Annual Meeting, January 25th, 1900.—Mr. A. Harrison, F.E.§., Presi- dent, in the chair. The Council’s Report showed that the Society was in a sound condition, both in membership and finances, as well as in usefulness. The following gentlemen were elected as Officers and Council for the ensuing year :—President: W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. Vice-Presidents: H. 8. Fremlin, M.R.C.§S., F.E.S., and A. Harrison, F.C.S.,F.L.S. Treasurer: T. W. Hall, F.K.S. Librarian: H. A. Sauzé. Curator: W. West. Hon. Secretaries: Stanley Hdwards, F.L.S., F.E.S., and H. J. Turner, F.E.S. Council: R. Adkin, F.E.S§., W. J. Ashdown, F. Noad Clarke, Dr. T. A. Chapman, F.E.S., H. Moore, F.B.S., A. M. Montgomery, and J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. The retiring President read his Address, discussing at some length the subjects ‘Recent experiments in Telegony”’ and the “ Inter-relation between the Mosquito and Malarial Fever.” Mr. Blenkarn, of Kast Dulwich, and Mr. Day, of Carlisle, were elected members. Mr. Brooks exhibited several specimens of Acherontia atropos, bred by himself, and radiated varieties of both Arctia lubricipeda and A. menthastri. February 8th.—Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S., President, in the chair. Mr. Ashdown exhibited, and presented to the Society’s collections, male and female examples of Gomphus vulgatissimus from the New Forest. Mr. Montgomery, long bred series of Chrysophanus phleas, and contributed notes on their life-history and variation. Mr. Moore, some one hundred and fifty species of Coleoptera collected by Prof. Blatchley in Indiana, including five species of Calosoma; an unnamed species taken at an altitude of 14,500 ft. on Mt. Orizaba, Mexico; and a Coccinellid, Megilla maculata, which congregates in thousands for the winter. Mr. Lucas, a specimen of Gryllus campestris, from Hastings last year, and a female dragonfly taken by Mr. Fremlin in the Hebrides, which was probably a variety of Sympetrum striolatum. Mr. Adkin, a series of Melanippe fluctuata taken at Lewisham in his garden and in a wood near. The latter were large and dark specimens. Dr. Chapman, a large number of microscopic slides of larval and imaginal lepidopterous legs to illustrate his paper entitled ‘‘On the Relation of the Larval to the Imaginal Legs in Lepidoptera.”’ February 22nd.—The President in the chair. Mr. J. W. Enock, of Charlton, and Mr. T. Kemp, of Notting Hill, were elected members. Mr. Tomlinson exhibited a specimen of /ristalis tenax and pupa from the Kingston sewage works, and suggested that the species may eventually take an important place in the purification of sewage. Mr. Lucas, several species of exotic Odonata, to show striking ornamentation of he wings. Mr. Adkin read a paper entitled, ‘‘ Notes on the Pupation of Cossus ligniperda,” and exhibited examples of the. species taken at Lewisham in June and July last. Mr. Colthrup, a sawfly cocoon RECENT LITERATURE. nh 134 tenated by a spider. Major Ficklin reported the capture of Macro- glossa stellatarwm early in February in the city.—Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Report Sec. Biruincuam Enromotocicat Socrery.—February 19th, 1900.—Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, President, in the chair. Messrs. F. A. Jackson, Edmund Street, Birmingham, and W. H. Wilkinson, F.L.5., March- mound, Wylde Green, were elected members of the Society. Mr. R. C. Bradley showed the rare Chrysid Cleptes pallipes, which had been taken at a window of his house at Moseley, and the identification of which had been confirmed by Rev. F. D. Morice; also Miltogramma conica, a little Tachinid which he had found in abundance at Moseley last summer. Messrs. H. Willoughby Ellis and F. A. Jackson showed the following beetles from Knowle :—Anchomenus viduus and var. mestus, Aleochara brevipennis, Ptinus fur, Corymbites pectinicornis, and Sitones cambricus. Mr. C.J. Wainwright, a box containing the genus Syrphus and allied Diptera. Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, a drawer of Palearctic Satyrids.—Coxtsran Warnweieut, Hon. Sec. RECENT LITERATURE. Cetur, A. Remarks on the Epidemiology and Prophylaxis of Malaria m the Light of Recent Researches. (‘British Medical Journal,’ 1900, pp. 301-6.) Everyone is doubtless aware of the investigations upon the causes of malaria which have been conducted by some of the most eminent specialists. The ‘British Medical Journal’ for Feb. 10th contains a number of articles upon the now proven relation of mosquitos (Anopheles) to malaria, the principal of which is that cited above, a summary of three works in Italian by the same author. There are also reports of the Malaria Conference in Rome, and a translation of Dr. Koch’s Second Report upon the work of the Malaria Expedition in the Dutch East Indies. As no notice has lately occurred in any of the British entomological journals, some extracts and notes may be of interest. _ Man is the temporary host, and the mosquito the definitive host, of the malarial parasite. These parasites complete their asexual life and prepare their sexual forms in the human blood, while they com- plete the sexual cycle of life, that by which the species of the parasites external to man is assured, in the middle intestine of the mosquitos. It follows therefore that man and mosquitos are the sources of malarial infection which circulates, so to speak, from man to mosquito and from mosquito. to man, and soon. In this circulation of the contagion the presence of malarial man is indispensable, inasmuch as down to the present time the hereditary transmission of malaria from mosquito to mosquito has not been demonstrated experimentally or morphologi- cally, nor have resisting parasitic forms been found in the environment external to the body of the mosquito. Malaria is therefore a sypical contagious disease. Where there is malaria mosquitos abound, but malaria does not exist in every place where mosquitos abound.” The ENTOM.—APRIL, 1900. M 134 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. malaria-infesting genus is Anopheles, which has four Italian species. It is improbable that Culew and other Diptera frequenting malarious places can transmit malaria. The species of Anopheles lay their eggs in clear, slowly running or stagnant water, where the eggs and nymphs of Culex are rarely, if ever, found. Sea-water, very strong sulphurous water, continuous ice, or swiftly moving water is injurious to the immature forms. The following parallel columns will succintly show the theory and the facts relative to the mode of propagation :— 1. The infection is most rife at sunset and during the night. 2. Is limited in distance in horizontal, oblique, and vertical directions. 3. Is not transported by wind, which, on the contrary, tends to diminish it. 4. ‘* Woods, instead of filter- ing the malarial agents, may be 1. Anopheles issues forth in the evening and night to pierce man, but lies hidden during the day. 2. Does not fly far from native place, and does not fly high in the air. 3. Usually remains when the wind blows. hidden 4, ‘Shady or damp woods and trees in general are the homes foci of this infection.” of mosquitos.”’ Water, as proved by a long series of direct experiments, is not the vehicle of malarial infection, neither are alimentary substances. In fact, the malarial parasite Proteosoma is introduced in the human blood by the mouth-parts of the infected Anopheles. [Extracts, &c., from Celli’s paper.]| Dr. Grassi is of opinion that man cannot contract malaria without being “ bitten’? by Anopheles, and ‘‘No man, no malaria; no mosquito, no malaria.” Grassi’s work on the malaria parasite, at which he has been labouring for sixteen hours a day for eighteen months, will be published very shortly. Dr. Koch considers that the proposal recently made to destroy Anopheles larvee will meet with insuperable difficulties in Java, since the more rice fields there are in the neighbourhood of a place and the nearer they are, the greater the abundance of Anopheles; the occurrence of the mosquitos being connected with the extension of rice culture. It has been possible only to give a very brief and disjointed notice, but the interested reader is referred to the journal quoted (which is published at 6d.). Gui WGK Mortanpon, A. L. Hemiptera Cryptocerata. S. Fam. Mononychine. Notes et Descriptions d’Espéces Nouvelles. (Bull. Soc. Sci. Bucarest, part 1, 1899, viii. Nos. 4 and 5, pp. 1-18; part 2, 1900, viii. No. 6, pp. 1-10.) In this welcome revision of a difficult and neglected group, Dr. Montandon admits only three genera into the subfamily. The species are all extra-British, and of a more or less undistinguished appearance ; but they merit a close examination, and should be of interest to the local student, inasmuch as they undoubtedly provide information as to some of the stages through which the completely aquatic Naucorine RECENT LITERATURE. 185 have passed in their evolution from land-bugs, originally probably from some form similar in structure and appearance to Acanthia, Fabr., Latr. The genera admitted are :— 1. Mononyx, Lap. = Phintius, Stal, with 18 spp. (7 new). 2. Marinus, Stal, with 5 spp. (3 new). 3. Petroprerus, Guér. = Scylecus, Stal, with 3 spp. (2 new). Mononyx has a very wide distribution, seven species occurring in America, five each from the Oriental and Australian regions, and one from the Ethiopian; the other genera are much restricted, Matinus being entirely Australian, while Peltopterus is insular, having been recorded only from the Philippines, North Borneo, Salomons, Mari- annes, Mauritius, and a few smaller islands. The genus Nerthra, Say, from America, remains unknown. The value of Dr. Montandon’s precise and uniform descriptions is greatly enhanced by the synoptic tables, in which structural characters are employed for the preliminary differentiation of the species; but there are unfortunately no figures, a want which cannot always be supplied even by the most careful and detailed descriptions. Gra; Wie Se Suater, F. W. The Egg-carrying Habit of Zaitha. (‘The American Naturalist,’ 1899, xxxiii. pp. 931-3.) Ir has been long known that certain American waterbugs of the family Belostomatide, particularly Zaitha fluminea, Say, and Deino- stoma (= Serphus) dilatatum, Say, have the habit of carrying their eggs on their back until they are hatched, and it has always been taken for granted that the female is the egg-carrier. Miss Slater, however, has made a study of the sexual organs of Zaitha, and finds that everyone of the egg-carrying individuals which she has dissected is a male, and that the ovipositor of the female is so short that it would be impossible for her to reach her own back with it. The ovipositing season lasts from June to the end of August, and the eggs, which are comparatively of large size, number from seventy- five to eighty-five, ‘‘ placed in regular diagonal rows on the upper side of the wings of the male.’”’ The male is an unwilling porter, and is captured by the larger female and compelled to endure the indignity, after a series of well-contested combats. ‘‘That the male chafes under the burden is unmistakable; in fact, my suspicions as to the sex of the egg-carrier were first aroused by watching one in an aquarium, which was trying to free itself from its load of eggs, an exhibition of a lack of maternal interest not to be expected in a female carrying her own eggs. . . . For five hours I watched a silent unremitting struggle between the male and the female. Her desire was evidently to capture him uninjured. She crept quietly to within a few inches of him, and there remained immovable for half an hour. Suddenly she sprang towards him; but he was on the look-out, and fought so vigorously that she was obliged to retreat. After this repulse she swam about carelessly for a time, as if searching for food was her only thought. But in ten or fifteen minutes she was back in her first position in front of him. Again there was the attack, and again the repulse. The same tactics were continued until midnight, when, despairing of her 136 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. success, I left them. At six o’clock the next morning the entire abdomen of the male and half of the thorax were covered with eggs. Those nearest the head were quite yellow, showing that the struggle had just ended.” It is to be hoped that the fair American will continue her observa- tions. The reason for this strange disposal of the eggs is problematical ; it can searcely be for their safety, since the male, if attacked, ‘‘ meekly receives the blows, seemingly preferring death, which in several cases was the result, to the indignity of carrying and caring for the eggs.” Ga ee Second Annual Report of the Kendal Entomological Society. Session 1899. The present Report of this enterprising and, we are pleased to say, flourishing Society, comprises twelve pages. The contents include the President's Address and a paper entitled ‘Directions for Setting Lepidoptera.”” The former is a review of the work done by the Society collectively and its members individually during the year; the latter, which is contributed by Mr. Frank Littlewood, is an instructive and practical article. OBITUARY. WE regret to announce that Mr. W. G. Blatch, of Knowle, near Birmingham, died on Feb. 24th last. Mr. Blatch was born in London; we are unable to ascertain the exact date, but we believe that it was about 1840. His education as a boy was not framed on a very liberal scale, but he appears to have been a great lover of books, and quickly assimilated their contents ; and he also instructed himself in, among other subjects, Latin and Greek. Having tried shoemaking, a business that proved not altogether to his liking, he became a pupil-teacher in a school at Colchester ; subse- quently, however, he relinquished this in favour of an appointment in the Essex Hall Idiot Asylum. We next hear of him as one of the first of the ‘“‘ Evangelists ’’ sent out into the rural districts by the late Samuel Morley, M.P. Finally, he was appointed Secretary to the Midland Counties Idiot Asylum, on the foundation of that institution about thirty-two years ago; this office, combined with that of Super- intendent, he retained until the date of his death. Although it was as a coleopterist that Mr. Blatch was best known among entomologists, he was interested in all orders of insects, and a true lover of nature. Most of his published entomological writings will be found in the ‘ Entomological Monthly Magazine.’ He also wrote an article on insects for the ‘ Guide to Birmingham,’ which was published for the British Association Meeting in 1886. For many years he had been engaged on a list of the Coleoptera of the Midlands, but this, unfortunately, has not been published. Mr. Blatch was elected a fellow of the London Entomological Society in 1890; he was one of the founders of the Birmingham En- tomological Society (established in 1888), and occupied the chair for the first five years. Entomologist, May, 1900. Plate IV- W. J. Lucas, del. THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vou. XXXIII.] MAY, 1900. [No. 444. DRAGONFLY SEASON OF 1899. By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. Pruate [YV. Owrne to the ungenial weather in April and May the dragon- fly season, as in 1898, was late in commencing. In an early year several species would be on the wing in the South of England during the last week of April, but in normal years they might be expected to appear during the first week of May. On the 8rd of that month one or two nymph-skins of Pyrrhosoma nymphula were certainly found on Esher Common in Surrey, but no imagines were seen. At the same place, on May 7th, three that had but lately emerged were observed, one being on the wing. A single specimen of Enallagma cyathigerum was also found there on the 7th, which had so recently emerged that the abdomen had not attained its full length. This latter species was on the wing to some extent on Esher Common by May 13th. At the same place, on May 14th, a Cordulia enea was captured in the teneral condition, and on May 21st four specimens of Libellula quadrimaculata were taken in the same immature state. On the 23rd Ischnura elegans, Erythromma naias, Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Agrion puella, A. pulchellum, and Calopteryx splendens were obtained at the Byfleet Canal, but most of them were in the teneral state. Indeed, though several species had been met with the season cannot be said to have well commenced previous to the summer weather that set in with the last few days of May. After that a normal state of affairs was soon attained, and so favourable was the weather that by July some of the summer species were perhaps a little before their time. Lestes sponsa and Sympetrum striolatum were appearing on Ockham Common by July 8th, and S. scoticum and dischna grandis by the 15th ; while Mr. Arkle found Leucorrhinia dubia over on July = at ENTOM.—may, 1900. 138 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. the Delamere Forest localities in Cheshire, which he knows so well. The fine autumn weather extended the season considerably at its latter end. On Esher Common E. cyathigerum was last seen on Sept. 17th, Aschna mixta on Sept. 24th, S. scoticum on Oct. 15th, and S. striolatum on Nov. 12th; while Mr. W. H. Harwood saw 4. mixta disporting over the river Colne, in Essex, a few days before Oct. 21st. Aschna cyanea visited Mr. Briggs’s garden at Lynmouth on Oct. 21st, and Mr. F. N. Clarke sent me a female, which was taken alive from a branch of ivy at Tetbury, in Gloucestershire, on Nov. 12th. ~ One of the most interesting events of the season was the visit of Messrs. King and C. A. Briggs to Strathglass, in Inverness- shire, in search of Somatochlora metallica. On the death of Dr. Buchanan White, Mr. King was the sole entomologist who had taken the insect in that its only known British habitat—a dis- tinction which is now shared with him by the ardent neuropterist, Mr. C. A. Briggs. S. metallica was met with for two months from June 15th in Strathglass and Glen Affrick. The majority seen were males, which were ‘‘ not uncommon, but patience and devotion in the highest degree’ were needed for their capture, and, laconically adds Mr. Briggs, ‘‘ they got it.” Somatochlora arctica was taken in Strathglass in June, and in Glen Affrick early in August, in the latter locality at an altitude of 1400 ft. ; but it was not common. dAischna cerulea was observed in widely separated districts in Strathglass and Glen Affrick, at altitudes varying from 400 ft. to 1200 ft., the last taken being a male on Aug. 12th. It was rare and difficult to catch. Strathglass and Glen Affrick constitute a new British locality for the last species, making the third, all of which are in Scotland. Other species of Odonata observed by Mr. Briggs in Strath- glass in July were EL. cyathigerum and P. nymphula, which were fairly common; JL. dubia, scarce; JL. sponsa, common, but immature, at one little pond at Invercannick ; and Cordulegaster annulatus, which was not uncommon, and an easy capture. Unfortunately neither Mr. King nor Mr. Briggs succeeded in obtaining nymphs of S. metallica, S. arctica, or At. cerulea, though the latter obtained eggs of S. metallica, which he removed from outside the vulvar scale of a worn female captured while apparently ovipositing. Hach egg was about half a millimetre long, and from a quarter to a third of a millimetre wide. The colour was pale yellow, and shape elliptical. It possessed a rather long, slender, transparent pedicel at one end, which ap- peared to belong to a thin transparent outer envelope of the egg. The contents had a granular appearance. Another interesting expedition was one undertaken by Mr. H. 8. Fremlin to Stornoway, in the Outer Hebrides—a, still more distant hunting-ground. Though more especially interested in DRAGONFLY SEASON OF 1899. 139 Lepidoptera, Mr. Fremlin brought home a few dragonflies, as samples of what the district was capable of producing in that direction. They were: I. elegans, P. nymphula, E. cyathigerum, Aischna juncea, L. quadrimaculata, and S. striolatum. The first five call for no special notice, except that L. quadrimaculata was small and of the clearly marked but little suffused Scotch form; but the two specimens (both females) of S. striolatum crave somewhat closer attention. In size each is but little larger than a well-grown S. scoticwm, and in general appearance, espe- cially in the colouring of the sides of the thorax, closely resembles that insect. In the typical S. striolatum the sides of the thorax have two well-defined broad yellow oblique bands, separated by a duller somewhat interrupted third one. In the Stornoway speci- men the middle band is reduced to a few spots (Plate IV., a) much as in S. scoticum. The amount of black colouring on the sides of the abdomen also point a little in the direction of S. scoticum, though the arrangement of those markings on the whole recall S. striolatum. The vulvar scale appears to be of a form inter- mediate between those of the two species, for, though not pointed as in S. scoticum, it does not appear to be at all notched as in S. striolatum. On the other hand, the pterostigma (Plate IV., a) is decidedly that of S. striolatum, and the yellow mark on the metasternum (Plate IV., aa), though rather sharply defined, resembles that of S. striolatum rather than of S. scoticum. Further, which is perhaps more important than all, the legs are clearly lined with yellow above, as in the division of the genus Sympetrum, to which striolatum belongs, whereas in the scoticum division they are black. The conclusion to which we must come, seeing that there are two specimens, thus precluding an aberration, appears to be that the insects belong to a form of S. striolatum somewhat resembling S. scoticum (possibly a local race), or else that both insects are hybrids between the two species; Mr. McLachlan, who has examined the insects, inclines to the latter opinion. Should any entomologist visit Stornoway during the coming season he may perhaps be able to throw some light upon the subject. Sympetrum flaveolum was again present in good numbers on Ockham Common in August. The locality was visited during the month by Mr. H. J. Turner once, and by myself twice, but only males were taken; and we must conclude that the presence of the species was due to another migration. Rey. J. E. Tarbat took a male near Wokingham about July 6th, and I probably saw one near Christchurch. It should be stated that Mr. W. H. Harwood took a female at St. Osyth, in Essex, on a part of the coast where it would be hardly likely to breed. With S. flaveolum, on Ock- ham Common, several specimens of Sympetrum sanguineum were taken, one being a female. Mr. Turner also took a female at Cliffe Marshes, near Gravesend, and Mr. Harwood states that n 2 140 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. the species breeds on a part of the Essex coast. Numbers of S. scoticum were met with by Mr. Briggs and myself at a large pond on Exmoor, where their large size was noticeable. The species is also reported from Chobham Common and Chertsey, in Surrey (EH. Vincent). On Sept. 18th I for the first time noticed a dragonfly, which appeared to be S. striolatum, flying backwards; moreover, it was not so acting in order to back out of a corner, for no obstacle was near it. On Aug. 15th Mr. A. H. Hamm took a male Sympetrum vulgatum at Torquay. It did not appear to be a solitary speci- men, but Mr. Hamm unfortunately brought away but one, not recognising at the time the importance of his capture. This is the second authenticated British specimen. Again Orthetrum cerulescens was extremely common in the New Forest in August; it appeared to be just coming on the wing at the beginning of June. There has been a welcome increase in the number of known localities of its congener, O. cancellatum—a pair were taken in Sussex, near Liphook (H. J. Turner), and the species has been discovered on Chobham Common, Surrey (E. Vincent). Dr. F. A. Walker also describes an insect taken by him near Byfleet which is in all probability a female of this species. Mr. C. A. Briggs reports Cordulegaster annulatus as present, but not common, and difficult to catch, along the Hast Lynn River in North Devon. On July 29th a female Anaz imperator, dull bluish in colour, was observed hawking, between seven and eight in the evening, very slowly over a stream in the New Forest, reduced by the drought to a string of pools. When the insect was held by the legs, after being knocked down by a stick, it vibrated its wings very rapidly, especially at the tip, the base not appearing to move at all. On the ear being brought near a deep hum was heard. When the finger touched the abdomen the vibration could be felt there. Mr. E. B. Bishop observed an insect on Crooksbury Common, Surrey, on June 28th, which by description must be a female of this species, so furnishing yet another Surrey locality for this handsome dragonfly. Mr. H. J. Turner captured a female in Sussex, near Liphook. Its near relative, Brachytron pratense, was taken (J. Prest) at the Broads near Lowestoft in the begin- ning of June. Males of dischna mixta were rather plentiful on Esher Com- mon in September. They often flew low down amongst the tall reeds, whereas they usually fly quite high round the trees and tall bushes. Though no captures were made in either place, I almost certainly met with the species at Ockham Common and in the New Forest. In the neighbourhood of Colchester, Mr. Harwood found the species from August till October, and. more generally distributed, though perhaps on the whole scarcer than DRAGONFLY SEASON OF 1899. 141 last year. Mr. C: W. Colthrup found one dead at Folkestone on Oct. 3rd. In addition to the discovery of 4. juncea at Storno- way, in Lewis, by Mr. H. S. Fremlin, Mr. Briggs and myself found it rather common on Aug. 21st at a large pond on Exmoor, in Somerset. Calopteryx splendens and C. virgo have been reported from Moor Park, near Farnham (K. B. Bishop) ; C. virgo from Putten- ham Common, Surrey (EK. B. Bishop), and North Devon (C. A. Briggs); Lestes sponsa, Chobham Common (KE. Vincent); EH. naias, Virginia Water and Chobham Common, Surrey (HE. Vin- cent) ; Ischnura elegans, Exmoor (W. J. L.); Agrion pulchellum, Broads near Lowestoft (J. Prest); and EH. cyathigerwm, Keswick (E. B. Bishop), and Exmoor (W. J. L.). Pyrrhosoma tenellum was captured in June in a new locality— in Sussex, near Liphook—and it occurred as usual in numerous localities in the New Forest, where also Agrion mercuriale was found in good numbers. In Richmond Park an aberration of I. elegans was taken with two small distal blue spots on the dorsal surface of the seventh segment of the abdomen. Some nymphs of C. splendens,* dredged from the Byfleet Canal on March 12th, were so very small that they could not possibly have been ready to emerge at their proper time that season; and the same must be said of a tiny nymph of Gomphus vulgatissimus, taken from a stream in the New Forest on June 4th. We must therefore assume that these two species are, or may be, more than one year in reaching maturity. Empty nymph-cases of the latter dragonfly found in the New Forest were coated with mud, and in all cases were on the grassy bank of the stream, not on rushes. Possibly their legs, which are well adapted for burrow- ing, are not suitable for climbing. On April 17th an emergence of a female P. nymphula, which commenced about 9.40 a.m., was watched. The ‘‘rest” before the extremity of the abdomen was withdrawn lasted about twenty minutes; the head was not thrown backwards. The wings were of full size about an hour before the body was. Another female that emerged on April 22nd rested in the same manner as did the former. On May 11th two males of E. cyathigerum emerged from the nymph-case, and the identity of the nymph was by this means established. About 7.35 a.m. on May 14th a Cordulia enea was noticed partly out of its nymph-case, and then in its “‘resting position,” with head and thorax thrown backwards. At 8 o’clock it bent itself upwards, and drew out the rest of its abdomen, showing that it was a female. An hour later its wings were of full size, and dull grey in colour. The lengthening of the body took place * This and the other nymphs referred to are fully described in my ‘ British Dragonflies,’ and in some cases figured, 142 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. almost entirely after the wings were full-grown. About 1.30 p.m. the insect had flown from its support, the abdomen was bronze- coloured, and the wings were transparent, though suffused with a yellowish tint. By collecting nymph-skins while the species was emerging the identity of the nymph of S. striolatum was satisfactorily de- termined. It may be recognised by the long lateral spines on the hinder segments of the abdomen. Some of the skins were very dark in colour. SS. scoticwm, which somewhat resembles it, is smaller, and has very short lateral spines. Nymph-cases of Lestes sponsa were found on Ockham Common on July 8th. This nymph is an extremely interesting one from the fact that it holds an intermediate position between the Calopterygine and the rest of the Agrionide. Its ladle-shaped mask bears considerable resemblance to that of Calopteryx, while its banded lamelle (Plate IV., 8) are rather thick, and are easily separated into two layers. The outer lamelle are longer and straighter than the middle one, which is figured. The margin (Plate IV., b) is ornamented with stout spines two-thousandths of an inch long, separated in some parts by two or more slender ones. Platycnemis pennipes was bred on July 10th from a nymph obtained in the New Forest. In colour it was yellowish brown. The mask was of the usual Agrion-type, but the lamelle (Plate IV., c) are again sufficiently distinct to serve as a means of identifying the species. They are long, and terminate in a very attenuated point. The margin (Plate IV., c) is clothed with hairs, many of which towards the distal extremity are very long, about one-fiftieth of an inch. The lamelle are slightly mottled with brown, and the middle one is a little broader than the outer ones. Amongst the nymphs of P. pennipes was one of A. mercuriale, which, however, was not recognised till it emerged, when there was little in the body of the nymph-case to distinguish it from other Agrions The two lamelle which it possessed were ex- tremely small, and, if they did not represent two renewed ones partly grown, would easily serve to distinguish the species. I must not conclude without referring to some interesting observations that Rev. F. East has been making on the nymphs of dischna cyanea. He found that out of sixty-one emergences, thirty-one were females and thirty males. Though some emerged in the daytime, the majority came out at night—by night I con- clude we are to understand the very early morning. The nymphs were taken from a pond in his garden, and as the perfect insects emerged most—fifty-six—were set free. None remained at the time near the pond, but later in the summer some returned and hawked round the pond and the garden as usual. As a result of experiments made by Mr. Hast with AZ. cyanea LEPIDOPTERA OCCURRING IN COUNTY CORK. 143 and one of the Agrionine, it seems that dragonflies, so long as they are kept in damp air, are able to live for many days out of water. They appear to remain in good health, and, when put into water for a time, seem perfectly happy, and feed as if nothing had happened. It will be interesting to see if this change in their manner of life has any effect on their final development. EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.—A. Sympetrum striolatum var. (x 3); a, pterostigma (x 6); aa, metasternum and first and second segments of abdo- men (Xx 6). B. Platycnemis pennipes, middle caudal lamella (x 7); 6, por- tion of margin (highly magnified). C. Lestes sponsa, middle caudal lamella (x 10); c, portion of margin (highly magnified). LEPIDOPTERA OCCURRING IN COUNTY CORK. By R. J. F. Donovan. As I have seen so few records of Irish Lepidoptera in the ‘Entomologist,’ I thought the following list, enumerating captures since the autumn of 1896, might be of interest. Except where otherwise stated, all the species referred to were taken in or about the Ummera Woods. These’ woods, which are not very extensive, consist mostly of larch, Scotch fir, and oak, intermixed with elm, birch, ash, and beech, and lie within two miles of the village of Timoleague. All doubtful captures, comprising nearly all the Eupitheciz and Acidaliz, were very kindly named for me by Mr. Kane. As will be seen on consulting Mr. Kane’s ‘Catalogue of Irish Lepidoptera,’ my best captures were Leucania extranea (second record for Ireland), Sterrha sacraria (also second record for Ireland), and Laphygma exiqua (first record for Ireland), with Hadena dissimilis, Eupithecia virquareata, E.. valerianata, &c. Pieris brassicae, P. rapa, P.napi, and Euchloé cardamines. All more or less common. Colias edusa. One or two seen each year. Plentiful in 1899. Argynnis aglaia. A few specimens seen each year. — A. paphia. Plentiful about the woods. Melitea aurinia. A colony near Inchy Bridge. Vanessa urtice. Common.—V, io and V. atalanta. Not so common as V. urtice.—V. cardui. A few in 1897; plentiful in 1899. Pararge egeria. Common.—P. megera. Somewhat scarcer. Satyrus semele. Not uncommon along the railway. Epinephele ianira, E. hyperanthus, and FE. tithonus. Common. Cenonympha pamphilus. Fairly common. Thecla quercus. Not common.—T. rubi. One specimen on May 19th, 1898. Polyommatus phleas. Common. Lycena icarus. Common.—L. minima. Two specimens near Cool- maine Castle, Harbour View, June 26th, 1897, 144 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Acherontia atropos. One larva, in 1896, dried up in pupal state. One dead imago from Butterstown on Sept. 20th, 1899. Cherocampa porcellus Two specimens at Harbour View in 1897.— C. elpenor. Two specimens in 1898; one in 1899. Larve were ob- tained in both years, but they were unfortunately ichneumoned. Smerinthus ocellatus. A few larve. One imago in 1898.—S. popult. Larve rather common. Macroglossa stellatarum. A few most years, common in 1899.—M. bombyliformis. Scarce; rather plentiful in one field in 1897. Ino statices. Not common. Zygena filipendule. Common. Halias prasinana. Pups common under moss on oak trees. Nudaria mundana. Common. Gnophria quadra. Seven specimens altogether at light.—G. rubri- collis. Pups common, but almost all ichneumoned; imagines not uncommon on road passing through woods. Euchelia jacobee. Common. Arctia caia. Larvee fairly common. Spilosoma fuliginosa. One specimen on June 24th, 1899.—S. mendica. Five specimens, all referable to var. rustica.—S. lubricipeda and S. menthastri. Common. Hepialus humuli and H. lupulinus. Common.—H. velleda. Four specimens. Dasychira pudibunda. Common. Orgyia antiqua. Larve not uncommon ; imagines very plentiful in 1899. Pecilocampa populi. ‘Two specimens in 1897, one in 1899; a few pupe on tree trunks. Bombyx rubi. Common.—B. quercus. Larve common. Dicranura vinula. Larve common. Notodonta camelina. Larve rather common.— JN. ziczac. Two larvee in 1899. Phalera bucephala. Larve common. Thyatira derasa. Common.—T. batis. Not so common. Demas coryli. Three specimens. Acronycta psi. Five pupe in rotten branches of alder.—A. leporina. One specimen on June 20th, 1898.—A. rwmicis. Common. Leucania conigera. Not uncommon. — L. lithargyria. Commoner than the preceding.—L. ewtranea. One specimen (see Entom. xxx. p. 80).—L. comma, L. impura, L. pallens. More or less common. Tapinostola fulva. One specimen on Sept. 29th, 1897. Larve of perhaps this species at roots of bog-cotton—discovered by pulling the reeds separately, and those that come up easily mostly contain a larva at the root.. Nonagria arundinis. Plentiful at Grange Bog, about one and a half mile from Timoleague. Hydrecia nictitans and H. micacea. Common. Aaylia putris. Scarce. | Xylophasia rurea. Rather scarce.—X. lithowylea and X. monoglypha. Common. Laphygma exigua. One specimen on Sept. 8th, 1899. Neuronia popularis. Common. —— LEPIDOPTERA OCCURRING IN COUNTY CORK. 145 Chareas graminis. Fairly common. Lauperina testacea. Rather common.—L. cespitis. Ten specimens. Mamestra furva. Scarce, more plentiful than usual in 1899.—M. brassicae. Common.— WM. persicarie. Two larvee low down on birch trees. Two pupe. Apamea basilinea. Four specimens.—A. gemina. A few in 1899.— A. didyma. Common. Miana strigilis. Common. — M. literosa and M. bicoloria. Not uncommon, the latter very variable. Grammesia trigrammica. Common. Stilbia anomala. About five specimens altogether. Caradrina taraxaci. Not very common. — C. quadripunctata. Common. Rusina tenebrosa. Fairly common. Agrotis suffusa. Common.—aA. saucia. Scarce ; plentiful in 1899.— A. segetum and A. eaclamationis. Common.—A. corticea. One or two each year.—A. strigula. Four specimens. Noctua glareosa. Four specimens.—WN. plecta. Common.—N. c-nigrum. Not uncommon.—JN. triangulum. Four specimens.—N. brunnea? One specimen.—N. rubi. Fairly common.—N. umbrosa. Four specimens.—N. baia. One specimen.—N. wanthographa. Common. Triphena ianthina. Fairly common.—T. fimbria. Larve common in spring.—T. interjecta. Three specimens.—T’. comes and T.. pronuba. Common. Amphipyra pyramidea? A dried-up pupa at root of an elm.—A. tragopogonis. Common. Mania typica. One specimen on Aug. 11th, 1897. Panolis piniperda. Three specimens. Pachnobia rubricosa. Not uncommon. Taniocampa gothica, T. incerta, T. stabilis, and T. pulverulenta. Common.—T’. gracilis. Scarce. Orthosia lota. Two specimens.—O. macilenta. Several specimens in 1898; one larva in 1899. Anchocelis pistacina. Common.—A. lunosa. Rather scarce. Cerastis vaccinit. Common at sallow. Scopelosoma satellitia. At sallow. Xanthia flavago. A few specimens.— X. circellaris. Common. Calymnia trapezina. Rather plentiful. Dianthecia capsincola. Common.—D. cucubali. A few specimens.— capsophila. Common. Hecatera serena. Scarce. Miselia oxyacanthe. Not common. Agriopis aprilina. One specimen on Nov. Ist, 1897. Eupleaia lucipara. Ot CO DS A SMALL COLLECTION OF BEES FROM JUAREZ, MEXICO. 217 Genus LiseEL.una. A. PuatEetRuM. Sp. 1. depressa = Libellula depressa. ' 2. conspureata = Libellula fulva. B. Leprerrum. 3. quadrimaculata = Libellula quadrimaculata. 4. prenubila = Libellula quadrimaculata var. pranubila. C. OrrHEerrum. 5. bimaculata = Libellula fulva, 2, and teneral 3. 6. cancellata = Orthetrum cancellatum. 7. eerulescens = Orthetrwm cerulescens. D. Sympretrum. 8. Scotica = Sympetrum scoticum. 9. pallidistigma = Generally considered to be immature S. scoticum ; but the size, pale legs, and the long pterostigma seem rather to point to S. striolatum. 10. rufostigma = Sympetrum sanguineum. 11. angustipennis = probably immature S. sanguinewm. 12. vulgata = Sympetrum striolatum. 13. basalis = apparently immature S. sanguineum. 14. flaveola = Sympetrum jflaveolum. ON A SMALL COLLECTION OF BEES FROM JUAREZ, - MEXICO. By T. D. A. Cockrrett, M.M.Agr.Exp.Sta. On Oct. 6th, 1899, I had the opportunity of spending a little while at Juarez, in the State of Chihuahua, and of collecting there the bees enumerated below. The species marked with an asterisk had not previously been reported from Mexico. *(1.) Halictus pectoraloides, Ckll., one female, at flowers of Aster (Leucosyris) spinosus. *(2.) Perdita spheralcea, Ckll., one female, at flowers of Spheralcea fendleri lobata.t *(3.) P. heliotropii, Ckll. ; see Entom., 1900, p. 63. (4.) P. albipennis var. helianthi, Ckll., one female, at flowers of Helianthus annuus. *(5.) Andrena pulchella, Rob., one female, at flowers of Heli- anthus annuus. (6.) Melissodes agilis, Cress., one male, two females, at flowers of Helianthus annuus. + This is Spheralcea lobata, Wooton, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xxv. 1898, p. 306. At Mesilla Pa’k, N.M., it varies into a form having leaves exactly as in the type of S. fendleri, Gray, of which it may be considered a subspecies. The plant is new to the flora of Mexico. 218 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. *(7.) M. tristis, Ckll., one male, at flowers of Ipomea mexicana. *(8.) Anthophora vallarum, Ckll., one male, two females, at flowers of Ipome@a mexicana. (9.) Megachile occidentalis, Fox, one male, at flowers of Helt- anthus annuus. (10.) Xylocopa arizonensis, Cress., one female, at flowers of Ipomea mexicana. Instead of entering the corolla, it cut a slit on the outside, near the base. MOSQUITOS AND MALARIA. By Guy A. K. Marsnatu, F.Z.S. As the above subject hardly appears to have received the attention it merits in British entomological journals, it was a pleasure to read Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s all too short résumé of the views of Celli and Grassi on the question in the ‘ Entomolo- gist’ for April, 1900. The facts and contentions set forth in this résumé would seem to leave but little doubt that mosquitos of the genus Anopheles are the sole carriers of malarial contagion, and that they themselves can, in turn, only acquire the parasites from malarial man. Yet the fact remains that in a malarious country like Mashonaland, where probably three-fourths of the inhabitants have had a practical experience of the disease, the theory is regarded with a considerable amount of scepticism, not merely by laymen, but also by the majority of medical men. While personally I do not share this scepticism, I can yet appre- ciate the difficulties which stand in the way of the acceptance of the theory in its present form, when tested by experience in a malarial country; and therefore it may be useful to draw atten- tion to these counter-arguments, in the hope that they may be satisfactorily explained away. If we accept the proposition that malaria can only exist in the presence of two factors, viz. malarial man and Anopheles, then we are logically bound to accept the conclusion that, if a man, or party of men, free from malarial poison, should pene- trate from a healthy area into an unhealthy, but uninhabited, region, it would be impossible for them to contract fever, how- ever much they might be bitten by mosquitos ; further, it follows that all uninhabited regions, even of comparatively small size (seeing that the range of individual specimens of Anopheles is apparently very limited in extent), must be entirely devoid of malaria, even though they may be full of swamps, and teem with mosquitos. Such conclusions certainly do not appear to be borne out by experience. It would doubtless be difficult to find many areas in MOSQUITOS AND MALARIA. 219 Europe which present these supposed conditions, but in a sparsely populated country like Africa they may be found on every hand. In Mashonaland we have numberless areas of this description, but perhaps the most typical are to be found in the Umfuli Dis- trict, where there are considerable tracts of land rendered unin- habitable owing to the fact that they contain no surface-water during the dry season, although during the rains they may be sometimes under water for several weeks at a time; and yet these very localities are among the most unhealthy in the country. Again, in the Northern Transvaal there are large stretches of totally unpopulated country, more especially where the brackish rivers prevail ; and yet it is a matter of common knowledge that the Boer hunters who used to penetrate into these wildernesses from the healthy high veldt invariably suffered severely from malarial fever. Another conclusion which must be drawn from the theory as it now stands is that in any malarial region where Anopheles is generally distributed the most unhealthy portions must neces- sarily be those in which the population is thickest. This con- clusion is practically the exact reverse of what is actually the case in this country, at least so far as the white population is concerned. For example, Salisbury is by far the most densely populated portion of Mashonaland, and, further, I have found three species, if not four, of Anopheles in the town, one of which is certainly common ; moreover, not only is a mild form of fever prevalent in the district, but also all the severer cases of fever from the lower veldt are brought into the town for treatment, thus creating a continual supply of foci for the distribution of the disease. And yet despite all this there can be absolutely no question that Salisbury is far more healthy than the vast majority of the sparsely populated districts which surround it, although in these latter the chances that a mosquito will carry malarial con- tagion from one man to another are necessarily more remote, and, indeed, often infinitesimal. In fine, the theory proposed by Grassi amounts to this: given Anopheles and a certain number of malarial patients, then locality goes for nothing in the causation of malaria; a position which is, to my mind, untenable. The foregoing objections do not in any way militate against the supposition that Anopheles is the sole carrier of malaria, but only affect the proposed explanation as to how the mosquito itself is infected. Other objections, however, are raised on the ground that there is reason to believe that fever can be acquired other- wise than through the agency of mosquitos. The argument most generally adduced is that ploughing is in itself a very unhealthy occupation in malarial districts, more particularly where new ground is being broken up, and that in such cases mosquitos cannot reasonably be regarded as a factor. 220 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. The correspondent of the Sierra Leone Expedition, writing to the ‘ British Medical Journal,’ endeavours to explain this on the supposition that the breaking up of the soil would tend to cause puddles suitable for the breeding of Anopheles. But the explana- tion does not carry conviction ; firstly, because the loosening of the soil would rather tend to increase percolation than to aid in the formation of puddles, more especially as ground that has a tendency to hold water is generally avoided for agricultural pur- poses; and, secondly, if Anopheles be already present, as his explanation predicates, there is no reason why the formation of a few more puddles should necessarily result in an attack of malaria for the ploughman, apart from the fact that the effects, as usually stated, follow too rapidly to allow of an explanation on these lines. I am inclined to believe, however, that, when properly investigated, the supposed connection between the breaking up of land and the occurrence of malarial fever will be found to be more apparent than real. Finally, I may mention the difficulty that frequently occurs in tracing any given attack of fever to the bites of mosquitos. For example, to refer again to the Sierra Leone Expedition, in one article the correspondent states that Mr. Austen was the only member who had so far suffered from fever, he having on one occasion slept without a mosquito-net, although he had no knowledge of having been bitten. And many similar eases might be adduced where persons who have suffered from malaria are quite positive that they have not been previously bitten by mosquitos ; this being perhaps the commonest objection to the theory, for it is argued that the average mosquito has an un- pleasant way of making her presence felt, if not at the time, at all events afterwards. This difficulty might be removed if it could be proved that the poison of Anopheles is of a much less irritant character than that of Culex, so that the bite would not be noticed during sleep, and would leave little or no subsequent irritation. The little evidence before me tends to support this view, though unfortunately the idea occurred to me too late to enable me to test it by experiment last fever season. Could this be demonstrated it would remove a considerable amount of opposition to the theory, and, further, it might perhaps in some degree account for the fact that the malarial parasite can flourish in Anopheles, and not in Culex. Salisbury, Mashonaland: May, 1900. 221 DIPHYLETISM IN THE LEPIDOPTERA. By Amprose Quam, F.E.S. In his paper (ante, p. 120) Prof. Grote did me the honour of mentioning my name; therefore I claim the privilege of reply. Grote’s separation of the Papilionides from all other butterflies in phylogeny is based on the presence in the former of a short anal nervure on primaries, which he calls IX, and for which Dr. Chapman proposes the name “‘ Grote’s vein.’ I do not propose here to discuss the modifications of neuration to be observed in the Rhopalocera, having done so elsewhere ;* and I have also given reasons for believing that ‘‘ Grote’s vein”’ is homologous of the rudimentary anal nervure on primaries of other groups.t I will, however, take up this particular question of the homology of ‘‘ Grote’s vein.”’ Curiously, the only direct reference by Prof. Grote that I am able to findis worded: ‘‘ IX applied only by me; . whether this is homologous with VIII, to which it is opposed in position, is uncertain.”’} I now quote Dr. Karl Jordan :—‘‘ It remains for Prof. Grote to show that what he styles in Papilionide vein IX (absent from all other butterflies, according to Grote) is not homologous of what he calls in the other butterflies vein VIII (absent from Papilionide, according to Grote).”’§ | If we direct our attention to the neuration of the whole Lepidoptera, a very suggestive fact is observable, that is, nowhere can we find more than two definite anal nervures on the pri- maries ; usually there is also a short vein, attached near its base to that anal nervure farthest from the cubital system. I at least have been unable to find more than these. In extremely rare instances the latter rudimentary vein has a projection beyond the normal juncture, which clearly indicates that it is the rem- nant of a third anal nervure. I may mention, of my own observation, Zeuzera d’urvillei, Schiff., an Australian species ; Cossus robinie, an American species. Comstock|| gives a figure in Psychide, No 253, and another in Megalopygide, No. 247; the latter is most pronounced in its indication. We may also observe that the anal nervure nearest the cubital system (present in Cosside, &c.) has been lost from the primaries of many Heterocera, leaving only one anal nervure —that with the rudi- mentary attachment; the missing anal nervure is often, in fact ‘generally, indicated by a scar. Compare the Rhopalocera with other groups of Lepidoptera, and observe the identical modification of neuration last men- * North London Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896; extract, ‘ Entom. Record,’ vol. ix. + ‘Natural Science,’ vol. xiii. p. 391, 1898. j Ibid. vol. xii. p. 88, 1898. § Ibid. vol. xiv. p. 79, 1899. _|| Comstock, ‘ Text-book,’ 1895 ?. 229, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. tioned, viz. loss of inner anal nervure, retention of outer anal nervure, with attached rudimentary (VIID), in all groups except Papilionides ; in the latter we have not the rudiment, but an actual nervure=“‘ Grote’s vein.”’ It seems to me an indisputable indication that ‘‘ Grote’s vein”’ is homologous of VIII. At first sight it appears remarkable that Papilionids should have retained that nervure, even if homologous of VIII, which has become rudimentary so generally in the Lepidoptera; but we must regard its persistence in so many groups of the Lepi- doptera, which actually lose one other anal nervure, as evidence that it (VIII) is of actual value as a part of the wing-structure, whether retained as rudimentary or as a “‘ vein”’ (Grote’s), is a matter of degree only; clearly we have no evidence that VIII and ‘‘ Grote’s vein” are morphologically distinct. If we look for evidence of affinity between Papilionides and the other butterflies, we find in generalised Nymphalids (Anosia) a ‘ cubital blotch ” on primaries, and a “ subcostal-radius con- nection’’ on secondaries ; their identity cannot be doubted, as remnants of the ‘‘cubitus-anal connection ’’ of primaries and ‘humeral cell” of secondaries are retained in Papilionide. It detracts nothing from their value as indication of affinity when we observe that amongst higher Nymphalids and other groups they are completely lost; since we find, as Prof. Grote has shown,* that the “ cubitus-anal connection” of primaries and the ‘‘ humeral cell’? of secondaries are not present amongst higher Papilionids. I can only repeat my original conclusion from a study of the neuration; + generalised Hesperids, Nymphalid-Pierids, Papi- lionids ‘‘ represent the surviving links in the y continuity of special- = ization, a primary &} modification of neura- Py “ics tion antecedent to and > al quite apart from the = : special modifications oe py peculiar to the several X WO Existing spectes groups.” Thus— : Ros Nymphatids -- Neuration of the toa J Laisting species ve wings is only one of By Papilionias the many structural characters, imaginal and embryological, which go to establish affinities, any one of which by itself may mislead. May I give an example? By movement of the fourth radial of primaries, Porina has a different wing-pattern to that of Hepialus; by neuration, * * Natural Science,’ vol. xiv. p. 79, 1899. + Ibid. vol. xiii. p. 895, 1898. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 293 Trictena identifies with Hepialus, the antennal structure of Trictena is distinctly a specialized Porina; wing-scales, T'rictena resembles Hepialus (Charagia). Pupal characters of Trictena are those of Porina, especially in regard to the spines of seventh abdominal segments. (MSS. Quail.) Palmerston North, New Zealand: May 20th, 1900. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. LrycHNA PHERETES AND Its ALLIES IN THE SrkKimm Himarayas.— In the July number of the ‘ Entomologist,’ p. 199, Mr. Harcourt-Bath describes two new forms as Lycena sikkima and Lycena altissima, and has been good enough to send me specimens of them to compare. I _ have described in P.Z.S., 1882, p. 402, L. pheretes var. asiatica, from two male and four female specimens received from native collectors, whom I sent to the Chumbi Valley, which were probably taken on or near the Jeleplah Pass, at about the same elevation as Mr. H.-Bath’s, which were taken in the Lachoong valley. Of his three forms, no. 1, which he thinks is the same as mine, is larger, and in the male of a brighter blue than in Kuropean L. pheretes, and resembles in tint males ' from Ladak; L. lehana, Moore, which are smaller; and others, from HK. Tibet, sent me by Messrs. Leech and Oberthiir, which are larger. No. 2, which Mr. Bath calls L. sikkima, is just like some of my var. asiatica, and, though of much duller blue, is, I think, only an extreme form of it. Mr. Bath says ‘‘ aberrations were found somewhat inter- mediate between the two.” Of no. 3, which he calls L. altissima, he sent me two females; the first, which agrees with his description of altissima, male, is a female of his sikkima, with a good deal of blue gloss on the upper side. I have a very similar specimen of L. pheretes, female, from the Hindu-Kush mountains, and find the blue gloss more or less present in several Asiatic and a few European female L. pheretes. The other specimen is just like my females of var. asiatica, except that the pale discal spot, as. in the first specimen, is prominent, as in some female L. pheretes from Europe and Asia. I have, therefore, no doubt that these three forms are all referable to L. pheretes; and, if a separate name is wanted (which I rather doubt), lehana, Moore, is the oldest.— H. T. Exwes. LyomNA PHERETES, ETC.—I must apologise for troubling you to rectify an error (ante, p. 200) which was owing to a slip of the memory and want of precaution in not examining the genitalia, as I find that the pale dimorphic variety of the female of L. altissima (mihi) was described as the male, whereas the latter is blue, but of a duller tint than that of the male of L. sikkima (mihi), with which it unfortu- nately got mixed up at the time of setting. It is, of course, merely a matter of opinion whether the above should be considered local varieties of, or distinct species from, L. pheretes, their nearest ally; but, per- sonally, I prefer to consider all local forms as distinct species, provided — morphological characters are sufliciently distinct—W. Harcourr- - Barta. 22.4 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Parasite IN Lepmoptrrous Ovum.—During the first week of July, while collecting a few miles from Beaconsfield, I found a few eggs of Ptilodontis palpina on some small aspen bushes. A day or two ago I was much surprised by three ichneumon flies emerging from one of these eggs.—G. F. Brrp; Rosedale, 162, Dalling Road, Hammersmith, W., July 23rd, 1900. Ovieosition or Ponyeonra c-aLBuM.—My attention has been directed to a note by Mr. South (Entom. xxx. p. 173, 1897), where he quotes . Mr. Frohawk’s observations that the eggs of this butterfly are laid singly. I only once took the trouble to get this butterfly to lay eggs, and it then laid them in short chains of two, three, and four. No doubt Mr. Frohawk’s observations, like mine, were made on the butterfly in captivity. So it is very possible that his observation, or mine, was vitiated by an abnormal habit caused by this circumstance. It seems to me more probable that this butterfly varies in its habits in different individuals. All I can testify to, however, is that c-albwm does, upon occasion at least, lay its eggs in chains, like its American kindred.— T. A. CHapman; Betula, Reigate. ParrinG oF VANESSA URTIC# AND E\PINEPHELE IANIRA.—This morning, while walking down from my house to the town, I noticed two butter- flies in cop. on a wall by the side of the road. I cautiously approached them, when I was much surprised to find that they were not of the same species—the male being Vanessa urtice, and the female Epinephele ianira. I had no apparatus with me, but I succeeded in catching the two insects in my fingers, and brought them back to my house, where I placed them in a breeding-cage. Should the female lay any eggs, I should be very happy to send them to anybody who would care to try and rear them.—J. Winu1ams Vaueuan; Bryn-y-Mor, Tenby, July 11th, 1900. Hasits or Cossus LigNipeERDA.—The interesting note by Mr. Robt. Adkin on this subject (ante, p. 128), recalls to my mind many pleasant excursions in the past in search of this species. Mr. I. B. Harvey, Mr. M. Culpin, and others will recollect the Chingford locality, which, some ten years and more ago, we used to call the ‘‘ Cossus ground ”’ ; between us, I believe, we learnt a good deal relative to its habits. One experience, but an instance from natural choice of the larva, resembles Mr. Adkin’s experiment—“ full-fed larvee placed in the dry stump of a limb, produced imagines.”’ I have recorded elsewhere (Ent. Ree. ii. 211) how, in 1889, my friend Culpin and myself procured dozens of the iarvee, which had gone into cocoon for the winter, from the old stumps of willow trees, which had been cut down some years before. Un- doubtedly the larve, when full-fed, usually leave the larval burrow, and search for a suitable place in which to make the winter cocoon. They do, however, pupate in the locality of, if not actually in, the larval burrow. We have not unfrequently taken the imago drying its wings, just above the empty pupa-case protruding from a hole through bark and tough wood. Moreover, in some instances, until the pupa - broke through the bark, there was no evidence of the existing tunnel ; in this respect the habit is similar to that of the Australasian Hepialide—i.e. the wood-borers—which, however, never leave the i: CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 925 larval burrow until the imago stage. Zeuzera pyrini pupates in the larval burrow. Dr. May’s note clearly indicates that Cossus ligniperda does, at times, pupate in the earth. I have seen other records. Mr. J. A. Clark, if my memory serves me, had one or two examples of pupe which pupated in earth, in his very interesting collection illustrating the life-history of this species. The life-history of Cossus, which I pre- pared some years ago, now in the possession of Mr. F. B. Harvey, illustrated the actual position of the pupal cocoon in relation to the burrow through the bark of the tree.—Amsrose Quai. ; Palmerston N., New Zealand, May 23rd, 1900. CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. CoREMIA QUADRIFASOrARIA IN Eissex.—n Friday last, June 29th, I was beating the tall hedges round Hazeleigh Wood, when a very dusky Geometer came out, and scurried away over a recently-cut clover field. Thinking it was Larentia didymata, of which I want a new series, I went in hot pursuit, and, with some difficulty, succeeded in netting the obscure fugitive, which, to my surprise and delight, turned out to be a fine male C. quadrifasciaria. This species was recorded, some twenty years ago (in the ‘ Entomologist,’ I think), as having been taken by a Londoner when visiting Danbury, three miles from here. It is, no doubt, a scarce species ; but generally to be obtained by beating hedgerows in the daytime or netting at dusk, where it is known to occur, I have taken it at Brentwood and Harlow in this county, and at Fordham in Cambridgeshire; and, in 1896, I took a specimen at Panton in mid-Lincolnshire, which I believe to be the most northerly record in the British Isles.—(Rev.) Gitsert H. Raynor; Hazeleigh Rectory, Maldon, July 3rd, 1900. CoLIAs EDUSA AND C. HYALE AT EasTBouRNe.—I obtained two speci- mens of C. hyale and one example of C. edusa in a clover field on the cliffs near Beachy Head, on June 12th. The edusa was worn, and looked as if it had hybernated ; but the Ayale were perfect.—Srantey A. BLENKARN. ANTICLEA sINUATA.—I took two examples of A. sinuata, on July 13th, at Cranborne, Dorset.—T. H. Fisher; Cranborne Vicarage. AMscHNA CYANEA AT Pappineton.—A not full-coloured example of Aschna cyanea flew into one of our offices here last Friday ; and one of the clerks gave it to me.—F rep. Noap Crark; Paddington Infirmary, Harrow Road, W., July 18th, 1900. IscHNURA ELEGANS IN Lonpon.—Mr. F. N. Clark has sent me a couple of specimens of the small dragonfly, Ischnura elegans, taken from the banks of the Grand Junction Canal, adjoining the Paddington Infirmary. As this dragonfly is scarcely capable of migration, the specimens must be looked upon as true-born Londoners, and a record of their capture is, therefore, of interest.—W. J. Lucas; July 3rd, 1900. Cotiectine 1n Haywarp’s Heatu Districr.—I shall be very much obliged if any of your readers could inform me of any places, open to the public, which are good for insects in the Hayward’s Heath (Sussex) district. ENTOM.—avuausT, 1900. U 226 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. We are surrounded here by the Balcombe, St. Leonard’s, and Ashdown forests, and there should be many places well worth visiting by entomolo- gists. I believe, in days gone by, Apatura iris was to be had in Baleombe Forest, but I do not know in what part, or whether it is open to the public. —A. H. Rypon; Awbrook, Lindfield, Sussex, July 1st, 1900. Nore on a Sprper.-—Last week a farmer brought an enormous black spider which he had caught upon an adjacent bog, and thought I might like to have it for my collection. Never having seen anything like it before, I forwarded it to the Science and Art Museum, where it has been kindiy named: it is a specimen of Dolomedes fimbriatus. This species has been found in Connemara and Galway, but, hitherto, only once in Leinster (this year at Tuilamore). So West Meath has proved fortunate in finding it a second time.—F rances J. BattersBy; Cromlyn, Rathowen, Co. West Meath, June 13th, 1900. [The above note may interest those of our readers who study the Arachnida.— ED. ] New Forest Notes.—Though, perhaps, we must believe the experi- enced collector who tells us that the “ Forest” is “ played out,” yet the lepidopterist who spends a few days there, unless he be very blasé, and pro- vided that the weather is respectable, always enjoys himself thoroughly, and comes back with boxes much fuller than when he started. Arrived at Brockenhurst the Saturday before Whit Monday, we started out for a little dusking at Queen’s Bower, where we met certain members of the South London Entomological Society, just returning to Brockenhurst after a day’s collecting. Bapta temerata, Larentia pectinaria, Ephyra omicronaria, E. trilinearia, Lomaspilis marginata, Ligdia adustata, Melanthia ocellata, Melanippe mon- tanata, Cabera pusaria, Panagra petraria, Cilix spinula, and Pechypogon barbalis were netted; whilst from heath two larve of Noctua neglecta, and an example of Syrichthus malve were swept. Day work was very fair. Pieris rapeé and P. napi were common, but Huchloé (Anthocharis) carda- mines was decidedly scarce. Gonepteryx rhamni, abundant, Argynnis euphrosyne was undoubtedly the most plentiful butterfly seen, and one battered example of Vanessa polychloros was netted With regard to Pararge egeria the first brood was practically over and in very bad condition, but during the last two days of our stay, six magnificent specimens, evi- dently quite fresh from the pupz, were taken. P. megera was fairly fresh, but common. Cenonympha pamphilus was far from common, but in fine condition. Thecla rubi was not uncommon among hawthorn and _ black- thoru, but decidedly local, and none too easy to catch. Polyommatus phleas very fine, but not common. Lyce@na icarus was just coming out, and became more plentiful towards the end of the week. L. argiolus, as at most localities this season, was exceptionally abundant, but over as far as condition goes. Nemeobius lucina was not too common in the neighbour- hood of Stubby Copse, and a short series only was secured. Syrichthus malv@ (common) and Thanaos tages (locally abundant) complete the list of butterflies. Turning to the moths, one of the most noticeable features was the absence of Noctue. ‘Treacle was fruitless, nor did the flowering plants appear to attract any visitors—apparently there were none to attract. The only three species noticed were the sun-loving Huclidia mi and Phytometra @nea (both common), and a single Hupleaia lucipara beaten from oak. Macroglossa fusiformis was fairly common at the azaleas at Rhinefield, and CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 227 at the common bugle in another locality, but only one bad M. bomby- liformis was taken; the latter seems by far the scarcer insect. A few Hepialus lupulinus were seen at rest. Halias (Hylophila) prasinana was beaten not uncommonly from oak, and Euchelia jacobee was noticed abundantly flying in the sunshine. A few females of Spilosoma mendica were taken, most of which laid freely in chip boxes, and one male was beaten from oak; about two hundred young larve are now feeding up well on plum. Single examples of Drepana lacertinaria and D. falcataria were taken, and Cilia glaweata (spinula) was fairly common. One specimen of Phalera bucephala was beaten from oak. Geometers were better repre- sented, though most of the species were common ones :—Lumia crategata, Venilia macularia, Odontopera bidentata (two), Amphidasys betularia (a female), Boarmia roboraria (two males), [odis lactearia (a few, beautifully fresh and green), Hphyra porata, EF. punctaria, E. trilinearia, E. omicro- naria (a few), Acidalia remutaria Cabera pusaria, C. exanthemata, Bapta temerata (two), B. taminata, Macaria liturata, Panagra petraria, Fidonia atomaria (abundant), F’. piniaria (one female, males very abundant), Ligdia adustata, Lomaspilis marginata, Larentia pectinaria, Melanthia ocellata, Melanippe subtristata, M. montanata, Coremia propugnata, C. ferrugata, C. unidentaria, Triphosa dubitata (a hybernated female), Cidaria corylata (three), and Anaitis plagiata (four). The Deltoides were represented by one species only, Pechypogon barbalis, which was very abundant—in fact, six specimens, on one occasion, flew off one oak bough. Of the Pyralides, Pyrausta purpuralis alone was noticed; and of the Pterophoride, three specimens of Alucita heaadactyla. By far the best work among the “ Leps” was undoubtedly larva-beating, which was practically neglected until the Friday; but both Friday and - Saturday were devoted to it, with the following results :—Limenitis sybilla (full-grown), Thecla quercus (common, and mostly full-grown), Nola strigula, Gnophria quadra, Liparis auriflua (Porthesia similis), Psilura monacha (abundant), Pecilocampa populi, Orgyia antiqua, Halias bicolorana (quer- cana), Diloba c@ruleocephala, Asphalia ridens (a great many died while small), Teniocampa miniosa, T. stabilis, and T’. cruda (both the latter abundant), Scopelosoma satellitia, Cosmia trapezina (very abundant), dmphi- pyra pyramidea, Catocala sponsa, C. promissa, Drymonia (Notodonta) chaonia, Phorodesma bajularia, Phigalia pedaria (pilosaria), and Himera pennaria (last two abundant, but nearly all ichneumoned), Hnnomos angu- laria, Amphidasys prodromaria (all very small, but are now full-grown), Hybernia defoliaria, H. aurantiaria, H. progemmmaria, H. leucophearia, H. rupicapraria, Hemithea thymiaria, Oporabia dilutata, and Hupithecia abbreviata (?). Besides these, a single larva of Hpinephele tithonus was found on grass, and six larve of Noctua neglecta (?), and a few Hubolia palumbaria were swept from heath. ; Two mornings were spent with Mr, W. J. Lucas in collecting dragon- flies, ard some good work was done. Libellula depressa was seen nearly every day; but seeing is not everything with this insect, which seems almost human in its cleverness, always avoiding the bank on which one is standing, but settling on various points on the other banks; but if one goes and stands by one of its resting-places, it will desert it and find a new one on the bank just vacated by the anxious collector; it also seems fond of settling on brambles and furze-bushes, for the express purpose of tearing one’s net. However, about five specimens were captured. L. quadri- maculata also wants catching (though it doesn’t want to be caught), and 228 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. two specimens only were netted. Orthetrum c@rulescens was just coming out, and fairly common. Of Gomphus vulgatissimus, which is by no means 80 common as its name would lead one to expect, four specimens were taken (two of them by Mr. Lucas). A single example of the handsome Cordule- gaster annulatus was secured; it had recently emerged and was drying itself on a reed, the empty nvmph-case being found on the other side of the stem. Five specimens of Brachytron pratense were netted, flying over a pond in the neighbourhood of Beaulieu Road, where it appeared to be common. This is another dragonfly which seems somewhat hard to catch, flying low and swiftly over the water—they seemed, however, fond of flying through a narrow channel formed by the water running between a small island and the bank, and here they were easily netted. Calopteryx virgo was common nearly everywhere, but of immature colouring. Platycnemis pennipes was fairly common, and Pyrrhosoma nymphula very abundant ; three specimens of a variety of the female were taken, in which the red of the abdomen is effaced by the black, the segmental divisions being yellowish. The catch, however, was Ischnura pumilio, eleven specimens being taken (seven by Mr. Lucas, already recorded). A few I. elegans were netted. Agrion puella was very common, and a few A. mercuriale were taken. Altogether a very pleasant and profitable holiday was spent, rendered far more so than it would otherwise have been by the companionship of others of like pursuits.—F. M. B. Carn; 46, Handen Road, Lee, S.E., July 7th, 1900. Cottas EDuUsA aT Rinewoop.—On the 23rd inst. 1] distinctly saw a specimen of this butterfly. It flew over the river into an adjoining meadow, thus making capture impossible.—Frep. G. Bettamy; Ringwood, June 25th, 1900. Coxias EDUSA IN SOMERSETSHIRE.—On June 23rd my friend Mr. E. Copper, whilst collecting in the vicinity of Wiveliscombe, Somersetshire, captured one female and two male specimens of C. edusa. One male is in perfect condition. ‘These were the only examples seen by him.—A. Cant ; 54, Weymouth Street, W. Cotas EDUSA IN DEVoNSHIRE.—After the last three weeks of dull wet weather, I was agreeably surprised this morning to see a specimen of C. edusa making the most of a gleam of sunshine in the grounds of the barracks here. Whether this will turn out an ‘ edusa year,” I leave to August and September to determine-—T. B. Fiutrcuer; Royal Naval Barracks, Devonport, June 22nd, 1900. A Winter Day’s Sport WITH THE NET IN DurBan, Nata, SoutH AFrica. — On June 26th, which is equivalent to Dec. 26th in England, I started out for a day’s sport in the Stella bush, about two and a half miles from the town, and my captures for the day were as follows :— Eight Danais chrysippus, four vars.; this species was in great evidence, and I could easily have taken a hundred, in fact it was flying in great numbers even in the town. Mylothris agathina was the next most common insect; it was in perfect condition, and very easily netted. Hurytela hiarbas, which greatly resembles our L. sibylla, and has the same graceful flight, was fairly plentiful. Two Cebrene junonia and three C. cheli; both these were the winter forms, and although just as brilliant, were much smaller than the summer brood. Six Teracolus theogone, three T. evippe, and two of the rarer T. jobina, were all I obtained of this family. Of the whites, SOCIETIES. 229 Pieris severina simply swarmed, and P. charina was fairly common, but I only netted two P. alba and four P. gidica. Pontia alcesta was common in one spot only, and I took four males and six females; this fly greatly resembles the British Leucophasia sinapis; it has the same slow flight, and is very easily captured. Four Atella phalanta gave me some trouble to net, and I missed several others. Hypanis ilithyia were very common, and I took six specimens, the under sides of which were all different to the tvpe. Of the Acrwas A. buxtoni was certainly the commonest, and I took ten examples; also two of A. petr@a, one only of A. nohara, and three A. doubledayi—one male a very beautiful red variety. Of the larger kinds I was only successful in getting two Charaxes varanes, one very chipped; three Papilio cenea, two males and one female; the latter is totally different to the male, and imitates for protective purposes Amauriss echeria, of which I easily took eight specimens, five of the- yellow and black, and three of the white and black forms. Two Mel- anitis leda I obtained, after great trouble, and, for a wonder, in good con- dition. Hronia cleodora also turned up at intervals, and I netted four, after a good chase in every case. Four C. edusa and two V. cardui were the only insects that. occur in England that I saw, or in fact have seen since my arrival here. Two P. natalica I found at rest, one in splendid condition. Of the blues I captured four Hypolycena buxtoni, two Lycena betica, and a pair of Myrina dermaptera I took in grand condition in cop. ; this is by far the prettiest blue I have yet seen; it yreatly resembles our Thecla quercus, but is larger and has beautiful purple-red long tails. Two Terias regularis and five T. zoé were all I captured, but the latter was very abundant. Of the skippers I took eight Pyrgus vindex, two Hesperia fore- stan, three Pamphila hottentota, two P. mohopaani, six Crenis natalenses, and one specimen each of Neptis marpessa, Mycalesis safitza, Precis elgiva, P. tukuoa, Teracolus anne (a beautiful var), Huralia tarquinia, Charaxes neanthes, and Salamis anacardii (mother of pearl) completed the butterflies. Of moths very few are named here, but I took on the tree-trunks seven Geometers greatly resembling our Boarmia consortaria, and also nine pupe of the hawk-moth, Nephele hesperus (? argentifera), and five pupe of Macro- glossa trochilus ; three of the latter have since emerged. TI also dug about thirty pupe of various Noctuas. I arrived home about 6 p.m., well satisfied with the day’s result, and all were taken in an area of half a mile square. To any entomologist arriving from England, the great number of butterflies on the wing in one spot is quite bewildering, and it requires great care to net the one you desire to catch. Iam sending home moths from time to time to England to obtain their names, as it is almost impossible to get them here, and many, I believe, are not known at all. I may mention that collecting goes on all the year round here, and that this is considered to be a very bad season, owing to lack of rain. I may mention that I took an example of D. celerio on June 20th.—G. F. LeigH; Musgrave Road, Durban, Natal, June 30th, 1900. SOCIETIES. Sourn Lonpon Enromotoeican anp Natura History Socirery.— June 14th, 1900.—The President in the chair. Dr. Chapman exhibited ‘bred specimens of Orgyia antiqua from the South of France, and noted 230 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. that the black markings were much intensified. Mr. Turner, specimens of the Coccid, Pulvinaria ribesia, the white woolly scale, from his own garden, and read notes on its occurrence. Mr. Knock, a living female of Ranatra linearis, with its ova, which are deposited in leaves and stems of water-plants, and are attached to a curious Y-shaped body ; also living nymphs of Hrythromma najas and Ischnura elegans. Mr, Clark, micro-photographs of the ova of several species of Lepidoptera, including Cyaniris argiolus and Hadena geniste. Mr. Lucas read the report of the field meeting to Oxshott, and illustrated his remarks by a large number of lantern-slides of well-known spots in the district.— Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Report Sec. LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENNTomMoLoGicaL Socirmery.—On June 28rd the President, Mr. S. J. Capper, gave a garden party to the members of this Society and other entomological friends at his residence, Huyton Park. About a hundred were invited, and there was a large gathering. Mr. Capper has been President of the Society since its foundation twenty-three years ago, and in his address in January last he invited the members to this gathering, as it would afford them, especially the younger members, an opportunity of inspecting his collection of British Lepidoptera and his educational collection of all orders of insects. His collection of British Lepidoptera, which occupies considerably more than a hundred large drawers, was for the occasion specially displayed on large tables, and afforded a magnificent sight. This collection is acknowledged to be unique as regards the varieties and aberrations it contains. It has been amassed during the past sixty years, and was considerably enriched by the incorporation therein of the collection formed by the late Alfred Owen, who made variety and aberration his special study when scarcely any attention was paid to this subject by others. Some four years ago, thinking that there might be a possibility of the collection being dispersed at some future period, Mr. Capper applied to Mr. 8. L. Mosley, the well-known naturalist and natural history painter, to ask if he would undertake to depict those of his varieties which are of special note. This Mr. Mosley kindly consented to do, and these coloured drawings, to the number of about four hundred, were also exhibited, as well as many curious and valuable works on Entomology from Mr. Capper’s library. Miss Capper, as hostess, assisted her father in entertaining the guests; splendid weather adding to the surroundings, the members thoroughly enjoyed their visit. BiruineHam Enromorocican Socrety.—June 18th, 1900.—Mr. A. H. Martineau in the chair. Mr. R. C. Bradley showed a piece of wood with borings, taken from a paling at Selsley, Glos., at Whitsuntide, from which he was breeding beetles of a species of Clytus which had | been noticed to be common in the neighbourhood of the paling. Mr. A. D. Imms, two unusually small female specimens of Huchloé cardamines; one from Hall Green, near Birmingham, measured only 1+ in. in expanse; the other, from Hay in 8. Wales, measuring 144 in. Mr. A. H. Martineau, a series of the uncommon ant, Leptothorax acervorum, from Selsley, where he had found a small colony ; also a black variety of Formica rufa, taken on April 22nd, 1900, in the company of ordinary specimens, at Haywood.—Cotsran J. WAINWRIGHT, Hon Sec. 231 RECENT LITERATURE. A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera. By J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co., Paternoster Row. Berlin: Friedlinder & Sohn, 11, Karlstrasse. Tue second volume of Mr. Tutt’s great work fulfils the promise of the second, and indeed supplies some chapters which were wanting to complete matters of .a general character. That most striking of all the attributes of insects, metamorphosis, is in this second volume treated at length, the observations and theories of the well-known leading authorities on the subject being stated and discussed with especial reference to the many recent contributions to the knowledge of it by Dr. Chapman, to which great prominence is given, and whose views are generally adopted by Mr. Tutt. There is a separate chapter on phenomena incidental to metamorphosis, such as the passing some- times of several years in the pupal stage, and the impossibility in such cases of forcing. The external morphology of the pupa has a chapter to itself, the author correcting some common errors as to the structure and significance of the different parts, and setting forth the view that the pupa is the (modified) representative of the ancestral form of the insect, from which the larva on the one side, and the imago on the other, have been developed. Professor Poulton’s views are discussed very fully, and in some cases combated. Many interesting questions are treated in a separate chapter on the internal structure of the pupa, including the formation of the wings and of the scales upon them. The chapter on the phylogeny of the lepidopterous pupa is by Dr. Chapman, whose previously published writings on the subject are well known, and it is unnecessary to say that it is characterised by great fulness of original observation and carefully thought-out conclusions. The introductory chapters noticed occupy as far as the hundredth page; the rest of the volume, comprising 467 pages, is taken up with descriptions of species and all that belongs to them in the same copious style as in the first volume. Over three hundred of these pages are occupied with the superfamily of the Psychides, that strange tribe with the extraordinary females—fleshy bags—to our eyes singularly repellent and even loathsome, but most fascinating and attractive to their gay and active partners. There is no accounting for tastes, especially where sex comes in. These three hundred pages present all that is known of the British species, with very full references to many others, and a complete catalogue of the species of the Palearctic region. Vast labour has been devoted by the author and his coadjutors to this part of his work, a study of which is indispensable to all who desire to be fully informed on this obscure and difticult subject. The rest of the volume is occupied with a portion of the ‘* Lach- neides,’’ which many will know better by the older name of the Lasiocampide, or, as Stainton called them, the Bombycide, the woolly brown moths with large and beautiful caterpillars, which are the delight of young collectors and breeders. The present volume takes in our old and familiar friends the ‘‘ December moth” (Pecilocampa popult), Trichiura crategi, the ‘small eggar,”’ Lachnis (Hriogaster) lanestris, and the ‘‘lackeys,’’ Malacosoma (Clisiocampa) neustria and castrensis. 952, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. The volume is completed by that great desideratum, a full index, and there are several plates. To some of these no exception can be taken, but we cannot say this of the plate opposite p. 73, the process adopted in which is not sufficiently delicate for its object. The phylo- genetic tree at p. 462 is not pretty, but serves its purpose. We would venture to suggest that in the forthcoming volumes, to which we look forward, there should be a table of contents, naming the species treated of. It may seem a little ungracious to find any sort of fault—although only in matters of very minor importance—in this most valuable work ; our excuse must be that we wish to render it even more so. With this we must for the present conclude. Nothing but a lengthened study, such as there has been no time to give it, could do justice to the work; and when we think of the amount of attention necessary to assimilate its contents, we are filled with admiration of the labour that must have been devoted to its production. F. M. T. H. Monreomery. Note on the Genital Organs of Zaitha (American Nat., 1900, XXXIV., pp. 119-21, 2 figs.). [Rhynchota.] The author states that an examination of the male genital organs of Zaitha showed him that they were very different from those of Belostoma, as described by Leidy.* In the females the two genera are quite similar, but in the males each testis consists of a single convoluted follicle (or ‘‘capsule’’) in Belostoma [sec. Leidy], while in Zaitha each testis is a large organ composed of five follicles, each of the latter thickened anteriorly, the posterior three-fifths forming a narrow tube. Mr. Montgomery is inclined to lay great stress on these alleged differences for taxonomic purposes, but as he was unable to procure Belostoma for practical study, and relied entirely on Leidy’s descriptions and figures, it will be well to suspend judgment until a comparative examination can be made. The two genera are certainly extremely closely allied in their external characteristics. Ge Wi The following have also been received :— Proceedings of the Hleventh Annual Meeting of the Association of Eco- nomic Eintomologists (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division of En- tomology. Bull. 20,n.s.). P.112. Washington, 1899. Preliminary Report on the Insect Enemies of Forests in the North-West: an Account of the Results gained from a Reconnaissance Trip made in the Spring and Early Summer of 1899. By A. A. Hopxis, Ph.D. (U.S. Dep. Agr., Div. Entom. Bull. 21, n.s.). Pp. 27. Washington, 1899. The Coccid Genera Chionaspis and Hemichionaspis. By BR. A. Coviny, B.Sc. (Special Bulletin, Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College). Pp. 57. Plates i-ix. Amherst, Massachusetts, 1899. *1847, J. Ac. N.S. Philad. (2), I. pp. 57-67. I have retained Montgomery’s nomenclature, but Montaudon has lately shown (1900, Bull. Soc. Sci. Bucarest IX., nos. 2 & 38, p. 9) that Belostoma, Latr. = Zaitha auct., and that Amorgius, Stal, Montaudon = Belostoma auct. THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vout. XXXIII.1 SEPTEMBER, 1900. [No. 448. A BUTTERFLY HUNTER’S HOLIDAY. By E. G. Anperson. Entomouoey, like several other things which were once regarded as amusements, has now become a very serious and scientific business; but there are still many people who are content to be mere collectors, and to such the New Forest is a never-failing centre of attraction. To step down upon the familiar platform at Lyndhurst Road is like entering on enchanted ground, where all sorts of pleasant anticipations at once arise, and we are filled with the hope of again seeing Apatura iris and Limenitis sibylla on the wing, if only the weather—rather dubious to-night— will keep fine; all the more delightful if the collector has not been upon the classic ground for two or three entomologically barren years, relieved only by a day’s hunt after Papilio machaon in its somewhat dreary fastnesses at Wicken Fen. One’s first capture of that noble butterfly is a delightful experience, but it cannot give Wicken the glamour of the Forest, and it is pleasant to set foot again in a good land—a land of trees and bracken, of scented pine and wild honeysuckle—even though it be a place where ‘‘ swallow-tails” are not. Alas for the weather—-that one uncertain element in the prospect—on the evening of July 2nd, when, full of such hopes and anticipations, I got out at Lyndhurst Road. The morning of the 3rd broke dark and rainy, and the march through the woods to Brockenhurst was no cheerful undertaking. The trees looked dismal as sodden umbrellas; the woodland drives were hopeless sloughs of yellow mud. The spiritless fluttering of washed-out ‘*meadow browns”’ deepened rather than relieved the gloom of the ‘weeping day. Where were the swarms of Argynnis paphia which are wont to brighten the woods? Where, too, was L. sibylla? A few stragglers of the latter species presently appeared, but not to advantage. It was not the weather to make them sail about ENTOM.—SEPTEMBER, 1900. x 934 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. with that inimitable languorous grace which they display in the sunshine; they merely fluttered uneasily round the tops of the hollies and settled down again, heedless of clods and other incite- ments. We ploughed, almost literally, through Stubby Copse, and saw a few Hesperia sylvanus, evidently just out, bright as gold, and caring little for the reeking moisture. Met a ‘coleopterist, who thought he had seen A. iris. With this doubtful encourage- ment we emerged upon the Brockenhurst Road, and were at once favoured with a gleam of sunshine and the capture of A. aglaia, always a lovely species, and doubly welcome after the morning’s experience. Brockenhurst Station at last, and on the platform a group of porters holding an inquiry upon a huge and disreputable Smerinthus populi, which had been caught napping on the palings. After lunch we returned by train to Lyndhurst Road, where an hour of sunshine was fruitlessly spent in looking for Melanargia galatea. Its favourite riding near the station was quite deserted, and I am told it has completely disappeared from this locality. Fortunately, the spell of bad weather came to an end that night, and next day, and for very many days after, there was glorious sunshine. The forest began to look more like itself with a few A. paphia out for their first flight, and the ‘‘ white admirals’? showed themselves more freely. They were still, however, far from common, though the few specimens that appeared were exquisitely fresh. ‘Those who do not breed L. sibylla can seldom see it in perfection. The deep soft black, which is its principal charm, gets rusty very soon by exposure to sun and rain. On the heaths Polyommatus egon was out in great numbers. Still, it was quite clear that I was too early for most things, the season being unusually backward. A couple of nights’ sugaring, from which I returned empty, save for one Leucania turca and a few Calligenia miniata, convinced me that I had better employ myself elsewhere for a time, and leave the forest to develope its entomological resources in peace against my return. Accordingly I went down to Bournemouth, and began to pros- pect for insects around Swanage—always a likely place for other things besides H. acteon. M. galatea was the first to appear, and after failing to find it in its old quarters at Lyndhurst, I was glad to get a few choice specimens. In a day or two after my first visit this butterfly was prodigiously abundant, and it was possible to take any quantity of both sexes. But, quite apart from any question of needless waste, the pleasure of catching M. galatea soon palls. It may be magnificent, for beginners, but it is not sport, for the insect is hardly, to say the least, a spirited flyer. Such an easy prey is demoralising, and when presently Colias edusa went past like a rocket, I was not in the least surprised at missing him by several yards. It was no surprise, either, on reaching the H. acte@on locality, to see A BUTTERFLY HUNTER’S HOLIDAY. 935 more than one green net moving about in the scrub below the cliffs. I wonder if on any fine day during July and August one could find this particular spot empty of collectors. Were la sporting character, I would far rather put my money on the chance of finding H. acteon hunters here, than on that of taking the brisk little butterfly itself. Well, there is plenty for all, and the skippers will last our time and perhaps longer—as long, I am inclined to think, as that rugged cliff-face retains its steep and treacherous character. H. acteon was out, but not in great numbers, and the females were only just beginning to appear. On the other hand, H. linea was extraordinarily abundant, which I have noticed on former visits is never the case when H. acteon is fully out. A. aglaia was plentiful here, but almost impossible to catch, and before leaving the neighbourhood I saw C. edusa again, twice. The first specimen was seen on July 10th, rather early in such a backward season. It was a fine fresh male. A few P. agestis and P. argiolus, with Satyrus semele (just out, in splendid condition), were the only other noticeable butterflies seen. I returned to the New Forest on July 20th, and found the _entomological situation cousiderably changed by the fine weather. On my first visit I could find no var. valesina. This time I had not been in the woods ten minutes before I got one, but to my surprise this, and nearly every other specimen I caught—about a dozen in all—appeared to be torn and battered, and not worth keeping. It was the same story with L. sibylla, which was now out in countless numbers, Nearly all were partial or total wrecks. Ten days before one of these insects was not out at all, and the other was only just coming out. Their bad condition was hard to explain. Perhaps the wonderful sunshine had tempted them to take an unusual amount of exercise, and in that case the preference they both display for holly bushes and brambles would account for their exceeding shabbiness. I may remark that in many previous visits to the forest I have never found valesina so scarce as it was this season. Hearing rumours of another and more serious failure—the non-appearance, up to date, of Catocala promissa—we did not go out sugaring at first, but contented ourselves with the butterflies : there were plenty of them. Thecla quercus, as usual, was present in myriads, and, as usual, there was hardly a decent specimen to be got. One very hot day brought forth a regular invasion of Gonepteryx rhamni. Twenty-four hours previously not one could be seen, but in the interval they arrived unmistakably. Their abundance was really extraordinary. Vanessa polychloros was also in great force. I suppose I ought to be ashamed to confess that, even after a fairly long collecting experience, the sight of polychloros always makes me eager to catch him. He is a most tempting insect, with his large size and gorgeous pene as x 236 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. he sits lazily expanded on the end of a twig or on the sunny side of a paling; a most sporting insect, too; a regular dodger, hard to catch by reason of his floppy tumbling flight, and tantalising withal, inasmuch as when caught he is nearly always snipped or rubbed, so that each successive specimen you see—and miss— seems finer than any you already possess. But there was nobler game abroad in the forest, and if I had not been very much abroad also, I should have had several head of it. In one of those unhappy moments which come to entomologists as well as to other people, when you feel inclined to wish that the earth would open and swallow you, I missed a sitting shot at a grand Apatura iris that let me get within a yard of it, while I was beating up a patch of bracken. I had other chances—and missed them—but this was the chance of a season. There were many A. iris about, but the great heat seemed to make them lazy, and the most they would do was to take a leisurely turn round the tree tops, well out of reach of the net. Moths were not a serious object, but I made one final sugaring expedition, when the local collectors had almost come to despair of C. promissa, and had the pleasure of opening the long-deferred season by the capture of three fine ‘‘ crimsons.” We also took T'riphena fimbria and one enormous Cossus ligni- perda. But sugaring in our time was not a success. I can only hope that later arrivals have been more successful. Moths beaten out in the daytime included Liparis monacha and Lithosia quadra. The latter species has been very abundant in the forest this year, and once or twice I saw the female flying in bright sunshine. On the whole, the season seems a good one, and I expect to read many favourable reports from collectors who have bided their time and then made the most of it. I cannot with a clear conscience say that I did either; but though my list of captures left much to be desired, I shall always remember with pleasure my visit to the forest in the glorious weather of July, 1900. Pampisford Vicarage. NOTES ON TRIECPHORA SANGUINOLENTA, Marsu., Epw. By Rev. F. A. Watxer, D.D. Triecphora vulnerata, Uliger ; Cercopis vulnerata, Mllig., Curtis ; C. sanguinolenta, Panz., Burm. Tuis very handsome species of British Cicada is sure to attract attention wherever noticed, being tropical or semi-tropical in appearance, and not resembling any of its English congeners or any ordinary English insect, with the possible sole exception of its wing-cases bearing a likeness to the fore wings of Zygena NOTES ON TRIECPHORA SANGUINOLENTA. 237 filipendule. My object in writing this notice is to add another county to the localities already quoted in connection with this species. Between 12 and 1 p.m. on Saturday last, June 9th, while working with the net in a lane up a somewhat steep slope on the south side of the railway station of Chorley Wood, Bucks, I noticed one in the hedgerow, but I most unfortunately missed securing the same, which must have dropped from the leaf into the grass beneath. A few minutes later, | was presented with a second by a resident in one of the new villas in the neighbour- hood, and on our return the researches conducted jointly by two juvenile scientists who acccompanied me, and myself, resulted in the capture of ten additional specimens. So far as my observation went, this species appears especially to favour the twigs and leaves of hazel and alder. I had never previously come across this insect in Britain, but, on referring to my collection of foreign Hemiptera, have to record the following captures that I made abroad of this species :—Aceldama, April, 1882 (Palestine); Ephesus, May, 1882 (Asia Minor); Langaron, May, 1891 (South of Spain). [have also been given a continental specimen or two (one of them from Leghorn) by a brother entomologist. My specimens from Aceldama (always supposing that they represent the same species of T'riecphora) are somewhat differently marked, having a larger proportion of black in comparison of the red. Other English localities and counties where the above insect occurs will be found on p. 81 of vol. i. of Buckton’s ‘ British Cicade,’ and in Edwards’s ‘ Hemiptera-Homoptera of the British Islands,’ 1896, pp- 77, 78. The latter author records it on alder and sallow, also on grasses and Pteris. Buckton speaks of it as near alder bushes. My father, on p. 668, vol. i. of ‘ List of Homopterous Insects in Collection of British Museum, 1851,’ gives the following localities for this species :—England, France, South of France, Spain, Turkey. As he styles var. a of Burmeister Cercopis atra (Herrich-Schaff.), and var. 1 nigra (Amyot), it is possible that the darker specimens I took at Aceldama belong to one or other of said varieties. According to my father’s catalogue there are nineteen species of T'riecphora, but only three of them European. In the interleaved manuscripts of his book, four European species described by Fieber are recorded—T’. vulnerata, mactata, arcuata, and sanguinolenta ; but according to my father’s printed list, the Ist, 2nd, 4th—vulnerata, mactata, and sanguinolenta—are syno- nyms for one and the same kind, as indeed the meaning of those words testifying to its appearance would seem to imply. Dun Mallard, Cricklewood: June 12th, 1900. 238 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AND NOMENCLATORIAL NOTES ON THE RHYNCHOTA. No. 1. By G. W. Kirxaupy, F.E.S. THESE notes will serve as a commentary, to some extent, on the ‘‘ Nomenclature of the Genera of the Rhynchota” now ap- pearing serially in the ‘ Entomologist.’ I wish, first of all, to modify ‘“‘method” No. 3 (l.¢., 1900, p- 26). After considerable correspondence with my friend Mr. L. B. Prout, who is making similar studies upon the nomencela- ture of certain Lepidoptera, I have come to feel with him that a more logical method is to work out each genus independently. Fabricius was ignorant of (or ignored) Latreille’s work published the previous year, and there is no doubt that the genera are co- extensive and practically identical. I have not, therefore, adopted the usual plan, in such a case, of fixing the remaining (or one of the remaining, if there are more than one) species as the type of the other genus. 1762. Geoffroy’s ‘Histoire abrégé’ has been placed by Reuter (in his ‘ Revisio’) among the non-Linnean works, viz. : ‘ Arbeiten in welchen die binire nomenclatur nicht durchgefthrt ist.’ I have but little to say on this point, except that if such genera as those in Latreille’s ‘‘ Précis’’— Pentatoma, Oliv., Cylindro- stethus, Fieber, &ce.—are to be (as they are apparently universally) accepted, it is not logical to refuse admittance to Geoffroy’s work, which was, generally speaking, far more scientifically conceived and accurate than almost any other entomological work of his century. He himself was certatnly under the impression that his work was based on Linné’s system, for which he expressed the greatest admiration.* His genera are clearly defined, and in all the Linnean species redescribed Linné’s nomenclature is adjoined. It appears to me quite logical to quote his ‘‘ Grande Punaise a avirous”’ (for instance) as ‘‘ Notonecta glauca, Linn., Geoffr., 1762, Hist. abr. i. 476.” In 1764, O. F. Miller (Ins. Fridrichsdal.) confirmed all Geoffroy’s Rhynchota genera, except Tetigonia, which he seems to have overlooked. * “Cependant l’histoire des... insectes est restée jusqu’ & nos jours dans cette espéce de confusion et c’est 4 M. Linneus, cet infatigable Naturaliste Suédois, que nous devous le premier Ouvrage methodique sur cette matiere...si son Ouvrage est encore eloigné de la perfection au moins doit on lui savoir gré d’avoir montré la route qu’il faut suivre”’ (‘ Discours Preliminaire,’ p. x). ‘**A Taide d’un ordre méthodique, nous pratiquerous la méme chose sur les insectes...et l’on pourra trouver le nom et l’espéce d’un insecte inconnu auparavant”’ (J. c., xii). ‘‘ Nous sommes done infiniment redevables 4 M. Linnexus d’avoir cherché le premier 4 ranger méthodiquement les insectes, et & trouver des caracteres génériques qui les fissent plus aisément connoitre ”’ (J. ¢., xiii), &e. r | NOTES ON THE RHYNCHOTA. 239 1825. The exact date of publication of the tenth volume of the ‘Encyclopédie méthodique’ and of Latreille’s ‘ Familles naturelles ’ is uncertain; but, from internal evidence, pp. 1-825 of the former were apparently published before, and pp. 326 to the end, after, the appearance of Latreille’s work. Reduvius cruciatus is fixed for the type of Metrichodia for the following reason, viz., seven species are mentioned, but in the individuals of one only (cruciata = crux, Thunb.) were the full number of antennal segments present, and this is specified in the generic description: ‘‘S’il nous etit été possible de verifier les antennes de plusieurs especés, nous n’aurions par hésité a proposer cette subdivision comme genre sous le nom d’Ketrichodie (Ectri- chodia), mais nous ne les avons complétes que dans une seule espéce.” 1835. Lewis, in Trans. Ent. Soc. i. pp. 47-52. This paper is usually quoted 1886”; but Burmeister states that it was published in 1835 (Arch. f. Naturg. 1836, ii. pt. 2, p. 327). 1843-4. Guérin-Méneyville’s ‘Iconographie’ (Insectes) is dated 1829-88 ; the date of the Rhynchota part is, however, 1843-4. On p. 352 (in the same part as p. 348, on which the Rhynchota begin) is written: ‘‘ Nous avous publié dans la ‘ Revue Zoolo- gique de la Société Cuvierienne,’ 1843,” &c.; and on p. 381 (‘‘error,” 881) the author states that Amyot and Serville’s ‘Suites 4 Buffon, Hemipterés’ (pub. 1843), is ‘‘ actuellement sous presse.” Pp. 369-81 may have appeared very early in 1844, as the author subscribes the date of writing (p. 385 in the same part) as “‘ Décembre, 18438.” Although dated 1843, Amyot and Serville’s work may have actually appeared in 1844.* 1834. Reuter (Revisio Syn. 1888) incorrectly assigns argus (= malabaricus) as type of Asopus, Burm. This genus was founded in 1834, in Rev. Ent. 1. 1-26, for two species, viz., gibbus (= cayennensis) and diané (= anchorago), which cannot be generically separated (sec. auctt.) from the types of Discocera, Lap., and Stiretrus, Lap., respectively. Burmeister states that this part of the Rev. Ent. was published before his contribution to Meyen’s ‘Reise’ (vide ‘Handbuch,’ ii. 349): “‘ Ich. habe den von mir vorgeschlagenen (in nov. acta. phys. med. vol. xvi. suppl. p. 418) Gattungsnamen beibehalten ... Fruher”’ (in Sil- bermann’s ‘ Revue,’ ii. 19),’’ &e. “« Kleidocerus, West. Hope Cat. 1842,”’ is erroneously quoted (Lethierry and Sev. Cat. ii. 158) as a synonym of Ischnorhynchus. The former name does not occur in the Hope Catalogue, and I cannot find that it was ever described. It was undescribed, as “ Kleidocerys,” in Stephens’ Catalogue, 1829, and in Westwood’s “ Introduction,” Gen. Syn. 123 (1839). * The plates of this work were, in part at least, issued about 1834, for Burmeister quotes them (1835, Handb, Ent. ii. p. 152), and some are dated 1834, Y40 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Notes on Leturerry aND SEvERIN Cat. Vou. I. (1893).* Pp. 1 & 2. The first description of Aphanopneuma biloba and Cantharodes cenosa, Westwood, appeared in 1846, under tne generic name of Platauspis, the subgenera being indicated, but not described till 1847. P. 1. The specific reference to Ceratocoris bucephalus, White, is correct ; but the genus was not named nor described till 1842. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. iii. 84. P.18. *Scutiphora,Guér. Coquille, 1880-1= Peltophora, Burm. P. 83. Dryptocephala, Lap., 1832 — *Storthia, Perty, 1834. Delect. p. 215 (type of Storthia is Phlea livida, Perty; p. 168 [nec 169 as in index] = Storthia livida, l.¢., p. 215). P. 105. Stenotoma, Westw., was first described, with its type, in Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1844, p. cxix (reprint, 1864, p. 99). P.119. Rhytidolomia, Stal, 1872 — Pentatoma, L. & S&S. = Lioderma, Uhl. (preocc. Mars., 1857) = Chlor behnon Stal, 1872. Type senilis, Say. P. 188. Delete ‘‘ Pentatoma, Linné,” &c. !! P. 202-20 (see above, re Asopus). Discocera, Lap. = Asopus, Burm. (p.); Stiretrus, Lap. = Asopus, Burm. (p.); Amyotea, Kllenrieder = Asopus, Leth. & Sev. P. 224. Agapophyta, Guér., 1830-1, is wrongly attributed to Laporte. — P. 239. Megymenum, Guér., 1830-1, is wrongly attributed to Laporte. P. 240. The original description of Humenotes (and its type) was in Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1844, p. exv (reprint, p. 95). P. 243. The correct spelling is Schyzops (see p. 297, Spinola). P. 224. Oncomeris flavicornis, Guér., 1830-1, is wrongly attributed to Burmeister, 1835. Notes on Vou. II. (1894). P. 20 (a). Acanthocerus, Pal. B., 1805 [not preocc., as saith Burm.] = Crinocerus, Burm. Type, sanctus (Fabr.), Lap. (8). Hymeniphera, Lap. = Hymenophora, Am. Serv. = Acan- thocerus, L. & 8. Type, crucifer (Pal. B.), Lap. P. 42. Lybastes, n.n. = Lybas, Dall. (nec Cher. 1834). Type, annulipes, Dall. P. 77. Acanonicus, Westw., Hope Cat. i. p. 3 (1842). This reference, I think, stretches the meaning of ‘‘ reference to a previously described genus or subgenus”’ to its farthest limits. Westwood simply substitutes ‘‘ Acanonicus”’ for ‘‘ Spartocerus, b. Burm.”; but as the section “‘b” is based on structural characters, it may perhaps pass muster. P. 95. *Coriomeris, Westw., l.c., p. 6 (1842) = Pitoracate Hahn (1831, nec descr.), 1834 (preoce., Perty, 1882) = Coreus, * An asterisk (*) before a name signifies that it is omitted in Lethierry and ‘Severin’ s Catalogue, vols. i.-iii. NOTES ON THE RHYNCHOTA. 241 L. & §. (nee Fabr., typ.). Type [pilicornis, Klug. =] denticu- latus, Scop. P. 128. Berytinus, u.n. = Berytus, L. & 8. (nec Fabr., typ.) = Neides, L. & S. (nec Latr., typ.). Type, clavipes, Fabr. P. 150. Lyg@osoma sardea, Spin., 1837 = reticulata (H.-S., 18388). P. 165. Blissus, Klug, 1830, nec 1845: P. 190. Chiroleptes, Kirby, 18387 = Myodocha, L. & S. (nec Latr., 1807). P. 205. Plinthisus. I have been unable to find a reference to this in Latreille, Gen. Crust Ins. 1ii. P. 214. Aphanus, Lap., 1832 = Calyptonotus, D. & 8., 1865. Type, roland [r}i (Linn.). Norsts on Vou. III. (1896). Pp.7 & 8 (a). Dictyonota, Curt. = Secraulia, Stal. Type leryngt, Curt., nec Latr. =] strichnocera, Fieb. ~.(B). Aleletha, n.n. — Dietyonota, L. & §. (nee Curt., typ.). Type, tricornis, Schranck. [= crassicornis, Fall., L. & §.]. P. 9. Coleopterodes, Phil., 1864 = Solenostoma, Sign. (nee Raf., 1815). | P. 29. Macrocephalus, Swed. = * Macrothyreus (subg.), Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. iii. p. 28. P.41. Dysodius lunatus (Fabr.)=*lunulatus, Lep., Serv., 1825. P. 51. Neéogeus, Lap., 18382 [nec Neogeus| = Hebrus, Curtis, 1833. P. 62. Cylindrostethus productus (Spin.) = Gerris producta, Spin., 1837, L. & 8. p. 62 = Hydrobates fieberi, L. & 8. p. 68. P. 96. Physoderes, Westw., 1844, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. exv (rep. p. 96) = - Epirodera, Westw., 1847. ' P. 108. Tetroxia, Am. Serv., 1843 — Acanthaspis, 1848. P. 112. Sorglana, u.n. = = Macrophthalmus, Lap., 1832 (nee Latr., 1829) — Macrops, Burm, 1835 (nec Perty, 1832). Type, pallens, Lap. P. 113-14 (a). inadens, Lap., 1832 = Opinus, Lap., 1832 = Tapinus, Burm., 1835 = Sminthus, L. & 8. Type, pictus, Lap. N.B. Opinus is only mentioned in the analytical tables. (8). Staliastes, n.n.—Opinus, Stal. (nec Lap., typ.). Type, rufus (Lap.) Whether Tapeinus or Opinus be ultimately preferred for pictus, neither of these generic names can be used for rufus, for this species was ineluded with doubt by Laporte in his Tapeinus. P. 116. Triatoma, Lap., 1832 (not preoccupied) = Conorhinus, Lap., 1832. T'riatoma ought to have preced_nce. Pp. 133, 137, & 139 (a). Rhiginia, Stal., 185.) = Hetrichodia, L. & Sev. (8). Loricerus (Hahn), Burm. = Larymna, Stal, 1859. = Ectrychotes, Leth. & Sev. Type, hematogaster. (y). Hetrichodia, Lep. & Serv., 1825 — Hetrychotes, Burm., + ——T. QAI, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 1835 [= Loricerus, Hahn (p.), nec descr.] = Physorhynchus, Leth. and Sev. Type (cruciatus, Lep. & 8. =), crux, Thunb. N.B. Ectrychotes was simply an ‘‘emendation” (sic!), and cannot be used otherwise than as a pure synonym of Hetrichodia. P. 135. Castra, n.n.—Cimbus (Hahn), Burm., 1835, L. & §., nec Laporte, 1832. Type, productus (Hahn). P. 151 (a). Zelus, Fabr. = Huagoras, Burm. (nec Hvagoras). Type of latter, speciosus, Burm. (6). Diplacodus, n.n. (subg.) = Diplodus, Am. Serv. (nec Raf., 1815). Pp. 157-95 (@). Rhynocoris, Hahn (Nov., 1838) — Harpactor, L. & 8. Type (cruentus, Fabr. =) iracundus, Poda. (8). Harpactor, Lap., 1832,— Sthienera, L. & S. ) Type, angulosus (Lep. Serv.), Lap., Essai, 1832, pp. 8 and 88. P. 184. Darbanus, Am. Serv., 1843 = Huagoras, L. & BS. (nec Burm., typ.). P. 202. Nabis, Latr., 1802 = Prostemma, L. & 8S. Type, guttula (Fabr.), Latr., 1804. P. 207. Reduviolus, Kirby, 1887 = (subg.) Nabicula, Kirby, 1837 = Aptus (Hahn, nec deser.), Stal. = Nabis, L. & 8. Type, inscriptus, Kirby. P. 226. Leptopus, Latr. Consid. gen. (1810). P. 237. Dolichomerium, u.n. (subg.) = Dolichomerus, Reut. (nec Macq., 1850). MiscentuaANeous Notes. Colgar, n.u. = Atella, Stal. (nec Doubl., 1847). Type, pera- cuta (Walk.). Darthula, 1.1. = Urophora, Westw. (nee Desv., 1830). Type, hardwickii, Westw. Cicada aurifera, Say, 1832 = marginata, Say, 1832 (nec Oliv., 1790). Thaumastopsaltria, n.n. = Acrilla, Stal (nee Adams, 1860). Type, adipata (Stal). Tongorma, n.n. — Craspedum, Am. Serv. (nec Ramb., 1838- 42). Type, phyllomorphum (Latr.). Tonga, 1.n. — Cyrene, Westw. (nec Heck., 1840). Type, guttulata (Westw.). Zoraida, n.n. = Thracia, Westw., 1840° (nec Blainy., 1825). Type, sinuosa (Boh.). Phoronastes, n.n. = Phoroneus, Stal (nec Raf., 1815). Type, crassifemur (Stal). Sronachlachar, n.n. = Aleria, Stal (nec Marsh., 1874.) Type, asopoides, Stal. *Leptomeris picta, Lap., Essai, 1832, p.10, from Paris. What is the modern synonymy of this genus and species, apparently not included in Puton’s nor in Lethierry and Severin’s Catalogues ? The generic name is preoccupied by Hubner, 1816. SOME BEES VISITING THE FLOWERS OF MESQUITE. 2438 Edwardsiastes, ».n. = Glyptocephalus, Edw. (nec Gotts., 1835). Type, proceps, Kirschb. Proranus, Spin., 1850 = Epiclines, Am. Serv. (nec Gueér., 1838). |Balclutha, ».n. = Gnathodus, Fieb. (nec Pand., 1856). . Hindola, n.n. = Carystus, Stal (nee Hubn., 1816). Type, viridicans (Stal). Jamaicastes, n.n. = Domitia, Stal (nec Thoms., 1858). Type, basistriella (Walk.). Krisna, 1.1. = Siva, Spin. (nec Hodgs.). Type, Strigicollis (Spin.). Lydda, Westw., 1840 = Diospolis, Westw., 1841. Type, elongatus (Fabr.). Kalidasa, u.n. = Phoronis, Stal (nec Wright, 1857). Type, sanguinalis (Westw.). Hilda, 1. = Isthmia, Walk. (nec Gray, 1821). Type, undata (Walk.). Flosshilda, n.n. = Autonoé, Stal (nec Bruz., 61). Type, albigera (Stal). Phorastes, n.n. = Phorus, Stal (nec Montf., 1810). Type, femoratus (DeGeer). Zyz2a, nn. = Germaria, Lap. (nec Desv., 1830). Type, cucullata (Lap.).* I have not seen, nor have I been abie to obtain accurate information regarding, Hahn’s ‘Icones ad monogr. Cimicum,’ 1826. There were apparently twenty-four plates, but only one page of letterpress, so that the genera were probably not defined. The following appear to be at least named in this work, viz. :— Globocoris, Pilophorus, Centroproctus, Hypselonotus. SOME BEES VISITING THE FLOWERS OF MESQUITE. By T. D. A. Cockxerett, N.M. Agr. Exp. Sta. THE bees here enumerated were collected by Miss Nora New- berry at the flowers of mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa, Torrey) at Mesilla Park, New Mexico, May 20th, 1900. It is an indication of the richness and variety of our bee-fauna, that even after so many years of collecting by the present writer in the immediate vicinity, two of the species are new. (1.) Centris rhodopus, Ckll., three males. (2.) C. lanosa, Cress., one male. (3.) C. hoffmanseggie, Ckll., one female, four males. (4.) Anthidium parosele, Ckll., five males. (5.) Megachile chilopsidis, Ckll., one female. (6.) M. cleomis, subsp. lippie, Ckll., two females. (7.) M. sidalcee, Ckll., one female. * Subgenus (?) of Tetigonia, Geoffr. 944 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. (8.) Megachile newberrye, n.sp., one male. Length 18 mm., form of M. /idelis, but differing from that species as follows :—Pubescence white, that of face and abdominal bands pure shining white; a little black hair on each side of the middle of the mesothorax, but none on the scutellum, vertex, or first three abdominal segments ; fourth seement with very short erect hair, mixed dark and light ; fifth seement with abundant long black bristles ; vertex micro- scopically tessellate, dull, with sparse shallow punctures (in /fidelis it has strong close punctures); mesothorax and scutellum sculptured like the vertex; wings clear, with an apical cloud, stigma very dark ferruginous, marginal cell considerably shorter than in fidelis ; end of abdomen in lateral profile like fidelis, but apex, instead of having a small deep notch, with a broad shallow very jagged emargination ; anterior tibize black ; anterior tarsi with the process of the first joint cream-colour, deeply hollowed, shaped as in M. pugnata, but broader, and not quite so produced at the tip; remaining joints of anterior tarsi cream-colour, but the other tarsi black; spines of anterior coxe long, black, blunt, with a prominence about the middle of the outer upper border, whence runs a groove to the tip. The eyes in life are black at the top and sides, otherwise green ; antennz wholly black, last joint slightly broader than the one before; tegule dark ; fringe of anterior tarsi orange-ferruginous within. This cannot be the male of M. vallorum, populi, chilopoidis, or prosopidis, the sculpture of the thorax - being entirely different. (9.) Lithurgus gibbosus, Smith, one male. (10.) Colletes prosopidis, Ckll., one male, one female.— The female has not been described; it is about 73 mm. long, and resembles the male, except in the usual sexual characters. The flagellum, except the first two joints, is light reddish brown beneath ; clypeus shining, with strong sparse punctures; no black hair on head or thorax ; tarsi very dark brown, penultimate joint of hind tarsi extremely small. (11.) Colletes algarobie, n.sp., one male, three females. g. Resembles C. prosopidis, but is larger, with the very long flagellum only dull brownish beneath, and conspicuously, though very finely, pubescent ; second submarginal cell much broader, less narrowed above ; enclosure of metathorax with about eight distinct longitudinal ridges, and bounded by a strong single ridge (in prosopidis the bounding - ridge is generally double). The tarsi are clear bright ferruginous ; nervures and stigma very dark brown; malar space but little broader than long. @. Length 84mm., similar to C. prosopidis, but larger ; flagellum wholly dark; the white pubescence of vertex, mesothorax, and scutellum (particularly the last) with blackish hairs intermixed ; hind margins of ventral abdominal segments whitish hyaline. Wings hyaline, ner- vures and stigma black; abdomen with distinct and broad white hair- bands; tegule shining dark brown ; mesothorax rather sparsely punc- tured; malar space much broader than long. Differs from the female j THE ANT-HILLS AT THE PARIS EXHIBITION. 945 of tevana by the less conspicuous black hair of thorax, differently sculptured metathoracic enclosure (that of tewana being divided by the ridges into square portions), and especially by the much smaller and less crowded punctures of the mesothorax. The specific name is derived.from that of the subgenus to which the mesquite belongs. *From C. dalee the male differs by the broader and shorter abdomen, dark stigma and tegule, &e. The malar space is much shorter than in dalee. At the same locality, and on the same day, Miss Newberry took six bees at flowers of Opuntia engelmanni. These prove to be Megachile sidalcee, Ckll., one male; Diadasia rinconis, Ckll., five females. Mesilla Park, New Mexico, U.S.A.: May 21st, 1900. THE ANT-HILLS AT THE PARIS EXHIBITION. By Vivian St. Cruare Mackenziz. Enromouoeists who pay a visit to Paris during the Exhibition season should not omit to enter the chamber in the Palais des Sciences, where Mons. Charles Janet is showing five artificial ant-hills. The hills are made of pink plaster of a porous nature covered with glass, through which visitors may observe the ants bustling about in the performance of their multifarious duties. M. Charles Janet has devoted many years to the study of ~ ants, bees, and wasps, and exhibited a similar suite of nests at the International Exhibition at Brussels in 1897. His contri- butions to the Socicté Zoologique de France describe observations and experiments extending over a series of years, and those of his brochures which treat of ants are not the least interesting. The ant-hills which he has placed in the Palais des Sciences are constructed after the model of a natural hill in a garden near Beauvois, and contain the following species:—Formica rufa, F.. sanguinea with slaves, Ff’. fusca, Lasius flavus with Claviger testaceus, L. mixtus with myrmecophiles, such as Lepismina polypoda, Antennophorus uhlmanni, Discopoma comata, Lelaps holothyroides. At the present moment the ants are busily engaged in carrying those of the eggs which almost hatched to the surface, so that the young on making their début in this world may see it at its best, and enjoy the warmth and brightness of the sunshine. . It is amusing to watch the audacity of the Lepismina poly- poda, an inmate quickly distinguished by his extraordinary agility and pale yellow colour. A Lasius miatus returns from his country walk, ambles up to a comrade, and stands vis-a-vis preparing to 246 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. disgorge a little drop of liquid nourishment which he has brought home. The couple are watched. The impudent Lepismina rushes forward, hurls himself between the two ants, snaps the bon- bouche, and hurries away. Pursuit is futile, for the thief, as his cognomen polypoda implies, has many legs, and knows how to use them. But even these gentlemen, who live by taking the bread from the mouths of others, are. not the only objectionable characters with which the respectable ant-citizen has to contend. There is the Antennophorus. Three of these parasites fasten themselves on the body of the Lasius, one on each side of the abdomen, and one under the head, where he has the satisfaction of supervising the dietary of his host. The Antennophorus passes easily from one ant to another, always displaying a marked preference for young workers which have not long left the egg ; doubtless, as M. Janet suggests, with a view to profiting by the attention bestowed on the latter by their elder companions. If the Lasius escapes the Antennophorus, he falls a victim to the Discopoma comata, in which case one would think that the last state of that Lasius was worse than the first ; but these ants not only submit to, but treat well, their inevitable attachés. This enviable spirit of philosophy is curiously demonstrated in the artificial nests, where brief observation shows that while the ants calmly tolerate the Discopoma which cling to their bodies, they invariably make an infuriated onslaught upon those they find detached on the floor of the nest. M. Janet had made numerous analyses with a view to deter- mining whether any means of oral communication obtains among ants. That two ants are in the habit of hob-a-nobbing by tapping | their heads together, and making movements which appear to be gesticulations, has been observed by Buchner. lLandois goes further, and maintains, from experiments with a delicate vibra- tory instrument placed on the abdomen, that they possess a language of sounds. ‘This theory, although strongly combatted by no less an authority than Sir J. Lubbock, is endorsed by M. Janet, who states that it is certain that, at any rate, the insects produce peculiar grating noises, which are probably due to the rubbing together of their bodies, and that these sounds, cumulatively resembling the noise of boiling water, accompany many of their characteristic movements. It is also certain that ants possess a sense of hearing very highly developed. The question, however, is still of the character of a lis pendens ; and many who remember to visit M. Janet’s ant-hills will have every opportunity and encouragement to investigate for themselves. 26, Montague Place, W.C. 247 NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Mieration or Lisennuna quaprimacutata. — Part of the migration of L. quadrimaculata alluded to by Mr. W. J. Lucas (ante, p. 210) evidently reached here. Prior to this year, so far as I know, the species has never been observed in the Huddersfield district ; but in June, and up to July 2nd, specimens taken miles apart were brought to me, the last one by some boys near my own residence. — Gero. T. Porritt; Crosland Hall, near Huddersfield, August 10th, 1900. Haias PRASINANA AUDIBLE.—A male of this species was heard dis- tinctly by me the other night at a distance of eighteen feet at least. I took the sound for that of a mouse at first, as it was somewhat similar to that sound. A better description would perhaps be that it resembled the squeak of Acherontia atropos, except that it was con- tinuous so long as the semicircular flight of the moth lasted. As the moth turned in its flight the sound stopped. This flight was like that of a Hepialus wheeling in half-cireles round a bough of an elm, about eight feet from the ground. I suppose many of your readers will have noticed this before; but how is it caused ?—R. Freeman; Prescot, Lancs. Proctorrypips ex Lepipoprrrous Ova. — Referring to Mr. Bird’s statement at p. 224, I suspect his ‘‘ichneumons”’ were really members of the Proctotrypide, which are the insect-egg devourers par eacellence. He says the eggs were found upon aspen at Beaconsfield during the first week of July, and emerged circa July 21st, 1900. On Aug. 13th, 1899, Mr. H. W. Shepheard-Walwyn, M.A., sent me for identification from Strath-Tay a batch of white eggs with one black vertical spot, each perforated with a more or less regularly circular hole, from which had emerged a single minute hymenopteron (some still alive), of which I carded eleven examples, along with the eggs. There were sixty-six ova, and each one is thus punctured, some of the flies having succumbed in process of exit, which, curiously enough, they appear to effect tail first. Mr. Walwyn says he put the eggs down as those of Notodonta dictea, L.; they were upon poplar, so, if he be mistaken, they are pro- bably NV. ziczac, L. Knowing nothing of the parasites, I subsequently sent them to Rey. T. A. Marshall, in Corsica, who tells me they are referable to Nees’s genus Prosacantha (= Teleas, Walk.), but that the species is probably undescribed ; and, further, that there are thousands of these tiny beings (the total length of mine is } mm.; Mr. Bird’s must be less) at present undescribed and tabulated. We trust Mr. Marshall will rectify this omission, since no one else can, in his forth- coming volume upon the Proctotrypide. 1 wish, moreover, to enter an apologetic protest against calling the whole Parasite Hymenoptera by the sweeping title ‘“‘ Ichneumonide,’’ which is not only incorrect (in more recent entomological times), but also misleading; and I would refer your readers to the didactic table—surely sufficiently compre- hensjble—at Entom. xii. p. 27. P.S.—I shall be glad of, and will acknowledge any, Ichneumonide sent to me. — Cuaupe Mor.ey ; Ipswich. 248 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. StrEx Gicas.—A fine specimen of Sirex gigas was brought to me on July 20th, having been taken in a shop in this town. This species occurred in the same shop some years ago, and within a few yards of the localities of two other records of the same insect.—(Miss) E. M. ALpERSoN; | Worksop. LIBELLULA QuaDRIMACULATA.—On June 10th, between Margate and Broadstairs, I noticed a very unusual swarm of a dragon-fly which I believe to be L. quadrimaculata. I think this was the same day that Mr. H. Stocks saw them at Margate. I noticed also that they seemed to be flying inland, and they certainly appeared to increase in numbers towards evening. I managed to net three, and these I have now in my collection.—A. J. Mann. Buack VARIETIES oN A Sovran Lancasutre Moss.—Last summer I took an almost uniform dark brown (nearly black) Macaria liturata (beaten) ; also a black Luperina testacea at light. Last week I took an almost black Acronycta leporina and an almost black Xylophasia rurea var. combusta (at least that is what I take it to be). Dr. Cotton, of St. Helen’s, was with me the night the black leporina occurred, and he took a good specimen of A.alni the same night. The thorax of the A. leporina is quite black, and the fore wings only show the least little trace of grey.—R. FREEMAN; Prescot, Lancashire. PaPILIO MACHAON IN Kent.—On June 10th, about 6 p.m., a friend caught a fine male specimen of P. machaon on the border of a cornfield between Broadstairs and St. Peter's. I have never heard of one being caught in these parts before, though it may have escaped from a breeding- cage.—A. J. Mann; Lindenthorpe, Broadstairs, Aug. 13th. 1900. PaPILIO MACHAON IN KeEnt.—It may be of interest for you to know that, while staying at Herne Bay in the middle of May last, I captured a specimen of P. machaon, on the wing, in a lane on the outskirts of Blean Woods. ‘The insect was flying slow and apparently with difficulty, and when I took it I found that the tail of one under wing was missing, and nearly the whole of the other under wing completely gone. The colour of the upper wings was good, and might have belonged to a freshly emerged insect.—G. B. Browne; 43, Southbrook Road, Lee, S.E. PAPILIO MACHAON IN THE New Forest.-—-I have just seen a fine specimen of this butterfly, bred froma larva taken in a kitchen garden in Lyndhurst. When found the larva was full-fed, and was crawling in a bed of shallots, seeking a place in which to pupate; probably it had fed on. carrot, a bed of which is near to the place where it was picked up by the gardener. It pupated July 17th, and the butterfly emerged Aug. ist. Can anyone say if P. machaon has been taken in this neighbourhood since the date given by Newman ?—H. F. Coawner; Lyndhurst, Aug. 2nd, 1900. C@NONYMPHA PAMPHILUS VAR.—On June 23rd last I took a specimen of C. pamphilus with the eye-spot on the fore wing entirely absent on both sides. The specimen is also very dark, and the veins are black and very distinct; otherwise it is normal. It was taken on a heath within two miles of Poole, Dorset. I have been told that this variety is rather un- common, and should like to know if it has a name.—C. HK. O. CARTER; Parkstone, Dorset, July 15th, 1900. 4 CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. * ‘ 249 ARGYNNIS ADIPPE IN SurREY.—I believe this insect is generally looked ‘upon as somewhat scarce, but on July 7th I captured six, and again, on July 14th, I took eight more. I saw quite double that number. I found them ina clearing in Worth Forest, taking every one off the blossoms of the black knapweed (C. nigra)—Herspert Beapnett; Fernside, Redhill, Surrey, July 24th, 1900. CoREMIA QUADRIFASCIARIA AND MELANIPPE PROCELLATA IN KssEx.— I am able to supplement Mr. Raynor's record of this species in Essex (ante, p. 225) by two captures; one in July, 1899, and the other in July of the present year. Both specimens were taken in the grounds of the Countess of Warwick’s School at Bigods, near Dunmow. I was not aware, till I saw Mr. Raynor’s note, that this geometer was an Essex species, and I had noted my captures for future record. The other specimens in my collection were taken some twenty years ago, near Chilworth in Surrey, where the species was at that time quite common. I should also like to record the occurrence of Melanippe procellata at Bigods, as this species is ‘generally associated with chalky districts. We are a long way from the chalk at Dunmow, but the district is covered in parts by chalky boulder clay.—R. Metpora; 6, Brunswick Square, W.C. CoREMIA QUADRIFASCIARIA IN Essex.—On July 11th, 1893, I met with a couple of wasted female specimens of this species in a chalk-pit near Grays, Essex; from the ova of one of them a few examples were bred, emerging the following May.—R. M. Pripeaux; Reigate, Surrey, Aug. 13th, 1900. Scorosta vETuLaTA AT HemEeL HempsteapD.—A single male specimen of this local insect has been taken here, early in July. It was beaten from a very thick hedge, under the shelter of a high bank. ‘The hedge runs be- tween the cemetery and Anchor Lane.—BrrnarD PIrrarD. PLUSIA MONETA IN OXFORDSHIRE.—Three specimens have been taken this year: the first on July 8th; at dusk, hovering over honeysuckle in the vicarage garden; the second on the following evening, at the same bush, by my son; a third on July 21st, at light, in the study. The specimens have been identified at the Oxford University Museum, and one deposited there. It is believed that this is the first recorded occurrence of the insect in Ox- fordshire.—Jonn W. B. Bett; Pyrton Vicarage, Oxon. Dicycra 00 1n SurREY.—On July 16th I took here a female specimen of D. oo; is not this rather a rare species so near London ?—Lewis S. Gites; 1, London Road, Norbury, S.W., Aug. 16th, 1900. DasycAMPa RUBIGINEA IN DorsETSHIRE.—I took two specimens of D. rubiginea in 1898, and the same number of examples in 1899.—C. E. O. Carter; Parkstone, Dorset, July 15th, 1900. Larva or AcronycTA ALNI at TunBRinGE Wetis.—On Aug. lst a larva of A. alni was taken by me on a small elm-tree on Tunbridge Wells Common. It has since pupated.—T. Percivan SmirH; Relva House, Sutton, Surrey, Aug. 9th, 1900. MacroGLossa sTELLATARUM, &c., at HupprersrreLp.—WM. stellatarum has again occurred all over this district, and has been common at flowers in my own garden. It has been even more plentiful than last season, when it was also common, but until that year had scarcely been seen here for ENTOM.—SEPTEMBER, 1900. ¥ 250 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. probably twenty years or more. 1t is possible that this year’s specimens may be the produce of the district specimens of 1899; but I am more in- clined to consider it another migration of the species, though it is extra- ordinary it should occur in two following years after so long an interval. Plusia gamma has swarmed here this year and is still abundant, but I have seen nothing of Vanessa cardui.—Guo. T. Porrirr; Crosland Hall, Huddersfield, Aug. 10th, 1900. CoLias EDUSA AND C. HYALE IN 1900.—We have received a number of reports of the capture of these species in various parts of England during August and the latter part of July. As other notes on the occurrence of the species will probably be sent in, it seems advisable to postpone publica- tion until the October issue, when a fuller list of localities may be available. VANESSA ANTIOPA IN OXFORDSHIRE.—I have to-day, Aug. 19th, taken a specimen of V. antiopa in the vicarage garden, on a post which had been sugared for moths last night.—(Rev.) Joun W. B. Buti; Pyrton Vicarage, Watlington, Oxon. SPHINX PINASTRI IN SuFFOLK.—On July 29th, while cycling near South- wold, in Suffolk, I captured a male S. pinastri at rest on the trunk of an oak about nine feet from the ground. It is in very fair condition, and I should think was undoubtedly bred in the locality—Atrrep E. Dovatas. SPILOSOMA LUBRICIPEDA EMERGING IN AuGust.—I have noticed this season that S. lubricipeda is double-brooded, and as I find in all the entomolo- gical works to which I have immediate access that the insect remains in the pupa throughout the winter, my experience may be worth recording. The ova were laid June 4th, hatched June 27th; larve full-fed about July 25th ; and first imago emerged Aug. 138th, since when a considerable number have come out. The larve were fed entirely on stinging-nettle.——-ALFReD H. Dovetas; “ Glen Royd,” Devon Crescent Road, Red Hill, Aug. 16th, 1900. ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN Bucxs.—Light fully-fed larvee of this species were found during the last week in July, on a potato patch near Hadden- ham. I managed to secure the last three taken, the others being previously destroyed by the finder-—W. H. Barton; The Poplars, Spencer Road, Grove Park, Chiswick, W. ACHERONTIA ATROPOS AT NoRTHAMPTON.—An entomological acquaint- ance has just informed me that this species is plentiful in the larval stage around the above town this year. He further states that he had in his possession eight fine examples, two of which he forwarded to me.—A. D. Iuus ; “ Linthurst,” Oxford Road, Moseley, near Birmingham, Aug. 20th. ACHERONTIA ATROPOS AT CHICHESTER.—The larvee of A. atropos have been fairly numerous here this season. The first found was on July 28th. —JosePH ANDERSON. LEvUCANIA ALBIPUNCTA AT Brxuitt.—Whilst sugaring at Bexhill-on- Sea on Aug. 18th and 19th, Professor Meldola and myself took four L. albipuncta. I do not know if this locality has previously been recorded.— J. W. Finzi; 53, Hamilton Terrace, N.W., Aug. 22nd, 1900. Sucarine.—I am pleased to be able to say that I have found sugaring very successful this year. Most of the species taken are common, but they are in quantity more than I have found the last five or six years. Noctua SOCIETIES. 251 rhomboidea I have previously taken singly, but never such numbers as it is in this year. Dicycla 00 I have been unable to take where I used to get it three years ago. T'riphena fimbria is common. The above remarks refer to woods within ten miles of London.—WatrEerR Dannatt; ‘ Donning- ton,” 75, Vanbrugh Park, Blackheath, 8.E., Aug. 21st, 1900. SOCIETIES. Enzomotocicat Society or Lonpon.—June 6th, 1900.—Mr. George Henry Verrall, President, in the chair. Mr. Hedworth Foulkes, B.Sc., of The College, Reading; and the Rev. H. C. Lang, M.D., of All Saints’ Vicarage, Southend-on-Sea, were elected Fellows of the Society.—Mr. G. H. Verrall exhibited a species of the genus Ceratitis, Macleay, apparently identical with Bigot’s C. frenicillatus, from the Gold Coast (W. Africa). Mr. Claude Fuller, State Entomologist for the Depart- ment of Agriculture, Natal, writes of this as ‘‘one of our greatest local pests which is responsible for the destruction of tons of fruit; the larvee infest apples, apricots, peaches, plums, oranges, mangoes, guavas, and I have reared them from the berries of Solanum giganteum.” Mr. Verrall also exhibited a very handsome Trypetid reared from the fruit ~ of Mimusops caffra by Mr. Claude Fuller at Durban.—Mr. C. O. Water- house exhibited specimens of a hemipteron, Aspongopus nepalensis, from Capt. Gorman, I.M.§S., who states that they are found under stones in the dry river-beds of Assam. They are much sought after by the natives, who use them for food pounded up and mixed with rice.—Mr. Merrifield exhibited a number of pup of Aporia crategi, and called attention to the want of correspondence between the markings on the pupal and those on the imaginal wing. On the latter, as is well known, there are no spots, only darkened nervures, the darkness spreading out a little on the outer margin, but on the former ‘there are black spots, some of them forming an oblique black row across the wing, a series of black marginal spots, and no darkened nervures; and, when the imago is about to emerge, so that its markings show through the transparent pupal wing, it is seen that its nervures run between the black marginal spots on the pupal wing, which in no way correspond to the broadening out of the marginal terminations of the dark nervures on the imaginal wings. There is great variety in the black markings on the pupal wing; in some they are few and small, in others they expand and unite, so that more than half the wing is black. The ground colour of the pupa varies from bright greenish-yellow to whitish-grey. As might be expected of an insect whose larva pupates by preference on stems screened by foliage, its colour is not very greatly affected by its surroundings. On comparing some which had had yellow or orange surroundings with others which had had dark ones, it was shown that the former tended to yellow ground colour, and the latter to grey, having also an increase of the dark spots with which the thorax and abdomen are thickly strewn.—Mr. Merrifield also exhibited some en- larged coloured photographs of the green and dark forms of Papilio machaon, obtained by causing the larvee to pupate on green, yellow, or orange surfaces, and on dark ones respectively. Im answer to Mr. 952, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Jacoby he stated that though, when the pupa first appeared, it was always of the green form, it had also, if it was going to be a.dark one, from the moment of its appearance a few very minute subdorsal and sublateral dark spots, and a little darkening of the anal end. The darkening began to spread in an hour or two, and at an ordinary temperature was complete in much less than twenty-four hours. Whether the pupa was to be green or dark was determined by the surroundings to which it had been exposed before it had cast off the larval skin, and, if it was going to be a dark one, the dark colouring came on exactly the same in complete darkness as in light.—Sir G. F. Hampson exhibited specimens of a moth belonging to the subfamily Hydrocampine of the Pyralide: Oligostigma arealis, Hampson, from Ceylon, where his correspondent, Mr. J. Pole, had met with a swarm on an island in a river which he estimated at 20,000. When disturbed the buzz made by their wings was quite audible, and after three waves of the net 236 specimens were bottled from round its edges, the net still appearing quite full; as in the some thirty specimens sent the sexes were in almost even proportions, this was not a case of male assemblage. He also exhibited cleared wings, showing the neuration of Diacrissia russula, Tyria jacobea, Callimorpha hera, and C. dominula, the two former being typical Arctiadz and agreeing with the definition of that family in the costal vein of the hind wing anastomosing with the sub- costal to half the length of the cell, whilst in the two latter and also in the eight or ten other known species from the oriental region the costal vein does not anastomose with the subcostal, but only connects with it at a point. He contended that the genus Callimorpha should therefore be removed from the Arctiade and placed in the Hypside, where it is closely allied to Nyctemera, Callarctia and other genera, and. that the fully-devzloped proboscis, the non-pectinate antenne, the smoother sealing, the more diurnal habit, and the larve being scantily clothed with hair, all bore out the correctness of this association, — Dr. Chapman exhibited a portion of a stem of Ferula communis from Ile St. Marguerite, near Cannes, showing pupa-cases of Lozopera francillo- nana. The larva feeds in the flower-heads and seeds, and burrows into the stem for hybernation. It does so anywhere, but in the majority of cases under the protection of the great sheathing petioles at the lower joints. As many as thirty or forty and even fifty holes of entry may often be counted immediately above one node. When the larva pierces the stem it is full grown, and the entry holes are as large as or larger than those of exit. Dr. Chapman doubted whether it eats any of the material when it is freshest at the date of entry. The burrows in the stem are full of bitten but undigested material. These burrows proceed in all directions, but most frequently upwards, for several inches, often as much as eight or ten inches, and then approach the surface, and the burrowing appears to go on all winter. In February and March larve may be found that have not completed their burrows. On completion the burrow approaches the surface, and the opening is of full calibre, but a delicate film of tissue is left. to be ruptured by the emerging pupa. On the specimen exhibited about a dozen empty pupa-cases protruded, and it was noticeable that they all faced downwards. This was in a sense accidental. The larva burrowing upwards makes the final por- tion of the burrow curved. The pupa, as in most Tortrices, is also SOCIETIES. 2538 curved when extended, and so, when extruded, continues the curve of the burrow. As this curve is upwards inside the stem, horizontal at the surface of the stem, it becomes downwards if continued outside. One pupa-case just below the node was not so correctly oriented, whilst in other specimens a pupa emerging below the node, and there- fore from a downward burrow, faced and curved upwards. A number of vacant holes were also visible, being the exit of an ichneumon, which affects a large majority of the Tortrix. The species was believed to be Chelonus inanitus, Nees. The heads of several dead ones that failed to emerge successfully were to be seen at some of the holes. Dr. Chapman said he had placed a black circle round four holes, as prepared by the larva of the Tortrix for emergence, that were still intact, and in two of these it was to be noted that the diaphragm was, as he had described, the cuticular tissue of the plant; in the two others, however, this had been damaged, and here the larva had made a silken diaphragm fortified with chips of the stem-tissue. In the neighbourhood of the node especially, the holes of entry were to be seen packed tightly with frass, which appeared to be uneaten material. At the extremities of the specimen, which was too short to contain the whole of the individuals that entered at this node, the larve had burrowed in the stem. — Mr. F. Enock exhibited living specimens of male and female Ranatra linearis, Linn., from Epping, together with the peculiar forked eggs, which he had observed laid by the Ranatra, as it rested upon the upper surface of the leaf grasping the edges with its claws. The short anterior legs are held well up close together, in a line with the body, the head raised about an inch from the leaf, while the tip of the abdomen and ovipositor is pressed against the leaf—a downward and forward movement being given. The ovipositor is thus forced through the leaf, then partially withdrawn and the egg extruded and forced into the hole as far as the forked filaments, which prevent it from going right through the leaf. The eggs are frequently laid in the half-decayed stems of aquatic plants. The peculiar Prest- wichia aquatica, Lubbock, has been bred from the eggs of Ranatra.— Mr. H. K. Donisthorpe exhibited a larval case of Clythra quadri- punctata from the nest of Formica rufa, and a case fastened to a piece of wood in the nest containing pup; larva- and pupa-cases in spirit, removed from cases, and an empty case fastened to a twig, showing how the beetle escapes; and the perfect insect. He also exhibited Lomechusa strumosa with its host Formica sanguinea, sent by Father Wasmann from Holland, the insects mounted in the position assumed by the guest and host when the former is being fed by the latter; and Cossyphodes bewickit, Woll., a beetle from Cape Colony, with ants with which it is found—Pheidola megacephala, var. punctulata, Mayr. The beetle is a good example of the protected guests. — Mr. C. J. Barrett exhibited two females of Spilosoma mendica reared by Mr. J. E. Robson, of Hartlepool, tinged with purplish pink, and ordinary specimens of the same for contrast.—A paper was communicated on ‘‘ Life-histories of the Hepialid group of Lepidoptera,’’ by Mr. Ambrose Quail; and “A note on the habits and structure of Acanthopsyche opacella, H. Sch.,” by Dr. T. A. Chapman. —C. J. Ganan and H. Rowxanp Brown, Hon, Sees. 254 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. RECENT LITERATURE. K.P. Fett. Insects Injurious to Forest Trees. (1898, Fourth Ann. Rep. Commiss. Fisheries, &c., of New York, pp. 1-31 [? sep. pag.]. Plates 1-3 and 11, text-figures, &c.). Although dated 1898, copies of this valuable paper have only recently arrived in London. It consists of a report on the insects injurious to maple-trees, the following species being discussed, viz. Notolophus leucostigma, Clisiocampa disstria, Zeuzera pyrina, and Sesia acerni [Lepid.]; Plagionotus speciosus and Klaphidion villosum [Coleopt.] ; and the Coccid Pulvinaria innumerabilis. Of these the life-history, habits, distribution, natural enemies, and remedies against their depre- dations are discussed, with coloured illustrations of the various stages of the pests and of their operations, with text-figures of their foes, and various other details. Of special interest to the workers who limit their energies to pale- arctic forms will be the account of the “ leopard-moth”’ (Zeuzera pyrina), an accidental introduction into America, the earliest authentic record there being as recent as 1882. Twelve years later it was characterized as ‘one of the worst insects we have to contend with.’”’ Limited at present to New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, &c., it will doubtless rapidly extend its distribution, especially in a northerly direction. It has been recorded as attacking eighty-three species of trees and shrubs, elms and maples suffering most severely, and in Central Park almost every species of tree and shrub, except evergreens, was injured to some extent. The Report is prepared in the thorough and lucid manner usual with the entomologists of New York State Museum, and the three coloured plates and the plain figures—three of which are full-page, representing a spraying outfit in operation, a defoliate sugar orchard, and details of the hymenopteron Thalessa lunator—are all well executed. Gs. Waa W.A. Lurr. The Insects of Alderney (Trans. Guernsey Soc. Nat. Sci. 1899, pp. 1-23 [sep. copy ?] ). Five hundred and nineteen species are now recorded from this in- teresting island, consisting of 188 Lepidoptera, 64 Rhynchota, 143 Coleoptera, 118 Hymenoptera, 45 Diptera, 4 Trichoptera, 7 Orthoptera, and 5 ‘‘ Neuroptera’’; so that additions will probably be made among the Homoptera, Diptera, and smaller Hymenoptera. 23 Lepidoptera, 10 Rhynchota, 15 Coleoptera, 31 Hymenoptera, and 2 others—a total of 81—are noticed as not occurring in Guernsey, but no comparison is made with Jersey. Among the insects not found in Britain may be noted Hubolia peribolata (Lep.), Lygeus punctato- guttatus (Rhynch.), Rhizotrogus estivus and Cryptocephalus vittatus (Col.) Andrena flesse and two Ichneumonide (Hym.). We trust that Mr. Luff will shortly prepare a work on the Insect- . Fauna of the Channel Isles, in which he will include a map of the islands, and tabular comparisons of the faunas of the various islands inter se, and with the South of England and Normandy. GooWoke RECENT LITERATURE. 955 Occasional Memoirs of the Chicago Entomological Society. Vol. I. No. 1. March, 1900. Containing :— (1) J. L. Hancock: ‘Some New Tettigide from Madagascar,” based on the collection of the English orthopterist Burr, pp. 1-16. Plate I. (2) J.Tovan: “A New Species of Gomphus’’ [Neuroptera] , pp. 17-18. (8) J.G. Peay : * Insect Drift on the Shore of Lake Michigan,” pp. 19-26. (4) A.J. Snyper: ‘* The Argynnids of North America,” pp. 27-88. Another addition to the already unwieldy periodical literature of Entomology. It is, however, but just to say that it apparently pos- sesses distinct scientific value. Dr. Neepuam discusses the mortality among insects occasioned by storms and floods. He remarks that at certain times there are “‘ a few insects cast up by the waves [of lakes, &c.] habitually,” viz. May- beetles (Lachnosterna) in early summer ; strong-flying butterflies (Anosia plexippus, &c.) throughout the summer; and on warm hazy days in September and October, grouse-locusts (Tettigide) ; these he considers have fallen into the water alive, since they are able to crawl upon the beach, although sorely battered and torn. On Lake Michigan beach, however, in August of last year, the light-coloured sandy beach appeared black after a couple of days’ storm, being thickly covered with “millions ” of black crickets (Nemobius fasciatus), either dead or half-drowned, in a continuous fine in both directions. There were other insects present, but in vastly inferior numbers, and the “ wreck- age ’’ was examined carefully for a mile along the shore. ‘‘ Only insects seemed to have suffered by the storm ; no other dead animals were seen on the beach, save the occasional fishes which are always to be found there.”’ . The next day was spent, three miles south, in studying the harvest, a mile of the shore being qualitatively examined. Conditions : : Orders. a Groups. on pp ea ta ig arse Orthoptera. Gryllidee—Crickets. Mostly alive. 50 fa Acridiide. 3 50 - Tettigide. All alive. te - Locustide. Few alive. 100 Odonata. None alive. 100 Lepidoptera. Mostly alive.* 100 Coleoptera. Coccinellide. A few dead. 5 Fi Scarabeide, &e. Many dead. 75 Diptera. Asilidee—robber-flies. Mostly alive. 40 ge Muscide, &e. All dead. 100 Hymenoptera. Bumblebees and Wasps. a 100 Trichoptera. Mostly alive. 10 Hemiptera. Stink-bugs. Mostly dead. 100 is Water-bugs. Few dead, but fewer uninjured. 90 * “ But with wings ruined for flight; ultimately the victims of predatory foes.” ‘‘ Every few feet along the wind-row, perched on some high point, would be seen a poor butterfly, trying vainly to use its ragged wings.” 256 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Finally, Dr. Needham gathered about a litre* of the drift, consisting of ‘‘insects intermixed with a considerable quantity of cinder flotsam from the lake steamers, scooping it up with a trowel, and made a quantatitive examination: ... It contained the following ”’ :— 2520 crickets (Nemobius fasciatus). 601 red-legged locusts (Melanoplus femurrubrum). 170 other Orthoptera of five species mostly. 75 dragonflies of two species. 15 butterflies of four species (Anosia plexippus, Pieris rapa, Poly- gonia sp., and Argynnis sp.). 30 moths in very bad condition. 49 Diptera. 10 bumble-bees. 21 ‘* wasps.” 31 land-bugs of four species. 11 water-bugs Belostoma [Zaitha| fusciventris). 16 Trichoptera. 220 Coleoptera, not including a large number which were probabl foragers. 8769 Total in one pint and three quarters ! In conclusion, Dr. Needham notes two facts: (a) The species present were nearly all in almost ineonceivable numbers. ‘‘ Twenty- five hundred and twenty crickets per meter,} and the drift-line per- haps fifty miles, perhaps a hundred miles long!’’ Despite the enor- mous numbers of drowned individuals, the dragonflies were flying the next afternoon in their usual haunts as thickly as ever. (b) ‘‘ The species were nearly all the dominant ones in their respective groups.” The paper is illustrated by a photograph of the shore, showing the drift-line of insects. Mr. SyypER does not synoptically revise the North American Argynnids, but, after some preliminary remarks, notices most of the individual species. Fifty-seven species and fifteen varieties are acknow- ledged, and apportioned among six groups, of which the following species serve as types, viz. diana, Cram.; monticola, Behr. ; edwarsti, Reak ; semiramis, Edw.; eurynome, Kdw.; and myrina, Cram. The author mentions that he ‘‘ has on several occasions taken the sexes of different species in coitu, and from personal observation satisfied him- self that the Argynnids are polygamous in their habits. Somewhat similar species are frequently found in the same locality, and with them examples which are clearly varieties or intergrades. .... Another fact generally overlooked is, that almost without doubt there are dimorphic males and females of some species of Argynnis. There is little question of the fact that there are two forms of the female of cybele. Artonis and ewrynome cohabit, also ewrynome and clio.” A large series of specimens is evidently necessary for the elucidation of this difficult group, as Mr. Snyder mentions that he has captured between thirteen and fourteen hundred examples of A. ewrynome and its variety artonis ! * About 13 pint. G. W. K. + Misprint for “litre.” - THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vou. XXXIII.] OCTOBER, 1900. [No. 449. SOME ADDITIONAL NOTES ON ASCHNA CYANEA. By Rev. Arrnur East, B.A. Now that the dragonfly season is drawing to a close, the Editor will perhaps allow me to offer a few notes on Aischna cyanea, supplementary to those which appeared a short time since (ante, p. 211). It is well known that during the final change of this nymph the head and thorax are thrown right back, and that the emerging insect hangs suspended head downwards from the old nymph skin. No observations, however, seem to be recorded as to the manner of the previous changes—those, namely, which take place under water—and it is surprising how seldom one catches the nymph in the act of changing: the pale green object always seems to have just finished. However, several have been seen this season, and the process is as follows. The nymph seems to be much extended, the joints of the abdomen appearing stretched, and especially the head seems to be extended far forward. Soon a split occurs down the middle of the back of the thorax, and the pale green body is extruded straight forward by muscular action of the abdomen alone, the legs taking no part in it, nor is the body bent at all in any direction. When the whole nymph has projected itself out of the old skin, with the exception of the last two segments, it rests for a short while (two or three minutes, perhaps), the legs all parallel with one another and with the abdomen, and reaching slightly forwards, but touching nothing. Then the nymph gently takes hold of the support it is on with all six legs, gives a slight wriggle with the abdomen which shakes it free from the cast skin, and is ready in half an hour to begin feeding again. The whole process is very short, and from the first appearance of a split in the nymph skin to the skin’s final rejection it only takes a few minutes—seven or eight perhaps. The following observations (although incomplete) will, I hope, ENTOM.—ocTOBER, 1900. Z 258 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. throw some light on the length of time that 4. cyanea spends as a nymph, and also on the number of times it changes its skin. In January of this year two or three nymphs were taken from a pond in my garden, and these measured 20 mm. each. Together with others from the same pond, they have all (with one excep- tion) changed into perfect insects. In July of this same year nineteen small nymphs, 10-17 mm. long, were found in the pond, this date being of course long anterior to the time when 44. cyanea begins ovipositing. It may of course be thought that these are only some belated specimens, but it will, I think, be agreed that this supposition cannot be maintained when it is stated that during August more than two hundred nymphs, all of about this size, were taken from the same pond. In confirmation of the view that these are last year’s laying, I was fortunate enough to find in one aquarium, on July 30th of this year, a solitary nymph 10 mm. long, and upon searching the aquarium three empty skins were found, measuring respectively 6} mm., 5mm., and 3z; mm. Now, looking to the fact that the egg of Anax imperator (according to Mr. Lucas) is 12 mm. long, this smallest nymph skin, measuring 3}._mm., must be the first or second skin cast. The nymph is now 20 mm. long, and has cast since first observed seven skins, so that at 20 mm. long we may say that the nymph has cast eight skins at least, possibly nine or ten. The observation will, if possible, be completed next year; but I venture to give this information now, as, owing to a fortunate accident, these earlier changes, which are the only dif- ficult ones to observe, have been recorded. The two hundred nymphs referred to above, or rather those that remain uneaten by the survivors, now measure about 17-22 mm., will, | imagine, grow but little during the winter, and will be ready to come out next June or July, thus giving two seasons as the normal time for the growth of the nymph of di. cyanea. I have, however, one nymph almost full grown, which has been very slow in growing all this year, and which may, not improbably, be unready to change before the season is too far advanced ; if so, it will no doubt come out very early next year, giving the impression that it belongs to a different hatching from those which came out last July, which it does not. A very interesting point remains as to when the nymph 33 mm. long mentioned above was hatched. Unfortunately, I cannot say precisely when it got into my aquarium; it was cer- tainly not before January of this year, and it may have been as late as June; in any case, the earliest stages of all must be ex- tremely slow, or the eggs must remain unhatched for several months; possibly the eggs lie dormant from November or earlier, during the whole of the winter, and are hatched in spring. Observations have been made on forty-six adult nymphs (all of dischna cyanea) this year. All climbed out of the water to BRITISH DRAGONFLIES OF OLDER ENGLISH AUTHORS. 259 make their final change to the perfect insect between 8.15 p.m. and 8 a.m., the greater number between 8.15 p.m. and 10.30 pm. Of these, twenty-two were males and twenty-four females, and it was very noticeable how evenly the sexes kept pace with each other: at no time was one sex more than two or three in advance of the other in the order of their emergence. The earliest to emerge was one on June 13th, and the latest on August 17th; but one, as already stated, has still to change, having indeed not yet cast its penultimate skin. dischna cyanea is an admirable nymph to observe, as it is of a very game and sporting nature; the manner in which it will tackle a worm many times its own length is indicative of very great tenacity of purpose. It has but little skulking in its composition ; nothing which moves in the water, if not too enormous, comes amiss to it ; but perhaps what is most tempting to a by no means fastidious appetite is the blood-red figure-of-8 worm, or the gnat larva of the domestic water-butt. If any brother odonatist wants speci- mens of A’. cyanea, it will be a genuine pleasure to me to send them, and I have plenty wherewith to supply several to all who are likely to want them. This nymph is very hardy in the aquarium, and but seldom during the earlier stages of its exist- ence comes to any misfortune, except, be it sorrowfully admitted, a violent end at the hands—or jaws—of its own kindred. South Leigh Vicarage, Witney, Oxon. BRITISH DRAGONFLIES OF THE OLDER ENGLISH AUTHORS. By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. (Continued from p. 217.) 6. J. Curtis: ‘ British Entomology,’ 1823-1840. [Neuroptera, three plates, 1836, 1838, and 1839. | Curtis figures three species, and gives in the accompanying letterpress a full account of each. Following the notice, in each case, is a list of other species belonging to the three genera— Libellula, Cordulia, and Agrion—to which he assigns them; but these being without descriptions they can only be identified, in many cases, by reference to the authors which Curtis quotes in connection with them. The following list gives, in all probability, the names at present used for the insects which Curtis intended to enumerate. Genus Lisetuuta. Sheet 712. 1. depressa = Libellula depressa. 2. quadrimaculata = L. quadrimaculata: prenubila is mentioned as a variety of it. Zz 2 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. . bimaculata = L. fulva. - conspurcata = L. fulva. . cancellata = Orthetrum cancellatum. . Sparshalli = Pantala flavescens; but the report of the capture is considered to be erroneous (vide De Selys’ ‘Revue des Odonates,’ p. 260). . eceerulescens = Orthetrum carulescens. . vulgatum = Sympetrum striolatum. . Veronensis = S. scoticum. . flaveolata = S. flaveolum. . angustipennis = S. sanguinewn. - Roeselii = S. sanguineum. . Seotica = SV. scoticum: pallidistigma is mentioned as a variety of it. . rubicunda = Leucorrhinia dubia. The female is well figured on plate 712, though the colouring resembles more that of the male. A full description accompanies the plate. Genus CorpDuLIA. Sheet 616. i I metallica = Somatochlora metallica. This seems to be given as British on the authority of Harris’s figure, which there is very little reason for considering metallica, and which he him- self calls enea. 2. enea = Cordulia enea. 3. Curtisii = Oxygastra curtisti. The female is well figured on plate 616, and there is a full description in the accompanying letterpress. Genus AGRION. Sheet 732. 1. platypoda = Platycnemis pennipes. 2. Chloridion = Hrythromma naias. 3. fulvipes = Pyrrhosoma nymphula. 4, rufescens = Probably Ischnura elegans, the variety. with orange - thorax. 5. minium = P. nymphula. 6. annulare = Agrion puella. 7. furcatum = 4. puella. 8. hastulatum = EHnallagma cyathigerum. 9. Puella = Agrion puella. 10. pulehellum = A. pulchellum. 11. zonatum = This is apparently given on the authority of Leach’s MSS. What insect it represents I am not able to say. 12. xanthopterum = Ischnura pumilio. 13. elegans = I. elegans. 14. ezonatum = I. elegans. . rubellum = I. pumilio. Plate 732 has a fine figure of the female, var. aurantiacum, accompanied by a full description in the letterpress. — 261 ON A SMALL COLLECTION OF LEPIDOPTERA FROM PEMBA ISLAND. By W. L. Distant. Pempja is a small island situate a little north of Zanzibar, and, , by the good offices of Mr. T. P. Newman, Mrs. Theodore Burtt, whose husband is engaged in missionary work on that spot, has sent me a small collection of Lepidoptera. The seventeen species of butterflies are all old friends, being well known on the east coast, and many from the Transvaal. Acrea zetes is also a west coast species, and Baoris mathias is eastern in distribution, being also found in the Oriental and Malayan regions.: The few moths call for little comment. Pitthea trifasciata was described by Dewitz from Zanzibar; and a species of Syntomis appears to be nondescript, and is here described. RHOPALOCERA. Catopsilia florella, Fabr. NYMPHALID&. Belenois mesentina, Cram. Acre@ine. Papilionine. Acrea zetes, Linn. Papilio demoleus, Linn A. natalica, Boisd. : ; A. acara, Hew. HEsPERIIDa. A. neobule, Doub. & Hew. Gegenes hottentota, Latr. A. buxtoni, Butl. Baoris mathias, Fabr. A. encedon, Linn. Nymphaline. HETEROCERA. Junonia cebrene, Trim. SYNTOMID®. J. clelia, Cram. Syntomis burtti, sp.n. Precis elgiva, Hew. Euchromia lethe, Fabr. P. natalica, Feld. Hypolimnas misippus, Linn. ARCTIADE. Bibieti toes xa Argina astrea, Dru. Pierine. GEOMETRIDS!. Terias zoé, Hopff. Pitthea trifasciata, Dewitz. Syntomis burtti, sp.n. Head and pronotum fuscous, anterior and lateral margins of pro- notum broadly ochraceous; abdomen above ochraceous ; body beneath ochraceous ; antenne, eyes, legs, and apex of abdomen fuscous. Wings fuscous ; anterior wings with two subquadrate ochraceous spots near base, the first in cell, the second immediately beneath it; two large pale subhyaline spots on apical area each divided by a nervure, the upper spot longest and narrowest; posterior wings with a central ochraceous spot joined to abdominal margin, which is also ochraceous for about half its length from base. Exp. wings: 3, 22 mm.; 2, 24 mm. Hab. Pemba Island (Mrs. Theodore Burtt). 262 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE GENERA OF THE RHYN- CHOTA, HETEROPTERA AND AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS HOMOPTERA. By G. W. Kirxanpy, F.E.S. (Continued from p. 28.) I have made free use of my friend Mr. C. Davies Sherborn’s colossal ‘ Index Specierum,’ &c., now in manuscript at the British Museum (Natural History) to check my results in some in- stances, and I am indebted to him for many valuable hints. My thanks are due also to the librarians of the Zoological and Ento- mological Societies, of whose kindnesses I have liberally availed myself. In the immediately ensuing part, I have indicated from 1—4 sections under each work :— (a) genera with valid types ; (@) genera without types ; (7) fixa- tion of genotypes; (%) notes on emendations of names, invalid type-fixations, &c.t I have much abbreviated the titles, which can be easily identified from the usual sources; “t.’ signifies ‘“‘type.” ‘**” placed before an author’s name signifies that I have not been able to examine that work. 1758-1843. 1758. Linnaus, Syst. Nat. x.484-9. (8) Cicada; Notonecta; Nepa; Cimex. 1762. _Grorrroy, Hist. abrég. Ins. i. 401-82. (a) Naucoris, t. cimicoides, nec L. [= maculata, Fabr.|; Corixa t. striata, nec L. [ = geoffroyt, Leach]. (@) Tetigonia.2 (7) Cicada, 1758, re- stricted. (0) Hepa for Nepa, 1758. 1764. Linnaus, Mus. Lud. Ulric., 158. [(8) Laternaria.] * 1767. Linnavs, Syst. Nat. ed. xu. 1, 708-33. (8) Fulgora. 1775. Fasricius, Syst. Ent. 673-732. (a) Sigara, t. striata, nec L. [ =geoffroyi, Leach].4 (8) Membracis; Cercopis; Acan- thia; Reduvius. 1786. Scoront, Delic. Faun. Insubr. i. 60-1. (a) Ploiaria t. domestica. 1787. _SwEpERus, Vet. Ac. Nya Handl. viii.183-5. (a) Macro- cephalus t. cimicordes. 1789. Ouivier, Enc. Méth. iv. 24-5. (8) Pentatoma. 1 When once a type has been fixed validly, I have ignored any subse- quent invalid type-fixations. 2 Not Tettegonia, as usually written; the latter is an orthopterous genus. 3 N.B. Cicada laternaria, Linn., 1758 = Laternaria phosphorea, Linn., 1764 = Fulgora laternaria, Linn., 1767; Fulgora phosphorea, Linn. 1767, is not a Fulgorid. The genus Laternaria is invalid, no description having been given. 4 Homotypical with Corixa, 1762. | ; —— 7 "=". NOMENCLATURE OF THE RHYNCHOTA, ETC. 263 1790. Fasriocivs, Skrift. Nat. Selsk. i. (1), 218-28. (f) Ranatra. 1794. Fasricrus, Ent. Syst. iv. 1-208. («) Coreust. scapha ; Iygeus t. valgus; Miris t. dolabratus® ; Gerris t. lacustris. (7) Notonecta, 1758, t. glauca, L. {indirectly}. 1796. Scurank, Samml. Naturh. Phys. Aufs. i. p. 121. (a) Coriscus, LaTREILLE,® Précis caract. gén. pp. il, xii, 83-92 and 202. (6) Asiraca; Hydrometra; Poekilloptera. (vy) Acanthia, 1775, restricted. 1798. Fasrictus, Suppl. Ent. Syst. 511-46. (8) Flata; Delphax. (8) Notonecia for Notonecta. 1800. ScuHeLLenBerc, Cimic. Hely. 1-25. (a) Aquarius t. paludum, nee L.7 (3) Sigera for Sigara. 1801. Lamarck, Syst. anim. s. Vertébr. 289. (a) Scutellera t. nobilis, Sulz., nec L. [= perplexa, Hope]. (y) Fulgora, 1767, t. laternaria; Cicada, 1758, t. orni, Fabr. nec L. [= plebeja, Scop. ]; Pentatoma, 1789, t. rufipes ; Reduvius, 1775, t. personatus ; Hydro- metra, 1796, t. stagnorum; Nepa, 1758, t. cinerea. (3) Tetigonia restricted to cornuta and spumaria, 1758, but these were pre- viously removed to Membracis, 1775, and Cercopis, 1775, respec- tively. Scurank, Faun. Boica, ii. 1, 44-101. (8) Thyreocoris.. (y) Coriscus, 1796 t. dauct [= calcaratus, Linn.}. 1802. Larremmue, H.N. Crust. Ins. iii. 240-63. (@) Phymata t. crassipes ; Galgulus® t. oculata. (8) Neides; Nabis ; (y) Ranatra, 1790, t. linearis ; Cercopis, 1775, t. spwnaria.? *Scuwarz, Vet. ak. Nya Handl. xiii. 180-1. («) Copicerus t. irroratus. 1808. Fasricius, Syst. Rhyng. 1-292. (a) Ledra t. aurita ; Darnis t. lateralis; Lystra t. lanata; Derbe t. hemorrhoidal ; Tassus t. neruosus ; Issus t.coleoptratus ; Salda t. zostere ; Aradus t. betule; Syrtis t. erosa ;19 Tingis t. cardui ; Canopus t. obtectus ; Tetyra t. arcuata ; Edessa t. ceruus ; Halys t. dentata; Cydnus t. tristis; Aelia t. acuminata ; Capsus t. ater ; Alydus t. calcaratus ;1+ Emesa t. precatorius ; Berytus t. tipularius; Zelus t. longipes. (8) Centrotus ; (vy) Flata, 1798, t. ocellata; Cimex, 1758, t. bidens. (0) Tettigonia (sic) t. tibicen does not accord with the diagnosis of the genus, 1762, and in Membracis 1775, t. atrata, F., the latter is not one of the original species. 1804. Larreiue, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. xxiv. Tabl. method. For date of this work, see Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. iii. (1804), p. vi 7 =canalium, Dut. 8 Preoccupied, Aves, 1760. 9 Stal (Vet. Akad. Handl. viii. 1, p. 11) states C. carnifex, Fabr., 1775, as the type. Iam unable to discover any indication in the Syst. Ent. that this is so, and consequently have here fixed spwmaria as the type (see Latreille) ; Philenus, Stal, thus is homotypical with Cercopis, Fabr. Latr. 10 Co-extensive with Phymata, 1802. 11 —=dauci, Schrank; homotypical with Coriscws, 1796. 5 Not *‘ dolobratus,” as saith Fabr. . I 264 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 163-8. (a) Tetigometra t. virescens 312 Cixius t. nervosa. (8) Velia. (y) Acanthia, 1775, t. saltatorius A Neides, 1802, t. t[7] ipula- vius ;1+ Nabis, 1802, t. guttula; Membracis, 1775, t. foliata ; Cen- trotus, 1803, t. cornutus; Poekilloptera, 1796, t. phalenoides. Larremir, H.N. Crust. Ins. xii. 176-337. (0) T'yreocoris, 1801 ; Poéciloptera, 1796. (?)1805-21. Panisot, Ins. rec. Afr. Amér. 18-4, 204-5. - (6) Petalocheirus ; Acanthocerus. (0) Coreus for Coreus. 1806. Dumerin, Zool. Anal. 260. (8) Promecopsis;1° (3) Ploiera for Ploiaria. 1807. Larreinur, Gen. Crust. Ins. iii. 112-68. (a) Ochterus t. marginatus ; Belostoma t. testaceopallidum. (8) MJ yodocha. 1809. Larreinuxz, Gen. Crust. Ins. iv.84 and 384. (0) Ochterus, 1807, altered to Pelogonus because the former is supposed to be preoccupied by Ochthera. 1810. Larrerue, Consid. gén. anim. 250-64 and 483-4. (a) Leptopus t. littoralis ; Aetalion t. reticulata; (vy) Velia, 1804, t. rivu- lorum ; Asiraca, 1796, t. clavicornis. (0) Myodocha, 1807, t. ser- ripes, invalid, not one of original species; Delphax, 1798, t. striata, not valid, not an original species. 1811. Ouivier, Enc. Méth. viii. 105 et seqq. (¢) Myodochus, 1807 ; Ochtherus, 1807. 1811. Larremize, Humboldt’s Voy. Ins. 147 et seqq. (2) Dedra for Ledra, 1803. 1814. Leacu, Zool. Misc. i.91. (a) Mictis t. crucifera.1® _Fauuen, Spec. nov. hem. 1-26. (a) Pyrrhocoris t. apterus ; Cori- zus t. hyoseyami. ({3) Anthocoris, Geocoris, Phytocoris, Ulopa. 1815. Leacu, Brewster’s Edinb. Encyel. ix. 120-5. (y) Peta- loch {e]irus, 1805, t. variegatus ; Myodocha, 1807, t. tipuloides. (2) [Thyreocoris, 1808, t. globus, not an original species]; Myctis, 1814; Cetalion, 1810. 1817. Germar, Reise nach Dalm. 280-90. (a) Pygolampis t. denticulata.t17 LatrEiuE in Cuvier’s Regne Anim. iii. 884 et seqq. (0) Derba, 1803; Tettigometra, 1803 ; _HormaNnNsEGe, Wiedemann’s Zool. Mag. i. pt. 1, 8-56. (8) Hemityphlus.18 1° 1818. Germar, Mag. Ent. iii. 177-227. (8) Ricania ; Leacu, Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 10-8. (a) Pleat. minutissima2° ; Hormann- Lo =-25 =zostere, thus homotypical with Salda, 1803. /4 —*€Thus homotypical with Berytus, 1803. )2. = ¥£=acephala, Fourer. ’ 15 —? Lystra, Fabr.; no species mentioned. 16 —profana, Fabr. 17 —bidentata, Goeze. 18 — Pyrrhocoris, 1814. 19 — Herrich-Schiffer states (Wanz. Ins. ix. Hist. tibers. 27) that the genus Notocyrtus is to be found in this paper, but I have searched in vain. The learned rhynchotist of Regensburg had apparently, however, not actually seen it himself. 20 —leachi, McGreg. and Kirk. NOMENCLATURE OF THE RHYNCHOTA, ETC. 265 1819-21.21 Kirey, Trans. Linn. Soe. xiii. 12-23. (a) Anotia t. bonnetit. ({3) Otiocerus. 1821. German, Mag. Ent. iv. 1-106. (a) Cobax?® t.winthemi ;2° Penthimia t. atra ;28 Gypona t. glauca ; EHupelix t. cuspidata. (3) Aphrophora, Celidia. (y) Tet(t)igonia, 1762, t. viridis. 1822. *THunperc, Hem. rostr. Cap. pp ?. (a) Copius?? t. cornutus ; Pendulinus t. hasticornis. Escuscuoutz, Dorpat Naturw. ‘Abh. i i. 57-186. (3) Halobates. 1823. Dumertm, Cons. gén. 215-20. (a) Podicerus?? t. tipu- laire. 1824. Curtis [May Ist] Brit. Ent. 20. (3) Acanthosoma ; iJuly 1st] 28. (y) Acanthosoma, 1824, t. hemorrhoidalis ; Dzs- _courtiuz, Ann. Soc. Linn. Paris, lil. 293-7. (a) Agenia t. lamii. 27 Ey 1825. LeretetTier & ServitteE, Enc. Méth. x. 1-324. (a) Holhymenia t. latreillei ; 2° Phiea t. cassidioides ;2* Holoptilus t. Ursus ; Ectrichodiat. cruciata.2° (3) Tessaratome, Pachylis, Pachy- merus Astemma. (0) Petalochere, 1805; Larreitue, Fam. Nat. 416-28. (a) Heterotome t. spissicornis ;°? Tibicen t. plebeia. (3) Gonocere, Syromaste, Anisoscele, Nematope, Stenocephale, Lepto- corise.?3 (y) Tessaratome, 1825, t. papillosa. (8) Scutellere, Aelie, Edesse, Pentatome, Coree, Holhymenie, Pachlyde, Heteroscele, Alyde, Neide, Lygee, Pachymere, Salde, Myodoque, Capse, Macro- cephale, Phymate, Arade, Punaise, Holoptile, Reduve, Petalocheire, Ploiere, Leptope, Acanthie, Pelogone, Hydrometre, Velie, Galgule, Naucore, Belostome, Nepe, Ranatre, Notonecte, Corise, Fulgore, Flate, Ricanie, Peciloptere, Listre, Tettigometre, Asiraque, Otio- cere, Centrote, Ledre, Cercope, Penthimie, Aprophore, Tettigone, Gypone, Celidie, Ulope (1758-1825); Leprntutier & SERVILLE, Ene. Méth. x. 325-833. (a) Hurymela?* t. fenestrata ; Globiceps t. capito ;3° Scaris t. ferruginea ; Evacanthus t. interruptus ; Dy- sodius t. lunulatus.8® ((3) Pt yelus, Proconia, Monanthia, Piesma. (y) Aphrophora, 1821, t. spumaria, Germ. 37 (0) Heterotoma, 1825 ; Pecilloptera, 1796; Curtis, Brit. Ent. [Sept. 1st] 86. (a) Aneurus +: levis. 1826. *Haun, Icon. Mon. Cimic.*® 21 —Krichson and Germar quote ‘ 1823.” 22 —Some authors quote Copiwm, s »me Copius. I have not seen the book. 23 —Cotyp. with Neides, 1802. 2* =corticata, Drury. 25 —Otiocerus, 1819-21. 26 —stolli, Kirby. 27 Genus and species remain unknown. 28 —nigra, Goeze. 29 —elavigera, Herbst. 30 —Cruxz, Thunb. 81 Preoce. Thunb. 1805. 32 —mertoptera, Scop. 88 —Myodocha, 1807. 34 Ascribed to Hofmannsegg, probably manuscript. 35 — syhegiformis, Rossi. 86 —lwnatus, Fabr. 37 —almi, Fall. 88 Apparently no validly defined genera. (To be continued.) 266 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. ‘¢ Synopsis or Experiments 1n HypripizaTion AND TEMPERATURE MADE with LEPIDOPTERA UP TO THE END OF 1898,”’ By Pror. Dr. Max Sranpruss. —We regret that Mr. Dadd has been unable to continue the translation of this important paper, but we are pleased to add that Mr. Kirkaldy has been good enough to take up the work from the point where it was left by Mr. Dadd. An instalment, with plate, will be given in the November issue of the ‘ Entomologist,’ and the remainder, with two plates, in the December number. TRIECPHORA SANGUINOLENTA, &c.—Dr. Walker has fallen into some little confusion in his ‘‘ Notes on Triecphora sanguinolenta, Marsh., Edw.” (Entom. pp. 236-7). The three species mentioned—viz. mac- tata, sanguinolenta, and vulnerata—are quite distinct, readily separable by structural characters, and, as there are six other palearctic species, the records from Asia Minor, Spain, &c. do not necessarily refer to vulnerata. It may be noted that the correct name of our species is omaspis vulnerata (Germ.)* = sanguinolenta (Geoffr., nee Linné), the genera T'riecphora and Monecphora being synonymous with the earlier Tomaspis.—G. W. Krrxaupy. GYNANDROMORPHOUS ARGYNNIS PAPHIA.—Perhaps a variety of Argynnis paphia, which I have recently acquired, may be worth noticing in the ‘Entomologist.’ Right wings are those of a female, and of the valesina form of that sex; left wings ordinary type of male, with the exception of a black splash resembling valesina colouring on the fore wing. The specimen was taken on July 28th last near Lyndhurst.—W. I’. Urwicx; 34, Great Tower Street, London, E.C., Aug. 27th, 1900. [This most interesting specimen appears to be very similar to an example captured in the New Forest in 1881, and figured in the ‘Hntomologist’ for 1882 (Pl. 1. fig. 5). The latter, however, is not marked with valesina colouring on the male side.—Ep.] Mate Bupawus PINIARIA PARTLY OF FEMALE COLORATION.—On June 13th last I took a male specimen of BP. piniaria, the left pair of wings of which are of the male colour, whilst the right pair of wings are of the colour peculiar to the female of this species.—D. CuirrenpEN ; 98, Court Hill Road, Lewisham, 8.E. [We have seen this very interesting aberration, but under circum- stances which did not admit of close examination. Except that the right fore and hind wings are of female coloration and their markings somewhat blurred, the specimen appears to be a male.—Hp.| OrtHoptera at Sucar. — On four previous occasions (Entom. xxx. pp. 28, 76; xxxi. p. 267; xxxil. p. 290) I have called attention to certain Orthoptera visiting sugar. During a recent stay in the New Forest, on two or three occasions the sugar was visited by females of our largest native cockroach, Hetobia lapponica; while one evening a fairly large green grasshopper, without doubt Leptophyes punctatissima, which appears to have been commoner than usual in the Forest this season, made good use of its long legs, and escaped in the process of boxing.—W. J. Lucas; Sept. 8th, 1900. * The reference to Illiger is only manuscript. CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 267 Satyrus semeLeE, — At the base of a chalk cliff near Lulworth, in Dorset, on Aug. 18th, I came across a large number of S. semele on a patch of sea-lavender. They filled the air on my approach. One does not usually associate the grayling butterfly with a habit of this ~ kind.—W. J. Lucas; Sept. 8th, 1900. CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. PaPILIo MACHAON AT Rinawoop.—This morning, at about nine o'clock, I captured the finest and most beautiful specimen of Papilio machaon that I have ever seen. I was out in a clover-field on the look-out for C. hyale, C. edusa, and var. helice ; also Vanessa cardui. My daughter Marjorie, who accompanied me, drew my attention to the insect, and | really thought at a little distance that it was a pale var. of cardui. It was lazily flying low amongst the clover-flowers, and when it alighted upon one I fortunately netted it. ‘The specimen, which is a female, is in perfect and fresh condi- tion, very pale yellow, the central band of yellow is scarcely divided with black lines, and there is not a trace of any red scales, except the usual two spots upon the hind wings; the body has the black dorsal streak, but the sides are nearly pure white. I have compared it with my Wicken Fen series, and if it were put amongst them it could be detected at a glance ; it has a much greater yellow area.—J. Hy. Fowrer; Aug. 31, 1900. PaPILIO MACHAON IN SussEx.—I caught a specimen of P. machon at Hooe, near Pevensey, on Aug. 18th last. It was flying slowly from flower to flower in a field of red clover. The tail on the left hind wing was wanting, and also a piece of the right fore wing ; but otherwise the insect seemed to be very fresh. Lewis L. Turner; 131, Melbourne Grove, Kast Dulwich, S.E. PaPILio MACHAON IN Kent.— On Aug. 15th I captured, in a railway cutting near Hythe, a fine female specimen of P. machaon.— C. W. Hut- CHINSON ; 43, Fordwych Road, West Hampstead, N.W. VANESSA ANTIOPA IN Berks, Kent, anp Sussex.—For the following records of V. antiopa in England this year, published in the ‘ Times,’ we are indebted to Miss Urquhart, of Maida Vale :— It may be of interest to entomologists to hear that two specimens of that rare insect, Vanessa azitiopa, have been captured in this neighbourhood during this week. One had been attracted to a bottle put out near some peach trees to attract wasps, containing beer and rum; the other was caught in a garden about two miles distant on a dahlia flower. ‘This latter is a most perfect specimen. I should be interested to hear if any other speci- mens have been taken in this country during the summer.—Puiuip A. Hoveuton ; Lindfield, Sussex, Sept. 7th. On Aug. 18th, at Herne, Kent, my son captured a very fine specimen, measuring 3} in. across the wings.—F REDERICcK SineLe; Fernside, Wim- bledon Common. * My son caught a very perfect specimen of the ‘‘ Camberwell Beauty ” on a plum tree in the garden here on Sept. 5th, and saw another close by the garden on the same afternoon. — (Sir) W. Cameron Gui; Yattendon, Berks, Sept. 11th. 268 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. On Aug. 26th last a fine specimen of V. antiopa was caught close by here on the borders of Sussex and Surrey at Newlands, while attempting to enter a glass trap baited for wasps, as in one of Mr. Houghton’s instances. —(Major) R. H. Brown; Crawley-down, Sussex. VANESSA ANTIOPA IN BerisHIRE.—On Aug. 30th I saw a fine specimen of V. antiopa in Berkshire, not far from Streatley.—(Rev.) ARcHIBALD Day; The Vicarage, Malvern Link. VANESSA ANTIOPA 1N EsseEx.—On Aug. 31st my friend Robert Wedlake caught in our garden, and gave to me, asplendid specimen of V. antiopa.— Haroup P. THompson ; Hornchurch, Essex. VANESSA ANTIOPA IN HampsHire.-—On Sept. 12th I took a worn speci- men of V. antiopa in the New Forest ; it was flying round a tree which had been sugared the night before.-—A. Motineux SmaLiprice; Field Lodge, Burley, Ringwood, Hants, Sept. 14th. VANESSA aNTIOPA IN Kenr.—A specimen of V. antiopa was captured this morning in the garden of Vesey Holt, Esq., Mount Mascal, Bexley. It was sitting on the decayed stump of a tree, and was taken in a landing- net. It is rather small, but, despite the mode of capture, is in splendid condition.—T. B. AnprEws; 276, Broadway, Bexley Heath, Sept. 11th. VANESSA ANTIOPA IN SuFFOLK.—I captured a specimen of V. antiopa on Aug. 30th in the neighbourhood of Lowestoft. — E. J. StneLEron SmirH ; St. Margaret’s College, Lowestoft, Sept. Ist, 1900. VANESSA 10 AT Toorrnc.—On Aug. 31st I was agreeably surprised to see a specimen of V. zo disporting itself in the garden here. It is the first example of the species I have ever seen in or near to London. Itseemed to prefer the late blooms of a patch of red valerian to old sugar, which attracts V. atalanta so frequently. — E. Sparks; 1, Christchurch Villas, Tooting Bec Road, Tooting, S.W. PyRAMEIS ATALANTA SWARMING ON A Cossus-INFESTED BircH TREE.— This morning, whilst strolling through a small clump of birches on Wimbledon Common, I was surprised at suddenly disturbing about twenty or thirty specimens of Pyrameis atalanta. As the only Lepidoptera observed during the whole morning were a few Pieris rape, one or two Cenonympha pamphilus, and one Chrysophanus phleas, my curiosity was at once aroused, and I soon found that one particular birch-trunk was the centre of attrac- tion for quite a swarm of wasps as well as the aforesaid butterflies. Closer investigation revealed the reason for this phenomenon, for while I was watching a nearly full-fed larva of Cossus ligniperda. crawled out of the trunk, and made off at a rapid rate, apparently disgusted with the crowd of uninvited visitors. There were at least thirty specimens of P. atalanta in the immediate neighbourhood of the tree, and those which could not get on the trunk settled on the ground, or on the lower twigs of birch near by, and allowed me to take them with my fingers, though the sun was shining bril- liantly. I have heard of this particular attraction for some butterflies, but it was my first actual experience of it. I may say that no other butterflies were present with P. atalanta.—K. B. Bisnor; 60, Griffiths Road, Wimbledon, 8.W., Sept. 21st, 1900. LycZNA B@TICA BRED IN GUERNSEY.—I have succeeded in discovering larvee of Lycena betica this summer, and I am now breeding some fine CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 269 specimens of this butterfly. — Grorak Baker; 11, Saumarez Street, Guernsey, Sept. 5th, 1900. THECLA W-ALBUM IN THE Marpstone Distrtct.—On July 25th I was pleasantly surprised to capture a specimen of 7. w-album in the garden. Unfortunately it was very worn, and minus a portion of the hind wing.— J. L. Saxspy; Larkfield, Maidstone. Lycuna arcioLus In Norra Lonpon.—On Aug. 11th T took a male Lycena (Polyommatus) argiolus in Haringay Park (about four miles from St. Paul’s Cathedral). I also saw a specimen near the same spot the last week. in July. —H. A. Kine; 25, Haringay Park, Crouch End, N., Sept. 18th, 1900. ACHERONTIA ATROPOS. GLOUCESTERSHIRE. —Larve of this species have been extraordinarily plentiful this summer. Several have been brought to me from potato- fields, and I know of at least twenty others in the possession of gentlemen in the neighbourhood.—(Rev.) A. Nasu; Standish Vicarage, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire, Sept. 19th, 1900. Hampsuire.—lI took seven larve of A. atropos during one afternoon, and found several others, which I did not pick up. So many have been brought to me of late that I have had to refuse them.—J. Hy. Fow.er ; Ringwood, Sept. 3rd, 1900. HEREFORDSHIRE.—The larve of A. atropos have been plentiful this year in the county. I have seen several specimens, and an example of the perfect insect was brought to me on the 18th inst.; it had just been cap- tured in the Market Hall, situated in the centre of the city.—J. B. PILLey ; Hereford, Sept. 20th, 1900. Kent.—-While staying in Scotland last month, I received by post, from my aunt, Lady Naesmyth, a fine larva of A. atropos, which she had found in her garden at Tunbridge Wells. The insect was none the worse for its long journey, and has since pupated successfully. — H. W. SsHepHearD-Watwyn; Glensyde, Bidborough, Tunbridge Wells, Sept. 2nd, 1900. Norroix.—I beg to report the occurrence here of five full-fed larvae of A. atropos. On Aug. 29th one was given me at noon, and another at night of same date. Both of these buried themselves at once. I have heard of other larvee of same species this season; but these have not come under my own personal observation like the five mentioned above-—J. W. Woot- HousE; Summer Hill, Fakenham, Norfolk, Sept. 3rd, 1900. A fine larva of A. atropos was brought to me during the first week in August, which has now safely pupated. According to reports sent to the local papers, larvae of this species have been very abundant in Norfolk this year.—W. T. Harris; 17, Micheldever Road, Lee. I have had two pupe of A. atropos given me ; the larvee were found in the neighbourhood of Mundesley, Norfolki—S. W. Kemp; 80, Oxford Gardens, Notting Hill, W., Sept. 17th. On July 24th eleven fine larve of A. atropos were found feeding on potato in a garden at Norwich. One of these died shortly after; the remain- ing ten were full-fed, and had all gone to earth by Aug. 3rd. — R. Lappr- MAN; 25, Drayton Road, Norwich, Aug. 24th, 1900. OxroRDsHIRE.—I have received three larve and two pupe of this moth 270 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. this August from EHynsham and Headington, Oxon —Harotp Taompson ; 31, Beaumont Street, Oxford, Aug. 31st, 1900. SurroLK.—While staying at Middleton, near Yoxford, in Suffolk, I had, on Aug. 4th, a full-fed larva brought to me, and, on investigating a patch of potatoes, I found two more; and my nephew writes that he added another from the same garden, making four in all— Henry A. Kine; 25, Harringay Park, Crouch End, N., Aug. 23rd, 1900. Surrey.— Two specimens of d. atropos were taken in a garden here the other day.—HerBerr Beapnety; Fernside, Redhill, Surrey, Aug. 7th. On Aug. 31st I had a fine full-fed larva of A. atropos brought to me from Church Lane, Lower Tooting, S.W. It burrowed in the earth of the breeding-box immediately. It was of a decided yellow colour. I have had the pupz before from that neighbourhood. —E. Sparks; 1, Christchurch Villas, Tooting Bee Road, Tooting, S.W. Sussex.—Several larve of 4. atropos have been obtained in potato- fields at Hooe.—Lewis L. Turner; Hast Dulwich, Sept. 20th, 1900. WoRCESTERSHIRE. —We have thirteen pup of A. atropos, and know of others ; the larve were all taken within a quarter of a mile of this vicarage. —(Rev.) Arcuipatp Day; Malvern Link, Sept. 17th, 1900. WestmoreLranD.—On Aug. 30th, hearing that a full-grown larva of A. atropos had been found crawling across a path ina small garden at Natland, two miles south of Kendal, I at once prosecuted a search through the potato-tops of the first field in that direction. I was rewarded by finding two larve almost full-fed. The next day I secured another in the same field, which went down at once. On Sept. Ist, at Low Foulshaw, lying south-west of Kendal, in the neighbourhood of the Witherslack mosses, I found two more, and the frass of athirad. The ground colour of one of these larvee was of a vivid yellow, and stood out in strong contrast to the dead brown potato-top to which it was clinging. They entered the soil to undergo pupation on Sept. Ist, 4th, 5th, and 6th respectively. As two other larvee have been taken accidentally, there is ground for believing that the species has been more than usually abundant in the district this year. Imagines have from time to time turned up, but, though often searched for, I have never till this year taken the larva. — (Rev.) A. M. Moss; Kendal. P.S.—Since writing the above another larva, about to pupate, has been found in a small garden on Sept. 8th, and presented to me, bringing our total of captures up to eight. D&rILEPHILA GALII IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE.—I am very pleased to record the gapture of D. gal. ‘Towards the end of August my son, going round the vicarage garden at dusk, on the look-out for S. convolvuli, saw a large insect hovering over some phlox flowers, and promptly secured it. It turned out to be a very fine specimen of D. gali, an insect I had never seen alive before. —(Rev.) A. Nasa; Standish Vicarage, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire. CH#ROCAMPA ELPENOR ON Wixtp Batsam.—I wish to confirm my previous note of 1898 (Hntom. xxxi. 243), in which I recorded Impatiens noli-me-tangere as a pabulum for C. elpenor. I have again, on Sept. 15th, taken a full-grown larva on the identical patch of balsam. Several others have this year, but earlier, been found feeding on the common Epilobium.— (Rev.) A. M. Moss. Nocrua CASTANEA IN THE New Forest.—It may be worth recording CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 271 that while sugaring in the New Forest, on Aug. 15th last, I took a speci- men of the red form of Noctua castanea, of the same tint as those from the north.. I am told that this form has not been previously taken in the forest. Perhaps this note may bring others to light.—(Rev.) W. Craxton ; Nave- stock Vicarage, Romford. [N. castanea, in its typical form, is red ; the grey form is var. neglecta. We believe that the type is not altogether unknown in the New Forest, but it would be interesting to have more information on this point.—Eb. ] ApLercra occuLta IN NorroLK.—On Aug, 28th I had the good fortune to take a fine specimen of Aplecta occulta on sugar at Paston, near Mundes- ley, Norfolk. The specimen is of the light form, and the markings are extremely well defined. —S. W. Keme; 80, Oxford Gardens, Notting Hill, W. Carocata Nupta oN TarreD Posts.—While walking along the road through Bagley Wood, near Oxford, at the end of August last, I saw on two occasions a considerable number of specimens of Catocala nupta at rest on tarred telegraph-posts. Most were high up the posts, and all, I believe, on the southern aspect of them. The posts had not lately been tarred, and though black in some parts were in others, especially on the southerly side, brownish, and often with a marbled appearance, due to the grain of the wood showing. On the lighter parts of their resting-places the insects were not specially con- spicuous, though generally quite easily seen. On one post there were six specimens, and on two others five each. In some cases, two or more individuals were quite close to each other.—W. J. Lucas; Sept. 12th, 1900. Carocata nupta.—The unwonted abundance of this species during the last two seasons in this neighbourhood has been very remarkable. In August, 1899, it was so common, that at sugar one out of every two or three trees displayed a specimen. But this year it has been still more plentiful; and the telegraph-poles along the high roads have been adorned with it, many possessing one, two, or even three _specimens of this fine insect high up at rest—easy to see, but not so easy to take, as at the first approach of net or bottle away flew skittish nupta.—(Rey.) A. Naso; Standish Vicarage, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire. ACRONYCTA ALNI IN HererorDsHire.—lIn the early part of August I received a larva of d. alni, which had been found on alder near here.—J. B. Pititey; Hereford. EPuUNDA NIGRA IN KEnt.—On Saturday evening, Sept. 15th last, I was sugaring in Barnet Wood, Bromley Common, Kent, with my friend Stanley Haines, of Bromley, when I had the luck to take Hpunda nigra from the trunk of a pine which I had sugared. This is very uncommon, is it not, for this district, the insect being considered very local ?—A. J. Lawrance; 8, Cross Roads, Bromley Common, Kent, Sept. 19th, 1900. [We do not remember any recent record of the occurrence of E. nigra in Kent, but we believe that the species has been taken in the neighbour- hood of Farnborough.—Ep | 272 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. PLusta MoneTA AT Norwoop. —I took a magnificent specimen of P. moneta in my house on July 10th.— H. Weis; Hurstfield, The Avenue, Gipsy Hill, London, S.E. CARADRINA AMBIGUA IN HaMpsHIRE.—This species has been so abun- dant in my garden lately that I made a selection of over fifty specimens in one evening. The moths came to the flowers of clematis, and were then boxed, but they were flying around me in scores. Since that particular evening the species has not been nearly so abundant, and I am at a loss to understand why it should have appeared in such numbers one night, and the next and following evenings suddenly become comparatively scarce. I may add that C. ambigua has occurred in my garden for the past four or five seasons.—J. Hy. Fowxer ; Poulner, Ringwood, Sept. 3rd, 1900. COREMIA QUADRIFASCIARIA IN SuFrFoLK.—I have taken this species, but not frequently, by beating the undergrowth of hedges in Westerfield and Barham lanes, near Ipswich.—E. Sparxe; 1, Christchurch Villas, Tooting. CoREMIA QUADRIFASCIARIA AND MELANIPPE PROCELLATA IN HisSEX.— By way of supplement to the records of the Rev. G. H. Raynor and Prof. R. Meldola, I would like to say that in June, 1863, I captured a fine speci- men of Coremia quadrifasciaria on the outskirts of a wood close to the town of Braintree. As to Melanippe procellata, this in 1879 and 1880 was fairly common in a lane leading from Witham to Rivenhall Thicks. I have records of several specimens captured in those years, and in the latter year I bred a great number from larve taken in that lane on Clematis vitalba.— W. D. Canspate; Sunny Bank, South Norwood, S.H., Sept. 8th, 1900. SPILODES STICTICALIS NEAR Martpon.—Whilst working for Colias in a lucerne field near here, about 3 p.m. on Sept. 10th, I noticed a small moth hovering round a lucerne-flower. My surprise may be imagined when I found it ou capture to be a specimen of sticticalis in very fair condition. An hour’s subsequent work produced one more specimen, which I walked up out of the lucerne. Can any of your readers tell me whether the larva of this species has been found in England, and, if so, on what food-plant ?— (Rev.) Ginpert H. Raynor; Hazeleigh Rectory, Maldon, Sept. 14th, 1900. [The larva is stated to feed on Artemisia vulgaris in June and July.—Ep.] LIMENITIS SIBYLLA IN SuRREY.—On July 22nd I saw a specimen of L. sibylla on the wing near Haslemere, and heard that several had been taken in the neighbourhood.—W. J. Lucas; Sept. 8th, 1900. SYMPETRUM FLAVEOLUM.—Sympetrum flaveolum has been taken in one or two places. Odonatists should look out for it. The large amount of bright yellow can be seen on the wings when the insect is flying. Its flight is different from that of S. striolatum, with which it is generally found. It does not hover, but flits from plant to plant or from flower to flower something like a butterfly does. S. sanguineum flies in the same way ; but S. sanguineum is also a fairly good capture. I may add that S. flaveolum is again present on Ockham Common, Surrey, and has been taken by myself and H. EK. Annett. So far as I know, no females have been secured.—W. J. Lucas; 12, Caversham Road, Kingston-on-Thames, Sept. 8th, 1900. CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 273 CoLIAS EDUSA AND C. HYALE IN Enenanp, 1900. It will perhaps be remembered that the abundance of C. edusa in the autumn of 1892 was foreshadowed by the occurrence of one or more ex- amples of the species in various parts of the country at the end of May and the beginning of June of that year. In some of the localities C. edusa was accompanied in the autumn by C. hyale, but of this latter species very few specimens seem to have been noticed earlier in the year; only one record appears in the ‘ Entomologist.’ During the present year C. edusa was observed in June at Beachy Head, Sussex (12th); Devonport, Devon (22nd); Wiveliscombe, Somerset (23rd) ; Ringwood, Hants (23rd); and in a recent note Mr. H. O. Wells records a fine male specimen taken at Weston, Devon, on June 19th. Of C. hyale there is but one notice, but this mentions the capture of two specimens at Beachy Head on June 12th, and Mr. Colthrup informs us that he saw this species, as well as C. edusa, at Beachy Head about the middle of June last. Berxsutre.—On Aug. 18th I captured three specimens of this butterfly at Cumnor, Berks, and since that date have taken twenty (nineteen males and one female) flying over clover and along the roadside. I also obtained two C. hyale at Wootten.—Harotp TuHompson; Oxford. During August my son and I captured twenty specimens of C. hyale and two examples of C. edusa var. helice in Berkshire, not far from Streatley.—(Rev.) Arcarpatp Day; The Vicarage, Malvern Link. BREcKNOCcKSHIRE.—On August 18th I saw a specimen of C. edusa near Llangorse.—D. P. Turner. Bucks.—I captured a female specimen of C. hyale and saw C. edusa in a clover field, also noticed a male of the first-named species on the railway embankment, at Chorley Wood, on September 18th last.—(Rev.) F. A. WALKER. I captured two specimens each of C. edusa and C. hyale on August 25th in a field of lucerne at Chesham.—D. CuirrenpEN; 98, Court Hill Road, Lewisham, S.E. On August 19th I counted six specimens of C. edusa flying over a field of lucerne near Beaconsfield. Not having my net, was unable to make any captures.—W. H. Bastow; The Poplars, Spencer Road, Grove Park, W. CaMBRIDGESHIRE.—On August 14th I saw near Pampisford Station a single C. hyale among a lot of C. edusa, and missed it. Returning to the same place next morning I had the pleasure of taking a fine male; and on the 17th saw three others, and took one, near Whittlesford. This locality yielded another on the 18th. Hitherto it has only appeared singly, but C. edusa has been fairly plentiful on the same ground.—H. G. ALDERSsON ; Pampisford Vicarage, Aug. 23rd. CuEsHirE.—C. edusa has been fairly common about “The Cop” (river embankment) and adjacent clover fields on the right of the Dee below Chester. The first I saw was a fine female flying about a lucerne field, Aug. 17th. Up to to-day (Sept. 8th), when I obtained a male in very fair condition, quite a dozen, to my knowledge, have been captured, and others have been seen. ‘The colleague of the butterfly, Plusia gamma, has been unusually numerous.—J. ARKLE; Chester. ENTOM.—OCTOBER, 1900. QA 274 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. I saw one male specimen of C. edusa here (Burton), on September 6th, flying along the roadside.—(Rev.) C. A. SuapEn; Burton Vicarage, Chester. CornwaLL.—C. edusa was very abundant at Bude, males preponderating. Also at Boscastle and Tintagel—L. G. S. Raynor; 22, Gordon Place, Kensington, Sept. 18th, 1900. Drvon.—A fine male C. edusa was taken at Weston, near Sidmouth, on June 17th, 1900.—H. O. Wutts; Hurstfield, Gipsy Hill. C. edusa common almost everywhere. Have seen no C. hyale in my district, but have taken fourteen fine specimens of C. edusa var. helice.— (Rev.) W. J. Lerch Puittirs; The Cottage, Parkwood Road, Tavistock, Sept. 17th. During a visit to South Devon, from Aug. 9th to 18th, C. edusa was abundant at the following places:—Newton Abbot, Bovey Tracey, Star- cross, and Dawlish, and with it the var. helice occurred sparingly. (. hyale was not seen.—A, H. Hamm; 52, St. Mary’s Road, Oxford. My friend Mr. EK. Hill, of Lee, spent a few weeks at Ilfracombe, and in the course of four mornings’ collecting took twenty C. edusa (seventeen males, three females) and no C. hyale. He said C. edusa was very common, as were also Vanessa io and V. cardui, of each of which he showed me about twenty examples. Macroglossa stellatarum was also common.— F. M. B. Carr. C. edusa was common near Clovelly, Holsworthy, Crediton, Honiton, and Axminster.—L. G. S. Raynor, Sept. 13th, 1900. DrEvon anD CoRNwaLL.—On July 24th I noticed a couple of fine male C. edusa on the Cornish coast, a few miles west of St. Ives. The insect was fairly common during the second and third weeks of August at Taunton, sufficiently so to seem to point to a Colias “year.” With the exception of one specimen seen last September, I am not aware of its occurrence there for the last seven years.—J. B. Teruey: 5, Wilkinson Street, South Lambeth, 8.W., Sept. 13th, 1900. DorsrtsHirE.—On August 16th I found C. edusa very common along the coast between Abbotsbury and Bridport. I took one example of var. helice, and saw two other insects, which were either helice or C. hyale.— W. J. Lucas. C. edusa was present in large numbers during the early part of this week at West Lulworth, Dorset, where I took a good series of both males and females, the former being, however, much more numerous. I also took in the same place one specimen of var. helice, and two specimens of C. hyale. This last was far from common.—T. GoppARD WILLIAMS; The Neak, Danehill, Sussex, Sept. 18th, 1900. C. edusa was observed near Weymouth, Bridport, and Dorchester ; not common.—L. G. 8. Raynor; Sept. 13th, 1900. Essex.—These butterflies have appeared in the clover and lucerne fields here—C. hyale in considerable numbers, but C. edusa has been rarer. I took my first specimen of each on August 2nd, and they have occurred almost every day until the present date. My boys and self have captured about thirty C. hyale and ten C. edusa, including a fine primrose var. helice. I have a considerable number of eggs from two female C. hyale, laid on white clover—Epwarp A. Fircu; Maldon, Essex, Aug. 25th. My earliest date of capture for each of these species was Aug. 11th. Since then up till to-day, August 18th, I have taken in various lucerne and clover fields round here thirty-four C. hyale and ten C. edusa. Most of CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 75 them are in magnificent condition and evidently born on the spot, the only possible exception being a battered male C. edusa, which may have been ‘made in Germany.” One of the C. hyale has two of its wings so deformed as to render its flight over here from the Continent quite out of the question ; but its wings are not so badly deformed as in the case of one I took in 1875—within two hundred yards of the same spot—which could hardly fly at all. Ihave secured eggs of both species, C. edusa having paired in captivity. —(Rev.) Gitsertr H. Raynor; Hazeleigh Rectory, Maldon, Essex, Aug. 18th, 1900. P.S. (Sept. 14th).—On Sept. 12th I came across twelve specimens of C. edusa and four of C. hyale-on the railway banks near Felstead, Dunmow, and Easton Lodge. C. edusa occurred in Epping Forest on Sept. 14th; also Theela betula. I should be glad to know whether the latter insect is still considered com- mon in our forest.—ERNestT CoRNELL; 6, Vernon Road, Leytonstone. A young gardener of a relative of mine came across at least five or six specimens of C. Ayale in the corner of a field at Hatfield Broad Oak, and he succeeded in capturing a couple. This was nearly three weeks since.— (Rev.) F. A. Watker; Dun Mallard, Cricklewood, N.W., Sept. 7th, 1900. GLOUCESTERSHIRE.—C. edusa has been fairly plentiful in Gloucester- shire. I have seen many specimens in the Vale of Berkeley, and have heard of many others. I also had the great pleasure of seeing a pair of C. hyale, male and female, flying close to me in the parish of Standish the first week of this month.—(Rev.) ALex. Naso; Standish Vicarage, Stone- house, Gloucestershire, Sept. 19th, 1900. Hampsuire.—I took a specimen of C. edusa at Milton on the cliff, and saw another on the shore near, on August 11th. During the next day or two a few were seen near Brockenhurst; while at the beginning of this week the species was common at Christchurch.—W. J. Lucas; Aug. 17th, 1900. C. hyale and C. edusa are both common here; a few var. helice have also occurred. The weather, however, is so bad just now that it has quite stopped collecting them.—J. Hy. Fowrer; Ringwood, Sept. 3rd, 1900. C. edusa was plentiful at Sway, Hants, while [ was there, August 11th to 14th, and several specimens of var. helice and C. hyale were also caught. (Rev.) C. A. StaDEN; Burton Vicarage, Chester. Both C. edusa and C. hyale are abundant here this year, and, curiously, the pale variety of the latter seems more numerous than the ordinary sulphur yellow form.—ALBert May; Hayling Island, August 21st. Whilst at Calshot Castle, a friend, H. Harrison, and myself took nine specimens of C. edusa (five males and four females). These were captured as follows :—July 30th, one; Aug. 1st, one; Aug. 8th, two; Aug. 10th, five.—H. E. Annetr; Church Street, Walton-on-Thames. C. edusa was seen in the neighbourhood of Andover, but very spar- ingly.—L. G. S. Raynor; Sept. 13th, 1900. HerEFoRDSHIRE.—On August 14th I saw two specimens of C. edusa near Peterchurch. Single specimens were seen on the 15th and 16th near _ Bredwardine.—D. P. Turner; Sutton, Surrey, 190v. C. edusa has occurred sparingly; the cold and wet weather during the first fortnight of August is probably responsible for its limited numbers in this district.—J. b. Pinrxy; Hereford, Sept. 20th, 1900. Hertrorpsuire.—Both C. edusa and C. hyale have been abundant. Here at Watford, near Boxmoor, and at Tring (on the Aldbury side of the railway), I have taken both species. C. hyale has been the more numerous 276 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. of the two. In aclover field here I took one var. helice.—ARrtHuUR COTTAM; Eldercroft, Watford. Kent.—I captured a worn specimen of C. hyale in the Warren at Folkestone on July 8rd last—W. HE. Butter; Hayling House, Oxford Road, Reading, Aug. 12th, 1900. C. hyale is certainly much more common this year than I have ever known it to be before, for altogether, at different times, I have counted no less than twenty-seven on one small lucerne field, and eleven of these were netted. I have not seen C. edusa yet this season.—A. J. Mann; Lindenthorpe, Broadstairs, Aug. 13th, 1900. My brother and myself were at Herne Bay the early part of this month, where we took C. hyale, which was in great profusion, and C. edusa in some numbers, flying over lucerne fields. It was surprising to see how the male C. hyale outnumbered its fellows. We only took eight females, although we could have captured any number of males; and out of a dozen or so of C. edusa, only two were females. We did not meet with var. helice, which we took here in 1892, when C. edusa was so abundant. My brother also captured a fine pair of C. edusa at Weymouth about June 15th.—G. Ernest PEACHELL; High Wycombe, Bucks, August 26th. On August 29th C. edusa were flying freely on railway banks at Whit- stable, and on the same day I had the pleasure of taking eight freshly emerged C. hyale from a field of lucerne near Margate, where they were plentiful, but unfortunately kept to the centre of the field, and as a man was working there, I had to take them as opportunity offered. Journeying on to Folkestone, I found, on August 31st, that both C. edusa and C. hyale were plentiful, but worn. On Sept. 6th C. edusa and C. hyale were both flying on railway banks at Sidcup and Crayford; and on the 7th, when I went to the latter place specially to take them, not one was to be seen, although I saw them on the banks between Eltham and New Eltham Station as I passed in the train. By this it seemed they were gradually working up towards London. Railway banks seem to be a good medium for distributing them about the country.—C. W. Cotrarur; 127, Barry Road, East Dulwich, S.E. C. edusa is fairly common on the chalk-hills about Maidstone. C. hyale is very abundant, preferring the flowery meadows and waste places of the river valley (Medway).—J. L. Saxsy; Larkfield, Maidstone. I obtained eight examples of C. edusa, six of C. hyale, and two of Vanessa cardui in a lucerne field situated between Hithergreen and Bromley on August 18th.—D. CurrrenpEen; Court Hill Road, Lewisham, S.E. I noticed a male specimen of C. edusa in a railway cutting near Herne Bay on September 9th.—J. B. Trertey; 8, Wilkinson Street, South Lambeth, S.W. On August 17th I saw a specimen of C. edusa flying along the road- side near Cranbrook ; and on the 20th of the same month I had the pleasure of seeing two specimens of C. hyale at Horsmonden. One of the latter was disporting itself in a field of mixed growth, among which was a good deal of clover in patches ; the other was in a partly cleared clover field on higher ground. ‘They both managed to elude the net, and flew away into adjoin- ing hop fields, and I saw them no more.—RicHarp Souts; 96, Drakefield Road, Upper Tooting, S.W. C. edusa is now (Aug. 28rd) out at Folkestone, flying along the cliffs below the Lees and at the Warren.—Grorcre W. OLDFIELD; 21, Long- ridge Road, Karl’s Court, S.W, CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 277 My brother, Mr. F. Barton, took a fresh specimen of C. hyale on August 9th at Whitstable, and observed two others near Ramsgate a few days later. All were flying over clover fields—W. H. Barron; The Poplars, Spencer Road, Grove Park, Chiswick. While walking through a field. yesterday near Hithergreen, I saw two specimens of C. edusa. I had not my net with me, or I could easily have captured them, their flight being very languid.—W. J. Harris; 17, Micheldever Road, Lee, S.E., Sept. 17th. As far as [ have had an opportunity of judging, I should consider this a hyale more than an edusa year. One C. edusa was seen at Chelsfield on August 31st, and on the same day eight C. hyale at Shoreham. On Sept. 5th a single C. edusa was seen on Blackheath; whilst two days later a trip to Birchington-on-Sea produced fifteen C. hyale, mostly more or less worn; about fifteen others were seen, but only one edusa. An excursion to Brasted, Sept. 11th, was not productive of Colias, a battered C. hyale being the only one seer.—F. M. B. Carr; 46, Handen Road, Lee, S.E. Between August 11th and 17th last I captured at Hythe seventeen freshly emerged specimens of C. hyale and fourteen of C. edusa. Amongst the latter was a perfect example of var. helice, which fluttered up at my feet when I was crossing a stubble field. C. hyale appeared to be more plenti- ful than C. edusa in this locality. Vanessa atalanta and V. cardui were much scarcer than usual.—R. S. Mirrorp; 35, Redcliffe Square, South Kensington, Sept. 18th, 1900. Mrippiesex.—Having heard that C. hyale and C. edusa were to be found at Chorley Wood, I went there on Sept. 7th, but failed in my quest. On nearing home, however, just before my train slowed previous to drawing up at Kilburn and Brondesbury Metropolitan station, I had the mortifica- tion to note first C. hyale, and a moment later C. edusa, both butterflies apparently in good condition, flitting along the north side of the railway embankment.—(Rey.) F. A. Watkir, D.D.; Dun Mallard, Cricklewood, N.W., Sept. 7th, 1900. P.S.—Three specimens of C. edusa were seen by me on Sept. 13th on the railway embankment between Willesden Green and Brondesbury. During the last three weeks two of my friends and myself have caught, at Potters Bar, seventeen specimens of C. edusa, sixteen of C. hyale, and one helice.—T. H. Grosvenor; Boundary House, Hadley, Aug. 26th. Norrotx.—During August I took two examples of C. edusa, and the same number of specimens of C. hyale, on the cliffs near Mundesley, Nor- folk.—S. W. Kemp; 80, Oxford Gardens, Notting Hill, W. OXFORDSHIRE.—C. edusa and C. hyale have appeared in some numbers this year near Oxford, and Acherontia atropos promises to be plentiful. Since August 17th I have netted eight specimens of C. hyale at Cowley, Oxon.—Harotp THompson; 31, Beaumont Street, Oxford, August 31st, 1900. C. hyale is turning up in some abundance in this neighbourhood. I have myself taken four in a clover field at the foot of Watlington Hill on Aug. 17th. Six specimens were taken in the same field in 1893. I am not aware that the insect has been seen in the neighbourhood since; but this year I have seen it in three localities within five miles of this place.— (Rev.) Jounn W. B. Bett; Pyrton Vicarage, Watlington, Oxon. C. hyale and C. edusa have been fairly common here during August and September ; the latter species being the more numerous of the two. A. H. Hamm; 52, St. Mary’s Road, Oxford, Sept. 17th, 1900. 278 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. SHROPSHIRE.—I have had the satisfaction of once more taking C. edusa, an insect which I last saw alive at Torquay in 1876. I saw three specimens within three miles of this place on August 16th, and managed—though without my net—to capture two of them, a male and a female, both in good condition.—(Rev.) Caas. F. THorNEWILL; Calverhall Vicarage, Whitchurch, Salop. SOMERSETSHIRE.—I saw a splendid female C. edusa at Weston-super- Mare in August last. It settled on a flower, but as I was without a net at the time, I was unable to secure it.—Oscar Wauuittaker; Morelands, Heaton, Bolton. The observations on the occurrence of C. edusa in Somersetshire were made either by my brother or by myself:—Two in the town, Weston- super-Mare, Aug. 17th and 27th; one near the top of Dunkery Beacon, Aug. 30th; one on Exmoor (Somerset side), Sept. 3rd; twenty seen from the train on the embankments between Minehead and Taunton, Sept. 5th. BL): Briatuwayt; Weston-super-Mare, Sept. 10th, 1900. I spent the first three weeks of August at Bridgwater, and in a clover field near there we found C. edusa in fair numbers and very fine. Of ten females that we captured three were var. helice. We took only one C. hyale, and another was seen in the neighbourhood. C. edusa was also seen ou the sand-hills near Brean.—Artour Cottam, Eldercroft, Watford. On August 11th I captured thirty C. edusa near Pilning; and on the 15th obtained twenty-four, and saw perhaps another hundred. I also obtained one var. helice and three C. hyale. C. edusa has been very abundant in the neighbourhood, visiting suburban gardens, where heliotrope seemed to be its particular fancy.—H.S. Bisnop; 18, Cricklade Road, Bristol. SurroLk.—My nephew took C. hyale on Sept. 4th at Southwold. Henry A. Kine; 25, Haringay Park, Crouch End, N. Surrey.—On July 30th I saw, in a field at Worcester Park, Surrey, a specimen of C. hyale, but, having no net, I of course failed to catch it. C. W. Cotrarup; 127, Barry Road, Kast Dulwich, S.E., Aug. Ist, 1900. On Sept. 5th I went to a clover field between Cheam and Ewell in search of Colias. Between about 12.30 and 1.30 I took six C. hyale, and saw sevefal more. I stayed quite an hour after this, but did not see another specimen, nor did I see any CU. edusa. On the 6th I went to the same field again for a short time in the middle of the day, the only result being the capture of one C. hyale and one male C. edusa. No other speci- mens of either were seen. On Sept. 11th, after trying another tract of clover without success, I returned to the same place; five C. edusa were captured, four being males, but no C. hyale were seen. Two of my specimens of C. hyale are very small. A friend took a specimen of C. hyale at Belmont in August.—D. P. Turner; Sutton, Surrey, 1900. I have seen a specimen of C. edusa flying in a garden here this season, and have captured a Macroglossa stellatarum in the same place.—J. C. Warsure; Albury, Surrey, Sept. 9th, 1900. I saw more than one example of C. edusa, on July 31st last, in a clover field some little distance behind Box Hill Station.—G. Sparks ; 1, Christ- church Villas, Tooting. One example of each sex of C. edusa was taken on August 11th on the Hogg’s Back, about half-way between Guildford and Farnham ; and I know for certain that two specimens have been seen at Walton-on-Thames. H. G. Annetr; Walton-on-Thames. CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 279 Within a two and a half mile radius of Newdigate I found C. hyale and C. edusa flying about over four clover fields; they were not plentiful, but they were in fair numbers. I caught about twelve C. hyale and twenty C. edusa. Some friends whom I took to the localities captured about five of each. I doubtless could have got many more had I had the time. I saw a few C. edusa on the road between Horley and Three Bridges. From August 10th to the 20th they were most plentiful; but I saw a few yesterday (Sept. 6th)— Herbert BeapNeLt; Fernside, Redhill, Surrey, Sept. 7th. The only specimen of C. edusa that I have seen near here was one at Puttenham on Sept. 6th.—W. J. Lucas; 12, Caversham Road, Kingston- on-Thames. Sussex.— Whilst collecting at Arundel last Sunday, Aug. 19th, I saw four specimens of C. edusa, two of which I captured, both males; they are in beautiful condition. I also took one V. cardwi the same day, and one P. monacha at rest on a beech-tree. On August 26th I took a fine male specimen of C. hyale flying by the roadside near Arundel.—Henry K. GARRETT; 3, Brewer's Green Mews, Victoria Street, Westminater, S.W., Sept. 14th, 1900. I saw ten examples of C. hyale, of which I took four very fine specimens (three miales and one female), on the downs behind Gompting, between August 16th and 18th; they were confined to a small stretch of the downs, about two hundred yards long, bordered by a thick hawthorn hedge. C. edusa was very abundant in a cornfield, about a quarter of a mile away from the above locality. It also occurred plentifully in many localities within a five mile radius of Worthing.—H. Worstry-Woop; 31, Agate Road, West. C. edusa and C. hyale were common in clover fields around Hooe, near Pevensey, in the latter half of August. I took nine specimens of the last- named species, and one example of C. edusa var. helice. I may mention that last year I captured seven specimens of C. hyale near Broadstairs, and two C. edusa at Sidmouth.—Lewis L. Turner; 131, Melbourne Grove, East Dulwich, S.E. C. hyale has been the butterfly of the year in this locality. My brother, Mr. Frederick Anderson, has taken many fine specimens, and three or four have also been captured by my friend Mrs. Fogden at Apuldram during the first fortnight of August. My brother also took a beautiful example of var. helice here on August 17th. Although C. edusa has been, and is, at the time of writing (August 20th), very abundant, some visiting the garden even, this is the only speeimen of var. helice of which I have cognizance in this neighbourhood.—JosrpH ANDERSON ; Chichester. I found both species very abundant near Littlehampton, August 10th to 20th, taking forty-eight C. edusa, one var. helice, and eighty-four C. hyale, besides seeing many more.—RusseLtt E. James; 18, Onslow Gardens, Highgate. WEs?TMORELAND.—I had already penned a note on C. edusa to the effect that five male specimens had been caught, and otliers seen, during the latter part of August; but I now have the pleasure of being able to record that it is being taken in considerable numbers amongst the clover and stubble of a cornfield recently cut close to Kendal. ‘Though it is a revelation to me, there is not the slightest doubt that the specimens now being caught are the progeny of immigrant females, all being in perfect condition, and one or two having been taken with the wings still limp after 280 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. emergence. It is some years since the species has been noticed in the district. On Sept. 12th and 13th I caught thirteen at Ford, near Shrews- bury, but they were somewhat worn.—(Rev.) A. M. Moss; 12, Greenside, Kendal. Wixts.—C. edusa and one specimen of C. hyale were seen near Salisbury.—L. G. 8. Raynor; Sept. 13th, 1900. RECENT LITERATURE. Insecta Transvaaliensia ; a Contribution to a Knowledge of the Entomology of South Africa. By W. L. Distant, author of ‘ Rhopalocera Malayana,’ &c.; assisted by many Specialists. Published by W. L. Distant, Highfield, Upper Warlingham, Surrey. Part I. June, 1900. Durine his four years’ residence in the Transvaal—the preliminary results of the earlier part of which were published in one of his other works—Mr. Distant paid much attention to Entomology, and formed a considerable collection of insects. The work before us is expected to extend to twelve quarto parts, each containing twenty-four pages of letterpress, with two coloured plates; and three parts are promised annually till the whole is completed. It is proposed to enumerate all the species described from the Transvaal, and the book will contain descriptions and figures of a large number of new species. While not ignoring the work of others, it will be based chiefly on Mr. Distant’s own collections; and the uniformity of the African Fauna, from the Cape to the Zambesi (and, Mr. Distant might have added, of all Kastern, Southern, and Central Africa, to Somali, Abyssinia, and the Lake District of Central Africa), will make the book of great value for the elucidation of the Entomology of Southern and HKastern Africa generally. The first part contains the commencement of the Orthoptera, comprising the letterpress descriptive of the Forficulide, and the commencement of the Blattide; and two plates, one devoted to the two families already mentioned, and the other to the Phasmida. These have been carefully drawn by Mr. Horace Knight, under the supervision of Mr. Distant himself. There is a very full account of the habits, &c., of Forficulide and Blattide by Mr. Distant, and of the distribution of the Ethiopian species by Mr. Malcolm Burr. The systematic portion is by Mr. W. F. Kirby, and the descriptions of the new species have previously appeared in the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History.’ The Blattide figured exhibit a variety of form and colour which many people would hardly expect in ‘black beetles.” The number of apterous species, or species with apterous females, is very considerable in Africa, and thus the dissimilarity of the sexes in African Blattide adds considerably to the difficulties of their study. The plate of Phasmide also exhibits a variety of interesting species, two of which are remarkable for the curious appendages on the head. We believe that the second part of this meritorious work will be devoted to Moths. (Entom.,, Pl. VI., 1900.) PLATE Ii. Tagner. By permission of Frankenstein & W Ajter Obernetter. THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vou. XXXIII. NOVEMBER, 1900. [No. 450. TWO ABERRATIONS OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. Argynnis adippe, 3 (upper figure).—Taken in Kent, on July 17th last, by Mr. R. S. Mitford, to whom I am indebted for the loan of the specimen to figure. Mr Frohawk’s drawing so admirably exhibits the aberrant characters of this pretty variety, that it is only necessary to say that the under surface of the hind wings is buff in colour, and the submarginal series of spots red- dish brown; the large spots on basal area are silvery, and there are two or three silvery markings towards the anal angle. A somewhat similar aberration of the female of this species (A. aglata in error) is figured Entom. xv. pl. i. figs. 2, 2a, pp. 50, 142. Lycena bellargus, ¢ (lower figure)—Taken at Folkestone during July last. The under surface is whitish clouded with grey, and there are orange lunules at the outer extremities of ENTOM.—NOVEMBER, 1900. 2B 282 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. the black bars on hind wings. Mr. Sabine, who has kindly lent the specimen for figuring, states that it was captured by Mr. Barlow, whilst he was netting a few L. bellargus for a friend in London. This aberration is parallel with one of L. icarus figured by Newman, Brit. Butt. p. 128. Ricuarp Sours. NOTE ON THE OVIPOSITION OF PARNASSIUS APOLLO. By T. A. Carman, M.D. Tue keel or pouch of female Parnassius seems now to be well understood as a structure added by the male during pairing, but what its use is seems to be still quite unknown. At least, I can find no satisfactory observation or suggestion on the matter. One surmises that it must be of some use in ovipositing. I made a point on several occasions this summer of watching apollo to detect the mode of oviposition, if possible. I only succeeded in seeing one egg laid, and that I could not find on searching. ‘The way in which it was deposited was, however, very suggestive. The butterfly alighted on a dead stalk, some six or seven inches above the earth, not on or very near any Sedum, and then ejected an egg in such a forcible way that it fell, perhaps, an inch and a half away from the spot immediately beneath the insect. A solitary observation is, perhaps, too small a basis to theorise on; but, as the egg lies unhatched all winter, the object would be to send it with some force, so that it would get into some sheltered corner. The mode by which the jerk is communicated would probably be by the egg being pressed against the pouch, the elasticity of which would give it a jerk when it slipped free. The egg has a flat base, by which it probably becomes attached when that surface touches any object. In searching for any account of the oviposition of Parnassius, I find perfunctory allusions to it, implying that there is nothing unusual in method of egg laying. The fullest reference I find in W. H. Edwards’s account of P. smintheus, where several different observers note the butterfly as laying freely on various objects, and especially on anything in preference to the food-plant. He quotes two observers who saw the butterfly laying eggs, and who note nothing peculiar about it. It may be, therefore, perhaps, that my observation was of an unusual occurrence—it suggests the desirability of further observations. Betula, Reigate: Sept. 1900. 285 SYNOPSIS OF EXPERIMENTS IN HYBRIDIZATION AND TEMPERATURE MADE WITH LEPIDOPTERA UP TO THE END OF 1898.* By Pror. Dr. Max Sranpruss. Prats II. (Entom. Plate VI.). (Continued from p. 167.) 5. On rare occasions aberrations were produced by these warmth and cold experiments, i.e. forms arose, which, although not confined to any particular season or locality, are found as great rarities in a state of nature sporadically all over the district inhabited by the species in question, either in similar forms or near approaches thereto ; forms were also obtained by these ex- periments which should no doubt be included in this category, but which have not yet been discovered in a state of nature. We shall return to the nature of these forms later. For example, by means of cold an eyeless form of Vanessa io was obtained; also characteristic aberrative forms of V. urtice and V. polychloros; and by warmth, V. antiopa occasionally developed a very much broadened yellow border, V. cardui and V. polychloros also giving rise to aberrations. These aberrations were more generally obtained when the effect of the warmth and cold experiments were especially extreme ; so that, on account of these observations, I came to the conclusion, as long ago as 1894, in my pamphlet, ‘ The Causes of Variation and Aberration in the Imaginal Stage of Butterflies’ (Ent. Zeitschr. Guben, 1894, Sept. 15th, pp. 102, 103) :—‘‘ Therefore it is highly probable that a large number of the aberrations found in a state of nature, the reasons for whose occurrence has hitherto been unknown, have been caused by abnormal temperature conditions, which affected the pupal stage”; and that it would appear to be necessary to complete the former experiments by introducing temperatures of over + 40° C. and under 0° C. In fact, the results of these further experiments were correctly foretold by me in the year 1895 in the large Handbook, pp. 291 and 292, before these experiments were in any way commenced. The results obtained confirm these predictions in the highest degree. We now come to the second series of temperature experi- ments—heat and frost experiments. The temperatures used, + 40° to + 45° C., on the one hand, and 0° to —18°—occasionally — 20° C.—on the other, were, as * Translation continued by E. M. Dadd. 2B2 284 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. already stated, only intermittently applied, as they could only be borne for short periods (in most of the many experiments for two periods per day of two hours each for three to six days) ; between the exposures and after same, and until emer- gence, the pupe were kept at the ordinary daily temperature. In the heat and frost experiments the greater part of the material experimented with remained unchanged; only the smallest proportion of them departed in any way from the normal type, and, most curiously, this portion was of equal value in both heat and frost experiments. The same or almost similar forms were obtained at —15° to —20° C. as at + 40° to +45° C., that is, in both aberrations arose. These strange results lead to the question—In what way do these frost and heat experiments work ? Observation shows that if a large series of pupx be exposed for two hours twice a day for three days in the frost apparatus to a temperature of about — 12° C., the imagines were not de- layed only the six hours, during which the pupe were in the frost apparatus, but were delayed days. It is also remarkable, that by substituting +44° C. for —12° C. analogous results were ob- tained. High temperatures by no means hasten matters, as one would be inclined to suppose, but mostly interrupt the develop- ment, often delaying the same long over the extent of the time of exposure. This retarded development under very high temperatures was most noticeable when a species, whose one generation hybernates as pup, had the pup of its summer generation submitted to about + 44°C. Then a certain proportion of the pupe do not emerge as a second generation, but hybernate, and give the following spring imagines of the normal type of the first genera- tion. This took place with broods, the remainder of which, left under normal conditions, emerged all in the second generation. The interruption in the development became in this case per- manent, and the forced exstivation passed directly over into the normal hybernation of the following generation. It may also be mentioned here, which is under the circumstances more compre- hendable, that in frost experiments with summer pupe of species with two generations, a certain percentage according to the degree and length of the frost action do not reach a second generation, but hybernate. . We have thus to first answer the question—How do these frost and heat experiments work? They arrest development, and put the insect into a state of lethargy, whereas there were no such interruptions in the warmth and cold experiments. But a further important difference exists between these two series of experiments. Cold and warmth experiments resulted in a change in the whole of the material under different treatment in different directions and degrees, whereas with uniform treat- EXPERIMENTS IN HYBRIDIZATION AND TEMPERATURE. 285 ment a certain line is always followed without much variation between individuals. A specific line of development such as was obtained by cold experiments was never evolved by the same species by warmth experiments, nor was the obverse ever obtained. It was plainly a case of direct influence. It was very different’ with frost and heat experiments. In this case the whole of the material experimented with was never influenced in one direction differing from the normal type. Firstly, it must be remembered that it was the rule for the greater part to remain unaltered in any way; secondly, among those that were influenced, even though, for certain individual groups, a number of regularities were observable in the variations, yet the one group as compared with another would often enough vary in an entirely different direction, even in one and the same experiment. Moreover, at minus temperatures, after a certain limit had been reached even at great divergences--for example, —8° to — 18° C.—qualitatively the same variations were obtained, although not in the same percentage; this was also the case with extreme degrees of heat. In the cold and warmth experiments, on the other hand, a very few degrees were sufficient, if con- stantly applied, to create vastly different forms. We even find that the influence of heat on certain species of Vanessa will solely produce forms which are certainly equivalent to certain forms obtained by frost experiments, as the differences which up to the present could be detected between aberrations obtained by the influence of heat and certain aberrations obtained by the influence of frost are overborne by the preponderance of simi- larity in the structure of these two forms, and may perhaps be entirely removed by further studies. From all these facts it follows that the second answer to the question, ‘‘In what way do these heat and frost experiments work ?”’ is: They have no direct influence, but indirect, owing probably to the fact that through the state of lethargy brought about by them, conditions act which cause a variation in the future insect in a particular direction; and it is quite immaterial for the setting up of this line of development whether the period of lethargy is caused by frost, by heat, and perhaps also by any other hindering influence. Now, what deductions do we draw from the aberrations ? What can we think of them? We have as yet given no explana- tion of them, but only indicated that they are forms which, although not confined to any locality or time of appearance, are found in a state of nature, generally as great rarities, here and there in the territory inhabited by the species, This says nothing as to their real essence, 286 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. If only certain species of the genus Vanessa had been used for analysing this problem, it would have been on a casual examina- tion a tempting speculation to suppose, taking as a basis certain highly darkened aberrative forms resembling each other, that aberrations were retrogressions in the direction of an ancient type, having characteristics common to these species. There are, however, such important reasons against the acceptance of this view that it certainly cannot be correct. One of these reasons is that in these aberrations the males are not only much more numerous than the females, but are also inclined to the most extreme development; whereas we know by experience that the female sex is far more inclined to atavism. The most important reasons which preclude the possibility of the variations being atavistic are grounded on phylogenetic considerations. In considering the genus Vanessa and the re- lated nymphalids Argynnis and Melitea, we must reach the con- clusion that this is not a case of primarily black or dark-coloured ground colour and secondary light brown and yellow, which would be the result if we were to consider these darkened aber- rations as atavisms, but, on the contrary, primarily yellow or light brown ground colours with secondary superposition of darker markings. We have right amongst palearctic Vanesside two species which show the phylogenetic progress from light brown ground colours with dark markings to a predominating dark brown ground colour in a seasonal dimorphic form, viz. V. levana, L., and the related Siberian V. burejana, Brem. If, however, the aberrations cannot be considered as forms tending in an atavistic direction, what are they ? Regarding the influence of the experiment, they cannot be considered as the direct result of this influence, but solely as a frequent but by no means constant accompaniment. The direct result of the experiments is lethargy, interruption of the develop- ment, at a stage of life-history when important changes in the structure of the body have naturally a fundamental influence on the colour garb of the imago. These interruptions destroy the continuity of the normal development, which holds, so to speak, the individual fettered, driving it forward in a certain direction ; when the further development continues, a portion of the indivi- duals—in fact, the majority—continue in the usual direction; a few, however, diverge from the normal direction of development, as if thrown off the rails by the interruption. It is therefore a case of a relatively independent progressive development of the individual, and therefore with a stamp of great variation between individuals. The aberrations therefore indicate, firstly, individual colour anomalies in a new direction (at least in most cases). But still another side of their character presents itself; if we EXPERIMENTS IN HYBRIDIZATION AND TEMPERATURE. 287 compare them with the types, which in the cold and warm ex- periments were proved undoubtedly to be the direct results of these moderate high and low temperature influences, we find that a considerable number of the latter actually exist as local or seasonal forms, or that the variation lies in the line of the phylogenetic development of these forms, backwards or forwards. This is quite the reverse of the aberrations; they diverge entirely from such lines of development, and—this seems to be the second peculiarity of the character—do not vary on the lines of the normal line of the phylogenetic development of the species. It was certainly not the sole purpose of these heat and frost experiments to obtain aberrations, but by this means to follow up two questions of scientific interest, and if possible to answer same. Firstly, what factors in nature cause the appearance of aberrations, which as to their appearance in free nature and characters form such obscure problems? And secondly, are these new forms; is the aberrative coloration transmitted to the progeny ? In order to answer the first question, the experi- ments were conducted in a methodical manner. Whoever carefully investigates large and the largest collec- tions, cannot deny the fact that aberrations appear in years with many strong temperature variations, or from localities in which sharp changes are a common occurrence ; for example, in certain mountain valleys, particularly in the Alps. Perhaps the true reason is to be found in the important and lasting reduction of temperature caused by storms, especially when accompanied in flat regions by hail, and in mountainous regions by snow-storms; at least this appears to be the con- clusion to be drawn on the one side. Experiments were therefore made with 0° and —2° in various ways, so that the most extreme variations of temperature which could happen in such cases should be imitated; but the result of all these experiments was absolutely nil, in spite of the large number of individuals dealt with. Only by the repeated application of —5° were a few aberra- tions obtained. It is apparent that a repeated occurrence of —5° during the warmer portions of the year is out of the question. Still less a repeated occurrence of —8°, —9°, —12°C., &c., under which conditions experimental aberrations were constantly obtained, although only few in number. Another fact which must be well borne in mind, is that this result was only obtained with species whose whole life-history from ovum to imago is achieved during the warm portions of the year, and which hybernate as ima- gines; but this was not the case, at least as far as present 288 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. experiments have gone, with species which hybernate in the larval stage. One must now consider the alternative as to whether the aberrations are caused by extreme high temperatures. In these experiments, conditions which could possibly happen in nature were, as nearly as possible, adhered to, and in this case the experiments * were not without result, although much less material was used. * In 1898 the heat experiments were continued in great numbers with + 42° to + 44° C.; firstly in January and February with hybernated pupe of Papilio podalirius, L., P. machaon, L., Thais cerisyi var. deyrolleit, Obthr., Polyommatus amphidamas, Esp., and Vanessa levana, L. I was successful in obtaining a few aberrations sensw strictioré of all these species. Thais v. deyrollet produced especially striking forms. Plate I. fig. 7 shows an aberration of Papilio podalirius, L. (hybernated pupe from Sitten, Canton of Valais) thus obtained, which shows an increase in the dark markings in some place on the fore wings in a blurred manner. The black markings both on the upper and under sides of the fine female Thais var. deyrollei, Obthr. (Pl. I. fig. 9), are also very much increased over the normal form. This aberration was frequently obtained by the heat experi- ments. The female of the Amasin local form of Thais cerisyz, B. (Pl. II. fig. 1), is not so much darkened, but still differs a good deal from the ordinary form. Pl. I. fig. 10, and Pl. II. figs. 2 and 8, show abnormal coloured specimens of Polyommatus amphidamas, Esp., from hybernated pupx from Leipzig, also in increased darkening; the under sides of these individuals show a partial lengthening of certain rows of spots into rays. In contradiction to the above-named aberrations of Papilios and Poly- ommatus amphidamas, a Lycenid; the nymphalid V. levana, L. (Leipzig), shows a reduction of the black brown markings; as will be seen (PI. I. fig. 11, and Pl. II. fig. 4), at least as far as these heat experiments with hybernated pupz go, I could not obtain opposite variations, or, in fact, variations in any other direction. The males of Thais var. deyrollei, Obthr., in apposition to their females, showed an inclination to a reduction of the dark markings, which will be seen by PI. I. fig. 8). These experiments filled up a considerable blank in the former ones. From May until August a continuation of the heat experiments was made with summer pupz. V. antiopa, L., resulted in a number of ab. hygiea, Hdrch., as well as intermediate forms; two characteristic specimens of these forms are shown (Pl. II. figs. 5 and 6). According to present experience, these aberrations were most frequently attained by a temperature of + 42° to + 44° C. applied three to five conse- cutive days, four times a day, each application lasting one hour; the best result was seven aberrations among forty individuals. The change from daily temperature to heat, as in all these heat experiments, was sudden, as also the return to ordinary temperature at the conclusion of the application. V. cardwi, L., produced two ab. elymi, Rbr., one of which is shown (Pl. II. fig. 7); V. atalanta a typical ab. klemensiewiczi, Schille (Pl. II. fig. 8), and an intermediate. Several very extreme forms of ab. ichnusoides, Sel. Long., were obtained from V. wrtice, L., as well as intermediates; a specimen of the first is figured (Pl. II. fig. 9), and an intermediate (Pl. II. fig. 10). V.%o, L., pro- duced a few ab. belisaria, Obthr., very highly developed from individuals of the second generation from Ziirich (Pl. II. fig. 11). Vanessa var. prorsa, L., in all the large series exposed produced, first, as the earliest emergences of EXPERIMENTS IN HYBRIDIZATION AND TEMPERATURE. 289 It is sufficient for a pupa, of species not only hybernating as imagines, but also as larve, to be submitted to a temperature of +42° to +45° C for two hours, on two, three, or four con- secutive days, while it is in a sensitive stage, to eventually produce an aberration. This will most easily happen in steep mountain slopes or on the face of cliffs, but it might also happen on dark tree trunks, boards, stones, or under leaves, which lie close to a good heat conductor. In breeding, also, pupe which are placed in a green- house or other outhouse, or even in a room, where the sun can reach them, may be subjected to a similar temperature, which is a very natural explanation of the extraordinary aberrations which are bred now and then to the great wonder of the entomologist. One point which confirms the validity of this explanation of natural aberrations is, that the aberrations hitherto obtained by the heat experiments all correspond to those found in nature, whereas the aberrations resulting from frost experiments are often forms which have probably never been observed in a state of nature. In order to show the conformity of heat forms with those found on nature, compare the experimentally obtained aberrations figs. 2, 4, 6, 8, with the natural forms 1, 3, 5, 7, which are placed side by side on Pl. IV. of ‘Experim. zoolog. Studien.’ The results of these heat experiments* allow the conclusion that the typical aberrations of the nymphalids, that is, about 80-90 per cent. of all known aberrations, are brought about in a state of nature by the occasional action of high degrees of heat, +40° to +45°. And now for the last question raised by these temperature ~ each brood, only normal v. prorsa, L., but later on ab. porima, O., and very sparingly, several aberrations in very different directions of development (see Pl. II. figs. 13 and 14). The original of fig. 14 is such an extraordinary individual that one does not know at first to what species to relegate it. Each series ended, generally after a pause, in several very large typical levana. A number of pupe stood over and produced in the spring of 1899 thoroughly typical V. levana, L. The experiments with V. polychloros, L., were not continued in 1898, as a number of fine ab. testwdo, Esp., were produced in the heat experiments of 1897 (cfr. Exp. zool. Stud. Pl. IV. figs. 2 and 9). A female of the latter is shown (Pl. II. fig. 12), as females of this beautiful aberration are very hard to obtain through these experiments in faultless condition and in such ex- treme development can hardly be known in a state of nature. ** As the continuance of the heat experiments in 1898 shows (compare the previous footnote}, the conclusion arrived at as to the cause of aberrations sensu strictiore in nature of the nymphalids is not only confirmed by further results, but is also shown to be true for a number of Papilionide and one Lycenid (Polyommatus amphidamas, Esp.), so that a general agreement seems probable. 290 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. experiments. Will the new forms which have been obtained by these experiments be capable of reproduction ? Qualitatively, the best material for this purpose would be the above-mentioned phylogenetic progressive forms obtained by these warmth and cold experiments. Their coloration has undoubtedly been directly influenced by the experiment, and the forms in question, having never been noticed in a state of nature, they are individuals with acquired new characters. The use of these forms has, however, as far as the present experiments have gone, been prevented, as the individuals obtained have never shown sufficient energy ; they had certainly suffered by the experiment. Especially the most extreme forms, which would have been most fitted for these heredity experiments, had generally badly deve- loped wings ; blood oozed from several places, so that they were absolutely useless for the purpose of continuous flight. Besides the wings, the claws on the feet of the extreme forms were, as a rule, badly developed, and absolutely useless for holding on with. . One was therefore reduced, on the one hand, to the coloration anomalies and aberrations, which were only an indirect result of the influences applied, but whose anomalies, on the other, never occur without such experimental influences amongst countless thousands of individuals, and which constitute, like the first, new forms, only with greater individual differences, and partly in quite different directions. The experiments showed that only the frost experiments produced a great number of these forms with full energy, so that only material obtained by this means was used for the experiment. Further, it seemed advisable to first make these experiments with the Vanessa species feeding on nettle, on account of the comparative ease of cultivating large quantities of this plant in large pots. V. c-album, V. urtice, V. cardu, and V. atalanta were all equally serviceable; they all live, as a rule or occasionally, on nettle, and, moreover, these species were especially suitable, as in our latitude they constantly occur in two generations. Finally, I was unfortunately only able to get a sufficient quantity of imagines for this experiment of V. urtice, in all from not less than 8231 pupe. Sufficient room for the experiment was kindly placed at my disposal by Herr Dr. G. Stebler, in a portion of a growing-house for the Seed Control Station. Good ventilation was assured by replacing some of the panes of glass by wire screens. Four immense tubs and other articles containing full-grown nettles, which had been cultivated the previous year, as well as a lot of pots containing flowering pinks, completed the furnishing of the small room, to which the sun had good access, Arrange- EXPERIMENTS IN HYBRIDIZATION AND TEMPERATURE. 291 ments were also made for shading appropriately portions of the room. On Whit Monday, June 7th, 1897, the first abnormal V. urtice were introduced, and so on until June 15th—in all forty-two specimens, thirty-two males and ten females. The males were without exception very extreme forms, with entirely black hind wings on the upper side; only two females belonged to this form, the remaining eight possessed blue mar- ginal spots, and partly also more or less brown ground colour at the anal angle of the hind wing; certainly a very small number of females, when one considers that they formed the entire female aberrations from more than eight thousand pupe. It was interesting to note during the following weeks how quickly the small creatures accustomed themselves to their ’ keeper, and lost all their fear of him, and how in certain directions they exhibited intelligence and remembrance; for example, immediately on his entry into the breeding house they fluttered to the ground, as they had quite apparently noted that his entry was symbolical of a drink, as, to take care of their thirst, I was in the habit of sprinkling the ground with water. The 25th of June had arrived, and, in spite of the most eareful observation, no pairing was noted, but the room was only visited between the hours of 8.30 a.m. and 7 p.m. All kinds of love-games were indulged in, but, as already said, no real pairing. It must, however, have taken place, as, on June 26th, I was pleased to see a cluster of eges on the under side of a nettle-leaf, and during the following days eight females, amongst them the most abnormally coloured ones, were observed laying eggs. How many eggs were laid by each female on an average could not be ascertained, as for many days one after another they were laid on different leaves. It cannot, however, have been less than two hundred, as more than two thousand larve developed, in spite of the fact that two of the ten females met an untimely end through spiders. Among them, unfortunately, was the less extreme of the two extreme forms. Probably she had laid no eggs, as the ovarium was full of eggs, and she was never observed ovipositing. From July 2nd the larve emerged, and at first were allowed to feed freely on the nettle, but were later on placed in airy breeding-cases. The brood of the most abnormal female was kept separate, and reared from the commencement by itself. Unhappily, one of the many infectious diseases known under the collective name of Flacherie, shortly appeared, so that of all the broods only the strongest and most quickly developed individuals reached the pupal stage: in all, 493 specimens. These did not all produce imagines, as some were attacked by 292, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. ichneumons, Pteromalus sp., and others, died of the disease in this stage. The brood of the most abnormal female, reared with the greatest care, produced only fifty-two pup, which are included in the 493 before mentioned. On July 21st the imagines emerged till 27th, altogether two hundred specimens; amongst them the first specimens of the brood of the most abnormal female. All these specimens were entirely and thoroughly normal. On July 28th appeared one variety (cfr. Exp. zool. Stud. pl. v. fig. 4), and on July 31st and Aug. Ist, each one more, differing from the normal form, but not very abnormally. On Aug. 5th, among the last imagines from this experiment, a very aberrative specimen emerged (cfr. Exp. zool. Stud. pl. v. fig. 5), as the previous three, also the progeny of the most abnormal female. It was also a male. The result of heredity experiments with abnormal forms obtained by the frost experiments—the whole material from emerged imago through egg, larva and pupa to imago being treated as far as is known to perfectly normal conditions—is as follows :— 1. Two of the ten females experimented with did not produce offspring. 2. The small portion of the broods of probably seven females which reached maturity reverted entirely to the normal form. 3. An eighth pair, from which only forty-three specimens were obtained, resulted in one well and three slightly developed aberrations, in the direction of the parental aberration. 4, These four individuals are all males. 5. Only the most abnormal female—the thirty-two males, as already stated, were about of equal merit as far as their abnor- mal characters are concerned—transmitted its newly acquired characters more or less to a small portion of its offspring. The possibility of transmitting these anomalies seems to be condi- tional on the extent of the anomaly. 6. As this experiment, on account of the outbreak of disease, was very incomplete, it is desirable to repeat same again, with plenty of material. However, the facts obtained may be considered of great im- portance for estimating the influence which natural factors con- tribute to the alterations of living organisms, especially when one considers that the same individual which we have here produced from the brood of abnormal parents never occurs amongst countless thousands of creatures of normal parentage, which have been subjected to exactly the same conditions. (To be continued.) 293 NOTES ON SOME SINHALESE RHYNCHOTA. By G. W. Kirxkavpy, F.E.S. Fam. Treticgonipm {[—Jassipm, auctt.]. Nirvana, gen. nov. Belonging to subfam. Jassine. Head porrect, plane, nearly twice so long as pronotum, the lateral margins parallel so far as ocelli, subsequently very gently convergent, apex subangular. Eyes longer than wide, produced basally over the anterior margin of the pronotum, which is somewhat wider than the base of the vertex; ocelli small, indistinct, situated on the lateral margins of the vertex, at about half their length from the base. Posterior margin of head concave; frons slightly concave. Antenne simple, very long. Scutellum slightly shorter than pronotum. Anterior coxe free. Type N. pseudommatos, Kirkaldy. The only example of the typical (and only) species that I have seen is macropterous; the tegmina and wings are longer than the abdomen, but the neuration is very feeble. The claval suture is well marked, though it ends abruptly just before it should reach the lateral margin of the tegmen; there are no other tegminal nervures except three indistinct longitudinal on the membrane (which is not sutured off from the rest of the tegmen). Nirvana may be placed provisionally near the American genus Spangbergiella, Signoret. N. PSEUDOMMATOS, sp. Nn. Hyaline; eyes yellowish brown, pronotum and scutellum tinged with stramineous. In the middle line of the vertex, close to the anterior margin, isa large round blackish brown spot, from which proceeds a thin median line of the same colour, terminating at the base (“‘apex”’ auctt.) of scutellum; along the lateral margins of the head (except apically) is a line of the same colour, con- tinued (in the same straight line) on the pronotum. Tegmina hyaline, sparingly punctured, the punctures scantily piliferous ; membrane pale salmon-coloured, a large round submedian spot and the apical margin blackish brown; three faint fascie# on the corium of the same colour. Ventral surface whitish; apex of posterior tibiz and first segment of posterior tarsi blackish. Length 4} mill. Pundaluoya (July, 1898, E. E. Green). I have only one specimen, unfortunately, of this pretty but fragile little Tetigoniid, and have therefore not risked a detailed examination of the genitalia, &c., hoping to receive later a séries. A coloured representation (as also of the other new species) will appear in another place; in the meantime the characteristic form—not unlike that of Hecalus, Stal—the feebly developed “nervural”’ system and the remarkable colouring, hyaline and 294 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. colourless with a membranal black spot encircled by pale salmon, will at once distinguish it from any of its allies. TETIGONIA ALBIDA (Walker). Peradeniya, January, 1900 (EK. E. Green). Reg. No. 102. ‘Makes itself a great nuisance, swarming round lamps in the rooms at night” (HK. EK. Green in litt. 5 (ii.), 1900. This pretty little species, which has been kindly identified by my friend Dr. Melichar, is widely distributed, having been recorded previously from North Australia, the Philippines, ‘‘ British India,’’ Madagascar, Senegambia, Kaffraria, and Cape of Good Hope. It is figured by Signoret, 1858, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (8) 1. pl. 21, f. 3. Trriconta Kaurpasa, sp. n. Belongs to subgenus Diedrocephala, Spinola. Head sub- acutely triangular, vertex slightly concave, basal half very nar- rowly sulcate. Pale green, an angularly arched fascia on the vertex, two concentric roundly arched fasciz on the pronotum, each of which is continued on to the clavus, meeting the claval suture; two fairly straight fasciz on the corium (sometimes a little irregular), bright scarlet (im one specimen orange-yellow). Membrane sometimes infuscate. Ventral surface pale yellowish green. Length 44-5¢ mill. Pundaluoya (April, 1898, EH. EH. Green). This handsome little scarlet-and-green species is interesting as belonging to the subgenus Diedrocephala, which is mainly (if not even entirely) American. THomsonreELLA Kirscupaumi (Stal), Sign., was omitted by Kirby in his Catalogue. It is figured in Ann. Soc. Ent. France (5) 10, pl. 1, fig. 44 (1880). +Gypona sTRIATA, Kirby, 1891, J. L. S. xxiv. p. 171, and tG. prasina, Walker, 1858, List. Hom. Suppl. p. 258, do not conform to the genus Gypona, Germ., as restricted by recent authors. They are closely allied to Titia, Stal, but will probably require a new genus. Both specific names are preoccupied by Burmeister (Genera Insect. pl. 16), and as, according to the now generally accepted rule, ‘“‘once a synonym, always a synonym,” they are now invalid for any genus, I propose Krrpyr and WaLKERI, nom. nov., respectively. As Kirby surmises, (/.c. p. 171), fresh examples of Kirbyi (striata) are grass-green in colour. Fam. FuLGoripm. }HuryBracHys westwoopt, Kirby, l.c. 146, is a Mzssena, Stal. MELICHARIA, gen. nov. Belongs to subfamily Poekillopterine [ = Flatide + Rica- niide auctt.|, and is very closely allied to Flata, Fabr. and NOTES ON SOME SINHALESE RHYNCHOTA. 295 - Ormenis, Stal.* The general characters are those of Flata, but the single series of nervures dividing the membrane from the corium is much more regular, and there is no reticulation at the apex of the latter. There are also no transverse nervures in the clavus. Type M. smnwaLaNa, nom. nov.—This is the +Poeciloptera quadrata, Kirby, l.c. p. 154, pl. vi. f. 8, but not that of Walker from Jamaica (1850, List. Hom.), and, therefore, in accordance with the rule mentioned above, the name is now changed. ScaRPANTA TENNENTINA (Walker) = Scarpanta latipennis, Kirby, l.c. p. 158. The unique specimen of latipennis appears to be founded upon a poor example of tennentina. RicaniA FENESTRATA (Fabr.); Peradeniya, frequenting Arvsto- lochia, sp. (EK. E. Green). Family Grocornipm |=Lygeide auctt.}. In employing remedial measures against insect pests, ento- mologists have often to guard against the destruction at the same time of certain natural enemies of these pests, owing to the general similarity in appearance, both in external structure and in colour, of the insectivores and their prey. Mr. Green _has recently sent me two nymphs, one of Antilochus coquebertit (Fabr.), the other of Dysdercus cingulatus (Fabr.)—the dreaded ‘Oriental Cotton-stainer ’’—with the note that the former had been discovered with its rostrum inserted in the person of the latter ; as these two Species belong to the same subfamily, Pyrrho- corine [= Largide + Pyrrhocoride auctt.|, all the members of which are reputed to be vegetable feeders, I wrote Mr. Green, querying the note; but, in a reply dated Sept. 13th, 1900, he observes: ‘‘I think Antilochus coqueberttt normally preys upon Dysdercus cingulatus; I have repeatedly seen the performance. If the two individuals are put in a glass tube together, the Antt- lochus immediately pounces upon the Dysdercus.” As the two insects are, comparatively, very similar in appearance, the former being merely larger and more brightly coloured in all stages, this observation appears to be of distinct value in con- nection with the cotton-plant question. Fam. Crmicip®. CANTHECONA coeNnatTa, Dist. C. furcellata, Wolff, has been noted (Indian Museum Notes, il. 165, and iii. (5) 56) as a destroyer of caterpillars; Mr. Green has now sent me specimens (imago and nymph) of C. cognata, Dist. [= insularis, Kirby) that were ‘‘ doing really good service in preying upon a caterpillar that was ravaging some croton plants here’ (Peradeniya, Reg. No. 302). * A detailed description, with figures of neuration, &c., was in progress when I learned that Dr. Melichar has in preparation a monographic revision of the group: I have therefore given here only a brief diagnosis. 296 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. RHYNCHOTA MISCELLANEA. By G. W. Kirganpy, F.E.S. Fam. Trriconupa. Tetigonia ferruginea (Fabr.).—Chosen (Korea), Port Lazareff (T. B. Fletcher, R.N.). This fine species is very common throughout the Oriental Region from China to Tenasserim, and would indeed be included in the palearctic fauna at Port Lazareff. Fam. FunaGoripm. GEISHA, gen. nov. Subf. Poekillopterine ; the characters are those of Flata, but there are no transverse nervures in the clavus, while the trans- verse nervures on the corium are very irregular, so that there is no sutured-off membrane. The latter character will at once separate it from Melicharia, Kirk. Type Peciloptera distinctissima, Walker, 1858. List. Hom. Suppl. p. 114 (China and Japan). PorxkILLopTERA, Latr. Fowler, who adopts the later spelling ‘‘ Poeciloptera,”’ enume- rates in the ‘Biologia Centrali-Americana, Homoptera, I.,’ p. 50, some of the variations of the name; but, as one of the references is inaccurate, and others are not the earliest known, a corrected list is here appended :— Poekilloptera, Latreille, 1796, Précis, ex pp. 83-92; and 1804, Nouv. Dict. Nat. Hist. xxiv., Tabl. méth., ex pp. 163-8. Poeciloptera, Latreille, 1804, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. xii. 315. Fulgora, subg. Flata,* Latreille, 1807, Gen. Crust. Ins. iii. 164-5. Poecilloptera, 1818, Germar, Mag. Ent. ii. 218; 1825, Lep. Serv. Enc. Méth. x. 168. Paeciloptere, Latreille, 1825, Fam. Nat. 427. Cenestra circulata (Guérin), St. Thomas (Pavenstedt, Mus. Bremen). Phromnia flaccida (Walker), Nias Island (Mus. Bremen). Cerynia deplana (Walker) = albata, Stal), Sumatra (coll. Kirkaldy, ex coll. Seeldrayers). Pyrops {auctt.] tenebrosus (Fabr.), Belgian Kongo (collns. Seeldrayers and Kirkaldy); Hinterland of Togo (Spiess, Mus. Bremen). * Fowler incorrectly quotes this reference as ‘“‘ Poekilloptera.” That name was appended in brackets as a synonym of Flata, Fabr., subg. of Fulgora, Linn. BRITISH DRAGONFLIES OF OLDER ENGLISH AUTHORS. 297 Fam. Crrcopipm. Ptyelus flavescens (Fabr.) ; Belgian Kongo (collns. Seeldrayers and Kirkaldy). P. grossus (Fabr.) var. eburneus; Belgian Kongo (collns. Seeldrayers and Kirkaldy). Fam. Crcapipm. Dundubia mannifera (Linn.) ; Sumatra, Deli, Soekaranda Estate (v. Usler, Mus. Bremen). D. minahasse (Dist.); Celebes, Maros (Albrandt, Mus. Bremen). Pycna limbata (Fabr.) ; Togo (Spiess, Mus. Bremen). Fam. Repuviips. Platymeris horrida, Stil; Belgian Kongo, Luvituka (collns. Seeldrayers and Kirkaldy). BRITISH DRAGONFLIES OF THE OLDER ENGLISH AUTHORS. By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. (Continued from p. 260.) 7. W. F. Evans: ‘ British Libelluline,’ 1845. Under this title we have a small book containing twenty-one plates, in which are figured fifty-two dragonflies, a brief notice of each being given in twenty-eight pages of letterpress. The author believes ‘‘that one good figure of an insect is better than the most elaborate description by itself.” Acting on this belief, he states that he has drawn the plates with the greatest care from the insects themselves. In this, however, he has achieved but a very moderate degree of success, for the drawing of the figures is extremely poor, and the colouring worse. It is, in fact, with the greatest difficulty that several of the insects can be recognized at all, and the identification therefore of some of the figures is given with considerable diffidence. The first two plates are devoted to details and nymphs. Agrion rubellum (pl. 3, fig. 1 g) = Pyrrhosoma tenellum 3. A. xanthopterum (pl. 3, f. 2) =P. tenellum also, apparently; but McLachlan and Kirby take it to be Ischnura pumilio. . elegans (pl. 3,f.3 9,4 2) = Ischnura elegans $ 2. . azonatum (pl. 3, f. 5) = I. elegans (9 ?). . rubens (pl. 8, f. 6) = orange variety of @ of J. elegans, probably. . puella (pl. 3, f.7 3,8 2) = Ayrion pulchellum fe. . furcatum (pl. 4,f,1 9,2 9)=4d. puella 3S. . lunulatum (pl. 4. £.39,4 9) = Ad. pulchellum 3 2. . hastulatum (pl. 4,f.5 ¢,6 2)=? This is one of those that it ENTOM.N)vias ER, 1900, 2¢ rPPPPrpp 298 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. is impossible to identify satisfactorily ; Messrs. McLachlan and Kirby set it down as A. pulchellum. A. cyathigerum (pl.4,f.7 3) = A. pulchellum 9. A. brunnea (pl. 4, f. 8) = Enallagma cyathigerum 2 . A. annulare (pl. 5, f.19) =A. puella 3. A. rufescens (pl. 5, f. 2 3) = according to Kirby, Ischnura elegans, and possibly it may be the variety of this species with orange thorax. Pyrrhosoma minium (pl. 5,f.3 ¢,4 9) = P.nymphula So. Erythromma fulvipes (pl. 5, f.5 2) = P. nymphula, g with colour- ing somewhat immature. KE. chloridion (pl. 5, f.6 2) = P.nymphula 2 with colouring imma- ture. The tip of the abdomen of a male, given with it, appa- rently belongs to Erythromma naias. Ischnura pumilio (pl. 5, f. 7 ¢) may possibly be intended for I. pumilio, but the figure is most indefinite. Platycnemis platypoda (pl. 6, f.1 9,2 2) = Platycnemis pennipes 3S. Lestes viridis (pl. 6,£.3 9) = L. sponsa 3 [L. nympha (unfigured) Evans considers to be a dark var. of this species]. L. foreipula (pl. 6, f. 4 g) = probably L. sponsa 3. Calepteryx virgo (pl. 7,f.1 3,2 2) = Calopteryx splendens 3 2. C. Ludoviciana (pl. 7, f.3¢9 ; pl. 8, f. 19)=C. virgo 3 ; ditto @ with very dark wings [I judge that it is ? by the white ptero- stigma. | C. homorrhoidalis (pl. 8, f.2 9,3 9)=C. virgo 3g. C. anceps (pl. 9, f.1 3) = C. virgo, var. anceps—the var. in which the blue pigment is wanting from the wings. Anax formosus (pl. 9, f.2 2) = Anax imperator 3. #@shna rufescens (pl. 10, 7.1 g) = Hschna isosceles 2. AK. grandis (pl. 10, f.2 3) = &. grandis 3. GE. maculatissima (pl. 11, f,1 gf) = M. cyanea 3. a. juncea (pl. 11, f. 2 ¢) = probably H. juncea 3. Ga. mixta ((pl. 12, f.1 9) = probably “. miata 3. Ci. affinis (pl. 12, f.2 g) = probably . miata 3. Brachytron vernalis (pl. 13, f.1 gf) = B. pratense 3g. Cordulegaster annulatus (pl. 13, f.2 2) = C. annulatus 9. The tip of abdomen of male is drawn at the side. Gomphus vulgatissimus (pl. 14, f. 1g) = G. vulgatissimus 3. G. flavipes (pl. 14, f.2 3) = G. flavipes 3. Cordulia zénea (pl. 14,f.3 g)=C. anea 3. C. metallica (pl. 15,f.1 ¢). By the build of the insect this may be Somatochlora metallica, but if so, the locality—round London—is at fault. C. Curtisii (pl. 15, f.2, g 3 9) = Oxygastra curtisti f 2. Libellula depressa (pl. 16, f.1 ¢,2 9) =L. depressa 3 2. L. conspurcata (pl. 16, f. 38, 9) = L. fulva 2. L. 4-maculata (pl. 17, f. 1 3) = L. quadrimaculata (3 probably) [L. 2-maculata (unfigured) is considered by Evans to be a var.]. L. prenubila (pl. 17, f. 2 g) = L. quadrimaculata var. prenubila. L. STEERS (pl. 17, £.3 d, p. 18, f. 1 2) = Orthetrum cancellatum On Meese L. wbeuicaens (pl. 18, £.2 3,3 2) =O. carulescens 3. NEW SPECIES OF DIRCENNA FROM PERU. 299 Diplax scotica (pl. 19, f.1 3,2 2) = Sympetrum scoticum 3 2. . rufostigma (pl. 19, f.3 9,4 2) =S. sanguineum 3°. . pallidistigma (pl. 20, f. 1) = S. scoticwm (? 3), immature. . angustipennis (pl. 20, f. 2) = S. sanguineum, probably, . vulgata (pl. 20, f. 3 ¢) =S. striolatum 3, immature. . basalis (pl. 21, f. 1) = S. sanguineum 3, immature. . flaveola (pl. 21, f.2 9) =S. flaveolum 3. . rubicunda (pl. 21, f.3 g$) = Leucorrhinia dubia 3. OOOUU0UN DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF DIRCENNA FROM PERU. By Water Dannart, F.E.S. co a SE See eee SSE Se ei Dircenna barrett, sp. n. Male. Anterior wings transparent golden, with margins very dark brown (almost black), wider at apex. A broad dark band at end of cell, which is continued in a lesser degree down the second median nervule to the margin. Posterior wings have wide irregular margins with a submarginal series of five irregular white spots. Under side as above, but apex of anterior wing has three elongated white spots. Expanse, 3,5; in. Hab. Perene, Peru. This remarkable species, though believed by Dr. Staudinger to be a Dircenna, differs in some respects from hitherto known species in this genus (see fig.). I have great pleasure in naming this insect after an American friend, Mr. Otis W. Barrett, to whom I am indebted for the addition of many beautiful specimens to my collection. Donnington, Blackheath. 202 300 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. DESCRIPTION OF THE EGG OF POLYOMMATUS CORYDON. By F. W. Frouawk, M.B.O.U., F.E.S. As I believe there is no published description of the egg of this common butterfly, the following is a description taken down in my note-book on Aug. 16th last, after figuring the specimen. I should state that I examined several ova to check the one described. On Aug. 13th, 1900, I watched several females in the act of depositing, on various stems of the usual stunted herbage to be found growing on chalk downs. They frequently crawled among the plants for a distance of about a couple of feet, occasionally curving the abdomen downwards among the small plant-stems and grasses, and here and there deposited an egg. I therefore dug up portions of the turf, potted it, and placed a couple of females on each lot; they deposited ova on the 14th and 15th, on the stems of the various plants; a few were laid upon the brown dead trefoil leaves, as well as on the living leaves; but the site generally chosen is the intermingled stems of both plants and grasses. Another female, placed upon a similar pot of plants, deposited about fifty ova on Sept. 10th, nearly all being placed upon the stems, and a few upon the under side of the leaves of rock-rose ; in all cases the eggs are deposited singly. “The egg is 44 in. in diameter and =, in. high; it differs in shape from all the other eggs of the ‘blues’ which I have examined ; instead of having a concaved surface above, it is flat, with merely the micropyle sunken; it is also higher in pro- portion, and the sides are almost perpendicular; the base is flattened, the micropyle is very finely punctured, an irregular network pattern covers the upper surface and gradually increases in size to the outer rim, where it develops into a beautiful lace- like pattern, which is considerably bolder than that of the other ‘blues’ eggs with which I am acquainted. The reticulations are united by very large prominent projecting knobs, and vary in number from five to seven. The sunken spaces between are very finely granulated. The colour when first laid is almost white, mainly caused by the whiteness of the glass-like reticula- tions and knobs, the colouring gradually changing to a slightly greenish grey hue.” As the egg does not hatch until the following spring, the reason for no particular plant being selected as a site for the egg is at once apparent, as necessarily all the plants die off in the winter and become an entangled mass of withered stems, The young larva, upon emerging in the spring, must ine search for the fresh growth of its proper food-plant. September, 1900, 301 NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. OrtHorTeRA AT SucGar.—Referring to Mr. W. J. Lucas’s note (Entom. Oct. 1900, p. 266), I can add that during a collecting expedi- tion to South Devon at the end of August and the early part of September last, Orthoptera were frequent visitors to my ‘‘sugar.”” No less than five species occurred, of which, next to Forficula auricularia, the most plentiful species was Leptophyes punctatissima, of which I saw as many as half a dozen or more on one evening ; and very striking they appeared sipping the sweets among, and as greedily as, the Lepi- doptera. Next in point of numbers came the fine Locusta viridissima, followed in smaller numbers by Meconema varia and Kctobia panzeri, of both of which there were at least several. The genus Stenobothrus was evidently not attracted, as, although S. bicolor abounded every- where, I never saw one actually on the sugar. Xiphidium dorsale was not uncommon on marshy ground, and it probably would have been attracted if ‘‘sugar’’ had been used in its immediate vicinity, which it was not.—Gro. T. Porrirr; Crosland Hall, near Huddersfield, Oct. 5th, 1900. Variety or Forricuna auricunaria.—Mr. F. B. Jennings has shown me a variety of F. awricudaria which he took from under bark on an old hawthorn at Box Hill on August 5th last. It is small and very dark, almost as dark as A. annulipes. In the type the body is chestnut, the elytra paler, and the legs yellow. This one is almost unicolorous, the tint being a very dark brown-black.—W. J. Lucas; Oct. 15th, 1900. Fuatowes, A REMARKABLE INSTANCE oF PrRoTEcTIVE CoLORATION. [Ruyncnora.]—In 1895 Brongniart called attention to a series of Flatoides dealbatus in the Paris Museum, from Madagascar,* as a re- markable instance of protective coloration. Among the more recent additions to the exponents of mimicry and protective resemblance arranged by Mr. Waterhouse in the Central Hall of the British Museum (Natural History) are some specimens of the above-mentioned species in situ. The harmony of these Fulgorids with their environment— lichens and mosses on the bark of certain trees—is admirable, and specially noteworthy are the apparent differences in the sculpturing of the elytra of various individuals—some quite smooth, others very rough, almost tuberculated—differences really due (as Mr. Waterhouse pointed out to the writer) to an optical illusion. This interesting genus occurs in Madagascar, New Guinea, and probably the greater portion of the Oriental Region.—G. W. Kirxaupy. MonoerapH oF THE Mempracip®.—Messrs. Lovell Reeve & Co. have in preparation a monograph of the Membracide, a remarkable group of Homopterous insects which have not received the attention their peculiar and diverse forms deserve. The author is Mr. George Bowdler Buckton, F.R.S., F.L.S8., who will be glad to hear, through the publishers, from entomologists and others who have specimens which they have reason to believe are as yet unknown to science. * “Note sur les Homoptéres du genre Flatoides, Guérin” (Bull. Mus. Paris, No. 3, pp. 1-4 [? sep.]). 802 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Foop-puants oF Homoprera.—Mr. E. D. Ball has lately been so kind as to identify a number of Homoptera for me, and it seems worth while to record the plants on which they occurred where these are known :— (1.) Idiocerus alternatus, Fitch. Las Cruces, N.M., March 14th, on osage-orange. (Ckil.) (2.) Hutettia pulchella, Baker. Mesilla, N.M., Aug. 26th, on Populus. (Ckll.) (83.) Ceresa turbida, Godg. Rio Ruidoso, White Mts., N.M., Aug. 6th, about 7000 ft., on brake-fern. (Zownsend.) (4.) Centruchus perdita, A. & 8. Rio Ruidoso, N.M., July 18th, about 6500 ft., beaten from Quercus gambeli. (Townsend.) (5.) Acutalis dorsalis, Fitch. La Cueva, Organ Mts.,N.M., Aug. 30th, about 5300 ft., beaten from Quercus. (Townsend.) I found this species at Dripping Spring, Organ Mts., and it lived, not upon the oak itself, but upon the Phoradendron growing on the oak. (6.) Thamnotettix coquilletti, V. D. Mesa, Arizona, Oct. 17th, on a large-leafed Acer. (Ckil.) (7.) Deltocephalus fuscinervosus, V.D. Rio Bonito, N.M., Oct. 17th, on Solidago. (Townsend.)—T. D. A. Cocxereti; E. Las Vegas, N.M., Sept. 1900. ASPHONDYLIA MENTZELIZ, n. sp.—At Raton, N.M., on Aug. 27th, I found that the ovaries of Mentzclia multiflora auctt. were considerably infested by a Cecidomyiid, which, breeding in them, caused the flowers. to wither. The red-brown pupa-shells of the fly were seen sticking out of the sides of the flowers, and I had the good fortune, at about 6 p.m., to find a male fly which had just emerged from the pupa. It was a pretty insect, with the thorax and abdomen pale pink; abdomen with white hairs; legs whitish, tarsi more or less blackened; wings grey, hairy, second longitudinal vein reaching tip of wing, third longitudinal vein forked a little beyond its middle, fold in region of third longitudinal vein very distinct; antennal segments cylindrical, sessile, with sparse whorls of not very long hairs. Hxpanse about 7 millim. As usual in Asphondylia, the characters of the adult fly are not very distinctive, but the habitat in Mentzelia flowers will at once distinguish this insect from all others. There was a small lepidopterous larva also breeding in the ovaries of the Mentzelia, but it was not abundant.—T. D. A. CockrrELu. CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. Notes rrom Narat.—Referring to my notes (ante, p. 229), I wish to say that the pupz I found turned out to be those of Zonilia accentifera, and not of Nephele hesperus, as stated; also that I bred, from larva found on August 22nd, a slightly crippled female specimen of Basiana postica. This insect has the power of making a sound like that produced by Acherontia atropos. I have had two evenings’ sugaring during this month (August), but so far as moths were concerned it was a failure.—Gero. F. LeieH; Durban, Natal. CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 303 PapiLio MACHAON IN SurREY.—One seen near East Grinstead about August 20th.—F. W. F. PaPLio MACHAON IN WoORCESTERSHIRE.—A fine specimen of this butterfly was seen by Dr. Charles, of Grindrod, on August 31st, settled upon a thistle in the Teme valley, on a marshy spot of ground.—W. Epwarps; Malvern. One seen on August 31st near Martley—F. W. Fronawk. Late APPEARANCE OF EvcHLOE cARDAMINES.— While in North Corn- wall, on July 10th last, I was surprised to see a male specimen of E. cardamines flying towards me down a lane, and just before it reached me it swerved to the left and disappeared over a high bank; it was then only about four yards distant. I had hoped to take it as a record specimen of late emergence. Previous to this the latest date that I have observed this species was on June 80th, 1885, when I obtained a female example near West Wickham, Kent. The earliest record I have is that of a male I captured on April 25th, 1880, at Norwood, Surrey ; excepting the early and tropical summer of 1893, when I found cardamines out in numbers on April 22nd in Kent.—F. W. Fronawk ; October, 1900. ARGYNNIS AGLAIA VAR. AT Dover.—I received a very fine variety of this species from a Dover correspondent. It was taken by him on July 16th last, in the first hollow (Langdon Hole I think it is called) on the east cliff, and was posted to me, unset, goon after capture. It is a male, in very fine condition, and somewhat resembles the figure of adippe (Entom. xv. 49), but the black on the upper side is not quite so extended nor clearly defined, while on the under surface the fore wings have more black than said figure, but in the hind wings the silver spots are normal, except those along the outer edge, which are only faintly discernible-—E. Sanine; Erith. [I have seen the specimen from which the figure (Entom. xv. 49) was made, and have no hesitation in saying that it is an aberration of A. aglaia. As the insect represented by figs. 2, 2a, Plate I., in the same volume, was stated in the remarks accompanying the plate to be an aberration of A. aglaia, and afterwards corrected to A. adippe, it would seem that some little coufusion had occurred in the identification of these two aberrations. =R..8.). APATURA IRIS IN NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.—I'wo specimens of A. iris have been captured in July within a few miles of Northampton.—W. Bostock : Springfield, Northampton. Lyc&@NA BELLARGUS (ADONIS) IN HERTFORDSHIRE.—There is no record that I can find of this butterfly having been taken in this county until now. I have frequently looked for it on the chalk downs at Aldbury (where L. corydon is abundant every year), as Hippocrepis comosa, its food-plant, grows there abundantly, and I thought it ought to be found there. This month (September) 1 have found it on these hills, and have taken about a dozen specimens.—ArtTHUR CortaM ; Eldercroft, Watford. Lyc#Nna arGcioLus.—This species has been even more abundant this year than it was last season, and I have taken and bred a very fine series, among them belng a pale lavender-coloured male, three or four males exceptionally dark, another male having some of the colouring pigment absent on right fore wing, and a female (first brood) unusually suffused with black on all the four wings. All were captured in my garden, where it was 304 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. quite a common thing to net fifty or more in an hour or g0 of the forenoon. —E. Sapine; Erith, October, 1900. VANESSA ANTIOPA IN HuRTFoRDSHIRE.—A fine specimen captured near Hatfield about October 10th.—[F. W. F.] _ Vanessa antropa at Huntinepon.—A fine specimen taken at Hunt- ingdon on August 19th —[F. W. F.} _ Vayessa anriopa In Kunt.—I took a perfect specimen of this species in an orchard at Beckenham, Kent, on August 31st last, at sugar.—G. HeRBERt Tompson; Bevhall Vicarage, Saxmundham, Suffolk, Sept. 24th, 1900. VANESSA ANTIOPA IN NorroLK.—One taken at sugar by Mr. Woodhall, near Holt, on August 3(0th.—[F. W. F.] VANESSA ANTIOPA, &C., IN SOMERSETSHIRE.—Three V. antiopa have been seen in Bridgwater, but neither of them was captured. V. atalanta hag been abundant and very fine. V. cardwi has been more common than usual; also V. io, which had been scarce here of late years.—HeNRY CorpER ; Sunnyside, Bridgwater, October 9th, 1900. VANESSA ANTIOPa IN SuFFOLK.—On September 4th a specimen of V. antiopa was captured by Lorimer Fison at Stutton Hall, Suffolk, in an outhouse, attracted by a bottle of syrup put there to catch wasps.—W. GIFFoRD NasH; Bedford. VANESSA ANTIOPA IN SURREY.—One captured in a garden at Bedding- ton, Surrey, on August 3lst.—F. W. F. VANESSA POLYCHLOROS IN Lonpon.—On July 21st my son caught a very fine female V. polychloros with his cap, close to South Bermondsey railway station.—D. CuirrenpEeN; 98, Court Hill Road, Lewisham, October 10th, 1900. VANESSA POLYCHLOROS AT Herne, Kent.—On August 13th we cap- tured two specimens of V. polychloros, which were flying round an oak tree in company with V. atalanta. They were attracted by the sap exuding from a wound in the trunk. We went again on the 14th, and succeeded in taking a third, which had settled on the trunk of another tree, also feeding on the sap. Although we have been collecting for ten years, we have never captured this insect in Bucks.—G. Ernest PeacHett ; High Wycombe, Bucks, August 26th, 1900. Vanessa 10 IN YORKSHIRE.—On September. 28th I caught a specimen of V. io near the house. According to best authorities it is over a dozen years since one was caught in this district—ARTHUR RoBERTSHAW ; Ellenrayde Hall, Luddenden Foot, October, 1900. ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN Lonpon.—It may be of interest to record the capture of a specimen of A. atropos this morning. It was taken while at rest on a Street lamp a few yards from our place of business in the Strand. —Warxins & Doncaster; October 3rd, 1900. ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN WORCESTERSHIRE.—This species has been more than usually abundant this season in the Malvern district, nine coming to my share.—W. Epwarps; Malvern. MacRoGLossa STELLATARUM.—WM. stellatarum, which was abundant last year, has only been represented by an occasional specimen. I saw one this CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 805 morning hovering over flowers during a smart shower of rain.—WALDE- GRAVE; The Priory, Chewton Mendip, Somerset, Sept. 24th. D&ILEPHILA LivorNica IN NortH SrarrorpsHiIRE.—The Rev. W. H. Heale took in his garden at Wolstanton Vicarage a male specimen of D. livornica in excellent condition, flying at pinks, on July 11th. This is its first recorded appearance in our district, and is a most welcome addition to our list.—THo. W. Datrry; Madeley Vicarage, Staffordshire. CH@ROCAMPA NERII IN Kent.—A fine female of this rare species was captured by Master Guy Wickham, in his father’s dining-room at Willow Grove, Yalding, about 6.30 p.m., on Sept. 18th last. The window of the room was open, and there was a lamp burning on a sideboard at the far end; there were some plants of Nicotiana affinis in the garden outside. Unfortunately it was very much damaged, as the boy had only a very small * sea-side ” net and no killing-bottle, so the moth took a deal of hunting before it was caught, and had to be killed like a butterfly, by severe pinches under the thorax.—(Capt.) S. G. Rem; Yalding, Kent, October, 1900. Nore on A Pura oF GoNOPTERA LIBATRIX.—Both Newman and the Rey. Seymour St. John give as the food-plants of G. libatria sallow and white willow only. This autumn I found at Hayward’s Heath a pupa in a curled-up leaf of the black poplar, and from this a specimen of G. libatriz emerged a few days ago.—T. Gopparp Wittiams; The Neuk, Danehill, Sussex, October 15th, 1900. Noroponta DictZo1DEs DouBLE-BRooDED.—On June 6th last I took a pair of N. dicteoides on the bough of a birch. The female I sleeved on birch. She deposited eggs from which fifty-two larve resulted. These pupated, the last on August 4th. On the 28th of the same month four insects had emerged; and on the following day two more were out; the others are still in pupe. On August 8th I took another pair, from which I obtained forty larve; the last of these pupated on October 5th. The earliest date I have taken the insect was June 6th this year; the latest I have taken it was August 3lst, 1894.—C. Hamuin ; Forest Cottage, Bal- combe, Sussex, October 9th, 1900. XANTHIA GILVAGO IN SuRREY.—I took a nice specimen of X. gilvago at sugar on September 26th last. I have not heard of the species being taken in this county before, and should like to know if this is so.—L. M. Seru-Smira ; Alleyne, Caterham Valley, Surrey, Oct. 5th, 1900. [There are several records of the occurrence of this species in Surrey, some of them as recent as the year 1898 (vide Entom. xxxi. pp. 267, 293). —Ep.] Prusia MONETA AT MerstHAM.—On July 28th of this year I took a specimen of P. moneta flying over Nicotiana affinis at Merstham, Surrey. —F. W. J. Jackson, 2, Vicarage Gate, Kensington, W., Sept. 27th, 1900. DIANTH@CIA CUCUBALI IN AuGust.—I took an apparently freshly emerged specimen of D. cucubali at sugar on August 14th at Merstham. —F. W. J. Jackson, 2, Vicarage Gate, Kensington, W. Nocrva CASTANEA IN THE NEw Forest.—With reference to the note on this species (ante, p. 271), it may interest you to hear that I took a fine specimen of the typical red form of NV. castanea at sugar in the New Forest in August, 1895.—E. A. Cockayne; 6, Tapton House Road, Sheffield, October 6th, 1900. 306 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. LEUCANIA VITELLINA IN EssEx.—I have the pleasure to record that I took a specimen of L. vitellina here at sugar on September 25th. As this is not altogether an abundant species, it may be as well to note that on the tree it locked very like a wasted Xanthia ferruginea. A more careful inspection of pale X. ferruginea therefore might possibly result in more L. vitellina.—{ Rev.) W. Craxton, Navestock Vicarage, Romford. CaTocaLA FRAXINI IN NorFoLK.—One example taken on the sand-hills near Blakeney at the end of August.—[F. W. F.] HE.iorais scutosa (Schif.) 1» SourH Drvon.—On September 4th, whilst collecting with me in a clover-field near Dartmouth, my son, F. Capel Hanbury, captured a specimen of this extremely rare species. It flew rapidly when disturbed, and then buzzed at the clover-heads like Plusia gamma. ‘The specimen is a male, but in poor condition. Mr. Eustace R. Bankes, who was staying with us at the time, saw the specimen alive, and concurred in the determination.—FREDERICK J. Hanspury; Stainforth House, Upper Clapton, N.E., September 24th, 1900. CYMATOPHORA OCCULARIS AT CHINGFORD.—On May 27th I took a pupa of this species under a poplar tree in my garden. The perfect insect emerged on May 3ist. 1 should add that a friend of mine has also taken this moth, once at sugar last year, and again this year at light, in this locality.—S. Granam ; Chingford, Essex. EXNNoMOS ALNIARIA AT BoGnor.——In the course of a walk with my brother-in-law, Mr. Graham Davis, he called my attention to a moth caught in a spider’s web on a gas-lamp in this town. On being captured and examined, it proved to be H. alniaria. I find this species is recorded by Mr. Alfred Lloyd in his list of the Lepidoptera of Bognor. Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher also informs me that it is known to occur at Chichester, some six miles from here as the crow flies.—-R. Mrtpora; Bognor, Sept. 23rd, 1900. LEUcANIA VITELLINA AND PLusta Festucz aT BoGnor.——Since sending the record of the capture of H. alniaria, I am able to add that, at sugar on September 28th, I took two very good specimens of Leucania vitellina. At Pagham, about the middle of the month, I saw at sugar, but unfor- tunately lost, a fine specimen of Plusia festuce. Neither of these species is recorded in the local list.— R. Mrtpota; Bognor, Sept. 30th. PIERIS DAPLIDICE, &c., at Boanor.——Mr. H. L. F. Guermonprez, the well-known naturalist resident here, informs me that in many respects the season has been remarkable. I saw on his setting-board a beautiful Pieris daplidice, taken by him near Felpham on September 3rd. Colias hyale has been fairly common, and also C. edusa and the larva of A. atropos. It is noteworthy also that many species appear this year to have been made double-brooded by the fine September succeeding the wet and cold August. I took a good specimen of Agrotis exclamationis, for example, on September 21st, an unusually late date for this species.—R. Mrtpora; Bognor, September 30th. EpunDA NIGRA IN Kent: a Correction.—In your last issue (ante, p- 271) 1 recorded the capture of EH. nigra here. I should like to correct that statement. It was a mistake; the insect I took I afterwards discovered to be a very dark form of E. lutulenta. E. nigra has never been taken here or_near here, as far as I can gather.—A. J. LAwrancE; 8, Cross Roads, Bromley Common, Kent, October 19th, 1900. CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 307 MELANIPPE TRISTATA.—I should like to record the capture at Church Stretton, in this county, last month, of a goodly number of M. tristata. i found it on the Longwynd, at an elevation of at least a thousand feet above the sea, where alone it seemed to occur. I had previously taken it only in two North Derbyshire localities, both of which are also at high eleva- tions. Is this the experience of others ?—(Rev.) Cuas. F. THoRNEWILL ; Calvershall Vicarage, Whitchurch, Salop. Nore oN XANTHIA FERRUGINEA AND X. GILVAGO.—I have been breeding this year, from larve found in this parish, the two closely allied species, X. ferruginea and X. gilvago, the larve of which are practically undistin- guishable. My first imago of X. ferruginea emerged on August 18th, while X. gilvago did not begin to appear till September 5th. Is this the experience of others, or is it merely an accident ?—(Rev.) C. F'. THORNEWILL; Calvershall Vicarage, Whitchurch, Salop, September 12th. ALEUCIS PICTARIA IN Kent.—I have to record the capture of a specimen of A. pictarta on April 23th last near Ashford. It was flying after dark, and is the only example of the species that I have ever met with in the locality, although I have collected there for a number of years past.— D. CuitreNDEN ; 98, Court Hill Road, Lewisham, 8.E. LipaRIs CHRYSORRH@A ABUNDANT AT Hove.—I was pleased to find the above-named insect very abundant in this neighbourhood this year.— ALAN W. CarpinatL; 18, Cromwell Road, Hove, July 29th, 1900. ABUNDANCE OF PLUsIA GAMMA.—You published a note from me (ante, p- 129) to the effect that during the whole of last year I did not see a single specimen of Plusta gamma in Hayling Island. Although this is usually a very common species here, this year it is more abundant than I have ever known it. Hundreds are to be seen during the day-time flying from flower- head to flower-head in every clover field.—ALBerr May: Hayling Island, August 21st. [P. gamma appears to have been generally abundant throughout the country this year.—EKD.} Oponata IN Kenv.—I took a female specimen of Aischna miata at Ramsgate on September 19th. Sympetrwm striolatum was swarming at Ramsgate on the same day, at Sandwich on Sept. 21st, and at Folkestone on October 3rd.—C. W. Cotrurup; 127, Barry Road, East Dulwich, S.E., October 12th, 1900. RuYPAROBIA MADER& IN Lonpon.—I found an example of this species in my desk at Covent Garden this morning.—Henry J. Dixon ; 29, Suther- land Avenue, Maida Vale, September 25th, 1900. SrrEx Gicas.—This sawfly seems to have taken up its quarters perma- nently in the neighbourhood. I have caught half-a-dozen specimens in Kendal and Windermere during the past three years, the most recent falling stunned by the blow of a straw hat in Stramongate, Kendal, on July 21st this year.—(Rev.) A. M. Moss; 12, Greenside, Kendal. CoLLectineG av SipMoutH.—A few days’ collecting at Sidmouth, with Mr. B. R. Roberts, of Cornwall, during the latter half of June, were faily successful, although the weather was so cold and wet. Leucophasia sinapis was abundant in its usual haunts on the cliff, and was in good con- dition. We found beating during the day far the most productive work, and took the following moths :—;a\ca |Or| al=/Fla|= |= S Belg 7 =e O/elS _—_—_— ABE E 4 a é —, S OF at Me) y . o sve) oad > *0),, Ot 60 | oe. * 11Slatl alg|> ‘Slals/8 me x BSE SS Blelelals ale s|o|F/ Sia eS s a) }s}o}e = ww! Nee Sy te] ica) ‘S | 7) 3 se) 79) am [OF 0 0 = Sls es *0| S| co) & Ola} lS OF — wo SI). fale S| a = Slalols ars o Sa 20s, os DM 3 cI ela, alae & a\a ae) ei = _ Y Q + FO} oy |OF ) () oD oo Salles a op) ~ 8la/s Ab an rd i") | Or d ~S rs oie S Bene = 5 [Clot] q ca alelale ides Ss = ~~ a a 4 wn 2 Note.—In order to avoid a constant repetition of this complicated designation cf the various hybrids, here, as before, they are numbered in order, and these numbers will be chiefly used in the text for their designa- tion. obtained. No. 10! (Pl. III. figs. 1, 2,3, and Handb. 1896, Pl. IT. figs. 6 and 7); No. 11 (Handb. 1896, Pl. IV. figs. 1,2; 3); 1 The specimens figured (PI. III. figs. 1, 2, 8) are from the same brood. They come from a large male of crossing No. 9 and a S. pavonia 2 from Ziivich. Only the gynandromorphic individual (fig. 3) developed to a large powerful insect ; the male specimens (figs. 1 and 2) show the average size. Male specimens of this hybrid ranged in size between 66 and 73 mm.; gynandromorphic and female, from 75-87 mm. EXPERIMENTS IN HYBRIDIZATION AND TEMPERATURE. 345 No. 12? (Pl. III. figs. 4 and 5); No. 183 (Pl. VI. VII. VIL; also Exper. zool. Studien, 1898, Pl. V. fig. 6). But moreover all three Saturnia species were combined for making up a hybrid—the male hybrid from the crossing of S. pavonia 3 x spini 2—that, is, No. 8 being crossed with a female of the third species, No. 144 (Pl. IV. figs. 1 and 2; also Exper. zool. Studien, 1898, Pl. V. figs. 7, 8, 9). Even still more complicated hybrids were bred to the imago stage, No. 18° (Pl. IV. fig. 3), and No. 19° (PI. IV. fig. 4); whereas from the hybrid crossings Nos. 15, 16, 17 only larve were obtained, which, though in part nearly full-grown, died of an infectious disease. When large Dalmatian S. pavonia females (received from Zara through Spada) were used for this experiment instead of the much smaller Ziirich form, the resulting hybrids measured—the males from 83 to 95 mm., gynan- dromorphie and females from 84 to 97 mm. 2 The hybrid figured (Pl. III. figs. 4 and 5) resembles S. spint in struc- ture and coloration. The male differs from S. spini, however, in the single coloured dark grey-brown hairs of the upper side of the abdomen, while the female possesses the broken transverse band at the base of the fore wings, which is a peculiarity of S. pavonia. 3 The secondary hybrids (Pl. III. figs. 6, 7, 8) are also of one brood, from a strong hybrid male of No. 8 and a large Dalmatian S. pavonia 2. Of this form (which I have named after the esteemed editor of our paper, Herrn Director, C. Schaufuss, S. hybr. schaufussi), two males (figs. 6 and 7) anda gynandromorphie specimen (No. 8) are figured. 4 Of this highly interesting secondary hybrid of three species, which I have named S. hybr. schlwmbergeri, in honour of Herrn Staatsrath Dr. J. yon Schlumberger, of Gebweiler, a pair is figured (PI. IV. figs. 1 and 2). The female gives one the impression of a very large gigantic S. spini. The male also inclines mostly to a large male of this type, without, however, entirely discarding its connection with S. pavonia and pyri. Two male pupe of this rarity have already gone over three winters without developing, and will probably go through a fourth without emerging. 5 I succeeded in rearing two males of the same brood of this crossing, the only pairing between true hybrid forms that 1 have yet obtained. One of these is shown (Pl. IV. fig. 8), and gives a very curious impression. At first sight it appears to be an old well-known form, and the next moment an entire stranger. The creature seems familiar when we simply regard the coloration, which first forces itself upon one’s attention, as it agrees so entirely with a lightly coloured S. pavonia female that it could easily be mistaken for such. But the creature gives us quite a different idea when we notice that it is without doubt a well-developed male. In fact, this creature agrees entirely in structure with that of aS. pavonia male, but possesses the exact coloration of S. pavonia female. By this crossing experiment the bright phylogenetically younger male coloration is thrown back to the phylogenetic older less brightly coloured female type. The second male is similar to this male in structure and size, but on the upper side, on the outer border of the hind wings, and in the centre of the fore wings, beneath the eye-spot towards the hind border, it possesses Same rosy scales, and resembles the rare somewhat red.type of S. pavonia emale. 6 Of this also very complicated hybrid, three males of the same brood were successfully reared. The largest is figured (PI. IV. fig. 4); the others measure respectively 71 mm. and 73mm, The mother and grandmother of 846 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. The chief points noted by observing the development of these numerous hybrids were as follows :— 1. The secondary hybrids were not only produced by pairing primary male hybrids with females of the parent species, but also with the females of a third species. 2. A larger percentage of the broods of crossings of these primary hybrids with females of the phylogenetic oldest of its parents developed, than with the females of the younger. The results concerning crossing with the third species are too incomplete to form any opinions as to fertility. 3. The ‘resulting brood shows in general the same charac- ters as in the primary hybrids, in biological and physiognomical respects, but with a larger individual variability.7 A tendency was shown to follow the line of development of the phylogenetic older form of the two, and in the three species the phylogenetic oldest form. 4. In a lesser degree there is to be found in some male individuals a capability and inclination to individual develop- ment in new directions within a narrow limit. 5. Besides males capable of limited and individually varying degree of reproduction, and females mostly sterile, or only fertile to a slight degree in the hybrid No. 18, there appeared among certain secondary hybrids a relatively large number of gynandromorphous specimens, in various crosses and in varying proportions (PI. III. figs. 3 and 8). 6. The physiological affinity of the secondary hybrid males and also of the somewhat fertile females to the related types could not yet be ascertained, so that nothing definite can be said about it. An increase of fertility, compared with the male these hybrids were both very large females of the Dalmatian type of S. pavonia. The great size of these insects is certainly due to the greatest extent to this origin, as only one-eighth of the S. pyri blood of the great- grandmother remains. In general all these creatures have the appearance of large light coloured S. pavonia males of the Dalmatian form. 7 In order to show these individual differences, we represent on Pl. III., figs. 1, 2, and 3, three insects of the same brood. Figs. 1 and 2, males; and fig. 3 a gynandromorphic specimen from crossing No. 10. They are bred from a large male of crossing No. 9 and a female S. pavonia from Ziirich. The two males show great differences in wing structure and coloration. When the much larger Dalmatian S. pavonia was used for crossing instead of the Ziirich form, the resulting individuals of this brood, No. 10, showed still greater differences in wing measurement and coloration (see footnote 1), but they are such large specimens that it was impossible to figure them on account of room. Further, Pl. III. figs. 6, 7, and 8 are also three brood companions, two males and a gynandromorphic specimen, from crossing No. 18. Here also the two males, figs. 6 and 7, show great differences of size, also important differences in coloration. The original of fig. 6 has dull orange hind wings, whereas No. 7 has a pale rose colour tone, so that the colour differences of these two brothers are very great. For the gynandro- morphic specimens, figs. 3 and 8, see footnotes 8 and 9. ~ EXPERIMENTS IN HYBRIDIZATION AND TEMPERATURE. 347 parent, could not be ascertained in any of the numerous cases investigated, but, on the contrary, generally a decrease. 7. The broods of secondary hybrids, whether from an in- pairing of these forms (No. 18, Pl. IV. fig. 3 and footnote 5) or from crossing with a true Saturnia female (No. 19, Pl. IV. fig. 5 and footnote 6), produced up to the present only males, which were certainly capable of reproduction. As already stated, among certain secondary hybrids are to be found relatively numerous gynandromorphic specimens. We say gynandromorphic and not hermaphrodite specimens, because the anatomy of a number of these forms shows (it is true only such have been investigated as tended more to the female type) the male-female characters only in secondary sexual characters, i.e. the antenne, wing form, and coloration, and the outer organs of the genital apparatus, but not in the primary sexual characters, that is, the egg germs. The latter showed only a slight degeneration and malformation. In other respects they were entirely of one sex. There is no question here of true hermaphrodites, as only those individuals are regarded as such which having partially male and partially female characters; this peculiarity is also to be found in the sexual organs. In order to go thoroughly into this extraordinary fact, the results of our experiments were as follows :— 1. The male hybrid of S. pavonia 3 x pyri ? crossed with S. pyri $ No. 11 resulted in no brood in more than 60 per cent. of the pairings, and in the best case only 1 per cent. of living larvee, of which many died. Of the eight imagines bred, five were gynandromorphic, ‘probably resulting from four different broods. 2. The same male crossed with S. pavonia 2 No. 10 resulted in no brood in 38 per cent. of the copulations; the fertile ones producing between 4 to 62 per cent. The resulting larve were not very healthy. Of fifty-four imagines bred up to now, twelve are gynandro- morphic (Pl. III. fig. 8).8 Nine broods produced one gynandro- morphic specimen each, and the 10th brood three. 3. The males of the hybrid S. pavonia 3 xX spint 2 crossed with pavonia ? yielded without exception broods No. 13, amounting, in cases where an account was kept, to 16 to 84 per cent. 8 The gynandromorphiec characters of the individuals of this hybrid form (Pl. III. fig. 3) can be easily seen from the figure. On the upper side, the right fore wing, the left fore and hind wings, and the abdomen are entirely of the female coloration, the right hind wing male. The antenne are both nearly male, but with somewhat shorter feathering than usual. The male genital claspers are present in a rudimentary form at the end of the abdomen. The under side of the wings and body show male and female characters mixed up with one another, except the right hind wing, which here again is entirely male. 348: THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Out of the two hundred and seven resulting imagines, there were only ten gynandromorphic specimens, all of which were not so characteristically developed in their gynandromorphic condition as the majority of the gynandromorphic specimens already mentioned (PI. III. fig. 8). To how miany broods these ten specimens belong, and how they are distributed among the broods, I cannot exactly say. The whole of the two hundred and seven specimens were reared from nine pairs. 4, With the male of the same hybrid, that is—between S. pavonia § and spini 2 —only two back crosses with S. spini 2 have succeeded. From these developed 94 and 98 per cent. larve, but, on account of bad weather, all died except four. The four imagines—two males and two females—were sexually normal, without a sign of gynandromorphism (PI. III. figs. 4, 5, and footnote 2). 5. The crossing of this same hybrid male with S. pyri 2 No. 14, was in three cases infertile, most probably on purely mechanical grounds, on account of the great difference in size of the insects. Two other copulations resulted in 8 and 94 per cent. offspring (Pl. IV. figs. 1, 2, and footnote +). Unfortunately, on account of bad weather, most of these died of infectious disease. Of the well-developed nine imagines, none were gynandromorphic. It must be emphasized that the gynandromorphic specimens obtained were principally female in character. (To be continued.) NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Conias EDUSA, C. HyALE, AND ACHERONTIA aTROPOS IN 1900.—The unusual occurrence in this country of several species of Lepidoptera during the year has furnished material for numerous communications to the ‘ Entomologist,’ but I notice that as regards the visitation of C. edusa, C. hyale, and A. atropos, the bulk of these records are from correspondents who reside or have collected in the southern half of England. Reports on these species from northern sources have been few in number, and, as I think, very inadequately represent their actual distribution this year throughout the country. In a general way our northern confreres seem to be less desirous of exchanging ideas and experiences through the pages of entomological magazines than their fellow-students in the south, but it certainly is a matter of surprise to me that our north-country brethren have apparently 9 The gynandromorphic specimen of this hybrid shown (PI. III. fig. 8) is on the upper side of wings and body predominatingly female, only on the right hind wing outside the eye spot is a bright orange-coloured patch, which changes in colour; and one can also be seen on the figure. The antenne are almost entirely male, and the male genital claspers. are well developed. Beneath, male and female characters are indefinitely mixed, only the right hind wing is entirely female (see footnote 7). NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 349 regarded the occurrence of the species mentioned as unworthy of special mention. That these species have only been observed in the few northern localities from which reports have been received is possible, but, I think, improbable. Perhaps someone in each of the northern entomological centres will be good enough to communicate whatever information he may be in a position to give touching the question now raised.— Ricuarp Sourn; 96, Drakefield Road, Upper Tooting, 5.W. Kretmoprera, A NEW Diprerous Grenus.—VY. L. Kellogg describes (1900, Biol. Bullet. i. 81-7) a new dipterous genus, Hretmoptera, from tidal pools in California, which is allied to the Nematocera, but apparently forms a new family. In both sexes the wings are strongly narrowed, while the halteres have somewhat the appearance of simple rudimentary wings. The antenne have six segments in the male, four in the female.—G. W. Kirkatpy. Tue Insect Fauna or Hampsuire. — Vol. i. of the ‘ History of Hampshire,’ one of a sumptuous series entitled ‘‘ The Victoria History of the Counties of England,” was published last October. It contains lists, and in some cases much useful information respecting localities, &c., of the species of all orders of the Insecta known to occur in the County of Hampshire. The editor of this division of the work is Mr. Herbert Goss, who is responsible for the Macro section of the Lermorrrera. The list of Deltoides, Pyralides, and Crambites has been contributed by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher; that of the Tortrices, Tine, and Pterophori by Mr. Percy M. Bright, with annotations by Messrs. E. R. Bankes and W. H. B. Fletcher. Capt. Savile Reid and Mr. C. G. Barrett have also assisted. The Lepidoptera take up twenty-four of the fifty-four pages devoted to these lists of insects. Other well-known authorities and specialists have furnished lists as follows :—OrtnoptEera, Mr. Malcolm Burr; Nevuroprera and Tricuo- prera, Messrs. R. McLachlan, J. J. F. X. King, and Kenneth Morton; Hymenoptera Acuteata, Mr. E. Saunders; Hymenoprera Payropnaca, Miss Ethel F. Chawner; Cortrorrera, Rey. Canon Fowler and Mr. J.J. Walker; Dierera, Mr. F. C. Adams; Hemmprera-Hereroprera, Mr. EK. Saunders; Hemrprera-Homoprera, Mr. J. Edwards. Locat Scarcity or Tniocampa incerta, Hufn.—With reference to Mr. F. M. B. Carr’s enquiry (ante, p. 204), called forth by his ex- perience during two seasons in the New Forest, as to whether Teniocampa incerta (instabilis) is at all local, I cannot say whether it is entirely absent from any parts of the country, but in some, at any rate, it is remarkably scarce. For many years I regularly worked the sallow-bloom in this district, which is no great distance from the New Forest, and shows a peculiarly close resemblance to it in its insect fauna, but have only taken eight specimens of 7’. incerta, all told! In 1892 I captured four examples of it, but in no other season have I taken more than a solitary individual, and it was some years before I ever met with it at all. 7. incerta is hardly likely to be altogether absent from the New Forest, but perhaps it is equally scarce there: I have no list of New Forest Lepidoptera at hand to consult on this point.—Kustace R. Bankes; Norden, Corfe Castle, Dorset, November 4th, 1900. 850 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Moutts 1n tHE Oponata.—A perusal of the interesting notes by the Rev. Arthur East, on the nymph of 7schna cyanea, in the ‘ Entomo- logist’ for October, prompts me to make a suggestion a propos of his conjecture that “‘ the smallest nymph skin measuring 34 mm. must be the first or second skin cast.’ A very few minutes after leaving the egg, some young nymphs moult. This I have observed in Libellula quadrimaculata (at Jena, Germany, in June, 1896), and in our American L. pulchella and Sympetrum vicinum. It is also mentioned for H’pitheca bimaculata by Heymons (1896). It is likely that such a moult will be found to occur in A’schna. Previous to this first moult, the legs of the young nymph are adherent to each other and are not movable, so that Heymons says that we cannot yet speak of a larva, but of a hatched embryo. The first moult frees the legs, which are at once put into use by their possessor. — Pattie P. Carvert; Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A., Nov. 5th, 1900. ARGYNNIS AGLAIA var. cHARLOTTA, Haw. — Referring to the aberration of Argynnis adippe described and figured (ante, p. 281), it is not a little singular that the elongated silver blotches on the under side of the hind wings are precisely identical in form with those in the var. charlotta of aglaia, which Lang says used to be described by old English authors as a distinct species, and was supposed to occur nowhere else but in Britain. In 1884 I captured at Niederdorf, in the Dolomites, a fine male example of this variety; and Dr. Staudinger showed me two in his collection, taken in Germany.—R. 8. SranpEn ; Thorpe Hall, Colchester, Nov. 4th, 1900. [In Mr. Leech’s collection there are three modifications of the charlotta form of A. aglaia. These are labelled from the Engadine, and two of these are of the male sex. All three have the basal silvery spots on under surface of the hind wings confluent; but the female is fairly typical on the upper surface, and thus agrees with var. charlotta. The male examples, however, apart from the confluence of the basal spots referred to, exhibit different aberrational characters on both surfaces. There is a figure of an aberration of A. aglaia closely ap- proaching var. charlotta in the ‘Entomologist’ for 1894, p. 182.—Ep.] Universat List or Enromotocists.—Entomologists of all countries are invited to send in their names, profession or business, order or orders studied, and full address, to Ag. W. Norbeda, Entomologist, ‘Méhik, Bohemia, who will be glad to insert such particulars, free of cost, in his forthcoming ‘Catalogue of the Entomologists of the World.’ EPINEPHELE TITHONUS IN Larce Numpers.—On July 30th last, while wandering among the sandhills near Christchurch in Hants, I found EH. tithonus swarming on the bramble-bushes. The wind was rather high, and they were generally on the protected side of the bushes. On one fairly large clump I could probably have counted, would they have remained still enough, a hundred specimens. This butterfly seemed to be specially plentiful in the New Forest and neighbourhood at the end of July and beginning of August.—W. J. Lucas; Sept. 12th, 1900. 351 CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. EpInePHeLe (Hipparcuta) HYPERANTHES IN Firessrre. — As the ringlet is not a common butterfly in Scotland, it is perhaps worthy of notice that in the first week of July last a number of specimens were on the wing between hawthorn hedges near Cupar. They were of the variety which has only two spots on the under sides of the anterior wings.—HENRY H. Brown ; Cupar, Fife. LycH@NA ARGIOLUS AND MacROGLOSSA STELLATARUM.—L. argiolus has been very common this year, and I have seen it at Keston, Purley, Hove, and in considerable abundance roand the ivy-clad walls of Pevensey Castle. I have only seen one example of M. stellatarwm, and that at Hove.—Lewis L. Turner; 131, Melbourne Grove, Kast Dulwich. Harty AND Late Dates ror EvUcHLOE CARDAMINES AND OTHER BurrerFcies.—I think the occurrence of this butterfly in July is not at all an unusual one. Dr. Buchanan White used to take it in Kircudbright- shire in June and July (see Newman's ‘ British Butterflies,’ p. 158). I have also the following late dates for it: July 6th, 1833; July Ist, 1875 ; July 16th, 1888. One was even taken in September, being a male in splendid condition, in the neighbourhood of Plymouth, by Mr. Dell (see ‘ Weekly Entomologist,’ vol. i. p. 108). I have late specimens of a much richer and yellower white than the early ones. I do not know whether this has been previously noticed, but Newman states that he had a specimen of a beautiful canary-yellow. I have also the following early dates for it :— April 7th, 1835; April 2nd, 1854; April 15th, 1868; April 6th, 1893. Pieris rape. The last I have seen this year was on Oct. 27th. In 1873 I saw it still later—on Oct. 29th. It is the first butterfly to emerge in the new year; I have taken it myself on Feb. 17th, and it has even been known to do so in the end of January. LP. brassic@ I once met with on Feb. 22nd, 1893. On the other hand, I have no earlier record for napit than April 6th, 18938, although in 1830 it appeared as late as Oct. 31st. Chrysophanus phleas. In my experience this is the last butterfly to be seen on the wing, if we exclude the hybernating species. The last dates I have for it are Noy. 5th, 1803; Nov. 8th, 1876. ‘The earliest dates I have for it are April 2nd, 1833, and April 22nd, 1893. For Pararge egeria my dates are March 15th, 1830; March 25th, 1868; Nov. 2nd, 1866. Vanessa cardui on Dec. 31st, 1868, and Feb. 18th, 1869. V. atalanta on Nov. 18th, 1824, and March 29th, 1819. Jo on Dec. 13th, 1842; Jan. 30th, 1824; Feb. 22nd, 1825. Grapta c-album on Nov. 6th, 1820. —C. W. Date; Glanvilles Wootton, Noy. 3rd, 1900. ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN HampsHIRE. — Two pupe of A. atropos were sent to me from Hampshire this year, one in August and the other in September. The gardener who sent them said he had not seen any for thirty years.—Rospert Scuaw More; Woodcote End House, Epsom. ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN OcToBER.—A specimen of A. atropos was taken by Mr. Bunce, at the Round Oak Inn, Padworth, on Oct. 9th, at rest inside the bar. I saw the moth alive the same evening, at the above- mentioned inn. — Henry Garretr; Padworth House, near Reading, Berks, Oct. 25th, 1900. 352 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. MAcROGLOSSA STELLATARUM.—This species has been observed here much less frequently than last year—W. T. Harris; 17, Micheldever Road, Lee. Although not quite so abundant as last year, this species has been very common in my garden all the summer, and I have this year noticed the insect, on warm evenings, visiting the flowers at dusk, a circumstance I never observed before.—(Rev.) A. Nasa; Standish Vicarage, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire. CH@ROcAMPA NERU AT TeIGNMourH.—A fine specimen of Chero- campa nerit was taken alive on Myrtle Hill, a street bordering on the G.W.R. station, Teignmouth, on October 23rd. The gentleman who picked it up brought it to me, and made mea present of it. As I havea small collection he thought I should value it, although I make no claim to be a naturalist. But, on showing the fly to Dr. W. C. Lake, a retired practitioner, I was told that I was the lucky owner of a very rare catch. The doctor had a note, in his copy of Kirby's ‘ Butterflies and Moths of Europe,’ to the effect that a similar insect was caught in the gardens of Trafalgar Cottage, in this town, about fiftv years ago. Other specimens have been taken at Brighton and Dover. Mr. A. G. Butler, of the British Museum (Natural History), says that the Museum has one taken at St. Leonards. Since this, a gentleman of Dawlish tells me that another was found at Street, near Dartmouth. Later still, a writer in a local paper claims to have seen one feeding on geraniums in his garden, also in this county. My specimen measures 42 inches from tip to tip of wing, and the body is 2} inches in length. The colours, in sunlight, are a velvety olive-green, graduating into greys, and the pink marking is distinct. The condition is very good: the only injury is a short tear in the left hind wing. Many ladies and gentlemen of this and neighbouring towns have called to inspect the moth; and would-be purchasers have written from various parts of England (a notice of the capture having appeared in the rewspapers). It is my intention to offer it to the Albert Museum, Exeter, in a short time. There it may be seen by ardent admirers of moths.—J. J. O. Evans; Teignmouth. Lyc#NA BELLARGUS IN HER?TFORDSHIRE.—Mr. Arthur Cottam (ante, p. 303) records Lyce@na bellargus as new to this county. I took the insect last year on Aldbury downs in September. The butterfly also occurs about two miles from Tring, just beyond the Hertfordshire border, though it is always rare.—N. Cuartes Roruscnitp ; Tring Park, Tring, Herts, November 2, 1900. CoLias EDUSA IN OcTOBER.—I saw a few specimens of C. edusa in good condition at Kingsdown, on September 30th and October 1st. Several Pieris rape were also seen, but not a single example of P. brassice was observed.—G. W. KrrKabpy. I took, freshly emerged, C. edusa, in rides of the New Forest, on October 17th last.—C. W. Cottarur; 127, Bary Street, E. Dulwich. I took a specimen of C. edusa here on October 31st last. It had but recently emerged, and, although able to fly, the wings were still slightly crumpled and soft.—Prrcy HK. Frexe; 7, Limes Road, Folkestone. CoLiAs HYALE IN Hssex.—Colias hyale has appeared here (Waltham- stow) for the first time in my experience, the first specimen being taken on August 26th, in a small field of lucerne near Larks Wood; and I have CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 353 taken occasional specimens since in the same place, the last on the 23rd inst. At Upminster, Essex, six were netted on the 9th inst., and two on the 11th. They were curiously local here, being confined to a railway bank over a length of about two hundred yards; some clover and patches of lucerne, apparently wild or self-sown, were growing on this bank, which may account for the insect being confined to this particular spot where I found them. At Stanford-le-Hope, in the same county, seven were secured on the 17th inst., in a large field of lucerne close to the railway station. My opportunities for collecting during the last fortnight in August—which is, I think, the best period for C. hyale—were very limited ; otherwise I believe a large number could have been taken. The insect has evidently occurred in some plenty and over a wide area in Essex.— G. Haroitp Conquest; 58, Hatherley Road, Walthamstow, ‘September 26th, 1900. CoLtas EDUSA AND C. HYALE IN HEeRTFORDSHIRE.— Both these species were fairly common here in August and September, and especially so in Bucks. One example of the var. helice was also taken.—N. CHARLES Rorascuitp ; Tring Park, Tring. Colas HYALE IN Kent.—This species has been fairly common in most of the lucerne fields at Erith and the surrounding district. I also met with it at Folkestone, where I heard a good number had been captured, and at Dover also. I found nothing specially striking, but a female from Folkestone is of a very vivid yellow, and the spots on the hind wings are large and highly coloured. The ‘“ whites” seem to have a great antipathy to this species, and hardly let them have any peace, and some- times render their capture tedious and difficult, often preventing it altogether. C. edusa has occurred also, but, as far as my experience goes, much more sparingly than its congener.—K. Sapine; Erith, October, 1900. CoLias EDUSA AND C. HYALE IN NorrinGHAMSHIRE.—On August 18th I took a large number of C. edusa in splendid condition, and saw others fre- quently up to September 6th. On August 30th I obtained two C. hyale, both of which were of the pale form.—A. Simmons ; Rutiand House, West Bridgford, Nottingham. Between August 12th and 24th last, six specimens of C. hyale were taken by myself aud two friends. I also took, within the dates mentioned, twenty-four examples of C. edusa, and my two friends more than double this number between them. I believe that C. hyale has not been recorded from the county for thirty years—G. Henprrson ; Arnold Road, Old Bash- ford, Notts. CoLIAS EDUSA AND C. HYALE IN SoMERSETSHIRE.—On August 18th my aunt and myself captured six Colias edusa, one var. helice, and two C. hyale at Huish Champflower, Wiveliscombe. During the following two days we secured eighteen C. edusa.—W. H. Tapp; The Hill, Bromley, Kent. CoLIas EDUSA IN SuRREY.—One morning in August my sister saw a Colias edusa on Epsom Common. She caught it, and I find it is a female specimen.—RoBertr Scaaw More ; Woodcote End House, Epsom. CoLiAs EDUSA AND ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN Kenpdat District.— Since my contributions to the October ‘ Entomologist’ on the above species, further records have come to hand. During the latter half of September and the first part of October the weather in this locality was 854 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. unceasingly wet and wild. Notwithstanding this, fresh edusa were found day after day settled on clover, stubble, and cut oats (which by the way has been entirely ruined owing to the prolonged wet). Careful searching has revealed two empty pupa-cases, and many must have perished in the mouldering corn. The last specimens taken were on September 28th and 30th; and the total number of captures so far ascertained is one hundred. Both males and females were very fine, and, though the latter were some- what variable, nothing approaching var. helice was taken. One is reported to have been seen, but not captured, near Witherslack. Having read Mr. Frohawk’s excellent articles in the ‘ Entomologist,’ vols. xxv. and xxvi., every effort was made with the last pair captured to continue the brood, but without success—the sun absolutely refused to shine, with the result that they would not copulate; and, after living for a fortnight, the female depo- sited three infertile eggs, anddied. With regard to A. atropos, the species seems to have been abundant and widely distributed in the district this season, especially in the neighbourhood of the moss lands. Pups are still being dug up with the potatoes; and the number of specimens traced has almost reached thirty.—(Rey.) A. M. Moss; Kendal, October 24th, 1900. P.S.—Several of the pupe obtained have recently died, some owing to malformation, others having sustained injury in their rough handling by potato-diggers. Two, however, have emerged, both males, of moderate size, and perfect in every respect; the first on October 30th, nearly two months from date of pupation, only slightly forced ; the second on Novem- ber 9th, a case of quick development, produced in a fairly constant tempera- ture of 90° F., and plenty of moisture.—A. M. M.; Nov. 9th, 1900. CoLIAs EDUSA IN ScoTLAND.—I saw a specimen of C. edusa flying over a turnip field at Inverary, Argyllshire, on or about September 10th last. I succeeded in boxing it, but it escaped before I could get the box closed. I saw no other specimens.—Joun A. Nix; 20, Hans Place, 8.W., Novem- ber 2nd, 1900. VANESSA CARDUI IN Buckxs.—I took two specimens of this insect on August 19th. Both were in good condition, and were flying along the roadside near Beaconsfield. —W. H. Barron; The Poplars, Spencer Road, Grove Park, Chiswick, W. VANESSA ANTIOPA IN Essex.—On September 20th, G. Ruffel, one of the boys at the Countess of Warwick’s School at Bigods, near Dunmow, captured a butterfly which he reported at the time to be a Camberwell Beauty, and stated that he had seen another the same day, but failed to catch it. I have been waiting to verify the record before publication, and have just received the specimen taken, which is V. antiopa, and I have no doubt that the captor was correct in his recognition of the other specimen. —R. Metpoia ; November 8th, 1900. SIREX JUVENCUS aT CHicHESTER.—A fine female of this yiant sawfly was taken here on Sept. 28th, in the office of Mr. J. Loder Cooper, the town-clerk, by whom it was given to me. A few days later another was seen by my brother, on the pavement of one of the streets. 8S. gigas is of frequent occurrence in this locality—JoszrpH ANpDERSoN ; Chichester. NevuropreRon (Linn.) at SucaR.—In the New Forest, at the beginning - of August last, several lace-wing flies were taken at sugar. One brought away and identified was Chrysopa flavifrons.—W. J. Lucas; Kingston-on- Thames. CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 355 Late GrassHoprer.—A single female of Stenobothrus bicolor was taken on Esher Common, on Nov. 4th. ‘This is much later than I have ever noticed the species, or any of its congeners, before.—W. J. Lucas; King- ‘ston-on ‘Thames. CIRRH@DIA XERAMPELINA.—I took forty-three specimens of C. xeram- pelina on Aug. 23rd, 1900, all on ash-trunks and twigs around, drying their wings. 1 consider the scarcity is on account of entomologists in general not knowing when and how to find it.—G. Hunprerson; Arnold Road, Old Basford, Notts. Nore oN GoNOPTERA LIBATRIX.—With reference to the note (ante, p. 305) on the finding of pups of G. libatriv on black poplar, I may say that here the larva is regularly beaten from both sallow and black poplar. On sallow it spins the “ oval white cocoon ” mentioned by Newman, but on poplar makes no cocoon, simply curling over the end of a leaf, or drawing two leaves together and fastening them with a few silken threads, the pupa itself being perfectly visible between the leaves.—Franx LirrLewoop ; Lynn Garth, Kendal, Nov. 8th, 1900. CARADRINA AMBIGUA AT PacHamM.—When at Bognor, in September, I took a doubtful-looking Caradrina, at sugar, at Pagham, and have now been enabled to identify it as C. ambigua. In view of the remarkable spread of this moth round the South Coast, it may be of interest to add this capture to the records.—R. Metpora; Nov. 8th. GERRIS LACUSTRIS NYMPH IN OcroBER.—On Oct. 14th last I was rather surprised on picking up out of a dyke on the sandhills at Deal a nymph of Gerris lacustris—rather late for nymphs, I thought.—G. W. Kirratpy. SUGARING In A GARDEN.—Sugaring in the garden here during October proved rather attractive. Between the 9th and 17th the following species occurred :—Agrotis saucia, Orthosia lota, Anchocelis pistacina (very common), A, litura, Cerastis, vaccinii, C. ligula (spadicea), Xanthia ferruginea (com- mon), Polia flavicincta, Miselia owyacanthe (including a good many ab. capucina), Phlogophora meticulosa, and Hadena protea.—Puinip J. Bar- RAUD: Bushey Heath, Herts. NorEs FROM THE Lake District.—In June I took a three weeks’ holiday, from the 7th to 28th. I stayed at a place in the parish of Set- murthy, but the station, which was quite close, was labelled Bassenthwaite Lake, and was situated in the parish of Wythop. The village of Wythop was on ove side of Wythop Fells and the church on the other, and the village of Bassenthwaite is on the opposite side of the lake to the station of Bassenthwaite Lake. The weather was all that could be desired, which is not always the case in the English Lake District. I did not sugar; in fact, I only took such insects as came directly under my notice. The following is a list of the Lepidoptera which I either took or saw :—Pieris brassic@, rapa, and napt; all these were very common, but in poor con- dition. Huchloé (Anthocharis) cardamines, common, and in good con- dition ; exceedingly variable in size, some males being the smallest I have ever seen, and others the largest. Aryynnis selene, very common and in splendid condition. A. euphrosyne, only caught a few, which were very worn, Vanessa urtice, larvee common everywhere, especially near Crossthwaite church and in the Vale of Newlands. I took about forty, which soon turned, and are small, but dark, with very distinct markings. V. atalanta, 856 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. saw a few very fine specimens near Wythop church and Buttermere. VJ. cardut, saw a specimen at Braithwaite, and another in the Vale of New- lands. Hpinephele ianira (janira), only saw one male. Canonympha pam- philus and Polyommatus phleas, both common. Lycena icarus (alexis), caught six males, but did not see a single female, in a field off the Udale road. Nisoniades tages, very common and in excellent condition near Isel, and on the Udale and Aspatria roads. Spilosoma menthastri, one male near Ouse Bridge, and a pair near Higham. The female, taken at Higham, laid about a hundred ova, which I have fed on elder, as both dock and nettle are difficult to get at Bolton. Hepialus humuli. saw one male. Phalera bucephala, one specimen, at rest on a leaf, near Higham. Acro- nycta leporina, one specimen at rest on a willow-trunk behind the Pheasant Hotel. Xylophasia monoglypha (polyodon), made the acquaintance of one in my bedroom. I was fortunate enough to see no more. EHuplexia luci- para, caught one in bedroom. Plusia pulchrina and P. gamma, one of either kind. Huclidia glyphica, saw one or two on the Udale road, along with selene, pamphilus, and tages. Rumia luteolata, very common after dusk along the lane hedges. Boarmia repandata, one very dark specimen in woods on Armathwaite estate, off the Udale road. Geometra vernaria, one specimen at Higham. Jodis lactearia, one specimen off Udale road. Cabera pusaria and exanthemaria, both exceedingly plentiful. Abraxas (Zerene) grossulariata, only saw one larva by the roadside near Cocker- mouth. A. sylvata (ulmata), very common near the Wythop Estate Woods ; took over sixty one afternoon, at rest on low plants. Lomaspilis marginata, common everywhere. Larentia viridarta (pectinitaria), took one specimen resting on an ash-trunk by Wythop Estate Woods. Thera juniperata, fairly common. Melanthia ocellata, Melanippe sociata, M. mon- tanata, and Camptogramma bilineata were all common. Bupalus piniaria, . males common everywhere, but did not see any females. Hwubolia plum- baria (palumbaria), fairly common off the Udale road. Tanagra atrata (cherophyliata), common in the same places as H. plumbaria. Botys urtt- calis, saw a left primary of this species on a nettle, CoLEoprerRa.— Cicindela campestris var. funebris, caught one specimen near Crummock Water, where it seemed common. Melolontha vulgaris,common. Phyllo- pertha horticola, very common on bracken uear Buttermere, and in the Vale of Newlands; less so on Lattrigg. Corymbites e@neus and cupreus, one specimen of the former; the latter was common on Lattrigg. Lampyris noctiluca, four males flew in at the bedroom window about 11 p.m., evidently attracted by the candle. Rhagium inquisitor and bifasciatum, one specimen of each; the former on the boat-house, the latter flew out of some pine woods.—Oscark WHITTAKER; Morelands, Heaton, Bolton, Aug. 2ist, 1900. THREE Days’ Cottectineg at Dear.—Three days is not a long time to work up a strange locality, but having nothing else to do from July 31st to August 3rd, I determined to run down to Deal, my principal object being to try and obtain a series of Lithosia pygma@ola and Liparis chrysorrhea, the former of which I understood to be getting very scarce, and the latter very common in this particular locality. I was also anxious to see the old place again, as in my early school days I had spent three summer holidays there, and had then collected butterflies in a more or less casual way; in 1886, the last of these three years, capturing, and recording in this maga- zine, Colias edusa, var. helice—this record, by the by, being my earliest effort in print, being then only twelve years old. It is curious that this my next visit should again be during a “ Colias” year. CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 357 I put up at a boarding-house in the Sandhills, ‘‘ Martinsfield ” by name, and I may say that anyone working Deal could not do better. The catering is very good, the rooms comfortable, and the position is close to the best treacling ground; there are also two bungalow bedrooms, one of which should be secured beforehand, as one is then able to get in and out at any time of night. In the garden at “ Martinsfield” there is a large quantity of privet, which attracted Vanessas and Macroglossa stellatarum by day, and countless moths by night. As, however, moths were even more plen- tiful on treacle, I did not work this privet beyond a final quick look round before turning in. Still, it might be very useful if treacle were not paying. Arriving about 3.80 on 31st, I commenced operations during my lunch by boxing three Amblyptilia acanthodactyla and one Acidalia imitaria off the dining-room ceiling, and immediately after netted a fine M. stellatarum over the garden privet. Up to dinner time I did nothing much except prospecting the ground and putting treacle on some hundred odd posts, in two lines of fences running across the sandhill half-a-mile apart. This plan worked well, as the space between the two gave a good opportunity for working for Lithosia pygmaola, &e. This little “ footman ” has certainly become very scarce, as hard work on three evenings only produced eight specimens in all. Only one was netted at dusk, two more on treacle, and the others at rest on the marram grass stems. In this situation they are very conspicuous in the lamplight, and I feel sure I did not miss any over the ground I searched. ‘The three nights, however, were all very windy, and probably a still, warm night is wanted for this species, as for Nudaria senex, in the Fens. The wind, though very strong, was south-west, and did not in any way interfere with treacle. On the contrary, the best posts were the mdst exposed ones—two or three on a high sand-hill, and others on a shingle ridge at the top of the beach. being always the most favoured. There was a truly vast assemblage of moths, the last night being the best. The commonest species was undoubtedly Xylophasia polyodon, of which I took one almost black ; then came in order Amphipyra tragopogonis, Triphena pronuba, Agrotis tritici, Hydrecia nictitans, and Agrotis puta, all in the finest possible condition. I took long and variable series of A. tritici and H. nictitans, and some nice forms of 7’. pronuba, amongst which I picked out one fine J’. fimbria, but A. trayopogonis and A. puta were wonderfully constant. A. valligera was much scarcer, only about half-a-dozen each night, and there were no A. cursvria, a species I rather expected. 4. suffusa occurred in about the same numbers as 4. valligera, and was as usual in grand condition, whilst A. nigricans was a bit commoner and very variable, but nowhere near ¢ritici in numbers. Amongst a num- ber of common Caradrinas, a close search failed to turn up C. ambigua, in this almost its earliest British locality. A specially striking feature (more noticeable, perhaps, after several “fen seasons”) was the scarcity of “ wainscots.” Even Leucania impura, which was the commonest of them, rarely visited the treacle, being far fonder of the flowering heads of marram grass, where it kept company with H. nictitans, Cerigo cytherea, and Miana furuncula, the few Lithosia pygmaola taken being all on the stems. Six L. conigera were the only other Leucanias, all but one on treacle, and the other on grass; and, in one little corner where the fence ended at a reedy dyke, Cwnobia despecta occurred sparingly, both on treacle and round the reeds at dusk. Calamia phragmitidis did not come to treacle, although ENTOM.—DECEMBER, 1900. 24H 358 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. I kicked one up in the evening on the neighbouring pasture land very worn. The only other species worth mentioning were M. literosa (scarce), and two very poor Apamea fibrosa. It is curious that the latter should be so worn, as three or four days later, last year, they were only just coming out at Wicken Fen. Most of the above also occurred commonly on the privet, and, in addition, plenty of Plusia gamma and Hadena chenopodii, the latter being very scarce ou treacle. ‘This species I also saw on the privet in the day time, flying with P. gamma iu the afternoon sun. Whilst working for L. pygme@ola, and when putting on the treacle, Mesotype virgata occurred sparingly, and, amongst the Crambi, C. perlelius and var. warringtonellus (common) and C. contaminellus (very scarce). I worked hard during the two and half days I had, although the first day and last morning were very wet, and the second day so exceedingly windy that scarcely anything flew except under shelter. On August 2nd, however, in sheltered spots, butterflies were very abundant, and I then got my first glimpse of Colias hyale, netting two fine males on the Kingsdown cliffs. This first indication of a Colias year was abundantly realised when during the next fortnight I took large numbers of both C. edusa and C. hyale at Littlehampton. I walked along the cliffs in the wind to St. Margaret’s Bay, and here found Argynnis aglaia common, but small and mostly worn. Lyc@na corydon literally swarmed, but it was too windy to work for vars. Lycena astrarche was fairly common (but more plentiful on the sand-hills), and a single female L. argiolus occurred in Upper Walmer. Pyrameis cardui turned up everywhere, defying the wind with its strong flight, and Melanargia galatea was common on the Kingsdown cliffs. This species was also very small compared with some taken at Chattenden a fortnight earlier. Polyommatus phleas was abundant, and the specimens uniformly dark and dusky, some of them being very extreme in this direction. ‘This darkening in colour was probably due to the effect of the excessive heat of mid-July upon the pupe. I found Liparis chrysorrhea at once on the first morning, and, although exceedingly local, it was abundant in its special locality, so abundant in fact, and the food so limited, that I should imagine the larvee would next year be in great danger of starvation. The hawthorn bushes in this spot are few and stunted, and from one of them, not two feet high, I took eleven females, and counted twenty-one batches of eggs. From a larger bush I took twenty-three females, each one having a batch of ova beside her, and every bush had several specimens, in many cases ten or more. There were also a nuwber on blackthorn and wild rose. I had no hesitation in taking a large number of specimens, all but two having oviposited, and consequently minus their “ tails,” which of course are used as a covering for the ova, but, curiously enough, could only find three males. Their condition, owing to the rough weather, might have been better, but many were very fair indeed. The batches of eggs, judging from the ten I brought home, are very large. Three of them, ina chip box, hatched unawares, and disported themselves on a lace window- curtain, making such a show that I wished the batches had been smaller. Leucoma salicis was also very common on a row of small poplars, both sexes equally, sitting on the under side of the leaves, in the same way as L. chrysorrhea did on the hawthorns; and a long series of Bryophila perla was taken off walls in the town, two, with a bright orange-yellow ground colour, coming off a wall covered with a bright yellow lichen. On the Kingsdown cliffs I spent about an hour each day searching knap- SOCIETIES. 859 weed blossoms for Hremobia ochroleuca, and by this means secured six fine specimens and left a seventh bad one. They were all sitting well in the centre of the flowers, but I could find none on scabious, which I believe they are supposed generally to favour. Aspilates gilvaria was common on the slopes at St. Margaret’s Bay, and Eubolia bipunctata literally swarmed on the chalk, rising in confusing numbers at every step, in company with countless Plusia gamma. Melanippe galiata and M. rivata occurred, but were scarce ; and amongst the plumes Amblyptilia acanthodactyla, Mime- seoptilus bipunctidactylus, and Pterophorus monodactylus were walked up commonly. Pyrausta purpuralis was also in great evidence when the sun shone.—RussELt EK. James; 18, Onslow Gardens, Highgate, Sept. 17th. Erratum.—Page 281, line 2 from bottom, for July read September. SOCIETIES. Entomotoaican Socrety or Lonpon.—October 17th, 1900—Mr. G. H. Verrall, President, in the chair. Mr. J. Digby Firth, The Grammar School, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, near Manchester, was elected a Fellow of the Society.—Mr. A. H. Jones exhibited a series of Pararge mera— a light form resembling P. megera, from the Basses Alpes and the Cévennes; a dark form approaching P. hiera, from Cortina; and an intermediate form, from the Italian Lakes; also a variety of Lycena corydon, female, in which the under wing showed a decided blue coloration, taken at Lago di Loppio, near Riva. Dr. Chapman sug- gested that the union between the three named species of Pararge was very near, if the species were not indeed identical.—Mr. A. J. Scollick exhibited a specimen of Cethosia cyanea, a species inhabiting North-west India, which had been taken this year on the wing near Norwich. It was suggested by Mr. Distant that this was a case of accidental importation, probably in the pupal condition.—Mr. H. Rowland-Brown exhibited specimens of Hrebia glacialis, taken this year on the Stelvio Pass, showing transitional forms to the var. alecto. He said that the typical form and the variety were not found flying together, but on opposite sides of the valley. Dr. Chapman observed that the darker specimens approached to the form of H. melas found in the neighbour- hood of Cortina-di-Ampezzo. Specimens of EL. glacialis also exhibited from Saas Fée and Evolena showed marked inferiority in size and ~ prilliancy of colour.—Mr. W. L. Distant exhibited a piece of Hawkes- bury sandstone from Australia, showing the borings of Termites, and, in connection with the same, communicated a note from the ‘ Pro- ceedings’ of the Linnean Society of New South Wales (pt. ii. 1899, p- 418), as follows :—‘‘ Mr. D. G. Stead exhibited specimens of Hawkes- bury sandstone—(1) from the sea-shore between tide-marks, showing the tunnelling of marine Isopods (Spheroma) with the living animals in situ; and (2) from the hill-tops overlooking Port Jackson, offering examples of the borings which so often attract notice, and the pro- duction of which has been attributed to Hymenoptera and also to the Termites. Since last meeting Mr. Stead reported that he had investi- gated the matter, and that, after breaking up a quantity of stone, he had come upon Termites, of a species at present undetermined, actually at work, specimens of which he exhibited.’’— Mr. M. Burr exhibited a 360 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. male and female specimen of Anisolabis colossea, Dohrn., from New South Wales—the largest known earwig in the world. November th, 1900. — The President in the chair. — Dr. John Cotton, of 126, Prescot Road, St. Helen’s; Mr. George H. Howes, of Spey Street, Invercargill, New Zealand; the Hon. F. M. Mackwood, M.1.C., of Colombo, Ceylon; Mr. William J. Rainbow, of the Australian Museum, Sydney; and Mr. Percy Charles Reid, of Feering Bury, Kel- vedon, Essex, were elected Fellows of the Society. — Mr. George S. Saunders exhibited specimens, from Devonshire, of Pieris rape and Plusia gamma caught by the proboscis in flowers of Arauwjia albens, Don, a climbing plant of the natural order Asclepiadacee; and ex- plained the nature of the mechanism by which the insects were entrapped by the flowers. He also showed specimens of the “ bede- guar’’ gall formed apparently on the ‘hips,’ or fruit, of Rosa canina, the formation of the galls on the hips being considered unusual. They were taken from a small briar about four feet high, having more than thirty of these galls, which was growing on the top of the North Downs near Reigate. Mr. Gahan remarked that the capture of insects by Araujia albens had recently been investigated in France by MM. Marchand and Bonjour, whose account appeared in the ‘ Bulletin de la Soc. des Sciences Nat. de l’Ouest de la France’ for 1899. These authors concluded that insects were captured only by immature flowers, the anther-wings, in the cleft between which the proboscis of the insect is caught, being at that time stiff and resistant; but when the flowers are ripe the anther-wings become less rigid and do not offer sufficient resistance to the withdrawal of the proboscis, which carries with it the pollinia ready to be transferred to the stigma of the next flower visited by the insect. — Mr. Tutt exhibited, for the Rev. Mr. Burrows, a large series of Hpunda lutulenta from Mucking, in Essex, and made remarks upon several interesting variations included in the series. — Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited Hydrocampa stagnalis, var., with examples of the typical form for comparison; the variety differed in having the basal line nearly obsolete, the sub-median double line much strengthened internally and reduced externally, and the cross-band connecting the sub-median and post-median bands almost entirely obliterated. — Mr. F. Merrifield exhibited a variety of Argynnis dia taken with a few examples of the ordinary form at Ilanz, in the Vorder Rhein Valley, early in September last, when what was, he believed, a third brood of this species was abundant; the variety was much blackened on the basal half of all the wings.—Canon Fowler exhibited a specimen of Orochares angustatus, Krichs., a Staphylinid beetle new to the British list, taken at Leverstock Green, Herts, by Mr. Albert Piffard.—The Rev. F. D. Morice mentioned as a fact of some interest that in a nest of Hormica sanguinea at Weybridge, in which he found males and workers of that species, he found also males and females as well as workers of the slave-ant Formica fusca, an experience samewhat different to that of Huber and Darwin, who stated that workers only of the slave-species were found in the nests of sanguinea.—The Secretary read ‘‘ Some notes on variations of Zeritis thysbe, Linn.,” communicated by Mr. H. L. L. Feltham, of Cape Town, and, on the latter’s behalf, exhibited one female and two male specimens of one of the rare forms referred to in the paper. This form was originally noticed by Mr. RECENT LITERATURE. 361 Trimen as an “ aberration.’’ Mr. Feltham succeeded in taking several specimens on the summit of the mountains overlooking Minzenberg, and was inclined to consider it a distinct dark variety. He requested that the specimens exhibited should be placed in the British Museum collection.—C. J. Ganan and H. Rowrann-Brown, Hon. Secs. RECENT LITERATURE. Aue. Lamerere. La raison d’étre des métamorphoses chez les Insectes ; Discours du Président a V Assemblée Générale de la Société Entom. de Belgique (1900, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xlii. (for 1899) pp. 619-36). Ave. Lamerre. Notes powr la Classification des Coléoptéres (1900, Ll. c., xliv. pp. 855-76, and Classificatory Table). Whatever may be the ultimate reception afforded to the views pro- pounded in these two papers, no one will be disposed to deny their—in great part—boldness and originality, or the intimate knowledge of en- tomology upon which they are based. The author considers that the ancestors of other winged insects cannot be found among the Amphibiotica—and consequently that wings have not been developed from tracheal branchise—for they, as well as their near allies the Orthoptera and Embioptera, have a large number of malpighian tubes, while almost all the other winged insects have but few, and a vanished organ (according to the “ law of irre- versibility of evolution’’) never reappears, nor does a perfected organ return to a former simple state. Five orders are embraced by the Holometabola, viz. :—Neuroptera (Planipennia and Plicipennia), Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera; these are all closely allied, and are probably mono- phyletic, the last four being specialised Neuroptera. The Rhipiptera are considered to be evidently the last term of evolution of the Rhipi- phoride, therefore coleopterous, while the Fleas (Pulicide), which up to the present have been universally regarded as either dipterous or— according to the recent researches of Brauer and Heymons—forming a separate order (Aphaniptera), are positively stated to be coleopterous, belonging without doubt to the group of Staphylinoides of Ganglbauer. It is noted in passing that the antenne are composed of eleven, and not three, segments, as formerly supposed. On one point we are not altogether certain of Prof. Lameere’s meaning. On page 622 the Cicadide are cited as an exception to the rule that the Rhynchota have a direct development; and on page 627 it is stated that this family possesses a true larva, adapted to a sub- terranean life, and offering especially this peculiarity, viz. that the anterior legs are, during this period—sometimes very long—of the insect’s existence, curiously modified into digging apparatus.* Now we do not think that these statements are borne out by the actual facts. It is true that the terms “larva” and “pupa” are loosely used by many entomologists in speaking of Rhynchota, Ortho- * Les Cicadides ont une véritable larve adaptée & une vie souterraine, et offrant notamment cette particularité que ses membres antérieurs sont pendant cette période, parfois trés longue, de l’existence de Jl’insecte, curieusement modifiés en appareils fouisseurs.” 362 CoLBbOorwrtTteRA. Silphinae. : Clambinae. = Sphaeriinae. = | Silphidae. Hydroscaphinae. 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Insect Glazed Cases, — = tal ‘new Tee of British Macro-Lepidopters, with Latin and English Cop hs Hee yf eee (avelaabis for taking moths off street lamps without ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET AND APPARATUS MAKER, 42 pes STAUDINGER & Sid as Dances Domden, is Gueke S new Price List, No. XLIII., offer more than 15,000 Species of well-named : LEPIDOPTERA, set or in pe ers, from all parts of ‘the ede ae ee condition; - 1300 kinds of PREPARED ‘Air numerous LIVING PUPAI, &. Separa - Price Lisrs for COLEOPTERA (20,000 species), for SYURNOSEREA ( save DIPTERA (1900), “HEMIPTER (2000), MG etapa oN ee Berea (550). paemet ts bon fs erierae Peshes Ton Prices low. Ris ¥ ec THOMAS SALVAGE, Arlington, Berwick, Sussex, E SUPPLIES Fine Well-set BRI’ é SH ‘SPECIMENS . of T. W-Album, H. Lineola, Sylvanus, Statices, Minos, — _ Exulans, Hera, Fuscantaria, Obscurata (light), Smaragdaria, ee oe naria, Immanata vars, Ambigua, Diffinis, Aurago, Gilvago, Anceps, and many fine vars., forms, &c. Healthy Pupm of D. Fureula, P. Hamula, Faleula, D. Car een (light vars.), C. Asteris, Verbasci, _ _E. Unifasciata, Isogramma: (All at reduced prices.) _ | e- “ N.B.—T. §. solicits a few subscribers for coming ‘season's sole : ee or price, cacy ee Suen i Shore. BR Dig eee Ss Subnotata, and many other Cae THE BRADY ‘CABINET. wy ENTOMOLOGIOAL CABINETS on an IMPROVED PRINCIPLE. . | Ten Shillings per drawer. Pee sk ae HESE well-known CABINETS are Manufactured — z a! of well-seasoned Mahogany, with wood or plate-glass — ree ol to doors. Letters of pseeamcntates can = oe 2 desired. 3 = a FY ss NE ‘i a 22g - NATURAL-HISTORY AGENT, BARTON STREET, GLOUCESTER, a tea Collectors with every ikind of a »paratus for the os brachd Rr Natural History: Cabinets, Store Boxes, “Buttery Ne Nets, &e ets BIRDS’ EGGS, SKINS, LEPIDOPTERA and COLEOPTERA, fey opt 4 in stock in large quantities. — e The largest stock of Eaas in England to select from, including many very are ‘ s species. List of clutches sent if desired, Large buyers liberally ealt with saat: Revised List of British Leprpoprera, now ready, post free. NEW AND SECOND-HAND BOOKS. ‘Taxpermy. Birds skini.ed and prepared for Cabinets or mounted by skilled assistants. Fall general Catalogue and Special List of Eaas and Skins, post free, N oe wents, and oe: one aaron as above, — BIRDSNESTING & BIRD-SKINNING. ok Consens Be Description of the Nests and Eggs of Birds which Breed in Britain, by {Epwarp Newman.—Sxconp Eprtion, with Directions for Collecting and _ Preservation; a Chapter on Bird-skinning; and Description and Woodcuts ig the Instruments necessary to the Soper. By Mrtrer Onrisry. Cloth bag nae Feap 8vo. Price ls. _ WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, Harrow Ganven, Lownox, EC. me = poi atalog 16 of the ‘Trepidontete ve, 2g ne Joltect of Buterfies otra n as a. ; ae Vork on British od er is dH. Sua oidop ntera a of the Galashiels District in me on Salo o he Hymen ae Sia 50. “British — oa = nh re eee tem 1798-1897,’ 52. ptero erii Rossici en m Bs ru eport on oe eS) 1877-1898,’ 52. BSCRIP TIONS for 1 1900 are Now ‘DUE. Prepayment for 1900 ud ing ee de anes aut a to any Lad a the ne may in belek soni wabwesbay, ‘MARCH arth, 28th. c xecutors to Sell by meee eg = xu oe r Bites “Wovent. Garden, on Tuesda ar ae ae arin the Well-known COLLE TION eee RA and COLEOPT! ERA formed by the late q., the result of over Sixty years’ collecting and breed- boa wonderful and exceptional Varieties of a very large ae oe sda of satel ee and Extinet Species, oe phe “i 7 ; exehan if not a] ae of. oe and Oustomers i ae 4 cram a aily. sherk ar mech: Le ore 48. "ue ed Emergence of — ir ees ri ‘semele, 43; se ai gs to announce that he has over One Hundred Thousand Specimens, and ) iL Heute . Joe * iy, ee .TKINS & DONCASTER, - Naturalist and Manufacturers Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets, i ng or can , inclu Stick, 1s. 3d., 2s., 28.6d. Folding Nets, pt “Gui Note alenodngy tm ‘Poskat Hoxtn Ody ay a 0 Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. aay Qs. ested Chip Boxes, 8a. per four dozen. ugaring Tin, with brush, wile ‘As. 6d. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use. per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor ‘cells, Qs. 6d., 4s., s., = Setting , flat or oval, lin., 6d.;— l}in., 8d.; 2 in., 10d. ; Qhin., 1s.; fog Soa 1s. ore Che ioe me — Complete eg of fourteen Boards, 105 F Cage a ee Sa s. 6d. "Oole | erist’ ‘8 Collette B ait at aT ee a a AS oo ie Ee a S it 3otanical . ee * je ure. insec AZe ae 01 ie Sta flor ac ng Anten sy aly S 8, ire eee Spon as perp ial Ey poe = aus are oy EE, 3, yee to hia maya {Han neskee acing ists, 14d. each; 8d. per doz.; 4s. per io, i Ou new , Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English - Our new Complete ae ee of British Lepidoptera (every species Der ae or on one side for ‘he “Dixon” aera eaoate for pea moths off street-lamps without the lamp-posts), 28 SHOW. ROOM FOR CABINETS Of fee es for Inszots, Birps’ Eaas, Coins, Microscopical OssEorTs, és pasate peepee a PP) nee on application, ee free. . ~ (prrrisn, RUROPEAN, AND EXOTIO). ! on mn als , ies peur Mounted by First-class Workmen. : Only Address :— sn R ND, Wo, LONDON (5 doors from CuaRina Cross). ae ee Pe: AND BOOKSELLER. rc )MOLOGICAL CABINET AND APPARATUS MAKER, 12, White Hart Street, Catherine Street, Strand, London, W.C. N ETS, BREEDING-CAGES, nual Apparatus of every description. ; “CAB: NETS for Insects; Birds’ Eggs; Minerals; Shells; ees 0., &e. Pocket Boxes, Store Boxes, and Book Boxes. | Sheets of Cork any size. OVA, LARVA, AND PUPA, ae A Large Assortment always on hand. Send for Price List to fo w. HEAD, Entomologist, SCARBOROUGH. x The Largest Breeder of LEPIDOPTERA in the British Isles. ist of TEEDOETERS, ADrAEATUS, Carvers, &c., sent on application. assorted or mixed, is, 6 ot oz. Pocket Lanterns, 2s.6d. tc i" — ae D® eS aNOER & & BANG-HAAS, lase’ -Dresden, i ei oC ‘new Price List, No. XLIII., offer more than 15, 000 8 ee ore LEPIDOPTERA, set A in peer from all parts of the w are condition; = 1800 kinds of PREPAR Ay am poor eu No PU ao Spans ae Price Lists for COLROPTE sy tes 00 mare for i PTERA (8000) io DIPTERA (1900), [PTERA “ORTHOPTERA )0) See eg eh Discount fir Ose orders. Briss low. +ipiee iy da har ee 7” * 7 THOMAS ‘SALVAGE, “Anlington, “bavi =o SUPPLIE: ae a Well-set BRITISH SPECIN re * of T. W-Album, H. Lineola, Sylvanus, Statices, Minos, — Exulans, te ‘Fuscantaria, Obscurata ( ight), Smaragdaria, Carbo- — - naria, Immanata vars., Ambigua, Diffinis, Aurago, Gilvago, Ancep: and many fine vars., forms, &e. ‘Healthy 1 Porm of D. Fuaret _P. Hamula, Faleula, D. Carpophaga (light vars.), C. Asteris, Verbasci, K. Unifasciata, Isogrammata, Subnotata, and many other spas ee es; . ee at gr eet prices.) : y ; —T. §. solicits a few subsoribers for coming season ‘8 ool ae etn For price, Joa &e., Dushe to above. 3 ee ena e os ys ‘ IS os uf fou EP CA yi By Rpcanely Aes Ts ‘BvTOMOLOGTOAL ‘CABINETS on act “TMROV | Ten Shillings per ee Be eee = ‘HESE well-known CABINETS are Mandieth e = es of well-seasoned Mahogany, with wood or plate-g ss = to doors. Letters of recommendation ome be “sent if gs : ; pte ee at Pere & SONS, Lower Fore street, Bimonion_ ¢ ER. UPPLIES Collectors with ¢ y kind cy sweatin ts tte various ranches | dee NG Natural History: Cabinets, oxes, Butterfly Nets, &e. ren eee ty BIRDS’ EGGS, SKINS, LEPIDOP TERA and {eee hey ‘kept a - in stock in large quantities. — The largest stock of Kaas in England to select fom, includ ) g many very rare species. List of clutches sent if desired. Large buyers liberally dealt with. fe ee Revised List of Brrrisu Lurrporrera, now ready, post, free. ese Th Ss ‘NEW AND SECOND-HAND BOOKS. © ae ts “‘Taxiermy. Birds skinwed and prepared for Cabinets or mounted by skilled ioaicaaie: % . . hae general Catalogue and Special List of Eaas and Sxrns, post free, Ne Recegehaers ‘N B—No gents, and only one o address as above, Fast BIRDSNESTING. & BIRD-SKINNING. A eoiaee ae tion of He Nests and Eggs of Birds which Breed in Reis vis by Epwarp io: Sawaan. —Skrconp Eprrion, with Directions for Collecti: foes Preservation; a Chapter on Bird-skinning; and Description and Woodcuts a ne the Instruments necessary to the Collector. Br bres Curisty. Cloth an _ Feap 8vo. Price 1s. WEST, NEWMAN & co., 4, Hartox Canoes, Loxvos, Bo 0. me es <= § mee ma of ee pees ‘Raswite gs e Flavour of Caterpillars, G. W. ee Cooeis ener en: H! grandis on ie Wi at Dus vel ly Hamm, bai a g, 89. British Orthopter ‘a, Malcolm ny a So Ineot, W. J. oe 89. The use of © F: The ‘April ctor a an shana “will contain a representing some Varieties of British Lepidoptera. An tic] e, entitled “Notes on Certain Scopari#,” by Dr. Kxaces, ishe ie n the same issue. The price of this number to will he Sumume. i rs who have not ye prepaid for 1900 are requested to eh doub. le numbers and postage to any part of the EWMAN @ "60, 54, Hatton Garden, Tagan | 3 es Stevens” Collection. ee WEDNESDAY, MARCH 27th, 28th. 7 STEVENS begs to announce that he has structions from the Executors to Sell by Auction, at at Rooms “SS, Resign Street, Covent Garden, on Tuesday day, M 27th and 28th, the Well-known COLLECTION RITISH LE) >IDOPTERA formed by the late Samven Srevens, Esq., alt of serie Years’ collecting and breeding, consisting of proba ae eeiteaty pisew and ot oe some ene very large number of Species, and a long ee and rnd Betinet Species, too numerous 3 mention. = Ja MES GARDN ER, rly aie site solar Ganst Road). ae - patoxD LISTS ON APPLICATION. |; exchanged if not approved of. Friends and Customers Li sec se Aine mistakes occur daily. — a = wey aKS | late Fe A Spars 5 gi at aS 7 oat & DONCASTER, ntomological Apparatus and Cabinets. cluding Stick, 1s. 8d., 2s., 28. 6d. Folding Nets, (se ting 7s. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. -» 1s. 6d., 2s . Nes ted a Boxes, 8d. per four dozen. ; 6d - Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d. = 6d., 2 ag MEH, — for us a es , 48., 5 Setting - ° 3 epee ry ee in., te 7 ath in., 1s. 4d.; . e Set of cee Boards, 10s. 6d. Settin . Zine Larva Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. 6a. 7s. 6d * dead 8 Collecting Bottle, with tube, nical Cases, japan: in dou le tin, 18.6d., 28. 9d., 3s. 6d., 4s. 6d. Is. | a a 4d., se , 28. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, ntenne, 4d. dee hettle. Steel Forceps, 1s. 6d. te ; a ot don 7 y is by 8h, best quality, 1s.4d. per dozen sheets. Brass ; d. Insect Lens, 1s. to 8s. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed ae ‘ine Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Pupa Digger, in leather cee containing ai necessary implements ; Scissors, 2s. per Hae i Ege. -drills, 2d., saat ta r Birds and Animals; Label-lists of British ig sek ditto of Land and Fresh-water —The eee fae and LABEL LIST. Compiled by Fr ee F.E.S8., according to his recent ‘Handbook of e Lists, 1 1}d. each; 8d. per doz.; 4s. per 100. 6d. oe, canine Gesigsee nat ren ere r new Com| ogue optera (every species on one aa shald, Ba. Biss :” Lamp-ner (invaluable for taking moths off street-lamps aithuet p-Pos ts), 2s. 6d. s ROOM FOR CABINETS for Insgcrs, Birps’ Eaas, Coins, MicroscoricaL Opsxcts, pene a PP) sent on Sap eN ar ee moh eet ‘Adavess = LONDON (5 doors from Onsnina Onoss). HIST TORY AGENT AND BOOKSELLER. M8 LONGLEY, | a ELiimercunee and Ap aratus of every description. (ETS for Insects; Birds’ Eggs; Minerals; Shells; Coins; &c., &e. Pa Rae Book Boxes, “Sheets of on bid sine. | Tlustrated with arty. , and Moths. faa ‘al New & Remainder Boolscil Vices Catalogues post ne W. F.H. ROSEN! 48a, CHARING “BRITISH and EXOTIC. ule Bi aac from all parts of the world. Healthy Pope a Pee from the Canary Islands, 6d. each. Lustrated. eae af f Apart us Se: ‘THE BRADY ENTOMOLOGIOAL CABINET on t | Ten Shillings p | TH ESE ee CABINETS a1 of well-seasoned Mahogany, with we panels to doors. Seees of aes en desired. 3 rise BRADY. & SONS, Lower Fore steat 3 apron re UPPLIES ents aie Side kind of apparatus for the ve s° pa ney Eeleen tore Box Battery N Nets, &e. BIRDS’ EGGS, SKINS, | in so in ands mantis. Speed, The largest stock of Hass in, ins eee NEW “AND baci m0 ‘Taxivermy, Birds skinned and pre red for Cabine or mout Fall generel eee aio rea Sie , fT BR Deseri teh of the Nests and ad Eggs by Epwarp Newman. — Seconp Preservation; a Chapter on ey the Instruments necessary to th Feap 8vo. Price ls. 9 WEST, NEWMAN « CO., 54, Barros anor, . m1 ) Sat oe as , 3 ; = hoe gs WwW. Pikack 101. oe : hee heats 104. ‘Butterflies collected in ica, Henry Charles Lang, 104, nu H. Guard Knaggs, 109. On the > Lepidoptera, A. Radcliffe Grote, 120. G, Butler, 124. A Catalogue of the Lepi- Kane, 125. 1 Habits of Cosmas liguiperda, Robert arva, Dr. May, 128. Dw ae aturalized Cockroaches, W. J. Lucas, 129. — A stellatarum, bd B. Fletcher, 129. A Cor- REPORTS. Remarkable ‘Appearance of Vanessa io cumin k, 1 E oe of Pieris rape, Margare ‘ia « = Pe ie Bige ge F. M, B. is ran 38, 1899, H. F. . a, Dr. Ma ebcanhy. Phin J Boreas tee : 1 Soe ae London, 131. South London Entomolog ’ petoek Birmingham Entomological Society, I See ee “Osrrnant—W. G. Bids. 186.0 = $$ ] ; eee is double, ane a One Shilling. ady —_— at ae Foe 68, ee the ee IN EGGS a PUP of LEPIDOPTERA ) for. orgies purposes. The numbers of Pupx should — indred of each species ; and of Eggs one hundred to several _ . Eggs of Neustria ‘and Antiqua; Pupex of ee z iocam pid 8, rages Will give reasonable prices. —— —_—_ —+ —~ -—-----_ oe v7, Bi Bamford 1 Roa, Diasbury, Lanes. | : = eae 426), OXFORD STREET a eae ‘Tottenham ‘Court Road). T vedeena. if ‘fiat tees of. Friends and Oustomers = sage as a as ne occur any Wink. PLA Te. Vol, XXXII} MAY, 1900. (No. 444 rue ENTOMOLOGIST Boe ournal GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S. T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.S8. W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. J. H. LEECH, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S. EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S.,F.E.S. | Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &o. F, W. FROHAWK, F.E.S8.,M.B.0.U. | G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S W. WARREN, M.A., F.E.S. ‘* By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limirep. Price Sixpence. al Apparatus and Cabinets. , 9d., “Is. *y 1s. 6d, ae Belge et for use \ or RSs BP 4s., ‘5s., 68 ) Setting i Bd. ‘2 in., 10d.3 2hin., 1s.; 8hin., 1s. 4d.; ae ice Set of fourteen Boards, 10s. 6d. Setting » 14s. ee eis ess 9d., 1s., (is cS : Bee} Sie rion, ne most » for aotiags 10s. 6d. Sealpels, 1s. 3d.; Scissors, 28. per British Butter! es, Qd.; ditto of Birds’ Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; esh-water Shells, 24.; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, &e. Lists, 4d. each ; 4d. per doz.; Label Lists, Ww list nae Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin ee English d. Our new Complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species s.; or printed on one side for labels, 2s. sit bene si for taking moths off arestdanon without P- spoata); 2s & DO FOR CABI NETS Df ev pecnpion: for Insects, Brrvs’ Eaas, Coins, Microscoprcat Oxsxor-, as Fossiss, &o. Catalogue (96 pp.) sent on application, post free. 3 Ages ‘STOR OF INSECTS AND ie EGGS Pigg: EUROPEAN, AND ngs 3 “only wdadck Ss / J. ou Sb es doors ae mene Coss) | eens a i apeeaaee of every Accesivcial ee for Insects; Birds’ Eggs; Minerals; Shells; Coins; &., &e. Store Boxes, and Book Boxes. Sheets of Cork any size. A PUPA, es ee A ssortment aa: on nae Send for Price List to : a Largett B Sst ee LEPIDOPTERA i in ‘the British Teles. : List of pipe os. Apparatus, Came, ke. sent on onus DONCASTER, so Pal 28. te Folding Netr, oxes, ah per four dozen. — Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d. 1. i ee Blowpipes, 4d., 6d.; Artificial Eyes for Birds and CHANGE LIST and LABEL LIST. Compiled by ] oe §., according to his recent ‘Handbook of — v7. | THE BRADY -CABI NE’ Bee : BNTOMOLOOTOAL CABINETS on an IMPROVED PRIN IPLE. zs er OL en ‘Shillings per drawer, rewna oS ie oe (THESE well- ‘iowa CABINETS are Mnndictue ES _ * of well-seasoned Mahogany, with wood or plate-gla ASS 3 pees to BSOre: Letters a Sie oss be sent if esir “8 ae ©. BRADY & SONS, Lower Fore sstret, Manenion 0 as HISTORY shige BARTON 7 UPPLIES Collectors with every kind of apparatus for the vario branc +) Natural History: Cabinets, Store Boxes, Butterfly Nets, be. BIRDS’ EGGS, SKINS, LEPIDOPTERA and COLE TERA, &e., in stock in large quantities. tea ee ea The largest stock of Eacs in England to select from, ‘including 4 many very rare species. List of clutches sent if desired. Large buyers iberally dealt with, EE Revised List of Barris Lerrorrers, | now ready, oe S68. Re ee NEW AND SECOND-HAND BOOKS. = : ‘Paxtwermy, Birds skintuedand prepared ae Cabinets or seis byskiled assistant Fall general Catal logne and. Special List of Baas and Ss » post fre N B.—No agents: and only one address as above. Seca? sae HERBERT WwW. “MARSDEN, - Faees : NATURAL HISTORY AGENT AND BOOKSELLER, 40, TRIANGLE West, CLIFTON, BRISTOL. = = Larges and ‘best Stock in England of EUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA, moderate Exotic Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, &e. < Preserved Larvee of Rare British Lepidopt ra. oy daa See Cabinets oo Apparatus for epee neem Odlogists, Ornithologists, lists, &e. natal Cases, Dryin Ee wes ce. —British & Exo c Shells. ba eae Tue inet sit Stock or INS anv BIRDS’ EGGS 1s Ae New and Second-hand Dooku eras and Label iste: - Pe Ornithological Catalogs, August, 1897, now ready ; also Shell aac Bai om: Catalogue in preparation. — pees Z faen Nz B. —Mr. Maraien's busine s oo was ee removed from a ‘ucester in 188. OVA OVA, LARVA, PUPA, & and Cheap BRITISH apo TE ~OVA.—Per doz ptingatia, Stabilis, 3d. Dlustraria, 6d. as sigs _LARVAE.—Per doz.—Villica, 1s. 64. Dominula, Ba. i ach oat} . PUPAS.—Lach .—Chaonia, Alni, 9d. Porcellus, bd. ain: in ae ge pa fermen 4d. Figenag Slope ee ee Noch Suly geet jee ‘Lye nibs Pasion. D Treks sleet, Rao Viridata, _ Alternata, et Carbo aah Epiphron, W es Thalassina, Co ct a Umbratica, Solidaginis, Australis, Saucia, Vespertaria, Apiciaria, Advenaria, 4d. a : - Send for our Special Clearance Price List. Two Second-hand Cabinets for also a large number of Store Boxes. One Year Lists of Ova, Larvie, Pup eae _ Surplus Stock, Sales, Wants, c., as issued, 1s. Sa Oork, 31x 81,18, ee ‘Bird Stuffing and Mountin ‘The Larve -emaaeeiae: Guide Sea: a Lepidoptera ocourring aide to the Study of Britis ees A Catalogue of the 155. See congre: ype, 157. _yeens ee var. fowleri, igs established at Bow, W. J. Eanes, 157. ert = Waters A: Carter, 158. London, 158. South London ielienniiuned 3irm oe iia Entomological Soo: aie: : ey, Webb” read “ Mr. Sydney Webb”; # and for a Meuey ” read “ year." ee asinine will be: commenced 1 “per by Prof. Dr. Max Sranpruss, entitled an Lepidopteren | vorgenommenen Tem- nte.” ‘The sass: Plate will be reproduced ang ere 2 OF TA COLLECTION OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, *. STEVENS will Sell by Auction, at his Kine Srreer, Covenr Garpen, on Tuesday, st Twelve precisely, without the least reserve—T ensive Collection of BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA gut, Esq., of Bournemouth. The Collection is parti- rich in long series of Specimens, showing the Variations of each ind « pees a eee number of Rarities and ey oe Natigiages | ] eee ee Ete been syEscniel to 3 College, ee there are a quantity of some — CABINETS, and Several Thousand ‘PIDOPTERA, in papers, FOR SALE—they é to ee owner. eo S Price List to—_ re RER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL ee oe e 29, ee 426), OXFORD STREBT J . acaninged if aunt cae ok. Feonds aad ianeiniaes ea to note the Address, as miatakes ocour daily. pf es > “EDITED BY ‘RICHARD sours, RE 2.8. ? | manent sacose, FES. | W. Riba PLS. tas .y BF. 1s ? dies _ 8 WATKOHAWE, PES B. 0.0. Zi G. ae ivi ity : In June: ’Miselia Bimaculosa, per doz., 5 fires. ; ; and many others. “doz., 60 ros.) ae ae 29 (late 426), OXFORD STREET s (Neary: ‘opposite Tottenham Court Road). _ PRICED LISTS oN APPLICATION. if are pectnetat to note the 1 Address, ae mistakes oceur daily. “Ont sso es ge end 3 Colle pegs 192. ire a Taion 0 of Renee ieee 180. os Lists: . URES AND Frr tp Reports.—Aromia moschata and Rhagium bifasciatum near Chester, J. Arkle, 181. Ranatra linearis, W. J. Lucas, S. K. Kemp, 181. — vis, Bs.» Strigosa, 2s.; Agr. Cinerea, 2s. ; Cat. Alchymista, 2s. 5d.; Arct. eae Matronula, 3s. 5: sf Arct. Flavia, 2s. 5d. ; Das. Abietis, 2s. 5d. ; 3 and E si ea Ain, a 2 fres.; ‘Bractea, & 14 fres.; Las 15 Suberifolia, a 5 fros. (per ‘Thos. B. Blakeborough, 181. Vanessa polychloros, 182; rum, 182; Joseph | Antharates Notes from bate and — : Oenog. Parasita, 3s. 5d.; Hemigena, 4s. ; Zoraida, 10s. ; Las. Ilici- x .): Dei ‘Livornica, 8 tres.; Deil. Neri, 4tres.; Deil. Celerio, ‘5 fros.; [Box and yore saci : IFACTURER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS, 1 Astiles Guacantedy exchanged if not approved of. Friends and Customers — e “By mutual —— an nd mutual MARSHALL wan iT on “KENT « 00, Laure. ome 3 = fog « ay hia i ie Af Tes ‘es marin “> Oday oF a. 6d. ps four dozen, © : Lan \ lete et of tae eS ire “i ack, ie Zine Larva Boxes, Aa Is., 1 act 3. 6d. Coleopterist’s ptesne Bottle, with tube, , Bo 8, piogel tis. 1s. 6d., 2s. .9d., 3s. 6d., 4s. 6d. er, pee Ad i 2. 2s. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, : 11s. Cement f ing - Antenne, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, i pa e ; ct C on ia into 1s.4d. per doen éd. per ot es ia Baek lies, Be she of Birds’ , 2d., = ae ‘6d; ater Shells, 2d.; Useful Books on Loe Eggs, &e. [ANGE LIST and LABEL LIST. Compiled by fe F.E.S., according to his recent CHaidbook of ‘Lists, 4d. each ; 4d. per doz. ; Label Lists, ay te Y ee F spa of ae Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English net Complete fe i of British Lepidoptera (every apecion on one side for labels, 2s. ‘The “Drxon —— co for taking moths off street-lamps without Soe ROOM FOR CABINETS. - Of avery 4 description for Insuors, Brrps’ Kaas, Coins, Mroroscoricat, Onsnors, ats _ Fossms, &e. Catalogue (96 pp.) sent on application, post free. RG — STOOK: OF INSECTS AND BIRDS’ EGGS ~ c fate Seca - (RITISH, EUROPEAN, AND EXOTIC). als, éc ppt and shat big First-class Workmen. “W. LONGLEY, - r' OMOLOGICAL CABINET AND APPARATUS MAKER, White: Hart Street, Catherine Street, Strand, London, W.C. : Sarco and Apparstus of aca description. ‘CABINETS for Insects; Birds’ Eggs; Minerals; Shells; Coins; &c., &c. -ock = we =o Site eta ond: Bese Boxes. : Sheets of iy Bay. size. aa THE BRADY CABINET. ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS on an IMPROVED PRINCIPLE. Ten Shillings per drawer. HESE well-known CABINETS are Manufactured of well-seasoned Mahogany, with wood or plate-glass panels to doors. Letters of recommendation can be sent if desired. - C. BRADY & SONS, Lower Fore Street, Edmonton, G.E.R. ee aSrONEL §ChLARK Ek NATURAL-HISTORY AGENT, BARTON STREET, GLOUCESTER, !UPPLIES Collectors with every kind of apparatus for the various branches of 2 Natural History: Cabinets, Store Boxes, Butterfly Nets, &e. BIRDS’ EGGS, SKINS, LEPIDOPTERA and COLEOPTERA, &c., kept in stock in large quantities. The largest stock of Eaas in England to select from, including many very rare species. List of clutches sent if desired. Large buyers liberally dealt with. Revised List of British Leprpoprera, now ready, post free. NEW AND SECOND-HAND BOOKS. TaxmpERmy. Birds skint.ed and prepared for Cabinets or mounted by skilled assistants. Full general Catalague and Special List of Eaas and Sxrvs, post free. N B.—No agents, and only one address as above. HERBERT W. MARSDEN, NATURAL HISTORY AGENT AND BOOKSELLER, 40, TRIANGLE West, CLIFTON, BRISTOL. Largest and best Stock in England of EUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA, moderate prices. Exotic Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, &c. “Preserved Larvee of Rare British Lepidoptera. Cabinets and Apparatus for Entomologists, Odlogists, Ornithologists, Botanists, &c. Botanical Cases, Drying Paper, «c.—British & Exotic Shells. THE MOST RELIABLE Stock or BIRDS’ SKINS anp BIRDS’ EGGS rn Barra. New and Second-hand Books.— Exchange and Label Lists. - Ornithological Catalogue, August, 1897, now ready ; also Shell Catalogue; Entomological Catalogue in preparation. N.B.—Mr. Marsden’s business was entirely removed from Gloucester in 1889. QVA, LARVA), PUPA, and Cheap BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, OVA.—Per doz.—Ligustri, Margaritaria, 4d. Papilionaria, 6d. Villica, Bucephala, Megacephala, 3d. LARVAZ.—Per doz.—Corydon, 6d. Galathea, Incerta, Stabilis, Illunaria, Vinula, Anachoreta, 9d. Monacha, Mendica, Alniaria, Verbasci, Tiliaria, Nupta, ls. Betula, 8s. 6d. Fuciformis, 2s. 6d. PUP4E.—E£ach.—Dominula, Rhamnata, Chrysorrhea, Aurifilua, Neustria, 1d>- T. Crategi, 4d. Many other Species during the month. Send for List. CHEAP LEPIDOPTERA.—Each.—Porcellus, Cucullia, Carmelita, Trepida, Flam- mea, Cespitis, Stigmatica, Capsophila, Lutulenta, Advena, Lychnitis, Absynthii, Melanopa, Cordigera, Dipsacea, Trabealis, Promissa, Sponsa, Pastinum, Notha, Albistrigalis, Degenaria, Togata, Viretata, Griseata, Betule, Lineola, Obelisea, Venustula, Papi- lionaria, 6d. 9d. each, Chaonia, Ripe. Send for our Special Clearance Price List. Second-hand Cabinets for Sale cheap; also a large number of Store Boxes. One Year Lists of Ova, Larve, Pups», Insects, and Surplus Stock, Sales, Wants, &c., as issued, 1s. Cabinet Cork, 11 x 34, 1s. 6d. per doz. ‘Bird Stuffing and Mounting’ (Illustrated, Cloth), 1s. ‘The Larva Ccllector’s Guide and Calendar’ (Cloth Cover, Feap 8yo), 4s, J. & W. DAVIS, 31-33, Hythe Street, DARTFORD. ir “essiv oe in Moths, 185. “Patong in nd V. Hudson, 186. On a Small Collection of Insects, chiefly from ea .G Sree 189. A Catalogue of the cae ft Ireland, W. F. de Vismes Kane, 192. Mr. Donovan’s Captures in es de ee — eves see pheretes and its Allies in the AND ppm Saar acrocephalus arizonious = ubleri, Sue Beg of OT irregu 53 Diplosis parthenicola, n.sp., 201 . J. Lucas, 201. Heliothis ormiger, W. Ww. . 1aonia, A. Drwitt, 202. _ 2 —Lycena argiolus, Tae: Sefferys, 202 -Thecla We Lucas, 202. New Forest, H. Walle 202. Mae me J carter, 202 Plusia gamma abundant, J. W. Wool- —Lyowna argiolus, ‘Walter Dannatt, 203. Where Teniocampa — s aoe J. ee 208. ig _ in ibe New Forest, F am ae F oe ‘CROSS: ‘ROAD, “LONDON, we. : YOUNG. COLLECTOR’S OUTFIT. rising ng:—Net, Pocket Box, Larva Box, Three Setting - ; Sous sizes), Store Box, Mixed Pins, Killing Bottle, ig Needle, Chip Boxes, Egg Drill. 10s. 6d. post free. Hustrated Prog List of APPARATUS and. pes free. | oF OR SALE. ee 3R" 1LE- oo ae 3d. ; ee : exdalmiata, ‘As.; Lycena een. Is. ; - Be » 0 eS Limen. populi, 28.5 [elitza cee 5d. ; : Css 8dz3 :nis ae ab. seats, 1s. 6d.; Melan. — 2d.; irce, 1s. 2 eS cles poe sent by mie. HARI + BAUL anehce LER, Practical Enon, a — poe —— (WURTEMBERG), = pa et ALL KINDS of { ENTOMOLOGICAL Fiabe i 29° (late. 426), OXFORD STREET early. opposite Tottenham Court Road). z PRICED LISTS ON APPLICATION. = ticles Gipuieste exchanged if not approved of. Friends and Customers : as ee eos to: nite, ane peice st as mistakes ocour oye Bere Sat Lae ey ake a 23 Stomper: MAN & 00. 64, HATTON WEST, NEW JATTON | SIMPKIN, MARS N, KENT ‘ cer $55 ee Set e DON CASTER, rers of Entomological ‘Apparatus and Cabinets, wire or cane, including Stick, See 2s.6d. Folding Nets, rolls Nets tacting, 7s. Pocket Boxes, Gd, 0d., 1s., 18. 6d. 3oxes, 9d. Is., 1s. 6d. Nested Chip Boxes, 7a. per four dozen. mixed, iy 1s. ‘ghgering Df Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d. in, brush, 1s. 6d., Mixture, ready for use ‘ re Boxes, with 1 28. 5d., As., 5s. 7? 6s. 3 ‘Setting val, Pie 6d.; 1} in., 8d.; oe apg te 8h in., Is. 4d.; 3 Sin, oan Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10s. 6d. Setting bd. = 8. 6 ; corked | back, 14s. ‘Zine Larva Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. , 28. éa., 4s., 5s., 78. 6d. Coleo} el Collecting Bottle, with tube, cal Gases, japanned, double tin, 1s.64., 2s. 0d., 8s. 6d., 4s. 6a. ae oe Os, “aoe na ee Insect Glazed Cases, i lac “eres per bottle. Steel Forceps, ‘pair. Cabinet erred ta. tee ay, 1s. 4d. per dozen rofor Pail ae. Oe panet Ten 8. to 8s. Glass-top and 3c m eM dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 94., 1s. upa ee hae eee contain most ee : ese Scissors, ae 8d. Botani ical Pa er dey) 2 seipilad by ek, iene to ‘his rooent I,” Coo of 3d. each; 4d. per doz.; Label iste, ci ov anni Tat an og 6d. Ww 80 optera species - is or prime ol one aas Gr ub = IX . v” LAMP-NET oe ee for iahiag moths off street-lamps without lamp 2) 2s. 6d. HOW, 6 Ee EO Re CABINETS aye deserir a for Inszors, Birps’ Eaas, Corns, Mioroscopicat Ossxcrs, -Fossizs, te. Catalogue (96 pp.) sent on application, post free. xe STOCK OF INSEOTS AND BIRDS’ EGGS 5 (BRITISH, EUROPEAN, AND EXOTIO). é yee and vee by Firet-olass Workmen. —s Ls 6 cae codes Cnantva Cane) “LONGLEY, + nmr CABINET AND APPARATUS deepics eepine ee and x aratus of ay description. for Insects; Birds’ Eggs; Minerals; Shells; Coins; &e., &. ee and ae seed Sheets Bes Cork any size. Lar; csaliteicas adage = hand. Send for Price List to HEAD, Entomologist, SCARBOROUGH. vargest Breeder of LEPIDOPTERA in the British Isles. .EPIDOPTERA, Apparatus, Oapiners, &., sent on application. ce “species. List of clutches: fs QuppLtns Beis Bs eg History: a a nate a ope in stock in large quantiti The lar oot stock of Since Revised List of Brit _ NEW A -Taxipermy. Birds skinned and spar toe Gakiaels Stcnsioa beans _ Fall general Catalogue and al List af Baas mad Bans p . vN “on eased ag | AGE , | CLIFTON, feet ee isin and best Stock in Eagan of J ae es Sees: 1 0 ree and ‘Second. aa Books. ae ind Labe me : Ornithological eee Sa 1897, now faa siso ell = : aoa a =e Gaieivas FERTILE OVA.—Per do:.—Palpina, nati es SCL Monaskn edt mee = pet LA V E.—Pe: d z.—Tiliw, 1s. oer ei, ‘9a. -Fuscantaria, ote Chamomile, ‘a. ore Dispar, Ineerta, CHEAP LEPIDOPTERA.— pip iphron, W-Alk codes, Asella, Cratmgi, Gonilus, Abs Sublustris, Haworthii, Lucernea, Conflua Bbspnti | ‘Tincta, aes cularia, Paralellaria. a Se y rk Box and postage, 2d. extra. One Year Lists “of ‘Ova, 2 take ‘ar Surplus Stock, pe Wants, s+ 98 Ipsied 1s Cabinet Cork, 1 x best ditto, 1s. 10d. per doz. _ «The Larye Cotlector’s Guide and Calendar’ coves ee J. & W. DAVIS, 31-33, Hythe Stre , DARTE Pew Zealand ths and Bternes Royal 4to, with Two Plain and Eleven oui Plates, sontalning uy wards me of 500 re Cloth, “nit sie: ke ieee = . , cae: Author Es Aa Elementary Moi sie Wak Zealand nd Bromo Kore tae _ LONDON : WEST, NEWMAN & 00. 5, ‘HATTON t GARD, Bo iinet eet 7.” Mecntitog ged Matacer as tetera Grith ines), é Eee A. Cant, i t with the Net ee Ga. rr Tigh, siecle eh, ! Ca ninety, goes be for Bale. sane Heads and Horns mounted ; all ntomolc ogy and d'Taxiderm oT in stock. Exorio ed, set, or ice on application. a rents ee, ok or teas - Letters Feary ieee can be sent if » yt i Pog: > pues = pers : = ss > * f et : - x Fn : 4 V} pe = 4 ; t RICHARD so e rm OHA reine ar ae os ALL, FES nee mn mu Mad ue Pay are hor cells, 28. 6d., 48., 5 wen camphor cells, 28, ., 58. je I}in., 8d.; 2in., 10d.; Ot in. 18.5 ek 1s. 44.3 : ee fourteen Boards, 10s. 6d. Settin back, 1 Zine Larva Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. . 8. 6d. fea ’s Collecting Bees with tube, ae. ke le tin, 1s. 6d., 2s. 9d. ” 3s. 6d., 4s. 6d. 8. 9d., 28. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, ee Bee Antenne, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, ‘pair. Oabinet cP 7 by 34, best quality, 1s. 4d. oF dozen ra oroform Bottle, rape 6d. Insect enh s. to 8s. Glass-top and itomed Boxes fo 1s. a dozen. Zine Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Pupa eather sheath, 1s. 9d. Taxidermist’s Companion, containing most i ements for ‘skinning, 10s. 6d. Scalpels, 1s. 3d.; Scissors, 2s. per ae ia 9a; Blowpi es, 4d., 6d.; Artificial E es for Birds and tish Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds’ | ges, 2d., Bas 6d. ; I Fresh-water Shells, 2d.; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, &e “aie EXCHANGE LIST and LABEL LIST. Com fea by .. Meyrick, ea .L.8., F.E.S., according to his recent ‘Handbook of i Exchange Lists, 4d. each; 4d. per doz.; Label Lists, list of British Macero- -Lepidopt era, with Latin and English ; sitea’ . Our new Complete pecans of British Lepidoptera (every species ss d), a or printed on one side fo r labels, 28. 16 “Dixon” Lamp-ner (invaluable for Maat: moths off street- lamps without ot on ‘Betis Qs. 6d. Of every description ie! Insxors, Brrps’ Boos, Copia Michscbane: ee yea 18, &e. Catalogue (96 pp.) sent on application, post free. a LARGE ‘STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS’ EGGS ; (BRITISH, EUROPEAN, AND EXOTIC). | Birt, Momma oes Sins and Mounted by First-class Workmen. four: Vd ar en "LONGLEY, NTC ) MOLOGICAL CABINET AND APPARATUS MAKER, aH 2 White Hart Street, Catherine Street, Strand, London, W.C. BREEDING -CAGES, maid fopatane of every descri tion. INETS for cpa Birds’ Eggs Shells; Coins; .» &. s, Store Boxes, and Book Boxes. Sheets of Gork any size. ge LARVA, AND PUPA, Ge oe Assortment aah on Gee ae for Price List to , 8 ecies, fadindit 1g The a, ar ——"s 1 goeruies Collectors ie ae yk Natural History: Cabinets, Stor INC. LEPID . BIRDS’ EGGS, SK in stock in large quantities ay ky 5 The largest stock of Eas in England to s species. List of clutches sent if desired. Revised List it ‘dabei Aameeladi o. Paxrokauy. Birds ile eden p _ Fall general Catalogue an special 3 Cae. agents, and Ornithological Catalogue, At a: 1897, now ready ; also Shell Cats ha Olay in preparation, = bo NB B.—Mr. Marsden’s dusiness was # was entirely 1 OVA, LARVA, PUPA, and Cheap BRITS py FERTILE OVA Par raw ee jor Ae a Ree LARVAE. — Per dos: > Anachoreta, 9d. ‘Merge Alniaria, 1s. PUPAE.—Each. h.--Méchaon, Elpenor, Shi om Fureula, 5d. Mendica va, 2hd. ‘Atalanta, Multist Limacodes, Crategi, Plumigera, Ri Su aaioheo “Se ab Flea Lucern a ea, Conflua, area ii, Tincta, Atripli eaiiasn. y Oy aA Se P 2d. extra. Lists of Ova, Larve, Becton up eee, Wants One ear a naa i Cor s. ¢ best ditto, 1s. 10d. per doz. ac a 6d. ict! rer pana e ‘Bird maa aie Ce meee Clot! eae ye Dy i a: ‘The Larv@ Cotlector’s Guide and Calendar’ (Cloth Cove +a) aus : J. Sav. DAVIS, 31-33, Hythe Street, DARTFORD. ae a of of tai ‘daca, ‘iseal! TG!) » audible, RB. Freeman, 24 247. Proctotrypids ex ‘Alderson, 248. Libellula ack V a South Lancashire Moss, n Kent, bees monies B. Browne, 248; Chi mphilus var., C. E. : adie fa Shey, Horr t Beadna coon , 249. Coremia lata Pera vibe: a, 249, i ander ha! a moneta in Oxfordshire, John W. Ys Liiva S. Giles, 249. Dasycampa rubi- ter, 249. Larva of Acronycta alni at Tun- nith, 2 M ossa stellatarum, &e., at Hud- — 24 Colias edusa and ©. hyale in 1900, 250. hire, Rev. John W. B. Bell, 250. 2 se inastri oo Inbricipeda ge ae in in Aga, 26 fds obi Be a r ‘Of spl Bar ton, n, t Chic pias Cee sisi 250. sb pteth; ‘thptte nzt, 250. era Walter siatiai 250, ie NOAKES.,” ‘ OAD, Reka eas LONDON, SE. Scnrun, Hsq., Didsbury.) EXOTIC. LEPIDOPTERA. 8 nechaad Cabinets, Books, &c., for Sale. all branches; Heads and Horns mounted ; pie te and tec mi kept i in stock. Exortg sak : leaned Kk rice on ls | ell. rai ee sil sie or eer tes | nee Be are ee can be sent if teed; ee if not asain a Sanaa ae Customers vested es ae si ial as mistakes ocour daily, = ~\.— 26 % rere " a ' ‘'. = Be eT a “Dy mata contdnee and matoa aid = a _ west, NEWMAN ‘ 0.) 8, SET AST EIS. omological Rares and Cabinets. Als 1g Stic 1s. 8d., 2s., 2s. 6d. Folding Nets, : » 18. -ocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. Nested a! Boxes, 7d. per four a 1s. 6d. oe Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d 52 g Mixture, ready for use h campho , 4s., 58., 6s. Setting “I in., Sde3 cla Ohin., 1s.; 3hin., 1s. 4d.; 01 te Set of ee Boards, 10s. 6d. Set 9d back, 14s. Zine Larva Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. .6d. Coleopterist’s Collecting Bottle, with tube, ined dat le tin, 1s.6d., 2s. 9d., 3s. 6d., 4s. 6d. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, lacing ntenne, 4a. a ee bottle. Steel Forceps, abinet ork, 7 by 34, deni eete 1s.4d. per dozen : le, ‘Ds. ode Insect ‘Lens, s. to 8s. Glass-top and ; Satine zen. Zine Killing Box, 94., 1s. upa sheath, 1s. Taxidermist’s Companion, contai most a Bie a a Scalpels, 1s. 8d.; Scissors, 2s. per 9d; Pe pede ” 6d; Artificial es for Birds and tish Butter water Shells, Qd.: Geefal Books on Insects, Eges, &e. | Compiled by he according to his recent ‘ Handbook es e Lists, 4d. each; 4d. per doz.; Label Lists ist ee British Macro-Le ido tera, with Latin and E h new Comple te Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every nl : on one side for labels, 2s. MON ao, Bd ay for taking moths off street-lamps without ‘W ROOM FOR CABINETS sription for Insnors, Brxps’ Haas, Coins, Microscoprcat, Onsners, , ko. Cata logue ( (96 pp.) sent on application, post free. E ‘STOOK OF INSEOTS AND BIRDS’ EGGS _ (BRITISH, EUROPEAN, AND EXOTIO). = Mammal, S Preserved and Mounted by Firat-olae oie: i Only Address :— fee AGENT AND BOOKSELLER. ee LONGLEY, TOMOL OGICAL CABINET AND APPARATUS MAKER, Sie aig Hart Street, Catherine Street, Strand, London, W.C. BE EDING-CAGES, eS Apts eratin of every asia eae INETS for Insects; Birds’ Eggs; Minerals; Shells; Coins; &c., &e. oxes, and and Book Boxes. Sheets of Cork any size. VE pass RVA, AND PUPA. A Bra ose ples on hand. Send for Price List to eo once ae ae te ditto of Birds’ , 2d. , 3d., 6d.; i r entral and’ TY Pan ge sa st Central We ster ie st: | SMALL COLLECTION, song one, Dh = 1 Sa F ax cover Two Hundred d including, jes described by Oberthiir an nd neck, th a d= _rinus, P. tamerlanus, Arr re 2 ius __ imperator, P. ares Ay ata, Me tan Ae eaui, MM. oberthiirii, Pieris bieti, A osha etn ‘lle, x 2 rocne, Z. armandia, Z. gracili Perigo hi, r butleri, L. davidis, Neope agres Isca, 3 Noorina patria, Enispe lunatus, F S rum, _ Erebia rurigena, Pararge thibetanus, P. sta, _ Satyrus arvensis, Amecera jnsoulay: rlecta, — _ Y. methorina, Y. conjuncta, Y. gee erome ro iffusa, _ Argynnis gong, Melitwa yuenti, cena lama, Calinaga davidis, Aang ndia, - Kuthalia consobrina, E. omeia, ang, — _ Lyewna lanty, Cyaniris oreas, are necla bieti, T. v-album, Ilerda mar veres xuth us, E anini, Noto- _ erypta rectifascia, Celenorrhinus consanguinea, C. ome es , ( € co li, Niso- __niades pelias, N. montanus, Pamphila houangty, es “si rE. Byes = Augiades sylvanoides, A. ‘thibetana, fiodae ay ta ae urther particul ee - fom Sty os nen ee RR SOUTH, a Deakenagy Road, ‘Upper Tooting, sondon, a | - Quercifolia, Obelisca, Venustula, P OVA, LARVA, PUP, and ‘heap “BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, — Curtula, 3d. Tilie, Asteris, Tetralunaria, a “Ligust i, ae uli .—Per doz.— ere msi 53 a Cee tet econ eter on ele | or eae Ble ee ee Tet : ee ee. Adustate, 9d. cae 1. Unifas- inte, 25 cipeda, wa Ua ae Stellataram, Mian , Vinule, Zona - 2a Multis 6d. Palpina, Alniaria, 24d. Populi , Ver , d. Multistrigaria, cephala, Socephale, re “Incerta, Stabilis, B umata CHEAP BRITISH LEPIDOPT Aba, cagh Parla, Cuculla, | Trepida, ome Flammea, eat pa a tegen Advena, Sphinx, Lychnitis, Asiliformis, Mela ines ips missa, Sponsa, Pastinum, Albistrigalis, Glabraria, Scena sebeee nata, 'Degenaria. Alternata, a ei nia Bent Nm wit, i S, Nemor neola, Aurago, Scrophularia. 8d. “che Baby mis (narrow bi Conyolvuli, Chaonia, Dodonwa, Ripe, Templi, Flammea, Ocet hneumonifo “Aretha mis, Museiformis, Alni, Ophiogramma, Lur ery aaa ean a Sar See tac Onlealie “Baris te =e “2 Contiguaria, Hotmndaria, 2s. Seated phere eephal, Sonepcilais, Tathonia. Antiopa. 7s. Named British Stpchik. ste, all aires, Is. oh peat tree. ee ; Box and postage, 2d. mg One Year Lists _of Ova,’ Larva, Surplus Stock, Sales, Wants, é’c., as issued, 1s. Cabinet Cork, 11 x ete d. per doz; - best ditto, 1s. 10d. per doz. Chip Boxes, nested, 1s. 6d. er gross. yes ete i ‘Died Staind sind Mounting? (nisirsted, Cloth), ty ‘The Larve Collector's Guide and Calendar’ (Cloth Cover, Feap 810), a rie i ae J. & W. DAVIS, 31-33, Hythe ‘Street, DARTFORD, ae cee NTS. os sh a Se eK, palus piniain -semele, 267; W. J. ‘Lucas. n Sussex, Lewis L Binae. sar in ee ae and Sussex, 267, Philip A. Houghton, Frederick ire, A. Molineux Smallpeice, 268; in Kent, T. B. An = 268 ; ta swarming on a Cossus-infested Birch Tree, HZ. B. Bishop, 268. a cy eee Rev. ethan 2 ae 257. ‘British . ee W. J. Lucas, 259. On a Small — soe ore W. L. ess s 261. On the _ ira anelnt fey G. W: Kirkal tay 266. G3 Ses , u —T oe Natok bred in Guernsey, George Baker, 268. Thecla W-album in the idstc e Distt, Zi Busby 269. Lycena aes in North London, H. A. ig, 269. Acherontia ai , 269, Rev. A. Nash, J. ae coe SSP iW. dint, Herel Falun eS Ba fee Harris, S. W. ea? ie Hots rae M. Moss. = p ee arte, = y? on, 272. Limenitis s J, Lucas. Colias pes aed ©. es in England eee 2 73—280. TERATURE, | 280. 7 MMUNICATIONS era iH. hin HO. Wells, (Bev. yA AM. oa ) Chas. F. prorewil, D. aes Albert May, Arthur Cottam, Alan W. wa . T. Harris, Lewis L. Turner, G. Ernest Peachell, p, (Rev.) F, A. Walker, Oscar Whittaker, Stanley ect ‘Herbert Thompson, W. raham, re notices, in type, also stand over. 5 King, Herbert Beadnell, — Deile- = Vain in ies 272; SS nae BEE: 272; | . Turner, F. J. ao oa Ee bec Waidegrave, romorphous pee ia, We Fe rtly of Female Oaiatelion, Bs Chittenden, § 266, Orthoptera at Sugar, 266; ES AND FIELD Reporrs.—Pa ilio machaon at Rin ood, J. Hy. Fowler, 267; ae ; in Kent, C lutchinson 267. Sateeny es Cameron Gull, Major R. H. Brown. Vanessa eae in Berk- : shit Rev iS eta ay, 268; in in Essex, Harold P. Thompson, 268; = = Ham iffol tal J. ‘Singleton Smith, 268. Vanessa io at Tooting, E.S arke, 368. a “M ‘aia lerson, ak others. Reports of Societies rere scar Recent es —D—R . STAUDINGER & BANG-HAAS, Blasewitz-Dresden, in thelr ae = or in Rd act from all parts of the world, in finest condition ; RI - ui ae for. COLEOPTERA (20,000 s Bn for HYMENOPTERA (3000 pec ae DIPTERA (1900), HEMIPTE ee) ae Discount for Sic ee Prie es low. s 29 (late 426), OXFORD STREET ss (Nearly, opposite Tottenham Court Road). (seri). PRED LISTS. ON APPLICATION, sane gs pec to note ae Ses as mistukes oceur Gang: (2000),, ORTHOPTERA (1000), MANUFAC’ a of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL sep miaus : Price List, No. XLIII., offer more than 15,000 Species of well-named RV; numerous LIVING PU PA, &e. SEPaRaTE Atos ee exchanged if not approved of. Friends and Customers e “EDITED. By YY RICHARD op ee west, NEWMAN - surEn, MARSHALL, F DOUBLE “NUMBER Pie One hil J at eee and Cabinets. 0 “brln Nel (celf-acting), 78. Pocket Boxes, 6d.; 94., 1s., 18. 6d. laxing Boxes, 94., 1s., 1s. 6d., 28. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. log al Pins, assorted or mixed, 4; 1s. 6d. per oz. Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d. pe oe “siore ee aie bales r cells, 28. 6d., 4s., 5s., 68. Setting ee wa in., 6d, sin, 1d 6d. 5 5 in., 1s. 10d 0d.;. pede: Set of ae Boards, ‘10s. 6d. Settin . 6d., 11s. a wes back, 14s. Zine Larva Boxes, 9d., 1g., 1s. 6d. ( oa. 6a 5s., 78. 6d. "Goleopterist' 's Collecting Bottle, with tube, , 1s. oe aes ases, japanned, double tin, 1s. 6d., 28.9d., 3s. 6d., 48 Botanical Paper, 1s. ld., a Is. 9d., 2s. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, 8. 6d. to 11s. Cement. t for replacing Antenne, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, ‘As. 6d., 6d. r pair. Cabinet Cork, ee 1s, 4d. per dozen = Jorof m Bottle, 2s. 6d. Insect Lens, 1s. to 8s. Glass-top and -bottomed Boxes from oe dozen. Zine Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Pupa r she Taxidermist’s Companion, containi fees ents for inning: 10s. 6d. Scalpels, 1s. 3.; Scissors, " Label-lists British Bu ies, 2d.; ditto of Birds’ Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d.; AN Soe oer Shells, 24.; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, &e. fee —The ee LIST and LABEL LIST. Com eee by eae eS ote '.L.S., F.E.S., according to his recent ‘ Handboo opter _ Exchange Lists, 4d. each ; 4d. ‘per doz. ; Label Tia ew taba lated af British Maero- -Lepidoptera, with Latin and English , 1s. 6d. Our new Complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every apecies mbered), 1s.; or printed on one side for labels, 2s. “Dox! ” LAaMp-NET rare = sey moths off street lamp without Sees Beh 2s. 6d. oes fio. oe sus ae oe on al eeeret oe free. “LONGLEY, 9, White Hart Street, Catherine Street, Strand, London, W.C. ae a ee Insects; Birds’ Eggs; Minerals; Shells;' Coins; ats &e. cket < ore J mand Book Boxes. ‘Sheets of Poe any size, oe: LARVA, AN Ds PUPA. as Large | ‘Assortment always on hand. Send for Price List to W. HEAD, Entomologist, SCARBOROUGH. TeLegat Breeder of LEPIDOPTERA in the British Isles. MOM ST): ins oF cana, insaating ‘Stick, 1s. 8d., 2s., 28. 6d. Folding Nets, ving Tin, with brush, 1s. ‘bd. 2 2s. Sugaring , aia, ready for use ee he 9d; pete ee 4d., 6d.; Artificial Byes for Binds oa = JETS, BREEDING-CAGES, and Apparatus of aack description. 5 Qin., 10d.; ac ; Bhin., 1s. 4d.; ae a for Tose Bins’ oe ion, Sliceatuanss Ossxors, NTC ee CABINET AND APPARATUS a : Be of a Apparatus, Canmvers, &e., sent on Spee De STAUDINGER & BANG-HAAS, Blasewitz-D1 new Price List, No. XLIII., fs more than 15,000 Spec _ LEPIDOPTERA, set or in rs, of the ‘world, in finest condition. - 1800 kinds of PREPARED Exnvans sinatra ING PUP ne nents 155 = iat, Hohn ene ing” as ‘io sies), f Y NEUROPTERA =aePR —" id ® Cash-orders, Beld ee e gies AS ‘over “Two Honined. ae ee pa eee geande ae Fi oe peer - described by Oberthiir and Leech, the eae :—Papilio lama, P. manda- _ rinus, P. tamerlanus, Armandia thaidina, Blanch, =thaitina, Ob., Parnassius _ imperator, P. thibetanus, Aporia venata, Metaporia goutellei, M. lar; edie ies eee 2 of oberthiirii, Pieris bieti, Anthocharis thibetana, A. bieti, Zoph helle, or cae Z. armandia, Z. gracilis, Lethe camilla, L. titania, L. set BOS L. butleri, L. davidis, Neope bates N. romanovi, N. christi, N. faseay* Neorina patria, Enispe lunatus, Rhaphicera dumicola, Callerebia_ _ Erebia rurigena, Pararge thibetanus, P.dumetorum, P -episcop yalis, P. Satyrus arvensis, Amecera majuscula, Mycalesis magna, Ypthi _Y. methorina, Y.conjuncta, Y. iris, oe rope, Stichophthalm cs Argynnis gong, Melita yuenti, M. bellona, M. agar, M. jezabel, Polpeemees mE es lama, Calinaga davidis, Limenitis venata, L. cottini, Neptis armandia, = Euthalia consobrina, E. omeia, Dodona maculosa, Chrisophanus li, , CO. pang, — Lycwna lanty, Cyaniris oreas, Dipsas seraphim, Zephyrus tsangki bieti, T. v-album, Ilerda marica, Everes xuthus, E. ion, 18. pota crypta rectifascia, Celenorrhinus” consanguinea, C.c¢ . david cniades pelias, N. montanus, Pamphila houangty, P. ‘abax, J — pyiveapides: A. atuhoians,- .c] iarus Sasplox, Bios R SOUTH, 98, Drakefield Road, Upper Tooti ‘ , London, SW. | OVA, LARVA, PUPA, Cheap EXOTIC. ll EPI : ep ih ee _ FERTILE OVA.—Per doz. —Lutulenta, oe scar ria, : Pistaeina, Cervinaria, pecan en 4d, An » Di Mo T. Crategi, 6d. Se PUP:.—Each.—Machaon, Elpenor, Ocetiatus, ‘Ligustri, Vinul: Tetralunaria, Isogrammata, Porata, Callune, 3d. Tilia, Asteris, Hamula, _ Absynthii, Fureula, Versicolor, Polycommata, Porcellus, Sinuata, 9d. Cuculla, Chaonia, 10d. Populi, Verbasci, Curtula, Ziczac, | Lacertula, Flavicornis, 2d. Palpina, Omicronaria, e ala, Multistriga Bucephala, Pigra, Faleula, 1d. Incerta, Stabilis, Brumata, Secchi 32, Mel eet EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA.—Unset, in papers, from Ladysi s. 6d. anc ae ‘Indian do., 1s. and 1s. 6d. doz. Pevilio, Evan, 9 . Glycerion, Anticrates, — . Agetes, 6d. Anticrates, 4d. A. Niphe, 6d. Childrens e, 1s. E. ab atu a bred).—Atlas, 2s., 2s. ia and 3s. 6d. yi 1s Ys a 1s. 3d. Sele a 3a. Cecropia, Pernyi, Promethia, to, ba -Cynth: Se = Angulifera, 2s. 6d. Geoveri, Ceanotha, 3s. 6d. 1 Luna, Pyri, Pin “Many other: species. oo _ BXOTIC COLEOPTERA.—Named Australian Beetles, 3s. doz., twelve species Named South American Beetles, 3s. doz., twelve species. Rbinoserons Booties, 4 EXOTIC DIPTERA.—In papers as received, 1s.6d.doz, All the above are splendid value. Inspection invited. _ Box and pos @, 2d. extra. One Year Lists ne ae Laren, Pupe, ree _and Surplus 8 Sales, Wants, é&c., as issued, 1 Cork , 11 x 34, e best ditto, 1s etn) per dos. ote tara meted, as pe ra ef Lv ert -- aldy, 293. Rhy Be He Miscellanea, nflies of the Older English Authors, New ies of Dircenna from Peru (with a ‘iption of the Egg of Polyommatus ATIO te at Sugar, G. T. Porritt; 301. Variety of ularia, W. J. Lue aoe nao. anit a Remarkable Instance of Coloration [Rhynel mea . Kir aly, 301. Monograph of the 301. — lants 1 Homepies, Asphondylia bnon tells Notes’ from Natal, G. F. Leigh, 302 . Papilio in V orcestershire, Ww. Edwards, F. W. Frohawk, y 2 of Euchloé Frakes . W. Frohawk, 303. Argynnis ae Sabine, 803. — eae iris in Northamptonshire, W. ellargus i in Hertfordshire, A. Cottam, 303. . Vane Ps antiopa in Hertfordshire, 304; in Kent, GE. Thompson, 804 ; in Norfolk, 304. Vanessa 1ersetshire, H. Corder, 304. Vanessa antiopa in Suffolk, money ee Vanessa polychloros in London D. Chit: soe G. E. ee, , 804. Vanessa i io in’ at M eS hires cucubali in ne ckson 805. egy oes eras in os New Forest, Leucania vitellina in Hssex, (Rev.) W. Claxton, 306. Norfolk, 306. Heliothis scutosa (Sehf) in South Devon, ae ocularis at Chingford, 8S. Graham, 806. ; Leucania a and Plusia festuce at ; R. Meldola. Epunda ; ae tristata, 307; 120, 307 5 (Rev.) Thornewill. aris chrysorrhea abundant | “a Bu Aneta of Plusia gamma, A. May, 307. 7 Golthrup . Rhyparobia madere in London, H. S. ens) i M. Moss, 307. Collecting at Sidmouth, “tom Bo thend, F'. G. Whittle, 308. ae from ayaonl Wen = ce Isle of Wi i . Hugo biginea, &e., at ge syeee ie 438), OXFORD SITREE'L suet bom ss Tottenham Court Road). EMAAR » Double Number, with two Plates. r Vol. XXXIII.} DECEMBER, 1900. |No. 451. THE ENTOMOLOGIST AN Jllustrated Journal OF GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S: WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S, MARTIN JACOBY, I’.E.S. T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.S. W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. J. H. LEECH, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S. EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S.,F.E.S. | Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &o. F, W. FROHAWK, F.E.S.,M.B.0.U. | G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S. W. WARREN, M.A., F.E.S. “ By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.”’ 2495240) LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limirep. DOUBLE NUMBER.—Price One Shilling. : Rin bere mee or suas ‘otaing Stick, 1s. ae Qs, - Os. 6d. felis or 2 ie +9 ‘Umbrella Nets (self -acting), 160 7 Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1s., Is. 6d. = 0 Rel xin ieee ‘1s., 1s. 6d., 28. Nes ted Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. 8s. 6d. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use ‘1s. 94. per rh camphor cells, 28. 64., 48., 58., 68. Setting a rd ee ; Be bee . in., 6d. 9 314i ‘in. Bd. are. in. eAtdes Qh re Tacs 3k in., 1s. 4d.; 4 in, | “Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10s. 6d. Setting Sy oorked back, 14s. Zine Larva Boxes, 94., 1s., 1s. 6d. 35 By di hi ‘Ta. 6d. Coleopterist’s pallesims Bottle, aah tube, es, japanned, double tin, 1s. 6d., 28. 9d., 3s. 6d., 48. 6d. , 1s. 1d., te Ae ‘a. 1s. 9d., 28. 2d., per quire. nt Glazed Cases, — 2 erat. for replacing ‘Ante nn, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, — ee r. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 34, best quality, 1s.4d. per dozen ts rm Bottle, 2s. 6d. Insect Lens, 1s. to 88. Glass-top and Glass-bot or Boxes from 1s. a dozen. Zine Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Pupa Digger, in leather sheath, 1s. 9d. Taxidermist’s Companion, containing most . SOSSArY seipenen ies skinning, 10s. 6d. Scalpels, 1s. 8d.; Scissors, 2s. per air; Egg-drills, 2d., 8d., 91; Blowpipes, 4d., 6d.; Artificial Eyes for Birds and — i; Label-lists of British Butte ies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds’ Eggs, 2d., 84., 64.; Land Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d.; ‘Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, &e. ow ready.—The EXCHANGE LIST and LABEL LIST. Compiled by — Mr. Bp. ation, B.A, F.LS., F.E.S., geet of his recent ‘Handbook of — | optera.” -Exehange Lists, 4d. each; 4d. per doz.; Label Lists, es new ‘Label- list of iti Mactan with Latin and English 1s. 6d. Our new Complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species t ), 1s.; or printed on one side for labels, 2s. | ee Dixon” Loseney Cele for taking moths off street-lamps without climbing + the lamp-posts), 2s : SHOW - ROOM FOR CABINETS Of every, desoription for Inskots, Bros’ Kaas, Coins, Microscoricat. Ossxcts, _” Fosstns, &e. Catalogue (96 pp.) sent on application, post free. ae LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS = (BRITISH, SUROPEAN, AND EXOTIC). Birds Mammals, éo., ‘Preserved and Mounted by Mirat-olasn Workman. a Only Address :— — = i ae ND, W. oe LONDON 2 doors from Cxanina no, — BREEDING-CAGES, ant Apparatus of every assess . ‘CABINETS for Insects; Birds’ Eggs; Minerals; Shells; Coins; &c., bel Po cket Boxe Re hee and Book Boxes, Sheets of Cork any size. . = = Stage Asaaeranit i alwaya ne hand. Send fo Beis List to : : . W. HEAD, Entomologist, SCARBOROUGH. a ‘The Largest Breeder of LEPIDOPTERA in the British Ieles. Full List of LEPIDOPTERA, derbies Cera: &c., sent on application, | 8, assorte ‘or mixed, 1., 1s. 6d. per oz. Pocket Lanterns, 28.64. ag | Brits LEPIDOP OPTERA. any Local — Spe sansa fine condition at very low rates. Also Coleopte =e ~ named and carded: "100 Species, 5s. 6d.; 500 Species, 40s. _ Several Store Boxes in. age condition : , 63, A saZe a | eee Ween . iz EGolieatan® isa ext, c ee man ne Oy 64,5 Hatton Garden, London = en —— Hi fe SMALL COLLEC 4 TION, setstae ‘ink Pa s a iat es | 4% over Two Hundred § seers and including, among other Species _ described by Oberthiir and tects the following :—Papilio lama, P. erie ae rinus, P. tamerlanus, Armandia thaidina, Blanch. =thaitina, Ob., Parnassi ve imperator, P. thibetanus, Aporia sah eerie goutellei, ~ largeteaui, M. oberthiirii, Pieris bieti, Anthocharis thibetana, A. bieti, } = essa _ Z. procne, Z. armandia, , gracilis, Lethe camilla, Lh Gate ra elistophi, _L. butleri, L. davidis, Neope agrestis, N. romanovi, N. chisti, N. fusca, Neorina patria, Enispe lunatus, haphicera dumicola, Callerebia_ ratorum, Pa Stor Erebia rurigena, Pararge thibetanus, I . dumetorum, he og ie s,P.preusta, _ Satyrus arvensis, Amecera majuscula, Mycalesis magna, pthima rfecta, = Y. methorina, Y. conjuncta, Y. iris, Clerome wrope, Stichophthalmia suffusi, Argynnis gong, Melitwa yuenti, M. bellona, M. as M. jezal ‘ol: yerona, sae lama, Calinaga davidis, Limenitis venata, L. cottini, Nantis armandia, Euthalia consobrina, E. omeia, Dodona maculosa, Bei peed C. pang, evens lanty, Cyaniris oreas, Dipsas seraphim eae tsanglic,' bieti, T. v-al bum, Ilerda marica, Everes xuthus, E Wi, potar = A ae reetifaseia, Celenorrhinus consanguinea, C. omeia, C. davic pelias, N. montanus, sc vo Lae oe a aed A. Se os Bee from— — = z — = oe ESS: te eee OVA, TARY, “PUPA, ia. mKOnIG *LEIDOPTERA, 5 hess FERTILE ova. —Per is Sos Fuscantaria, Brosaria, 9d. Nupta, Pistacina, = Ceryinaria, Pyramidea, 4d. sey a fonacha, Angularia, Bd. = . Crata tegi, z Aurantiaria, Litura, Tragopogonis, 4d. Och roleuca, Fulvago, 9d. ‘Sphinx, 1s. — aa PUPAG.—Each.—Machaon, Elpenor, — Seles Ligustri, Vinula, Ana Spree Tetralunaria, Isogrammata, Porata, Callunw, Testudo, Dromedarius, 3d. Tilie, prea oe Hamula, Umbra, Asellus, Chry om » Orion Rubricollis, 4d. Absynthii, Legere lora, Porcellus, riathencerr, ifida, Flammea, peg thes 6d. Sinuata, 9d. Trima- — ae eula, Cuculla, Chaonia, 10d. , Verbasei, Curtula, Ziezac, Camelina, Lacertula, Flavicornis, Prasinana, Pudibunda, Psi, Punctaria, Pius Tene Lanestris, 2d. P Seg Omieronaria, 24d. Megacephala, Multistrigaria, Bucephala, ne ‘aleula, Mer Pease Pi the Ses ha Srp eee in papers, te rom Ladysmith, S.A. as ee at 6d. doz. Indian do., 1s. doz. Papilio, Eva. Anticrate a Agetes, 6d. Anticrates, 4d. A. one 6d. Children, ls. E. yous Re | BRITISH LEPIDOPTE mabe ar. 50s. air (fai Confor is, Antiopa, ee ee eth eee Meru on Bat Siesta” Sphogsticni, = _ Exulans, Arion, ‘Is. 6d. Viduaia 1h. a “Oatrian, ae “6d Somrent ne _ Leucophea, Erythrocephala, 3s. 6d. "All the above are splendid value. Inspection vital aaee. oe ner is m Box aa e, 2d. extra. One Year Lists of Ova, Larve, Pope, Inseets, ae Surplus Stock, § — Wants, &c., as issued, 1s. Cabinet Cork, 11 x 34, 1s. ae ee 3 best ditto, 1s. 10d. per doz. Chip Boxes, nested, 1s. 6d. per gross. oe Ss . ‘Bird Stuffing and Mounting’ (Milustrated, Cloth), 1s. Siomcaaa ees, - ‘The Larvae Collector’s Guide and Calendar’ (Cloth Cover, Feap 8vo), 18. 4 & W. DAVIS, 31-33, Hythe Street, DARTF ORD. es OE TE St mre SP NF OINE BSD INE Seo Editorial, Richard South, 325. Lepidoptera in South Devonshire, J. Jager, 326. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Ireland—Supplementary List, W. F. de Vismes Kane, 828. On the Morphology and Classification of the Auchenorrhynchous Homoptera, Dr. H. J. Hansen, 334. British Dragonflies of the Older English Authors, W. J. Lweas, 338. Synopsis of Experiments in Hybridization and Temperature made with Lepidoptera up to the end of 1898, Prof. Dr. Max Standfuss, 340. Norges anp Ogpsrrvations.—Colias edusa, C. hyale, and Acherontia atropos in 1900, Richard South, 348. Eretmoptera, 1 new Dipterous Genus, G. W. Kirkaldy, 349. The Insect Fauna of Hampshire, 34%. Local Scarcity of Teniocampa incerta (Hufn.), H. R. Bankes, 349. Moults in the Odonata, P. P. Calvert, 850. Argynnis aglaia var. charlotta (Haw.), R. S. Standen, 350. Universal List of Entomologists, 350. Epinephele tithonus in Large Numbers, W. J. Lucas, 85 : CapTURES AND Fir~p Reports.—Epinephele (Hipparchia) hyperanthes in Fife- shire, H. H. Brown, 351. Lycena argiolus and Macroglossa stellatarum, L. L. Turner, 351. Early and Late Dates for Euchloé cardamines and other Butterflies, C. W. Dale, 351. Acherontia atropos in Hampshire, /?. S. More, 351; in October, H. Garrett, 351. Macroglossa stellatarum, W. T. Harris, Rev. A. Nash, 352. Chcerocampa nerii at Teignmouth, J. J. O. Evans, 352. Lycena bellargus in Hertfordshire, N. C. Rothschild, 352. Colias edusa in October, G. W. Kirkaldy, C. W. Colthrup, P. E. Freke, 352. Colias hyale in Essex, G. H. Conquest, 352; in Kent, H. Sabine, 353. Colias edusa and C. hyale in Hertfordshire, N. C. Rothschild, 353; in Nottinghamshire, A. Simmons, G. Henderson, 353; in Somersetshire, W. H. Tapp, 353. Colias edusa in Surrey, &. S. More, 353; in Scotland, J. A. Nix, 354. Colias edusa and Acherontia atropos in Kendal District, Rev. A. M. Moss, 553. Vanessa cardui in Bucks, W. A. Barton, 354; Vanessa antiopa in Essex, R. Meldola, 354, Sirex juvencus at Chichester, J. Anderson, 854. Neuropteron (Linn) at Sugar, 354; Late Grasshopper, 355; W. J. Lucas. Cirrhcedia xerampelina, G. Henderson, 355. Note on Gonoptera libatrix, Ff’. Littlewood, 355. Caradrina ambigua at Pagham, &. Meldola, 355. Gerris lacustris nymph in Qctober, G. W. Kirkaldy, 355. Sugaring in a Garden, P. J. Barraud, +55. Notes from the Lake District, O. Whittaker, 355. Three Days’ Collecting at Deal, R. HE. James, 356. Socreties, 359. Recent Lireraturn, 861. Opnrruary.—Josef Mik, 364. Communications Recervep.-—Alfred Sich, W. F. Johnson, W. J. Jennings, F. A. Small, J. Arkle, Ambrose Quail, A. J. Lawrance, G. W. Kirkaldy, Perey Lathy, C. W. Dale, Robert Adkin, Thos. B. Blakeborough, F. W. Frohawk, F. M. B. Carr, L. B. Prout, P. W. Ridley, G. F. Leigh, and others; Reports of Societies. JAMES GARDNER, MANUFACTURER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS, 29 (late 426), OXFORD STREE'T (Nearly opposite Tottenham Court Road). PRICED LISTS ON APPLICATION, All Articles Guaranteed; exchanged if not approved of. Friends and Customers are requested to note the Address, as mistakes occur daily. WEST, NEWMAN AND ae ne GARDEN, LONDON, E.C. 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