'• . ^o^r LIBRARY OF I885- IQ56 THE ENTOMOLOGIST OF GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.S, W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. G. W. KIRKALDY, F.E.S. EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S., F.E.S. W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. F. W. FROHAWK, F.E.S. Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., Ac. MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S. G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S. "By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made." VOLUME THE FOURTIETH. LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN, SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limited. 1907. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Adkin, B. W., F.E.S., 238 Adkin, R., F.E.S., 88, 162, 164, 292 Anderson, Joseph, 257 Arkle, J., 114 Atmore, E.A., 12 Baker, H. J., 13 Bankes, Eustace R., M.A., F.E.S., 33, 36, 235, 236, 291 Barraud, Philip J., F.E.S., 16, 36, 68, 87, 298 Barrett, J. P., 14 Bell, S. J., 21, 44, 93, 118, 191, 216, 240, 300 Berensberg, H. von Felser, 25 Bingham, Lieut.-Col. C. T., F.Z.S., F.E.S., 87 Bogde, W. A., F.E.S., 237 Briggs, T. H., M.A., F.E.S., 278 Brooks, G., 166 Burr, Malcolm, B.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S., cfec, 248, 270 Burt, Leslie, 238 Cambridge, Rev. O. Pickard-, 188, 237 Cameron, P., 3, 49, 62, 79, 229, 269, 277, 283, 284, 287 Campion, F. W., 267 Campion, F. W. & H., 214, 255, 274, 289 Chittenden, D., 256 Claxton, Rev. W., 138 , Cockerell, T. D. A., 97, 135, 227, 265, 291 Coney, G. B., 13 Conquest, G. H., 296, 297 Corbin, G. B., 213 Cummins, Bruce F., 166 Curtis, W. Parkinson, 12 Dakin, Rose M., 12 Dannatt, W., F.E.S., 256 Daws, William, 88 Day, Rev. A., 40 Distant, W. L., F.E.S., 2, 60 Dixey, Dr. F. A., F.E.S., 9 DOBREE, AwDRY, 189 Druce, Hamilton H., F.E.S., 138 Edwards, F. Wm 257 Esson, L. G., 296 Feather, W., 290 Fletcher, T. Bainbrigge, R. N., F.E.S., 284 Foster, A. H., 130, 153 Fountains, Miss Margaret E., F.E.S., 100 Frohawk, F. W., M.B.O.U., F.E.S., 26, 145, 175, 193 Fryer, H. F., F.E.S., 105 Fryicr, J. C, 105 Gibbs, A.E., F.L.S., 55 Gilliat, Francis T., F.E.S., 212, 240 GoFi-E, Edward R., 212 Goodwin, Edward, 257 Green, Ernest E., F.E.S., 163 Green, Joseph F., 211 Gurney, Gerard H., F.E.S., 194, 222 Harrison, A., F.E.S., 235 Haiuuson, J. W. H., 256 Hayward, A. C, 189 Huggins, H., 138 Hughes, C. N., 290 Jacoby, Martin, F.E.S., 148 Jordan, Dr. K., F.E.S., 121 KlDNER, A. R., 13 _J_-JCikkaldy, G. W., F.E.S., 37, 59, 61, 83, 159, 184. 201, 225, 230, 282, 287 Langdey, Hubert, 190 Leigh, G. F., F.E.S., 103, 107, 187, 292 Lowe, Rev. F. E.. F.E.S., 108 Lucas, W. J., F.E.S., 30, 48, 51, 66,95, 110, 138, 163, 192, 212 Maddison, T., F.E.S., 237 Manders, Lieut.-Col. N., R.A.M.C., F.E.S., 39, 186, 236 Mansbridge, W., F.E.S., 9, 22, 46, 92, 142, 302 Matiiew, Paymaster-in-Chief Gervase F., R.N..F.E.S., 8 Merrifield, F., F.E.S., cfec, 95 MlLMAN, P. P., 237 Morley, Claude, F.E.S., 179, 217, 251 Morris, J. B., 13 Ogden, W. G., 65 Oliver, G. B., 189, 190 Ovenden, J., 189, 213 Pennington, F., 255 Plum, H. V., 290 Pope, J., 12 Prout, Louis B., F.E.S., 1, 109, 169, 206, 220, 290 Quintin, W. H. St., F.E.S., cfec, 73, 147, 254 Ralph, G., 65 Randell, G., 110 Rasell, F. J., 40, 66 Raynor, Rev. Gilbert, H., 89 Richards, Percy, 27 Rollason, M. A., 413 IV LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Rothschild, The Hon. N. Chakles, MA., F.E.S., &c, 189, 199 Roth well, S., 34 Rowland-Brown, H., M.A., F.E.S., 18, 42, 69, 109, 116, 140, 149, 166, 186, 240, 241, 258, 260, 293 Scollick, A. .}., F.E.S., 293 Sharpe, Miss Emily Mart, 155 Sheldon, W. G., F.E.S., 75, 197 Sheldon, W. S., 13 Shuguroff, A. M., 248, 270 Sich, A., F.E.S., 142, 211 Sich, H. Leonard, 186 South, R., 11, 12, 23. 24, 39, 48, 64, 65, 66, 70, 98, 108, 119, 120, 168, 186, 188, 192, 212, 213, 217, 256, 263, 264, 2S9, 295, Sowerby, F. W., R.N., 190, 214, 293 Speyer, E. R., 15 Stbelman, Sairgnar, B., 89 Sweeting, H. R., 22, 46, 92, 142, 262, 302 Thdrnall, A., 237 Tulloch, Capt. B., F.E.S., 133, 294 Turner, H. J., F.E.S., 20, 43, 69, 91, 117, 141, 167, 191, 215, 261, 300 Wainwright, Colhran J., F.E.S., 23, 46, 70, 118, 142, 216, 240, 262, 303 Weddell, B., 12 Whittingham, Rev. W. G.. 128, 156 Williams, C. H., 110 Wright, John, 189 PLATES. I. — Hypsa subretracta vars. ...... to face II. — Ancillary Appendages of Acronycta tridens and A.psi ,, III. — Spines on Clasps of Ancillary Appendages of Acrony- ctids ......... ., IV. — Pulchriphyllium crurifolium ..... ,, V. — Ova of Rusticus zephyr us var. hjcidas and Lycatua alcon ........ PAGE 25 97 97 145 241 ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT. Acidalia marginepunctata and A. subsericeata vars. ... 1 Gynandrous Ghrysophanus dispar var. rutilus ..... 145 Teeth processes in genitalia of Eupithecia succenturiata and E. subfulvata ......... 174 Variety of Melitcea athalia var. eos Haw. ...... 193 Phalera bucephala, ab. . . . . . . . . . 217 Sympetvum tangnineum, ab. ........ 275 INDEX GENERAL. Aberrations of Acidalia marginepunctata and A. subsericeata, 1, 38 Acidalia strigilaria at Folkestone, 296 Acronycta tridens and psi, 138 A Day's Collecting at the Basingstoke Canal, 213 A Fortnight in Cumberland, 66 Agathinse (Braconidae), Two new species from Borneo, 229 Amphidasys betularia var. doubleday- aria, 89 ; in Northamptonshire, 189 A Natural History of the British Butter- flies, 256 A New Mosquito from India, 34 Barrett's ' Lepidoptera of the British Islands,' 87, 109, 163 Bibliograpnical and Nomenclatorial Notes on the Khynchota, 61 Bibliographical Note on the Food-plants of Oriental Hemiptera, 282 ; on the food of Miridee (Hemiptera), 287 Blatta orientalis out of doors, 110 Braconidous Cryptogastres, On the, 179 British Braconiche, Notes on, 251 British Lepidoptera, The Mathew collection of, 9 Butterflies observed during a short tour in Southern France in May, 1907, 149 Butterflies of Digne, Notes on the, 194, 222 Captures of Lepidoptera in Cambridge- shire, &c, 257 Chelidoptera (Platycleis) roeselii, &c, at Heme Bay, 255 Chcerocampa celerio in North Cornwall, 189 ; in Selkirkshire, 12 Coleophora tricolor Wlsm., at Seaford, Sussex, 36 Coleoptera near Barnstaple, 164 Colias edusa, 257, 292 Colias edusa in the Isle of Wight, 189 Collecting Lepidoptera in the Lake District, 130, 153 Collecting on the Lincolnshire Coast, 238 Compsotata, n. nom., pro Charidea, Guen., Hampson, nee Dalman, 119 Corsican Butterflies, A few notes on some, 100 / * Current Criticism, 2, 58, 87 Current Notes, 37, 83, 159, 201, 230 Cyaniris argiolus in N.YY. London, 138 Daphnis (Chcerocampa) nerii at Lancas- ter, 65 Dasychira pudibunda emerging in Autumn, 13 Deiopeia pulchella in Ireland, 12 Denton's Patent Butterfly Tablets, 289 Description of a New Genus and Species of the Subfamily Clytrini (Phytoph- agous Coleoptera) from Australia, 148 Description of a New Species of Tingi- didas from Honolulu, 60 Description of a New Species of Crabron- idse from Borneo, 283 Description of a New Species of Ichneu- mon from Vancouver Island, 277 Description of a New Plume-Moth from Ceylon, 284 Description of two New Species belonging to the Family Nymphalidae, 155 Dianthcecia luteago var. flcklini, 190 Diurni of the Department of Aisne (France), Some further notes on the, 197 Dragonflies near Huntingdon, 257 ; of Epping Forest in 1907, 274 Dragonfly Seasons of 1905 and 1906, 36 Electric lights in Durban, Natal, A re- cord evening at the, 103 Emergence of Numeria pulveraria in July and August, 212 Ennoinos autumnaria at Ashford, Kent, 256 Errata, 88, 144 Eupithecia, Notes on the Genus, 206, 220 Food-plant of Aciptilia (Buckleria) pa- llidum, Zell., Notes on the Discovery of, 187 Food-plants of Oporabia autumnata, 289 ; of Pyrameis cardui, 292 Fossil Honey-bee, A, 227 Heliothis armigera in Cornwall : A Correction, 12 Heliothis peltigera in Dorset, Sesia culiciformis and, 11 Heliothis peltigera in South Devon, 237 Hints on the Study of Leaf-hoppers, 225 " Homing " Instincts (?) of Hybernating Insects, 293 VI INDEX. Hybrids. — Malacosoma, 239 ; Noto- donta, 10; Smerinthus, 10 Hymenoptera collected by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon at Buxa, Bhotan, 3 Hymenopterous family Agathidida?, Notes on the, 217 Hypsa baumanniana and H. conspicua varieties of H. subretracta?, Are, 25, 107 Increase in Numbers of Lepidoptera iihopalocera in Mauritius, 133 Increase of Butterflies in Mauritius : A Correction, 236 Insect Fauna of Devonshire, 39 ; of Lincolnshire, 108 International Exchange and Infor- mation Bureau for Lepidoptera, 108 Javanese Saccharicolous Thysanoptera, A Bibliographical Note on the, 181 Laphygma exigua, 05 ; in Dorsetshire, 12 Larva of Limenitis sibylla, 9 Larva? in 1907, 166 Leaf Insects in Captivity, 163 Lepidoptera and Coleoptera captured in 19U6, Notes on, 105 Lepidoptera collected near Gibraltar in March, Short List of, 214 Lepidoptera of East Sutherland, 40 ; on the Kentish Coast in 1907, 296 Lestes dryas, Kirby, in Ireland, 66 Leucania unipuncta in Devon, 237; in Hampshire, 13 Leucania vitellina in Kent, 256; in West Cornwall, 40 Life-history of Chrysophanus dispar var. rutilus, 115, 175 Life-history of Thecla pruni, 26 Lithosia caniola not in Hampshire, 40 Lycffina argiades, Pall. = amyntas, Hb., Notes on, 199, 236 Macroglossa stellatarum on shipboard, 290 Male Lasiocampa quercus attracted (?) by Odonestis potatoria, 235 Mathew collection of British Lepi- doptera, The, 9 Migrants, 13 Moths at Light, 256 Mould in Relaxing-Box. To prevent, 290 Myelois ceratonise and its var. pryerella, S Myelophila (Myelois) cribrum in Surrey, 213, 237 New Aberration of Asthena testaceata, Don. (sylvata, Hb.), 33 New American Bees, 97, 135, 265 New Microjoppa from Trinadad, 269 Note on the Disjiersal of Butterflies, 185 ""-Note on the Name of a Cicada, 291 Notes and Observations, 8, 39, 64, 87, 107, 138, 163, 185 Notes from the North-west for 1906, 110 Notes on a Summer tour in Switzerland, 241 Notes on Collecting during 1906, 128, 130 ; on Herefordshire insects, 1906 Notes on Lepidoptera and Coleoptera captured in 19U6, 105 Notes on Lepidoptera reared during 1906, 15 Notes on Lyeasna argiades, 236 Notes on Nyssia lapponica, 296 Notes on the Diurni of Central and Southern France, and Corsica, 75 Notes on the Genus Eupithecia, 169 Notes on the Larva of Scotosia rham- nata, Schiff, 186 Notes on the Nomenclature of some Hymenoptera, 49 Nyctihora holosericea, 88 Obituary : — Charles J. Watkins, 168 A. H. Shepherd, 304 Observations on the Species of the Genus Callimenus, Fischer de YVald- heim (Orthoptera), 248, 270 Odonata, Records for 1906, 14 On some new Central American Vesnida;, 62, 79 On the Bornean Tiphiidse, including a New Genus, 287 On the Discovery of the food-plant of Aciptilia (Buckleria) pallidum, Zell., 187, 235, 293 Ophiusa lianardi and its varieties, 291 Uporabia (Larentia) autumnata, Note on, 255 Orthoptera in 1905 and 1906, 51 Ova of Araschnia levana, 254 Oxyptilus pilosella; in Hertfordshire, 87 Papilio machaon in North Lincolnshire, 190 Phalama (Bombvx) lubricipeda, Linn., 278 Phalera bucephala ab. 217 Pieris napi var. bryonia;, 1, 107 Plusia moneta at Burton-on-Trent, 189 ; in Cheshire, 13 ; in Northamp- tonshire, 66; in Nottinghamshire, 40 ; in the New Forest, 213 Porthesia chrysorrhcea, 164, 186, 211 Prodenia littoralis, 88 l'ryalis lienigialis, 3; near Oxford, 291 Rearing larva? of Agrotis agathina, 254 Rearing Papilio podalirius, 211, 240, 254 Recent Literature : — Eighteenth Annual Report of the Delegates of the University Museum (for 1905), 23 Melanism in Yorkshire Lepidoptera, by G. T. Porritt, 23 The Annals of Scottish Natural History, 47 Museum Gazette and Journal of Field- Study, conducted by Jonathan Hutchinson, &c, 47 INDEX. The Science of Dry Fly Fishing, by F. G. Shaw, 47 First Keport of the Board of Com- missioners of Agriculture and Fores- try, of the Territory of Hawaii, 47 The Bombay Locust, Acridium suc- cinctum (Linn.) (from Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India), by H. Maxwell-Lefroy, 47 The Western Pine-destroying Bark Beetle (Dendroctonus brevicornis), by J. L. Webb, 47 Notes on Exotic Forficulids or Ear- wigs, with descriptions of new Species, by J. A. S. Rehn, 47 Notes on South American Grass- hoppers of the Sub-Family Acri- dinffi (Acridida.'), with descriptions of New Genera and Species, by J. A. S. Rehn, 47 The Locustidse and Gryliidas (Katy- dids and Crickets) collected by W. T. Foster in Paraguay, by A. N. Cau- dell, 47 Butterflies of Hong-Kong and South- east China, by J. C. Kershaw, 48, 119, 263 A List of the Lepidoptera of Shepton Mallet and District, with remarks as to localities, &c, by W. A. Bogue, 48, 119 United States Department of Agri- culture (Bureau of Entomology) Bulletins, 59, 60, and 62. Technical Series, No. 12, Part 1, and No. 13, Farmer's Bulletin, No. 264 Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalasna? in the British Museum, vol. vi., by Sir George F. Hampson, Bart., 70 Transactions of the City of London Entomological and Natural History Society for the year 1906, 118 Eleventh Annual Report of the State Entomologist of Minnesota for the year 1906, 119 Transactions of the Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists' Club for the year 1906, 120 Christ's Hospital, West Horsham, Natural History Society : Fourth Annual Report for the year 1906, 120 Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomo- logical Society, 120 A Natural History of the British Alucitides : a Text-book for Stu- dents and Collectors, by J. W. Tutt, 142 Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society, 1906-1907, 168 Additions to the Wild Fauna and Flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, III. — Lepidoptera, by A. Langley Simmons, 192 The Insect Hunter's Companion, 192 Australian Insects, by Walter W. Froggatt, 262 Diptera Danica, Genera and Species of Flies hitherto found in Denmark, by William Lundbeck, 264 Les Premiers Etats des Lepidopteres Franeais Rhopalocera, par M. C. Frionnet, 264, 303 Precis des Caracteres Generiques des Insectes disposes dans un Ordre Naturel.par le Citoyen Latreille,264 Pierre-Andre Latreille, a Brive, de 1762 a 1798, par Louis de Nussac, 264 Manchester Microscopical Society, Annual Report and Transactions, 1906, 264 Report of the Entomological Depart- ment of the New Jersey Agricultural College Experimental Station, by John B. Smith, 264 The Decticinje of North America, by Andrew Nelson Caudell, 264 Revision of the American Moths of the Genus Argyresthia, by August Busck, 264 Some Moths and Butterflies and their Eggs, 304 The Story of Insect Life, by W. Percival Westell, 304 Re-occurrence in Britain of Pyralis lienigialis, 235 Retarded emergence of Demas coryli, 13 Scarce Hawk-moths in Kew Gardens, 212 Scarcity of Larva? in Season 1907, 138 Scotch Lepidoptera in 1906, 55 Sesia andreniformis, 189, 213 ; culici- formis, 11 Sesia culiciformis and Heliothis peltigera in Dorset, 11 Sirex gigas in Wiltshire, 237 Some measurements of Sympetrum scoticum, 289 Societies : — Birmingham Entomological, 22, 46, 69, 92, 118, 142, 216, 240, 261, 302 City of London Entomological, 20, 43, 92, 117, 191, 215, 240, 262, 300 Entomological Society of London, 16, 41, 68, 114, 139, 166, 258, 298 Lancashire and Cheshire Entomolo- gical, 21, 44, 91, 141, 301 South London Entomological, 18, 42, 69, 90, 116, 140, 167, 190, 215, 239, 260, 299 Sphinx convolvuli in the Isle of Wight, 189 ; in Durham, 237 Spilosomamendicain November, Occur- rence of, 13 INDEX. Stauropus fagi in Warwickshire, 190 Stenoptiliagraphodactyla, a new British Plume, 8 Sugaring and atmospheric conditions, 14 Tseniocampastabilis in November, 13 Thecla pruni ab., '290 The Entomological Club, 64, 188 The Hawaiian Entomological Society, 186 The Insect Fauna of Yorkshire, 108 The Lepidoptera of Gibraltar, 258, 293 The Mazarine Blue (Nomiades semi- argus) in Wales, 39 The Pairing of Cerastis ligula, 89 The Baynor Collection of British Lepi- doptera, 294 The Trophonius form of Papilio cenea, 187 Three New Bees from the Oriental Zoological Begion, 284 Tingididse from Honolulu, Description of a New Species, 60 Tortrix pronubana, Hb., double brooded in Britain, 162 ; in Chiswick, 211 Vanessa atalanta, 110; cardui, 138 Variety of Brephos parthenias, 110; of Melitrea athalia var. eos, Haw., 193 Varieties: — Abraxas grossulariata, 10, 240, 261 ; ulmata, 262 Acidalia marginepunctata, 1 Acronycta leporina, 44 ; rumicis, 44 Aglais urticse, 260 Agrotis ashworthii, 22 ; neglecta, 118 Angerona prunaria (Gynand.), 15, 20 Aplecta nebulosa, 44 Arctia villica, 239 ; fuliginosa, 44 Asthena testaceata, 33 Boarmia abietaria and consortaria, 44 Brephos parthenias, 110 Callimorpha dominula, 240 Calocampa exoleta (larva), 215 Chilo phragmitellus, 215 Chcerocampa porcellus, 240 Chrysophanus phlceas, 21, 216 Coenonympha pamphilus, 43 Craniophora (Acronycta) ligustri, 105 Cymatophora duplaris, 44 Diphthera orion, 117 Ematurga atomaria, 20 Epinephele ianira, 43 Epunda lichenea, 21 Erannis leucophasaria, 215 Euchloe cardamines. 20 Habrosyne derasa, 261 Hama abjecta, 10 Heii)erophilaabruptaria,21(Gynand.), 261 Hestina nama, 260 Hydrcecia paludis, 10 Leucania albipuncta, 10; favicolor, 10 Lycaena agestis, 44 ; beilargus, 259 Lymantria monacha, 10, 44 Macaria liturata, 46 Malacosoma castrensis, 10 Melanippe fluctuata, 191 Melitam athalia, var. eos, Haw., 193 Nemoria viridata, 117 Nyssia lapponaria, 215 Odontopera bidentata, 44 Oporina croceago, 43 Ortholita cervinaria, 118 Papilio cenea, 187 ; krishna, 260 ; machaon, 190 Phalera bucephala, 217 Pieris brassicas, 42 Satyrus tithonus, 2G2 Semiothisa (Macaria) liturata, 216 Spilosoma lubricipeda, 216 ; mendica, 216 Stauropus fagi, 44 Synopsis abruptaria (Gynand.), 216 Tamiocampa incerta, 215, 216 Tephrosia luridata, 216 Vanessa urticre, 43 Zygama rilipendula\ 10 Vespidffi, On some New Central Ameri- can, 62, 79 Wye Valley notes, 297 Xanthia ocellaris in Norfolk, 12 Xylina furcifera, Capture of, 297 Zephyrus quercus ab. bella, 212 Zygamidffi, New African, 121 INSTRUCTIONS to BINDER.— The SPECIAL INDEX, given with the 'Entomologist' early in 1908, belongs to this Volume, and should be placed next to this General Index. SPECIAL INDEX. New Genera, Species, and Varieties are marked with an asterisk. COLEOPTERA. aedilis (Acanthocinus), 298 ffinea (Anomala), 165 seneus (Paracymus), 298 angusticollis (Anchomenus), 165 arenaria (iEgialia), 107 arenarius (Bledius), 165 arvensis (Cicendela), 165 asparagi (Crioceris), 232 astragali (Apion), 22 ater (Ocypus), 165 atroapterus (Otiorrhynchus), 166 aurata (Celonia), 165 *australis (Leasia), 148 australis (Leasia), 167 banksii (Chrysomela), 166 betuleti (Byctiscus), 191 bipunctatus (Cryptocephalus), 298 bipustulatus (Badister), 165 bipustulata (Tritoma), 165 blattariffi (Cionus), 166 brevicornis (Dendroctornus), 47, 160 cadaverina (Phaleria), 166 csesareus (Staphylinus), 165 calmariensis (Galeruca), 166 campestris (Cicendela), 165 caprea (Adimonia), 166 caraboides (Melandrya), 166 Carpophilus, 204 castaneus (Medon), 142 cephalotes (Broscus), 165 cerarnboides (Cistela), 106, 107 cervus (Lucanus), 299 chlorocephala (Lebia), 22 cingulatus (Megacronus), 165 circumfusus (Calomicus), 166 clavipes (Donacia), 261 clypealis (Hydrovatus), 140 complanata (Nebria), 165 confluens (Apion), 299 coryli (Apoderus), 166, 191 coryli (Strophosomus), 166 crassipes (Donacia), 261 Crioceris, 205 curtisi (Hcemonia), 261 cylindricum (Sinodendron), 165 decorus (Philonthus), 106 dentatus (Cis), 299 depressa (Omosita), 107 duplicata (Magdalis), 258 elongata (Nemosoma), 107 elongata (Tillus), 106, 107 emarginatus (Atemeles), 165 Entoji. Vol. xl. 1907. emarginatus (Collyris), 115 fairmairii (Oxytelus), 142 fasciata (Mordella), 107 fasciatus (Brachy tarsus), 107 fascicularis (Araeocerus), 37, 84 femorata (Rhipidocera), 239 femoratus (Helaeus), 239 ferrugineus (Leistus), 165 formicarius (Thanasimus), 190 fuliginosus (Anchomenus), 165 fulvibarbis (Leistus), 165 fumata (Typhoea), 166 fungorum (Tetratoma), 107 fuscus (Colymbetes), 165 gibbus (Heliopathes), 166 globosus (Dysehirius), 165 goettingensis (Chrysomela), 166 grandis (Anthonomus), 161 groelandicus (Colymbetes), 140 hirtella (Epicometis), 140 hololeucus (Niptus), 166 hookeri (Apion), 299 hyperici (Chrysomela), 166 impunctipennis (Dyschirius), 165 inquisitor (Rhagium), 166 lacordairei (Triplax), 190 laevigata (Heterocercus), 165 lateralis (Cillenus), 165 *Leasia, 148 linearis (Atomaria), 165 linearis (Dromius), 165 lineola (Cryptocephalus), 166 lineola (Galeruca), 166 litura (Phytodecta), 166 livens (Anchomenus), 106 longicornis (Quedius), 141 marginalis (Dytiscus), 165 marginatus (Anchomenus), 165 marginatus (Philonthus), 165 maxillosus (Creophilus), 165 Megalostoma, 148 melanocephalus (Calathus), 165 metatarsalis (Oxypoda), 142 miniatum (Apion), 166 mollis (Opilo), 107 mortuorum (Necrophorus), 299 muralis (Sitaris), 22, 258 murino (Cistela), 166 nebulosus (Agabus), 165 niger (Tychus), 165 nigra (Heterothops) , 141 nigricornis (Haplocnemus), 106, 107 b INDEX. nigriventris (Dromius), 165 noctiluca (Lampyrus), 166 noctilucus (Pyrophorus), 140 obsoletus (Dichirotrichus), 165 obtusum (Bembidium), 165 octomaculata (Pachyta), 166 olivacea (Phytodecta), 166 opticus (Stenus), 106 Osphya, 116 pallidipenne (Bembidium), 165 pallidus (Helops), 166 paradoxa (Homalota), 142 parallela (Anthaxia), 140 parallelopedus (Dorcus), 165 philanthus (Hoplia), 165 piceum (Olophrum), 165 propinqua (Medon), 142 pubescens (Dichirotrichus), 165 puellus (Anchomenus), 92 quadripunctulatus (P.), 22 quercus (Trypodendron), 140 rubens (Pyrochroa), 165 rufescens (Bembidium), 165 rufipennis (Lathrobium), 299 rufipes (Melanotus), 166 ruficollis (Silis), 107 rugicollis (Apriona), 204 rugulosus (Ceuthorrhynchus), 299 riparius (Quedius), 140 robiniaj (Cyllene), 160 rostratus (Cychrus), 165 rotundatus (Olisthopus), 92 russica (Triplax), 106 sabulosum (Opatrum), 166 sabulosus (Trox), 107 sanguineum (Apion), 22 schonherri (Barynotus), 22 sculpturatus (Oxytelus), 142 semivittatum (Apion), 258, 259 serra (Tiresias), 107 serricornis (Prionocyphon), 17 sexpunctatus (Crypt ocephalus), 191 Silpha, 203, 205 spadicea (Aleochara), 141 spectabilis (Oxypoda), 142 spinibarbis (Leistus), 165 spiniger (Hemicopus), 17 splendens (Carabus), 231 splendidula (Cassida), 166 stictica (Oxytherea), 140 striatus (Helops), 166 subdepressus (Cryptophagus), 259 succiola (Aleochara), 141 sulcatus (Otiorrhynchus), 140 sulcicollis (Ceuthorrhynchus), 184 sulcirostris (Cleonus), 166 sulphurea (Cistela), 166 terricola (Pristonychus), 165 thoracia (Silpha), 165 thoreyi (Anchomenus), 165 tigrina (Hypera),259 Trachyscelis, 116 typhous (Geotrupes), 165 variabilis (Coccinella), 165 variolosus (Oxylaemus), 140 verbasci (Haltica), 166 vesicatoria (Lytta), 44 vestitus (Chhenius), 165 vexans (Quedius), 141 viduatus (Ceuthorrhynchus), 107, 299 villosus (Orechtochilus), 165 vulgaris (Phyllopertha), 165 waltoni (Camopsis), 166 xanthomelcena; (Tetrastichus), 38 DIPTERA. Agromyza, 231 albimanus (Platychirus), 302 albostriatus (Syrphus), 67 ampelophila (Drosophila), 38 angulata (Odontomyia), 17 anthropophaga (Cordylobia), 167 arbustorum (Eristalis), 67 bifasciatus (Syrphus), 90 bimacula (Trichocera), 205 bombylans (Volucella), 67, 90 Chrysops, 161 depressa (Bengalia), 167 destructor (Mayetiola), 201 domestica (Musca), 140 funebris (Drosophila), 115 Glossina, 92 horticola (Eristalis), 90 illustrata (Chilosia), 67 intermedia (Neocellia), 34 livida (Empis), 90 macellaria (Compsomyia), 161 major (Bombylius), 90 Microdon, 140 mutabilis (Microdon), 167 nobilitata (Thereva), 67 parva (Tipula), 204 pertinax (Eristalis), 90 pipiens (Culex), 160 pceciloptera (Platyparea), 231 quadrinotatus (Tabanus), 206 ribesii (Syrphus), 67, 90 Sarcophaga, 205 scripta (Tepula), 67 segnis (Xylota), 67 serrata (Hcemalobia), 86, 161 stabulans (Cyrtoneura), 90 Stomoxys, 92, 141 Tabanus, 161 talpse (Hystricopsylla), 140, 142 westermanni (Icterica), 17 INDEX XI HEMIPTERA. jeneus (Erycorus), 239 ■* ancilla (Carineta), 291 • ancilla (Herrera), 291 Angerianus, 3, 60 ^angulata (Cicada), 2 annulata (Cicadetta), 58 ^annulatus (Tibicen), 2 Aphasna, 61 Aphanus, 61 atropunctata (Eupteryx), 225 aureola (Dikraneura), 225 - Barma, 3 bifasciata (Teleonemia), 60 v Borysthenes, 3 calcaratus (Alydus), 85 calcaratus (Coriscus), 85 Cixius, 226 coleoptrata (Issus), 226 dentatum (Acanthosorna), 233 equestris (Lygoeus), 259 erratica (Cicada), 161 ferruginea (Tetigonia), 204 8, 153, 295 clathrata (Tinea), 239 cleodoxa (Argynnis), 76, 77 cleopatra (Gonepteryx),150, 152, 212, 214 cloacella (Tinea), 190 clytie (Apatura), 76, 198 cnicana (Argyrolepia), 157 c-nigrum (Agrotis), 214 c-nigrum (Noctua), 67, 238 codeti (Ammetopa), 70 coenosa (Laelia), 140, 295 cognatellus (Hyponomeuta), 213 columbina (Hehconius), 90 combusta (Xyloj>hasia), 153 comes (Triphasna), 41, 45, 158, 238 comitata (Pelurga), 89 comma (Augiades), 42, 105 comma (Hesperia), 90 comma (Leucania), 41 comma (P.), 105 comma-notata (Cidaria), 113 communana (Sciaphila), 46 complanula (Lithosia), 43 INDEX. XVI i Compsotata, 109 concolor (Tapinostola), 10, 301 concomitella (Lithocolletis), 141 conflua (Noctua), 41 conformis (Xylina), 11, 297 conigera (Leucania), 41, 66, 67, 155 Conistra, 70 conjugella (Argyresthia), 231, 234 consignata (Eupithecia), 167, 170 consociella (Rhodophasa), 253 consortaria (Boarmia), 44 conspersa (Dianthoecia), 190 conspicua (Hypsa), 25, 107 conspicularis (Xylomiges), 11 contigua (Hadena), 57 constrictata (Eupithecia), 156, 171 conversaria (Boarmia), 45, 215 convolvuli (Sphinx), 66, 104, 189, 237 cordigera (Anarta), 56, 57, 191, 301 cordula (Satyrus), 78, 246 coretas (Lycaana), 200 coronata (Chloroclystis), 170, 222 coronula (Acronycta), 105 Corsica (Lycaena), 102 corticea (Agrotis), 41, 296 corunna (Spiramiopsis), 104 corva (Huphina), 18 corydon (Agriades), 20, 42, 215, 261 corydon (Lycama), 20, 22, 42, 44, 46, 90, 224, 301 corydon (Polyommatus), 196, 300 corylaria (Angerona), 15 corylata (Cidaria), 41, 57 coryli (Demas), 13 Cosmia, 70 costovata (Melanippe), 191 craccas (Toxocampa), 239, 300 crataegi (Aporia), 14, 44, 167, 168, 191, 198, 214, 247 cratffigella (Scoparia), 68 crepuscularia (Tephrosia), 89, 90, 128 cretaceas (Ophalmodes), 204 cribrella (Myelois), 70, 213 cribrurn (Myelophila), 213, 237 cristana (Peronea), 91, 117 croceago (Jodia), 71 croceago (Hoporina), 71 croceago (Lampetia), 71 croceago (Oporina), 43, 167 croceago (Xantholeuca), 71 cruciferarum (Plutella), 89 cruda (Tamiocampa), 44, 90 cubicularis (Caradrina), 14, 89 cucubali (Dianthoecia), 19, 67 cucullatella (Nola), 215 Cucullia, 70 culiciformis (Sesia), 11, 252, 294 culmellus (Crambus), 68 cultraria (Drepana), 22 cunea (Hyphantna), 161 cuprella (Adela), 192 curtisii (Triphitna), 45 curtula (Pygsera), 302 cyllarus (Nomiades), 151, 153, 196, 198 cympiformis (Sesia), 252 cynthia (Melitaea), 247 damone (Anthocharis), 91 damon (Polyommatus), 248 daphne (Brenthis), 224 daplidice (Pieris), 78, 91 daplidice (Pontia), 150, 151, 214, 224 davus (Ccenonympha), 20, 66, 111 dealbana (Hedya), 89 deaurana (Lozopera), 183 decolorata (Emmelesia), 68 defoliaria (Hybernia), 46, 69, 90, 129 deione (Melitaea), 78, 195 delagorguei (Ludia), 103 Delias, 70 delius (Parnassius), 245, 261 demoleus (Papilio), 42, 104, 133 denotata (Eupithecia), 171, 208, 209 dentina (Hadena), 66, 67 deplana (Lithosia), 16 depuncta (Noctua), 58 derasa (Habrosyne), 261 derivata (Anticlea), 41, 301 dermaptera (Myrina), 104 deschangei (Spilosoma), 295 dia (Brenthis), 151, 153, 198, 224 dictasa (Notodonta), 111 dictaeoides (Notodonta), 111 dictasoides (Pheosa), 22 dictynna (Melitaea), 198, 242, 244 didyma (Apamea), 41, 67 didyma (Melitaea), 78, 196, 214, 225, 244, 246 didymata (Larentia), 40, 68, 153, 158 digitalis (Brachycosmia), 71 diffinis (Gelechia), 89 *dimnis (Netrocera), 126 *difformis (Saliunca), 122 dilutata (Oporabia), 19, 40, 191, 290, 300 dimidiata (Acidalia), 68, 238 diplostigma (Elvesia), 70 dipsacea (Heliothis), 257 discordella (Coleophora), 190 dispar (Chrysophanus), 9, 145, 175, 259 dispar (Lymantria), 10 dispar (Porthesia), 86 disparata (Eupithecia), 173 distinctaria (Eupithecia), 170, 171 dodoneata (Eupithecia), 172, 240 dominula (Callimorpha), 240, 294 dorilis (Chrysophanus), 78, 153, 196, 197 dorilis (Loweia), 224, 225 dorippus (Danais), 42 dor us (Ccenonympha), 18 doubledayaria (Amphidasys), 23, 89, 105, 189 doubledayaria (Pachys), 93 dromedarius (Notodonta), 10, 22, 41 dryas (Enodia), 76 dubitalis (Scoparia), 19, 68, 89, 90, 156 dumetaria (Pandemis), 192 XV111 INDEX. duplaris (Cymatophora), 44, 57, 141 duponchelii (lieucophasia), 78, 151, 153, 195, 223, 225 *durbauica (Malamblia), 125 echo (Ophiusa), 104 edusa (Colias), 14, 150, 152, 196, 214, 257, 292 egea (Grapta), 225 egea (Polygonia), 196 egeria (Pararge), 20, 153, 189, 224, 248, 261, 303 egerides (Pararge), 248 egialea (Amauris), 114 elinguaria (Crocallis), 68 eliza (Argynnis), 102 elpenor (Chserocampa), 240 elutata (Hypsipetes), 112, 301 elutata (Ypsipetes), 19 elymi (Tapinostola), 106 Empusada, 70 empyrea (Khizotype), 72 emutaria (Acidalia), 19 eos (Melitsea), 193 epiphron (Erebia), 130, 153, 154 Epirrhoe, 119 epistygne (Erebia), 151, 153, 224, 303 equestraria (Ennomos), 215 ergane (Pieris), 261 ericetata (Emmelesia), 57 ericetaria (Selidosema), 157 erminea (Phalffina), 278 erschoffi (Arctia), 262 erythrocephala (Comistra), 72 erythrocephala (Orrhodia), 10 escheri (Polyommatus), 224, 241, 243 eson (Chserocampa), 104 Eucymatoge, 169 eumedon (Lycama) , 239 eumedon (Polyommatus), 247 eupheno (Anthocharis), 91 euphenoides (Anthocharis), 91 euphenoides (Euchloe), 150, 152, 196, 214, 225 euphorbia (Deilephila), 9, 212, 214, 259 euphorbia? (Hylas) , 299 euphrosyne (Argynnis), 11,40, 118, 128, 298 euphrosyne (Brenthis), 151, 153, 196, 224, 244 Euphyia, 119 Eupithecia, 113, 169, 302 eurybia (Chrysophanus), 246 evias (Erebia), 152, 153, 196, 224, 303 exclamationis (Agrotis), 66, 67, 155, 190, 238 exigua (Caradrina), 42, 120, 295 exigua (Laphygma), 12, 14, 20, 21, 42, 93 exigua (Sphodoptera), 120, 205 exiguata (Kupithecia), 89 exoleta (Calocampa), 56, 71, 190, 215 exoleta (Axylia), 71 exoleta (Xylina), 71 expallidata (Eupithecia), 171 extimalis (Evergestis), 257 extranea (Leucania), 13, 237 extrema (Tapinostola), 301 exulans (Anthrocera), 19 exulus (Crymodes), 10, 57 fagella (Cheimabache), 142 fagi (Stauropus), 10, 42, 44, 190, 240, 257, 262 falcataria (Drepana), 57 falcataria (Platypteryx), 41 falloni (Anthocharis), 91 farinalis (Cedestis), 215 fasciaria (Ellopia), 20 fasciata (Arctia), 195, 225, 260 fasciata (Kuproctis), 114 fasciuncula (Miana), 67 fausta (Anthrocera), 78 favicolor (Leucania), 10, 193, 295 ferreata (Eupithecia), 209 ferrogrisea (Caffristis), 70 ferrugata (Coremia), 111 ferrugata (Xanthorhoe), 18, 115 ferruginea (Xanthia), 89 festiva (Noctua), 57, 67, 153 festucae (Plusia), 11, 22 fibrosa (Helotropha), 118 ricklini (Dianthcecia), 190, 300 Mia (Satyrus), 78 filigrammaria (Oporabia), 153 filipendulas (Anthrocera), 19, 239, 300 filipendulse (Zygama), 10, 67 fimbria (Triphama), 42 flammea (Meliana), 90, 93, 261 flammea (Rhizotype), 72 flammea na (Euchromia), 182 flava (Diacnsia), 104 flavago (Cosmia), 72 flavalis (Pyrausta), 46 flavella (Depressaria), 68 flavescens (Pieris), 91 flavicincta (Antitype), 72 flavicincta (Polia), 89, 129, 191 flavicinctata (Larentia), 154 flavicornis (Asphalia), 55, 56 flavidorsana (Dichrorampha), 19 flavinata (Capaxa), 103 flavofasciata (Abraxas), 261 florella (Catopsilia), 134 fluctuata (Melanippe), 155, 191 fontis (Bomolocha), 129 forficalis (Pionea), 68 forficellus (Schcenobius), 111 forskaleana (Tortrix), 113 fortis (Homoncocnemis), 70 francillonana (Lozopera), 183 franconia (Malacosoma), 44 fraxinata (Eupithecia), 172, 206, 207, 208 fraxini (Catocala), 11 frobenia (Neptis), 134 fulgens (Nepticula), 257 fuliginaria (Boletobia), 116 fulignosa (Arctia), 44 fuliginosa (Phragmatobia), 40 fulva (Tapinostola), 112, 158 INDEX. XIX fulvago (Citria), 72 fulvago (Cosmia), 72, 118 fulvapicata (Abraxas), 295 fulvata (Cidaria), 41 fulvata (Melanargia), 68 fulvinotata (Phlegethontius), 104 fumata (Acidalia), 153 fumosse (Eupithecia), 171 furcifera (Graptolitha), 71 furcifera (Xylina), 297 furcula (Cerura), 23 furva (Mamestra) , 57, 66, 67, 153 fuscantaria (Ennomos), 112, 299 fuscata (Erannis), 216 gaika (Zizera), 133, 134 galatea (Melanargia), 68, 156, 197, 224, 225, 239, 243 galathea (Melanargia), 299 galii (Deilephila), 9, 301 gamma (Plusia), 41, 44, 68 gemina (Apamea), 153, 156 geminipuncta (Nonagria), 44, 93, 116 gemmaria (Boarmia), 301 genistae (Hadena), 89 gerningana (Amphisa), 157 Gerydus, 69 gilvago (Cosmia), 72, 112 gilvago (Xanthia), 129 glacialis (Erebia), 245, 246 glaphyra (Arctia), 262 glareosa (Noctua), 22, 41, 40, 301 glauca (Hadena), 57 glaucinaria (Gnophos), 116 Glaucopis, 109 glyphica (Euclidia), 298 "glennia (Saliunea), 123 Gmnoscelis, 170 gnaphalii (Cucullia), 11, 215, 295 gnaphalii (Eucalimia), 71 goante (Erebia), 78, 303 gondoti (EuplcEa), 185 gonostigma (Orgyia), 118 goodwini (Asthena), 33 goossensiata (Eupithecia), 171 gordius (Chrysophanus), 149, 197, 225 gorge (Erebia), 245, 247, 303 gothica (Tamiocampa), 56, 90, 142, 215, 297 gothicina (Taeniocampa), 215 graminis (Charasas), 41, 67, 153 granitella (Acrolepia), 183 graphodactylus (Stenoptilia), 8, 295 Graptolitha, 70 grayi (Polyptychus), 104 griseo-capitella (8\vammerdammia), 300 griseola (Lithosia), 43 griseovariegata (Panolis), 142 grossulariata (Abraxas), 11, 68, 13 , 234, 240, 261, 294, 295, 300, 301 gruneri (Anthoeharis), 91 gumpiana (Peronea), 117 haggerti (Tamiocampa), 44 hardwickii (Parnassius), 245 hastata (Melanippe), 16, 298 hastata (Rheumaptera), 119 haworthii (Celama), 153 haworthiata (Eupithecia), 172, 221 hazeleiensis (Abraxas), 295 hebe (Arctia), 214, 225 hector (Papilio), 185 hectus (Hepialus), 111 Heliconius, 114 Heliphobus, 71 helvola (Amathes), 72 helvola (Anchocelis), 41 hepatica (Xylophasia), 111 herbida (Aplecta), 57 hero (Ccenonympha), 76 hilaris (Harpagophana), 70 hippothoe (Chrysophanus), 76, 198, 298 hirtaria (Biston), 128 hispida (Leucochlaena), 71 holmiana (Dictyopteryx), 68 Homohadena, 70 honratii (Thais), 224 hortuellus (Crambus), 90, 112 hospita (Chelonia), 154 hospita (Nemeophila), 57, 154 hospiton (Papilio), 77, 101 humuli (Hepialus), 40, 67, 89, 154 Huphina, 116 hutchinsoni (Vanessa), 297 hyale (Colias), 13, 150, 152, 196, 224 hyalinalis (Botys), 22 hyalinalis (Pyrausta), 22 hybridella (Eupcecilia), 157 hydara (Heliconius), 90 hyerana (Hastula), 18, 20, 68, 91, 92, 117 hylas (Lycaena), 214, 224 hylas (Polyommatus), 153, 196 hyparchus (Pompostola), 125 hypassia (Chalciope), 104 hyperanthus (Aphantopus), 243 hyperanthus (Enodia), 299 hyperanthus (Kpinephele), 156 hyporborea (Agrotis), 10 hypericana (Catoptria), 68 hypochiona (Lycasna), 17 ianira (Epinephele), 40, 43, 112, 154, 238 ianthina (Triphrcna), 20, 41 icarus (Lycama), 20, 40, 46, 66, 67, 114, 154, 189, 214, 298 icarus (Polyommatus), 20, 141, 150, 151, 152, 215, 299, 300 ichnusa (Vanessa), 102 idas (Lycaena), 17, 20 ilia (Apatura), 76, 197, 242, 303 iliades (Apatura), 76 ilicifolia (Epicnaptera), 140 ilicis (Thecla), 196, 198, 224, 225, 242, 243 imbutata (Carsia), 157 immanata (Cidaria), 41, 57, 113 immorata (Acidalia), 21 immundella (Trifurcula), 260 impluviata (Ypsipetes), 19 impura (Leucania), 10, 155, 238 inaria (Serrodes), 104 XX INDEX. incedens (Bereia), 104 incerta (Tamiocampa), 10, 142, 215, 216, 297 indeterminata (Ophiusa), 104 iners (Arnathes), 72 iners (Dyschorista), 72 ines (Melanargia), 258 infima (Leucana), 104 infuscata (Ennomos), 215 infuscata (Xylophasia), 240 ingenua (Aporophylla), 21 inguinata (Melanippe), 117 innotata (Eupithecia), 40, 206, 220 ino (Brenthis), 76, 198, 248 inous (Lycamesthes), 239 inquinateilus (Crambus), 112 instabilis (Taeniocampa), 21, 56 insigniata (Eupithecia), 170, 171 insubrica (Coenonympha), 245 insularis (Anthocharis), 91, 100, 101 intercalaris (Arctia), 262 intermedia (Asthena), 33 interrogationis (Plusia), 41, 132, 154 inturbata (Eupithecia), 172 io (Vanessa), 13, 129, 154, 189, 198, 247, 297 iolas (Lycaena), 222 iota (Plusia), 68, 111 iphis (Coenonympha), 248 iris (Apatura), 76, 197, 242, 243 isogrammaria (Eupithecia), 22, 172 issyka (Arctia), 262 jacobaeas (Euchelia), 191, 215, 256 jacobsese (Hipocrita), 294 janira (Epinephele), 7, 67 jasioneata (Eupithecia), 150, 208, 209, 301 jasius (Charaxes), 69, 102, 140, 167, 206 juniperata (Thera), 21 knysna (Zizera), 133 krishna (Papilio), 260 laburnella (Cemiostoma), 239 lacertinaria (Platypteryx), 41 lachesis (Melanargia), 214, 258 lacteasparsa (Abraxas), 295 lacteomarginata (Cidaria), 295 lacticolor (Abraxas), 261, 295 lacunana (Sericoris), 156 lambda (Graptolitha), 71 lambda (Ehizolitha), 71 lambdella ((Ecophora), 102 lancealis (Perinephele), 106 lanceolana (Bactra), 157 lappona (Erebia), 244, 247 lapponaria (Nyssia), 11, 15, 56, 117, 118, 215, 296, 301 lateralis (Epizygaena), 122 lateritia (Metarctia), 104 lathonia (Issoria), 76 lathyri (Leucophasia), 214 latona (Cytogramma), 104 lavendulae (Zygoma), 224 lavateree (Carcharodus), 152, 196, 224, 244 lefebvrei (Erebia), 259 leilus (Cydimon), 116 leilus (Urania), 116 leinardi (Diacrisia), 104 leporina (Acronycta), 22, 44, 93, 111 "leptis (Honophylotis), 125 leucographa (Pachnobia), 297 leucomelas (Melanargia), 300 leuconeura (Grammoscelis), 70 leucophasa (Pachetra), 168 leucophaearia (Erannis), 216 leucophaearia (Hybernia), 91, 110, 142, 215 leucorhabha (Argyrogalea), 70 leucostigma (Helotropha), 118 levana (Araschnia), 76, 198, 254 lianardi (Ophiusa), 291 libatrix (Gonoptera), 89, 293 lichenea (Eumichtis), 72 lienigialis (Pyralis), 235, 291 ligea (Erebia), 248 lignata (Phibalapteryx), 112 ligneus (Cocynis), 133 ligniperda (Cossus), 154 ligula (Cerastis), 89 ligula (Conistra), 72 liguriata (Eupithecia), 170 ligustri (Acronycta), 57, 105 limbata (Ophiusa), 104 limitata (Eubolia), 41, 68, 238 linariata (Eupithecia), 169 lineata (Deilephila), 257 linneella (Chrysoclista), 46, 192, 257 literosa (Miana), 41, 67, 158, 238, 296 lithargyria (Leucania), 66, 67, 155, 238 lithodactylus (ffidematophorus), 156 lithoxylea (Xylophasia), 66, 67, 153, 238 littoralis (Prodenia), 88, 263 litura (Arnathes), 72 liturata (Macaria), 46, 216 liturata (Semiothisa), 216 livornica (Deilephila), 9, 46, 120, 257 lixella (Coleophora), 36 lobulata (Lobophora), 110 lohita (Spindasis), 115 lonicera? (Anthrocera), 243 lonicerae (Zygaena), 46 loreyi (Leucania), 104 lorquiniaria (Acalla), 93 lota (Orthosia), 89 lubricipeda (Arctia), 154 lubricipeda alba (Bombyx), 278 lubricipeda (Spilosoma), 40, 89, 111, 216, 257,295 lucernea (Agrotis), 57, 156 lucidella (Aristotelia), 257 lucilla (Neptis),303 lucina (Nemeobius), 128, 152, 153, 224 lucipara (Euplexia), 155 luctuata (Euphyia), 119 luctuosa (Acontia), 46 lunaria (Selenia), 89, 129 INDEX. XXI lundana (Ancylis), 90 lunigera (Agrotis), 156 lunosa (Anchocelis), 20, 112 lunosa (Ornphaloscelis), 71, 72 lupia (Khodogastria), 104 lupulinus (Hepialus), 40 luridata (Tephrosia), 216 lutarella (Lithosia), 19, 214, 296 lutea (Cosmia), 72 lutea (Leucania), 93 luteago (Dianthcecia), 10, 190, 300 lutealis (Scopula), 68 lutescens (Diacrisia), 104 lutipennella (Coleophora),42 lutosa (Galamia), 105 lutulenta (Aporophyla), 71 lutulenta (Epunda), 21, 112 lychnidis (Amathes), 72 lychnitis (C'ucullia), 239 lycidas (Eusticus), 243 lysimon (Lycaena), 134 machaon (Papilio), 101, 149, 150, 151, 152, 162, 190, 214, 301 macilenta (Amathes), 72 Macroglossa, 205 maculata (Venilia), 129, 298 maculipennis (Plutella), 89 maculosa (Arctia), 225 madagascariensis (Crenis), 185 maara (Pararge), 116, 152,195, 198, 223, 240, 299, 303 maha (Zizera), 133, 236 major (Zygaena), 240 malvae (Hesperia), 153, 191, 244 malvae (Syrichthus), 90, 298 manni (Arctia), 262 manto (Erebia), 245 Marasmarcha, 259 margaritaria (Metrocampa), 40 margaritellus (Crambus), 67, 68, 157 marginaria (Hybernia), 110, 116, 128, 142, 167, 297 marginata (Lomaspilis), 40, 43 marginata (Temnora), 104 marginepunctata (Acidalia), 1, 46, 48 maritima (Senta), 10, 19, 257 marmorata (Cidaria), 113 marmorea (Lita), 157 marmorinaria (Erannis), 216 'marshalli (Saliuncella), 124 •Matamblia, 124 mathewi (Ccenonympha), 18, 20 matura (Cerigo), 238 maturna (Melitaea), 76 maurita (Spodoptera), 120, 205 meda (B.), 104 medesicaste (Thais), 150, 152, 196, 223 medusa (Erebia), 76, 198 meg;«ra (Euchloron), 104 megaera (Pararge), 104, 150, 152, 189, 303 melampus (Erebia), 244 Melanippe, 119 melanocephala (Acronycta), 22 melanopa (Anarta), 57, 301 •Melanopoda (Alucita), 284 melanops (Nomiades), 151, 153, 196 melanozona (Abraxas), 295 melas (Erebia), 259 meleager (Polyommatus), 78 *Melisominas, 127 meliloti (Anthrocera), 239 mendica (Spilosoma), 13, 216 mensuraria (Eubolia), 41 menthastri (Spilosoma), 40, 111, 155, 257,278 menyanthidis (Acronycta), 44, 57 merope (Heteronympha), 141 merope (Melitaea), 247 Metanycles, 123 metis (Apatura), 303 mi (Euclidia), 90, 153 miata (Cidaria), 42, 57 micacea (Hydrcecia), 41, 89 microsticha (Epizygaena), 121 miegii (Chrysophanus), 258 milvipennis (Coleophora), 20 Mimacrea, 115 "mimetica (Saliunca), 123 minima (Cupido), 105, 152, 189, 196 miniosa (Taeniocampa), 16 minos (Anthrocera), 18, 247 minos (Zygaena), 18, 21, 92 minutata (Eupithecia), 171 misippus (Hypolimnas), 134 mnemosyne (Parnassius), 224, 245 mnestra (Erebia), 245, 246, 303 monacha (Liparis), 44 monacha (Lymantria), 10, 70, 240 moneta (Plusia), 13, 40, 42, 66, 89, 129, 189, 192, 213, 301 monoglypha (Xylophasia), 19, 66, 67, 153, 158, 238, 240, 296 montanata (Melanippe), 68, 155 morpheus (Caradrina), 67, 89, 111 morpheus (Heteropterus), 76 multistrigaria (Larentia), 19, 20, 40, 92 munda (Taeniocampa), 216 mundana (Nudaria), 67, 129, 153 munitata (Coremia), 41, 57 muralis (Bryophila), 20 muralis (Jaspidea), 20 muricata (Hyria), 239 murinata (Minoa), 298 muscerda (Lithosia), 43, 106, 117 musciformis (Sesia), 156 muscosa (Agrotis), 104 mutata (Andriasa), 104, 292 myopaeformis (iEgeria), 19 myopaeformis (Sesia), 19 myricae (Acronycta), 57 myrtillana (Phoxopteryx), 128 myrtilli (Anarta), 153, 157, 191 nama (Hestina), 260 nana (Dianthoecia), 301 nanata (Eupithecia), 68, 153, 156 napaeae (Pieris), 259 XX11 INDEX. napi (Pieris), 40, 68, 91, 107, 140, 154, 162, 189, 214, 238, 246, 259, 297, 298 napi (Pontia), 162 nebulosa (Aplecta), 10, 44, 67, 113, 153, 168, 298 neglecta (Agrotis), 118 neglecta (Noctua), 142, 301 neomiris (Satyrus), 103 neoridas (Erebia), 78 nerii (Chffirocampa), 65, 120 nerii (Daphnis), 65, 134, 141, 214,292 *Netrocera, 126 neuropterella (Parasia), 257 neustria (Malacosoma), 44, 239 nicholii (Erebia), 259 nigra (Aporophyla), 58, 71, 257 nigra (Epunda), 41 nigrescens (Orthosia), 240 nigricans (Agrotis), 238 nigrocincta (Antitype), 72 nigrocincta (Polia), 10, 299, 300 nigrofasciaria (Anticlea), 41 nigrofulvata (Macaria), 46 nigrolutea (Abraxas), 295 nimbana (Carpocapsa), 46 'nitens (Saliunca), 122 niveata (Cleogene), 261 nubeculosa (Asteroscopus), 90 nubeculosa (Brachionycha), 71 nubeculosa (Petasia), 55, 93 nubilata (Eupithecia), 171 noctuella (Nomophila), 156 notha (Brephos), 297 nupta (Catocala), 18 nymphaeata (Hydrocampa), 68 obelisca (Agrotis), 20 obfuscaria (Dasydia), 40 oblongata (Eupithecia), 240 obscura (Agrotis), 262 obscura (Erebia), 244 obscura (Lycaena), 244, 247, 295 obscuraria (Gnophos), 67, 68 obsoleta (Argiades), 261 obsoleta (Lycaena), 46, 240 occularis (Cymatophora), 105 occulta (Aplecta), 57 ocellaris (Cosmia), 72 ocellaris (Orthosia), 257 ocellaris (Xanthia), 12 ocellata (Melanthia), 19, 57, 68 ocellata (Opsigalea), 70 ocellata (Smerinthus), 46, 215 ocellatus (Smerinthus), 10, 111, 139 *ochracea (Bylisia), 127 ochracea ( Eupithecia), 171 ochracea (Mamestra), 191 ochrata (Acidalia), 296 ochroleuca (Eremobia), 19 ochsenheimeriana (Pamene), 257 octomaculata (Ennychia), 298 oculea (Apamea), 41 (Eceticus, 239 cenistis (Andesia), 70 oleagina (Valeria), 20, 72 oleracea (Hadena), 67, 153, 238 olivacea (Polia), 153 olivata (Larentia), 41, 154, 158 omphale (Teracolus), 18 Oncocnemis, 70 oo (Dicycla), 105 ophiogramma (Hadena), 257 opima (Tamiocampa), 21, 92, 105, 110, 216 opina (Dryotype), 70 optilete (P.), 245, 247 orbitulus (P.), 245, 247 orbona (Triphsena), 41, 58, 67, 155 orcadensis (Eupithecia), 71 orichalcea (Plusia), 295 orion (Diphthera), 117 orion (Lycaena), 214 orion (Moma), 301 "ornata (Callibaptes), 127 ornata (Lycaena), 44 ornithopus (Graptolitha), 71 ornithopus (Xylina), 168 osseana (Aphelia), 91 oxyacanthae (Meganephira), 72 oxyacanthae (Miselia), 21, 72, 89 oxygramma (Plusia), 104 paradoxa (Pseudopontia), 20 pagodae (Copitype), 70 palaemon (Carterocephalus), 128 palamo (Colias), 245, 247, 261 paleacea (Cosmia), 58, 118 palealis (Loxstege), 257 palealis (Spilodes), 240 pales (Brenthis), 244, 247 pallens (Leucania), 155, 238 pallescentella (Tinea), 42 pallida (Erebia), 244 pallida (Tamiocampa), 191 pallifrontana (Stigmonota), 22 paludis (Hydrcecia), 10 paludum (Aciptilia), 187, 235 paludum (Buckleria), 144, 187, 235 paludum (Trichoptilus), 293 palustris (Hydrilla), 106 pamphilus (Coononympha), 43, 112, 153, 154, 189 pandora (Argynnis), 103, 303 pandora (Dryas), 77 paphia (Argynnis), 103, 189, 191, 215 paphia (Dryas), 76, 77, 240 papilionaria (Geometra), 158, 240, 302 pardus (Entomogramma), 104 parthenias (Brephos), 110, 297 parthenie (Melitaea), 245 parthenoides (Synemon), 141 pascuellus (Crambus), 90 pasiphffi (Epinephele), 258 pastinum (Toxocampa), 93 pavonia (Saturnia), 216, 301 pechi (Anthocharis), 91 pectinitaria (Larentia), 153 pedaria (Phigalia), 110, 116, 128 INDEX. XX111 peletieraria (Cleogene), 261 peltigera (Heliothis), 11, 21, 120, 237, 301 pendularia (Ephyra), 57 pendularia (Zonosoma), 57 penkleriana (Grapholitha), 91 pennaria (Himera), 66, 129, 300 penziana (Sciaphila), 91 perfurnaria (Boarmia), 301 perfuscata (Cidaria), 113 perla (Bryophila), 238 perlellus (Crambus), 68 petraria (Panagra), 68 phalanta (Atella), 134 pharte (Erebia), 247, 303 phicomone (Colias), 244, 245, 247, 299 philoxenus (Coenonympha), 111 phlffias (Chrysophanus), 19, 21, 40, 67, 150, 214, 216, 234, 238 phlasas (Polyommatus), 154, 158, 240 phlaeas (Rumicia), 19, 94 phcebe (Melittea), 151, 153, 196, 224, 243 phorobanta (Papilio), 134 phragrnitellus (Chilo), 192, 21* phragmitidis (Calamia), 19, 238 picata (Cidaria), 295 piceata (Cidaria), 24 pictaria (Aleucis), 191 pigra (Pygasra), 22 pilosaria (Phigalia), 89, 110, 117 pilosella? (Oxyptilus), 87 Pinacopteryx, 298 pinastri (Sphinx), 44, 212 piniarius (Bupalus), 40 piniperda (Trachea), 190 pinguinella (Gelechia), 42, 43 pinguis (Euzophera), 106 pisi (Hadena), 67, 153 pistacina (Amathes), 72 pitho (Erebia), 248 placens (Hypnotype), 70 plagiata (Anaitis), 141 plantaginis (Chelonia), 153, 154 plantaginis (Nemeophila), 112, 157 plantaginis (Parasemia), 294 plecta (Agrotis), 46 plecta (Noctua), 41 plexippus (Anosia), 162 plexippus (Danais), 299 plumbeolata (Eupithecia), 172 plumifera (Oreopsyche), 214 pluto (Erebia), 246 podalirius (Papilio), 150, 152, 211, 214, 224, 240, 254 podana (Tortrix), 68, 111 *po3cila (Arniscera), 125 polaris (Vanessa). 19 pollux (Erebia), 244 polychloros (Eugonia), 150, 152 polychloros (Euvanessa), 242, 243 polychloros (Vanessa), 13, 142, 198, 297 polycommata (Lobophora), 128 polygonalis (Mecyna), 239 polyodon (Xylophasia), 296 polysperchon (Lycaena), 200 polyxena (Thais), 116, 214 pomifoliella (Lithocolletis), 141 pomonella (Carpocapsa), 234 Ponipostola, 125 populata (Cidaria), 68, 153, 158 populeti (Tasniocampa), 89, 105 populi (Amorpha), 215, 300 populi (Limenitis), 76, 197, 243, 298 populi (Poecilocampa), 42 populi (Smerinthus), 22, 111 porcellus (Cha3rocampa), 240 porima (Araschnia), 199 porphyria (Agrotis), 41, 153 porrinata (Nemoria), 117 postica (P.), 104 potatoria (Cosmotriche), 262 potatoria (Odonestis), 67, 139, 166, 235 pr.elatella (Lampronia), 157 prasina (Aplecta), 261 proboscidalis (Hypena), 68 procellata (Melanippe), 117 processionea (Cnethocampa), 214 procida (Melanargia), 197 procrioides (Kpizygaena), 121 progemmaria (Hybernia), 110, 167 pronoe (Erebia), 248, 303 pronuba (Triphaena), 41, 67, 155, 158, 238 pronubana (Tortrix), 17, 20, 43, 91, 162, 168, 191, 211, 239, 299 prorsa (Araschnia), 76, 199 prosapiaria (Ellopia), 40, 302 protea (Dichonia), 71 protea (Dryobota), 71 protea (Eumichtis), 71, 72 protea (Hadena), 21, 89, 116 protea (Polia), 71 provincialis (Melitaaa), 151, 153, 196 proximaria (Boarmia), 104 pruinana (Penthina), 156 prunaria (Angerona), 15, 142, 240, 295, 301 pruni (Aglaope), 214 pruni (Strymon), 256 pruni (Thecla), 26, 76, 105, 198, 242, 290 pryerella (Myelois), 8 pseudonomion (Parnassius), 242 pseudospretella (Borkhausenia), 42, 43 261 psi (Acronycta), 41, 119, 138 pterodactylus (Stenoptilia), 144 pudibunda (Dasychira), 13, 240, 299 pudica (Euprepia), 225 pulchella (Deiopeia), 12, 42, 214 pulchellata (Eupithecia), 89, 116, 221 pulchrina (Plusia), 68, 111 pullata (Gnophos), 116 pulveraria (Numeria), 18, 111, 212, 298 pulverulenta (Taeniocampa), 297 pumilata (Gymnoscelis), 170, 222 XXIV INDEX. pumilata (Eupithecia), 141, 156 punctaria (Ephyra), 16, 111 punctaria (Zonosoma), 128 punctata (Phalrena), 279 punctularia (Tephrosia), 128, 298 purpuralis (Anthrocera), 18 purpuralis (Zygrena), 18 purpurata (Rhyparia), 195, 225 purpurea (Austramathes), 71 pustulata (Euchloris), 261 puta (Agrotis), 44, 190 putrescens (Leucania), 301 putris (Axylia), 66, 67, 89 pygmseola (Lithosia), 19, 296 pyralina (Calyrnnia), 89, 93 pyri (Saturnia), 214, 239 quadrifaria (Psodos), 116 quadripunctata (Caradrina), 67 quercana (Hylophila), 105 quercifolia (Gastropacha), 23 quercinaria (Ennomos), 215 quercus (Bithys), 256 quercus (Lasiocampa), 18, 40, 139, 235, 243 quercus (Thecla), 105, 113 rapre (Pieris), 18, 40, 89, 140, 153, 189, 214, 238, 259 raphani (Pieris), 91 ravida (Agrotis), 105 rectilinia (Hadena), 57 renardii (Mamestra), 191 repandata (Boarmia), 113, 215, 262, 301 resinella (Retinia), 220 revayana (Sarrothripus), 142 rhadamanthus (Zygtena), 224 rharanata (Scotisia), 186 rhamni (Gonepteryx), 152, 186, 191, 214, 244, 294, 297 rhomboidaria (Boarmia), 113 ribeana (Tortrix), 68 ribeata (Eupithecia), 170 ripffi (Agrotis), 301 roborana (Spilonota), 157 roboraria (Boarmia), 70, 240, 261 robsoni (Aplecta), 10 roederaria (Kupithecia), 170 rosina (Heliconius), 90 rothleibii (Ccenonympha), 46, 111 rubricosa (Pachnobia), 89 rubidata (Anticlea), 42, 156 rubiginea (Conistra), 72 rubi (Bombyx), 155, 216 rubi (Callophrys), 90, 151, 152, 189, 256 rubi (Macrothylacia), 155 rubi (Noctua), 67, 153 rubi (Thecla), 40, 156, 256 rubrobasalis (Pinacopteryx), 298 rufa (Coenobia), 300 rufa (Leucania), 93, 295 rufago (Jodia), 71 rufescens (Metarctia), 104 rufina (Anchccelis), 41, 140 rumicis (Acronycta), 44 rumina (Thais), 214 rupicapraria (Hybernia), 128 ruralis (Botys), 16 ruralis (Sylepta), 16 rurea (Xylophasia), 41, 57, 153 russata (Cidaria), 113, 153 rustica (Spilosoma), 216 rusticata (Acidalia), 120 rutilus (Chrysophanus), 145, 175, 259 sacraria (Sterrha), 105 salicata (Larentia), 153, 154, 158 salicis (Leucoma), 105 "Saliuncella, 124 salmacis (Lycama), 46 salustius (Chrysophanus), 18 sao (Pyrgus), 78, 152, 153, 196 sao (Syrichthus), 103 sarpedon (Zygsena), 214 satellitia (Eupsilia), 72 satellitia (Scopelosoma), 56, 297 satura (Eumichtis), 72 saturnana (Dicrorampha), 91 satyrata (Eupithecia), 172 satyrion (Ccenonympha), 245, 247 saucia (Agrotis), 44, 89 sauciana (Penthina), 129 scabiosata (Encymatoge), 170 scabriuscula (Dipterygia). 87, 239 schiefereri (Eupithecia), 171 schulziana (Mixodia), 67, 157 scipio (Erebia), 78 scitula (Rhynchaglsea), 70 scolopacina (Xylophasia), 129, 215 scoparhe (Cheligalea), 70 segetum (Agrotis), 46, 47, 104, 155 seladonia (Polia), 71 selenampha (Amyna), 104 selene (Argynnis), 44, 154, 156 semiargus (Nomiades), 39, 153, 198, 247 semibrunnea (Lithophane), 71 semele (Hipparchia), 77, 78, 299 semele (Satyrus), 22, 40, 66, 67, 91, 103 senescens (Butalis), 219 serena (Hecatera), 89 setioides (Netrocera), 123, 126 severina (Belenois), 114 Sibylla (Limenitis), 9, 42, 76, 189, 198, 242 sicula (Drepana), 10, 295 sidce (Hesperia), 151 signata (Plusia), 104 silaceata (Cidaria), 261 silaceata (Larentia), 240 silago (Cosmia), 72 silago (Xanthia), 41 similis (Porthesia), 238 simplex (Anthena), 104 simulata (Thera), 154 sinapis (Leptosia), 152 sinapis (Leucophasia), 78, 150, 156, 195, 198, 214 sinope (Urota), 103 INDEX. sinuella (Homoeosoma), 257 smaragdaria (Phorodesma), 261 sobrinata (Eupithecia), 16, 154, 158, 173 socia (Lithophane), 57 sociata (Melanippe), 68 sociella (Aphomia), 68 solidaginis (Calocampa), 57 solidaginis (Cloantha), 71 solidaginis (Eupithecia), 209 sordidata (Hypsipetes), 68, 153, 158, 300 sordidata (Ypsipetes), 19, 41 sparganii (Nonagria), 10, 14, 93 spartiata (Chesias), 42 sphinx (Asteroscopus), 71, 105 sphinx (Brachionyeha), 71 sphinx (Petasia), 71 spini (Thecla), 196, 214 splendida (Argyromata), 70 Spilosoma, 253 stabilis (Tasniocampa), 13, 142, 191, 297 statilinus (Satyrus), 78, 214, 258 stellatarum (Macroglossa), 14, 20, 129, 214, 290 stephensi (Mompha), 257 stevensata (Eupithecia), 173 stigmatica (Noctua), 22 stolida (Chalciope), 104 straminea (Conchylis), 68 straminea (Leucania), 10, 19, 105 stramineola (Lithosia), 40, 43 strataria (Biston), 142 striana (Ortho taenia), 157 strigata (Hemithea), 155 strigata (Kancora), 71 strigilaria (Acidalia), 296 strigilis (Miana), 41, 67, 105, 111, 156 strigosa (Acronycta), 105 strigula (Agrotis), 41 strobilata (Eupithecia), 170 stygne (Erebia), 224, 244 subcapucina (Peronea), 117 subciliata (Eupithecia), 173, 299 subjectana (Cnephasia), 90 subjectana (Sciaphila), 157 sublustris (Xylophasia), 105, 296 subnotata (Encymatoge), 170 subradiata (Lycaena), 239 subretracta (Hypsa), 25, 107 subroseata (Ephyra), 118 subsericeata (Acidalia), 156 subsequa (Triphaana), 192 substriata (Agrotis), 22 subtristata (Melanippe), 155 subtusa (Tethea), 18 subviolacea (Abraxas), 295 succenturiata (Eupithecia), 173 suffumata (Cidaria), 24, 113, 298 sugriva (B.), 43 suspecta (Amathes), 72 suspecta (Orthosia) 57, 129 syllius (Melanargia), 214 sylvanus (Hepialus), 90 sylvanus (Hesperia), 154 sylvanus (Pamphila). 189 ' sylvata (Asthena), 33 sylvestrana (Betinia), 253 syringaria (Pericallia), 89, 129 tages (Nisoniades), 90, 111, 150, 152, 244, 298 tages (Thanaos), 111, 300 tagis(Anthocharis),91,100, 101, 151,196 tamarisciata (Eupithecia), 206 taras (Hesperia), 191 taraxaci (Caradrina), 67 telecanus (Lycaana), 134 temerata (Bapta), 191 templi (Dasypolia), 72 tenebrosa (Busina), 156 tenella (Psyche), 183 tenuiata (Eupithecia), 172 tephradactylus (Leioptilus), 117, 156 Tephroclystis 169 Teracolus, 116 terrealis (Botys), 156 tersata (Ccenocalpa), 170 tersata (Phibalapteryx), 170 testaceata (Asthena), 33 testata (Cidaria), 41, 153, 154, 158 testacea (Luperina), 46 thalassina (Hadena), 67, 111 thaumas (Hesperia), 90, 300 therapne (Pyrgus), 78 therapne (Syrichthus), 103 thetis (Melanargia), 258 thymiaria (Hemithea), 240 tigellius (Pararge), 103 tilise (Smerinthus), 231, 234, 262 tiliaria fEnnomos), 112 tiliaria (Eugonia), 112 tincta (Aplecta), 153 tiphon (Coenonympha), 162 tiphys (Netrocera), 126 tipuliformis (Sesia), 252 tiresias (Lycaena), 200 tithonus (Epinephele), 67 tithonus (Satyrus), 262 tityrella (Nepticula), 257 togata (Eucymatoge), 169 togata (Eupithecia), 169, 170, 221 tragopogonis (Amphipyra) 41 trapezina (Cosmia), 112, 264 trauniana (Stignionota), 106 tremulas (Lnnenitis), 298 * triangularis (Anoniffiotes), 121 Trichoridia, 70 tricolor (Anthena), 104 tricolor (Coleophora), 36 tridens (Acronycta), 119, 138 trifolii (Anthrocera), 239 trifolii (Zygaena). 225, 240 trigemminana (Ephippiphora), 68 trijuncta (Neumichtes), 70 trilinea (Grammesia), 240 triops (Pararge), 116 tripartita (Habrostola), 68 triplasia (Habrostola), 111 trisignaria (Eupithecia), 221 tristata (Melanippe), 57 XXVI INDEX. tristellus (Crambus), 68 tritici (Agrotis), 19, 41, 158, 296 truncata (Cidaria), 113 tyndarus (Erebia), 78, 214, 245, 247, 258 typhffi (Nonagria), 10, 44, 93 typhon (Coenonympha),40, 46, 111, 154, 162 *ugandse (Netrocera), 126 uliginosellus (Crambus), 156 ulmata (Abraxas), 262, 298 ulmi (Uropus), 214 Ulochleena, 71 ulvse (Senta), 105 umbratica (Cucullia), 68 umbratica (Calhenia), 71 umbrosa (Noctua), 66 unangulata (Melanippe), 119 unanimis (Apamea), 41 unanimis (Hadena), 22 unicolor (Cirrhcedia), 295 unipuncta (Leucania), 13, 237, 263 upsilon (Orthosia), 240 urticte (Aglais), 19, 43, 152, 260, 299, 300 urticffi (Spilosoma), 301 urticffi (Vanessa), 19, 43, 76, 89, 129, 154, 198, 214, 238, 297, 300 urticana (Sericoris), 156 vaccinii (Cerastes), 46, 56, 297 vaccinii (Conistra), 72 vaculella (Ochsenheimeria), 25? valerianata (Eupithecia), 158 valezina (Argynnis), 103 valezina (Dryas), 77, 280 varia (Melitaea), 245 variata (Thera), 41 varylata (Abraxas), 24 velleda (Hepialus), 67, 129, 154 venosata (Eupithecia) 116, 171, 221 "ventralis (Saliunca), 123 verannes (Charaxes), 104 verbasci (Cucullia), 239 versicolor (Dimorphaj, 141 vestigialis (Agrotis), 46, 158, 238, 296 'vetulina (Chalconycles), 124 vetusta (Xylina), 71 vigintipunctatus (Yponomeuta), 192 villica (Arctia), 10, 20, 139, 156, 225, 239, 294 viminalis (Bombycia), 71 viminalis (Cleocera), 214 vinula (Dicranura), 41, 257 viretata (Lobophora), 301 virgata (Agrotis), 299 virgaureas (Chrysophanus), 214, 248, 258 virgaureata (Eupithecia), 172, 206, 208, 210, 220 viridana (Tortrix), 129 viridaria (Larentia), 41 viridata (Nemoria), 117, 215 vitalbata (Phibalapteryx), 170 vitellina (Leucania), 10, 40, 256, 301 vittata (Phibalapteryx), 112 vulgata (Eupithecia), 172 w-album (Edwardsia), 256 w-album (Strymon), 19, 90 w-album (Thecla), 19, 77, 89, 198, 256 xanthographa (Noctua), 20, 155, 158, 192 xanthomelas (Vanessa), 303 xanthomista (Polia), 157, 299, 300 *xanthosoma (Epizygaena), 121 xerampelina (Atethmia), 72 xerampelina (Cirrhcedia), 72, 295, 299 xerampelina (Orthosia), 257 xerampelina (Xanthia), 112 zephyr us (Eusticus), 243 ziczac (Notodonta), 10, 41, 111 zonaria (Nyssia), 118 NEUROPTERA. ffinea (Cordulia), 19, 30, 275 /Eschna, 32 annulatus (Cordulegaster), 31, 32 arctica (Somatochlora), 31 armatum (Agrion), 30, 32 aspersus (Mesophylax), 163 attenuata (Croce), 263 caerulea (iEschna), 31 cserulescens (Orthetrum), 30 cancellatum (Orthetrum), 32 cyanea (.Eschna), 14, 15, 31, 32, 33, 275 cyathigerum (Enallagma), 14, 15, 30, 31, 33, 213, 214, 275 depressa (Libellula), 15, 275 dryas (Lestes), 66 elegans (Ischnura), 14, 33, 213, 257, 275 elegans, var. infuscans (Ischnura), 213, 257, 275 fissa (Micropterna), 163 flaveolum (Sympetrum), 19, 32, 277 fusca (Sympycna), 163 germanica (Panorpa), 16, 67 germanica, var. borealis (Panorpa), 16 gigantea (Petalura), 263 grandis (^Eschna), 14, 15, 31, 32, 33, 275 imperator (Anax), 14, 15, 30, 31, 276 isosceles (iEschna), 32 juncea (iEschna), 30, 31, 33 mercuriale (Agrion), 30, 32 mixta (iEschna), 31 naias (Erythromma), 213, 257 nymphula (Pyrrhosoma), 30, 31, 33, 257, 274 nymphula,"var. ameatum (Pyrrhosoma), 30 pennipes (Platycnemis), 30, 257 pratense (Brachy tron) , 275 puella (Agrion), 14, 15, 30, 33, 213, 257, 275 INDEX. XXV11 pulchellum (Agrion), 14, 33, 213, 257 pumilio (Ischnura), 30, 31, 32 pumilio, var. aurantiacum (Ischnura), 30 quadrimaculata (Libellula), 15, 30, 31, 33 radiatus (Halesus), 138 sanguineum (Syrapeti-um), 15, 19, 259, 275, 276 scoticum (Sympetrum), 19, 30, 31, 32, 33, 289 splendens (Calopteryx), 14, 33, 257 sponsa (Lestes), 33, 276 stagnalis (Holocentropus), 163 striolatum (Sympetrum), 14, 19, 31, 32, 33, 276, 277 tenellum (Pyrrhosoma), 30, 31 tenellum, var. seneatum (Pyrrhosoma), 32 virgo (Calopteryx), 30, 31, 32, 260 vulgatissimus (Gomphus), 30, 31 vulgatum (Sympetrum), 17, 19, 32, 277 ORTHOPTERA. Acridium, 95 ffigypticum (Acridium), 22, 141 albipennis (Apterygida) , 259 americana (Periplaneta), 88 annulipes (Anisolabis), 54 arachidis (Apterygida), 54 auricularia (Forficula), 51, 54, 203 auricularia var. forcipata (Forficula), 51 australasiffi (Periplaneta), 22, 88 Bacillus, 74, 147 bicolor (Stenobothrus), 52, 54 bipunctatus (Tettix), 52, 53, 55 Blatta, 91 brachyptera (Platycleis), 53, 55 •brauneri (Callimenus), 249, 250, 271, 272, 273 burmeisteri (Epilampa), 22 Callimenus, 248, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274 campestris (Gryllus), 38, 85 cinereus (Thamnotrizon), 55, 298 crurifolium (Pulchriphyllum), 73, 163 cubensis (Blabera), 95 dilatatus (Callimenus), 250, 271, 272, 273, 274 domesticus (Gryllus), 38, 85 dorsale (Xiphidium), 55 e legans (Stenobothrus), 22, 52, 54, 255 fasciatus (G3canthus), 38, 85 germanica (Phyllodromia), 88 grisea (Platycleis), 53 grossus (Mecostethus), 52, 54 holosericea (Nyctibora), 88 inflatus (Callimenus), 271 lapponica (Ectobia), 54 latipes (Callimenus), 271, 273 lesnei (Forficula), 52, 54 leucogramma (Phoraspis), 92 livida (Ectobia), 54 longicollis (Callimenus), 250, 271, 272, 273 macrogaster (Epippiger), 271 maculatus (Gomphocerus), 52, 54 montandoni (Callimenus), 249, 250, 270, 271, 272, 273 morio (Chelisoches), 203 oniscus (Callimenus), 250, 271, 272, 273, 274 orientalis (Blatta), 88, 110 pancici (Callimenus), 251, 271, 272 panzeri (Ectobia), 54 parallelus (Stenobothrus), 52, 54, 255 Phyllium, 73, 147 punctatissima (Leptophyes), 55 pyriformis (Eutermes), 263 restrictus (Callimenus), 249 : roeselii (Chelidoptera [Platycleis]), 255, 259 rossi (Bacillus), 299 i rufipes (Stenobothrus), 52 i scythe (Phyllium), 73, 75 scythe (Phyllium [Pulchriphyllium]), 163 I succinctum (Acridium), 47 j talpoides (Hemimerus), 140 ; Tryxalis, 85 | varium (Meconema), 55 verrucivorus (Decticus), 259 virescens (Panchlora), 22 viridissima (Locusta), 53, 230 viridulus (Stenobothrus), 54 Erratum.— Page 103, line 11, for " Italy'' read "July.'' THE ENTOMOLOGIST*11 Vol. XL.] JANUARY, 1907. [No. 524. ABERRATIONS OF ACID ALIA MARGINEPUNCTATA AND A. SUBSERICEATA. By Louis B. Prout, P.E.S. A. marginepunetata. — 1, typical ; 2, aberration. A. subsericeata. — 3, typical; 4, aberration. The very interesting aberrations here figured were both captured in North Cornwall, by Mr. G. B. Oliver, of Tettenhall, Wolverhampton, during the past summer, and have been ex- hibited at the meetings of some of our London societies. The specimen of A. marginepunetata, a female taken on July 2nd, deposited a very few eggs, and from these three moths were bred at the beginning of September, appreciably darker than the typical form, but not really striking; five larvae persisted in hybernating. The A. subsericeata was taken on June 26th, and seems an absolutely unique aberration of this species, which, though somewhat variable, is usually so only within very narrow limits. A. marginepunetata is well known to be an extremely variable species, and dark local races are by no means unknown ; but a practically black specimen like the one figured, which is darker than the photograph represents it, would be an extreme rarity ENTOM. — JANUARY, 1907. B 2 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. everywhere. Its occurrence in North Cornwall, where the normal form (as here also figured), does not seem to be at all exception- ally dark, is all the more striking. The only aberration indi- cated in Staudinger's ' Catalog ' is a whiter form (ab. pastoraria, Joan.). \5t will be observed that the fringes in both cases are paler in colour than in the typical form. CURRENT CRITICISM. By W. L. Distant. Mr. Kirkaldy is to be praised for the industry with which he pursues his task as reviewer of current entomology, but accuracy is always an advantage, and his last notes in the ' Entomo- logist ' (1906, p. 283), so far as they apply to myself, require reply. In referring to my ' Catalogue of the Cicadidee,' he writes: — "On p. 146, Cicada angulata, Hagen, is cited as a synonym of Tlbicen annulatus ; on p. 168 it is given by Distant as a synonym of Cicadetta hageni.'* This statement is almost a suppressio veri ! On p. 166 (not 146) I give the synonymy as stated, but on p. 168 I am only referring to a species of which I have no personal knowledge, among others of a similar descrip- tion, separated by a dividing line, and only quoted as probably belonging to the genus' Melampsalta (not Cicadetta); thus°M. ? hageni. Fieber gives as its synonym part of Hagen's species — y* Cicada annulata, Hag. (nee Brulle,") and I therefore could not refer to the one without the other. Mr. Kirkaldy 's emphatic assertion that " Amyot's monony- mics, accepted by Distant, have no place in trinomial nomen- clature," is negatived by their employment by Stal, Karsch, and other qualified writers. His further remark, "as is often the case with this author, accuracy of dates seems a minor matter," seems to be an expression of Mr. Kirkaldy' s opinion, and there- fore concerns nobody but himself. Mr. Kirkaldy has also referred to a difference of opinion between Dr. Reuter and myself regarding the classification of the Capsidse, which he says, with perfect accuracy, " the learned Finlander resents." He also gives his decision that my groups are " entirely artificial," and that Dr. Reuter's " are based, as far as present knowledge permits, on philosophical principles." It therefore seems a little surprising that Mr. Kirkaldy should have recently (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 1906) proposed his own classification of the family, rather than follow that of "the learned Finlander," and in which he has proposed a division of some twenty-six tribes. It is only fair, however, to Mr. Kirkaldy to say that, in a subsequent publication of the same year HYMENOPTERA COLLECTED AT BUXA, BHOTAN. 3 (' Canadian Entomologist '), he has made some fifty-six correc- tions (or, as he describes them, " additions and emendations ") to his paper, and therefore it is an immature publication, and one to which probably he does not desire a too serious notice, particularly as I observe, among some other matters not yet corrected, he has on p. 134 placed the genus Angerianus, Dist., in his tribe Cyclapini, while on p. 146 he enumerates the same genus under " Genera not described so as to admit of approximate location." I take this opportunity to correct myself. In the homo- pterous subfamily Cixiinse I proposed (1906) the genus JBarma for an eastern species, and in which I said th(?Cixias finitus, Walk., should also be included. ^Barma, however, must be sup- pressed in favour oi® Borysthenes, Stal (1866), which was de- scribed by Stal in his ' Hemiptera Africana,' without type or locality being given. But I overlooked the fact that in a subse- quent and other publication he gave the C. finitus, Walk., as type of his genus, and that, therefore, settles the question. ON SOME HYMENOPTERA COLLECTED BY MR. G. C. DUDGEON AT BUXA, BHOTAN. By P. Cameron. I am indebted to Col. C. T. Bingham for the species described in this paper. TENTHKEDINID;E. Allantus dudgeoni, sp. nov. Black ; the clypeus, a spot on the apex of the pronotum, broad at the base and incised in the middle there, gradually narrowed towards the apex, and broad bands on all the abdominal segments — the bands on the second and third narrowed in the middle — ivory white ; the apical bands darker cream-coloured (perhaps through discoloration) ; the coxae below and at the apex above, the four front femora and tibiae below, the anterior tarsi, except the apices of the joints, and the middle tarsi for the greater part below, yellowish white. Wings hyaline, highly iridescent ; the radial, fore half of cubitals, and the median cellules fuscous violaceous ; the apex of costa and stigma dark testa- ceous, the nervures black ; the base of transverse radial nervure run- ning almost parallel with the costa, the apex sloped obliquely like the fourth transverse cubital nervure. ? . The male similar, but with the labrum white like the clypeus, and the mark on the apex of pronotum is smaller and triangular, not incised at the apex. Length, 13 mm., ? ; $ , 10 mm. 4 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Front in the centre behind the ocelli raised, clearly separated by curved furrows, and bearing a few large scattered punctures ; outside the furrows is a smooth space, the rest stoutly, deeply, but not very closely punctured. The front is depressed laterally, and deeply irregu- larly punctured ; there is no frontal area ; the lower part is raised, and is closely, distinctly, but not coarsely punctured. Clypeus and labrum sparsely punctured ; the apex of the former roundly incised. The third joint of the antenna? is nearly double the length of the fourth. Mesonotum strongly, deeply punctured, except at the apex, where the puncturation is much finer and closer ; in the centre the punctures are larger, and interlace. Scutellum sparsely punctured, weakly at the base, stronger towards the apex. Pleurae strongly, closely punctured ; the base of the propleuraa smooth ; the metapleune finely and closely punctured. Abdomen smooth. Temples rounded, but not narrowed ; the occiput margined, not quite transverse. The head in the female is slightly narrower than the thorax ; in the male it is almost as wide as it. Except the last, the ventral segments are all broadly banded with yellow. At the bottom, below the hind wings, is a large horn- shaped pale yellow mark. This species has been taken at Sikkim by Col. Bingham. BRACONID^. Iphiaulax bhotanensis, sp. nov. Ferruginous ; smooth and shining, sparsely covered with fuscous hair, which is longer on the metanotum and base of abdomen ; the flagellum of antennas black, fuscous at the base ; wings yellowish hyaline, the stigma and nervures luteous ; there is a broad blackish cloud, extending obliquely from the costa at the base of stigma to the recurrent nervure, it occupying the discoidal cellule, except a triangular space at base ; there is a light fuscous cloud at the apex of both wings, that on the anterior reaching to the second transverse cubital nervure, and more broadly backwards behind. ? . Length, 14 mm. ; terebra, 10 mm. Abdomen slightly longer than the head and thorax united, not dilated in the middle, as wide as the thorax. There is a distinct longitudinal keel in the centre of the first abdominal segment on the basal three-fourths, the keel stoutest in the middle ; there is a similar keel, triangularly dilated at the base — the triangle longer than it is wide at the base — down the middle of second segment, extending close to the apex ; the suturiform articulation is wide and crenulated ; there is a wide, deep, curved depression down the sides of the second seg- ment, and a narrower, oblique, clearly defined one on the basal lateral half of the third ; there is a smooth, distinct, transverse furrow on the base of the fourth. Face distinctly but not closely punctured. Temples wide, obliquely narrowed, not or hardly rounded ; the occiput not quite transverse. Ocellar region distinctly raised. Wings longer than the body ; the recurrent nervure is received in the apex of the first cubital cellule, not interstitial ; the transverse median nervure is not quite interstitial, being received shortly beyond the transverse basal. HYMENOPTERA COLLECTED AT BUXA, BHOTAN. 5 ICHNEUMONID^l. Hadrocryptus tuberculatus, sp. nov. Black ; the face, clypeus, except for a small irregular mark in the centre of the top above, exteuding on to the face, and a narrow line on its apex, dilated in the middle, and extending on to the margined sides, labrum, mandibles except the teeth, palpi, the inner orbits to the occiput, the outer more broadly from near the top, where it is nar- rowed, below extending on to the malar space ; pronotum at the base, a line, narrowed behind, on the sides of the middle lobe of mesonotum at the base, a transverse mark near the apex of the middle lobe, scutel- lum, except for a mark on the base, post-scutellum, scutellar keels, a large mark on the apical slope of the metanotum, its apex obliquely dilated laterally, the sides of the dilated part oblique, straight ; the top rounded ; a large mark on the lower part of mesopleurae, its basal half narrowed and turned upwards, a narrow line on the apex reaching to near the bottom from the top, a broad line on the upper three-fourths of the apex of the metapleurae, bands on the apices of the abdominal segments, broad on the basal segments, becoming narrower on the apical, especially in the centre ; that on the penultimate wider and more irregular, and the basal and apical ventral segments broadly, pale yellow. Four front legs yellow, the femora fulvous, the apical joints of the tarsi black ; the hind coxae black, a large yellow mark on the top above, obliquely widened on the inner side, the basal joint of the trochanters yellow, streaked with black above, the apical black ; the femora fulvous, the base very slightly, the apical sixth black ; the tibiae and tarsi yellow, the base of the former narrowly, its apex more broadly black, as is also the extreme apex of the last joint of the hind tarsi. The sixth to the eleventh joints of the antennae are white, except above. Wings hyaline, the nervures and stigma black. 2 . Length, 15 mm. ; terebra, 5 mm. Face and clypeus distinctly punctured, the latter more closely and strongly than the former ; its apex transverse, tuberculate in the middle, the sides distinctly curled up ; the tubercle on the face large, longer than wide, narrowed below. Front and vertex smooth, the latter slightly punctured in the middle, the former much more dis- tinctly and closely punctured in the middle, where there is an indis- tinct crenulated furrow. Mesonotum closely but not strongly punc- tured ; the scutellum much more coarsely punctured, the post-scutellum smooth. Base of metanotum smooth, the part between the base and keel closely but not strongly punctured ; the apical part closely reticu- lated ; the basal keel complete ; the apex with a broader keel on the sides. Propleurse smooth, the middle and lower apical part closely striated ; the mesopleurae, except at the apex above, closely finely punctured ; the depression at the base with some stout keels, as has also the bordering apical furrow. The metapleurae at the spiracles finely punctured ; the lower basal part coarsely punctured, the apical stoutly, obliquely striated, the striae more or less intermixing. First abdominal segment smooth at the base, the dilated part closely but not strongly punctured ; in its centre is a large ovate fovea ; the second is closely, distinctly punctured, the third weakly punctured, the others smooth. 6 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. The systematic position of Hadrocryptus is not clear. It has the parapsidal furrows, the sternal furrow, and the spiracles on the first abdominal segment as in the Cryptinae, and the oral region is as in that group ; on the other hand, the fore legs are as in the Xoridini, the tibiae being short, thick, and distinctly contracted or narrowed at the base. The claws are large and curved, the tibiae spinose ; the four hind tibiae are curved at the base. The transverse median nervure in the hind wings is broken below the middle ; in the fore wings it is received before the transverse basal. The temples are not very broad, and are roundly narrowed. Its resemblance to Echthrus (which has been placed by some authors in the Cryptinae, by others in the Pim- plinae, in the tribe Xoridini, from^the position of the abdominal spiracles) is close — perhaps on the whole closer than with the Cryptinae. I leave it in that group from the position of the abdominal spiracles. To the generic description (Manchr. Memoirs, xlvii. (v.), No. 14. p. 11) should be added, " Apex of clypeus with a minute tooth in the middle." Cratojoppa cingulata, sp. nov. Black ; the face, clypeus, labrum, mandibles, except at apex, a line round the orbit, that on the outer becoming gradually widened below, a line on the base, top and bottom of prothorax, two lines, straight on the inner, rounded on the outer side on mesonotum, the scutellar keels, a line round the sides and apex of scutellum, post-scutellum, a mark, dilated to a fine point on the outer side, on the sides of the metanotum, a line down the centre of the basal half of metanotum, roundly contracted at the base, united below to a large mark covering the outer apical area, the apex dilated on to the edge of the spiracular, along which the outer edge is continued, the top of the mark being roundly incised; tubercles, sternum, the mark extending on to the pleurae, the apices of all the abdominal segments, the lines on the second and third broader than the others, that on the fourth incised, and on the fifth interrupted in the middle — yellow. Four front legs yellow, the femora tinged with fulvous, the tibiae and tarsi darker above ; hind coxae and trochanters yellow, the former largely and irregularly marked with black above, the femora reddish fulvous, their apical third black ; tibiae pale yellow, the apical third black ; the tarsi white. Antennae broadly ringed with white, the scape white below. Wings hyaline, the nervures and stigma black. $ . Length, 15 mm. Face and upper part of clypeus strongly but not closely punctured, the front and vertex very smooth and shining. Base and middle of mesonotum closely, strongly punctured ; the sides sparsely punctured inwardly, outwardly smooth, as is also the whole of the apex. Scutel- lum strongly, deeply punctured, except along the edges ; post-scutellum smooth. Areola smooth at the base, the rest finely, transversely striated, punctured along the sides. The lateral basal area with large, deep, clearly separated punctures in the centre ; the apical lateral closely, deeply, strongly punctured ; the apical slope strongly, trans- versely striated, the posterior median more closely, regularly, and HYMENOPTERA COLLECTED AT BUXA, BHOTAN. 7 finely than the lateral. Pleurae, except the middle of the pro- and the lower apical half of the mesopleurse, strongly punctured, the metapleurae more closely and strongly than the others. The first abdominal seg- ment shining, smooth, except for a few scattered punctures on the post-petiole ; the others closely punctured, strongly and closely on the second and third, weaker on the others. Disco-cubito nervure broken by a short stump ; the transverse median received distinctly beyond the transverse median ; areolet four-angled ; the nervures meeting in front. May be known from G. maculata, Cam., by the bands on the abdomen not being separated, but continuous. The differences between it and C. robusta, Cam. (which has the abdominal bands continuous) may be shown thus : — Four front legs rufous, the yellow mark on the lower orbits of equal width, the black apical band on the hind femora half the length of that on the tibiae . robusta. Four front legs yellow, the yellow mark on the lower outer orbits much narrowed above, the black apical band on hind femora as long as that on the tibias . cingulata. Aca7ithojoppa dudgeonii, sp. nov. Ferruginous ; the antennae from the fifteenth joint, the depression at the base of metanotum, posterior median area, and the base of metapleurae black ; the basal part of antennae, the face, orbits, and base of mandibles pale yellow ; the wings yellowish hyaline, the apex from the radius fuscous violaceous, the costa and stigma testaceous, the nervures black. ? . Length, 18 mm. Head smooth, sparsely haired ; the front in the middle above finely striated. Mesonotum alutaceous, finely, closely punctured at the apex. Scutellum closely, somewhat strongly punctured, and thickly covered with longish fuscous hair ; the apex above broadly, roundly incised ; the sides smooth, broadly rounded ; the apical slope long, smooth, and bare at the apex. Post-scutellum bordered by a stout, rounded, curved keel ; the base with some striae. Areola large, six-angled, longer than its greatest width, its apex rounded inwardly, the base transverse; the lateral angle is in the middle ; it is stoutly, irregularly, longitudinally reticulated ; the basal lateral area stoutly, irregularly punctured, except round the edges ; the second closely, stoutly, obliquely reticu- lated ; the posterior median area closely, stoutly, transversely striated ; the lateral stoutly reticulated ; the spiracular area stoutly, obliquely striated, the striae more or less twisted. Propleurae closely, finely punctured above, below striated, strongly above, finely below ; in the centre, below the middle, is a stout keel ; the basal upper half of meso- pleuras with large clearly separated punctures, the apical upper half smooth, the lower part closely, coarsely, rugosely punctured; the metapleuraB closely, strongly, rugosely reticulated. Abdomen smooth ; the second and third segments closely punctured, the former more strongly than the latter ; the sheaths of ovipositor largely projecting, as long as the apical two segments united. The long spur of the hind tibise reaches to the middle of metatarsus. The transverse cubital b THE ENTOMOLOGIST. nervures are almost united in front ; the disco- cubital nervure is broken by a short stump ; the transverse median received beyond the basal. This species has the wings yellowish hyaline, with a broad fuscous violaceous cloud, as in A. nigrolineata, Cam., from Assam ; that species may be known from it by the areola not being longer than wide, and by the thorax being largely marked with black. Buodias rufo-ornatus, Cam. The female of this species has been taken at Buxa, Bhotan. In coloration it hardly differs from the male, the only difference of note being that there is a small irregular yellow spot in the centre of the base of the second abdominal segment. The basal half of the hind femora is rufous. In length it is 17 mm., the ovipositor is 6 mm. OPHIONIN.E. Paniscus longitarsis, Cam. ?. A single specimen may be this species. The tarsi unfortu- nately are broken. The colour is of a deeper, more uniform rufous than it is in normal examples : the ocelli are distorted. The nervures are uniformly black, darker coloured than in longitarsis. FOSSORES. Pompilus capitosus, Smith. The abdomen in the only example is covered with a purplish pile. The clypeus is yellow, except for a black mark, longer than wide, in the middle, its apex not reaching to the end. The four posterior spurs are yellow, black at the base. The second abscissa of the radius is twice the length of the third, which is as long as the space bounded by the third transverse cubital and the second recurrent nervure. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Stenoptilia graphodactyla, a new British Plume. — While collect- ing in East Dorset during the past summer, I had the good fortune to discover the larvas of this pretty little moth feeding in the flowers of the marsh-gentian (Gentiana pneamonanthe), and several of the perfect insects were bred. I also beat one or two of them from amongst mixed herbage, but they seem to be sluggish in their habits, and only fly for a short distance after being disturbed. It occurred in boggy places on heaths, and, unless the larva feed on other plants, I do not think it is likely ever to be very plentiful, as marsh-gentian is excessively local. This form of graphodactyla is near to var. pneumonanthes, Schleich. — Gervase F. Mathew ; Dovercourt, Essex, Nov. 22nd, 1906. Myelois ceratoni^ and its var. pryerella. — In an article by Mr. South (Entom. xxiii. p. 301) a reference occurs to tbe effect that NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. \) M. Ragonot held the opinion that pryerella, which at one time was considered a distinct species, was only a bleached form of ceratonia, and in this Mr. South concurred. During the winter (1904-5) I found at various times odd larvae, to the total number of half a dozen, feed- ing in dates purchased in Liverpool. The fruits thus tenanted were put on one side, and towards the end of July, 1905, three moths emerged, while three of the larvae had died, probably through injury when the fruit was opened. Later in the year I submitted the imagines to Mr. Eustace Bankes, who found them to be as follows : One M. ceratoni® (type), one var. pryerella, and one intermediate between the otber two, but approaching pryerella. My object in writing tbe above is to call attention to the fact that pryerella is not a bleached form of ceratonim, but a good variety. It does not appear to be necessary for the elucidation of this point to do more than mention that the forms are — (1) type, grey ; (2) pryerella ; white, with very slight sprinkling of fuscous about the subterminal line on fore wings ; (3) intermediate, like 2, but with rather more fuscous scaling. The last two both have ochreous suffusion along the costa and nervures of all the wings. Last winter, although carefully looked for, no larvae were found. There is no external evidence of the presence of a larva in the fruit ; it is only when opening a date to remove the stone that a tenant is detected. The larva lies along the stone, and makes no effort to escape ; neither does it appear alarmed when suddenly exposed. I hope to be able to obtain more material for the study of this interesting species in the course of the present winter. — Wm. Mansbridge ; Liverpool. Larva of Limenitis sibylla. — Mr. W. J. Lucas's interesting note in the • Entomologist ' for December, 1906, on the early stages of Limenitis sibylla, brought to my mind W. Muller's elaborate paper, " Siidamerikanische Nymphalidenraupen " (Zool. Jahrb., Bd. i., 1886, pp. 417-678). The author remarks on the habit of many genera allied to Limenitis of feeding in the larval condition from the tip of a leaf towards the stalk, so as to leave the midrib intact. These genera he accordingly groups together as " Rippenbanenden " (see especially pp. 553-561). In Taf. 14, fig. 15, he illustrates, by a striking figure of the young larva of a species of Anaa on a partly-eaten leaf of its food-plant, the protective resemblance between tbe larva itself and the fragments of leaf still left adhering to the midrib. This seems quite comparable with the means of protection employed by the young larva of L. sibylla to which attention is drawn by Mr. Lucas. — F. A. Dixey. The Mathew Collection of British Lepidoptera. — On November 20th, 1906, the fine collection of British Lepidoptera formed by Pay- master-in-Chief G. F. Mathew, was dispersed at Stevens's. Altogether there were 524 lots, realizing a grand total of about £325. The prices obtained were fairly good on the whole, but there were some curious fluctuations in the bidding, and some of the purchasers must have congratulated themselves on the bargains they secured. Five speci- mens of Chrysophanus dispar, three males and two females, realized just under £10, although one of the females fetched 80/- and the other 40/-. Two examples of Deilephila euphorbia'- from Raddon's collection went for 8/-, and eight specimens of D. gaJii for about 5/- each. An example of D. livornica, taken in May, 1906, made a guinea, and one 10 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. of Chcerocampa celerio 28/-. Of hybrid ocellatus-populi there were two examples, and each of these, together with four 8. ocellatus, went for 20/-. Two yellow varieties of Zygcena jilipendula sold for 20/-. Arctia villica is, as a rule, a fairly constant species, and such a range of aberration as that shown in Mr. Mathew's series is probably rarely seen in collections. The specimens numbered eighty-five in all, many were exceedingly nice varieties, and some were remarkable examples. Two, offered singly, realized 42/- and 65/- each ; whilst several pairs were disposed of at from 35/- to 85/- per pair. Two lots, each com- prising four of the old Cambridge specimens of Lymantria dispar and a few aberrations of L. monacha, made 11/- and 15/- respectively. Three fine dark forms of L. monacha sold for 28/-, but three others, perhaps rather darker, went for rather less than half that sum. A lot of twenty-six Malacosoma castrensis, including a nearly white female, brought in £3. British specimens of Drepana sicula, of which there were four specimens, seemed to be considered worth 10/- or 11/- apiece ; but for the other species of Drepana the bidding was not keen. Three bred specimens of Centra bicuspis from Tilgate Forest made 52/6, and two fine dark forms of Stauropus fagi 11/-. Hybrids from a cross-pairing of Notodonta ziczac $ and N. dromedarius $ sold for 9/-, 10/-, and 12/- each. Two lots of Leucanias, in which the plums were six, and five bred specimens of L. vitellina, made 35/- and 55/- per lot; four typical L. albipuncta, with twenty-three examples of other species, sold for 10/- ; but two lots, including four L. albipuncta var. rufa in the one, and four var. grisea in the other, yielded 20/- and 35/-; a variety of L. stramlnea, with six other specimens of the same species and eight L. impura, fetched 12/-, but for a similar lot, in- cluding two varieties of L. straminea, the price ran up to two guineas. Of L. favicolor no less than sixty-three specimens were offered, chiefly in lots of four examples. The types from which Barrett described the species sold for 24/-, and the cotype of ab. amea, Mathew, for 95- ; three specimens of ab. lutea-typica, Tutt, made 57/6, and other named forms sold in lots of four specimens at from 22/- to 50/- per lot. Senta maHtima, with various named aberrations, and examples of other species, went at 21/- a lot. One series of five Tapinostoia concolor brought in 26/-, and another lot of five 30/-. Batches of six Irish and Kentish Xonagria sjiarganii, with some N. typhce, found buyers at 22/- and 30/-. Some curious forms of the Hydracia named paludis went in lots of three dozen or more, at prices varying from 21/- up to 37/6. There were several specimens of Hama {Mamestra) abjecta v. variegata, which so closely resembles the variegated form of " Apamea" gemma, but we only caught the price obtained in the case of one lot, in which there were four examples of the variety ; this was 40/-. Eight fine specimens of Agrotis hyperborea (alpina) reached 29/-, and three others, with a nice variable series of Tatiiocampa incerta, went for 11/-. One example of Orrhodia erythrocephala from Lewes (ex. coll. S. Stevens) sold for 16/-. For Dianthacia luteago var. barrettii the price was about 4/- each, and, although eight specimens of Polia nigrocincta (five very fine), with other things, went for 12/-, another lot of seven very fine nigrocincta alone made 21/-. A lot of Aplectas, in which two examples of A. nebulosa var. robsoni were included, were sold for 37/6. The sum of 35/- was given for a specimen of Grymodes exulis from Rannoch. CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 11 Bred specimens of Xylomiges conspicillaris from Taunton made about 5/- each, and others, also bred, but locality not indicated, fetched 1/- more per specimen. Eleven shillings was given for one example of Xylina conformis from Bathampton. There were six specimens of Cucullia gnaphalii, and these made 53/-. Two lots of Plusias, each comprising eight specimens of P. bractaa, with seven P. ckryson, and eight P. festucce, were sold for 40/- and 32/6 per lot. Of Catocala fraxini there was a specimen from Glynde, Sussex, and for this the bidding went up to 47/6. The first known British specimen of Nyssia lapponaria was taken about thirty-five years ago, and up to 1895 it remained unique. The ten specimens of this species in Mr. Mathew's collection, offered with other things in two lots, brought in 58/- ; so that 6/- would seem to be the present auction price, whereas the original specimen was once sold in the same rooms for the tall price of £14. The aberrations of Abraxas grossulariata were numerous. Six of the best of these brought in a total of £10 12s. 6d., which in- cluded 65/- for one female ab. lutea, 45/- for a male of the same form, and 35/- for a specimen of fulvapicata. CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. Sesia culiciformis and Heliothis peltigera in Dorset. — On June 4th, 1906, I captured in Berewood, Dorset, nine specimens of Sesia culiciformis, and two examples of Heliothis peltigera, and on June 10th one further S. culiciformis. The Sesiids came to the blossoms of the rhododendron, and visited exclusively the common purple one, although there were many plants in full bloom of the beautiful nursery varia- tions. They flew almost exclusively during the very hottest sunshine, when even the active Argynnis eitphrosyne seemed overcome by the heat. They were very wary, and I missed the first four that I saw. However, after I had got used to the tactics of the insects I caught nine out of ten, making a total of fourteen seen. It was quite impossible, once they had jumped, to follow them amongst the maze of flies, bees, and wasps dancing around the bushes. The one captured on the 10th was worn and was, moreover, the only one seen, so pre- sumably the brood was over. Of the Heliothis peltigera, one was flying at purple bugle, and the other was imprisoned in a rhododen- dron flower. The adhesiveness of the pistils, stamens, and stems of the rhododendron flower is wonderful, nearly every Sesia culiciformis was a leg or more short, and H. peltigera lacked the apex of the right fore wing, which, when I endeavoured to dislodge the insect, remained sticking to the pistil. I found remains of several insects, including culiciformis, in the flowers. They had evidently met their death in the same way as a house-fly on a "fly cemetery" I saw a queen wasp get stuck, and after repeatedly stinging the pistil she bit it through at the base and fell out of the flower to the ground, still endeavouring to disengage herself from the pistil. Owing to the thickness of the bushes I was unable to see whether the efforts were successful. The interest of the capture of Sesia culiciformis lies in the fact that I only know of two records for Dorset ; one by J. C. Dale in 12 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 1865, and one by the Rev. F. H. Fisher circa 1894. — W. Parkinson Curtis, Poole. Ch#:rocampa celerio in Selkirkshire. — On October 13th a specimen of this fine moth was found by a little girl in Galashiels, and brought to her teacher, who sent it to Mr. William Shaw in the same town — an enthusiastic botanist and entomologist — for identification. Mr. Shaw says the insect is in very fair condition, being only a little rubbed on the tip of one wing. He has not heard of it in this country side since 1873, when his brother took one in Berwickshire. — B. Weddell. Deiopeia pulchella in Ireland. — A young cousin of mine caught a specimen of D. pulchella on the Ballivane Road, Cork, on October 24th, between 11 o'clock and noon. He sent it to me in a match-box, alive, and it arrived in good condition. I believe this to be a rare and valuable moth, and should be much obliged if you can give me any information concerning it, as I have not seen one before, and have not heard of a British specimen being captured for a good many years. — Rose M. Dakin ; Frappenhall, Cheshire, November 22nd, 1906. [In the 'Entomologist,' vol. xxv. pp. 152-155, the records of D, pulchella in Britain are discussed, and a table given, showing the years, up to 1892, in which the species occurred in, or was apparently absent from, our islands. Since 1892, when about twenty specimens were captured, only odd examples have been observed. Of these one was taken in July, 1894, one in August of the same year, and one in 1895. One or two were reported to have been found under exceptional circumstances in 1901. The records for 1906, so far, are only three : one from Sussex, one from West Cornwall, and one from Cork, Ireland. Probably there had been a migratory movement of the species last autumn in the direction of the British Isles, but if so, it would seem that only a very few individuals effected a landing here. — Ed.] Occurrence of Xanthia ocellaris, Bkh., in Norfolk. — Mr. R. S. Smith, Junr., of Downham Market, has recently submitted a Noctuid to me for identification. I saw at a glance that it might be X. ocellaris, and a reference to Barrett's ' Lepidoptera ' convinced me that I was right. This specimen was a male, and in very fine condition. Mr. Smith tells me that he captured it in West Norfolk, the first week in September of this year. He also states that he has another specimen, not in such fine condition, which was taken by himself in the same district two years ago. I am aware that this rare species has been taken in Suffolk, but I believe this is the first record of its occurrence in Norfolk ; it will therefore be a very welcome addition to our county list. — E. A. Atmore; King's Lynn, Norfolk, November, 1906. Laphygma exigua in Devonshire. — Six specimens of Laphygma exigua (identified by Mr. Rowley, Curator of the Exeter Museum) were taken here, at light, in August last. Four of the examples are in bred condition. — J. Pope ; 11, Portland Street, Newtown, Exeter. Heliothts armigera. in Cornwall : a Correction. — I regret to find that in error I recorded Heliothis armigera as observed by me in North Cornwall and Corsica, during the past summer (see ' Entomologist,' xxxix. p. 230). I find, on comparing the specimens, which are very CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 13 worn, with those in my cabinet, that they are undoubtedly H. peltigem. W. S. Sheldon; Youlgreave, South Croydon. Leucania unipuncta in Hampshire. — On September 12th last I took a specimen of L. unipuncta, Hw. (extranea, Gn.) in good condition, at sugar, near the village of Burley, in the New Forest. — A. R. Kidner ; 139, Rosendale Road, West Dulwich, S.E., December 17th, 1906. T^eniocampa stabilis in November. — While working ivy on Novem- ber 21st last, I took a male specimen of the above-named moth. — G. B. Coney; The Hall, Batcombe, Somerset. Occurrence of Spilosoma mendica. in November. — I took a good specimen of S. mendica on November 6th last. — H. J. Baker ; Winter- bonrne, Wain-a-long Road, Salisbury. Retarded Emergence of Demas coryli. — On November 17th last a fine male D. coryli emerged from the pupa : is not this a very unusual occurrence ? I may mention this was not an isolated pupa, but was one of a large brood from which the bulk of the imagines emerged during the first week in July. — J. B. Morris ; 14, Ranelagh Avenue, Barnes, November 25th, 1906. Dasychira pudibunda emerging in Autumn. — Out of a large batch of ova laid on June 2nd last, by a female of D. pudibunda, L., taken in the New Forest, I had about twenty. Twelve of the larvae were allowed to feed up, and pupated between August 8th and 26th. The pupae were placed in an unwarmed conservatory. A female moth emerged on September 9th ; five males and three females between October 1st and 12th ; a male on November 3rd ; and another on the 27th. The last pupa is still alive. Pupte of several other species are being kept in the same boxes ; but none have shown any signs of de- parting from their normal season of emergence. Several moths, how- ever, have been reared by friends from other ova laid by the same female, which were not treated exceptionally in any way. — A. R. Kidner; 139, Rosendale Road, West Dulwich. Plusia. moneta in Cheshire. — In the record, Entom. xxxix. p. 291, after " captured in his house," add " at Sale, Cheshire." Migrants. — The year 1906 will be famous for the clouds of ants which suddenly appeared in this corner of Kent. Apparently they stretched or travelled from Deal to Margate, about a dozen miles as the crow flies. Hitherto I was rather incredulous about such visita- tions, and it is still a mystery to me how these little flies — as ordinary people call them, and which were found to be winged ants — can be carried miles away from their breeding-place and dumped down in- discrimately. Amongst migratory Lepidoptera this season has pro- duced little that is noteworthy. Pyrameis cardui has been in evidence sparingly, both worn specimens in early summer, and brightly coloured ones in September ; but apparently the Eastbourne, &c, migration did not reach us. Vanessa io was very scarce ; one specimen occurred in- doors, in Margate, the first seen for several years ; V. polychloros, also indoors ; this is the first example I have seen in Margate in twenty- five years. Colias hyale, one specimen seen and missed, but afterwards 14 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. captured by some boys ; C. edusa, twenty to thirty seen, and some captured. Aporia cratcegi, no longer a migrant, but is probably affected by climatic conditions. I captured a battered female miles away from the headquarters, but failed to find another specimen. I consider the species naturalized. Acherontia atropos, no record this season. Last year one collector bought and sold over a thousand pupje, dug up in Thanet ; after their journey by rail the emergences were nil. Macroglossa stellatanim: I place this species amongst those which come to us from the Continent. This autumn it has turned up frequently indoors, and I have some still alive. Nonagria sparganii: this species has either invaded my locality, or I have discovered its habits. — J. P. Barrett ; St. John's Villas, Margate. Sugaring and Atmospheric Conditions. — My experience of sugaring early in September, 1906, leads me to think that atmospheric condi- tions, even when the weather appears normal, greatly affect the number of moths that come to sugar. I sugared some posts here, as soon as the waning moon permitted sufficient darkness, and the catch was very insignificant. I set five specimens out of possibly a hundred which put in an appearance. As the posts numbered exactly eighty, the average was a little over one moth per post. A few days later I sugared again, the same mixture, the same quantity ; but the posts retaining their sweetness I found I had some sugar left, and so increased the number of posts to exactly one hundred. In my ento- mological career I have had good nights. Once I calculated there were 2500 moths on the sugar, but that night in early September of 1906 easily beat my old record. The moths — about niue-tenths being Xoctua xanthographa — were very quiet on the sugar, in some instances very closely packed, and fortunately the " skittish" Xylophasia polyodon was nearly over. Occasionally a moth in the centre would startle the rest, and they fell off in a patch, but quickly returned. I made a careful estimate, although it took me all my time to look for " plums " amongst so much " dough," and I reckon at least five thousand moths had a supper at my expense — at least fifty per post. 1 selected four- teen moths out the lot, and these included two very fine Laphygma exigua, one Caradrina cubicuiaris, and the rest were mainly A7, xantho- grapha. Perhaps twenty-five species contributed to the total. Later on I sugared again, and on no evening did the total exceed an estimate of two hundred and fifty, sometimes falling below one hundred. — J. P. Barrett ; St. John's Villas, Margate. Odonata Becords for 1906: — Hertfordshire — Shenley : Sytnpe- trum striolatum, plentiful in August and September. Anax imperator, male, August 6th. JEschna cyanea, abundant in September. JE. grandis, plentiful. Ischnura elegans, abundant ; last observed on August 29th. Agrion puella, abundant. Enallagma cyathigerwn, abundant. Buckinghamshire — Eton: JEschna cyanea, abundant in September and October. Ischnura elegans, very abundant ; first observed on June 3rd. Calopteryx splendens, very abundant; first observed on June 3rd. Agrion pulchellum, very abundant ; first observed on May 24th ; last observed on July 22nd. A. puella, not very plentiful. Burnham Mill-pond : Ischnura elegans, very abundant. Agrion puella, male, CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 15 June 12fch. Enallagma cyaihigerum, males abundant, females not observed. Berkshire — Swinley Forest ; Ascot : June 23rd, Libellula depressa, male (not captured). L. quadrimaculata, male (not captured). Anax imperator, male (not captured). Agrion puella, plentiful. Somersetshire — Shirehampton (near Bristol), September 15th, JEschna cyanea, female. September 17th, Sympetrum sanguineum, males (not captured) ; M. cyanea, female ; M. grandis, female (not captured).— E. E. Speyer ; November 27th, 1906. Notes on Lepidoptera reared during 1906. — From ova deposited by a female Angerona prunaria, taken at Bricket Wood, near Watford, on June 27th, 1905, I have this year reared a number of specimens. The moth laid over three hundred eggs, and the young larvae were sleeved on plum. In the autumn I divided the brood, giving part to my friend Mr. A. E. Gibbs, of St. Albans. The larvae which I retained were kept in bags in a shed during the winter, and in the spring part of them were sleeved out again, and the others placed in breeding- cages, and supplied with plum, birch, and lilac. The first began to spin up on May 20th, but some of those in the sleeves out of doors did not do so until about June 15th. The dates of emergence of the perfect insects were as follow : — June 17th, two males ; 18th, one male, one female; 19th, three males ; 20th, ten males, seven females ; 21st, sixteen males, thirteen females; 22nd, four males, seven females; 23rd, seven males, five females; 24th, three males, four females; 25th, one male, six females ; 26th, one male, one female ; 27th, two males, one female; 28tb, two females. July 2nd, two females; 4th, one female. Of these, twenty-six males and twenty-six females were of the type form, and twenty-one males and twenty-five females of the banded form (var. corylaria). In addition to these, one male was a cripple, and nine more (males) failed to make good their escape from the leaves enclosing the cocoons. This was owing, I think, to the leaves (plum in most cases) becoming so shrivelled and hard that the moth was unable to force a way out. In future I shall remove the pupae from the cocoons, and put them in moss. Mr. Gibbs bred sixty- four moths, nineteen males and eighteen females of the type form, and fourteen males and thirteen females of the var. corylaria. The total number of imagines obtained from the one brood was one hundred and seventy-two. The moths I bred show a certain amount of variation. One male of the type form has the ground colour of rather deeper orange than usual, and the dark strigulation strongly developed. Two males of the var. corylaria form have tbe band on the hind wings of a greyish colour, and some have the orange spot at the apex of the fore wings almost wanting, while in others it is so much enlarged that it joins the median band. The females of the var. corylaria form vary somewhat in the depth of the colour of the dark border, and also in the size of the yellow spot at the apex of the primaries, but the latter does not join the median band in any of tbe specimens. In May, Mr. Gibbs gave me some ova of Nyssa lapponaria, laid on April 21st and 22nd by a female from the Rannoch district. They began to hatch on May 20th, and were all out by the 23rd. The eggs are bright green when laid, and turn a beautiful steel-blue colour 16 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. before hatching. I started them on birch, but in spite of every care they rapidly dwindled in numbers. Later I sleeved some on apple, but only a few fed up properly. In the end I have but fifteen pupae from over two hundred eggs. On May 6th I joined Mr. A. L. Rayward in the morning at Box- hill to beat for Boarmia abietaria larvae, but we soon discovered from the battered appearance of the trees that we had been forestalled by someone evidently possessed of a strong arm and thick stick. On comparing notes at the end of four hours' continuous work, we found we had just a dozen larvae apiece, and a few of other species. Lithosia deplana larvae were beaten in some number, but we did not take many, as it is almost impossible to breed the moths when the larvae are taken young. We subsequently beat a few juniper-bushes, and secured a lot of Eupithecia sobrinata larvae. These soon spun up in moss, and the moths emerged from July 27th onwards. I was rather anxious to rear Euchloe cardamines from the egg, and caught a female at St. Albans on May 13th. This I placed in a cage with some hedge-mustard, and kept in the sun. The butterfly did not begin to lay till the 19th, and then only a few eggs were deposited. The first hatched on the 24th, and the others shortly after. They began feeding well, but, owing to cannibalism or some other cause, only one reached the pupa state on June 24th. On June 3rd, in the Wye Valley, I found about forty Tmniocampa miniosa larvae on a twig of oak. They were then half an inch long, and fed up very rapidly on oak, commencing to pupate on June 19th. On June 4th, in the same locality, I took about twenty larvae of Sylepta (Botys) nivalis from a bed of nettles. These all pupated in a few days. The pupa is five-eigbths of an inch long, slender, very shiny black, abdomen pointed. The moths began to emerge July 3rd. The moths resulting from the Boarmia abietaria larvae mentioned above emerged between June 24th and the middle of July — two males and six females, nearly all of a very dark form. Several of the Taeniocampidae were reared from the egg to the pupa state, but failures were experienced with Melanippe hastata, Ephyra punctaria, Epione advenaria, and others. — Philip J. Barraud ; Bushey Heath, Herts. SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London. — Wednesday, November 1th, 1906.— Mr. F. Merrifield, President, in the chair.— Mr. Gerard H. Gurney, Keswick Hall, Norwich ; Mr. Harold Armstrong Fry, P.O. Box 46, Johannesburg, Transvaal Colony ; Mr. Frederick Albeit Mitchell-Hedges, 42, Kensington Park Gardens, London, W. ; Mr. Gordon Merriman, Trinity Hall, Cambridge ; Mr. Percy A. H. Muschamp, 20, Chemin des Asters, Geneva ; and Mr. Oswin S. Wickar, Crescent Cottage, Cambridge Place, Colombo, Ceylon, were elected fellows of the Society. — Mr. H. J. Lucas exhibited a photograph of Panorpa germanica, practically immaculate, taken at Tongue, Sutherlandshire, and a typical form for comparison, corresponding apparently to the borealis of Stephens. He also showed a series of SOCIETIES. 17 other members of the genus to illustrate the range of spotting on the wings of both sexes. — Mr. G. C. Champion showed a long series of a Henicopus (probably H. spiniger, Duval), from El Barco, Galicia, Spain, to demonstrate the dimorpbism of the females. — Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe exhibited seven specimens of Prionocyphon serricomis, Mull., bred from larvae taken in the New Forest in July, living larvae, and a larva and pupa figured, of tbe same, and read a note on the species. — Dr. T. A. Chapman brought for exhibition a collection of butterflies, made in Galicia (lat. 42° 16' N., long. 6° 44' W.) last July, including (a) specimens of Lyccena idas, hitherto reported only from the Sierra Nevada, and therefore a surprise in the extreme north-west. It occurred at an elevation of 4500 to 5000 feet, and only where there grew a species of Erodium, with extremely large handsome flowers ; (b) specimens of L. argus {agon) from the same district, which though close to the vars. hypochiona and bejarensis, differed in a certain propor- tion of the specimens presenting the red of tbe marginal " peacock eyes " on the upper surface of the hind wings of tbe males. — The Hon. N. C. Rothschild exhibited branches of Viburnum lantana showing the mines of Sesia (Egeria) andreniformis, now discovered by him as the food-plant of the species in Britain for the first time. — Mr. E. Dukin- field Jones exhibited two species of the genus Molipa, bred from Bra- zilian larvae which were identical in form. He also showed photographs of the larvae in situ. — Mr. F. A. Dixey exhibited specimens of Pierine butterflies, selected to illustrate the various conditions under which pigment might be replaced by black. He said tbat in his opinion melanism, though it migbt arise as a sport or as a variation, owed its establishment and increase to the principle of selective adaptation. — The President mentioned a bug, which Mr. Cecil Floersheim had found very destructive to tbe eggs of Papilio machaon and P. asterias, as a remarkable instance of a species of carnivorous Heterotoma. Wednesday, November 21st. — Mr. F. Merrifield, President, in the chair. — The Secretary read the list of fellows nominated to serve as officers and other members of the Council for the session of 1907-8. — Mr. Walter E. Collinge, M.Sc, of 55, Newball Street, Birmingham, and Mr. H. S. A. Guinness, of Balliol College, Oxford, were elected Fellows of the Society. — Mr. H. W. Andrews exhibited specimens of Odontotnyia angulata, Pz., from the Norfolk Broads, a species few captures of which have been recorded of recent years, and Icterica westermanni, Mg., a rare Trypetid, taken by him in the New Forest. — Dr. F. A. Dixey showed specimens of South African Pierinae demon- strating that the wet-season form of Teracolus reyina, Trim., was in mimetic association with an undescribed species of Belenois, inter- mediate between B. calypso and B. thysa. — Mr. W. J. Lucas ex- hibited, on behalf of Messrs. H. and F. Campion, a male specimen of Sympetrum vulgatum taken in Epping Forest on tbe 4th September last, of which species only three other authentic British specimens are known. — Mr. R. Adkin exhibited a short series of Tortrix pronubana, Hb., including both sexes, which he had reared from larvae and pupaa collected from Euonymus at Eastbourne in September last. The only previous records for the species in Britain are single male examples captured at Eastbourne and at Bognor respectively in the autumn ENTOM. — JANUARY, 1907- C 18 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. of 1905. — Dr. T. A. Chapman exhibited a long series of Ccenonympha mathem, Tutt, from different places in the north-west region of Spain (Galicia), and gave it as his opinion that it must be regarded as a geographical or subspecific variety of C. dorus, and not a fully established species. — Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., commu- nicated " A Permanent Record of British Moths in their Natural Attitudes of Rest," and "Further Notes on the Choice of a Resting- site by Pieris rapce," by Mr. A. H. Hamm ; Mr. R. Shelford, M.A., F.L.S., "Studies of the Blattidse," ; the Hon. N. Charles Rothschild, "Notes on the Life History of Sesia andreniformis, Lasp.," and Mr. Hubert W. Simmonds, " Notes on an Unusual Emergence of Ghryso- phanus sahistius in New Zealand." Wednesday, December 5th. — Mr. F. Merrifield, President, in the chair. — The Hon. Secretary announced that the Halliday correspond- ence had been presented to the Society by Dr. E. Percival Wright, of Trinity College, Dublin. — Mr. H. C. Pratt, Government Entomologist, Federated Malay States, Kuala Lumpur; Capt. H. J. Walton, M.B., F.R.C.S., Indian Medical Service; Mr. Arthur Ernest Gibbs, F.L.S., Kitchener's Meads, St. Albans ; Capt. James Bruce Gregorie-Tulloch, King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry ; Mr. John Ashburner Nix, Tilgate, Sussex; Mr. Herbert W. Southcombe, J. P., 16, Stanford Avenue, Brighton, and Mr. Roland E. Turner, 21, Emperors Gate, N.W., were elected Fellows of the Society. — Mr. A. W. Bacot exhibited a specimen of Catocala napta, taken at rest at Hackneyj November 9th, 1906, remarkable for having two well developed tarsi on the left fore-leg. Also three female specimens of Lasiocampa quercus, L., bred from larvas from Cornwall in 1906. One of these larvae had been submitted to a pressure of from seventeen to thirty atmospheres (405 to 450 lb. per square inch) on two occasions ; a pressure which had proved fatal at once to a frog, used as a control experiment. A discussion followed in which Dr. F. A. Dixey, Dr. Greenwood, and other Fellows joined. — Dr. T. A. Chapman — who exhibited a long series of Hastula hyerana, Mill., bred this year from larvae collected at Hyeres, and a diagrammatic map of the neighbour- hood, to explain the distribution of the species in that area — pointed out that there were two colonies of H. hyerana, in one of which the melanic specimens were three times as numerous as in the other. — Dr. F. A. Dixey exhibited specimens of Teracolus omphale, Godt., bred by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall. The exhibit showed that under arranged conditions of mois- ture and warmth the wet-season phase might be artificially induced. — Mr. L. B. Prout read a paper entitled " Xanthorho'e ferruyata, Clerck, and the Mendelian Hypothesis." — Dr. F. A. Dixey communicated a paper " On the Diaposematic Resemblance between Huphina corva, Wallace, and Ixias baliensis, Fruhst." — H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., Hon. Secretary. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society. —November 8th, 1906. — Mr. R. Adkin, F.E.S., President, in the chair. — Messrs. Harrison and Main exhibited bred variable series of (1) Tethea subtusa, from Fermanagh, and (2) Numeria pulveraria, from various localities, and pointed out the characteristic forms prevailing in each. — Mr. Newman, (1) Anthrocera (Zyymia) purpuralis [minos), SOCIETIES. 19 from North Wales ; (2) a dwarf example of A. exulans ; (3) a pale A. jilipendula ; and (4) a very variable series of Gkrysophanus (Rumicia) phlaas, the pick of some three thousand third brood specimens passed through the net at Bexley.— Mr. Moore, a specimen of Vanessa {Aglau) urticce very nearly approaching var. polaris. — Mr, Goulton, a specimen of the rare Heliothis armigera taken at light at Sutton, and a series of Sesia (sEgeria) myopceformis from the same locality. — Mr. Edwards, some large species of Coleoptera from Sierra Leone. — Mr. Rayward, ova of Thecla (Strymon) w-album found in situ on bark and twigs of wych elm. — Mr. R. Adkin, a series of Scoparia dubitalis, from East- bourne, including some exceedingly pale forms, together with a similar pale example from the Barrett collection, and read notes on this local race. November 22nd, 1906. — The President in the chair. — A Special Exhibition of Varieties.— Mr. South exhibited the large Chinese var. chinensis of Vanessa urtica to compare with the very small V. urtica ab. urticoides bred from larvae fed on hop. — Mr. Lucas, for Messrs. F. W. and H. Campion, (1) a male of the very rare dragonfly Sympetrum vulgatum; (2) a series of 8. flaveolum, including a female; and (3) a series of Cordulia aiiea — all were taken in Epping Forest. — Messrs. Harrison and Main, (1) a brood of Pirns brassica, including examples of the female, in which the two discal spots on both upper and under sides were more or less united into a band ; (2) series of Aplecta nebulosa, from Delamere, Epping, and New Forests for comparison ; (3) bred series of Tephrosia biundularia from the New Forest and from Delamere — the former light, the latter dark and intermediate ; (4) bred examples of Dianthcecia casia from the Isle of Man; (5) Acronycta alni from the New Forest. — Mr. Kaye, a captured specimen of Apatwa iris from the New Forest, measuring 3ii in. in expanse, much larger than any bred specimen. — Mr. Dobson, four species of the genus Sympetrum taken in one place in Surrey on September 3rd — S. striolatum, S. ftaveolum, S. sanguineum, and S. scoticum; he also showed series of sixteen species of bees of the genus Bombus. — Mr. G. B. Brown, his captures during a ten days' holiday at Deal in late July, including Lithosia lutarella (pygmaola), Calamia phragmitidis, Agrotis tritici, Ere- mobia ochroieuca, Dianthcecia cucubali, &c. — Mr. P. J. Barraud, a series of dark and intermediate forms of Xyiophasia monoglypha from St. Bees, Cumberland. — Mr. South, a short series of unusually large examples of Dichrorampha fiavidorsana from his garden, and read notes on its distinctness and occurrence.— Mr. Tonge, the Lepidoptera taken by him on the Suffolk coast in July, including Trochilium apiformfs, Mamestra abjecta, Leucania straminea, Senta maritime), Acidalia emutaria, &c, together with a series of admirable photographs of the natural resting positions of numerous species of butterflies and moths. — Mr. Goulton, varied series of Oporabia diiutata, Melanthia ocellata, and Ypsipetes sordidata (elutata), from Ranmore Common, the last com- prising black, banded, green, wainscot, and other forms.— Mr. Lucas, S. vulgatum, males, from Richmond Park and from Denmark, and also drawings of the male genitalia of S. striolatum and 8. vulgatum, as well as photo-micrographs of the former male. — Mr. Chittenden, melanic Larentia multistrigaria, from York, dark Hadena adusta, from Rannoch, dark Ypsipetes impluviata, from Arran. &c. — Mr. Clark, the ichneumon, 20 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Ophion luteum, taken on November 21st. — Mr. R. Adkin, a series of Tortrix pronubana reared from larvas collected at Eastbourne from euonymus in September last, only two specimens having been obtained previously in this country ; he also showed an asymmetrical specimen of Macroylossa stellatarum, tbe transverse lines of the left fore wing uniting into an irregular patch. — Mr. Sich, two imagines, with cases, of what he thought were Coleophora milvipennis ; and also German ex- amples of Valeria oleagina, Catephia alchymista, &c. — Dr. Chapman, (1) a long series of a new species of Ccenonympha from Galicia, Spain, viz., C, mathewi, closely allied to C. dor us ; (2) a series of Lyceena idas ; (3) a series of L. agon with red on the hind margin of the hind wings ; (4) a number of Erebia palarica — all three species from Galicia; and (5) a representative exhibit of Hastula hyerana and its forms from Hyeres. — Mr. T. W. Hall, white blotched varieties of Arctia villica and a Eupithecia showing the characters of both E. minutata and E. assimilata. — Dr. Hodson, (1) Lyceena {Ay Hades) cor y don with light outer margins ; (2) Lyceena (Polyommatus) icarus with large blotches of black replacing the orange on the under side of the hind wings ; (3) Lyceena (Aricia) agestis with the markings along the outer margins conspicuously wedge-shaped. — Mr. Garland, for Mr. Pickett, (1) a gynandrous example of Anyerona prunaria ; (2) a specimen of Ematurya atomaria with six wings ; (3) a long series of Hemerophila abruptaria showing many melanic forms ; (4) fine aberrations of Lyceena (Agriades) cor y don from Dover this year ; (5) a light specimen of Melitaa cinxia ; and (6) a very pale Pararye eyeria. — Mr. West, Greenwich, cabinet- drawers containing his collection of British Chrysornelidae, Endony- chidae, Coccinellidse, &c. — Mr. Gadge, a wire arrangement to affix to flower-pots for breeding purposes, which could be folded up when not in use. — Mr. West, of Ashstead, exhibited under the microscope curious Y-shaped scales of Pseudopontia paradoxa, received from Mr. Moore. — Hy. J. Tukner, Hon. Report. Sec. City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. — Oct. lQth, 1906. — Dr. T. A. Chapman exhibited a series of Pterophorus brachydactylus, bred, 1906, from ova laid by imagines bred from larvae taken in Switzerland in May, 1905. — Mr. J. A. Clark, melanic N. xantkoyrapha, from Dalnaird Bridge. — Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor, Ccenonympha davus, the type from Aberdeen, and var. rothliebii, from Witherslack and Penryth. — Mr. G. H. Heath, Anchocelis lunosa, varying from dark brown to sand-coloured specimens, Sandown, Isle of Wight. — Dr. G. G. C. Hodson, Euchloe cardamines, male, with orange tip broken up into alternate stripes of orange-yellow. — Mr: L. W. Newman, Agrotis obelisca, Aporophyla australis, Anchocelis lunosa, Laphyyma exiyua, Bryophila (Jaspidia) muralis, and Lyceena corydon, taken at Sandown, Isle of Wight, September 8th to 16th. L. exiyua showed considerable variation in ground colour. — Mr. L. B. Prout, Polia xantho- mista, from Bude. — Mr. V. E. Shaw, full-fed larvae of L. exiyua; also bred Ellopia fasciaria, from Tyne Valley, some specimens being darker than the usual Southern form. — Mr. Alfred Sich, Heliothis peltiyera, bred from Dorset ovum, the imago having emerged within forty-two days of the hatching of the larva. — Mr. H. E. Tautz, L. exiyua, taken at Pinner. — Mr. A. J. Willsdon, melanic T. ianthina, bred ab ovo from SOCIETIES. . 21 New Forest ; also series of Orthosia upsilon, Miselia oxyacaniha, Tanio- campa instabilis, and T. opima, from Epping, the latter including very dark specimens. — Mr. Prout stated that larvae of L. exigua, kept in a warm room, had pupated twenty days after emergence from the egg. November 6th. — Dr. G. G. C. Hodgson exhibited Thera juniperata from Surrey, and a long series of Lyccena agon from Witherslack and Ashdown Forest, including an almost grey male, and several aberrant under sides. — Mr. G. H. Heath, Heliothis peltigera, Sandown, Septem- ber, 1906, and Hadeiia proteus, closely resembling Newman's third figure, from same locality. — Mr. L. W. Newman, a long series of Ghrysophanus (Polyommatus) phlceas, Bexley, September and October, 1906, including a golden-coloured specimen, several intermediates be- tween this form and type, and examples of striated, brick-red, and almost white under sides. — Mr. V. E. Shaw, Asthena blomeri from Ohalfont Road, June, 1906. — The evening was devoted to the exhibi- tion and exchange of members' duplicates. November 20th. — Messrs. L. A. E. Sabine and H. B. Whitehouse were elected members of the Society. — Mr. S. J. Bell exhibited two broods of Hemerophila abruptaria, bred from pupae received from Mr. E. Harris. Brood A, from light female and dark male ex light female and dark male, yielded 80 per cent, dark and 20 per cent, light ; brood B, from dark female and male ex dark female and light male, yielded 96 per cent, dark and 4 per cent, light. Brood A consisted of 48 per- cent, male and 52 per cent, female, but in brood B there were 66 per cent, female and only 34 per cent. male. In over one hundred speci- mens shown there was nothing approaching to an intermediate form. — Rev. 0. R. N. Burrows, nine Kpunda lutulenta, the only examples of the grey form found among some two hundred specimens taken at Mucking. — Mr. J. A. Clark, Agrotis ashworthii, North Wales, August, 1906 ; and series of H. abruptaria, including a gynandromorphous specimen. — Mr. G. R. Garland, on behalf of Mr. Pickett, long series of bred H. abruptaria — first, second, and third broods of type, and dark forms from Clapton, including a small slate-coloured male. — Mr. G. H. Heath, Cerastis spadicea, Sandown, October, 1906, with pale submar- ginal line strongly marked. — Mr. L. W. Newman, Zygcena minos from North Wales and Oban, June, 1903 ; also a Zyyazna taken at Oban at the same time, having six spots on fore wings, but with the fluffy body characteristic of Z. minos. — Mr. L. B. Prout, aberrations of Aporophylla austral is, Sandown, September, 1906, including strongly marked males and female of rare ab. ingenua ; also six examples of Acidalia immorata, bred as a partial second brood from Lewes ova. — Mr. V. E. Shaw, long series of H. abruptaria from Holloway, Clapton, and Bexley. including many dark specimens. — In the course of a discussion on II. abruptaria it was made evident that the dark form had long been known in the Clapton district, where Mr. E. Harris took the female from which most of the dark specimens exhibited were descended, and that this form was apparently gaining ground there. — S. G. Bell, Hon. Sec. Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — The usual monthly meeting of this Society was held at the Royal Institution, Liverpool, on November 19th, 1906, Mr. R. Wilding, Vice-President, in the chair. — A paper was communicated by Mr. J. Collins, of Oxford, 22 THE ENTOMOLOGIST embodying his observations upon the habits of Sitaris muralis, a beetle associated with the mason bee, Anthrophora pilipes, with specimens of both taken near Oxford in illustration of the paper. Mr. Collins also sent for exhibition the beetles, Apion astragali, A. sanguineum P. 4-jmstulatus, and Lebia chlorocephala, as well as the Tortrix Stigmonota pallifrontana. — Mr. W. Mansbridge read a paper entitled, " Notes on a melanic race of Agrotis ashworthii" and exhibited a long series of moths bred in 1905, in illustration of his remarks ; a discussion ensued, and, in further illustration, Mr. F. N. Pierce exhibited A. candelarum together with microscopic preparations of the genitalia of both insects, and Dr. Bell showed the preserved larva of A. ashworthii. Mr. Mansbridge discussed the evidence for and against the view that ashworthii and candelarum are the same species, and suggested the name substriata to distinguish the new form. The opinion of the meeting was to the effect that more evidence of identity was required, especially as regards early stages and structural detail of candelarum. Other exhibitors were Mr. W. .A. Tyerman, a box of Lepidoptera including Pygazra pigra from Ireland, Eupithecia isogrammaria and Plusiu /est ucce from Lathoue ; Noctua stigmatica and N.glareosa ; one of the latter a very rosy specimen, from N. Wales; Acronycta ieporina var. melanocephala, Notodonta dromedarius and Pheosia dictmoides from Kirby, Lancashire. — Mr. R. Wilding, specimens of the coleopteron Amaru anthobia from the Liverpool district. — Mr. E. J. B. Sopp, the scarce cockroach Epilampa burmeister, taken in the Manchester Docks, and identified by Mr. R. Shelford ; Panchhra virescens from the Manchester Docks, Hoylake, and Warrington ; Acridium mgypticum from Birkdale ; Mr. Copp also showed, on behalf of Mr. W. J. Lucas, the scarce Stenobuthrus elegans from the New Forest, and, on behalf of Mr. W. E. Sharp, a nymph of the cockroach Periplaneta australasuc from Brockenhurst. — H. R. Sweeting and William Mansbridge, Hon. Sees. Birmingham Entomological Society. — October 15th, 190G. — Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, President, in the chair. — Mr. G. T. Fountain showed living larvae and imagines of Hadena xinanimis, Tr., found on the canal bank at Marston Green and also at Earlswood, at both of which places they were abundant. — Mr. E. C. Rossiter remarked that he had recently come across two broods of Smerinthus populi, L., one of which occurred on common poplar, and the whole brood was of the dark variety of the larva, and the other brood was upon an aspen with whitish under sides to its leaves, and all the larvae belonged to the light form. Mr. S. H. Kenrick said that he had found both forms together on the common poplar. — Mr. S. H. Kenrick showed some Lepidoptera taken on the Cotswolds during a visit at the last Bank holiday, including Lyccenu corydon, Poda, Drepana cultraria, F., Boarmiu abietariu, Hb., and Psamotis (Botys) hyalinalis, Hb. He also showed a number of Lycas- nidae from Java and the Malay Archipelago. — Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker showed various Lepidoptera, from Devonshire, taken in July. While there, he had very carefully observed Sutyrus semele ovipositing, with the result that he detected that the eggs were never laid on fresh green grass stems, but near the top of the stump of grass of the previous season. — Mr. Simkins, various Lepidoptera. including a fine RECENT LITERATURE. 23 series of Gastropacha quercifolia, L., bred from Surrey ova. — Mr. W. Harrison, Centra furcvla, CL, bred from larvae obtained near Sandwell Park. — Colbran J. Wainwright, Hon. Sec. KECENT LITERATURE. Eighteenth Annual Report of the Delegates of the University Museum (for 1905). *90pp. Among the other Reports contained in this volume is that of the Hope Professor of Zoology, Edward B. Poulton, D.Sc, M.A., F.R.S. From this we gather that the number of specimens of all Orders comprised in the Insect Collection is nearly 500,000. From a census taken by Commander J. J. Walker in 1901, Lepidoptera exhibited a total of 112,149, and Coleoptera 194,434 ; in 1905 he. cast the number of insects in the other Orders at 134,075. It will be seen then that the Hope Department of the Oxford University Museum possesses an exceedingly large amount of entomological material, and it is evident that during the year 1905 the Professor and his staff have made very considerable progress in the work of preparing, cataloguing, and arranging this material so as to render it available for study. Besides much other important work that has been accomplished, or in hand, is the revision and arrangement of the Orthoptera by Mr. R. Shelford, who has completed the Blattidae, and is now dealing with the other groups. Mr. Hamilton H. Druce has named the Lycaenidae, and the arrangement of the butterflies, as a whole, is nearly finished, the Papilioninas and Hesperidre only awaiting attention. As the Professor points out, however, " while one part is being arranged the others are rapidly growing, so that a certain amount of adjustment and re- arrangement will always be necessary." Melanism in Yorkshire Lepidoptera * By G. T. Porritt, F.Z.S. Mulanism in Lepidoptera is a subject upon which much has been said and written, and many theories have been put forward as to the how and wherefore ; but, as Mr. Porritt most justly remarked, " we really know very little about it." He had no definite theory of his own to advance, but he detailed a large amount of information con- cerning a great number of species, which in Yorkshire, and parts of Lancashire, are melanic, or exhibit a tendency to become so. Referring to var. doubledayaria, the black form of Amphidasys betularia, he said that in the South-west Riding this had become the dominant form of the species, and in the same area the typical form was now quite rare. " It is most curious, too, that in this species the black form appears to have developed suddenly, i.e., it was not a gradual darkening, as no intermediates were noticed in a wild state." * Paper read before the Zoological Section, and printed in the Eeport of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Section D. York 1906. 24 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Besides the species just adverted to, there are now in Yorkshire at least thirty others " in which melanism has become so strongly developed that in various districts — chiefly in the south-west — black or nearly black specimens of species, which in other districts are pale, are now regularly obtained." As regards eight or nine of these me- lanism is not of recent development, but in the case of the remainder " dark specimens have largely increased in numbers during the collect- ing experience of our present-day lepidopterists." In the matter of hereditary transmission, Mr. Porritt gives some interesting illustrations. In 1904 he reared nine moths from a few eggs deposited by a black female Odontopera bidentata. Six of these were black like the female parent, and the other three of the ordiuary form. " From the black moths in the following year. 1905," he states, " I reared a very large brood, about 75 per cent, of which were black ; and from these again this year [1906] I bred a considerable number, of which the percentage of black was still greater." Larentia multistrigaria is stated to be fast becoming entirely melanic in certain districts in Yorkshire, and it has been found by experiment that three generations reared in captivity have almost entirely elimi- nated the typical form of this species ; among seventy specimens reared in the spring of 1906 there were only five or six pale ones. Again, a male and a female of the largely black variety of Abraxas grossitiariata, known as ab. varleyata, were reared from collected larvae. These paired, ova were obtained, and from them a large brood of the moth was reared, all of the parent form, i.e. varleyata, and in no instance was any tendency shown of a return to the ordinary or any other form of the species. In the few localities known to yield ab. varleyata, specimens of the variety " reared by collectors only average about three for every thousand larva}" ; thus the chances of the sexes of the variety pairing in a wild state are exceedingly slender. Mr. Porritt also points out that, although melanism affects certain species in South-west Yorkshire, other species occurring in the same area, and of which there are melanic forms in other parts of Britain, are in the district he deals with either normal or exhibit a tendency to leucochroism. In this connection he instances Cidaria sujfumata, among other species. Of G. suffumata, the dark form piceata, which is common in Scotland, and also occurs in North Yorkshire, is scarcely known at all to the collectors in the melanic area of South-west York- shire. The species as it occurs there would seem to be becoming paler and generally modified in the direction of the variety, with pale clear ground and dark baud, known as the "Dover form." There is very much more in this exceedingly interesting paper to which we should like to refer, but our readers no doubt will make a point of perusing it themselves. They will find it much to their advantage to do so. The Entomologist, February, 1907. Plate I. HYPS A (upper sides) fs nat.size. SUBRETRACTA cf C0LL . W/H, A #-' BAUAf/W/i/ANA cf CONSP/Ct/A 9 cojn..n/H/ s SUBKETRACTAnia, showing a good deal of variation in colour and banding. — Mr. Dods, Lepidoptera froth Africa, iucluding Papilio demolens, Deiopeia pulchella, Danais dorippus, &c. — Mr. Main, photo- graphic stereoscopic views of natural objects. — Mr. R. Adkin, a speci- SOi pro SOCIETIES. 43 men of Epinephele ianira, in which the usual tawny markings were of a straw-colour and somewhat extended. — Mr. Turner, a number of remarkable Hemiptera from South America, including mimics of beetles, seeds, thorns, &c, and the interesting moth-like species Pcecili'ptera phalanoides. — He also showed a Ccenonympha pumphilus from Chipstead having pale patches on all four wings, and a series of Vanessa (Aglais) urticce showing restricted blue lunules in specimens from Engleberg and Lapland. — Reports of the various field meetings of the Society held during 1906 were read. — Mr. Adidn read a' paper entitled "Further Notes on the Occurrence of Tor trix pronubana in England." — Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Report Sec. City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. — December Ath, 1906 — Annual Meeting. — Mr. W. Bloomfield exhibited Lomaspilis marginata with black marginal blotch intersected by a white line. — Mr. H. M. Edelsteu, Lithosia muscerda, L. caniola, L. com- planula, L. griseola, and var. stramineola, all bred ab ovo. — Mr. G. H. Heath, Lophygma exigua, from Sandown, Isle of Wight. — Mr. V. E. Shaw, Apamea basilinea, from Wye Downs, June, 1906, including a very pale specimen with obsolete orbicular and reniform only partially outlined. — Mr. A. Sich, Gelechia pingwneila and Borkhausenia pseiido- spreteila, to show the close resemblance between tbe two species, which he differentiated by several points, one of these being that in the hind wings of the former nervures six and seven spring from a common stalk, while in the latter these nervures are parallel. — The following execu- tive were elected for 1907 : President, Mr. A. W. Mera ; Vice-Presi- dents, Dr. T. A. Chapman and Messrs. J. A. Clark, F. J. Hanbury, and L. B. Prout ; Treasurer, Mr. C. P. Pickett ; Librarians, Messrs. G. H. Heath and V. E. Shaw ; Curators, Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor and Dr. G. G. C. Hodgson ; Secretaries, Messrs. S. J. Bell and E. Harris. Non-official Members : Rev. C. R. N. Burrows and Messrs. A. Bacot, H. M. Edensten, J. Riches, and P. H. Tautz. December 18th. — Mr. A. Harrison exhibited a brood of Pieris brassicce, reared from ova laid by typical Liverpool females. Many of the females had black spots on fore wings connected by black scales on both upper and under surfaces, a continuous band being formed in a few extreme examples ; the same peculiarity was exhibited to a lesser degree in a few of the males. — Dr. G. G. C. Hodgson, Australian Lepidoptera, including B. sugriva, which species has long slender tads to bind wings and ocelli on under side at the anal angle ; the species rests eitber head downwards or horizontally, and Dr. Hodgson re- marked that this fact, coupled with tbe fact that all the specimens observed were more or less damaged near the anal angle of the hind wings, suggested that birds were deceived by the resemblance of the tail end of the insect when at rest to a head with outstretched antenna?. — Mr. L. B. Prout, a long series of British Larentia casiata and examples of this species from various European, American, Asiatic, and Australian localities, in illustration of the paper read by him on this occasion on the species in question. — Mr. A. J. Willsdon, Oporina croceago bred from Kent ova, which were of typical orange colour, while others bred from New Forest ova were of a pale salmon- wink colour. 44 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. January 1st, 1907. — The first meeting of the year was devoted, as usual, to a "pocket-box" exhibition, which met with less than the usual support, owing, doubtless, to the inclement weather and the fact of its being New Year's day. — Eev. C. R. N. Burrows exhihited abnormally small specimens of about a dozen species of Lepidoptera, including Agrotis puta, A. saucia, Piusia gamma, and P. cluysitis ; these were taken in September, 1906, and the exhibitor attributed their dwarfed appearance to the exceptionally dry and hot season. — Mr. S. J. Bell, a series of Polia chi taken on moors near Whitby during latter half of August. The species was abundant on the dark stone walls common to the district, but no dark specimens were seen. — Mr. H. M. E.ielsteu, very dark Acro-ryta menyanthidis from York-:. — Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor, Argynnis srlene from Ashdown Forest, including male with confluent marginal spots, and a female much suffused with black scales. — Dr. G. G. C. Hodgson, long series of Lyccena corydon, L. bellaigus, L. alexis, and L. ceyon, arranged so as to demonstrate parallel variation. — Mr. L. A. E. Sabine, Uo specimens of Thyatira batis, the one from Eppmg with accentuated pink coloration, and the other from New Forest with this colour entirely lacking ; the latter thus representing the Linnsean type. — Mr. V. E. Shaw, Seda chrysidiforutis, Folkestone, July, 1906, and Pieris cratcegi, East Kent, July, 1906; also Lytta vesicatoria, which was found in abundance near Dover in July, 1906. January 15th. — Mr. J. A. Clark exhibited a specimen of Tanio- campa cruda var. haggerti (Tutt). — Mr. E. A. Cockayne, Thera variata, witn interrupted central fascia, from Rannoch ; also Arctia fuiiginosa var. boreaiis from same locality. — Mr. H. M. Edelsten melanic ex- amples of Hemerophila abruptaria from Clapton, Nonagria geminipu.net a from Entield, and A7, typlies and A', caimce from Norfolk Broads. — Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor. Lyccena og stis ab. ornaia from Surrey, and vars. aiii)K>(?) find obs leta from Aberdeen. — Mr. A. Harrison, melanic specimens or about twenty species, including Cymatophora duplaris and Acronycta lep»rina from Cornwall and Laucs, A. rumicis from West- moreland and Barnsley, and A. nebiilosa from Cornwall, Epping, and Delamere. — Mr. L. W. Newman, a large number of melanic Lepido- ptera. including Stauropus fagi, Boarmia consortia ia, Odontvpera biden- tata, and Boarmia abietana. — Mr. L. A. E. Sabine, Arctia fuiiginosa from Rannoch, including a specimen with black abdomen and hind wings. — Mr. H. B. Whitehouse, two melanic specimens and one inter- mediate form of Liparis monacha bred from dark Hull females ; also Sphinx pinastri bred from Arlington (Suffolk) females. — Mr. L. W. Newman read a paper dealing with his experiences in breeding various melanic forms of Lepidoptera. — S. G. Bell, Hon. Sec. Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — The usual monthly meeting of this Society was held in the Royal Institution, Colquit Street, Liverpool, on December 21st, 1906, Mr. W. Mansbridge, Vice-President, in the chair. — Mr. A. J. Wightman, of Reigate. was elected a member of the Society. — A paper was read by Mr. F. N. Pierce, F.E.S., entitled " Notes on the Structure of Malacusoma hybrid schaufussi (M. castrensis x M. neustria)." The paper was admirably SOCIETIES. 45 illustrated by microscope preparations of the insects named, as well as of M. franconica, shown upon tiie screen by the aid of the micro-lantern. The author pointed out that, unlike the usual mixture of male and female genitalia obtaining in the case of hybrids, the sexes of schaufussi possessed unmixed organs proper to the respective sexes. From a consideration of the details of the structure of the hybrid moths they are seen to combine the distinguishing features of each of the parent species, though perhaps leaning more toward iieustria. The scales also showed modifications, being intermediate in form and size between those of the parents from the same part of the wing. — Mr. Fred. Birch, who shortly sails for Brazil upon a collecting expedition, gave a most interesting address upon his experiences in Trinidad when in quest of tropical Lepidoptera ; his original observations upon the habits and peculiarities of the butterflies of the island were much appreciated by the members present. — The following exhibits were made, viz., by Mr. Oulton Harrison : An album of photographs of Lepidoptera in their various stages, taken by Mr. Hugh Mam, of London ; also, on behalf of the Kev. T. B. Eddrup, of Horbury, melanic Agrotis agaihina from the West Riding, Boarmia repandata from Horbury, and its variety conversaria from Barmouth. — The Honorary Secretary showed, on behalf of Mr. R. Hancock, of Birmingham, a number of photographs of Lepidoptera, and read a letter relating to the exhibit. — Mr. W. Mansbridge, a short series of Tripltana cumcs var. curtisii from Aber- deen, and a series of the chocolate form of Hemerophiia abrupiaria from the London area, together with examples of the type for comparison ; also melanic specimens of A. agatlnna from Delamere for comparison with Mr. Eddrup's ; they were seen to be more smoky in ground colour than the West Riding specimens, appearing quite dull beside them. — Mr. Oscar Whitaker exhibited lantern-slides of the exotic cockroaches Biabera giijantea and B. marmorata from the collection of Mr. E. J. B. Sopp. The annual meeting of the Society was held in the Royal Institu- tion, Liverpool, on January 17th, 1907, Mr. Richard Wilding, Vice- President, in the chair. — Lieut, the Hon. R. 0. B. Bridgeman, R.N., of Salop, was elected a member of the Society. — The following office- bearers were elected for the ensuing year : — President, S. J. Capper, F.E.S. ; Vice-Presidents, Dr. J. H. Bailey, M.B. (Port Erin), E. J. B. Soup, F.R.Met.S., Prof. E. B. Poulton, M.A., D.Sc, F.E.S., J. R. Chamley, F.Z.S., F.E.S. , Dr. H. H. Corbett (Doncaster), Wm. Mans- bridge, F.E.S. ; Treasurer, Dr. J. Cotton, F.E.S.; Secretaries, H. R. Sweeting, M.A., Wm. Mansbridge, W. D. Harrison; Editor, J. R. le B. Tomlin, M.A., F.E.S. ; Librarian, F. N. Pierce. F.E.S. ; Council, J. Kidson Taylor (Buxton), W. Webster, M.R.S.A.I., F. R. Dixon-Nuttall, F.R.M.S., Dr. P. F. Tinne, M.A., M.B., the Rev. T. B. Eddrup, M.A. (Wakefield), C. E. Stott, R. Tait, Junr., Dr. P. Edwards, J. Collins (Oxford), R. Wilding, 0. Whittaker, Dr. Wm. Bell, J.P.— After the formal business of the meeting, the retiring Vice-President, Prof. T. Hudson Beare, B.Sc, F.E.S., of Edinburgh, communicated his adiiress to the Society. The Professor, after detailing the chief scientific achievements of entomologists during 1906, made a number of interesting and valuable suggestions for individual as well as collec- tive furtherance of our studies, and instanced the remarkable work 46 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. accomplished by such diligent investigators as Dr. Joy, Mr. H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, and others, among the rarer or least-known Coleoptera occurring m Great Britain. A vote of thanks to the author was pro- posed by Mr. Wilding and seconded by Mr. E. J. B. Sopp, F.R.Met.S., and it was resolved to print the paper in the Society's Proceedings. — The following exhibits were made by the members : — Dr. Cotton, a long series of C. typhon var. rothleibii from Witherslack ; a series of Lycama astrarche var. sabnacis from North Lancashire ; and a series of Noctua glareosa from Delamere. Mr. H. R. Sweeting, a number of Cynthia cardui from Eastbourne ; a specimen of the rare moth Deile- phila livomica taken at li^'ht in Knowsley Park last June ; Macaria liturata and its var. nigrofulvata from Delamere ; and Lyccena icarus and L. corydon from Eastbourne. Mr. F. N. Pierce, F.E.S., a box of Lepidoptera from India. Mr. J. J. Richardson brought moths collected in the neighbourhood of Bidston, Cheshire, at ivy-bloom — a series of Hnnera pennaria, Cerastis vaccinii, Luperina testacea, the last from Wallasey, and Hybemia defoliaria from Sefton Park, Liverpool. Mr. W. Mansbridge, Carpocapsa nimbana and Sciaphila communana from the London district, received from Mr. A. Thurnall, of Croydon; these two rare species attracted a good deal of attention. — The Honorary Treasurer's report showed the Society to be in a very satisfactory position, a fact which the Council hope to make full use of in the pre- paration of the annual account of the Society's work — H. B. Sweeting and Wm. Mansbridge, Hon. Sees. Birmingham Entomological Society. — November 19th, 1906. — Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, President, in the chair. — Mr. L. Doncaster, The University, Birmingham, and Mr. Hubert Langley, Narborough House, Leamington, were elected members of the Society. — Mr. E. C. Rossiter exhibited a box full of Lepidoptera taken by himself at Brad- ing, Isle of Wight, last August. The most interesting species was Pyrausta pZavalis, Schiff., which occurred in hundreds ; there were also Acontia luctuosa, Esp., Agrotis vestigialis, Rott., Selidosema ericetaria, Vill., Acidalia maryinepunctata Goze, &c. — Mr. G. T. Fountain showed a nice series of Lyccena anon, L., from Cornwall. — Mr. S. H. Kenrick exhibited four species of New Guinean Erycenidae, and pointed out the great difference in general appearance between them and the western species. — Mr. W. Harrison showed various Noctua3 bred from dug pupa3, including Agrotis plecta, L., which species he said had emerged in February without any forcing. — Mr. W. E. Collinge showed living unnamed hynienopterous parasites from larvae of Agrotis segetum, Schiff., and from the ova of Smerintkus ocellata, L. — Mr. A. H. Martineau showed galls of the gall-fly from Potentilla reptans = Xestophanes potentillce, which he found in abundance in Devonshire, the only county whence it has been obtained at present. — Mr. Hubert Langley showed Chrysoclista linneella, CI., from Leamington, where he had found it on the limes in the greatest abundance. So numerous was it that, on one occasion, he counted fifty-seven on one tree-trunk. He also showed Zyymna lonicerce, Scheven, which he found commonly at Southam, near Warwick. — Colbran J. Wainwright, Hon. Sec. 47 RECENT LITERATURE. 1. The Annals of Scottish Natural History. Edinburgh. 1906. Although treating of natural history in a very wide sense, no student of the British insects can safely leave this excellent periodical unexamined. This year the dipterist is the one most extensively catered for. 2. Museum Gazette and Journal of Field- Study. Conducted by Jonathan Hutchinson, &c, Illustrated. Haslemere. This monthly magazine contains readable popular articles on all sorts of out-of-door subjects. The list of books, &c, for sale at the museum gives an unfortunate trade appearance to what should, never- theless, be a useful periodical to the not too advanced naturalist. 3. The Science of Dry Fly Fishing. By F.G.Shaw. London: Bradbury, Agnew & Co., Ltd. 1906. A fly-fisher need not necessarily be an entomologist, although there is little doubt that a knowledge of entomology will make even a good fly -fisher a better one. In any case we have here clearly a good text- book, well got up and beautifully illustrated. If the entomologist would not go to it to study entomology, he should, at any rate, look at the illustrations of insects, by Horace Knight, in Plates xv. and xvi. 4. First Report of the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry of the Territory of Hawaii. Honolulu. 1905. A long report of 170 pages, but apparently containing little of interest to the entomologist generally. A great part is confined to forestry. 5. The Bombay Locust, Acridium succinctum (Linn.), (from Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India). By H. Maxwell-Lefroy. 112 pages, 13 plates. Calcutta. 1906. A long and full account of the insect, its attack, and the mode of combating it. 6. The Western Pine-destroying Bark Beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis, Lee. (Some Insfcts injurious to Forests). By J. L. Webb. 14 pages, 2 plates, and 6 illustrations in text. Washington. 1906. " Object of the paper to give available information on this insect and methods of combating it." 7. Notes on Exotic Forjiculids or Earwigs, with descriptions of New Species. By J. A. G. Rehn. Illustrated. 15 pages. Washington. 1905. 8. Notes on South American Grasshoppers of the Sub-Family Acridinee (Acridida), with descriptions of New Genera and Species. By J. A. G. Rehn. 21 pages. Washington. 1906. 9. The Locustida and GryUidee (K«tyt'orsa) were flying about in the road ; they have much the appearance on the wing of a Thecla, and are equally difficult to follow in flight, for, apart from their inconspicuous dark colour, they move very rapidly. When settled on the road, or on a leaf, they have a decided habit of fanning the wings, after the manner of Issoria lathonia. Other species noted in the forest of Villers Cotterets in- cluded Brenthis ino, plentiful and of large size, but past their best ; Limenitis sibylla, abundant ; Dryas paphia, abundant ; Lyccena arion, a few ; Melitcea maturna, one much worn specimen. Whilst staying in this part of France, I paid a visit, on July DIURNI OF CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN FRANCE, AND CORSICA. 77 10th, to the forest of Compiegne. The Diurni here were similar in species to those of Villera Cotterets, but, amongst others, I captured several examples of Argynnis aclippe var. cleodoxa, and one of Dryas paphia var. valezina. Thecla w-album was abundant on the blossoms of the bramble. I was much interested with a (to me) new bait for the Apa- turidae, which M. Brown introduced to my notice, and which, I understand, is commonly used in France ; this is a very strong smelling cheese, known as " marolle." I purchased one of these cheeses, which are not large, and placed portions of it on the road running through the forest where the "emperors" are abundant. Unfortunately, the only day on which I could try it was not a favourable oue, with but little sun, and thus the bait did not have a fair chance ; but it certainly attracted more " emperors " than any of the patches of natural bait lying about, and I believe that, given a good day, it would have proved very successful ; at any rate, though strong smelling, it is certainly not so objectionable in the knapsack as some of the baits used in England. I left Villers Cotterets on July 12th, en route for Vizzavona, Corsica, where I arrived on the 14th. The butterflies of Corsica— and of Vizzavona and Corte espe- cially, where I stayed whilst in the island — have been so much written up that there is very little that is new to be said about them. Everyone goes at the same time of the year, takes the same species, and takes them in the same places. At Vizzavona the usual species were abundant, with the exception of Papilio hospiton, and I had no difficulty in obtaining all I required of them during the ten days I spent there. Of P. hospiton, ten imagines were observed, of which I netted nine ; only four of these were, however, worth retaining. I searched the mountains for many miles round for larvae, and almost missed them, except for two examples, which I found on the first day. Thanks, however, to the kindness of a friend, who gave me a hint of the kind of locality I ought to search, I succeeded, during the last two days of my stay, in obtaining twenty- seven larvae ; they were found upon a very local species of fennel, which I could only discover in three small localities. Unfortunately this plant dries up very quickly, and as the larvae resolutely refused to feed upon every other umbelliferous plant I could find — at least a dozen in number, and including the common fennel {Fceniculum vulgare) — I only succeeded in getting eighteen to pupate, and most of these are very small. At Corte, in the beautiful gorges of the Eestonica and the Tavignano, I found the local form of Hipparchia semele var. aristeus abundant, and captured many fine examples of the magnificent Corsican form of that finest of European Argynnids, Dryas pandora. In the Restonica Gorge I obtained half a dozen 78 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. good examples of the interesting form of Pyrgus sao var. iherapnc, which I did not see elsewhere. I left Corsica, Jul}7 29th, for Beauvezer, which is situated at about 4000 ft. altitude, in the Verdom Valley, in the heart of the Basses Alpes. My especial object in visiting this locality was to obtain a series of the very local Erebia scipio, which is said to be abundant there. For some reason, however, I could not hit off the species, and had to go away without even a specimen. Other species observed here were — Pieris daplidice, common ; Rusticus argyrognomon, abundant, with beautiful blue females ; Melitcea didyma, with fine straw-coloured females ; Erebia stygne, E. tyndarus, E. goante, and E. neoridas ; Satyrus actcea, and some beautiful forms of Anthrocera fausta, and other brilliant " bur- nets." On my way home I stayed a few days at Digne, arriving there on August 6th, and leaving on the 10th. Mr. Tutt, who was also staying at Digne, and I had some days' collecting, chiefly in the cross ravine, the stream of which empties into the torrent " eau chaudes," a quarter of a mile beyond the baths. We found this ravine a magnificent locality at this time of the year, almost every butterfly in the neighbourhood appearing to be congregated there, probably attracted by the stream of water, and the flowers that grew in its bed so luxuriantly. Amongst the species noted were — Erebia neoridas, in swarms, but almost all males, until August 9th, on which day the females were equally abundant ; Hipparchia arethusa, also in swarms ; Satyrus fidia, not infrequent ; S.statilinus, common; Hipparchia semele, abundant ; Satyrus actcea, abundant, with the females in fine order ; S. cordula, passe ; Melitcea deione, the second brood, common but small ; Leucophasia sinapis, abundant ; L. clupon- chelii, second brood, one example only ; Chrysophanus dorilis, abundant and fine ; Polyommatus meleager, males common, females two specimens only, both of which were of the type form ; P. bellargus, males abundant, females not seen ; and Thecla betidce, not infrequent at flowers. I was much surprised to find dozens of Satyrus hermione, in finest condition, settled on the trunks of the apple trees in the " eau chaudes " valley. I had taken them equally abundant and fine, a month earlier in the season, two years previously. A day spent in the mountains in the vicinity of the Dourbes resulted in half a dozen good specimens of Erebia scipio, but in little else. Full-fed larvae of Papilio alexanor were abundant wherever the food-plant occurred in the vicinity of Digne. 79 ON SOME NEW CENTRAL AMERICAN VESPIDJ3. By P. Cameron. (Concluded from p. 64.) Zethus (D kly mo g astro) punctinodus, sp. nov. Black, densely covered with short white pubescence ; the lower third of the clypeus, a line on the base of the thorax, two spots, wider than long, on the apex of the scutelluin, two longish lines, straight on the inner, roundly narrowed on the outer side, a broad lanceolate line on the sides of the abdominal petiole, incised above near the apex, a mark on the top of the base of second segment, rounded on the outer sides, incised on both sides in the middle, a lanceolate line, the nar- rowed end at the base, on the sides of the narrowed base of the second segment at the apex, and a line on the apex of second segment, distinct above, indistinct below, pale yellow ; the raised apices of the second and third segments fuscous ; apical joints of the antennaa orange-yellow below. Wings tinged with fuscous, distinctly clouded at the apex. be, M. cinxia, M. didyma, Polygonia egea (worn), Limenitis Camilla (very common and in most beautiful condition), and Erebia evias. This latter butterfly I found fairly plentiful wherever I went round Digne, its slow flopping flight making it appear to be an easy insect to catch, but it has an irritating way of flying along over some im- possible bit of ground, just out of reach of the collector's net, where it seems to know it is perfectly safe. It was a good deal worn, and in bad condition, though the females were fresh ; on the Dourbes, a week later, I found it quite fresh, and it must emerge a good fortnight later there than it does at Digne. On the ridge of the hill behind Le Bleone, I found Anthocharis tagis var. bellezina. It was very local, indeed ; in fact, I only took it in one place right at the top, and it was very far from common ; of the six specimens I took, only three were fresh enough for the cabinet, and the others, being males, were re- leased. Although there were several Anthocharis belia var. ausonia flying in the same place, I found no difficulty in dis- tinguishing bellezina from them on the wing, their extremely small size alone rendering them unlike anything else. I found it a few days later — on the 16th, to be exact — much commoner about half a mile to the west of the little village of Villars, half- way up the Dourbes. Here I was able to take a short series of seven or eight specimens in good order, with two females, and should have got more only they flew very swiftly over an ex- tremely bad bit of ground, where one's only chance of success was to stand still and intercept them as they flew quickly by. The females, which are considerably larger than the males, are much more difficult to distinguish from ausonia, not only when flying, but even when dead I find considerable difficulty in separating the two species to my satisfaction. Far and away the best collecting-ground, when I was at Digne, was the Eaux Thermales Valley, and the little lateral valley which runs into it about half-way up. Here I found E. argiades, swarms of P. bellargus in all the glory of first emergence, together with a good many P. corydon and P. hylas, Lyccena arion, a few worn P. baton, Thecla ilicis, with ab. asculi (very abundant after the 15th of June), Colias edusa, C. hyale, Argynnis adippe, NOTES ON THE DIURNI OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AISNE. 197 Brenthis euphrosyne, Melitcea athalia, C. dorilis, C. alciphron var. gordius (very fresh and fine), Ccenonympha arcania (abundant and in the pink of condition), and a splendid black-banded form of Melanargia galatea var. procida. (To be continued.) SOME FURTHER NOTES ON THE DIURNI OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AISNE (FRANCE). By W. G. Sheldon, F.E.S. The few days I had spent in the Forest of Villers Cotterets, which is situated in this Department, in 1906 (see 'Entomologist,' vol. xl. p. 75), made me wish for further acquaintance with the district, and learning from Monsieur Brown that the woods in the neighbourhood of Laon were good for certain species, including Limenitis populi, which I especially wanted, I journeyed thither on the 19th of June last, accompanied by Messrs. P. W. Abbott and E. F. S. Tylecote. We stayed there until June 28th, and afterwards spent five days in the Forest of Villers Cotterets, returning to England on July 4th. The weather throughout was unpropitious there, as everywhere in Western Europe, with but little sun, and we were only favoured with two really good days. With the exception that some species, including Ayatura iris and a ilia, which we hoped to obtain during the last few days of our stay, did not appear at all, the season did not seem to be a late one ; at any rate, not so much so as was the case in England, and a number of species were quite up to date. Limenitis populi was not uncommon near Laon, where we obtained by hard work and much walking some fifty specimens during our stay ; two examples were also netted at Villers Cotterets. The majority were var. tremulce, and intermediates between that variety and the type ; of my series of sixteen specimens, three are typical, some half-dozen are var. tremulce or near it, and the remainder intermediates. The habits of the imago much resemble those of the Apatu- ridse ; they are to be seen flying over the tree-tops at a height of thirty to forty feet, and they come down at intervals, in the roads running through the woods, settling on horse-droppings and moist spots, and on cold dull days they have a habit of settling on the dry white road, I think, for warmth. The flight is much slower and heavier than that of the Apaturidae, though they can fly fast when startled ; they are very sluggish when settled on the ground, allowing the net to be placed over them, and in some cases to remain so for several seconds before they attempt to rise. 198 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. The only Apatura seen in any stage was a pupa of A. ilia, which I spied suspended from the under side of a leaf of Populus tremula, and which produced a male example of the var. clytie after my return to England. Another interesting species observed was Melitcea maturna, which was not infrequent and in fair order, though a fortnight earlier would have been a better time for the majority of the specimens captured. M. maturna in this district frequents chiefly woods that have had the undergrowth cut a few years back ; the flight very much resembles that of Vanessa urticce, which it is easy to mistake it for on the wing ; it is very partial to settling on a bush, and from thence taking a short, rapid, hovering flight, returning to the same bush and twig and settling again. In the marshes Chrysophanus hippothoe was in great numbers, and of both sexes, in the finest condition ; the females were very variable, some of the examples being very brightly coppered, whilst others were almost black, with very little copper on the upper sides. Amongst my captures of this species was a male example without the principal row of ocelli which obtains in the type on the under sides of all wings. Nomiades semiargus was abundant in the marshes, and in the finest condition. Melitcea aurinia was also abundant in the marshes, but passe. In the woods Aporia cratcegi occurred plentifully, and ex- amples of Leucophasia sinapis were observed ; Limenitis sibylla was very abundant and fresh ; Melitcea athalia and M. dictynna were common generally ; Pararge achine flew abundantly in the shady rides ; Erebia medusa was frequent, but almost all the specimens were past their best ; Thecla pruni flew round bushes commonly ; Brenthis ino was very abundant everywhere, and was in the finest condition, with plenty of females ; Ccenonympha arcania flew freely by the sides of the rides ; Grapta c-album was just emerging as we came away. Thecla iv-album would doubtless have been abundant later on, but the only example actually observed was a pupa found by myself on the under side of an elm-leaf. The larvae of Vanessa urticce and V. io swarmed on every patch of nettles. Hesperia alveus was frequent and freshly emerged. A newly emerged specimen of Thecla ilicis was taken, and one each of Brenthis dia and Pararge mcera. One small locality produced a few specimens of Nomiades cyllarus in fine condition. Broods of Vanessa polychloros larvae had been abundant on poplar and elm, and a few late larvae were taken. The pupae were to be found hung up under projecting copings of walls, &c. ; and one found by Mr. Abbott attached to a grass-stem was at least one hundred yards from any possible food-plant. The larvae of Araschnia levana were to be found on their food- NOTES ON LY(LENA argiades. 199 plant nettle not infrequently. The broods numbered from thirty to a hundred specimens each ; the majority at the latter part of our stay were full-grown, but others were still very small. Those brought home pupated and emerged as var. prorsa, with a few var. porima, and intermediates, between July 20th and the end of the month ; some, . however, are remaining over, and will, I suppose, emerge next spring as the typical form. From the examples bred I selected a dozen pairs, which I confined in a large gauze cage in the garden, introducing the food-plant and some flowers for them to feed upon. I observed two pairings, and eventually obtained seven batches of ova. The method of ova- depositing of this species is very unusual and interesting. The female affixes herself firmly to the leaf of a nettle — apparently without much preference as to which surface, for, of the seven batches of ova obtained, four were on the under side, and three on the upper side of the leaf; she then deposits an ova on the leaf. The ova are barrel- shaped and ribbed longi- tudinally ; one end of the barrel is attached to the leaf. She next deposits another ova on the other barrel-shaped end of the first ova, and on this second ova another one, until there is a row of ova of from nine to twenty projecting from the leaf, approximately, at right angles from its surface. She then forms other rows, until the number of rows is from five to ten, and the number of ova in each batch from forty to one hundred. I can- not say whether the female deposits all her ova on one leaf, or if, after she has deposited one batch, she goes to a second or third leaf, but I am inclined to think the former is the case. The ova, when deposited, are bright green, but after a few days they turn dull yellow-green, and then a day or so before emer- gence black. The length of each ova is about half a millimetre, and thus the rows of ova vary from five to ten millimetres in length. A few examples of the imago of the spring and typical form were flying in the woods at Laon in not bad condition, con- sidering that they must have been on the wing some six or eight weeks. NOTES ON LYG.ENA ARGIADES, Pall = AMYNTAS, HiJBN. By The Hon. N. Charles Kothschild, M.A., F.L.S. M. Charles Oberthur published rather more than twelve months ago an interesting note on the above-mentioned insect,* which we translate in its entirety. The note reads as follows : — * ' La Feuillee des Jeunes Naturalistes,' Quatrieme Serie, No. 429, p. 149, ler Juillet, 1906. 200 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. " Lycana amyntas and coretas. Two very distinct seasonal forms of Lycana amyntas occur in Brittany. The spring form is smaller than the summer one. The female of the former has the wings on the upper surface more or less dusted with hlue, whilst the upper surface of the wings of the female which emerges in the months of July and August is quite black, the hind wings having a small orange spot im- mediately above the tiny tail. In Brittany both the spring and summer forms have two or three small yellow marginal spots on the under side, which are more strongly marked in the summer race. Finally, in Brittany the two seasonal forms of amyntas present a striking peculiarity in respect to their habitats. In May this Lycana occurs in the meadows and grass rides in the woods, while in July it is practically confined to the heaths where the heather is high. I am inclined to consider that the two seasonal forms of amyntas occur in the whole of the west and south-west of France as they do in Brittany. "In the Eastern Pyrenees, where we have collected more than sixty specimens, some in the spring and some in the summer, the female is invariably black above, without the orange marginal spot on the hind wings. Both sexes, moreover, lack the yellow marginal spots on the under side. As in Brittany, the summer is generally larger than the spring form, and sometimes the tail of the hind wings is wanting. This is the Lycama coretas of Ochsenbeimer and Gerhard. I am inclined to think that coretas is a distinct species from amyntas. I have speci- mens of both amyntas and coretas from the Basses Alpes. In the neighbourhood of Digne these two Lycsenas are found in the same localities, but in the Eastern Pyrenees (Villefrauche-de-Conflent and Vernet-les-Bains) and in the neighbourhood of Rennes they seem to inhabit different localities. " Amyntas is distributed over Manchuria, China (Chang-Hai), and in Japau. Coretas, however, has not been found in Asia. "From Yunnam I possess a new variety (or possibly species) of which the male has broad black margins to the fore wings. " In France it would be interesting to record the localities where amyntas and coretas occur together and separately. I appeal to the kindness of the readers of ' La Feuille ' to inform us on this point. " Hubner has figured under the numbers 319, 320, and 321, under the name of tiresias, coretas of Ochsenheimer and Gerhard. " The same author has figured amyntas forma aestivalis under the numbers 322, 323, and 324." The names used in the above article are not those of the last edition of Staudinger and Kebel's ' Catalogue,' in which work tiresias of Hubner is given as a synonym of polysperchon, Berg. If this view be correct, tiresias must be a name for the form with the yellow marginal spots on the under side, the spring genera- tion of argiades = amyntas, and not of coretas of Ochsenheimer. Mr. Oberthiir refers to two most interesting but quite different points, the first being that the spring and summer broods of argiades = amyntas occur in quite different localities ; and the second, that argiades = amyntas is a distinct species from coretas. The occurrence of the two broods of the same species of butter- CURRENT NOTES. 201 fly in quite different localities seems worthy of further investi- gation, and I should be interested to know to which form the few known British examples of L. argiades belong, and also if these examples can be referred to argiades proper or to coretas. CURRENT NOTES (New Series). By G. W. Kirkaldy. 1. Ainslie, C. N. : " Notes on the Swarming of a Species of Cranefly," Can. Ent. xxxix. 26-8 (January 12th, 1907). Diptera. 2. Banks, N. : "A Revision of the Tyroglyphidae of the United States," Bull. U. S. Ent., techn. ser. 13, pp. 1-34, pis. i.-vi. (November 14th, 1906). Arachnida. 3. Cobb, N. A. : " Fungus Maladies of the Sugar Cane, with Notes on Associated Insects and Nematodes," Bull. H. S. P. A., Pathol., v. 1-208, figs. 1-99, pis. i.-vi. [includ- ing Report by L. Lewton-Brain] (November, 1906). Dip- tera, Coleoptera. 4. Davis, W. T. : " Insects as the Food of Squirrels," Can. Ent. xxxix. 16 (January 12th, 1907). 5. Dyar, H. G., and Knab, F. : " The Larvae of Culicidse classi- fied as Independent Organisms," J. N. York E. S. xiv. 169- 230 (December, 1906). Diptera. 6. Escherick, K. : " Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Thysanuren, ii." Zool. Anz. xxx. 737-49, figs. 1-5 (October 16th, 1906). 7. Fuller, C. : " Some Remarks upon the Mahambanen- dhlwana Mystery," Natal Agr. J. ix. 837-41 (September 28th, 1906). Lepidoptera. 8. Gaulle, J. de : " Catalogue Systematique et Biologique des Hymenopteres des France," Feuille Jeunes Nat. xxxvi. 137- 41, 162-4, 178-80, 189-92 ; xxxvii. 9-13 and 34-6 (July lst- December 1st, 1906). 9. Girault, A. A. : " Trichogamma pretiosa, Riley. Oviposi- tion — a Resume," Psyche, xiii. 137-48 (December, 1906). Hymenoptera. 10. Gossard, H. A., and Houser, J. S. : " The Hessian Fly, Mayetiola destructor, Say," Bull. Ohio Agr. Sta. 177, pp. 1-40, plate, text-map, and figs. 1-2 (August, 1906). Diptera. 11. Kirkaldy, G. W. : " Notes on the Classification and Nomen- clature of the Hemipterous Superfamily Miroidea," Can. Ent. xxxviii. 369-76 (November 6th, 1906). 12. Lecaillon, A. : " Sur la ponte des ceufs et la vie larvaire des Tabanides," A. S. E. France, lxxiv. 20-8, pi. i. (1905). Diptera. !02 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 13. Lucas, E., Wandolleck, B., and Kuhlgatz, T. : " Bericht liber die Wissenschaftlichen Leistungen im Gebiete der Entomologie wahrend des Jahres 1901 " [ii. pt. 2] , pp. i- viii and 913-1584 (1906). 14. Marlatt, C. L. : " The San Jose or Chinese Scale," Bull. U. S. Ent. 62, pp. 1-89, pis. i.-ix. figs. 1-12 (December 5th, 1906). Hemiptera, Coleoptera, &c 15. Oshanin, B. : " Verzeichnis der Palsearktischen Hemipteren mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung ihrer Verteilung im Bus- sichen Beiche i. Heteroptera i. Lief. Pentatomidas-Lygre- ida3," Yezh. Zool. Mus. Imp. Akad. Nauk [Petersburg], xi. pp. i-lxxiv and 1-393 ; and ii. Homoptera I. Lief. p. 1-192 (1906). 16. Perkins, B. C. L. : "The Insects of Tantalus," P.Hawaiian E. S. i. 38-51 (December 1st, 1906). 17. Id. : " A new Method of Belaxing and Cleaning Specimens," op. cit. 52-3. 18. Peyerimhoff, P. de : " Becherches sur la Faune Caverni- cole des Basses-Alpes," A. S. E. France, lxxv. 20-22, one map. 19. Id. : " Considerations sur les Origines de la Faune Souter- raine," op. cit. 223-33 (July, 1906). 20. Preissecker, C. : " Ein Kleiner Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Tabakbaues im Imoskaner Tabakbaugebiete," Fachl. Mitt. Osterr. Tabakreg. i. 1-37, figs. (1905). 21. Biley, W. A. : "A Case of Pseudoparasitism by Dipterous Larvse," Can. Ent. xxxviii. 413 (December 10th, 1906). 22. Id. : " Some Becent Work on the Development of Hyme- nopterous Parasites," Ent. News, xviii. 9-11 (January, 1907). 23. Schultz, O. : " Gynandromorphe Makrolepidopteren der Palaarktischen Fauna," Ent. Zeitschr. (Guben) xx. 214-5 (December, 1906). 24. Schuster, W. : " Crioceris .... Biologisches," Jahrb. Nassau, Ver. Nat. lix. 145-52, figs. 1-11 (1906). Coleoptera. 25. Scourfield, D. J. : " Mendelism and Microscopy," J. Quekett Micr. Club (2), ix 395-422 (November, 1906). 26. Siltala, A. J. : " Zur Kenntniss der Parasiten der Trich- opteren," Zeit. Wiss. Insektenbiol. xii. 382-6, figs. 1-3 (December 30th, 1906). 27. Smith, A. E. : " Note on Stereo-photo-micrography," J. Quekett Micr. Club (2), ix. 429-30, figs. 1-2, plates 31-3 (November, 1906). 28. Soar, C. D. : " Notes and Observations on the Life His- tory of Fresh- water Mites," op. cit. 359-70, pis. 26-30 (November, 1906). Arachnida, Hemiptera, Neuroptera, Diptera. 29. Swezey, O. H. : "Life History Notes and Observations on CURRENT NOTES. 203 Three Common Moths," P. Hawaiian E. S. i. 53-8 (Decem- ber 1st, 1906). Lepidoptera. 30. Terry, F. W. : " Increase of the Antennal Segments in the Forficulids, Chelisoches morio (Fabricius) and Forficula auricularia, Linnseus," op. cit. 58-9 (December 1st, 1906). Orthoptera. 31. White, G. F. : "The Bacteria of the Apiary, with Special Eeference to Bee Diseases," Bull. U. S. Ent., techn. 11, pp. 1-50 (November 6th, 1906). Hymenoptera. 32. Willem, V. : " Une Observation sur le Macroglosse," A. S. E. Belg. 1. pp. 418-20 (December 31st, 1906). Lepidoptera. 33. Williston, S. W. : " Some Common Errors in the Nomen- clature of the Dipterous Wing," Psyche, xiii. 154-7, fig. (December, 1906). 34. Id. : " The Classification of the Culicidse," Can. Ent. xxxviii. 384-8 (December 10th, 1906). Diptera. 35. Wilson, J.: "Report of the [U.S.A.] Secretary- of Agri- culture, 1906," 1-112 (1906). 36. Xambeu, — : " Mceurs et Metamorphoses des especes du Genre Silpha," Le Nat. xxviii. 264-6 and 277-9 (November 15th and December 1st, 1906). Coleoptera. 37. [anon] : "An Abstract of Bulletin No. 30, about some In- jurious Insects," Imp. Agr. Exp. Sta. in Japan, pp. 1-11 (March, 1904). Hemiptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepido- ptera, Hymenoptera. 38. 'Experiment Station Record. ' xviii. Nos. 1-4, containing pp. 1-400 (September-December, 1906). The U. S. Experiment Station Record (38) has entered upon its eighteenth volume. It is issued monthly, and includes brief summaries of the papers on economic entomology published throughout the world. The ' Bericht der Entomologie' for 1901 has now been com- pleted (13). Though greatly delayed, it is treated in great deal, occupying 1584 pages as against 374 in the ' Zoological Record ' for that year. The Report of the United States Secretary of Agriculture (35) deals with entomology on pp. 70-7, and especially with the intro- duction of beneficial insects. The systematic introduction from Europe of parasites to cope with the Gypsy Moth and Browntail Moth has been at last started, and success has apparently attended the initial efforts. The thirtieth bulletin of the Japanese Imperial Agricultural Station was written entirely in Japanese, but a summary in English has been issued. Eleven coloured plates of meta- morphoses accompanied the original. The following insects were discussed : — 1. Mnaria leivisi, Scott, pi. i., a Cimicid bug which damages rice. 204 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 2. Tipula parva, Low, pi. ii., a dipteron whose larvae destroy the seed-grains of the rice plant by gnawing the young plants just below the surface of the soil. 3. Jathesia chrysographella, Moore, pi. iii., a lepidopteron injurious to rice. 4. Nematus sp., pi. iv., a sawfly injurious to pear-trees. 5. Apriona mgicollis, Chevr., pi. v., a beetle-pest of the mul- berry. 6. Diaspis patelliformis, Sasaki, pi. vi., a Coccid pest of the same. 7. Porthesia aurijlua, Hiibn., pi. vii. 8. Hemerophila atrilineata, Butler, pi. viii. 9. Zamacra albofasciaria, Leech, pi. ix. ; the last three being lepidopterous pests of the mulberry. 10. Ophalmodes cretacce, Butl., pi. x.a, a lepidopterous (Geo- meter) pest of tea. c 11. Tetigonia guttigera, Uhler, pi. x.6. ^12. T. ferruginea (Fabr.), pi. xi., leaf-hopper pests of pine and mulberry respectively. Scourneld's summary of Mendelism and its relation to Micro- scopy (25), and Smith's notes on Stereo-photo-micrography (27) will be interesting to many entomologists. Perkins summarizes (16) the insects of a mountain summit, with its subordinate peaks, near Honolulu, the collecting-ground most accessible to that city. All the orders are discussed, with notes on the habits of many species, and remarks on the changes in the locality during the past fifteen years. The same author details (17) a new method of relaxing and cleaning insects, boil- ing water, soap, and naphthaline constituting the ingredients of the new formula. Preissecker discusses the enemies of tobacco in Dalmatia (20), including Agrotis spp., the plant-louse (Myzus plantagineus) , and Orthoptera, Thysanoptera, and Coleoptera. Davis writes on insects as the food of squirrels (4). Peyerimhoff has published two interesting notices on cave- entomology (18 and 19). The caves are in the neighbourhood of Digne, in the department of Basses-Alpes. Cobb's report on fungus maladies of the sugar-cane (3) con- tains extended notices on Diptera and Coleoptera connected with the dissemination of fungus spores. It is proved that Ithy- phallus spores are spread in the excreta of Diptera, and digestion in this order is discussed at length, together with the power of flight, vision, &c. There is also a short note on the relation of the Nitidulid beetle Carpopliilus sp. to the "Pine-apple Disease of Sugar Cane " (Thielaviopsis). Altogether forty pages and six figures are specially devoted to insects. Escherich makes further contributions to a study of the Thysanura (6). Terry notes that the method- of increase of the ■y 'ZIOF[ OF 2 CURRENT NOTES. 205 antennal segments in the instars of a Hawaiian earwig is not the same as in the common British form (30) ; the data in the latter case are, however, fragmentary and apparently inaccurate. Siltala discusses the parasites of Trichoptera (26). Oshanin has commenced (15) a catalogue, with references, synonymy, &c, of the palaearctic Hemiptera, including Japan, &c. The first part of the first volume deals with Cimicidse, Lygaeidae.Pyrrhocoridae, Geocoridae ; the first part of the second with the Cicadoidea. For these groups Oshanin records 1335 and 784 species respectively. Puton in 1889 admitted 1011 and 730, hut he excluded China and Japan. Kirkaldy summarizes (11) Renter's recent classification of the Miridae, and translates the analytical key of the divisions, as well as making numerous additions and corrections to his own recent nomenclatorial paper on the Hemiptera. Marlatt has brought Bulletin 12 of the same series up to date (14), discussing the Coccid Aspidiotns perniciosns. Fuller remarks on the supposed poisonous properties of " bagworms " (Psychidae) (7). Schultz discusses certain palae- arctic gynandromorphous Macro-Lepidoptera (23). Willem makes an observation additional to the recent ones of Plateau on Macroglossa (32). Swezey details the life-history in Hawaii (29) of Plusia chalcites, Spocloptera exigua, and S. mauritia ; as the second is found in the British Isles his paper will be of interest to British lepidopterists. Schuster deals biologically (24) with several species of Cr'w- ceris, and Xanibeu (36) with Silpha. Gaulle has commenced (8) a systematic and biological catalogue of French Hymenoptera. White describes certain bee-diseases (31). Girault details the oviposition of the Chalcidid Trichogramma (or Chcetostrieha) p>retiosa, parasitic on the sawfly Pteronus (or Nematus) ribesii. The sawfly is common to Europe and North America, but the parasite has only been recorded from the latter so far, though other species of the genus are European (9). Riley briefly sum- marises (22) Silvestri's recent biologic work on Litomastix. Williston criticizes the methods of certain recent workers on Culicids (34), and corrects some common errors in the nomencla- ture of the dipterous wing (33). Dyar and Knab (5) describe a large number of Culicid larvae, many being treated as new species independently of the adults. In an editorial, Dyar declares (p. 231) that the date of this paper is March 14th, 1906, authors' separata having been distributed on that date. The correct date, howTever, is December, the journal having been issued apparently during that month. Gossard and Houser bring forward some fresh facts relative to the life-history of the Hessian Fly (10). Ainslie has some notes on the swarming of the Tipulid Trichocera bimaada (!). Riley mentions the case of larvae of a Sarcophaga in a tumour in the back of a woman (21). Lecaillon reviews 206 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. existing literature on the metamorphoses of Tabanidae, and details those of Tabanus quadrinotatus (12). Banks's revision of the Tyroglyphidae i2) is a valuable contri- bution to the knowledge of the difficult "cheese-mites" and "sugar-mites." Soar deals with the relation of Hydrachnids (28) to their parasitism on aquatic insects. NOTES ON THE GENUS EUPITHECIA. By Louis B. Prout, F.E.S. (Continued from p. 175.) Another question raised by Mr. Dadd in the same place (Ent. Rec. xviii. 259) concerned the innotata group (innotata, Hfn., fraxinata, Crewe, and tamarisciata, Fit.), and although I do not know that I have any fresh light to throw on these, a survey of what is known may prove helpful. Mr. Tutt {loc. cit.) rightly girded at the German entomologists for undis- criminatingly using "var. fraxinata, Crewe," for the second generation of innotata, Hfn., whereas in Britain fraxinata is single-brooded, hibernating as a pupa ; but the question of possible specific identity cannot be summarily dismissed on this ground. It has been definitely ascertained that larvae from the early brood of innotata will feed on ash and other leaves (see below, and compare the case of E. virgaureata, to be discussed later), and it has also been ascertained that there is occasionally a second brood of fraxinata in England, and that the larvae obtained from this will accept mugwort as a food-plant (vide Crewe in Ent. Annual, 1865, pp. 124-5). It is therefore not inconceivable that the regular economy further south than with us is to alternate, according to the season, between the flower- feeding and tree-feeding habit, but that in Britain, being practi- cally driven into single-broodedness, it has split up (or is in course of doing so) into two races, one favouring each pabulum. It seems to me that ash-feeding summer larvae, if deprived by climatic conditions of the autumnal emergence of their imagines, would concurrently be deprived of the later autumn mugwort larvae, and an ash-feeding race could be established ; while a belated emergence from hibernated pupae (say, about Midsummer instead of in April and May, as in Germany) might at the same time bridge over the period in which a tree-feeding habit would have been necessary, and result in the laying of eggs on Artemisia, &c, which might by that time be sufficiently advanced to be serviceable. I know that all this is highly speculative, and that even if it be in accordance with fact it does not absolutely settle the question whether it were more expedient NOTES ON THE GENUS EUPITHECIA. 207 to treat the forms (in Britain) as one species or as two; although, for my own part, I consider that two forms coexisting within the same area and maintaining separate life -cycles are better called "species," and may, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, be assumed to have passed beyond the stage of inter-crossing. We must not forget, moreover, that the descriptions given by Crewe and Westwood (Ent. Ann. 1863, pp. 116-121) indicate wide larval divergence, although the German innotata larva is also excessively variable. A good summary of the descrip- tions and the literature will be found in Hofmann's ' Eaupen,' edition 1893, pp. 265-6. Bossier was the first to record finding the larva of innotata on sloe (Wien. Ent. Monats. viii. 131), and in 'Die Schuppenfmgler ' (p. 195) he gave a longish note summarizing what was then (1881) known in Germany of larval food-plants, times of year, &c, and concluding that fraxinata (bred in June or later from larvae occurring in June on ash, sloe, whitethorn, mountain ash, flowers of dog-rose, &c.) was the second brood of innotata, and tamarisciata, Frr. (on Myricaria germanica and Tamarix gallica), a dark southern form of the same. Bohatsch followed (Wien. Ent. Zeit. i. 163) with a note sup- porting the same contention, and recording the breeding of the fraxinata form in August (as a second brood) from larvae on buck- thorn and oak ; and in the same periodical (iii. 296) he recorded that Habich had bred, between July 15th and August 15th, this same second brood form from part of a batch of hibernated pupae of which the rest had emerged normally in the spring as typical innotata. Habich himself confirmed this some years later (Stett. Ent. Zeit. liii. 159), and added the record of a further experiment ; he obtained a pairing of bred innotata in the early spring, fed the larvae on rose leaves, and got them full fed by the end of April, the imagines appearing irregularly through the months of May, June, July, and August, nearly half of the total number in the last month. They were smaller and lighter than typical innotata, and their larvae were somewhat more slender, and in a few cases almost unicolorous green. In the meantime Dietze made some observations on the different larval races of what he considered E. fraxinata (Stett. Ent. Zeit. xxxiii. 197-9, xxxvi. 69-70), from which we learn that he found no considerable differences between the Prunus larvae and those of the ash, but that there was a difference between the eggs, both of which he describes (xxxvi. p. 70) ; he points out, however, that he only had six freshly laid eggs of the ash race to compare, and that the differences may have been peculiar to the individual brood. Imagines reared from ash laid their eggs both on ash and hawthorn, and I gather that the larvae (second brood, August) accepted both, but their further history is not traced. Dietze regards both forms as definitely double-brooded, and 208 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. makes no reference to any offer of Artemisia fco the later brood of larvae. Stange (Stett. Ent. Zeit. xlvii. 281) also records some personal experiences of innotata, of which he bred a few ex ovo on Artemisia vulgaris, which hibernated as pupae, and one from a beaten larva from rose, which emerged on August 4th the same year. He inclines to the view of Rossler " and Speyer " (ubi?) that all three of the group are modifications of one species. Milliere (Ann. Soc. Lyon xix. 80, 31) has brief notes on all the three larvae of the group ; he treats tamarisciata as a valid species (larva uniform light green, on Myricaria germanica, and not varying), " fraxinata of the English " (which he found in June, 1863, on Coriaria myrtifolia) as well removed from innotata by the form and colour of the larva (green, excepting the vinous anal flap), but perhaps only a variety of tamarisciata. The British form of innotata larva is described by Hellins (Ent. Mo. Mag. xxi. 137) under the title of " an enigma," the solution being given later in notes by Warren and by Hellins himself (Ent. Mo. Mag. xxii. 257, xxiii. 115, xxiv. 10) ; Hellins' notes, with a later description by Buckler, are given in full in Buckler's ' Larvae,' viii. 35, and a figure added, pi. 136, fig. 6. The usual British form seems exceedingly different from the gay green, red-marked form which is prevalent in Germany, Southern France, &c. ; but Warren says his British examples were variable, and I have already mentioned that the Continental are extremely so. The one or two larvae I have myself found (at Sandown, on Artemisia vulgaris) agreed, so far as I can recollect, with Hellins' description and Buckler's figure. Barrett records (Lep. Brit. ix. 105) that Mr. Robson, of Hartlepool, has found and reared E. fraxinata on flowers of scabious; probably Mr. Robson knew the larva, otherwise one would be inclined to refer the record to innotata, as both occur at Hartlepool. Dr. Draudt, in describing the eggs of E. innotata (' Iris,' xviii. 315, pi. vii., fig. 4), says that that of " var. fraxinata, Crewe," is entirely like it, and that the same can probably be said of "var. tamarisciata, Frr." Perhaps the genitalia will throw some further light on the subject. Schroder's elaborate description and figure of the apparatus in innotata (111. Zeit. Ent. v. 305) is purely anatomical, and does not deal with the allied forms. III. — Denotata, Yirgaureata, &c. A pair of species whose probable specific identity has hardly been at all discussed are E. denotata, Hb. (campanulata, H.-S.), and jasioneata, Crewe. The British forms look so very distinct in the imago state that, although Crewe noticed the great similarity of the larvae, and the botanical relationship of the NOTES ON THE GENUS EUPITHECIA. 209 food-plants, he does not seem to have thought it possible that the two might be co-specific. Probably Crewe was not acquainted with the dark mountain var. (ab.) of denotata known as atraria, H.-S. =ferreata, Fuchs (J. B. Nass. Ver. Nat. liv. 57), which Herr Piingeler tells me is certainly co- specific with the typical form, all intermediates occurring among bred specimens {in litt. November 29th, 1905), while it is practically indistinguishable from some of the lighter specimens of jasioneata. Rossler and Fuchs, it is true, regarded Herrich-Schaffer's atraria as repre- senting a dark form of castigata, Hb., hence Fuchs's new name for that of denotata ; but even if they were right, this would not affect the connection established by the last-named between denotata and jasioneata. That E. denotata is not confined to Campanula trachelium is clear not only from Crewe's record (Ent. Mo. Mag. vii. 143) of finding larvae in his garden on nine other species of Campanula and on Phyteuma, but also from several Continental writers. Piingeler finds the larvae of var. atraria, H.-S., at Pontresina, &c, on Campanula barbata, and my correspondents, Herr Dietze and Dr. Draudt, tell me that, last autumn, larvae entirely agreeing with those of this species and of jasioneata were found at Oberstdorf (Bavaria) on Phyteuma spicatum. Nor is this all ; if primulata, Mill., is, as it has been determined, really = var. atraria, U.S., Primula latifolia must be added to the list, whilst, if Fuchs's denotata and ab. solidaginis (J. B. Nass. Ver. Nat. lv. 78) are rightly placed by that author, it has also taken, excep- tionally, to Solidago virgaurea in a state of nature, unless his son somehow mixed the larvae he collected. Last September I had a large number of larvae of E. jasioneata, collected in North Cornwall, and several of E. denotata, from Dorking. Both were variable, though less excessively so than many of the "pugs," but I absolutely failed to find any difference between the two. The pupae, which are now before me, are also identical. The E. jasioneata are already emerging (early June), and I believe this is naturally a somewhat earlier form to appear than denotata. In this respect, as Herr Dietze remarks, the Oberstdorf form occurring on Phyteuma, and already mentioned above, should belong to the former, for the Campanula larvae were not yet findable when these were taken last August. I have not yet heard from my friends what form of imago resulted from the Phyteuma larvae. Herr Petersen, of Beval, had a male of each of the supposed species from me a few years ago, and examined the genitalia; he believed he had found differences sufficient to warrant keeping them distinct, and intended to send a note on the subject to one of our British magazines. On the other hand, Mr. Pierce, of Liverpool, writes of jasioneata which I sent him : " There is ENTOM. — SEPTEMBER, 1907. T 210 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. little doubt it is only eampanulata, at any rate so far I can see no difference" [i.e., in the male genitalia] . The larvae of both forms thrive on remarkably dry seeds, and individuals go on feeding far into the autumn. I myself had them both going on healthily up to the beginning of November, but my friend, Mr. John Peed, caps this with a record of denotata (eampanulata) still feeding on 15th December last year ! Eupithecia virgaureata is another very interesting species, particularly as regards its economy. As Mr. Percy Pieid raised the question of the food-plant and date of the first-brood larvae (Ent. Kec. xix. 22), I imagine Klos's note (Verb. Z. B. Ges. "Wien. li. 785) is not very generally known to British entomologists. He records that at Stainz, near Gratz, he found on whitethorn and blackthorn, between 24th June and 5th July, 1901, some thirty larvae which at once reminded him, in their scheme of markings, of E. virgaureata, although they were darker, being of a chestnut brown colour. To his surprise, the moths emerged, from 29th July to 30th August, veritable virgaureata, though much smaller than the type and of a darker ash-grey shade, with the spots bounding the central area well pronounced and united into a band. He had not previously found the species on any plant but Solidago virgaurea and S. canadensis, on which it was abundant in his district ; he had never found it on gentians or umbellifers, sometimes given as food-plants, the larvae which he found on Gentiana asclepiadea always producing castigata. He is unaware whether there is ordinarily a second brood; in his district it appears, in a state of nature, at the end of March if mild, or in mid-April if cold — not in May and June, as given by other observers. There are some other curious records of food-plants for this species, and some of them may safely be accepted as authentic, though it is possible that one or two rest on a mis-identification of the closely allied, variable, and polyphagous E. castigata. I do not call the flowers of Senecio a "curious record" for it, as they are allied to the golden rod ; Crewe found it thrive well in captivity on Senecio (Ent. Ann. 1861, p. 135 — under the old, erroneous name of pimpinellata — and 1863, p. 127) ; Hellins found this the favourite natural food-plant in Devon (Ent. Ann. 1862, p. 47) ; and, if I remember aright, Mr. G. ¥. Porritt has told me that it also inhabits ragwort on some of our coast sand- hills. In the ' Zoologist ' for 1862, p. 8208, it is recorded on the same plant both in Devon and at Albury (Surrey), and there are doubtless other such records scattered throughout our magazines. More remarkable, but no doubt reliable, on account of the authority on which it is given, is the " on flowers of ling" of Buckler's 'Larvae' (viii., expl. of pi. exxxii.) ; and I fancy that " millefoil," given by Barrett, is also taken from the work of one of our old English masters. The gentian and umbellifer records NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 211 mentioned by Klos originate with Bohatsch (or ? Schieferer), and are from Klos's own district, Gratz ; Bohatsch (' Iris,' vi. 4) writes that there, though no doubt it occurs on Solidago, yet it is "much commoner on Heracleum spliondylmm and Gentiana." He points out {ibid., p. 3) that the male moth can be separated from its allies by the fascicles of cilia of the antenna. Gregson (Proc. North. Ent. Soc, 27th June, 1863, p. 16) reports Greening to have reared fine imagines on leaves of sallow, also (Zool. xx. 7902) to have bred it from seed-heads of Lychnis dioica (!), but I will not guarantee that he did not confuse his species. That there is a second brood has long been accepted in England ; it was recorded (though only for a state of captivity) by Crewe in the Ent. Annual, 1863, p. 126. It will probably be remembered that from May ova he raised a brood which fed up with great rapidity on flowers of cow-parsley (Anthriscus sylvestris), had all pupated by the end of June, and produced imagines from the end of July to the beginning of August. Like those reared by Klos, these were smaller and darker than the first brood. (To be continued.) NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Tortrix pronubana, Hb., at Chiswick. — On July 18th, while beat- ing in the garden here about 6.30 p.m., I disturbed, from a vine on the wall, a bright orange little moth. It flew very actively, and escaped once out of the net before I was able to box it. From the colour of the hind wings I suspected it to be Tortrix pronubana, Hb. The moth was exhibited at the meeting of the South London Society on the 25th inst., when both Mr. Adkin and Mr. South saw it. Below the vine is a bush of Euonymus japonica, in which Capua angustiorana and other Tortrices occur. — Alfred Sich ; Corney House, Chiswick, Middlesex, July 29th, 1907. Porthesia chrysorrhoea. — Reading Mr. H. Rowland-Brown's note (ante, p. 186), in which he asks " if the migrants of subsequent genera- tions have established themselves in or near the old haunt of the Lower Sandgate Road, Folkestone," reminds me that the only ones I have ever taken were in the drawing-room of Castle Glen, Lower Sandgate Road, to light, two on July 30th, and one on August 6th, 1899. All three were females. — Joseph F. Green; Taverham Hall, Norwich, August 17th, 1907. On the Rearing of Papilio podalirius. — I would be very glad to hear from any reader of the ' Entomologist ' who has successfully reared P. podalirius. I have tried and have failed, and I want to discover if possible why I failed. This last spring, while on a visit to the South of France, I collected a good many ova off young almond trees ; these successfully hatched, but several of the young larvae died from some cause or other, and when I arrived home early in May I 212 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. counted about twenty-five. These I fed on peach, and kept them in a cool greenhouse, where they appeared to do well, and in the end seven- teen pupated between June 20th and 30th ; but most of the pupae — which, by the way, were of fine size — appeared to be deformed, the cases for the antennae looking like crumpled horns. They emerged between July 22nd and August 5th, but not one of them was fit for the cabiuet, all being deformed in some way or other. I should like to add that I have brought through a beautiful series of G. cleopatra from ova collected at the same time, and they were lodged in the same house as the P. podalirius, and it is curious that I should have succeeded in the one case and failed in the other. Emergence of Numeria pulveraria in July and August. — In send- ing me some larva? of this species in early July last, Mr. F. Pope, of Exeter, suggested that the moths would be reared this year. I rather doubted this, and wrote to him to this effect. In his reply he stated that from eggs deposited by females captured on May 30th last year, the larva fed up quickly on sallow, and by July 28th sixteen moths had appeared. Well, last summer was a favourable one for second generations in species that are normally only single-brooded with us, but one would hardly expect such kind of thing this year. I was therefore agreeably surprised when. on August 16th a male N. pulver- aria emerged. At that date the majority of the larvae had gone down, but five were still feeding, although apparently full-grown, and two of these continued to do so until the 22nd of the month. — Richard South. Scarce Hawk-moths in Kew Gardens. — Two imagines of Deilephila euphorbia have been bred from pupae found under an oak tree in the Queen's Cottage grounds, Kew, on March 2nd, 1907, by Messrs. G. Nicholson and A. L. Simmons. The pupae were quite close to the surface, about nine inches from the trunk facing north-east, and were in earth-cocoons. Mixed with the earth were small portions of spun silk and minute fragments of leaves. The moths emerged on June 10th and 21st respectively. There are no euphorbias in the immediate neighbourhood where the pupae were found, consequently we must conclude that they fed up on some other plant. Up to August 5th of this year neither imago nor larva has been found. Tutt, in Brit. Lep. vol. iv. p. 235, mentions various other food-plants in addition to the euphorbias— fuchsia, vine-leaves, lettuce, Polygonum aviculare, oak, and perhaps Piantago lanceolata and dandelion. Messrs. Nicholson and Simmons also found a pupa of Sphinx pinastri in the Gardens, but it failed to produce an imago. — W. J. Lucas. CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. Zephyrus quercus ab. bklla. — Referring to p. 141 of ' Butterflies of the British Isles,' I beg to inform you that on August 11th last I saw and captured, near Dorking, a female Zephyrus quercus ab. bella (Gerh.). The specimen is slightly undersized. — Edward R. Goffe ; 46, Vardens Road, Wandsworth Common, August 12th, 1907. CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 213 Sesia andreniformis. — In my note on breeding this species {ante, p. 189), I find that I wrote " dogwood" instead of Viburnum lantana. — J. Ovenden. Myelophila (Myelois) cribrum (cribrella) in Surrey. — So far as I am aware this species has not been noted as occurring in Surrey. I may therefore record the capture, in the garden here, of a very fine specimen on July 14th last. During the following evening Mr. Norman Riley, who resides next door, captured a specimen that entered an upper room, no doubt attracted by the bright light therein. The ex- ample taken by myself, I may add, was disturbed from a row of sweet peas. Possibly this species has a wider distribution than it would seem to have from records of its capture. Perhaps it may often be passed over as Hyponomeuta cognatellus. — Richard South ; 96, Drake- field Road, Upper Tooting, S.W. Plusia moneta in the New Forest. — Contrary to the expectations of some entomologists, this species has undoubtedly established itself in our midst, as it is seventeen or eighteen years ago since it was first taken this side of the Channel. My nephew — Mr. F. V. Brown, of Ashby-de-la-Zouch— having come for a week's collecting in the Forest, I accompanied him thither, and, although unable to do any practical work myself, I saw a number of P. moneta dashing about in the dusk on July 14th, and managed to capture two fine specimens. On the following evening another specimen was taken, but I did not see so many as on the previous date. On searching the garden for its food- plant, I could find but one poor stalk of monkshood, a close scrutiny of which revealed no indications whatever of the larva? having fed thereon, or of ova being deposited. I am not sure if this is the first record of the species from the Forest, but I may mention that last season I knew of one specimen taken at rest on a tree-trunk, and another came to light near Riugwood. In 1899 the insect is said to have been taken in Wiltshire at sugar, which seems rather a departure from the usual habits of its class, as I do not recollect ever taking any of the genus at the sweetened allurement, but that is no reason why others have not had a different experience. — G. B. Corbin ; Ringwood. A Day's Dragonfly Collecting at the Basingstoke Canal. — On June 23rd last we went to Byfleet, for the purpose of collecting from the Basingstoke Canal certain species of Agrioninae which do not appear to occur in the Epping Forest district. The following are a few observations upon the most interesting specimens: — (1.) Erijthromma naias. — A male was obtained having the right mid-leg in a very rudimentary condition. (2.) Ischnura elegans. — Two females of var. infuscans were taken, one of them in cop. (3.) Agrion pulchellum. — In one male, the neck joining the U-shaped spot on segment two with the circlet behind was reduced to a mere thread, and the marking closely resembled that seen in A. puella mentioned below. (4.) A. pueUa. — A male had the U-shaped spot on segment two connected with the circlet. (5.) Enallagma cyathigerum. — We had the satisfaction of witnessing for ourselves a proceeding connected with oviposition which had been previously recorded of this species, but which seemed difficult of belief. What happened was this : A pair of Agrionines, attached 214 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. per collum, were noticed flying close to the surface of the water of the canal. Presently they, or at all events the female, alighted upon a tangle of floating grass and sphagnum moss, and, having been liberated by her partner, she deliberately entered the water, and disap- peared from view. The male, presumably for the purpose of assisting the female from the water upon her return to the surface, continued to hover over the site ; he was taken, and the species determined as K. cyathigerum. In tbe space of two or three minutes after disappearance, the female was again seen clinging to the under side of the floating vegetable matter. She then quickly climbed up to the upper side, and seemingly prepared herself for flight. The grass was drawn to the bank and the insect secured ; she dried off very rapidly, and appeared to be none the worse for her adventure. The impression conveyed by her movements in the water was that during the period of immersion she had descended to a considerable depth. — F. W. & H. Campion ; 33, Maude Terrace, Walthamstow, Essex. Short List of Lepidoptera collected near Gibraltar in March and April, 1907. — I am sending this list in the hope that it may be of use to readers of the ' Entomologist ' stationed in the Army or Navy, at Gibraltar: — Papiiio podalirius and P. tnachaon, common in the hills round the Cork Wood ; Thais rumina, common in the Cork Wood ; T. polyxena, several in the Cork Wood ; Aporia cratagi, one specimen in the Cork Wood ; Pieris brassicee, P. rapes, and P. napi, common ; Pontia daplidice, Leucophasia sinajris and g. v. lathyri, Euchloe euphenoides, and Colias edusa, common in the Cork Wood ; Gonepteryx rhamni, several in the Cork Wood ; G. cleopatra, abundant in the Cork Wood and on the Eock ; Pxjrameis cardui and Vanessa unices, not common ; V. antiopa, one, in the Cork Wood ; Melitcsa didyma, two, in the Cork Wood ; Melanargia lachesis, one male, Benaogan ; M. syllius, one male, Gaucin ; Erebia tyndarus, two males, Queen of Spain's Chair ; Satyrus circe, one near Banaocaz, about 3000 feet elevation ; S. briseis, one, Campamento Plain, several at Gaucin ; 8. arethusa, one male, in the Cork Wood ; S. statilinus, several in the Cork Wood ; Pararge megesra, Epinephele ianira, and E. hyperanthus, very common ; Thecla rubi, abundant in the woods near Gaucin ; T. spini, one, in the woods near Gaucin ; Thestor ballus, one, in the Cork Wood ; Chrysophanus virgaurea, fairly numerous ; C. phlceas, very common ; Lampides baticus, Lycesna icarus, L. hylas (baton), and L. orion (battus), common in parts of the Cork Wood ; DeilephUa euphorbia, one, blown on board, from Gibraltar ; Chesrocampa celerio, one, at arc lamp in Gibraltar Dockyard ; Daphnis nerii, one, near the Signal Station, Gibraltar ; Macroglossa stellatarum, very common ; Zygesna sarpedon, one, Benaogan; Aglaope pruni, several on hills round Gaucin ; Lithosia lutarella, two, in the Cork Wood; Arctia hebe, one, Benaogan ; A. caia, common ; Oreopsyche atra (plumifera), one, in the woods near Gaucin ; Saturnia pyri, a few larvte near Gaucin ; Cnethocampa processionea, larvae numerous in second pine wood ; Cerura vinula, one, at lamp, on board, in Gibraltar ; Uropus ulmi, at arc lamp, in Gibraltar Dockyard ; Agrotis c-nigrum, several, at arc lamp, in Gibraltar Dockyard ; Deiopeia pulchella, several, near Benaocaz, about 2500 feet elevation. — F. W. Sowerby, R.N., H.M.S. ' Russell,' Atlantic Fleet, July 7th, 1907. 215 SOCIETIES. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society. — July 11th. — Mr. E. Adkin, F.E.S., President, in the chair. — Mr.Waterer, Brockley, was elected a member. — Mr. Eayward exhibited fine bred specimens of Agriades bellargus and Polyommatus icarus, and commented upon their size and brilliancy, in spite of the fact that ants were almost constantly in attendance upon the larvae. — Mr. H. Moore, specimens of Euchelia jacobcece from the Dunkirk sand-dunes, one of which was ex- ceedingly pale, and a cricket from Lisbon. — Mr. Gibb, the " Simplex " net, frame, and stick. — Mr. Sich, cocoons of Cedestis farinatella, a lepi- dopteron whose larva lives in the needles of Scotch fir. — Mr. Newman (1) a gynandromorphous specimen of Amorpha populi ; (2) bred series of Melitcea aurinia from Kent and Ireland ; (3) a bred series of M. cinxia ; (4) a Smerinthus ocellata with extreme development of the pink colour of the fore wings ; (5) bred specimens of Dicranura bicuspis from Tilgate ; (6) a selection of under sides of Polyommatus icarus from North Kent; (7) pupa? and full-grown larvae of Argynnu paphia and A. adippe ; (8) living larvae of Agriades corydon ; (9) bred specimens of Cucullia gnaphalii ; and (10) very fine and extremely varied series of Boarmia repandata from Leigh Woods, Torquay, Epsom, and North Kent, including some extreme var. conversaria and melanic forms. — Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Sec. City of London Entomological Society. — June Ath, 1907. — Mr. 0. E. Janson, of Highgate, was elected a member of the Society. — Rev. C. R. N. Burrows exhibited Ennomos quereinaria, including ab. equestraria, from Ipswich. — Mr. J. A. Clark, a cabinet drawer of "Thorns," including a very variable series of E. quereinaria, in which abs. carpinata, infuscata, and equestraria were all represented ; also a fine series of E. elinguaria, including Scotch specimens of a deep, almost orange, colour, and without the usual central fascia on fore wings. — Mr. A. W. Mera, melanic Gonodontis bidentata from Leeds, also very pale E. quereinaria from Ipswich. — Mr. L. B. Prout, E. quereinaria ab. infuscata from South Kensington. — Mr. J. Riches, a long and very variable series of E. quereinaria from South Ken- sington.— Mr. V. E. Shaw, pupaa of Nola cucullatella and larvae of Xyiophasia scolopacina from Bexley. June 18th. — Mr. J. A. Clark exhibited Erannis leucophaaria, very dark specimens from New Forest, with usual median band on fore wings practically obsolete. — Dr. T. A. Chapman, larvae of Calocampa exoleta from South Tyrol, which, instead of being green, as in the case of British specimens, were black, with yellow dorsal and lateral stripes and pale whitish subdorsal line. — Mr. E. A. Cockayne, Nyssia lapponaria from Rannock, including male with pale yellow dorsal stripe and costa ; also, from same district, Tamiocampa gothica var. gothicina, and an almost unicolorous pale brown T. incerta with only the reniform and orbicular faintly indicated. — Mr. H. M. Edelsten, Chilo phragmitellus male, a very dark, almost black, specimen from Norfolk Broads ; also nearly full-fed larvaa of Lithosia caniola. — Dr. G. G. C. Hodgson, two Nemoria viridata from Surrey, one with 216 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. reddish-brown fore wings flecked with irregular green patches and hind wings of usual green colour except at the anal angle, the other of normal coloration with wings dappled with irregular and symmetrical reddish patches. — Mr. A. H. Shepherd, Erannis leucophaaria var. fuscata from Huddersfield, and var. marmorinaria from Richmond Park. — Mr. C. W. Simmons, Synopsis abruptaria from Holloway, including many very dark examples, and an extraordinary herma- phrodite, the right hand wings being those of an almost black male and the left of typical light female. — Mr. A. W. Willsdon, T. opima from Epping Forest district, including pale grey specimen with dark- brown central fascia. — Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor reported having found a batch of Botnbyx rtibi ova on the wing of a dead jay in Ashdown Forest. — S. J. Bell, Hon. Sec. Birmingham Entomological Society. — June 3rd, 1907. — Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, President, in the chair. — Mr. E. C. Rossiter again showed a long series of Tamiocampae bred from pupae dug near Langley Green and Wyre Forest, to show how the species ran into one another ; a large series of incerta, Hufn., at one end closely resembled those of munda, Esp., and at the other end were with diffi- culty separated from specimens of stabilis, View. ; stabilis, again, ran into gracilis, F. ; and there were specimens on each boundary line about which he found it difficult to decide. — Mr. H. Langley showed dark specimens of Tephrosia luridata, Goeze, from Princethorpe, where sixty per cent, of the specimens seen were dark ; curiously the first to appear were the darkest. The darkest of all were taken on April 20th, and none but dark ones were seen till late in May, when the lighter ones began to appear. — Mr. C. J. Wainwright, insects in amber. — Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, a cocoon of Saturnia pavonia, L., with two distinct openings ; there was, however, only one pupa inside, and it (the cocoon) was of normal size only. He also showed, on behalf of Mr. G. H. Kenrick, a series of Spilosoma mendica, CI., var. rustica, Hb., bred from a female captured in the South of Ireland (they all came true to the parent form), also other bred insects. He also showed a number of species of Spilosoma and Phragmatobia from various European localities, for comparison with Mr. Kenrick's var. rustica. — Mr. Chadwich, a visitor, showed various aberrations : Semiothisa (Macaria) liturata, CI., a specimen from Oakley Wood, apparently of the Delamere form, with dark hind marginal band and general dark colour; a very fine dark Chrysophanus phloeas, L., from near Claverdon, with broad hind marginal and apical band which monopolised most of the dark colour, leaving only two spots on each fore wing, on the hind wings only a narrowish submarginal band of the ground colour was left ; the ground colour was a fine dark coppery red, and the insect altogether was darker than Barrett's darkest. Amongst other aberrations shown was a Spilosoma litbrici- peda, L., with pinkish border to the wings. — Colbean J. Wainwright, Hon. Sec. THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. XL.] OCTOBER, 1907. [No. 533 PHALERA BUCEPHALA, Ab. In the above aberration of P. bucephala the general colour is smoky-grey, the double cross lines are black, and the apical patch is ashy-grey clouded with blackish. The head and thorax and the fringes appear to be normal, but the latter are partly rubbed off in the specimen. The hind wings are of the usual colour, but have a dark grey patch, as shown in the figure. Mr. Esson, of Aberdeen, who kindly sent it for figuring, in- forms me that the specimen was bred at Forres, and that he saw it alive. Richard South. NOTES ON THE HYMENOPTEROUS FAMILY AGATHIDID^. By Claude Morley, F.E.S., &c. This family forms, with the Microgasteridae, of which I have already treated (ef. Entom. 1906, p. 99), the Areolarious group of the Braconidre, and is but sparsely represented by four small genera in Britain. It is, however, very widely distributed throughout the tropical regions of Africa and America, and its species appear to be almost or quite exclusively lepidopterous parasites. Our genera are very easily distinguished if the speci- mens be not carded : — ENTOM. — OCTOBER, 1907- U 218 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. (2) 1. Mouth-parts produced in the form of a beak Agathis, Latr. (1) 2. Mouth-parts normal and not produced. (6) 3. Areolet present and distinct. (5) 4. First cubital cell coalesced with first discoidal Microdus, Nees. (4) 5. First cubital cell entire .... Earinus, Wesm. (3) 6. Areolet entirely wanting .... Orgilus, Hal. Agathis. (2) 1. Abdomen centrally broadly red . .1. malvacearum, Latr. (1) 2. Abdomen entirely black. (6) 3. Areolet triangular. (5) 4. Mouth-parts longer than head ; wings nigrescent 2. nigra, Nees. (4) 5. Mouth-parts shorter than head ; wings subhyaline 3. angelica, Marsh. (3) 6. Areolet quadrangular. (8) 7. Palpi red ; terebra longer than body . 4. rufipalpis, Nees. (7) 8. Palpi black ; terebra as long as body . . 5. brevisetis, Nees. Agathis malvacearum. — Mr. Donisthorpe has given me this species, which he once found in abundance upon Malva moschata at Ptye, Sussex, in August. A. nigra. — Not uncommon. Abinger Hammer, near Guild- ford, in August, 1900 (E. A. Butler); Devon (Bignell) ; Green- ings, in Surrey, August, 1871 (Wilson Saunders). A. angelica. — I possess one female from Dr. Capron's collec- tion, probably taken at Shere, in Surrey. A. brevisetis. — Two females from Abinger Hammer, taken by Butler, and one from Dr. Capron's collection. Microdus. Second segment not longitudinally aciculate. Hind tibias red, with apices black. Abdomen laterally rufescent . . 1. linrjuarius, Nees. Abdomen entirely black. Hind femora black ; size 2$ mm. . . 2. nugax, Keinh. Hind femora red ; size at least 3 mm. Size 6 mm. ; tegulae black . . 3. chnisthalianus, Etz. Size 3-4^ mm. ; tegulaa testaceous . 4. tumidulus, Nees. Hind tibias black and white . . 5. cingulipes, Nees. Second segment longitudinally aciculate. Third segment entirely smooth. Mesonotum rufescent . . . .6. calculator, Fab. Mesonotum black .... 7. brevicaudis, Keinh. Third segment at least partly aciculate. Hind coxa3 red ..... 8. rufipes, Nees. Hind coxae black. Hmd tibiae black and white . . 9. rugulosus, Nees. (17) 18. Hind tibiae red, with apices black. . 10. mediator, Nees. (10) 1. (9) 2. (4) 3. (3) 4. (6) 5. (5) 6. (8) 7. (7) 8. (2) 9. (1) 10. (14) 11. (13) 12. (12) 13. (11) 14. (16) 15. (15) 16. (18) 17. NOTES ON THE HYMENOPTEROUS FAMILY AGATHIDIDjE. 219 Microdas linguarius. — Taken commonly by Butler at Abinger Hammer in August, 1900, and once by Mr. A. Piffard at Felden, in Herts. M. nugax — Not hitherto noticed in Britain, and only recorded from Erzgebirge and Frankfort-on-Main. I captured a male on flowers of Spiraa ulmaria at Foxhall, in Suffolk, August 10th, 1902, and possess a female taken by W. Saunders in July, 1872, at Greenings, in Surrey. M. clausthalianus. — Females. Barr, in Ayrshire, in the latter half of July, 1900 (Dalglish) ; Greenings, in July, 1871 (W. Saunders) ; and swept in a marsh at Barton Mills, in Suffolk, on June 12th, 1900, by myself. M. tumidulus. — Abundant. Felden, in Herts (Piffard) ; Box- hill, in September (Beaumont) ; bred from Catoptria hypericana at Worksop, June 20th, 1904 (Miss Alderson) ; Greenings, in June, 1871 (W. Saunders) ; Abinger Hammer (Butler) ; Shere, in Surrey (Capron) ; swept from heather at Selby, in Yorks, September 19th, 1902 (Ash). I found the males commonly on tables of Angelica sylvestris at Foxhall on August 30th, 1899, and females have occurred to me both there and at Claydon Bridge, near Ipswich, in damp situations, up to September 23rd. M. rufipes. — Females. Bournemouth, in 1901 (Bradley); Abinger Hammer, early in August, 1900 (Butler) ; and in the New Forest (Miss Chawner). Earinus. (2) 1. Second segment rufescent . . . .1. zovatur, Marsh. (1) 2. Second segment black. (4) 3. Hind tibiae apically testaceous . . .2. nitidulus, Nees. (3) 4. Hind tibiae apically black ... 3. gloriatorius, Panz. Earinus nitidulus. — Common. Taken at Felden by Piffard, and swept by myself in Tuddenham Fen, May 20th, 1904. E. gloriatorius. — Not uncommon. New Forest (Miss Chaw- ner) ; Cadney, in Lincolnshire, in 1898 (Thornley) ; I beat it from birch-bushes on May 11th, 1895, and May 18th, 1903, in the Bentley Woods, near Ipswich ; and two males from yew at Hollington, near Hastings, as early as March 21st, 1900. Orgilus. (2) 1. Wings normal ; palpi black . . 1. obscurator, Nees. (1) 2. Wings small ; palpi red ... 2. micropterus, sp. n. Orgilus obscurator. — Not very common. Several at Felden, in Herts (Piffard) ; one female bred, with one Apanteles and one female Pezomachus rufipes* which last was very probably hyper parasitic upon one or other of the Braconids, from Butalis senescens, Stn., at Swanage, in Dorset, between June 8th and :;: Cf. ray ' Ichneumons of Britain,' vol. ii. 1907, p. 190. u 2 220 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 20th, 1895 (E. R. Bankes) ; one female bred from a pine-feeding Tortrix [probably Retinia resinella, of which it is a known para- site— C. M.] at Oxshott, in July, 1901 (Sich) ; I have swept it in Tuddenham Fen, in Suffolk, and upon the Ringstead Downs, near Hunstanton, in August, 1906, and beaten it from birch in the Bentley Woods, May 29th, 1902. O. micropterus. — I took the sexes of this new species on Angelica sylvestris flowers at Foxhall on September 12th, 1898, and by sweeping at Ringstead, in Norfolk, on August 21st, 1906 ; the type is in my collection. From O. obscurator, which is the only other black species with the second segment quadrate, it differs in the red palpi ; distinct hyaline area below the stigma ; anterior femora red, with a narrow black streak above ; tibia red, with the hind ones of male infuscate ; trochanters mainly, apices of hind and whole of anterior coxae, red ; basal segment thrice (not twice, as in O. obscurator) longer than apically broad, with the spiracles very much more prominent ; second segment distinctly longer, and, except sometimes at its extreme base, entirely glabrous. The male, in addition, has the flagellum longer and red to beyond its centre. In general facies, O. micropterus is distinguished by its distinctly longer legs, with the tarsal joints, especially in male, elongate ; the wings do not extend to the anus and are narrower, with the apex and anal angle distinctly less prominent in outline. I find no metathoracic modification such as we are accustomed to associate with the brachypterous forms of usually macropterous Cryptinse. Monks Soham House, Suffolk : May 16th, 1907. NOTES ON THE GENUS EUPITHECIA. By Louis B. Prout, F.E.S. (Continued from p. 211.) Although Klos does not mention unequivocally that his second- brood larvae were feeding on leaves, I think it may safely be assumed that such wras the case ; first, because he mentions that his experience is analogous to that already well known with E. innotata (see supra), and, secondly, because it would probably be hard to find even whitethorn, to say nothing of blackthorn, still in bloom at the beginning of July, especially in a "forward" district like Gratz. In its times of emergence E. virgaureata seems to be rather an erratic species. Moore (Zool. xx. 8208; Weekl. Ent. ii. 92) had most of his moths appear from hybernated pupae in May-June, but a second batch from the same lot of pupae did not emerge NOTES ON THE GENUS EUPITHECIA. 221 till the beginning of September, while some pupse — as is often the case with venosata, pulchellata, haivorthiata, expallidata, togata, &c. — went over two winters. I half suspect that a further analogy to the alternate tree- feeding and flower-feeding habit will be found to exist in another double-brooded "pug," Eupithecia albipunctata. The freshly emerged male found by Crewe on August 19th, and the parents of eggs found by him a few days later (Ent. Ann. 1863, p. 127) could not well have come from larvae that had fed upon the late- flowering Angelica, and Barrett (Lep. Brit. ix. 79) quotes N. M. Richardson as having found that they will feed freely on the leaves of elder, to which an interesting confirmation has just recently (1907) appeared in Dr. Nickerl's ' Spanner des Konigreiches Bohinen,' where it is recorded (p. 34) that the senior Nickerl bred a specimen on July 8th from a larva found at Prague in June on elder. Like those of E. innotata and virgaureata, however, the summer larvae of albipunctata will also accept flowers ; for D'Orville, according to Barrett, reared a fine batch, from April eggs, on flowers on Anthriscus sylvestris — "there being no other umbelliferous plant obtainable, in blossom, at the time at which these eggs hatched." Some were full grown in a fortnight, and the imagines appeared early in July. Our other Angelica- feeding Eupithecia, E. trisignaria, is only single-brooded, and therefore has no trouble in finding flowers or seeds of its usual pabulum at the time when the larva needs it, and I believe all the known food-plants are at least related to Angelica. The list given in Hofmann's ' Raupen ' is Angelica sylvestris, Heracleum sphondylium, Pastinaca sativa, Peucedanum dreoselinum, and Laserpitium latifolium. Curiously, Barrett does not mention the only plant upon which I have myself found it — Pastinaca sativa, on a single head of which I took, at Horsley, the only two larvae which yet stand to my account for this species ! That there was nothing novel in the selection of this food-plant, even for Britain, is clear from Mr. Sheldon's note in the ' Entomologists' Record,' vol. i., p. 70. Dietze, however, has a more remarkable observation (Stett. Ent. Zeit. xxxiii. 199). He once found a great number of larvae on a completely decayed plant of Angelica, and actually saw one of them seize an aphis, lift it up after the manner of a Syrphus larva, and then suck it dry. On account of the state of the plant, he was convinced that these larvae must for a long time have supported themselves entirely on aphides ; they were of a dark colour which he had not otherwise seen, the dorsal area being entirely black, and he thinks that this may be attributable to the abnormal diet, but I would suggest that it was quite possibly adaptive to its sur- roundings. One season when Eupithecia larvae were excep- tionally abundant, Dietze found this species common everywhere, 222 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. and it even attacked Pimpinella saxifraga, P. magna, and other Umbelliferse. Chloroclystis coronata is another species which, while generally associated with one or two plants (notably clematis), can yet thrive on the most diverse. I once beat a larva from hawthorn in the autumn, which must have fed on the leaves and, at any rate, was reared on them ; on another occasion I beat one from sallow, which I took to be this species, but I failed to breed it. Last August, near Bude, I obtained several from bramble, in company with those of Gymnoscelis pumilata, and I am pretty sure they ate the fruit as well as the flowers — perhaps, also, the leaves. Like Crewe, I have also found it on Eupatorium and on Angelica when working for others of the genus. In a note on C. coronata (Trans. City Lond. Ent. Soc. ix. 52) I expressed a suspicion that the imago hybernated fully formed in the pupal shell ; I find this habit was already known to Dietze nearly thirty years before (Stett. Ent. Zeit. xxxiii. 202). The same thing obtains with the hybernating brood of Gymnoscelis pumilata. Probably a longish chapter might be written on the food- plants and larval habits of G. pumilata, but I will content myself with one point. Early last year (1906) Dr. Chapman found, at Hyeres, on Cytisus (Calycotome) spinosus, some unknown geometrid ova, from which the larvae duly hatched, spent their larval period spun up in domiciles among the leaves, after the manner of Hydriomena /areata (sordidata) — which, rather than any "pug" larva, they resembled in appearance — fed up rapidly on Cytisus leaves, and at the end of May produced normal pumilata. NOTES ON THE BUTTERFLIES OF DIGNE. By Geeard H. Gueney, F.E.S., &c. (Continued from p. 197.) Lycama iolas was well out during the first week of my stay, and in beautiful order, but unless one is lucky enough to get it at the right time, one will find it in rags, as its rapid, dashing flight through the thick scrub soon makes havoc with its wings, render- ing it quite useless from a cabinet point of view. It seemed fairly common, though it is difficult to judge to what extent it is distributed, as it flies over a wide area, and is very hard to catch owing to its living on such rough ground ; and the males, at any rate, seemed to me never to go near the Colutea — in any case, they never came near the particular plants I happened to be guarding ; and, after spending the greater part of one day in the grilling sun, watching four bushes on the steep hillside behind the NOTES ON THE BUTTERFLIES OF DIGNE. 223 Cemetery, which those who know it will remember is a perfect sun-trap, and where by ten o'clock the stony ground becomes so hot one can barely place one's hand upon it, and having during that time only caught one chipped female, I did not consider that form of taking iolas good enough, and so adopted another which I found was much less heating, more exciting, and withal more productive of the butterfly in question ; and this was to stand (more or less still) in an open gully or track, and intercept them as they flew swiftly down the openings, which they seemed to have rather a penchant for doing. In this way the time was enlivened by catching an occasional Pararge moera or L. dupon- cheli as it fluttered past, and I was able to take six fine iolas in very good condition ; but what interested me far more than catching them was to find a full-fed larva feeding quite exposed on a pod of Colutea arborescens, and attended by no fewer than four large black ants, of what species I am afraid I do not know, which were continually running backwards and forwards over the larva, stroking or feeling it with their antennae, in order to get it to exude a drop of the sweet mixture which, no doubt, in the same way as Polyommatus bellargus or Lyccena arion, it has the power of doing. It appeared to feel no inconvenience from this performance, and was lying basking on the half-eaten pod. The larva was of a very pale yellowish-green colour, with a dark pink or rose-coloured dorsal line, strongly defined towards the head and tail, and lighter in the middle ; the subdorsal lines were a much paler and less conspicuous pink, all three lines being rather thickly spotted with minute black dots ; the head was of a pinkish tinge, minutely spotted with black ; legs very light greenish colour. This very rough description of the larva was jotted down in my pocket-book when I found it, and, although I had no means of exactly measuring it, it must have been almost an inch in length, and was of a very slug-like appear- ance. When I got back to my hotel that evening I found it had already eaten its way into another pod of Colutea, and in this it remained three days without coming out, the two ants which I had put with it constantly going in and out of the hole in the pod, though I could not see what took place inside. On the third day the pod cracked and came open at one end, and I found the larva had changed into a lightish-brown pupa inside it. I was glad to find that Thais medisicaste , in spite of various reports to the contrary, seems to be holding its own fairly well, though it is an insect which for some reason is more collected than anything else at Digne. Everyone appears to want a larger series of medisicaste than of anything else ; possibly its showy upper side, which makes a long row look so well in one's cabinet, has something to do with it ; but Monsieur Cotte, the professional collector at Digne, assures me people are far more anxious to secure un grand numero of medisicaste than of any other insect. 224 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. As far as I could make out three T. medisicaste var. honoratii had been taken this year ; Cotte himself had taken a magnificent male three days before I arrived. Small larvae were fairly com- mon on the Aristolochia, basking on the leaves of the plants in the hot sue. On the 17th, at the foot of the rocks of Les Dourbes, after a very hot climb through the thick beech wood, I found Parnassius mnemosyne ; males were abundant, but only two females, all in very fresh order ; and also, in magnificently fresh condition, flying a little higher up, Erebia stygne was common. Here also Polyommatus eumedon was plentiful, rather a small form, and only just emerged. One was a very interesting aberration ; the under side was of a very pale grey colour, and almost devoid of eye-spots on the fore wings, while on the lower wings the wedge- shaped mark was wanting, and the row of black dots was reduced to two black pin-pricks. Flying here also were a lot of fresh Gonopteryx rhamni, Nemeobius lucina (in much better condition than lower down), a few Argynnis adippe and B. euphrosyne, with occasional Euchloe cardamines, Colias hyale, and a single Erebia evias. On the way down, near the little village of Villars, I saw, in the hay-fields, Pajnlio podalirius, and found several half- grown larvae of this species on small almond trees ; Pontia daplidice, L. avion, R. argus, Melanargia galatea, and a sprinkling of "bur- nets," Zygoma radamanthus, a few worn Z. lavandulce, and two other species at present not identified. On the arid hills below Villars I saw hardly anything, but the little epistygne wood near the bridge was alive with butterflies ; specially abundant were L. bellargus and L. corydon, with a good many L. hylas, and I also noted L. duponcheli, Polyommatus escheri, Loweia dorilis, M. phcebe, M. athalia (just out), M. didyma, and a few Parage egeria. On June. 18th Papilio alexanor made its appearance, and I took a fine male near the baths, and another later in the day nearer Digne, both off thistle-heads, for which it has a well- known predilection ; its food-plant {Sesili montanum) still, at this date, was barely showing above the ground. In the little fields beyond the baths and by the Eaux Thermales insects were beginning to be abundant ; the two previous days of rain had brought things out wonderfully. A. adippe was becoming com- mon, a second brood of Brenthis dia was appearing, while C. arcania, which was plentiful, was beginning to look the worse for wear. C. lavaterce, L. dorilis, E. argiades, Theclailicis, P. apollo, P. daplidice (very abundant), were all noted, besides many com- moner species. My last day at Digne (the 19th) was chiefly spent in the little lateral valley running into the Eaux Thermales ; here I took another P. alexanor and two Brenthis daphne, just emerged. It HINTS ON THE STUDY OF LEAF-HOPPERS. 225 was amusing to watch the battles between Chrysophanus gordius, which was very abundant, and T. ilicis for the " chief seats" on the thyme-flowers, or to see a big A. adippe 'make for" a purple scabious flower already overweighted and overcrowded with a family party of, perhaps, a couple of Zygcena trifolii, a fiery didyma, and a M. galatea, upsetting them all in a most un- ceremonious way. The stream-banks here were the favourite places for L. duponcheli, L. dorilis (not common), E. ai-giades, and M. athalia, with the usual quantities of the two " blues," L. corydon and L. bellargus ; while a little higher up, disporting themselves on the now full-blooming privet-flowers, were T. ilicis (type) and var. cesculi, a few fresh Gyaniris argiolus, and some very ragged Grapta egea. During the day I worked round the hill behind Le Bleone, and here some fresh Euchloii euphenoides were out, a single worn male L. iolas, with M. galatea, P. dapli- dice, and C. gordius (plentiful) ; and by the bridge over the river I saw, but did not take, another P. alexanor. I also got the following list of Arctias during my time at Digne, mostly at "light," on the side of La Collette : — Arctia maculosa, A. casta, Rhyparia purpurata (very common), Arctia hebe (one only), A.fasciata, Euprepia pudica, Arctia villica. HINTS ON THE STUDY OF LEAF-HOPPERS. By G. W. Kirkaldy. \ <\ 0 (^ yy. The neglect in the British Isles — and elsewhere — of the Heteroptera is perhaps comprehensible. The prejudice against the evil smelling few is extended to the entire suborder, and the interest of their structure and life-history is overlooked. It is difficult, however, to understand why this neglect is even greater in the case of the Homoptera, and particularly- the " leaf- hoppers." They possess no malodorous glands, their forms a,re, if not usually brightly coloured, at least dainty, and some — for example, Tomaspis sanguinea {=PTriecphora vidnerata) ,'~ Teti- gonia viridisy Dikraneura aureola, andQEupteryx atropunctata — are really pretty. The following brief notes are written to lead some of the younger entomologists to the most neglected of the larger groups of insects, and to notice some of the leading points of interest in their life-histories and structure. The British leaf-hoppers have been very admirably treated, as regards their systematic descrip- tion and tabulation, by Mr. James Edwards, but a great deal remains to be done in the discovery of new species, the extension of the distribution of those already known, the determination of food-plants, and the working out of life-histories. (a) New Species.— There must be at least fifty more species 226 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. of " Cicadina " alone to be recorded from the British Isles, and the total is quite likely to reach 825 or 330. As rich localities practically unworked, I would specially recommend the Trossachs and surrounding country in Scotland, but there is scarcely a county more than very partially worked at. (b) Species already known. — The locality records in Edwards's work are usually most meagre, which is, of course, not the author's fault but due to the fact that workers are so few. (c) Food-plants. — This is a part of the investigation that requires great care. It is obvious that a plant may be quite an accidental resort of a leaf-hopper. For instance, jPlatymetopius ' andata has been recorded from Pteris aquilina and from Quercus robur. Now, of course, it is possible that both records are correct, but it is very doubtful. vPlatymetopiusundata is so characteristic that there is no chance of wrong identification of the species. The probability, as it is a well-known fern-feeder, is that it was taken from an oak tree surrounded by fern, the hopper having jumped from the latter to the former, perhaps on the approach of the collector. Though it is well, therefore, to record all plants from which the adults are captured, it is necessary to note specially those in which the eggs are deposited, or upon which the nymphs are found. (d) Life-histories. — The eggs of nearly all the British forms are probably inserted in slits made by theiemale in leaves, twigs, or stems of plants, the exceptions being^TssMS coleoptrata, which probably lays them on leaves, &c, covering them with flocculent matter, and° Tetigometra impressopunctata, which lives in ants' nests, often under stones, and apparently drops its eggs in the nest. ^Oliarus andQ7ixi«s probably lay their eggs under the loose bark of trees. The nymphs are more or less like the adult in their four or five instars, the rudiments of the flight-organs becoming more and more apparent in each further stage. The tarsi are not jointed, and there are other differences, while the nymphs are often coloured quite differently from the adult. In theFulgoroid families there are a number of remarkable sensory organs on the head, thorax, tegminal and alar pads, and abdomen. The nymphs are usually easily reared, in most cases test- tubes of medium size being all that is necessary. The several stages should be described, the points to look for being : — (1) the form of the head, which may differ from that of the adult, and, indeed, in the various nymphal instars ; (2) the pattern and colour ; (3) the number, colour, and disposition of the bristly hairs on the abdomen. This last character has not been used yet, but is of the greatest importance. (e) Parasites. — Leaf-hoppers are particularly subject to para- sites, which are usually easily reared from them. The ova in grasses and elsewhere will yield Chalcid, Eulophid, and Mymarid A FOSSIL HONEY-BEE. 227 Hymenoptera ; the nymphs will be found attacked by Diptera of the Pipunculidae, Hymenoptera of the Dryinidre and Eucyrtidas, and Coleoptera of the Stylopidse. (f) Structure. — This is discussed sufficiently fully by Edwards. Of particular interest are the male genitalia in the " Delphacidse " and its allies, the mobile tibial spur in the same hoppers, the legs in various " Jassids " and " Acocephalids," the antennae of Ful- goroid forms, &c. I would, however, specially urge anyone wishing to commence the study of leaf-hoppers to rear up the nymphs, which will often be found in company with the adults, to note the plants on which the nymphs feed, and to search the food-plants for indications of the egg-slits. Grasses, rushes, poplars, oaks, and ferns have so far afforded the most species, but the whole flora should be in- vestigated, as many of the hoppers are very sharply restricted in the matter of food-plant. Anyone proceeding on the general lines I have indicated will find a most fascinating study to hand, and one less worked at than any other insect group of equal extent. Helpful Literature. Edwards (J.). — ' The Hemiptera-Homoptera . . . of the British Islands ' (L. Eeeve & Co., London, 1896). The "Cicadina " are discussed on pp. 1-223, &c, and pis. 1-25, &c. There are two editions — one published at something over £2, I believe, with coloured plates, and a smaller one with two structural plates, published at something less than £1. To those who can afford it, I would strongly recommend the former. It is the only volume of the series in which the coloured figures are not daubs. Perkins and others. — Bulletins 1-4 of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, div. Entom. (1905-1907), dealing with leaf-hoppers and their parasites, comprising about eight hundred pages and nearly sixty plates. Osborn and Ball. — " Studies of North American Jassoidea," 1897. ' Proceedings ' of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, vii. pp. 45-100, pis. i.-vi. The North American and European Homopteral faunas have a great deal in common, and the British student cannot fail to profit by reading this valuable paper. A FOSSIL HONEY-BEE. By T. D. A. Cockerell. About thirty- seven fossil bees have been reported from the Tertiary strata of Europe, but many of these have been merely alluded to, without descriptions or specific names. Of the named species, one is from Corent, France, one from Krottensee, Bo- 228 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. hernia, eleven are from (Eningen, Baden, one is from Orsberg, four (very imperfectly known) are from Prussian amber, three (two of them said to occur also at (Eningen) are from Radoboj, Croatia, and four are from Eott, in Ehenish Prussia. The full bibliographical details will be found in Scudder's catalogue of fossil insects, Bulletin 71, U.S. Geological Survey. Some of the (Eningen species are well preserved, but the others are for the most part so imperfect as to be of wholly doubtful generic position. Anthophorites gaudryi, Oustalet, 1870, from Corent, has a curiously fly-like appearance, according to the figure, and, since its hairs are not plumose, it is presumably not a bee. Its wings are not preserved, except a small portion of the base. The species from Rott, all described by Heyden (1859 and 1862), have been assigned to Antliophora, Apis, Bombus, and Osmia. I found in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University a series of specimens from Rott, received years ago from Dr. Krantz. They are labelled Apis dormitans, Anthopliora effossa, and Osmia carbonum ; but it is evident that they were not part of Heyden's material, as they do not agree with his figures and descriptions. The " Antliophora effossa,'' in fact, is an ant, about 5 mm. long. The " Apis dormitans " is repre- sented by two specimens, with the venation partially preserved. One is about 15 mm. long, stout-bodied, with the hind margins of the abdominal segments broadly pale, and the hind basi- tarsus broadened. What can be seen of the venation, of both anterior and posterior wings, will do for true Apis, except that the basal nervure almost meets the transverso-medial, only just falling short of it. The transverso-medial of the hind wings is scarcely oblique, thus resembling more that of A. florea, Fabr., than that of A. mellifera, L., or A. dorsata, Fabr. The approxi- mation of the basal nervure to the transverso-medial agrees with the living genus Melipona. The second "Apis dormitans" has dark spots at the sides of the abdominal segments, and the basal nervure seems straighter. It appears to be congeneric with the first, but possibly not con- specific. That these bees are the genuine A. dormitans certainly can- not be affirmed. The original figure of that species shows vena- tion which cannot possibly be reconciled with them, even allowing for bad drawing ; the size also seems too small. " Osmia carbonum " is represented by a very good specimen, with reverse ; and an example of a quite different, much smaller, species, the venation of which cannot be seen. The original 0. carbonum, as also the original A nthophora effossa, was without any visible wings. The other specimen, with reverse, is evidently congeneric, at least, with the specimens of " Apis dormitans." It is undoubtedly TWO NEW SPECIES OF AGATHINiE FROM BORNEO. 229 very close to the modern genus Apis ; separable subgenerically, perhaps, because the basal nervure meets, or almost meets, the transverso-medial, as in Melipona. As there is no reason to suppose that it has anything to do with Osmia carbonum (which, in any event, is indeterminate), and since it cannot be reconciled with A. dormitans, it may be described as follows : — Apis (Synapis, subg. nov.) henshaivi, sp. nov. $ . Length 15 or 16 mm. ; vertex with long erect black hair, as in A. mellifera ; this hair appears to be plumose ; mandibles toothless, obliquely truncate, quite as in modern Apis ; mesothorax bare ; an- tennre normal ; tongue long, normal ; abdomen banded ; claws bifid, the inner tooth short, as in modern Apis ; pulvillus well-developed ; sting visible ; venation as in modern Apis, except that the basal nervure almost meets the transverso-medial, and the upper side of tbe second submarginal cell seems shorter ; the long marginal cell, with rounded apex, the peculiar submarginals, the basal with its lower section much the longest, &c, are plainly visible, but unfortunately the termination of the second recurrent nervure cannot be seen. The insect is named after Mr. Samuel Henshaw, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The Museum of Comparative Zoology also contains an ex- ample of Anthopho rites mellona, Heer, from (Eningen, determined by Heer himself. It is stout-bodied, 17 or 18 mm. long, abdomen apparently banded ; hind tibia visible, and shaped as in Apis. The venation cannot be seen, but a large part of it was visible in Heer's original type, as his figure shows. TWO NEW SPECIES OF AGATHIN^E (BRACONIDiE) FROM BORNEO. By P. Cameron. Euayatliis leptopterus, sp. nov. Luteous ; the flagellum of antenna? and the hind tarsi fuscous. Wings, including the costa, stigma, and nervures, bright luteous, except for a blackish spot, longer than wide and of equal width, behind the parastigma, the body and legs densely covered with a short pale pubescence. ? . Length 10 mm. Wings long, narrow ; the areolet 4-angled, narrowed in front ; the lower part of the second transverse cubital nervure narrowed and sloped towards the base of the cellule. Malar space a little shorter than the eyes. Parapsidal furrows distinct, but neither wide nor deep. Basal slope of scutellum broadly margined above ; behind it are two rows of distinct punctures, the apex rounded, margined by a stout keel. Post-scutellum wider than long, of equal width ; the lateral keels stout ; a stout keel runs from the middle of the apical one. On the base of the metanotum, in the centre, are three arese, 230 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. all longer than wide ; the central is slightly narrowed towards the base, and has a stout transverse keel near the middle ; the lateral is widened at the base ; the apex is rounded and longer on the outer than the inner side. Mesopleura? above the stoutly crenulated furrow smooth ; below it closely punctured, as is also the sternum. Abdo- men smooth, hardly so long as the thorax ; the ovipositor short. Ku.cb.ing, Borneo. Allied to E. borneoensis, Szep., which may be known by the black legs. The species is an exact mimic of Iphiaulax lepto- pterus, Cam., also from Sarawak. Cremnops satapensis, sp. nov. Black ; covered with short black pubescence ; the four tibiae dark testaceous in front, their tarsi rufo-testaceous ; wings black to the base of the stigma, milky-white beyond, the stigma, except at the base and apical nervures, pale testaceous ; the areolet almost square ; the second transverse, cubital nervure slightly rounded, narrowed behind. 2 . Length 9 mm. ; ovipositor 7 mm. Satap, Borneo. September (John Hewitt). Malar space longer than the eyes. Palpi testaceous. Scutellar depression deep, large, with three stout keels in the middle. The central area of metanotum extends to the apex, is narrower than the lateral, and has two keels above the middle ; its outer keels curve out- wardly at the top ; there are two lateral are®, the upper wider and longer than the apical. There is a curved row of fovea? on the base of the mesopleurre, commencing shortly above the middle ; the ^^pper long, narrow, shallow ; the two apical shorter, wider, and much deeper, and they reach to the apex, which is bounded by a widely crenulated furrow. Abdomen smooth ; the second segment with a distinct curved, transverse furrow beyond the middle ; the basal ventral segment is for the greater part white. This species has the coloration of Iphiaulax pheres, Cam., also from Kuching. Along with it Mr. Hewitt sends a Dipteron of exactly the same coloration and size. CURRENT NOTES (New Sekies). By G. W. Kirkaldy. I *\ 0 T n (Continued from p. 206.) 1. Bau, A. : " Diptera Fam. Muscaridae, Subfam. (Estrinae," Gen. Ins. fasc. 43, pp. 1-31, (col.) pis. 1-2 (1906). 2. Brues, C. T. : "Diptera Fam. Phoridae," op. cit. 44, pp. 1-21, (col.) pis. 1-2 (1906). 3. Berlese, A. : " Sopra una anomalia negli organi sessuali esterni femminei di Locusta viridissima, L.," Redia iii. 305-14, figs. 1-7 (July 14th, 1906). Orthoptera. CURRENT NOTES. 231 4. Banks, C. S. : " Problems in Economic Entomology in the Philippines." Philippine J. Sci. i. 1067-74 (December, 1906). 5. Buysson, Pi. du : " Monographie des Vespides du genre Nectarina," A. S. E. France, lxxiv. 537-66, pis. 11-16 (December, 1905). Hymenoptera. 6. Dupuy, G. : " Sur la date d'eclosion de Smerinthus tUice," B. S. E. France, 1906, pp. 218-9. Lepidoptera. 7. Dyar, H. G., and Knab, F. : " On the Classification of the Mosquitoes," Canad. Ent. xxxix. 47-50 (February 14th, 1907). 8. Federley, H. : " Den experimentella lepidopterologin och dess historia," Ent. Tidskr. xxvii. 143-57 (December 29th, 1906). 9. Ferton, C. : " Notes detachers sur l'instinct des Hymeno- pteres melliferes et ravisseurs " (third series), A. S. E. France, lxxiv. 56-104, pis. 3-4 (July, 1905). 10. Horvath, G. : " Synopsis Tingitidarum regionis palae- arcticse," Ann. Mus. Hung. iv. 1-118, 1 col. pi. and 4 text-figs. (1906). Hemiptera. 11. Jones, B. J. : " Catalogue of the Ephydridse [of the world] , with Bibliography and Descriptions of New Species," Techn. Bull. Univ. California Ent i. 153-98, pi. 1 [two views] (October, 1906). Diptera. 12. Jeannel, B. : " Note sur une anomalie antennaire observee chez Garabus splendens, Fabr.," B. S. E. France, 1905, pp. 143-4, 1 fig. Coleoptera. 13. Lie-Pettersen, O. J. : " Zur Kenntnis der Apterygoten- fauna des nordlichen Norwegens," Tromso Mus. Aarsh. xxviii. 51-76, pi. 1 (December 1st, 1906). Thysanura and Coleoptera. 14. Lesne, P. : " Notes sur les moeurs et sur l'habitat du Platyparea pceciloptera schrank et de l'Agromyza de l'Asperge," Bull. S. E. France, 1905, pp. 12-13, fig. 1. Diptera. 15. Lampa, S.: "Berattelse till K. Landtbruksstyrelsen angaende verksamheten vid statens entomologiska anstalt under ar 1905," Ent. Tidskr. xxvii. 17-64 (July 21st, 1906). 16. Id.: " Bonnbarsmalen (Argyresthia conjugella, Zell.)," op. cit. 1-16, pi. 1 (July 21st, 1906). Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. 17. Muchhardt, H. : "Bidrag till Kannedomen om Sveriges Hemiptera och deras utbreding inom landet," op. cit. 125-38. 18. Metcalf, M. M. : " An Outline of the Theory of Organic Evolution," ed. 2 (London and New York), i-xxii and 1-212, pis. 1-101 (18 col.), text-figs. 1-46 (1906) [first edition, 1904]. 232 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 19. Phisaux, C. : " Sur la presence de venin dans les oeufs d'Abeilles," B. S. E. France, 1905, 201-3. Hyraenoptera. 20. Oberthur, C. : " Variations de Lepidopteres," op. cit. 55-9. 21. Pic, M. : " Sur Crioceris asparagi, L., et ses varices, " op. cit. 1906, pp. 119-23. Coleoptera. 22. Picard, F. : " Sur les changements de coloration chez les males de quelques Libellulides," op. cit. 166-7. Odonata. 23. Royer, M. : " Synonyrnie du T riecphora sanguinolenta, Scop., et de deux especes voisines," op. cit. 297-8 (1907). Hemi- ptera-Homoptera. 24. Id. : " A propos d' ElasmostetJius minor, Horv.," op. cit. 287-8, figs. 1-4 (1907). Hemiptera. 25. Silvestri, F. : " Note sur Machilidse," op. cit. 325-40, figs. 1-15 (August 18th, 1906). Thysanura. 26. Id. : " Contribuzione alia conoscenza dei Terraitidi e Ter- mitofili dell' Eritrea," op. cit. 341-59, figs. 1-22 (September 28th, 1906). Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Diptera. 27. Schneider, J. S. : " Saltdalens Lepidopterfauna 2det bidrag," Tromso Mus. Aarsh. xxviii. 103-62 (February 26th, 1907). 28. Tullgren, A. : " Intryckforan en praktiskt-entomologisk studiereresa i utlandet, sommaren 1906," Ent. Tidskr. xxvii. 159-81 (December 29th, 1906). 29. Wahlgren, E. : " Svensk insektfauna. 1. Forsta ordningen. Borstvansar och Hoppstjartar. Apterygogenea," op. cit. 233-70, figs. 1-30 (December 29th, 1906). 30. Perkins, R. C. L. : " Parasites of Leaf-hoppers." Kirkaldy, G. W. : " Leaf-hoppers," Bull. Exp. Sta. H. S. P. A. iv. 1-66 (May 1st, 1907). Hymenoptera and Hemiptera. Metcalf's work is drawn largely from entomological sources (18). Lampa's Report on the Work of the Entomological Divi- sion of the Swedish Agricultural Station for 1905 contains brief notes on a number of more or less noxious Swedish insects, most of which are also British (15). Tullgren publishes his impressions of the economic work done at Copenhagen, Hamburg, Wageningen, Geissenheim, Vienna, Budapest, Halle, and Berlin (28). Silvestri continues his researches on Machilidse, and promises a monograph. Incidentally he gives a synoptic table of the palsearctic species of Machilis (25). Wahlgren (29) synopsizes the Thysanura and Collembola of Sweden in a paper which will be useful to British workers, while Lie-Pettersen (13) contributes to our knowledge of these forms in Northern Norway. Berlese describes and discusses the morphology and anatomy of a Locustid with two ovipositors (3). Horvath has monographed the palsearctic Tingidae, with tables of genera and species, and references to food-plants. The coloured plate is one of Fieber's, unpublished for about forty CURRENT NOTES. 233 years (10). Machhardt briefly notes fifteen Swedish Hetero- ptera, most of which occur also in Britain ; information on food-plants and localities is afforded (17). Eoyer has shown (23) that there is some confusion in the names given to three of the commoner European Tomaspis, the name "Sanguinolenta, Linn6 " being later than l ^sanguinolenta, Scopoli." The correct synonymy he gives as follows : — 0 (1) sanguinolenta, Scopoli, 1763 = mactata, Germ., 1821 = (listing uenda, Kirschb., 1868, &c. *-(2) sanguinea, Geoffroy, 1785 = vulnerata, Germar, 1821, &c. (3) intermedia, Kirschbaum, 1868 —"obliterate/,, Kirschb., 1868 = sanguinolenta, Linne (pt.), 1766. V' Sanguinea,'" however, was preoccupied in \ Cicada before 1763, so that we can still call the British species iTomaspis vulnerata. The recent addition (21) to the French hemipterous fauna of Elasmostethus minor, a Cimicid up till recently confused with E. interstinctus (Linn.),* makes it possible that the former is to be found in the British Isles. The food-plant is, it is true, an introduced plant, now, however, thoroughly established, and the bug should be looked for either on this or on its congener, the honeysuckle. The differences between the two forms may be stated as follows : — INTERSTINCTUS. $ . Second genital segment. 5 . Genital seg- ment. Angle formed by the meeting of this and of the last tergite. Food-plants. With a small black spine at the side pos- teriorly. Truncate apically in the middle. Obtuse. Betula alba, Salix, Populus. Not spiuose. A little emarginate apically in the middle. Acute. Lonicera xylosteum. Jeannel records (12) a Carabus with the third segment of the right antenna kind. This segment is flattened and dilated, wider apically than basally, giving rise to three segments at its apex, the two supplementary branches each being composed of :;: E. interstinctus (Linn.) = Acanthosoma dentatum of Saunders's Hem. Het. Brit., and must not be confounded with A. (E.) interstinctum of the same work, which = griseus (Linn.). ENTOM.— OCTOBER, 1907. X 234 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. two segments. Pic (21) discusses the varieties of the asparagus beetle. 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O ►* C74 CD c^- OO u p oo' to S 5' • CD 0 s to ice rotun- d vel vix quam basi Crq B. 00' M p 5" p CD B B B p 0 s W B 1— o V aq ^s <-t 00 n 0 ►a p < ^E. 00 a o 0 pi O <-s ►-• a K'o 0 B p w* >T p> h-i Elr" p b S". B co p B S". P CD ~ aq,™ < CO »P CD p> «■ t-1 TO +0 0". 0 p-i, CD to S- p p b- p - 0 2. w.B B p *2 ^" 2'S- cT 1 haud longi uam lati, apic acuminati B p oq B P> h- 1 p l& a CO CO 00 CO .* CO v* p 5" CD CD rotundati minati ntegra, bi 03 p> ngiores i, subparal 3 ipso sub itatum us emargi 1 &0 B aq CD • p> NOTES ON BRITISH BRACONID.E. 251 longer than broad, pointed at the apex ; lobes of the metasternura narrow, elongate, parallel and pointed at the apex itself. Abdo- men on the back and sides black, with a light shot-bronze shading ; on both sides of the middle line there is a row of large tubercular folds. On the first dorsal segment between the first and the third small black tubercles there is a small yellow spot which surrounds the second tubercle with a radius equal to the distance between the first and second segment. On the second segment the spot occupies a space of the same width, but extend- ing from the anterior to the posterior margin of the segment ; beginning with the third segment, and continuing as far as the eighth ; between each first and second and second and third small tubercle there is a small yellow spot not fused with the neighbouring spot of the same segment. On the ninth segment the spots coalesce ; on the tenth the tubercles disappear, and there remains a scarcely perceptible little yellowish spot. The under side of the belly is bright greyish yellow, the first and second ventral segments with a brown marking. The subgenital lamina of the female is rounded, with a fairly deep emargination on the apex, without teeth (thus differing from C. pancici, Brauner) ; the cerci (female) are short, conical, and pointed. The male does not differ from the female in colour, and the cerci are cylindrical, without teeth on the inner side. Subgenital lamina slightly raised, with two keels. (To be continued.) NOTES ON BRITISH BRACONID.E. V.* By Claude Morley, F.E.S., &c. MACEOCENTKIDiE. The species of this small family are very familiar insects of fair size and gregarious habits, as many as a hundred occa- sionally emerging from a single large lepidopterous larva. The pale species of Zele strongly resembles small Panisci or large Meteori, from both of which the sessile abdomen and neuration will at once distinguish them ; while Macrocentrus marginator appears superficially allied with the Lissonotid Pimplinae. The two European genera are known by : — Occiput not bordered ; first segment not longer than second Macrocentrus. Occiput bordered ; first segment much longer than second Zele. * Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag., 1906, p. 106 (Bracon) ; Entom., 1906, p. 99 (Microgasteridse) ; Entom., 1907, p. 179 (Cryptogastres) ; and Entom., 1907, p. 217 (Agathididae). (6) (3) 1. 2. (2) 3. (5) 4. (4) 5. (1) (8) 6. 7. 252 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Macrocentrus, Curt. Palpi elongate ; antennas at least 45-jointed. Labial palpi with third joint not reflexed, body black ..... 1. marginator, Nees. Labial palpi with third joint reflexed ; body not entirely black. Second discoidal cell nearly one-third shorter than the first ... 2. thoracicus, Nees. Second discoidal cell hardly shorter than the first .... . . 3. abdominalis, Fab. Palpi short ; antennas at most 37-jointed Second abscissa of radial nervure as long as the first transverse cubital . 4. infirmus, Nees. (7) 8. Second abscissa of radial much shorter than the first transverse cubital . 5. collaris, Spin. M. marginator. — A very abundant species in all marshy spots in May, August, and September, on the flowers of Angelica sylvestris and Lysimachia vulgaris. I have found it at Herrings- well Fen, Barton Mills, Barnby Broad, Claydon, Brandon, Tuddenham Fen, Monks Soham, Ipswich, Finborough Park, Henstead, and Benacre, in Suffolk, often by general sweeping and sometimes after dark ; as well as at Metton and Ringstead, in Norfolk ; and possess it from Tostock (Tuck) ; Isle of Arran (Waterston) ; bred at Lincoln (Musham) ; Abinger Hammer, Surrey (Butler) ; Felden, in Herts (Piffard) ; Whitby (Beau- mont) ; Richmond Park (Bedwell) ; Guestling, in Sussex, in 1877 and 1888 (Bloomfield) ; Possil Marsh, Scotland, in 1899 (Dalglish) ; Point of Aire, in 1904 (Tomlin) ; Greenings, in Surrey (Wilson Saunders). Mr. Whittle bred it in a breeding- cage containing pupae of Sesia cynipiformis, at Southend, May 21st, 1900; Mr. Thornhill from Sesia? sp. at Boxwortb, Cam- bridgeshire, June 21st, 1902 ; Col. Partridge from S. culiciformis, at Blackheath, May 23rd, 1899 ; Mr. Mason from S. asiliformis, at Caister, Lincolnshire, July 10th, 1905 ; and Mr. Charbonnier from S. tipidiformis, at Bristol, in May. Two males and a female emerged early in the morning of May 13th, 1901, from pupae of S. culiciformis, from near Balmoral, Aberdeenshire ; a male and female paired about 7.30 a.m.; when I received them from Mr. James Duncan on the 17th the males were both dead, but the female alive. In 1907 it has been common in August and September, on flowers of Heracleum and Angelica, at Monks Soham, Depden, and Southwold, in Suffolk. M. thoracicus. — Not very common ; I have only once beaten the male from birch-bushes in Assington Thicks, Suffolk, July 23rd, 1902. Elliott has taken it at Ilkley in Yorkshire ; Capron at Shere, in Surrey ; Piffard at Felden. in Herts; W. Saunders at Greenings, near East Grinstead ; and Platten at light, in Ipswich, September 30th, 1899. Porritt bred a female from an unknown NOTES ON BRITISH BRACONIDiE. 253 Noctuid in 1897, and I have found the female flying about a cluster of fungi growing on an old stump, at the end of September. M. abdominalis. — An abundant species, though more usually bred than taken abroad. I have swept it from reeds at Foxhall, Brandon, and in the Bentley Woods, in Suffolk, in August and July ; both sexes occurred in my garden in August, 1907 ; Mr. Tuck has taken it at Tostock and Benacre Broad, in the same county ; Mr. Butler at Abinger Hammer, in August ; Mr. Piffard at Felden ; Mr. W. Saunders at Reigate ; and Beaumont at Plum- stead and Blackheath. The sexes are, I believe, invariably bred separately ; Mr. Platten bred four males from Chelonia caja at Ipswich, July 24th, 1899 ; Mr. Peachell bred nine females from a larva of the same species at Weymouth, July 27th, 1899 ; Mr. Musham bred twenty females on August 30th, 1901, at Lincoln, from Spilosoma sp. ; Mr. Bankes bred eight females at the beginning of July, 1905, " from among a mixed lot of micro- lepidopterous larva? feeding on oak, collected at Yarmouth, Isle of Wight. Host uncertain (probably Rhodophaa consociella, Hb.) " ; and I have thirty females which emerged from a dead green Pyralid larva feeding on birch ; their larvae emerged from the host June 23rd, 1905, and became imagines on the 6th of the following June, from Tonge. Donisthorpe found this species in Kerry, in 1902. M. infirmus.—R&ve on the wing; I have only once caught it, by sweeping in an osier carr at Barton Mills, in Suffolk, June 18th, 1901, and Mr. Tuck found it at Aldeburgh, September 16th, 1899 ; Dr. Capron at Shere, Mr. Piffard at Felden, and Mr. Beaumont at Blackheath and Harting, in Sussex, in August. The sexes are bred separately. Mr. Bankes bred fifteen males from their cocoons, which emerged from a larva of Retinia sylvestrana, Curt., from the Isle of Purbeck, Dorset, July 18th, 1902 ; and Mr. S. Kemp has given me a huge bundle of their cocoons, together with the emerged imagines, of which I can count about one hundred and five specimens — all females — upon the surface of the bundle, "bred from a larva found on a sandhill, North Bull, Dublin, June, 1902 " (received October 15th, 1902). I took a male on Plantago major* in my garden, August 27th, 1907. M. collaris. — Not uncommon, though I have seen no bred specimens. Both sexes at Felden (Piffard) ; four females at Greenings (W. Saunders). I have only taken the latter sex, of which several occurred on the flowers of Foeniadum vtdgare in a lane at Alderton, in Suffolk, September 3rd, 1899 ; several at Gosfield, in Essex, July 24th, 1902 ; one at the roots of Erodium cicutarium, at Brandon, in Suffolk, August 26th, 1906 ; and one at Shalfleet, in the Isle of Wight, June 26th, 1907. Zele, Curt. (2) 1. Radial cell of lower wing entire . 1. testaceator, Curt. (1) 2. Radial cell of lower wing centrally discreted. 254 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. (4) 3. Body testaceous red ... 2. chlorophthalmus, Nees. (3) 4. Body nigrescent .... 3. discolor, Wesm. Z. testaceator. — Not uncommonly captured and bred, though I have only once met with it, about Ipswich, in 1899. Several males at Felden, in Herts (Piffard) ; South Leverton in Notts, June, 1896 (Thornley) ; Eeigate in August, 1872 (W. Saunders) ; bred at Caister, in Lincolnshire, by Mr. G. W. Mason, in 1905, from Cosmia trapezina ; and from an unidentified larva from Hailsham, in Sussex, in July, 1892, by Mr. G. T. Porritt. Z. chlorophthalmus.— I only possess one male, given me some years ago by Eev. E. N. Bloomfield, who captured it at Guest- ling, near Hastings, in 1889. Z. discolor. — Mr. J. E. Campbell-Taylor sent me a single female of this species, which he had captured in the Cardiff district in 1903. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. On Rearing P. podalirius.— Like Mr. P. T. Gilliat (antea, p. 211), I, too, failed with larvae from ova collected at Hveres this spring. They fed up well on myrobalan plum, but I did not like the look of some of the chrysalids, and in the end all the specimens that emerged were crippled. However, in my case I attributed failure to the fact that I took my pupa? to Switzerland and back, and they underwent many changes of climate and altitude before they emerged after I returned home at the end of July.— W. H. St. Quintin ; Scampston Hall, Rillington, York. Ova of Araschnia levana.— I caged two female A. lev ana captured at the end of June last in Switzerland, and obtained ova from both. As Mr. Sheldon observes in the last number of the ' Entomologist,' the ova are laid in strings, generally, but not always, pendent from the lower surface of the nettle-leaf. My insects laid batches at intervals, from two to five "strings" in each batch. One insect laid two batches, and the other three. The ova are of a pale green when fresh, and simulate wonderfully the spikelets of the flowers and seeds of the food-plant. It was curious to watch the young larva? hatching They manage to leave the shell without breaking the connection between the ova. When all the larva? have left a "string," the transparent egg-shells still remain attached by their tops and 'bases, and still pendent from the leaf. — W. H. St. Quintin. On Rearing the Larvae of Agrotis agathina. — Barrett, in his 'Lepidoptera,' says, in reference to A. agathina, that in confinement it seems almost impossible to bring the larva to maturity, and that, so far as he knows, it must be reared on growing heather in the open air. He quotes Mr. Gregson's directions to the same effect, and several contributors to Tutt's ' Hints ' seem to agree with him. My experience is that it is quite easy to rear this insect from very young larva? swept NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 255 from Erica cinerea in May, feeding them on cut heather in ordinary breeding-cages, kept in a summer house in the garden, sprinkling the food-plant with water every evening. — F. Pennington, Jun. ; Reform Club, Pall Mall, S.W., October 1st, 1907. Chelidoptera (Platycleis) roeselii, &c, at Herne Bay. — During a visit to Herne Bay last month I noticed a number of grasshoppers on a sunny grassy hillside in the neighbourhood. I caught a few specimens, and found one of them to be a female of Stenobothrus elegans. Not being prepared for entomological work, I could do nothing more at that time. Two days later (September 13th), how- ever, I returned to the same district better equipped. I then took 8. elegans sparingly and S. parallelus plentifully, but the event of real interest was the capture of a female of the rare grasshopper, Chelido- ptera {Platycleis) roeselii, Hagenb., a species which had been previously recorded from Herne Bay, but seemingly from only one other un- doubted British locality. Notwithstanding a prolonged search, no further specimens were met with, and I had no later opportunity of renewing the search. — Herbert Campion ; 33, Maude Terrace, "Wal- thamstow, October 14th, 1907. Note on Oporobia (Larentia) autumnata. — It is a long time since I have had the pleasure of taking the above insect. It used to occur freely in birch woods in North Durham. As I knew that it occurred in this (Cleveland) district on alder, I was able to beat some larvas in June from that tree. I thought I had seen the last of the insect for the season, but I was mistaken. In early July I went as usual to beat for larvae of P. piniperda from Pinus sylvestris, and amongst the con- tents of the tray were some peculiar rusty larvae. The rust was to a slight extent varied with green. I at once suspected that the larvae were those of an Oporobia, but at the same time they more vividly brought to my mind the larvae of E. fasciaria, so little did they resemble ordinary Oporobia larvae, and so great was the amount of red. The red was not in any manner like the purple which very often appears in the larvaa of both 0. dilutata and 0. autumnata. It evidently owed its origin to the same cause as the red of E. fasciaria larvae, i. e. an attempt to imitate the red terminal bud of the pine shoots. Passing from pines to larches, I beat similar larvae from the larch. As at that time I was unwell, I was unable to describe the larva as minutely as I wished. Although, as stated, I suspected at the time that the larvae were 0. dilutata, so curious was their colora- tion I determined, in spite of illness, to rear them. I did so, and was rewarded by breeding in the last week of September some undoubted specimens of 0. autumnata. When these emerged I went for wild specimens, and was successful. In one case, about 3 p.m., I observed one specimen, with wings unexpanded, crawl out of the debris about ten inches from a larch-trunk, climb a grass-stalk, and there rest until its wings were dry. It proved a very dark specimen, but still 0. autumnata. As all the specimens had the shining appearance supposed to have been acquired in 0. autumnata from resting on birches, this supposition must be fallacious. The nearest birches are about a mile away, and there, owing to the swampy nature of the ground, no specimens of Oporobia occur — at least, I have never beaten 256 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. their larvae nor have I taken the moth, although I have looked at the proper times. I was discussing the subject with Mr. T. A. Lofthouse of this town, and he told me he had long suspected that this insect was a larch and pine feeder. In conclusion, I should like to point out that the elevation of the wood in which the insect occurs is from 600-800 ft. above sea-level. —J. W. H. Hakrison ; 181, Abingdon Road, Middlesborough. A Natural History of the British Butterflies. — We have just received from the publisher, Mr. Elliot Stock, Paternoster Row, Lon- don, E.C., eleven parts of volume ii. of this comprehensive work by Mr. J. W. Tutt. The first part of this volume was issued on February 15th, 1907, and part xi. on July 20th. In the introductory chapters, pp. 1-48, the subjects discussed are ^Estivation and Hybernation, the Gregarious Habit, and the Family Habits of Butterfly Larvae. The five species of "hairstreak" butterflies occurring in Britain are next con- sidered, and these the author refers to the three tribes into which he divides the subfamily Ruralina3 (Theclinas) of his Ruralidae ; the whole being embraced in the superfamily Ruralides (Theclides). In the first tribe Callophryidi, Callophrys (Thecla) rubi, L., is the only species, occurring in the palfearctic region, referable to it, although some North American species probably belong thereto. The tribe Strymonidi comprises Edwardsia {Thecla) w-album, Enoch, and Stryman prmii, L. ; whilst Bithys (Zephyrus) quercus and Ruralis (Zephyrus) betula are in- cluded in the tribe Ruralidi. When it is stated that an average of some forty-five pages is occupied in dealing with each species, in its perfect and early stages, it will be understood that the treatment is of the elaborate character the author has accustomed us to in his previous volumes on Lepidoptera. Even such details as the time of appearance of the imago, British localities, and distribution abroad are set out at great length. Under Callophrys rubi, for example, these matters alone run into about thirteen pages. Altogether there are in the eleven parts 344 pages, and four (? five) plates. The latter are capital reproductions of photographs of eggs of the Ruralides, life-history of Callophrys rubi, and pupal hairs, &c. CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. Ennomos autumnaria at Ashford, Eent. — Early in the morning of October 3rd last I picked up from the pavement in Ashford a male specimen, in very fair condition, of E. autumnaria. — D. Chittenden ; 14, Limes Grove, Lewisham, S.E. Leucania vitellina in Eent. — Whilst spending a few days collecting with Mr. E. D. Green. I have had the pleasure of taking a few L. vitel- lina in East Eent. — Walter Dannatt ; Vanbrugh Park, Blackheath. Moths at Light. — It is true that from one cause and another I have had very little opportunity for collecting Lepidoptera during the past season, but so far as I was able to do so, I must say that I never remember a worse one for these insects. A visit to the street-lamps one evening in May (28th) yielded the following : — Euchelia jacobaa, CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 257 Drymonia (Notodonta) chaonia, Spilosoma menthastri, S. lubricipeda, Pygara bucephala, Dicranura vinula, and other common species. — Joseph Anderson ; Chichester. Colias edusa. — This species having been unusually scarce this season, I was much surprised to find a female at rest on a thistle about 10 p.m. on the 5th inst. — Edward Goodwin ; Canon Court, Watering- bury. Dragonflies near Huntingdon. — During recent visits to Hartford, near Huntingdon, I have collected from the Kiver Ouse at that place examples of the following species of Agrionidaa : — In 1904 (June 17th), Galopteryx splendens (one male) ; in 1906 (June 18th to 30th), C. splen- dens (one male), Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Ischnura elegans, and Ayr ion puella ; and in 1907 (June 24th to July 6th), C. splendens (males and females), Platycnemis pennipes (one very immature male, with reduced spots), Erythromma naias (one very immature male), I. elegans (includ- ing a female of var. infuscans), A. pulchellum (one male), and A. puella (including a male having the U-shaped spot joined to the circlet behind). — F. W. Campion ; 33, Maude Terrace, Walthamstow, Essex. Captures of Lepidoptera in Cambridgeshire, &c. — I should like to record a few of my recent captures, some of which are as follows : — Aporophyla nigra, Hw. Cambridge, at light, September 25th, 1907. I doubt if this has been taken here before. — Orthopia ocellaris, Bork. A specimen on a Cambridge lamp, September 16th, 1907. — O. gilvago, Esp. Very common here this year. I have seen as many as seventy in one night, and ten on one lamp. — Heliothis dipsacea, L. Cambridge, at light, July, 1907 ; Wicken Fen, at light, August 9th, 1907.— Hadena ophiogramma, Esp. One at Shelford, Cambridgeshire, June 20th, 1906. — Deilephila livornica (lineata), F. One at Shelford, August 3rd, 1905, hovering over lavender. — Stauropits fagi, L. An imago, Gog Magog Hills, at rest on palings, July 5th, 1907. — Homceosovia sinuella, F. This species seems common in wild places on chalky soil all over the district. Is it still reckoned a coast species ? — Evergestis extimalis, Sc. Two at light, Cambridge, July, 1907. — Pammene ochsenheimeriana, Z. Devil's Ditch (Newmarket), May, 1905 ; Cambridge, June, 1906. — Parasia neuropterella, Z. Barton Hills (Bedfordshire), August 22nd, 1907. — Aristotelia lucidella, Stph. Swarmed in one corner of the lake in Epping Forest, August 2nd, 1907. — Mompha stephensi, Stt. Bichmond Park, September 5th, 1907. — Nepticula fulgens, Stt. Shelford, Cam- bridgeshire, 1907. (Common, together with N. tityrella (?).) — Och&en- heimeria vacalella, F. R. Common on oak-trunks (in crevices of the bark), September 5th, 1907. Most of them were in bad condition, many dead and dry. — Mr. A. G. Wilmott, of St. John's College, Cam- bridge, asks me to mention the following : — Orthosia xerampelina, Hb. Ten at light, Cambridge, September, 1907. — Senta maritima, Tausch. One at light, Cambridge, August, 1907. — Loxostege palealis, Schiff. One at light, Cambridge, August, 1907. — Chrysoclista linneella, CI. Locally common at Cambridge this year. — Not being acquainted with a more up-to-date work, I have used the nomenclature of Meyrick's 'Handbook.' — F. W. Edwards; Penwith, Hills Road, Cambridge, October 6th, 1907. ENTOM. — NOVEMBER, 1907. Z 258 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. The Lepidoptera of Gibraltar. — I have read with interest Mr. Sowerby's short list of Lepidoptera collected near Gibraltar in March aud April (p. 214), but the dates are so extraordinarily early for some of the species mentioned that I cannot help thinking there must be a mistake of identification in several cases. Commander J. J. Walker, R.N., in his " Notes on Lepidoptera from the Region of the Straits of Gibraltar " (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1890, pp. 361-391) has thoroughly worked out the butterflies of the Rock and neighbourhood, but I can find no mention of Erebia tyndarus — which is a mountain species not found at Albarracin I think, either by Mrs. Nicholl, Miss Fountaine, or Mr. W. G. Sheldon — emerging as a rule not earlier than mid-July ; and I can only conclude that Mr. Sowerby has confused it with Epine- phele pasiphae, which he does not mention, though it occurs at the end of April at Gibraltar. Again, Satyrus statilinus is scarcely to be expected before July, and the same may be said of 5. briseis, S. arethusa, and of S. circe, the record of which latter species in March or April at 3000 ft. is wonderful ; the more so as apparently the species is reported from Gibraltar for the first time. I suspect, too, that Mr. Sowerby has mistaken Melanargia ines, Hfsgg. (= thetis, Hiibn.), for M. lachesis as the date suggests. The type Chrysophanus virgaurea has not hitherto been reported from South Spain at all, the var. miegii, Vogel, accord- ing to Staudinger, not extending beyond the central regions. Perhaps the title of Mr. Sowerby's note requires amendment as to date ; no doubt he will explain. — H. Rowland-Brown ; Oxhev Grove, Harrow Weald, October 19th, 1907. SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London. — Wednesday, October 2nd, 1907. Mr. C. O. Waterhouse, President, in the chair. — Mr. J. A. D. Perrins, Junior, of Davenham, Malvern, and Mr. Frank Milburn Howlett, of the Agricultural Department, Pusa, Bengal, India, were elected Fellows of the Society. — The Rev. F. D. Morice gave an account of his recep- tion as the representative of the Society, and of the celebrations at the University of Upsala, and at the Academy of Science of Stockholm, at which he was present. — Commander J. J. Walker showed living specimens of the heteromerous beetle Sitaris muralit, first rediscovered at Oxford in 1903 by Mr. A. H. Hamm, of the Oxford University Museum, and found rather freely during September 1906 and 1907, on old stone walls in the vicinity of Oxford inhabited by the Mason Bee, Podalirius (Anthophora) pilipes, on which it is parasitic in its early stages. — Mr. G. T. Porritt exhibited black specimens of both sexes of Fidonia atomaria from the Harden Moss Moors, Huddersfield, illustrating the melanic tendency of Lepidoptera in the district. — Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe exhibited Apion semivittatum taken on Mercxiri- alis annua at Deal in August and September 1907 ; Magdalis duplicata from Nethy Bridge in July 1907, the first record of the species for Scotland ; Formica sanguinea from Aviemore and Nethy Bridge in July 1907, the first record for Scotland ; and Piezostethus fonnicetorum , taken with Formica rufa at Rannoch, in July, a species which has not been SOCIETIES. 259 found in Scotland since Dr. Buchanan White first captured it at Braemar in 1874. — Mr. A. H. Jones brought for exhibition a case of butterflies taken this year from Herculesbad, South Hungary, including specimens of Erebia melas from the Domogled, remarkable in their resemblance to Erebia alecto var. nicholli, Oberth., from Campiglio, and Erebia le/ebvrei, Oberth., also shown for comparison by Mr. H. Rowland- Brown. Mr. Jones also exhibited examples of Chrysophanus dispar var. rutilus, and (7. alciphron from the neighbourhood of Buda-Pesth ; both species of great size and brilliant colouring. — Dr. F. A. Dixey exhibited specimens from Uganda of the African Pierine genus Mylothris, show- ing an almost complete gradation between Mylothris chloris, Fabr., and M, agathina, Cram. — Mr. M. Jacoby showed several fine forms of the Lycmia bellargus ab. ceronus taken this autumn at Folkestone, including one example of the ab. cinnides, Stgr. — Mr. Norman Joy exhibited a specimen of the rare beetle Cryptophagus subdepressus, Gyll., taken near Garva, Ross, on August 4th last. — Mr. W. J. Lucas showed on behalf of Mr. Nicholson and Mr. Summers two specimens of Deilephila euphorbia bred by them from larvae found in Kew Gardens ; also several examples of predaceous insects with their prey. — Mr. H. M. Edelsten exhibited specimens of Sesia andrceniformis, bred from pupae taken in Bedfordshire and Kent, and ova of Nonagria canna ; describing its remarkable metbods of oviposition.— Mr. A. Harrison and Mr. H. Main exhibited four broods from females of Pieris napi, var. bryonice, captured on the Kleine Scheidegg Pass, Switzerland, in July 1906, showing a wide range of variation. — Prof. T. Hudson Beare exhibited a specimen of the rare bug Lygceus equestris, Linn., from St. Margaret's Bay; examples of Hyperatigrina, Boh., taken in some numbers on the wild carrot at the same locality — a very local insect, which seems to be confined to the extreme south-east corner of England; and specimens of Apion semivittatum, Gyll. off plants of Mercuriaiis annua, ; all taken during August and September at St. Margaret's Bay. — Col. Charles Swinhoe, M.A., F.L.S., read a paper on " The Species of Hesperiidaa from the Indo-Malayan and African Regions described by Herr Plotz, with some new Species." — Lieut.-Col. Neville Manders, R.A.M.C., read a paper on the '• Butterflies of Mauritius and Bourbon." — Dr. T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S., read a paper on " The Hybemating Habit of the Lepidopterous Genus Marasmarcha," and exhibited specimens to illustrate his remarks. October 16th, 1907.— Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse, President, in the chair. — Mr. P. H. Jackson, of 112, Balham Park Road, was elected a Fellow of the Society. — Mr. A. H. Jones exhibited a series of Pieris napi var. bryonice, from comparatively low altitudes, taken in June last at Peszer, near Buda-Pesth, showing a wide range of variation ; and a remark- able aberration of P. napi (napczcz) bearing a strong resemblance on the under side to P. rapa. — Mr. W. J.Lucas showed for Mr. M. Burr an example of Apterygida albipennis, discovered by him near Dover this year, and a male specimen of D. verrucovirns—an in- habitant of Scandinavia — from the same locality. He also showed, for Mr. H. Campion, Platycleis roeselii, Hagenb., female, taken Septem- ber 13th, 1907, near Heme Bay; and for Mr. E. W. Campion an aberrant form of S. sanguinewn, male, from Epping Forest ; and two 260 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Calopteryx viryo of his own from the New Forest showing failure in pigment. — Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited specimens of Callicore aurelia, Guen., together with a photograph of its larva, showing the remarkable branch-like horns rising out of the head. The whole life cycle is but nineteen days. — The Rev. F. D. Morice exhibited, side by side, a normal male specimen of the bee Anthidium manicatum, L., and a monstrosity or malformation of the same insect, which was given him by M. Vachal, of Argentat, Correze, France. — Dr. T. A. Chapman said this malformation had clearly no causation in any larval injury, but dated from an early period of embryonic life. — The President ex- hibited a living ant, a species of Camponotus, which had been found by Mr. Watson at Kew, in a pseudobulb of an orchis (probably a Bulbophyllum) from the Gold Coast. The bulb was much excavated, but it had no opening by which the ant could have entered. He also showed a large wasp (a Salius allied to dedjax) with a spider, a Mygale rather larger than itself, but which it had captured and was carrying off. These were from German E. Africa. — Lt.-Col. Neville Manders exhibited a melanic variety of Hestina noma, captured near Darjeeling; and a monstrosity of Papilio krishna, from Sikkim, in which the wings on the right side were much larger than those on the left. — Mr. H. Main exhibited the larva of a hymenopterous parasite of Pygara bucephala, of great size compared with its host. — The President announced that the Council had decided in favour of holding a Conversazione at some date next year to be fixed by a Committee of Fellows elected for the purpose of organization, and the Secretary gave some account of what it was hoped the Society would be able to do in the way of exhibits, &c. — H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., Hon. Secretary. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society. — September 12th, 1907.— Mr. Hugh Main, B.Sc, Vice-President, in the chair. — Mr. South exhibited specimens of Lithosia caniola, bred from larvaa fed upon lettuce, which they seemed to prefer when in a de- caying condition. — Mr. Newman, a few bred specimens of Eugonia autumnaria, including two very beautiful dark fuscous forms, the result of a pairing of the unique form bred last year with a typical form. He also showed varieties of Aylais urticce, including forms with black hind wings, rayed hind wings, and with discal spots almost obsolete. — Mr. Goulton, living larvre of Banksia aryentula, and a series of Anticlea badiata showing much variation in the transverse banding and general coloration. — Mr. Harrison, imagines of the same species from Wicken, together with living larvas. — Mr. Sich, imagines and ova of Tri/urcida immundelia from Surrey, and read notes on the habits of the imagines and larvae, and giving the characteristics of the ova. — Dr. Chapman, bred specimens of Arctia fasciata, from ova obtained by him in Spain. — Mr. Main, a long series of photo- graphs of the life-history of Char axes jasius. — Mr. Tutt read a paper, "Egg-laying of the Brenthids," and a considerable discussion took place. September 26th. — Mr. Hugh Main, B.Sc, Vice-President, in the chair. — Dr. G. C. Hodgson, of Redhill, was elected a member. — Mr. Tonge exhibited a living larva of Cucullia asteris from Sussex, and SOCIETIES. 261 showed some stereographic views he had made of insects at rest. — Mr. Ashby, series of Donacia crassipes from the New Forest, P. clavipes from Wicken, and Hmmonia curtisi from Gravesend. — Miss Fountaine, both sexes of the two broods of Pieris eigane, the spring specimens from Montenegro, and the autumn from Herzegovina. — Mr. Newman, a very large number of varieties and forms of the various species bred and captured by him during the present season. — Mr. Simmons, a series of Hemerophila abritptaria bred by him from a dark wild female crossed with a bred typical male, including a very fine gynandrous example, the left side the ordinary female colour, while the right side had the very dark form of male characters. — Messrs. Harrison and Main, a portion of a brood of Acidalia aversata, all of which followed the colour and markings of banded parents. — Mr. Gadge, a fine variety of Abraxas grossulariata, with mere remnants of the usual black markings, captured on Denmark Hill. — Mr. Goulton, a bred series of Euchloe cardamines of unusual size, particularly the males. — Mr. Main, ova of Pararge egeria in situ on grass, and living larvae of Phorodesma smaragdaria. — Mr. Coote, (1) living larvae of Celastrina argiolus on ivy berries, from Eastbourne ; (2) a photograph of Orchis hircina, from Wiltshire; and a specimen of Argiades corydonv&r. obsoleta, from East- bourne. — Mr. Turner, series of Pamassius delius and Colias palano taken in the Engadine in August. — Mr. Sich, (1) Tineola biselliella , bred specimens of large size, larvae fed on red cloth ; and (2) Boric- hausenia pseudospretelia, from larvae found in flax-seed by Mr. W. West. — Dr. Chapman, (1) Plebius argus (agon), uniformly dark on the upper side; and (2) larvae of Cleogene peletieraria with imagines from Gavarnie and specimens of C. niveata from Corinthia for comparison. — Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Sec. Birmingham Entomological Society. — September 23rd, 1907. — Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, President, in the chair. — Mr. G. H. Kenrick exhibited various Lepidoptera from Wicken Fen, collected by him during a few days' visit. Amongst others were Erastria argentida, Hb., which a local man told him was not native to the Fen, but had been introduced there by himself ; there were also Phragmatcccia castanetr-, Hb., Meliana fiammea, Curt., Pyrausta cilialis, Hb., &c. — Mr. Hubert Langley showed various Lepidoptera taken by him at Princethorpe Wood, South Warwickshire, during the second week in July ; there was a long series of Boarmia roboraria, a species hitherto regarded as very rare in the county, but which was very common on this occasion , when many males came to light between 10.45 and 11.30 p.m. at night; there were also Aplecta prasina, F., a very dark specimen; Rabrosyne derasa, L. ; Euchloris pustulata, Hufn. (bajularia, Schiff.) ; Cidaria silaceata, Hb., &c. — Mr. L. Doncaster showed a very interest- ing bred series of Abraxas grossulariata, L., bred and arranged in con- nection with the Mendelian hypothesis. The experiments had been made with var. flavafasciata (lacticolor, Raynor). He said that in nature the variety occurs only in the female sex. The results of the experiments, whilst according generally with the required Mendelian proportions, were curiously complicated with the sex question ; for although in the second generation = cross X cross, the proportions were three to one, yet the males were all the dominant, i. e. the type, 262 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. and the females half and half; whilst still more curiously, when paired male cross x pure female var., the results gave half and half each sex, and if reversed and paired male pure var. (obtained during the experiments) x female cross, the results were all males, type, i. e. dominant, and all females, var., i.e. recessive. — Mr. G. T. Bethune- Baker showed a series of Turkestan Arctias ; a large and beautiful series of Arctia intercalaris, Er., with light and dark forms ; a few A. erschojii, Alph., with var. issyka, Std., and a long series of A. glaphgra, Er., var. manni, Alph. ; he pointed out how much some of the manni resembled erschojii, and said that he believed they would prove to be forms of one species, and he thought it possible that var. issyka would have to be regarded as distinct. — Mr. H. Langley also showed the Stauropus fagi, L., from Princethorpe, referred to at the previous meeting. — Colbran J. Wainwkight, Hon. Sec. City of London Entomological Society. — September 11th, 1907. —Mr. C. W. Simmons, of Tufnell Park, and Mr. E. Turner, of Twickenham, were elected to membership. — Mr. S. J. Bell, Lyceena arion from North Cornwall, in excellent condition, although taken between July 25th and 31st, 1907. — Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, two Agrotis obscura, females, taken on September 7th and 14th, 1907, and ova laid by same, twelve specimens having been taken at Mucking during late August and early September, 1907. — Mr. J. A. Clark, dark Boarmia repandata, similar to London form, from Pit- lochrie. — Dr. G. G. C. Hodgson, Lyceena bellargus, females, taken in Surrey, Sussex, and Kent between May 26th and July 23rd, 1907; the specimens were unusually blue, which fact Dr. Hodgson suggested had some relation to the inclement season. — Mr. A. W. Mera, Abraxas ulmata from Chalfont Road, July 8th, 1907, with black markings almost obsolete. — Mr. C. P. Pickett, Satyrus tithonus from Dawlish, August, 1907, including specimens with abnormally large ocelli on forewings and others lacking the usual central white dot in same. — Mr. J. Riches, dark Cosmo triche Rotatoria, from Eastbourne larvas. — Mr. P. H. Tautz, Stauropus fagi, taken at Chorley Wood about July loth, 1907. — Mr. J. Riches reported having seen a spent Smerintlms tilicc female at Hornsey on September 14th. — S. Bell, Hon. Sec. RECENT LITERATURE. Australian Insects. By Walter W. Froggatt, F.L.S., Government Entomologist, New South Wales. Royal 8vo, pp. 500. Frontis- piece in colour, 37 black and white plates containing 270 figures, and 180 figures in the text. Sydney : William Brooks & Com- pany, Ltd. 1907. In this exceedingly well got up and liberally illustrated volume the author furnishes a text-book on the insects of Australia which appeals not only to the nature lover, but also to the entomological student. To the latter it will be most helpful, whilst the former will find much of interest in its pages, and the illustrations, many reproduced from photographs, will show h m a number of the various forms of insect- RECENT LITERATURE. 263 life occurring in Australia. The sequence of the orders is as follows : — 1. Aptera. 2. Orthoptera (7 plates). 3. Neuroptera (2 plates). 4. Hymenoptera (7 plates). 5. Coleoptera (2 plates). 6. Lepidoptera (Rhopalocera, 3 plates ; Heterocera, 5 plates). 7. Diptera (4 plates). 8. Hemiptera (2 plates ; Homoptera, 4 plates ; Anopleura ; and Mallo- phaga). 9. Thysanoptera (1 plate). The Termiticlse — here included in Orthoptera, and placed immedi- ately after the Blattidae, and before the Embiidae — are well represented ; thirty-five species have been detected, and it is thought probable that others may yet be found in Australia. The reproductions of photo- graphs of the mounds built up by " white ants," on plates iii. and iv., are extremely good ; the termitarium of Eutermes pgriformis is said to sometimes attain a height of eighteen feet. Some of the insects belonging to Neuroptera are of curious struc- ture. Croce attennata, for example, has the fore wings like those of a mayfly, but the hind wings are very slender affairs, and greatly exceed the body in length. Among the Odonata, of which family over one hundred species are found in Australia, there is Petalura gigantea, measuring from 5 to 6| in. in expanse. Australia is rich in Hymeno- ptera, but the Coleoptera are perhaps better known, as our author states that some thousauds have been added to Masters' Catalogue, in which 7200 species were enumerated. In Lepidoptera the number of Nymphalidae has not been indicated, but of Lycaenidae about 114 species appear to be known, although many are local and rare. Just over thirty species of Pieridae and about twenty species of Papilionidae occur in Australia ; whilst of Hesperiidae seventy-nine species have been identified. Moths are well represented in all parts of Australia, and among the Noctuidas are noted Leucania unipuncta, Heliothis armi- gera, and Prodenia littoralis, all of which have occasionally been observed in England. In 1864 Schiner estimated the number of described Australian species of Diptera at 1056, and since that date a large number have no doubt been added. In this order, and also in Hemiptera, there seems not to be any complete catalogues of Australian species. Of course, only some of the species in the families of each order are dealt with, but the selection made appears to be a useful one. Discussing the Sphingidae, our author, on p. 237, states that " they take their scientific name from the fanciful resemblance of their stiff horny pupae . . . to the Egyptian Sphinx." We had always supposed that the sphinx-like attitude of the larva when resting suggested the name. Further down on the same page the larva of Chcerocampa celerio is said to have eye-like spots on the hind segments ; in this statement hind is probably a misprint for front. There are one or two other observations that are new to us, but space does not permit of further reference to them. Butterflies of Hong Kong and South-east China. By J. C. Kershaw, F.L.S., &c. Part VI., completing this work, has recently come to hand. On pp. 121-140 the Hesperiidae are dealt with. General notes, appendix, 264 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. and notes on collecting occupy a further sixteen pages. Various other matters, including a glossary of terms, errata, and index, bring up the number of pages in the volume to 184. There are also eight plates, of which one in colour represents the Hesperid butterflies (plate xiv.). Plates iA-ivA give coloured figures of larvae and pupae. Life-history and other details are figured on plates viA and viiA. The publishers are Kelly and Walsh, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Singapore, and Yokohama ; and R. H. Porter, Princes Street, is the London agent. The following publications have also been received : — • Diptera Danica Genera and Species of Flies hitherto found in Denmark. By William Lundbeck. Part I. Stratiomyiidaa, Xylophagidae, Ccenomyiidae, Tabanidae, Leptididae, Acroceridae. Pp. 166. With portrait of R. C. Staeger, and forty-seven figures. Copenhagen : G. E. C. Gad. London : William Wesley & Son. 1907. The majority of the species discussed in this part occur in Britain. The work is to be completed in about ten parts. Les Premiers Etats des Lepidopteres Francais Rhopalocera (Anciens Diumes). Par M. C. Frionnet, Professeurde Sciences Naturelles au College de Saint-Dizier, &c. Pp. i-xl, 1-320. Three plain plates. Saint-Dizier. 1906. (May be had of A. Hermann, Rue de la Sorbonne, Paris.) Precis des Caracteres Generiques des Insectes, disposes dans an Ordre Naturel. Par le Citoyen Latreille. A Paris, chez Prevot. Libraire, Quai des Augustins et a Brive, chez F. Bordeaux : Imprimeur Libraire. (1907.) (Sold by A. Hermann as above.) Pierre- Andre Latreille a Brive de 1762 a 1798. Par Louis de Nussac. Sous-Bibliothecaire au Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. Pp. 264. Paris : G. Steinheil, Rue Casimir-Delavigne 2. 1907. Manchester Microscopical Society. Annual Report and Transactions, 1906. Pp. 97. Manchester : The Society. July, 1907. Contains "Notes on Scolytidae or Bark Beetles," by A. T. Gillanders (pp. 69-75). Report of the Entomological Department of the New Jersey Agricultural College Experimental Station, Neiv Brunsivick, N.J. By John B. Smith, Sc.D. For the year 1906. Pp. i-iv, 517-670. The under-mentioned are reprints from the ' Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum' : — The Decticina, (a Group of Orthoptera) of North America. By Andrew Nelson Caudell. (No. 1530, vol. xxxii. pp. 285-410. May 23rd, 1907.) Revision of the American Moths of the Gentis Argyresthia. By August Busck. (No. 1506, vol. xxxii. pp. 5-24, with plates iv.-v. 1907.) THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. XL.] DECEMBER, 1907. [No. 535 NEW AMERICAN BEES.— V. By T. D. A. Cockerell. Nomada lippia sublippice, var. nov. $ . Clypeus black ; no supraclypeal mark ; lateral face-marks narrower above. Hob. Las Cruces, New Mexico, at flowers of Solidago, Sept. 15th, 1895 (Cockerell). Nomada cruris, Ckll. This was described from males only. At Cloudcroft, New Mexico, Mr. H. L. Vicreck took a female (June 16th, 1902), to which I can only refer here. It differs from the male in the larger size, black clypeus, and absence of supraclypeal marks. It is easily known from N. texana by the coarse punctures of mesothorax ; from modesta by the absence of yellow spots on metathorax; from neomexicana by the yellow tegulse, and two light yellow bands (the second interrupted) on venter of abdo- men ; from modesta rivertonensis by the flagellum red beneath ; from vegana by the black clypeus and metathorax. Nomada (Micronomada) garciana, sp. nov. (snoivi, subsp.?). $ . Length about 7 mm. ; black, with the light markings on head and thorax ivory-colour or yellowish-white, the abdominal bands dull yellow ; legs clear red, with spots on middle and hind coxae, small spots at apex of anterior and middle tibiae, large spot at apex of hind tibiae, and hind basitarsi, all white. F-ace pale practically up to level of antennae, the lateral marks extending beyond, and ending at an angle of 45° ; antennae red, a little suffused with dusky above, third joint about or almost twice as long as fourth ; mesothorax shining, with strong punctures, quite widely separated in the middle; upper border of prothorax, tubercles, a large transverse patch on pleura, scutellum, and post-scutellum, all pale, the scutellums more strongly yellow ; metathorax without yellow or white marks, but its lower half ENTOM. DECEMBER, 1907- 2 A 266 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. ferruginous ; tegulae yellowish-white ; wings long, strongly dusky at tip, b. n. meeting t. m. a little on the outer side, second s. m. nearly as large as third ; abdomen strongly punctured, with five entire yellow bands ; apical plate very strongly notched ; venter with the first two segments largely ferruginous, the third and fourth with broad dull yellow bands. In my table of Rocky Mountain Nomada (Bull. 94, Colo. Exp. Sta.) this runs to N. snowi, Cresson, to which it appears to be allied. It differs, however, by the ferruginous colour on the metathorax, the absence of black marks on the legs, and the band on first abdominal segment not " deeply indented on each side anteriorly." The scape is obscurely whitish beneath, not with a white spot. It is possible that it represents a southern race or sub- species of N. snowi. The spine on anterior coxa is ferruginous, of moderate length. Hab. Mesilla Park, New Mexico, on the College Farm, May 1st, at flowers of Melilotus indica, along with Halictus bardus, Cress., H. mesillensis, Ckll., H. pectoraloides, Ckll. (many), H. meliloti, Ckll., Spinoliella meliloti, Ckll., Sphecodes and Prosopis. Named after Professor Fabian Garcia, of the New Mexico Agricultural College. Epeolus barberiellus , sp. nov. ? . Length 5% mm. ; black, with the usual pale markings ; man- dibles and labrum ferruginous ; clypeus rugosopunctate ; flagellum dull reddish beneath ; vertex shining, with strong punctures ; meso- thorax sbining, with strong close punctures ; lower part of pleura the same ; mesothorax obscurely and suffusedly bilineate, the bands of hair connected with the general hairiness of the anterior lateral margins ; scutellum flat, scutellar teeth black and almost obsolete ; tegulae clear apricot colour ; wings dusky ; legs red, the femora reddish-black except at apex ; tibiae clouded with dusky ; spurs red ; first abdominal segment covered with hair except a large discal T ; segments 2 to 4 with very broad hair- bands, that on 2 narrowly interrupted ; fifth and apex reddish, silvery lunule short ; venter rufescent. E. cruris, Ckll., occurring in the same district, is easily separated by the longer, red, scutellar teeth, the large distinct spot of bair on anterior part of mesothorax, &c. Hab. Mesilla Park, New Mexico, April 22nd (C. M. Barber). Perdita lepidii, sp. nov. ? . Length just over 5 mm. ; head blue-green ; front and vertex dull, with a granular surface, cheeks shining ; face-marks cream colour, consisting of long-pyriform lateral marks, and a light crescent occupying the upper edge of the clypeus, and sending downwards a large lobe-like projection in the median line; labrum black; mandibles with tbe basal balf yellowish-white, the apical ferruginous ; antennae dark, the flagellum dull pale yellow beneath ; mesothorax yellow-green, exceedingly shiny, with a strong median groove ; scutellum like meso- thorax, but post-scutellum and metathorax dull blue-green ; pleura blue-green, shining; tubercles cream colour; wings dusky, nervures NEW AMERICAN BEES. 267 and margin of stigrna dilute sepia ; third discoidal cell very distinct ; legs black, with the anterior and middle tibiae in front, anterior tarsi and the knees, light yellow ; middle tarsi pale brownish ; abdomen black, with bright yellow markings, consisting of a pair of little spots on first segment, and large oblique marks on sides of second, third, and fourth ; venter dark. Labial palpi comparatively short, the first joint about as long as the other three together. Euns in table of Perdita (Proc. Phila. Acad. 1896) to P. obscurata, from which it differs by the brown nervures and markings of thorax. Hab. Florissant, Colorado, at flowers of Lepidiwm jonesii, Kydberg, July 28th, 1907 ; two females (S. A. Rohwer). At the same time, place, and flowers, Mr. Rohwer took Perdita tortifolice, Ckll., six females, and P. florissantella, Ckll., three females, two males. It has occurred to me that possibly tortifolice may be a mutation of florissantella, although the face-marks are radically different, and there is no sign of anything intermediate, unless a single tortifolice with a little short light stripe on the clypeus can be so regarded. In 1906 the very numerous specimens from Eriogonum umbellatum were all florissantella ; but in 1907 (July 21st-23rd) Mr. Rohwer took from this flower eight floris- santella and one tortifolice. Dioxys aurifusca (Titus). Chrysopheon anrifuscus, Titus, Canad. Entom. 1901, p. 256 (Colorado) . After studying one of the types of this very distinct species, I am persuaded that Chrysopheon is not more than a subgenus of Dioxys. The species has some resemblance to the Algerian D. rufiventris, Lep. Dioxys martii, Ckll. I have before me two examples taken by Professor C. H. T. Townsend at Las Cruces, New Mexico, May 10th and 11th. These show that the venational character cited in the original description (first r. n. joining first s. m.) is not constant; but the species is easily known from D. producta by the rounded, not produced, apex of abdomen. Nomacla subaccepta, sp. no v. $ . Length a little over 8 mm. ; head and thorax black, with quite abundant white hair, which is dense and silky on face ; clypeus, lateral marks, labrum, basal half of mandibles and scape in front all pale yellow ; labrum hairy, and with a small red tubercle ; lateral marks very broad below, but rapidly narrowing to a line which ends at level of antennae ; cheeks entirely black ; a small red spot above each eye ; scape stout, but not swollen ; third joint a little over half as long as fourth ; flagellum stout but normal (not dentate or con- spicuously undulate), red, the basal half black, and the apical more or less dusky, above, though even on the black part there are red sutural 2 a 2 268 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. lines; scutellum strongly bilobed, bright red; a little red on post- scutellum ; mesothorax black or faintly red ; tubercles and a patch on pleura beneath them red more or less stained with yellow ; tegulse red ; wings dark at apex ; b. n. going a short distance basad of t. m. ; second s. m. at least as broad above as third ; legs red, hind femora black except at apex ; middle femora with a variable amount of black ; hind basitarsus largely black without ; abdomen very minutely punc- tured, rather light red, first segment with the basal half black, and without any yellow ; second to fourth with broadly interrupted pale yellow bands, or large lateral spots, those on second when very large notched anteriorly at the sides ; fifth and sixth with narrow bands, not or hardly interrupted, that on fifth when well developed notched posteriorly at the sides ; apical plate broad and notched ; venter red, the first segment with a large bilobed black patch, the others more or less stained with blackish, the third and fourth with slight yellow markings, the apex with a large yellow patch. In my tables of Kocky Mountain Nomada runs to N. vicinalis, but differs by its smaller size, base of metathorax with distinct though delicate longitudinal ridges, absence of yellow on first abdominal segment, &c. If the male of X. accepta had been unknown, I should have been inclined to refer snbaccepta to that species ; but Cresson describes male accepta, and it differs by having only the anterior margin of the clypeus light, &c. In many respects it resembles the Canadian A7, armatella, Ckll., but the form of the apical plate is different, there is no supraclypeal mark, and the flagellum is not entirely red. In Schmiedcknecht's table of European species it runs to twenty-eight, and runs out because of the red scutellum. Hob. Florissant, Colorado, two males, June 13th and 15th, 1907 (S. A. Bohwer). One was at flowers of Antennaria microphylla. Another male Nomada, taken by Mr. Bohwer at Florissant, on June 15th, also runs to vicinalis in the Bocky Mountain table; while in Bobertson's table (Canad. Entom. 1903, p. 179) it runs to N. illinoiensis. It is really very close to illinoiensis, but it has the hair of the vertex and thorax above ferruginous, the scutellum with a pair of large red spots, and the bright lemon yellow on the abdomen very well developed. Its length is 8 mm. I do not describe it as new, because I think it is very likely to prove to be the male of N. cymhalarice, Ckll., hitherto known from a single female. The sexes in this group are so different that their correct association is a matter of great difficulty. Melissodes fremontii, sp. nov. $ . In nearly all respects, including the structure of the antennre, &c, like M. confusa, Cresson, but differing as follows: — Eyes green ; face conspicuously broader, eyes more diverging above ; antenna? black, but in a strong light most of the flagellar joints show a dark red spot beneath ; abdomen narrower and more cylindrical ; of the four lateral subapical spines which are so prominent in il/. confusa, the anterior ones are very small and easily overlooked, yet quite well NEW MICROJOPPA FROM TRINIDAD. 269 formed, while the posterior are reduced to mere dentiform rudiments. The apical portion of the marginal cell is shorter than in coiifusa. The M. confusa compared is one of Cresson's types. Hab. Florissant, Colorado, at flowers of Geranium fremontii, July 23rd, 1907 (S. A. Bohwer). Melissodes mysops, Ckll. Mr. S. A. Rohwer took one female and fourteen males at flowers of Carduus acaulescens at Florissant, July 24th-29th, 1907. The males mostly differ from the type in having the yellow of the clypeus strongly trilobed, and the scutellum is often without black hair ; but the species remains quite distinct from M. cnici. University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado : October 15th, 1907. NEW MICROJOPPA FROM TRINIDAD. By P. Cameron. Microjojjpa dentipes, sp. nov. Bright orange yellow, the antennas, front except laterally, vertex, upper part of occiput narrowly, middle of pronotum, mesonotum, middle of scutellum to the lateral furrows, the third abdominal segment except laterally and the following entirely, black ; the black on the apical segments tinged with violaceous. Wings yellowish hyaline to the transverse basal nervure, the following part clear hyaline, the apex from shortly behind the apical abscissa of the radius, the cloud becoming narrowed behind, and a narrower cloud on the apex of the hind wings, fuscous, the stigma and apical nervures black. Legs coloured like the body, the apical half of hind femora, about the basal fourth of hind tibiae and the four posterior tibiae, black. Pubescence dense and white. $ . Length, 14 mm. Trinidad. First abdominal segment except narrowly at the base, and the second strongly, acutely longitudinally striated, the basal three- fourths of the third more closely and finely striated. Apex of clypeus with two rows of punctures, the rest of the head smooth. Scutellum sparsely punctured, more closely towards the apex, the sides before the apex irregularly longitudinally striated ; the sides stoutly keeled to near the apex, furrowed inside the keel. Basal third of metanotum smooth, the rest closely, distinctly, but not strongly punctured. Areola slightly wider than long, the apex rounded inwardly. Apex of mesopleurae with a crenulated border. On the inner side of the hind coxae, near the apes, is a short, stout tooth. Areolet narrowed in front, the nervures almost touching, the recurrent nervure received shortly beyond the middle. Allied to M. geniculates, Cam. '270 THE ENTOMOLOGI8T. OBSERVATIONS ON THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS CALLIMENUS, Fischek de Waldheim (ORTHOPTERA; BRADYPORID^). By A. M. Shuguroff (Odessa). (Concluded from p. 251.) Returning to a brief revision of the species of the genus Callimenus, we are at once struck with the impossibility of deter- mining the greater number of specimens which fall into the hands of entomologists by means of the synoptical tables at pre- sent in existence. This is partly explained by the fact that the form of the pronotum varies to a remarkable extent in Calli- menus, and also the number of keels or ridges on the hinder margin of the abdominal segments. This is most unreliable. It is hard to find two specimens exactly agreeing in colour. The variation, too, in the size of the tubercular ridges on the segments of the abdomen has been sufficiently noticed. But apart from this individual variability* observed in mor- phologically equivalent individuals, in Callimenus, malformation [monstrositas, Missbildung) is, evidently, also observed ; at least, it is particularly to this kind of variation that I am inclined to attribute such an incident as, for instance, I have observed in a male in my own collection, when the right mesosternal lobe is bifid at the extremity, although in the diagnosis these lobes should be described as "magis acuminati." The comparison of the same morphological peculiarities in different species of the genus Callimenus enables us to draw up the table given on p. 178, t the material for which was afforded by the descriptions of Brunner, the collection of the Oxford Museum,! and the personal observations of the author of this article. In the genus Callimenus, erected by the learned Russian, Fischer de Waldheim, in his letter to Serville in 1833, in the Ann. :;: In the use of this term I follow the interpretation of Duncker, " Die Methode der Variations-Statistik" ('Arch. f. Entm.-mech. der Organism,' viii. (1899) ). Hugo de Fries, for individual variation, employs the term " fluctu- ation," but Prof. Shimkevich (Hor. St. Pet. N. H. Soc. xxxv. 4, pp. 28-29 (1906) ) calls it "flexibility." f [That is, of course, a reference to the pagination of the ' Revue ' in which this article originally appears. — M. B.] I Mr. Burr kindly consented to allow me to publish the synoptical table which was drawn up by him ; at the same time he gave me the information about the female of C. montandoni, Burr., the description of which had not previously been published. For this friendly assistance I have pleasure in expressing to him my sincere thanks. [This is a mistake on the part of M. Shuguroff. The material is in my own collection, at present stored in the Hope Museum by the kindness of Professor Poulton. Hence the error. — M. B.I OBSERVATIONS ON SPECIES OF THE GENUS CALLIMENUS. 271 Soc. Ent. Fr. ii. p. 318, there are included at the present time six species, of which five belong to the European fauna. These five species are the following : — Callimenus oniscus, Charp. (1839). C. longicollis, Schulth. (1881) = pancici, Brunn.-Watt. (1881). , • . ... C. montandoni, Burr. (1898) = longicollis, Fieb. non Schulth. C. dilatatus, Stal (1875) =zinflatus, Brunn.-Watt. (1882). G. brauneri, Shug. (1907). . . The sixth species, hitherto only known from Persia, is C. latipes, Stal.* . The synonymy of the species of Callimenus is exceedingly confused. . . . Thus Lefebvre, in 1831, in Guerm's Magasm de Zool.^i. No. 5, gave the description of some kind of "Ground Pig"t (vide fig. 1 on pi. 5, 2,1. c.) under the name of Epippiger macro- gaster,t in the opinion of Mr. Burr {in litt.) entirely distinct from C. oniscus, Charp., and approaching the species of the type of C. montandoni and C. brauneri. In the meantime, every author, from Fischer, of Fribourg,§ to Jacobson,[| regards G. macrogaster, Lef., as synonymous with C. oniscus, Charp., acknowledging the right of priority to Lefebvre's name. C. longicollis, Fieb., is queried by Brunner von WattenwylH as a synonym of C. pancici, but, as it seems to me, without sufficient grounds. . Fieber** describes his var. a in such a way that his diagnosis may be also referred to C. pancici, Br. v. Watt., and especially to C. montandoni, Burr, a synonym of which it evidently is. C. longicollis, Schulthess-Bechberg, was described by that author in' 1881 from specimens from Nish, in Servia, in his article, " Eine Excursion nach Serbien." ft Schulthess writes :— " This species is closely allied to C. oniscus, Charp., which is common throughout Greece, and is distinguished by the form of the subgenital lamina of the female, the somewhat more obtuse lobes of the metasternum, and through a different arrangement of the folds of the pronotum, which has thus the appearance of a somewhat greater length." In spite of the vagueness of the specific distinctions m the case ol Schulthess's species, it is still possible to affirm, with a sufficient * [A seventh, very distinct, species was brought home by Senor Escalera, also from Persia, and will be described by Bolivar.— M. B.] f [" Zemliannaia Svinka," the popular Russian name for these remark- able insects. — M. B.] . t Unfortunately I have had no access to Lefebvre s work. § Orth. Eur. 1853, p. 203. || Jacobsonand Bianki, Priam, i. Lozhn. Ross. Imp. 1905, p. 421. P- 35- §§ Brunner von Wattenwyl, op. cit. p. 253. HI] Schulthess, Mitth. Schweiz Ent. Ges. vi. 5, 1881, p. 384. 1T1I Burr, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898. *** Shuguroff, Rev. Russe d'Ent. vi. 1906, Nos. 1-2. iff A. A. Brauuer told me that a species of Callimenus was found by him near Aleshek, but S. A. Mokrzhetsky informed me of the existence of some species of Callimenus near the village of Vodianoe in the district of the Bniepr, in the Government of Tabrich. 274 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. of many of the older authors are exceedingly doubtful. The discrimination of the species of Callimenus by colour and the form of the pronotum is very untrustworthy, and until quite recently it was only to these characters that anyone paid atten- tion when determining specimens of Callimenus. These charac- ters have even been admitted for the separation of new species (Fischer de Waldheim). For this reason a great part of the records of older and even of many modern authors ought to be provisionally referred to other species {e.g. the record of Professor Lindeman). Other data may even refer to some new species, but not in every case to C. oniscus, Charp. With regard to the bionomics of Callimenus, they are typical natives of the steppe ; Girard* writes that the species of Calli- menus occurs chiefly in dry regions. A. A. Brauner and I. A. Pachossky found their specimens in meadows lying in valleys and streams, and grown over with spear-grass. In Russia, as I have noted in this connection, the genus is adapted to that belt of the arcto-boreal zone which, in the language of S. Kor- zhinsky, of the Academy, bears the name of " the typical steppe." Werner, speaking of C. dilatatus, Stal, remarks : — " This species appears to be widely distributed in the steppes of Asia Minor. . . . The railway men know them well as the ' railway beetle,' as it often stops on the railway banks, just like Testudo ibera." Finally, Professor Lindeman saw Callimenus on the mud volcanoes of Taman. All these data, it seems to me, support my view which I expressed before, that Callimenus is one of the typical inhabitants of the steppe. THE DRAGONFLIES OF EPPING FOREST IN 1907. By F. W. & H. Campion. The prevalence of inclement weather during the summer months occasioned a scarcity of dragonflies in our district, but the warm and sunny days which came towards the end of the season delayed the disappearance of certain species beyond the usual period. No dragonflies were taken after September 22nd. The thirteen species enumerated below were collected during the year : — (1) Pyrrhosoma nymphula was met with in small numbers * Traite Elem. d'Entom. ii. 1879, p. 166. THE DRAGONFLIES OF EPPING FOREST IN 1907. 275 from May 11th, when it was in a very immature state, until July 21st. (2) Agrion puella was on the wing longer than in previous years. Specimens began to be taken on June 9th, and an old worn female, with about half of the abdomen thinly coated with dry mud, was obtained as late as August 25th. On July 7th a male was taken while preying upon a small dipteron ; a wing recovered from the dragonfly's jaws was examined by Mr. E. E. Austen, who identified it as belonging to one of the Limnobiidse, Erioptera Jiavescens. (3) Ischnura elegans. — This was probably the commonest Agrionid, and its season was observed to extend from June 9th SYMPETRUM SANGUINEUS!, ab. to September 17th. Var. infascans was obtained on June 16th and July 14th — three specimens in all. (4) Enallagma cyathigerum. — The distribution of this species was more widely extended than is usually the case. The first cap- ture was made on June 9th, and the last on September 1st. Blue females were taken singly on July 7th and August 24th and 25th. (5) Cordulia cenea. — A few specimens, including a female, were taken on June 9th and 16th. The males were somewhat smaller than those taken in 1906, although they were still of exceptional size. The largest measured 50*5 mm. in length and 70'5 mm. across the hind wings, and the smallest 48'5 mm. by 68 mm. The length of the female was 51 mm., and the expanse 72 mm. (6) Brachytron pratense. — A fine male was secured on June 16th, some miles away from the locality where the female was taken in 1906. No other specimens were seen. (7) Libellula depressa was met with on one date only (June 16th), when a male was taken without a trace of blue powder on the abdomen. 276 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. (8) Mschna grandis. — If an empty nymph-case referable to this species found on July 14th may be regarded as belonging to the present season, M. grandis was then on the wing. The first imago was seen on August 4th, and several matured specimens were taken on the 11th, when the females were ovipositing. On August 6th a female nymph was found clinging to the stem of a plant ; it was dead but still fresh, having probably left the water during the preceding night or in the early morning, and perished of the cold then prevailing. It had partly disclosed the imago, and the anterior pair of bright yellow thoracic stripes were very conspicuous. The species remained on the wing longer than usual, specimens being taken at as late a date as September 17th. (9) Sympetrum striolatum. — On July 20th we put up a soft- bodied, freshly emerged imago, doubtless of this species, which flew away across a pond. It was immediately seen and eagerly pursued by a sparrow, and a second sparrow quickly joined in the chase. As far as could be seen, the dragonfly fell a victim to the birds, but in any case the pursuit was very keen. Another specimen was taken on the same date, and thereafter immature individuals occurred sparingly until September 17th. On the 8th of that month the earliest matured examples were met with, including some brilliantly coloured males. The latest capture was made on September 22nd. (10) Msckna cyanea. — The first imago taken was a very im- mature male, which was resting on rushes bordering a pond, and had probably emerged from the water that day (July 21st). Close by was found a nymph-skin which evidently belonged to the imago previously obtained, for both had the extremity of the abdomen twisted to the right. The species never became com- mon, and the last specimen was taken on September 22nd. (11) Anax imperator. — Two rather worn males, the only specimens noticed during the year, were taken on August 11th, the latest date for the species of which any record is before us. (12) Lestes sponsa was found to be very abundant near Epping on August 15th, when a female was taken measuring only 32 mm. in length and 41-5 mm. in expanse. In other parts of the Forest district specimens occurred singly on August 25th and September 17th and 22nd. (13) Sympetrum sanguineum. — Two males were taken on September 15th ; in one of them the wings were much frayed, and the other is the subject of the accompanying figure. As will be seen, the margin of the left hind wing comprises two distinct curves of unequal length and convexity, meeting in a strongly marked notch at the end of the median sector. A slight notch is normally present in the wings of large dragonflies and in those of some other Neuroptera, but the example before us recalls in a striking manner the notch, at the corresponding nervure, A NEW SPECIES OF ICHNEUMON FEOM VANCOUVER ISLAND. 277 in the wings of certain Orthoptera, where the folding under of the wings takes place. Sympetrum flaveolum was looked for at the proper period at both localities where it occurred in 1906, but nothing of it was seen. A like negative result attended a search for S. vulgatum, notwithstanding that a large number of S. striolatum were taken and examined for the characters of the rare species. 33, Maude Terrace, Walthamstow : October 24th, 1907. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OP ICHNEUMON FEOM VANCOUVER ISLAND. By P. Cameron. Ichneumon mathewi, sp. nov. Black; the anterior tibia? white in front, joints 11-23 of flagellum of antennas cream-coloured, wings light fuscous-violaceous, the stigma and nervures black, the disco-cubital nervure with a long stump ; areolet 5-angled, hardly half the length in front it is behind; the transverse median nervure received shortly beyond the basal. Palpi black. Head and thorax closely punctured; the apical half of clypeus depressed, the sides and apex with scattered punctures. Scutellum roundly convex, the apical slope straight, oblique, less strongly punctured than the rest. Areola large, slightly wider than long, the base not quite transverse, with the sides rounded, the apex transverse ; it is stoutly, closely, longitudinally striated throughout ; the stria? twisted ; the top of the posterior median area is irregularly longi- tudinally striated, the rest more closely transversely striated ; the lateral area? more stoutly obliquely striated. Post-petiole coarsely aciculated, finely, irregularly, aciculated, striated ; the apex in the middle raised, smooth. Gastracceli deep, striated. The ventral fold is distinct on the fourth segment. Antennae short, stout, tapering and serrate towards the apex. Length, 17 mm. $ . Vancouver Island (G. F. Mathew, R.N.). In the table of the males given by Mr. Cresson (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. vi. p. 136) this species comes into section i., close to galenus. That species (only the male is known) is " long, slender"; its antennae is also "long, slender," not short and thick, as in the present species, which can hardly be called "slender"; galenus has the punctures on mesonotum "indis- tinct " ; in the present species they are clearly defined and distinct. Mr. Cresson's species has the metanotum "densely punctured," while in my species it is stoutly striated. I. mathewi is an Ichneumon as defined in Dr. Ashmead's table (Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxiii. 171, except that the areola is transverse at the apex. The basal slope of metanotum is deep, steep. 278 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. PHALMNA (BOMBYX) LUBRICIPEDA, Linn. By T. H. Briggs, M.A., F.E.S. Mr. Kirby, in his ' Catalogue Lep. Het.' i. p. 227, published in 1892, and in his ' Handbook to the Order Lepidoptera,' pub- lished in 1897, gives, in my opinion, conclusive proofs that Linnaeus, when he described PhaUena lubricipeda, meant our white ermine, commonly known as Spilosoma menthastri, and not the buff one. Yet all entomological magazines, periodicals, and their contributors from those dates seem entirely to have ignored these publications of Mr. Kirby's.* I have not seen the first-mentioned book, but in his ' Hand- book,' vol. iii p. 130, he refers to — (i) Bombyx lubricipeda (Linn.), Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. pp. 505-6, No. 47 (1758). (ii) Linn., Faun. Suec. ii. p. 303 (1761). (iii) Phalcena lubricipeda (Scopoli), Ent. Carn. p. 208, No. 513 (1763). (iv) Bombyx lubricipeda alba (Hufnagel), Berlin Mag. ii. p. 412, No. 25 (1766). (v) Bombyx menthastri, Esper, Schmett. ii. p. 334, taf. 66, figs. 6-10 (1786) ; Hiib. Eur. Schmett. iii. figs. 152, 153 (1804?). (vi) Phalcena erminea, Marsham, Trans. Linn. Soc. i. p. 70, pi. 1, fig. 1 (1791). t (i) Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. pp. 505-6, No. 47 (1758). lubricipeda. — P. Bombyx spirilinguis, alis deflexis albidis, punctis nigris, abdomineque quinque fariam nigro punctato. Larva pilosa, fusca punctis cseruleis, linea dorsali pallida. Varietatem /3 non distinctam esse speciem docuit D. De Geer. Linnseus refers to — (i) ' Fauna Suecica,' p. 254, No. 823 (1746). (ii) Goedart, ' Metamorphosis et Historia Naturalis Insect- orum,' tt. 23,38 (1662-1669). (iii) 'List Goedart,' f. 93 (1682). (iv) ' Raii Historia Insectorum,' p. 196, No. 155 (1710). (v) ' Merian Maria Sybilla, De Europische Insecten,' i. t. 46, f. 65 (1730). * In this paper I have given verbatim those of the references to which Mr. Kirby refers, as far as I have been able to have had access to the authors he quotes, and also to other works of Linnseus and other authors on the same subject not mentioned by Mr. Kirby. It must be remembered that our nomenclature dates from the tenth edition of Linnaeus's Syst. Nat. (1758), and also that many of the older authors' descriptions are only useful for the purposes of identification, as most of them are descriptions of insects to which no name was applied by them. | This paper was read at a meeting of the Linnean Society on August 5th, 1788, but, according to Dr. Staudinger, was not published by that Society until 1791, and three other references not material to this paper. PHAL.ENA (BOMBYX) LUBRICIPEDA 279 (vi) Albin, ' Natural History of English Insects,' t. 24, f. 36 (1720). (vii) Frisch. Ins. 3, t. 8(1721). (viii) Reaumur, De Ins. 2, t. 1, ff. 7-9 (1736). (ix) De Geer, Ins. 1, 1. 11. ff. 7-8 (1752). (x) Eoesel, Ins. 1, Phal. 2, t. 46 (1746-1761). (xi) Wilkes, one hundred and twenty copper-plates of ' British Butterflies and Moths,' pi. 20, t. 3, a-5 (1740-1761). Var. (3. Goedart, Ins. t. 38; Eoesel, Ins. 1, Phal. 2, t. 47 ; Wilkes, pap. 20, t. 3, a-b. This variety |3 is the source of all the confusion of names, and was evidently the male of the buff ermine ; but Linnaeus in all his works only considered it as a sexual difference, and at last treated it only as a variety, and never gave a separate name to it. (i) Linn. « Fauna Suecica,' p. 254, No. 823 (1746). Phalana pectinicornis elinguis ; alis deflexis albidis ; punctis nigris, abdomine ordinibus quinque punctorum. Mas flavis ordine transverso punctorum nigrorum obliquorum. (ii) Goedart, tt. 23, 38 (1662-1639) ; t. 23, a male var. (3 (the buff ermine) and larva ; t. 38, a female white ermine and larva. (iii) Lister Goedart (1682) ; f. 93, the var. /3, male ; f. 96, type, the white ermine female. This author does not name his insects. (iv) 'Raii Historia Insectorum ' (1710). No. 155, p. 197, Phalcena media ex albido sublutea, alis exterioribus punctis paucis nigris ; oiktok;. This seems to be the var. /3 ; a male. No. 40, p. 195, Phalcena punctata. This last reference is only named by Linnaeus in Syst. Nat. xii., and seems to be a female white ermine. I do not understand the Greek word at the end of each of these diagnoses. (v) ' Merian Maria Sybilla, De Europische Insecten,' i. t. 46, fig. 65. " Un Papillon Nocturne, blanc, raie et tachete de Noir." (French edition, 1730.) White ermine figured. (vi) Albin's ' Natural History of English Insects,' t. 24, f. 36 (1720). A figure of the white ermine and its larva ; referred to by Linnaeus in his Syst. Nat. x. and xii., and in his ' Fauna Suecica,' ii. (1761). Albin states this is Goedart's No. 96. (vii) Frisch. Ins. 3, tab. 8. Lubricipeda female figured ; no name given. (viii) Reaumur, De Ins. 2, p. 61, ff. 7-9 (1736). Mr. Marsham states that he is clearly convinced that it is the mendica of Linnaeus which is here described, and he states that Reaumur describes the male " as of the colour of a rat," and alludes to the semitransparency of the wings of the female. P. 61, ii. 280 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. pl. 1, figs. 4, 7, 9 represent the white ermine, 5 and 6, mendica ; Reaumur first describes the former both sexes, and then says he has also obtained from identical larvae those other forms, figs. 5 and 6. (ix) De Geer, 1, pp. 183-4, ff. 7, 8 (1752-1778). Knows both species in each sex, but confuses them as one species. He figures (pl. xi. fig. 7) a female lubricipeda, and (fig. 8) a male 111 OltilCLStl*! (x) Roesel (1746-1761) ; Theil I. Phal. 2, t. 46 (1753) ; t. 47 (1753). Two insects are represented on this plate. Tab. 46 : The white ermine, larvae, cocoon, pupa, and imagines ; one with wings closed, the other with wings open ; both females. Tab. 47 : The buff ermine, larvae, cocoon, pupa, and imagines ; one with wings closed, the other with wings open ; both males. (xi) Wilkes, one hundred and twenty copper-plates of 'British Butterflies and Moths ' ; t. a-6, the white ermine and its larva ; t. a-5, the buff ermine and its larva. Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. xii. p. 829, No. 69 (1766). lubricipeda. — Identical description and references to those of the Syst. Nat. x., except added to the description are the words, " mas alis flavescentibus" ; and to the references. (i) Geoffrey, Paris Hist. Ins. p. 118, No. 21. Describes men- thastri, but confuses mendica with it as a variety, following the lead of Reaumur. This Geoffrey was Etienne Louis, who pub- lished ' Histoire Abregee des Insectes qui se trouvent aux Envi- rons de Paris ' (1762). (ii) Fourcroy, ' Entomologia Parisiensis.' In this work of Geoffrey, edited or published by Fourcroy after his death, ii. p. 263, No. 21 (1785), there is a moth described, P. lubricipeda. P. pectinicornis elinguis, alis deflexis albidis, punctis nigris, abdomine ordinibus quinque punctorum. (ii) Scopoli, 'Entomologia Carniolica ' (1763). (iii) Gron. ' Isophylacium Gronovianum ' (1763). A work I do not know. Scopoli, ' Entomologia Carniolica,' p. 208, No. 513 (1763). Phalcena lubricipeda, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 505-6 (reference to ed.' x.) ; Linn. ' Fauna Suecica,' ii. No. 1138 (1761). Diagn. Alba oculis antennisque nigris ; alis deflexis ; anticis nigro punctatis ; abdomine supra paleaceo ; punctorum nigrorum ordinibus quinis ; antennae subtus dentatae, basi superne albae, lingua substraminea, alae anticae punctis nigris (7, 10) tibiae nigrae. Linn. 'Fauna Suecica,' ii. p. 303, No. 1138 (1761). Phalcena (Bombyx) lubricipeda. lubricipeda. — Spirilinguis, alis deflexis albidis punctis nigris, abdomine quinque faciam nigro-punctato. Phalena pectinicornis PHAL.ENA (BOMBYX) LUBRICIPEDA. 281 elinguis, alis deflexis albidis ; punctis nigris, abdomine ordinibus quinque punctorum. With a reference to Albin's figure, t. 24, f. 36 (the white ermine), and other references not material to this paper, and a further description I have mentioned later when referring to Mr. Marsham's paper. Fabricius, ' Systema Entomologiae,' p. 576, No. 68 (1775). lubricipeda. — B. alis deflexis albidis, punctis nigris, abdomine quinque faciam nigro-punctato variat alarum colore et punc- torum numero suppa, folliculum caerulescens, stigmatibus rubris. And a description of the larva identical with that of Linnaeus in his Syst. Nat., which is not that of the buff ermine, nor is the pupa of that species ccerulescens, but both are brown. In both the tenth and twelfth editions of Linnaeus's Syst. Nat. he has a var. ft, with several references which seem to apply to the male buff ermine, but in both the author states, " Var. ft non distinctam esse speciem docuit D. DeGeer"; and during the whole of his life Linnaeus failed to see that there was any other species included under the name lubricipeda than the white- winged one, the only one of which he described the larva ; nor did Fabricius separate them. Linnaeus seems to have had some doubt about his var. ft, as in his twelfth edition he adds the words, " mas alis flavescentibus " ; and Fabricius also, when he states " variat alarum colore et punctorum numero," might have had an idea of a second species. Hufnagel, according to Mr. Kirby, described lubricipeda and its var. ft as Bombyx lubri- cipeda alba and Bombyx lubricipeda lutea, but it was, so far as I know, reserved for Esper in 1786 to abandon Linnams's name of lubricipeda for that of menthastri, giving the first name to that variety ft of Linnaeus which he himself in his lifetime had not recognized or described as a species. Dr. Staudinger, in his Catalogue of 1871, as regards the white ermine, has No. 781, menthastri Esper) = lubricipeda, L. S. N. x. 505 exc. var. ft, Sc. Ent. Cam. 208 (nom. restituend. ?) ; and yet, in his Catalogue of 1901, he creates this unnamed variety (which he had expressly separated in his Catalogue of 1871) into lubricipeda, Linn., Syst. Nat. x. 505-6, although all the descrip- tions of lubricipeda by Linnaeus himself were of a moth with white wings. I do not see how it is possible, by any process of reason- ing, to take a name an author has given to a species from it, and give it to an insect that author named only as a variety in all his works. Other authors have tried for some reason to find a new name for our white ermine instead of the var. j3 of Linnaeus. Mr. Marsham, in a paper read at a meeting of the Linnean Society on August 5th, 1788, which paper, according to Dr. Staudinger, was not published until 1791 (Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. i. p. 70), ENTOM. DECEMBER, 1907. 2 B THE ENTOMOLOGIST. gives this insect the name of erminea, and states : — " Fig. 1, to which I have given the name of erminea, appears to be the moth which Linnaeus described, in his Syst. Nat., as lubricipeda, and to that moth the name is affixed in his cabinet." And his reason for changing the name seems to be that in the description of lubricipeda in the Faun. Suec, second edition, are the words, " mas alis flavescentibus ordine oblique transverso punctorum nigrorum," which is a description of the male of our buff ermine, a moth unnamed by Linnaeus. Mr. Leech, in a paper read before the Entomological Society of London, December, 1898, and published in their volume of ' Transactions ' for the year 1899, p. 150, names our white ermine punctaria, with references to Mr. Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het. i. p. 227 (1892), and to Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. p. 233, pi. cccxcviii. fig. D' (1782), which name (Ray had named it punctata in 1710, see ante) would have priority over Esper's name of menthastri given in 1786. I think that the whole of these descriptions clearly show that Mr. Kirby was quite correct in stating that the Phalana (Bombyx) lubricipeda of Linnaeus is the white species now generally but erroneously known as Spilosoma menthastri (Esper). For the references to Madame Merian, Fisch, Reaumur, De Geer, and Geoffrey I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Louis B. Prout, who has consulted these authors, and has given me the results of his investigations. A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE ON THE FOOD-PLANTS OF ORIENTAL HEMIPTERA. By G. W. Kirkaldy. In the Hemiptera of the ' Fauna of British India ' (vols. i.-iii.), Mr. Distant has overlooked some records of food-plants made years ago by himself ! (1) Proc. E. S. London, 1879, p. 1 (with Moore) :— Halyo (!) dentata, Palomena viridissima, Piezoderus rubro- fasciatus, Agonoscelis nubila, Lygceus militaris,* Graptostethus servus. — All on Cucumerineae. Coptosoma cribraria on Lablab vulgaris. Bagrada picta, Pachymerus sordidus. — Both on Sinapis dicho- toma. The names are as given by Distant and Moore. (2) Proc. E. S. London, 1878, p. lvii :— Erthesina fullo is eaten by the Nagas. * Also destructive to Zea ma'is. — G. W. K. A NEW SPECIES OF CRABRONID^E FROM BORNEO. 283 The following seem also to have been omitted by Mr. Distant, and there are many more records since the publication of his first volume : — Aspongopus janus on Cucurbita and Cucumeris. Canthecona cognata preys on a croton-ravaging caterpillar. Brachy platys silphoides is said by Westermann (1821, Mag. Ent. iv. 411-27) to be very injurious to Oryza sativa in India, but I have no access to the work. It is translated in Eev. Ent. i. 111-1833. Myodocha acutus (= Leptocorisa, Dist.). This is a notorious rice pest; also found on "rubber." It is preyed on by Cicindela sexpunctata. Leptocoris augur (= Serinetha, Dist.). Supposed to be mimicked by the lepidopteron Phauda jiammans (cf. Eothney, 1894, Proc. E. S. London, p. xv.). It occurs on Gossypium herbaceum and Schleichera trijunga. Antilochus coquebertii preys on Dysdercus cingulatus (Kirkaldy, 1900, Entom. xxxiii. 295). Fontejanus icasmanni is termitophilus. (Breddin, 1903, Soc. Ent. xvii'i. 75.) |/ 0 Zamila aberrans is destructive to Saccharum ojfjicinarum. It has been partly confused by Distant with Dictyophora pallida. ^ Peregrinus maidis ( = Pundaluoya simplicia and vLibumia psylloides, Dist.) is destructive to Zea mats. I DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF CRABRONIDyE FROM BORNEO. By P. Cameron. Dasyproctus spilaspis, sp. nov. Black ; the mandibles, except at the base, brownish red ; a conical spot, wider than long, the narrowed end on the inner side, on either side of the proiiotum ; the scutellar keels, a broad band on the base of the hind tibiae, the anterior tarsi entirely, the basal two joints and the base of the third of the middle and the basal joint of the hinder, except narrowly at the apex, whitish yellow. The sides of the head, cheeks and face and clypeus densely covered with silvery pubescence. Eyes very large, coarsely faceted, touching the antennas below, the front with a distinct furrow. Ocelli in a triangle, the hinder sepa- rated from each other by a slightly less distance than they are from the eyes. Metanotum with a broad furrow extending from the base to the apex. Abdominal petiole slender, nodose at apex, longer than the thorax and as long as the rest of the abdomen. The eyes reach to the base of the mandibles. On the outer lower edge of the cheeks is a stout, longer than wide, rounded at the apex, tooth. Apex of tarsi thickened. Appendicular cellule large, clearly 2 b 2 284 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. defined ; the apical abscissa of the radius has only a slight slope. There is a short broad deep furrow on the base of mesonotum in the centre. 2 • Length 5 mm. Kuching, September (Mr. John Hewitt). DESCRIPTION OF A NEW PLUME-MOTH FROM CEYLON. By T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, R.N., F.E.S. Alucita melanopoda, sp. now Male, 28 mm. Head, antennae, palpi, thorax, and abdomen pure glistening white. First and second pairs of legs white above, with a few dark scales below on tibia and first joint of tarsus ; posterior legs very long, pure white, tips of spurs black, third and fourth joints of tarsi terminating in a large fan-like tuft of black scales, fifth tarsal joint clothed in black scales. Fore wings cleft from one-quarter ; segments linear ; pure glistening white, sprinkled with very minute black scales ; small clusters of black scales, forming dots, on costa at one-third, one-half, and three-quarters, and on second segment a little beyond middle and at three-quarters. Cilia white, with very pale fuscous patches below first segment before middle, at three-quarters, and irregularly between this latter and apex ; also on inner margin at one-third, one-half, and three-quarters. Hind wings cleft firstly from about one-sixth, secondly from near base ; segments linear ; pure glistening white ; a patch of faint fuscous on costa of first segment at three quarters, and also on inner margin of second segment at three- quarters and at one-half ; on second segment a moderate patch of black scales at one-half, and small black dots at three-quarters and at apex. Hab. Ceylon : Madulsima, November, 1906 (W. Vaughan) ; Kandy, May, 1907 ; Haragam, June, 1907 (E. E. Green). Assam : Khasi Hills (coll. Meyrick). H.M.S. ' Sealark,' Ceylon : October 18th, 1907. THREE NEW BEES FROM THE ORIENTAL ZOOLOGICAL REGION. By P. Cameron. Nomia nursei, sp. nov. Black ; the scape yellow, the flagellum brownish beneath ; the legs bright yellow ; the coxae, trochanters and base of the femora, black ; the face and clypeus covered with pale golden pubescence ; the apices of the basal five segments of the abdomen banded with depressed NEW BEES FROM THE ORIENTAL ZOOLOGICAL REGION. 285 grey pubescence ; the hinder femora broadly rounded above, transverse below and with a sharp oblique tooth near tbe base of the apical third ; tbe hinder tibiae become gradually dilated from the base to tbe apex. $ . Length, 8 mm. Deesa (Col. C. G. Nurse). Scape bright yellow, marked above with black towards the apex ; the flagellum fulvous, lined with black above. The face, clypeus and lower part of the front densely covered with pale golden pubescence, which hides the sculpture ; the front is closely, almost rugosely, punctured and covered with dark fulvous pubescence above ; the vertex is more strongly, but not so closely or regularly, punctured ; there is a smooth space on the outer side of the hinder ocelli. Mandibles black, shining, more or less piceous-red below and at the apex. The base of the mesonotum, its apex, the post-scutellum, and the pleurae are densely covered with pale fulvous pubescence. The mesonotum and scutellum are closely, strongly, and uniformly punctured. The area on tbe median segment is closely obliquely striated on the sides ; the centre is more irregularly and more widely striated ; the middle pair of striae are widely separated ; the rest of the segment is closely and rather strougly punctured laterally ; the centre is irregularly rugose, and is hollowed in the middle ; it has a vertical slope. The basal four joints of the front tarsi are fringed with long clear white hair, the hair becoming gradually shorter ; the black on the base of the femora is more extended above ; the tooth on the hinder femora is oblique ; the hinder tibife are slightly dilated at tbe base before the middle; the apical projection is large, and becomes gradually narrowed towards the apex, which is bluntly rounded. Wings hyaline, the apex slightly smoky ; the stigma and costa are dark testaceous ; the nervures paler in tint. Tegulae dirty yellowish-testaceous, black on the inner side. Abdomen black, with distinct bands of depressed greyish pubescence on the apices of the basal five segments ; the basal three segments are strongly and closely punctured ; the apical are closely and rather finely rugosely punctured ; the sixth segment has the apical half covered with lougish pale fulvous pubescence ; the last is thickly covered with long pale golden hair. The basal segment is roundly incised in the middle ; the last is densely covered with longish pale fulvous hair. Comes near to N.fervida, Sin., but may be known from it by the different shape of the hinder legs. In fervida, for instance, the hinder tibiae are broadly dilated in the middle behind, and end in a long sharp point ; the base of the femora below is turned upwards, in the present species downwards, there being a gradually rounded curve from the base to the tooth. Colletes nursei, sp. nov. Black ; the head and thorax thickiy covered with white hair ; the abdominal segments broadly banded with white pubescence on their apices ; the apices of the femora, the tibiae, and the tarsi dark ferru- ginous, and covered with pale fulvous hair ; the wings hyaline, with 286 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. a faint fulvous tinge ; the stigma and nervures dark rufous. $ . Length, 14-15 mm. Ferozepore (Col. C. G. Nurse). Clypeus shining, almost bare, distinctly irregularly punctured ; the punctures on the lower side more elongate and larger than on the upper ; in the middle, commencing near the top, is a wide, shallow, irregular, longitudinal furrow ; the apex projects, and is depressed above the projecting part. The labrum is large and projecting ; there is a wide and deep furrow on either side ; and in the centre, on the apical two- thirds, is a deep furrow with oblique sides, which make the furrow much wider on the top. Apex of mandibles piceous. The vertex is closely, uniformly punctured ; the front is much more strongly punctured, but not quite so closely ; its upper half is deeply furrowed. Thorax entirely and thickly covered with white hair ; the mesonotum is shining and is rather strongly, but not very closely, punctured. The basal areas of the median segment bear stout longitudinal keels ; its apex is bounded by a stout keel, so that there is formed a row of squarish areas; the apex of the segment has a vertical slope. The hair on the legs is long aud glistening ; that on the outer side is brighter and more silvery in tint than on the inner side. The amount of red on the legs probably varies, and is almost hid by the black hair. Abdomen black ; the apices of the segments obscure piceous, and thickly covered with a broad band of white pubescence ; the base of the basal segment is broadly covered with white pubescence ; the last segment is thickly covered above with long black, stiff pubescence ; the basal segments are narrowly banded with white pubescence. Megachile confluenta, sp. nov. Black ; the hair on the head, thorax, and legs white, tinged with grey ; the ventral scape bright red ; that on the under side of the tarsi of a paler red ; wings hyaline, tinged with violaceous, especially towards the apex ; the nervures black. Mandibles with a broad, shallow, rounded, curved incision beyond the middle, without distinct teeth ; the apex bluntly rounded. $ . Length, 8-9 mm. Luirdu, Sarawak, Borneo ; June. Clypeus closely, somewhat strongly punctured throughout ; the apex transverse, except at the outer edges, which are roundly curved. Face more closely and much less strongly punctured, except on a small semicircular space on the centre of the apex ; the sides of the clypeus with dense long white pubescence, the centre much less thickly haired. The puncturation is close, distinct, less strong on the metanotum than elsewhere. Back of abdomen finely, closely, less strongly punctured than the thorax. The hinder ocelli are separated from each other by about the same distance as they are from the eyes. Characteristic of this species are the mandibles, which become gradually narrowed to a bluntly rounded point without teeth, not broad and oblique there as in, e. g. M. alticola and M. mcera. ON THE BORNEAN TIPHIID.E. 287 A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE ON THE FOOD OF MIRID^ (Hemiptera). By G. W. Kirkaldy. In the ' Entomologists' Monthly Magazine ' for May, 1903,* Dr. Renter summarizes the literature on predaceous Miridse, showing clearly, what was indeed well known to hemipterists previously, that the Miridse are by no means exclusively phyto- phagous. The following references, some overlooked by Dr. Reuter, others of later date than his communication, may be useful : — 1. Caudell, 1901, Proc. E. S. Washington, iv. 485. Plagio- gnathus obscurus biting human being. 2. Kershaw, 1905, Trans. E. S. London, 7. Capsid (?) sucking lepidopterous pupa. 3. Merrifield, 1907, Proc. E. S. London (for 1906), p. xc. Heterotopia merioptera destroying eggs of Papilio. 4. Nowicki, 1871, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, xxi. Beih. 52. Miris dolabratus said to attack the dipteron Chlorops tceniopa. 5. Verhoeff, 1891, Ent. Nachr. xvii. 26. Deueocoris ruber {Capsus capillaris) preying on Aphidse. ON THE BORNEAN TIPHIIDiE, INCLUDING A NEW GENUS. By P. Cameron. Cyanotiphia, gen. nov. $ . Middle tibias with two spurs. Marginal cell half closed at apex. First transverse cubitus entirely absent ; transverse median nervure interstitial ; transverse median in hind wings angled and broken in the middle. Tegulas large, about half the length of the pro- and mesonotum. Base and apex of thorax transverse ; the top of metanotum keeled at apex, and bearing longitudinal keels. Base of first abdominal segment transverse, strongly keeled above ; the second segment with a crenulated furrow at the base. Hind tibia? stoutly serrate ; claws bifid unequally ; hind femora dilated roundly below at the apex. Base of second abdominal segment largely produced below the apex of first. Mandibles edentate, large, furrowed in the middle. Body for the greater part blue. May be known from the described Old World genera, e.g. Tiphia, by the middle tibiae having two spurs, by the abnormally large tegulae, by the almost closed radial cellule in female, and * ' The Food of Capsids,' pp. 121-3. 288 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. by the broad keeled base of abdomen. Its nearest ally appears to be the American Paratiphia, which may be known from it by the radial cellule in the female being entirely open at apex, by the first transverse cubital nervure being only obliterated below, by the broad temples, and by the bidentate mandibles. The blue coloration of Cyanotiphia is peculiar, and has not been recorded before with the Tiphids. Cyanotiphia ruficauda, sp. nov. Black, tinged with blue ; the basal five abdominal segments blue, the apical red ; legs black, densely covered with long white hair, the four anterior calcaria white, the posterior fulvous, the hind tibiae with six stout spines, which become gradually longer and thinner, the apical being considerably longer and thinner than the others. In the centre of metanotum are two straight keels, which converge slightly towards the apex, between them is a more irregular one which does not reach to the apex; on either side are two slightly curved keels, united at the base, the inner of which does not quite reach to the apex; the space between these keels is irregularly transversely striated. Metapleurae smooth at the base, the rest somewhat strongly, closely, obliquely striated, the two parts being separated by a furrow. Head, pro- and mesonotum strongly punctured, the punctures clearly separ- ated, the propleurae strongly, closely, irregularly striated, the meso- plenrae closely rugosely reticulated. Basal slope and a narrow band on the apex of first abdominal segment smooth, the rest closely dis- tinctly punctured. $ . The body is much less densely pilose than in Paratiphia ; the abdominal segments, too, not being fringed with hair. Length, 8 mm. Quop, Sarawak ; October (John Hewitt, of the Sarawak Museum). Tiphia bomeana, sp. nov. Black, shining, sparsely covered with whitish pubescence ; the four anterior tibiae and tarsi testaceous, the anterior paler than the middle ; palpi pale testaceous, tegulae testaceous, wings hyaline, the nervures and stigma black. Flagellum of antennae fuscous. $ . Length, 5 mm. Quop, Sarawak; October (John Hewitt). Front strongly punctured, the vertex punctured on the sides and centre. Face aciculated, the clypeus punctured, its centre with an incision, which becomes gradually widened. Mandibles ferruginous at the apex. Basal half of pronotum sparsely weakly punctured, the meso- and scutellum sparsely but distinctly punctured ; the post- scutellum smooth. Metanotum with a strong lateral and a weak central keel, the space between strongly aciculated. Upper half of rnetapleurae widely, not very strongly striated, the basal lower half aciculated, the apical weakly striated. Basal two abdominal segments glabrous, the others covered with pale pubescence ; pygidium closely punctured, reddish at the apex. First abscissa of radius roundly NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 289 curved, nearly as long as the others, which are of equal length, oblique, the apical slightly curved at the apex ; the second cubital cellule more than twice the width of the base at the apex, the recurrent nervure received near its apex. Temples short, obliquely roundly narrowed. The known Bornean species of Tiphia should be known thus : — : 1 (2) Wings fuscous violaceous ; length, 15 mm. . fumipennis, Sm. 2 (3) Wings yellowish ; the nervures and stigma testaceous ; length, 10 mm. . . . Jiavipennis, Sm. 3 (2) Wings for the greater part hyaline. 4 (5) Length, 5-6 mm. ; the nervures and stigma black ; the four anterior tibiae and tarsi tes- taceous; the abdominal pile pale . . borneana, 5 (4) Length, 10mm.; the nervures pale testaceous; the legs black ; the abdomiual pile blackish, stigma, Sm. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Denton's Patent Butterfly Tablets. — We have received a sample of these tablets. The butterfly in it is a specimen of Cethosia cyane, from Assam. It is mounted in its air-tight case, to show the under side. Whilst speculating as to the practical use specimens treated in this way could be to the entomologist, the thought occurred that it might be a good plan to have a few of such tablets by one. Non- entomological friends often wish to make closer examination of speci- mens than it would be prudently admissible for them to do in the ordinary way, but enclosed in these cases the most fragile insect might be safely handled by the uninitiated. Some Measurements of Sympetrum scoticum. — A series of the small black dragonfly, S. scoticum, obtained by us at the Black Pond, Surrey, on 20th September last, include two or three particularly small males. The smallest of them measures only 27*5 mm. in length and 42 mm. across the hind wings. This specimen affords an interesting contrast with a large male taken at the same place on 3rd September, 1906, the length of which is 33-5 mm. and the expanse 52 mm. F. W. & H. Campion ; 33, Maude Terrace, Walthamstow, November 6th, 1907. Food-plants of Oporabia autumnata. — With reference to Mr. Harrison's interesting note (antea, p. 255), I may add that in my paper on "The Life History of Oporabia autumnata" (Trans. City Lond. Ent. Soc. ix. 42-52), I recorded as food-plants, fir (Doubleday, teste Guenee), and larch (Piingeler, in litt.), besides birch, alder, oak, sallow, aspen. Evidently, although having certain definite preferences, it can accommodate itself to almost anything, for in the same place I quote a record from Sparre Schneider to that effect ; and in Part x. of the same Society's Transactions (p. 18), I record breeding a series from 290 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. larvae found at Pontresina, by Dr. Chapman, on honeysuckle, alder, &c. Both Mr. Allen and myself have successfully reared it on haw- thorn. Surely there is one slip in Mr. Harrison's note which needs corecting. He speaks of purple as "very often" appearing "in the larvaa of both 0. dilutata and O. autumnata." According to Guenee, and to Mr. Allen's very wide experience (Ent. Rec. xvii. 339) and my own not inconsiderable, the larva of 0. autumnata is never so adorned, The interesting new phase of coloration observed by Mr. Harrison is, as I understand him, something quite different. — Louis B. Prout ; 216, Bichmond Road, N.E., November 1st, 1907. Thecla pruni ab. — It may be of interest to record a curious aberration of T. pruni bred from a larva which I obtained in Hunting- donshire this year. The under side has, in place of the usual broken bluish white line, a complete series of pale blue bands joining the black spots on the inside of the orange band on the hind wings, and merging into the brown colour on the fore wings. These bands fill the space between the nervures with blue for about one-eighth of an inch on all the wings. The upper side is normal, except that the general colour is rather dingy for a bred specimen. — C. N. Hughes; Knightstone, Cobham, Surrey. Macroglossa stellatarum flying on Shipboard from Gibraltar to Suez. — I noticed a specimen of M. stellatarum flying around the ship just before getting to Gibraltar on October 1st. In the evening it settled in the dining saloon. I was going to secure it, when I noticed it had a snipped wing and so left it alone. The next day I saw the same specimen again, but what was my surprise after leaving Marseilles, where we had stayed a day and a-half, still to see the same insect, after which, with the assistance of Miss Fountaine, we kept a good look-out for it. Next we called at Naples and Port Said, but it was still with us. However, on the night of October 12th, after passing through the Suez Canal, Miss Fountaine informed me that it had met with an untimely death at the hands, or rather feet, of one of the stewards, after which we saw no more M. stellatarum up to the time of my leaving the boat at Aden. — W. Feather ; care of British Somaliland Fibre and Development Company, Berbera, Somaliland, Africa. To prevent Mould in Relaxing-boxes. — One day this summer, a bottle in which I kept oxalic acid having got shaken in travelling, I stood it in the somewhat mouldy lid of a relaxing-box while I killed some insects. 1 noticed next day that the mould had been removed by the oxalic incrustation on the bottle. Since then I have put a little oxalic into the silver sand into which I dump my killed insects till I have leisure to set them, so far as I know, with none but good results. I do not see that the oxalic, thus used, can damage the pins, since pricking the insect with it apparently has no such effect. Perhaps some entomologist with a knowledge of chemistry will tell us ; the matter would seem to be of some interest, for a good method of pre- venting mould does not appear to be generally known. — H. V. Plum ; Lower School, The College, Epsom, November 14th, 1907. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 291 Pyralis lienigialis, Z., near Oxford. — When writing my note headed " Re-occurrence in Britain of Pyralis lienigialis, Z." (antea, p. 235), I had completely forgotten that an individual of this rare species had been recorded, in Ent. Mo. Mag., ser. 2, xiii., 273 (1902), as captured near Oxford on August 22nd, 1902, and exhibited by Mr. South at a meeting of the South London Entomological Society held on October 9th of that year. I have just come across my manuscript note, made in 1902, giving the reference to this record which shows that the insect has occurred in one English county besides Bucks. It is regrettable that the name of the captor is omitted, and especially so that the precise county in which the moth was taken is not specified, for ;' near Oxford " might refer equally well to part either of Berkshire or of Oxfordshire. — Eustace R. Bankes ; Norden, Corfe Castle, November 17th, 1907. Note on the Name of a Cicada. — The Central American species whjcli Distant (Cat. Cicadidae, p. 121) calls lien era marginella is based on Cicada marginella, Walker, 1858; but it^is not the Cicada marginella, Fab., Syst. Rhyng., p. 96. The synonym Carineta ancilla, Stal, 1864, is available, the species becoming" /--/erm-a ancilla.^-T. D. A.Cocker'ell. Ophiusa lianardi and its Varieties. — I think that a few remarks upon this extraordinary moth will be of some interest, especially, perhaps, to those who are acquainted with the species, and I shall be very glad to receive further notes from collectors or rearers of the moth. In Natal 0. lianardi occurs usually about once in every three years, and then it simply swarms. What becomes of it in the interval has so far not been satisfactorily ascertained. It has been suggested that the larva? feed upon the flowers of a very common plant here called the buckweed, which only flowers every third year ; but although I have very carefully looked for the larvae upon the flowers of this plant, I have never found it thereon. I feel certain that the buckweed is not the food-plant. The few larvae 1 have found were feeding upon the suckers growing on a tree that the hawk-moth, Baniana postica, feeds upon. I am unable to give the scientific name of this tree, as I believe that it has not yet been named. I am of opinion that 0. lianardi is migratory, visiting us either from Portu- guese Africa or Rhodesia, as in both places the moth occurs. It is chiefly remarkable from the fact that it flies commonly by day, and for the number of forms that it assumes. In a collection that I have before me there are fifty-seven specimens, all of which are different, aud in at least twenty instances the difference is so great that almost anyone would think they belonged to some other species of Ophiusa. As a rule, however, the markings on the hind wings are constant, but in some instances the white markings are absent from them. In 1905 this moth was so common here as to be a nuisance, and from any grass at the sides of the roads in the town they flew up in numbers when disturbed. There must have been hundreds of thousands of them in Durban and its suburbs alone. I hear that the moth was just as common at Pietermaritzburg and all along the south coast as far as Park Rynnie, a distance of forty miles ; a few, I am told, turned up in 1906, but the moth has not been seen since up to the end of August, 292 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 1907, and as the buckweed has been in flower this winter, it cannot be the food-plant, or lianardi would have turned up by now, as all the other Ophiusa species have been about for the last six weeks. It was common in 1902 and 1905, as previously mentioned, and I feel certain it will turn up again in 1908. I have had as many as thirty pupae of the moth at one time, and all not ichneumoned have emerged within a mouth, so the moth, I think, cannot go over in the pupal state. There are several species that do go over from one year to the other in the pupal state, but they are chiefly Saturnids and Lasiocampidaa. Two Sphiugidaa remain under the ground in the larval state for about eight months, whilst other larvae of the same moths change at once into pupae ; these are Andriasa mutata and Nephele argentifera. I have also had Daphnis nerii remain for over six months in the pupal state, but this is very unusual, as the larvae pupate upon the surface of the ground or in the dead leaves. — F. T. Leigh ; Durban, Natal, August 31st, 1907. Colias edusa in 1907. — Has (Jolias edusa really been so "unusually scarce this season " as Mr. Edward Goodwin's note (antea, p. 257) appears to suggest ? The only likely opportunity that I had of making its acquaintance was while spending a portion of the month of Sep- tember on the South Coast, and what I learned regarding the species during the earlier part of that time led me to think that, although it could hardly be regarded as common, it was far from being rare. The first I heard of it was a report by a friend, who had preceded me by a few days, that he had seen one flying over the downs below Beachy Head, on the 3rd of the month, and that two others had been noted at the mouth of the Cuckmere river at about the same date. On the 8th I captured one, and my brother another, in the same place as the first-mentioned specimen ; on the 9th one was seen about a mile inland ; on the 11th another, on the downs below Beachy Head ; and, finally, I captured another, on the lower part of Seaford Head, on the 14th, thus accounting for eight specimens in all during possibly two or three hours' ramble on each of some twelve days. From what I was able to see of the individuals noted, I am inclined to regard them as probably being immigrants ; this is, however, merely a matter of opinion, and it would be of interest to know whether other parts of the South Coast were similarly affected, or, indeed, whether the species has been noted in other places. — Robert Adkin ; Lewisham, Novem- ber, 1907. The Food-plants of Pyrameis cardui. — Of the adaptive habit of the larvae of Pyrameis cardui, an interesting example was presented this year in the village of Binn, Valais. The ova of a brood evidently had been laid upon some nettles growing sparsely by the side of a chalet. These had all been consumed to the ground, or otherwise destroyed, before the larvae were half-fed, and they had betaken them- selves en masse to the only other weed in the immediate neighbourhood, which happened to be a Chenopodium — a plant that I have not seen recorded as food for the species, though Mr. Buckler reared it success- fully on Malva sylvestris, and Mr. W. H. S. Fletcher found it on Echium vulgare (Buckler's ' Larvae of the British Butterflies, &c.,' NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 293 vol. i. pp. 174-175) ; while Riihl gives, in addition to thistle, nettle, and milfoil, Lappa officinalis (burdock), Gnaphalium and Parietaria, Filago arvensis, Nonnea pulla, and, in the Lybian Desert, a kind of Silybum. M. Andre, in his recently published ' Catalogue of Butter- flies of the Department of Saone-et-Loire,' mentions Helichrysum armarium; M. Guenee cites Eryngium (' Lepid. of Eure-et-Loir ') ; M. Frionnet (Haute -Marne), artichoke. For Scandinavia, Professor C. Aurivillius gives mallow, and " several other plants " (names not given), besides nettles and thistles of various species. — H. Rowland- Brown ; Harrow Weald, October 19th, 1907. On the Discovery of the Larva of Trichoptilus paludum, Zell. — Reading the Rev. Pickard-Cambridge's note on the discovery of the food-plant of T. paludum in the August number of the ' Entomo- logist,' I see he states that larvae were found in the Esher district by Dr. Chapman through a clue given by Mr. Eustace Bankes, that Drossera was the food-plant of this insect. I should like, however, to state that I captured a specimen of T. pallidum in the Esher district on August 27th, 1904, which I believe is the first record for Surrey, as stated in the November number of the ' Entomologist ' for that year. I may suggest that it was by reason of this capture that Dr. Chapman and Mr. South visited the spot on the 31st May, 1905, and obtained larva? there. — Arthur J. Scollick ; 8, Mayfield Road, Wimbledon, S.W., November, 1907. The Lepidoptera of Gibraltar. — Re Mr. Rowland-Brown's note on my list of the Lepidoptera of the Straits, I find that I have made no mistake about the months. I cannot account for the difference between my dates and those of other observers unless atmospheric conditions which, according to the Spaniards, had greatly affected the vegetation, had also affected the insects. But as this, to me, seems hardly probable, I think that on a fuller examination the insects I men- tion will be found there, on or about the dates on which I found them. As to the names, all my specimens were identified by comparison with others, and I think are all correct, but I should be very pleased to send Mr. Rowland-Brown any which he would care to verify. I might here state that a ^reat many of my observations were made, I believe, much further afield than those of Commander Walker and most other English entomologists, notably at Gaucin and Benaocaz.— F. W. Sowerby, R.N. ; Navigation School, Portsmouth. " Homing" Instincts (?) of Hybernating Insects. — Early in Octo- ber, 1907, I found, in a room which I use as a lumber-room, a specimen of Gonoptera libatrix. This room is an attic, and has a window (kept open) opening on to one of the sloping sides of the roof. In it I keep empty boxes, picture cases, &c, and also my boxes con- taining larva? and chrysalids. Wishing to observe the movements, if any, of hybernating moths, I put the G. libatrix into a gauze-covered box. Shortly afterwards I received definite orders to move to Alder- shot on a certain date. Not wishing to take the moth with me, I waited until there came a warm moist evening, when I took it down stairs (two flights) and turned it out into my garden, which is on the opposite side of the house to the attic window. Some ten days after 294 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. turning the moth outside I began turning over my picture-boxes, pre- paratory to packing up, when, to my astonishment, there on a lid of a case which had been resting against the attic wall was the libatrix, back again ! There was not the slightest doubt about its being the same moth. It was a perfect specimen, very clearly marked, only it had a large peculiarly shaped chip out of its left upper wing, which I had noticed when I first took the moth, and which I have seen almost daily for a fortnight, as I used to look at the moth in the evenings to see if moved according to the weather. I again put the moth outside, this time through the attic window. About a week after doing so I took all my picture-boxes out of the attic. On taking off the loose lid of the box where the moth had been, I discovered the same moth again, sitting on the same lid ! I must explain that the lids and boxes were not attached, but were all placed in a pile resting against the wall, so there was plenty of room for the moth to creep inside the box on to the lid. This particular box, that the moth had twice selected, was of walnut- wood ; the others were of deal. The insect might certainly have easily selected the same box twice, once it had entered the room, but how did it manage to find its way from the garden to the attic window round the other side of the house the first time I turned it out ? There can be no question about its having been the same moth each time from the peculiar mark I have mentioned. At Camberley, about three years ago, I noticed somewhat the same thing. A specimen of Goneptery'x rhamni hybernated on the upper side of a leaf of a thick laurel-bush in my garden. The insect was not snowed on, as upper leaves protected it, but it certainly must have been frozen several times. It was quite visible to anybody standing near the bush, and who knew where to look for it. One day early in spring, when it was bright and sunny, my wife and I were in the garden near the bush, when the butterfly started off and flew about the garden. It then disappeared over a hedge. I saw it fly back and up and down several times in our garden. I then went away, and on returning about 4 p.m., on passing the laurel-bush, there was the insect back again, within six inches of its original resting-place ! There it remained until spring really came, when it finally flew away. Of course I cannot vouch in this case that it was the identical butter- fly, as there were no special marks on it, but the facts of the case all go to show that it was the same one. — (Capt.) B. Tulloch ; K. 0. Yorkshire L. I., November 20th, 1907. The Raynor Collection of British Lepidoptera. — From marked catalogues kindly lent by Mr. A. J. Scollick we are enabled to note some of the prices realized at the distribution of this collection, which was exceedingly rich in varieties of Abraxas grossulariata and a few other species. First day's sale (October 22nd) : — Sesia culiciformis, a specimen with extra orange band at base of the body (" var. or n. sp. ? "), sold for 50/-. A lot of nine specimens each of H. jacobam and 0. dominula, one of the former a variety with costal streak and apical spot united, brought in 32/6. Four nice varieties of P. plantaginis made 20/-, and a specimen of A. villica with dusky hind wings went for 26/-. Another example of A. villica with a large cream-coloured blotch covering apical NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 295 third of fore wings realized 27/6. Four unusually dark varieties of A. caia, sold in couples, made 22/- and 24/-. Of Spihsoma lubrici- peda, "a remarkable fine rayed var. near deschangei," commanded three guineas, whilst a rather smaller and darker specimen only fetched 22/- ; a fine example of var. zatima made 40/-, and one of var. deschangei, " entirely black, except thorax," 35/-. A pair of Lcelia ctenosa found a purchaser at 35/-, and a specimen of Leucodonta bicoloria, taken by Bouchard at Killarney, induced bidding up to £4 10s. Two specimens, male and female, of D. sicula produced 25/-. For some female varieties in a lot of ten specimens of A. prunaria there was competition, and these ultimately fell to the buyer of Bouchard's bicoloria, for £3 5s. A dark male of the same species, and a female with the outer half of the fore wings orange, brought in 32/6. A light orange female with the base of the fore wings and the anal angle of the hind wings slightly fuscous realized £2 5s. ; an almost unicolorous brown male specimen made £3 15s. ; two pairs of very large speckled varieties made three guineas per pair. Of Abraxas grossulariata var. lutea, four specimens sold for from 28/- to 55/-, the total realized for the four being £8. Twenty other modifications of the same form made an average of about 5/6 each. One female specimen of ab. nigrolutea fetched 95/-, and another £6 10s. Three male examples of var. fulvapicata made 30/-, 32/6, and 60/- apiece ; two females of the same, 21/- and 24/-, and five others from 7/- to 12/- each. Other tall prices for varieties of A. grossulariata were : a specimen of ab. albomarginata, 65/- ; two of ab. subriolacea, 50/- and 55/- ; a female of ab. lactea sparsa, 110/- ; one of ab. hazelei- ensis, 40/-; three examples of ab. nigrosparsata, 45/-, 60/-, and 115/-. Some very nice examples of the nigrosparsata and other forms sold at more ordinary prices — from 5/- to 10/-. Cidaria picata var. lacteo- marginata made 20/-. Among the Strenia clathrata were several dark and other interesting aberrations. Eight of the most fancied of these realized £13 16s. 6d., the prices ranging from 20/- to 57/6 each. Some of the less conspicuous but still desirable aberrations went for about a shilling apiece. The following were the more striking items in the second day's sale (November 5th) : — Leucania flavicolor, 5/- and 5/6 each ; var. rtifa, 6J6, 7/-, and 9/- each ; var. obscura, 16/-. Two bred specimens of L. vitellina realized 26/-. Three examples of Caradrina exigua made 18/-, and the same price was given for each of two specimens of C. xerampelina var. unicolor. Of Cucullia gnaphalii there were six specimens, and these brought in a total of £3 7s. Six Plusia orichalcea sold for 12/-, and two specimens of P. bractea for the same amount. A nice little collection of Deltoids and Pyralidse, offered in six lots, and comprising well over seven hundred specimens, only produced 33/-, whereas sixteen Stenoptilia graphodactyla (a recently discovered plume-moth) made 48/-. Seventy-six varieties of Abraxas grossulariata realized the large total of something over £100. The highest prices obtained being var. chalcozona, £4 10s.; var. lacticohr, £5 15s. and £4 ; var. chalcobares, £6; and var. melanozona , £6 10s. 296 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. Notes on Nyssia lapponaria. — During the past two seasons I have been rather fortunate in finding nice long series of this rather local species along the Struan Road on the way to Kinloch. The moths are to be found in four different places along the road where bog-myrtle is abundant. I have obtained them near Blair Atholl, also about two hundred feet above tbe road on boggy parts of the hills, but I never found tbem away from bog-myrtle, and this would go to prove that this plant is the usual food of the larvse. Two weeks after I had ceased collecting them, a young man in Kinloch started to look for them, and he had got a fair lot. He did not say what he did with the males ; but he had a box with about fifty females, which I gave him two shillings for. I then put them down on new ground ; in fact, if this species is not removed away from Struan Road it will be ruined, as everyone about the place has come to know of it. A man put a box of them into the river at Kinloch, and no doubt the moths will be scarce on the Struan Road next year. Fortunately all the spots for N. lapponaria in this district are not generally known. If I visit the locality next season, I think it would not be wrong of me to take all the females I can get on the Struan Road to safer ground, as it would be a pity to have this local species destroyed. — L. G. Esson ; 383, George Street, Aberdeen. Lepidoptera on the Kentish Coast in 1907. — I made a short visit to the Kentish coast in the vicinity of Deal on July 25th last, and found Noctua3 in some numbers at sugar on the sand-hills ; this was particularly the case with Xylophasia sublustris, of which species I counted sixteen pu one sugared post, and over one hundred on my first round. They were accompanied by Agrotis corticea, Miana literosa, X. monoglypha (polyodon), and other common species. At the Echium flowers I saw Agrotis vestigialis and tritici, and also secured a nice series of Nyctegretes achatinella; the latter sitting quietly on the flowers allowed themselves to be boxed without trouble. Lithosia luturella (pygmaola) were flying somewhat freely for them, the evening being warm, with only a slight breeze ; but having met with this insect in plenty in the same locality in 1898, I did not work for them. On the following day I explored the sand-hills for a considerable distance, and was delighted at meeting with Acidalia ochrata for the first time alive. A few were taken, and two worn females deposited ova freely. The larvae emerged during the first week in August. I gave them Galium verum flowers to begin with, and when these could no longer be obtained, they took to the flowers of the golden-rod. a plant which I had fortunately growing in the garden. A fair number of the larva? are alive, and I hope to find them in the same condition after hybernation. — G. H. Conquest; 10, Meteor Road, Westcliff-on- Sea, October 29th, 1907. Acidalia strigilaria at Folkestone. — On July 24th, 1906, I had the good fortune to capture in Folkestone Warren a single female specimen of Acidalia strigilaria. She laid a few ova, and from these I reared nine perfect imagos in July of this year. They were fed CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 297 throughout on Clematis vitalba, and I found them easy to rear. I understand this interesting insect is much rarer than formerly in the Warren, which is, I believe, its only known locality in the British Islands.— G. H. Conquest ; Westcliff-on-Sea, October 29th, 1907. Wye Valley Notes. Capture of Xylina furcifera (conformis). — Last Easter, having decided to renew my acquaintance with the Wye Valley, I travelled to Chepstow on the evening of March 28th, and on the following day (Good Friday), there being no trains running on the Wye Valley line, walked the eleven miles to my quarters near Bigsweir. My chief object in visiting the district was to get some females of Vanessa c-album, and in this I was not disappointed. During Friday I saw four specimens of the butterfly, and captured one, and in the course of the next three days a fair number were seen, and three more taken. The species seems to be fairly well distributed up the valley from Chepstow to Monmouth. Vanessa urtica was common every- where ; V. io and Goneptenjx rliamni rather less so. Of V. polychloros I saw two, both on the Gloucestershire side of the river. Brephos parthenias and B. notha were both taken in small numbers by watching in open spaces, as they fly low in such situations, and have a some- what weak and fluttering flight. The weather remained so hot just at this time that Pieris rap a was seen on March 31st, and several P. napi and Euchloe cardamines (males) on the following day. A large number of sallow bushes were visited on the three evenings of my stay, but a clear sky and a full moon prevented anything like a large bag. The scarcity of insects was, however, more than made up for by the capture of a male Xylina furcifera {conformis) on the 31st, which for a spring specimen is in very good condition. The identification of the specimen has been kindly confirmed by Dr. T. A. Chapman. A fine male Pachnobia leucographa was also taken on the same evening. Other species noticed at sallows were : Tceniocampa gothica, T. incerta, T. stabilis, T. pidverulenta, Cerastis vaccinii, Scopelosoma satellitia, and Hybernia marginaria. On my return home I sleeved two of the Vanessa c-album on a currant bush, and put two in a cage with a supply of nettle-leaves. One of the former soon died, owing, I think, to one or two cold nights experienced just then, so I placed the survivor in the cage with the other two. A few ova were laid on April 2nd, and more at intervals on sunny days, until there were about one hundred in all. Some of these I distributed amongst friends. Of those I kept the first hatched on April 25th, and the last on May 28th. By June 8th two larvae were hanging up, and the first pupated two days later. Thirty-five larvae reached the pupal state, and from these I bred thirty-four per- fect specimens, the remaining one being slightly crippled. The pupas were kept indoors, and the butterflies emerged between June 23rd and July 23rd. A small portion were of the var. hutchinsoni form, and there is a good deal of variation in the under sides. I attempted to get a pairing in confinement in a large breeding-cage, but was not successful. At Whitsuntide I again went down for a few days (May 17th-20th), ENTOM. — DECEMBER, 1907. 2 C 298 THK ENTOMOLOGIST. but was not so fortunate in regard to weather. It was decidedly colder, especially at night, than it had been at Easter. By working along the railway and river-banks I secured a fair number of Euclidia glyphica, and also observed Argynnis euphrosyne, Nisoniades tages, Syrichthus malva, Lycana icarus, Euchloe cardamines. A few strongly- marked Pieris napi were netted, but were all males. By beating and searching, odd specimens of Abraxas ulmata, Venilia metadata, Minoa murinata, Melanippe hastata, Ennychia octomaadata, and others were taken. After dark I used to tramp the woods with an acetylene lamp, but captures were very few and far between, and only included such things as Nwneria pidveraria, Tephrusia punctu- laria, Cidaria snjf'umata, Epione advenaria, and others not worthy of mention. — Philip J. Barraud ; Bushey Heath, Herts, November 9th, 1907. SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London. — Wednesday, November 6th, 1907. — Mr. E. Saunders, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the chair. — Mr. G. Arnold, University of Liverpool ; Mr. H. Frederick D. Bartlett, of 113, Richmond Park Road, Bournemouth; Mr. John Claude Fortescue Fryer, B.A., of The Priory, Chatteris ; Mr. C. W. Howard, of the Acting Government, Transvaal ;' Mr. Charles H. Mortimer, of Wig- more, Holmwood ; Mr. R. F. H. Rosenberg, of 57. Haverstock Hill, London, N.W.; Mr. Harold Baker Sly, of Brackley Knoll Road, Sidcup, Kent ; and Mr. Clement H. Pead, of Johannesburg and St. Leonards Road, Bexhill-on-Sea, were elected Fellows of the Society. — Mr. A. H. Jones brought for exhibition a specimen of the Longicorn beetle, Acanthocinus cedilis, L., a common Rannoch species, found in Gray's Inn Road. — Dr. F. A. Dixey exhibited male and female specimens of a new Pi?iacopteryx, discovered by Mr. S. A. Neave in Northern Rhodesia. The female resembled that of P. rubrobasalis, but the male was quite distinct. Both sexes of P. rubrobasalis and the female sex of Mr. Neave's species were mimics of Myloihris agathina. — Mr. W. G. Sheldon showed a series of Limenitis populi and ab. tremulce with intermediate forms taken this year at Laon (Aisne), and a series of Chrysophanus hippotlw'e from the same region, the females displaying a wide range of variation for so restricted a locality as that in which they were captured. — Mr. G. C. Champion exhibited a fully developed example of Mesovelia furcata, M. & R., from Slapton, S. Devon, and Thamnotrizon cinereus from Lynmouth, N. Devon. — Mr. A. Harrison and Mr. Hugh Main exhibited a case of Aplecta nebulosa, arranged to show the great range of variation of this species in Delamere Forest ; with series from Epping Forest, North Cornwall, and the New Forest for comparison. — Mr. R. S. Mitford exhibited two male specimens of Cryptocephalus bipunctatus, taken by him at Niton in the Isle of Wight in July, 1907, Undercliff, observing that the two forms were well- known on the Continent, but that neither had been reported in Britain before. He also showed Paracymus anew, Germ., captured on the North Essex coast in June, 1898, thus establishing the claim of P. SOCIETIES. 299 emeus to be regarded as a British beetle ; an example of the very rare Lathrobium rujipenne, taken by him at Niton, I. W., in July, 1906; and a specimen of the rare Ceuthorrhynchus viduatus, taken by him at Brading, I. W., in July, 1907 ; and a specimen of Cis dentatus, taken by him at Sandown, I. W., in July, 1906, hitherto unrecorded in Britain. — Mr. J. E. Collin communicated a paper "On a large series of Nycteribiidas, parasitic Diptera, from Ceylon." — Dr. G. B. Longstaff, M.D., then read a paper " On some Butterflies taken in Jamaica," and a paper " On some Butterflies of Tobago," exhibiting a number of examples taken by himself in both localities to illustrate his re- marks.— H. Rowland -Brown, Hon. Secretary, The South London Entomological and Natural History Society. — October 10th, 1907.— Mr. R. Adkin, P.E.S., President, in the chair— Dr. Chapman exhibited a specimen of Dasychira pudibunda from the Pyrenees, measuring 2f in. in expanse. — Mr. Moore, Hipparchia semele showing considerable variation in ground colour on the under sides, and a small race of Enodia hyperanthus, both from Dunkirk sand-dunes, together with an example of Danais plexippus from Moose Jaw, Winnipeg. — Mr. Lucas, the rare fungus, Glavaria incequalis, from Oxshott, and the specimens of Hyles euphorbia bred recently from pupas found in Kew Gardens. — Mr. Touge, Ennomos fuscantaria taken by him at Redhill on his way to the meeting. — Mr. L. W. Newman (1) a series of bred Police xanthomista var. nigrocincta bred from N. Cornwall ova ; (2) ova of Ennomos fuscantaria and Cirrhmdia xerampelina in situ on ash twigs ; (3) a long series of E. autumnaria, including a number of very fine bred dark brown forms. — Mr. Priske, a series of the local Necrophorus mortuoriim, and an exceptionally large Lucanus cervus. — Mr. Adkin, a series of Hyponomeuta cagnageltus reared from an Eiionymus shrub in his garden, and contributed notes ; he also showed ova of Tortrix pronubana. — Dr. Hodgson, a Theretra porcellus, brilliantly coloured on the right side ; while the left was only faintly coloured, and also a varied series of male and female Polyommatus icarus from Kent, Surrey, and Sussex. — Dr. Fremlin, two fine varieties of Aglais. urticee, of the same race as those previously shown by Mr. Newman. — Mr. McArthur, spiders with their snare and prey, mounted between two sheets of glass. — Mr. Turner, a series of Colias phicomene from the Engadine ; and a number of Lepidoptera from Guethery, Cauterets and Gavarnie, including some extreme forms of Pararge mcera. — Messrs West, Tonge, Main, Dennis, and Lucas exhibited a considerable number of lantern slides. October 24£/i. — The President in the chair. — Messrs. Harrison and Mam exhibited a series of Agrotis ashworthii from larvae collected in North Wales at Easter, including var. virgata. — Mr. Tonge, a series of Calocampa vetusta bred from Continental ova, and stereographs of the ova of Ennomos fuscantaria and of Cirrhcedia xerampelina in situ on ash. — Mr. West (Greenwich), the Coleoptera, Apion hookeri, A. conflums, and Ceuthorrhynchus rugulosus, all taken near Erith on chamomile. — Mr. Simmons, living larvae of Eupithecia subfulvata. — Mr. Main, ova of a " stick " insect, Bacillus rossi, which resemble a short-stalked seed. — Mr. R. Adkin, a bred series of Melanippe galiata from ova obtained at Eastbourne, and read notes on the variation shown. — Mr. Turner, 300 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. leaves of birch showing the web, feeding gallery, and cocoons of the Hyponomeutid moth Swammerdammia casiella var. griseo-capitella, and read notes on the larval habits. He also exhibited (1) Melanargia galathea, var. leucomelas from Gravarnie, Pyrenees ; (2) Aricia agestisv&r. alpina from St. Moritz, Engadiue ; (3) Abraxas grossulariata, a form with but few traces of yellow, and extended and coalesced black markings; (4) several Polyommatus icarus ab. clara from Effingham; (5) Eupithecia oblongata ab. centralista (?) bred from golden-rod, Woolwich ; (6) dwarf Malacosoma castrensis, measuring only 24 mm. from Essex ; and (7) Anthrocera filipendula, with the sixth spot much reduced in size and brightness and very clearly divided by the dark nervure. — Mr. G-rosvenor, long series of Polyommatus corydon and P. beliargus with much variation ; a specimen of the latter species was without the usual discoidal spot on the under side. — Mr. Newman (1) long series of Hypsipetes sordidata (elutata) from various localities, showing much variation, including fine red forms ; (2) another gynandromorphous Amorpha populi ; and (3) two more of the abnormal race of Aglais urticce. He also recorded the occurrence in North Kent of black aberrations of Oporabia dilutata and Cheimatobia brumata. — Mr. Sich read a paper, " Collecting Lepidoptera on the Tannusberg." Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Sec. City of London Entomological Society. — October 1st, 1907. — Mr. H. M. Edelsten exhibited Leucania turca, bred from Brentwood ova ; also ova of Xonayria cannce, in situ, on Typha, the female being provided with special hooks enabling it to lift the natural folds in the cuticle and deposit the ova underneath. — Dr. G. G. C. Hodgson, Melitaa artemis, showing parallel variation in widely separated districts, such as Central Ireland and South Wales, Devon and South Wales, &c. ; also sketches of Hespena thaumas observed resting in the sun in the position assumed by Thanaos tages when at rest at night, and blooms of the lizard orchis found in Surrey. — Mr. L. W. Newman, a very variable series of Vanessa urtica, including specimens with the black costal blotches confluent. — Mr. L. B. Prout, Dianthacia luteago var. jicklini, bred July 3rd, 1907, from larvae found near Bude, end of July, 1906, feeding on roots of Silene maritima. — Mr. J. Riches, Agrotis pitta, from North London, with fore wings suffused with dark brown. — Mr. L. A. E. Sabine, Polia nigrocincta, bred from North Cornwall larvae reared on apple and sallow. October 15th. — Mr. J. A. Clark exhibited Bombyx callunm male from Dulnaith Bridge, with usual pale bands suffused with brown ground- colour.— Mr. H. M. Edelsten, a dark red-brown form of Cmwbia rufa from Dorset. — Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor, Lycama alexis from Surrey and Aberdeen, those from the latter district being the larger, and being more intense in colour. — Dr. Gr. Gr. C. Hodgson, Lycana alexis taken during 1907, showing an unusually large proportion of blue females. — Mr. A. W. Mera, Himera pennaria male, Brentwood, 1907, with bands on fore wings very close together and only faintly indicated. — Mr. L. W. Newman, Ennomos autumnaria bred from ova laid by typical female paired with melanic male from Dover, a fair number of tne series being melanic ; also a very large Polia xanthomista, bred from North Cornwall ova. — Mr. L. B. Prout, Toxocampa craccce from SOCIETIES. 301 North Cornwall and North Devon, 1907, all being of the grey form, and showing no trace of the brownish coloration characteristic of specimens taken some years ago in the latter district. — Mr. R. G. Todd, a long series of Nonagria arundinis, Wicken, mid-June, 1907, Mr. C. J. Willsdon, Leucania vitellina, L. putrescents, and Heliothis peltigera, Torquay, 1907; also, on behalf of Mr. E. C. Goulton, a long and extraordinarily variable series of Hypsipetes elutata, bred from Surrey larvae. — S. J. Bell. Hon. Sec. Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — The opening meeting of the session was held at the Society's rooms in the Royal Institution, Liverpool, on October 21st, Mr. Wm. Mansbridge, Vice- President, in the chair.— Mr. A. E. Gibbs, F.L.S., F.E.S., of St. Albans, was elected a member of the Society. — This being the annual exhibitory meeting, many interesting insects were brought by the members. — Mr. B. H. Crabtree had a fine series of the local melanic form of Boarmia repandata from Penmaenmawr, the females especially showing the white blotches characteristic of this local race ; B. gem- maria var. perfumaria from Manchester ; varieties of Angerona pru- naria from Monkswood ; Aplecta nebulosa var. robsoni from Delamere Forest ; Agrotis ashworthii from Penmaenmawr ; and CJiariclea umbra from Sidmouth. — Mr. Robert Tait, Jun., showed a number of local species, among them being a long series of Agrotis ripce from South Wales coast ; A. ashworthii, North Wales, a series captured at rest ; Hemerophila abruptaria, the chocolate form, from the London district ; Lobophora viretata, Anticlea derivata, and Larentia salicata, from Lake Side, Westmorland ; Dianthoscia nana and Eupithecia jasioneata from Abersoch. — Dr. William Bell had a drawer of beautifully preserved and mounted larvae of Lepidoptera, in which he had been able to preserve the green coloration in such species as Saturnia pavonia and Papilio machaon, without recourse to artificial aid. Dr. Bell had also been able to dry the plants on which the larvae were mounted, in their natural form and colour. The same member further exhibited a box of Wicken insects, which included Spilosoma urticce, and an example of Tapinostola extrema (concolor) from that district ; varieties of Arctia caia and a dark specimen of Ennomos ahiiaria from Wallasey ; and Plusia moneta from Surrey. — Mr. F. N. Pierce brought a drawer of minor varieties of Abraxas grossulariata from Wallasey. — Mr. Prince had a large number of insects representing his season's work at Wallasey and Witherslack, and contributed notes. — Mr. W. Mallinson showed a beautiful water-colour drawing of a larva of Deitephila galii, one of two found at Wallasey this year. — Mr. H. R. Sweeting exhibited Lycama bellargus and var. car idea from Eastbourne ; L. cory- don and var. syngrapha taken by himself in Surrey ; a series of Xoctua castanea and var. neglecta from Delamere ; .V. glareosa and N. brunnea also from Delamere ; Moina orion from the New Forest. — Mr. W. Mans- bridge, a long bred series of Boarmia repandata from Delamere ; a bred series of Odontopera bidentata from Wakefield, including var. nigra and diaphanous specimens ; series of Nyssia lapponaria, Anarta melanopa, and A. cordigera, from Rannoch. The usual monthly meeting of this Society was held in the Royal Institution, Colquit Street, Liverpool, on November 13th, Mr. Wm. 302 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Mansbridge, F.E.S., vice-President in the chair. — A lecture was delivered by Mr. F. N. Pierce, F.E.S., on " The Androconial scales of Butterflies." He explained that these scales were only found upon the males of the various species and were even in that sex uncertain. The lecturer instanced the entire absence of this kind of scale in the case of the large group of the Lycaenidse, in such species as had brown males. Mr. Pierce described a hitherto unobserved scale which he had discovered when examining the male of the brown argus butterfly ( Lycana agestes) which appeared to be not only confined to the " blues " but to a very small patch, consisting of a few of these new scales, on the under side of the fore-wings, at the extreme base of the inner margin. He also enumerated some of the theories put forward from time to time as to the utility of these androconials. The lecture was fully illustrated with micro photos of the actual scales, shown through the lantern. This very entertaining lecture was followed by a lengthy discussion, in which most of the members present took part. The following members exhibited Lepidoptera. — Mr. F. N. Pierce, specimens of the British Lycsenidae in illustration of his paper. — Mr. Wra. Mansbridge, a short series of Pygcem curtula from Ireland, one specimen showing failure of the brown scales at the tips of the fore-wings. — Mr. H. R. Sweeting bred series of the following from Delamere : — -Greometra papilionaria and Ellopia prosapiaria ; the latter showing the dusty greyish suffusion characteristic of the locality. — Dr. J. Cotton exhibited a lantern slide of several British Rhopalocera photographed by Lumiere's recently perfected process — H. R. Sweeting and Wm. Mansbridge, Hon. Sees. Birmingham Entomological Society. — October 21st, 1907. — Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, President, in the chair. — Arrochar Lepido- ptera : Rev. C. F. Thornewell showed various Lepidoptera collected at Arrochar this year, including Larentia tristata, L., two specimens of a nice form, with cream-coloured ground and coffee-coloured markings. He said that in daylight the markings had quite a golden tinge. The extent of the markings was normal, excepting that the central band was restricted ; there were also L. adatquata Blch. (blandiata, Hb.), and an unrecognized Eupithecia. Bryophila. — Mr. G. T. Fountain showed a long series of perla, F., and muralis, Forst., from many British locali- ties, to illustrate the extent of their variability. — Gynandromorphs : Mr. Colbrau J. Wainwright showed two specimens of Platychirus albimanus, F., from Sutton Park, which were quite extraordinary. They were melanic, one showing no trace of markings, and in different degrees they showed characters intermediate between those of the male and the female sexes. Strictly speaking, they were not gynan- dromorphs, as they did not display some parts with male characters, and other parts with female characters. They would be better de- scribed as females possessing certain characters approaching those normally possessed only by the males. The chief points were that the foreheads, though separated, were only half the width of those in normal females, and were similar to males in some details of form : the fore tarsi and tibiae, normally single in the females, were in these widened in similar manner to those of males, but not so much (the two specimens differing much in degree). The genitalia outwardly RECENT LITERATURE. 303 appeared feminine. — Palaearctic Pararges : Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker showed a nice collection of the genus Pararge, with various forms of egeria, L., megazra, L., maxa, L., &c. — Colbkan J. Wainwright, Hon. Sec. BECENT LITEEATUBE. Les Premiers Etats des Lepidopteres Frangais (Rhopaloceres). Par M. C. Frionnet. Pp. i-xl, 1-320. Paris : A. Hermann. The ever-increasing number of collectors who find an extended field for observation and capture in France will welcome a book dealing practically with the subject chosen by M. l'Abbe C. Frionnet. It is a pity, therefore, that the author had not confined himself entirely to the species indigenous to the titular region, instead of introducing those wholly outside it, or of accidental occurrence. He does not appear, moreover, to have had the advantage of referring to records of much of the good work in his special department done by British observers, and although the species — and they are many — which have actually passed through his hands are as fully described as purposes of identification require, M. Frionnet, for the rest, is content to copy from his predecessors, in several cases with indifferent results. We should have expected a better diagnosis and account of the early stages of Lyccena arion, for instance, than the fragmentary informa- tion quoted from Newman. Nor do we find more than the barest men- tion of the association of ants with the larvae of Lycrenid butterflies, without some note of which their life-history must necessarily remain imperfect and unintelligible. Neither Neptis lucilla nor N. aceris have established themselves west of the Alpes-Maritimes : an extremely doubtful record of Peyerimhoffs for Strasbourg is regarded as suffi- cient warranty for a transcription of Vanessa xanthomelas. According to M. Chretien (' Le Naturaliste,' 1903, pp. 71-2), the larvaa of all the Erebiidaa except E. prono'e are known, but M. Frionnet is unable to furnish details of mnestra, pharte, stygne, evias, scipio, epistygne, goante, gorgone, or gorge. But we know how difficult it is to get thoroughly accurate descriptions, and in the search among local lists to light upon reliable records. The French catalogues, hidden away in the annals of Societies of mixed scientific aims, are generally most difficult of access. Large tracts of country, even in the most promising regions, have yet to be explored by native butterfly-hunters so far as we can gather. At least in periodical entomological literature they have left no trace of their excursions. It was hardly worth while, however, to recreate Apatura metis, Fr., into a species, and simply to mention that the larva resembles that of A. ilia; and for localities which should appeal most strongly to British collectors there are some very improbable entries retained, as it were, from the veritable "fathers of entomology." If Argynnis pandora ever occurred at Auxerre, in the midland department of the Yonne, it was surely introduced artifi- cially ; while the record from Cherbourg, an error of M. Nichollet's, was corrected long ago. And is it conceivable that a southern species like Euchloe belemia ever found its way, except out of a collec- tor's box, to Morlaix, in Finistere, a department which, by reason of 304 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. its geographical position, possesses one of the poorest butterfly faunas in France? But apart from these unnecessary repetitions, M. Frionnet condenses much useful and new matter into the two hundred and thirteen notices which more than cover the splendidly diverse cata- logue of France's butterflies, and we may hope that the tempting array will further encourage those who enjoy the opportunity of studying them at first-hand to supplement our knowledge alike of their earlier stages, and of the area of their distribution in Western Europe. H. R.-B. Some Moths and Butterflies and their Eggs. Gowan's Nature Books, No. 15. Pp. 8, 60 plates. London and Glasgow: Gowan & Gray. We have here a little book, 6 in. x 4 in., in paper cover, intended for the general public, but requiring notice also amongst entomologists. We have photographs of sixty species of Lepidoptera and their eggs, by Mr. A. E. Tonge, reproduced in half-tone, as perfectly as we are accustomed to see such work in our best Transactions and magazines. The half-tone process does not reproduce the minute sculpture of the eggs, as one would like, but it shows as much as one can see of the egg itself by aid of an ordinary hand-lens. We can detect nothing that is not scientifically accurate, and we admire the portraits of not a few of the imagines. The remarkable point about the book is its price, so much and such good material got up for sale amongst ento- mologists would probably be sold at 5s. or 10s. Here it is for Qd. The secret is that it is to be sold by the thousand on bookstalls and elsewhere. If we could make the usual scientific works as popular, we might get them as cheaply. Will this suggest to anyone to think furiously with practical result ? T. A. C. The Story of Insect Life. By W. Percival Westell, F.L.S., M.B.O.U. Pp. 1-339. London : Robert Culley, Paternoster Row, E.C. 1907. The first of the seven chapters into which the author has divided his subject comprises general remarks on the structure, metamor- phosis, habits, &c, of insects. Chapters ii.-vi. deal respectively with Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera. The seventh and last chapter is devoted to Hemiptera and Diptera. Only some of the commoner species in each order are referred to, and these are just those insects that are most likely to come under the notice of rural dwellers or country ramblers. There are fifty figures of insects on the eight coloured plates, and a further sixty-two in black and white. Only ten species are shown in the larval stage, and of the egg stage we only find three examples. The story is pleasantly told, most of the illustrations are well done, and altogether the book is distinctly attractive. Obituary. — We regret to learn that Mr. A. H. Shepherd, of 81, Corinne Road, died on October 26th last. < .--" z. P I